A dictionary of modern gardening - University Library

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I

REMOTE STORAGE 

THE UNIVERSITY 

OF ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 

'' Vl

A DICTIONARY 

MODERN GARDENING. 

BY 

GEORGE WILLIAM JOHNSON, ESQ., 

FELLOW OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF INDIA; 

CORRESPONDING MEMIiEK OF 

THE ROYAL CALEDONIAN AND MARYLAND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES; 

AUTHOR OF THE PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICAL GARDENING ; 

THE gardener's ALMANACK, ETC 

ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY V/OOD CUTS. 

EDITED, WITH NU.ÎEROUS ADDITIONS, 

BY DAVID LANDRETH, 

OF PHILADELPHIA. 

PHILADELPHIA: 

LEA AND BLANCH A RD. 

1847.

TO 

JOHN LINDLEY, Ph.D., P.R.S., 

VICE SECRETARY OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND PROFESSOR OF 

BOTANY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, 

AS OXE OF THE MOST EFFICIENT 

PROMOTERS OF MODERN HORTICULTURE, 

THIS VOLUME 

IS DEDICATED BY 

THE AUTHOR. 

Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1S47, by 

LEA AND BLANCHARD, 

in the OfFice of the Clerk of the District Court for tire Eastern District of 

Pennsylvania. 

PHILADELPHIA: 

T. K. AXD P. G. COLLIXS, 

PKINTEKS.

1\ ô 

AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 

REMOTE STORAGE 

Utility, more than either originality of contents or elegance of phraseology, 

has been the author's principal object in the following pages. He has endea- 

voured to gather together in one volume, attainable at a moderate price, an 

arranged, easily consulted, record of Gardening, as it is. To effect this object, 

he has obtained aid from the best living authorities, as well as from their 

published works; but he has not neglected those of other periods, where he 

has found in them directions upon which the moderns have suggested no im- 

provements. Of all the authorities consulted, none has afforded such abundant 

information as the Gardeners^ Chronicle, of which it is not too much to say that, 

as it is the best of modern journals devoted to promoting the cultivation of the 

soil, so, whoever is fortunate enough to possess a complete copy of its five 

published volumes, has a work of reference from which he will rarely turn away 

unsatisfied if seeking for information relative to its peculiar subjects. 

In every instance, the author has endeavoured to give tribute where due, and 

if he has erred in this, or in any other particular, he will be highly obliged by 

correction. Besides the work already quoted, he has been much indebted to 

Paxton-s Botanical Dictionary ; Whatei.zy's Landscape Gardening ; Glenny's 

Practical Gardener and Florist; Maund's Botanic Garden; Lindley's Theory 

of Horticulture ; and The United Gardener and Land Steward's Journal. The 

author does not wish to mislead his readers into the belief that this is a Botanical 

Dictionary. On the contrary, he has confined his notices to such genera of plants 

as deserve a place in some department of the garden ; and, for the most part, 

even in enumerating the number of species in each genus, only those have been 

reckoned that are worthy of cultivation. 

It only remains to be explained that, in the monthly calendars, b. intends the 

beginning, or first half ef the month, and e. the end, or its closing half. 

The following works have also been freely consulted and quoted : 

CuTHBERT Johnson, On Fertilisers. 

, 

Farmers' Encylopadia. 

Loudon and Westwood's Kollar on Predatory Insects. 

Loudon's Gardeners' Encyclopedia. 

Gardeners' Magazine. 

Johnson's Principles of Gardening. 

Abercrombie's Gardeners' Dictionary. 

Johnson's Gardeners' Almanack. 

Transactions of the London Horticultural Society. 

Caledonian Horticultural Transactions. 

Horticultural Magazine. 

Decandolle's Philosophy of Plants. 

3(34:84 

—

PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. 

The ordinary form in cases of reprint, with additions and explanatory notes, 

has been departed from in the present instance with a desire to preserve the 

book from the awkward aspect which it would necessarily present, if every 

addition by the American editor had been included within brackets, or printed 

in varied type. 

This edition has been greatly altered from the original. Many articles of 

little interest to Americans have been curtailed, or wholly omitted, and much 

new matter, with numerous illustrations, added; yet the present editor freely 

admits, and has desired the publishers to state, that he has only followed in the 

path 80 admirably marked out by Mr. Johnson, to whom the chief merit of the 

work belongs. It has been an object with the publishers, and editor, to inc. ease 

its popular character, thereby adapting it to the larger class of horticultural 

readers in this country, and they trust it may prove what they have desired it to 

be, an Encyclopaedia of Gardening, if not of Rural Affairs, so condensed as to 

be within reach of most persons whom those subjects interest. 

THE PUBLISHERS. 

Philadelphia, April, 1S47. 

NOTE. 

It is evident that with a territory extending over so large a space, a monthly calendar, 

ordireclion for cropping, &,c., cannot uniformly apply : Those who reside north or south 

of Pennsylvania, can readily make the necessary calculations as to time. 

\8 ^

THE 

GARDENERS' DICTIONARY. 

ABE 

— 

— 

AC A 

ABELE TREE. (Populus alba.) 

ABLACTATION, the same as Inarching, 

and so called because it is 

as possible, thus forming an 

loop." Gard. Chron. 

ABROMA. Two species. 

arch or 

Stove 

a gradual withdrawing of the scion from evergreen shrubs. Seed or cuttings. 

its parent, the same as weaning, which 

in Latin is ahlactatio. 

ABLAQUEATIONjbaring the bodies 

Loam and peal. 

ABRONIA. Two species. Hardy 

perennial trailers. Rooted slips. Sandy 

of a tree's main roots. This was an old 

mode of checking the tree's over luxu- 

peat. 

. AQKVS precaforius. Wild Liquorice. 

riance, for the purpose of making it fertile. 

A much less injurious plan is to 

drain the soil, and mix it with sand, 

chalk, or other less rich addition. An- 

Stove climber. Cuttings. Sand and 

peat. 

ABUTA rufescens. Stove evergreen 

climber. Rooted slips. Loam and 

other method successfully pursued is to 

open a trench around the body, at a 

peat. 

ABUTILON. Three species. One 

suitable distance, thus shortening the stove, and two green-house evergreen 

roots, and arresting the tree's rapid 

growth. 

ABNODATION, cutting off excres- 

shrubs. Cuttings. Light rich loam. 

A. striatum. Green-house shrub. " As 

this seems likely to suit a bed in the 

cences and the slumps of branches flower garden, to increase it keep it in 

close to the stem. The intention of the stove, as it will there push even in 

this is to have the wound heal over, 

but it is very doubtful, in the case of 

winter, and every two joints will be 

sufficient for a cutting, which will make 

branches, whether the extremity of a a plant in a fortnight or three weeks. 

stump properly treated will not heal By the time the cutting has pushed far 

quicker than a wound close to the 

trunk. The unsightly aspect of pro- 

enough to admit of being topped, another 

cutting may be made of it, and protruding 

stumps will, however, induce ceeded with as before. If kept in the 

close pruning. 

green-house during winter it will not 

ABRICOCK, an old mode of spelling move at all." Gard. Chron. 

Apricot, Armeniaca vulgaris. 

ABRAXAS grossularia. Magpie 

ACACIA. 

green-house 

274 species, 

evergreens. 

stove and 

Cuttings. 

Moth. The caterpillar of this moth 

often infests the leaves of the gooseberry 

bush, as well as the currant, sloe, 

and even the peach, in eariv summer. 

" The caterpillar," says Mr. Curtis, " is 

Sandy loam and peat. 

AC/ENA splendens. Green-house 

evergreen. Seed. Loam and peat. 

ACANTHOPHIPPIUM. Three species. 

Stove epiphytes. Offsets. Sandy 

white, slightly tinged with blue, and 

having numerous black spots on the 

peat and light loam. 

ACANTHUS. Bear's Breech. Eight 

back ; it is called a looper, from its peculiar 

mode of walking ; it fixes itself 

first firmly with its hind feet, and then 

species. Six hardy herbaceous perennials 

; division of roots. One greenhouse 

perennial ; seed. One stove 

extends its body fully ; after which it 

puts down its f

— 

AC A n ACC 

Arachnidae. The following arc the 

chief of those known to the gardener. 

Acarus tellarhta, the Red Spide7-, is one 

of the gardener's most troublesome 

foes. Its colour varies from yellowish 

to red-brown, and though almost invisible 

from its minuteness, yet it preys 

most destructively upon some trees and 

herbaceous plants in our hot-houses, 

jis well as upon the kidney-bean, lime 

tree, &c., out of doors in dry summers. 

A. holosericeus is another species, distinguishable 

to an unscienced eye 

chiefly by its scarlet colour. To destroy 

them in the hothouse, there is no 

plan so effectual as heating the flues or 

pipes, and sprinkling upon them sulpliur. 

The air is thus gently impregnated 

with the vapour of sulphur, for it 

liegins to evaporate at a heat of 170^. 

This vapour is fatal to the insect where 

the air is thoroughly impregnated with 

it, and the work of destruction is completed 

by syringing the infested plants 

with water. This last is the only practical 

remedy to plants in our borders, 

unless they can be covered over so that 

the fumes may be confined, whilst the 

sulphur is volatilized over a hot-water 

plate. Potted plants maybe submitted 

to the vapour of sulphur in a similar 

way. The vapour of spirit of turpentine 

is said to be as effectual- as sulphur. 

Acarm hortcnsis, the Garden Mite, thorax 

ochreous, abdomen white, has been 

found upon the roots of the cucumber, 

upon w hich it is said to prey. I believe 

it to be the same Acarus often so abundant 

upon the root of cabbages affected 

with the Ambury. A. genicvlatus is a 

minute, red, shining mite, gregarious, 

and congregating during spring in prodigious 

numbers upon the bark of the 

plum and other fruit trees, near the base 

of the twigs, and looking like a gummy 

exudation. By extracting the sap they 

doubtless weaken the tree, and reduce 

its productiveness. 

ACER. Maple. 

Card. Chron. 

Twenty- seven species, 

all hardy trees except Acer ob/ongUTfi, 

which is half-hardy. The Sugar 

Maple, A. saccharinum of the American 

forests, is perhaps one of the finest 

fpecies. It forms a full round head, its 

deep green leaves changing in autumn 

to many shades of orange. The Silver 

Maple, A. dcsycarpum, is a light airy 

tree, of quick growth, and extensively 

planted in the streets of Philadelphia. 

A. platanoides, or Norway Maple, and 

A. pseudo-platanoides, or Sycamore, are 

also desirable varieties. Seed, cuttings, 

and layers. Common light garden soil. 

ACERAS. Two species, both tuberous-rooted 

hardy perennials. Seeds. 

Light loam. 

ACERATIUM oppositifolium. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Peat and loam. Cut- 

tings. 

ACETARIOUS PLANTS. Salading. 

ACCLIMATIZATION is rendering a 

plant capable of the production desired 

in a climate differing from that in which 

it is native. In our climate it is usually 

required to induce a plant to endure 

lower temperatures than those to which 

it has been accustomed, and this, though 

some are intractable, is more easy than 

is inducing the natives of colder regions 

to live in our latitudes. When a 

new plant arrives from a tropical country, 

it is desirable to use every precau- 

tion to avoid its loss, but so soon as it 

has been propagated from, and the danger 

of such loss is removed, from that 

moment ought experiments to commence, 

to ascertain whether its acclimatization 

is attainable. That this should 

be done is self-evident; tor the nearer 

such a desirable point can be attained, 

the cheaper will be its cultivation, and 

consequently the greater will be the 

number of those who will be able to derive 

pleasure from its growth. Hence 

it is very desirable that an extended se- 

ries of experiments should be instituted, 

to ascertain decisively whether many of 

our present green-house plants would 

not endure exposure to our winters, if 

but slightly or not at all protected. It 

may be laid down as a rule, that all 

Japan plants will do so in the southern 

states, but it remains unascertained to 

what degree of northern latitude this 

general^ power of endurance extends. 

Experiment, and experimentonly, ought 

to be relied upon ; for we know that 

the larch was once kept in a greenhouse 

in England. Many tropical 

plants of every order and species, have 

been found to require much less heat, 

both during the day and during the 

night, than gardeners of a previous century 

believed. Other plants than those 

already noticed have passed from the 

tropics to our parterres, and even to 

those of higher northern latitudes. The 

horse chestnut is a native of the tropics, 

but it endures uninjured the stern climate 

of Sweden. Aucuba Japonica and

ACC 19 ACH 

I 

i 

I the 

PcBonta Moutan, we all remember to May ; the soil should be poor, dry, and 

have passed from our stoves to the thoroughly drained; if against a wall, 

green-house, and now they are in our 

. 

border should be protected through 

open gardens. Every year renders us the entire winter by a roof of hurdles 

acquainted with instances of plants thatched with straw, and projecting 

being acclimatized : and, in addition to about three feet." 

' 

ACHILLEA. Milfoil. Sixty-four species, 

all, except A. AUgyptica, herbaceous 

perennials. Common garden soil. 

Divisio-n of roots. A. JEgyptica is a 

green-house evergreen. Cuttings. 

and loam. 

Peat 

ACHIMENES. Six species. Stove 

bulbs. "After the plants have done 

flowering, and the to()s die down, in 

November, allow the bulbs to remain 

undisturbed in the pots, laid on their 

sides beneath the green-house st:ige, or 

some other place where frost and wet 

cannot reach them, where they may remain 

until the latter part of January, 

then to be placed in a gentler heat, and 

watered until the soil becomes sufficiently 

moist to encourage vegetation. 

When the small scaly bulhs have made 

shoots about two inches in length, plant 

them singly in small sixties, in a mixture 

of leaf mould and a small portion of silver 

sand. At the subsequent sliifling, 

of j 

those already noticed, we find that Mr, 

Buchan, Lord Bagot's gardener, at 

Blithficld House, in Staflbrdshire, has an 

old cinnamon tree (Tyiurus Cinnamomum) 

under his care, which ripens seed: 

from these many plants have been raised 

that endure the winters of England in a 

conservatory without any artificial lieat. 

Then, again, there is no doubt that all 

the conifera; of Mexico, which flourish 

there at an elevation of more than SOOO 

feet above the sea's level, will survive 

our winters in the open air. Among 

these are Pinus Llaveana, P. Teocate, P. 

patula, P. Hartwegii, Cupressus thurifera, 

Juiiiperus flacc Ida, Ahics religiosa, 

and some others. Many natives of the 

southern states have been gradually acclimated 

in Pennsylvania; experience 

has, however, demonstrated that the nature 

of the soil is all-important. On 

sandy or light loamy land with gravelly 

subsoil, many plants are found to witlistand 

the winter, which would surely 

perish on heavy or wet land. So also 

the aspect as regards exposure to the 

sun, it having been found from repeated 

observation that tender plants, especially 

if evergreen, suffer less from cold 

when screened from the sun's rays. The 

cause is obvious. An extensive importation 

of European Holly received at 

the Landreth Nurseries, were, as a protection 

from the summer sun, planted 

on the north side of a high board fence, 

where they safely resisted the severity 

of winter : subsequently they were 

placed in open positions, and all were 

killed by the combined action of heat 

until the plants are finally placed in sixteens 

in June, the compost consists of 

light rich turf loam and peat, or leaf 

mould, when peat cannot be i)rocured 

in equal proportions, and on no account 

sifted. The pots are thoroughly drained, 

a point which forms the basis of all 

good culture, both in pots and in the 

open ground. For growing several 

plants in one pot, take No. 12 size, into 

which turn five of the plants jjreviously 

kept in sixties, placing one in the centre, 

and four round the edges. These 

forma noble mass when in bloom ; but 

! 

1 

1 

' 

'. 

I 

1 

never assume the unilbrm conical shape 

a single s;)ecimen. The main stem 

and cold. The following general rules and side branches are to be neatly 

are the results of experiments in the sticked and tied out as they advance in 

London Horticultural Society's Garden, growth. The temperature of an early 

conducted by Mr. Gordon. 1. " Plants vinery is well adapted for these plants 

intended to be acclimatized, should until the end of May, at which period 

never be subjected to artificial heat dur^ they should be taken to a cool pit, where 

ing the winter that precedes their being a steady moist heat can be maintained, 

planted out; if obtained from seeds, as They should be shaded in hot days belittle 

heat as possible should be em- tween 11 A.M. ami 2 P. M., to prevent 

ployed in raising them ; and starved or the sun from scorching the foliage, and 

stunted plants are more likely to sue- they should never be watered overceed 

than such as have been forced into head. The pots should be placed upon 

a rapid and luxuriant growth. 2. The others, inverted, and the bottom of the 

plants should not be committed to the pit should be kept moist, closing up 

open ground earlier than the end of early in the afternoon, and giving air in

— 

ACH 20 ACT 

clear weather about eijjht in the morning, 

so that the damp may disperse before 

the raysofthe sun fall directly upon 

the plants."— Card. Cliron. 

A. Long/flora. " Tlie bulbs of this 

may be started in a warm cucumber 

frame towards the end of P'ebruary. 

Each plant, when it has formed a few 

leaves, should then be potted off, separately, 

into small pots, or, preferably, 

several may be planted together in a 

shallow box. The temperature of a 

warm green-house suits them admirably." 

Card. Chron. 

I radicle 

ACHYRONIA villosa. Green-house 

evergreen 

loam. 

shrub. Cuttings. Peat and 

ACIANTHUS. Three species. Tuberous 

green-house plants. Division. 

Loam and peat. 

ACICARPHA spatidata. Herbaceous 

stove perennial. Division. Loam 

and peat. 

ACIOTIS. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. 

loam. 

Cuttings. Peat and 

ACIS. Four species. Hardy bulbs. 

Offsets. Sandy loam. 

ACISANTHERA quadrata. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

ACMADENIA tetragona. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

ACMENA Jloribi^nda. Green-house 

evergreen 

loam. 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy 

ACONITUM. Eighty species hardy 

deciduous tubers; and thirty-four species 

hardy herbaceous perennials. " A. 

Napellus, from napus, a turnip, its grumous 

roots resembling little turnips, is 

n well known poisonous plant. Linnaaus 

says, that it is fatal to kine and 

goats, especially when they come fresh 

to it, and are not acquainted with the 

plant; but that it does no injury to 

horses, who eat it only when dry. He 

also relates (from the Stockholm Acts) 

that an ignorant surgeon prescribed the 

root is unquestionably the most powerful 

partofthe plant. Matthiolus relates, 

that a criminal was put to death by 

taking one drachm of it. Dodonseus 

gives us an instance, recent in his time, 

of five persons at Antwerp, who ate the 

root by mistake, and ail died. Dr, 

Turner also mentions, that some Frenchmen 

at the same place, eating the 

shoots of this plant for those of masterwort, 

all died in the course of two days, 

e.xcept two players, who quickly evacuated 

all that they had taken by vomit. 

We have an account, in the Philosophical 

Transactions, of a man who was 

poisoned, in the year 1732, by eating 

some of this plant in a salad, instead of 

celery. Dr. Willis also, in his work De 

Anima Brutorum, gives an instance of a 

man who died in a few hours, by eating 

the tender leaves of this plant also in 

a salad. He was seized with all the 

symptoms of mania. Tlie Aconite, 

thus invested with terrors, has, however, 

been so far subdued, as to become 

a powerful remedy in some of the most 

troublesome disorders incident to the 

human frame. Baron Stoerck led the 

way by administering it in violent pains 

of the side and joints, in glandulous 

scirrhi, tumours, ulcerous tubercles of 

the breast, &c., to the quantity of from 

ten to thirty grains in a dose, of an extract, 

the method of making which he 

describes." 

with swooning fits, and have lost their tings. Sandy peat. 

| 

eight for two or three days. Cut the 

— 

Encyc. Plants. Division. 

Common garden soil. 

ous. 

All are poison- 

ACRO'NYCHI A cunningh ami. Greenhouse 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

ACROPERA loddigesii. Stove epiphyte. 

Division. Peat and potsherds. 

ACROPHYLLUM verticillatum. 

Green-house shrub. Cuttings. Loam 

and pent. 

ACROSPIRE is the name whereby 

malsters, gardeners, and others describe 

the sprouts from barley and other seeds 

when germinating, and which are the 

and plumule, the infant root and 

leaves, and on the patient refusing to 

take them, he took them himself and 

stem. 

ACROSTICHUM. Sixteen species. 

died. The ancients, who were ac Chiefly stove herbaceous perennials. 

quainted with chemical poisons, regard A. alcicorne and A. grande are greened 

the Aconite as the most violent ofi house plants. Division and seed Loam 

all poisons. Some persons, only by and peat. 

j 

taking in the effluvia of the herb in full ACROTRICHE. Threes 

I 

flower by the nostrils, have been seized Green-house evergreen shrubs. 

ACTINOMERIS. Four species.

ACT 21 

Hardy liorbaceous perennials 

ion. Pent and loam. 

Divi- 

ACTINOTUS. Two species. Greenhouse 

herbaceous perennials. Division. 

Sandy loam. 

A C Y N O S. Eleven species. All 

hardy. Seeds. Dry sandy soil. 

ADAM I.\ cyanea. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttinsrs. Peat and loam. 

ADAM'S NEEDLE. Yucca. 

ADDKR'S TONGUE. Opioglossum. 

ADELIA. Three species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

ADENANDR.\. Thirteen species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 


ADENANTHERA. Two species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

Sandv loam and peat. 

ADENANTHOS. Three species. 


Sandy peat and loam. A.obovata 

is best iVoin seed. 

ADENOCARPUS. Six species. A. 

foliolosus and frankenlaides are evergreen 

shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy loam. 

The others are hardy deciduous shrubs. 

Seeds. Common garden soil. 

ADENOPHORA. Sixteen species. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Common 

garden soil. Peat and loam. 

ADESMIA. Eight species, of which 

A. viscosa is hardy. The others are 

green-house plants. A.visrosa and uspallatenais 

are propagated by cuttings. 

The others from seed. All in sandy 

loam. 

ADIANTUM. Maidenhair. Twenty-nine 

species. All green-house or 

etove plants, except /I. C(/p(7/«s veneris 

and puhescens. They are hardy herbaceous 

perennials. Division. Loam and 

peat. 

ADINA glnbijlora. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

ADLUMIA cirrhosa. Hardy climbing 

biennial. Seeds. Sandy loam. 

ADONIS. Thirteen species. All 

hardy. Seed. Common garden soil. 

TEGIPniLA. Seven species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam and 

peal. 

7EGLE marmelos. Bengal Quince. 

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings. 

Loam. 

^CIIMEA. Three species. Stove 

perennials. Suckers. Loam, peat, and 

sand. 

iEGOCHLOA. Six species. All hardy ; 

annuals, 

A G A 

Seeds. Light rich gardea 

soil. 

iEOLLANTHUS suaveolens. 

annual. Seeds. Sandy loam. 

Stove 

iEONIUM Youngiannm. Greenhouse. 

Cuttings. Sandy loam. 

.1':SCHYNANT1IUS. Two species. 

Stove epiphytes. Cuttings. Peat and 

potsherds, or wood. 

7ESCULUS. Horse-chestnut. 

JE. glabra. (Grafts.) 

yE. hippocastanum, Jlore plena. (Lay- 

ers.) 

jS. hippocastanum, fol. argenteis. (Lay- 

ers.) 

Ê. hippocnstanum variegatum. 

jE. ohiensis. 

JE. fallida. (Grafts.) 

JE. rubicunda. (Grafts.) 

All hardy deciduous trees. The common 

European horse-chestnut jE. hippocastanum, 

is a truly magnificent tree, 

at once grand from its magnitude and 

massy form, and beautiful when in 

bloom from being covered with large 

spikes of white and pink flowers, protruding 

beyond its elegant digitate 

leaves. Seeds (except where otherwise 

described). Common garden soil. 

AERANTHES. Two species. Stove 

epiphytes. Division. Peat and potsherds, 

or wood. 

AF2RIDES, {air plant.) Nine species. 

All stove epiphytes. Cuttings, 

except A. cornutum, which is multiplied 

by root-divisions. Peat and potsherds, 

or wood. 

iERUA. Two species. Stove herbaceous 

perennials. Cuttings. Rich 

moist soil. 

.^:SCYNOMENE. Eleven species. 

JE. viscidula a green-house, and /J?. 

hixpida a hardy annual, the rest stove 

plants. Seeds. Sandy loam. 

yV/FHIONEMA. Six species. All 

hardy. Seed or cuttings. Common 

soil. 

ÎTHIONIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

Common soil. 

AFRICAN ALMOND. Brahejum. 

AFRICAN FLEABANE. Tarchonanthus. 

AFRICAN LILY. Agapanthus. 

AFRICAN MARIGOLD. Tagetes 

Erect a. 

AGAPANTHUS. African Lily. 

Three species. Nearly hardy bulbs. 

Common soil. Offsets. 

AGASTACHYS odorata. Green-

— 

AG A 32 AGR 

I 

j 

j 

house evergreen shrub Cuttings. arts and sciences." It is " tlie basis of 

Loam, peat, and sand. 

AGATH/RA. Two species. 

all other arts, and in all countries coGreeneval 

with the first dawn of civilization. 

house everfjreen shrubs. Young cut- Without agriculture, mankind would be 

tinpp. Lf>:im and peat. 

savages, lliinly scattered through inler- 

ACA'I'IIOPHYLLUM aromaticum. minal)le forests, with no other habita- 

Madagascar nutmeg. Stove evergreen tions than caverns, hollow trees or huts, 

tree. Cuttings. Peat or rich loam. 

AGATHOSMA. Twenty-two spe- 

more rude and inconvenient than the 

most ordinary hovel or cattle-shed of 

cies. Green-houf-e evergreen shrubs. the modern cultivator. It is the most 

Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

universal as well as the most ancient of 

A(;ATHYIISUS. Seven species. the arts, and requires the greatest num- 

Hardy herbaceous. Cuttings and di- her of operators. It employs seven 

visions. Common soil. 

eighths of the population of almost 

AGATI. Two species. Stove ever- every civilized community.—Agriculgreen 

trees. Cuttings. Peat and loam, 

AOAVK. Aloe. Nineteen species, 

Chiefly stove plants. Suckers. Rich 

ture is not only indispensable tonational 

prosperity, but is eminently conducive 

to the welfare of those who are 

loam. " The name is altered from engaged in it. It gives health to the 

ctyrtw.t., admirable, which this genus may body, energy to the mind, is fiivourable 

well be said to be, considering its ap- to virtuous and temperate habits, and to 

pearance, its size, and the beauty of its knowledge and purity of moral characflowers. 

In mythology, Agave is the ter, which are the pillars of good govname 

of one of the Nereids. A. america- ernmentand the true support ofnation- 

' 

i 

«a is a popularsucculent throughout Eu- al independence.—Witii regard to the 

rope. It grows wild or is acclimated in history of agriculture, we must confine 

I 

j 

Sicily, the south of Spain, and Italy, and ourselves to slight sketches. The first 

is much used in the latter country, plant- mention of agriculture is found in the 

of Moses. From them we learn 

: 

j 

ed in vases as an ornament to piers, parapets, 

and about houses. 

writings 

About Milan that Cain was a ' tiller of the ground,' 

i 

and other towns in Lombardy, where it that Abel sacrificed the 'firstlings of 

will not endure the winter, they use his flock,' and that Noah 'began to be 

imitations of copper so well formed and! a husbandman, and planted a vineyard.' 

painted, as to be readily mistaken for 

the original. In France and Germany 

it is still \ery common ; and. in this 

country formerly used to be the regular 

companion of the orange, myrtle, and 

pomegranate, then our principal greenhouse 

plants. An idea used to prevail 

that the American Aloe only flowered 

once in a hundred years; but, independently 

of this unnatural application 

of time to the inflorescence, it has long 

been known to flower sooner or later 

The Chinese, Japanese, Chaldeans, 

Egyptians and Phoenicians appear to 

have held husbandry in high estimation. 

The Egyptians were so sensible of its 

blessings, that they ascribed its invention 

to superhuman agency, and even 

carried their gratitude to such an absurd 

excess as to worship the ox, for his 

services as a labourer. The C;irthaginians 

carried the art of agriculture to a 

higher degree than other nations, their 

cotemporaries. Mago, one of their 

most famous generals, wrote no less 

according to the culture bestowed on 

it.= ' 

: 

' 

: 

' 

i 

j 

i 

I 

| 

Encyc. Plants. 

AGERATUM. Six species. 

than twenty-eight books on agricultural 

Chiefly topics, which, according to Columella, 

hardy annuals. Seed. Light rich soil. were translated into Latin by an express 

AGNOSTUS sinuata. Green-house decree of the Roman senate.— Hesiod, 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Sandy peat. a Greek writer, supposed to be cotem- 

AGRJCULTURE, as compared to porary with Homer, wrote a poem on 

Horticulture, is the culture and man- agriculture, entitled JVccks and Days, 

Rgement of certain plants and animals which was so denominated because husfor 

the food and service of man : it is, as bandry requires an exact observance of 

Marshall observes, "a subject which, times and seasons. Other Greek writviewed 

in all its branches, and to their ers wrote on rural economy, and Xenofullest 

extent, is not only the most im- phnn among the number, but their 

portant and the most diificult in rural works have been lost in the lapse of 

ages.—The implements of Grecian agri- 

economies, but in the circle of human ;

AGR 23 AGR 

, 

, 

i 

' 

* 

, 

i 

; 

| 

antiquarian, tlian of tlie practi- 

cultivator. Tlie plough is repre- 

by Cato as of two kinds—one for 

the other for light so:is. Varro 

one with two mould-boards*, 

which, he says, 'when they 

and ten spans (seven feet six inches) in plough, after sowing the seed, they are 

width; likewise the rake, sickle and said to ridge.' Pliny mentions a plough 

ox-goad; but no description is given of with one mould-board, and others with 

the mode in which they were con- a coulter, of wliich he says there were 

structed. The operations of Grecian many kinds.— Fallowing was a practice 

culture, according to Hesiod, were rarely deviated from by the Romans, 

neither numerous nor complicated. The 

ground received three ploughings—one 

In most cases, a fallow and 

crop succeeded each other. 

a year's 

M. inure 

in autumn, another in spring, and a third was collected from nearly or quite as 

immediately before sowing the seed, many sources as hav6 been resorted to 

Manures were applied, and Pliny as- by the moderns. Pigeon's dung was 

cribes their invention to the Grecian esteemed of the greatest value, and, 

king Augeas. Theophrastus mentions next to that, a mixture of night soil, 

six different species of manures, and scrapings of the streets and urine, 

adds, that a mixture of soils produces which were applied to the roots of the 

the same effect as manures. Clay, he vine and olive.—The Romans did not 

observes, should be mixed with sand, bind their corn into sheaves. When 

and sand with clay. Seed was sown cut, it was sent directly to the area to 

by hand, and covered with a rake. be threshed, and was separated from 

Grain was reaped with a sickle, bound the chaff by throwing it from one part of 

in sheaves, threshed, then winnowed by the floor to the other. Feeding down 

wind, laid in chests, bins or granaries, grain, when too luxuriant, was practised, 

and taken out as wanted by the fainily, Virgil says, 

curious 

cal 

scnted , 

strong, , 

mentions ! 

with 

culture were very few and simple. He- | 

siod mentions a plough, consisting ; 

of three parts—the share-beam, the 

draught-pole and the plough-tail; but 

antiquarians are not agreed as to its 

exact form ; also a cart with low wheels, ] 

: 

1 

' 

' What commendation shall 

to be pounded in mortars or (juern mills 

into meal.—The ancient Romans vene- 

I give to him, who, lest his corn should 

lodge, pastures it, while young, as soon 

rated the plough, and, in the earliest as the blade equals the furrow !' (Gear., 

and purest times of the republic, the lib. i., 1. 111.) Watering ,on a large 

greatest praise which could be given to scale was applied both to arable and 

an illustrious character was to say that grass lands. Virgil advises to 'bring 

he was an industrious and judicious husbandman. 

M. Cato, the censor, who 

down the waters of a river upon the 

sown corn, and, when the field is 

was celebrated as a statesman, orator parched and the plants drying, convey 

and general, having conquered nations 

and governed provinces, derived his 

it from the Ynow of a hill in channels.' 

(Geor., lib. i., I. 106.)—The farm manhighest 

and most durable honours from 

having written a voluminous work on 

agemcnt most approved of by the sci- 

entific husbandmen of Rome was, in 

agriculture. In the Georgics of Vir- general, such as would nieet the approgil, 

the majesty of verse and the har- bation of modern cultivators. The immony 

of numbers add dignity and grace 

to the most useful of all topics. The 

portance of thorough tillage isillustrated 

by the following apologue : A vinecelebrated 

Columella flourished in the dresser had two daughters and a vinereign 

of the Kn)peror Claudius, and yard; when his oldest daughter was 

he wrote twelve books on husbandry, 

which constituted a complete treatise 

on rural affairs. Varro, Pliny and Pal- 

Jadius were likewise among the distin- 

guished Romans who wrote on agricul- 

married, he gave her a third of his vineyard 

for a portion, notwithstanding 

which he had the same quantity of fruit 

as formerly. When his youngest daughter 

was married, he gave her half of 

, 

, 

: 

; 

tural subjects.—With regard to the Ro- remained ; 

man implements of agriculture, we 

still the produce of his 

Jearn that they used a great many, but 

their particular forms and uses are very 

\ 

wiiat 

vineyard was undiminished. This resuit 

was tlio consequence of his bestow- 

ingas much labour on the third part left 

imperfectly described. From what we after his daughters had received their 

can ascertain respecting them, they ap- portions, as he had been accustomed to 

pear more worthy of the notice of the Igive to the whole vineyard.—The Ro-

AG R 24 AGR 

mans, unlike many conqnerors, instead ] 

i 

! 

j 

times. The various operations of hnsof 

desolating, improved the countries bandry, such as manuring, ploughing, 

which they subdued. They seldom or sowing, harrowing, reaping, threshing, 

never burned or laid waste conquered winnowing, &c., are incidentally mencountries, 

but laboured to civilize the tioned by the writers of those days, but 

inhabitants, and introduce the arts ne- it is impossible to collect from thein a 

cessary for promoting their comfort and definite account of the manner in which 

happiness. To facilitate communica- those operations were performed. 

tions from one district or town to an- The first English treatise on husbandry 

other, seems to have been a primary was published in the reign of Henry 

object with them, and their works of VIII., by Sir A. Fitzherbert, Judge of 

this kind are still discernible in nume- the Common Pleas. It is entitled the 

Book of Husbandry, and contains direc- 

rous places. By employing their troops ! 

in this way, when not engaged in active 

service, their commanders seem to have 

had greatly the' advantage over our 

modern generals. The Roman soldiers, 

instead of loitering in camps, or rioting 

in towns, enervating their strength, and 

corrupting their morals, were kept regularly 

at work, on objects highly bene- 

— 

tions for draining, clearing and enclosing 

a farm, for enriching the soil, and 

rendering it fit for tillage. Lime, marl 

and fallowing are strongly recommend- 

ed. ' The author of the Book of Hus- 

' writes 

bandry,' says Mr. Loudon, 

from his own experience of more than 

i 

: 

i 

' 

forty years, and, if we except his biblical 

ficial to the interests of those whom the_v 

subjugated.—In the ages of anarchy 

allusions, and some vestiges of the superstition 

of the Roman writers about 

and barbarism which succeeded the fall the influence of the moon, there is very 

of the Roman empire, agriculture was little of his work which should be omit- 

almost wholly abandoned. Pasturage ted, and not a great deal that need be 

was preferred to tillage, because of the added, in so far as respects the culture 

facility with which sheep, o.xen, &c., 

fan be driven away or concealed on 

the approach of an enemy.—The con- 

of corn, in a manual of husbandrv adapted 

to the present time.'—Agriculture 

attained some eminence during the 

quest of England by the Normans con- reign of Elizabeth. The principal writtributed 

to the improvement of agriers of that period were Tusser, Googe 

culture in Great Britain. Owing to that and Sir Hugh Piatt. Tusser's Five 

event, many thousands of husbandmen, Hundred Points of Husbandry was pub- 

from the fertile and well-cultivated lished in 1562, and conveys much use- 

plains of Flanders and Normandy, setful instruction in metre. The treatise 

tled in Great Britain, obtained farms, of Barnaby Googe, entitled Whole Art 

and employed the same methods in cultivating 

them, wliich the^had been ac- 

of Husbandry, was printed in 1558. Sir 

Hugh Piatt's work was entitled Jewel 

customed to use in their native coun- Houses of Art and Nature, and was 

tries. Some of the Norman barons printed in 1594. In the former work, 

were great improvers of their lands, and says Loudon, are many valuable hints 

were celebrated in history for their skill on the progress of husbandry in the early 

in agriculture. The Norman clergy, part of the reign of Elizabeth. Among 

.ind especially the monks, did still more other curious things, he asserts that the 

in this way than the nobility. The Spanish or Merino sheep was originally 

monks of every monastery retained such derived from England.—Several writers 

of their lands as they could most con- on agriculture appeared in England dur- 

| 

veniently take charge of, and these they ing the commonwealth, whose names, 

cultivated with great i care under their with notices of their works, may be seen 

in Loudon's Encyclopidia of Agricul- 

own inspection, and frequently with | 

[ 

their own hands. The famous Thomas ture. From the Restoration down to 

a Becket, after he was Archbishop of the middle of the eighteenth century, 

agriculture remained almost stationary. 

Canterbury, used to go out into the field | 

îth the monks of the monastery where 

he happened to reside, and join with 

them in reaping their corn and making 

Immediately after that period , considerable 

improvement in the process of culture 

was introduced by Jethro Tull, a 

of Berkshire, who began to 

gentleman ! 

1 

their hay. The implements of agricul- 

îre, at this period, were similar to drill wheat and other crops about the 

ihose in most cornmon use in modern year I 1701, and whose Horse-hoeing

AGR 25 AI T 

Husbandry was published in 1731. 

Though this writer's theories were in 

some respects erroneous, yet even his 

errors were of service, by exciting inquiry, 

and calling the attention of husbandmen 

to ini[)ort3nt objects. His 

hostility to manures, and attempting, in 

all cases, to substitute additional tillage 

in their place, were prominent defects in 

his system.— After the time of Tull's 

publication, no great alteration in British 

agriculture took place, till Robert 

Bakevvell and others effected some important 

improvements in the breed of 

cattle, sheep and swine. By skilful 

selection at first, and constant care 

afterwards to breed from the best animals, 

Bakewell at last obtained a variety 

of sheep, which, for early maturity 

and the property of returning a great 

quantity of mutton for the food which 

they consume, as well as for the small 

proportion which the weight of the offal 

bears to the four quarters, were without 

precedent. Culiey, Cline, Lord 

Somcrville, Sir J. S. Sebright, Darwin, 

Hunt, Hunter, Young, &c. &c., have all 

contributed to the improvement of domestic 

animals, and have left little to 

be desired in that branch of rural economy.—Among 

other works on agriculture, 

of distinguished merit, may be 

mentioned the Farmer's Letters, Tour 

in France, Annals of Agriculture, &c. 

&c., by the celebrated Arthur Young ; 

Marshall's numerous and excellent 

works, commencing with Minutes of 

Agriculture, published in 1787, and 

ending with his Review of the Agricultural 

Reports in 1816; Practical Agriculture, 

by Dr. R. W. Dickson, &c. &c. 

The writings of Kaimes, Anderson and 

Sinclair exhibit a union of philosopliical 

sagacity and patient experiment, which 

have produced results of great importance 

to the British nation and to the 

world. To these we shall only add the 

name of John Loudon, F. L. S. H. S., 

whose elaborate Encyclopaedia of Gardening 

and Encyclopedia of Agriculture 

have probably never been surpassed 

by any similar works in any 

Janguage. — The establishment of a 

national Board of Agriculture was of 

very great service to 13ritish iiusbandry. 

Hartlib, a century before, and Lord 

Kaimes, in his Gentleman Farmer, had 

pointed outthe utility of such an institution, 

but it was left to Sir John Sinclair 

to carry their ideas into execution. To 

— 

— 

the indefatigable exertions of that worthy 

and eminent man the British public 

are indebted for an institution, whose 

services cannot be too highly appreciated. 

' It made farmers, residing in 

different parts of the kingdom, acquainted 

with one another, and caused a rapid 

dissemination of knowledge amongst 

the whole profession. The art of agriculture 

was brought into fashion, old 

practices were amended, new ones introduced, 

and a degree of exertion call- 

ed forth heretofore unexampled among 

agriculturists im this island.' " Encyc. 

Am. 

AGRIMONIA. Agrimony. Nine 

species. Hardy. Division. Commoa 

soil. 

AGROMYZA viola. Pansy Fly. 

It attacks the flower by puncturing the 

petal, and extracting the juice; the 

puncture causes the colouring matter to 

fade. This very minute fly is shining 

black, bristly, eyes green, head orange. 

It appears in May and lives throughout 

the summer. Where it deposits its 

eggs is unknown. Card. Chron. 

AGROSTEMMA. Four species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Division. Common 

soil. 

AILANTUS. Two species. Hardy 

deciduous trees. The glandulosa is of 

rapid growth, and thrives admirably on 

light thin soils, where many forest trees 

do not succeed—it is objectionable by 

reason of suckering, and to many from 

the unpleasant odour of the flowers. 

Cuttings. Loamy peat. 

AIR. Atmospheric air is uniformly 

and universally composed of 

Oxygen'. ... 21 

Nitrogen ... 79 

Every 100 parts, even in the driest 

weather, containing, in solution, one 

part of Water; and every 1000 parts 

having admixed about one part of Carbonic 

Acid. The average proportions 

are 

Air 98.9 

Watery Vapour . 1.0 

Carbonic Acid Gas 0.1 

All these are absolutely necessary to 

every plant to enable it to vegetate with 

all the vigour of which it is capable; and 

on its due state of moistness depends, in 

a great measure, the health of any plant 

requiring the protection of glass. See 

Leaves, Roots, Stove. 

AITONIA capensis. Green-house. 

Cuttings. Rich mould.

A J U 26 ALS 

AJUGA. Bugle. Elevpn species. | 

fixed kinds, one was called potash or 

Hardy. Division or seed. Sandy ped.t \vegelable, because procured from the 

or ]o;im 

ashes of'vegetables gener:illy; the other, 

AKEK-TREE. Bli/^hia snpida. \soda or mineral, on account of its hav- 

ALANGIUM. Two species. Stove ing been principally obtained from the 

evergreen trees Cuttings. Sandy incineration ofmarine plants.'' Encyc. 

loam. 

Am. The sulphate of ammonia has 

ALBUCA. Nineteen species. Green- been used with success as a stimulant to 

house bulbs. Oftsets. Sandy loam vegetable growth—and is now prepared 

and peat. 

and sold by chemists for that purpose. 

ALBURNUM. The soft white sub- ALLAMANDA cathartica. Stove 

stance which in trees is found between evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich 

the liber or inner bark and the wood, loamy soil. 

and in progress of time acquiring solid- ALLANTODIA. Five species. 

ity, becomes itself the wood. A new Green-house herbaceous plants. Di- 

layer of wood, or rather of alburnum is vision. Loamy peat. 

added annually to the tree in every ALLEYS are of two kinds. 1. The 

part, just under the bark. 

narrow walks which divide the com- 

ALCHEMILLA. Ladies' Mantle. partments of the kitchen garden ; and 

Eleven species. Chiefly hardy. Seeds 2. Narrow walks in shrubberies and 

or division. Common soil. 

pleasure-grounds, closely bounded and 

ALCOVE, is a seat in a recess, overshadowed by the shrubs and trees. 

formed of stone, brick, or other dead ALLIONIA. Three species. Hardy 

material, and so constructed as to shel- annuals. Seeds. Sandy peat or loam. 

ter the party seated from the north and ALLIUM. Garlic or onion tribe. 

other colder quarters, whilst it is open 126 species. Hardy bulbous plants. 

in front to the south. 

Offsets or seed. Common soil. 

ALDER. Alnus. 

ALLSEED. Poly carpon. 

ALETRIS. Two species. Hardy ALLSPICE. Caiycanthus. 

herbaceous plants. Oiisets. Peat or ALLSPICE-TREE. Pimenta. 

leafsoil. 

ALMOND. Amygdalm. 

ALEURITES. Two species. Stove ALNUS. Alder. Nineteen species. 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loamy Hardy deciduous trees. Layers or 

soil. 

ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL. Russeeds. 

Moist soil. 

ALOE. Forty-seven species. Green- 

CVS Racemosus. 

ALHAGL Manna. Two species. 

Green-house plants. Young cuttings or 

house evergreen shrubs. Suckers. 


ALOMIA Ageratoides. Half-hardy 

seed. Sandy loam and peat. 

"ALKALI, in cliemistry ; from the 

Arabian kali, the name of a plant from 

dwarf evergreen plant. Cuttings. 

Sandy loam. 

ALONSO.-^. Five species. Green- 

the ashes of which one species of alkali house evergreen shrubs, except A. cau- 

can be extracted. The true alkalies lialata, which is half-hardy. Cuttings 

have been arranged by a modern chemist 

in three classes:—1, those which 

or seeds. Rich mould. 

ALOYSIA citriodora. Green-house 

consist of a metallic basis, combined deciduous shrub. Cuttings or seeds. 

with oxygen ; these are three in number— 

potash, soda and lithia; 2, that 

which contains no oxygen, viz., ammo- 

Rich mould. 

ALPINIA. Twenty-five 

Stove herbaceous perennials. 

species. 

Division. 

nia ; 3, those containing oxygen, hydrogen 

and carbon ; in this class are placed 

Rich sandy soil. 

ALSINE. Chickweed. Six speciee. 

Hardy annuals. Seeds. Common soil. 

ALSODEIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

ALSTONIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Rich light 

aconita, atropia, hrucia, cicutn, datura, 

delphia, hyoscyamia, morphia, strychnia. 

And it is supposed that the vegetable 

alkalies may be found to be as numerous 

as the vegetable acids. The 

original distribution of alkaline sub- 

Btnnccs was into volatile and fixed, the 

volatile alkali being known under the 

j 

— 

soil. 

ALSTRCEMERIA. Twenty-five spe- 

name of ammonia ; while, of the twolcies. The seeds should be sown ira-

ALS 27 ALT 

mediately, in sandy loam and rotten 

j 

dung, and kept in a green-house, as 1 degree as to the 60th degree of latitude. 

tliey will not require lieat. When the Now I know of no reason why the tem- 

j 

' 

plants are about an inch high, they may perature of elevations below the snow 

be potted singly into very small pots, line should not follow the saine gra- 

and kopt in a growing state till they dations ; and if this be so, these may 

have formed their tubers; if suffered to be taken as a rule. All plants growing 

i 

die down before that period, they will i 

never shoot again, which is the cause of 

many persons losing them after they 

have got tliem up from seeds. A. aculifoUa 

is hardy. Tho seeds are sown 

in heat in February or March, and the 

young plants make their appearance 

in about six weeks afterwards. When 

strong enough, they are potted singly in 

sixty-pots and shifted progressively into 

larger sizes, as they require more room ; 

and by autumn many of them are full 

four feet in lieight. These should be 

j 

i 

| 

kept cool, and rather dry during winter, nefoot met with plants peculiar to Ar- 

and then planted out against a wall, menia; above these he met with plants 

where thev are finally to remain. The which are found also in France ; at a 

soil for potting them in is light sandy still greater height he found himself 

peat and loam: and when planted out surrounded with such as grow in Swe- 

they should be also placed in a light den, and at the summit, with such aa 

vegetate in the polar regions. Baron 

sandy soil, two feet deep, on a perfectly 

drv bottom. i 

ALTKRNANTHERA. Twelve spe- 

[ 

cies. Stove herbaceous; except A. 

frutescens, which is a green-house evergreen. 

Cuttings. Light rich soil. 

ALTFLEA. Marsh mallow. Seventeen 

species. Hardy plants. Division 

or seed. Common soil. 

ALTIXGIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen trees. Cuttings and 

seeds. Deep loamy soil. 

ALTITUDE, or elevation above the 

sea, has a great influence over a plant's 

vegetation. The greater that altitude 

the greater the reduction of tempera- 

ture, so much so that every GOO feet of 

altitu

AL Y 28 AM B 

3,300, and on tlie northern, scarcely at 

1,800 feet. The fir grows on Siilitelina, 

in Lapland (68 degrees north latitude), 

scarcely at the height of 1,200 

feet. On the other hand, upon the Alps 

which divide Italy from France and 

mental plunged at the side of a warm 

sandy pond, forming a good contrast 

with Crinum, capenae, Nymphcea alba, 

&c. About October they are removed 

into winter quarters, increase pretty 

fast by offsets, taken off and fresh potted 

, 

i 

, 

Switzerland, oaks and birches grow at in April, and treated as the parent bulbs, 

3,600; firs at 4,800; and the same which should at that time have their 

plants grow on the Pyrenees above the Gard. 

decayed outer skin removed." 

I 

! 

j 

j 

j 

1 

i 

\ 

; 

height of 600 feet. 

mountain chains, and 

In Mexico, the 

in particular the 

Chron. 

AMBURY is a disease peculiar to the 

Nevado of Toluca, are covered, above 

12,000 feet high, with the occidental 

pine (Pinus occidentalis), and above 

Brassica tribe, and is known by the 

various names of Hanbury. Anbury, and 

Club Root. Fingers arid Toes, a name 

9,000 feet, with the Mexican oak (Quer- applied to it in some parts, alludes to 

cus Mexicana spicata), as also with the the swollen state of the small roots of 

alder, of Joruilo (Alnus Jorullensis). the affected plants. 

On the Andes, palms grow at the height Cabbage plants are frequently inof 

3,000 feet. The woody ferns (Cya- fected with ambury in the seed-bed, 

thea speciosa, Meniscium arborescens, and this incipient infection appears in 

Aspidium rostratuml are found as high the form of a gall or wart upon the 

as 6,600 feet; as are also the pepper stem immediately in the vicinity of the 

species, MelastomesB, Cinchona;, Dor- roots. If this wart is opened, it will 

steniae ; and some Scitaminese rise to be found to contain a small white magthe 

same elevation. At the height of|got, the larva of a little insect called 

14,760 feet, we still find the wax palms, the weevil. If, the gall and its tenant 

some CinchoncB, Winterae, Escalloma?, being removed, the plant is placed 

Espelettii, Culcitia, Joannea;, Vallea again in the earth, where it is to re- 

j 

stipularis, Bolax aretioides, and some main, unless it is again attacked, the 

] 

others." — De Candolle's Philos. o/i vvound usually heals, and the growth is 

Plants. ; 

ALYSICARPUS. Two species. Stove j 

little retarded. On the other hand, if 

the gall is left undisturbed, the maggot 

herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and root 

division. Rich light soil. 

ALYSSUM. Twenty-one species. 

All hardy plants. Seeds, cuttings, and 

division. Common soil. 

ALYXIA. Five species. Greenhouse 


Sandy loam. 

A L Z A T E A verticillata. Greenhouse 

evergreen tree. Root cuttings. 


AMARANTHUS. Eighteen species. 

Hardy annuals. Seed. Rich garden 

soil. 

AMARYLLIS. Seventy-six species, 

and many varieties. A. aulica and belladonna 

are hardy ; the others, a few 

green-house, but mostly hot-house bulbs. 

A (Vallota) purpurea. " Pot in goodsized 

pots, in a mixture of loam, sandy 

peat, and leafmould, being merely 

kept in a green-house, with but little 

water through the winter, and about 

May set in the open air in pans of water, 

under a south wall, where about June 

or July they throw up their splendid 

scarlet flowers, which last fully a week 

or more. They would be very orna- 

— 

continues to feed upon the alburnum, 

or young woody part of the stem, until 

the period arrives for its passing into the 

other insect form, previously to which it 

gnaws its way out through the exterior 

bark. The disease is now almost beyond 

the power of remedies. The gall, 

increased in size, encircles the whole 

stem; the alburnum being so extensively 

destroyed, prevents the sap ascending, 

consequently, in dry weather, 

sufficient moisture is not supplied from 

the roots to counterbalance the transpiration 

of the leaves, and the diseased 

plant is very discernible among its 

healthy companions by its pallid hue 

and flagging foliage. The disease now 

makes rapid progress, the swelling continues 

to increase, for the vessels of 

the alburnum and the bark continue to 

afford their juices faster than they can 

be conveyed away ; moisture and air 

are admitted to the interior of the excrescence, 

through the perforation made 

by the maggot ; the wounded vessels 

ulcerate, putrefaction supervenes, and 

death concludes the stinted existence 

of the miserable plant. The tumour

AMB 29 AMB 

usually attains the size of a large hen's I 

egg, has a rugged, ichorous, and even 

mouldy surface, smelling strong and offensively. 

The fibrous roots, besides 

being generally thickened, are distorted 

and monstrous from swellings, which 

appear throughout their length, apparently 

arising from an elTort of nature to 

Another general result of experience 

is, that the ambury is most frequently 

observed in dry seasons. This is also 

what might be anticipated, for insects 

that inhabit the earth just beneath 

its surfice, are always restricted and 

checked in their movements by its 

; 

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j 

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: 

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abounding in moisture. Moreover, the 

form receptacles for the sap, deprived plants actually affected by the ambury, 

as it is of its natural spissation in the are more able to contend against the inleaves. 

These swellings do not seem jury inflicted by the larva of tlie weevil, 

to arise immediatp|y I'rom the attacks by the same copious supply. 

of the weevil, for I have never observ- In wet seasons, I have, in a very few 

| 

ed them containing its larva. 

instances, known an infected cabbage 

Mr. Marshall very correctly describes plant produce fresh healthy roots above 

the form which this disease assumes the swelling of the ambury. Mr. Smith, 

^^hen it attacks the turnip. It is a large gardener to M. Bell, Esq., of Woolsing- 

excrescence appearing below the bulb, ton, in Northumberland, expresses his 

growing to the size of both hands, and, conviction, after several years' expe- 

as soon as the hard weather sets in, or rience, that charcoal-dust spread about 

it is, by its own nature, brought to ma- half an inch deep upon the surface, 

turity, becoming putrid and smelling and just mixed with it by the point of a 

very offensively. 

spade, effectually prevents the occur- 

These distortions manifest themselves rence of this disease. That this would 

very early in the turnip's growth, even be the case we might have surmised 

before the rough leaf is much developed. from analogy, for charcoal-dust is offen- 

Observation seems to have ascertained. sive to many insects, and is one of the 

that if the bulbs have attained the size of most powerful preventives of piitrefaca 

walnut unaffected, they do not subse- tion known. Soot, I have reason to 

quently become diseased. The maggot believe, from a slight experience, is 

found in the turnip ambury is the larva as effectual as charcoal-dust. Judging 

ofa weevil called Curculiopleurostigma. from theoretical reasons, we might con- 

" I have bred this species of weevil," elude that it would be more specifical 

says Mr. Kirhy, " from the knob-like for, in addition to its being, like char- 

palls on turnips called the ambury, and coal, finely divided carbon, it contains 

I have little doubt that the same in- sulphur, to which insects also have an 

sects, or a species allied to them, cause antipathy. 

the clubbing of the roots of cabbages." I have a strong opinion that a slight 

Marsham describes the parent as a dressing of the surface soil with a little 

coleopterous 

colour, with 

insect of a dusky black of the dry hydro-sulphuret of lime, that 

' the breast spotted with may now be obtained so readily from 

white, and the length of the body one the gas-works, would prevent the oc- 

currence of the disease by driving the 

weevils from the soil. It would probably 

as effectually banish the turnip fly or 

flea, if sprinkled over the surface immediately 

after the seed is sown, I 

entertain this opinion of its efficacy io 

preventing the occurrence of the ambury, 

from an instance when it was applied 

to some brocoli,ignorantly endeavoured 

to be produced in successive 

crops on the same plot. These had invariably 

failed from the occurrence of 

the amburv, but the brocoli was now 

uninfected. The only cause for this 

escape that I could trace was, that, just 

previously to planting, a little of the 

hydro-sulphuret of lime had been dug 

in. This is a very fetid powerful com- 

line and two-thirds. The general ex 

perience of all the farmers and gardeners 

with whom I have conversed upon 

the subject, testifies that the ambury 

of the turnip and cabbage usually attacks 

these crops when grown for successive 

years on the same soil. This 

19 precisely what might be expected, 

for where the parent insect always deposits 

her eggs, some of these embryo 

ravagers are to be expected. That they 

never attack the plants upon a fresh 

site is not asserted ; Mr. Marshall's 

etatement is evidence to the contrary ; 

but it is advanced that the obnoxious 

weevil is most frequently to be observed 

in soils where the turnip or cabbage has 

recently and repeatedly been cultivated. 

;

— 

AMB 30 AM E 

pound. Where dry lime purifiers are 

employed at gas works, it may be obtained 

in the state of a dry powder, but 

wlierc a liquid mixture of lime and water 

is employed, the bydro-sulphuret 

can only be had in the form of a thick 

cream. Of the dry hydro-sulphuret I 

would recommend eight bushels per 

acre to be spread regularly by hand upon 

the surface after the turnip seed is 

sown, and before harrowing. If the 

)i(liiid is employed, I would recommend 

thirty gallons of it to be mixed with a 

sufficient quantity of earth or ashes, to 

enable it to be spread over an acre in 

a similar manner. For cabbages, twelve 

bushels, or forty-five gallons per acre, 

would not probably be too much, spread 

upon the surface and turned in with the 

spade or last ploughing. To effect the 

banishment of the turnip-flea I should 

like a trial to be made of six or eight 

bushels of the dry, or from twenty-two 

to twenty-eight gallons of the liquid, 

liydro-sulphuret being spread over the 

Burlace immediately after the sowing, 

harrowing, and rolling are finished. 

Although I specify these quantities as 

those I calculate most correct, yet in 

all experiments it is best to try various 

proportions. Three or four bushels 

may be found sufficient, perhaps twelve, 

or even twenty, may not be too much. 

In cabbages the ambury may usually be 

avoided by frequent transplanlings, for 

this enables the workman to remove 

the excrescences upon tlieir first appear- 

ance, and renders the plants altogether 

more robust and ligneous ; 

the plant in 

its tender sappy stage of growth being 

most open to the insect's attacks. The 

warts or galls that so frequently may be 

noticed on the bulbs of turnips, must 

not be mistaken for the ambury in a 

small gardens, wliere the same crop is 

too IVequently repeated : also in market 

gardens. In the latter case it may be 

attributable to the putrid manure used 

to produce excessive luxuriance. Lime, 

change of manure, rotation of crops, but 

above all deep tillage, bringing the 

subsoil to the surface, are the remedies 

adopted. 

AMELANCHIER. Four species. 

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers. 

Common uiMi:f soil. 

AMELLUrt. Three species. A. 

Lyrhnitis, green-li,ouse evergreen ; 

others hardy and deciduous. Cuttings. 

Loam. 

AMERICAN ALOE. Agave Americana. 

AMERICAN COWSLIP. Dodccatheon. 

AMERICAN BLIGHT, {Aphis lanigera—Eriosoma 

lanigera.) The cottony 

matter in tlie cracks and excrescences 

of apple tree branches in the 

spring envelops an insect known by 

the above names, and which, when 

crushed, exudes a reddish fluid. These 

insects are injurious by piercing the sap 

vessels with their probosces, sucking 

the juice of the tree, and causing 

wounds which ulcerate and finally destroy 

the branch attacked by corroding 

through all the sap vessels. The cottony 

matter is abundant, and, wafted to 

other trees, probably conveys to them 

infection, by bearing with it the eggs 

or embryo insect. But this is not the 

exclusive mode of difl'using the disease, 

for although the females are usually 

wingless, yet, like many other insects, 

some are probably produced with winga 

at the season propitious to colonization. 

The males are uniformly winged. 

\ 

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I 

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I 

I 

j 

mitigated form. If these are opened In the winter these insects retire under 

they will usually be found to contain a ground, and prey upon the roots of the 

yellowish maggot, the larva probably apple tree. A tree thus ravaged at all 

of some species of cynips. This insect seasons will soon be killed, if prompt 

deposits its eggs in the turnip when of! and vigorous remedies are not adopted, 

larger growth than that at which it is The affected roots may be bared and 

attacked by the weevil, and the vegeta- left exposed for a few days to the cold, 

ble consequently suffers less from the and the earth, before being returned, 

injury ; but from some slight observa- be saturated with amnioniacal 

tions, I am inclined to conclude, that from the gas works. In early 

liquor 

March 

the turnips thus infested suffer most the branches should be scraped, and 

from the frosts of winter, and are the scrubbed with the same ammoniacal 

earliest in decay. Johnson''s Principles liquid, or a strong brine of common salt; 

of Gardening. 

The Ambury occasionally exhibits itbut 

whatever liquid is employed, the 

scraping and hard bristles of the brush 

self around Philadelphia, principally in should ; penetrate every crack in the

AME 31 AM II 

bark. This treatment, repeated and I 

persevered in so long as the least appearance 

of the insect is observed, 

never Hiiis of a cure. Linseed or rape 

oil or spirit of tar applied to the infected 

part, and repeated a second or third 

time with a brush, are also effective 

remedies. They suifocate the insects. 

Strong pyroligneous acid applied in tiie 

same mode is also said to destroy this 

as well as the scale insect. The codlin 

and June eating, a re particularly liable to 

be infected ; but I never observed it upon 

any of the russet apples: and theCroI'lon 

pippin is also said to be exempted. 

AMHRICAN CRANBKRRY, (Oxycornts 

macrocarpa.) 

Suil.—A light soil, well incorporated 

with peat, and occasionally manured 

with rotten leaves. 

Situation.— It requires a constant 

supply of water, and on a south bank 

where this supply can be obtained, it 

may be planted in rows four feet apart 

each way, and the water made to circ\ilate 

in a small ditch between the rows. 

But the edge of a pond will suit it almost 

as well. 

After-culture.—The shrubs require 

no iitlier attention than to be kept hee 

from weeds. 

Produce.—This is so abundant that a 

bed six yards long is sufficient for the 

largest tiimilv. 

AMERICAN CRESS, (Barharea precox.) 

Soil and Situation.—For the win- 

ter standing crops, a light, dry soil, in 

an open but warm situation, should be 

allotted to it; and for the summer, a 

rather moister and shady border is to 

be preferred. In neither instance is it 

vent them being injured by its pressure, 

some twigs may be bent over the bed, 

or some light bushy branches laid among 

them, which will support it. The only 

cultivation they require is to be kept 

clear of weeds. 

In gathering, the outside leaves only 

should be stripped off, whicli enables 

successive crops to become rapidly fit 

for use. 

Wlien the plants begin to run, their 

centres must be cut away, which causes 

them to shoot afresh. 

To obtain Seed.—For the production 

of seed, a few of the strongest plants, 

raised from the first spring sowing, are 

left ungathered from. They flower in 

June or July, and perfect their seed betbre 

the commencement of autumn. 

AMERICAN PLANTS. In England 

and the European continental gardens, 

apartments are allotted to collections 

ofour native plants, and usually denominated 

the American department. It is 

somewhat amusing to read the directions 

laid down as to its soil, situation, 

&c., as if our country, whicli presents 

the greatest diversity of soil, climate 

and altitude, with corresponditig vegetable 

productions, some delighting in 

the swani[), others in the mountain, 

some sustaining the frosts of iiigli northern 

latitudes, others luxuriating in the 

sunny south, eaCh choosing tor itself 

its own peculiar soil—were as hounded 

and contracted as the British Isle. We 

annex a specimen. " American Plants. 

These comprise many very d liferent 

species, which, resemlding each other 

in requiring a peaty soil and abundance 

of water, are usually cultivated in a 

separate department, where the garden 

establishment is extensive; anil, wher- 

i 

required to be rich 

Time and mode of sowing.— It is pro- ever grown, should have a compartpagated 

by seed, which must be sown rnent to themselves, u very acutely 

every six weeks from March to August sloping bank, facing the north or east; 

for summer and autumn, but only one 

sowing is necessary either at the end of 

August or beginning of September, for 

and someofihein,as the Riiododendron, 

Andromeda, and Azalea, do not oliject 

to being overshadowed by trees. The 

a su[)ply during winter and spring. It soil, as already stated, must be peat; 

may be sown broadcast, but the most and the best annual dressings that can 

})refcrable mode is in drills nine inches 

apart. Water may be given occasion- 

be applied are such matters as decayed 

leaves, and the bottom of old wood 

ally during dry weather, both before stacks; or any other mixture of de- 

and alter the appearance of the plants. 

If raised from broadcast sowings, the 

cayed woody fibre." 

AMERIMNLM. Two species. Stove 

plants arc thinned to six inches apart: 

if in drills, only to three. In winter 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam. 

AMETHYSTIA cccrulea. Hardy an- 

they require the shelter of a little litter, 

or other light covering ; and to prenual. 

Seed. Peat. 

AMHERSTIA nobilis. Stove ever-

— 

AMH 32 A NE 

green. A most lovely tree. Cuttings. 

Rich clayey io;itn. 

AMICIA zigomeris. Stove evergreen 

climber. Cuttings. Loam. 

AMIROLA nitida. Stove evergreen 

tree. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

AMMOBIUM. Two species. Halfhardy 

herbaceous. Cuttings. Peat and 

sand. 

AMMOCHARIS. Brunsvigia. 

AMMYRSINE. Two species. Hardy 

evergreen shrubs. Layers. Sand and 

peat. 

AMOMUM. Thirteen species. Stove 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Light 

rich soil. 

AMORPHA. Eleven species. Chiefly 

hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers and 

cuttings. Common light soil. 

AMPELOPSIS. Four species. Hardy 

deciduous climbers, except A. bipinnata, 

which is a shrub. Layers or cut- 

tings. Common soil. 

AMPELYGONUM chinense. Greenhouse 

herbaceous. Seed. Sand,loani; 

and peat. 

AMPHEREPHIS. Three species. 

Hardy annuals. Seed. Common soil. 

AMPHICARPA. Two species. 

Hardy deciduous twiners. Seed or cutlin£8. 

Loam, peat and sand. 

AMPHICOME arguta. Half-hardy 

evergreen. Seeds or cuttings. Loam, 

eand, and peat. Suited for rock-work. 

AMPHILOBIUM paniculatum. Stove 

evergreen climber. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

AMSONIA. Three species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Cuttings or division. 

Common soil. 

AMYGDALUS. Almond. Six species, 

and many varieties. Seed and 

grafts. Rich loam. For culture, see 

Peach. 

AMYRIS. Ten species. Stove evergreen 

trees. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

ANACAMPSEROS. Ten species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Suck- 

ers. Comm'in light soil. 

ANACARDIUM. Two species. 

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. Light 

loam. 

ANACYCLUS. Three species. 


ANADENl A pulrhella. Green-house 


loam. 

ANAGALLIS. Pimpernel. Ten 

Bpecies. Some are hardy annuals 

seed ; others green-house biennials ; 

these and the perennial species are 

propagated by cuttings. Common light 

soil suits all. 

ANAGYRIS. Three species. Halfhardy 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings or 

seed. Rich light soil. 

ANANASSA. Pine Apple. Four 

species and many varieties. See Pine- 

Apple. 

ANANTHERIX viridu. Hardy perennial. 

Seed or division. Light rich 

soil. 

ANARRHINUM. Three species. 

Hardy biennials. Seed. Common soil. 

AN ASTATICA hierochuntina. Rose 

of Jericho. Half-hardy annual. Seed. 

Common soil. 

ANCHIETEApj/r?7o/ia. Stove evergreen 

climber. Peat and loam. 

ANCHOVY-PEAR. Grias cauliflora. 

ANCHUSA. Twenty-seven species. 

All hardy but A. capensis. This requires 

to be raised in a frame ; the 

others may be sown in open borders. 

ANDERSONIA sprengeloides. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy 

peat. 

ANDIRA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

ANDROCYMBIUM. Three species. 

Green-house bulbs. Offsets. Peat and 

sandy loam. 

ANDROMEDA. Twenty-nine species 

and many varieties Mostly hardy 

evergreens. A. buxifoUa, fasriculata, 

jamaicensis, and ruhiginosa are stove 

evergreens. A. Iiypnoides, japonica, 

ovalifoUa, sinensis, and tetragona are 

half-hardy. The United States has 

contributed the larger portion of this 

interesting genus. Seed. Peat. 

ANDROSACE. Eighteen species. 

Mostly hardy. Seed or division. Peat 

and turfy loam. 

ANDRYALA. Nine species. Some 

hardy, others green-house plants. Seed 

and division. Common soil. 

ANKILEMA. Eleven species. Stove 

and green-house. Division or seed. 

Peal and sandy loam. 

ANEMIA. Eleven species. Stove 

ferns. Division and seed. Light loam. 

ANEMONE. Wind-flower. Fortyseven 

species ; numerous varieties. 

Some hardy herbaceous, others hardy 

tuberous; A.vitifoliais half-hardy, and 

A. cnpens)s green-house. A. thalictr 

aides florc plena xs a very beautiful and 

chaste flower, an artificial product from

ANE 33 ANE 

a well known American species. Divi-j annually at tlie decay of the leaf, and 

sion, offsets, or I seeds. Light loam. the root may be divided or broken into 

The anemone, the florist's flower of as many pieces or knobs as are furnished 

our gardens, is the oftspring of the A. with an eye or hud, observing, howforo«

A N E 34 ANG 

duce the largest flowers, and continue row, and two inches deep, and when 

in beauty; the roots too afford a larger one bed is planted, run over it lightly 

incrense tlian those planted in sprinr 

Soil and site.—The situation proper 

— 

th the rake. 

Those of the autumn plantation will 

j 

; 

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for the anemone should be thoroughly come up in leaf in November, but as the 

drained, and open to the south, and un- plants are hardy, nothing is needful to 

incumbered by the shade of trees. The be done till the bloom begins to apanemoue 

tolerable 

will prosper and flower in 

perfection in aTiy common 

pear; and then, if you think proper to 

bestow a little care upon the superior 

moderately light earth, only observing sorts, by arching the beds with hoops, in 

to avoid planting in overmoist and stiff; order to cover the bloom with mats 

soils, which rot the roots in winter ; occasionally, to protect it from cutting 

and if an V addition is necessary to raise black frosts, which often prevail in 

or form the beds, no more is needful April. 

than common light soil from the quar- Protection.—An easy way ofprotectters 

of the kitchen garden, or any other ing Anemones and Ranunculuses is to 

well-wrought garden earth, working bend across the beds wooden or iron 

the whole one good spade deep. The hoops, securely fixed in the ground; 

beds, however, are often formed of, upon these mats can be thrown in cases 

compos'ts. Take maiden loam from the of frost or snow, but care must be taken 

surface of a pasture, the top spit turf that they are firmly secured to the hoops 

and all; to every load of this add one 

of neats' dung, and half a load of sea 

by pegs. Gard. Chron. 

" 

Forcing.—"Double ~ Anemones may 

or drift sand ; blend the whole together, 

and form it in a ridge, in which let it 

be potted in October, and the soil should 

be composed as follows: — One-half 

remain a year at least, turning it 

once in two or three months. 

over maiden loam, fresh from the pasture, 

with one-quarter well-rotted cow dung, 

But in default of pasture earth, a good 

compost may be formed of common 

light garden soil and rotted neats' dung, 

and one-quarter fine sand (sea or river 

sand if possible). After potting, they 

may be placed in a cold frame or pit, 

adding to every load of the former half and watered but sparingly until the fol- 

a load of the latter, and about a quarter lowing spring, when they may be put 

of that of drift or sea sand ; and of either into a warmer place. They will not 

of which composts the bed is to be form- stand much forcing by artificial means." 

ed, about twelve or fifteen inches in — Gard. Chron. 

depth, and three feet and a half broad. Mildew.—This disease first appears 

'Plnnti7ig.—In the borders, plant them as pale spots on the under sides of the 

in patches three, four, or five roots to- leaves. These spots gradually rise into 

gether, in a patch of five or six inches tubercles, and a minute fungus bursts 

breadth, putting them two or three through, shedding its seed, and diffusing 

inches deep. the disease. This parasitical fungus is 

Beds.—Mark out three feet and a half] JEcidium. qimdrifidum. Sea sand, or a 

little salt mixed with the compost of the 

; 

j 

! 

; 

broad, the length according to the number 

of plants, with alleys eighteen inches bed, is a good preventive and a syring- 

; 

wide between bed and bed. The beds ing with very diluted gas-water, is a 

must be worked fifteen or eighteen good application after infection, 

inches deep; break the earth small, but A N E T H U M . Four species. All 

do not sift it, observing that to prevent hardy, including Fennel and Dill, 

lodgment of wet, and to give the beds 

a good appearance, as well as to show 

the flowers to the best advantage, it is 

eligible to elevate them three inches 

above the common level or general surficp, 

but if there is danger of moisture 

standing in winter, double or treble that 

is a proper height, working the whole 

a little rounding and raking the surface 

smooth. 

In each bed plant six rows lengthwise, 

the roots at six inches distance in each 

which see. 

ANGELICA, {Angelica Archangelica.) 

Stalks cut in May, for candying. 

Formerly blanched and eaten like 

celery. 

Soil and Situation.—It may be grown 

in any soil and exposure, but best in 

moist situations, consequently the banks 

of ponds, ditches, &c., are usually allotted 

to it. 

Time of Sowing.—Sow soon aflerthe 

seed is ripe, about September, being

ANG 35 ANI 

almost useless if preserved until the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, 

spring; if, however, neglected until that with a small addition of saline matters, 

season, the earlier it is inserted the The general consideration o\' Mamtres 

better. 

Mode of Cultivation.—Sow moderately 

thin, in drills a foot asunder, and 

half an inch deep. When arrived at a 

will be found under that title, and other 

relative infurination under the heads 

Dung and Vegetable Matters, and in 

this place I shall confine my attention to 

height of live or six inches, the plants some of the most available of strictly 

must be thinned, and those removed 

transplanted, to a distance of at least 

two feet and a half from each other, 

animal matters. See also the article 

Bones. 

Blubber, or fat of the whale, contains 

either in a bed, or on the sides of ditches, train oil, composed of 

&c. Water iii abundance must be given 

at the time of removal, as well as until 

they are established ; but it is better 

to discontinue it during their further 

Carbon .... 6S.S7 

Hydrogen . . . 16.10 

Oxygen .... 15.03 

with a little animal skin and muscle. 

| 

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• 

growth, unless the application is regular Forty gallons of train oil, mixed with 

and frequent. In the IMay, or early 120 bushels 

June of the second year, they flower, twenty-three 

of screened soil, grew 

tons of turnips per acre, 

when they must be cut down, which on a soil where forty bushels of l)ones 

causes them to sprout again, and if this broken small, and eighty bushels of 

is carefully attended to, they will con- burnt earth, produced only twenty-one 

tinue for three or four years; but if per- tons. 

mitted to run to seed, they perish soon Fish generally, such as sprats, her- 

after. 

Seed.—A little seed should be saved 

rings, pilchards, five-fingers, and shellfish, 

owe their powerful fertilizing qualiannually, 

as a resource in case of any lies not only to the oil they contain, but 

accidental destruction of the crop. also to the phosphate of litne in their 

ANGK.LICA-TREE, Aralia spinosa. bones. From twenty-five to forty-five 

bushels per acre are the extreme quan- 

I 

', 

ANGEONIA salicdriafolia. Stove 

herbaceous. Cuttings. Sandy rich loam. 

; 

i 

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i 

, 

titles to be applied broad-cast, but if in 

ANGIANTHUS aureus. Green-house the drills, with the crop sixteen bushels 

herbaceous. Division. Loam and peat. are ample. Th(?y are beneficial to all 

ANGLE-SHADES MOTH. SeePho- the gardener's crops, but especially to 

logophera. 

ANGOPHORA. Two species. Green- 

asparagus, parsnips, carrots, beets, onions, 

and beans. Shell-fish should be 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat, broken before being applied. 

Band, and loam. 

Blood is a very rich manure, and has 

ANGR.^CUM. Nine species. Stove been used with especial benefit to vines, 

epiphytes. Cuttings. Wood, or moss and other fruit trees. The blood of the 

and potsherds, in baskets. 

ANGUILLARIA. Three species. 

ox contains about eighty per cent, of 

water, and twenty per cent, solid mat- 

Half-hardy herbaceous. Offsets. Sandy ter. The latter contains in 100 parts 

peat. 

ANGURIA. Four species. Stove 

when dried, 

Carbon .... 51.950 

evergreen climbers. Division. Loam Hydrogen . . . 7.165 

and peat. 

ANIA &/rorn«s. Stove epiphyte. Offsets. 

Peat and potsherds. 

ANIGOZANTHOS. Three species. The 

Azofe . . . . 17.172 

Oxygen. . . . 19.295 

Ashes .... 4.418 

ashes contain various salts, as 

Green-house herbaceous. Division. chloride of sodium, (common salt,) 

Sandy peat, 

AXI.MAL MATTERS, without any 

phosphate of lime, with a little oxide of 

iron. Sugar-bakeys skimmings owe 

exception, are beneficial as manures, for their chief fertilizing qualities to the 

they all yield during putrefaction gases blood used in clarifying the sugar, and 

and soluble substances that are imbibed which is combined with vegetable albugreedily 

by the roots of plants. That men and extractive, 

this is the case affords no cause for won- Woollen Rngs, cut into very small 

dcr, because animal matters and vege- pieces, are a good manure, decomposing 

table matters are alike compounded of, slowly, and benefiting the second as

— 

ANI 36 ANN 

much as the first crop. Hops and turnips stove annual. Division or seed. Light 

| 

have been the crops to which they have dry soil. 

ANISOPIAAor^jcoZa, is been chiefly applied. Half a ton per 

a beetle which 

acre often attacks the rose flowers about 

is a fair dressing. Wool is com- 

June. Its maggots live under turf, posed of 

and 

Carbon feed on its roots. 

. . . 50.653 

Hydrogen ANNUALS, are plants which live but 

. . 7.029 

Azote one year, and, consequently, require to 

. . . 17.710 

Oxygen be raised from seed annually. By a 

) 

24.608 

Suiphlurj 

particular mode of culture some of them 

may be made to live longer. Thus 

It leaves a very slight ash, containing 

minute quantities of muriate of potash, mignonette will continue to bloom for 

lime, and probably phosphate of lime. 

Feathers and hair closely resemble it in 

their components. Horns are composed 

of 

Carbon. . . . 51.578 

Hvdrogen. . . 6.712 

A'zote .... 17.284 

. . . 24.426 

two or more years if not allowed to 

ripen its seeds. 

Hardy Annuals are sown where they 

are to remain in the open borders, in 

March or April, as the latitude and 

temperature may make expedient, of 

which the cultivator can readily judge ; 

it is usually safe to sow them when the 

peach expands its blossoms. Whether 

! 

i 

; 

l?Yl^"l 

Sulphur) 

besides minute proportions of sulphate sown in patches or broad masses, 

muriate and phosphate of potash, phos- whether mixed or separate, must be left 

phate of lime, and other less important to the taste of the sower— guided by his 

matters. 

knowledge of the colours of the flowers. 

S/ie//s.—Those of the following fish These should be well contrasted. No 

are thus composed: 

one but an ignoramus would have many 

sorts of the same colour together. Every 

matter. patch should beproperly labelled, which 

Oyster . . 

Lobster . . 

Hen's Eggsi 

1.2 

7.0 

5.7 

98.3 

63.0 

89.6 

~0T5~ 

30.0 

4.7 

is easily done by having some deal laths, 

one inch broad, planed smooth, cut into 

nine-inch lengths, and painted white. 

On these the names can be written with 

They have all been found good in a a lead pencil. 

pounded form, as manures for turnips; Dr. Lindley truly observes, that "It 

and must be for all other plants, and on is possible to maintain a garden in a 

all soils where calcareous matters are state of the greatest beauty from the 

deficient. For more extensive notices first visit of spring to the last fading ray 

of these and similar manures, the reader of autumn sunshine, by the simple 

is referred to a useful work, recently practice of growing annuals and other 

published in this country, "The Eco- plants of a similar nature in pots. And 

nomy of Waste Manures." 

for this purpose an ample variety may 

ANISACANTHA divaricata. Green- be had for three-pence a seed-paper, 

house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat without having recourse to any means 

and loam. 

ANISANTHUS. Three species. 

Green-house bulbs. Ofisets. Sandysoil. 

ANISE, (Tragium anisiim.) Half- 

more costly. 

" Not that the common method of 

growing plants in pots will answer this 

end ; on the contrary, managed as they 

hardy annual, used for garnishing or usually are, annuals, in pots, are the 

seasoning. Sow during April in pots most miserable objects in the garden, 

plunged in a hotbed; remove to a warm, I for tlie pots become so dry, from the 

light border in May. Thin the plants to 

six inches apart. The seed is ripe in 

continual evaporation of water, through 

their porous sides, that the plants are 

August or September. It does not bear literally starved 

transplanting. The method to pursue in preparing 

pots for receiving annuals, is this:—in 

ANISEED-TREE, lUicium anisatum. ' 

ANISOCHILUS carnosa. Stove her- the first place, lay a crock over the hole 

baceous. Cuttings. Rich light soil, 

ANISOMELKS. Four species. Three 

in the bottom of the pot, then fill the 

pot to about one-third or one-half of its 

are stove evergreens, and ^4. ovata, a jdepth with wet moss pressed very close.

— 

ANN 37 ANN 

and over that put rich light soil, in which 

the annual seeds are to be sown, or 

young plants are to be pricked out. The 

pot is then placed in a common pan, and 

the latter is filled with water in wet 

weather. The moss absorbs the water 

freely, and parts with it slowly; at the 

same time it forms a mass of moist materials, 

in which the roots of a plant will 

freely spread. By these simple means, 

the annuals are completely guarded 

from all the evils of dryness, and they 

grow with the same health, though not 

to the same size, perhaps, as if planted 

out in the open border. Such pots can 

be distributed over the garden, wherever 

a vacancy occurs, and will decorate 

the borders beneath trees and bushes, 

wlicre no such plants will grow in the 

open ground itself. Their sides arc 

rapidly covered with their own lower 

branches, or may be concealed by the 

foliage of each other: as soon as one is 

shabby, it is removed, and succeeded by 

another in full beauty; and, by a little 

management, chiefly consisting in repeated 

sowings at short intervals, no 

interruption to the succession of flowers 

need be experienced. Another advantage 

of this plan consists in the facility 

with which the arrangement of colours 

and grouping of individuals can be effected 

and varied. 

"Bulbs may be treated in the same 

Clintonia pulchella. 

Collinsia bicolor. 

grandiflora. 

Collomia coccinea. 

Convolvulus tricolor. 

Coreopsis (Calliopsis) atro purpurea. 

Emilia (Cacalia) coccinea. 

Erysimum Perofskianum. 

Eutoca viscida. 

Gilia tricolor. 

Godetia Lindleyana. 

((Enothera) rubicunda. 

tcnuifolia. 

Hibiscus Africanus. 

Kaulfussia (Amellus) amelloides. 

Leptosiphon androsaceus. 

dcnsiflorus. 

Lupinus Hartwegii. 

nanus. 

Malope grandiflora. 

Nemophila atomaria. 

—— insignis. 

Nolana atriplicifolia. 

(Enothera tetraptera. 

Phlox Drummondii. 

Platystcmon californicum. 

Schizopetalum Walkeri. 

Sphenogyne speciosa. 

Viscaria (Agrostemma) cccli-rosa. 

HALF-HARDY ANNUALS 

Are sown in a gentle hot-bed early 

in April, or late in March, then to be 

transplanted into the borders, and at- 

: 

| 

I 

manner, and then will never be destroy tended like other annuals. These speed 

by the careless spade of the garden cifications as to time, apply to the 

labourer. The only point to observe is, middle states, and may also serve to 

that each pot should rarely contain more guide those north or south. The tenthan 

a single plant, unless in the case of der annuals may generally be planted 

species of very small size naturally, or out with safety, when the later sproutof 

bulbous plants." Gard. Chron. 

The following is a good selection, and 

may be obtained at most seed stores. It 

ing forest trees put forth. 

Argemone grandiflora. 

Mexicana. 

should, however, be observed, injustice Aster sinensis. 

to seedsmen, that as the seeds of many Atropa physaloides. 

annuals are extremely minute and deli- Bidens hcterophylla. 

cate, so is the dilficulty of causing them 

to vegetate increased, especially in seasons 

of too much or too little moisture, 

and due allowance should be made 

therefor. 

Cacalia coccinea. 

Carthamus tinctorius. 

Centaurea Americana. 

Celsia orientalis. 

Chrysanthemum. 

HARDY ANNUALS. 

Cistus niloticus. 

Coboea scandens (climber). 

Bartonia aurea. 

Convolvulus discolor. 

Calandrinia discolor. 

michauxii. 

(Talinum) speciosa. 

purpurea. 

Callichroa platyglossa. 

Coreopsis (Calliopsis) Drummondii. 

Campanula Lorei. 

Cucumis colocynthis. 

Chrysanthemum carinatum. 

dudaim. 

Clarkia pulchella. 

flexuosus.

ANN 38 ANN 

Datura ceratocaulon. 

metel. 

Dianthus sinensis. 

Elichrysum macranthum. 

Fiimaria vesicaria. 

Gaiinsogia parviflora. 

^— triloba. 

Gnaphalium foetidum. 

undiilatum. 

Helianthus annuus. 

IpomEa coccinea. 

- phoenicea. 

Loasa aiirantiaca (climber). 

Lobelia azurea. 

Lopezia racemosa. 

Lopbospermum scandens (climber). 

Mirabilis jalapa. 

lutea. 

longiflora. 

Momordica balsamina. 

luffa. 

Monopsis scintillaris. 

Nicotiana glutinosa. 

paniculata. 

Nolana prostrata. 

Pharbitis (Ipomosa) hispida (climber), 

PodoJcpis gracilis. 

Polygonum orientale. 

Ricinus communis. 

inermis. 

viridis. 

Ricotia a>gyptiaca. 

Rudbeckia amplexifolia. 

Schizanthus pinnatus. 

Senecio elegans. 

Spilanthes acmella. 

Stevia pedata. 

serrata. 

Tagetes erecta. 

lucida. 

— nana. 

— patula. 

— tenuifolia. 

Trichosanthes anguina. 

cucumeri. 

Tropoeolum atrosanguineum (climb- 

er). 

peregrinum (climber). 

Verbena Aubletia. 

Viscaria oculata. 

Xeranthnmum lucidum. 

Ximensia encelioides. 

Zinnia coccinea. 

multiflora. 

— lutea. 

pauciflora. 

revoluta. 

verticillata. 

violacea. 

TENDER ANNUALS. 

The following arc rather more tender 

than those classed as half-hardy, but 

may be managed in the same manner. 

Achillea aegyptiaca. 

Agapanthus umb. maj. 

media. 

Amaranthus bicolor. 

cruentus. 

rubicaulis. 

tricolor. 

Amethystea cajrulea. 

Antirrhinum molle. 

Brachycome iberifolia. 

Browallia demissa. 

^^—— elata ccerulea. 

flo. albo. 

Buchnera capensis. 

Calceolaria pinnata. 

Campannula capensis. 

debilis. 

mollis. 

Cardiospermum halicacabum. 

Cassia chamKchrista. 

tora. 

Celosia argentea. 

cernua. 

cristata rub. 

dwarf, red. 

tall, buff. 

dwarf. 

imperial red. 

purple. 

buff. 

varieg. 

Cleome pentaphylla. 

spinosa. 

viscosa. 

Clitoria brasiliana. 

ternata. 

flo. albo. 

Convolvulus pes capra;. 

nil 

tridendatum. 

Crotalaria juncea. 

verrucosa. 

Datura fastuosa. 

flo. albo. 

Gnaphalium orientale 

Gomphrena globosa 

stri. 

Hedysarum gangeticum. 

vespcrtilio. 

Heliophila integrifolia. 

Heliotropium indicum. 

Impatiens balsamina. 

flo. albo. 

• flesh col. dble.

ANN 39 ANT 

Impatiens bizar, tall, dble. 

dwarf, dble. 

piir. stri., dble. 

scarl. slri., dble. 

Ipomoea Phcenicea. 

quamoelit. 

flo. albo. 

Linum flavuni. 

sutfruticosum. 

Lotus creticus. 

Lobelia gracilis. 

ratnosa. 

Maitynia fragrans. 

proboscidea. 

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. 

glabrum. 

pinnatifidum. 

(tricolor) pyropoeum. 

Mimosa pudica. 

sensitiva. 

Ononis natrix. 

crispa. 

Pcntapetes Phoenicea. 

Physalis prostrata. 

Portulaca splendcns. 

Tbellussoni. 

Rhodanthe Manglesii. 

Salpiglossis atropurpurea. 

Sedum citruleum. 

Sida cordifolia. 

—— dilleniana. 

hastata. 

Snianum melongana. 

fruct. purp. 

Sowerbia juncea. 

Statice mucronata. 

Thunbergia (alata) aurantiaca. 

albifiora. 

Trachymene (Didiscus) coerulea. 

Watsonia corymbosa. 

ANODONTIA. Four species. Hardy 

and hnlf-hardy plants. Seeds, cuttings, 

or division. Common soil. 

ANOXTOCHILUS setaceus. Stove 

terrestrial orchidaceous plant. 

ANOMATHECA. Two species. 

Half-hardy bulbs. Seeds. Common 

light soil. 

ANONA. Custard apple. Seventeen 

species. Cuttings or seeds. Rich loam. 

ANT, {Formica.) To drive this insect 

away, sprinkle flowers of sulphur 

over its nests and haunts. To kill it, 

pour over the nest at night a strong decoction 

of elder leaves. To trap it, 

smear the inside of a garden pot with 

honey, invert it over the nest, and when 

crowded with them, hold it over the 

lier trees, by tying a piece of wool round 

the stems and the supporters. 

ANT EN N ARIA. Eight species. 

Chiefly hardy lierbaceous. A. Iiyperborea 

is an evergreen creeper. Cuttings or 

divisions. Light rich soil. 

ANTHEMIS. Forty-six species. All 

hardy except A. apifolia and punctata, 

which are green-house plants. Seed. 

Common soil. See Chamomile. 

ANTHERICUM. Twenty-six species. 

Green-house herbaceous, except ,4. scrotinum 

and sulphureuin, which are hardy. 

Cuttings or seed. Loam and sandy peat. 

ANTllOCERCIS. Three species. 



ANTHOCLEISTA macrophylla. 

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

ANTHODON. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Rich loam 

and peat. 

ANTHOLOMA monfana. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich loam and 

peat. 

ANTHOLYZA. Three species. 

Hardy bulbs. Offsets. Sandy south 

border. 

ANTHOMYIA, a genus of fly, very 

injurious to the gardener. 

A. brassicce, cabbage fly, says Mr. 

Curtis, " is found on the wing through 

the summer, and is the parent of a maggot 

which has been known to lay waste 

whole fieldsof cabbages by diseasing the 

roots, in which they feed, as well as at 

the base of tlie stalk. Successive generations 

are feeding until Noveml)er; the 

latter families lying in the pupa state 

through the winter, and most probably 

some of the flies survive that season, 

secreted in holes and crevices. 

"When the Cabbage-leaves assume a 

lead or yellow colour, and droop in midday 

from the effect of the sun, such 

plants being diseased should be taken 

up, carried away, and burnt, and brine 

or lime put into the holes. Gardeners, 

in some instances, have collected large 

quantities of the pupa; from the roots, 

by drawing away the earth; and as these 

insects are exceedingly rapid in their 

transtbrmations, it is very likely that it 

may have a very material effect in checking 

their increase, and giving the succeeding 

crop a better chance of escaping 

the fate of the preceding one. 

" The male of A. brassiccE is dark 

there is 

steam of boiling water. They may be . 

kept from ascending standard and espa- 1 bright grey, with black bristles ;

— 

— 

ANT 40 ANT 

a black stripe halfway down the middle ing towards the head, which is pointed, 

of the thorax, and a curved one on each and armed with two short, black claws 

side ; the body has a more decided black at the nose. 

stripe down the centre, and the seg- " These maggots live in the involucra 

niCMts are marked by a lineofthe same of different varieties of Lettuce, feeding 

colour; legs and antenna; blackish; wings upon the grains and receptacle; and 

a little smoky. The female is pale ashy when these are consumed they wriggle 

grey; the eyes remote, with a dark themselves out backward, either to enchestnut-coloured 

stripe on the crown; ter another seed-vessel or fall to the 

! 

] 

the wings are similar in tint to those of' ground and become pupse. 

the foregoing species, but the insects are " When the seed-stems are gathered 

considerably smaller." Gard. Chron. and dying, the larvae change to pupae. 

A. ceparum, Onion fly. For the fol- called shucks in Surrey, being bright 

lowing particulars I am indebted to the chestnut-coloured, oval cases, which 

work of M. Kollar. are rough when viewed under a lens, 

" The fly lays her eggs on the leaves with two minute tubercles at the head. 

of the onion, close to the earth. and two hooks and a few other tubercles 

"The newly-hatched maggot bores , at the tail, 

through the first leaf and then descends " I In the second week of May a few 

between the leaves into the onion to its of the pupte hatch ; they have, however, 

base, when it entirely destroys the bulb, ' been 

observed as early as April, and as 

which soon becomes rotten. It leaves late as July. The male is intense black, 

the onion to undergo its transformation clothed with short hair and bristles; the 

in the earth, and becomes an elliptical, eyes reddish-brown and meeting above ; 

reddish-brown, wrinkled pupa, out of face inclining to chestnut colour, with a 

which the perfect fly is developed in 

summer in from ten to twenty days. 

The later brood pass the winter in the 

pupa state. 

— 

bright spot of the same on the crown 

the fore part of the trunk bears four 

[ 

I 

; 

I 

' 

i 

' 

| 

, 

' 

varying whitish stripes ; the body is ashy 

grey, the segments blackish, at the base 

" The perfect insect or fly is entirely a deep black ; wings two, stained with 

of an ash grey colour in the female, or black, and beautifully iridescent; the 

with black stripes on the back of the base and poisers ochreous, the nervures 

male; the wings clear like glass, with of the wings pitchy. 

broad iridescent reflections, and yellow- The female is entirely ashy grey. 

ish-brown veins. It is found through- and less bristly; the eyes not meeting 

out the summer in several generations. on the crown, with a bright chestnut- 

" The larva lives during that season coloured stripe between them; body 

singly, and also gregariously, on the dif- oval, the apex cone-shaped; horns and 

ferent sorts of leeks and onions, and doei egs blackish; wings and nervures lighter 

great damage among the white onions." than in the male, which it equals in 

The maggot is conical, white, and size." Gard. Chron. 

smooth. It will never make its appear- ANTHONOMUS. 

ance, if, at the time of sowing, a little .4.pomorM//!, Apple weevil. Mr. Curtis 

of the lime from the dry purifiers of the truly observes, that "this insect corngas-works 

be dug in and a less quantity mits great devastation in apple orchards, 

raked in with the seed. This may now by destroying the stamens, pistil, and 

be obtained almost in every district of receptacle of the flower. As soon as 

GreatBritain; but should itbe neglected, the blossom buds begin to swell, the feor 

not obtainable, soot applied in the 

same mode, with the addition of one or 

male beetle begins to deposit her eggs. 

In calm weather she selects a good bud, 

two plentiful waterings, during April and makes a hole in it with her proand 

the present month, with strong boscis ; she fixes herself at the hole, 

soapsuds, will generally prevent the lays one egg, and goes on till she has 

evil. Johnson's Gard. Almanack 

deposited a considerable number of eggs 

A. lactuctE, Lettuce fly. Mr. Curtis in separate buds. 

says, " The larva; first make their ap •The bud continues to swell and the 

pearance in August, but they are abund- petals nearly expand, when suddenly 

ant in September; they closely resemble the growth ceases and the petals wither 

those from the Cabbage and Turnip, and assume a shrivelled appearance. If 

being of a yellowish-white colour, taper- one of these flower buds be examined

— 

ANT 41 A PH 

when nearly expanded, a small white 

grain with a black head will be found in 

the centre, which beijins to assume a 

yellowish colour; a few days later the 

grub will be found either wholly or 

partially chanjêd to a beetle, and should 

there be a small hole on the side of the 

receptacle the beetle will have escaped; 

the transformation from the etrg to the 

APHELANDRA cristata. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

APHELEXIS. Four species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat 

and sandy loam. 

APHI.S, the Plant Louse, Puceron, or 

Vine fretter. This insect, so destructive 

from its multitude, attacks fruit trees, 

perfect state not having occupied more juicy kitchen vegetables, and other 

than a month. When this beetle, which plants, weakening and rendering them 

is dark brown with grey stripes, leaves incapable of development by sucking 

the receptacle, it feeds during the sum- from them their juices. The exhaustion 

mer on the leaves of the trees, and is thus occasioned is sometimes so cornseldom 

to be seen. In the autumn, the plete as to destroy the plant. Each 

weevils leave the trees and search for vegetable subject to its ravages has its 

convenient hiding-places under stones peculiar species 

about the trees, or under the rough bark, 

in which they pass the winter. 

•Consequently, as they commence 

Aphis pyri mall is of a grass green 

colour, attacking the apple and pear. 

A. persica is dark green, and is pe- 

their operations early in the spring, care culiar to the peach and nectarine 

should be taken to remove all stones, ^. pr«ni ravages the plum tribes, and 

dead leaves, and other litter from under 

the trees, as well as to scrape off the 

is a very light green, 

A. rosa. Light green, found upon 

rough dead bark from them in the winter 

season. 

" The apple weevil is also very injurious 

to pear trees." Card. Chron. 

A N T H O P H Y U M lanceolatum. A 

stove fern. Seed. Liiilit rich soil. 

ANTHOSPER M U M athiopicum. 

Green-house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. 


ANTH YLLIS. Twenty-two species. 

the rose genus. 

A.fabcc, known popularly as the Black 

Dolphin and Elephant, is black, and attacks 

the common bean. 

The tops of beans attacked by the 

Black Dolphin should be forthwith re- 

moved; and smaller plants may be syringed 

with tobacco-water, or water in 

which elder leaves have been boiled ; 

which applications are all fatal to the 

Hardy herbaceous and green-house ever- aphis. 

greens. Seeds or cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

ANTIDESMA. Three species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Rich loam 

ANTIRRHINUM. Snap-dragon, 

Twelve species. Hardy herbaceous, 

A. pisi is green, and affects the pea. 

A. lonicera. Woodbine louse. Dingy 

green. 

A. cerasi, Morello cherry louse. Appears 

black. Infests the under sides of 

the leaves, especially on wet soils 

except A. asarina and molle, which are 

half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings or seeds. 

Common soil. 

ANTLER MOTH. Charicas. 

ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK. Althaa 

ficifolia. 

ANYCHIA dichotoma. Hardy biennial. 

Division and seed. Sand and 

loam. 

A O T U S . Three species. Greenhouse 


Loam and sandy peat. 

APEIB.\. Four species. Stove evergreen 

trees. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

A. coryli, Nut louse. Pale green. 

A. Dahlia, Dahlia louse. Amber 

coloured. 

A . rihis, Red currant louse. Blackish. 

A.ligust7-i, Privet louse. Dark brown. 

A. ribis-nigri. Black currant louse. 

Transparent green. 

A. lathyri. Sweet pea louse. Dark 

purple. 

A. [Cinara) raphani. Radish louse. 

APHANANTHE celosioides. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

APHANOCHILUS incisus. Hardy 

Females, green ; males, lightish red. 

The aphides on the peach appear the 

earliest, being, as are all the others, the 

produce of eggs deposited during the 

previous autumn. During the spring and 

summer they are viviparous, and breed 

with extraordinary rapidity. The gardener 

does well, therefore, to scrub the 

branches of his wall trees, and to boil 

herbaceous. Cuttings. Light soil. ,

APH 42 APP 

or change the shreds every winter, for 

he thus destroys the pest in embryo. So 

soon as they appear in s])ring, over eacli 

wall tree a mat should be fastened, and 

tobacco burnt beneath it. Peas, wliilst 

the dew is upon them, may be dusted 

with Scotch snuff. Over the apple, plum, 

and other standards, the only available 

remedy is a repeated application of 

quicklime, at the same early period of 

the day, by the means of Curtis' Lime 

Duster. Most of these insects are readily 

destroyed by an a{)plication of diluted 

whale oil soap; it is probable a solution 

of common soft soap would be equally 

effective. The inexperienced operator 

should be careful lest he apply it in too 

powerful a state. 

The larva; of the Coccinella or Ladybird, 

especially C. punctata, \.\\e Syrphus 

or bee-like fly, the ifemc»"o6/ws or goldeneyed 

fly, the ant, some caterpillars, and 

many of the Ichneumonida, are great 

destroyers of the Aphis, and should be 

encouraged rather than removed. See 

American Blight. 

APHYLLANTHES monspeliensis. 

Half-hardy herbaceous. Division 

and seed. Sandy peat. 

APICRA. Twelve species. Greenhouse 

succulents. Suckers. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

APIOS tuherosa. Hardy tuber. Root. 

Sand and peat. 

APIUM. Six species. See Celery, 

Celeriac, and Parsley. 

APONOGETON. Four species. 

Stove or green-house aquatics. Offsets 

or seeds. Loam and peat in water. 

APPLE. {Pyrus malus.) 

Varieties.—There are 1,496 named 

varieties in the last edition of the 

London Horticultural Society's List of 

P'ruits, of which they have 897 cultivated 

in their gardens. It may readily be 

presumed that in such a multitude there 

are many of inferior quality: indeed it is 

not improbable there are some utterly 

unworthy of culture. The object in thus 

congregating them was praiseworthy 

— 

to determine their comparative value. 

The true policy is evidently to select 

from the mass those which, from some 

special quality, are most deserving of 

perpetuity. The following named varieties 

are believed to be eminently 

wortliy of culture. We copy from the 

catalogue of D. Landreth and Fulton. 

Explanation of Abbreviations.— Colour— r red ; str striped; y yellow ; 

green. Size— l large; m medium; s small. 

: 

Those marked * are of American origin. 

Those marked t are celebrated for the table. 

SUMMER APPLES. 

CO-

Codlin White . 

*Cumberlaiid Spice 

Doctor or Deicitt 

*tGreenine;, Rhode Island 

Ladies' Sweeting 

Gates' Apple . 

*Grindstone 

Gravenstien 

Hawthoriiden . 

Harrison 

Lady Apple, pomme d' Ap 

Tolman's Sweeting . 

Lady Finger 

*tMaiden's Blush 

*Morgan 

*tNortliern Spy 

Pearmain, Blue winter 

*Pcnnock's Red 

Pippin, Bullock 

" Golden 

" *American 

" *Michael Henry 

" Fall, or Holland 

" Blenheim 

" Ribston 

" *Hollo\v Core 

" *tGreen Newton 

*' *tyellow Newton 

Priestley 

Pound Apple 

tPorter 

*tRoxbury Russet . 

Roman Stem 

Rambo 

^Seck-no-further, Red 

Newton Spitzenburg 

*tSpitzenburg, Esopus 

*tSpitzenburg, Kaighn^s 

Sweeting, Moore-s 

*Swaar 

*tTewksbury Blush 

*tVandervere 

*Wine, or Hay's 

*Winesap 

*\Vinter Queen 

Yorkshire Greening 

APP 43 APP 

The following outlines and descrip- I 

tions of a few prominent varieties of 

apples, may be interesting to those who 

do not possess a more elaborate work, 

or one wholly devoted to Fruits, and are 

inserted with a desire to increase the 

popular character of the Dictionary, and 

render it of increased interest to the 

mass of readers. 

y

APP 44 APP 

obscure the ground colour. Flesh yel- j of uncommonly beautiful appearance, 

low, rich and aromatic. Stem long, It is certainly a superior dessert fruit 

deeply planted, llipe in August, but its sprightly aroma is agreeable to most 

j 

fit for cooking in July. Coxe describes i palates, and makes it a popular apple in 

it as an apple of the finest quality, and 1 

Summer Pearmain. Coxe. (Fig. 2.) 

This is unquestionably the finest apple 

of its season, possessing more of the 

character of the pear than an ordinary 

apple ; its appearance is by no means 

prepossessing, and those who look to 

exteriors only would pass it by unnoticed. 

The colour is usually dull red, 

slightly streaked and spotted, occasionally 

in the sun of a brighter hue. Coxe 

says it has proved well adapted to light 

lands, and correctly describes it as 

singularly tender, bursting from its own 

weight, when falling. The outline is 

oblong, uniformly regular; stem and 

calyx deeply seated ; ripe in August and 

September. 

WooLMAN's Harvest. {Striped 

Harvest.) (Fig. 3.) This apple is 

known in New Jersey as above ; its origin 

is obscure, nor have we found it 

described by any American authority. 

the Philadelphia market. 

Fig. 1.—(P. 43.) 

— ; 

The size is much below medium, weighing 

scarcely two ounces. Ground colour 

a delicate whitish yellow, beautifully 

streaked and pencilled with bright red 

of different depths, giving it rather an 

artificial aspect, as though an artist had 

coloured it to suit his fancy; flesh white, 

crisp and tender, juicy, but not rich: 

its early maturity commends it to notice; 

ripe in July. 

Maiden's Blush. Coxe. (Fig. 4.) 

There is not, perhaps, a more popular 

summer apple in the Philadelphia market 

than this; it ripens in August, and 

is in fruitful seasons abundant until the 

first of October. The size is above me- 

dium ; 

skin smooth, yellow, with a lively 

carmine cheek ; the general outline is 

flattened. Flesh white, tender, admirably 

adapted to drying. Stem short, 

and both it and the eye seated in a 

deep cavity. The habit of the tree is

APP 45 APP 

Fig. 2—(P. 44.) 

Fig. 3.—(P. 44.) 

vigorous, forming an open and rather 

spreading head. 

Early Bough. Ken. {Bough Apple. 

Coxe.) (Fig. 5.) The Early Bougli is 

outline 

frequently above medium size ; 

rather longer than broad. Stem seldom 

rising to the crown of the fruit. Skin 

smooth, of a pale yellow hue. Flesh 

white, with more than ordinary juice ; 

sweet and well-flavoured, though by no 

means rich. It is of fair quality, and 

because of its early maturity generally 

esteemed, llipe in July and August. 

IIagloe. {Hagloe Crab of Coxe: 

Downing.) (Fig. 6.) There is evidently 

sonic blunder as regards this apple, 

which was imported by Coxe, and described 

by him. It is unquestionably 

not the Hagloe Crab of the English, a 

cider apple of high repute, to which,

AP P 46 APP 

Fig. 4.—(P. 44.)

APP 47 APP 

it is believed, this has no pretension, medium, and great beauty, rccom- 

It is said that Coxe himself discovered mend it for the table. The prevailthe 

error, and designed correcting it in ing colour is yellow, streaked with 

a future edition of his work. It occurred red of darker or lighter shades, and 

from the label having been lost in the with a delicate bloom on well-ripened 

original package, and a loose Hagloe 

Crab label being found, was supposed to 

attach to the tree in question. 

It is now well known in Pennsylvania 

specimens. The outline round, sometimes 

a little irregular. Stem short; 

the eye deeply seated. The flesh is 

soft and woolly, as it is termed, which 

and New Jersev, as the Hagloe, the of course detracts from its quality as a 

Crab having been dropped, and is much table fruit. Ripe, August and Septem- 

ber. 

i 

I 

esteemed in the Philadelphia market 

as a cooking apple; its fair size, above 

Fig. 6.—(P. 45.) 

Early Queen. (Fig. 7.) The apple 

here represented, has been known 

for many years around Philadelphia by 

the above name ; it is one of the earliest 

seen in our market, making its appearance 

early in July and continuing 

throughout August. When ripened in 

the sun it is nearly of a uniform aspect 

—striped and clouded with red of darker 

or lighter shades on a greenish-yellow 

ground, the red frequently the prevailing 

colour : others ripened in the shade 

have but little red, the stripes more distinctly 

marked on a greenish ground, 

thus presenting fruit from the same tree 

of very different appearance. The size 

is in good specimens, above medium ; 

outline rather flattened, and narrowing 

towards the blossom end. Calyx quite 

small, nearly closed and set in a shallow 

basin. Stem short, seldom rising 

to the crown of the fruit. Flesh white, 

with occasional pink streaks and clouds; 

crisp, and when over ripe, mealy. 

Baldwin. Ken : Down. (Fig. 8.) 

The Baldwin, partially known as the 

Woodpecker, is nearly confined to New 

England ; but ought to be an apple of 

the world. It has few superiors, and is 

1 above average quality in all respects.

APP 48 

Fig. 7.— (P. 47.) 

Fig. 8.—(P. 47.) 

APP

AP P 49 APP 

Its flavour is rich and sprightly. Flesh 

yellowish and crisp ; few taste it without 

admiration. 

The outline is round, flattened atthe 

stem end and narrowing towards the 

eye; ground colour yellow obscured by 

red and crimson shading and slightly 

marked by russet near the stem, which 

is rather deeply planted. In season 

from November to March. 

Lady Apple. Coie. {Pomme d' 

Api. Rouge. Petit and Gros Api. 

Rouge, of the French.) (Fig. 9.) The 

small size of this beautiful fruit may be 

Gloria Mundi. Thomp. Monstrous 

Pippen. Coxe. Golden Ball. Ken. 

(Fig. 10.) Coxe says this imposing apple 

originated on Long Island, N. Y. 

Downing supposes it to be originally 

from Maine; the fact is unimportant. Its 

large size renders it an object of popular 

regard; it is an admirable cooking apple 

though not profitable, from liability 

lo be blown off prematurely. Skin 

yellow, marked by bright spots or dots. 

Flesh juicy and sprightly. The outline 

is round; stem short; eye bushy. In 

season, November to March. A specimen 

at the Pennsylvania Horticultural 

Society's exhibition, September, 1846. 

weighed 27 ounces. 

Bell Flower. (Fig. 11.) "A remarkably 

large, beautiful and excellent 

apple, both for the dessert and 

for cooking—it is of a pale, but bright 

and fair yellow colour; the cheek next 

the sun has sometimes a blush, but more 

frequently is without any red : the form 

is oblong, somewhat pointed at the 

blossom end—both ends are deeply indented—the 

flesh is rich, juicy, tender 

and sprightly ; it has uncommonly large 

full seeds, which are lodged in a peri- 

4 

an objection with many, but it is undoubtedly 

worthy a place in every 

orchard irom its exquisite beauty and 

line quality. The Lady Apple is highly 

prized wherever quality, rather than 

bulk is considered as the test of value. 

At Philadelphia it is a great favourite, 

and commands ready sale. The outline 

is flat, colour when well ripened a 

lively yellow, with a bright carmine 

cheek. Flesh white and crisp; juice 

sprightly and agreeable ; bears abundantly. 

Ripe in December, and keeps 

well during winter. 

Fiff. 9. 

— 

carpium of unusual size, and if shaken 

can be distinctly heard ; it ripens late 

in October, when its great weight 

causes it to fall in windy weather—if 

carefully picked before they are too 

ripe, tlicy will keep in high perfection 

through the winter, till late in the 

spring, especially when they are shrivelled 

or wilted— from their beauty and 

excellence, they arc the most popular 

apple in the Philadelphia market: the 

tree grows very large and spreading; it 

should be trained high, or the liinbs will 

touch the ground when in full bearing; it 

succeeds best on light rich soils." Coxe. 

Rhode Island Greening. — Coxe. 

(Fig. 12.) A well known variety, extensively 

disseminated throughout the 

Atlantic States. The size is large; 

outline round ; skin of a yellowish 

green ; sometimes, though very seldom 

of a faint blush-like hue towards 

the stem. The flesh is crisp, abounding 

in juice, finely flavoured; stem short. 

Calyx rather small for so large an apple, 

and placed in a shallow basin. In 

season from October to January, sometimes 

later.

APP 50 

Fig. 10.—(P. 49.) 

New England Russet. Boston or 

Roxbury Russet or Russeting. (Fig. 

13.) This is claimed as a native of 

Massachusetts, and is held throughout 

New England in high repute. It is 

usually considered the best of its class 

popularly termed "leather-coats." The 

size is full medium ; form irregularly 

round, flattened at both stem and blossom 

end. When fully ripe of a russet 

hue, occasionally with indications of 

blush. It is in season at mid-winter, 

but may be kept till May or June; in- 

deed they may be seen sometimes in 

APP 

July. This property of long keeping in 

connection with its productive habit, 

has secured it great popularity. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin. (Fig. 

14.) " This is in most of its varieties 

the finest apple of our country, and 

probably of the world. It varies much 

in quality, with soil, aspect, cultivation, 

climate and age. The form is rather 

flat, the size large, the skin a greenish 

yellow, with black clouds, and frequently 

with red spots or blotches. It 

ripens in November, and is often kept 

t till May and June. It will produce fine

— 

APP 51 APP 

apples on even a light sandy soil, aided 

by the application of river or meadow 

Fig. 11.— (P. 49.) 

mud as a manure, two or three cart 

loads to a tree." Coxe. 

WiNF. Apple. (Fig. 1.5.) This is a 

well known variety in Philadelphia. It 

is unusually large, and attractive from 

its beautifully fair and handsome appearance. 

The outline is round, rather 

flattened at the poles; prevailing colour 

rod, shaded and spotted with yellow. 

.Stalk quite short, never rising to the 

crown of the fruit, which is occasionally 

of a russet hue, Calyx large and 

deeply seated, ripe in October, and in 

eating through the antumn and winter. 

It is equally adapted to the table, 

kitchen and press. The habit of the 

tree is open, growth large and handsome. 

%^ 

.-Esopus Spitzenburg. Thomp. Lind. 

Ken. (Fig. 16.) There are but few, 

very few apples to which higher rank is 

awarded than to this variety, which has 

the rare advantage of beauty and goodness 

combined. It is said to have originated 

at j^Lsopus on the Hudson river. 

The size full medium, with an oblong outline. 

Skin fair and smooth, of a fine clear 

red, in some specimens of a brilliant hue 

on the sunny side, the opposite of a yellowish 

cast. Flesh yellow, and in thelanguage 

ofCoxe, "singularly rich, juicy and 

sprightly." Stem of medium length, well 

planted. Calyx in a shallow depression. 

In season November to February. 

IvAicirN's SpiTzrNBURG. Coxe. (Fig. 

17.) This variety takes its name from 

the original cultivator, the late Joseph 

Kaighn, of Kaighn's Point, New Jersey.

APP 52 

• 

ricr 12— V -10 ' 

APP

APP 53 APP 

It somewhat resembles the .^sopus 

Spitzenburg. Colour bright red, delicately 

streaked and marked by white 

dots, which strongly characterize it. 

Skin smooth ; flesh juicy and well 

flavoured ; stem rather long, deeply 

seated ; blossom end frequently more 

pointed than in the drawing. 

Propagation by seed.—When it is intended 

to raise stocks to be engrafted, 

the only matter to be observed in selecting 

the seed is, that it be from vigorous 

healthy trees. Keep the seed in 

sand, or earth moderately damp, during 

autumn and winter, and sow quite early 

in the spring, and in drills, so as to admit 

of more easy culture. The second 

season the young stocks may be transplanted, 

and again the third season, 

'each transplantation tending to secure 

success on the final transfer to the orchard 

ground.) When three years old, 

they will be, if well managed, stout 

stocks, ready for grafting. 

Where the object is to produce new 

varieties, select the^seed from favourite 

fruits and sow as above directed. 

If it be the purpose to allow the seedlings 

to bear, 'they may be suffered to 

remain where they have first grown, or 

they may he transplanted to any other 

position. But a more speedy method 

14.—(P. 50.) 

to reach results is to graft a shoot of 

the seedling in a branch of a vigorous 

tree. The second season fruit may be 

obtained, especially if the shoot is bent 

downwards, or inclined, so as to arrest 

the free flow of sap, which would rather 

tend to preserve wood than fruit. By 

this means curiosity can be early satisfied, 

and those which prove worthless, 

by far the larger portion, cast out as 

cumberers of the ground. 

Mr. Knight states that " the width 

and thickness of the leaf generally indicates 

the size of the future apple, but 

will by no means convey any correct 

idea of the merits of the future fruit. 

" When these have the character of 

high cultivation, the qualities of the 

fruit w-ill be far removed from those of 

the native species; but the apple may 

be insipid or highly flavoured, green or 

deeply coloured, and of course well or 

ill-calculated to answer the purposes of 

the planter. An early blossom in the 

spring, and an early change of colour 

in the autumnal leaf, would naturally 

be supposed to indicate a fruit of early 

maturity, but I have never been able to 

discover any criterion of this kind on 

which the smallest dependence may be 

placed. The leaves of some varieties 

will become yellow and fall otf, leaving

APP 64 APP 

Fig. 15.—(P. 51.) 

the fruit green and immature; and the 

leaves in other kinds will retain their 

verdure long after the fruit has perished. 

The plants whose buds in the annual 

wood are full and prominent are usually 

more productive than thoKe wliose buds 

are small and shrunk in the bark ; but 

their future produce will depend much 

on the power the blossoms possess of 

bearing the cold, and this power varies 

in the varieties, and can only be known 

from experience. Those which produce 

their leaves and blossoms rather 

early in the spring are generally to be 

preferred, for, though they are more 

exposed to injury from frost, they less frequently 

suffer from the attacks of insects 

i 

—the more common cause of allure. 

The disposition to vegetate early or 

late in the spring, is, like almost every 

other quality in the apple tree, transferred 

in different degrees to its off- 

spring ; 

and the planter must therefore 

seek those qualities in the parent tree 

which he wishes to find in the future 

seedling plants. The^^best method I 

have been able to discover of obtaining 

such fruits as vegetate very early in the 

spring, has been by introducing the 

farina of the Siberian Crab into the blossom 

of a rich and early apple, and by 

transferring, in the same manner, the 

farina of the apple to the blossom of the 

Siberian Crab. The leaf and the habit

APP 53 APP 

of many of the plants that I have thus 

obtained, possess much of the character 

of the apple, whilst they vegetate as 

early in the spring as the crab of Siberia, 

and possess at least an equal power 

of bearing cold ; and I possess two 

plants of the family which are quite as 

hardy as the most austere crab of our 

woods." 

By cuttings.—All the varieties may 

be raised in this mode, though some, 

as the Burr-knot, Codling, and Juneeating, 

more readily than others. Trees 

80 raised are said to be not so liable as 

their parents to canker. In February 

take cuttings of young shoots from some 

of the horizontal branches, about eight 

inches long, cutting off a portion of the 

old wood of the branch attached to the 

shoot ; remove all the buds except the 

upper three. Plant these firmly in 

sandy loam, giving water and covering 

with a hand-glass until the cuttings have 

well vegetated. Shade from the midday 

sun; remove the hand-glass in Au- 

Fig. 16.—(P. 51.) 

Ik 

gust; and remove the plants into the 

nursery early in November. 

Soil.—The most favourable soil is a 

strong loam, two feet deep, on a dry 

subsoil, thoroughly drained, for stagnant 

root moisture induces canker and 

moss. 

Planting.—The soil should be trenched, 

and some cultivators place immediately 

beneath each tree, according to 

the extent of its roots, chalk, stones, 

or brick-bats rammed so as to form a 

kind of pavement to direct the roots 

horizontally. Plant so that the roots 

nearest the surface are twelve inches 

below it. 

Espaliers.— In America the apple is 

seldom trained as an Espalier, though 

they might thus be cultivated in gardens 

of limited extent, and in some 

cases serve a double purpose, affording 

shade and fruit. When first planted 

the young plant is cut down to within 

about a foot of the ground, and only 

three shoots permitted to spring from it,

APP 56 APP 

Fig. 17.—(P .51.) 

one of which will be the leader, and 

the others will form the first or lower 

tier of bearing branches, which are to 

be secured to small stakes, so as to 

keep them in their proper places. 

The following season the upright 

leader must be shortened to nine inches 

or a foot above the two horizontal 

branches, and deprived of all its shoots 

excepting the three uppermost, which 

are to be treated the same as before. 

In this way the leading shoot is to be 

stopped at the requisite distance above 

the horizontal ones, until it has reached 

the height of five feet. It is then cut 

off, and no more allowed to grow upright, 

the whole strength of the tree 

being directed to the fruiting branches. 

— Gard. Chron. 

Espalier apple trees should be at not 

less than twenty feet distance ; butfiveand-thirty 

feet is better, especially for 

trees grarted on crab or apple stocks, 

which are free shooters ; 

for trees graft- 

ed on codlin and paradise stocks eighteen 

or twenty feet may be a sufficient 

distance. They should be planted with 

their heads entire, only removing any 

very irregular growths that do not range 

consistent with the intended form, and 

pruning any broken roots. Let all the 

branches be trained horizontally to the 

right and left, an equal number on each 

side, all at full length, five or six inches 

asunder, and, according as they shoot 

in summer, still continue them along 

entire. At the same time train in a 

further supply of new shoots, to increase 

the number of horizontals or bearers, 

and thus continue increasing their numbers 

every year, till the espalier is 

regularly filled from the bottom to top, 

preserving all the branches at full 

length, as far as the allotted space will 

admit. 

They must have a summer and a 

winter pruning annually; in the summer 

cut out all the superfluous and illplaced 

shoots of the year, and train 

regular ones towards the lower parts in 

vacant spaces, at least to remain till 

winter, some of which may be then 

wanted to fill some unforeseen vacancy, 

clearing out all others at this time as

APP 57 APR 

' 

close as poi5sibIe. And in winter, if middle of the head, and all dead wood 

any worn out or decayed parts appear, and suckers from the stem and root. 

then is the time to retrench them, retaining 

young brandies in their places, \ 

and if any vacancy occurs, retain some 

contiguous young shoot to fill it. Cut 

clean out close to the branches, still i 

continuing all the branches, and any 

occasional supply of shoots, at full ! 

length, as far as their limited bounds 

will allow; then train the whole regu- 

larly, tying them in as straight and 

; | 

j 

Some persons, however, prefer more 

pruning, and Mr. Clarke, gardener to 

the Earl of Lonsdale, says, " My season 

for pruning commences as soon as 

the fruit is taken ofl' the trees, and continues 

to the middle of March ; during 

that time cut out all the ill-placed 

shoots, such as incline to grow towards 

the centre, or into each other, and 

leave untouched all those that stand in 

i 

| 

t 

close to the railing as possible, about such a way that the tree will form a cup, 

six inches asunder. 

Standards, or Orchard Trees.—The 

or something like a well blown tulip, 

all the branches standing perfectly clear 

standards having been trained in the of each other, so that they will bear 

nursery with tolerably good heads, they fruit on the inside, the sun and air getshould 

be planted with those heads en- ting to all parts of the tree alike. Keep 

tire ; if any are intended for the kitchen j 

trees as low as possible ; this may 

j 

garden, plant them at least forty feet 

fruit 

be done by removing a limb when it is 

distance; and, for a full plantation, to 

" 

likely to get over tall, leaving a younj: 

form an orchard, allow thirty feet dis- shoot at a proper place to succeed it. 

tance every way. 

The apple is in America a hardy robust 

Trim any broken roots, but leave all tree, and succeeds admirably through- 

the others entire. 

out the middle and western states, 

As soon as planted, let every one be though it were desirable it should re- 

well staked, to support them firmly upceive more attention than is frequently 

right, and prevent their being disturbed I 

in rooting by winds. 

Smaller growing standards, such as 

codlins and dwarfs upon paradise stocks, 

may, if required, be planted only at 

twenty feet distance, though, if there 

is room to allow a greater distance, it 

will be the greater advantage. 

Let them also, in future, advance with 

all their branches at full length, taking 

their own natural growth, and they 

will soon form numerous natural spurs 

in every part for bearing. 

With respect to pruning these standards 

very little is required, probably 

not more than once in several years, 

and then only the retrenching any very 

irregular cross-placed bough, or reducing 

to order any very long rambler; or 

when the head is become greatly crowded 

and confused, to thin out some of 

the most irregular growth, likewise all 

strong shoots growing upright in the 

bestowed 

on it. Its principal enemy is 

the " Borer," {Saperda bivittata), which 

deposits Its eggs in the body of the tree 

near the ground. The insects perforate 

the wood, causing disease, and if undisturbed 

ultimately death. The remedy 

is the frequent use of pliant wire 

thrust into the wound, so as to pierce 

the grub ; 

— 

a mound of ashes around the 

trunk is beneficial— alkali being extremely 

offensive to insects. 

For full directions as to the management 

of apple trees see the " Fruit Culttirist,'''' 

by Thomas. " Fruits of America," 

by Downing. *' Kenrick's Orchardist." 

Al'PLE-BARK BEETLE. Bostri- 

chiis. 

APRICOT, (Armeniaca vulgaris.) 

Varieties.—The following list is from 

the catalogue of D. Landreth and Fulton, 

Philadelphia:

APR 58 APR

APR 69 APR 

years. The Moor Park mostly on spurs 

upon two and three years' old branches. 

Siim7ner Pruning.—Take off all foreright 

shoots and others that are irregular 

and misplaced ; 

reserving those that are 

vigorous and that will train in well for 

next year's bearing. If done early in 

May the finger and thumb will supersede 

the knife for this pruning. Continue 

to nail the shoots to the wall as 

necessary during all the summer. Overvigorous 

shoots may be topped in June, 

and be thus induced to put forth more 

fertile laterals. 

Winter Pruning had best be done as 

soon as the leaves have fallen, though 

it may be carried on until the buds begin 

to swell in March. Cut out the 

most naked of the two previous years' 

shoots, and old branches not well supplied 

with young wood, to have their 

places re-occupied by younger and better 

branches. Keep a leading shoot at 

the end of each branch. Vigorous 

shoots of the last year shorten about 

one-eighth—weaker shoots about onehalf 

This promotes the production of 

laterals for next year's fruiting, and 

gives a fuller supply of sap to the blossom 

buds ; but if the shortening is too 

great, the latter will be converted to 

leaf-buds. Cut off all fore-right spurs ; 

but lateral spurs may be retained, as 

they sometimes produce blossom buds, 

as they always do in the Moor Park. 

Espaliers are to be formed as those 

on wails, and standards only require 

dead, crowded, or chaffing branches to 

be removed. 

When an apricot gets old and diseased, 

it is much more j)rofitable to replace 

it by a younger, than to attempt 

its renovation. 

Gathering should take place before 

the fruit is quite ripe, or it will be 

mealy. 

Thinning, as soon as the fruit is large 

enough for tarts, in May or early in 

June, should be boldly done, no fruit 

being left nearer than six inches to 

another. 

Insects.—Wasps and flies are best 

kept off by a net, not nearer than a foot 

to the wall. 

Mildew is often the most formidable 

assailant of the apricot, as it usually 

arises from excess of moisture to the 

root ; draining the border, and mixing 

lime with the soil, will be in such case 

found efficacious as a preventive, and 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— — 

at the time a syringing with water 

containing one-eighth of gas ammoniacal 

liquor. 

APRIL. In this fickle month the 

sheltering of wall fruit requires particular 

attention. F2asterly blighting winds 

always prevail towards its close, and 

early in May. 

The work required to be attended to 

in the various departments in the latitude 

of Philadelphia, is as follows. It 

should be performed early or later as 

we reside south or north of that lati- 

tude : 

— 

KITCHEN GARDEN. 

Alexanders, sow. Angelica, sow. 

Artichokes, plant, b. or dress. Asparagus, 

sow, plant, force, and dress beds. 

—Balm, plant. Basil, sow. Beans, 

sow, hoe. Beets, sow, b. Borecole, 

sow, prick out, leave for seed. Bro- 

coli, sow. — Borage, sow. — Burnets, 

sow, and plant. Cabbages, sow, plant. 

— Capsicum, sow. — Cardoons, sow. 

Carraway, sow. Carrots, sow, weed. 

— Cauliflou'crs, late, sow in open 

ground, b. Celery, sow, leave for seed. 

— Chamomile, plant. Chives, plant. 

Chervil, sow, leave for seed.— Coleworts, 

plant. Clary, sow. Cress, sow. 

— Cucumbers, sow. Dill, sow. Earthing-up, 

attend to. — Fennel, sow or 

plant. Finochio, sow. Garlic, plant, 

b. Horse-radish, plant, b. — Hotbeds, 

make and attend. Hyssop, sow, plant. 

—Jerusalem Artichokes, plant, b. Kale 

dress beds. 

(Sea), sow and plant, b. ; 

Kidney beans (dwarfs), sow ; (runners), 

sow, e. Lavender, plant. Leeks, sow, 

b. e. ; leave for seed. Lettuces, sow 

weekly; plant from frames. Marigolds, 

sow. — Marjorams, sow and plant. 

Melons, sow. Mustard, and Cress, 

sow; leave for seed. Mushroom beds, 

attend to. Mint, plant.— Nas- 

make ; 

turtiums, sow. — Onions, sow, b. e. ; 

weed plant and for seed (Potatoe and 

; ; 

Parsley, sow ; leave 

Tree), plant, b. 

(Hamburgh), sow. 

for seed ; 

sow, b. ; hand weed. 

Parsnips, 

Peas, sow ; hoe; 

stick. Pen7iy-royal, pla.nt.—Pompions, 

sow, b. Potatoes, plant; attend forcing. 

Purslane, sow. Radishes, sow ; 

thin. Rape, sow. Rocambole, plant. 

Rue, plant. Salsafy and Savory, sow, 

e. Scorzonera and Skirrcts, sow, e. 

Shallots anii Sag-c, plant, b.—Sorr

— 

— — — 

— 

— 

— — — 

— ; — 

APR 60 APR 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— ; 

Turnips, sow, b. e. ; plant and move from borders to some place where 

; 

I 

! 

i 

sow. 

for seed. — T-urnip Cabbage, sow. — they can complete their vegetation; 

Wormwoods, sow. their decayed leaves are unsightly. 

Carnations, \n pots, give liquid manure, 

0RCii\RD. and water often; stir the earth; sow, 

e. plant into borders, b. Climbing 

; 

JppZes may be planted.—B/ossoms of plants, train and regulate. Dahlias, 

wall fruit, protect. Budded (Trees), ]ast pjant to remain, b., or in pots to forsiimmer, 

remove insects from buds, and ^^rd in a frame until May. Dress the 

shoots from stocks below. Cherries borders, &c., indefatigably. — Evermay 

be planted. Disbud wall trees of greens, plant, b. ; it is the best season. 

superfluous buds. Forcing fruits, in, Frames, raise, by supporters at the 

hot-house, attend to. Grafting (late bottom, as the plants within grow tall. 

kinds of apples, pears, and plums), may Roll ; trim edges ; dress with earth if 

bedone still, b.— Gro/^s, lately inserted, poor.— Gravel, turn and lay afresh in 

see that the clay is lirm, and rub off Jjry weather; roll once a week. Hyashoots 

below the scion. Heading down cinths, shelter from sun by an awning 

wall and espalier trees, finish, b, if not or matting over the beds, from nine to 

done last month. Insects, search for four give the same shelter in bad wea- 

; 

and destroy. Li7ne (early in the morn- ther day and night ; those done flower- 

), dust over the leaves of trees infest 

ed by caterpillars. Liquid Manure, 

give to trees newly planted. Mulch 

round the roots. — Peaches may be 

planted. — Pears may be planted. 

Plu7ns may be planted. Propagating 

by layers, cuttings, suckers, and seed, 

finish, b. Pruning, finish, b. ; stop 

young shoots. — Stake trees newly 

planted.— Strawberries, water daily in 

dry weather those in bloom, if dry. 

ing take up ; separate offsets and store. 

— Insects, destroy with tobacco smoke 

' - -- 

or dusting of Scotch snuff. Mignonette, 

sow in any warm border. Mulch, put 

round trees newly planted. Pinks, 

sow. Polyanthuses, sow; plant out 

and propagate by offsets, b. ; last year's 

seedlings now in bloom, mark best for 

propagating. Potted Plants, give fresh 

earth to, if not done last month ; shift 

into larger; water freely. Perennials, 

those sown last spring may still be 

Vines, propagate by layers and cuttings, 

b.; summer dress; in vineyard 

stake and hoe frequently ; old borders 

manure.— Wall-fruit, thin generally. 

Wasps, destroy; every one now killed 

prevents a nest. 

- FLOWER GARDEN. 

Annuals (Tender), prick out those 

sown in February and March into a hot- 

— — 

— 

— — 

planted, and propagated by offsets ; 

finisli sowing. Sticks are required to 

blooming plants. Tulips , take off pods 

to strengthen bulbs.— Watering plants 

in pots is now required more frequently, 

yet moderately ; 

morning. 

give it early in the 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air, admit freely during the day. 

^ 

' 

\ 

; 

bed ; water often ; sow in hotbed 

(Hardy), may be sown in borders, &c., Bark Beds, renew if not done in March, 

to remain; thin those advancing. Au- —Figs, first crop ripening, require 

riculas in bloom, shelter. (See i/i/a- abundant light ; syringe to destroy red 

cinth.) Supply with water often ; those spider give little water, and air freely, 

; 

for seed plunge pots in a sheltered bor- —Flowering Plants in pots, for succesder, 

where they can have sun until ele- sion, continue to introduce. Grafting 

ven o'clock; plant offsets ; propagate flowering stove plants is worthy of prac- 

j 

| 

by slips; seedlings shade during midday. 

— Anemones and Auriculas done 

flowering, take up and separate offsets, 

—Box edgings maybe made, and old 

taken up, slipped and replanted. Bienn/a/s, 

finish sowing, b.; plant out those 

sown last spring. — Bulbs, in water 

tice, either to get dwarfs or taller spe- 

cimens. Insects, destroy by tobacco 

fumes. — Leaves, clean occasionally, 

either with the sponge or syringe. Li- 

quid Manure, apply to fruiting vines and 

other plants requiring vigour. Mush- 

?-oom House, keep air in moist; woodclasses, 

done flowering, plant in ground lice destroy. OrchidacecB, shade. Potafter 

cutting down stalks ; autumn flow- ted Plants, shift into larger as required, 

ering, take up and store, ready for —Pmcs, continue to treat as in March 

shade during bright sun; those shifted 

planting in July; spring flowering, re- I

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— — — 

AQU 61 AQU 

at an agle of fifteen degrees, or two cis- 

terns might be formed, one in the back 

Propagate by layers, suckers, cuttings, part of the house for tall plants, and the 

and seed, according to the plants' ha- other in front, for plants with floating 

bits. Red Spidc7- is now apt to prevail ; foliage, with a broad path between. 

put sulphur upon the flues to drive 

away. — Steam, admit frequently into 

But the most elegant plan would be to 

have a circular house, having glass 

house. Syringe every plant that will on all sides, to have a cistern in the 

bear the treatment to prevent the Red centre for river plants, and a surround- 

Spider. Vines, treat as last month ing cistern for 

stagnant water. 

those which grow in 

To imitate the effect 

in that month or February shift again, i 

e. ; suckers remove plant crowns.— ; 

; 

thin grapes, and tic up shoulders of the , 

; ; 

bunches ; water abundantly ; remove of the motion of water in the central 

superfluous shoots, e. ; temp. about753 ; cistern, the mould or pots in which the 

in the late green-houses, train up the plants grow might be placed on a bolrafters.— 

Wâter requires to be given torn, apart from that of the cistern, and 

' 

| 

I 

, 

> 

oftener; sprinkle frequently about the this bottom being on the end of an uphouse, 

and keep the pans full. 

right shaft, might, by the aid of proper 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

machinery in a vault below, be kept 

in perpetual circular motion. Those 

Air, admit daily, as weather permit: 

— Camellias, sow and graft. Earth 

plants which grow naturally in rapid 

streams, might be planted or placed on 

pots stir frequently; and add fresh if the circumference of the bottom, and 

not done in March.' Greenfly or Aphis those requiring less agitation towards 

usually indicates the house has been its centre. If reversed motion was rekept 

too cold. Hardiest Plants keep quired to imitate tides, (where marine 

in coldest parts of house, near the aquatics were cultivated,) nothing could 

ventilators.—//ead-do?/'rt irregulargrow- be easier than by the sort of wheel used 

ing shrubs, Heat, increase if neces- in the patent mangle to produce it to 

sary. Inarch shrubby exotics. Leaves any extent, or by another still more 

and ]Vood decayed, remove as they ap- simple plan known to every engineer, 

pear; clean with sponge or syringe.— it might be changed seldomer, say only 

Liquid Mannreapplyto sickly shrubs.— once or twice in twenty-four hours. If 

Potted Plants, shift as they require a rapid and tortuous motion was reroom 

; and water immediately. Pro- quired, then let the bottom on which the 

pagate by seeds, cuttings, inarching, plants are placed be furnished with 

and other modes, as the species permit. small circular wheels placed on its mar- 

—Prune or Pinch off free growing gin working on pivots, and furnished 

shoots, to make shrubby growths.— on their edges with teeth like a spur 

Succulent plants shift; plant cuttings 

and suckers.— Water often, guided al 

wheel. Then let there be a correspond- 

row of teeth flxcd to the inside of 

ways by the plant's habits 

AQU .\RIUM is the place devoted 

the wall, or side of the 

to Which they are to work, 

cistern, into 

like awheel 

the cultivation of aquatic or water and pinion. 

plants. The majority of those cuiti 

vated arc exotic, and reipiire the protection 

of glass. If there are only a few 

of these they may be successfully 

grown in cisterns placed in a stove 

but if the collection be extensive, it requires 

a separate edifice. The tank 

system of lieating by hot water offers a 

very superior mode of keeping the water 

at a fittmg temperature. The leaden 

cistern in which the plants are submerged 

may rest readily upon the slates 

forming the cover of the tank. 

Mr. Loudon recommends an aquarium 

to be thus constructed: "The 

cistern to be close under the front 

liy this means pots of plants set on 

the small wheels will have a compound 

motion, one round the centre of the 

small wheels, and another round that of 

the large bottom, something of the nature 

of the planetary motion, but more 

like that of the waltz dance. It is almost 

needless to add, that exotic aqua- 

tic fowls and fishes might be kept in 

such an aquarium, and either of the sea 

or fresh water rivers, according as salt 

water or fresh was used. It may be 

thought by some that the machinery 

would be intricate and troublesome ; but 

the power requisite is so very small, 

that it uiight easily be obtained by ma- 

glass, and have that glass rather flat, say chineiy on the principle of the wind-up

— 

AQU 62 ARB 

jack, such as is used by Deacon in his i 

! 

[ 

bined with the culture of Orchideous 

ventilating Eolians. Plants sec the latter title. 

"This kind of mechanism very sel- Hardy Aquatics xcqnue an aquarium 

dom goes out of order or requires re- proportioned to the size of the rest of 

pairs, and would require no other atten- the pleasure grounds ; and that its bottion 

than being wound up twice in torn be rendered retentive of water by 

twenty-four hours, and oiled occasion- puddling with clay. Its sides should be 

ally. The same vault that contained it sloping, and cut into terraces, so as to 

might serve for the furnace or boiler be suited to the various heights of the 

; 

for heating the house." Gard.Enc. plants, and its margins should be form- 

The following are aquatic stove 

plants : 

— 

Aponogeton angustifolium, 

distachyon. 

monostachyon. 

Arum venosum. 

Cyperus alternifolius. 

papyrus. 

Damasonium indicum. 

Euryale ferox. 

Menyanthes indica. 

ovata. 

Nelumbium speciosum. 

Nympha;a cffirulea. 

lotus. 

pubescens. 

pygmaia. 

rubra. 

stellata. 

versicolor. 

Philydrum lanuginosuni, 

Pontederia cordata. 

dilatata. 

Sagittaria lancifolia. 

obtusifolia. 

Thalia dealbata. 

Propagation and culture.—Being all 

herbaceous plants, they are to be propagated 

as these generally are ; some 

are raised from seeds, which, in general, 

should be sown as soon as ripe, and 

the pots plunged in shallow water 

when the plants come up they may be , 

; 

ed of rough stones and fragments of 

rock, among which marsh plants will 

grow luxuriantly. 

AQUEDUCT, a conveyance of any 

kind for conducting water. The Romans 

made prodigious structures of this 

kind ; some are still in use, others, in a 

state of decay, are among the greatest 

ornaments of Italy. In landscape gardening, 

the aqueduct enables the operator 

to produce a fine effect, where the 

absence of water would render the 

scene tame and uninteresting. 

AQUILARIA malaccensis. Stove 


peat. 

AQUILEGIA, Columbine. Seventeen 

species, and many varieties. 

Hardy herbaceous. Seed. Common 

soil. 

ARABIS. Thirty-one species, anS 

some varieties. Hardy herbaceous and 

evergreen. Seeds or cuttings. Light 

soil. 

ARACHIS hypogaa. Stove annual. 

Seed. Sandy loam. 

ARALIA. Eighteen species. Chiefly 

stove evergreens, but a few hardy or 

green-house plants. Cuttings. Common 

soil. 

ARAUCARIA. Three species. Coniferous 

green-house trees. Rich light 

soil. 

j,,.„. gust 

Cuttings planted in sand in Au- 

take ..^^.j. freely. Cover .^, with ...^.. „ a bell- „^.,. 

j 

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1 

transplanted into other pots, and shifted glass, and place in a cold frame or pit 

as they advance in growth, till in a pot Exclude frost and damp. In spring 

of sufficient size to admit their flower give a little bottom heat. Plants thus 

ing, which will generally take place the 

same season. Instead of being kept in 

pots, the plants may be inserted in a 

raised never form good leading shoots. 

— Card. Chron. 

ARBORETUM is a collection of trees 

bed of earth on the bottom of the aqua- and shrubs capable of enduring exponum. 

Keep the water warm, say from sure to our climate. These are usually 

70° to 75=' in summer, and leave them arranged in genera according to their 

nearly dry in winter. Nelumbium spe- precedence in the alphabet; or in 

ciosum requires a water heat of 84^. groups conformably to the Jussieuean 

[ 

I 

! 

Cyperus, Papyrus, Nelumbium, Nym- system ; and whichever is adopted it is 

phfoa, LimnochariSjIIydrocharis, Sagit- quite compatiole with an attention to 

taria, and Pentederia, will furnish va- facility of access by means of walks, as 

riety enougli. 

Stove for aquatics.—For one 

well as to picturesque eff'ect. 

j 

com- 1 It is an evil growing out of the fre-

ARB 63 ARM 

! 

j 

quent change in the ownership of estates, 

that most proprietors are indisposed 

to plant for posterity; consequently 

we sec but few grounds laid 

out with a view to permanent improvement. 

Those who plant are anxious 

themselves to reap the fruits of their 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Four species. 

Hardy trees, raised like the Arbutus. 

ARCTOTHKCA. Two species. 

Green-house herbaceous. Division. 


ARCTOTIS. Thirty-one species. 

Chiefly green-house evergreens. A.vir 

exertions, not knowing, and conseata is a hardy annual. 

" 

quently careless, who shall succeed ARCUxVTlON. The same as Layer- 

them—where landed property is, by ing. 

entail, transmitted from generation to ARDISIA. Twenty-five species. 

generation, family pride, and the love Stove or green-house evergreen shrubs. 

of distinction, ensure every improve- An ornamental genus of plants much 

ment being made in a permanent form valued by collectors for the beauty of 

—thus have been created the magnifi- their foliage and berries. They are of 

cent parks of Europeans, and their easy culture. Cuttings of branches or 

stately mansions. Our American sys- roots. Loam and peat. 

tem deprives us of such monuments of ARDUINA hispinosa. Green-house 

taste—but we can bear the deprivation, evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat and 

seeing the greater good produced thereby. 

ARBOUR is a seat shaded by trees. 

Sometimes these are trained over a 

wooden or iron trellis-work, mingled 

with the everlasting sweet pea, clematis, 

and other climbing odorous plants. 

When the trellis-work is complicated 

and the structure more elaborate, with 

a preponderance of the climbers al- 

loam. 

ARECA. Ten species. Stove palms. 

Seeds. Sandy loam. 

AREMONIA agrimonoides. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Common soil. 

ARETHUSA. Two species. Tender 

orchids. Division. Moist peat and 

loam. 

ARETIA. Five species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Sandy loam 

ready named, together with the honey- and peat. 

suckle, &c., they are described as ARGANIA syderoiylon Stove ever- 

French or Italian arbours. 

green tree. Layers or cuttings. Com- 

ARBOR VIT^, Thuja. 

mon soil. 

ARGEMONE. Five species. Hardy 

ARBUTUS, Strawberry tree. Four- 

plants. Suckers. Common soil. 

teen species, and a few varieties. Ever- 

ARGYREIA. Eight species. Stove 

green shrubs, chiefly hardy in Great 

evergreen climbers. Cuttings. Light 

Britain, but require shelter in the Mid 

rich soil 

die States. Layers, budding, inarch- 

ARISTEA. Five species. Greening, 

and seed. Loam and peat. 

house herbaceous. Seed or division. 

ARCHANGEL, Lamium. 


ARCHITECTURE. Rural architect- ARISTOLOCniA. Thirty-six species. 

ure has been greatly improved within the Hardy, green-house and stove. Seve- 

last quarter of a century. Much greater ral species are Americans. A. labiosa. 

attention is now paid to the structure of from Brazil, is a very curious plant, 

garden and farm buildings, and the do- A. serpentaria (the root of) is said to 

mestic comfort of those employed in 

rural labour. There is of consequence 

be the substance which the Egyptian 

Snake-jugglers chew for the purpose of 

an elevation of taste, and conduct, and stiipifying the snakes, by the introducbeneficial 

results to all concerned. In tion of their salrva into the reptiles' 

England, Loudon has laboured to this mouths. Cuttings. Rich sandy loam 

end with great success, and his Ency- and peat. 

clopadia of Villa and Cottage Architec- ARISTOTELIA macqui. Hardy 

ARN 64 ART 

Zrtfa, which is a green-house everfrreen. 

Division. Rich light soil. See Thrift 

ARNOPOGON. Four species. Hardy 

annuals. Seed. Common soil. 

ARTABOTRYS odoratissima. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

ARTANEMA fimbriatum. Hardy 

evergreen shrub. Seed. Loam and peat. 

ARTEMISIA, Wormwood. Fortyseven 

species. Seed. Division and 

cuttings. Mostly hardy and herbaceous. 

ARTHROPOblUM. Five species, 

(ireen-house herbaceous. Division or 

seed. Sandy loam and peat. 

ARTHROSTEMMA. Two species, 

(xreen-house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 


I 

evening until they are established, as 

well as during the droughts of summer. 

The only other attention they require 

during the summer, is the frequent use 

of the hoe. They produce heads the 

same year, i'rom July to October, and 

will continue to do so annually, from 

May until June or July. As often as a 

head is cut, the stem must be broken 

down close to the root, to encourage 

the production of suckers before the 

arrival of winter. In November or 

December, they should receive their 

winter's dressing. The old leaves being 

cut away without injuring the centre or 

side shoots, the ground must be dug 

over, and part of the soil thrown into a 

moderate ridge over each row, it being 

put close about the plants, but the 

ARTICHOKE, {Cynara scolymus.) 

Soil and situation.—The finest heads hearts left clear. Each plant must be 

are produced in a soil abounding in 

moisture, but in such they will not survive 

the winter. To enable them to 

survive the winter, those for the supply 

closed round with long litter, or pea 

haulm : it is, however, a very erroneous 

practice to apply stable dung immediately 

over the plants previous to 

earthing them up, as it in general in- 

of suckers, as well as those for the lasting 

production, must have a rich loam duces decay. As soon as February 

[ 

allotted to them. Manure must be commences, all covering of this descripapplied 

every spring; and the bestltion must be removed. In March, or 

compost for them is a mixture of three I as soon as the shoots appear four or 

j 

I 

1 

parts well putrefied dung, and one part five inches above the surface, the 

of fine coal-ashes. They should always ridges thrown up in the winter must 

have an open exposure, and above all be be levelled, and all the earth removed 

free from the influence of trees ; for if from about the stock to below the part 

beneath their shade or drip, the plants! from whence the young shoots spring. 

spindle, and produce wortliless heads. 

Time and mode of planting.—It is 

Of these remove all but two or at 

most three of the straightest and most 

propagated by suckers, which are an- vigorous, care being taken to select 

nually afforded by the parent plants in from those which proceed from the 

the spring. These must be slipped oflT under part of the stock: the strong 

in March or early in April, when eight thick ones proceeding from its crown 

or ten inches in height, with as much having hard woody stems, and are pro- 

of their fibrous roots pertaining as posductive of indifferent heads. 

sible. Such of them should be selected Although the artichoke in a suitable 

as are sound and not woody. The soil is a perennial, yet after the fourth 

brown hard part by which they are 

attached to the parent stem must bo 

or fifth year the heads become smaller 

and drier. The beds, in consequence, 

removed, and if that cuts crisp and are usually broken up after the lapse of 

tender, it is tough and stringy, and is this period, and fresh ones formed on 

worthless. Further, to prepare them another site. 

for planting, the large outside leaves The arlichoke^s heads are made to 

are taken off so low as that the heart attain a much larger size than they 

appears above them. If they have been would otherwise by twisting a ligature 

some time separated from the stock, or very tightly round the stem, about three 

if the weather is dry, they are greatly inches below each, and thus preventing 

invigorated by being 

three or four hours, 

set in water for 

before they are 

the reflux of the sap. 

No vegetable is more benefitted than 

planted. They should be set in rows the artichoke by the application of sea- 

four feet and a half by three feet apart, 

and about half their length beneath the 

surface. Water them abundantly every 

weed or any other manure containing 

common salt. 

To obtain chards.—After the best

— 

ART 65 A S I 

heads have been cut, early in July the 

leaves are to be cut over within half a 

foot of the ground ; and the stems as 

low as possible. In September or October, 

when the new shoots or leaves 

are about two feet high, they are bound 

square yards, twenty-eight pounds is 

an average application, and they cannot 

be put on too fresh. 

Peat ashes contain 

Silica 

Sulphate of lime 

close with a wreath of hay or straw, Sulphate and muriate of soda 

and earth or litter is drawn round the Carbonate of lime 

stems of the plants. The blanching is Oxide of iron 

perfected in a month or six weeks. If Loss 

thechardsare wished late in the winter, They are an excellent application to 

the whole plants may be dug up before lawns, turnips, cabbages, potatoes, and 

frost sets in, and laid in sand in their 

blanched state. In this way they may 

be kept for several weeks. 

Gobbo.— " The stem of an artichoke 

is bent down to a right angle, and the 

petioles are collected and covered over 

so as to blanch. The result is a lump, 

which is eaten raw with salt, and is 

tolerably good. In Italy it is used in 

— 

— 

peas. 

Coal ashes contain carbon, silica, 

alumina, sulphate of lime, iron and 

potash, carbonate of lime, and oxide of 

iron. They are a good manure for 

grass, peas and potatoes. Sprinkled 

half an inch deep on the surface over 

beans and peas, they hasten the germination 

of the seed, and preserve it from 

j 

[ 

i 

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' 

I 

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i 

the autumn and winter, and replaces mice. They are also used for forminu 

radishes." Gard. Chroji 

dry walks in the kitchen department. 

ARTOCARPUS. Bread Fruit Tree. Soap-boilers' ashes contain 

Two species. Stove evergreens. Cut- Silica .... 35.0 

tings. Light rich loam. 

Lime .... 35.0 

ARUM. Thirty-seven species. Magnesia .... 

2.3 

Hardy, green-house, and stove. Off- Alumina .... 

1.0 

sets. Common soil. 

Oxide of Iron 

1.7 

AS ARUM. Five species. Hardy, 

Mangaiese 

1.8 

herbaceous. Division. Common soil. Potash (combined with Silica) . 0.5 

ASCARICIDA Two species. Stove Soda (Do.) 

0.2 

annuals. Seed. 

ASCLEPIAS. 

Rich light soil. 

Thirty-six species. 

Sulphuric 

Lime) 

Acid (combined with 

. . . . . 0.2 

Chiefly hardy, and all herbaceous but 

A. Greeniana and Mexicana, which are 

Phosphoric Acid (Do.) 

Common salt . . . . 

3.5 

0.1 

stove evergreens. 

Peat. 

ASHES are the 

Seed or division 

remains of a sub' 

Carbonic Acid (combined with 

Lime and Magnesia) . . 18.2 

They are good for all crops but espestance 

which has undergone combus- cially grass and potatoes 

tion, and are as various in their compo- IVood ashes and the ashes of garden 

nents as are the bodies capable of being weeds generally contain silica, alumina, 

burnt. Whatever be the substance oxides of iron and manjianese, lime, 

burnt, the process should be made to magnesia, potash, partly in the state of 

proceed as slowly as possible, for by a silicate, soda, sulphatesof potash and 

such regulation more carbon or char-; lime, phosphate of lime, chloride of 

choal is preserved in the ashes, which sodium, and carbonates of lime, potash, 

is the most valuable of their constitu- land magnesia, with a considerable porents. 

The simplest mode of etfecting tion of charcoal. They are a good applia 

slow combustion is to bank it over cation to cabbages, potatoes, and peas. 

with earth, leaving only a small orifice 

to admit the air sufficiently to keep up 

a smouldering fire. 

Ashes have been usually recommended 

as a manure most useful to 

heavy soils, but this is a decided mistake. 

As fertilizers they are beneficial 

upon all soils, and they can never be 

Turf ashes contain silica, alumina, 

oxiiles of iron and manganese, lime, 

magnesia, sulphates of potash and lime, 

phosphates of lime and magnesia, common 

salt, and charcoal. They have 

been used beneficially to grass, onions, 

carrots, beans, potatoes, and beet root. 

ASH-TREP^. {Fraxines excelsior. 

applied in sufficient quantity to alter the ASIATIC-POISON bULB. {Vrinum 

staple of a too tenacious soil. To thirty j asiaticum.)

ASI 66 ASP 

ASIMINA. Four species. Hardy 

deciduous shrubs. Layers. Peat and 

loam. 

ASPALANTHUS. Thirty-one species. 

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. 

Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

ASPARAGUS. Twenty-eight species, 

of which the most important is 

plants have arisen from the same hole, 

the weakest must be removed as soon 

as that point can be well determined. 

Towards the end of October, as soon 

as the stems are completely withered, 

thev must be cut down, and well putrefied, 

dung spread over the bed to the 

depth of about two inches; this serves 

i 

I 

i 

I 

; 

; 

! 

the kitchen vegetable, asj>araûs offici-\ not only to increase the vigour of the 

nalis. Of this there are only two va- plants in the following year, but to prerieties, 

the purple topped and the green- serve them during the winter from intopped 

; the first is principally culti- jury by the frost. About March in the 

vated. There are a few sub-varieties next year, every other plant must be 

which derive their names from the taken up and transplanted into a bed, 

places of their growth, and are only to twelve inches apart, if it is intended 

be distinguished for superior size or that they should attain another, or two 

years' further growth, before bein 

flavour, which they usually lose on re- , 

moval from their native place. finally planted out, or they may be 

planted immediately into the beds for 

i Soil.—The soil best suited to this 

vegetable is a fresh sandy loam, made production. It may be here remarked 

] 

rich by the abundant addition of manure. that the plants may remain one or two 

, 

Situation.—The site of the beds years in the seed bed they will even 

; 

' 

should be such as to enjoy the influ- succeed after remaining three, but if 

ence of the sun during the whole of the th6y continue four they generally fail, 

day, as free as possible from the influ- It is, however, certain that they are 

best removed when one year old. 

ence of trees and shrubs, and if choice ' 

is allowed, ranging east and west. The 

subsoil should be dry, or the bed kept 

so by being founded on rubbish or other 

material to serve as a drain. The space 

of ground required to be planted with 

this vegetable for the supply of a small 

family is at least eight rods. If less it 

will be incapable of affording one hundred 

heads at a time. Sixteen rods 

will in general afford two or three hundred 

every day, in the height of the 

Beason. 

Time of sowing.—To raise plants, 

the seed may be sown from the middle 

of February to the beginning of April ; 

the most usual time is about the middle 

of March. The best mode is to insert 

Some gardeners judiciously sow the 

seed in the beds where they are to remain 

for production. 

Time of final planting.—The best 

time for the final removal is the end of 

March, if the soil is dry, and the season 

warm and forward ; otherwise it is better 

to wait until the commencement of 

April. A very determinate signal of 

the appropriate time for planting, is 

when the plants are beginning to grow. 

If moved earlier, and they have to lie 

torpid for two or three months, many 

of them die, or in general shoot up very 

weak. 

Construction of the beds.—In forming 

the beds for regular production, have 

! 

them by the dibble five or six inches them three feet wide. The site of the 

apart, and an inch below the surface, bed being marked out, the usual practwo 

seeds to be put in each hole, or tice is to trench the ground two spades 

they may be sown in drills made the deep, and then to cover it with weil- 

same distance asunder. 

rotted manure, from six to ten inches 

Culture in seed bed.—If dry weather, I 

the bed should be refreshed with mode 

rate but frequent waterings, and if 

deep 

; the large stones being sorted out. 

and care taken that the dung lies at 

least six inches below the surface. 

sown as late as April, shade is required Mode of planting.—The plants being 

I by means of a little haulm during the taken from the seed-bed carefully with 

' meridian of hot days, until the seeds a narrow-pronged dung-fork, with as 

germinate. Care must be taken to keep ! little injury to the roots as possible, they 

i them free from weeds, though this ope- must be laid separately and evenly toration 

should never commence until the gether, for the sake of convenience 

I 

plants are well above ground, which I whilst planting, the roots being apt to 

will be in the course of three or four entangle and cause much trouble and 

j 

weeks from the time of sowing. Iftwolfnjury in parting them. They should

ASP 67 ASP 

be exposed as short a time as possible 

to the air, and to this end it is advisable 

to keep them until planted in a basket 

covered with a little sand. The mode 

of planting is to form drills or narrow 

trenches tive or six inches deep and a 

foot apart, cut out with the spade, the 

line side of each drill being made perpendicular, 

and against this the [)ianls 

are to be placed, with their crowns one 

and a half or two inches below the surface, 

and twelve inches asunder. The 

roots must be spread out wide in the 

form of a fan, a little earth being drawn 

over each to retain it in its position 

whilst the row is proceeded with. For 

the sake of convenience, one drill 

should be made at a time, and the 

plants inserted and covered completely 

before another is commerced. When 

the planting is completed, the bed is to 

be lightly raked over, and its outline distinctly 

marked out. Care must be had 

never to tread on the beds— they are 

formed narrow to render it unnecessary 

— for everything tending to consolidate 

them is injurious, as, from the 

length of time they have to continue, 

without a possibility of stirring them to 

any considerable depth, they have a 

natural tendency to have a closer texture 

than is beneficial to vegetation. 

Water must be given in dry weather 

daily until the plants are established. 

The paths between the beds are to be 

two and a half feet wide. 

Mr. Beaton says, that "By far the 

best way of growing asparagus is in 

single rows three ftct apart, and nine 

inches plant from plant; but if the 

ground is not deeper than two feet or 

thirty inches, or if room is scarce, the 

rows need not be more than thirty 

inches asunder. 

I have grown asparagus this way 

— 

gathering the crop. The hollow between 

the little ridges is then filled up 

with a powerful compost, consisting of 

equal portions of sandy soil, leaf tnould, 

and pigeon's dung; the whole is then 

drenched with liquid manure from the 

stables, cowhouses, or laundry, and the 

foreman of the kitchen garden gels 

carte blanche to water the asparagus 

any day through the growing season, 

when he can best spare his men, or at 

all events every fortnight, and always 

with liquid manure if possible. As to 

the (juantity of water, the only instruction 

he gets is that he cannot drown 

them. This is cultivating the asparagus 

in summer." 

Gurd. Chron. 

Subseque?it cultivation.—Throughout 

the year care must be taken to keep 

the beds clear of weeds, and in the 

spring and summer apply liquid manure 

twice a week plentifully. In the latter 

end of October or commencement of 

November, the beds are to have the 

winter dressing. The stalks must be 

cut down and cleared away, and the 

weeds hoed olf into the paths, care 

being taken not to commence whilst 

the stems are at all green, for if they 

are cut down whilst in a vegetating 

state the roots are very prone to shoot 

again, and consequently are proportionably 

weakened. 

On the richness of the ground and 

warmth of the season the sweetness of 

asparagus depends. The dung needs 

merely to be laid regularly over the 

bed, and the weeds, as well as some 

manure, to be slightly pointed into the 

paths, some of the mould from which 

must be spread to the depth of two 

inches over the dung just laid upon the 

beds. In the end of March, or early 

in April, before the plants begin to 

sprout, the rows are to be stirred be- 

for the last fitteen years, and give them tweeu to a moderate depth with the 

no dung in winter, merely clearing off asparagus | fork, running it slantingly 

the stalks and weeds in October, and two or three inches beneath the surpointing 

over the surface about two face, as the object is merely to stir the 

inches deep with a fork, and leaving it surface and slightly mix it with the 

as rough as possible. 

dung. 

Early in March, when the surface Great care must be taken not in the 

is quite dry, it is raked down, and least to disturb the plants. Some garabout 

two inches of soil drawn over the deners recommend the beds should only- 

crowns from each side of the rows, I be 

which gives the ground something of 

hoed again, so fearful are they of the 

injury which may be done to the stools 

the appearance of a plot of peas earthed but if it be done carefully, as above diiip 

for the first time. When the gather- rected, the fork is the best implement 

. jng is nearly over, the ground is stirred to be employed. This course of cultiagain, 

to loosen the trumping made in | vation is to be continued annually, but 

;

— 

i 

ASP 68 ASP 

| 

' 

; 

! 

i 

I 

with this judicious modification, that to cut. Doubtless all its energies are 

earth be never, taken from the paths developed by the digging in of the maafter 

the first year, but these merely be nure in the autumn of the second year, 

covered with dung, and which is only and when it does begin to sprout, it 

to be slightly dug in; for every gar- finds its roots in contact with a soil of 

dener must have observed that the roots inexhaustible fertility. 

of the outer row extend into the alleys, " Previously, hovvever, to the cutting, 

and are consequently destroyed if they each bed is covered in the course of 

are dug over. And, rather than that March very lightly with dead leaves, 

should take place, the beds should have 

no winter covering unless earth can be 

obtained from some other source, as 

to the depth of about eight inches ; and 

the cutting does not commence till the 

plants peep through this covering, when 

asparagus does not generally suffer 

from frost, as is commonly supposed. 

Manuring.—No garden plant is more 

it is carefully removed from the stems, 

in order that the finest only may be cut, 

which are rendered white by their leafy 

benefitted than is asparagus by the ap- covering, and succulent by the excesplication 

of common salt, if it be given 

at such times as the plants are growing. 

Two pounds to every thirty square 

sive richness of the soil. 

" In the autumn of the third year, 

after the first cutting, the leaves are reyards 

of surface should be sown broad- moved, and the beds are again dressed 

cast over the beds early in April. After with fresh night soil, as before; and 

that, water the plants once a week with these operations are repeated year after 

liquid manure, formed of half an ounce year. In addition to this, the beds are 

of guano and four ounces of salt to half under salt water annually at spring 

every gallon of water. The supply of: tides." 

food cannot be too rich or too abundant. ""' 

Spanish culture,—Near Sebastian, in 

Spain, the finest asparagus in Europe 

is produced by the following mode : 

Time of production. — In May the 

beds are in full production of young 

shoots, which, when from two to five 

inches high, are fit for cutting, and as 

long as the head continues compact and 

firm. Care must be taken in cutting 

not to injure those buds which are 

generally rising from the same root 

in various grades of successional growth 

within the ground. The knife ought 

to be narrow pointed, the blade about 

nine inches in length, and saw edged. 

The earth being carefully opened round 

the shoot, to observe whether any others 

are arising, the blade is to be gently 

slipped along the stalk until it reaches 

its extremity, where the cut is to be made 

in a slanting direction. It almost always 

occurs that the same stool produces a 

" In March the seed is sown in two 

drills, about two inches deep, and 

eighteen inches trom the alleys, thus 

leaving a space of two feet between 

the drills. The rows run invariably 

east and west, doubtless in order that 

the plants may shade the ground during 

the heats of summer. 

" When the seedlings are about si.x 

inches high, they are thinned to something 

more than a foot apart. Water 

is conducted once a day among the 

alleys, and over the beds, so as to give 

these seedlings an abundant and constant 

supply of fluid during the season 

nf their growth. This is the cultiva- greater number of small beads than 

tion during the first year. large ones, but the latter only should be 

" The second year, in the month ofl cut : for, the oflener the former are removed, 

the more numerously will they 

March, the beds are covered with three ' 

four inches of fresh night soil from 

the reservoirs of the town. It remains 

on them during the summer, and is 

lightly dug in during the succeeding' 

autumn ; the operation of irrigation 

being continued as during the first sea- 

son. This excessive stimulus, and the ' 

be produced, and the stools will sooner 

become exhausted. 

" No one should cut too. many sprouts 

from his asparagus beds. On the con- 

trary, the gardener should take care to 

leave at least two or three strong sprouts, 

to grow from every root; or what is 

abundant room the plants have to grow better, his beds should be rested one 

ill, must necessarily make them ex- year, and cut another; for he may be 

tremely vigorous, and prepare them certain from the strength of the sum- 

lor the production of gigantic sprouts. 

" In the third spring asparagus is fit 

mer shoots, what sort of sprouts he 

will have to cut the succeeding year 

—

— 

ASP 69 ASP 

remembering always ttiat it is useless I plants arc past production, and unfit 

to manure asparagus beds for sprouts 

independently of summer shoots. If a 

bed of asparagus is weak, manure in 

the autumn will do but little for making 

it bring strong sprouts the next season. 

All that the manure can then do is to 

teed abundantly the summer shoots 

to remain in the garden, little can be 

expected from them when forced. 

Time of planting.—The first plantation 

should be made about the latter 

end of September; the bed, if it works 

favourably, will begin to produce in the 

course of four or five weeks, and will 

of the succeeding summer, and so ena- continue to do so for about three ; each 

ble them to prepare plenty of materials light producing in that time 300 or 400 

out of which a second season's strong 

sprouts may be pushed forth. What is 

true of asparagus is equally true of 

sea kale and rhubarb." Card. Chron. 

To obtain seed.—Some shoots should 

be marked and left in early spring, for 

shoots, and affording a gathering every 

two or three days. 

Produce.—To have a regular succession, 

a fresh bed must be formed 

every three or four weeks, the last crop 

to be planted in March or the early 

those which are allowed to run up after part of April ; this will continue in 

the season of cutting is over, are seldom production until the arrival of the natu- 

forward enough to ripen their seeds ral ground crops. The last made beds 

perfectly. In choosing the shoots for 

this purpose, those only must be marked 

which are the finest, roundest, and 

will be in production a fortnight sooner 

than those made about Christmas. 

Bed.—The hot-bed must be substan- 

have the closest heads ; those having 

quick opening heads, or are small or 

flat, are never to be left. More are to 

be selected than would be necessary if 

tial, and proportioned to the size and 

number of the lights, and to the time cf 

year. The common mode of making 

a hot-bed is usually followed. The 

each stem would assuredly be fruitful ; bed must be topped with six inches of 

but as some of them only bear male or 

unproductive blossoms, that contin- 

light rich earth. 

Quantity necessary.—If a small family 

gency must be allowed for. Each is to be supplied, three or four lights 

chosen shoot must be fastened to a stake, will be sufficient at a time ; for a larger 

which by keeping it in its natural posi- six or eight will not be too many. 

tion, enables the seed to ripen more Several hundred plants may be inserted 

perfectly 

under each, as they may be crowded 

The seed is usually ripe in September, as close as [lossible together; from 

when it must be collected and left in a 500 to 900 are capable of being inserted 

tub for four or six weeks, for the pulp 

and husk of the berry to decay, when 

it may be well cleansed in water. The 

seeds sink to the bottom, and the re- 

under a three light frame, according to 

their size. 

Mode of planting.—in planting, a 

furrow being drawn the whole length of 

fuse floats, and will pass away with the frame, against one side of it the 

the water as it is gently poured off. By 

two or three washings the seeds will 

be completely cleansed ; and when 

perfectly dried by exposure to the sun 

first row or course is to be placed, the 

crown upright, and a little earth drawn 

on to the lower ends of the roots, then 

more plants again in the same manner, 

and air, may be stored for use. 

and so continued throughout, it being 

Forcing.— Plants to be employed.— carefully observed to keep them all 

Such plants must be inserted in hot-beds regularly about an inch below the sur- 

as are five or six years old, and appear face ; all round on the edge of the bed 

of sufficient strength to produce vigo- some moist earth must be banked close 

rous shoots: when, however, any old 

natural ground plantations are intended 

to the outside roots. 

Precautions necessary.— If the bed is 

to be broken up, at the proper season extensive, it will probably acquire a 

some of the best plants may be selected violent heat; the frames must there- 

to be plunged in a hot-bed or any spare 

corner of the stove bark beds. When 

fore be continued off until it has 

come regular, otherwise the roots 

be- 

are 

more than ten years old, they are liable to be destroyed by being, as it i8 

scarcely worth employing. To plant technically termed, scorched or steam- 

old stools for the main forcing crop, is, 

however, decidedly erroneous; for, if 

scalded. 

Treatment.—When the heat has be-

ASP 70 ATH 

ASTEPHANUS. 

Green-house evergreen 

vision. Peat and loam. 

' thus 

come regular, the frames may be set 

on ; and more earth be applied by degrees 

over the crowns of the plants 

until it acquires a total depth of five or 

SIX inches. 

The glasses must be kept open an 

inch or two, as long and as often as 

possible, without too great a redtiction 

Two species, 

twiners. Di- 

ASTER. One hundred and fifty-two 

species. Chiefly hardy, but a few 

green-house plants. Suckers or division. 

Common soil. The time for 

! 

' 

propagating them is in autumn, or 

o*" temperature occurring, so as to ad- early spring ; but many of the species 

mit air freely and give vent to the va- are increased by cuttings of the flower 

pours ; for on this depends the superi- stalks, planted in a shady border during 

ority in flavour and appearance of the May or June. The varieties are numer- 

shoots. The heat must be kept up by a 

lining of hot dung, and by covering the 

ous. 

ASTEROCEPHALUS. Fifty-three 

glasses every night with mats, &c. species. Mostly hardy annuals and 

The temperature at night should perennials. Seed or cuttings. Com- 

never be below 50^, and in the day its 

maximum at 62^. 

Gathering.—In gathering, for which 

the shoots are fit when from two to five 

mon soil. 

ASTILBE decandra. Hardy herbaceous. 

Division. Peat. 

ASTRAGALUS. One hundred and 

inches in height, the finger and thumb eleven species. Nearly all hardy pe- 

must be thrust down into the earth and rennials and annuals; the first propa- 

the-stem broken off at the bottom. 

Insects.—The foliage of this vegetable 

is liable to be destroyed by the 

Idrvac of two beetles, the Lemaasparagi, 

gated by division, the second by seed. 

Common soil. 

ASTRANTI\. Six species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Common light 

or Asparagus Beetle, and the Lema duod^cim 

punctata. The only remedy is 

soil. 

ASTRAPÂ. Three species. Stove 

to pick off and destroy the affected evergreen trees. Cuttings. Rich light 

branches. 

ASPASIA. Two species. Stove epi- 

soil. 

ASTROCARYUM. Five species. 

phytes. Bulbs. Peat and potsherds. 

ASPEN, (Populus tremula.) 

ASPERULA, Woodroof. Twentyfour 

species. Hardy herbaceous, except 

A. hrevifolia, which is a half-hardy 

evergreen. Division. Moist shaded soil. 

ASPHODELUS. Asphodel. Twelve 

species. Hardy bulbs, except A. clavatus 

and intermedia. Offsets. Common 

Palms. Stove. Seed. Rich loam. 

ASTROLOBIUM. Four species. 


ASTROLOMA. Two species. 

soil. 

ASPIDISTRA. Two species. Stove 

herbaceous. Suckers. Common soil. 

Flowers produced under ground. 

ASPIDIUM. Forty-nine species. 

Ferns. Hardy, green-house or stove. 

Seed or division. Loam and peat. 

ASPIDIOTUS. See Coccus. 

ASPLENIUM. Forty-nine species. 

Ferns. Hardy, green-house or stove. 

Seed or division. Loam and peat. 

ASSONIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Sandy 

loam. 

ASTARTEA fascicularis. 

house evergreen shrub. 


Green- 

Cuttings. 

ASTELMA. Ten species Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs, Seed or cuttings. 

Sandy peat. 

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 


ASTYRIA rosea. Stove shrub. Cuttings. 

Sandy loam. 

ATALANTIA monophylla. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich 

loam. 

ATAMASCO-LILY {Zephyranthes 

Atamasco). 

ATHALIA spinarum. Turnip Sawfly, 

known popularly as the Black-caterpillar, 

Black-canker, Black-palmer, Negro, 

&c. 

Mr. Curtis observes, that "As early 

as May, or sooner, the Saw-flies make 

their appearance ; the female lays her 

eggs on the under surface along the 

margin of the leaf. These hatch in 

about five days, and produce the Negroes, 

which are not thicker than a fine 

thread, and white, but after changing 

their skins, they become black, and 

eventually are three-quarters of an 

inch long, when they are more of a 

lead colour and yellowish-white be-

. 

— 

— — — 

— — 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— — — 

— 

— 

— ; 

ATH 71 AUG 

, 

1 

Herbs may still be planted; 

Artifeeding, 

and are stretched out at full chokes, break down, &c. Asparaûslengtli 

in reposn, or lie sleeping coiled 

up on the leaf; they are feeding about 

beds, weed. Balm, plant gather ; for 

drying. Borage,sow.— floreco/e, plant, 

three weeks, after which they descend Brocoli, plant, 

to the ground, and enter the earth, out. — Cardoons, 

b. Cabbages, plant 

earth up. — Cauli- 

• Aromatic neath their skins, being very much 

wrinkled ; they erect their tails whilst gather for drying and distilling. 

i 

where they form a cocoon, silvery in- /lowers, late, plant.— CcZ^r/ac, earth up. 

side, in which the larva eventually be- Celery, plant. Chervil, sow. Cole- 

! 

comes a pupa. In summer they remain worts, sow for, b. plant.— Corn Salad, 

; 

only three weeks in this quiescent state, sow. Cress, sow. Cucumbers, plant 

or sow, b. Dill is fit for gathering. 

but the autumnal ones lie buried through 

the winter." Gard. Chron. Hand- Earthing-up, attend to. Endive, plant 

picking is the only mode of removing 

the caterpillars. 

blanch, 

Fennel, 

&c., 

sow 

the advancing crops. 

and plant. — Finochio, 

ATHAN'ASIA. Seventeen species. earth up. Garlic, take up. Hoeing, 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut- attend to. Kidney Beans, sow, b. 

tings. Sandy loam. 

ATH EROSPERMA MOScAa/a. Greenhouse 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Loam 

Leeks, plant, b. Lettuces, sow, plant 

out. Melons, attend to. Mint, gather 

for drying. Mushroom-beds, make ; at- 

and peat. 

ATHRIXIA capensis. Green-house 

tend to. 

Onions, 

Nasturtium Berries, gather. 

gather. Parsley, sow, b. 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. 

loam. 

ATRAGENE. Five species. 

Light 

Hardy 

Peas, sow, b. Radishes, sow gather 

; 

pods for pickling. Rape (edible rooted), 

sow. — Rochambole, take up. Seeds, 

deciduous climbers. Cuttings. Com- gather as ripe. Shallots, take up. 

mon soil. 

ATRIPLEX. Three species. See 

Small Salading, sow. 

Stir between plants 

Spinach, sow. 

in rows, &c. 

Orach 

ATTALEA. Seven species, Palms. 

Stove. Seed. Rich loam. 

AUBRIETIA. Three species. Hardy 

Turnips, sow at intervals, throughout 

the month, &c. Turnip- Cabbage, 

plant.— Weeding and Watering, attend 

to.— Wormwood, plant, b. To- 

evergreen trailers. Division and cutmatos, plant for late crop. 

tings. Light soil. 

AUCUBA japonica. Evergreen 

shrub, hardy in the middle states on 

light dry soil. The leaves, if exposed 

to the sun during winter, are liable to 

injury. Cuttings. Common soil. 

AUDISERTIA incana. Hardy evergreen 

shrub. Seed. Common soil. 

AUDOUINIA capitata. Green-house 

evergreen 

peat. 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy 

AUGUST. This is a glorious month 

in the middle states ; towards its close 

the extreme heat of summer has subsided, 

the mornings and evenings are 

cool and pleasant; the luscious peach, 

and pears, and plums are in full season, 

and one really feels as if he could 

compromise for August the year round. 

The various departments now require 

the following work to be attended 

to :—the directions for the 

kitchen garden are specially intended 

for the middle portion of the Union. 


Alexanders^ sow. 

— 

Angelica, sow. 

ORCHARD. 

Budding, done in July ; loosen the 

bandages, if on more than three weeks ; 

remove shoots from stocks ; budding 

may be done in most fruit, b. 

Fig 

Trees, train in closely to let the fruit 

have the full benefit of the sun ; but do 

not prune. Nectarines, look over ; remove 

useless shoots; train in close; 

water plentifully or the fruit will drop. 

Nets, spread over fruit to protect it 

from birds. Peaches.— Vines, look over 

again and clear from useless shoots, &c. 

Wasps, destroy by luring them into 

bottles. 

FLOWER GARDEN. 

Anemones, SOW.—^nnua/s, stick ; water 

; clear from decayed leaves, &c. 

Auriculas, shift into fresh earth ; water; 

keep in the shade; seedlings prick out; 

sow. — Biennial seedlings, transplant. 

Bu/6ows-rooted flower-seeds, to obtain 

varieties, sow. Bulbotis roots, remove 

or transplant ; remove and plant offsets; 

(Autumn flowering), plant. 

CarTiation,

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— — 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

AUG 72 AUR 

layers cut from old root and plant; 

water frequently ; layering may still be 

done, b. ; card the flowers and shade 

from sun. Dahlias, stake; thin the 

flowers. Daisies, propagate. Douhle- b. Peal-mould plants, especially heaths, 

blossomed perennials with fibrous roots, 

propagate by division, e.— Drws borders 

keep assiduously supplied with water. 

Potted Plants, continue outside tlie 

as required. Edgings of box, &c., clip house until the end of the month. 

in wet weather. Evergreens may be Seedlings, transplant singly. 

moved, e., if wet weather; plant cuttings. 

Grass, mow and roll weekly. 

Grass seeds may be sown, e. Gravel, 

weed and roll weekly. Hedges, clip in 

moist weather. Mignonette, sow. Pelargoniums, 

propagate by cuttings, b. 

Perennials, in pots and elsewhere, 

will require water almost daily; break 

down flower stalks as they finish blooming; 

seedlings, transplant. Pipings of 

Pinks may be planted out. Polyanthuses, 

sow. — Potted Annuals will require 

water daily in dry weather. Ranunculuses, 

sow plant in pots to bloom 

; 

in November. Seeds, gather as they 

ripen. Sotvings, to obtain varieties, 

had better be done in boxes. Ten-week 

Stock, sow, b. Tulips, and other bulbous-rooted 

flower-seed, sow. — Turf, 

may be laid, e.— Watering will be required 

generally in dry weather. 

Weeding, generally attend to. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air, admit freely every day. Bark- 

6effs, stir and add fresh. Bulbous-rooted 

Plants, force plants in pots; they will be 

much stronger than if done in the next 

month. Check plants growing too free- 

Aloes, propagate by slips, suckers, ) 

— 

&c., b. — Budding, finish, b. — Dress 

every plant as occasion offers. 

— 

— , 

Earth, 

give to Oranges, &c. ; stir the surface 

frequently.— Oranges, Lemons , inc., h\H\ 

Shifting 

into larger pots, finish. — Succulent 

Plants, as Aloes, &c., propagate by 

slips, &c., b.— Water freely and daily 

in dry weather. 

AULAX. Two species. Green-house 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sand and 

a little loam. 

AURICULA. (Primula Auricula.) 

This is a popular Florist's flower, and 

animated contests take place for the 

premiums annually offered by the English 

provincial Horticultural Societies. 

Varieties. — Mr. Slater, Florist, of 

Cheethain Hill, Manchester, says, " For 

an amateur's first collection, procure of 

Green-edged: Rider's Waterloo; Pollitt's 

Standard of England and Highland 

Laddie; Ollier's Lady Anne Wilbraham; 

Oliver's Lovely Anne; shown also in 

grey-edged c]nss. Grey-edged: Grimes 

Privateer; Kenyon's Ringleader ; Warris 

Union; Sykes Complete; Thompson's 

Revenge. White-edged : Taylor's 

Glory ; Leigh's Bright Venus; Taylor's 

Favourite ; Kenyon's Lord Chancellor ; 

Leigh's Pillar of Beauty. Selfs: Grimes, 

Hovas, Flag; Berry's Lord Primate; 

j 

Whittaker's True Blue. Alpines : Emmerson's 

Favourite ; Fieldhouse's Fair 

ly, by removing them to cooler situations. 

— Cuttings of succulents, and 

some others, may be planted, b. 

Rosamond. 

2d. " As an addition to his collection, 

obtain of Green-edged: Booth's 

Dress the plants, by removing all de- Freedom; Leigh's Colonel Taylor; 

cayed parts, weeds, &c., and stirring the Yates's Morris; Green Hero; Page's 

soil as appears necessary. Grafting of 

Ipomsas, and some other sorts, may be 

Champion ; Ashton's Prince of Wales ; 

Clough's Dolittle ; Barlow's King ; Lit- 

practised. Pines, finish shifting, b. ; 

water frequently ; and shade until well 

ton's Imperator ; Howard's Nelson ; 

Pearson's Badajos ; Pollit's Ruler of 

established, then give liquid manure England; Buckley's Jolly Tar; Faulk- 

weekly; plant crowns and suckers as ner's Ne Plus Ultra. Grey- edged : 

required ; day temp. 85^ ; night 60^. Fletcher's, Mary Anne, and Ne Plus 

Shifting, wherever necessary, complete Ultra ; Waterhouse's Conqueror of Eu- 

b.; especially the orchideous plants. 

Sucfcers, offsets, &c., may yet be planted. 

— Vines; remove damaged grapes from 

rope ; Thompson's Bang-up; Taylor's 

Ploughhoy; Pearson's Liberty; Howard's 

Sweepstake; shown also in green-edged 

bunches as they appear; give liquid class. White-edged: Ash worth's Rule 

manure to those beginning to ripen. 

Water, give freely every second day. 

All and Regular ; Taylor's Incomparable 

; Wood's Delight; Popplewell's 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Conqueror ; Potts' Regulator Ashton's 

; 

Bonny Lass; Cheetham's Countess oi 

Wilton. A/pines: King of the Alps;

— 

AUR 73 AVE 

! 

j 

Queen Victoria; Conspicuous; Rising should form a perfect circle of a dense 

Sun ; Fair Helen; Kettleby's True Blue. pure white, clean on its edges, even, 

Selfs: Redmayn's Metropolitan; Netherwood's 

Otliello ; Berry's Lord Lee ; 

Clegg's Blue Bonnet; Kay's Jupiter; 

and free from blemishes. 

" The band of colour surrounding the 

eye should be dark, rich, or bright, 

Kenyon's Freedom; Gorton's Stadt- 'joining the margin with a feathery edge, 

holder, iyrJlow.) Huflon's Squire IMun- equally distributed all round, but never 

day. Lastly, these are worthy of a encroaching so much upon the edge as 

place in any collection. Green-edged : to pass through to the rim. 

Ilopworth's Robin Hood Moore's " The margin or outer edge must be 

; 

Jubilee; Lightbody's Star of Beth- | of a permanent green or grey colour.^ 

lehem ; Stretch's Alexander. Grey- The circles which compose the face of 

edged: Atcherley's Alpine Shepherd- the pip are considered of the finest prO' 

ess; Metcalfe's Lancashire Hero: 

Ashworth's Newton Hero; Simpson's 

Lord of Hallamshire; Kent's Queen 

Victoria. White-edged : Lily of the 

Valley ; Wild's Bright Phoebus ; Leigh's 

Earl Grosvenor. Se/fs .• i 

portion when they are of a nniform 

width, that of each circle being half the 

diameter of the tube." Gard. Citron. 

Propngatio/i is effected by taking slips 

from and dividing roots of approved va- 

Oddie's Rest, rieties, after the seed has ripened in 

Goldfinch, (yellow,) Faulkner's Hannibal 

; Bradsliaw's Tidy. I ought to 

have stated that the amateur's first 

July and August. 

Diseases.—The auricula is liable to 

have its roots ulcerated or cankered if 

collection comprises such as are not the pots are not well drained. This is 

high priced, and yet good ; but it must best done by having the pots one-fourth 

not be forgotten that the second addi filled with rubbly charcoal, and the soil 

tion contains all the first-rate varieties not too much divested of pebbles. At 

in cultivation, with very few excep- the blooming time the aphis or greenfly 

tions." Gard. Chron. 

Characteristics of excellence.— " In 

sometimes attacks the plants ; these can 

only be removed individually by means 

its general appearance, the foliage 

should be well grown and healthy, 

of a camel's-hair pencil. 

AVENUE, is a road bordered by 

covering a space about equal to double trees on each side, and being, as obthe 

width of the head of bloom. The served by Whately, confined to one termination, 

and excluding every view on 

the sides, has a tedious sameness 

throughout ; to be great it must be dull, 

and the object to which it is appropriated 

is after all seldom shown to advantage. 

Buildings in general do not appear 

so large, and are not so bcautifuJ 

when looked at in front, as when they 

Ktem should be firm, erect, and sufficiently 

strong to support the truss without 

assistance, and to carry it well above 

the foliage. The foot-stalks of the pip 

should be strong and of such a length 

as will allow the flowers to open without 

one overlaying another, the whole 

forminsj a compact globular head of 

well expanded flowers equal in size and are seen from an angular situation, which 

commands two sides at once, and throws 

similar in properties. ! 

" The addition of one or two guard- them both in perspective but a wind- 

; 

ing lateral approach is free from these 

objections, it may besides be brought 

up to the house without disturbing any 

of the views from it, but an avenue cuts 

lively appearance of the flowers the scenery directly in two, and reduces 

The qualities which the individual all the prospect to a narrow vista. A 

1 pip should possess consist in its being m«re line of perspective, be the extent 

' 

perfectly round, flat and smooth on the what it may, will seldom compensate 

edge ; the divisions which form the seg- for the loss of that space which it divides, 

j 

nients of the corolla should be but and of the parts which it conceals, 

' 

slightly indented, thereby rendering the These kind of walks were formerly much 

circles more perfect. more the fashion than they arc at pre- 

; 

, 

! 

' 

leaves, standing up at the back of the 

truss, gives a finish to the whole, and 

adds considerably to its beauty by the 

contrast thev form with the vivid and 

" The tube or centre must be round, ' sent 

— 

: where they arc to be made, the 

of a yellow colour, filled with the an- common elm answers very well for the 

j 

thers or thrum. purpose in most grounds, except such 

as are very wet and shallow, and pre- 

" The eye or paste round the tube I

AVE 74 AZ A 

fferred to most other trees, because it 

bears cutting, heading, or lopping in 

any manner. The rough Dutch elm is 

approved by some because of its quick 

growth, and it is a tree that will not 

only bear removing very well, but that 

is green in the spring almost as soon as 

any plant whatever, and continues so 

equally long. It makes an incomparable 

hedge, and is preferable to all other 

trees for lofty espaliers. The lime is 

very useful on account of its regular 

ffrowth and fine shade, and the horsechestnut 

is proper for such places as are 

not too much exposed to rough winds. 

The common chestnut does very well in 

a good soil, or on warm gravels, as it 

rises to a considerable height, when 

planted somewhat close; but when it 

stands singly it is rather inclined to 

spread than grow tall. The beech naturally 

grows well with us in its wild 

state, but it is less to be chosen for avenues 

than others, because it does not 

bear transplanting well. The abele may 

also be employed for this use, as it is 

adapted to almost any soil, and is the 

quickest grower of any forest tree. It 

seldom fails in transplanting, and succeeds 

very well in wet soils, in which 

the others are apt to suffer. The oak 

is but seldom used for avenues, because 

of its slow growth ; it would, however, 

compensate by its permanence and 

beauty. The sugar maple, tulip poplar, 

oriental and native buttonwood are all 

well adapted to the purpose. 

AVERRHOA. Two species. Stove 

CTcrgreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy 

loam. 

AVERUNCATOR, or pole pruning 

shears. The Averuncator, attached to 

a pole, operates by means of a lever 

moved by a cord and pulley ; its use is 

to prune from the ground trees whose 

branches are beyond reach. Branches 

of one inch and a half in diameter may 

be easily cut off with this instrument. 

Averuncators of small size, arc also very 

useful in cutting off from shade and 

fruit trees small branches to which insects 

have attached themselves: they 

are also used for gathering fine fruits, 

which when cut fall into a basket, to be 

attached to the instrument when used 

for this purpose. 

Fig. 20 is a very effective instrument 

of a similar kind, and has the advantage 

of a sliding cut, which lessens the labour 

of pruning, and leaves the branch which 

has been cut as smooth as though a knife 

had been used ; this instrument is supeperior 

to Fig. 19 in this respect, but 

will not cut a branch of greater diameter 

than one inch. 

Fig. 19. 

AVIARY. This building, devoted 

to the rearing of birds distinguished for 

the beauty either of their notes or plumage, 

is rarely admitted within a garden, 

and still more rarely are they sutficiently 

ornamental or sufficiently free from 

disagreeables to be a source of pleasure. 

AYENIA. Two species. Stove evergreens. 

Cuttings. Rich loam. 

AZALEA. Sixty species, and many 

varieties. The North American are 

hardy and deciduous, and the Chinese 

or Indian are green-house evergreens. 

Cuttings. Sandy peat and loam. 

Mr. James Falconer, of Cheam, gives 

the following excellent directions for

A Z A 75 A Z A 

cultivating the varieties of Azaka Indica. 

" Many varieties will throw up three 

r four stems ; the strongest should be 

, 

Soil.—"The soil best adapted for their selected for a leader. When growing, 

growth is a peaty earth Ibund on com- they should have plenty of air and light, 

nions where heath abounds, of a light without being exposed to a cold curfibrnus 

texture, and containing a good ! rent, which is so frequently prejudicial 

i portion of Siind. It should be pared off to young plants in the spring, when 

; 

from three inches to fourinchesdeep, the clear sunshine and cold winds prevail, 

turves should be spread bottom upwards, As they will be required to grow as late 

and exposed to the sun during summer, 

and after having a few showers of rain 

upon it to restore it to a proper degree 

of moisture, it may be Ini'! "ii in narrow 

ridges in the autumn ; ri cm then be 

taken to the potting-shed as rei|iiired. 

When used, it should be broken or separated 

with a trowel, and not sifted, 

rejecting the undecayed surlhce ; and 

for the strong-growing varieties, to sixeighths 

of peat and one-eighth loam, 

and one-eighth silver sand. 

" Sowing.—The Indian Azaleas ripen 

their seed in February, which should be 

sown about the beginning of March in 

pots with ample drainage, and a larger 

portion of silver sand mixed with the 

peat. The pot should be filled to within 

half an inch of the top, and pressed 

evenly and firmly down with the bottom 

of another. 

" The seed should then be sown regularly 

over the surface, and after being 

covered sufficiently deep with peat, 

again pressed down, so that,aller being 

watered, the seed may remain buried. 

The pots should be placed on a shelf in 

the green-house, and shaded from the 

direct rays of the sun. 

" It is better that the seeds should vegetate 

by the increasing heat of the 

spring than by artificial means, since 

they will come up stronger, and are not 

so liable to damp off. They may be 

pricked out into other pots as soon as 

they have made two or three leaves, 

and as they advance in growth they may 

be potted into thumbs, or small sixties, 

in which they may remain in winter, 

in the autumn as t!)e weather will permit 

without applying fire-heat, and as 

it is not desirable that they should form 

tlower-buds this season, those wh'ch 

want pot-room should be again shifted 

about the latter end of July. Great care 

should be taken that they are not overpotted, 

and that they have sufficient 

drainage; elevating the collar of the 

stem considerably, by rounding the 

upper side of the ball, but not so as to 

injure the tender and delicate fibres. 

The azalea is liable to canker from the 

water remaining too long about the collar; 

therefore, in watering, the spout 

of the pot should never be applied to it, 

as the cold current of water frequently 

repeated will check the flow of sap, 

and ultimately cause death. 

" They should be placed at the back 

of the green-house during the winter, 

as near the glass as convenient, to ripen 

the wood. 

" In the following spring they should 

be subjected to the same treatment, 

and again shifted into larger pots. 

— 

About the latter end of July they will 

have the afternoon sun. Free from the 

drip of trees and protected from high 

winds, the plants will now be of sufficient 

size to bloom, and in September 

will have formed their flower-buds. 

" When out of doors they should be 

occasionally syringed overhead in very 

dry weather, and the ground around 

them frequently stirred and watered. 

"About the middle of December, 

two or three varieties should be put 

nto a forcing-house, ranging from 50' 

I 

" Culture.— About the beginning of to G.5''; these will begin to bloom about 

March those which are intended for the latter end of January, after which 

specimens should be put into a house they should be removed to the greenat 

a temperature of from •15'' , 

to 50''\ house or conservatory, to which they 

where 

grow. 

they will soon be excited to will give much brilliancy, and in mild 

\ 

If in sixty or forty sized pots, weather impart a mild perfume. About 

they should be shifted into sizes larger; a week before the first have expandbut 

it is better to do this when the ed their blossoms, another succession 

plants are in a growing state. They should be put in, selecting those which 

should then be shaded for a few days,! from the enlargement of their buds give 

and when the flower is shut up in the evidence of their susceptibility of ex- 

afternoon, gently syringed , 

citement ; observing that the more Ta-

AZ A 76 B AL 

nous the colour of the flower, the better : 

effect will be produced in the greenhouse. 

It is a safe rule to keep up for 

a succession three or four varieties, to 

— 

where, it is probable, the finest specimens 

in a cultivated state still exist. 

AZARA. Two species. Green- 

' 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

be put into heat as above stated, once Sandy loam. 

a month, until the season is so far ad-' AZOREAN FENNEL. See Fino- 

vanced that the flowers are bursting in 

the cool house. 

" They should then be taken into 

chio. 

BABIANA. Eighteen species. 

Green-house bulbs. Offsets or seeds, 

heat, by which means the flower will 

be larger, the colours more brilliant, and 

Sand, loam and peat. 

B A C A Z I A spinosa. Green-house 

their fragrance more delightful. Every evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat and 

means should be adopted to prevent loam, 

i 

the attacks of the humble bee, as every BACCHARIS. Ploughman's Spike- 

] 

| 

| 

' 

; 

' 

, 

1 

| 

' 

blossom in which it inserts its proboscis nard. Twelve species. Chiefly stove 

will fall off in a few hours afterwards. and green-house evergreen shrubs. B. 

"When the large specimen plants glomcriflora and haliinifolia are hardy 

have done flowering, all the seed ves- deciduous. Cuttings. Loam and peat, 

sels should be picked off, leaving such j BACTRIS. Seven species. Palms, 

as are intended for seed. They should Stove. Seed. Sandy loam, 

be then shifted and encouraged to grow; BADGER'S BANE, Aconitum melocafterwards 

placing them out of doors,' tonum. 

as before stated. BÊCKIA. Nine species. Green- 

" Great care should be taken at all house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

times to keep them free from insects,! Loam and peat. 

as they are liable to be attacked by ai BAKING is a term descriptive of the 

species of thrips, for which the best hard impervious state of clayey soils, 

remedy is a strong fumigation of to- long exposed to drought. It can be 

bacco. The varieties Variegata and La- prevented only by altering the staple of 

teritia, are early excited in the spring; the soil, by the admixture ofsand, chalk, 

but are nevertheless the latest bloomers; coal-ashes, and other less cohesive matthey 

will make stronger and finer spe-| ters than clay. 

cimens by being inarched on the most BALANTIUM culcita. Stove fern. 

robust stocks. 

Division. Peat and loam. 

" If after they have made their au- BALM (Melisxa officinalis). 

tumnal growth they should not have Soil and situation.—The soil best 

formed flower-buds, by placing them in suited to its growth, is any poor and 

a stove in a strong moist heat, until friable, but rather inclining to clayey 

they have again burst into leaf, and then than silicious. Manure is never reremoving 

them to a cold green-house, quired. An eastern aspect is best for it. 

the excitement produced will frequently Time and mode of planting.—It is 

cause them to set their flower-buds."— propagated by offsets of the roots, and 

Card. Chron. Our own native varieties by slips of the young shoots. The first 

have been sadly overlooked in the mode may be practised any time during 

' 

| 

search for foreign beauty—those from 

the far south are equally hardy with 

the spring and autumn, but 

only during May or June. 

the latter 

If offsets 

those of the middle states, and are are employed, they may be planted'at 

readily cultivated ; the varieties are nu- once where they are to remain, at tea 

merous, and embrace almost every or twelve inches ; but if by slips, thev 

shade of colour, including pure white, must be inserted in a shady border, to 

from light yellow to brilliant flame; 

be thence removed, in September or 

they thrive better partially screened October, to where they are to remain, 

from the sun's rays, and demand a peculiar 

soil easily compounded by a 

At every removal water must be given, 

if dry weather, and until they are estabmixture 

ofsurface earth from woodland, lislied. During the summer they reand 

decomposed turf or grass sods, in quire only to be kept clear of weeds, 

about equal proportions. The two ear- In October the old beds require to be 

liest collections of this splendid shrub dressed, their decayed leaves and stalks 

| 

were made at the Bartram Botanic cleared away, and the soil loosened by 

Gardens, and the Landreth Nurseries, I the hoe or slight digging.

B AL 77 B A N 

Old beds may be gathered from in 

July, for drying, but their green leaves 

from March and September, and those 

planted in spring, will even atTord a 

gathering in the autumn of the same 

year. For drying, the stalks are cut 

with their full clothing of leaves to the 

very bottom, and the process completed 

gradually in the shade. 

BALM OF GILEAD. Several plants 

are popularly known under this name. 

"The Balm ofGilead of commerce is the 

dried juice of a low tree or shrub {amyris 

îleadensis), which grows in several 

])arts of Abyssinia and Syria. This tree 

has spreading, crooked branches; small, 

bright-green leaves, growing in threes ; 

and small, white flowers on separate 

footstalks. The petals are four in number, 

and the fruit is a small, egg-shaped 

berry, containing a smooth nut. By the 

inhabitants of Syria and Egypt, this balsam, 

as ap[)ears from the Scriptures, 

was in great esteem from the highest 

periods of antiquity. We are informed 

by Josephus, the Jewish historian, that 

the balsam of Oilead was one of the 

trees which was given by the queen of 

Sheba to king Solomon. The Ishmaelitish 

merchants, who were the purchasers 

of Joseph, are said to have been 

traveling from Gilead, on the eastern 

side of Canaan, to Egypt, and to have 

had their camels laden with ' spicery, 

balm and myrrh.' It was then, and is 

still, considered one of the most valuable 

medicines that the inhabitants of 

those countries possess. The virtues, 

'] of 

I procured. 

' teem 

\ BALSAM 

— 

aromatic and astringent. The quantity 

balsam yielded by one tree never 

exceeds 60 drops in a day. Hence its 

scarcity is such, that the genuine balsam 

is seldom exported as an article ot' 

commerce. Even at Constantinople, 

the centre of trade of those countries, 

it cannot, without great difficulty, be 

In Turkey, it is in high cs- 

as a medicine, an odorifor'bus unguent 

and a cosmetic. But its stimulating 

properties upon the skin are such, 

that the face of a person unaccustomed 

to use it becomes red and swollen after 

its application, and continues so for 

some days. The Turks also take it in 

small qantities, in water, to fortify the 

stomacli."' Encyc. Am. 

or LADIES' SLIPPERS 

(Impatiens trifiora). The cultivation of 

this common yet beautiful half hardy 

annual is so thoroughly understood, as 

not to require remark farther than •' we 

believe it to be true, that old seeds 

produce finer balsams under equal circumstances 

than new seeds ; and the 

reason is thought to be, that the plants 

raised from old seeds are not so vigor- 

ous as others." 

— 

Card. Citron. 

BALSAM APPLE. Momordica balsam 

inea. 

BALSAMINA. Balsam. Eleven 

species. Green-house annuals. Seeds. 

Light rich loamy soil. 

BALSAMODENDRON zeylanicum. 

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings. Sandy 

i 

\ 

\ 

i 

however, which have been ascribed to 

loam and peat. 

BALSAM-TREE. Clusia. 

BANANA-TREE. Musa Sa- 

it exceed all rational bounds of credipientum.bility. The mode in which it is obtain- BANE-BERRY. 

ed is described by Mr. Bruce. The BANNISTERIA. 

Acta:a. 

Thirteen species. 

bark of the tree is cut with an axe, at Chiefly stove evergreen twining plants. 

a time when its juices are in their Cuttings. Loam and sandy peat. 

strongest circulation. These, as they BANK'S {slopi?ig), says Mr. Barnes, 

ooze through the wound, are received " Are of great advantage in bringing 

into small earthen bottles ; and everv forth vegetation of all kinds at an early 

day's produce is gathered, and poured season in a healthy state, and in the 

into a larger bottle, which is closely 

corked. When the juice first issues 

greatest abundance. Another great advantage 

is their forming a boundary and 

from the wound, it is of a light-yellow shelter to the valleys, borders, or slips 

colour, and a somewhat turbid appear- between them, dividing the quarters 

ance ; but, as it settles, it becomes into any desired portions, for the suc- 

clear, has the colour of honey, and apcession of all vegetable crops, salads, 

pears more fixed and heavy than at first. 

Its smell, when fresh, is exquisitely fra- 

&c. By cropping both sides, the season 

of thedifl'erent articles is prolonged, and 

grant, strongly pungent, not much un- through their being placed in such a 

like that of volatile salts; but if the healthy situation,! find I can always 

bottle be left uncorked, it soon loses secure abundance of salads, lettuce, 

this quality. Its taste is bitter, acrid, ; endive, radishes, cauliflower, and cab-

BAN 78 BAR 

, 

' 

j 

; 

1 

, 

BARBERRY (Berberis vulgaris). 

There are five varieties of this elegant 

shrub—the red, without and with stones; 

ter endive being cleared and the slopes the black sweet, which is tender, and 

forked, a situation is provided for the requires a sheltered border; the purple, 

first out-door crops of carrots, turnips, and the white. 

radishes, &c. The slopes that are next Propagation. Suckers, cuttings, and 

cleared in succession make prorision layers may be employed either in the 

for the early dwarf kinds of French spring or autumn. The seed is very 

beans on the south side; and late rarely used. 

planted Windsor or other kinds of late Soil.—A sandy, or calcareous soil, 

beans are planted on the north side, with a dry subsoil, suits it best, 

It requires no other prun- 

I 

; 

[ 

bage-plants. The first early cabbage 

a.nd peas I liave planted in these sloping 

banks with great advantage. The win- 

Culture.— | which is found a good situation for 

them ; besides forming a shelter to the ing than such as is necessary to keep it 

; 

others 

Others 

by breaking 

are cropped 

the 

with 

cold winds, 

strawberries 

within bounds. 

Fruit.—This is fully ripe in October, 

on both sides. The slopes that are and is gathered in entire bunches for 

cleared latest in the spring, are cropped preserving, pickling, and candying, 

i 

j 

I 

j 

with late cauliflower, with the first; Diseases.— It is liable to be infected 

planting of early Cape brocoli on the with a parasitical fungus, once believed 

north side, and succession of other 

vegetables are kept up throughout the 

to be the same as that which is known as 

the mildew on wheat, but they are now 

season. By constantly keeping the sur- known to be different species. That 

face stirred, the crops are all to be vvhich preys upon the Barberry is Pucseen 

in a healthy state, progressing ad- cinia, and that which attacks Wheat is 

mirably in favourable weather through- Uredo. Consequently the old popular 

out the winter months, and indeed, the opinion among farmers, that the mildew 

whole season through. 

on wheat originated on and was propa- 

" The advantage of forming sloping 

banks do not end in that derived from 

gated by the Barberry, has exploded. 

BARBIERIA polyphylla. Stove 

the variation of aspect, the healthiness evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy peat, 

and the prolongation of the crops, and BARK.—The refuse bark from the 

i 

| 

in securing shelter ; but there is a still tanner's yard is employed by the gargreater 

advantage, by gaining a con- dener as a source of heat, and when 

siderable extent of surface ; thus, with broken down by putrefac- 

, 

I 

' 

' 

i 

| 

| 

\ 

; 

\ 

thoroughly 

one acre of land with a flat surface, it tion, as a manure. 

is an easy matter to increase it one- As a source of heat, it is much less 

half, by the sloping bank system."— 

'used than formerly, flues, steam, and 

Card, journ. 

BANKSIA. Forty-two 

the hot water system having very genespecies. 

rally and most deservedly superseded 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, except it. Bark for heating requires frequent 

B. verticillata, which is a tree. Ripe stirring and renew ing, and if too much 

cuttings or seeds. Sandy peat. moisture be added, is apt to give out 

BAOBAB-TREE. Adansonia. an excessive and irregular heat. In 

BAPTISIA. Ten species. Hardy addition, it is a troublesome harbour 

herbaceous plants. Divisions. Common for predatory insects. 

loamy soil. 

BARBACENIA squamatosa. Stove 

Bark 

thrown 

fresh from the tan-yard 

lightly together under a 

being 

shed, 

herbaceous. Cuttings. Sandy loam. 

BARBADOES CEDAR. Juniperus 

must be gently moistened if dry, and 

turned over twice a week, to expose all 

barbadensis. 

BARBADOES CHERRY. Malpiits 

particles to the air. Unless this be 

done, the fermentation will not be 

ghia. 

BARBADOES GOOSEBERRY. 

general or regular. 

Pe- tinned for a month 

This is to be conor 

five weeks, in 

reskia. 

BARBADOES LILY. 

warm weather the shorter time being 

Amaryllis requisite, and then, having acquired a 

equestris. 

BARBAREA, Winter cress. Seven 

general and equal heat, it is ready for 

use in the stove. Usually it will con- 

species. Hardy herbaceous plants. 

vision. Common soil. 

Ditinue to afford heat for a period varying 

between three and six months, but

— 

BAR 79 BAR 

i 

1 

sometimes ceases to ferment without 

any apparent cause. Wlienever the 

| 

i 

1 

i 

j 

I 

ily effects a cure. Scoring tlie bark 

heat declines, the tan 

out, sifted, the dusty 

lengthwise with a knife is a usual reme- 

must be taken dy, and generally effects the purpose, 

parts removed, BARKING IRONS, or Bark Scalers, 

and some fresh tan added. Sometimes are for scraping off the indurated epiturning 

the old tan and moistening it dermis, or dry scales, from the stems 

be sufficient, 

and branches of trees. 

It is desirable, on the first formation BARK STOVE, or Moist Stove, is 

of a bed, to mix new and old tan to- | hot-house which, either by having 

a 

a 

gether, in which case the quantity of mass of fermenting matter, or an open 

new bark to be brought into the pit will reservoir of hot water within side, has 

depend upon the goodness of the bark, its atmosphere constantly saturated 

and the bottom heat required. As much with moisture, congenially with the 

new tan as will fill two third parts of habits of some tropical plants. It re- 

the bark-pit, with a mixture of old ceived the name of Bark Stove, because 

rotten, reduced almost to earth, will tanner's bark was formerly a chief 

produce a bottom heat of about 85^ ; 

when old tan with higher remains of 

source of heat emploved. (See Stove.) 

BARKKRIA. Two species. Stove 

strength is used to modify the new, the epiphytes. Division. Peat and pot- 

same heat may be produced if the quantity 

be not more than half the capacity 

sherds, or wood. 

B A R L E R I A. Fourteen species. 

of the pit. This refers to a new pit; Stove evergreen shrubs, except B. longi- 

after a bark bed has been in action, folia, which is biennial. Cuttings. 

partial renewals of bark to keep up the Loam and peat. 

heat are frequently sufficient in the BARNADESIA rosea. Stove ever- 

reduced proportion of one-third, onesixth, 

one-twelfth, or less. At intergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich loam. 

BARNADIA scilloides. Half hardy 

mediate stages between the partial 

renewals, the bed requires only to be 

bulbous plants. Offsets. Peat and loam. 

BAROMETER.—Mr. P. Christensen, 

excited to a brisker fermentation by of Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, Lecturer 

forking up. About five-sevenths of the upon Astronomy, &c., has arranged a 

pit from the bottom should be occupied table, which no one having a weather- 

by the new and old tan as a fermenting glass should be without. This "Combody; 

and about two-sevenths from the panion to the Barometer" is the result 

top, or a little more than the depth of of thirty-two years' observation, and 

the pot, whatever that may be, should the following is an epitome of the inconsist 

of old tan incapable of heating, formation it gives. During the tirst six 

i 

[ 

60 as to burn the roots of the plants ; months of the year, when the mercury 

as least such should be the ordinary is rising, if the weather has been bad, 

distribution of the tan ; but where pecu- and the mercury reaches to 29.62 

liar circumstances require a speedy inches, there will be a change ; if to 

i 

augmentation of heat without displacing 30.12, the weather will be fair; if to 

the pots, and when fruit is to be swelled 30.29, set fair. If the mercury has been 

off in the last stage, the earthy tan at high, and begins falling, there will be 

top may be taken away, and new tan a change if it declines to 29.90 ; rain, 

substituted. (Abercrombie.) 

if it descends to 29.50 ; and wind, with 

As amanure. See vegetable matters. 

BARK-BOUND. — When a tree is 

rain, if it reaches 29.12. 

During the last six months of the 

affected with this disease, cracks will year, if the weather has been foul, and 

| 

appear in it partially, and in the case of the mercury begins rising, there will be 

the Cherry, Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine, 

gummy exudations will follow. It 

a change if it reaches to 29.48 ; fair if 

to 30.13; and set fair if to 30.45. If the 

is a sure indication that either the soil has been fair, and the mercury 

weather 

begins falling, there will be a change 

i is loo rich, or not sufficiently drained ; 

the latter is usually the source of the if it sinks to 29.87 ; rain, if to 29.55 ; and 

evil, causing a repletion of the interior wind with rain, if to 29.28. At any time 

vessels which the dry cuticle cannot of the year, if the mercury fall to 28.10, 

i 

expand sufficiently quickly to accommo- or even to 28.20, there will bo stormy 

date. I'ncler-draining, and scrubbing weather. These conclusions are from 

observations made at thirty feet above 

the stem with brine or soft soap, speed- 1

BAR 80 BAR 

the sea's level, and therefore one one-! BARRINGTONIA speciosa. Stove 

hundredth part of an inch must be add- evergreen tree. Cuttings. Loam and 

ed to the height of the mercury for peat. 

every additional ten feet above the sea's I BARTHOLINA pectinata. Terreslevel, 

where the barometer may happen trial orchid. Offsets. Sandy loam and 

to be. peat. 

BARREN PLANTS. The male BARTON, Benjamin S., M. D., Proflowers 

of the cucumber, melon, and fessor in the i University of Pennsvlvaother 

monoecious plants, are popularly nia. Born at Lancaster, Pa., 1766. 

known as barren flowers; and the Died Dec, 1S15. In 1789 appointed 

plants of the asparagus, mercury, and Professor of Natural History and Botany 

other dioecious plants bearing only in the College of Philadelphia. His 

male plants, are usually termed barren. chief publication is Elements of Zoolo- 

These are naturally unfruitful ; but there gy and Botany. 

is also a barrenness arising from dis- 'BARTONIA. Four species. Hardy 

ease or other consequences of bad cul- annuals and biennials. Seed. Sandy 

tivation. If a tree, or any other plant, loam. 

does not yield the desired produce of BARTRAM, John, one of the most 

fruitof which it is capable, the gardener distinguished , of Americaa botanists, 

may be assured thatthe soil, or the want was born in Chester county, Pennsylva 

j 

of drainage, or the manuring, or the ma, in 1701. His grandfather, of the 

pruning, is injurious. Even a bli?id or same name, accompanied William Penn 

barren cabbage may be made produc- to this country, in 16S2.— B. was a sim 

live for its barrenness ; arises from the pie farmer. He cultivated the ground 

, 

central bud being abortive, and it will for subsistence, while he indulged an 

; 

produce lateral buds, if all but one leaf] insatiable appetite for botany. He was 

and the place of the abortive bud be cut self-taught ' in that science, and in the 

^^^'ly- 

rudiments of the learned languages, 

I 

Temperature has a great influence and medicine and surgery. So great, 

[ 

over the sex of the flowers produced by in the end, was his proficiency in his 

a given plant. A very high 1 tempera- favourite pursuit, that Linna;us proture 

caused .... 

a water-melon to bear male nounced him " the greatest natural 

blossoms only ; and a very low temper- botanist in the world." He made exature 

made cucumber plants yield fecursions, in the intervals of agricultural 

male flowers alone. Mr. Knight had labour, to Florida and Canada, herboriz- 

little doubt that the same fruit stalks ing with intense zeal and delight. At 

might be made, in the plants just no- the age of 70, he performed a journey 

ticed, to support flowers of either sex to East Florida, ; to explore its natural 

in obedience to external causes. '-productions ; at a period, too, when the 

BARREN SOIL. No soil is abso- toils and dangers of such an expedition 

lutely incapable of production; and far exceeded those of any similar one 

when it is spoken of as being barren, no ' 

which could be undertaken, at the pre- 

more is meant than that in its present sent time, within the limits of the U. 

state it will not repay the cultivator. States. He first formed a botanic gar- 

The unproductiveness arises from a i de- den in America, for the cultivation of 

ficiency of some of the earths ; from an American plants, as well as exotics, 

excess or deficiency of animal and ve- This garden, which is situated on the 

getable matters ; or from an excess of banks of the Schuylkill, a few miles from 

stagnant water. No soil can be pro- Philadelphia, still bears his name. He 

ductive where nineteen parts out of contributed much to the gardens of Eu- 

twenty are of any one earth or other 

substance. If either chalk, or sand, or 

clay, be in excess, the remedy is found 

in adding one or both of the other two. 

An excess of organic matter only occurs 

in peat soils, and these are reclaimed 

by draining, paring, and burning, and 

the addition of earthy matter ; drain- 

rope, and corresponded with the most 

distinguished naturalists of that quarter 

of the globe. Several foreign societies 

and academies bestowed their honours 

upon him, and published communications 

from him in their transactions. B. 

died in 1777, in the 76th year of his 

At the time of his death he held 

, 

age is also the cure for an excess of; the office of American botanist to 

water. George III. of England. He was amia-

BAR 81 B A S 

ble and charitable, and of the strictest 

probity and temperance. 

BARTRAM, William, fourth son of 

John B., was born, 1739, at the botanic 

garden, Kingsessing, Pennsylvania. At 

the age of 16 years, he was placed with 

a respectable merchant of Philadelphia, 

; 

BARYOSM.V. Six species. Greenhouse 


Peat and sand. 

BASELLA. Eigiit species. Stove 

biennial climbers chiefly. Seed. Rich 

light soil. 

BASIL. (Ofi/mu;n.) There are two 

with whom he continued six years 

after which he went to North Carolina, 

with a view of doing business there as 

a merchant; but, being ardently atkinds, 

the Sweet-scented (O. basilicum), 

and the Dwarf-bush (0. minimum). 

So/7 and situation.—They thrive most 

a rich light soil, entirely free from 

t.iched to the study of botany, he re- j any 

linquished his mercantile pursuits, and 

accompanied his father in a journey 

into East Florida, to explore the na 

overshaddwing body ; but they re 

quire, especially for the earliest plants, 

a sheltered border. 

Time and mode of nowing.—They are 

by seed, which may be sown_ 

' 

tural productions of that country; after propagated 

i which he settled on the river St. John's, in a gentle hot-bed, with the shelter of 

in this region, and finally returned 

about the year 1771, to his father's residence. 

In 1773, at the request of Dr. 

Fothergill, of London, he embarked for 

Charleston, to examine the natural 

productions of the Floridas, and the 

western parts of Carolina and Georgia, 

chiefly in the vegetable kingdom. In 

this employment he was engaged nearly 

five years, and made numerous contributions 

to the natural history of the 

country through which he travelled. 

His collections and drawings were forwarded 

to Doctor Fothergill; and, 

a frame at the close of March, or early 

in April; to be thinned, and those removed 

pricked out at the close of this 

latter month in a similar situation, to be 

finally removed in the course of May or 

commencement of June, when settled 

weather, in the open ground. This 

sowing may be repeated at the close of 

April, or beginning of May, on a warm 

border, to be pricked and finally planted 

out, after a lajjse of about five weeks 

respectively between each operation. 

When thinned, the seedlings must be 

left at three inches apart, and those re- 

about the year 1790, he published an moved pricked out at a siniilardistance. 

account of his travels and discoveries,! The final planting must be made in rows 

in 1 vol. Svo., with an account of the a foot apart each way. Some plants oT 

{ 

manners and customs of the Creeks, all the sowing may be left where raised. 

j 

Cherokees, and Choctaws. This work to be gathered from whilst young. 

soon acquired extensive popularity, and Water must be given at every removal, 

as well as during every stage of their 

I 

j 

j 

| 

is still frequently consulted— After his 

return from his travels, he devoted him- irrowth, when dry weather occurs, 

self to science, and, in 1782, was elect- VVeeds must be kept under, as well as 

ed Professor of Botany in the University the plants benefited by frequent hoeing. 

| 

of Pennsylvania, which post he de- The young leaf tops are the parts 

dined, in consequence of the state of made use of in soups and salads, their 

his health. In 17S6, he was elected a flavour resembling that of cloves. 

member of the American Philosophical The supply is never failing during 

Society, and was a member of several summer, as they shoot out rapidly for 

other learned societies in Europe and 

America. We are indebted to him for 

the knowledge of many curious and 

beautiful plants peculiar to North Ame- 

successive supplies. 

To obtain seed.—Some of the earliest 

raised plants must be left ungathcred 

from. These flower from July to Seprica, 

and for the most complete and tember, and accordingly ripen their 

correct table of American ornithology, 

before the work of Wilson, who was 

assisted by him in the commencement 

of his American Ornithology. He wrote 

an article on the natural history of a 

plant a few minutes before his death, 

which happened suddenly, by the rup 

ture of a blood vessel in the lungs, July 

22, 1823, in the 8.7th year of his age. 

6 

seed in early or late autumn. 

BASKETS employed by the London 

gardeners, being made of osier or deal 

shavings, vary triflingly in size more 

than measures made of less flexible 

materials. They are as follows: 

S'cd kale punnets— eight inches diameter 

at the top, and seven inches and a 

half at the bottom, and tuo inches deep. 

—

B A S 82 B E A 

Radish punnets— eight inches diame- 

ter, and one inch deep, if to hold six 

hands ; or nine inches by one inch for 

twelve hands. 

Mushi-oom punnets—seven inches by 

one inch. 

Saladlng. punnets—five inches by two 

inches. 

Half sieve—contains three imperial 

gallons and a half. It averages twelve 

inches and a half diameter, and six 

inches in depth. 

Sieve—contains seven imperial gallons. 

Diameter, fifteen inches; depth, 

eight inches. 

Bushel sieve—ten imperial gallons 

and a lialf. Diameter at top, seventeen 

inches and three quarters; at bottom, 

seventeen inches; depth, eleven inches 

and a quarter. 

Bushel basket—ought, when heaped, 

to contain an imperial bushel. Diameter 

at bottom ten inches ; at top, fourteen 

inches and a half; depth, seventeen 

inches. Walnuts, nuts, apples, 

and potatoes are sold by this measure. 

A bushel of the last-named, cleaned, 

weighs fifty-six pounds, but four pounds 

additional are allowed if they are not 

washed. 

There is one description of Basket 

of which we think the Londoners know 

but little. We allude to the Peach Basket.' 

It would excite no ordinary commotion 

were one of our noble steamboats 

to ascend the Thames, laden with 

a thousand or more baskets, each containing 

a bushel of ripe lusciouspeaches, 

which are frequently sold in Philadelphia 

at twenty-five cents the basket. 

Yet such is the sight which may be 

seen (in fruitful seasons) on the Delaware 

every dav in Aucust. 

BASS, or BAST MATS. These are 

chiefly made in Russia, from the inner 

bark of trees (bast in the Iluss language). 

Their best use is as a packing envelope, 

for as a protection to wall trees they are 

inferior to netting; and to standard 

shrubs, structures made of straw (see 

Sheltei's) are to be preferred. They are 

very serviceable, however, to place over 

beds of early spring radishes, &c., to 

prevent the night radiation. This is 

quite as eflTectual, much cleaner, and 

less troublesome than a covering of 

straw. The strands of these mats are 

used by Nurserymen as binding, when 

budding or engrafting, and are the best 

adapted to the purpose of any material 

known. Where it is not obtainable, 

coarse loosely spun cotton or woollen 

yarn, is a good substitute. 

B A S S I A . Three species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

BASTARD ACACIA. Robinia pseudo-acacia. 

BASTARD ACMELLA. 

pseudo-acmella. 

Spilanthes 

BASTARD CABBAGE TREE. Geoffroya. 

BASTARD CEDAR, Guazuma. 

BASTARD CHERRY. Cerasuspsewdo-cerasus. 

BASTARD CliNNAMON. Cinnamomum-cassia. 

BASTARD CORK TREE. Quercus 

pseudo-suber. 

BASTARD DICTAMNUS. Beringeria 

pseudo-dietamnus. 

BASTARD HARE'S EAR. Phyllis. 

BASTARD JASMINE. Androsace 

chamcejasme. 

BASTARD ALBIA. 

do-albia. 

Lavatera pseu- 

BASTARD QUINCE. Pyrus chamamespilus. 

BASTARD WIND-FLOWER. 

tiana pseudoipneumonanthe 

Gen- 

BATATAS. Twelve species. Chiefly 

stove deciduous climbers. Young cut- 

tings. Light rich soil. 

BATExMANNIA Collegi. Stove 

epiphyte. Bulbs. Peat and potsherds. 

BATSCHIA. Four species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Seeds and division. Common 

soil. 

BAUER A. Two species. Greenhouse 


Sand and peat. 

BAUHINIA. Forty-six species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs or climbers. Cuttings. 


BAY TREE, Laurus nobilis, will 

resist the winter nearly as far north as 

Philadelphia, on light soils. Its aromatic 

leaves render it an agreeable inmate 

of tiie garden. 

BEAD TREE. Melia. 

BEAN. Vicia faha, of Linnctus. Feve 

de niarais, Fr. Bohn,Ger. Fava,Ital. 

Hahas, Span. " Of the above kind, commonly 

called in this country ' Horse 

Bean,' there is considerable variety; 

two of them have been selected by us 

for cultivation, believing them the best 

adapted for the climate, and quite sufficient 

of the kind. They are the Early 

Long Pod and Broad Windsor. Both 

.

B E A 83 B E A 

j 

' 

eucceed with the same treatment, but six or eight inches in height, draw tothe 

first named is the more certain wards, their base a portion of loose 

bearer of the two. In England, where earth, which will encourage them to 

they are extensively cultivated, they do put forth fresh fibres, and protect the 

much better than in this country, pre- roots already formed, from the sun's 

ferring its damp, cool atmosphere, to rays.'" Rural Rciîster. 

our frequently dry and hot one ; to B K A N S, Kidney. Haricot, Fr. 

counteract which it is desirable to plant Schminlcholine, Oer. Jadias, Span. F.jas 

early in the spring, as the ground guiolo,lta[.— " Ofthe Snap-Short Bean, 

will admit of being worked—in the lati- the Haricot ofthe French, the varieties 

tilde of Philadelphia (393 57' N.) the and sub-varieties are numerous. The 

latter part of February, or beginning of Early Mohawk or Brown Six Weeks 

March, if possible ; they then come into arrives soonest at perfection, and-is the 

flower before the weather becomes hot, hardiest ofthe early ones; the Early 

otherwise the blossoms drop, and set no Yellow, Red Speckled Valentine, an

— 

B E A 84 BED 

' 

' 

: 

; 

| 

i 

\ 

protecting flie roots from excessive of a frame, (or hand-glass, which will 

| 

drought, and the direct rays of the answer the same purpose,) should have 

sun. As the crop approaches matu- the hills prepared and poles inserted, 

rity, nothing more is required than choosing a mild, dry lime, about the 

n occasional hoeing, observing always' close of May, for planting the beans. 

to keep the ground free from weeds, If wet weather should immediately suc- 

"In selecting a spot to plant beans, ceed, and the seed rot, replant as soon 

choose where the soil is light and tole- as the ground dries. Good crops have 

rably dry. If it be poor, apply a good been produced in the vicinity of Phila- 

dressing of well rotted manure, either delphia, when planted even so late as 

spread over the entire surface, or placed first of June, 

thedrills whendrawnout." RuralReg. " After they become well established, 

BEANS, Pole.—" The Scarlet Run- and have clasped the poles, no further 

jiERs, and White Dutch Beans, are care is requisite, other than keeping 

verv delicately flavored, and are used the weeds under, and the hills occa- 

stirred. 

i 

, 

either in the pod, or shelled when fur- sionaliy 

ther advanced ; but in Pennsylvania, 

and perhaps farther south, they bear so a 

The Carolina or Sewee bean, is of 

smaller size than the Lima ; much 

sparingly mostseasons, as to bescarcely hardier, rather earlier, and more pro- 

worth cultivating. 

" The Lima is too well known to need 

description. Two varieties are cultivated 

; the one broad and thin, the other 

much thicker. We have sometimes 

thought the latter the more tender and 

delicate when boiled. The Lima Bean 

js very tender, not bearing the slightest 

frost, and is very subject to rot when 

planted early, or during a spell of rainy 

or damp, cool weather. To guard 

against this, the best plan is to sprout 

'• 

j 

] 

j 

I B 

Stove ; 

them in a frame, (as recommended for 

the Long Pod or Windsor,) so situated 

that the damp and frost can be excluded. 

An old hot-bed answers the purpose 

efi'ectually. They need not be 

planted therein before the middle of 

— 

ductive, but generally considered less 

rich. In other respects they closely 

resemble each other—time of planting 

may be a little in advance of the Lima 

—cultivation precisely the same." 

Rural Register. 

BEAN-CAPER. Tygophyllum. 

BEARS-BANE. Aconitum ihereophonum. 

BEAR-BIND. Calystegia. 

BEARS-BREECH. Acanthus. 

BEARS-GRAPE. Arctostaphylos vva 

ursi. 

BEAUFORTIA. Five species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut- 

tings. Sandy loam and peat. 

E AU MON TI A . Two species, 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings and 

spring, nor transplanted till towards its seed. Loam and peat. 

close; a little earlier or later as the, BECIUM 6ico/or. Green-house shrub. 

•weather may make expedient; if planted Cuttings. Sandy loam.* 

early, they will at best remain station-' BED is a comprehensive word, apary, 

and may, perhaps, perish. They plicable to the site on which any cultishould 

be planted in hills in well cultivated plants are grown. It is most 

vated ground, dressed either in the piece correctly confined to narrow division? 

or hills, with thoroughly rotted manure, purposely restricted in breadth for .the 

from the barn-yard. The hills should convenience of hand weeding or other 

be raised three or four inches above the requisite culture. 

average level, and be three feet apart 

each way, with a pole six or eight feet 

BEDDING-IN. See Sowing. 

BEDDING-OUT, is removing plants 

high, well secured in the ground, to from the pots in which they have been 

raised, into the beds which they are in- 

each hill. Three plants in a hill are ; 

i 

sufficient. As the vines shoot up, they tended to adorn during summer and 

should be tied to the poles, till they autumn. Mr. Threlkeld gives this judiget 

hold, when they will support them cious advice upon the practice. If the 

selves. In tying them, observe to do it season be dry, in the bottom of the hole 

in the direction in which they incline to made for the plant put some rotten 

clasp the pole, which is contrary to the dung, or other material that will retain 

course of the sun, and opposed to the water; water this well, plant, fill the 

habit of most climbers. hole to within two inches of the surface, 

add more water, and then fill up 

"Those who have not the convenience ,

— 

BED 85 BEE 

the hole. If water is necessary after- j introduced into this country within a 

wards, hoe the beds when dry enough few years ; those who have cultivated 

Damp the leaves, if no appearance of it

— 

BEG 86 BET 

" In farm culture, sow in drills three 

feet apart, so as to admit the horse-hoe 

—deep tillage produces its beneficial 

effects on this crop as on most others. 

"To save them during the winter, 

they should be placed in the cellar, 

against the wall, in tiers, tops outward, 

BENTHAMIA fragifera. Hardy 

evergreen shrub. Seeds or layers. 

Common loamy soil. 

BERARDIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Division. 

Common soil. 

BERBERIS. Thirty-three species. 

: 

i 

with alternate layers of sand or earth. Hardy evergreen or deciduous shrubs. 

Or in hills in the garden, with a cover- Cuttings or layers. Light common soil. 

ing of earth two to three feet thick ; 

the aperture at vvhich they are taken 

See Barberry. 

BERCKHEYA. Tenspecies. Chiefly 

out as required, being carefully closed 

with straw for, should ; 

hard frost reach 

them, they will decay." Rural Reg. 

BE^GONIA. Fifty-eight species. 

Chiefly stove evergreens. Cuttings. 

green-house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 


BERINGERIA. Eight species. Chiefly 

hardy herbaceous perennials. Division. 

Common soil. 

Rich loam. 

BEJARIA. Two species. Green- 

BERIIYA amornilla. Stove evergreen 

tree. Cuttings. Rich loam and 



BELLADONNA LILY. Amaryllis 

Belladonna. 

BELLEISLE CRESS. Barbarca pre- 

peat. 

BERTEROA. Three species. Hardy. 

Seeds or cuttings. Sandy soil. 

BERTHOLLETIA excelsa. Brazil 

Nut. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings. 

cox. See American Cress. 

BELLEVALIA Operculata. Hardy 

bulb. Suckers. Common light soil. 

BELL FLOWER. Campanula. 

BELL-GLASS, is so culled from its 

Sand, peat, and loam. 

BERZELIA. Two species. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat and loam. 

BkSLERIA. Twelve species. Chief- 

usual form being that of a bell. It is ly stove evergreen shrubs. B. cristata, 

formed of one entire piece of glass, and 

of common bottle glass when intended 

for sheltering cauliriowers, &c., in the 

B. serrulata, B. violacea are climbers. 

Cuttings. Very light rich soil. 

BESOM, or Broom, received its se- 

open borders; but of white glass for cond name from being often made of 

preserving moisture to cuttings in the the Broom plant ; but the best, both for 

hot-house. 

BELLIDIASTRUM Michelii. Hardy 

flexibility and durability, are made of 

the ling or heath. Birch brooms are 

herbaceous plant. Division. Peat and the most common, and whatever the 

loam. 

material, they will endure much longer 

BELLIS. Daisy. Five species. Hardy if soaked in water for some time before 

herbaceous perennials, except B. an- using. If kept constantly in water they 

nwd, which is an annual. Division. Common 

soil. 

BELLIUM. Four species. Hardy 

would be still less brittle. Where 

walks are liable to become mossy, a 

broom made of wire is frequently emplanls. 

Seeds or division. Sandy peat, ployed for sweeping them. If the wire 

BELLOWS are employed for fumi- be iron, it ought to be well dried and 

gating, differing only liom the common dipped in oil after being used, or it is 

bellows by having a receptacle for ignited 

tobacco in the pipe of its nozzle, 

soon destroyed by the rust. 

BESSERA. Two species. Green- 

through which the air, being gently house bulbous perennials. Offsets. Peat 

forced in the usual vvay, propels the 

smoke in any desired direction, where 

and sand. 

BETA. Beet. Seven species. Hardy 

the insects to be destroyed appear. 

BELOPERONE oblongata. Stove 


loam. 

BENGAL QUINCE. Agle Marmelos. 

BENJAMIN TREE. Ficus Benjamina. 

BENJAMIN TREE. Laurus Benzoin. 

biennials. B. trigyna is an herbaceous 

perennial. Seeds. Rich mould. 

BETEL NUT. Piper Betle. 

BETONICA. Betony. Ten species. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Suckers. 

Common garden soil. 

BETONY. Betonica. 

BETONY. Teller ium betonicum. 

BETULA. Birch. Twenty-two spe-

B IB 87 B I L 

cies. Chiefly hardy deciduous trees 

and shrubs. B. carpinifolia, B. pontica, 

B. populifolia, are evergreens. 

Grafting or budding, and layers for the 

dwarf species. Common garden soil 

capreolata is hardy, and -B. Carolina, 

B. picta, and B. jas7ninoides, are greenhouse 

climbers. B. grandiflora bears 

some resemblance to our native crucigera, 

but is far more desirable : its 

B I B I O marci, St. Mark's Fly, of showy flowers are borne in large ra- 

•which Mr. Curtis gives the following cemes, which expand in succession. 

particulars :— ;ind thus continue in bloom for many 

The larva; of this insect are generally weeks; it is from China, but quite hardy 

gregarious, living in large groups of a 

hundred or more in strawberry-beds, 

vine borders, flower pots, and similar 

undisturbed spots, feeding upon the 

roots, and sometimes destroying the 

entire plant. Bouche says they com 

at Philadelphia; and from its rapid 

growth admirably adapted for walls, 

arbours, pillars, &c. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. B. venusta is cultivated as 

follows by Mr. Brown, gardener to 

Lord Southampton, at Whittlebury 

I 

pletely demolished his bed of Ranuncu- Lodge, 

luses for several successive years, by The situation in which it mostdelighta 

is a dark bed, where the roots can run 

' eating up the tubers. The larva is of a 

dark brown colour, somewhat cylindri-' at liberty among the tan train upright 

; 

cal, the belly flattened, moderately until it reaches the top lights, then train 

broad, and nearly linear; the head is >long the house. Towards the end ol 

comparatively small, deep brown, some December, cut the plant into six or ten 

times of a chestnut colour, and very feet, when it remains dormant through 

shining ; they change to pupa; generally the winter. In the beginning of March, 

towards the end of March these are young shoots in abundance break from 

; 

of a pale ochreous colour, the head the apparently dead wood; a sufficient 

being brighter. 

number of these to be trained along the 

Tlie female lays her eggs in the earth, house, and these again produce laterals; 

and in the dung of horses and cows, in and at the end of each a cluster of blos- 

May ; they do not hatch until August. som buds is formed. On the production 


of these lateral shoots depends the free 

BIDENS. Fourteen species. Chiefly blooming of the plant, to encourage 

hardy plants. Seeds, suckers, division, which a damp atmosphere is to be kept 

according to their habit and duration. by pouring water over the pathways, 

Common soil. 

and by frequently syringing the plant. 

BIENNIAL, is a plant which, being All superfluous shoots are stopped ; and 

produced from seed in one year, per- it is necessary to pay a good deal of at 

j 

fects its seed and dies during the year tention to this, for an over abundance 

; 

: following. Biennials may often be made of shoots would soon be produced that 

to endure longer if prevented ripening 

their seeds, and many exotics, biennials 

in their native climes, are perennials in 

our stoves. 

Hardy Biennials. — Some of these 

ripen their seeds as early as August, in 

which case they may be sown as soon 

as harvested. Others ripenincr their 

seeds later must have these reserved ! 

— 

would form a complete thicket. The 

plant commences flowering about the 

beginning of September. Gard. Chron. 

BILBERRY. Vaccinium myrtillus. 

BILLMBI TREE. Aierrhoa bilimbi. 

BILL (Fig. 21), a sharp-edged tool, 

emplo\ed in cutting hedges, sharpening 

stakes, &c. It should never be used 

pruning valuable trees ; but where the 

from sowing until May. 

in 

The double,j branch is too strong to be cut with the 

varieties of wall-flowers, stocks, &c., knife, the saw oughtalwaystobeapplied. 

are propagated by cuttings. 

Frame Biennials.—These required 

the shelter of a frame during the early 

stages of their growth ; to be removed 

thence in May to the borders, where 

thev bloom in .lulv and August. 

B I F R E N A R I A. Three species. 

Stove epiphytes. Division. 

B I G N N I A. Sixty-one species. 

Chiefly stove evergreen climbers. B. 

Fig. 21. 

BILLARDIERA. Six species. Greenhouse 

evergreen climbers. Cuttings. 

Rich loam and peat.

BIL 88 

— 

BILLBERGIA. Ten sppcies. Stove 

| 

epiphytes. Suckers. Rich mould. | 

BILLOTIA acerosa. Green-house 

everprRen shrub. Cuttirif^s. Sandy peat. 

B 1 N DW K 1 : D . Con volvulus 

BINDWHKD. Smilnx Aspera. , 

BIOPHYTVM sensitiium. Hardy annual. 

Seeds. Common soil. 

BIRCH. Betula. 

BIRCH. Carpinus Betulus. 

BIRDS are benefactors as well as injurera 

of the gardener. They destroy 

millions of grubs, caterpillars, and : 

aphides, which would have ravaged his 

crops ; 

but at the same time they com- : 

mit sad havoc upon his fruit and seeds. 

The wisest course, consequently, is to 

scare them from the garden at such 

times, or from the portions of it in 

which they can be prejudicial, but to 

leave them to visit it unmolested whenever 

and wherever they cannot be mis- j 

chievous. Thus in early spring a boy : 

or two will drive them away during] 

such time as the buds of the gooseberry, 

currai't, and plum, are open to their 

attacks ; and again during the time that 

the cherries are ripe. To keep them 

from the fruit of late gooseberries and 

currants, it is sufficient to interlace 

thickly the bushes with red worsted. 

To keep them from attacking peas and 

other vegetables just emerging from the 

soil, a similar display of white thread 

fastened to pegs about six inches from 

the surface, is also efficiently deterrins;. 

Nets, where availal)le, are also sufficient 

guardians. By these aids, but 

especially by the watching during certain 

seasons, the gardener may protect 

himself from injury at a very trifling expense, 

without depriving himself of the 

services of the most sharp-sighted, most 

unwearying, and most successful of all 

insect killers; and, it should also be 

added, one of the most agreeable appendages 

to rural life. Without birds, 

next to flowers, the cotintry would be 

desolate. What delightful associations 

and recollections present themselves as 

we call to mind the chir[)ing of the 

wren, the homeh' notes of the familiar 

cat-bird, the gambols of the martin, and 

the periodical visits of the confiding 

robin and snow-bird. 

BIRD CHERRY. Cerasus padus. 

BIRD 

tum. 

PEPPER. Capsicum bacca- 

BIRD'S BILL. 

podioides. 

Trigonella ornitho- 

. 

BL A 

BIRD'S EYE. Primula farinosa. 

BIRD'S FOOT. Orthinopus. 

. BIRD'S FOOT, Euphorbia orthinopus. 

BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL. Lotuf. 

BIRD'S NEST. Asplenium Nidus. 

BIRD'S TONGUE. Ornitho giossum. 

BIRTHWORT. 

BISCUTELLA. 

Aristolochia. 

Twenty-three species. 

Hardy annuals and herbaceous 

perennials. Seeds. Loam and peat. 

BISERRULA pelecinus. Hatchet 

vetch. Hardy annual. Seeds. Sandy 

loam or peat. 

BITTER SWEET. Solanum Ihdcamara. 

BIVON.Â LUTEA. Annual. 

Seeds. Dry sandy soil. 

BIXA. Three species. Stove evergreen 

trees. Seeds or cuttings. Sandy 


BIZARRE. See Carnation. 

BLACK ARCH MOTH. SeeBomhjx. 

BLACK CATERPILLAR. See^

BL A 89 BLI 

, 

chrysnlids. Sheep folding must destroy other materials. The flavour is better, 

the insect in every state. Deep diiijiing and decay is less liable to be induced, 

is an excellent |)raciice, when the cliry- Lettuces and cabbages are usually 

salids are in the soil. Drilliiitr is a tar whitened by tying the leaves over the 

superior practice to sowing the seed heart or centre bud, but even in these 

broadcast. Long raw manure harbours instances the blanching pot operates 

the beetles. The benefit derived (Vom 

the application of lime and soot is very 

much more effectually. 

country i)Iaces blanching 

In remote 

pots may not 

doubtful. Mangold wurzel is not favour- be readily obtained ; an equally useful 

able to the beetles, and Swedes are aid is found by placing together two 

probably less attractive than white tur- boards of a convenient length, so as to 

nips. Mixing while turnips with Swedes form as it were two sides of a triangle, 

18 not desirable, as the beetles may be or double pitched roof. 

attracted by the strong scent of the former. 

Early sowing is attended with 

disadvantages. Destroy charlock, it 

affords support to the beetles before 

the turnips come up." 

The most effectual banisho^nt of the 

turnip fly, I think, is securedT^f sowing 

HLANDFORDIA. Two species. 

Green-house herbaceous perennials. 

Suckers or seeds. Sandy loam and 

peat. 

BLAST or BLIGHT, is the popular 

name for any withering of plants of 

which neither the scientific title nor the 

the surface of the soil with gas lime causes are known to the observer. The 

(liydro-sulphuret of lime) the next morn- mildew of corn ; the honey dew on 

ing but one after the turnip seed has fruit trees; the withering occasioned 

been sown. This is so offensive to the by violent cold winds in early spring, 

insect as to drive it away just at the 

time the young plants are appearing 

above ground. The most certain pro 

cess is, at\er all,tosow very thickly ; 

the 

flies will have their share— if too many 

remain, thin out. 

BLACK VARNISH TREE. See 

Melanorrhaa. 

BLACKWELLIA. Six species. 

Stove or evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

.Sandy peat. 

BLADDER BLICHT. See Peach. 

BLiF^RIA. Eleven species. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat. 

BLAKK.\. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

BLANCHING, or etiolation, is 

effected by making plants grow in the 

dark, and the more completely the light 

ever it can be accomplished, blanching 

pots should be employed, in preference 

to covering the plants with earth or 

and the ravages of the hawthorn caterpillar, 

are all spoken of by the uninformed 

under the above titles. 

BLECHNUM. Thirteen species. 

Stove or green-house herbaceous perennial 

ferns. B. serriilatum is hardy. 

Seeds or division. Sandy loam and peat. 

BLECHUM. Four species. Stove 

herbaceous perennial ferns. Cuttings. 

Loamy peat. 

BLEEDING. See Eitravasated Sap. 

BLEPHARIS. Five species. Stove 

and green-house plants. B.furcata is 

an evergreen shrub. IL procumbens an 

evergreen trailer. Seeds. Loam and 

peat. 

BLEPIIILIA. Two species, 

herbaceous perennials. Division 

mon soil. 

BLETIA. Eleven species, 

Hardy 

. Com- 

j 

j 

i 

orcbideous plants. Division. 

Stove 

Sandy 

is excluded the more entire is the ab- peat and light loam 

sence of colour from the leaves and liUCUl A sapida. AkeeTree. Stove 

stenvs of the plants. The colouring evergreen tree Cuttings. Loam and 

matter of these is entirely dependent 

upon their power to decompose water 

peat 

BLIND PLANTS frequently occur 

and carbonic aciit gas, a power they do in the cabbage and others of the brasnot 

possess when light is absent. The sica tribe. They are plants which have 

effect of blanching is to render the parts failed to produce central buds, and as 

more delicately flavoured, more ])ieas- these are produced from the central 

ing to the eye, and more crisp, proper- vessels, if the top of their stems be cut 

ties very desirable in sea kale, celery. away, they usually emit lateral or side 

rhubarb, endive, lettuces, &c. Wher- buds from the edge of the wound. 

Barren Plants. 

See 

BLITE, or Strawberry Spinach. 

tum.){Bli

B L I 90 BLO 

BLITUM. Five species. Hardy 

annuals. Seeds. Common soil. 

BLOOD. See Animal Matters. 

BLOOM or BLOSSOM, is the popular 

name for the flowers of fruit-bearing 

plants. 

" The organs of fructification are absolutely 

necessary, and are always producible 

by garden plants properly cultivated. 

They may be deficient in leaves, 

or stems, or roots, because other organs 

may supply their places; but 

plants are never incapable of bearing 

flowers and seeds, for without these 

they can never fully attain the object 

of their creation, the increase of their 

species. 

" Every flower is composed of one 

or more of the following parts, viz. : 

the calyx, which is usually green and 

enveloping the flower whilst in the 

bud ; the corolla, or petals, leaves so 

beautifully coloured, and so delicate in 

most flowers ; the stamens or male 

portion of the flower, secreting the pollen 

or impregnating powder; the pistils 

or female portion, impregnatable by 

the pollen, and rendering fertile the 

seeds; and lastly, the pericarp or seedvessel. 

" The stamens are the only portion 

of a flower which can be removed without 

preventing the formation of fertile 

seed, and their loss must be supplied 

by the induction to the pistils of pollen 

from some kindred flower. 

" The calyx is not useless so soon 

as it ceases to envelope and protect the 

flower, for the nower stalk continues 

increasing in size until the seed is perfected, 

but ceases to do so in those 

plants whose calyces remain long green 

if these be removed ; on the other 

hand, in the poppy and other flowers, 

from which the calyx falls early, the 

flower stalk does not subsequently enlarge. 

" The corolla or petals, with all their 

varied tints and perfumes, have more 

important oflices to perform than thus 

to delight the senses of mankind. Those 

bright colours and their perfumed honey 

serve to attract insects, which are the 

chief and often essential assistants of 

impregnation ; and those petals, as observed 

by LinuEus, serve as wings, 

giving a motion assisting to eff"ect the 

same important process. But they have 

a still more essential oflice, for although 

they are absent from some plants, yet 

if removed from those possessing them 

before impregnation is completed, the 

fertilization never takes place. They 

therefore perform in such cases an 

essential part in the vegetable economy 

; and that they do so is testified by 

all the phenomena they exhibit. They 

turn to the sun open only when he has 

a certain degree of power, and close 

at the setting of that luminary ; their 

secretions are usually more odorous, 

more saccharine, and totally differing 

from those of the other organs of plants ; 

and in the absence of light those secretions 

are not formed. 

"The corolla is not always shortlived, 

for although in some, as the 

cistus, the petals which open with the 

rising sun^ strew the border as it departs, 

so some, far from being ephemeral, 

continue until the fruit is perfected. 

The duration of the petals, however, 

is intimately connected with the impregnation 

of the seed, for in most 

flowers they fade soon after this is completed 

; and double flowers, in which 

it occurs not at all, are always longer 

enduring than single flowers of the 

same species. Then, again, in some 

flowers, they become green and perform 

the function of leaves after impregnation 

has been effected. A fiimiliar 

example occurs in the Christmas 

rose, (Helleborus niger,) the petals of 

which are white, but which become 

green so soon as the seeds have somewhat 

increased in size, and the stamens 

and other organs connected with fer- 

tility have fallen off. 

" It is quite true that some fruit will 

not ripen if the part of the branch beyond 

is denuiied of leaves, but this 

only shows that those fruits cannot advance 

when deprived of leaves as well 

as of calyx and corolla, the only organs 

for elaborating the sap ; and there are 

some flowers, as the Daphne mezereon, 

Autumn crocus, and sloe, that have 

their flowers perfected and passed 

away before the leaves have even appeared. 

" That the petals perform an important 

part in elaborating the sap supplied 

to the fruit is further proved by 

the flower being unable to bloom or to 

be fertile in an atmosphere deprived of 

its oxygen; and by their absorbing more 

of that gas, and evolving more carbonic 

acid, than even a larger surface 

of leaves of the same plant.

— 

— 

B L U 91 BOM 

" No seed ever attains the power of spotted form. Its caterpillar injures 

germinating, unless the pollen from the the wood of the elm, apple, pear, horsestamens 

in the same, or some nearly al- chestnut and walnut, 

lied flower, has reached and impregnated 

its pistils." Johnson's Princ. of Gard. 

M. Kollar, in his valuable work on 

predatory insects, says :— 

BLUMENliACFHA. Two species 

" The caterpillar 

of this niotli is smaller than that 

Hardy annuals. Seeds. Rich loam. 

BOBARTIA. Three species. Green 

of the preceding sjiecies, its length being 

only one inch and a half or two 

house herbaceous perennials. D.auran- inches. It is hatched in August, moults 

tiaca is hardy. Division. Sandy peat, 

BO(X()NIA. Two species. Stove everfor 

the first time in September, and is 

full grown in June of the following year. 

green shrubs. Cuttinu.s. Loam 

BCF:BERA. Two sjiecies B. chrysanlhemoides 

is a hardy annual. B" 

' 

From its existence till its transformation 

it is yellow, with raised shiny black 

dots, on each of which there is a fine 

cana, a green-house evergreen shrub. 

Seeds. Loamy peat or common soil. 

BOG-EARTH, or peat earth, is the 

short hair. 

" It undergoes its transformation in a 

strong web under the bark, becoming 

soil required for a class of plants that a brownish-yellow pupa, capable of 

are generally designated American, much extension, dark brown at both 

though not all of them are natives ol extremities, with short wingsheaths. 

that (piarter of the globe. Bog-earth horn-like j point bent forward on the 

of the best description is thus consti head, and fine hooks on the back of the 

luted 

156 

abdominal segments. 

" The moth appears in August to- 

2 wards evening, and is a native of almost 

110 

all Europe. It is very remirkable from 

its colour; the ground is white on various 

parts, on which steel blue dots are 

scattered. It measures, with extended 

wings, two inches and a half. 

" The female introduces her round 

orange-coloured eggs, by means of her 

strong ovipositor, into the trees before 

named." 

B. bucephala. Buff-tip moth, produces 

a caterpillar which feeds on the leaves 

of the lime, beech, birch, alder, oak, 

willow, and more rarely on those of the 

rose, apple and pear. M. Kollar says: 

—" This caterpillar does not appear till 

the latter end of June or the beginning 

: 

' 

Kine siliceous sand . . 

Unaltered vegetable fibre 

Decomposing 

matter 

Silica (Flint) 

vegetable) 

) 

103 

Alumina (clay) IG 

O.'iide of iron 

Soluble vegetable and) 

4 

. 

saline matter 

Muriate of lime 

J 

.... 4 

Loss 

BOG EARTH PLANTS. See American 

Plants. 

BOLBOPHYLLUM. Nineteen species. 

Stove epiphytes. Division. They 

require a strong damp heat. 

BOLDOA. Two species. Stove 

jilants. B. lanceolata an evergreen 

shrub. B. purpurescens an herbaceous of July, and feeils to the end of Septemperennial. 

Cuttings. 

BOLEUM Asperum. 

Sandy peat 

Half hardy ever- 

ber; when fully grown it measures 

nearly two inches long, and is about as 

green shrub. Seed. Sandy peat. 

BOLIVARIA trifida. Green-house 


thick as a goosecjuill. It is thinly haired,' 

dark brown, with interrupted slender 

yellow longitudinal stripes, which are 

peat 

BOLTONIA. Two species. Hardy herbaceous 

perennials Division. Sandy 

loam. 

BOiMBAX. Silk cotton tree, Four 

species. Stove evergreen trees Half 

intersected by a yellow cross, and between 

each segment. 

" The moth appears in May and June, 

when it sits with its wings bent downwards, 

covering the whole body so that 

it resembles a scroll. When its wings 

ripened cuttings. Sandy loam. 

BOM BYX, a gen us of moths, of which 

arc expanded, it measures from two and 

a half to three inches wide, the abdo- 

the following are injurious to the garmen is pale yellow, spotted with black 

dener. 

on the sides. The upper wings are 

B. asculi, the horse-chestnut, or wood notched, ash-grey, and silver-grey at 

leopard moth, the last being the most the base and inner edge, a pale yellow, 

appropriate name, as descriptive of its or silver grey kidney-shaped spot is

BOM 92 BOM 

placed in the middle between two y i el- bark, 

low cross lines. The under wings are 

of a yellowish-white ; and have near 

the inner angle a greyish-brown and 

and afterwards, when they are 

stronger, penetrating into the wood. 

" When we have actually ascertained 

the existence of one of these creatures 

often faint double stripe. As the cater- in a trunk, by the extruded excrement, 

| 

pillars when they appear are gregarious,! relief comes too late for the tree, even 

they can easily be destroyed by picking if we are able to kill the caterpillar, the 

them off when young.' 

B. cossus, Goat-moth. Its caterpillar 

is most destructive to the wood of fruit 

trees, though the elm, oak, willow, 

poplar, and walnut also, are liable to 

its attacks. M. Kollar says:— '-It is 

one of the largest caterpillars known 

in Europe, measuring more than four 

inches in length. It is smooth and 

shining, beset only here and there with 

single short hairs. It is dark red on ' 

the back, and the spiracles situated at 

both sides are of the same colour. The 

sides and lower part of the body are 

flesh-coloured; the head is black, the 

first segment also rnarked with black 

above. 

" After remaining more than two years 

in the larvaj state, and casting its skin 

eight times, the caterpillar becomes of 

a light ochre yellow hue, shortly before 

pupation, which usually takes place 

in spring ; when it makes a strong co- 

coon of chips of wood and small I pieces by 

of bark, ' which it has gnawed off. The hinder 

— 

mischief being already done. Notwithstanding 

this, the caterpillar should never 

be left undisturbed, and an attempt 

should be made to reach it, by enlarging 

the opening with a garden knife; or 

endeavouring to kill it by thrusting a 

piece of p'l.iited wire up the hole of the 

tree." 

B. dispar, Gipsy Moth. Its little 

caterpillar is found in early spring on 

the leaves of fruit trees, as they burst 

from the bud. M. Kollar, to whose pages 

I am so much indebted for accurate information 

relative to this species, says 

that 

"In unfavourable weather they collect 

upon the trunk near the top, or in 

the forks of the branches, and enclose 

themselves in a web ; but when they 

feed, they disperse themselves all over 

the tree. They are immediately distinguished 

from other caterpillars by 

their large yellow-spotted head, and 

the six pairs of red dots on the 

part of the back, 

abdomen of the pupa is yellow, and the "The males are dark brown, and 

segments are deeply indented and 

I 

ca- their forevvings have three or four undu- 

: 

[ 

pable of much extension. The back is lating blackish stripes. The females 

furnished with strong pointed spines, are whitish-grey, and their (brewings 

sometimes of a reddish-brown colour, are traversed by brownish stripes. 

The cocoon is situated immediately 

within the opening in the tree, so that 

the pupa when arrived at maturity can 

press itself half out of the hole when 

the shell bursts, and the moth comes 

forth usually in the month of June or 

July, after having reposed in the pupa 

state for an indefinite time. When at 

rest the wings are folded together over 

the back in the form of a roof; it sits 

quietly in the daytime on the stems of 

trees, and is difficult to be distinguished 

on account of its grey colour. It measures 

with extended wings, from one 

tip to the other, nearly three inches, 

and many specimens are more than this; 

the female is usually larger than the 

male. 

" The female is provided with a 

strong ovipositor, with which she introduces 

her eggs in the bark of the 

tree, the young caterpillars living at 

first in and between the outer and inner 

The moth lays iier eggs in various 

places in August and September, but 

chiefly on the trunks of the fruit trees, 

on which the caterpillars lived. It also 

lays its eggs in places that are not very 

near fruit trees, viz., on garden buildings, 

palings and walls, so that the young 

caterpillars have to go a considerable 

distance in search of food, which is 

seldom the case with insects. The 

eggs lie in a shapeless mass one inch 

long, and a quarter of an inch high, to 

the number of two to five hundred 

together, and are surrounded with yellowish 

hair, which preserves them from 

the winter's cold." 

B. monacha, Black arch moth. Its 

caterpillar prefers the leaves of the fir 

tribe, but also attacks fiuit trees, the 

oak, aspen, elm, lime, and willow. M. 

Kollar states that—"The moth is of 

the medium size. It sitsduring the day, 

with its wings lying close to its body

— 

BOM 93 

BOM 

1 

' 

: 

, 

in a slanting direction ; and when its Its caterpillar usually confines its at- 

wings are expanded, they measure tacks to the leaves of the white and 

above two inches from one point to 

the other. There are four or five black 

notched lines on the upper wings, on a 

black thorn, but sometimes spreads to 

our fruit trees. M. Kollar observes 

that— " [n the day time it sits quietly 

white ground, and there is a black on a leaf, or on a wall, and suflers itself 

spot between the middle ones. The to be caught in the h;ind. It has refront 

of the body is white, with black ceived its name from the posterior part 

spots, and the abdomen varied with of its body being covered with a round 

black rings, and red incisions, which, mass of golden yellow hair. Its fore- 

however, are sometimes wanting. wings are of a dazzling whiteness, as 

" The caterpillar, when fully grown, is also the greater part of its body 

measures from one and a half to one only the principal vein of the forewinu 

and three-quarter inches, the transverse of the male is brown on the under side. 

diameter one line and a half. It is and it has also sometimes a few black 

usually of a brown grey mixed with 

black, and occasfonally entirely black; 

dots on its wings. 

" At the end of June this moth usu- 

sometimes, but still more rarely, it is ally appears, seeks a companion, and 

of a whitish colour. The head is large, continues its species. The female 

covered with short hairs, and it has a usually lays her eggs on the under side 

brownish line alond the forehead, which of the leaf, in a small heap or mass, 

ends in a triangular spot of the same and covers them with hair from her 

colour over the mouth. Wherever it tail. Hence, nothing is seen of the 

goes it spins a thread after it out of the eggs, as they lie in rows under the 

spinnerds under the mouth. If its rest- covering of hair. The number of eggs 

ing-place be shaken, it hastily lets itself in the heap amounts to from two to three 

down and curls itself up. It usually 

goes into the pupa state from the begin- 

hundred ; they arc round, and of a gold 

colour; when the female has laid her 

ning of June to July, when the cater- eggs she dies, after having applied all 

pillar is fully grown ; the pupa is surrounded 

by a slight web, which is 

the hair from her tail' to form the covering. 

The caterpillars are usually 

sometimes formed among the foliage, hatched at the end of July. They have 

and sometimes over hollows of the a dirty-yellow appearance, a black 

bark ; after which the caterpillar skin head, and a black ring round the neck; 

is cast oft" in three or four days. The they are thickly covered with hair, and 

pupa is three-quarters of an inch long; have four rows of blackish dots along 

at first green, then a brownish red, and the back. They change their skins in 

afterwards becomes somewhat darker, August. In the middle of September 

or rather blackish, with a metallic ap- they cease feeding, and in October they 

' 

pearance. only come out of their nest in very 

The moth sometimes appears in warm days, when they lie on the outthe 

last days of July or beginning of side, but return to the nest in the even- 

August ; but the late ones do not appear ing. They become benumbed in No- 

and even in extreme cold they 

i 

1 

j 

till September. Af\er pairing, the fe- vember, 

male lays her eggs by means of her only become benumbed, and resume 

ovipositor, in the cracks of the bark of their activity when warm weather sets 

the old trees, in the form of a bunch of in. Before the buds on the trees have 

firapes, to the amount of twenty or begun to burst in sprint', some of the 

thirty in each cluster. As the oviposi- caterpillars come out of their nests and 

tor cannot he used on the beach, oak, eat the folded leaves. In the course of 

and birch, she lays her eggs on the bark, a few days they are found in multitudes 

and (laps her wings over them, to cover at the forks of the branches in the side 

thorn with the dust from her wings and of the tree exposed to the sun." Kolbody. 

One female usually lays one lar. 

hundred and twenty eggs in the course B. caruleocepha/a. Figure-of-eight 

of twenty-lour hours, at three or four 

intervals. They are not spherical, but 

moth. Its caterpillar selects the leaves 

of the black and white thorn, almond, 

flat on two sides, and very sharp and apricot, and peach, though it will attack 

rough to the touch. those of other trees. Kollar tells us 

that— '• At the tune of pupation these 

B. chrysorrhixa. Yellow-tailed moth. [ 

— 

;

— 

— 

BOM 94 BOM 

caterpillars repair to the stems of the and oak most plentifully; elm very 

| 

trees, or to walls and hedges, where! plentifully; most fruit trees the same ; 

they make for themselves cases of moss, blackthorn plentifully; rose-trees the 

same ; 

lime, dust, and small chips of wood 

oval on the upper side and flat below, 

in which they do not become pupa: till 

the third week. The pupa small, cylindrical, 

reddish-brown, dull, in some 

degree powdered with blue. 

" The perfect insect or moth measures, 

with e.ftended wings, from tip to 

on the willow and poplar scarce. 

None have been noticed on the elder, 

walnut, ash, fir, or herbaceous plants. 

With respect to fruit trees, the injuries 

they sustain are most serious, as in 

destroying the blossoms as yet in the 

bud, they also destroy the fruit in embryo 

; the owners of orchards, therefore, 

have great reason to be alarmed. 

! 

tip, one inch and from six to nine lines. 

The forewings bluish grey, rather shin- " This moth is so closely related to 

ing, divided by three incisions at the the yellow-tailed moth, and its habits 

sides, and situated between two blackish so similar, that the means suggested 

undulated cross lines, have been sometimes 

compared to a pair of spectacles 

(or a figure of eight)." 

for the destruction of the one may be 

advantageously ai'opted for the other. 

" In the month of June, when al- 

B. luhricipeda. 

The caterpillars 

Spotted buff moth. 

of this feed on the 

most full grown, this caterpillar measures 

nearly two inches, and is of the 

leaves of elder, horse-radish, lilacs, 

beans, |uid indeed seem to be oninivo- | 

rous. The larva; appear in June and 

July, and are thus described by Mr. 

Curtis : 

"The back is dark green, and the 

under side pale green, with a wavy 

white line down each side, from the 

head to the tail. The spiracles also 

are white; the whole animal is covered 

with little nist-coloured cushions, which 

produce brushes of longish reddishbrown 

hairs, so that it resembles a 

little bear's skin. When full grown, 

they retire to the stems of plants and 

the chinks in walls, to change to black 

shining chrysalids, in an oval loose 

cocoon, composed of silk, and the hairs 

from their skin. 

" The moth rests with its wings deflexed 

; is of a pale ochre, or buff 

colour; the antenna are black, and 

bipectinated in the male; the eyes, 

palpi, and legs are also black, except- 

very 

thickness of a very thick quill ; it is 

juicy, of a yellowish-green colour, 

with black tubercles, each of which 

bears a single hair, and has three pale 

yellow stripes, running longitudinally ; 

the middle one extending rather broadly 

along the back. It has a small bluish 

head, with two black round spots on it. 

" At the time of pupation, these caterpillars 

repair to the stems of the 

trees, or to w^lls and hedges, where 

they make for themselves cases of 

moss, lime-dust, and small chips of 

wood, oval on the upper side, and flat 

below, in which they do not become 

pupae till the third week. The pupa is 

small, cylindrical, reddish-brown, dull 

in some degree, powdered with blue." 

—Kollar. 

B. antiqua, Vapourer, or brown tussock 

moth. This moth appears from 

August to October. Mr. Curtis informs 

us that— " The males then fly about in 

i 

' 

ing the thighs, which are of an orange 

pursuit oftheir consorts, who are desti- 

tute of wings, and afterdepositing alarge 

colour, and the tibia and tarsi are va- number of eggs, fall down exhausted and 

riegatfd with huff; the upper wings die. These eggs are somewhat ovate, 

have two long black spots upon the depressed, and hollow on the crown, 

costal margin, with one or more dots round which is a brown ring. They 

near the base, in a transverse line. As are of a pinky-white colour, and are 

the moths stick about plants and walls, fastened as they are laid, by a gluti- 

often in pairs, in May and June, they nous substance, to the bark of the tree, 

are easily detected, and it becomes or whatever the parent happens to rest 

necessary to kill them to prevent the upon, frequently to the web containing 

havoc they make with the foliage." the shell of the pupa; they are hatched 

Card. Chron. 

the following April, when the larvae 

B. phtEorrhaa. Brown-tailed moth. attack a great variety of trees, feeding 

M. Kollar states that— " According to upon the leaves of roses, brambles, the 

Curtis, the 

tailed moth 

caterpillar of the brown- 

is found on the hawthorn 

apple, plum, sloe, hawthorn, oak, lime, 

alder, and sallow. The caterpillars

— 

BON 95 B R 

often do considerable mischief to the riance and beauty of his flowers. One 

rose-trees, bv eating large holes in the pound of bone-dust mixed with twelve 

leaves; and", keeping on the under ounces of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), 

sides, they are seldom visible until they and twelve ounces of water, if left to 

are full-grown, when they are often an act upon each other for a day, form 

inch in length, and ramble about to super-phosphate of lime, a wine-glass 

select some suitable crevice in the bark 

of a tree or other secure place to spin 

their fine white silken web, strengthened 

and protected with the different 

hairs from their own bodies ; in this 

web they change to pitch colour, and 

rather hairy chrysalides, from whence 

the moths are produced at various pe- 

full of which has been found beneficial 

to pelargoniums. Applied as a topdressing, 

mixed with half its weight of 

charcoal dust, it is a good manure for 

onions, and may be applied at the rate 

of nine pounds to the square rod. 

There is little doubt of this super-phosphate 

being good for all our kitchengarden 

crops, being more prompt in its 

riods." Gard. Chron. 

BON .\ P .\RT E A . Two species, effects upon a crop than simple bone- 

Stove epiphytes. Seed. Rich sandy dust, because it is soluble in water, and 

loam. 

therefore more readily presented to the 

! BONATEA speciosa. Stove epiphyte. roots in a state for them to imbibe. 

Division. Sandy peat and loam BONNETIA palustris. Stove ever- 

BONES are beneficial as a manure, green tree. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

because their chief constituent (phos- B O N T I A daphnoides. Stove everphate 

of lime) is also a constituent of green tree. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

all plants; and the gelatine which is BORAGE (Borago officinalis). Its 

also in bones is of itself a source of food young leaves are sometimes used in 

to them. The bones of the ox, sheep, salads, or boiled as spinach. Being 

horse, and pig, being those usually em- aromatic, its spikes of flowers are put 

ployed, their analyses are here given:— into negus and cool tankards. 

Ox Sheep Horse Fig Soil and Situation.—For the spring 

Phosph. of lime 

Carb. of lime 

Animal matter 

The bones must 

! 

55 70 

4 I 5 

33 25 

I 

be applied to the 

and summer sowing, any light soil and 

open situation may be allotted, provided 

the first is not particularly rich ; but 

for those which have to withstand the 

crops in very small pieces or 

winter, a light dry soil, and the shelter 

powder; of a south fence, is most suitable. A 

very fertile soil renders it super-luxu- 

and ten pounds at the time of insertin

B OR B OR 

To obtain seed.—To save seed, some 

of those plants which have survived the 

winter must be left ungatliered from. 

Tliey will begin to flower about June ; 

and when their seed is perfectly ripe, 

the stalks must be gathered, and dried 

completely before it is rubbed out. 

BORAGO. Six species. Hardy. Division 


BORASSUS flahellifnrmis. Stove 

palm. Seed. Loam and peat. 

BORBONIA. Nine species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

BORDER, is a name applied to that 

narrow division of the garden which 

usually accompanies each side of a 

walk in the pleasure-grounds, and to 

the narrow bed which is close to the 

garden wall on one side, and abuts on a 

walk on the other. The walls being 

mostly occupied by fruit trees, the latter 

may be considered as the fruit-borders, 

and the first-named as the flowerborders. 

1. Fruit-bordeis.—Next to the wall 

should be a path three feet wide, fori 

the convenience of pruning and gathering. 

Next to this path should be the 

border, eight or nine feet wide; and 

then the broad walk, which should always 

encompass the main compartments 

ofthe kitchen garden. The whole 

of the breadth from the wall to the edge 

of this main walk should be excavated 

and large stones then put in to the depth 

of one foot and a half; and the remaining 

two feet and a half filled up with 

suitable soil. From the underdrainage 

of brickbats, &c., draining pipes should 

be laid, with an outfall into some neighboring 

ditch. No fruit tree will be 

healthy if it roots deep, or if its roots 

are surrounded by superfluous water 

— 

that is, more water than the soil will 

retain by its own chemical and capillary 

attractions. Shallow rooting crops 

do no harm to the trees grown on fruit 

borders sufficient to require their total 

banishment. 

2. Flower borders.—These, like the 

preceding, and indeed like every other 

part ofthe garden not devoted to aquatic 

and marsh plants, should be well 

drained. In plotting them it must also 

be remembered, that if narrow, no art 

will impart to them an aspect of boldness 

and grandeur. Indeed narrowness 

of surface is inseparably connected with 

an impression that the grounds are of 

limited extent, and no disposal of the 

plants will remove the littleness thus 

suggested. If the pleasure grounds are 

small, narrow borders are permissible, 

but even then the broader they are the 

less is the appearance of meanness. 

Neatness must be the presiding deity 

over flower borders, and no application 

ofthe hoe and rake, no removal of decayed 

leaves, no tying up of straggling 

members, can be too unremitting. 

For the arrangement of the plants, 

see Flowers; and for particular cultivation, 

each will be found under the 

name ofthe plant. 

BORECOLE, Brassica olerarea fimbriata. 

Varieties.—Of the following, 1, 2, 3. 

5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 16, are the 

best. 

1. Brussels Borecole, or Sprouts. 

2. Green Borecole, Brassica oleracea 

[ 6. 

selenisia. 

3. Purple Borecole, B. oleracea laciniata. 

4. Variegated Borecole. 

5. German or Curled Kale, or Cur- 

lies. 

Scotch or Siberian Kale, B. o. 

' sabdlica. 

7. Chou de Milan. 

8. Egyptian or Rabi Kale. 

9. Ragged Jack. 

to the depth of four feet ; the bottom of 10. I 

the excavation rammed hard ; brickbats 

j Woburn 

j the 

Jerusalem Kale. 

11. Buda-Russian, or Manchester 

Kale. 

12. Anjou Kale. 

13. One-thousand-headed cabbage. 

14. Palm Borecole. 

15. Portugal or large ribbed. 

16. Woburn perennial. 

kale may be propagated by 

cuttings, six inches long, planted where 

to remain in March or April. 

Buda kale is greatly improved by 

blanching under a pot, like sea kale. 

Sowing.—The first crop sow about 

end of March, or early in April, the 

seedlings of which are fit for pricking 

out towards the end of April, and for 

final planting at the close of May, for 

production late in autumn and commencement 

of winter. The sowing 

must be repeated about the middle of 

May; for final planting, during July, 

and lastly in August, for use during 

winter and early spring. 

Pricking out, — Their fitness for

B OR 97 B OT 

pricking out is when their leaves are 

about two inches in breadth ; they must 

be set six inclies apart each way, and 

watered frequently until established. 

In four or five weeks tiiey will be of 

sufficient growth for final removal. 

Planting.—When planted, they must 

be set in rows two feet and a half apart 

each way, the last plantation may be 

six inches closer. They must be watered 

and weeded, and as they are of 

large spreading growth, the earth can 

only be drawn about their stems during 

their early growth. If during stormy 

weather any of those which acquire a 

tall growth are blown down, they must 

be supported by stakes, when they will 

soon firmly re-establish themselves. 

To raise seed.—For the production of 

seed, such plants of each variety as are ' 

of the finest growth must be selected, 

and either left where grown or removed I 

during open weather in November, or 

before the close of February, the earlier 

the better, into rows three feet apart i 

each way, and buried down to their 

heads. The seed ripens about the beginning 

of August. I 

BORONIA. Twelve species. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat. 

BORRERIA. Three species. Stove 

or green-house. Cuttings. Common 

soil. 

BOSCI.V senegalensis. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich clayey 

loam. 

BOSFiA yervamora. Green-house 


peat. 

BOSTRICHUS, a class of beetles, 

many of which arc very injurious to the 

crops of the garden. 

B. dispar, Apple bark beetle. The 

female of this insect bores into the 

wood of the apple tree, and there deposits 

her eggs, generally in the month of 

May ; and its perforations are so numerous 

and extensive, as frequently, on the 

continent, to destroy the tree. In England 

it rarely occurs. The perforations 

are confined to the alburnum of the 

wood. 

B. typographus. Typographer bark 

beetle. This attacks the pine tribe, 

especially the silver fir. 

B. pinaslri, Pinaster, or red bark 

beetle, confines its attacks to the pines, 

leaving the firs untouched, as the B. 

larius lives exclusively on the larch, 

7 

and the B. orthogi-aphus on the spruce 

fir. 

BOSWELLIA, Alibanum tree. Two 

species. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. 


BOTANY BAY TREE, Smilax glycyphylla. 

BOTRYCHIUM, Moonwort. Six species. 

Hardy ferns. Division, or seed. 


BOTTOM HEAT. Naturally the 

temperature of the soil always bears a 

due relative proportion to that of the 

air. When the temperature of the air 

decreases, that of the soil also de- 

creases, but very slowly ; 

and when the 

atmospheric heat increases, that of the 

soil also gradually rises. Bottom heat, 

or heat applied below the roots of 

plants, is the artificial mode of imitating 

this proceeding of nature in our hothouses, 

and other structures of that 

kind. If the temperature of the soil be 

too cold in proportion to the temperature 

of the atmosphere, the roots are not 

stimulated sufficiently to imbibe food as 

fast as it is required by the branches 

and foliage, and as a consequence the 

leaves or fruit will fall or wither. On 

the otherhand,if the temperature of the 

soil be too great in proportion to that 

of the atmosphere, the roots absorb food 

faster than it can be elaborated by the 

branches and leaves, and as a consequence, 

over luxuriant shoots, and an 

extra development ofleaves, are caused 

instead of blossoms, and a healthy progress 

in all the parts. 

Every plant obviously will have a 

particular bottom heat most congenial 

to it. Plants growing in open plains, 

as at the Cape of Good Hope, will require 

a higher bottom heat than those 

growing in the shade of the South American 

forests, though the temperature of 

the air out of the shade niay be the same 

in each country. That gardener will 

succeed in exotic plant-culture best, 

who among his other knowledge has 

ascertained the relative temperature of 

the air and soil in which any given plant 

grows naturally. At present, such information 

from actual observation is 

not obtainable, but it is not so difiicult 

to ascertain the maximum and minimum 

temperature of the air of a country ; 

and this being obtained, the gardener 

may adopt this as a safe rule. Let the 

bottom heat for plants of that country 

be always 5* higher than the average

BOU 98 B RE 

temperature, or if the average maximum < 

for 

insects ; it should not be allowed to 

; 

| 

' 

temperature of the air olily be known,! rise higher than six or eight inches, and 

let the bottom heat be less by 10° than as much in breadth—if necessary to rethe 

maximum temperature of the air. strain its growth, transplant. The best 

Dr. Lindley very justly observes upon 

this subject, that " we have doubtless 

much to learn as to the proper manner 

seasons for planting box are at mid- 

summer, and early in the spring. Small 

rooted slips are employed, and are 

of applying bottom heat to plants, and planted against the perpendicular side 

as to the amount they will bear under of a small trench along the edge of the 

particular circumstances. It is in par- border or bed they are desired to bound, 

ticular probable, that in hot-houses The best month for clipping box is 

• June, 

j 

' 

[ 

j 

\ 

' of 

plants will not bear the same quantity 

of bottom heat as they receive in na- weather. 

ture, because we cannot give them the BllABEJUM 

same amount of light and atmospheric evergreen 

warmth ; and it is necessary that we loam 

should ascertain experimentally whether BRACHYCOME 

it is not a certain proportion between 

and it should be done in showery 

! 

I 

, 

s

BRI 99 BRI 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Turfy loam i 

and peat. 

BRICKS. As the gardener often 

may require to know how many bricks 

will be required for an intended structure, 

it will be a guide for him to know 

that all bricks sold in England are required 

by statute (17 Oeo. 3, c. 42) to 

be eight and a half inches long, four 

inches wide, and two and a half inches 

thick. Pantiles, by the same authority, 

must be thirteen and a half inches- long, 

nine and a half inches wide, and half 

an inch thick. 

BRIDGES* are inconsistent with tlie 

nature of a lake, but characteristic of a 

river ; they are on that account used in 

landscape gardening to disguise a termination 

; but the deception has been 

so often practised, that it no longer deceives, 

and a bolder aim at the same 

effect will now be more successful. If 

the end can be turned just out of sight, 

a bridge at some distance raises a belief, 

while the water beyond it removes 

every doubt, of the continuation of the 

river; the supposition immediately occurs, 

that if a disguise had been intended, 

the bridge would have been 

placed further back, and the disregard 

tluis shown to one deception gains credit 

for the otffer. 

As a bridge is not a mere appendage 

to a river, but a kind of property which 

denotes its character, the connexion 

between them must be attended to ; 

from the want of it, the single wooden 

arch once much in fashion, seemed 

generally misplaced ; elevated without 

occasion so much above it, it was to- 

tally detached from the river ; 

and often 

seen straddling in the air, without a 

glimpse of the water to account for it, 

and the ostentation of it as an ornamental 

object diverted all that train of 

ideas which its use as a communication 

might suggest. The vastness of Walton 

Bridge cannot without alfectation be 

mimicked in a garden where the magnificent 

idea of inducting the Thames 

under one arch is wanting ; and where 

the structure itself, reduced to a narrow 

scale, retains no pretension to greatness. 

Unless the situation make such a 

height necessary, or the point of view 

be greatly above it, or wood or rising 

ground instead of sky behind it fdl up 

the vacancy of the arch, it seems an 

effort without a cause, forced and preposterous. 

The vulgar footbridge of planks, only 

guarded on one hand by a common rail, 

and supported by a few ordinary piles, 

is often more proper. It is perfect as a 

communication, because it pretends to 

nothing further, it is the utmost simplicity 

of cultivated nature; and if the 

banks from which it starts be of a moderate 

height, its elevation preserves it 

from meanness. 

No other species so effectually characterizes 

a river ; it seems too plain for 

an ornament, too obscure for a disguise ; 

it must be for use, it can be a passage 

only ; it is therefore spoiled if adorned, 

it is disfigured if only painted of any 

other than a dusky colour. But being 

thus incapable of all decoration and importance, 

it is often too humble for a 

great, and too simple for an elegant 

scene. A stone bridge is generally 

more suitable to either, but in that also 

an extraordinary elevation compepsates 

for the distance at which it leaves the 

water below. 

A gentle rise and easy sweep more 

closely preserve the relation ; a certain 

degree of union should also be formed 

between the banks and the bridge, that 

it may seem to rise out of the banks, 

not barely to be imposed upon them ; it 

ought not generally to swell much 

above their level, the parapet wall 

should be brought down near to the 

ground, or end against some swell, and 

the size and tlie uniformity of the abutments 

should be broken by hillocks or 

thickets about them ; every expedient 

should be used to mark the connexion 

of the building, both with the ground 

from which it starts, and the water 

which it crosses. 

' 

In wild and romantic scenes may be 

introduced a ruined stone bridge, of 

which some arches may be still standing, 

and the loss of those which are 

fallen may be supplied by a few planks, 

with a rail thrown over the vacancy. It 

is a picturesque object, it suits the situation 

and the antitjuity of the passage; 

tiie care taken to keep it still open, 

though the original building is decayed, 

the apparent necessity which thence results 

lor a communication, give it an 

imposing air of reality.— Whateley. 

BRINING. See Steeping. 

BROADCAST, is a mode of sowing 

now rapidly falling into disuse in the 

garden as well as in the field. It has 

no one advantage over sowing in drills.

B RO 100 B RO 

except that the work of sowing is done 

more expeditiously. Subsequently, the 

saving is all on the side of the drill sys- 

case choose a spot shaded from the 

mid-day sun, and cover the bed with 

, 

1 

1 

straw litter, lightly spread over the siirtem. 

See Drilling. I know of no face, which suifer to remain until the 

sowing where the broadcast mode is seeds sprout, when it should be immepreferable, 

except in the case of grass diately removed. Bass mats or cloths 

seeds upon lawns. Loudon thus do 

scribes the operation of broadcast sowing:—"The 

seed is taken up in portions 

in the hand, and dispersed by a 

horizontal movement of the arm to the 

are sometimes used for this purpose; 

they should be removed every evening, 

and replaced in the morning, etse the 

seed loses the benefit of the dew. 

" A few observations only are neces- 

extent of a semicircle, opening the hand sary as to the progressive culture of 

at the same time, and scattering the the l)roccoli. Having, in the first place, 

, 

; 

' 

i 

\ 

, 

j 

seeds in the air, so as they may fall as selected a deeply dug, rich piece of 

equally as possible over the breadth ground, and planted them therein as 

taken in by the sower at once, and you would cabbage plants, allowing 

which is generally six feet, that being them rather more room, do not neglect 

the diameter of the circle in which his to hoe and stir the 

hand moves through half the circum- perfectly clean and 

ground, keeping it 

free from weeds; 

ference. In sowing broadcast on the when they are six or eight inches high, 

surface of his beds, and in narrow strips land them up, that is, with the hoe 

or borders, the seeds are dispersed draw around the base of the plants 

between the thumb and fingers by hori- some of the loose soil, forming it like a 

zontal movements of the hand in seg- basin, the stock of the plant being the 

ments of smaller circles." 

centre. If dry weather ensue, give an 

BROCCOLI. The same in Eng., Fr., occasional watering, which will greatly 

and Ital. Italienische Kohl, Ger. Bro- facilitate their growth. 

culi. Span. " This exquisite vegetable " The earlier sowings will commence 

resembles the cauliflower in growth, ap- heading early in the autumn 1 ; the latter 

pearance, and flavour, and is supposed sown plants, many of them will show no 

to have originated from it. Some of the appearance of heading before winter, 

varieties produce white heads, others On the approach of black fro^ they are 

purple, sulphur coloured, &c. It is cultivated 

with less trouble than the cauliflower, 

and heads with more certainty. 

The autumn is the season in which it is 

generally perfected, but with proper 

management may frequently be had 

throughout the winter and spring. 

" The varieties are extensive, and 

differ in the time of ripening, as well as 

hardiness. Those we have cultivated 

to be removed to some sheltered situation, 

and " laid in," after the manner of 

winter cabbage ; that is, burying the 

stalk entirely up to the lower leaves, 

the crown projecting at an angle of 

45 degrees. Thny are more tender 

than the cabbage, and require to be 

protected against severe frost, which 

may readily be done by setting over 

them frames, such as are placed on hot- 

: 

j 

with most success are the purple cape beds, and cover with shutters, or by 

sulphur coloured, and early cauliflower setting boards on edge around them, the 

broccoli. There are also several other 

autumnal kinds, such as the green cape, 

back the highest, on which lay a covering 

of boards similar to a roof. Thus 

early purple, early white, cream-coloured, 

or Portsmouth, &c. ; but the 

purple cape is much the most certain 

they are sheltered from frost, and undue 

quantities of rain. As the winter advances, 

and the frost becomes more se- 

to head, indeed the only one to be revere, give an additional covering, of 

lied on in this climate. Our plan of, straw scattered loosely immediately 

cultivation has been, to sow the seed over the plants inside the board cover- 

, 

from the middle to latter end of spring; ing. In this situation they will remain 

secure, some of them heading from time 

transplanting them when they attain the I 

j 

| 

I 

size at which cabbage plants are gene- to time during the winter, and most of 

rally put out. them_ producing fine heads in spring. 

"Should the weather prove very dry Care should be observed to remove the 

at tbfi periods in which it is proper to straw covering on the arrival of spring, 

BOW, some difliculty may be found in and to raise the shutters or boards in 

fine weather, that air may be freely ad- 

getting the seed to vegetate ; in that !

— 

BRO 101 BRU 

mitted, removing them entirely the latter 

part of March. 

It is the practice of some who have 

light dry cellars, to place them therein, 

when removing them in the autumn, 

burying the roots and stalks as above 

directed. In that situation they re- 

BROTERA, corymhosa. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Division. Loam and 

peat 

BROUGHTONIA. Two species, 

Stove epiphytes. Division. Wood, 

BROUSSONETIA. Two species, 

Hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings. Light 

quire no further care or protection, 

Broccoli is someiimes sown about the 

middle of September, the plants preopen 

soil. 

BROWALLIA. Four species. Green- 

house annuals. Seeds. Rather sandy 

served in frames during winter, and put soil. 

out in the spring. They are by no 

means certain to succeed well at that 

season ; a few nevertheless might be 

thus managed, as they will generally 

head in the autumn, when tailing to do 

so during the summer months. 

"All the Brassica or Cabbage tribe is 

subject to be preyed upon by various 

insects, the most destructive of which 

in this country is the ' Black Fly' 

(Ilaltica nemorum) ; and in such im- 

BROWNEA. Five species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Sandy 


BROWXLOWIA elata. Stove evergreen 

tree. Cuttings. Sandy loamy 

soil. 

BRUCHUS, a genus of beetles. 

B. graiiarius and B. pisi are greatly 

destructive to our pea crops. They are 

small brownish beetles, usually found 

at the same time the plants are in flower, 

, 

j 

i 

mense quantities do they sometimes 

appear, and so voracious their appetite, 

that extreme difficulty is found in proand 

they deposit their eggs in the ten- 

der seeds of leguminous plants, and 

sometimes in different kinds of corn, 

tecting the young plants from their In these the larva, a small white lieshy 

depredations. As soon as they appear. grub, tinds both a suitable 

take wood ashes, mixed with one-third and an abundance of food. 

habitation 

It underair-slaked 

lime, and sprinkle over the goes all its transformations in the seed, 

entire plants, first wetting the leaves and the perfect insect remains in it till 

j 

that the dust may adhere ; this should the spring, though in fine autumns the 

be repeated as often as it flies ofl^, or is perfect insects appear at that season 

washed olf by rain. An application of] also. The larva; possess the singular 

j 

| 

\ 

' 

lime water is also beneficial ; it is disa- instinct of never attacking the vital part 

preeable to the fly as well as the slug of the seed till the last, 

; 

the latter insect preys much upon them We have often observed the seed 

in damp weather. But the most certain pods of chorozema, and other delicate 

preventive is a solution of whale-oil and scarce leguminous plants in green- 

soap—a solution of common soft-soap houses, pierced by the Brnchus pisi. 

or brown-soap, would probably answer The more effectual remedy is to pull 

i 

the purpose; the alkali therein is par- i up and burn the haulm and pods altoticularly 

offensive to that troublesome gether, and not attempt to get a crop 

intruder." Rural Register 

at all. Peas infested with B. granarius, 

BRODLÊA. Two species B. conare always known by a small hole being 

g:e.s/rt, green-house ; B. grandiflora, half! on one side, and these should be care- 

hardy bulbous peren'nials. Offsets, fully picked out, as they not only spoij 

Sandy peat. 

the appearance of a sample, but spread 

BllOMELIA. Fifteen species. Chiefly the injury 

Btove herbaceous perennials. B. disco- BRUGMANSIA. Four species. 

lor is an evergreen shrub; B. exudans. Green-house evergreen shrubs. B. Wayan 

epiphvte. Suckers. Rich loamy soil. 7?innu' is a stove evergreen tree. Cut- 

BROMHEADIA pa/us^r/s. Stove epiphyte. 

Offsets. Peat and potsherds. 

BRONGNIARTIA, podalyrioides. 



BiioOM. See Besom. 

BROSIMUM. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loamy 

soil. 

tings. Rich soil 

BRUISE. See Canker. 

BRUNIA. Eighteen species. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat. 

RRUNNICHIAc/rr/iosa. Green-house 

evergreen climber. Cuttings. Loamy 

soil. 

BRUNONIA australis. Hardy herb-

B RU J02 BUD 

aceous perennial. Division. Loamy [ 

A 

: 

I 

soil. A frame or cool 

than if the buds were left upon the pa- 

green-house is rent. Delicate kinds are strenj^thened 

suited for its growth 

B R U N S F E L S I Four species, 

by being worked, as it is technically 

termed, upon more robust stocks, as 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttin^ Good when a tender vine is budded on the 

rich soil. 

BRUNSVIGIA. Thirteen species. 

Syrian, and the double yellow rose upon 

the common China. Variegated roses 

Green-house bulbous perennials. Off- often lose their distinctive marks if 

sets. Rich mould. 

The bulbs, while dormant, which is 

grown upon their own roots. Roses 

budded npon the common brier afford 

j 

during winter, are kept in a cool green- finer flowers than upon their own stems, 

' house, in as dry and airy a place as Buds from seedling peaches and pears 

possible, until they begin to show leaves; are earlier productive—and produce 

then to be potted in three parts good finer fruit — budded upon a robust 

turfy loam, one part leaf-mould and stock ; but buds of the pear inserted 

j 

a little silver sand, and placed so that i earlier than the close of August, prothey 

have the full benefit of the light. ! duce 

branches and not blossoms. Where 

When the leaves have grown to about the bud comes in contact with the wood 

the stock, a confused line is visible, 

between which line and the bark of the 


[ 

I 

I 

1 

! 

; 

twelve inches in length, plunge in a | 

strong bottom heat, and allow to remain 

till the flower-stem pushes clear of the bud new wood is produced, having 

leaves, which will be in about four or solely all the characteristics of the pafive 

weeks. They must then be gra- rent of the bud. Buds of almost every 

dually hardened off and returned to the species succeed with most certainty if 

green-house, there to expand their bios- inserted in shoots of the same year's 

soms, which consist of a number of from growth : but the small walnut buds suc- 

twenty to thirty flowers. 

ceed best which are taken from the base 

After flowering, every care must be of the annual shoots, where these join 

taken of the foliage, by exposing it to the year old wood of that from which 

the full influence ofthesuB,and giving the bud is taken. Buds are usually two 

plenty of water. 

When the plants show an inclination 

years later than grafts in producing 

fruit, but then every bud will produce a 

to rest, water must be altogether with- new plant, but each graft has at least 

held. 

BRYA. Two species. Stove ever- 

three upon it. Buds succeed more readily 

than grafts, and if a graft inserted 

green shrubs. Cuttings or seed. Very in the spring has failed, a bud may suc- 

rich soil. 

BRYOPHYLLUM calicinum. Stove 

ceed in the summer of the same year. 

Buds are ready for removal when their 

evergreen shrub. ~ Leaves. Rich loamy shield, or bark attached to them, sepa- 

soil. 

BUCIDA buceras. Stove evergreen 

tree. Ripe cuttings. Loam and peat. 

BUDS. The buds are organized parts 

of a plant, of an ovate or conical form, 

and containing the rudiments of future 

branches, leaves, and flowers, which ! the 

rates readily from the wood. This is 

usually in July or August, and is intimated 

by the buds being well developed 

in the axillae of the presentyear's leaves. 

Scallop-budding may be done almost at 

anv season. Buds should be taken from 

middle of the shoot ; those from its 

| 

remain latent until circumstances favour point are said to make wood too freely, 

their development. The same buds ac- and those from the base to be more uncordingly, 

as circumstances vary, pro- excitable, and consequently less prompt 

duce either flowers or leaves. Buds to vegetate. 

spring from the alburnum, to which Stocks for budding may be much 

they are always connected by central smaller than for grafting, even on the 

vessels. 

BUDDING is the art of making a bud 

unite to the stem or branch (then called 

the stock) of another tree or shrub, in- 

dependently from its parent. The ob- 

same year's shoot. Several buds may 

be inserted on older branches, and thus 

a good head be obtained at once. On 

stocks of long standing, scallop-budding 

is to be adopted. Just after rain, 

ject thus attained is a rapid multiplica- and when there is no violent wind, is a 

tion of that parent ; and in the case of! time to be preferred for budding. Whatseedlings, 

an earlier production of fruit ever mode ofbudding is adopted, quick-

BUD 103 BUD 

ness in the operation is indispensable, 

for if the wound in the stock or that of 

the bud becomes dry, the buddiiHr will 

fail. The bark of the stock should be 

cut and raised first, and if possible on 

its north side. A piece of moist bass 

may be twisted over the wound whilst I generally 

the United States. The annexed cut will 

convey a tolerably clear idea of the process 

; a is the stock or tree to bebudded. 

Shield-budding and Scallop-budding :— 

" With the budding-knife make a horizontal 

cut across the rind, quite through 

from the middle 

to the firm wood at b ; 

the bnd is preparinjr, and the moment 

this is done, it sliould be inserted, and 

the ligature put on furthwith. 

There are twenty-three modes of 

budding described by M. Thouin, but 

Fig. 22. 

of this transverse cut make a slit downward 

perpendicularly, an inch or more 

long, going also quite through to the 

wood. This done, proceed with all 

expedition to take off a bud, holding 

the cutting or scion in one hand with 

the thickest end outward, and with the 

knife in the other hand enter it about 

half an inch or more below a bud, cutting 

near halfway into the wood of the 

shoot, continuing it with one clean 

slanting cut about half an inch or more 

above the bud, so deep as to take off 

part of the wood along with it, the 

whole about an inch and a half long, 

represented by c ; then directly with 

the thumb and finger, or point of the 

knife, slip off the v/oody part remaining 

to the bud ; which done, observe 

whether the eye or gem of the bud 

remains perfect; if not, and a little 

hole appears, in that part it is imperfect 

or, as gardeners express it, the bud has 

lost its root and another must be prepared. 

If, however, it is found imprac- 

only one—shield-budding, (Fig. 22)— is 

practised in Great Britain and 

ticable to remove this woody part without 

leaving a hole, let it remain, it ia 

not absolutely objectionable. When the 

bud has been thus prepared, slip it down 

between the wood and bark to the bottom 

of the slit ; the next operation is to 

cut off the top part of the shield, even 

with the horizontal first-made cut, in 

order to let it completely into its place, 

and to join exactly the upper edge of 

the shield with the transverse cut, that 

the descending sap may immediately 

enter the bark of the shield, and protrude 

granulated matter between it and 

the wood, so as to effect a living union. 

The parts are now to be immediately 

bound round with a ligament of fresh 

bass, previously soaked in water to 

rendf-r it pliable and tough, beginning 

a little below the bottom of the perpendicular 

slit, proceeding upwards closely 

round every part except just over the 

eye of the bud, and continuing it a little 

above the horizontal cut, not too tight, 

but just sufficient to keep the whole 

close, and exclude the air, sun, and wet, 

as represented at d. If the stock and 

bud are both in fit condition, budding is 

usually performed with uniform success 

: it is a simple mechanical operation, 

and those accustomed to the work 

execute it with great rapidity ; an ac-

BUD 104 BUD 

tive nursery-hand will readily insert 

1000 buds in a day. In most of the New 

Jersey nurseries boys are employed for 

budding peaches, and by much practice 

become perfect adepts at it. The mode 

just described is called shield or T 

budding, from the shield-like form of 

the portion of bark containing the bud 

to be inserted, and the resemblance 

which the horizontal and perpendicular 

cuts made for its admission into the 

stock, bear to the two principal bars of 

the letter T. 

" In selecting buds, those that are 

very young should be avoided; for in 

that case they are closely connected 

with the greenish substance composing 

the bud had attached itself, the ligature 

last applied was taken off, but the other 

was sufi'ered to remain. The passage 

of the sap upwards was in consequence 

much obstructed, and buds inserted in 

June began to vegetate strongly in July. 

When these had afforded shoots about 

four inches long, the remaining ligature 

was taken off to permit the excess of 

sap to pass on, and the young shoots 

were nailed to the wall. Being there 

properly exposed to light, their wood 

ripened well and afforded blossoms in 

the succeeding spring." 

In the fii-t week of July the thorns 

should be removed from those places 

on the stocks intended for budding 

I 

[ 

the pith at the tender age of the shoot roses. If they be not taken away, 

producing tiiem ; and on this substance the operation is rendered needlessly 

they then doubtless too much depend troublesome; and it is best done then, 

for nourishment to be safely deprived 

of it. 

" It is a sign that they are duly constituted 

when they begin to emit woody 

substance; and this will form a criterion 

of their fitness to shift for themselves. 

" Buds taken from fruit-bearing trees 

on walls are apt to fall, owing to the 

prevalence of blossom-buds which will 

not produce shoots. 

" Scallop-budding consists in paring 

a thin tongue-shaped section of bark 

from the side of the stock ; and in tak- j cording 

ing a similar section or shield from the 

shoot of buds, in neither case removing 

the wood. The section or shield containing 

the bud, is then laid on the corresponding 

scallop in the stock ; its 

upper edge exactly fitted as in shieldbudding, 

and at least one of its edges as 

in whip-grafting—after this it is tied in 

the usual way. The advantages of this 

mode are, that it can be performed 

when the wood and bark do not separate 

freely ; on trees having very stiff, 

thick, suberose bark, and at any season 

of the year. Its disadvantages are, that 

it requires longer time to perform the 

operation, and is less certain of success." 

" Mr. Knight was accustomed on 

some occasions to employ two distinct 

ligatures to hold the bud of his peach 

— 

as time is thus allowed for the bark's 

healing. The best time for budding the 

rose is towards the end of that month ; 

a dormant eye being employed just after 

a fall of rain, and when no strong dry 

wind is moving. An attention to these 

circumstances ensures that the sap is 

flowing freely, and avoids a rapid evaporation 

so often preventing success. 

Moist bass is usually employed for closing 

the wound of the stock, but it is far 

preferable to use worsted, and over this 

a coating of the grai'ting wax, made ac- 

to the following recipe: 

Burgundy pitch .... 1 oz. 

Common pitch .... 4 

Yellow wax 4 

Tallow 2 

Nitre (carbonate of) 

potash) powdered . 

J 

These must be melted slowly in an . 

earthen pipkin, and applied whilst 

warm. Common diachylon sold in 

rolls by chemists answers as well as 

the above. A laurel leaf fastened at 

each end by a ligature round the stock, 

so as to arch over the bud, will complete 

the arrangement, and thus the 

sun's rays, the air, and wet, will be 

most effectually excluded, the admittance 

of any one of which are fatal to 

the union of the bud with the stock. 

The great point is to apply the ligature 

firmly without cutting the bark, 

| 

i 

trees in its place. One was first placed and to relax and re-tie it, when, after 

above the bud inserted, and upon the some time, the bark shall be found 

transverse section through the bark ; swelling a little over it. It is not dethe 

other, which had no further office sirable to remove the ligature finally, 

than that of securing the bud, was em- until, from the greenness and plump- 

of the bud, and the slight swelling 

ployed in the usual way. As soon as ness | 

1

BUD 105 B U L 

which takes place in it, evidence is sending out fibres from the base, and 

had that the operation has succeeded. so converting itself into a new indi- 

| 

VVithin a fortnight after the bud has vidual. Every bulbous-rooted plant 

I 

been inserted, its fresh swelling aspect has some peculiar point in its manage- 

] 

ment, but there are a few rules of 

•will intimate if it has united to the I 

stock. At the end of the third week, general applicability. They should 

if bass or worsted have been used as never be moved except whilst in a 

ligatures, these must be loosened, and state of rest ; this occurs to the sum- 

' 

in about ten days more removed. Very mer-flowering bulbs in autumn, and to 

early in the spring following, the heads the autumn-flowering in early summer, 

of the stocks must be removed by an They require to be taken up annually, 

or at farthest every second or third 

oblique cut terminating about one- : 

| 

eighth of an inch above the shield of- year, to remove the accumulated offthe 

bud, or six inches of the stock may sets. No bulb should be kept out of 

be left for the Tfirst year, to which to the ground for more than a month, and 

fasten the shoot as a support. 

even during that time it is desirable to 

BUDDLEA. Twelve species. Stove 

or green-house evergreen shrubs. B. 

globosa is hardy. Layers or cuttings. 


BUFF-TIP MOTH. See Bombyx. 

BUGINVILL.T:A spectabUis. Stove 

evergreen climber. Cuttings. Loamy 

keep it from drying by burying it in 

sand. 

" Some bulbs," says Mr. Loudon, 

" multiply so fast by throwing out offsets, 

that they soon cease to send up 

flower stems. Of these may be mentioned 

the Ornithosalum umhellatum 

/uêum, and some other species ; some 

species of Scilla Muscari, Iris, Allium, 

Oxalis, and others. These should 

soil 

BUGLE. See Ajuga. 

BUISSON, is a fruit tree on a very 

low stem, and with a head closely 

pruned. 

BULBINE. Twenty-one species. 

Chiefly green-house herbaceous perennials. 

B. frutescens, B. rostrata, B. 

eitlier be annually taken up, their off- 

sets removed, and the parent bulb replanted, 

or the offsets, as soon as they 

send up leaves, should be destroyed. 

Indeed, whenever strong blowing bulbs 

! 

| 

j 

I 

| 

I 

is the principal object, the offsets 

swar/s are evergreen shrubs; B.bisul- should never be allowed to attain any 

cata, is a hardy bulb. Cuttings, offsets, size, but as soon as they indicate their 

suckers. Sandy loam or rich mould. existence by showing leaves above 

BULBS, are really underground ground, they should be removed with 

buds ; their fibrous or real roots die a blunt stick, or in any way least inannually, 

but the bulbs remain stored Ijurious to the parent. By this practice 

with elaborated sap, and retaining, a great accession of strength is given to 

though latent, the vital powers of the the main plant, both for the display of 

plant, ready for reproduction at the blossom during the current season, and 

a[)propriate season. Beside root bulbs, for invigorating the leaves to prepare 

as are the onion, crocus, &c., there are and deposit nutriment in the bulb for 

stem or culinary bulbs, equally efficient the next year. In pursuance of the 

for |)ropagation. same objects, every flower should be 

The culinary bulb consists of a num- pinched off as soon as it begins to deber 

of small scales closely compacted cay, but the flower-stalk may remain 

together in an ovate or conical form, till it begins to change colour with the 

j 

, 

\ 

enclosing the rudiments of a future leaves." Enc, Uard. 

plant, and originating sometimes in the " The rule to observe with newly 

axil of the leaves, as in Dentaria bulbi- imported bulbs, is to place them where 

fera and several liliaceous plants, and they absorb moisture very slowly. The 

sometimes at the base of the umbel of driest earth is full of water, which can 

flowers, as in Allium carinatum and 

others, in both which cases it is nouonly 

be driven off" by the application of 

intense heat. A bulb, therefore, should 

rislied by the parent plant till it has be planted in what is called dry soil, 

reached maturity, at which period the and placed in a shady part of a greenbond 

of connexion is dissolved, and the house until it has become plump and 

bulb falls to the ground, endowed with begun to shoot. If it has begun to 

shoot when received, still the same 

the power of striking root in the soil by | 

—

BUL 106 BUR 

| 

treatment should be observed, and the the surface to the depth of nine inches 

driest soil used to plant it in. 

"It is only when decisive signs 

or a foot. 

of, "As spring advances, these materials 

natural growth can be detected that a may be gradually removed, and all the 

very little water should be given, while care that will be afterwards required, 

the temperature is at the same time will consist in tying up the flower-stems 

\ 

i 

, 

slightly increased ; and no considerable as they increase in growth. Unless the 

quantity of water should be adminis- weather is very dry the beds will not 

tered until the leaves are an inch or need water; if such should be the case 

two above ground, and evidently dis- it should be liberally supplied, since the 

posed to grow rapidly. If these pre- want of moisture in the growing season 

cautions are taken, no failures are ever is just as destructive to Ixias, as a superlikely 

to occur ; if neglected, no sue- abundance of it during their period of 

cess can be anticipated. 

" To this class belong the numerous 

rest. If such beds are kept dry in 

winter, they will lasf for many years 

' 

, 

. 

beautiful tribes of Gladiolus, Ixia, Spar- without replanting, 

axis, Watsonia, &c., all of which are so " There are many more interesting 

closely allied, that the same treatment bulbs upon which it is needless here to 

is applicable to the whole of them. To dwell, as they will for the most part 

these may be added the Hyacinth. The thrive in the borders amongst other 

two principal points to be attended to plants. 

in the successful cultivation of the " These are the ErA'thronium dens 

: 

; 

! 

'• 

; 

; 

Gladiolus and Ixia are, to protect the canis and americanum ; Tigridia pabeds 

in which the bulbs are planted vonia ; Pardanthus chinensis ; Zephyfrom 

frost and from heavy rains, both ranthes Atamasco and Candida ; Fritilof 

which are equally destructive. For laria imperialis and meleagris ; Leucoboth 

tribes, the beds should be com- jum aestivum and pulchellum ; Scilla 

posed of prepared soil, at least one foot amoena, campanulata and prtecox ; Asdeep, 

with perfect drainage at the phodelus ramosus, tauricus and lacteus; 

bottom. Van Thol, Sans eye and Parrot tulips; 

"' That for Gladioli should consist of 

two parts turfy loam, one of leaf mould, 

Ornithogalum pyramidale," &c. 

BULBOCODIUM. Two species, 

and the remainder of well-rotted cow Hardy bulbous perennials. Offsets, 

dung and sand. For Ixias, the greater Sandy loam and peat, 

portion of the soil should be formed of: BULLACE TREE. Prunusinsititia. 

sandy peat without any manure. BULL GRAPE, litis rotundifolia. 

" In both cases the beds may be made BULLIARDA vaillanti. Hardy 

level with the surrounding surface, and aquatic annual. Seeds. Loam and peat, 

towards the latter end of this month the BUINIELIA. 

i 

Fourteen species. Stove 

bulbs may be planted upon them in evergreen trees, or hardy deciduous 

i 

I 

\ 

I 

] 

[ 

rows, six inches apart each way ; when shrubs or trees. Cuttings. Loamy soil, 

covered over with soil, the beds will or loam and peat. 

thus be raised a few inches above the B U N C H O S FA . Eleven species, 

bulbs; a small pyramid of sand should Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, 

be formed over each, to assist in pro- Loam, sand and peat, 

tecting them from damp. Gladioli BUPLEURUM. Forty species, 

should be covered three inches with Chiefly hardy annuals, biennials, perensoil 

; Ixias not more than two inches. nials, 

I 

I 

' 

' 

' 

I 

and a few evergreen shrubs. OfF- 

"After planting, a layer of dry de- sets or seeds. Common soil, 

cayed leaf mould, or tan from a spent BUPTHALMUM. Nine species, 

bark bed, should be spread three inches Hardy annuals and perennials, or greenthick 

over the beds. 

" Either of these will resist the 

house evergreen shrubs. For the greenrain 

house species, cuttings, loamy soil. For 

for some time; but if thcre'should be a the herbaceous species, suckers, comcontinuance 

of wet, the beds should mon soil. The annuals merely require 

also be protected with mats secured 

upon hoops. The tan or leaves will 

sowing in the open ground, 

BURCHARDIA umbellata. Greenlikewise 

assist materially in excluding house herbaceous perennial. Offsets 

frost. When, however, this sets in or division. Sandy peat, or peat and 

severely, dry leaves should be laid over loam. 

i

BURSERA 

BUR 

107 

CAB 

Two species. Stove Ripe cuttings. Rich soil, or loam and 

i 

i evergreen trees. Cuttings or seeds, peat. 

Loam ,„.,....... and peat. ,,vc... BYSTROPOGON. Four species. 

BURTONIA. .Fourspecjes. Green- Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cuthouse 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Very tings. Lo.'im and peat. 

sandy loam and peat. 

CABBAGE. (Brassica oleracea capi- 

BUSHEL. See Basket. 

tata.) " The cabbage tribe is, of all the 

B U T E A . Three species. Stove classes of cultivated vegetables, the 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam and most ancient, as well as the most ex- 

peat. 

tensive. The Brassica oleracea being 

BUTOMUS. Flowering Rush. Two extremely liable to sport or run into va- 

species. Hardy aquatic perennials. rieties and monstrosities has, in the 

Division. Rich loam. 

course of time, become the parent of a 

BUTTER AND EGGS. See Narcis- numerous race of culinary productions, 

sus. 

so various in their habit and appear- 

BURCHELLIA. Two species. Stove ance, that to many it may not appear a 

evergreen shrubs. B. capensis is easily little extravagant to refer them to the 

j 

propagated either bv cuttings of the same origin. 

j 

roots or seed, in very sandy loam and! "We have made our selection from the 

leaf mould. It requires close pruning, many which abound ; it embraces the 

to restrain over luxuriance. earliest, the latest and those which ripen 

| 

I BURLINGTONIA. Two species. intermediately, and have been chosen 

Stove epiphytes. Division. Wood, on account of their superior worth and 

with a little moss. 

suitableness for the peculiarities of our 

BURNET. Poterium. 

climate having found from experience, 

; 

BURN ONION. See Potato Onion. that some varieties highly esteemed in 

BURSARIA spinosa. Green-house Europe, are not so desirable in this 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam country. Short descriptions of the kinds 

and peat 

we are cultivating, may prove interest- 

BUTTERFLY. The caterpillars of ing to those who lack knowledge of the 

some of these insects are very injurious subject, and seek information. 

to the gardener, though those of the moth ''TheEarly Yorkisthe earliest variety, 

are still more numerous and destructive. (with the exception of the early dwarf, 

The butterflies which are the chief causes which is very small, and not worth 

of mischief- in our gardens are Pontia growing to any extent.) It is a delicious 

brassica:, P. rap

CAB 108 CAB 

vegetate freely, observe the directions leaves are exposed. This is done about 

for sowing Broccoli. About the latter the middle of October. When cold 

part of October, remove them to a spot weather approaches, they give a slight 

of ground previously prepared in which covering of straw, brush, or corn-stalks', 

they are to be preserved during the en- spread from ridge to ridge. Should the 

suing winter. Such situations should winter prove mild the plants will suc- 

be protected from northerly winds, and ceed very well, and come into head be 

lav exposed to the south. The best way 

13 to set a frame, provided with a shutter, 

in which plant them with a dibble, 

allowing each plant an inch square. In 

this situation suffer them to remain 

fore those planted in the spring. The 

covering is removed the laiter end of 

March or beginning of April, and the 

ridges gradually cut down to a level 

by the culture of the crop—deep tillage 

without cover, until the middle or close is essential to success with this vege- 

of November, according as the season 

may be mild or otherwise. Have the 

shutter at hand to use on any sudden 

cold; it may be slid on at night, and re- 

table. 

" Having neglected to sow in September, 

or from any accident having failed 

to get the plants at that time, prepare a 

moved in day time, either entirely or hot-bed in February, and therein sow 

partially, as the weather may require the seed, by itself, or mixed with celery, 

throughout the winter; air them freely radishes, or lettuce, 

in clear weather when not too cold, ^'Landreth^s Large York.—This is a 

and examine them from time to time, to variety that originated at Philadelphia, 

guard against the depredations of mice It is not what gardeners term a pure 

which sometimes harbour in the frames, kind; that is, the heads differ some- 

As early in the latter part of March or what in form; but it is one of the finest 

beginning of April, as the weather will varieties we are acquainted with. When 

permit, and the ground admit of being planted at the same time with the Early 

worked, set them out in a compartment York, it immediately succeeds it. For 

of the garden protected from northerly 

blasts. The ground should be deeply 

dug and manured very highly with well 

rotted stable dung; the richer the earth 

the market it is a profitable kind, the 

heads being large, firm, and heavy. It 

differs from what is known in England 

as the " Large Early York," that being 

is, the more luxuriant will be the growth , termed here the Early York. Mode of 

and earlier the crop. cultivation same as that of the Early 

" Should the fly attack them, give fre- York, 

quent sprinklings of wood-ashes and 'Êarly Sugarloaf — has a conical 

air-slaked lime, previously watering formed head, hence its name. It never 

the plants that it may adhere; or if becomes firm and hard, and is principracticable 

sprinkle with a solution of pally used for boiling; is esteemed a 

soap. If any run to seed remove them, delicate variety ; ripens with the Large 

and supply their place with fresh plants. York; is but little cultivated around 

It is scarcely necessary to add, that fre- Philadelphia. Treatment same as for 

quent deep hoeing should be given, to the York. 

destroy weeds and loosen the earth, 

that it may receive the dews; when 

they have attained a sufficient size earth I 

them up, that they may the more effect- 1 ated 

ually withstand drought. 

"The market gardeners around Phila- 

delphia, plant out considerable quanti- 

Early Batiersea—is in high repute in 

England as a second early variety. 

'^Philadelphia—a variety which origin- 

near the city of its name. It suc- 

produces a firm 

ceeds the Large York ; 

compact head, of large size, and is a 

profitable kind for market : the whole 

ties of Early York in the autumn, to crop not ripening at once, but heading 

stand over winter; their plan is to successively; it withstands the heat well, 

prepare a piece of ground with a and with Landreth's Large York forms 

southern aspect; throw up ridges of a the main early summer crops of extenfoot 

high, two and a half feet apart, run- sive gardeners who supply the Philadelning 

from N. W. to S. E., about half phia market. 

way up the side of the ridge, and on ''Large Drumhead — Flat Dutch — 

the southerly side they place the plants. Large Bergen — Drumhead Savoy— 

putting them in the ground so deeply Curled Savoy—These are all calculated 

that nothing but the heart and upper for the winter supply. The first three

CAB 109 C AC 

Cliiefly stove evergreen 

i produce firm, large heads, and differ CACALIA. 

but little. The Drumhead has a large shrubs and trees, or hardy herbaceous 

roundish head; the t)utch is flattened perennials; some are annuals. C. 

on the top; the Bergen somewhat re- bicolor is deciduous; C. radicajis, an 

sembles it, with short stalk, heading evergreen creeper ; C. scandens, an 

near the ground. The Savoys have evergreen climber. Cuttings. Division, 

curly leaves, and are much preferable 

to the others tor boiling; arc very 

Sandy loam. 

CACTUS. Four species. Stove 

tender and 

touched by 

delicately flavoured when 

the frost. The Drumhend 


Soil.— " The soil for young plants, 

Sat'Oi/ has been introduced of late years, one-half peat, with equal quantities of 

The head is nearly as large as the Drumhead, 

firm and compact—hence its 

strong yellow loam, pigeons' or sheep's 

dung, and river sand that has been at 

name. It keeps well throughout the least exposed twelve months to the 

winter, and until very late in the spring, weather, and frequently turned. Never 

and is decidedly worthy of general cul- mix the soil before it is wanted for use. 

ture, having all the delicacy of the 

curled variety. Time of sowing winter 

VVell silt, and the lumps place over the 

potsherds for drainage. When the 

cabbage is April and May, to be trans- plants have attained a proper size for 

planted in June and early part of .luly, blooming, add more of the loam in re- 

| 

choosing cloudy weather, when it looks potting them, particularly to C. spelikely 

for rain. An occasional watering ciosissitnus, and in all cases give plenty 

of drainage." Gai-d. Chron. 

fresh root. Sowing Fill the seed-pots with 

in dry weather will assist them in taking j 

" To preserve them during winter.— cinders, to within two inches of the 

In November remove them to a sheltered top, and make them up with very sandy 

situation, burying the entire stalk, so peat, and a little clean sand on the top 

that nothing but the heads remain above the pots arc then watered and the seeds 

, ground. In December give a slight sown ; after which as much dry sand is 

covering of straw, with brush laid onto sprinkled over them as will just fill ujt 

prevent its blowing off. In this manner the spaces between them. The whole 

they will keep well throughoutthe winter is then pressed down gently, and the 

—the Savoys until late in the spring. ! pots are put by in any warm place, 

''Late Ba^crsea—cultivated in Eng- where they are kept moist. The seeds 

i 

land for an autumnal crop—but îll vegetate in ten or twelve little 

days, and 

grown here, having been superseded by ni"st then be very gently watered, for 

other kinds. i 

"Red Dutch— is used principally for | 

or shredded by itself as " slaugh." For 

early summer sup[)ly sow in September, 

as directed for Early York, and in April 

and May for the autumn and winter 

stock, treating as directed for Drumhead 

and Savoy. 

"Green Glazed—grown extensively at 

the south, where it is thought to resist 

the worm ; does not succeed well in this 

latitude. Culture similar to the other 

summer varieties." 

— 

Rural Register, 

The cabbage is liable to the Mildew 

and Amhury, which see. 

CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. See 

Pontia. 

CABBAGE FLY. See Anthomyia. 

CABBAGE GARDEN PEBBLE 

MOTH. See Pyralis. 

CABBAGE MOTH. See Mamestra. 

— 

^'^'^'' °^ displacing them, till they make 

'heir little roots and get firm hold of 

pickling, either with other vegetables, h.'ie soil; after which they may be 

freely and regularly watered. The 

seeds to he sown quite thin in the first 

instance, and not to transplant the seed- 

lings till they begih to get crowded in 

the pots, in a year or two. These directions 

are equally applicable to the 

seeds of other succulents." — Card. 

Chron. 

Dr. Lindleyadds, that " the best way 

to bloom C. speciosus and speciosissimus, 

is to grow them in an enriched 

soil, and keep them in a warm, light 

house, while they are making their 

shoots, exposing them entirely during 

August and September. By the latter 

practice they will become brownish 

and unhealthy-looking for a time, 

though they will soon recover this." 

— ; 

Gard. Chron. 

" The seeds of cacti may be gathered 

and sown as soon as they are ripe.

— 

— 

C AC 110 C AC 

Being produced in a large pulpy berry, 

this never bursts of itself; but its appearance 

will tell you when it is mature. 

All the treatment they require is, to 

remove the pulpy matter from them, 

— 

in the stove on its own roots in the 

usual way." Gard. Chron. 

Varieties and Species.—The following 

are cultivated around Philadelphia, 

and are among the more desirable. A 

superb collection, perhaps the most so 

in the Union, is in the possession of 

Caleb Cope, President of the Pennsyl- 

and this may be best done by washing."' 

Ga7-d. Chron. 

Grafting.—The end of August is the 

best time for this operation, and Mr. 

Green, already quoted, gives these directions 

: 

' 

vania Horticultural i 

Society : 

Cereus grandiflorus. 

" I grow for stocks, Pereskia acu- 

monstrosus. 

cylindricus. 

leate, Cereus hexagonus, and Cereus 

^^Mallisouia. 

speciosissimus. I prefer the latter on 

Smithii. 

account of its hardy, lasting, and robust 

llagelliformis. 

habit. I grow the stocks freely till 

horrida. 

they attain the height that I want them. 

gladiata. 

Some I grow with five or six stems, 

gemniatus. 

from one to five feet high ; others I 

grow with one stem, from one to four 

speciosissimus. 

heptagonus. 

feet. The short stems I engraft at the Epiphyllum speciosa. 

top with the Emphyllum speciosum, and 

splendens. 

Ackermannii ; the tall single stems 

Jenkinsonia. 

with E. truncatum, and some from the 

truncatus. 

surface of the soil to the top, all of 

Russellianus. 

^vhich is of course according to indi- 

atropurpurea suvidual 

fancy ; E. truncatum should always 

be engrafted high, without which, 

vandesia. 

perba. 

from its drooping habit, the greater Mammillaria prolifera. 

part of the beauty of the bloom is lost. 

Wildeana. 

The shoots to be about one and a half 

rhodantha. 

or two inches long. I pare off the 

stellata. 

outer skin or bark for about half an 

radiata. 

inch at the base of the graft, and cut 

rubra. 

what is intended to be inserted into the Echinocactus Eyreisii. 

stock in the shape of a wedge ; I then 

make an incision in the angles or top 

ottonis. 

decora. 

of the stock with a pointed stick, made 

dis-color. 

the same shape as the scion. 

" When the grafts are first put in, to 

simplex. 

pulchella. 

prevent their slipping out, I pass 

through each a small wooden peg, or 

the spine of a thorn j I then cover each 

Opuntia, microdysa. 

—' 

, leuacantha. 

Cuttings and Culture.—" The best 

with a small piece of moss, and place 

them in a shady, damp house, and 

time for propagating by cuttings is when 

the plants are growing freely; make 

syringe them over the tops occasionally them of whatever size can be spared 

in the evening ; they will all adhere to from the plants ; and those that are of 

the stocks in ten days or a fortnight, 

and make good plants by winter. By 

young and unripe shoots, lay on a dry 

shelf in the green-house for a fortnight 

engrafting the showing kinds of cacti 

on the stocks that I recommend above, 

to dry up the sap, which prevents them 

from rotting, and causes them to emit 

noble specimens can be grown in a few roots much sooner. Plant them singly 

years, from one to ten feet high if rein small pots, and place them in a 

quired, and the size and colour of the 

blooms are much superior to what they 

ever produce when grown on their own 

moderate hot-bed frame ; when they 

have filled the pots with roots, re-pot 

and place in an intermediate, or pelar- 

roots. E. truncatum, by the above gonium-house, to remain for the sum- 

treatment, becomes quite a hardy greenmer, and receive a good supply of 

house plant, and will bloom three i water. 

months later than it does when grown " In | 

the autumn allow thera to cct

C AC 111 C AL 

quite dry, and winter in a dry, airy 

part of the green-house. In spring, 

again remove to the pelargoniumhouse, 

and use a very little water, 

which increase as the season advances. 

" By the end of the second summer 

they will have grown to the size of 

good blooming plants ; and in the 

autumn they should be placed out in a 

warm airy part of the garden, to ripen 

the shoots thoroughly. 

" About the usual time of housing 

other green-house plants they should 

be again dried, and put, as before, in 

the green-house ; place the first for 

forcing in the intermediate stove about 

the 1st of February, and continue a 

succession, till they bloom in the greenhouse, 

which is about June. 

^ 

" Such plants will bear the greatest 

extremes of dryness and moisture, and 

without proper attention is paid at the 

season of rest to keep them quite cool 

and dry, they never will bloom properly. 

The forcing must be commenced 

at a low temperature, and water at first 

given sparingly. 

" When they have begun to grow 

freely, and the bloom-buds are well 

started, they must be watered, not by a 

continued dripping, but by copious applications, 

and at intervals of a fortnight, 

during the growing season, with 

liquid manure. 

" Wlien the bloom-buds are sufHciently 

advanced, thin out all those 

which are large and small, leaving 

them as near one size as possible, and 

at proper distance to allow the blooms 

to e.xpand. When they have flowered, 

keep the plants rather dry for a short 

time, and place them in a cool shady 

part of the green-house, or under a 

north wall. In a few weeks they will 

again assume their usual firm and 

healthy appearance, and begin to grow ; 

and then clear off all the decayed 

blooms and seed-pods, and place the 

plants for the autumn in the garden in 

a south aspect, where there is a free 

circulation of air, giving them a good 

supply of water ; after this they are 

moved to the green-house and treated 

as before. Train them to iron stakes, 

made to fit the outside of the pots or 

tubs, and fasten them with wire. Attention 

should be paid to early training, 

and to stopping all shoots as soon as 

they attain tlie required height ; all useless 

side and bottom shoots rub off, and 

[ 

— 

occasionally some of the old shoots cut 

out, and replace with young ones." 

Gard. Chron. 

CADIA purpurea. Stove ever-green 

shrub. Cuttings. Light loamy soil. 

C.T:LESTINA. Three species.— 

Green-house and half-hardy perennials. 

C. micrantha is a half-hardy evergreen 

shrub. Seeds. Common open soil. 

CiENOPTERIS. Five species. Stove 

and green-house ferns. Division. Peat 

and loam. 

CiESALPINA. Twenty-one species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs or trees. C. 

scandens is a climber ; C. gilliesii is 

deciduous. Seeds. Sand, peat and 

open loam. 

C.i^SIA vittata. Green-house tuber- 

ous-rooted perennial. Seeds. Sandy 


CALABASH. Crcscentia. 

CALABA TREE. Calophyllum 

calaba. 

CALADENIA. Ten species. Halfhardy, 

or stove orchids. Division. 

Peat, loam, and sand. 

CALADIUM. Twenty-eight species. 

Chiefly stove herbaceous perennials or 

evergreen shrubs. Tubers. Rich soil. 

Some grow best in water ; C. simsii is 

a climber. 

C A L A M I N T H A. Nine species. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous perennials 

two are evergreen shrubs. Suckers. 

Light loam. 

CALAMPELIS scabra. Half-hardy 

evergreen climber. Cuttings. Light 

loam. 

CALAMUS. Six species. Palms. 

Seeds. Rich sandy loam. A moist atmosphere 

suits them. 

CALANDRINIA. Seven species. 

Stove, green-house, or hardy herbaceous 

plants. Seeds or cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

C.\LANTHE. Nine species. Stove 

or green-house orchids. Division. Peat 

and loam. 

CALASHEA. Eleven species. Stove 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Sandy 

peat. 

CALATHIAN VIOLET. Gentiana 

pneumonanthe. 

CALCAREOUS SOIL is a soil in 

which chalk (carbonate of lime) predominates. 

When in great excess it 

renders the colour a near approach to 

white, in proportion to that e.\ce.-s. No 

soil is productive which does not contain 

some chalk, or in which it exceeds 

;

C A L 112 C AL 

nineteen parts out of twenty. From one 

to five per cent, is the usual proportion 

in fertile soils. Calcareous soils are 

rarely productive ; they are so feebly 

retentive of moisture that the crops 

upon them are burnt up in summer; 

and they reflect the sun's rays so fully, 

that vegetation is late upon them in 

spring. The best addition to such soils, 

to improve their staple, is clay. 

CALCEOLARIA. Thirty-one species, 

and many varieties. Chiefly greenhouse 

herbaceous perennials, or evergreen 

shrubs. Cuttings or seeds. Any 

rich, open, sandy soil. 

Characteristics of Excellence.—" The 

plant should be shrubby ; the foliage 

thick, and dark green ; the habit bushy ; 

the wood strong. 

"The flower-stems should be short 

and strong; the foot-stalks of the 

blooms elastic, and branching well 

away from each other, to form a rich 

mass of flowers without crowding. 

" The individual blooms depend en- 

tirely on the form of the purse, and it 

should be a perfect round hollow ball. ! 

" The orifice and calyx cannot be too 

small, nor the flower too large. The 

colour should be very dense, and whether 

it be a spot in the middle, or stripes 

or blotches, should be bold and well 

defined, and the ground should be all i 

one colour or shade, whether white, ! 

straw-colour, sulphur, yellow, or any ' 

other. The colour of a self should be 

, 

brillianl, and all over the same actual 

shade. Dark flowers, with pale edges, 

or clouded or indefinite colours, are 

bad, and unfit to show. The bloom 

should form one handsome bunch of 

pendant flowers, which should hang 

gracefully, and be close to each other ; 

the branches of the flower-stems hold- 

ing them out to form a handsome spread- i 

ing surface." 

— 

Hort. Mag. 

j 

Raising from Seed. — " The pods j 

should be taken oft' when turning yellow, 

and laid to dry on a large sheet of 

paper, under a hand-glass, that the 

wind may not disturb it. In the early 

spring this may be sown thinly in pans 

well drained with crocks, and covered 

with a hand-glass, in the green-house 

or under the glass of a garden-frame; 

when they have attained a suflicient 

size to handle, they may be pricked out 

into other seed-pans, an inch apart, and 

allowed to grow until they are large 

enough to be in each other's way. They I 

may then be potted in sixty-sized pots, 

and placed in a pit or frame, there to 

grow, under tolera^y attentive management 

as to being kept neither dry nor 

wet. If the green-fly make its appearance, 

they must be fumigated with tobacco 

smoke, not too strongly, as it has 

been known to kill all the young shoots. 

If the roots reach the sides of the pot, 

and begin to mat a little, they may be 

changed to size forty-eight; and if they 

should after that grow still stronger, 

they may be once more shifted to size 

thirty-two, in which they will bloom to 

great advantage." 

— 

Hort. Mag. 

Cuttings and Division.—" About the 

middle of July, when the plants have 

done flowering, preparation should be 

made for propagating the different kinds 

—the herbaceous, by dividing the roots; 

the shrubby, by cuttings. The plants 

should be encouraged in their growth, 

a short time previously to this operation, 

by judicious watering, the remaining 

flowers picked off, and the stems 

allowed to die down, that no nourishment 

may escape. The cuttings from 

the shrubby sorts should be struck 

singly in small sixties, in a frame with a 

gentle bottom heat, kept shaded, and 

rather sparingly watered ; 

when rooted, 

air may be more freely admitted, and 

the plants gradually hardened. As soon 

as the roots appear through the soil, 

they will require shifting into fortyeights, 

and to be placed in a house 

where they may receive plenty of top 

air, side air and drafts being prejudicial 

to the free growth of the Calceolaria ; 

when the sun bears considerable power, 

the plants should remain on the shady 

side of the green-house; the temperature 

of the house should be from 45° to 

503."— Gnrd. Chron. 

Layering. — A writer in the same 

work, who thoroughly understands his 

subject, says :— " At the time they have 

done flowering, which is under ordinary 

circumstances about the latter end of 

June, divest them of their flower-stalks 

and dead leaves, and top-dress them 

for about an inch deep, with silver-sand 

and yellow loam in equal portions, 

taking care that all the ripe joints of 

the young shoots are covered for about 

half that depth ; place them in a cool 

and shaded situation, until the beginning 

or middle of September, giving 

occasional waterings during that period. 

By this time most of the shoots so co-

— 

— 

C AL 113 C A L 

vered have rooted so as to permit of 

their being removed with safety from 

the parent plant." Gard. Chron. 

Potting.—The same authority says 

on ttiis point of their culture 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, seeds, 


CALEPINA corvini. Hardy annual. 

Seeds. Common soil 

:— 

! 

' 

" Plant CALLA. Four species. Chiefly greenthem 

in forty-eight sized pots, or smaller house herbaceous perennials. C. palus- 

if necessary, and place them in a frame, tris is an aquatic ; C. pertusa an ever- 

on a gentle bottom heat of tan, taking green creeper. Seeds or division. Rich 

care at this period to guard against the 

direct influence of the sun, until they 

soil. 

CALLICARPA. Twelve species. 

are fairly established in their pots. 

" The compost for the first potting is. 

three parts of yellow loam, four of 

well decomposed leaf-mould, one of 

cow-dung which has lain at least twelve 

Chiefly stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 


CALLICHROA platyglossa. Hardy 

annual. Seed. Common soil 

CALLICOMA serratifolia. Greenmonths, 

and two of silver-sand. This house evergreen shrub Cuttings. 

soil to vary as the plants strengthen and 

approach their flowering season, until 

Fibrous peat and sand, 

C A LL IGO N UM i5a7/os/a. Hardy 

the proportions are five of loam, two of evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy open 

leaf-mould, two of cow-dung, and one 

of silver-sand, From the time the 

loam, 

CALLIOPEA aurea. Hardy herba- 

plants are wel established in their ceous perennial. Division. Loamy soil. 

pots, give them no particular attention CALLIOPSIS. Four species. Hardy 

beyond that of slightly fumigating them annuals and perennials. 

once a week, until about the beginning mon loam 

of January, when shift them into larger CALLIPRORA lutea. 

Seed Coni- 

Hardy bulbous 

pots, and place them on the front stage 

of a geranium house, the temperature 

perennial. Offsets. Peat 

CALLISIA repens. Stove tuberousof 

which is kept at about 45o., with an rooted perennial. Division. Sandv 

exceedingly humid atmosphere. In 

shifting always sink the bail a little to 

fibrous peat. 

CALLISTACHYS. Five species. 

admit of a top-dressing of fresh mould Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

being put over the ripe joints of the 

young wood, which very soon emits 

roots; an operation which tends mate- 


CALLISTEJVI.MA. Two species and 

many varieties. Hardy annuals. Seeds. 

rially to increase the size and strength 

of the plants. Be very particular 

Common soil. 

CALLISTEMON. Nineteen species. 

drainage, never allowing a particle of 

the old drainage to be removed, and by 

the time they are placed in their flow- 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, Ripe 

cuttings. Loam, peat, and sand 

CALLITRIS. Three species. Greenering 

pots, have a complete open drain, house evergreen trees Seed. Sandv 

from within a few inches of the surface, 

down" to the bottom of the pot, with 

loam 

CALLUS is the matter exuded from 

the exception of the layers of fresh turf, 

which always introduce between the 

mould and potsherds." Gard. Chron. 

the edges of the wound of a plant in the 

process of healing. It is exuded from 

the horizontally communicating cells of 

CALDASIA heterophylla. Stove annual. 

Seeds. Sandy peat and loam. 

GALEA. Three species. Stove 


peat. 

CALEACTE urtictefolia. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Common 

the plant; and in cuttings it is from and 

through this exuded matter that the roots 

and the perpendicular vesselsconnected 

with them proceed. 

CALOCHJLUS. Two species. Greenhouse 

bulbous rooted orchids. Sandy 

peat and light loam. 

CALOCHORTUS. Six species. Half- 

soil. 

CALEAN'.\. Two species. Greenhouse 

orchids. Division. Peat, loam, 

and sand. 

CALENDULA. Marigold. Twenhardy 

bulbous perennials. Offsets. 


Sowing.— Dr. Lindley says :—" The 

seeds should be sown as soon as ripe, 

or as soon as possible after^^H^ds, in 

ty-one species. 

S 

Hardy annuals or green- pans filled with very sandy peat ; the

C A L 114 CAM 

seeds covered rather more than a quarter 

of an inch in depth ; and the pans 

placed in any cold pit secured from 

wet. They require only water enough 

to keep the soil damp during the winter. 

They will bear being placed in a 

warmer situation, but not where there 

is a moist heat. The young plants 

should be kept growing as long as possible, 

by keeping them rather moist during 

the summer. They must not be removed 

from the seed-pan until after the 

second too quickly, or kept dry too 

long, particularly the first season ; at 

that time they are very small, and are 

apt to be dried up and exhausted, if care 

is not taken to prevent it." 

— 

Gard. 

Chron. 

CALODENDRON capense. Greenhouse 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Loamy 

soil. 

CALOPHACA wolgarica.' Hardy deciduous 

shrub. Division. Loam and 

peat. 

CALOPHANES oblongifoUa. Hardy 

herbaceous perennial. Division. Loam 

and peat. 

CALOVOGOfi pulchellus. Greenhouse 

orchid. Division. Peat and loam. 

CALOSTEMMA. Three species. 

Green-house bulbous perennials. Offsets. 


CALOTHAMNUS. Four species. 


Sandy peat. 

CALOTIS cuneifolia. Green-house 

herbaceous perennial. Division. Common 

soil. 

CALOTROPIS. Two species. Greenhouse 


seeds. P..ich soil. 

CALTHA. Six species and many 

varieties. Hardy herbaceous perennials. 

Seeds or division. Common rather moist 

soil. 

CALTROPS, Tritmlus. 

CALYCANTHUS. Five species. 

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers. Open 

loam. 

CALYPSO borealis. Half hardy orchid. 

Offsets. Sandv loam and peat. 

CALYPTRANTHES. Two species. 

Stove evergreen trees. Layers. Sandy 

peat. 

CALYPTRION auhletii. Stove evergreen 

climber. Seeds. Peat and loam. 

CALYSTEGIA. Seven species. 

Hardy deciduous twining or trailing 

plants. Division. Common loamy soil. 

CALYTHRIX. Five species. Green- 



CAMASSIA esculenta. Hardy bulbous 

perennial. Seeds. Peat. 

CAMELLIA. Japonica. Green-house 

evergreen shrub. 

Messrs. D. Landreth & Fulton, of 

Philadelphia, who are extensively engaged 

in the culture of this charming 

plant at the old Landreth Nurseries, 

where was made the earliest collection 

of the Camellia in America, 

present the following as a desirable 

selection. Those marked t are perfectly 

double, with the petals neatly arranged, 

and are among the choicest in 

cultivation. Those marked with a star 

are of American origin. 

The catalogues of some European 

Nurserymen contain upwards of five 

hundred varieties; it may be readily 

presumed that many of them are comparatively 

worthless : a goodly number 

of such have been imported by the 

American florists, and though some of 

them were once esteemed, are now, by 

the introduction of more desirable varieties, 

no longer worthy a place in a 

choice collection. We append a list of 

a few such faded beauties. 

CHOICE CAMELLIAS. 

tAlba-pleno, double white. 

t Fimbriata, fringed do. 

*Americana, blush with rose spots. 

Albertii, white. 

Althffiiflora, crimson. 

t*Amabile, rose and red. 

t*Binneyii, light rose. 

Bealii, large red. 

Carswelliana, dark red. 

Chandleri, white and crimson. 

t*Caroline, pink. 

Colvelleii, white with rose stripes. 

tConcinna, dark red. 

tCandidissima, purest white. 

Conspicua, large red. 

tCoquette. 

Campbellii, white and red. 

Donklarii, white rose and crimson. 

tDuchess de Orleans, crimson with 

white stripes. 

tExemia, saimon. 

*Estherii, \vhite and rose. 

Elegans, rose. 

tElata, crimson. 

Eclipse, white with rose stripes. 

*Floyii, rose red. 

tFordii, dark rose. 

Fairlea, crimson.

CAM 115 C AM 

Fulgida, crimson. 

t*Feastii, white and rose. 

Gilesii, crimson and white. 

t*Gunnelli, white. 

*Grahamii, wliite. 

*Hosackii, crimson. 

t*Hempsteadii, dark rose. 

+Henry Favre, rose, 

tlrabricata, crimson and white. 

Alba, white and rose. 

*Imbricata (Dunlap's). 

tincarnata, Lady Humes'. 

Invincible, rose, red spots. 

Kingii, white, rose spots. 

Kermosina, crimson. 

t*Landrethii, rose and white. 

t*Martha (Buist-s), white. 

Mutabilis, changeable crimson. 

tMyrtiroIia, light red. 

Mutabilis triversi, rose. 

t*Mr8. Fetter's, rose and white. 

Ochraleuca, white. 

*Philadelphia, rose red. 

+*Prattii, light rose. 

Pomponia, white. 

Queen {Fielder's), light rose 

Reticulata, rose. 

tRosea, rosy purple. 

Rex Batavia, white, rose striped. 

Rubro-pleno, old red. 

tSasanqua rosea, light rose. 

Sweetii, rose, spotted with red. 

tSacoi vera. 

Speciosa, crimson and white. 

Cunningham's, rose and 

white. 

*tSarah Frost, dark red. 

Spicata,red. 

t*Sherwoodi, crimson and white. 

Tricolor, white rose and crimson. 

Triumphans, rose spotted with wliite. 

Thea, black tea. 

Vandesia superba, crimson. 

Variegata, rose and white. 

Viridus, green tea. 

tVictoria (Priestley-s), red, white 

I 

I 

I 

j Propagation.— 

^ 

! ing 

Corallina. 

Conchaflora. 

Celestina. 

Carnca. 

Decora. 

Dorsctia. 

Elphinstonia. 

Francofurtensis. 

Florida. 

Goussonia. 

Hendersonia. 

Juliana. 

Lawrenceana. 

Oleafera. 

Parksii. 

Pendula. 

Paeoniaflora. 

Rosa Sinensis. 

Rosa mundi. 

Sabina. 

Woodsii. 

Soil.—The camellia delights in a rich 

soil, but will not hear manure directly 

applied. The following is the compost 

used at the Landreth Nurseries—sandy 

wood earth (the decomposed vegetable 

matter found at the roots of trees in 

forests) and well rotted sod, or loam, in 

equal parts, thoroughly mixed, and pass- 

ed through a No. 1 sieve, retaining all 

the fibrous particles in the soil. 

" The usual methods 

of propagation are by inarching or graft- 

and budding on the single red Camellia, 

cuttings of which are found to 

root more readily than of the 

strike I 

double varieties. 

\ 

" The cuttings are taken in July and 

August, or as soon as the young shoots 

are sutiiciently ripe at the base. They 

are carefully prepared by being cut 

smoothly over with a sharp knife at a 

joint, and divested of one or two leaves 

at the bottom, and then planted firmly 

about two inches deep in pots half filled 

with the Camellia compost before described, 

and the upper half with fine 

stripes. 

Welbankiana, greenish white. 

white sand. They are then well watered, 

tWilliam the 4th, rose spotted with and the pots plunged in a tanbed, which 

white. 

gives out a gentle warmth, and kept 

t*Washington, white. 

closely shaded for three or four months, 

Wardii, crimson. 

by which time short fibres, or , a callus 

RF.JKCTED CAMELLIAS. 

from which they afterwards diverge, are 

Alba simplex. 

Aitonia. 

produced. 

" When sufficiently rooted to bear 

Anemoniflora. 

removal, they are potted singly in small 

Rosea. 

pots, the sand being then carefully re- 

Alba. 

moved ; the pots should be well drain- 

Atrorubens. 

ed and filled with the Camellia compost, 

Bruceana. 

with the addition of a little white sand.

— 

— 

— 

CAM 116 CAM 

I 

" They are afterwards to be sprinkled tection in severe weather, like the Myrwith 

water, and placed in a close frame tie; and if the plants are kept just above 

or pit until they begin to root afresh, the freezing-point, they will succeed 

and by degrees exposed to the air. The much better than when grown in a high 

succeeding season they may be potted temperature. 

in the same soil as the other Camellias, " At the time they are making their 

and similarly treated, and many of the growth, an increase of heat will be adplants 

will then have attained sufficient 

size and strength for inarching or budvantageous." 

Gard. Chron. 

Grafting.—Dr. Lindley says, "For 

ding, and all of them by the following grafting, well-ripened young shoots 

should be taken when they are just beginning 

to grow, and before the buds 

are far advanced. 

"They should be worked under handglasses 

in a stove or forcing-house. 

season. 

" The best time for inarching is early 

in the spring, just before the plants begin 

to grow, and for budding as soon 

as the new wood is sufficiently ripened ; 

i 

but it may be done at almost any season vvhere a temperature of from 60° to 70° 

of the vear." Gard. Chron. 

Culture.—The same authorities state 

that, " The proper season for the geneis 

kept up. Whip grafting without the 

tongue is perhaps the best method ; and 

it is advisable to retain a few leaves on 

ral shifting is when the young growth: the stock above the graft, in order to 

has hardened, and the blossom buds for: draw on the sap. The single red makes 

next year can be detected at the ex- the best stock, as it strikes freely from 

tremity of the shoots. 

"After shifting all those that 

cuttings." Gard. Chron. 

require Forcing. — Mr. Robert Errington, 

it, they may be placed in the open gardener at Charlton Park, has pub- 

air, or retained in the green-house; as lished a most excellent essay upon this 

, 

much air as possible should be admit-' subject, from which the following are 

: ted, and occasionally sprinkling the extracts : 

' foliage will improve the appearance, as "Draining and Potting.—In potting, 

well as be beneficial to the health of the place three or four potsherds first, the 

, 

plants. one overlapping the other, to insure a 

" At all times attention must be paid certain and speedy passage for the 

to watering them properly, the roots water, then a sprinkling of pounded 

I crocks, being apt to become matted in the pots, 

80 as to render the ball of earth im- finally another sprinkling, finer still ; on 

pervious to moisture ; hence it is neces- this put a thin layer of sphagnum, which 

the size of horse-beans; and 

sary to see that the ball' of earth is has been dried, but not decomposed, 

moistened by the water poured upon it, " ' Re-pot soon after they have made 

instead of the web of fibres only. This their young growth—as soon, in fact, as 

| 

renders an examination of the roots, or the young leaves are perfectly develop- 

! 

reducing and replanting them at least ed, and the end of the young wood, at 

once a year, a measure almost indis- the point of junction with the wood of 

pensable. the former year, begins to turn a little 

At the respective periods of growth brown. In potting, the soil should be 

and flowering, the plants will require rather lumpy than otherwise, and toleplentiful 

watering ; during the latter, if rably dry, and should be rather put 

not regularly supplied, the bloom-buds round the ball in regular layers, and 

will infallibly fall off, instead of ex- dressed tolerably firm, but not hard, as 

panding into flower; at other times a the layers are thrown in, pressing every 

regular moderate supply is essential, layer a little, so that no crevice be left. 

The eff'ect of constant watering may be The ball of the plant should be rather 

presumed to diminish or destroy the moist at shifting, and when it is in a poi- 

; 

' 

fertility of the small quantity of earth bound state it should be immersed in 

allotted to each plant, therefore w'hen tepid water for an hour, about three 

the annual re-potting occurs, carefully days previous, allowing a day or two for 

take away as much of the former ball the sriperfluous water to drain away beof 

earth as can be done without injuring fore potting; place the ball immediately 

the sphagnum. 

on { 

I 

or cutting the roots. 

maybe considered as 

The Camellia 

a hardy green- "JReriod of Growth.—Thethermomeliouse 

plant, requiring only a slight pro- ter should be kept from 60° to 65'' by 

j

CAM 117 CAM 

day, and 50° to 55° by night. The 

treatment should now be of a close and 

moist character, giving air in moderation, 

and with caution, every morning 

from eight O'clock until noon, and then, 

unless very hot weather, shutting close 

up. 

"There should be a little fire-heat 

every morning from seven o'clock until 

eleven, when it should be taken away 

until four o'clock, and then applied for 

the evening. 

"The pipes, flues, and floors should 

be watered abundantly directly the air 

is taken away; then a good syringing at 

three o'clock ; and the flues, &c., Stc, 

wetted as before between five o'clock 

and six. Watering at the root must be 

carefully attended to when necessary, 

using weak liquid manure. 

"Period of Forming the Blossom-bud. 

— Shading will now be indispensable, 

the best material for which is coarse 

canvas; those who are not too busy 

should remove it every afternoon at four 

o'clock, and replace it at nine on the 

following morning. 

" The temperature should range from 

65° to 70° by day, and from 55° to 60° 

by night, and be accompanied with a 

free circulation of air, avoiding all cutting 

winds. 

" The plants must be very sparingly 

watered, in fact a good smart syringing 

every afternoon immediately the air is 

to be taken away, say four o'clock, w ill 

be nearly sufficient. The fire put out 

on a warm sunny day, about three 

o'clock; but it should be put entirely 

out about five o'clock, as it is only requisite 

to warm the pipes or flues suf- 

ficient to produce a genial vapour for 

the night; and half an hour after the 

fire is pulled out the whole of the flues, 

pipes and floors, should be saturnted 

with water, to be evaporated by the 

next day's ventilation. 

"Period of Feeding the Bud.—The 

fires may now be dispensed with entirely, 

merely observing, in the case of sunny 

afternoons, to make free use of sun 

heat, by shutting up the house early in 

the afternoon, say from three to four 

o'clock, according to the weather. Air 

should be given freely at all opportunities, 

and the plants should be syringed 

heavily at seven o'clock in the morning, 

and again at four o'clock in the afternoon, 

saturating the floors and flues, or 

pipes, with water in the evening. 

— 

•' The plants may be well watered at 

the root whenever they require it. 

"Period of Blooming.—Free watering, 

and the use of liquid manure as 

before recommended, must be persisted 

in, avoiding, however, excess. The 

plants require to be kept decidedly moist 

at the root while in the flowering state, 

rather more so, indeed, than at any 

other period; and if the potting and soil 

be right, and the drainage complete, 

little harm will ensue from a liberal use 

of water; still, any great extreme, either 

of drought or wet, will be fatal to the 

bud. Syringing must be entirely dispensed 

with, and in lieu thereof a deposit 

of dew should take place every 

afternoon at three or four o'clock. 

"Rest Period.—The temperature at 

this period should be from 50° to 55° by 

day, and from 45° to 50° by night. Nothing 

is necessary in addition to a lower 

temperature, but syringing, steaming 

and regular watering, with a moderate 

circulation of air." Gard. Chron. 

An interesting work republished at 

Boston with notes and additions, entitled 

" Monograph of the Camellia," is 

worthy a place on the shelf of every 

admirer of this splendid plant. 

C A M E R .\ R 1 A . Three species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs or trees. Cuttings. 


CAMOMILE or CHAMOMILE. (Anthemis 

nohilis.) 

Varieties.—There are two varieties, 

the common single and the double 

flowering. 

Soil and Situation.—They require a 

poor dry soil, otherwise they grow very 

luxuriant, and become not only less 

capable of withstanding severe winters, 

but also less powerful in their medicinal 

qualities. They will grow in any situation 

almost, but the more open the 

better. 

Time and Mode of Propagation.—It is 

generally propagated by parting the 

roots and by oflsets, which may be 

planted from the close of Pêbruary until 

the end of May; the earlier, however, 

it is performed the better. This is the 

most favourable season, but it may be 

practised in the autumn. It is also 

raised from seed, the proper time of 

sowing which is in any of the early 

spring months, but as parting the roots 

gives much less trouble it is generally 

pursued, but after a lapse of several 

years raise fresh plants, the old ones

CAM 118 CAN 

often declining in production after such 

lapse of time. 

Cultivation.—They should not be 

planted nearer to each other than 

eighteen inches, as that also gives an 

opportunity to employ the hoe. Water 

must be given moderately at the time of I 

planting, if dry weather. If raised from 

seed they recjnire no further cultivation 

than to be kept free from weeds in the 

seed-bed ; and when three or four 

inches high, to be thinned to about six 

inches apart, and may remain thus until 

the following spring, then to be thinned 

and remain, or to be removed to the 

house herbaceous perennials. Cuttings 

or division. Light loam and peat. 

CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. Myrtica. 

CANDOLLEA. Four species. Green- 



CANDY TUFT. Iheris. 

CANELLA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Ripe leafy Cuttings. 


CANKER. This disease is accompanied 

by different symptoms, according 

to the species of the tree which it infects. 

In some of those whose true sap 

contains a considerable quantity of free 

dry 

above-mentioned distance apart. A 

very small bed will supply the largest acid, as in the genus Pyrus, it is rarely 

family 

accompanied by any discharge. To this 

Gathering 

-In July, the flowers are ' 

generally in perfection for gathering ; ^ to 

the period for performing it, however 

must be governed by the flowers themselves, 

as the best time is when they 

are just ojiened. Particular care must 

be taken to dry them thoroughly before 

they are stored, otherwise they will not 

keep. Ifseed be required, the only attention 

necessary is to leave some of the 

first opening flowers ungathered ; the 

seed will ripen early in September, 

when it may be dried and rubbed out. 

CAMPANULA. One hundred and 

thirty-nine species, and many varieties. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous perennials; 

some green-house or hardy annuals, biennials, 

and evergreen shrubs. 

Dr. Lindley, writing of their propagation, 

says :—'•' Either sow the seeds, 

or pot cuttings' from the old roots, in 

leaf mould and sandy peat; as soon 

as they are strong enough, pot them 

oif in sixty-sized pots regularly, shifting 

them into larger sizes as the 

plants require them; when they have 

gained a little strength, give them a 

rich loamy soil, well incorporated with 

a small proportion of bone dust, and at 

intervals supply them liberally with 

manure water.'' 

— 

Card. Chron. 

CAMPELIA zanonia. Stove herbaceous 

perennial. Seeds. Rich soil. 

CAMPHOR TREE. Cinnamomum 

camphora. 

. CAMPION. 

Cucubatus. 

CAMPYLANTHUS saholoides. 



CANADA ONION. See Onion. 

CANARINA. Two species. Green- 

form of the disease it would be well 

confine the term canker, and to give 

it the scientific name of gangra^na sicca. 

In other trees, whose sap is characterized 

by abounding in astringent or mucilaginous 

constituents, it is usually attended 

by a sanious discharge. In such 

instances it might strictly be designated 

ulcer, or gangraina saniosa. This disease 

has a considerable resemblance to 

the tendency to ossification, which appears 

in most aged animals, arising from 

their marked appetency to secrete the 

calcareous saline compoundsthatchiefly 

constitute their skeletons. The consequence 

is, an enlargement of the joints, 

and ossification of the circulatory vessels 

and other parts, phenomena very 

analogous to those attending the cankering 

of trees. As in animals, this tendency 

is generally throughout their system, 

but as is observed by Mr. Knight, 

" like the mortification in the limbs of 

elderly people, it may be determined 

as to its point of attack by the irritability 

of that part of the system." 

This disease commences with an enlargement 

of the vessels of the bark of 

a branch or of the stem. This swelling 

invariably attends the disease when it 

attacks the apple tree. In the pear the 

enlargement is less, yet it is always 

present. In the elm and the oak sometimes 

no swelling occurs; and in the 

peach I do not recollect to have seen 

any. I have never observed the disease 

in the cherry-tree, nor in any of the 

pine tribe. The swelling is soon communicated 

to the wood, which if laid 

open to view on its first appearance by 

the removal of the bark, exhibits no 

marks of disease bevond the mere un-

CAN 119 CAN 

natural enlargement. In the course of| about the canker of an elm, that 500 

a few years, less in number in propor- pounds weight of its wood must have 

tion to the advanced age of the tree,! been destroyed. There is no doubt 

and the unfavourable circumstances un- that such a discharge is deeply injuri- 

i 

der which it is vegetating, the swelling ous to the tree ; but the above learned 

is greatly increased in size, and the chemist appears to have largely erred, 

alburnum has become extensively dead ; for he calculated from a knowledge of 

the superincumbent bark cracks, rises the amount of the saline constituenta 

in discoloured scales, and decays even 

more rapidly than the wood beneath. 

If the caries is upon a moderately-sized 

branch, the decay soon completely encircles 

it, extending through the whole 

n the healthy sap, whereas in the diseased 

state these are much and unnaturally 

increased. I once was of opinion 

that the disease does not arise 

from a general diseased state of the 

tree, but that it is brought on by some 

, 

alburnum and bark. The circulation of 

the sap being thus entirely prevented, bruise or injury, exasperated by an unall 

the parts above the disease of ne- healthy sap consequent to an unfavourcessity 

perish. In the apple and the able soil, situation, and culture; but 

pear, the disease is accompanied by more extensive and more accurate ex- 

aminations ] 

ease , 

' 

scarcely any discharge ; but in the elm 

this is very abundant. The only chemists 

who have examined these morbid 

convince me, that the dis- 

is in the tree's system ; that its 

: 

j 

j 

' 

i 

| 

juices are vitiated, and that disease will 

products, are Sir H. Davy and Vauque- continue to break out independent of 

lin ; the former's observations being any external injury so long as these 

confined to the fact, that he often found {juices continue peccant and unaltered, 

carbonate of lime on the edges of the This conclusion will be justified, I 

canker in apple trees. think, by the preceding facts, as well 

Vauquelin has examined the sanies as by those distributed through the foldischarged 

from the canker of an elm lowing pages. 

with much more precision. He found The disease is not strictly confined to 

this li(iuor nearly as transparent as any particular period of the tree's age. 

water, sometimes slightly coloured, at I have repeatedly noticed it in some of 

other times a blackish-brown, but al- our lately introduced varieties that have 

not been grafted more than five or six 

] 

[ 

| 

ways tasting acrid and saline. From 

this liquor a soft matter insoluble in years ; and a writer in the Gardener's 

water is deposited upon the sides of the Magazine, vol. v., p. 3, states, that the 

ulcer. The bark over which the transtrees in his orchard, though "only of 

• 

parent sanies flows, attains the appear- four years' growth, are sadly troubled 

ance of chalk, becoming white, friable. With the canker." Although young 

crystalline, 

with acids. 

alkaline, and 

A magnifier 

effervescent 

exhibits the 

trees are liable to this disease, yet their 

old age is the period of existence most 

crystals in the forms of rhomboids and obnoxious to its attacks. 

four-sided prisms. When the liquid is remembered that that is 

It must be 

not consedark-coloured, 

the bark a[)pears black- quently a young tree which is lately 

ish, and seems as if coated with varnish, grafted. If the tree from which the 

j 

It sometimes is discharged in such scion was taken be an old variety, it is 

quantities as to hang from the bark like only the multiplication of an aged instalactites. 

The matter of which these dividual. The scion may for a few 

are composed is alkaline soluble in years exhibit signs of increased vigour, 

owing to the extra stimulus of the more 

water, and with acids effervesces. The ' 

' scion 

analysis of this dark slimy matter shows abundant supply of healthy sap supplied 

it to be compounded of carbonate of by the stock ; but the vessels of the 

potass and ulmin, a product peculiar to 

will, after the lapse of that period, 

the elm. The white matter deposited gradually become as decrepid as the 

parent tree. The unanimous experience 

of naturalists agrees in testifying 

that every organized creature has its 

limit of existence. In plants it varies 

from the scanty period of a few months 

round the canker was composed of 

Vegetable matter .... 605 

Carbonate of potass . . . 

Carbonate of lime .... 

342 

50 

Carbonate of magnesia . . 3 

Vauquelin calculated from the quantity to the long expanse of as many centuof 

this white matter that was found ries ; but of all the days are numbered ;

CAN 120 CAN 

'' 

I 

j 

^ 

1 

I 

I 

' 

I 

, 

I 

i 

| 

j 

and although the gardener's, like the they sustain, however young and vigorphysician's 

skill, may retard the onward ous they were when first planted. 

pace of death, he will not be perma- How inductive of this disease is a wet 

iiently delayed. In the last periods ofi retentive subsoil, if the roots penetrate 

life they show every sym[)tom that ac- it, appears from the statement of Mr. 

companies organization in its old age, VVatts, gardener to R. G. Russell, Esq., 

not only a cessation of growth, but a 

decay of former development, a languid 

of Chequers Court, in Buckinghamshire. 

—A border beneath a south wall had a 

circulation and diseased organs. 

soil three feet and a half in depth, ap- 

The canker, as already observed, parently of the most fertile staple, twice 

attends especially the old age of some re-made under the direction of the late 

fruit trees, and of these the apple is Mr. Lee, of the Vineyard, Hammer- 

most remarkably a sufferer. " I do not smith. In this the trees, peaches and 

mean," says Mr. Knight, " to assert nectarines, flourish for the next three 

that there ever was a time when an or four years after they are planted, but 

apple-tree did not canker on unfavoura- are then rapidly destroyed by the 

ble soils, or that highly cultivated va- canker and gum. The subsoil is a stiff 

rieties were not more subject to the sour clay, nearly approaching to a brick 

disease than others, where the soil did 

Tiot suit them. But I assert from my 

own experience and observation within 

earth ; and the disease occurs as soon 

as it is reached by the roots of the tree. 

But this is certainly not a conclusion 

the last twenty years, that this disease warranted by the premises, because the 

becomes progressively more fatal to acridity of the sap, whatever may be its 

each variety, as the age of that variety source, would be likely to injure and 

beyond a certain period increases ; that corrode, in the first instance, those parts 

if an old worn-out orchard be planted 

with fruit trees, the varieties of the 

apple, which I have found in the cata- 

where the vessels are most weak and 

tender; now these, past dispute, are in 

the branches. Moreover, we generally 

logues of the middle of the seventeenth see the youngest branches the earliest 

century, are unproductive of fruit, and sufferers. 

in a state of debility and decay." 

Among the individuals particularly 

Pruning has a powerful influence in 

preventing the occurrence of the canker. 

liable to be infected, are those which I remember a standard russet apple- 

have been marked by an excessively tree of not more than twenty years' 

vigorous growth in their early years. I 

had one in my garden at Great Totham, 

growth, with a redundancy of ill-arranged 

branches, that was excessively 

which for the first twelve years of its attacked by this disease. I had two of 

existence was remarkable lor the un- its three main branches, and the laterals 

naturally large size 

its annual shoots. 

and 

It 

abundance of 

then became 

of that remaining, carefully thinned ; 

all the infected parts being at the same 

grievously affected by canker, which a^t 

length destroyed it. 

time removed. The result was a total 

cure. The branches were annually re- 

Trees injudiciously pruned or growguhited, and for six years the disease 

ing upon an ungenial soil, are more never re-appeared. At the end of that 

frequently attacked than those advancing 

under contrary circumstances. The 

time the tree had to be removed, as the 

ground it stood upon was required for 

oldest trees are always the first attack- another purpose. John Williams, Esq., 

ed of those similarly cultivated. The of Pitmaston, from long experience 

golden pippin, the oldest existing varie- concludes, that the golden pippin and 

ty of the apple, is more frequently and other apples may be preserved from 

more seriously attacked than any other. this disease, by pruning away every 

The soil has a very considerable influ- year that part of each shoot which is 

ence in inducing the disease. If the not perlectly ripened. By pursuing this 

subsoil be a ferruginous gravel, or if it method for six years, he brought a 

is not well drained, and the soil be alu- dwarf golden pippin tree to be as vigorniinous, 

and effective means are not ous and as free from canker as any new 

adopted to free it of superabundant variety. 

moisture, the canker, under any one of All these facts unite in assuring us 

these circumstances, is almost certain that the canker arises from the tree's 

weakness, from a deficiency in its vital 

to make its appearance amongst the trees i

CAN 121 CAN 

I 

| 

| 

j 

j 

j 

[ 

i 

! 

energy, and consequent 

imbibe and elaborate the 

inability to I applied. It must be only a tree of very 

nourisliment weak vital powers, such as is the golden 

necessary to sustain its Irame in vigour, pippin, that will bear the general cut- 

and much less to supply the healthy ting of the annual shoots Tis pursued by 

development of new parts. It matters Mr. Williams ; a new vigorous variety 

not whether its energy be broken down would exhaust itselfthe following year 

by an unnatural rapiility of growth, by in the production of fresh wood. No 

a disproporlioned excfss of branches thing beyond a general rule for the 

over the mass of roots, by old age, or pruning can be laid down, and it 

j 

by the disorganiz:ition of the roots in an amounts to no more than the direction 

u'ngenial soil ; they render the tree in- to keep a considerable vacancy between 

capable of e.\tracting sufficient nourish- every branch, both above and beneath 

nient from the soil, consequently inca- it, and especially to provide that not 

pable of developing a sufficient foliage ;! even two twigs shall chafe against 

and therefore unable to digest and ela- each other. The greater the intensity 

borate even the scanty sap that is sup- of light, and the freer the circulation of 

plied to them. The reason of the sap air amongst the foliage of the tree, the 

better the chance for its healthy vege- 

becoming unnaturally saline, appears to ] 

; 

j 

, 

be, that in proportion as the vigour of tation. If the disease being in a jruit 

any vegetable declines, it loses the tree be a consequence of old age, it is 

power of selecting by its roots the I probably a premature senility induced 

nourishment congenial to its nature. by injudicious management, for very 

An ungenial soil would have a debili- few of our varieties are of an age that 

tating influence upon the roots, in a insure to them decrepitude. I have 

proportionate though less violent de-1 never yet known a tree, unless it was 

in the last stage of decay, that could 

gree than a corrosive poison ; and as i 

these conse(iuently would absorb solu- not be recovered by giving it more air 

ble bodies more 'freely, and without and light, by careful heading in pruning, 

that discrimination so absolutely ncccs- improvement of the soil, and cleansing 

sary for a healthy vegetation, so the the bark 

j 

other most essential organs of nutrition, 

the leaves of the weakened plants, 

would promote and accelerate the disease. 

These, reduced in number and 

size, do not properly elaborate the sap ; 

and I have always found that under 

such circumstances these stunted organs 

exhale the aqueous policies of 

the sap very abundantly, wmlst their 

power of absorption is greatly rcduceil. 

The sap thus deficient in quantity and 

increased in acridity seems to corrode 

and atl'ect the vascular system of the 

tree in the manner already described. 

These facts afford us most important 

guides in attaining the desired objects, 

the prevention and cure of the disease. 

If super-luxuriance threaten its introduction, 

the best remedy is for the cultivator 

to remove one of the main roots 

of the tree, and to be particularly careful 

not to add any fertile addition to the 

soil within tlieir range. On the contrary, 

it will he well, if the continued 

exuberant growth shows the necessity, 

for the staple of the soil to be reduced 

If the soil by its ungenial character 

induces the disease, the obvious and 

only remedy is its amelioration ; and if 

the subsoil is the cause of the mischief, 

the roots must be prevented striking 

into it. In all cases it is the best practice 

to remove the tap root. Many 

orchardists pave beneath each tree with 

tiles and broken bricks. If the trees 

are planted shallow, as they ought to 

be, and the surface kept duly fertile, 

there is not much danger of the roots 

striking into the worse pasturage of the 

subsoil. On this point the experience 

of Mr. \V. Nichol, the gardener at 

Newick-place in Sussex, agrees with 

my own. He says, that the canker 

may be avoided in most instances, by 

paying proper attention to the soil in 

which the tree is planted. Canker, he 

thinks, will seldom occur if the surface 

soil is good, for in that case the roots 

will never descend into the prejudicial 

subsoil, but spread out their radicles 

near the surface, where they find food 

most abundant. If this is not kept up, 

the roots descend into the obnoxious 

in fertility, by the admixture of one less 

fertile, or even of drift sand. If there substratum, and the disease assuredly 

i 

be an excess of branches, the saw and follows. 

the pruning knife must be gradually! It remains for me to detail the course

CAN 122 CAN 

t 

j 

j 

of treatment that I have always found 

successful in effecting a cure in any 

variety, not decrepid from age, if the 

the disease. Mr. Forsyth, formerly 

gardener at Kensington Palace, made a 

considerable sensation at the close of 

caniier has not spread to the roots. the last and at the commencement of 

Having completely headed down, if the present century, by the wonderful 

the canker is generally prevalent, or effects produced upon trees, as he as- 

duly thinned the branches, entirely reserted, by the following composition, 

moved every small One that is in the used as a plaster over the wounds from 

least degree diseased, and cut away 

the decayed parts of the larger, so as 

which the decayed or cankered parts 

had been cut out 

not to leave a single speck of the decayed 

wood, I cover over the surface of 

each wound with a mixture while in a 

melted state, of eijual parts tar and 

rosin, applying it with a brush immediately 

after the amputation has been 

performed, taking care to select a dry 

:—One bushel of fresh 

cow-dung ; half a bushel of lime rubbish, 

that from ceilings of rooms is 

preferable, or powdered chalk ; half a 

bushel of wood-ashes ; one-sixteenth of 

a bushel of sand ; the three last to be 

sifted fine. The whole to be mixed 

and beaten together until they form a 

day. I prefer this to any composition fine plaster. 

Forsyth received a parlimentary 

with a basis of cow-dung and clay, be- Mr. [ 

cause the latter is always more or less grant of money for his discovery ; but 

| 

I 

; 

[ 

| 

i 

j 

i 

absorbent of moisture, and is liable to this, as Mr. Knight observes, " affords 

injury by rain and frost, causing alter- a much better proof that he was paid 

nations of moisture and dryness to the for an important discovery, than that he 

wounds, that promote decay rather than made one." 

their healing, by the formation of new It has been very ingeniously sugwood 

and bark. The resinous plaster gested, that if a destruction of the bark 

seldom or never requires renewal. Mr. by external violence, and consequently 

Forsyth, the arch-advocate of earthy likely to terminate in canker, has ocand 

alkaline plasters, finding that they curred, it would be a good plan to inpromoted 

decay, if applied to the sert, as in budding, a piece of living 

wounds of autumn-pruned trees, recommends 

this important act of culti- 

bark, exactly corresponding to the excision, 

from a less valuable tree. 

vation to be postponed to the spring. In conclusion, I would enforce upon 

Such a procrastination is always liable the orchardist's attention the import- 

to defer the pruning until bleeding is ance of obtaining his grafts or buds 

the consequence. If a resinous plaster from trees not affected by the disease, 

be employed, it excludes the wet, and 

obviates the objection to autumnal 

because apparently it is hereditary ; 

and, altlujugh after-culture may eradi- 

pruning. Mr. Forsyth's treatment of cate the malady, it is always far better 

the trunks and branches of trees, to avoid the infection, than to have to 

namely, scraping from them all the employ a specific. Having noticed the 

scaly dry exuvia of the bark, is to be 

adopted in every instance. He recom- 

gangrene as it appears in various forms 

upon our trees, we may now turn to a 

mends them to be brushed over with a few of the many instances where it oc- 

thin liquid compound of fresh cow-dung, curs to our fruits and flowers, liir it is 

soap-suds, and urine, but I very much 

prefer a brine of common salt; each 

not too much to say that scarcely a 

cultivated plant is within our enclo- 

acts as a gentle stimulus, which is their sures that is not liable to its inroads. 

chief cause of benefit, and the latter is 

more efficacious, destroying insects, and 

It assumes different aspects, and varies 

does not, like the other, obstruct the 

perspiratory vessels of the tree. The 

brine is advantageously rubbed in with 

a scrubbing or large painter's brush. 

Some persons recommend a liquid 

wash, containing, as prominent ingredients, 

quick-lime and wood-ashes, 

which, as the disease arises from an 

over-alkalescent state of the sap, cannot 

but prove injurious, and aggravate 

as to the organs it assails ; \ct still in 

some mode, and in some of their parts, 

all occasionally suffer, for it is the most 

common form of vegetable disease. 

The canker in the auricula is of this 

nature, being a rapidly-spreading ulcer, 

which, destroying the whole texture ot 

the plant where it occurs, prevents the 

rise of the sap. Some gardeners believe 

it to be infectious, and therefore 

destroy the specimen in which it occurs,

CAN 123 CAP 

unless it be very valuable; but this lithe market gardeners near London, 

believe to be an erroneous opinion, the which are supplied without stint with 

reason of its appearing to be infections tlie most fertilizing manure, this dis- 

' 

or epidemic beinn, that it occurs to ease of tlie potato is comparatively 

many when they are subjected to the unknown 

same injurious treatment which gives The stems of succulent plants, such 

birth to the disease. 

as the cacti mesemhryanthemums, and 

It appears to be caused by the appli- the balsam, as well as the fruit of the 

cation of too much water, especially if cucumber and melon, and the stalk of 

combined with superabundant nourish- the grape, are all liable to moist ganment. 

Therefore, although cutting out grene, all requiring for the development 

the decayinir part, when it first appears, of the disease excessive moisture in 

and applVing to the wound some finely- the air, though the immediate cause 

powdered charcoal, will effect a cure'if of its outbreak is usually a sudden re- 

tlie disease has not penetrated too deeply, 

yet it will be liable to return immediately 

if a less forcing mode of culture 

be not adopted. No auricula will 

sud'cr from this disease if it be shifted 

annually, and the tap root at the time of 

moving be shortened; a thorough system 

of draining being adopted, either by 

using one of the pots suggested in an 

thought was occasioned by the calcare 

ous earth, lime, or chalk contained by 

the soil, but more lengthened observation 

has convinced me of my error; and 

having observed it in all soils, and in 

seasons characterized by opposite extremes 

of wetness and dryness, I am 

induced to consider that the disease 

arises from some detect in the sets em- 

duction of temperature. 

— 

Principles of 

Gardening. 

CANNA. Thirty-eight species and 

some varieties. Stove herbaceous perennials. 

Seed or division. Ilich light 

soil. 

C. iridijiora is the most splendid; a 

writer in the Gardener's Chronicle says, 

that " so far from requiring stove heat, 

othc'r part of this work, or'by having the few plants cultivated in a green-house 

pot used one-fourth filled with pebbles, are more hardy. It only requires proand 

excessive damp during the winter 

being prevented by proper shelter. 

Parsley grown in a poor soil is also 

liable to canker in the winter. Mr. 

Barnes says, he never found any appli- 

tection from frost, and the border of the 

conservatory is its proper place, where 

it continues growing, with the thermometer 

varying between 35'^ and 45'^." 

CANTERBURY BELL. Campanula 

cation which eradicated this disease so medium. 

etfectually as a mixture in equal parts of CANTHIUM dubium. Green-house 

soot and slaked lime, sown over the evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich soil. 

plants. The cure is complete in a few CAPE JASMINE. Gardenia fiorida. 

davs, the vigour of the plants restored CAPE PHILLYREA. Cassine capenindicating, 

that this species of ulceration, 

like that which is found in the 

dwellings of the poor, arises from de- 

CAPER TREE. Capparis. 

CAPPARIS. Capers. Twenty-nine 

ficient nourishment. 

The tubers of the potato also are 

liable to the speck, black spot, or dry 

gancrene, a disease which I once 

species. Chiefly stove evergreen shrubs. 

Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

CAPRIFOLIUM. Goat Leaf. Seven- 

teen species and some varieties. Chiefly 

hardy deciduous, or evergreen twming 

or climbing plants. Cuttings. Common 

soil. 

CAPSICUM. Twenty-four species 

and some varieties. Stove evergreen 

shrubs, or hardy and stove annuals. 

Seeds. Rich open soil. 

The following are the kitchen garden 

species and varieties. 

, 

ployed, or to potatoes being grown too Capsicum Annuum. — Capsicum or 

of\en on the same site. It is quite Guinea Pepper. 

varieties: 

Of this there are five 

certain, from my own experience, that 

in ground tired of potatoes, the disease 

invariably, and most extensively, ap- i 

pears. This suggests that it is occa- 

sioned by a deficiency of some 

jconstituent 

in the soil, a suggestion confirmed 

by the fact, that in the fields of. 

— 

1. Long-podded. 

2. Heart-shaped. 

3. Short-podded. 

4. Angular-podded. 

Round Short-podded. 

C. Cerasiforme.—Capsicum or Cherry

CAR 124 CAR 

Pepper. Qf this there are three varie- 

ties: 

— 

1. Cherry-shaped. 

2. Bell-shaped, or Ox-heart. 

3. Yellow-podded. 

C. grossum.—Capsicum, or Bell Pepper. 

Of this there are three varieties: 

1. Old Bell-shaped or Buii^nose. 

2. Sweet or Spanish. 

3. Tomato-shaped. 

So/7 ayid Situation.—The soil best 

suited for them is a rich moist loam, 

rather inclining to lightness than tenacity. 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—They are 

propagated by seed, which may be sown 

towards tlie end of March or beginning 

of April in a hot-bed of moderate size, 

with the shelter of a frame; or somewhat 

later on an open border, protected 

from cold winds: when the plants are 

sufficiently advanced they may be transplanted 

to their permanent position in 

the garden. 


of seed a {)lant bearing some of the forwardest 

and finest fruit of each Variety 

must be preserved, that it may be ripe 

before the frosts commence, the first of 

which usually kills the plants. When 

completely ripe, the pods are cut and 

hung up in the sun, or in a warm room, 

until completely dry, in which state 

they are kept until the seed is wanted 

for sowing. 

CARAGANA. Fourteen species. 

Chiefly hardy deciduous shrubs. Grafts, 

layers or seeds. Sandy open loam. 

CARALLIA lucida. Stove evergreen 

tree. Cuttings. Sandy peat and loam. 

CARALLUMA. Four species. Stove 


and brick rubbish. 

CARAPA. Four species. Stove 


sandy peat. 

CARAWAY. Carum Carui. 

CARDAMLNE. Lady's Smock. Eleven 

species. Hardy herbaceous plants. 

Division. Peat and lonni. 

CARDL\AL FLOWER. Lobelia cardinnlis. 

CARDOON. {Cynara cardunculus.) 

The stalks of the inner leaves, when 

rendered tender by blanching, are used 

in stews, soups, and salads. 

Soil and Situation.—A light rich soi 

is most suitable to this vegetable, dur 

deep and well pulverised. The situation 

must be open, and free from trees 

j 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—It may 

be sown at the close of March, but for 

the main crop not until the early part of 

April, those plants raised from earlier 

sowings being apt to run at the close of 

autumn ; for a late crop, a sowing may 

be performed in June. The best practice 

is to sow in patches of three or 

four rows four feet apart each way, to 

be thinned finally to one in each place, 

the weakest being removed. If, however, 

they are raised in a seed bed, 

they will be ready for transplanting in 

about eight or ten weeks from the time 

of sowing, and must be set at similar 

distances as are specified above. 

The plants of the first sowing are 

generally three weeks before they make 

their appearance; those from the latter 

ones about two. If after a lapse of 

these times they do not appear, it 

should be ascertained if the seed is decayed, 

and in thnt case the sowing renewed. 

The seed must be sown rather 

thin, and covered about half an inch. 

When about a month old, the seedlings, 

when too thick, must be thinned 

to four inches apart, and those removed 

may be pricked out at a similar distance. 

When of the age sufficient for 

their removal they must be taken up 

carefully, and the long straggling leaves 

removed. The bed for their reception 

must be dug well and laid out in 

trenches as for celery, or a hollow sunk 

for each plant ; but as they are liable 

to suffer from excessive wet, the best 

mode is to plant on the surface, and 

form the necessary earthing in the form 

of a tumulus. Water must be applied 

abundantly at the time of planting, as 

well as subsequently, until they are 

established ; and also in August, if dry 

weather occurs, regularly every other 

night, as this is found to prevent their 

running to seed. The only other necessary 

point to be attended to is, that 

they may be kept free from weeds during 

every stage of their growth. When 

advanced to about eighteen inches in 

height, which according to the time of 

sowing will be in August, and thence 

to October, the leaves must be closed 

together by encircling them with a hayband, 

and earth placed round each 

plant, a dry day being selected for performing 

it. As they continue to grow, 

fresh bands and earth must be constant- 

ly appli(;d until they are blanched to 

the height of two feet, or about two-

CAR 125 CAR 

thirds of their stems. They will be fit 

j 

, 

for use in eight or ten weeks after the 

earthing first commences. Care must 

be had in earthing them up, to prevent 

the earth falling in between the leaves, 

which IS liable to induce decay. The 

surface of the soil should likewise be 

beaten smooth to throw oft" the rain. In 

severe weather their tops should be 

covered with litter, by which they may 

be preserved in a serviceable state 

throughout the winter. 

To obtain Seed—Which in this country 

seldom comes to maturity, but in dry 

seasons a few plants should be set in a 

sheltered situation of the April sowing, 

not earthed up, but allowed the shelter 

of mats or litter in frosty weather. The 

flowers make their appearance about 

the beginning of July, and the seed is 

ripe in September. 

CARDUXCELUS. Two species. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division. 

Common soil. 

CARDUUS. Thirty-eight species. 

Hardy 

nials. 

annuals, biennials, and peren- 

Seeds or division. Common 

soil. 

CAREYA. Three species. Stove 

evergreens ; C. herbacea is a splendid 

herbaceous stove plant. Division. Light 

loam and sandy peat. 

CARCilLLIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Peat 

and open loam. 

CARICA. Six species. Chiefly stove 

evergreen trees. Leafy cuttings. Loamy 

soil. 

CARISSA. Five species. Stove ever- 

green trees. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

C.\RLINA. Ten species 

plants ; C. lyrata is a green-house 

biennial. Seeds. Common soil. 

CARLOVVIZIA salicifoUa. Greenhouse 


Sandy loam. 

CARLUDOVICA. Five species. 

Stove evergreen climbers, or herbace- 

ous perennials. Suckers, 

and loam. 

CAR.^HCHAELIA australis. Greenhouse 


peat. 

CARNATION. Dianthus caryophyllus. 

The Carnation is a prominent 

flower at the horticultural shows in 

England, and exciting contests tor the 

premiums are annually exhibited. In 

the United States it succeeds but indifferently 

well, and a really good col- 

lection of Carnations is a rarity : indeed 

so rare, that but few of us have 

seen what a British amateur would 

deem worth looking at. We reprint 

the whole of the article on the subject 

as it originally stood in the Dictionary, 

for the benefit of those who m.iy be 

disposed to make importations and embark 

in the culture of this charming 

flower. 

Mr. J. F. Wood, of the Coppice, 

Nottingham, gives the following list of 

varieties. 

Scarlet Bizarres.—Twitchett's Don 

John ; Martin's Splendid ; Headley'a 

Achilles; Headley's William Cobbett; 

Bucknall's Earl Fitzharding ; Strong's 

Duke of York; Wilmer's Conquering 

Hero. 

Crimson Bizarres.—Puxley's Prince 

Albert ; Holmes' Count Paulina ; Maus- 

ley's Robert Burns ; Ely's Lord Milton ; 

Jacques' Georgiana ; Chambers' Kate; 

Jacques' Iris; Parker's Sophia. 

Scarlet Flakes.—Twitchett's Queen 

of Scarlet ; Wigg's Earl of Leicester ; 

Bucknall's Ulysses ; Wilson's William 

the Fourth ; Wilmer's Hero of Middlesex 

; Addenbrook's Lydia. 

Purple Flakes.—Mausley's Beauty of 

Woodhousc ; Headley's Empress of 

Purples; Headley's Incognita; Pollard's 

First-rate; Wilmer's Solander; 

Millwood's Premier ; Strong's Esther. 

Rose Flakes.— Brooks' Flora Garland 

; Greasley's Village Maid ; Wil- 

Hardy 

son's Harriet ; Ely's Lady Ely ; Siclamore's 

Lady Rowley ; Pearson's Madam 

Mara. 

Scarlet Bizarres. — Jolly Dragoon 

(Ely's) ; Game Boy (Rainforth's) ; Leader 

(Hepworth's) ; Don John (Merchant's) 

; Lady of the Manor (Millwood's) 

; Patriarch (Ilulton's) ; Union 

Jack (Ward's) ; Sir Robert Peel 

(Groves') ; Locomotive (Morris') ; Duke 

of Leeds (Hoyle's) ; Prince Albert 

(Hoyle's) ; Splendid (Martin's) ; Con- 

Sandy peat, quering Hero (Wilmer's) ; Brutus (Colcut's) 

; Juba (Colcut's) ; Charles the 

Twelfth (Mausley's) ; William the 

Fourth (Walmsley's) ; Colonel (Lee's) 

Duke of Devonshire ; Mars (Walmsley's). 

Crimson Bizarres.—Duke of Bedford 

(Ely's) ; Count Paulini (Holmes') ; Duchess 

of Kent (Brown's); Bloomsbury 

(Soorn's) ; Hector (Brown's) ; Lord Milton 

(Ely's); Lord Brougham (tiicasley's); 

Squire Plumtree (Hufton's) 

;

CAR 126 CAR 

Mrs. Brand (Ely's) ; William Caxton 

(Ely's); Robert Burns (Mausley's) ; 

Tally-ho (Woolley's) ; Bonpland (Wilmer's) 

; Dord Durham (Tomlinson's) ; 

Rainbow (Cartwright's) ; Squire Ray 

(Hufton's) ; Betty (Lovegrove's) ; King 

Alfred (Gregory's) ; 

Eclipse (Eason's) 

Taglioni (Pickering's). 

Scarlet Flakes.—Beauty of Cradley 

(Wallis') ; Ringleader (Toane's) ; Bright 

Rose Flakes.—Lovely Anne (Ely's) 

Rosea (Hulton's); Queen Victoria (Hyron's) 

; Lady Gardiner (Ely's) ; Lady 

Ely (Ely's); Elizabeth (Easum's); 

Village Maid (Greasley's); Lady Flora 

(Hudson's) ; Sarah (Hastings') ; Brewing 

(Hoyle's) ; Miss Walker (Ash- 

worth's) ; 

Mrs. Pickering (Pickering's) 

Lovely Nancy (Hoyle's); Eliza (Parkinson's) 

; Emma (Lakin's) ; Miss Molly 

(Ely's) Queen of England (Fletcher's); 

; 

Luna (Brown's) ; 

; 

Lady Egertou (Low's); 

Lady Grey (Malpas'). 

Purple Flakes.—Mango (Ely's) ; Beauty 

of Woodhouse (Mausley's); Bellerophon 

(Leighton's) ; Prince Charlotte 

(Turner's); Premier(Millwood's); Squire 

Meyneli (Brabbin's); Sir J. Plastain 

(Bates') ; British Queen (Elliot's) ; Invincible 

(Simpson's) ; Major (Spray's); 

Miss Thornton (Hudson's) ; Enchanter 

(Pearson's); Rev. J. Gisborne (Brabbins') 

; Miignilicent(Ely's) ; Queen Victoria 

(Ely's); Cleopatra (VVeldon's) 

First Rate (Pollard's) ; Platoff (Hall's) 

Major Cartwright (Hall's). 

Red Picotees.—Mrs. Flower (Ely's) 

Miss Bacon (Wollard's) ; Little Wonder 

(Wollard's) ; Duke of Wellington 

(Sharp's) ; Mary (Morris') ; Pilot (Mor- 

ris') ; Will Stakely (Hutton's) ; Derby 

Willow (Maw's) ; King of the French 

(Green's) ; Royal Briton (Hardy's) ; Ma- 

tilda (Parkinson's) ; Venus (Hudson's) ; 

Mary Antony (Benii's); Hector (Sharp's); 

Cornelius (Barraud's) ; Colonel Foreman 

(Barraud's); Teazer (Giddens'); Cresar 

(Giddens') : Criterion (Sharp's); Catherine 

(Hardy's) ; Nulli Secundus (Mausley's) 

; Bloomsbury (Clegg's) ; Mrs. Judson 

(Wheatley's) ; 

Venus (Ely's); Premier (Creswell's) 

Lady Peel (Pullen's); 

Lord Morpeth (Ely's) ; Captain Ross 

(Ely's) ; Mary Anne (Greasley's). 

Rose Picotees.—Few of this class are 

the following 

Vespasian (Giddens'); Victoria (Muscroft's) 

Queen ofSheba (Wakefield's); 

; 

Nottingham Hero (Robinson's); Mr. 

Mugglestone (Robinson's); Hope (Brink- 

grown near Nottingham ; 

ler's) ; Trip to 

are amongst 

Cambridge (Dickson's) ; 

the best : Queen Victoria 

Grace Darling (Ely's) ; Pluperfect (Wil- 

(Green's) ; Favourite (Giddens') ; Fanny 

son's) Queen Victoria (Kirkland's) ; ; 

Irby (Wilson's) ; Marchioness oi' Westminster 

(Evans') Queen 

Nehemiah (Hufton's) ; Delight (Jack- 

Victoria 

; 

son's) ; Victoria (Crask's) ; Isabella 

(Wains'); Ann Page (Lovegrove's); Mar- 

(Hufton's); Miss 

quis of Granby 

Hunter (Hufton's), alias 

(Simpson's) : Earl of 

Toones, Miss Garey ; Mary (Lee's). 

Errol (Wilmer's); Wellington (Foster's); 

Characteristics 

Earl of Leicester (Wigg's) ; Rob Roy 

of Excellence.—Mr. 

Orson, at a meeting of the Floricultural 

(Orson's); Madame Mara (Pearson's) ; 

Society, made these excellent observa- 

William the Fourth (Wilson's) ; Lady 

tions 

Hill (Pugh's); Fox Hunter (Hufton's): 

Donna Maria (Millwood's); Red Rover 

(Fletcher's) ; Bishop of Gloucester 

(Brown's). 

:— " Carnations were originally 

divided into three classes, viz., Bizarres, 

Flakes, and Picotees ; but the latter are 

now considered a distinct variety. Bizarres 

were distinguished by having two 

colours, and flakes by having only one 

colour upon a white ground ; these two 

principal classes being subdivided into 

scarlet, crimson, pink, and purple bizarres 

— scarlet, purple, and pink or 

rose flakes. In some counties pink, 

purple, and crimson bizarres were all 

classed under the head of pink bizarres, 

whereas in other parts of the country 

they were known as crimson bizarres. 

" The calyx, or pod, should be long, 

firm, and entire, of sufficient substance 

to support the petals, which should be 

thick, broad, and substantial, smooth, 

and free from indenture on the edge. 

The guard petals should rise gracefully 

above the pod, and turn in a horizontal 

direction, having a gradual disposition 

to cup, but not terminating in an abrupt 

curl, at the outer edge, the whole forming 

a complete circle. The interior 

petals should rather decrease in size as 

they approach the centre, each row being 

regularly and alternately arranged 

above the other, and not have a loose 

and gaping appearance, in fact, the 

spaces should be only sufficient to display 

the colouring distinctly. The number 

of petals in a first rate flower 

should not be less than seventeen, three

— 

I 

CAR 127 

• 

CAR 

of them being placed in the centre, to very full picotees are not to be advoform 

a crown. cated, a medium fulness is best. The 

same disqualifications with regard to 

"The whole would then, if well ar- I 

petal and pod are applicable as to 

carnation." Card. Chron. 

Dr. Horner recommends 

Two parts old pasture sods, two years 

whether bizarre or flake, should be old, and one part old frame manure, 

three years old, with a sufficient addi- 

ranged, produce the form of the half of I the 

' 

an oval or elliptic, when held on a side the 

view; having, when seen from above, Soil.— j 

a circular appearance. The colours, " } 

' 

I 

[ 

strong, brilliant, and distinct throughoiit. 

The ground colour should be a 

pure white; free from speck, spot, tint, 

or tinêof any sort. Theflakes should I 

— — 

I 

' 

[ 

| 

! 

\ 

j 

| 

^ 

| 

| 

' 

| 

i 

j 

; 

; 

: 

j 

] 

I 

j 

' 

j 

I 

| 

i 

' 

tion of coarse river sand, to prevent te- 

nacity ofthe soil. Pasture sods reduced 

to mould, are preferable to soil taken 

be bro'ad and bold, commencing at the from a greater depth, inasmuch as they 

extreme edge, ofa proportionate width contain the fibrous roots of the grass, 

| 

to the petal, running through to the cen- which during their gradual decay afford 

tre, or as far as the eye can discern, and a constant supply of most acceptable 

diminishing in breadth as they approach nourishment." Gard. Chron. 

the centre, in the same ratio as the pe- " Propagation.—Pipings stuck in this 

tal. The distribution of colours should monld are to be covered with a handbe 

equal in every respect: in a flake, light, exposed fully to the sun but in 

; 

not less than three divisions in each hot weather, in the evening, water 

petal; in a bizarre, not less than five poured over the hand-light; pick out 

divisions, and properly arranged ; their worms and slugs. If the pipings are 

respective and united beauties should placed in a box, covered first with a 

be strikingly apparent. bell-glass, which is to be exchanged for 

" Size should not be lost sight of, a small hand-glass, or a larger bellthough 

it should never take precedence, glass, as the pipings begin to grow, the 

unless the other general properties were boxes placed on a stage on the north 

j 

equal. The disqualifications of a car- side ofa tree, and the stage resting on 

nation are—a dead, loose, mutilated, feeders, filled with lime-water, there is 

or split petal, a petal having no white less trouble with insects, and the pipings 

on the upper side ; a petal having (if a will grow very well, but not so rapidly." 

flake) no colour upon the white on the — Gard. Chron. For the best mode of 

upper side; a petal upon which (if a obtaining piping's, see PinTc. 

bizarre) there are not two colours upon Raising Varieties.—Dr. Lindley says, 

the white on the upper side; if the pod — " The fertilization of carnations 

be split down to the sub-calyx, or cut should be performed as soon as the stigaway 

in any part." Gard. Chron. mas unfold. The action of pollen is 

" The properties of the picotee, with not instantaneous, but slow; and it is 

regard to form and petal," says the same necessary that it should adhere, 

authority, " are the same as in the car- *' Although it may produce no effect 

nation, with this exception, that, as the at the time of applying it, yet it will 

colour of the picotce is, or ought to be, eventually fertilize the seed-vessel, if 

confined to the margin of the petal, a the flower be kept dry. If the seedgreater 

degree of fulness was admissi- vessel grows, and yet the seed does 

ble, proportionate with the lightness or not swell, it is because fertilization has 

narrowness of the marking. The co- not taken place. It would increase the 

lour should be clear and distinct, confined 

to the edge of the petal, and not 

running down orbarring; neither should 

probability of procuring seed, to place 

the pots near a south wall. It is of no 

use to cut out the centre petals when 

the white in the slightest degree run the flower is very double." Gard. 

through to the edge of the petals, but Chron. 

whether lightly or heavily marked, the Sowing.—"The surface ofthe soil 

colour should be regular, at an equal should be finely pulverized, and the bed 

distance from the edge all round the raised somewhat above the level ofthe 

petal, each petal having the same re- adjoining ground. The seed may be 

gularity of colouring throughout the scattered broadcast over the bed, and 

flower „^.. 

afterwards lightly pressed with the back 

" Although a full floweris not so ob- ofa rake." Gard. Chron. 

jectionable as in the carnation, yet, as " ! Seedlings are always more vigorous 

— 

—

CAR 128 CAR 

than those that have been in cultivation 

for a length of time. 

" It is not usual for carnations and 

pinks to bloom the first season. When 

; 

The method of performing the work 

is as follows:—First provide a quantity 

of small hooked sticks, three or 

four inches long, with which to peg 

the layers down, also in a barrow 

i 

j 

j 

the seed is sown early, flower-stems 

are occasionally thrown up late in the quantity of light rich mould to raise tive 

autumn, and all destroyed by frost. earth, if required, around each plant; 

Gard. Chron. 

and provide also a sharp penknife. 

The plants generally come up in a Having all these ready, then proceed 

month after sowing ; give occasional to the work of layering : first, strip oHT 

watering and weeding, and in July they all the leaves from the body of the 

will be fit to prick out into nursery beds, shoots, and shorten those at the top an 

which prepare in an open situation, nch or two evenly; and then, fixing 

three feet wide ; and taking advantage upon a strong joint about the middle of 

of moist weather, prick the plants there- the shoot, and on its under side, cut 

in four inches apart, and finish with a the joint half way through, directing 

general watering, which repeat occa- your knife upward, so as to slit the 

sionally till all the plants have taken shoot up the middle almost to the next 

good root. Here let them remain till 

September,—when they will be so well 

advanced in growth as to require more 

and should have their final trans- 

room ; 

plantation into other three-feet-wide 

beds of good earth, in rows lengthways 

the bed, nine inches asunder, and the 

same distance in the lines, placing them 

in the quincunx order; and here they are 

to remain all the winter, and until they 

flower, and have been increased by 

layers ; until which periods all the culture 

they require is, that if the winter 

prove very severe, an occasional shelter 

of mats, during the hardest frost, 

will be of much advantage , and in 

spring, loosen the ground between them 

with a hoe. Keep them always clear 

from weeds, and when their flowerstalks 

advance, tie them up to sticks. 

They will flower in June, July, and 

August, at which times, as soon as the 

singles and doubles are distinguishable, 

all the singles may be rejected. 

When fully blown, examine their properties 

; the finest may be marked for 

stage flowers, and the others are furniture 

for the borders ; all of which may 

joint above ; of which joint the thin 

skinny part must be trimmed off, for 

the layers always form their root at 

that part. This done, loosen the earth 

around the plant, and, if necessary, add 

some fresh mould to raise it for the 

more ready reception of the layers ; 

then with your finger make a hollow or 

drill in the earth to receive the layer, 

which bend gently down horizontally in 

the opening, raising the top upright, so 

as to keep the gash, or slit part of the 

layer, open, and with one of the hooked 

sticks peg down the body of the layer 

to secure it in its proper place and position, 

still preserving the top erect and 

the slit open, and draw the earth over 

it an inch or two, bringing it close about 

the erect part of the shoot ; and when 

all the shoots of each plant are thus 

layered, give some water to settle the 

earth close, repeating the waterings 

often in dry weather; and in five or six 

weeks the layers will have formed good 

roots, when they should be separated 

with a knife from the old plants, and 

planted in beds or pots^ 

Taking off and transplanting the 

Layers.—The layers are generally well 

be increased by layers the same year 

Propagation by Layers.—The proper rooted in six weeks after layering, vvhich 

parts lor layers are those leafy shoots you will observe by opening the earth a 

arising near the crown of the root, 

which, when about five inches long, are 

little, and examining the bottom, or 

root part; and if it has emitted plenty 

of a proper degree of growth. 

of fibres, they should be taken off, and 

The general season tor this work is planted out. 

Jurie, July, and beginning of August, They must be cut, or separated with 

and the sooner it is done after the shoots a knife from the old plant, gently rais- 

are ready the better, that they may ing them out of the earth with the point 

have sufficient time to acquire strength of a trowel, to preserve the fibres, or 

before winter. Those layered in June roots of the layers; and when thus taken 

and July will be fit to take off in Au- up, cut off the naked sticky part at botgust 

and September. 

tom close to the root, and trim the tops

CAR 129 CAR 

of the leaves a little : they are then 

ready for planting, either into beds or 

pots, but rather into nursery-beds of 

good earth, to remain six vveeiss, and 

then the fine sorts may be potted. 

Therefore, choosing a bed or border of 

rich light earth, let it be then neatly 

dug, and the surface raked smooth, and 

here plant the layers, %fith a dibble, at 

tirely off, for if much covered it would 

draw them up weak and tender. 

Be careful also that the drainage in 

the pots is very good. 

Thus continue your care of the potted 

plants till spring, and then shift them 

into large pots, to remain to blow, as 

directed in tiieir spring culture. 

In respect to those in the open beds, 

they commonly stand the win- 

six or eight inches distance; give di- | 

rectly a good watering, 

although 

and repeat it, ter tolerably, yet, if you have any spare 

[ 

i 

^ 

] 

in dry weather, every day or two, for a frames, or the beds arched over, to be 

week or a fortnight, when the plants covered with mats or long dry litter in 

will have taken fresh root, and begin to severe frosts, it will be of much advanadvance 

In this bed let them take their growth 

^till October, then the fine varieties may 

be potted insmall pots (forty-eights) for 

moving to occasional shelter from hard 

frosts, till spring, then into large pots, 

to remain to flower; therefore, at the 

above-mentioned time in autumn, take 

up the layers of the prime sorts from 

the nursery beds into small pots, and 

give a moderate watering, and place 

them in a warm situation, in the full 

air, till November, then move them to 

occasional shelter, as directed in their 

winter culture. 

The more common sorts may either 

at the above time in autumn be transplanted 

into the borders or other compartments 

ofthe pleasure ground, where 

they are to remain to flower, or may be 

continued in the beds until spring; and 

then a due quantity may be disposed in 

the borders, or retained in the same 

bed, for flowering. 

IVinte?- Culture.— In November, the 

varieties in pots should be moved to a 

sunny, sheltered situation for the winter 

; and if placed in a frame, &c., to 

have occasional protection from hard 

frost, it will be of much advantage. 

The pots may be placed close together, 

or if the bod is raised three, four, or 

six inches, with a light dry earth, sand. 

tage. 

Spring Culture, Shifting, SfC.—In 

the latter end of February, or some 

time in March, the layers in the small 

pots, or such as are in beds, and that 

you intend shall blow in pots, should 

be transplanted with balls into the large 

pots, where they are to remain. 

The pots proper for their reception 

for flowering, should be nine or ten 

inches at least in the clear at top, but 

if a foot the better, that there may be 

due room to lay the layers, at the proper 

season, for a further increase, 

which is an essential point to be considered. 

The pots being ready, put some 

pieces of tile or oyster shells over the 

holes at the bottom; add plenty of 

drainage, and fill them halfway with 

earth, then turn the plants out of the 

pots, &c., with the ball of earth about 

their roots ; and after taking away a 

little of the earth around the sides of 

the ball, place one plant in each of 

the large pots, filling up the vacancy 

around the ball with fresh compost, 

bringing it also close up about the 

body of the plant, which should stand 

] 

1 

nearly as high as the rim of the pot 

and finish each pot with a moderate 

watering. 

Being thus potted, place them in a 

or ashes, and so plunge the pots in it to sheltered sunny situation in the full air, 

their rims, it will be a greater protec- and in dry weather supply them with 

tion for their roots, covering them oc- water twice a week, and here let them 

j 

casionally with the glasses in hard | 

frosts, &c.; but for want of frames, a 

till they are considerably ad- 

! 

! 

j 

i 

| 

bed prepared as above may be 

remain 

vanced towards flowering, then the fine 

arched sorts may be placed on the Carnation 

over with hoops, to be covered occa- stage. 

sionally with mats. 

Summer Culture.—During dry warm 

Under either of those shelters the weather continue the care of watering 

plants are to be covered with glasses those in pots every day or two. Like- 

| 

or mats only in time of severe frost, wise clear out all weeds, and at times 

but must enjoy the full air in all open lightly stir the surface. In May and 

weather, 

9 

by having all covering en- June the flower-stems of the plants will 

;

CAR 130 CAR 

' 

' 

advance, when sticks should be placed stage, by means of small neat rails, 

for their support, which should be two 

feet and a half or a yard long, either 

round or square, but perfectly straight, 

carried along lengthways of the stage, 

just over the place where each row of 

pots stand, and from which rails upan(ftaporiiig 

from the bottom: sharpen- right sticks half an inch thick are caring 

the lower end thrust one down by ried to another such rail above, placing 

every plant, to which tie the flower- them at such distances that there be 

stems in a neat manner, which repeat two to each pot, and so train^ the 

as they advance in height. flower-stems up to the outside of the 

In June, or beginning of July, the 

plants will be considerably advanced 

towards flowering, when those intended 

for the stage should be placed there, to 

sticks, 

With respect to the cups of vrater 

above mentioned, they are earthen or 

leaden, about fifteen inches wide, and 

prevent th'e depredation of slugs ; the three or four deep, having a hollow or 

posts or supporters of the stage should 

be surrounded at the bottom by small 

cups of water; and by placing the 

plants on a stage, having tlie platform 

eighteen inches or two feet high, the 

flowers are viewed to more advantage ; 

vacancy in the middle sis inches wide, 

like a socket to receive the posts ; and 

is formed by a raised rim in the middle, 

equal in height to that of the circumference, 

and the hollow or socket so 

formed as to receive the bottom of the 

and if there is erected an awning over posts quite through to the ground ; and 

the top, supported four feet above the the space between the outer and inner 

platform, the flowers being screened rim is filled with water, so that each 

from the heat of the mid-day sun, and post standing in the middle of such a 

, 

defended from heavy rains,' are con- cistern, sufficiently guards the plants 

| 

tinued much longer in beauty. against creeping insects, for they will 

| 

Some Carnation stages' are con- not attempt to cross the water, 

; 

structed upon very elegant plans, both For want of a covered stage to screen 

] 

to render them useful and ornamental, the flowers, you may contrive a kind of 

i 

But as to the general construction of small umbrellas or round spreading 

a common Carnation stage, it is formed caps, either of tin or canvas, nine or 

entirely of slight timber work, thus—a ten inches diameter, one for each plant; 

boarded platform is erected eighteen having a socket in the middle to receive 

inches or two feet in height, formed by the tops of the support-sticks ; those 

two ranges of planks, to contain two umbrellas which are formed of tin are 

rows of pots lengthways, supported on the best, but if you make them of canposts, 

ransed either in one row along vas, first make little round frames, 

under the'^middle of the platform, or in having the rim formed with slips of 

two ranges, one on each side ; and lead, wire, cane, &c., the above width, 

over is erected a roof of open work, with cross slips of the same materials; 

five or sis feet high, to be covered with contriving a socket of lead or tin in the 

painted canvas, supported either by a middle for the support-stick to go quite 

range of neat posts on each side, or by through, as just observed ; and upon 

one row ranging along the middle, bethese frames paste or sow canvas, 

tween the planks of the platform, which which paint with oil-colour, that they 

is the most eligible ; the roof may be may stand the weather ; either of 

formed either archways or like the which covers are placed over the 

ridge of a house, having the arches or flowers by running the support-stick up 

spars about a foot asunder, and stiff'ened through the hole or socket in the mid- 

| 

; 

i 

by thin slips ofdeal, carried across them die, and resting the cap upon a piece 

the whole length of the stage ; and the of wire put across the stick at such a 

roof thus formed may be covered with height from the flower as to screen it 

, 

coarse canvas painted white. effectually from the sun and rains. 

All the wood work of the stage Give attention to continue to tie up 

should be painted white, both to preserve 

it from the weather, and give it 

neatly the flower-stalks of the plants as 

they advance in stature. When they 

a more lively appearance. In conare arrived at their full height, support 

structing Carnation stages, some con- them erect at top with wires, having a 

small eye or ring at one end, for the 

trive sticks for the support of the | 

flower-stalks, fixed to the work of the reception of the flower-stalk ; so put

CAR 131 CAR 

the other end into holes made in the full width and extent, the longest un- 

support-sticks. These wires should be dermost, and the next longest upon 

five or six inches long, and several holes these, and so of the rest quite to the 

are made in the upper part of tlie sticks; middle, observing that the collar must 

the first at the height of the bottom of: nowhere appear wider than 

it begins to burst, 

the flower 

| 

| 

the flower pod, the other above that, an 

inch or two distant ; and place the wires 

when 

Continue the care of watering the 

in the holes lower or higher, that the which in dry hot weather will be 

I 

! 

pots, 

eye or ring may be just even with the necessary every day, being essential to 

case of the calyx, to support the flower promote the size of the flowers, and 

in an upright position ; and by drawing increase the strength of the shoots of 

the wire less or more out, the flower is the plants at bottom for layers. 

preserved at any distance from the sup And as in June and July these layers 

port as shall seem necessary to give it will have arrived at proper growth for 

proper room to expand ; and if two or layering, they should also be layered to 

three of the like wires are placed also continue )'0ur increase of the approved 

in the lower parts of the support-sticks, varieties, and so continue layering the 

placing the stem of the flowers also in shoots of each year's growth at the 

the eye of the wires, all the tyings of above season, managing them always 

bass, &c., may be cut away. 

as before directed. 

To have as large flowers as possible, As to the border carnations, i. e., 

clear off all side shoots from the flower- such as you intend shall flower in borstem, 

suffering only the main or top ders or beds, in the open ground, any 

buds to remain to flower. 

When the flowers begin to open, at- 

of the varieties may be employed ; 

their propagation both by seed 

and 

and 

tendance should be given to assist the layers is the same as already directed. 

fine varieties to promote their regular The season for transplanting them into 

expansion, particularly the large burster the places of their final destination for 

kinds, they being apt to burst open on flowering, is October or beginning of 

one side ; 

November, for the autumn planting 

and, unless assisted by a little 

art, the petals will break out of compass, 

and the flower become very irregular; 

therefore, attending everyday 

at that period, observe, as soon as the 

calyx begins to break, to cut it a little 

open at two other places in the indentings 

at top, with narrow-pointed scissors, 

that the openings be at equal distances, 

and hereby the more regular 

expansion of the petals will be promoted 

; observing if one side of any 

flower comes out faster than another, 

to turn the pot about, that the other side 

of the flower be next the sun, which will 

also greatly assist the more regular expansion 

of the flower. 

Likewise, when intended to blow any 

particularly fine flowers as large and 

spreading as possible, florists place 

spreading paper collars round the bottom 

of the flower, on which to spread 

the petals to their utmost expansion ; 

these collars are made of stiff white 

paper, cut circular, about three or four 

inches diameter, having a hole in the 

middle to receive the bottom of the 

petals, withinside of the calyx, the 

and for that of the spring, any time in 

March or first fortnight in April ; removing 

them with little balls about their 

roots, planting them about two feet from 

the edge of the border; and as to culture, 

it is principally tying up the flowerstalks 

as they advance in stature, and 

to make layers of all the approved 

sorts annually, in June or July. 

leaves of which are made to spread flat CARPINUS. 

for its support ; and then spread or draw manv varieties. 

out the petals upon the collar to their, Seeds or layers, 

— 

; 

Aber- 

crombie. 

Carnation Pots.—The pots commonly 

made and used for the purpose of 

blooming carnations in, are called widemouthed 

twelves. Two plants are put 

in each pot, and they are made wide at 

the top for the convenience of layering 

the plants in. 

Disease.—The " black spot*' on the 

leaves of carnations, is an infection 

propagating itself in the same manner 

as rust in corn, or mildew of plants, 

each spot being composed of innumerable 

small fungi. 

CAIIOR TRF:E. Ceratonia. 

CAROLINF:a. Four species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Rich loamy 

Three species, and as 

Hardy deciduous trees. 

Common soil.

CAR 132 CAS 

CARPODONTUS lucida. Greenhouse 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

CARRICHTERA vella. Hardy annual. 

Seeds. Common soil. A dry 

situation suits it best. 

CARROT. {Dnucus carota.) "The 

Carrot is a hardy biennial. The root of 

the plant in its wild state is small ; dry, 

sticky, of a white colour, and strong 

flavoured." 

Varieties.—Those with a regular fusiform 

root, are named long carrots; and 

those having one that is nearly cylindrical, 

abruptly terminating, are denominated 

horn carrots. The first are 

employed for the main crops, the second, 

"on account of their superior delicate 

flavour, are advantageously grown 

for early use, and for shallow soils. 

" The principal sorts are the Long 

Orange, best for the main crop; the 

Early Horn, for early summer use ; 

and the Altringham and Large White, 

for field culture. 

" The cultivation of all the varieties 

is the same. The plant requires a 

deeply dug or ploughed soil, in good 

tilth, otherwise the root is apt to branch 

or become forked. For the early supply 

drill the seed (allowing 12 or 14 

inches space between the drills), in a 

warm protected border, any time during 

spring ; the main crop need not be put 

in before its close. When the plants 

are up two or three inches in growth, 

they will require thinning, and cleaning 

from weeds, either by hand or small 

hoeing; thin from three to five inches 

distance, such as are designed for drawing, 

in young and middling growth ; but 

the main crop, intended for large and 

full sized roots, thin to six or eight 

inches distance; keep the whole clean 

from weeds in their advancing young 

growth. 

"To preserve them during the winter, 

remove them to the cellar, and pile 

them up with alternate layers of earth 

or sand ; or they may be placed in heaps 

in the garden, with sufficient soil over 

them to exclude frost. The Carrot is a 

tolerably hardy root, and but little difficulty 

attends its preservation. 

" It is a valuable food for stock, and 

in an especial manner worthy of extensive 

field culture. When grown for 

that purpose sow in drills three feet 

apart, and cultivate thoroughly—the 

Long Orange is perhaps the best even 

— 

for this purpose—does not grow so 

arge as the White, but is of superior 

quality." Rural Register. 

To obtain Seed.—Leave some where 

raised, but if this is impracticable, some 

of the finest roots should be selected, 

and their tops not cut so close as those 

for storing ; these likewise must be 

placed in sand until March, then to be 

planted out two feet asunder, in a stifl 

loamy soil. Those left where grown, or 

those planted at the close of autumn, 

must, during frosts, have the protection 

of litter, it being invariably removed, 

however, during mild weather. As the 

seed ripens in August, which is known 

by its turning brown about the end of 

August, each umbel should be cut ; for 

if it is waited for until the whole plant 

decays, much of the seed is often lost 

during stormy ' weather. It must be 

thoroughly dried by exposure to the sun 

and air, before it is rubbed out for stor- 

ing. For sowing, the seed should always 

be of the previous year's growth ; 

if it is more than two years old it will 

not vegetate at all. 

CARROT MAGGOT. This underground 

enemy of the carrot is banished 

by mixing spirit of tar with sand until 

saturated, and applying it to the soil 

previously to digging, at the rate of 

about one gallon to sixty square yards. 


CARROT MOTH. See Tinea. 

CARTHAMUS. Two species. Hardy 

annuals. Seeds. Sandy loam or common 

soil. 

CARTONEMA spicatum. Stove herbaceous 

perennials. Seeds. Sandy 

peat. 

CARUM carui. Caraway. Hardy 


CARYA. Ten species, and some 

varieties. Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds 

or layers. Common soil. 

CARYOCAR. Three species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Sandy open 

loam, or loam and peat. 

CARYOPHYLLUS aromaiicus. 

Clove Tree. Stove evergreen tree. 

Cuttings. Sandy peat and loam. 

CARYOTA. Three species. Stove 

palms. Seeds. Rich soil and a moist 

warm atmosphere. 

CASCADE, or Waterfall, is an important 

adjunct in landscape gardening, 

but agreeable only when properly associated 

with the scenery around ; 

that 

association is a bold broken ground, and

CAS 133 CAT 

a dense plantation of trees; nothing is I 

more misplaced or tasteless than a sheet 

of water falling into another uniform 

collection of water, in an open unwooded 

plain. Mr. Whateley justly 

observes, that " a rill cannot pretend 

without that appearance of effort which 

raises a suspicion of art. To obviate 

such a suspicion, it may sometimes be 

expedient to begin the descent out of 

sight; for the beginning is the difficulty: if 

that be concealed, the subsequent falls 

course 

to any sound beyond that of a little seem but a consequence of the agitawaterfall 

; the roar of a cascade belongs 

only to larger streams: but it maybe 

tion which characterizes the water at its 

first appearance, and the imagination is, 

introduced by a rivulet to a considera- at the same time, let loose to give ideal 

ble degree, and attempts to do more extent to the cascades ; when a stream 

have generally been unsuccessful; a issues from a wood, such management 

vain ambition to imitate nature in her will have a great effect, the bends of its 

great extravagancies betrays the weak- . 

in an open exposure may afTord 

ness of art. Though a noble river frequent opportunities for it, and somethrowing 

itself headlong down a preci- times a low broad bridge may furnish 

pice be an object truly magnificent, it the occasion, a little fall hid under the 

must however be confessed, that in a arch will create a disorder, in consesingle 

sheet of water there is a formality quence of which, a greater cascade be- 

which its vastness alone can cure, but 

the height, not the breadth is the 

wonder: when it falls no more than a 

few feet, the regularity prevails, and its 

extent only serves to expose the vanity 

low will appear very natural." 

CASCARIA. Six species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttirtgs. Sandy 

loam. 

CASINE. Seven species. Green- 

of affecting the style of a cataract in an house evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, 

artificial cascade; it is less exceptionable Loam and peat. 

if divided into several parts, for then CASSIA. One hundred species, 

each separate part may be wide enough Chiefly stove or green-house evergreen 

for its depth; and in the whole, variety, shrubs. Some are annuals, and a few 

not greatness, will be the predominant herbaceous perennials. Cuttings. Light 

character. But a structure of rough, loamy soil, or loam and peat, 

large, detached stones cannot easily be CASSINIA. Five species. Greencontrived 

of strength sufficient to sup- house evergreen shrubs. C. aurea is 

port a great weight of water, it is some- an herbaceous perennial. C. spectahilis. 

times from necessity almost smooth and 

uniform, and then it loses much of its 

effect : several little falls in succession 

are preferable to one greater cascade, 

which in figure, or in motion, approaches 

to regularity. 

" When greatness is thus reduced to 

number, and length becomes of more 

importance than breadth, a rivulet vies 

with a river, and it more frequently runs 

in a continued declivity, which is very 

favourable to such a succession of falls. 

' 

an evergreen annual. Division, cuttings, 

or seed. Loam and peat. 

CASTANEA. Chestnut. Five species 

and some varieties. Hardy deciduous 

trees. C. indica is a stove evergreen. 

Seeds or grafts. Common soil. 

C A S T A N S P E R M U M (Iws/ ra /?. 

Green-house evergreen fruit tree. Lay- 

ers. Loamy soil. 

CASTELEA erecta. Stove evergreen 


CASTILLEJA. Four species. The 

Half the expense and labour which are stove evergreen shrubs succeed in loam 

sometime bestowed on a river to give it and peat, and increase by cuttings. The 

at the best, a forced precipitancy in any hardy herbaceous and annuals by divione 

spot only, would animate a rivulet sion or seeds. Sandy peat, 

through the whole of its course ; and CASUARINA. Nine species. Greenafter 

all the most interesting circum- house evergreen trees. Cuttings. Sandy 

stance in falling waters, is their anima- loam and peat. 

tion : a great cascade fills us with sur- , 

CATALPA. 

Three species. Hardy 

prise, but all surprise must cease; and deciduous and stove evergreen trees. 

the motion, the agitation, the rage, the Seed, layers, or cuttings. Loam and 

froth, and the variety of the water are peat. 

finally the objects which engage the CATANANCHE. Two species. C. 

attention; for these a rivulet is suf- ctfr«/ea,hardy herbaceous perennial. C 

ficient, and they may there be produced /jz/ea, an annual. Seed. Common soil.

CAT 134 C AU 

CATAPHAGUS, a synonyme oC Elater. 

See Wireworm. 

CATASETUM. Seventeen species 

and some varieties. Stove epiphytes. 

Division. Wood. 

CATCUFLY. See Silene. 

spring ; 

and to behold some acres over- 

spread with such glasses, gives a 

stranger a forcible idea of the riches 

and luxury of the metropolis. In Europe 

it is had in fine perfection during 

a great portion of the year, and with 

CATERPILLAR. This is the young scarcely more trouble than attends the 

of either the butterfly or the moth, in growing of the cabbage. But in this 

its first state after emerging from the country it is at best very uncertain, and 

egg. There are many kinds, and the unless the summer prove cool, seldom 

, 

; 

, 

j 

' 

best mode of preventing their invasions, 

is to destroy every hutterjiy, moth, chrysa/«s, 

and egg that can be found. Handsucceeds. 

" For the main summer crop sow the 

seed early in autumn, and that it may 

picking, dusting with lime, or soot, and vegetate freely, observe the directions 

other modes of destroying the caterpil- for sowing Broccoli. Having succeeded 

lar, are mentioned when noticing the in getting the seeds to sprout, an occaplants 

they attack. Wherever a solu- sional watering is given if dry weather 

tion of ammonia, in the proportions of ensue. The plants remain in the seedone 

to nine of water can be applied by bed until the close of autumn, by which 

the syringe, it will destroy many minute time they will be good sized plants, 

caterpillars undiscerned by the eye. having four or five leaves. Then place 

Sparrows and other small birds in early a frame provided with a sash, in a 

spring should not be scared from the sheltered situation, on rich earth, deepgarden, 

for they destroy myriads of ly dug, loose, and finely raked, in 

caterpillars. At that season they can which the plants should be pricked out 

do no harm if the gardener properly 

guards his seed beds. Boys paid a haltat 

distances of two to three inches 

square When the bed is filled, water 

penny per dozen for leaves having eggs them gently through a fine rose. Thus 

or smaller caterpillars upon them, have they remain until frosty nights render 

been found to keep a garden free for a it prudent to run on the sash ; observwhole 

season for about seven shillings, ing to remove the sash entirely in very 

'CATESBjEA. Three species. Stove fine days, or elevate to a greater or 

evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings, less degree, as the temperature of the 

Light turfy loam and peat. 

CATHARANTHUS. Two species 

atmosphere demands. Even in cool 

weather during the winter, more or 

and varieties. Stove evergreen shrubs. less air should be admitted, especially 

Seeds or cuttings. Common soil. if the sun shine ; taking care to put 

C. pusillus is an annual, and requires down the sash before sunset, and cover- 

a light rich soi 

CATTLEYA Twenty-two species 

ing all snug for the night. During mild 

showery weather the sash should be 

and some varieties Stove epiphytes, 

Division. Wood 

CAULIFLOWER. {Brassica oleracea 

occasionally drawn off, which will refresh 

the plants. 

" As the winter advances and cold 

cauliflora.) 

increases, a mat covering at night will 

" The Cau///Zou,'er is one of the most be requisite, and as the weather bedelicate 

and curious of the whole bras- comes still colder, an additional one, 

sica tribe; the flower-buds forming a or a quantity of loose straw so placed 

close, firm, cluster or head, white and over the sash, and round the edges, 

delicate, and for the sake of which the that the severe frost may be excluded. 

plant is cultivated. As early in the spring as the weather 

| 

, 

These heads or flowers being will admit, prepare a piece of ground 

boiled, wrapped generally in a clean to plant them in; let it be deeply dug, 

] 

linen cloth, are served up as a most and richly manured with thoroughly 

delicate vegetable dish. 'Of all the decomposed stable dung. In selecting 

flowers in the garden,' Dr. Johnson the ground in which to plant them, 

used to say, ' ; 

, 

j 

j 

I like the Cauliflower.' choose that which is convenient to 

" For the early supply of the London water, for in dry seasons, irrigation will 

market very great quantities of Cauli- promote their growth, and increase the 

flowers are fostered under hand-glasses chance of success. (Select the evening 

during winter and the first part ofi for watering, having previously drawn

C E A 135 C E L 

the earth around each plant, in the form 

of'a basin.) 

" Before removing the plants from the 

beds, murk as many of the strongest as 

the frame will hold, allowing eighteen 

inches square to each plant ; there permit 

them to remain undisturbed, retaining 

the sasiies, and treating them as 

if in a hot-bed. They will come forward 

before tliose transplanted, and 

frequently do well, when the latter fail. 

We would advise that the plants to be 

put out, be divided, one half placed on 

a warm border with southern exposure, 

under the lee of a building or board 

fence, the others in an open compartment 

of the garden.—For this reason, 

if the spring prove cold, those on the 

border will be hastened and protected 

from late frosts, and if the early part of 

summer prove dry and hot, those in the 

open compartment will be more favourably 

situated. Hand glasses, flower 

pots, or boxes put over them at night, 

during cool weather, are highly advantageous. 

When they begin to show signs 

of heading, break a leaf over them, to 

protect from the direct rays of the sun. 

" To force Caulijlowcrs ; make a hotbed 

at close of winter, planting them 

therein, from the cold bed or frame, at 

the distances of fifteen inches. A pretty 

free admission of air is necessary, 

otherwise they will advance too rapidly, 

and become weak and spindling; 

during mild days in April, the sash 

should be drawn off, and as the weather 

becomes warm, plentiful irrigation 

should be administered. 

" JMte Caulijlowers are sown at the 

same time with the Broccoli ; they head 

as it does, and re()uire similar treatment, 

though not so certain to succeed." 

—Rural Register. 

CEAXOTHUS. Twenty-two species. 

Chiefly stove or green-house evergreen 

shrubs ; some are hardy deciduous. C 

perennis is herbaceous. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

CECIDOMYIA. C. nigra. Black 

Gall Midge. This insect lays its eggs 

in the blossom of the pear early in the 

spring, and the larva; thence born consume 

the pulp of the embryo fruit. 

Sometimes they eat their way through 

its skin, and at others remain within its 

core until it falls. 

CECROPIA. Three species. Stove 


peat. 

CEDAR OF GOA. Cupressus lusitanica. 

CEDAR OF LEBANON. Cedrus Libani. 

CEDRELA. Three species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Light loam. 

CEDRUS. Cedar. Two species. 

Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds. C. 

deodara, grafts readily on the common 

larch. Sandy loam. 

CELASTRUS. Twenty-seven 

species. Chiefly green-house or stove 

evergreen shrubs, trees, or climbing 

plants. C. bullatus and C. scandens, 

are hardy deciduous climbers. Ripe 

cuttings. Sandy loam' and peat. 

CELERLVC, or TURNIP-ROOTED 

CELERY {ylpium rapaceum). 

Time and Mode of Solving.— It may 

be sown in March, April, and May, to 

atford successive plantations in June, 

July, and August. The seed must be 

sown in drills six inches apart, and kept 

regularly watered every evening in dry 

weather, otherwise it will not germinate. 

The bed must be kept free from 

weeds, and when about three inches 

high, they may be pricked out into 

another border in rows three inches 

apart each way ; giving water abundantly 

and freciuently : by adopting the 

precautions mentioned in the cultivation 

of celery, the same seed bed will 

afford two or three distinct prickings. 

In the neighbourhood of Dresden, where 

this vegetable is grown in great perfec- 

tion, they sow in February or March, in 

a hot-bed under glass, and the plants 

are removed in April, when two or 

three inches high to another hot-bed, 

and set an inch and a half apart. The 

fineness of the plants is there attributed 

to the abundance of water with which 

they are supplied. 

When live or six inches high, they 

are fit'for final planting; they must be 

set in rows two feet asunder, and the 

plants eight inches apart, on the level 

ground, or in drills drawn with the hoe 

at most three inches deep, as they do 

not require earthing up. In dry weather 

they should be watered plentifully, at 

least every other evening. The only 

additional attention they require, is to 

keep them free from weeds. They 

require a very light fertile soil. 

Saving Seed.—The directions given 

for saving the seed of Celery, are in 

every respect applicable to this vegetable.

C EL 136 C E L 

CELERY. (Apiumgraveolens). "The 

Celery is a hardy biennial plant, a native 

of Britain, and known in its wild 

stale, by the name of smallage ; the 

whole plant has a rank coarse taste, 

and the effects of cultivation in producing 

from it the mild sweet stalks of 

Celery, are not a little remarkable. 

" Tiie blanched leaf stalks are used 

raw as a salad; they are also stewed, 

and put in soups. In Italy the unblanched 

leaves are used for soups, and when 

neither the blanched nor the green 

leaves can be had, the seeds bruised, 

may be planted out by the close of 

spring. Make several plantings through 

the early part of summer, of such as 

are intended for the later supply. 

It will greatly strengthen the plants 

those which have been transplanted 

into the nursery-bed just described, 

have reached the height of six to twelve 

inches, they may be removed into the 

trenches for further growth and blanch- 

ing. These trenches are formed in 

deep well cultivated soil, in straight 

lines, three feet apart, twelve to fourteen 

inches wide, and six inches deep, 

incorporating with the soil abundance 

of well rotted manure ; therein set the 

plants, four or five inches apart, (having 

removed them with all their roots, cut 

off the straggling fibres, and a third of 

i 

! 

! 

form a good substitute. 

the tops, and slit off the suckers or side 

" In Europe, they enumerate several shoots,) water them Jreely, and shade 

varieties of Celery, two only of which them from the hot sun for some days. 

we cultivate, viz : Large Solid Stalked Experience has shown that this vegeta- 

White, Large, Solid, Stalked Red. 

" It delights in damp rich soil, deeply 

ble may be more successfully cultivated 

by having a liberal portion of manure 

dug, and heavily manured with decom- placed on the surface around the plants, 

posed vegetables or manure, from the rather than by the old plan of placing 

barn yard, thoroughly rotted. 

" For a very early crop, sow the seed 

it in excessive quantity in the bottom 

of the trench, which in dry seasons fre- 

in a hot-bed very early in the spring, 

either by itself, or among Radishes, 

quently injure the plants. Cedar brush, 

corn stalks, or boards, laid across the 

Salad, or Cabbage. For the main au- trenches, afford ample shade, for the 

tumnal and winter supply, sow in the newly transplanted plants, observing 

open ground on a damp spot, conveni- to remove them in the evening, and 

ently situated to apply water, which replace them in the morning. In the 

give freely in dry weather, even after course of a few weeks, the plants will 

the plants are well grown. 

have grown sufficiently to admit of 

*' That intended for the early supply, ' earthing up,' which is performed by 

drawing the loose earth around the 

stalks, taking care to keep the leaf 

stems together, and the heart of the 

plant uncovered. The operation should 

; 

| 

j 

' 

| 

j 

be gradual, not drawing at once too 

if they be transplanted into ' nursery great a body of earth around them, lest 

beds, after they attain the height of two its application should cause the young 

or three inches. Such beds it is re- shoots to rot. It is not advisable early 

commended to form ' of old hot-bed to commence earthing up, sucli as are 

dung, (decomposed manure from the intended for the late autumn and winbarn 

yard will answer the same pur- { ter supply, because the plant soon perpose,) 

very well broken, laid sis orjishes after it becomes fully blanched, 

seven inches thick on a piece of ground especially in warm weather, 

| 

which has lain some time undisturbed, " To preserve Celery | 

during the winor 

has been made hard by compression ter, is sometimes ; attended with trouble, 

the situation should be sunny ; the the frequent changes of temperature in 

plants set six inches apart in the dung 

without soil, water well when planted, 

and frequently afterwards.' From this 

bed they are in due time transplanted, 

where they are to remain. A stalk 

which had been thus treated, was raised 

near Manchester, which weighed nine 

pounds when washed, with the roots 

and leaves attached to it, and measured 

four feet six inches in height. 

" When the plants in the seed-bed, or 

our climate causing it to decay. The 

usual practice is to cut down the earth 

of one row in a perpendicular line near 

the plants, against which, as if it were 

a wall, the stalks from the other rows 

are compactly arranged, tops erect : the 

earth is then banked up as before, and 

again cut down, to make room for another 

row, thus continuing, until the 

entire crop is placed side by side, 

within the compass of a single bed.

— 

C E L 137 CES 

I On either side of the bed, earth is piled Two are biennial. Seeds. Division. 

up to tiie thickness of three feetat least. Common soil. 

On the top, (through which the extreme ; CENTROCLINIUM. Two species, 

a stove annual, the other an ever- 

jreen shrub. Seeds. Light vegetable 

ends only of the plants appear,) some I one 

dry straw litter is placed, to save them 

from the frost, and keep them green. 

Boards placed over the beds so as to t 

turn off the rain, are very useful, for 

[ 

i 

j 

; 

1 

j 

soil. / 

CENTROSPERMUM chrysanthum. 

Hardv annual. Seeds. Common soil. 

much moisture frequently proves ruin- CENTAURY. Centaurea. 

ous. In taking out for use, begin at] CENTUNCULUS minimus. Bastard 

one end, digging down to the roots,! pimpernel. Hardy annual. Seeds. 

always observing to keep the aperture Sandy loam. 

closed with straw. CEPHAELIS. Eight species. Stove 

" Some take up the crop on the ap- evergreen shrubs, two are trailing 

proach of winter, and place it in a eel- plants. Cuttings. Peat and sandy 

lar, with alternate layers of dry sand loam. 

; 

but it is apt, when thus treated, to CEPHALANTHERA. Three spe- 

become tough and wilted.'" Rural Reg. 

To Save Seed.—To raise seed, some 

plants must be left where grown, or in 

cies. Hardy orchids. Division. Peat 

and loam. 

CEPHALANTHUS occidentalis and 

February or March, some may be care- variety. Hardy deciduous shrubs. Ripe 

fully taken up, and after the outside cuttings or layers. Sandy peat and 

leaves are cut off and all laterals removed, 

planted in a moist soil a foot 

loam. 

CEPHALOTUS follicularis. Green- 

apart. Those which are most solid, and house herbaceous perennial. Offsets. 

of a middling size, are to be selected. 

When they branch for seed, they must 

Boggy soil. 

CERANTHERA suhintegrifolia. 

be early attached to a stake to preserve Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy 

loam. 

them from being broken by the violence ; 

of winds. The flower appears in June, 

and the seed is swelling in July ; if dry 

weather occurs they should be watered 

every other night. In August the seed 

will be ripe, and when perfectly dry, 

may be rubbed out and stored. 

CP^LOSIA. Cockscomb. Fourteen 

species and some varieties. Chiefly 

stove or green-house annuals. C. echinata, 

C. glauca are evergreen shrubs. 

Seeds. Rich mould. See Cockscomb. 

CELSIA. Nine species. Chiefly half 

CERASUS. Twenty-eight species 

and many varieties ; chiefly hardy deciduous 

fruit trees and shrubs, a few 

evergreens. C. occidentalis, and C. 

spharocarpa, are stove evergreens. 

Seeds. Budding or grafting. 

CERATIOLA er/co/des. Half hardy 

green-house evergreen under shrub. 

Cuttings. Sandy peat. 

CERATOPETALUM gummiferum. 

Green-house evergreen tree. Cuttings. 

Sandy loam. 

hardy biennials, some stove annuals CERERA. Six species. Stove ever- 

C. orientalis is a hardy annual. Seeds, green trees or shrubs. i Cuttings. Rich 

Peat and loam. 

CELTIS. Eleven species and two 

ould. 

CERCIS. Two species and varie- 

varieties. Stove evergreen trees or ties. Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds. 

hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. 

Seeds or layers. Common soil. 

CENTAUREA. One hundred and 

Light loamy soil. 

CEREUS. One hundred and thirtyone 

species. Stove cactaceous plants. 

fifty-two species and some varieties. Cuttings, dried before planting. Sandy 

Chiefly hardy and half hardy herbaceous 

perennials; a few annuals and biennials. 

loam. 

CERINTHE. Five species. Hardy 

C. ragusina is a green-house evergreen 

shrub. Seeds. Division. Common soil. 

CENTRANTHUS. Three species, 

annual or biennial plants. Seeds. Common 

soil. 

CEROPEGIA. Thirteen species. 

and variety. Hardy annual 

baceous perennials. Seeds. 

and her- 

Common 

Stove or green-house evergreen twining 

or deciduous climbing plants, tuberous 

soil. 

CENTROCARPHA. Nine species. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous perennials. 

rooted perennials and evergreen shrubs. 


CESTRINUS carthamoides. Hardy

C ES 138 CH A 

herbaceous perennial. Division. Common 

soil. 

CESTRUM. Twenty-eight species. 

Stove and green-house evergreen shrubs. 

Cuttings. Peat and loam. C. aurantiacum 

is the prettiest species for the 

green-house. 

CETONIAaura/flt. Green rose chafer, 

is most severely felt by the gardener 

when it attacks his strawberries, which 

it does in May or June. It is described 

by Mr. Curtis as being " one of our 

largest and most beautiful beetles, being 

of a briglit burnished green, often reflecting 

a rich golden or copper tint; 

the horns are short with a small club. 

The scute] tbrras an elongated triangle; 

the wings are very long, brownish, and 

folded beneath the horny wing-cases, 

which have a few scattered white lines 

placed transversely, resembling cracks 

in the green epidermis; the under side 

is of a fine copper tint often inclining to 

rose colour. From its nestling and 

reposing in the flower of the rose, it is 

generally called the rose-chafer, but it 

is also attached to the white-thorn, 

candy-tuft, elder, mountain-ash, peeony 

and strawberry, the flowers of which it 

feeds upon. The female rose-chafers 

lay their eggs in the ground, and the 

larvae they produce are no doubt often 

confounded with those of the cockchafer 

{Melolontha vulgaris), being as 

large and very similar, and probably, 

under the name of " Leverblanc," 

they have contributed in no small degree 

to augment the ravages in the 

rose-tree nurseries ofFrance. Although 

these larv« are very much alike, it is 

not difficult to distinguish them, those 

of the rose-chafer being downy, and 

covered with transverse series of short 

hairs; and the feet are pointed; whereas, 

the grubs of the cock-chafer are naked, 

and the feet are blunt and rather dilated 

at the trips. 

" These maggots are fat, the headhorns 

and six pectoral feet are rusty 

ochreous ; the tips of the strong jaws 

are black, the extremity of the abdomen 

is of a pale ink colour from the 

food shining through the transparent 

skin ; but in the rose-chafer there is a 

large horny bright rust-coloured spot on 

each side of the first thoracic segment. 

The simplest remedy is to collect the 

beetles, which are large and conspicuous, 

into bottles or cans of water, in 

the morning and evening, or in dull 

— 

weather during the day, for they fly 

very well, when the sun shines, which 

renders it difficult to capture them 

unless a net be used : when the search 

is ended, the contents of the vessel 

should be emptied into boiling water." 


CH^.TACHL^NA odorata. Greenhouse 

herbaceous perennial. Seed. 

Sandy loam. 

CHiETANTHERA. Two species. 



CH^TOCALYX vincentina. Stove 

evergreen climber. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

CH.'ETOGASTRA. Two species. 

Stove annual and herbaceous perennial. 

Seed. Peat and loam. 

CHALK. Carbonate of lime, contains, 

when pure 

Carbonic acid .... 45 

Lime 55 

But as it usually occurs it contains about 

twenty-four per cent, of water, and five 

per cent, of silica (flint), alumina (clay), 

and oxide (rust) of iron. After these 

deductions it will be apparent that if 

fifty tons of lime be applied to land, it 

will be equal to more thaiji one hundred 

of chalk, a subject worthy of consideration 

when it has to be conveyed from 

afar. Chalk is usually employed in 

large quantities to improve the staple of 

a soil. It makes heavy soils less retentive 

of moisture, and light sandy 

soils more retentive. On wet sour lands 

it neutralizes the acids which render 

them unproductive. Some chalks contain 

phosphate of lime, and this being a 

constituent of all plants, such chalk is 

to be preferred. Some contains a large 

proportion of carbonate of magnesia, 

which is less beneficial. 

CHAMiEDOREA. Two species. 

Palms. Rich sandy loam. Suckers. 

CHA.MMLEDON procumbens. Hardy 

evergreen shrub. Layers. Sandy peat 

CHAMjELIRIUM carolinianum 

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division 


CHAMISSOA altissima. Stove ever 

green shrub. Cuttings. Common soil 

CHAMiEROPS. Seven species 

Palms. Suckers. Rich mould. 

CHAMOMILE. Anthemis. See 

Camomile. 

CHAPTALIA tomentosa. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Division. Common 

soil.

CH A 139 C H A 

CHARCOAL. Soot, a chief constituent 

of winch is charcoal, lias long 

been known as a very eifective fertilizer 

; and burning has still longer been 

known as a mode of reducing stubborn 

soils to prompt productiveness. But 

both these sources of fertility might 

owe their etliciency to other causes 

than their allbrding carbon to plants ; 

and it is only within these very few 

months that anything like a general 

knowledge has been difl'used that mere 

charcoal is one of the best of manures. 

The fact lias been known for many 

years to individuals, as, for example, 

to Mr. Barnes, of Bicton ; but it is only 

very lately that gardeners generally 

have learned, and I am happy in being 

able to join my voice to that excellent 

cultivator's in announcing, that—charcoal 

is a most efficient manure to all 

cultivated plants, especially to those 

under glass. Heaths, rhododendrons, 

cucumbers, roses, orchidaceous plants, 

hydrangeas, camellias, melons, and pine 

apples, have been the subjects of extended 

and most successful experiments. 

The advocates are too well 

known to require more than naming, 

for among them are Dr. Lindley, Mr. 

Barnes, Mr. jMaund, Mr. Suow of S winton 

Gardens, Mr. Stewart of Stradsett 

Hall Gardens, and Mr. Rivers. I think 

no cultivated plant would be unbenefited 

by having charcoal applied to the 

soil in which it is rooted. It should be 

broken into small pieces, about the size 

of a nut, and for potted plants may be 

mixed in the proportions of one part 

charcoal to twenty parts earth. If applied 

to the open ground, one-fourth of 

a bushel may be sown over a square 

rod, and dug in just before inserting the 

crop. The reason of charcoal being so 

useful as a manure is very 

MM. Sennebier, Ruckert, 

apparent. 

Saussure, 

and others, have demonstrated that 

plants are rendered much more luxuri 

long since shown to be otherwise by 

Count Runiford ; and may easily be demonstrated 

to be incorrect, by confining 

a few ounces of fresh and moistened 

charcoal powder, mixed with earth, in 

a glass receiver full of oxygen, over 

lime water; carbonate of lime will 

form, showing the gradual evolution or 

carbonic acid. The following communication 

from Mr. Barnes shows, 

that carbonized vegetables are a better 

manure 

dust. 

for onions than even bone- 

" A piece ofground that was cropped 

with colcworts last autumn, (1843,) was 

cleared early, and the refuse trenched 

in during the winter. 95 feet in length 

and 10 feet in width, was planted with 

small onions on the 14th of February, 

which onions had been sown the second 

week of September in the previous 

autumn. They were planted in 

rows one foot apart, and six inches 

from plant to plant— with the intention 

of drawing every alternate one for use 

through the summer—but the whole 

nine rows did not get entirely thinned. 

The following is the weight when ripe 

for storing on the 1st of August. 

" Five rows grown where 4 lbs. of 

bone-dust to each row had been sown 

in a drill drawn 3 inches deep and 

filled up, and the onions planted over 

producing 420 lbs. weight of onions 

it— 

— each row yielding from 82 to 8S lbs. 

'' The other 4 rows had applied to 

them of fresh dry charred refuse and 

ashes, made from the garden rubbishheap, 

two common buckets full, weight 

14 lbs. They produced 366 lbs. of 

onions, the rows weighing respectively 

99, 89, 9.3, and S3 lbs. The last row 

being injured by a roy of red cabbage 

growing near. 

'' Many of the foregoing onions, 

which were a mixture of the Globe, 

Deptford, and Reading, measured in 

! 

j 

circumference from 14 to 16.V inches, 

ant and productive, by having carbonic and weighed as many ounces. I 

acid applied to their roots, than other weighed 12 together, that turned the 

plants to whose roots no such applica- scale at 12 lb. 9 oz. I can only fancy 

, 

j 

1 

tion was made. Now charcoal kept 

moist, as when buried in the soil, slowly 

combines with oxygen, and emits 

a wonderful saving and benefit it 

what 

would be to the country, to char the 

refuse of old tan, chips, sawdust, ditch 

carbonic acid—in fact, it slowly dis- scourings containing sods, weeds, 

solves. I am sorry to differ from such bushes, and refuse. By keeping the 

an authority as Liebig, who broadly surface of the earth well stirred, no 

asserts that -'Carbon never combines crops appear to suffer by drought that 

j 

at common temperatures with oxygen, are manured by charrings, but continue 

in the most vigorous health throughout 

BO as to form carbonic acid." This was '

C H A 140 CHE 

the season, never suffering materially 

by either drought or moisture." 

On spring sown onions and on turnips, 

Mr. Barnes finds charred or carbonized 

vegetable refuse equally beneficial. 

Three rows, each 95 feet long, 

of the white globe onion, manured with 

bone-dust, weighed 251 lbs.; whilst 

three similar rows of the same variety, 

and grown under precisely similar circumstances, 

but manured with charrings, 

weighed 289 lbs. 

CHARD. See Artichoke. 

CHARDOON. See Cardoon. 

CHARi^'.AS graminis. Antler or 

grass moth, has a yellowish-brov/n 

head and back— upper wings brownish 

grey, appears in July and August. Its 

caterpillar brown or blackish, with five 

lighter stripes down the back. This 

lives at the roots of grasses, and eats 

their young blades. 

CHASMONIA incisa. Hardy annual. 


CHEILANTHES. Fourteen species. 

Ferns. Green-house, stove or hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Peat 

and loam. 

CHEIMATOBIA brumata. Winter 

moth. This is the parent of that 

scourge of fruit trees, the greenlooper 

caterpillar. It appears in November. 

One female will lay 200 eggs, depositing 

them on the bends and bark of the 

upper branches of the apple and other 

fruit trees. The caterpillars appear 

with the bursting of the buds, on the 

tips of the leaves, petals, and calyxes 

of which they feed. They form a small 

web within the blossom, and glue and 

gnaw its petals so as to destroy it. 

When the fruit is formed, that becomes 

their favourite ftiod. They descend 

and bury themselves in the earth, to 

assume the chrysalis form about the 

end of May. Frosts in November, ants 

and birds, are their natural enemies. 

As the females have no wings, a thick 

coating of gas-lime sprinkled a foot 

broad over tiie surface, round the stems 

of fruit trees at the end of October, and 

renewed once or twice in November 

and December, would prevent their 

ascent ; or a broad band of bird lime 

might be smeared round the stems 

themselves. An advantage of espalier 

and dwarf fruit trees is, that their buds 

are easily examined for these caterpillars 

and other marauders. 

CHEIRANTHUS. Eleven species, 

and many varieties. Green-house or 

half-hardy evergreen shrubs. C.fruticulosus, 

C. ochroleucus are hardy herbaceous 

perennials. Cuttings. Rich common 

soil. See Wallflower. 

CHEIROSTEMON platanoides 

Stove evergreen tree. Leafy cuttings. 

Sandy loam. 

CHELIDONIUM. Two species.— 


Common soil. 

CHELONE. Seven species. Hardy 


and loam. 

CHENOLEA diffma. Green-house 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light rich 

soil. 

CHERLERIA sedoides. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Division. Sandy 


CHERMES. See Psylla. 

CHERRY. (Ceraûs.) 

Varieties.—There are eighty in the 

London Horticultural Society's list, of 

which some are quite inferior and others 

scarcely differ except in name. The 

following we extract from the Catalogue 

of D. Landreth & Fulton, Philadelphia 

: 

.

CHE 141 

Explanation of Abbreviations. — Colour — 

y yellow. Size— b black ; 1 light 

i, large; m medium; s small. 

NAME. 

Those marked * are of American origin 

CHE 

; 

red

— 

CHE 142 

beneath, which is amber coloured, delicate 

and sweet. The habit of tlie tree is 

not unlike the well known May Duke, 

with which it ripens." Rural Reg. 

Carnatio;*. Thomp.: Lind. : Coxe. 

(Fig. 24.) "This, though an old, is 

still a highly popular variety. Coxe 

says, ' one of our most excellent Cherries.' 

More recently introduced sorts 

have divided our attention, but it is 

among those most frequently ordered 

from the Nurseries. The size is large, 

round. Skin beautifully variegated, 

red and yellow. It ripens in July, and 

hangs long without decaying : highly esteemed 

for preserving." 

Fig. 25. 

Rural Reg. 

DowNTON. Lind. : Thomp. (Fig. 25.) 

"The Downton is especially valuable 

from its time of ripening, which is after 

most good cherries have declined, or 

disappeared. The fruit is roundish, of 

large size, and of prepossessing appearance. 

Skin creamy white, red on the 

sunny side. Flesh yellowish, rich and 

well flavoured." 

— 

Rural Reg. 

May Duke. Miller; Lind.: Thomp. 

(Fig. 26.) It would occupy some 

space to enumerate all the English and | 

French synonymes of this widely known, 

and as widely esteemed variety. Perhaps 

the entire catalogue of the London I 

Horticultural Society does not contain 

one so universally esteemed. Downing 

justly remarks, among all the new varieties, 

none has been found to supplant 

the May Duke. 

The fruit is large, obtusely heart 

shaped, produced in clusters; when 

perfectly ripe of a deep purple hue. 

Flesh tender, juicy, and when in perfection, 

all that can be desired in a 

Fig. 27.— (P. 143.)

— 

CHE 143 

cherry. Ripens at Philadelphia, latter 

end of May and early in June. 

Plum Stone Morf.i.lo. Thomp.— 

(Fig. 27.) There is some difiVrence of 

(ipinion as to the merits of this variety— 

it has, however, many admirers, 

and is on the whole, worthy of culture; 

though we cannot pronounce it of first 

quality. It ripens late in the season, 

possesses good flavour, and has a prepossessing 

appearance, all of which 

are desirable properties, and render it 

popular. The fruit is large, of a deep 

red colour. Flesh juicy and acid, as is 

the case with all Morellos. Ripe at 

Philadelphia, middle to close of July. 

Fig. 28. 

Knight's Early Black. Pom. Mag.: 

Thorn. (Fig. 28.) " This is, as its 

name imports, one of Mr. Knight's 

seedlings, raised in England, about | 

1810. It is not, externally, unlike the 

Black Tartarian, of which such exaggerated 

descriptions have been given,! 

ripens earlier than it—at IMiiladelphia, I 

about the 1st of June. The fruit is! 

over medium size, heart shaped. Skin 

deep purjê, when fully ripe quite 1 

black. Flesh delicate, juicy, and weir 

flavoured. Taken altogether it may 

be pronounced a cherry of the first 

order." Rural Reg. 

{ 

Elton. Pom. Mag. : Thomp. — | 

(Fig. 29.) " I 

The Elton is an English 

cherry, raised in 1806. It is truly ex- ' 

cellent, and must always remain a 

favourite, even though newer varieties 

contest the claim to our esteem. It ia 

' 

Fig. 30.—(P. 144.)

— 

CHE 144 CHE 

above the medium size, ripens early, 

shortly after the May Duke. The flesh 

is tender, abounding in luscious juice ; 

skin pale yellow, with a blush on the sunny 

side. The tree is of strong growth, 

and on that account additionally entitled 

to our regard." Rural Reg. 

Late Duke. Pom. Mag. : Thomp. 

{June Duke of Coxe. Shippen Cherry.) 

(Fig. 30.) " This is a valuable variety, 

similar to its predecessor, the May 

Duke. It ripens considerably later 

than it, and has the property of hanging 

long on the tree. The fruit is 

large, rather flattened ; when fully 

ripe, rich dark red ; flesh yellow, 

abounding in juice, scarcely so rich as 

the May Duke; its habit is robust; 

bears abundantly. Coxe calls it the 

most valuable cherry of the season." 

— 

Rural Reg. 

Propagation.—Although grafting is 

sometimes adopted, budding is far preferable. 

The stock for standards should 

be the wild cherry, but for dwarfs or 

walls the mahaleb. If the stones be 

sown eitlier for stocks or to raise varieties, 

they are best committed to the 

ground in September. They will vegetate 

the following spring, and when one 

year old are fit for budding if dwarfs 

are required, but four years usually 

elapse before they attain the height of 

six feet, required for standards. 

Walls.—No fruit is more improved 

by a good aspect than the cherry. Allot 

a south wail to the best sorts, and east 

and west for succession. The Morello 

will be productive on a north wall, but on 

a south wall it is very superior fruit. No 

garden should be without one so grown. 

Wall pruning.—In May or June disbud 

all unnecessary and foreright shoots. 

Train in the best-placed, lateral and 

terminal shoots as required. When the 

leaves have fallen, prune away all irregular, 

unproductive branches, training 

in their place first laterals. Never 

shorten a shoot unless absolutely requi- 

site from want of space, much less 

prune so as to have numerous foreright 

spurs. All cherries bear upon very 

short studs with a terminal bud, on the 

branches from two years old and upwards. 

The Morello bears chiefly on 

the previous year's shoots, and very 

scantily on studs of the older branches. 

The Morello, therefore, requires the 

older laterals to be removed as often as 

their placea can-be supplied by young 

— 

shoots. All studs and foreright shoots 

should be removed, especially from the 

Morello. 

Diseases.—The leaves are liable to be 

honey-dewed, especially in ill-drained 

soils; but gumming is the most weakening 

disease. (See Honey-dew and Extravasated 

sap.) 

The Aphis cerasi, a black species, and 

the red spider, sometimes attack the 

cherry on walls; and a still rarer enemy 

is described as follows, by Mr. Naismith: 

"Our cherry trees, both in the open air 

and on the natural walls, particularly the 

tops of the young shoots, are much attacked 

with a small black insect, provincially 

called the black beetle. The 

remedy I have found most effectual for 

their destruction is a mixture of pitch 

with one-sixteenth part of powdered 

orpiment; one-sixteenth part ofsulphur, 

dissolved over a slow fire in an earthen 

pipkin, until they be well incorporated; 

when cold, divide into small pieces, 

about the size of a hen's egg, and burn 

it under the trees with damp straw, directing 

the smoke as much as possible 

where the insects are most numerous. 

In an hour afterwards, (if the state of 

the fruit will admit,) give the trees a 

good washing with the garden engine, 

which generally clears oft" the half dead 

beetles, and prevents the spreading of 

the red spider." 

— 

Enc. Gard. 

Forcing.—Mr. G. Shills, of Erskine 

House Gardens, says:— " For accelerating 

the ripening of cherries, I prefer the 

open flued wall. The cherries setting 

well without artificial assistance, and 

ripening in succession from the latter 

end of April till the latter end of June or 

beginning of July, and with sufficient 

rapidity to supply a family with a dish 

daily during that period. About the 

middle of February, or when the buds 

naturally begin to swell, a little fire-heat 

is supplied in the evening and in dull 

cloudy weather, kept up during the day; 

but in bright sunshine the fire is stopped 

about nine or ten A. M., and set on again 

about two P. M. This practice is followed 

until the middle or Ijtter end of 

May, when the fire-heat is discontinued. 

"A little before the expansion of the 

blossom, which is about the beginning 

of March, the net is put over the tree, 

by fixing the upper side of it on nails 

fastened in the joints of the coping near 

the edge, and the under side is tied to

CHE 145 CHI 

temporary stakes about three feet in 

height, placed three feet from the wall. 

About tiie middle of April the woollen 

net or double herring-net, together with 

the stakes, are taken away, and a single 

herring-net put close over the tree, to 

protect the ripening fruit from birds." 


The trees are trained in the fan form, 

with lateral bearing branches of from 

one to three feet in length, according 

to their strength, trained in between the 

principal branches. In all parts of the 

tree, these are allowed to continue 

several years. When they become bare 

species, some must in a like manner be 

left untouched; they will flower about 

.June, and ripen their seed in July or 

August. 

CHESTNUT. Fagtts castanea.—In 

the London Horticultural Society's list 

are twenty varieties enumerated. If the 

seedlings arc left ungraftcd, they are 

about thirty years before they bear fruit, 

but grafts inserted upon these seedling 

stocks from bearing branches, afford 

blossoms the next year, and are fruitful 

much earlier. 

Soil.—A dry subsoil is the great re- 

quisite for this tree. It thrives best in 

of spurs, or inclined to get too luxuriant, 

they are cut out— young shoots to 

supply their place being previously pre- 

a sandy w-ell-drained soil. 

After-culture.—No other attention is 

required than to thin the over-crowded 

pared. 

CHERVIL, Parsley-leaved. Charo- 

and to remove over-wrapping branches. 

Nuts.—These are ripe about October. 

phyllum sativum. Fern-leaved chervil, 

or Sweet Cicely, C. aromaticum, for 

soups, salads, &c. They are still culti- 

Thev are best preserved in sand. 

CHICORY. See Succory. 

CHICKASAW PLUM. Cerasus chivated 

by the Dutch, but in 

are not often found in the 

this country 

kitchen garcasa. 

CHILODIA. Two species. Greenden. 

Soil and Situation. — The soil for 

these plants must be light, with a large 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

CHILOGLOTTIS diphylla. Half- 

portion of calcareous matter from superhardy orchid. Division. Light turfy 

abundant moisture. The situation cannot 

be too open ; but a shelter from the 

loam, turfy peat, and sand. 

CHIMAPHILA. Two species, 

meridian sun is beneficial. 

Time and Modes of Sowing.—The 

only sowing that can be depended upon 

flardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings. 

Peaty soil. 

CHIMONANTHUS fragrans, and 

must be performed in early autumn, immediately 

after the seed is ripe; for if 

kept until the following spring it will 

seldom germinate, or the seedlings are 

generally weak and die away, during 

the hot weather. If, however, it should 

fortunately retain its vegetative powers, 

varieties. Hardy deciduous shrubs. 

Layers or cuttings. Loam and peat, or 

any common soil. 

CHINA ASTER. CalHstema. 

CHINA HOSE. Hibiscus rosasinensis. 

CHINESE TRP:E. Ptzonia moutan. 

CHIOCOCCA. Two species. Stove 

it may be sown early in the spring at evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam and 

short intervals, for use in spring and 

summer, and towards the end of .Tuly 

peat. 

CIIIONANTHUS. Three species. 

for autumn supply. Sow in drills eight Hardy and stove deciduous shrubs and 

inches apart. The plants are to be trees. Seeds, buds, or grafts. Peat 

thinned to eight inches asunder, and to 

remain where they are raised. The 

and loam. 

CHIRONIA. Eleven species. Green- 

only after cultivation required by them house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

is to he kept clear of weeds. 


The perennial sort, C. aromaticum, C.decussata should be potted in light 

must be trimmed as directed for Sage. rich soil, and liberally watered during 

The leaves are fit to be gathered when the summer months. Keep it in a good 

from two to four inches in growth ; in 

doing which they should be cut close, 

situation near the glass, where it gets 

plenty ol' light and air. Always keep 

when the phints will shoot afresh. 

To obtain Seed.—Some of the autumnraised 

plants must be left ungathered 

some young plants to take the places of 

the old ones. 

CHITONIA. Five species. Stove 

from; they flower in April, and ripen evergreen shrubs and trees. Cuttings. 

their seed 

10 

about June. Of the ' other Peat and loam.

CHI 146 CHR 

CHIVE or CIVE {Allivm Schanoprasum). 

Is used as a very superior 

substitute for young onions in spring 

saladinp. A single row a few yards 

Jong, will supply a family. 

Soil.—A light rich soil is most suitable, 

but it vvill grow anywhere not 

overshadowed. 

Plant the offsets of the bulbs early in 

spring. They are to be inserted by the 

dibble eight or ten inches apart, and 

eight or ten offsets in each hole. The 

only cultivation required is to keep 

them free from weeds. By autumn they 

multiply into large-sized bunches, and 

if required may be taken up as soon as 

the leaves decay, and be stored as a 

substitute for the onion. The leaves, 

which are fit for use as long as they 

remain green, must, when required, be 

cut down close to the ground, when 

they will speedily be succeeded by 

others. 

CHLIDANTHUS fragrans. Greenhouse 

bulbous perennial. Division. 

Two-thirds sandy loam, one-third sand 

and peat. 

CHLOANTHES. Three species. 



CHLORA. Two species. Hardy 


CHLORANTHUS. Three species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. C. monastachye 

is herbaceous. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

CHLORIDE OF LIME, or Bleaching 

— 

CHORISPORA tenella, and variety. 


CHOROMOZEMA, Eight species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Seeds 

or cuttings. Peat, loam, and sand. 

CHOU DE MILAN. See Borecole. 

CHRISTMAS ROSE. Helleborus 

niger. 

CHRIST'S EYE. Inula oculus 

Christi. 

CHRIST'S THORN. Paliitrus. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM. C. sinense. 

Often designated the Chinese chrysanthemum. 

Varieties of this flower are numerous, 

but the following is as good a selection 

as can be made. Those to which an 

asterisk is prefixed, are most deserving 

Powder, is composed of 

of attention: 

Abelard, quilled pink. 

Achmet Bey, dark purple. 

Adventure, yellow. 

Annie Jane, brownish red. 

Annie Salter, pale yellow. 

Aristides, orange and brown. 

*Beaute de Verseilles, yellow. 

Beauty, pale lilac. 

Belvidere, buff and rose. 

Bertram, purplish rose. 

Bethulia, large purple. 

Bicolor, white and yellow. 

Bijou, white, tipped with pink. 

*Campestroni, purple. 

*Celestial, blush. 

Champion, lemon. 

Chancellor, white and pink. 

Changeable, yellow. 

Columbus, rose. 

Chlorine 

63.23 Compactum, white. 

Lime 

36.77 Comte d'Eu, light red. 

Exposed to the air it is converted into Conductor, orange. 

chalk, and muriate of lime, a salt which Criterion, white. 

absorbs moisture from the air very 

powerfully. By this conversion it be- 

David, yellow. 

De Crequi, small rosy purple. 

comes a useful addition to soils ; and as Defiance, white. 

it also gives out some chlorine gas, so 

offensive and destructive to insects, it 

Demosthenes, yellow and brown. 

*Duc de Conigliano, crimson. 

has been suggested as a useful applica- Duchess de Montebello, light rose. 

tion to the land at the time of turnip E.mpress, lilac. 

sowing. 

CHLORODYLON swietenia. Stove 

*Exquisite, white. 

Flechier, dark rose. 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

CHOCOLATE-NUT. Theohroma. 

CHOISYA ternata. Stove evergreen 

Florabundum, dark lilac. 

*Formosum, white and yellow. 

General Laborde, lilac. 

*Goliath, white. 

• 

shrub. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

CHOKE. Cerasus hyemalis. 

CHOMELIA. Two species. Stove 


Gouvain St. Cyr, orange. 

*Grand Napoleon, purple. 

Grandish, flesh colour. 

Hardy, blush white. 

and peat. 

Horace, purplish rose.

CH R 147 CHR 

Horatio, fine rosd? 

Imogene, light butf. 

Imperial, pale lilac. 

*Incomparable, large buff. 

Invincible, creamy white. 

Irene, fine yellow. 

Isabella, white. 

Isolier, rosy red. 

Itobate, shaded rose. 

Ivanhoe, brown. 

*King, pale rose. 

Letitia Buonaparte, blush. 

Lamarque, orange. 

Leontine, brownish red. 

Louis Philippe, purplish lilac. 

*Lucidiim, white. 

Madame Mina, buff. 

*Madame Pompadour, dark rose. 

*Magnet, yellow. 

Maivina, purple. 

Marechal Soult, yellow. 

Marie, red. 

Marie Antoinette, rose and buff. 

Marquis, light rose. 

Memnon, creamy white. 

*Minerva, pink and white. 

Mirabile, white and buff. 

*Ne Plus Ultra, white. 

Old Purple. 

Orion, creamy white. 

Perfection, pale lilac. 

*Phidias, rosy red. 

Phyllis, lemon. 

Prince Albert, amaranth. 

Princess de Lamalle, rosy lilac. 

*Princess Mario, light pink. 

*Queen, rose. 

Queen Victoria, lilac. 

Queen ofGipsies, orange. 

Queen of Yellows. 

Reine de Prusse, rose. 

Rosetla, quilled pink. 

Saladin, orange purple. 

Sangiiineum, red. 

Sappho, reddish brown. 

Small, brown. 

Solon, yellow. 

Surprise, white. 

Tasselled Yellow. 

Tedjini, yellowish brown. 

Timon, yellow. 

*Theresia, red. 

Triumphant, pink and buff. 

Two-coloured Incurved, yellow and 

brown. 

Venusta, amaranth. 

*Vesta, white. 

Victorine, light rose. 

Victory, white. 

Zelinda, rosy blush. 

iSo(7.—A warm sheltered well-drained 

border, manured with leaf mould 

abundantly, lor the out-door plants. 

For those in pots, four parts light fresh 

turfy loam, four parts leaf mould, and 

one part rubbly charcoal. 

In Borders, the stools require to be 

taken up and divided in early spring, 

not more than three suckers being left 

united, otherwise the flowers are numerous 

and small. 

By iûckers in' Pots.—Turn out the 

old pots in March ; separate the suckers 

by a gentle twist; plant tliree suckers 

in a thirty-two pot; shade them and 

shelter in a cold frame for about a fortnight; 

then expose them to the sunshine 

; shift into larger pots as they 

increase in growth place them in a 

; 

gentle hot-bed in April, and keep them 

under the frame until the middle of 

May; when ten inches high, pinch off 

the tops of each stem. They will throw 

out shoots from each bud ; retain only 

six shoots, removing all the others 

plunge the pots in a sunny sheltered 

border; vvater daily in dry weather, 

and give liquid guano always once a 

week, so soon as the flower buds appear. 

Let the pots they flower in be 

sixteens, that is, nine inches in diameter 

at the top. Move them into a very 

airy green-house or conservatory, to 

bloom. 

" The shifting of the plants in the 

earlier part of the summer," says a 

well-informed writer, " should be particularly 

attended to. If this is neglected, 

no good after-management will save 

them from losing their leaves, and looking 

badly in autumn and winter. As 

soon as they are fairly starting into 

growth, the top of each should be nipped 

with the finger and thumb, which 

will cause several shoots to spring from 

the under part of the plant, and thus 

form it into a compact bush. This may 

be repeated two or three times with 

advantage in the earlier part of the 

season with the free flowering kinds ; 

but after the plant is fairly formed it 

should be discontinued, otherwise the 

flowering will be injured." — Gard. 

Cliron. 

Cuttings.—The same authority says, 

that " the proper time for striking cuttings 

depends upon the objects which 

the propagator has in view. Nurserymen 

who want a good stock of a particular 

kind may propagate it at almost 

;

CH R 148 C I B 

j 

' 

any season, and generally begin very There is another plfTi for making small 

early in spring. But, for ordinary pur- dsvarf flowering specimens, which deposes, 

from the middle of March to serves especial notice. The young 

the middle of April is quite soon enough; shoots which have grown to a considerand 

the amateur can then do so without able length, have their points ' ; 

! 

j 

; 

j 

| 

layered' 

any artificial heat, which is of great 

consequence to those who have very 

about 

pots. 

the month of August, in small 

As soon as they are well rooted, 

limited gardens. 

" It matters very little whether the 

they are cut from the parent stock, repotted, 

and placed for a short time in a 

cuttings are taken otf with roots or shaded place until they recover. They 

without them, as in the latter case they are then subjected to the same treatwill 

form them in a few days, and soon ment as the others, and generally flower 

begin to grow rapidly. The frame on stems about a foot or eighteen inches 

should be kept very close, moist, and in height." Gard.Chron. Give liquid 

shaded, until the cuttings have formed guano twice a week so soon as the 

roots for their support; when this takes tlower buds are well formed, 

place, a little air may be admitted grad- Seed should be saved, and crosses 

ually as the plants will bear it, and then eff'ected, from semi-double flowers, 

afterwards they must be fully exposed." Mildew.—"At the end of summer 

— Gard. Chron. chrysanthemums are extremely liable to 

I 

After-Culture.—" After the flowering be infected with mildew. Those plants 

season is past, and the old stems cut upon which it makes its appearance, 

down, the plants should be removed should be immediately separated from 

from the green-house or conservatory. the rest, and well dusted with flowers 

and placed in a cold frame, where they of sulphur. This should be allowed to 

are merely protected from severe frost, remain on them at least a day or two, 

Here they should have plenty of air, and may afterwards be washed off" with 

and on fine davs the 

drawn quite off, and 

exposed. When the 

lights should be a syringe or garden engine." Gard. 

the plants fully Chron. A very weak solution of corn- 

winter is mild,[mon salt syringed repeatedly over the 

they will stand very well unprotected leaves, and, after remaining ; a few 

but owing to their having been grown hours, washed off by a syringing with 

and 

are 

excited in the green-house, they 

more apt to suffer from severe 

pure water, would be equally effectual, 

CHRYSEIS. Three species. Hardy 

weather than if they had been planted tuberous-rooted perennials. Seeds, 

out in the open air. For this reason it Rich soil. 

i 

1 

j 

: 

; 

| 

! 

' 

^ 

j 

i 

j 

I 

! 

I 

j 

' 

[ 

is always better to have the means of CHRYSIPHIALA. Four species, 

giving them some slight protection. If Green-house bulbous perennials. Offthey 

are kept too close and warm in sets. Light loam. 

winter, they begin to grow fast : the CHRYSOCOMA. Fourteen species, 

leaves are yellow, and the stems weak, i Hardy herbaceous perennials, and stove 

and consequently they form bad cut- evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Loam 

tings when the season of propagation and peat. 

comes round. But if they are merely CHRYSOPHYLLUM. Six species, 

protected and attended to, as has been ahd some varieties. Stove evergreen 

already described, they grow slowly, trees. Ripe cuttings. Loam and peat, 

and make excellent cuttings. Those CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Three spewho 

wish to make verv large specimens cies. Hardy herbaceous perennials, 

of these plants with little trouble, some- Division. Moist soil. 

times plant them out in a rich border CHRYSOSTEMMA

C IC 149 CIN 

annually, toTje drawn yountr for salads, 

I Eclipse 

&c. On account of its strong taste, it 

is greatly inferior to the common onion 

for this purpose ; but from its extreme 

hardness in withstanding the severest 

frost, it may be cultivated with advantage 

as a winter-standing crop for spring 

use. 

Varieties.—Two varieties are in cultivation, 

the white and the red; the 

first of which is in general use. 

Cultivation.—As it may be sown at 

all times with the onion, and is similarly 

cultivated, except that it may be 

; Gem; 

Nobilis ; Perfficta ; 

Queen Victoria; Rival King; Royal 

Blue; Sspphire ; Splendida ; Waterhousiana 

; and Webberiana. 

Characteristics of Excellence.—The 

cineraria does not exhibit so much improvement 

as most florists' (lowers. 

" The petals should be thick, broad, 

blunt, and smooth at the ends, closely 

set, and form a circle without much 

indentation. The centre, or yellowdisk, 

should be less than one-third of 

the diameter of the whole flower; in 

other words, the coloured circle formed 

sown thicker, and only thinned as by the petals should be wider all round 

wanted, the direction given for that than the disk measures across. The 

vegetable will suffice. The blade usu- colour should be brilliant, whether 

j 

| 

' 

ally dies away completely in winter, but shaded or self; or if it be a white it 

fresh ones are thrown out again in Feb- should be very pure. 

ruary or March. 

The trusses of flower should be 

To obtain Seed.—To obtain seed large and close, and even on the sursome 

of the roots must be planted out face, the individual flowers standing 

in March, six or eight inches asunder. together with their edges touching each 

The first autumn they will produce but other, however numerous thev may be. 

little seed; in the second and third, The plant should be dwarf. The stems 

however, it will be produced abundant- strong, and not longer than the width 

ly. If care is taken to part and trans- across the foliage ; in other words, 

plant the roots every two or three years, from the upper surface of the truss of 

they may be multiplied, and will re- the flower to the leaves where the 

main productive for many years, and stem starts from should not be a greater 

afibrd much better seed than that from 

one-year-old roots. 

Scallions.—There is good reason for 

distance than from one side of the foliage 

to the other." Hort. Mag. 

Propagation hy Seed.— " Sow in May 

concluding that by a confusion ofnames, in the open border; thin out the plants 

arising from similarity of appearance, 

| 

I 

I Propagation 

this vegetable is the true scallion, whilst 

the hollow leek of Wales is the true 

Welsh onion ; for the description of; Card. Chron. 

scallion, as given by Miller, accords 

— 

— 

where they are crowded, and transplant 

them when they have three good leaves, 

and pot them to remain in October." 

j 

j 

i 

i 

by Cuttings.— "After 

exactly with that of the Welsh onion, the bloom has perfected itself and de- 

At present all onions that have refused caved, cut down the stems, stir the 

to bulb, and formed lengthened necks earth upon the surface, then earth up 

and strong blades in spring and sum- with fresh compost, filling the pot 

mer, are called scallions. 

rather full than otherwise ; 

CICCA disticha. Stove evergreen plants with a little water, 

| 

fruit tree. Leafy cuttings. Sandy them 

loam. 

refresh the 

and place 

CIMICIFUGA. Four species. Hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Seeds. 

Common soil. 

CINCHONA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen tree and shrub. Ripe cuttings. 


CINERARIA. Fifty-four species. 

ChieHy hardy and green-house herbaceous 

; but some green-house ever- 

in the frame again ; or if you have 

none convenient, in a dry and sheltered 

place in the garden. 

" The growth of a few weeks will 

enable you to detect side shoots, some 

with roots, and some without roots, and 

leave only the main plant in the pot, 

which should be earthed up again, and 

set by. The shoots which have no 

roots to them should be stripped of two 

or three of the bottom leaves, that they 

ay be placed in a pot of the usual sort 

green shrubs. It is a genus of florists' 

flowers, and the varieties which they of compost that the plant may have 

have raised are very numerous. A been growing in, with a little sand at 

top, say a quarter of an inch thick, and 

good selection is the following:— [

— 

CIN 150 CIR 

covered with a bell glass ; or if there 

be enough, they may be placed a dozen 

supply of flowers maybe Iftid from September 

to the end of June. Single 

or two in a large pan, and a glass that 

will fit inside the rim, covered over 

them. They must never be allowed to 

dry. The glasses should be occasion- 

plants in thirty-two or twenty-four-sized 

pots are large enough. No plants suffer 

so much from being crowded together 

; indeed, when short of room it is 

ally wiped dry inside. Whether there better to throw away a few plants than 

be one cutting or a dozen, they should have the whole cramped for room." 

be so placed that the 

pressed into the sand to 

glass can be 

keep out the 

Gard. Chron. 

Winter-blooming.—''• When the cine- 

air until they have all struck. 

" They can always be watered withrarias 

have done 

the flower-stems 

flowering, cut off" all 

and old leaves, and 

out disturbing the glass, if it be pro- place them in a cold pit or frame, which 

perly placed inside the rim, because by must be kept rather close for two or 

watering over the glass, the whole can three weeks to cause the plants to grow; 

be soaked ; but the drainage must be afterwards admit air freely by day, but 

good, or they will rot. 

" If you happen to have a declining 

keep them close at night ; then about 

the beginning of August divide the old 

hot-bed in which there remains a little 

bottom heat, the pan or pots maybe 

plants into pieces, and put them into 

small pots filled with a mixture of good 

placed therein. It will rather hasten 

the striking. Those side-shoots which 

have roots to them may be immediately 

loam and sandy peat, to which may be 

added a small portion of well-rotted 

dung. When potted, return them to 

potted into sixty-sized pots, and treated 

the same as seedlings just potted off. 

In a few weeks the cuttings will have 

the pit or frame, and keep them close; 

afterwards, as they grow, shift them 

into larger pots, and use a little manure- 

struck, which will be indicated by their 

beginning to grow ; they may be potted 

water ; and finally, as the danger of 

frost approaches, remove them to the 

oft' also, as seedlings are potted, in green-house, where they will bloom well 

sixty-sized pots. Here the treatment 

is just the same as that directed for 

seedlings." Hort. Mag. 

After-Culture. — "About the first 

week in June, the plants being removed 

from the green-house, and turned out 

all the winter and spring, if kept free 

from insects." Gard. Chron. 

CINNAMOMUM. Cinnamon. Eleven 

species. Stove evergreen trees. 

Ripe cuttings. Loam and peat. 

CINNAMON. Cinnamomum. 

of their pots, the old earth shaken from CION. See Scion. 

their roots, plant rather deeply, and CIRCiEA. Three species. Hardy 

about eighteen inches apart in light 

rich soil in the open garden, and water 

as often as they seem to require it. 

By the end of July, they throw up 

myriads of suckers; they are then taken 

up and parted, preserving ihe smallest 

atom that has a root to it. The largest 

herbaceous perennials. Offsets. Common 

soil. 

CIRCUMPOSITION differs from layering, 

only that in this the shoot to be 

rooted is bent down to the soil, whilst 

in circumposition the soil is placed in 

a vessel and raised to the shoot. There 

plants are potted in pots proportionate are pots called layering pots made for 

to their size, in a compost consisting of this practice, and diftering from the 

leaf mould, rotten dung, and strong common garden pot, only by having a 

turfy loam, in about equal quantities, section about an inch broad cut through 

and placed in a shady situation. These one side, and to the centre of the bot- 

will flower in September and October, tom, for the admission of the shoot or 

and will do well either for the house, branch. 

or for filling up beds, or vacancies in 

the flower garden. The other plants 

are replanted in the open garden, watered, 

and shaded until established, 

taken up with balls, and potted about 

the end of October, and protected from 

frost in a cold frame or pit through the 

winter. In this manner, and by keep- 

M. Foulup employs " small tin cases 

of a conical form, like the upper part 

of a funnel, two and three-quarter 

inches in length, and two and a sixth 

inches in width at top, narrowing towards 

the lower part till only sufficient 

room is left for the introduction of the 

shoot or branch intended to be propaing 

plants of various sizes, a regular gated. These cones are supported on 

— 

—

C IR 151 C IT 

rods, to which they are securRil by wire. 

Commencing with the central branches, 

the leaves are taken froin the parts 

which the tin is intended to inclose; 

the branch is cut two-thirds through as 

in layering, and being enclosed by the 

funnel, the latter is well packed with 

moss. Moisture necessary lor favouring 

the emission of roots is supplied by 

means of a bottle, from which the bottom 

is struck off, and the neck furnished 

with a cork, perforated so as to admit 

a small pigeon's feather or bit of wool 

to form a syphon, by means of which 

the moss is kept in a proper state of 

moisture. Hard-wooded plants are propagated 

in this way from the middle of 

May till the end of June ; and the 

branches are sullicicntly rooted to be 

taken off by the end of September. It 

is, however, necessary in all cases, to 

ascertain whether the branches are sufficiently 

rooted previously to their being 

separated. This is easily done by opening 

up the edges of the tin ; when the 

branches are found to be sufficiently 

rooted they are potted off without removing 

the moss by which the roots 

are surrounded. Being moderately 

watered, they are immediately placed 

under glass on a slighthot-bed, and kept 

shut up for a fortnight. They are then 

gradually exposed, and afterwards 

placed in the shade of large trees, so 

that only half the rays of the sun shall 

reach them." 

— 

Card. Chron. 

ClKRllJF.A. Six species. Stove 

epiphytes. Division. Wood. 

CIRROPETALUM. >cvcn species. 

Stove epiphytes. Division. Wood. 

C I R S I U M. Eighty-six species. 

Hardy annuals, biennials, and herbaceous 

perennials. Seeds or division. 

Common soil. 

CISSAMPELOS. Six species. Stove 

or green-house climbers. Cuttings. 

Sandy peat. 

CISSUS. Seventeen species. Stove 

or green-house evergreen climbers. 


CISTERNS for the accumulation of 

rain-water should be formed in connection 

with the gutters of the various 

buildings in the gardens, for no water 

is equal to it for the artificial supply of 

moisture to plants. 

CISTUS. Thirty-nine species and 

varieties. Hardy evergreen shrubs. 

Layers or ripened cuttings. Common 

soil. 

C I T H A R E Y L U M. Nine species. 

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

CITRON. Citrus. 

CITRUS. Fourteen species. Greenhouse 

evergreen fruit trees or shrubs, 

budding or grafting, and sometimes 

cuttings. Rich loamy soil mixed with 

dung. 

For the structure of a house suitable 

for their cultivation, see Orangery. 

The following extracts from an essay 

by Mr. Jones, gardener at Knowsley, 

exhibits the successful practice in cultivating 

this genus, pursued by Mr. 

Burden, gardener at Hurst Plouse, Lancashire. 

Varieties.—Those who wish to cultivate 

the orange tree for the sake of the 

fruit, ought to be very careful in making 

a selection of sorts, especially of sweet 

oranges. 

The best way, perhaps, is to procure 

grafts or young plants from such varieties 

as have proved themselves to be 

good in other establishments, or proved 

plants from a nursery. 

So/7.—Too much attention cannot be 

paid to the soil ; its principal features 

ought to bo lightness, richness, and 

openness of texture, and unless it possess 

these qualities it is unfit for the 

orange tribe. 

Water.—This must at all times be 

sparingly administered, especially if 

the trees are kept in a high moist temperature. 

Occasionally give a little 

weak liquid manure. 

Temperature.—Itisdoubtless an erroneous 

opinion, that if the atmospheric 

temperature is S^ to 10^ above the 

freezing point during winter, and is 

never allowed to rise above 70^ or 80° 

during summer, that the orange tribe, 

other circumstances being flivourable, 

may be cultivated successfully. Mr. 

Durden never allows the temperature 

of his house to fiill below 50^ during the 

winter season, and during summer 

retains a moist atmosphere of 80o or 

903, 

After-Culture. — In pruning, if the 

plants are trained on trellises, the 

branches should be kept thin to allow 

the greater part of the leaves to be exposed 

to the sun. The fruit is generally 

produced at the tips of the small spurs 

or brackets; therefore it would be a 

positive injury to the crop to shorterv 

any of these spurs, except it is desirable

C L A 152 CL A 

to increase their number. The opera- plants to two feet apart. The sowing 

j 

I tion of pruning is performed at any time must be annual. Seed may be saved 

when it appears i to be necessary, always, by allowing some plants to run up the 

however, taking care to have a sue- next ' spring; they ripen their seed in 

cession of young wood coming in. In September. 

thinning the fruit, particular attention] CLAUSEN Apewiap/ii/Z/a. Stove everought 

to be paid to the state of the tree, green tree. Cuttings. Rich loam, 

for the quantity of fruit must be entirely CLAVIJA. Two species. Stove 

j 

regulated by the vigour of the tree ; no ; evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat and 

better rule can be laid down than that : loam. 

for governing the operation of thinning. I 

is a constituent of all fertile 

CLAY 

If a tree appears debilitated in the soils, though in these it rarely exceeds 

i 

; 

j 

' 

j 

| 

; 

J 

extreme, it must not be allowed to carry one-sixteenth part, and generally bears 

any fruit for an entire season. a much smaller relative proportion to 

One cause of debility is, allowing the the other constituents. In its pure 

fruit to remain long after it is ripe. Of state it is known as alumina. It is the 

that required for confectionary purposes best of all additions to light, unretentive 

a larger quantity may be lett on the soils, for it retains moisture much more 

trees, but it must always be propor- powerfully than any other earth. M. 

tioned to the capabilities of the tree. Schubler found, that when silicious sand 

Cleaning the Plants.—The greatest lost eighty-eight parts of moisture, and 

attention should be paid to cleanliness chalky sand seventy-six, ; 

stiff clay in the 

the consequences of allowing insects to same time lost only thirty-five parts. 

overrun a collection of plants are fami- When clay has to be conveyed in large 

liar to every one acquainted with gar- quantities, and to a distance, it should 

dening. 

" The aphis attacks the tender shoots 

be dug and laid exposed in rough spits 

to the air for several days before it is 

and young leaves; the red spider the carted, and, indeed, so should all earths; 

for, as Mr. Ciithbert Johnson states 

more advanced foliage; and the coccus 

hesperidum every part of the plant. 

" Almost every gardener has his peculiar 

nostrum for destroying these animals 

; but a good preventive is cleanliness 

in everything about the plants. 

" The coccus may be brushed off, 

using a brush that is no harder than is 

just necessary to remove the insect. 

" For the thrips red spider, and aphis, 

a sponge and clean water will remove 

them all, if used before the insects have 

become very numerous. 

" Fumigation should never be re- 

— 

his valuable Farmer^s Encyclopedia, if 

one hundred cubic yards of chalk, clay, 

or marl have to be moved, by drying 

previously they will lose in weight as 

follows : 

Chalk . , 20 to 24 tons. 

Clay . , 32 " 42 " 

Marl . . ]8 •' 26 " 

For the improvement of clay lands, 

by rendering their staple less retentive, 

burning some of their own soil is an 

efficient application. One hundred tons 

per acre for this purpose are not too 

sorted to except in extreme cases. many ; for a dressing as a manure, thirty 

" The leaves should also be cleaned tons are a good quantity. Tiie follow 

with a damp sponge as often as they ing is the mode of burning clay, 

appear clogged by dust adhering to the " Let sods be cut of a ! convenient 

resinous exudations on their surface."— size to handle, say a foot wide and 

{Card. Chron.— Gard. Almanack.) eighteen inches in length ; with these 

CLADANTHUS. Two species. form a parallelogram or long square; 

Hardy annual and half hardy evergreen let the walls be a couple of feet thick, 

shrub. Seeds. Common soil. 

and trampled or beaten firmly together, 

CLARKIA. Three species and va- and raised at least three feet high ; the 

riety. Hardy annuals. Seeds. Com- first heap should be so situated, that the 

mon soil. 

wind may blow against one of its sides; 

CLARY. (Salvia sclarea.) Its leaves it may be from four to six yards long, 

are sometimes used in soups and medi- by three yards I wide, and an aperture 

cated wines. A very small number of within one yard of each end, j and others 

plants are sufficient for a family. Sow at a distance of about five feet from 

j 

early in April, or a month earlier in these should be left in the side walls, 

any light-soiled border. Thin the when building, for the purpose of form- 

|

CL A 153 C L I 

ing drain-like openings across the heap; 

make one of these drain-like openings 

from end to end in lengtli; these funnels 

are to be built also with sods ; some dry 

turf, such as is used for fuel, is to be 

put into these funnels and over it, and 

between the funnels well-dried sods or 

any other combustible materials are to 

be laid on to the depth of a couple of 

feet over these sods, partially dried to 

the level of the walls ; these materials 

being set on tire, a powerful heat will 

be produced, quite capable of burning 

clay, without previously drying it. Care, 

however, will be necessary to avoid 

throwing it on in too great a quantity 

at once, until the fire is well up, when 

a large quantity may be thrown on. The 

sod walls are to be raised as the heap 

rises; and as soon as it is perceived by 

the strength of the smoke and glow of 

heat, that the mass is ignited in all its 

parts, the apertures may be closed up, 

and the heap left to become charred ; 

should appearances indicate a likelihood 

of the fire being smothered, it 

will only become necessary to open one 

or more of the funnels to secure its 

acting. If the land on which the burned ! 

or charred clay is to be applied be deficient 

in calcareous matter, earth containing 

it, if burncti, would improve it 

much. If well done, there is no im- 

provcnient so cheap, and at the same ' 

time so valuable; if, on the other hand,j 

the burning is hurried, or the fires neglected, 

the consequence will be, either 

the clay will be burned into lumps like 

brick ends that will not fall to pieces 

when e.xposed to the air, or the clay I 

will not be charred or burned at all ; 

therefore, the heat should always be 

slow and steady, never, if possible, 

burning the clay red, but black. This 

is difficult to manage, depending.much 

upon the wind, stopping up the aperture 

upon the windward side, and opening 

that on the other side. The whole 

time the heaps are burning will take 

from two to three months, the time depending 

much on the weather ; from 

sixty to one hundred yards may be 

burned in a heap ; and if there be not 

sufficient sod, coarse turf, bushes, &c., 

on the spot to keep up a sufficient body 

of fire at the commencement, wood of 

any kind, or small coal, must be used." 

— Gard. Chron. \ 

Clay soils are the worst that can be 

j 

for gardens, for there is scarcely one of' 

1 

the crops there cultivated that is not injured 

by stagnant water, which can 

scarcely be prevented in clay soils at 

some seasons ; and in wet weather 

clayey soils cannot be worked, whereas 

the gardener must be inserting or attending 

to his crops every day. 

CLAYTONIA. Fifteen species. Hardy 

annuals or tuberous-rooted peren- 

nials. Seeds. Peat soil. 

CLEMATIS. Fifty species, and 

many varieties, chiefly climbers. The 

stove and green-house species grow 

well in a light loam and peat soil, and 

increase from cuttings. The hardy herbaceous 

kinds, divisions. The hardy 

deciduous, layers. Common soil. 

CLEOME. Twenty species. Stove 

or hardy annuals, biennials, or evergreen 

shrubs. Cuttings or seeds. Rich 

light soil. 

CLEONIA lusitanica. Hardy annual. 


CLERODENDRUM. Forty species. 

Chiefly stove evergreen shrubs. C. 

volubile, a climber. Cuttings. A rich 

soil of loam, rotten dung, and sandy 

peat. 

CLETHRA. Nine species. Hardy 

deciduous or stove green-house evergreen 

shrubs. Cuttings. Peat earth, or 

light sandy loam. The hardy kinds increase 

also by layers. 

CLEYERA japonica. Green-house 


peat. 

CLIANTHUS j)«nife«s. Half hardy 

evergreen shruD. Cuttings. Loam, 

peat, and sand. 

CLICK-BEETLE. See Wireworm. 

CLIDEMIA. Twelve species. Stove 


loam. 

CLIFFORTIA. Sixteen species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings 

of the young wood. Peat and 

loam. 

CLIMATE controls the growth of 

plants most imperatively, and in the 

cultivation of his fruits, flowers, and 

culinary vegetables, it forms the first 

object of the gardener's inquiry. He 

must first know the climate in wliich 

any givien plant is native ; and secondly, 

the soil which it affects, Ocfore he 

can cultivate it successfully. How allinfluential 

is climate appears from the 

fact, that different countries have often 

a totally different Flora on soils similar 

in constitution. Thus, as is observed

C L I 154 C LI 

by Decandolle and Sprengel, in The scarcely eighteen degrees of longitude 

Philosophy of Plants, "there are a from the west of Africa, and which lies 

, great many perfect plants which ex- a little further south than Congo, has 

clusively belong to the tropics, which 

never pass beyond them, and which arc 

yet no plants, which are tound in those 

last-named regions. (Roxburgh's List 

found equally in Asia and Africa, in 

America and the South Sea Islands, and 

even in New Holland. Although, as 

we have said, these are rather families, 

of Plants seen in the Island of St. Helena, 

appended to Beatson's Island of 

St. Helena.) Japan has a great many 

plants common to Southern Europe, 

as Palma; Scitaminea;, JNIuses, Sapin- which, however, are not found in those 

deae, and Anoneae ; or genera, as Epidendrum, 

Santalum, Olax, Cymbidium, 

and so forth; yet there are particular 

species, which grow in all parts of the 

regions of Asia that lie under the same 

latitude. 

We must further remark, that the 

eastern countries of the old world, and 

world only between the tropics, as for the eastern shores of America, as far as 

instance, Heliotropium Indicum, Ageratuni 

conyzoides, Pistiae stratiotes, 

Scoparia dulcis, Guilandina Bonduc, 

Sphenoclea; zeylanica, Abrus precato- 

the Alleghany Mountains, have a much 

lower temperature than the western 

regions ; and that it is always colder in 

Siberia and the north-east of Asia, than 

under the same latitude in Europe 

, 

j 

| 

j 

! 

, 

I 

rius, Boerhavia mutabilis, and so forth. 

But most commonly there are other and, that even Petersburgh is colder 

species, which, under the same degree than Upsal, and Upsal than Christiania ; 

of latitude, supply in the new world the although they all three lie in the sixplace 

of related species in the old. tieth degree of north latitude. In 

Dryas octopetala, indeed, grows equally 

upon the mountains of Canada, and 

North America the ditference is still 

greater, and there are commonly fifteen 

in Europe; but Dryas tenella of Pursh, degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer 

which is very like the former, grows, between the temperature of the east 

only in Greenland and Labrador. In- and west coast. It hence happens that 

stead of the Platanus Orientalis, there many plants which in Norway grow 

grows in North America the Platanus under the polar circle, scarcely reach 

Occidentalis; instead of Pinus Cembra 

in Europe and Asia, there grows in 

North America Pinus Strobus ; instead 

the sixtieth degree, on the limits between 

Asia and Europe. To this class 

belong the Silver Fir, Mountain Ash, 

of Prunus Laurocerasus,in Asia Minor, Trembling Poplar, Black Alder, and 

there growls under the same latitude in Juniper. Even in the temperate zone, 

North America the Prunus Caroliniana. 

There are many exceptions to this rule, 

the vegetation of many trees ceases 

sooner in the east than in the west. In 

however, depending on circumstances Lithuania and Prussia, under the fifty- 

that have been already noticed. In the third degree, neither vines nor peaches 

first place, countries are wont to share nor apricots thrive : at least their fruit 

their Floras with neighbouring regions, does not ripen, as also happens in the 

especially islands lying under the same middle of England. The most remark- 

latitude, as the Azores possess the 

Floras of Europe and of Northern Afable 

example of this great difference of 

temperature is furnished by the Mespirica, 

rather than those of America, be- lus Japonica, which grows at Nanga 

cause they are scarcely ten degrees of 'Sacki, and Jeddo, under the thirty-third 

longitude from the coast of Portugal. and thirty-sixth degrees of north lati- 

Sicily, and, still more,Maita, possesses a i 

; and which also grows in the open 

tude 

Flora made up of those of the South ofj air in England, under the fifty-second 

I 

j 

Europe and the North of Africa. The degree of north latitude, when it is 

Aleutian Islands share their Flora with planted against a wall. Botanical Rethe 

north-west coast of America, and îste)-, Vol. V. 

the north-east of Asia. But the most! The same degree of latitude in the 

distant countries, lying under the same southern and northern hemisphere, are 

latitude, may have the same or a simi- connected with very different temperalar 

vegetation, while countries or isl- tures, and produce a completely differands 

which lie between them, have not ent vegetation. This, however, must 

be 

and 

the least share in this particular Flora, i 

The island of St. Helena, which is | 

— 

understood rather of the temperate 

frigid zones, than of the tropical

CLI 15c C L I 

climates, which, as we have already noticed, 

are pretty much the same over 

the whole earth. But the summer is 

shorter in the southern hemisphere, because 

the motion of the earth in her 

perigee is more rapid. The summer 

is there also colder, because the 

greater quantity of ice over the vast 

extent of sea requires more heat for dis- 

solving it than can be obtained ; 

as also 

because the sunbeams are not reflected 

in such quantity from the clear surface 

of the sea water, as to afford the proper 

degree of heat. It thence happens that 

in the southern hemisphere the Flora of 

the pole extends nearer the equator, 

than in the northern. Under the 53d 

and 54th degrees of latitude, we meet 

with plants which correspond with the 

Arctic Flora. In Magellan's Land, and 

in Terra del Fuego, Betula antarctica 

corresponds with Betula nana in Lapland 

; Empctrum rubrum with Empetrum 

nigrum—Arnica oporina with Arnica 

montana—Geum Magellanica with 

Geum rivale in England— Saxifraga 

Magellanica with Saxifraga rivularis in 

Finmark. Instead of Andromeda tetragona 

and hypnoides of Lapland, Terra ! 

del Fucgo produces Andromeda myrsinites 

; in place of Arbutus alpina and 

{ 

Uva ursi of the Arctic polar circle,' 

Terra del Fuego produces Arbutus mucronata, 

microphylla, and pumila. Aria 

antarctica reminds us of the Ilolcus alpina 

of Wahlenburgh ; and Pinguicula 

antarctica recalls 

Pinguicula alpina. 

to our recollection 

We must recollect, 

however, that in South America the 

great mountain chains of the Andes 

stretch from the tropical regions, almost 

without interruption, to the Straits 

of Magellan (from the 52d to the 53d 

degree of S. lat.), and that, on this account, 

tropical forms are seen in that 

' 

frigid southern zone, because the tract 

of mountains everywhere determines 

vegetation. It is hence that the straits 

of Magellan are prolific of Coronaria;, 

Onagra;, Dorstenia;, and Heliotropia;, 

which in other parts of the world grow 

only within the tropics, or in their 

neighbourhood. In general the vege- 

tation of the southern hemisphere is 

very different from that of the northern; 

and there is a certain correspondence 

between the Floras of Southern Africa, 

America, and New Holland, ^^st of 

the trees are woody with stiff llaves, 

blossoms sometimes magnificent, but 

fruit of little flavour. In Southern Af^ 

rica, as well as in New Holland, it is 

the form of the Protea; which prevails, 

as if appropriated to these regions. Instead 

of the South American Erica;, we 

find the Epacrida; of New Holland ; Lobelia;, 

Diosma;, and a great number of 

rare forms of compound blossoms and 

of umbellata;, are common to all these 

southern regions." 

Now, the reason for these differences 

is, that the countries thus contrasted 

differ in climate—that is, they differ in 

the intensity and duration of light and 

heat they enjoy—they differ in the contrast 

of their day and night temperatures—they 

differ in the relative length 

of the day and night—they differ in the 

length of their summer and winter, or, 

which is synonymous, in the relative 

length of their periods of vegetable activity 

and rest—they differ also in the 

amount of rain which falls, not only annually, 

but at particular seasons—they 

differ in having much atmospheric moisture 

deposited in the form of rain or 

dew, or snow, at different periods of 

vegetable activity or rest. Now, what- 

ever these differences are, whatever 

the peculiarities of a climate are from 

which a plant comes, the gardener cannot 

cultivate it successfully unless he 

secures to that plant those climatal differences 

and peculiarities. 

CLIMBERS are plants which attach 

themselves to supporters by their natural 

appendages, as either by their tendrils 

or by their hooks. 

CLINO PODIUM. Three species. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division 

or seeds. Common soil. 

CLINTONIA. Two species. Annuals. 

C. elegans may be sown where 

it is to remain in the open borders, but 

C. pulchella requires its seedlings to be 

raised in a green-house or under a 

frame.— " If it is sown as soon as the 

seed is ripe, in two-thirds leaf mould, 

and one-third common soil, with a little 

sand, care being taken to make the soil 

firm enough to prevent the seed from 

being dislodged in watering ; 

where it 

is intended to have beds of it in the 

flower garden, it may be planted out in 

the beginning of March : none of the 

frosts that happen after that time will 

injure it. 

" If the seedlings were planted out 

in the autumn, early enough to take 

root in the soil before the winter, there

— 

C L I 156 C LU 

is no doubt they would prove as hardy 

as any of the Californian annuals, and, 

like them, succeed better in that way, 

— 

search the fruit trees for the bands of 

eggs laid on the branches, and to crush 

them. In May, when the caterpillars 

are living in society, the nests containing 

them should be collected and destroyed. 

Care must be taken when col- 

: 

| 

! 

j 

I 

j 

than if sown or planted out in the 

spring." Gard. Chron. 

CLIPPING hedges should be confined 

to those of the commonest and hardiest lecting the nests, for if the caterpillars 

varieties of shrubs, as those of hawthorn are much disturbed, they let themselves 

and privet. The shears may, however, down to the ground by means of a thin 

be used with great advantage by expert silken thread, and escape. In July 

operators, even on the most delicate their cocoons should be looked for on 

plants used for ornamental hedges. the trees between the leaves, in the 

Clipping of deciduous hedges is most roofs of sheds, and even on the tops of 

advantageously performed in the spring 

and early summer. A multitude of 

walls." Gard. Chron. 

C L I T R I A. Thirteen species. 

shoots are then induced, which secures 

that chief desideratum in hedges—thick- 

Chiefly stove or green-house evergreen 

climbers. C. mariana is a lialf hardy 

ness and closeness of texture. 

CLISIOCAMPA neustria, the Lacky 

Moth, dies only at night. It appears 

deciduous. Cuttings, seeds. Loam, 


C LI VIA nobilis. Green-house ever- 

about .luly, and its eggs are laid round green bulbous plant. Division, seeds. 

the twigs of trees in the form of a broad 

band of about three hundred eggs, 

closely glued together, and resembling 

a ring of seed lac. The caterpillars 

striped longitudinally blue, red, and 

Rich sandy loam. 

CLOUDBERRY. Rubus chammnorus. 

CLOVE. Dianthiis caryophyUus. 

CLOVER TREE. CaryophyUus. 

CLOWESIA rosea. Stove shrub. 

yellow, appear from these in the April 

or May following. They congregate 

in large nests at the forks of the small 

Cuttings. Rich loam. 

CLUB ROOT. See Amhiiry. 

CLUMPS when close are sometimes 

branches, and are then easily crushed called Thickets, Vind when open Groups 

en masse. They enter the chrysalis 0/ Trees. They differ only in extent 

state at the end of June, and then they rom a wood, if they are close, or from 

are to be found in cocoons between two a grove, if they are open ; they are small 

leaves, &c. 

" In June they are full grown and 

woods, and small groves, governed by 

the same principles as the larger, after 

about an inch in length, gray striped allowances made for their dimensions. 

with blue, red, and yellow, and having 

but few hairs. The caterpillar spins 

But besides the properties they 

have in common with woods, or 

may 

with 

between two leaves a thin web of an groves, they have others peculiar to 

oval form, and it becomes a longish themselves. They are either indepen- 

brown pupa, in which state it remains dent or relative; when independent, 

for three weeks or a month. In July their beauty as single objects is solely 

the moth appears, which in size and to be attended to ; when relative, the 

colour, is not unlike the silkworm moth. beauty of the individuals must be sacri- 

Its colour is light yellow, and someficed to the effect of the whole, which 

times dark olive colour. The upper is the greater consideration. The least 

wings are banded, and the lower wings clump that can be, is of two trees ; and 

are generally of a uniform brownish the best effect they can have, is, that 

colour. The male is readily known their heads united should appear one 

from the female, by its strongly pectinated 

antennae and thinner body. The 

large tree ; two, therefore, of different 

species, or seven or eight of such shapes 

insect flies only at night, and conse- as do not easily join, can hardly be a 

quently is rarely seen. It often appears beautiful group, especially if it have a 

iu considerable numbers, and does not tendency to a circular form. Such 

confine its ravages to fruit trees, but of firs, though very common, 

j 

j 

attacks many other trees ; 

clumps 

such as are seldom pleasing ; they do not combeeches, 

elms, poplars, oaks, and even pose one mass, but are only a contiised 

pines. The best means of lessoning number of pinnacles. The confusion 

; 

the devastationscommitted by the insect is, however, avoided by placing them 

is, in the winter season, carefully to in succession, not in clusters; and a

C LU 157 C N E 

clump of such trees is therefore morel thicket to open plantations, be frequent 

agreeable when it is extended rather in and sudden, the disorder is more suited 

length than in breadth. 

to rude than to elegant scenes. 

Three trees tocether must form either The occasions on which independent 

right line or a triangle; to disguise clumps may be applied are many. They 

the regularity, the distances should be are often desirable as beautiful objects 

very different. Distinctions in their in themselves ; they are sometimes neshapes 

contribute also to the same end ; cessary to break an extent of lawn, or 

nnd variety in their growths still more, a continued line, whether of ground or 

When a straight line consists of two of plantation; but on all occasions, a 

trees nearly similar, and of a third much jealousy of art constantly attends them, 

lower than they are, the even direction which irregularity in their figure will 

in which they stand is hardly discernible. 

If humbler growths at the extremity 

can discompose the strictest regularity, 

the use of it is thereby recommended 

I 

not always alone remove. Though elevations 

show them to advantage, yet a 

hillock evidently thrown up on purpose 

to be crowned with a clump, is artificial 

to a degree of disgust; some of the 

i 

i 

' 

' 

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upon other occasions. It is, indeed, the trees should therefore be planted on 

variety peculiarly proper for clumps : the sides to take off that appearance, 

every apparent artifice affecting the ob- The same expedient may be applied to 

jects of nature, disgusts; and clumps clumps placed on the brow of a hill. 

are such distinguished objects, so liable to interrupt its sameness; they will 

to the suspicion of having been left or have less ostentation of design if they 

placed on purpose to be so distinguish- are in part carried down either deed, 

that, to divert the attention from 

these symptoms of art, irregularity in 

clivity. 

A line of clumps, if the intervals be 

the composition is more important to closed by others beyond them, has the 

them, than to a wood or to a grove. appearance of a wood, or of a grove ; 

Being also less extensive, they do not and in one respect the semblance has 

admit so much variety of outline ; but an advantage over the reality in difvariety 

of growths is most observable ferent points of view ; the relations be 

in a small compass, and the several tween the clumps are changed, and a 

gradations may often be cast into beau- variety of forms is produced, which no 

tiful figures. 

continued wood or grove, however 

The extent and the outline of a wood broken, can furnish. These forms canor 

a grove, engage the attention more not all be equally agreeable, and too 

than the extremities; but in clumps anxious a solicitude to make them everythese 

last are of the most consequence ; where pleasing, may, perhaps, prevent 

their being ever beautiful, 

they determine the form of the whole, i 

and both of them are generally in sight: The effect must often be left to 

but it should be studiously con- 

I chance, 

. 

great care should therefore be taken to 

make them agreeable and different. suited from a few principal points of 

The ease with which they may be com- view ; and it is easy to make any recess, 

pared, forbids all similarity between any prominence, any iigure in the outthem 

; for every appearance of equality line, by clumps thus advancing before, 

i 

suggests an idea of art, and therefore a or retiring behind one another." 

clump as broad as it is long, seems less 

the work of nature than one which 

Whateley. 

CLUSIA. Four species. Stove 

stretches into length. 

Another peculiarity of clumps is the 

facility with which tliey admit a mixture 

of trees and of shrubs, of wood and of 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Light sandy 

loam 

CLUYTIA. Twelve species. Greenhouse 

or stove evergreen shrubs. Cut- 

grove; in short, of every species of plantation. 

None are more beautiful than 

those which are so composed. Such 

compositions are, however, more proper 

in compact than in straggling clumps ; 

they are most agreeable when they tori'.i 

one mass. If the transitions from very 

tings. Loam and peat. 

CLYPEOLA. Two species. Hardy 


CNEORUM. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat 

''''" loam. 

lofty to very humble growths, from Three species. Stove 

CNESTIS. 

—

C A 158 COC 

! 

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t 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy fests that fruit, the hibiscus, justitia, 

peat. 

COAL. See Fuel. 

COAL ASHES. Sgk Ashes. 

" C. adonidum. Mealy Bug. This 

feeds on tropical plants, with which it 

COBffiA scandens. Half hardy ever- hasbeen introduced into our hot-houses, 

green climber. Seeds or cuttings. Peat especially Coffee, Cestrum, Justicia, 

and loam. 

COBURGHIA. Three species. Green- 

Carina, Musa, Renealmia, (^-c. ; but it 

also is very injurious to the vine and 

housenials. 

and half hardy bulbous peren- 


pine-apple. 

" C. testubo. Turtle Scale. This is 

COCCINELL.E. Lady Birds. There found chiefly on stove plants requiring 

are about thirty species of this useful a high temperature. The scale is oval, 

and beautiful insect. Let no one de- very convex, and dark brown." Gard. 

stroy a coccinella, for it is the greatest Chron. 

destroyer of the plant louse or aphis. C. Vitis. Vine Scale preys upon the 

This is much better appreciated on the Grape Vine, both in the open air, and 

continent than in England, for there under glass. It seems to be the same 

the gardeners collect lady birds aiid species which also attacks occasionally 

place them upon rose trees, 

fected with aphides. 

COCCOLOBA. Nineteen 

&c., inspecies, 

the Peach, Nectarine, and Plum. It is, 

says Mr. Curtis, " a longish brown insect, 

which in old age assumes a black- 

Stove evergreen trees. Leafy ripened 

cuttings. Loam and peat. 

ish-brown colour, and becomes hemi- 

spherical and wrinkled. The females 

COCCUS. Scale Insect. The species are shield-like ; being convex above, 

of this family are most usually, but not and flat or concave below; they are 

exclusively, found upon the tenants of; furnished with six small legs, which, 

our green-houses and hot-houses. The when the insect is old, become part of 

males are active, but the females usu- the substance of the body. On the unally 

fixed to a part of the plant; the derside of the insect is a sucker, with 

former having wings, and are so small which it pierces the cuticle of the 

as to require a magnifier to distinguish plants, and extracts their juices. Soon 

them distinctly: they then appear some- after impregnation the female dies, and 

| 

| 

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; 

, 

i 

i 

' 

! 

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what like a gnat in form. The females her body becomes a protection for the 

are much larger, and in shape not tin- eggs, which are covered with long white 

like a bed-bug, but with a scaly skin. wool, and sometimes completely enve- 

When hatching they envelop them- lop the shoots of the vines, or of plants, 

selves in a woolly case. The eggs are growing underneath them. The males 

oval, but no larger than dots. Brushing are furnished with four wings, and are 

the stems and branches of trees and apterous. Their powers ofpropagation 

shrubs with a hand scrubbing-brush, are immense; and, where they once 

will destroy many of these vermin, and become very numerous, they are exif 

spirit of turpentine, with a painter's ceedingly difficult to eradicate." 

brush, is applied, so as to visit every As a genus of insects closely allied 

cranny of the bark, the application is to the Coca/s, and usually confounded 

perfectly eifectuai. Smaller and more with it, is Aspidiotus ; and as all remedelicate 

plants in pots, may be placed dial observations applicable to the one 

under a sea-kale or other pot, with a are equally applicable to the other, the 

little of the spirit in a saucer, and then prevailing kinds are here enumerated, 

submitted to a gentle heat ; the vapour "A.nerii. Oleander Scale is found 

of the turpentine will destroy the insect in our stoves and green-houses, chiefly 

in an hour or two. If the first application 

fails, the second will not fail. The 

efficacy of a solution of soft soap in 

thinning the ranks of this pest, arises 

probably from the turpentine it con- 

tains. 

" C. hesperidum is found in greenhouses, 

especially on orange trees. It 

infests leaves as well as stems. 

*' C. bromeliiE. Pine Apple Scale in- 

— 

on the Oleanders, Palma, Aloes and 

Acacias. 

"A. ros(2. Rose Scale ; A. echinocacti. 

Cactus Scale ; A.laurJ. Sweet 

Bay Scale; infest chiefly the plants by 

the names of which they are distinguished. 

"j4. ostreceformis. Pear Tree Oyster 

Scale, is found upon the pear tree. 

Scale is much more difficult to destroy

— 

coc 159 COM 

than aphis ; as tobacco, soft soap, vine- ' 

gar, and other materials scarcely affect 

them, even when applied in quantity 

and strength sufficiently to kill plants. 

species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Ri 

pened cuttings. Peat and loam. 

COFFEE TREE. Coffea. 

COGWOOD TREE. See Laurus. 

The most effectual method of ridding Cloroxylon. 

plants of these pests, besides those first COKE. See Fuel. 

named, is to brush or sponge the stems COLBERTIA. Two species. Stove 

and leaves. If plants in pots are inevergreen trees. Cuttings. Peat and 

fested with this or any other kind of loam. 

scale, they should never be cleansed in COLBROOKIA. Two species, 

or near the house in which they are Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut- 

grown ; as, though the old ones have tings. Peat and loam. 

, 

I 

1 

I 

not always the power of locomotion, COLCHICUM. Ten species and some 

yet the young ones have. Shreds and varieties. Hardy bulbous perennials. 

matting which support plants in houses, 

should always be carefully examined, 

as they form a kind of nest for the 

young insects. Old shreds should never 

Seeds or offsets. Light loamy soil. 

COLDENIA procumheiis. Stove annual 

trailer. Seeds. Common soil. 

COLEONEMA alha. Green-house 

be used, without being previously evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat and 

boiled." Gard. Chron. 

COCHLEARIA. Eight species and 

some varieties. Chiefly hardy annuals 

or biennials. C. armoracia, the com- 

loam. 

COLEWORT. See Cabbage. 

COLLIFLOWER. See Caulifloicer. 

COLLIGUAJA odorifera. Greenmon 

horse-radish. Slips from the root. house evergreen shrub. 

Deep rich soil. The annuals and bien- COLLINSIA. Five species. Hardy 

nials from seeds. Common soil. 


COCKCHAFER. See Melolontha. COLLINSONIA. Five species and 

COCKSCOMB. Rhinantkus Christa- some varieties. Chiefly hardy herbace- 

gain. 

ous perennials. Division. Common 

COCKSCOMB. Erythrina Christa- moist garden soil. 

gain. 

COLLOGANIA. Two species. Stove 

COCKSCOMB. Celosia crisfata.— evergreen climbers. Cuttings. Peat 

Sow the seed in a hot-bed, early in the and loam. 

spring, and transplant when danger COLOPHONIA mauritiana. Stove 

from frost lias passed : seed may also evergreen tree. Cuttings. Loam and 

be sown later in the season, on an open 

border. To have Cockscombs in perfection 

requires highly manured soil, (it 

peat. 

COLUMBINE. Aquilegia. 

COLUNARREA. Six species. Stove 

cannot be too rich,) and a careful pruning 

of lateral or side shoots—but one 

head or flower should be borne by each 

evergreen shrubs. C. scandens is a 

climtier. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

COLVRIA. potentilloides. Hardy her- 

plant. 

baceous perennial. Division. Peat 

During dry weather water with a so- and loam. 

lution of manure or plain water, having COLUTEA. Five species. Hardy 

first covered the earth around the plants deciduous shrubs. Seeds or cuttings, 

with decomposed stable-dung. Common soil. 

COCO.VNUT TREE. Cocos. COLVILLEA racemosa. Stove ever- 

COCOA PLUM. Chrysobalanus. green tree. 

COCOS. Three species. Palms. COMARASTAPHYLIS arbutoides. 

Loam and peat, or light sandy loam in Half hardy shrub. Cuttings. Sandy 

a warm moist atmosphere. 

CODARIU.M. Wild Tamarind. Two COMAROPSIS. Two species. Hardy 

species. Stove evergreen tree and 

shrubs. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

CODONOPHORA. Stove evergreen 

herbaceous perennials. Seeds or division. 

Rich light loamy soil. 

COxMARUM palustre. Hardy her- 

shrubs. Cuttings. Peat and loam. baceous perennial. Division. Moist 

C(F.LOGYNE. Seventeen species. soil. 

Stove orchids. Division. Wood. They COMBRETUM. Seven species. 

require a hot damp heat. 

Stove evergreen climbers or shrubs. 


COFFEA. The Coffee Tree. Two I

COM 160 COM 

; 

j 

I 

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COMESPERMA. Three species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. C. gra- 

in a dry cellar for the winter, out of the 

reach of damp or frost; they will then 

cilis is a twining plant. Cuttings. 


COMFREY. Simphytum. 

COMMELINA. Twenty-five species. 

require no more trouble until the following 

March, when they should be taken 

out, potted, and placed either in a warm 

pit or dung frame, to forward them 

Chiefly stove evergreen trailers, which 

are increased hy divisions and seeds 

again for planting out. 

" The roots will survive the winter in 

sandy loam and peat. The hardy kinds, the open border, if slightly protected, 

seeds or offsets ; and the annuals, seeds 

and common garden soil. 

and kept dry ; but then they are late in 

starting, and never so fine as when the 

C. calestris is one of the most beauti- roots are taken up, and preserved 

ful of this genus, and the following directions 

for its cultivation are given by 

through 

Dahlia. 

the winter, like those of the 

The old roots may be divided 

Mr. G. Gordon, of the Chiswick Gardens. 

" About the end of February sow the 

like those of the Garden Ranunculus." 


C M M E R S N I A . T wo speci es. 

seeds, in pans or pots, filled with a mix- Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripened cutture 

of sandy loam and leaf mould, and 

place them in a warm pit, or dungframe. 

When the young plants are 

tings. Peat and loam. 

COMOCLADIA. Three species. 

Stove evergreen trees. Ripened cut- 

large enough to handle, pot them off tings. Peat and loam, or any light rich 

singly into sixty-sized pots, and return 

them to the warm frame, or pit, for a 

week or ten days ; afterwards admit air, 

soil. 

COMPARETTIA. Three species. 

Stove epiphytes. Division. Wood or 

and finally remove them to a cold 

frame, or pit, to harden, ready for 

fibrous peat. 

COMPOST is a mixture of manures, 

planting out in the open border, which or of earths and manures, in such proshould 

be done about the end of May, portions, and of such qualities as are 

or beginning of June, when the danger considered particularly applicable to 

from late frosts and cold nights is over. the plant or crops to which the compo- 

" In planting, they must not be put sition is to be applied. The subject of 

in a dry or shaded situation, but in 

warm, and rather damp one ; and in 

a 

a 

Composts has been studied but slightiy 

at present, by men who combine science 

rich loamy soil. They will then flower with practice, and what is here offered, 

freely all the summer and autumn ; but must consequently be less satisfactory 

like the Dahlia, their beauty is destroy- than the author is conscious it might be. 

ed by the first frost in the autumn, A correct preparation of Composts 

" The plants flower freely the first must be founded upon a due knowledge 

season from seed, but they display their of the food of plants. This is ascer- 

delicate azure blossoms in the greatest tainable from their analyses, and these 

perfection the second season, if the reveal what is sustained by practice, 

roots are taken up, and preserved like that there are some substances required 

those of the Dahlia, over the winter, by all plants as food, and that there are 

which is best done in the following way: 

—When the plants have done flowering, 

other substances which are beneficial 

to some plants, and useless, or even 

and there is danger of the roots getting 

injured by severe frost, they must be 

injurious to others. 

Now the substances universally re- 

taken up, and placed to dry for a few quired by cultivated plants, are, carbon, 

days ; then procure a box, or some 

large flower-pots, and place a little dry 

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate 

of lime, and, perhaps, common 

soil at the bottom (the best substance 

; 

for packing all kinds of roots in during 

winter, is dry sandy peat)—then place a 

salt. These are supplied to plants by 

the atmosphere, and by decaying animal 

and vegetable matters. 

layer of roots, filling in between with The substances required only by parsoil 

; and so on until you have disposed ticular plants, are certain salts, such as 

of all the roots, when the whole should sulphate of lime, by the turnip;—sul- 

be covered over with a thick layer of any phate of magnesia, (Epsom salt) by the 

potato ;—nitrate of potass (saltpetre), 

i dry substance. Place the plants either 

under the stage in the green-house, or I by borage, and the lilac.

COM 161 CON 

The food of plants, whether imbibed | 

both of which are rapidly imbibed by 

the roots. Composts, therefore, should 

contain these decomposing matters in 

such proportion, as to give the plants, 

to which they are applied, the vigour 

required. If leaves are re(juired to be 

largely developed, the compost can be 

scarcely too rich ; for the greater the 

quantity of food imbibed by the roots, 

the greater will be the surface of leaves 

requisite for its elaboration. But if 

flowers and fruit, as well as leaves, are 

desired, the composts, if excessively 

rich, will cause these to diminish in 

number and size, the flower-buds passing 

into leaf-buds for the reason already 

alleged. 

Composts must also duly regulate 

the amount of moisture supplied to the 

roots, totally independent of drainage, 

as compost retains to them moisture by 

itschemical and capillary powers. The 

richer in decomposing animal and vegetable 

matter,—the richer in alumina, 

(clay),—and the looser its texture, the 

better does a compost retain water. 

And this power is diminished in proportion 

as siliceous sand, or calcareous 

(chalky) matters preponderate. 

Mr. Errington, {Gardenfr's Chronicle, 

184.5,) prepares his composts from 

strong tenacious loam ; half-rotten leafmould; 

heath-soil ; horse-manure; cow- 

11 

; 

\ 

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1 

j 

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the convenience of moving the pots to 

by their roots or their leaves, must be it, in the potting season ; conveyance of 

either in a liqiiid, or a

CON 162 CON 

3d Division.—Short leaved ; which 

may be considered as hardy. 

Pinus Llaveana. 

Ayacahuite. 

Abies reiigiosa. 

Section II.— Californian or North West 

American species. 

1st Division.—Fine leaved. These 

are the tenderest kinds, while those 

with short leaves are generally hardier, 

particularly in this American group. 

Pinus insignis. 

californica. 

•^—— Monticola. 

2d Division.—Coarse leaved. With 

robust stems, leaves, and cones. 

Pinus Macrocarpa. 

Sabiniana. 

3d Division. — Short leaved. All 

either Spruces or Silvers. 

Abies amabalis. 

grandis. 

nobilis. 

Menziesii. 

Section III.—European Species. 

1st Division. — The slender twoleaved 

pines ; or those resembling the 

Aleppo Pine. (P. halepensis.) 

Pinus Brutia. 

Pithyusa. 

— 

Pindrow, or Royles Silver. 

Abies Pichta or Sibirica, the Pitch or 

Siberian Silver. 

Abies Brunoniana, the Indian Hemlock 

Spruce. 

Abies Khutrow, the large coned Indian 

Spruce. 

Abies Morinda. 

Abies orientalis. 

The following notice of Junipers will 

be confined, like the preceding of 

Coniferous Plants, to the more rare 

and less known kinds. 

True Junipers. Juniperus oblonga 

(the oblong-fruited Juniper); Juniperus 

Oxycedrus (large brown-fruited Juniper) 

; Juniperus macrocarpa (the large 

purple-fruited Juniper) ; Juniperus squa- 

mosa (the Creeping Indian Juniper) 

Juniperus recurva (the recurved Indian 

Juniper) ; Juniperus nana (Dwarf Juniper)." 

Card. Chron. 

Propagation by Cuttings. Mr. Gor- 

don gives these directions : 

— 

" In August or September, select a 

young shoot of moderate strength, and 

cut it off with a piece of the last year's 

wood attached, forming what is technically 

termed a heel. 

" The leaves at the bottom of the 

cutting should not be pulled off, but 

must either be left on entire, or shortened 

with a sharp knife. AVlien the 

cutting is made, it should be planted 

from a half to three-quarters of an inch 

deep in a pot, filled about one-third 

with potsherds, on which a layer of 

turfy peat should be placed, then an 

inch of good loam, and, on the top of 

all, a layer of white sand. The pot of 

cuttings may now be placed in a cold 

frame, kept close, and shaded when 

necessary; they may remain in this 

situation till the end of October, when 

they should be put in a cold pit for the 

Winter. Care must be taken at that 

season, that they do not suffer from 

frost or damp ; but they must on no 

account have fire heat. About the end 

of February the pot of cuttings may be 

removed to a hot bed, a bellglass being 

placed closely over it; the cuttings will 

root readily, and many of them will be 

fit to pot off by the end of June. When 

first potted off, the young plants should 

be treated exactly in the same manner 

as the cuttings are. 

" In the case of Junipers and Cy- 

2d Division.—The robust two-leaved 

species ; or those strong growing kinds, 

resembling the Cluster Pinaster, and 

Corsican Laricie, Pines. 

Pinus nigricans, or austriaca. 

hispanica, or pyrenaica. 

romana. 

Ascarena. 

Lemoniana. 

3d Division.— The Silver or 

Firs. 

Spruce 

Picea 

Fir. 

cephalonica, or Mount Enos 

Pinus Pinsapo, or the Mount Atlas 

Cedar. 

Section IV.—Asiatic Species. 

1st Division.—The robust two-leaved 

Pines, or those resembling the Cluster 

Pine {P. Pinaster). 

Pinus taurica. 

2d Division.—Pinus 

Chinese Pine. 

Sinensis, or the 

Pinus 

pine. 

excelsa, or the lofty Bhotan 

Pinus Longifolia. 

Gerardiana. 

3d Division.—The Silver, or Spruce 

Firs. 

Abies Webbiana, or the purple-coned presses, older wood than that used tor 

Silver Fir. 

Pines is necessary, as they have not 

;

— 

CON 163 CON 

j 

j 

sufficient strength to omit roots before water at first; for much depends upon 

the winter, and consequently perish the use made of water, at this period, 

during that season, when only callous, and the treatment given to them, when 

If wood of two or three years' growth in this state, (that is, when the young 

be taken, it will be found'hardy enough plant has exhausted the nourishment 

to stand the winter, and with the aid of supplied by the seed, and has to seek 

artificial heat, in the spring will root subsistence from its own roots ;) after 

freely." Gard. Chron. which there is little danger of their 

By Seed.—The same excellent au- damping off, except they are over 

thority gives these directions relative watered. When the plants are fairly 

to propagating the conifene from seed, up, and a little hardened, they may be 

'•' The cones should be gathered at potted off singly, into small pots, filled 

the beginning of winter: they should with a mixture of loam and sandy peat, 

be placed in some cool but dry place, If the loam is rather poor or stiff, a 

until the end of March, at which time little leaf-mould may be added; for the 

the seeds should be taken out of the bad efTects of the two latter substances 

cones; which in some cases is difficult, seem only to occur during the time the 

without injuring them, particularly if young plant received its support from 

they are kiln-dried, as the seeds are 

easily damaged by fire heat. The 

cones of some kinds are so hard—of 

Cocarpa, for example—that it would 

take weeks on the kiln before they 

would open. The safest way is to bore | 

the seed. 

" When potted, they should be 

placed in a close pit or frame for a few 

days, until they recover the effects of 

the shift, and afterwards air must be 

admitted ; but water given rather 

] 

freely 

a hole through the centre, beginning at sparingly at first. They will require 

the base, or stalk, and afterwards to 

drive a round jjiece of hard wood, 

little trouble afterwards, but probably 

may want shiiting into larger pots in 

through the hole, which will split the the autumn, (particularly the strong 

cones. The seeds may then be re- growing kinds,) as it is injurious to 

moved without injury. If the kinds are their future growth for their roots to 

new or rare, they should be sown in get pot-bound when young. The more 

pans filled with dry sandy loam, and rare or tender kinds should not be 

without any mixture, of cither peat, planted out before the third season ; 

leaf mould, or rotten dung; all of but the commoner ones may be planted 

i 

which are injurious, and cause the out after the first year, 

young plants to damp off when they " The common kinds, such as the 

first come up, more especially if it Scotch fir, larch, spruce, and silver firs, 

should be damp weather at the time Pinaster, Stone, and Weymouth seeds, 

they appear above ground. If the ' 

and even the Deodar, and Cedar of 

loam is a little stiff, a small portion of Lebanon may be sown in the open 

sand may be used ; but this must be border with great advantage in the tblavoided 

as much as possible, because lowing manner :—select a good fresh 

the more sand there is in the soil the loamy soil which is not stiff, but rather 

weaker the plants come up. If they sandy, and about the end of March dig 

are in a doubtful condition, sow the and break the surface rather finely ; 

seeds in pans filled with very dry loam, then mark the ground out into beds 

and place them in some dry situation, about four feet wide, leaving an alley 

out of the reach of damp, they will then of a foot wide between each bed ; and 

not be injured ; whereas if they were on some fine dry day sow the seeds 

not placed in dry soil, they would be broadcast rather thickly, covering them 

sure to perish, or if sown in damp over from a quarter to half an inch 

soil, the like destruction would attend deep, according to the size of the 

them. seeds; then smooth the surface by 

" When spring advances, place the gently beating it with the back of the 

pans in a gentle, but by no means damp 

heat; taking care, however, to remove 

them to a much cooler place, before 

the young plants are fairly above 

ground, and afterwards harden them 

off by degrees, giving them but little 

spade ;— (this must only be done if the 

soil is dry, and rather light.) They 

will then require no other care except 

keeping them from weeds, and the attacks 

of birds, mice, and slugs, which 

are very destructive to them, when

— 

CON 164 CON 

they first make their appearance above 

ground. 

" By placing some small branches 

thickly over the beds until the young 

plants have thrown off' the old seed- 

^' Inarching is another way for in- 

creasing the pine tribe, but, like grafting, 

only suitable for the propagation 

of curious varieties, and is certainly a 

more unsightly way than that of cleft- 

coat, they may be protected from the grafting, as the stock and scion hardly 

ravages of birds ; if attacked by mice, ever unite to cover the old heel, when 

traps must be set for catching them, as separated from the mother plant. 

the only safe mode of preventing such " This operation may be performed 

pests; and if subject to be eaten by either with the last year's or the pre- 

slugs, some wood-ashes should be ceding year's wood, but the former is 

' 

' 

i 

sown over the beds just as the young by far the quickest in taking ; it is best 

plants are making their appearance. performed about the same time as graft- 

" The seeds of the greater part of ing, but the inarches must not be rethe 

pine tribe come up in about six 

weeks after sowing in the open border, 

moved for two years, 

" Layering is certainly one of the 

and the most of them will be fit for best modes, where it can be done, 

transplanting into nursery-rows the Layering should be performed early in 

' 

[ 

! 

I 

, 

' 

| 

' 

| 

' 

| 

first year after sowing; afterwards they 

may be treated in the same way as 

the spring, before the plant begins to 

grow, and in the usual common way, 

other forest trees." Gard. Chron. 

Grafting, Src—" The pine or fir 

by slightly tonguing and laying the 

shoots in light sandy soil, pegging them 

tribe are sometimes increased by graft- securely down. 

ing or inarching. It is at present little " They will require two years to 

practised, and when it is so, only as a root, but it should be observed, that 

means of propagating some of the curi- in layering, the whole plant must be 

ous varieties ofthe propersection Pinus, layered, as it is very uncertain if only 

which are the most difficult and uncer- the bottom branches are so done, as 

tain to strike from cuttings. Procure these frequently die after the operation 

some good healthy young plants of the if the upper ones are left on : therefore 

common kinds, of the same section to the whole plant should be bent down, 

which the sort to be increased belongs or the head cut off", 

in pots ; if it is to the robust two-leaved " Pines and firs should be planted in 

section, such as the Pinaster or Stone the open ground, about the end of April, 

Pine, procure them for the stocks : if to 

the Weymouth or Scotch, procure thom, 

but they will take on the common Scotch 

' 

if they are rare or tender kinds : but if 

hardy and common ones, the end of 

February is best. 

Fir. If the species or variety belongs " The Soil most suitable for them is 

to the Spruce or silver tribe, procure a light sandy loam, on a dry subsoil; 

such for stocks ; if it belongs to the ce- but they will all grow in almost any 

dar or larch section, the common larch soil that is not overcharged with water, 

will do, bearing in mind that the species or too poor, if encouraged at first by 

intended to be united should be as mixing a little sandy loam andleaf mould 

nearly related as possible ; for although with the common earth, when planting 

the true Pinus may be worked on a them where they are permanently to 

larch stock, they will soon perish. The remain. 

operation is performed on the current " In planting, the roots should be 

year's growth by clefl grafting, (and spread out as much as possible, and 

always in the leading shoot, shortening kept near the surface, leaving the plant 

several of the side shoots at the time,) 

or by splitting the stock down the cen- 

a little elevated on a small mound, if 

the adjoining ground is level, but if on 

tre after the head is removed sufficiently 

deep for receiving the scion, which 

a declivity, it is of no consequence. 

" When planted, they should be well 

must be cut wedge-shaped, to fit. watered, not immediately at the roots, 

The time of performing the opera- but for a yard or two all round, and 

tion is when the young shoots are about then a few spruce fir or other branches 

half-grown, and are brittle with the should be stuck round, to break off" tiie 

stock ; the operation is done in the sun's rays, and the winds ; if they are 

usual way afterwards, by tying, and ex- tender they should have a large iiandcluding 

the air. glass over them for the first winter, 

I

— — 

CON 165 CON 

which may remain permanently on during 

the months of December and January. 

" In preparing the compost for them, 

a little sand should be used, if the soil 

of the place is tolerably good, but rather 

stiff; but if poor and light, a little 

loam and leaf mould must be added ; 

it 

is by far the best way to accustom the 

plants to the common soil at once, while 

they are young, for if the ground is 

made good for their reception only, 

they will grow vigorously and rapid, 

and as soon as they exhaust the prepared 

soil, they become stunted, and 

frequently die prematurely. 

" In protecting the tender kinds, a 

single mat covering at a sufficient distance 

will keep most of them from injury 

; but much damage is done to the 

plants by not being able to remove the 

covering early in the spring. 

" The covering should be constructed 

so that the top can be removed during 

the day time, and replaced at night, 

which hardens the plants, and at the 

same time protects them from the effects 

of the late spring frosts, which destroy 

the young shoots, especially of Webbiana, 

and other silver firs. 

" In pruning there is little to be done 

except to cut away all dead branches, 

and to protect the leader." Card. 

Chron. 

CONNARUS. Three species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Ripened cuttings. 


CONOCARPUS. Four species. Stove 



CONOSPERMUM. Nine species. 


Sandy peat. 

CONOSTYLIS. Three species. 


Division. Sandy peat. 

CONSERVATIVE WALLS. See 

Walls. 

CONSERVATORY. This structure 

is a green-house communicating with the 

residence, having borders and beds in 

which to grow its tenant plants ; or it 

may be an appendage to the dwelling, 

of moderate size, into which the plants 

from the green-house are removed whilst 

in bloom, thus concentrating the more 

attractive specimens, and presenting a 

continuous show of flowers. 

Good plants for turning out into the 

beds of a conservatory are: Templeto- 

nia Glauca ; Luculia gratissima ; Eutaxia 

myrtifolia ; 

Pimelea spectnbilis ; 

Chorozema varium ; Brugmansia sanguinea 

; Crowea saligtia ; Cytisus racemosus 

; Horea Celsi ; together with Camellias, 

and the ditlerent kinds of 

Acacia. 

Mr. Beaton observes, that— " In some 

instances the more hardy stove climbers 

are now planted out into the conservatory 

after they have been grown in 

vineries, or other forcing-houses, or in 

stoves, till they are long enough to 

reach the top of the house at once, 

which is kept sufficiently close to afford 

them the necessary temperature. Many 

of this class must necessarily be lelt 

naked at bottom, where the air of the 

house is too cold for their young shoots, 

and thus a space is left for choice woody 

plants that are not climbers, among 

which the subject of these remarks may 

take a leading place. 

" At present, when climbers get 

naked at the bottom, the practice is 

either to cover the parts with long 

shoots from the top of tlie house, or to 

plant slender-growing climbers round 

them ; but a better way would be to select 

fine plants, not exceeding ten or 

twelve feet in a rich border, or that 

might be easily kept to be the required 

height, by pruning, such plants being 

remarkable for some peculiar feature, 

such as a graceful mode of growth, fine 

foliage, conspicuous or sweet-scented 

flowers, &c. A situation of this kind 

would suit Lucuiia gratissima, particularly 

if it happened to be near the doors 

or source of ventilation. 

" This beautil'ul shrub, so lovely in 

the autumn, although a strong growing 

plant, is a delicate feeder; and a strong 

climber planted behind it may be said 

to assist its growth rather than impede 

it, by appropriating to itself the more 

gross parts of the soil in the border. If 

the climber, however, is of the very 

fibrous-rooted kind, like the ash, few 

plants can compete with it for nourishment 

; whereas such climbers as Ipoinwa, 

Horsfallia;, Combretum purpureum, 

Beaumontia grandiflora, and most 

of the Passion liownrs, Hardenbergias, 

Zichyas, &c., form their roots differently, 

and are suitable for this kind of 

furnishing when they become naked below. 

Plants for such a purpose ought 

to be well established and of considerable 

size, before they are finally planted

— 

CON 166 COR 

out; and all plants, whether climbers 

or otherwise, that have been first reared 

in the stove, or in heat, ought to be 

thus treated, otherwise it is found in 

practice that many of them make little 

progress for the first season or two. 

"Another cause which operates 

astainst the free progress of some 

climbers is, that for the sake of convenience 

they are increased from cuttings 

of the flowering shoots, which are more 

CORCHORUS. See Sherria. 

CORDIA. Thirty species. Stov* 

evergreen trees or shrubs. Cuttings. 


CORDYLINE. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Suckers. Peat and 

loam, or any light vegetable soil. 

COREMA alha. Hardy evergreen 

shrub. Layers. Sandy peat. 

COREOPSIS. Twenty-three species. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous perennials. 

or less stunted, and the young plants i Cuttings and division. Rich light soil. 

for a time retain that character, until 

forced by a good feeding or strong heat 

to assume their native iVeedom ; and 

even after that is effected, if they are 

afterwards much confined in small pots, 

they become again stunted ; then the 

best remedy is to cut them down to the 

surface of the ground, and force them 

in a hot-bed to make a fresh growth 

CONTORTION. See Deformity. 

CONVALLARIA. The Lily of the 

Valley. One species, and two varieties. 


Common soil. 

CONVOLVULUS. Fifly-one species. 

Chiefly twiners. The stove and greenhouse 

plants thrive best in loam and 

peat, and increase by cuttings ; the 

hardy kinds, and green-house annuals 

and biennials, by seeds. Common soil. 

COOKIA punctata. Stove evergreen 

tree. Ripened cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

COOPERIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

bulbous perennials. Seeds. Sandy 

compost. 

COPTIS trifoliata. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Division or seeds. 

Peat soil. 

CORAL TREE. Erythrina corallodendron. 

CORAXIC POISON BULB. Brunsvigia 

coronica. 

CORBULARIA serotina. Hardy bulbous 

perennial. Offsets. Sandy loam. 

The annuals and biennials by seeds. 

Common soil. 

COREOPSIS. See Chrysostemona. 

CORETHROSTYLIS 6rac?ea. Greenhouse 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

CORIANDRUM sativum. Coriander. 

Hardy annual. Seeds. Common soil. 

; 

j 

I 

I 

' 

: 

CORIARIA. Two species. Hardy 

Beaumontia grandiflora, and some of and green-house evergreen shrubs. Tiie 

the stove Bignonias, are the first to suf 

fer from either cause yet when they 

; 

are young and vigorous, they grow from 

hardy species is increased by cuttings 

of the roots or suckers. Common soil. 

The green-house species by cuttings. 

ten to twenty feet in length in one sea- Sand, loam, and peat. 

son, and some Bignonias even much CORIS monspeliensis. Green-house 

more. The former should be about two 

or three years old, and from fifteen to 

twenty feet in length before it is planted 

biennial. Seeds. Peat and loam. 

CORKTREE. Quercus suher. 

CORNELIAN CHERRY. Cornus 

in the conservatory, where it flowers 

freely for two or three months, in terminal 

heads, of large white trumpetshaped 

flowers." Card. Chron. 

mascula. 

CORN FLAG. Gladiolus bullatus. 

CORN SALAD. See Lajnb's Lettuce. 

CORNUS. Thirteen species, and 

some varieties. Chiefly hardy deciduous 

shrubs and trees. Seeds or layers. 

Common soil. The herbaceous species 

thrive best in peat, and 

vision of the root. 

increase by di- 

C. florida is a common tree in the 

United States. It is a pleasing object 

' when in bloom ; its creamy white brac- 

tea enlivening the woodland when but 

plants have yet expanded their 

flowers. 

CORNVTlA pyramidata. Stove evergreen 

peat. 

shrub. Cuttings. Loam and 

CORONILLA. Sixteen species, and 

one variety. Chiefly half-hardy evergreen 

shrubs. The green-house species 

are increased by cuttings or seeds. 

Peat and loam. The herbaceous require 

protection in severe weather. 

Seeds or division. The hardy annuals. 

Seeds. Common soil. Some are hardy 

deciduous creepers. 

CORRiEA. Nine species. Greenhouse 


and loam. 

Cuttings. Sand 

i 

j few 

I

COR 167 C R A 

CORRIGIOLA. Three species. Hardy 

trnilers. Seeds. Common soil. 

CORTUSA Mathiole. Hardy herbaceous 

perenni.il. Requires protection 

in severe weatlier. Division or seeds. 


CORYANTHES. Three species. 


CORYCIUM. 

hardy orchids, 

peat. 

Two species. Half- 

Division. Loam and 

C0RYDALI8. Twenty-four species. 

Hardy annuals, biennials, or tuberousrooted 

perennials. The latter increase 

by division. Peat and loam. The annuals 

by seeds. Common soil. 

CORYLUS. Nut Tree. Seven species, 

and many varieties. Hardy deciduous 

shrubs. Suckers or layers. 

Common soil. See Filbert. 

CORYNOCARPUS lavigatus. Greenhouse 

evergreen tree. Layers. Rich 

mould. 

CORYPHA. Eight species. Palms. 

A strong moist heat, and sandy loam. 

COSCENIUM fenestratum. Stove 

evergreen climber. Division. Loam 

and peat. 

COSMEA. Seven species. Greenhouse 

or hardy annuals. Seeds. Common 

soil. 

COSMELL\ rubra. Green-house 


peat. 

COSMUS. Three species. Hardy 

and green-house tuberous-rooted perennials. 

Division. Common soil. C. 

tenuifolius is a hardy annual, increased 

from seeds. 

COSSIGNIA borbonica. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

COSTMARY. See Bahamita. 

COSTUS. Twelve specjes. Stove 

herbaceous perennials 

seed. Peat and loam. 

COTONEASTER. Ten species, and 

some varieties. Hardy deciduous 

shrubs. Layers. Common soil. 

COTYLEDON. Thirty-six species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs : a few 

herbaceous perennials. Cuttings dried 

in the sun. Sandv loam. 

COULTERIA. " Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Seeds. Peat and 

loam. 

COURGOURDE. Lagenaria vulgaris. 

COUTAREA speciosa. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy peat. 

CO\VANIAp//cafa. Hardy evergreen 

shrub. Division. Sandy peat. 

COWBERRY. Vaccinium Vitis Idea. 

COWDIE PINE. Dammara australis. 

COWSLIP. {Primula vcris.) There 

are several varieties, varying in colour 

from almost white to a very deep yellow 

; some are single, but others are 

double, in the form that florists distinguish 

as hose-in-liose, the calyx iu these 

being converted into corolla. Some, 

specimens will produce one hundred 

pips upon a single truss, and they have 

been known to yield even more than 

one hundred and fifty. 

The cultivation is the same as that of 

the Polyanthus. 

CRAMBE. Three species. Hardy 

tuberous-rooted perennial. Division or 

seed. Rich soil. See Sea-kale. 

CRANBERRY. Oxy coccus palustr is. 

CRANE'S BILL. Geranium. 

CRASSULA. Fifty-nine species and 

a few varieties. Hardy evergreen annual 

or biennial shrubs. Cuttings laid 

for a few days in the sun. Sandy loam 

and brick rubbish. 

CRATAEGUS. Hawthorn. Fifty 

species and many varieties. Chiefly 

hardy deciduous low trees. Seeds, 

buds, or grafts. 

Dr. Lindley gives the following list 

of the most showy kinds. 

C. Aronia.—Most showy species of 

all in the autumn ; very large bright 

yellow fruit in great abundance. 

C. Tenacetifolia.—Upright growing, 

finely cut leaves, the largest fruit of all, 

yellow. 

C. Odoratissima.—A spreading tree ; 

downy leaves, numerous large bright 

I 

Division or 

red fruit in the autumn. 

C. Orientalis.—Large dark red fruit. 

! C. Coccinia.—Very showy; large and 

numerous bunches of bright red fruit in 

the autumn. 

C. Glandulosa.—Dense bush, and is 

ornamental in the autumn, covered 

with abundance of rather large red fruit. 

C. Punctata.—Three varieties, one 

with red fruit, another with yellow, and 

a third with an upright or fastigiatn 

habit of growth. 

C. Oliveriana.—Small, deeply cut, 

woolly leaves, and small black fruit, 

numerous and ornamental in the autumn. 

C. Dougla-sii.—Various shaped leaves 

and black fruit, which ripen early ia 

the autumn.

C R A 168 C RO 

C. Nigra. — Strong growing, with 

black fruit and deeply divided leaves, 

flowering rather early. 

C. Heterophylla.— Beautiful species, 

profusion of flowers in the spring, and 

numerous small red fruit in the autumn. 

C. Macracantha. — With immense 

spines and small shining yellowish-red 

fruit, produced in large bunches early 

in the autumn. 

C. PyrifoUa.—Free flowering kind, 

with small, but very numerous yellowish-red 

fruit, which ripen very late in 

the autumn. 

C. Crus-Galli.—Bright shining green 

leaves, and numerous bunches of darkred 

fruit, which ripen very late in the 

autumn. The most desirable is the 

variety called sallicifolia, which has 

horizontal branches, forming a flat table-shaped 

head. 

C. Prunifolia.—A close bush, rather 

large shining leaves, and numerous 

bunches of dark-red fruit, which ripen 

late in the autumn. 

C. Flava. — Small greenish-yellow 

fruit late in the autumn. 

C. Virginiana.—A dwarf kind, with 

numerous green fruit, it retains its fruit 

nearly all the winter. 

C. Cordata.—The latest in flower, 

and bears the smallest fruit; it has bright 

shining angular leaves, and bright red 

berries. 

C. Oxycantha Rosea Superha.—The 

most brilliant of all when in flower, it 

bears bright crimson blossoms in May. 

The double variety of it has also flowers, 

nearly as intense in colour, and quite 

double. 

CRATiEVA. Four species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Rich strong 

soil. 

CREEPERS or TRAILERS are plants 

which by having numerous stems and 

branches resting upon and spreading 

over the soil's surface, are useful for 

concealing what would be unpleasing 

to the eye. 

CRESCENTIA. Three species. 

Stove evergreen trees. Ripened cuttings. 


CRESS. {Lepidium sativum.) 

" The Garden Cress, or Pepper 

Grass is a hardy annual plant ; its native 

country is unknown. It is cultivated 

in gardens for the young leaves 

which are used in salads, and have a 

peculiarly warm and grateful relish. 

' The vr-rictics n-'o *]"; ^!nin leaved. 

— 

curled leaved, and broad leaved. The 

method of cultivation is the same as is 

used for the parsley. To have a constant 

supply in perfection, very frequent 

sowings should be made ; during hot, 

dry weather, it should be sown in the 

shade of trees, or protected by brush, 

&c., from the direct rays of the sun." 

— ; 


CRESS ROCKET. See Vella. 

CRINUM. Sixty-six species and some 

varieties. Stove or green-house bulbous 

perennials. Offsets. Rich loam, peat, 

and sand. 

C. capense, is thus recommended by 

the best cultivator of the amaryllidas, to 

which the Crinum belongs. The Rev. 

W. Herbert says, "Crinum capense is 

good for covering small islands, as affording 

by its abundant arched foliage, 

the best possible covert for wild fowl, 

and producing an abundant succession 

of beautiful flowers throughout the summer, 

and even the autumn. The plant 

is equally capable of flowering and 

ripening its seed when planted in a 

border, or two feet under the surface 

of the water, or in a rainy season. It 

could be best planted a little above the 

level of the water. The seed sprouts 

as soon as it is ripe, and the young 

plants should be sheltered in pots the 

first and second winter, and then planted 

out ; taking care that the weeds do 

not smother them while young. The 

bulbs when full grown are hardy." 

Gard. Chron. 

CHRISTARIA cocawea. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Division or seeds. 

Peat soil. 

CROCUS. Many species and varie- 

ties. Hardy bulbous perennials. Off"- 

sets or seeds. Light sandy soil. 

Spring Crocuses.— C. vernus: of this 

there are about five varieties, varying 

in colour, chiefly yellow, white, purple, 

and blue; C . annulatus , hur varieties, 

blue and white ; C. speciosus, three va- 

rieties ; 

C. pulchellus; C. Sibthorplanus; 

C. lagencB- 

C. Ittvigatus, two varieties ; 

florus, many varieties ; C. campestris; 

C. cancellatus ; C. retaulatus, four varieties; 

C. gargaricus ; C.Siberianus 

C. Fleischerianus; C. parvulus; C. pyreccBus; 

C. asturinus; C. serotinus; C. 

salamaunianus ; C. versicolor, five varieties 

; C. imperatorianus ; C. suaveolens; 

C. insularis; C. odorus; C. longi- 

florus ; C. Tnedius ; C. Pallasianus ; C. 

• Thoir.nrîani'^ . tv/o vririrt'""; '^. safivus.

— 

— 

C RO 169 CRO 

Of the Autumn Crocus, the Rev. Dr. have but one, (being monocotyledonous 

Herbert particularizes the tbllowin 

C. Damascenas, pale purple; C. Byzantinus, 

white; C. Tournefortianus, 

French white ; C. Ca/nbessedesianus, 

white, streaked witli purple ; C. medius 

plants,) appears above the surface of 

the earth. 

" This occurs sometimes about the 

end of the year; but oftener in earliest 

spring. After this it is essential that 

purple ; C. Cartwrightianus, purple ; they should have complete exposure to 

C". far. Creticus, purple and pink ; C 

the air, even in frosty weather, screen- 

Chusianus, light purple. Bot. Re, 

them, however, occasionally with 

Characteristics of Excellence 

Pirst.— It should be composed of 

si.x petals, three inner and three outer 

but fitting so close as to form a cup the 

shape of half a hollow ball 

"Second. — The petals should be 

broad enough and blunt enough at the 

ends to form an even edge all round 

the cup, and lap over each other so 

much as to have no indentations where 

they join. 

"Third.—The petals should be thick 

loose straw from other injurious effects 

of frost. In this manner may the young 

crocuses be treated until the suu ac- 

([uires sufficient power to dry the earth, 

or as to require daily waterings. It will 

be then found advantageous to remove 

them to a cooler, but not sheltered 

situation, and here they may remain 

until their leaves lie down giving them 

; 

at all times, and in every situation, 

while their leaves are growing, such 

discretional rose waterings, wlion the 

is not shining, as they may roason- 

and smooth on the edge, without notch sun \ 

or serratine. ably appear to require but never until 

; 

"Fourth. — The colour should be the earth they grow in becomes dry; 

dense and all over the same, if the not any whatever after their leaves 

variety be a self; and the marking begin to look yellow. After this period 

' 

should be very distinct, if variegated. it is necessary to defend them from all 

a 1,'ifih.— It should be hardy enough humidity, except dews and gentle rains, 

to stand the frost, for those which are until the end of August or beginning of 

spoiled by the frosts, which come after; September. 

they Hower, are almost worthless, be-' " If the surface of the earth is occauso 

they all bloom early, before the casionally stirred with the point of a 

frosts are gone, and therefore their only knife it will never fail to be attended 

beauty would be destroyed unless they with beneficial effects, and invigorate 

stood the cold well. 

the bulbs; if notwithstanding tho pre- 

"Lastly. — They ought to bloom caution of thinly sowing the seeds, the 

abundantly, the (lowers succeeding each plants should have grown so thickly to- 

other to lengthen the season of their gether as to have incommoded each 

bloom." Hort. Mag. 

other, it will be desirable to have such 

Cultivation.—"The seeds of crocuses taken up and replanted immediately 

are best sown thinly, immediately after further asunder in fresh earth, and about 

being gathered in light dry earth in large three quarters of an inch deep. But if 

pots or pans, with a sufficiency of holes they are not too crowded, they will reand 

potsherds at the bottom for the pur- quire no shifting ; sift a little earth over 

pose of draining all, and cover not more them, previously stirring and cleaning 

than half an inch with the mould. The the surface of the old from moss and 

most eligible aspect or situation until weeds, and observing not to bury the 

the autumnal rains set in, is a moderate- young bulbs, not yet so large as lentils, 

ly shady, yet unsheltered one, permit- deeper than three quarters of an inch, 

ting them to receive all the influence of or an inch at the most. The second 

the weather, except such heavy showers season requires exactly the same man- 

as would wash bare the seeds. As soon, 

however, as the autumnal rains com- 

and 

mence, remove to a warm aspect ; 

protect them from all excessive rains, 

frosts, and snows, by the occasional 

shelter of a garden-frame, allowing 

them, nevertheless, the benefit of the 

full air at other times ; but more espe- 

P^.,,1., 

.,(>,, ,!,„ er."vTi-l lonT. for th"v 

agement as the first. But as soon as 

their second year's foilage has passed 

away, the roots should all be taken up 

and replanted again, the same or following 

day, into fresh earth of the same 

kind as before ; sifting over them in autumn 

half an inch of fresh eartii. The 

spring following, if they have been duly 

atfnded f). mo< of thorn will show

— — 

— 

CRO 170 cue 

I 

' 

so in the midst of their fourth crop of 

leaves." Hori. Soc. Trans. 

They are very hardy, and require no 

care till the leaves begin to fade, when 

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings. 


CRYPTOSTEMMA. Three species. 


CUCKOO-FLOWER. Lychnis flos- 

they should be taken up and kept in a 

state of rest for two or three months: 

cuculi. 

CUCKOO-FLOWER. Cardaminepra- 

some do not take them up oftener than 

once in three years, which answers 

very well for the border sorts. Even 

tensis. 

CUCKOO-SPIT. See Teftigonia. 

CVCULLlA verbasci. Mullien Shark, 

the however, should not be left The caterpillars of this moth are very 

longer; because, as the young bulbs destructive to Verbascums in June and 

are formed on the top of the others, 

they come nearer to the surface every 

July. Mr. Curtis describes them as 

being " about two and a half inches 

year, till at last, if neglected, they are long, bluish white and thickly sprinkled 

thrown out and lost. Enc. Gard. 

Soil, 4"C.—They like a warm, dry, 

with black and bright yellow spots 

when touched, they emit a considerable 

light soil, in wliich they will thrive for 

many years without requiring removal. 

quantity of dark green fluid from their 

mouths. When they have attained their 

Both are, however, better for being growth, they burrow into the ground at 

taken up occasionally, because in that the roots of the plant on which they 

way their roots are exposed to fresh soil, have been feeding, and in a few days 

and are not obliged to search through form a cocoon made principally of half 

exhausted earth for their necessary food. rotted leaves and fine mould, and bound 

flowers ; a few, perhaps, having done 

They are fond of cow-dung as a manure; 

it may be applied just after Christmas. 


CROWEA. Two species. Greenhouse 



CROWN IMPERIAL. See Fritillary. 

CRUCIANELLA. Fourteen species. 

Hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials. 

C. americana and C. maritima 

are green-house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 


CRYPTANDRA. Two species. 

Green-house shrubs. Cuttings. Rich 

light loam. 

CRYPTOCHILUS sanguinea. Stove 

orchid. Offsets. Peat and potsherds. 

CRYPTOLEPIS elegans. Stove evergreen 

climber. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

CRYPTOMERIA japonica. Japan 

Cedar. " Hardy evergreen tree, which 

will probably prove one of the most 

ornamental of the Conifera;. Sow the 

seed in sandy loam in a cool place; pot 

singly ; the first year it will attain a 

height of from twelve to eighteen 

inches. It grows rapidly, and is as easily 

managed as the Chinese Arbor Vita; 

{Thuja Orientalis), succeeding in almost 

any soil or situation, not very poor or 

wet." (Hort. Soc. Journ.)—It will be 

propagated, probably, by cuttings. 

CRYPTOSTEGIA. Two species. 

firmly together with silk, so as to resemble 

a stone, or a small lump of earth. 

They remain in this state till the following 

May, and sometimes for two years, 

when they emerge as pretty blackish 

brown moths. The wings, when extended, 

measure between one and two 

inches across; the upper pair are brownish, 

clouded with black, and have on 

the inner edge a pale white patch, resembling 

the figure 3, or the Greek 

letter c; the lower wings are pale 

brownish, and sometimes nearly white, 

and have a broad dark border. We 

have seen those caterpillars in such 

abundance in some gardens, as to completely 

destroy all the different kinds of 

Mullein, and the nearly allied plants. 

The only way to lessen their ravages, 

is to collect and kill the caterpillars." 


CUCUMBER. Cucumis sativus. 

This, like many other esculent vegetables, 

has been divided into a number 

of varieties and subvarieties, the greater 

portion of which could be easily dispensed 

with ; for all useful purposes, 

three or four varieties are amply sufficient. 

" Those principally grown are 

the Early Frame and Long Green 

Prickly. The Early Frame is of moderate 

length, prickly, and is the variety 

generally used as the early crop for 

salad. 

" The Long Green is mostly grown 

for pickling ; all the varieties are very 

;

— 

cue 171 cue 

' 

to be too powerful. It must 

be neglected to cover the glasses 

or boxes, early in the spring, and when at night, apportioning the covering to 

the season is more advanced set them 

out on a well sheltered border, in hills. 

the temperature of the air and bed. 

The heat should not exceed SO*-' in the 

with some thoroughly rotted manure hottest day, or sink below 65^ during 

incorporated with the soil. Seed for the coldest night. 

succeeding crops may then be planted. ! If the heat declines, coatings of hot 

For pickles, plant the latter end of dung are to be applied in succession 

June and beginning of July. The Cu- to the 

cumber, like the Squash, &c., is liable source 

back, front, and sides, if that 

of heat be employed. As the 

to be preyed upon by yellow bugs 

which are very destructive. To coun 

mould appears dry, moderate waterings 

must be given, care being taken not to 

tender, not bearing the least frost. For threatens I 

' an early supply start some plant in pots never 

teract them prepare a mixture of slaked wet the leaves. The best time for aplime 

and wood ashes, and sprinkle it plying it is between ten and two of a 

freely on the leaves and stems whilst! mild day, the glasses being closed for 

the dew is on, that it may adhere. As an hour or two after performing it. 

often as it may be washed or blown off, The temperature of the water must be 

repeat the application, till the enemy be 

conquered. 

" For the method of making sieves or 

boxes to protect cucumber vines, melon 

vines, &c., against the yellow bug, see 

between 6o^ and SO^. The interior of 

the glass should be frequently wiped, to 

prevent the condensed steam dropping 

upon the plants, which is very injurious 

to them. If the bed attains a sudden 

violent heat, the necessary precautions 

to prevent the roots of the plants being 

injured or scalded, must be adopted ; 

the New England Farmer, vol.2, page 

305. •' 

; 

1 

[ 

; 

{ 


To force Cucumbers.—Most persons 

who have the requisite conveniences but if hot water is the source of heat, 

force this vegetable. The following hints this danger is avoided altogether. 

may be useful, even to those who have It is a material advantage if, previous 

some experience. 

to planting finally, the plants be turned 

The hot-bed for seedlings must be into pots a few sizes larger, without at 

moderate, and a single one or two light all disturbing the roots, and plunged 

frames will be quite sufficient if dedi- into a hot-bed for a month longer, the 

cated to their cultivation. The mould same attention being paid them as 

need not be more than five or six inches before, 

deep. The seed is best sown four The second stage of cultivation is 

together in small pots, and plunged in planting them out into hot-beds for final 

the earth of the bed production. The hot-bed for their re- 

; but whether here 

or in the mould, it must not be buried ception must be of the largest size, as 

more than half an inch deep. Two or being required to afford a higher and 

three days after sowing, or when the longer continued warmth through the 

seminal leaves are half an inch in 

breadth, those in the mould of the bed 

coldest periods of the year. 

When the earth is put on, it is at first 

must be pricked three together in smal to be spread only two or three inches 

pots, quite down to their leaves in the deep, but under the centre of each light 

earth, which should be brought to the a hillock must be constructed, eight or 

temperature of the bed before this re- ten inches deep and a foot in diameter, 

moval, by being set in it for a day or The earthing should be performed at 

two previously ; those seedlings that 

have been raised in pots, must likewise 

be thinned to three in each. They 

must remain plunged in the hot-bed 

until their rough leaves have acquired 

a breadth of two or three inches, when 

they are fit tor ridging out finally. 

During this first stage of growth, 

great care must be taken that air is ad- 

least four or five days before planting, 

at which time the earth must be examined 

; if it be of a white colour and 

caked, or, as it is technically termed, 

burnt, it must be renewed, for the 

plants will not thrive in it, and holes 

bored in the bed to give vent to the 

steam. 

The mould of the hillocks being well 

stirred, the plants must be turned out 

mitted everyday as freely as contingent 

circumstances will admit, as also at of the pots without disturbing the ball 

of earth, and one containing three plants 

night, if the degree of heat and steam '

cue 172 cue 

inserted in each; a little water, previously 

heated to the requisite temperature, 

must be given, and the glasses kept 

perfectly close until the next morning. 

Any plants not in pots must be moved 

by tlie trowel with as much earth pertaining 

to their roots as possible. The 

shade of a mat is always requisite during 

the meridian of bright days until 

the plants are well established. They 

must be pressed gradually away from 

each other, until at least eight inches 

apart ; nothing can be more erroneous 

than to allow them to proceed with the 

stems nearly touching. 

When well taken root, earth must be 

added regularly over the bed, until it is 

level with the tops of the mounds ; for 

keep the frames close, and to lessen 

the opening of the glasses, in proportion 

as the air is cold or the beds declining, 

it never exceeding two inches 

under the most favourable circumstances. 

Water is usually required two 

or three times a week ; it must be 

warmed as before mentioned previously 

to its application. Instead of watering 

the inside of the frame, it is a good 

plan to do so plentifully round the 

sides, which causes a steam to rise, and 

affords a moisture much more genial to 

the plants than watering the mould. 

The last stage of growth includes the 

blossoming and production of fruit. The 

training must be regularly attended to, 

and all superabundance of shoots and 

leaves especially kept away. If the 

if there be not a sufficient depth of soil, 

the leaves will always droop during hot plants which have been once stopped 

days, unless they are shaded, or more 

water given them than is proper. 

An important operation for the obtaining 

early fruit, but by no means so 

necessary for later crops, is the first 

pruning, or as it is termed, stopping the 

plant, that is, nipping off the top of the 

first advancing runner, which is to be 

done as soon as the plant has attained 

four rough leaves ; this prevents its attaining 

a straggling growth, and compels 

it at once to emit laterals, which are 

the fruitful branches. When they begin 

to run, the shoots must be trained 

have extended their runners to three 

joints without showing fruit, they must 

be again stopped. 

The impregnation of the fruit now 

requires continued attention ; as soon 

as a female blossom, which is known 

by having fruit beneath the flower-cup, 

opens, or on the second morning at 

farthest, a fresh full expanded male 

flower is to be plucked, with its footstalk 

pertaining to it, and the corolla or 

flower-cup being removed, the remaining 

central part or anther applied to the 

| 

stigma of the female, which is similarly 

and pegged down at regular distances, situated, and the fecundating dust diswhich 

not only prevents their rubbmg charged by gently twirling it between 

against the glass, but also becoming the finger and thumb. If possible a 

i entangled with each other. Never fresh male blossom should be employed 

more than two or three main branches' for every impregnation, and the opera- 

should be left to each plant, all others' tion performed in the early part of the 

to be removed as they appear. If more 

are left it causes the whole to be weak, 

and entirely prevents the due exposure 

of the foliage to the sun. The greatest 

care is necessary in regulating the temperature 

; it must never be allowed to 

decline below 70^ or rise above 95^. 

As it decreases, coatings of hot dung 

must be applied to the sides, and the 

covering increased. The temperature 

of the bed, as well as of the exterior 

air, governs also the degree of freedom 

with which the air may be admitted ; 

whenever allowable, the glasses should 

be raised. The best time for doing so, 

is from ten to three o'clock. 

It may not be misplaced to remark, 

that chilly Ibggydays are even less propitious 

for admitting air than severe 

frosty ones ; during such it is best to 

day. An attention to this is only requisite 

to such plants as are in frames; 

those grown in the open air are always 

sufficiently impregnated by bees and 

other insects. If impregnation does not 

take place the fruit never swells to more 

than half its natural size, nor perfects 

any seed, but generally drops immaturely. 

When the male flowers appear 

in clusters they may be thinned moderately 

with benefit; but it is almost 

needless to deprecate the erroneous 

practice sometimes recommended of 

plucking them oft' entirely. As the fruit 

advances, tiles, sand, or other material, 

must be placed beneath it to preserve 

it from specking, or a glass cylinder is 

still better; if a bulb containing water is 

attached, the fruit grows faster and finer. 

The same precautions are necessary as

cue 

cue 173 

-« 

regards the preservation of tempera- state the mode. Put five inches of earth 

ture, admission of air, &c., as in the se into a twelve pot, in which plant three 

cond stage of the growtii of the phmts cuttings, taken from as many vigorous 

1 Towards the conclusion of the first pro- bearing branches water plentifully ; ; 

duction, it is a good practice to renew place a sheet of glass over the top of 

the heat by adding eighteen inches of the pot, the sides of which will siiade 

fermenting dung ail round the bed, pre- tlie cuttings until they are rooted; 

vious coatings being entirely removed, plunge in a hot-bed ; and in less than a 

and to earth over it to the same depth fortnight the plants will be established. 

as in the interior of the bed. This pre- The vines thus raised are not so succu- 

' vents the roots, when they have ex- lent as those raised from seed, and contended 

themselves to the sides of the sequently they are less liable to damp, 

bed, being dried by exposure to the or to suifcr in other ways during win- 

| 

air and sun. As the spring advances ter. Trans. Loud. Uort. Soc. 

the glasses may be often taken off dur- Hot Water Bed.

cue 174 cue 

"The flow-pipe a is put half its di- 1 Training.—There 

ameter into the channel c, which when training | 

filled with water, (or so for as is neces- upon , 

is no doubt that 

near the glass of the frames 

a trellis, makes the cucumber vine 

sary,) gives off a vapour, exactly pro- more prolific, and more enduring. Inportionable 

to the heat of the pipe and deed, if trained with proper care, the 

pit 

" The third requisition is produced 

by the surrounding atmosphere and heat- 

same vine may be made to bear throughout 

the year. 

Hand Glass Crops.—The first sowing 

materials. 

ings for these crops must be in the last 

" The fourth is accomplished simply ; 

weeks of March ; to be repeated in 

' 

; 

two 

by lowering the upper sash; the cold the middle of April and May. The seed 

air thus entering at the top only, falls may be inserted in a moderate hot-bed 

directly into the passage b, and passes under hand-glasses, or in the upper side 

through the hot chamber before coming of one of the frames already in producin 

contact with the plants. In order to tion, either in pots as directed for the 

test the circulation, I fixed a piece of frame crops, or in the mould of thebed, 

paper near the front of the pit, and 

found the current to be so strong as to 

bend it backwards and give it a tremulous 

motion. When the heat in the 

to be pricked into similar situation 

when of four or five days' growth, in- 

serting only two plants, however, in 

each pot. They must remain in the 

hotbed until of about a month's growth, 

chamber is 95=', in the open space over , 

the bed it is 71^ ; in the bottom of the or until they have attained four rough 

passage only 60^ ; and in the mould in leaves ; being then stopped as before 

directed they are fit for ridging out 

the bed it is 80=. 

'• The amount of vapour is regulated 

with the greatest facility, even from the 

smallest quantity to the greatest density."— 

Card. Chron. 

Mr. Latter, one of the most success 

finally. 

The ridges may be founded on the 

surface, or in trenches a foot and a half 

deep, in either case forming them of 

i 

, 

well prepared hot dung, three or four 

ful of cucumber growers, employs hot feet wide and two and a half high ; the_ 

water, and he gives me these leading length being governed by the number of 

points in his culture. He sows in the hand-glasses, between each of which 

first week of September, and the vines three feet and a half must be allowed, 

from this sowing will be in bearing and The earth is to be laid on eight inches 

very strong before February. The ; 

; when this becomes warm the 

| 

I 

| 

' 

seedlings are first shifted into sixty 

thick 

plants may be inserted two, or at most 

sized pots, secondly into twenty-fours, three, under each glass, 

and lastly into the largest size. If to be Watering, airing, covering, &c., must 

trained on a trellis, the runner must be conducted with the precautions dinot 

be stopped until it has, trained to a rected to be practised for the frame 

stick, grown through the trellis. The crops. The glasses should be kept on 

long as possible without detriment to 

temperature in the pit or frame is kept as j 

as nearly 65= as possible during the the plants to prolong the time the run- 

i ; 

night, and from 75= to 85= during the ners must be made to grow perpendicu- 

da'y ; air being admitted night and day, ; 

; and still further to protract their 

larly 

little or much, according to the state ofi continuance, if the season is inclement, 

I 

the weather. The bottom heat (Mr. the glasses may be raised on bricks. 

Latter is the champion of the hot-water When no longer capable of confinesystem) 

is kept as near as can be to 70=, ment, the runners must be pegged down 

although he finds that 85= does not regularly, advantage being taken of a 

hurt the plants. He waters them with cool cloudy day to perform it in but 

; 

' 

soft water until February, and then the glasses, even now, may be con- 

; employs liquid manure, taking care that tinned over the centre of the plants 

the temperature of the liquid is always until the close of May or early .Tune, 

| 

from 75= to 80=. The earth over the with considerable advantage. Weeds 

\ 

hot water tank or pipes ought not to be must be carefully removed. Waterings 

| 

less than fifteen inches deep. Daring should be performed as often as appears 

| 

severe frosts it is an excellent plan to necessary. 

! 

keep a small floating light burning with- If there ! be a scarcity of dung in the 

in the frame every night. last week in April, or during May, cir- 

I

— 

— 

cue 175 CUR 

varieties. Hardy or half-hardy 

annuals. Seeds. Good rich 

in moderately firm, and earthed 

See Cucumber. 

over, CUCURBITA. Gourds and Pom- 

I many 

trailing , 

soil. j 

cular holes may be dug, two feet in 

diameter, one deop, and four apart. 

These being lillod with hot dung, trod 

about eight inches, are ready for cither pions. Ten species and varieties. 

I 

seeds or plants. With the shelter of Hardy trailing annuals. Seeds. Good 

j 

the hand-glasses they will be scarcely 

later in production than the regular 

rich soil. 

CULCITIUM salicinum. Greenridges, 

house evergreen 

Common soil. 

shrub. Cuttings. 

CUCUMIS. Twenty species, and : 

" CULTIVATOR FOR THE HAND 

(Fig. 32) Is made of iron, and is capable 

of being expanded at will ; it is of great 

utility in clearing out between rows of 

vegetables, loosening the soil, and at 

Fig. 32. 

once performing the work of four ordinary 

hoes.'" Rural Reg. 

CULTIVATORS, OR HOE-HAR- 

ROWS. " These are now considered indispensable 

in cultivating corn, potatoes, 

and all other crops planted in hills or 

drills—doing the work as effectually 

as if hoed, and much more expeditiously. 

The form is varied by the 

different makers, especially in the 

teeth or hoes. They are made to expand 

or contract, so as to accommo- 

I CUNNINGHAMIA 

— 

— 

sifiensis. Greenhouse 

evergreen tree. Cuttings or 

seeds. Peat and loam. 

CUNONIA capensis. Green-house 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

CUPANIA. Seven species. Stove 



CUPHEA. Fourteen species. 

Green-house or stove annuals ; and 

stove biennial, herbaceous perennial 

or evergreen shrubs. The stove species 

grow best in sandy loam, and in- 

crease from cuttings. The annuals 

I 

I 

I 

seeds. Common soil. 

CUP I A. Three species. Stove 

date in the distance between the evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam, 

rows." Rural Reg. 

CULLUAIBINE or 


COLUMBINE. CUPRESSUS. Seven species, and 

Aqiiilegin. 

some varieties. Hardy or green-house 

I 

CUJNIIN. See Cuminum. 

evergreen trees. Seeds or cuttings. 

Cl'MIN. See Lago'ecia. 

Good rich loamy soil. 

C U Al I N U M . Cyminum. Hardy C U R A T E L L A . Two species. 

annual. Seeds. Common soil. 


CUMMINGIA. Four species. llalf- Sandy loam. 

I 

liardy bulbous perennials. OfTsetts. CURCULIGO. Six species, and 


variety. Stove or green-house herba-

ceous perennials. Offsets, 

peat. 

CUR 176 CUR 

Loam and | 

whole 

neighbourhood. Our own observation 

inclines us to the belief that 

CURCULIO. This genus of Beetle, this insect emigrates just in proportion 

popularly known as Weevils, are de- as it finds in more or less abundance 

structive to fruit, as nuts, nectarines, the tender fruit for depositing its eggs. 

1 and poaches, as well as 

There are many species. 

to peas, &c. Very rarely do we see more than one 

puncture in a plum, and, if the insects 

C. hctuleti. Vine Weevil. Colour, are abundant, the trees of a single spot 

steel-blue. Attacks the leaf, rolling it 

up as a nest for its eggs. The pear is 

liable to its attacks also. Appears in 

June and July. 

The species of Curculio, which is 

more fatal in its attack than any other, 

is popularly known as the Plum- 

Weevil. We copy the following article 

on the subject, from the Fruits and 

Fruit Trees of America 

not afford a sufficient number for 

the purpose ; then there is little doubt 

(as we have seen them flying through 

the air,) that the insect flies farther in 

search of a larger supply. But usually, 

we think it remains nearly in the same 

neighbourhood, or migrates but slowly. 

" About a week or two after the 

blossoms have fallen from the trees, if 

we examine the fruit of the plum in a 

| 

' 

"The Curculio, or Plum-Weevil, district where this insect abounds, we 

[Rhynchanus Nenuphar,) is the uncom- shall find the small, newly formed fruit. 

promising foe of all smooth-stone fruits 

The cultivator of the Plum, the Nectarine, 

and the Apricot, in many parts 

of the country, after a flattering profusion 

of snowy blossoms and an abun- 

beginning to be punctured by the proboscis 

of the Plum-Weevil. The insect 

is so small and shy, that unless we 

watch closely it is very likely to escape 

; 

1 

| 

j 

j 

: 

1 

j 

\ 

j 

' 

' 

our notice. But if we strike or shake 

dant promise in the thickly set young the tree suddenly, it will fall in concrops 

of fruit, has the frequent mortifi- siderable numbers on the ground, 

cation of seeing nearly all, or indeed, drawn up as if dead, and resembling a 

often the whole crop, fall from the small raisin, or, perhaps more nearly, 

trees when half or two-thirds grown. a ripe hemp seed. From the first of 

" If he examines these falling fruits, April until August, this insect may be 

he will perceive on the surface of each, found, though we think its depredanot 

far from the stalk, a small semi- tions on fruit, and indeed its appearcircular 

scar. This star is the crescent- ance in any quantity, is confined to the 

shaped insignia of that little Turk, the month of May in this climate. In 

Curculio; an 

haps, to have 

insect so small, as per- places where it is very abundant, it 

escaped his observation also attacks to some extent the cherry, 

for years, unless particularly drawn to the peach, and even the apple, 

it, but which nevertheless appropriates " Early in July the punctured plums 

to himself the whole product of a tree, begin to fall rapidly from the tree. 

or an orchard of a thousand trees, 

" The habits of this Curculio, or 

The egg deposited in each, at first invisible, 

has become a white grub or 

Plum- Weevil, are not yet fully and en- larva, which slowly eats its way totirely 

ascertained. But careful obwards the stone or pit. As soon as it 

servation has resulted in establishing reaches this point, the fruit falls to the 

the following points in its history. 

" The Plum-Weevil is a small, dark 

brown beetle, with spots of white, 

ground. Here, if left undisturbed, the 

grub soon finds its way into the soil. 

" There, according to most culti- 

yellow, and black. Its length is vators of fruit, and to our own observa- 

scarcely one-fifth of an inch. On its tions, the grubs or larva? remain till the 

back are two black humps, and it is 

furnished with a pretty long, curved i 

throat and snout, which, when it is at i 

rest, is bent between the forelegs. It | 

' 

is also [irovided with two wings with 

which it flies through the air. How far j 

] 

I 

i 

this insect flies is yet a disputed point, 

some cultivators afiirming that it scarcely 

goes farther than a single tree, and 

ensuina spring, when in their perfect 

form they again emerge as beetles and 

renew their ravages on the fruit. It is 

true that Harris, and some other natu- 

ralists, have proved that the insect does 

sometimes undergo its final translbrma- 

tion and emerge from the ground in 

twenty days, but we are inclined to the 

opinion that this only takes place with 

others believing that it flies over a a small portion of the brood, which,

— 

CUR 177 CUR 

] 

, 

! 

' 

j 

' 

perhaps, have penetrated bat a very season will assist in destroying the inshort 

distance below the surface of the sects. 

soil. These making tlieir appearance 2. Gathering the fruit and destroying 

in midsummer, and finding no young the larv(C. As the insect, in its larva; 

fruit, deposit their eggs in the young cw grub form, is yet within the plums 

branches of trees, etc. But it is unde- when they fill prematurely from the 

niable that the season of the Plum- tree, it is a very obvious mode of ex- 

Weevil is early spring, and that most terminating the next year's brood to 

of the larva; which produce this annual gather these fallen fruits, daily, and 

Bwarm, remain in the soil during the feed them to swine, boil, or otherwise 

whole period intervening since the fall destroy them. In our own garden. 

of the previous year's fruit. where several years ago we suffered by 

"There are several modes of de- the Plum-Weevil, we have found that 

stroying this troublesome insect. Be- this practice, pursued for a couple of 

fore detailing them, we will again seasons, has been pretty effectual, 

allude to the fact, that we have never 

known an instance of its being trouble- 

Others have reported less favourably of 

it; but this, we think, arose from their 

some in a heavy soil. 

the complaint comes 

Almost always trying it too short a time, in a soil and 

from portions of neighbourhood where the insect is very 

country where the soil is light and abundant, ai\d where it consequently 

sandy. The explanation of this would had souglit extensively other kinds of 

seem to be that the compact nature of fruit besides the plum. 

a clayey soil is not favourable to the " A more simple and easy way of 

passage or life of this insect, while the covering the dilhculty, where there is 

warm and easily permeable surface of a plum orchard or enclosure, is that of 

sandy land nurses every insect through 

its tender larva; state. Plum trees 

growing in hard trodden court-yards, 

turning in swine and fowls during the 

whole season, when the stung plums 

are dropping to the ground. The fruit, 

usually bear plentiful crops. Follow- and the insects contained in it, will 

ing these hints some persons have deterred 

the Plum-Weevil by paving be- 

neath the trees; and we have lately 

thus be devoured together. This is an 

excellent expedient for the farmer, who 

bestows his time grudgingly on the cares 

seen a most successful experiment 

which consisted in spreading beneath 

the tree as far as the branches extended 

a mortar made of stiflf clay 

about the thickness of two or three 

inches—which completely prevented 

the descent of the insect into the earth. 

This is quickly and easily applied, and 

may therefore be renewed every season 

until it is no longer found necessary. 

" The other modes of destroying 

the Plum-Weevil are the following : 

'• 

of the garden. 

3. " The use of salt. A good deal of 

attention has lately been drawn to the 

use of common salt, as a remedy for 

the Curculio. Trials have been made 

with this sul)Stance in various parts of 

the country, where scarcely a ripe 

plum was formerly obtained, with tlie 

most complete success. On the other 

hand, some persons, after testing it, 

1 " . Shaking the tret and killing the 

have pronounced it of no value. Our 

own experience is greatly in favour of 

its use. We believe that, properly 

beetles. Watch the young fruit, and you applied, it is an effectual remedy 

will perceive when the insect makes its against the Curculio, while it also proappearance, 

by its punctures upon them, motes the growth of the tree, anil keeps 

Spread some sheets under the tree, and the soil in that state most congenial to 

strike the trunk pretty sharply several its productiveness. The failures that 

times with a wooden mallet. The in- have arisen in its use, have, doubtless, 

sects will quickly fall, and should be grown out of an imperfect application, 

killed immediately. This should be either in regard to the quantity or the 

repeated daily for a week, or so long 

as the insects continue to make their 

time of applying it. 

" In the directions usually given, it 

appearance. Repeated trials have seems only considered necessary to 

proved, beyond question, that this 

rather tedious mode is a very effectual 

apply salt, pretty plentifully, at any 

season. If the soil be thoroughly satu- 

one, if persisted in. Coops of chickens rated with salt, it is prol)al)le that it 

placed about under the trees at this would destroy insects therein, in any 

12

CUR 178 CUR 

i 

: 

| 

| 

, 

: 

stage of their growth. But, though tlie crop. More rarely it attacks the pear 

plum tree seems fond of saline matter, blossom. Appears in March and April, 

(and one of the most successful experi- C.pyri. Pear Weevil. Dark brown, 

inenters applied strong fish brine, at very like the apple weevil. April. 

the rate of three or four pails full to a C. oblongus. Oblong Weevil. Redtree 

of moderate size,) it must be con- dish-brown colour. Feeds on the young 

fessed this is a somewhat dangerous leaves of the peach, apricot, plum, pear, 

mode, as the roots are forced to re- and apple. Appears in May. 

ceive a large supply of so powerful an C. pleurofttigma. See Ambury. 

agent at once. 

C. Uneatus. Striped Pea Weevil. 

" The best method of applying salt Ochreous colour, and striped. Appears 

against the Plum-Weevil is that of; in March and April 

strewing it pretty thickly over the sur- C. macular ins. Spotted Weevil. Gray 

face, when the piinrtured plums com- colour. April. Also destroys the pea. 

mence dropping. The surface of the 

ground should be made smooth and 

Soot or lime sprinkled over peas early 

in the morning before the dew is otf 

hard, and fine packing salt may then be from them, and so thickly as to cover 

evenly spread over it, as flir as the the soil about them, would probably 

branches extend, and about a fourth of save them. To mitigate the attack of 

an inch in depth. Should the weather 

be fine, this coat will last until the fruit 

infected has all fallen ; should it be dissolved 

or carried oft' by showers, it 

must be replaced directly. The larvffi 

or grubs of the Weevil, in this most 

tender state, emerging from the plum 

to enter the ground, will (all a prey to 

the effect of the salt before they are 

able to reach the soil. If this is carefully 

and generally practised, we have 

little doubt of its finally ridding the 

cultivator of this troublesome enemy, 

even in the worst districts and soils."' 

C. ciiprnis. Copper-coloured Weevil. 

Attacks the leaves and young shoots of 

the plum and apricot, as well as their 

fruit. June and July. 

C. bacchus. Purple or Apple Weevil. 

Pierces the fruit of the apple, depositing 

within it its eggs. June and July. 

" C. sulcatus. Colour, dull black. 

Attacks the shoots and leaves of vines 

in hot-houses in January, and those on 

walls at the end of May or June. It 

will also eat the leaves and fruit of the 

peach. It deposits its eggs just below 

the surface of the soil, and these not 

only injure the roots of the vine, but 

those of the seduni, saxifrage, trollius, 

auricula, and primrose, detaching the 

roots from the crowns.'" 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

See a fuller description of this insect 

under its modern name of Otyorh incus. 

C. alliarixB. Stem-boring Weevil. 

Steel-green colour. Bores the shoots 

and grafis of young fruit trees. Ap- 

pears in June and July. 

\ 

should | 

the 

C. pomorwn. Apple Weevil. Colour, 

dark brown. Attacks the blossom of 

the apple, and often destroys the whole | 

— 

the weevils upon trees, the only mode 

is to spread a sheet beneath them, to 

shake each branch, and to destroy those 

beetles which fall. They usually feed 

at night. 

C. nucum. Nut Weevil, of v\'hich the 

maggot is so frequent in our filberts. 

Mr. Curtis thus describes it:—"The 

insect is brown, with darker bands ; is 

about a quarter of an inch long, and has 

a long horny beak, about the middle of 

which are placed antenna;. When the 

nut is in a young state the female weevil 

deposits a single egg. The maggot is 

hatched in about a fortnight, and continues 

feeding in the interior of the nut 

till it is full grown. The nut falls when 

the maggot has no legs, nor, indeed, 

has it any use for them, being hatched 

in the midst of its food ; and when the 

nut remains on the tree, it forces itself 

out of the hole it eats in the nut, and 

falls almost immediately to the ground. 

The only remedy we are aware of is, 

in the course of the summer to frequently 

shake the trees, which will 

cause all the eaten nuts to fall to the 

ground, when they must be collected 

and burned." Gard. Chron. 

C.picipes is a dull black, and is very 

injurious in the vinery. 

C. tenebricosus infests the apricot. 

Mr. Curtis says, that " every crevice iu 

old garden-walls often swarms with 

these weevils; and nothing v/ould prove 

a greater check to their increase than 

stopping all crevices or holes in walls 

with mortar, plaster of Paris, or Roman 

cement, and the interior of hot-houses 

be annually washed with lime ; 

old bark of the vines under which

— 

CUR 179 CUR 

they lurk, should be stripped off early not one was curled 

in the spring, and the roots examined full average crop 

in October, when they exhibit any un 

The produce, a 

' Of No. 2 all came up, but from ten 

healtiiy symptoms from the attacks of to fourteen days later than those of 

the mafrgots of C. sulcahis 

'' When the larvie are ascertained to 

reside at the base of the wall, salt might 

be freely sprinkled, which will kill 

them as readily as it will the maggots 

in nuts; strong infusions of tobacco- 

No. 1, and three of the plants sixteen 

days later. Fourteen of the plants were 

curled. 

" Of No. 3 all came up, but from ten 

to fourteen days later than those of No. 

1. P'our plants were as severely curled 

water, aloes, and ([uassia, are also re- as those in No. 2, eight were less so, 

commended." 

CURCUMA. 

Gard. Chron. 

Twenty-one species. 

and the remainder not at' all ; but of 

these the produce was below an ave- 

Stove herbaceous perennials. 

longa turmeric is obtained. 

From C. 

Offsets. 

rage, and a full fortnightlater in ripening. 

" Dickson, Crichton, Knight, and 

Rich light soil 

CURL. A disease of the potato, 

others, have found that tubers taken up 

before they are fully ripened, produce 

*' Any one can ensure the occurrence plants not so liable to the curl as those 

of this disease by keeping the sets in a that have remained in the ground until 

situation favourable to their vegetation, 

as in a warm damp outhouse, and then 

completely perfected ; and I believe 

under ordinary treatment this to be the 

rubbing off repeatedly the long shoots fact, for it is rational. The process of 

they have thrown out. Sets that have ripening proceeds-in the potato, as in 

been so treated I have invariably found the apple, after it has been gathered ; 

produce curled plants. Is not the rea- and until that is perfected it is accumu- 

lating vigour, shows no appetency to 

: 

' 

, 

son very apparent ? The vital energy 

had been weakened by the repeated vegetate, consequent!}' is not exhaustefforts 

to vegetate ; so that when planted ing its vitality, which is a great point, 

in the soil, their energy was unequal to considering the careless mode usually 

the perfect development of the parts ; 

for the curl is nothing more or less than 

a distorted or incomplete formation of 

adopted to store them through the win- 

ter ; for this energy commences its dc- 

cline from the moment it begins to de- 

; 

the foliage, preceded by an imperfect velope the parts of the future plant. 

production of the fibrous roots, 

Tubers taken from the soil before per- 

" The variety employed was the Early foctly ripe, never are so early in showing 

Shaw. An equal number of whole mo- symptoms of vegetation. Crichton, Hunderately-sized 

potatoes, that had been ter, and Young, in some of the works 

treated in three different modes, were before referred to, have also agreed, 

planted the last week of March. 

that exposing the sets to light and air, 

No. 1. Twenty sets that had been allowing them to become dry and shricarefully 

kept cold and dry throughout veiled, also inducesthe curl in the plants 

the winter, firm, unshrivelled, and with 

scarcely any symptoms of vegptation. 

" No. 2. Twenty sets that had been 

kept warm and moist, and from which 

arising from them. This result of ex- 

perience also confirms my conclusion, 

that the disease arises from deficient 

vital energy; fiir no process, more than 

the shoots, after attaining a length of this drying one of exposure to the light 

six inches, had been thrice removed. and air, tends to take away from a tuber 

'• No. 3. Twenty sets that had been the power of veL'etating altogether. 

I 

kept warm and moist for about half the Every one acijuainted with the cultime 

that No. 2 liad, and from which tivation of the potato, is aware of the 

the shoots, three inches in length, had great difl'erence existing in the varieties; 

been removed only twice. 

" All the sets were planted the same 

morning, each exactly six inches below 

as to their early and rapid vegetation. 

those that excel in this quality are of 

course the most easily excitable. A 

the surface, and each with an unsprout- consequence of this is, that they are 

ed eye upwards. The spring was ge- always planted earliest in the spring, 

nial. befi)re their vital power has become 

" Of No. ], nineteen plants came up. very active ; and of all crops, practice 

The twentieth seemed to have been re- demonstrates that these early ones are 

moved by an accident. Of the nineteen , 

least liable to the curl. But what is

— 

CUR 180 CUR 

j 

: 

| 

: 

the consequence, on the contrary, if an strong. They are first to be deprived 

early variety is planted for a main crop of about two or three inches of the 

later in the spring, when extraordinary point, and cut into lengths often inches 

pains in keeping them cold and dry or a foot, according to the size and 

have not been employed to check their strength of the shoots. 

vegetation, and consequent decrease of Then, with a sharp knife, divest each 

vital energy ? Such crop, then, is more shoot of the whole of its buds, except- 

than any other liable to the disease, ing three or four nearest the top of the 

and a good preventive has been sug- cutting, which must be left to form the 

gested by Dr. Lindley, namely, that of branches of tlie future plant, 

planting "the tubers in autumn, imme- Rubbing off the buds is not sufficient; 

diately after they have ripened. The they require to be picked out, or pared 

very close, to prevent them from throw- 

results of my view of the disease, sus- ; 

tained by numerous experiments, a're, ing up suckers, which materially affect 

that it will never occur if the following the growth of the plants, and rob the 

points are attended to:— First, that the fruiting branches of most of their nousets 

are from tubers that exhibit scarcely rishment, when not displaced in proper 

any symptoms of incipient vegetation ; time. The small buds towards the base 

to effect which they ought, throughout of the cutting are always the most trou- 

the winter, to be preserved as cool and blesome in this respect, and great care 

should be taken to remove them efFect- 

as mucli excluded from the air as pos- , 

j 

i 

sible. Secondly, that the tubers should ually before the cutting is inserted in 

be perfectly ripened. .Thirdly, that they the ground. 

should be planted immediately after Immediately underneath the part 

they are cut. Fourthly, that the ma- which the lowest bud occupied make a 

nure applied should be spread regular- clean horizontal cut, without displacing 

ly, and mixed with the soil, and not any portion of the bark, and the cutting 

! along a trench in immediate contact is then complete. 

with the sets. Fifthly, that the crop is 

not raised for several successive years 

on the same area." Principles of Gar- 

dening. 

CURRANT. {Rihes.) 

Black Currant. {R. nigrum.) 

1. Black Grape. 

2. Black Naples, largest and best. 

3. Common Black. 

4. Russian Green. 

Red Currant. {R. rubrum.) 

\. Common Red. 

'2. Red Dutch, large and good. 

3. Knight's Large Red, largest. 

4. Knight's Sweet Red, large, and not 

so acid as other red varieties. 

5. Knight's Early Red. 

A small spot is next to be dug and 

got ready for them, and if it can be 

obtained in a situation that is rather 

shaded than otherwise, so much the 

better. 

The cuttings are then to be inserted 

in rows a foot apart, six or eight inches 

asunder, and two or three inches deep, 

and the earth firmly pressed around 

them, either with the hand, or by placing 

one foot on each side of the row, and 

treading it from one end to the other. 

I 

Gard. Chron. 

Observe, those designed for common 

standards should be trained up to a 

twelve or fifteen inch stem, then encourage 

them to branch out all round 

6 

7 

Champagne. 

Striped-fruited—berries marked with 

at that height to form a full head, for if 

suffered to branch away immediately 

red and white stripes 

from the bottom, they overspread the 

S. Striped-leaved. 

ground, that no crops can grow near 

9. Rock Currant. 

them, as well as appear unsichtly, and 

1. 

White Currant. 

Common White. 

{R. album.) render it inconvenient to do the necessary 

work—thin the branches to mode- 

2. White Dutch, largest and best. 

3. Pearl White. 

rate distances. 

By Suckers.— All the sorts are too 

4. Speary's White. 

Soil.—Any fertile garden soil suits 

apt to send up suckers from the roots ; 

each sucker forming a proper plant is 

them. 

Propagation.— By Cuttings.— The 

the most expeditious mode of propagating. 

They may be taken up in 

best shoots for propagating from are autumn, winter, or spring, with roots, 

or even such as are without fibres will 

those that are fully ripened, and not too 1 

—

CUR 181 CUR 

succeed ; planting them either in nur- j 

gives the following directions : 

purpose 

sery-rows for a year or two, or such as i" Procure stakes four feet in length, 

are tall and strong may be planted at 

once, where they are to remain, observing 

to train the whole for the pur]>oscs 

and three or three and a half inches in 

circumference. To these, disposed after 

this manner, XXXXX, train the trees 

intended, as directed for the cuttings, in the fan method, and tie the shoots to 

and they will form bearing plants after the stakes with matting. Independent 

of^being secure from the wind, there 

: one or two years- growth. 

The propagating by suckers is by are other advantages to be gained by 

some objected to, alleging they incline this mode of training; the space taken 

to run greatly to suckers again : there up is less, the pruning is more easily 

is, however, but little foundation in performed, and the whole surface is 

this, for it is peculiar to these shrubs, 

let them be raised either by seeds, 

regularly exposed to the action of the 

sun and air. The wood is also equally 

cuttings, or any other method. 

By Layers. — The young branches 

being laid in autumn, winter, or spring, 

will readily strike root, and next autumn 

and properly ripened, and better crops 

of well-flavoured fruit ensue, 

" By this means the late kinds are 

likewise much more easily and more 

be fit to transplant. securely protected from the depredation 

In the general propagation of these of birds and wasps, and from injury by 

shrubs we would observe, that as they 

naturally throw out many suckers from 

frost or wet. 

"A single mat thrown over the bushes 

the root, so as often to become trouble- is sufficient to preserve the fruit until 

some, it is proper, previous to planting Christmas, or later. And moreover, by 

the cuttings and suckers, &c., to rub off this system the trees in matting up are 

close all the buds or prominent eyes not disfigured or crushed, the wet is 

from the lower part, as far as they are more effectually kept off, as it does not 

I to be put into the ground, which will in fall 

some measure diminish their tendency fruit ; but from no flat surface being 

on the mat and soak through to the 

in the production of suckers ; likewise, presented the rain runs off the mat as it 

when transplanting the young plants, if falls ; the fruit is kept perfectly dry, and 

they discover any tendency to the pro- there is little or no injury done to the 

duction of suckers, let all such parts mat. The stakes never want renewing, 

be also carefully rubbed ofl' close.— as the bushes, when once in a regular 

Abercrombie. shape, support themselves." — Gard. 

Grafting.—An anonymous writer in Chron. 

the Gardener^s Chronicle observes, that After-Culture. — "Never allow the 

"standard currants have a pretty ap- branches to be loo crowded, or to inpearance, 

and this is increased if they terfere with one another. The shoots 

are grafted with opposite colours, such which spring up in the centre are to be 

j 

| 

| 

I 

as black and white, and red, or red and cut away very close, as well as the small 

white. Allow the stock to reach four shoots on the main branches, leaving 

feet in height, then let it be stopped so only the external one, which must be 

as to make a bushy compact head. shortened for about a third of its length. 

" For standards or espaliers, train If this is done, the bush will have the 

cither horizontallyor bythe fan method, form of a cup, with the branches ranged 

about six shoots or more, according to regularly round the stem. Red and 

the space you wish to cover on either white currants require the same treatside, 

leaving one for the centre to be ment, as they produce their fruit on 

grafted. Train the same number of spurs. The black currant must be 

shoots of the worked variety. Each managed differently, as it bears chiefly 

leading shoot, if kept and spurred in, on the shoots of the preceding year, 

will bear abundantly, and the fruit will Instead, therefore, of spurring and 

also be of finer quality, and of a sweeter otherwise shortening the branches, all 

flavour, by being fully exposed to the that is necessary is to thin them, and 

sun and air, which is better attained by keep the bushes compact." Gard. 

this method than if the plants were Chron. 

j 

grown in the usual way. I Forcing.—Red 

— 

and white currants 

Training as Espaliers.—Mr. Snow, may be in our desserts during nine 

gardener at Swinton Gardens, for this months of the twelve. Pot some three-

CUR 182 CUT 

year-old plants during the first week of favourable to the developement ot 

January, and place half of them in the roots 

peach-house, and the other moiety on Those plants which vegetate rapidly, 

the upper shelf of the green-house 

The first will come into bearing early 

in April, and the remainder at the end 

of May. The open ground crop is fit 

for gathering before June closes, and 

some of these, if matted over at the end 

and delight in either a moist or rich 

soil, are those which are propagated 

most readily by this mode, and such 

plants are the willow, gooseberry and 

pelargonium; a budded section of these 

can hardly be thrust into the ground 

of July, may be kept good until Decern- without its rooting. 

ber terminates. 

Cuttings of those plants which grow 

CURRANT SPHINX. See Sphinx. tardily, or in other words form new parts 

C U R T O G Y N E . Three species, slowly, are those which are most liable 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut- , 

tings, put for a few days in the sun. 

Sandy loam. 

CU'SSONIA. Three species. Greenhouse 



CUSTARD APPLE. Anona. 

CUTTING is a part of a plant capable 

of emitting roots, and of becoming 

an individual similar to its parent. The 

circumstances requisite to effect this 

to fail. These are strikingly instanced 

in the heaths, the orange, and cera- 

tonia. 

A rooted cutting is not a new plant, 

it is only an extension of the parent, 

gifted with precisely the same habits, 

and delighting most in exactly the same 

degree of heat, light and moisture, and 

in the same food. 

A cutting produces roots, either from 

a bud or eye, or from a callus resem- 

uitable temperature and degree bling a protuberant lip, which forms 

of moisture. 

from the alburnum between the wood 

Cuttings in general may be taken and the bark round the face of the cut 

either from the stem, branch, or root; which divided the slip from the parent 

and are, in fact, grafts, which by being stem. If the atmospheric temperature 

placed in the earth, a medium favour- is so high that moisture is emitted from 

able to the production of roots these the leaves faster than it is supplied, they 

emit, instead of aiding the stock to droop or flag, and the growth of the 

effect that development of vessels neces- plant is suspended. If a cutting be 

sary for their union to it, had they been placed in water, it imbibes at first more 

grafted. A due degree of moisture in rapidly than a rooted plant of the same 

the soil is absolutely required from it by size, though this power rapidly decuttings, 

for these" will often produce creases; but if planted in the earth, it 

i 

roots "if placed in water only. The at no time imbibes so fast as the rooted 

I 

time for taking off cuttings from the plant, provided the soil is similarly moist; 

parent plant for propagation, is when and thisevidently because ithasnot such 

the sap is in full activity ; the vital an extensive imbibing surface as is posenergy 

in all its parts is then most po- sessed by the rooted plant; consequent- 

; 

\ tent for the development of the new ly, the soil in which a cutting is placed 

organs their altered circumstances reshould be much more moist than is 

I 

quire. Well-matured buds are found to beneficial to a rooted plant of the same 

i 

emit roots most successfully, and appa- species, and evaporation from the leaves 

rently for the same reason that they are should be checked by covering the cutleast'liable 

to failure, when employed tings with a bell-glass, or a Wardian 

for budding, viz., that being less easily case would be still better. The tem- 

| 

excitable, they do not begin to develop perature to which the leaves are exuntil 

the cutting has the power to afford posed should be approaching the lowest 

| 

a due supply of sap. Therefore, in the plant will endure. Thewarmerthe 

i 

taking a cutting, it is advisable to re- soil within the range of temperature 

; 

move" a portion of the wood having on most suitable to the plant, the more 

it a bud, or joint, as it is popularly call- active are the roots, and the more ener- 

: ed, of the previous year-s production. getically are carried on all the processes 

Many plants can be multiplied by cut- of the vessels buried beneath the sur- 

j 

, 

tings with the greatest difficulty, and of the soil 50° for the atmosphere, 

; 

after every care has been taken to secure 

to the cutting every circumstance | 

face 

and between 65*' and lo'' for the bottom 

heat, are the most eflFectual temperatures

CUT 183 CUT 

for the generality of plants. The cutting 

should be as siiort as possible consistbeen 

such 

considered 

extension. 

totally incapable of 

Thus M. Neumann 

ently wiili the object in view. Three has succeeded with the Thcophra^tn 

or four leaves, or even two, if the cut- latifolia; and going a step further, he 

ting be very short, are abundant. They has even bisected a leaf, and raised a 

elaborate the sap quite as fast as re- leaf from each half 

qnired,and are not liable to exhaust the Mr. Knight has also recorded in the 

cutting by super-exhalation of moisture. Horticultural Transactions of 1822, 

Cuttings taken from the upper branch- that leaves of the peppermint {Mentha 

es of a plant, flower and bear fruit the piperita), without any portion of the 

earliest, but those taken from near the stem upon which they had grown, lived 

soil are said to root most freely. Cut- for more than twelve months, increased 

tings which reluctantly emit roots may in size, nearly assumed the character 

evergreen trees, and emitted a mass 

' be aided by ringing. The ring should of 

be cut round the branch a few weeks of roots. That leaves may be made 

before the cutting has to he removed ; 

the bark should be completely removed 

almost universally to emit roots there 

appears little reason to doubt ; for the 

down to the wood, and the section di- same great physiologist had long before 

viding the cutting from the parent be proved that the roots of trees are genemade 

between the ring and the parent rated from vessels passing from the 

stem, as soon as a callus appears round leaves through the bark ; and that they 

the upper edge of the ring. never in any instance spring from the 

The soil is an important considera- alburnum. But the question arises, 

tion. The cuttings of orange trees and will they produce buds? and at pre- 

others which strike with difficulty if in 

serted in the middle of the earth of a 

pot, do so readily if placed in contact 

with its side. The same effect is produced 

by the end of the cutting touching 

an under drainage of gravel or 

broken pots. Why is this? My obser- 

sent the answer derived from practice 

is in the negative; orange leaves, rose 

leaves, leaves of Stat ice arborea, have 

been made to root abundantly; but 

like blind cabbage plants, they obstinately 

refused to produce buds. 

Dr. Lindlev thinks that a more abund- 

j 

: 

vations justify me in concluding that it ant supply of richer food, and exposure 

is because in these situations, the side to a greater intensity of light, would 

and the open drainage of the pot, the have removed this deficiency; and I 

atmospheric air gains a salutary access, [see every reason for concurring with so 

A light porous soil, or even sand, which excellent 

admits air the most readily, is the best to spring 

an authority for buds seem 

; 

from the central vessels of 

for cuttings; and so is a shallow pan plants, and these vessels are never abrather 

than a (lower pot, and apparently sent from a leaf If an abundant supfor 

the same reason. I have no doubt 

that numerous perforations in the bottorn 

of the cutting pan would be found 

advantageous for" cuttings which root 

ply of food were given to a well-rooted 

leaf, and it were cut down close to the 

callus, from whence the roots are emit- 

ted, I think buds would be produced, 

slowly. for the very roots themselves have the 

Some plants may be successfully 

propagated by means of the leaves, and 

same power 

In general, the young wood strikes 

among those whose numbers are thus most readily. Those of the Semecarpus 

most commonly increased, are the Cac- mahogani, Swietenia mahogani, Euti, 

Gcsnerx, Gloxinia, and other fleshy phorbia litchi, and others, must have 

leaved plants. Lately the suggestion 

has been revived,—a suggestion first 

made by Agricola at the commencement 

of the last century. He states 

the wood quite soft, and must be in- 

serted in the soil under bell-glasses the 

moment they are cut. On the contrary, 

cuttings of milky, gummy or resinous 

that M. Mandcrola had raised a lemon- plants, such as Araucaria, Euphorbia, 

tree in this mode ; and thence coneludes, 

rather too rashly, that all exotic 

leaves may at any time be converted 

and Vahea gummifera, require to be 

buried in damp sand for twenty-four 

hours, with the wound exposed, and 

into trees. Since that was written, in then to be planted, after having the 

1721, it is certain that plants have been exuded matter washed off with a sponge, 

raised from leaves that previously had Herbaceous plants having a partial de- 

,

C Y A 184 CYC 

velopmentofwood,as the Pelargonium, 

Calceolaria, and Cineraria, will strike 

in any place shaded from the meridian 

sun. Cuttings of fleshy-leaved plants, 

as the Cacti, and many others, root 

better after being allowed to remain for 

forty-eight hours, after division from 

the parent plant, before they are planted. 

Diosmas, fuchsias, heaths, camellias, 

&c., require for their cuttings the 

gentle heat of a nearly exhausted hotbed, 

and a close atmosphere, with but 

little light admitted night and morning. 

The bell-glasses employed should be 

proportioned to the size of the cutting. 

A small cutting should no): be placed 

under a large glass. Blue and violetcoloured 

glass is found most favourable 

for the purpose, and this is accounted 

for by the fact, that glass of this colour 

admits very few luminous or leafstimulating 

rays of light; but nearly all 

the chemical rays of the spectrum, 

which assist in the decomposition of 

bodies. M. Neumann has succeeded 

in striking cuttings of monocotyledonous 

plants, such as Draycena,Freycenettia, 

and Vanilla. The cuttings 

may be from branches of any age between 

less than one and six years old. 

They require to have the leaves cut 

away at the bottom of tlie cutting, the 

•whole, length of the portion to be buried. 

It is not necessary to use the extremities 

of branches, pieces from their middles 

answer as well. M. Neumann also 

thinks that all dicotyledonous plants 

may be multiplied by cuttings of their 

roots, or even by detached leaves. 

Dais cotinifolia is increased from cuttings 

of the roots, and so is Faulownia 

imperialis. Pieces two inches long, 

and half an inch in diameter, and cut in 

March, root well. Maclaura aurantiaca 

succeeds similarly even in the open air, 

the upper wound of the cutting being 

placed nearly level with the surface. 

He has also multiplied Araucaria Cunninghami, 

and all the Coniferce, by root 

cuttings. 

Soil.—The soil most generally applicable, 

is that which is rich and light. 

Some cuttings, as those of the Tamarix 

elegans and T. germanica, require a 

little saltpetre in the soil. 

CYAMOPSIS psoraloides. Hardy 

annual. Seeds. Common soil. 

CYANELLA. Five species. Greenhouse 

bulbous perennials. Offsets. 


| 

— — 

CYANOTIS. Three species. Greenhouse 

biennials. Seeds. Rich mould. 

C. barbata is a hardy herbaceous perennial. 

Increased by division. 

CYATHEA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen ferns. Division or seeds. 


CYATHODES. Three species. 



CYCAS. Five species. Stove herbaceous 

perennials. Suckers. Rich 

loam. 

CYCLAMEN. Ten species, and 

many varieties. Hardy or green-house 

tuberous-rooted perennials. Seeds. 

Sandy loam and vegetable mould. Species 

most worthy of culture are 

C. Coum. Round-leaved, springflowering 

sowbread. Reddish purple. 

January to March. 

C. Europceum. Round-leaved, summer-flowering 

sowbread. Reddish 

purple. Fragrant. July to September. 

C. vernum. Round-leaved winterflowering 

sowbread. Like preceding. 

November to January. 

C. Persicum. Persian sowbread. 

Various colours. February to May. 

C. Neapolitanum. Neapolitan sowbread. 

Rosy. August to September. 

C. hederdfolium. Ivy-leaved sowbread. 

White and pink. Fragrant. 

March to May. 

Mr. G. Gordon, of the Chiswick Gardens, 

gives the following excellent 

directions for their culture : 

" The Cyclamen is increased by cutting 

the largest roots in pieces, which 

is a bad practice, as they are very liable 

to rot during the first season after cutting, 

or while in a dormant state, unless 

the parts are kept very dry, a 

thing very injurious to the early flowering 

kinds. 

"£!/ Seeds, which should be sown 

when ripe, whether it be autumn or 

spring, in pans or pots well drained, 

and filled with a mixture of equal parts 

of sandy loam and leaf-mould, to which 

should be added a small portion of wellrotted 

dung. Then place the pans or 

pots in a cold frame or pit, kept close, 

if sown in the spring ; but if sown in 

the autumn, they should be placed on 

the back shelf of the green-house, and 

kept rather dry during the winter, and 

gradually watered more as the spring 

advances. 

" The autumn-sown plants will be fit

CYC 185 C YP 

remain in the pots, and not be shaken 

or beginning of June following, if pro- out, as is frequently done; for when 

for transplanting about the end of May, | 

perly treated ; whilst those sown in the taken out of the soil they are almost 

spring should not be removed from the sure to get too much dried before they 

seed-pans before the following spring; are again potted. This is particularly 

they will by that time have formed roots the case with the early flowering sorts 

about the size of a hazel-nut. Prepare 

then some large pots or pans, well 

drain, and fill them with the same kind 

of soil as that in which these seeds were 

sown, and transplant the young roots 

from the seed pans into these, placing 

them about three or four inches apart 

according to tlie size of the roots. 

Return them to the cold pit or frame, 

and keep them close until they begin 

to grow ; afterwards admit air freely 

by day, but keep the pit close at night, 

till the beginning of July, when the pots 

or pans should be plunged, and the 

plants fully exposed, both day and 

back shelf of the green-house, or in a 

cold pit, where they can be kept dry 

and free from frost, until they begin to 

grow. If they are the early flowering 

kinds, a few may be placed in the window 

of the sitting-room, and but sparingly 

watered until they commence 

growing, when they should have a more 

liberal supply. 

" The roots will begin to bloom the 

second season, and may be placed on 

the shelves of the green-house ; or if 

they are of those hardy kinds which 

flower in summer or autumn, the pots 

may be plunged in the open border. 

When done flowering they should be 

returned to the cold pit or frame, where 

the lights must be kept on during the 

night, in cold or wet weather; but 

where they can have plenty of air at all 

times, observing as they cease growing, 

that water should be withheld, and 

finally, the roots gradually dried. The 

roots, when dry, should be allowed to 

— 

' The proper time of the year for 

resting the flowering roots, entirely depends 

on the sorts. C. Persicum will 

be at rest when the C. Europaum and 

C. Neapolitmium will be in full bloom, 

and vice versa. The roots should be 

shaken from the soil, and repotted 

directly the least sign of vegetation is 

observable. But the early springflowering 

kinds may be forced earlier 

into bloom by potting a few of the 

strongest roots sooner, and placing 

them in a warm dry place. They must 

not be excited too rapidly, or watered 

freely; for if they are, the leaves are 

; 

right; taking care, however, that the almost sure to damp ofTduring the dull 

soil in the pots does not get sodden with winter months, and particularly those 

too much rain, or become too dry. of the beautiful C. Persicum and its 

They will require no more trouble, varieties." Card. Chron. 

except keeping free from weeds and 

slugs, till the middle of September, 

when they should be potted singly into 

small forty-eight sized or sixty pots, 

CYCLANTHUS plumieri. 

^tove herbaceous perennial. 

Loam and peat 

CYCLOBOTHRA. Five 

Curious 

Suckers. 

species. 

(according to the size of the roots,) 

filled with the same kind of soil as that 

Hardy, half-hardy, or green-house bulbous 

perennials. Bulbs. Peat, loam 

previously used. 

" In potting, the bulbs should never 

be entirely covered with the soil, but 

about one-third left exposed. When 

potted, they should be placed on the 

and sand. 

CYDONIA. Three species, and four 

varieties. Hardy deciduous fruit trees 

or shrubs. Suckers. Any soil suits 

them. C. vulgaris, the quince 

CYLINDROSPORIUM concen?rzc«m. 

A parasitical fungus often attacking the 

cabbage, forming a blight or mildew. 

Repeated syringing with water in which 

three ounces per gallon of salt have 

been dissolved, will remove it. 

CYLISTA. Four species. Stove 

evergreen 

and peat. 

climbers. Cuttings. Loam 

CYMBIDIUM. Seventeen species. 

Stove orchids. Division. The terres- 

trial kinds, loam and peat. The epiphytal, 

wood. 

CYMBOPOGON Schcenanthus . A 

stove species of grass. Seeds. Loam 

and peat. 

CYNOCHE pentadactylum. Stove 

epiphyte. Offsets. Fibrous peat. 

CYNOGLOSSUM. Twenty-two species. 

Hardy annuals, biennials, or 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Common 

soil. 

CYPELLA. Two species. Green-

— 

CYP 186 D AH 

ousG bulbous perennials. Offsets. 

Sandy peat. 

CYPHIA. Five species. Greenhouse 


C. phyteuma is a tuberous-rooted, and 

C. cardamincs a stove herbaceous perennial. 

Young shoots. Peat, loam 

and sand. 

CYPRESS. Citpressus. 

CYNARA. (See Cardoon and Artichoke.) 

Eight species. Chiefly hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Seeds. Good 

rich soil. 

CYNIPS. Gall-fly. The species of 

this genus chiefly confine their attacks 

to the oak and other timber trees. The 

species chiefly noticeable by the gardener 

is the C. roscE, which causes the hairy 

galls occasionally observed upon rose 

trees. 

CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's slipper. 

Twelve species, and variety. Chiefly 

hardy terrestrial orchids. Division. 

Sandy peat. 

An anonymous writer gives the following 

correct directions for their culti- 

— 

in a mixture of sandy peat and rotten 

saw-dust, keeping them in a cool 

green-house or frame. 

" They are difficult of increase. They 

may sometimes be propagated by division 

of the roots ; this, however, occurs 

but rarely. Occasionally, in favourable 

situations, they will perfectseeds ; especially, 

if care is taken, when the flowers 

are in a proper state, to apply the pollen 

to the stigma with a camel hair pencil. 

" As they are plants which thrive 

only in shady situations, where the 

ravs of the sun do not penetrate with 

sufficient power to cause a spedy evaporation, 

but little moisture will be necessary 

even during the summer, particularly 

if the soil be protected with a 

covering of moss; and during their period 

of rest in the autumnal and winter 

months, water may be entirely dispensed 

with." Gard. Chron. 

vation : 

CYRILLA. Two species. Greenhouse 



CYRTANTHUS. Nine species. 

Green-house bulbous perennials. Off- 

" The sorts in general cultivation 

are, Cypripedium venustum (purple and 

green) piii'puratum (purple); insigne 

; 

(green and purple) ; humile (purple and 

white) guttatum (yellow) ; ventricosum 

; 

(dark purple); and our own pretty native 

species, Calceolus (yellow). 

«' or these the three first are from 

warm latitudes, and consequently require 

the temperature of a stove the 

; 

remaining sorts come principally from 

sets. Turfy loam, sand and peat. 

CYRTOCHILUM. Four species. 

Stove orchids. Division. Wood, with 

moss on the roots. 

CYRTOPERA Woodfordii. Stove 

orchid. Division. Wood. 

CYRTOPODIUM. Three species. 

Stove orchids. Division. Wood. 

CYTISUS. Forty-one species, and 

some varieties. Chiefly hardy deciduous 

shrubs and trees, with a few green- 

North America, and are either hardy, 

or require but a moderate protection 

during the winter and spring. 

"The stove kinds are found to succeed 

tolerably well by being potted in 

Boil composed of rotten wood, moss, 

and a little silver sand; while the 

hardier kinds thrive best when planted 

in a shady situation in sandy peat. 

" The American varieties require a 

house evergreens. Seeds, layers, grafts, 

or buds Any soil suits them. 

CZACHIA liliastrum. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Seeds or division. 

Good rich loam. 

DACRYDIUM. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Sandy 

loam and peat. * 

protection of straw, or some other material, 

to preserve them from the effects 

of severe frosts, and to throw off the 

rain in wet seasons. 

" At Messrs. Rollison's, of Tooting, 

they succeed remarkably well in a peat 

border adjoining the back wall of a 

heath house, being covered during the 

winter and spring months with sphagnum 

to the depth of two or three inches. 

Another successful method of treating 

them, is to pot them in good sized pots, 

* 

DACTYLICAPUOS thalicitrifolia. 

Half-hardy evergreen climber. Seeds. 

Sandy soil. 

DiEMIA. Four species. Stove evergreen 

twiners. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

DAFFODIL. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. 

DAHLIA. Seven species. Tuberous 

perennials. Cuttings, division, and seed. 

Rich sandy loam. The two species 

giving birth to the numerous lovely varieties 

of our gardens are B. superflua 

and D.frustanea.

D AH 187 D AH 

Varieties.—These are numerous ; so Exemia, Girling, bright rose, very 

' 

j 

much so as in many instances to baffle showy flower. 

the eye, in the attempt to discriminate Exquisite, white rosy edge. 

between those which bear distinct 

names. The following, selected from 

the catalogue of D. Landreth & Fulton, 

Fire Ball, 

finely quilled. 

Fire King, 

Squibb, vivid crimson, 

Schmitz, bright scarlet, 

Philadelphia, are admitted to be among very large. 

the most desirable varieties. 

(ilory of Plymouth, Rendle, white 

Admiral Stoplord, Trentfield, dark tipped with purple. 

maroon, fine form. 

Golden Souvenir, Schmitz, bright 

Albion, Cook, bronzy salmon. 

yellow, finely cupped. 

Alexander the Grc-.i. Schmitz, dark Grandis, Marshal, fine rose. 

crimson. 

Grand Bazaar, Schmitz, crimson and 

Antagonist, Bragg, pure white, lilac. 

finely cupped. 

Granta, Widnall, claret colour, fine. 

Apollo, Schmitz, golden yellow, Great Mogul, Atwell, shaded crim- 

cupped petals. 

son, fine. 

Arethusa, Brown, violet purple. Henry Clay, Schmitz, dark claret. 

Argo, Widnall, bright yellow, good cupped, fine. 

form. 

Hero of Stonehenge, Whales, dark 

Argus, Schmitz, primrose yellow, claret, very fine. 

tipped with rose. 

Hero of Tip|)ecanoe, Hancock, superb 

Asmodeus, dark puce. 

rose, finely cupped. 

Beauty of Chelmslbrd, white and la- Hero of the West, Schmitz, rosy c&ttender.mine, 

very large. 

Beauty of Philadelphia, Schmitz, yellow 

tipped with rose, fine form. 

Hon. Miss Abbott, delicate lilac. 

Hope, Neville, light rose, fine flower. 

Bedford Surprise, rosy crimson, very Horace Binney, Schmitz, sha.dcd ma- 

fine. 

roon, extra fine. 

Beeswing, Drummond, crimson. 

Indispensable, white, the best out. 

Bermondsey Bee, purple, fine form. Indian Chief, Schmitz, salmon. 

Bloomsbury, Lee, bright crimson, su- Juliette, Widnall, rosy purple. 

perb form. 

Juno, Buist, bronzy lilac. 

Bridal Ring, white and lavender. King of Lilacs, very fine lilac. 

Burnham Hero, Church, crimson, fine King of Yellows, Hislop, light yel- 

form. 

low, very fine. 

Caleb Cope, Schmitz, mottled rose. Lady Antrobus, white, purple edge. 

Cheltenham Queen, blush white. Lady Ashburton, Russell, h\ush white, 

Cleopatra, .-1/we//, light yellow. edged with lilac. 

Colonel Baker, claret, finely cupped. Lady Bathurst, white laced with rose. 

Competitor, Hodge, dark rose. 

Lady St. Maur, white tipped with pur- 

Constantia, white, edge pink. 

ple, superb flower. 

Conqueror, Schmitz, dark maroon, Lady Sale, Smith, yellow edge rose. 


La Tour de Auvergne, orange scar- 

Dazzle, dark scarlet. 

let, finely cupped. 

Defiance, Uorwood, rosy crimson. Le Grand Baudin, shaded crimson, 

Desdemona, Schmitz, primrose, beau- fine form. 

tifully cupped. 

Dowager Lady Cooper, peach blos- 

Lord Morpeth, puce, cupped. 

Maid of Bath, Davis, white, purple 

som, cupped. 

edge. 

Duchess of Richmond, orange and Majestic, Widnall, shaded rose, pro- 

pink, fine. 

Duke of York, Jireyraes, fine scarlet, 

fuse. 

Marchioness of Exeter, blush, superb 

Emily, Schmitz, white edged with form, extra fine 

rose. 

Enterprise, Dodd, clear bufi". 

Essex Triumph, Turville, dark maroon, 

fine form. 

Eugenia, yellow, edge violet. 

Evecque de Bayeaus, Oudtn, maroon. 

Marchioness ofOrmonde, white tipped 

with purple, superb. 

Mary Ann, Schmitz, pure white, 


Marshal Soult, lilac and red. 

Middlesex rival, dark rose.

D AH 188 D AH 

Miranda, Brown, blush white, tipped 

with rose. 

Miss Carpentier, Schmitz, mottled 

rose. 

Miss Percival, Schmitz, pure white. 

Mrs. nibbert, Schmitz, blush rose, 


Mrs. Jones, Buist, dove colour. 

Mrs. Rushton, Buist, white tipped 

with rose, fine. 

Mrs. Shelly, Mitchell, rose and lilac, 

beautiful flower. 

Negro, SchniitZj dark maroon. 

Ne Plus Ultra, Widnall, rich dark 

purple, cupped. 

Nigra et Alba, Girling, white edged 

with purple. 

Northern Beauty, Robinson, white 

tipped with rose, superb. 

Nymph, Schmitz, yellow tipped with 

rose. 

Ophir, Edwards, rich yellow, fine 

flower. 

Orange Superb, orange, finely cupped. 

Orb, fFidnaZZ, scarlet crimson, superb. 

Pandora, Bowman, crimson, cupped 

petals. 

Pickwick, purple, finely cupped. 

Pocahontas, Schmitz, vermilion, large 

and fine. 

Pontiac, Schmitz, orange edged with 

red, superb. 

Prince Albert, Adams, light brown, 


Princess Royale, Hudson, amber 

tipped with rose, fine. 

Punch, Dodd, purple. 

Queen, Widnall, peach blossom.' 

Queen of Beauty, Garth, rich lilac, 

neat flower. 

Queen of Roses, superb rosy lilac. 

Queen of Trumps, white, lilac edge. 

Quilled Perfection, very fine rose. 

Reine des Fees, Girling, crimson and 

white. 

Reliance, Widnall. 

Rienzi, Widnall, crimson and puce. 

Rising Sun, Widnall, dark crimson. 

Roderick, Schmitz, rosy crimson. 

Royal Standard, Whales, rosy purple, 


Simon Snyder,ScAmi72r, large crimson. 

Sir E. Antrobus, Keynes, fiery crimson. 

Sir F. Johnston, Hillier, rosy crimson, 

superb flower. 

Springfield Major, Gaines, d^rk crimson, 

cupped. 

Standard of Perfection, Keynes, pur- 

ple. 

Striata Formosissima, white striped 

with rose. 

Sunbury Hero, Wilmer, yeUow tipped 

with red. 

Sylph, Widnall, white edged with 

rose. 

Thomas Clarkson, Smith, rosy purple. 

Triumphant, Schmitz, white edged 

with lilac, fine. 

Ultimatum, bright red. 

Unique, Ansell, yellow tipped with 

red. 

Victor, W'^/(?/!7/Z, yellow, tipped crimson. 

Violet Perfection, Keynes, dark purple, 

fine flower. 

Washington Irving, Schmitz, light 

purple. 

Westbury Rival, IfaZZ, deep crimson. 

White Defiance, Schmitz, white, 


Yellow Victory, Schmitz, fine yellow. 

FANCY, OR VARIEGATED DAHLIAS. 

Alba-purpurea Supcrba, Bates, purple 

tipped with white. 

Beauty of England, Girling, purple 


Charles XII., Miller, purple tipped 

with white. 

Cinderella, Dubras, cherry tipped 

with white. 

Donna Antoni, Beelius, rose tipped 

with white. 

Eleamc de Beaucour, Girling, white, 

purple edge. 

Evecque de Tournay, purple tipped 

with white. 

Fairy Queen, Keynes, fawn tipped 

with red. 

Harlequin, Dodd, white tipped with 

bright scarlet, splendid flower. 

Illuminator, Keynes, scarlet edged 

with white, fine fancy variety. 

Le Lione, creamy white, edged with 

scarlet, fine. 

Madam Chauvere, light rose tipped 

with white. 

Madame Rignou, crimson, edged with 

white. 

Madame de Schaunenfeld, Girling, 

dark rose tipped with white. 

Madame Walner, Girling, maroon 


Miss Funnel, purple tipped with 

white. 

Nihil, red tipped with white. 

Painted Lady, crimson tipped with 

white.

D AH 189 D A H 

Silvio, Bubras, cherry red tipped 

with white. 

Surprise, Oakley, purple, distinctly 

roots dying during the winter season." 

— Gard. Chi'on. 

Propagation by Division.—" A good 


Village Maid, purple, tipped with 

criterion for planting this root," says 

a writer in the Gard. Mag., " is about 

white. 

the time of planting early potatoes for 

Viscount Ressigueur, Du6?"as, purple a first crop, but no sooner. They grow 

tipped with white, large, full, superb well in a rich light soil of almost any 

flower. 

kind. In dividing the root, it is ad- 

"The dahlia is very variable, sporting visable to leave at least two eyes to 

from its true colours, but as often re- each plant, cutting through the neck or 

turning to them. Knowing this, let the 

following facts, with regard to new 

kinds of dahlias, be borne in mind before 

condemning them the second 

year : 

— 

should , 

' or 

1. That the seedling plant is much 

debilitated by propagation ; and there- 

crown. Ihe spring is the most preferable 

time for dividing them, although 

some do it on taking them up 

in the autumn. 

' Those who possess a hot-house 

put each plant into a pot of six 

eight inches in diameter, with some 

fore the flowers are rarely as good the good rich mould, so as the crown may 

j 

[ 

second season as they are the first and just appear at the top of the pot ; then 

subsequent to the second. them in the green-house, where 

! 

place 

"2. That the best flowers are ob- they will soon make good plants : and 

tained from those plants struck from when all danger from frost is over, they 

the first cuttings produced by the mo- may be turned out into holes prepared 

ther-plant, notwithstanding that they for them. In this manner, after being 

are seldom as strong as the cuttings so long confined, they will grow most 

that are afterwards produced. luxuriantly. 

" 3. The exciting the roots by means " A common cucumber-frame may 

of a strong heat early in the spring, and 

striking the young plants in a strong 

dung-bed, tend to weaken the plants 

be successfully used in this way." 

Gard. Mag. 

By Grafting.—This is performed in 

so treated to such a degree that they the months of August, September, and 

frequently require two or three seasons October; and it is an excellent practice 

to recover and regain their original cha- to avoid the chance of losing a seed- 

"ng: or new or scarce varieties. 

racter. Thus it is found that good 

flowers are obtained with the least trouble 

from those plants kept in pots the 

first season after striking, (termed by 

the trade pot-roots,) planted out the 

following season, and allowed to start 

of their own accord. 

" 4. That in wet seasons manure is 

frequently very injurious from its causing 

the plant to grow too luxuriantly, 

and thus to produce but tew flowers ; 

while in very dry seasons it is equally 

injurious. Much more depends on a 

change of soil than on its composition 

and quality. 

" 5. That water is a point which cannot 

be too much attended to. A great 

difference exists between hard and soft 

water, but still more depends on the 

manner in which it is applied ; for one 

or two good waterings are much better 

than a small quantity given three or 

four times a week. 

" 6. That taking up the roots immediately 

after a frost has destroyed the 

top, is the principal cause of so many 

Fig. 33. 

—

— 

— 

D AH 190 D AH 

I 

| 

" It is, moreover, particularly applicable 

to those kinds which are horny- 

j 

! 

i 

i 

! 

themselves. Plant in rows three feet; 

two feet if in the flower-border. Plant 

rooted and difficult to break ; or such as in the back rows. They require to be 

' Taylor's Sultana,' with long stringy staked. Seedlings thus treated will 

tubers, which seldom live through the blow in July, and continue in perfection 

winter; and to others which break late. 

To all such this mode is recommended 

till the autumn." Hart. Transac. 

By cuttings.— " The shoots are aiwith 

the greatest confidence of success, lowed to grovv until they have three 

The operation is exceedingly simple, pair of leaves, and they are cut off just 

(see figure 33), and may be performed under the second pair and above the 

at any time from January to December, lowest pair. Where one cutting is 

(provided you have a good growing taken off plenty of others follow, and 

heat,) not only with young green shoots, these are to be served the same way. 

but with others more advanced, if not! There must be care used that the cuthollow 

or pithy. The usual manner is' tings taken off are from three to four 

inches long, and that you leave a pair 

to take a scion with six or eight leaves, | 

cut it smooth below the joint, take off of leaves below ; for at every leaf there 

[ 

' one of the lower leaves without injuring is an embryo bud which will form a 

the eye, and then cut away a portion shoot, which shoot will in turn yield a 

j 

' (half or three-quarters of an inch) of the cutting, and in two other embryo buds." 

j 

| 

t 

1 

skin or fleshy part of the wood between Glenny: Gard. and Pract. Flor. 

each of the lower eyes 

" The cuttings, when taken off, may 

" Have ready a good sound piece of be struck the same as shoots, but they 

tuber of the last or present season (if do not take root so rapidly. It must 

ripe), in which make a slanting longi-! dejiend on the room you have whether 

tudinat incision of one or two inches, you will plant a dozen cuttings round a 

according to circumstances, and about forty-eight-sized pot, or put one cutting 

half an inch wide at top, gradually each into twelve small ones. In one 

tapering off to the bottom, and fix the case but little room is taken up while 

scion firmly into it. 

then be planted in 

The root should 

a pot, with the 

grafted part just below the mould, and 

placed under a bell-glass, or in a warm 

close frame ; but the former is best. 

" In eight or ten days the union will 

be complete, and air may be gradually 

given. After a short time you will be 

able to head it down, either forcuttings, 

if in spring, or grafts for summer and 

autumn. It is advisable to leave at all 

times four eyes, to ensure a vigorous 

growth; and also to shift the plant into a 

larger pot occasionally." Gard. Chron. 

By Seed.—Mr. Sabine gives the following 

directions : 

they are striking, and this is often of 

importance. When they have struck 

root they must be potted singly into 

sixty-sized pots, or thumb-pots, kept in 

heat a few days to establish them, and 

then be replaced under some kind of 

protection till planting them." Ibid. 

Propagation by eyes.— " In cases," 

adds Mr. Glenny, " where it is of great 

importance to increase a plant, they 

may be propagated by eyes, which will 

double the increase. In this case there 

may be half a dozen or more plants 

made out of one shoot, or seedling, 

taken off properly. Suppose there be 

three parts of leaves besides the end 

" Collect „„..„,-...„-— the seed„... in September — , from 

.. — joint, the end joint, which will have two 

J , — J , - -dwarf 

plants and from semi-double leaves, and the heart may be cut off 

flowers, when double varieties are 

chiefly desired. Perhaps seeds obtained 

from those particular florets of the 

disc which have altered their form, may 

have a greater tendency than others to 

produce plants with double flowers. 

Sow in March, heat of 55^ or 65^ ; 

prick out, if necessary, in pots, and 

keep in a moderate temperature, say 

— 

— 

close to the under leaves, which may 

be carefully removed ; and thus forms 

a cutting. The stem left is to be split 

up, each half having the two or three 

leaves. These are to be cut close under 

each leaf Half the portion of split 

stem, and the whole of the leaf, still 

remain, and these must be put an inch 

into the soil, each forty-eiglit-sized pot 

, 

i 

60° or 55", till the end of April. Plant holding six, planted against the sides. 

out to remain, covering each plant at The bud at the base of each leaf will 

night with an empty pot for some weeks, a plantif placed in a hot-bed : and 

} 

to avoid injury from spring frosts to 

make 

when they have become well rooted

— — 

D A H 191 D AH 

they may be placed in separate pots, 

and kept growing in heat until tliey are 

six or eight inclies higii, when thev may 

be taken into a cooler frame." 

— 

Card, 

and Prart. Flor. 

Propagation from summer shoots.— 

" The most important operation in 

dahlia-growing,"' concludes Mr. (llenny, 

" is that of securing an increase 

for it is by these that the strength of 

the jihint gets exhausted. By removing 

all that are too near one to be bloomed, 

and al! tliose that show imperfections 

enough to prevent them being useful, 

much strength will be gained by the 

future flowers. So, also, by pulling off 

the blooms themselves, the moment 

they are past perfection, instead of let- 

from the shoots, which can he taken tins them seed." Glenny : Card, and 

' off after the plants have begun to grow Pract. Flor. 

in the open ground. These should be " i Winds and sun," adds an anony- 

Ktruck in the same way as other cut- mous but correct writer, " are both 

, 

tings; but they niust be selected care- detrimental ; and the practice of fixing 

! 

| 

| 

! 

j 

[ 

fully, cut as others are cut, close up to the blooms in the centre of a flat board, 

the under side of a pair of leaves, and and covering them with glass or flowerbe 

strtick in a hot-bed iu full perfection pots as they may want light or shade, 

of heat." Ibid. 

is becoming general. The more easy 

" The so(7," says Mr. Glenny and way is to use a paper-shade for any 

other tirst-rate authorities, " cannot be particular fine bloom; for however the 

too fresh ; and of all soils that which flowers may be coaxed and nursed unproduces 

good grass, as the top spade- der cover, a stand of blooms grown 

full of a meadow, is the best. It should finely and merely shaded from the hot- 

have a retentive yet well-drained sub- | 

i 

i 

test sun, will beat all others in brilsoil, 

and be kept well supplied with liancy, and in standing carriage, and 

moisture, not only by watering, but keeping. It is right to go round the 

frequent hoeing 

" When the ground is poor, and has 

plants, and, wherever there is a proraising 

bud or bloom, to take away all 

to be made more fertile, there is 

addition equal to the soil formed by 

rotten turfs cut tolerably thick, which 

may be estimated at one-half loam and 

half vegetable mould; but this should 

be laid on in abundance, and will be 

farhetterthan dung of any kind, .\niong 

the results of planting the dahlia in soil 

that is too rich, the principal one is that 

of remarkably vigorous growth, with 

Ibid. 

'• Holes in the situations where dahlias 

are to be planted,"' says Mr. Fin- 

little bloom, and that little bad."" 

— 

the leaves and shoots that threaten to 

touch it as they grow ; take oft' also the 

adjoining buds ; and if the vveather be 

windy make it fast to a stick or one of 

the stakes, that it may not be bruised 

or frayed ; shade it from the broiling 

sun ; and it will so profit by the air and 

night-dews, as compared with the bloom 

under pots and glasses, that if the 

growth be equal, the blooming will be 

superior. Nevertheless people will 

cover; and where there is a disposition 

to a hard eve, it will hardiv come out 

tellmann, " are made fifteen inches in perfect unless it is covered. As the 

diameter and fifteen inches in depth, end of September approaches, or as 

and filled with this soil ; and in these soon as you have done with the bloom, 

hol(^, so filled, the young plants are earth up the plants, that when the frost 

turned out, or the old roots inserted. 

To retain the moisture, and protect the 

root from excessive heat, the surface is 

covered with moss. 

" Liquid manure is applied two or 

comes it may not reach the crown." 

— 

Gard. and Pract. Florist. 

Preserving the Roots.—«' The plants 

maybe raised without injury," says Dr. 

Lindley, "immediately after the blooms 

are cut off by the frost, provided that 

1 

J 

three times in the course of the summer.'" 

Gard. Mag. 

thny are hung up in a dry and ordina- 

After-culture.—This comprises chief- rily protected situation, with the roots 

ly staking, hoeing, protection, and uppermost, if care is taken to leave six 

| 

slight pruning. 

or seven inches of the stem attached to 

j 

"Dahlias should never be pruned each tuber; this maybe done without 

until the bloom buds show, and then the slightest fear of their withering 

but few branches should be cut out, from liaving been lifted in a green state, 

and only such as 

others. The buds 

are growing across 

should be thinned, 

As the winter advances, and the tubers 

become matured and firm, the ordinary

— 

— 

D AH 192 DAM 

I 

; 

modes of protection against frost may; summer and autumn, although the 

be resorted to." Card. Chron. blooms will not be so fine upon plants 

Protector.—The best devised shelter grown in pots as upon those in the open 

from the sun for the Dahlia is drawn border. After flowering, cut the tops 

and thus described in the Gard. Chron. oft", and place the pots containing the 

. 

. 

- . 

This protector is made of wicker- roots in a dry cellar, or other place, 

I 

, 

work, and consists of an inverted shal- where they will be secure from frost 

low basket ; to which is attached a tube during the winter. Young plants struck 

made of the same material, through from cuttings flower much better in 

which the dahlia stick is passed ; and a pots than the old roots." Gard. Chron. 

j 

' 

j 

' 

' 

; 

peg being inserted between the stick Exhibiting Stand.—Dr. Lindley says, 

and the tube, it is firmly secured at any " The dimensions of a Dahlia stand for 

height required. It measures twelve twelve blooms should be twenty-two 

inches in diameter, in the widest part, inches long by sixteen and a half wide, 

and is three and a half in depth. From four in depth, and five and a quarter 

its being made of so light a material, from tube to tube : sixteen and a half 

and from its simplicity of construction. bv eleven and a quarter will be the 

it is not easily displaced or put out of proportion for a stand of six. The surorder, 

and the flower not being confined face of stands is generally painted a 

within anything, is less liable to be light green ; a colour which shows the 

damaged by coming in contact with any flowers off to the greatest advantage." 

substance that would injure the petals. — Gard. Chron. 

It requires to be painted to preserve it; DAISY (Bellis perennis.) There are 

, 

from decay, and if the outside be made many double varieties of this hardy pegreen, 

and the inside white, the appearance 

of them would not be disagreerennial 

; some white, 

and many variegated. 

others crimson, 

A more curious 

able, and the insects lurking inside variety is the proliferous or Hen and 

would be easily perceived. 

Forcing.— " The Dahlia may be ad- 

Chicken Daisy. They all will flourish 

in any moist soil, and almost in any 

vantageously forced by potting the roots situation. They bloom from April to 

in February, and letting them remain June. Propagated by slips, the smallest 

in frames till June ; when they will begin 

to flower, and may be turned out 

fragment ol' root, almost, enables them 

to grow. To keep them double and 

into the open border." Gard. Mag. fine, they require moving occasionally. 

"To grow Dahlias in. pots," says Dr. Planted as an edging round the Ranun- 

Lindley, " you must select the dwarfer cuius bed, their roots tempt the Wireand 

more freely flowering kinds, the worm from those of the choicer flower, 

taller ones being totally unsuited for; DALBEPiGIA. Nineteen species, 

that purpose. After they are started, Stove evergreen trees and climbers, 

and when the shoots are about three or Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat, 

four inches long, pot them singly into ! DALEA. Fifteen species, including 

small sixties in any light rich soil ; wa- hardy, stove, and green-house annuals 

ter them freely, and place them in a and perennials. The latter by cuttings, 

hot-bed, keeping them close for a day and the annuals by seed, in a frame, to 

or two, and shading them during sun- transplant to borders. Loam ; and peat, 

shine. They will, ifproperlyattended to, DALECHAMPIA. Three species, 

i 

be rooted in about ten days, and should Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings, 

then be removed to a much cooler place. Loam and peat. 

and have plenty of air. When establish- D ALIBARDA violaoides. Half-hardy 

ed, shift them into larger pots, and final- herbaceous Division. Common light 

ly, before placing them out of doors, soi 

repot them, either into twelvesoreights, 

according to the size of your plants. 

" Top the leading shoots to make 

— 

DAMASCENE or DAMSON. 

Pluvi. 

DAMASONIUM. Two species. Ten 

them bushy; and when the danger of ' der aquatics. Division, 

frost is over, they may be plunged in DAMMARA. Dammar pine tree, 

the open border, which saves mucii la- Two species. Cuttings. Sandy loam, 

bour in watering; but even then they DAMPIERA. Two species. Green- 

must be watered copiously in dry wea- house herbaceous. Cuttings. Peat and 

ther. They will flower freely all the , loam. 

See

DAN 193 DEC 

DAMPING OFF is a name applied 

by gardeners to an ulceration of the 

stems of seedlings, and other tender 

plants. This ulceration arises 

from the soil and air in which they are 

vegetating being kept too moist or 

damp. Flower seedlings are especially 

liable to be thus affected; and, to prevent 

this, one-third of the depth of the 

pot should be filled with small pebbles, 

and the soil employed, instead of being 

sifted, allowed to retain all moderately 

sized stones. The seeds should be 

sown very thinly, pressed down, and a 

little earth scattered over them. INIr. 

Ayres has well suggested that a little 

white sand be sprinkled over the surface, 

because this is not easily disturbed 

by watering, and is not a medium that 

retains moisture to the neck of the 

seedlings, where dampness most affects 

them. He adds, that a pot of sand 

should be kept hot upon a flue, and 

whenever symptoms of the disease appear, 

a little, whilst hot, sprinkled on 

the soil. 

DAN/EA alata. Stove fern. Division. 


D.\NCING-GIRLS. Mantisia sanatoria. 

DAPHNE. Twenty-four species. 

Chiefly hardy or green-house evergreen 

shrubs, except Z). //n?/oZ/(j, which is a 

stove evergreen. Grafts on the Spurge 

Laurel. {D. laureola.) Peat. 

DARLINGTONIA. Two species. 

Half-hardy herbaceous. Division or 

cuttings. Peat and sand. 

DATE-PALM. I'lurnix. 

DATE-PLUM. Diospyros. 

DATISCA. Two species. Hardy 


DATURA. Nine species. Hardy 


DAUBENTONIA. Two species. 


Sandy loam. 

DAUBE.N'YA. Two species. Greenhouse 

bulbs. Offsets. Sandy loam and 

peat. 

DAUCUS. See Carrot. 

DAVALLIA. Seven species. Greenhouse 

ferns. Division or seed. Peat 

and loam. 

DAY I ESI A. Eighteen species. 



DAY LILY. Ilemerorallis. 

DECEMBER is a month in which the 

gardener is preparing chietlv for future 

13 

— 

— 

— : 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

events— storing his edible roots— protecting 

his tender plants, and wheeling 

on stable manure to vacant ground. 

The following work requires attending 

to 


Artichokes, dress. Asparagus beds, 

dress, b. ; plant to force ; attend that 

in forcing. Carrots, dig up and store, 

b. Cauliflowers, in frame, &c., attend 

to. Composts, prepare and turn over. 

—Dung, prepare for hot-beds. Earthing-up, 

attend to. 

—Kidney Beans, 

Hot-beds, attend to. 

force, e. Leaves, 

fallen, remove. Lettuces, plant in hot- 

beds ; attend to those advancing. 

Mint, force. Mushroom-beds, make ; 

attend those in production. Parsnips, 

dig up and store, b. Radishes, sow, b. 

—Small Salading, sow in frames, &c. 

— Spinach, clear of weeds. Tansy, 

force. — Tarragon, force. — Trench, 

drain, S:c., vacant ground. 

ORCHARD. 

Apples, prune ; plant. — Apricots, 

Cherries, pranc ; plant. 

prune; plant. 

— Composts and fresh earth apply to 

poor or old borders. Currants, prune ; 

plant. Figs, plant; protect from frost. 

—Fork over and dress the compartments 

generally. 

Gooseberries, prune ; 

plant. — Mulch round the roots and 

stems of trees newly planted, to e.\clu.de 

frost. Nectarines, prune; plant. 

— Pears, prune; plant.'— Peaches, 

prune; plant. Plant all kinds of trees 

in mild weather.—P/«;ns, prune; plant. 

—Pruning may be continued generally. 

(See November.) Raspberries, prune ; 

plant. Trench and manure ground for 

planting. Stake lirmly trees newly 

planted. Standards, prune generally. 

— Suckets, clear away plant for stocks. 

; 

— Vines, prune ; but last month is to be 

preferred for this operation, if the foliage 

had completely decayed. 

FLOW'ER GARDEN. 

Anemones, defend in bad weather; 

plant if mild. Auriculas, defend in inclement 

weather. Bulbs omitted may 

be planted if the weather be mild. 

(See November.) Carnations, defend 

in inclement weathcr.^Co/npos/s, prepare. 

Dig over borders and dress all 

quarters generally. Edgings, plant. 

Fibrous-roofed Perennials and Biennials 

divide and plant. Flou-crs (choice), 

defend generally from inclement wea- 

ther. — Crass, roll occasionally, if

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — — 

— 

— — — 

— 

— ; 

DEC 194 DEF 

winter be mild.— Gravel, roll and DECIDUOUS PLANTS are those 

keep orderly. Hedges, plant and plash. 

— Hyacinths, defend in inclement wea- 

which shed all their leaves at one time 

annually. In this country the fall of 

ther. Leaves, 

—Mulch round 

collect for composts. 

the roots and stems of 

the leaf is during the autumn. In the 

East Indies it is during the hottest and 

shrubs newly phinted. Plant shruhs of 

all kinds. Potted Plants, protect in 

deep frames, &c. place in hot-house 

; 

for forcing. Prune all shrubs requiring 

driest months. 

DECODONS verticillatus. Hardy 


DECUMARIA. Three species. 

regulation. Ranunculuses, defend in 

bad weather; plant if mild. Seedlings 

of all kinds require protection. Stake 

Hardy deciduous twiners. Layers and 

cuttings. Common soil. 

DEFORMITY. The leaves of plants 

shrubs newly planted, and any others 

requiring support. Suckers may be 

frequently assume an unnatural form on 

account of their being wounded by in- 

planted as removed during the winter sects. Keith, in his Physiology of 

dressing. Tulips, defend in bad weather. 

Turfs may be laid in open weather.— 

Water in glasses, change week- 

Plants, thus enumerates some of the 

most customary 

ly; add a few grains of salt or five 

drops of spirits of hartshorn. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air, admit freely as the season will 

admit. Bark-beds, keep in operation. 

— Bulbs, in pots, introduce. Cucumbers, 

sow in pots, and plunge in barkbed. 

Flowering Plants, as Pinks, &c., 

introduce in pots. Glasses must now 

all be put in, for forcing commences in 

earnest ; cover during severe frost. 

Kidney Beans (Dwarf), sown in boxes, 

&c., introduce. Peaches, day temp. 

553 ; keep air moist. Pines, water occasionally; 

attend strictly to the bottom 

heat. Roses in pots, introduce. 

Strawberries in pots, introduce. Temperature, 

may decline 15^ or 20^ at 

night; day temp, for flowering plants 

GO*-". Vines in pots may be introduced ; 

or planted in Hot-house; stems outside 

bind round thickly with hay-bands, 

&c.— Water is required in small quantities; 

keep it in the house. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air, admit as freely as possible 

cause the best draught vou can. Compost, 

prepare. Earth of pots, stir when 

crusted. Foggy air e.xclude, for damp 

renders cold injurious. — Glass, cover 

with mats, &c., during severe frost. 

Leaves, clean ; remove decayed. Peat 

Soil, collect. Temperature, sustain as 

required by lightijig fires; day maximum, 

45o ; night minimum, 35o.— Water 

sparingly. 

DPXEMBER MOTH. See Pcecilocampa. 

DECIDUOUS CYPRESS. Taxodium 

distichum. 

: 

" The leaves of the apricot, peach 

and nectarine are extremely liable to 

be thus affected in the months of June 

and July. The leaf that has been punctured 

soon begins to assume a rough 

and wrinkled ligure, and a reddish and 

scrofulous appearance, [)articular!y on 

the upper surface ; the margins roll 

inwards on the under side, and inclose 

the eggs, which are scattered irregularly 

on the surface, giving it a blackish 

and granular appearance, but without 

materially injuring its health. 

" In the vine the substance deposited 

on the leaf is whitish, giving the under 

surface a sort of frosted appearance, but 

not occasioning the red and scrofulous 

aspect of the upper surface of the leaf 

of the nectarine. 

" In the poplar the eggs, when first 

deposited, resemble a numbar of small 

and hoary vesicles, containing a sort of 

clear and colourless fluid. The leaf 

then becomes reflected and conduplicate, 

inclosing the eggs, with a few 

reddish protuberances on the upper surface. 

The embryo is nourished by this 

fluid, and the hoariness is converted 

into a fine cottony down, which for 

some time envelops the young fly. 

" The leaf of the lime-tree, in particular, 

is liable to attacks from insects 

when fully expanded ; and hence the 

gnawed appearance it so often exhibits. 

The injury seems to be occasioned by 

some species of puceron depositing its 

eggs in the parenchyma, generally 

about the angles that branch ofl' from 

the midrib. A sort of down is produced, 

at first green and afterwards 

hoary, sometimes in patches, and sometimes 

pervading the whole leaf, as in 

the case of the vine. Under this cover- 

—

— 

DEG 195 D ES 

ing the egg is hatched; and then the racy. A species never degenerates j ; its 

I 

young insect gnaws and injures the seed may be hybridized ; 

leaf, leaving a hole or scar of a burnt or 

singed appearance. 

" Sometimes the upper surface of the 

leaf is covered with clusters of wart- 

but the seedlings 

are not degenerate — they are 

varieties. But varieties do degenerate: 

Brussels sprouts grown at Malines give 

birth to seeds that yield seedlings quite 

like substances. They seem to be oc- j degenerated ; but those seedlings, recasioned 

by means of a puncture ! made turned to the neighbourhood of Brussels, 

on the under surface, in which a num 

ber of openings are discoverable, penetrating 

into the warts, which are hollow 

and villous within." 

For these the only remedy is to remove 

the insects with the least possible 

delay; and, if the injury is extensive, 

adding water and liquid manure to the 

roots rather more freely, to promote a 

fresh and larger development of the 

leaves. 

Deformities of the stems of trees and 

shrubs arise from another cause—from 

the extension of the woody fibre being 

greater and longer continued on one 

side, it frequently becomes contorted. 

Gardeners usually endeavour to remedy 

this by making an incision on the inner 

side of the curvature, and then employ- 

— 

— 

yield, after two or three generations, 

plants that arc true Brussels sprouts. 

Many varieties of wheat, excellent 

when cultivated in one locality, yield 

seed that produces a different and inferior 

sample in another locality, differing 

in soil and annual meteorological 

phenomena. 

DELIMA. Two species. Stove evergreen 

climbers. Cuttings. Loam, peat, 

and sand. 

DELPHINIUM. Larkspur. Fiflythree 

species, and many varieties. 

\ 

ing force to restore it to 

form, causing a gaping 

a rectilinear 

wound, and 

Hardy perennials and annuals. Division 


DENDROBIUM. Fifty-seven species. 

Stove epiphytes. Division. Turfy peat. 

DEXDROMECON rigidum. Halfhardy 

evergreen shrub. Seed. Common 

soil. 

DENTARIA. Thirteen species. 

mostly failing to attain the object. If Hardy tubers. Division or seed. Sandy 

the incision be made on the outer side moist shaded soil. 

of the curve, thus dividing the woody DESIGN. " Consult the genius of 

fibres that continue to elongate most the place" before you determine upon 

rapidly, the branch or stem, with but your design, is sound advice ; for 

slight assistance, will recover its due gardening, as in all the line arts, nothing 

form, and there will be no open wound. 

" From the fact that there is invari- 

is pleasing that is inappropriate. Mr. 

Whateley, our best authority on such 

ably more woody matter deposited on 

the side of a stem or branch which is 

most exposed to the air and light, gar- 

subjects, truly says, 

" A plain simple field, unadorned 

but with the common rural appendages, 

deners have explained to them why is an agreeable opening ; but if it is 

those sides of their trained trees which extremely small, neithera haystack, nor 

are nearest the wall ripen, as they term a cottage, nor a stile, nor a path, nor 

it, most slowly, and are benefitted by 

being loosened from the wall so soon as 

much less all of them together, will 

give it an air of reality. A harbour, on 

they are relieved from their fruit. 

" If they require any demonstration 

an artificial lake, is but a conceit ; it 

raises no idea of refuge or security, for 

that this explanation is correct, they the lake docs not suggest an idea of 

need only examine the trees in clumps danger : it is detached from the large 

and avenues: their external sides w 

be found to enlarge much more rapidly 

than their internal or most shaded 

sides." Principles of Gard. 

DEGENERATE. A plant is said to 

have degenerated, or to be not of true 

body of water, and yet is in itself but a 

poor inconsiderable basin, vainly affecting 

to mimic the majesty of the sea. 

" When imitative characters in gardening 

are egregiously defective in any 

material circumstance, the truth of the 

stock, when it arises from seed without' others exposes and aggravates the failthe 

good characteristics of the parent, ure. But the art of gardening aspires 

[ III cultivation may render a plant of to more than imitation ; it can create 

altered stature, and its produce of defi- i original characters, and give exprescient 

flavour; but this is not degene- sions to the several scenes superior to

DES 196 DIB 

any they can receive from illusions. 

Certain properties, and certain dispositions 

of the objects of nature, are adapted 

to excite particular ideas and sensations. 

Many of them have been occasionally 

mentioned, and all are very 

well known : they require no discern- 

ment, examination, or discussion, but 

monument revives the memory of former 

times, we do not stop at the simple 

fact which it records, but recollect 

many more coeval circumstances, 

which we see, not perhaps as they 

were, but as they have come down to 

us—venerable with age, and magnified 

by fame. Even without the assistance 

j 

i 

are obvious at a glance, and instanta- of buildings, or other adventitious ciriieously 

distinguished by our feelings, cumstances, nature alone furnishes 

Beauty alone is not so engaging as this materials for scenes which may 'be 

species of character; the impressions adapted to almost every kind of ex- 

it makes are more transient and less in 

leresting ; for it aims only at delighting 

the eye, but the other affects our sensi- 

bility. An assemblage of the most elegant 

forms, in the happiest situations, 

is to a degree indiscriminate, if they 

liave not been selected and arranged 

with a design to produce certain expressions; 

an air of magnificence or of 

simplicity, of cheerfulness, tranquillity, 

or some other general character, ought 

to pervade the whole ; and objects 

pleasing in themselves, if they contradict 

that character, should therefore be 

excluded. Those which are only indifiêrent 

must sometimes make room 

for such as are more significant—may 

occasionally be recommended by it. 

Barrenness itself may be an acceptable 

circumstance in a spot dedicated to solitude 

and melancholy. 

" The power of such characters is 

not confined to the ideas which the objects 

immediately suggest; for these 

are connected with others which insensibly 

lead to subjects far distant 

perhaps from the original thought, and 

related to it only by a similitude in the 

sensations they excite. In a prospect 

enriched and enlivened with inhabitants 

and cultivation, the attention is 

caught at first by the circumstances 

which are gayest in their season—the 

bloom of an orchard, the festivity of a 

liay-field, and the carols of harvestliome; 

but the cheerfulness which these 

infuse into the mind expands afterwards 

to other objects than those immediately 

presented to the eye ; and we are thereby 

disposed to receive, and delighted 

to pursue, a variety of pleasing ideas, 

and every benevolent feeling. At the 

sight of a ruin, reflections on the 

pression ; their operation is general, 

and their consequences infinite. The 

mind is elevated, depressed, or composed, 

as gaiety, gloom, or tranquillity 

prevail in the scene; and we soon lose 

sight of the means by which the character 

is formed. We forget the particular 

objects it presents ; and giving 

way to their eflfects without recurring 

to the cause, we follow the track they 

have begun to any extent which the 

disposition they accord with will al- 

low." 

— 

Whateley. 

DESMANTHUS. Five species.— 

Stove aquatics and evergreens. The 

former by seeds in water ; the latter by 

cuttings in peat and loam. 

DESMOCHCETA. Eight species.— 

Stove and green-house evergreens, and 

herbaceous. Seeds, division or cuttings. 


DESMODIUM. Thirty-two species. 

Chiefly stove evergreens, but a few 

hardy and herbaceous. Cuttings. 

— 


DESMONCHUS. Four species. 

Stove palms. Seed. Sandy peat. 

DEUTZIA scabra. Hardy deciduous 

shrub. Layers and cuttings. Common 

soil. D. corymbosa is a hardy 

evergreen shrub, similarly propagated. 

DEVONSHIRING. See Paring and 

Burning. 

DEWBERRY. Rubus casius. 

DIANELLA. Nine species. Green- 

house tubers. Division and seed. 


DIANTHUS. One hundred species, 

and very many varieties. Chiefly 

hardy herbaceous. Seed and pipings. 

Rich light loam. See Carnation and 

Pink. 

DIAPENSIA lapponica. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division and seed. Peat, 

i change, the decay, and the ^flesolation 

before us naturally occur ; and they DIBBER, or DIBBLE. This instru- 

introduce a long succession of others, 

all tinctured with that melancholy 

which these have inspired. Or, if the 

ment for making holes in which to insert 

seeds or plants, is usually very 

simple in its construction, being at the 

i

Die 197 DI G 

i 

| 

j 

best the head of an old spade-handle. Stove fern. Seed and division. | 

To secure uniformity of depth in plant- loam and leaf-mould, 

ing beans, &c., by tliis instrument, it is DIELYTRA. Nine species, 

Sandy 

Hardy 

useful to have it perforated with lioles herbaceous. Division or seed. Rich 

to receive an iron peg, at two and three light loam 

inches from the point, as in the follow- DIERVILLA lutea. Hardy deciduing 

outline. Fig. 31. It should be ous shrub. Suckers. Common soil. 

DIETES. Three species.Half- Fig. 34. 

hardy herbaceous. Suckers or seed. 

Light loam. 

DIGGING is an operation performed 

with the spade or Ibrk, having for its 

object a loosening of the soil so as to 

render it more fit for the reception of 

seeds or plants. For its correct performance 

Mawc and Abercrombie give 

these directions: 

" Begin at one end of the piece of 

ground, and with your spade open a 

trench quite across, one good spade 

wide and one deep, carrying the earth 

shod with iron ; for if this be kept 

bright it will make holes into which 

the soil will not crumble from the sides. 

The crumbling is induced by the soil's 

adhesion to the dibble. For planting 

potatoes, a dibble with a head three 

inches diameter at the point, six inches 

long up to the foot-rest, and with a 

handle four feet long, is to be preferred. 

For the insertion of seed a dibble 

that delivers the seed has been invented 

by a Mr. Smith. 

DICERMA. Three species. Stove 


peat. 

DICHILUS lebeckioides. Green- 

house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. 

— 


DiCHORIZANDRA. Five species. 

Stove herbaceous. Division or seed. 

Common soil. 

DICHOSMA 

evergreen shrub, 

sand. 

bifida. Green-house 


DICKSONIA. Seven species. Stove 

ferns. Division and seed. Loam and 

peat. 

DICLIPTERA. Eleven species.— 

Chietiy stove evergreen shrubs, but 

two are annuals. The latter are raised 

from seed ; the others from cuttings. 

Light soil, with a little peat. 

DICRYPTA. Four species. Stove 

epiphytes. Offsets. Peat and pot- 

Bherds. 

DICTAMNUS. Three species. 


soil. 

DIDYMOCHL.ENA pulcherrima. — 1 

— 

to the end or place where you finish ; 

then, keeping your face to the opening, 

proceed to dig, one spade deep, regularly 

from one side of the piece to the 

other, turning the spits neatly into the 

trench, and the next course against 

these; and so keep digging straight 

back, spit and spit, still preserving an 

open trench, a good spade width and 

depth, between the dug and undug 

ground, that you may have full room to 

give every spit a clean turn, taking all 

the spits perpendicularly, and not taking 

too much before the spade, especially 

in stiff land, or where the surface is full 

of weeds, or is much dunged; so giving 

every spit a clean turn, the top to the 

bottom and the bottom to the top, that 

the weeds or dung on the surface may be 

buried a due depth, and that the clean 

fresh earth may be turned up. 

"As you proceed break all large 

clods, and preserve an even surface, 

carrying both sides and middle on 

equally, unless one side shall be hollow; 

then carry on the hollow side lirst in a 

kind of gradual sweep, inclining the 

spits of earth rather that way, which 

will gradually raise that side and reduce 

the high one, observing the same if both 

sides are high and the middle hollow, 

or both sides hollow and the middle 

high, always keeping the lower ground 

advancing gradually before the higher; 

by which you will always maintain a 

uniform level, whether horizontal or 

declining. 

" The same should also be observed 

in beginning to dig any piece of ground,

DIG 198 DIG 

that if one corner is much lower than 

another, carry on the lower part somerequired 

to reduce ice or snow from the 

solid to the fluid state. A pound of 

what first, in a kind of easy sweep or snow newly fallen requires an equal 

slanting direction, as far as necessary, weight of water, heated to 172°, to melt 

Likewise, in finishing any pieces of dig- it, and then the dissolved mixture is only 

ging, gradually round upon the lower of the temperature of 32^. Ice requires 

side so as to finish at the highest corner; 

and having digged to the end, or that 

the water to he a few degrees \^ armer, 

to produce the same result. When ice 

part of any piece of ground where you or snow is allowed to remain on the 

intend to finish, then use tiie earth dig- surface, the quantity of heat necessary 

ged out of the first trench to make good to reduce it to a fluid state is obtained 

the last opening equal with the other chiefly from the atmosphere; but when 

ground. In plain digging dunged buried so that the atmospheric heat canground, 

if the dung is quite rotten, you not act directly upon it, the thawing 

may dig clean through, giving each spit must be very slowly effected, by the 

abstraction of heat from the soil by 

a clean turn to bury the dung in the | 

bottom of the trench ; but if you cannot which the frozen mass is surrounded, 

I 

; 

i 

! 

readily dg this, trim the dung a spade's Instances have occurred of frozen soil 

width at a time into the furrow or open not being completely thawed at midtrench, 

and so dig the ground upon it, summer; when so, the air, which fills 

which is rather the most effectual tiie interstices of the soil, will be conmethod, 

whether rotten or long fresh tinually undergoing condensation as it 

dung. 

" In the course 

comes in contact with the cold portions; 

of digging all weeds and, accordingly, the latter will be in a 

that are perennial should be carefully very saturated condition even after they 

picked out, particularly couch-grass and have become thawed.— Card. Chron. 

bear-bind ; for the least bit of either Very few people ever consider in de- 

will grow. But annual weeds, groundtail the expenditure of labour required 

sel, and the like, should be turned down from the gardener when digging. It is 

to the bottom of the trench, where they a labour above all others calling into 

v/ill rot. 

" A man will dig by plain digging of 

exercise the muscles of the human 

frame, and how great is the amount of 

light free-working clean ground, eight, this exercise may be estimated from the 

ten, or twelve rods a day, from six to six, following facts: 

though in some of the light clean ground In digging a square perch of ground 

about London, I have known a man turn in spits of the usual dimensions (seven 

up fifteen or twenty rods a day, from inches by eight inches) the spade has to 

five to seven ; on the other hand, in stiff be thrust in 700 times; and as each 

stubborn soils, a man may work hard spadeful of earth, if the spade pene- 

for six or eight rods in a day of twelve trates nine inches, as it ought to do, 

hours; and that digging by trenches, or will weigh on the average full seventeen 

trenching, if only one spade deep with- pounds, 11,900 pounds of earth have to 

out the crumbs or shovelling at bottom, be lifted, and the customary pay for 

a man will dig almost as much as by doing this is two-pence half-penny. As 

plain digging; or two spades' depth, there are 100 perches or rods in an acre, 

from four to six rods a day may be good in digging the latter measure of ground 

work, though in harsh working ground the garden labourer has to cut out 1 12,digging 

three or four rods per day may 000 spadesful of earth, weighing in the 

be hard work." Most garden soils dig aggregate 17,000 cwt., or 8.50 tons, 

best the day after a fall of rain; and if and during the work he moves over a 

the soil has in its composition a larger distance of fourteen miles. As the 

proportion than usual of clay, the opera- spade weighs between eight and nine 

tion will be faciliated by dipping occa- pounds, he has to lift, in fact, during the 

sionally the spade into water. Most 

gardeners object to digging while snow 

work, half as much more weight than 

that above specified, or 1,278 tons. An 

18 upon the ground, and, as Dr. Lindley 

justly observes, the objection is not 

able-bodied labourer can dig ten square 

perches a day. A four-pronged fork, 

mere prejudice, for experience proves with the prongs twelve inches long, and 

the bad result of the practice. The evil the whole together forming a head eight 

is owing to the great quantity of heat inches wide, is a more efficient tool for 

—

DIG 199 DIS 

' 

I 

j 

; 

digging than the common spade. It DIOMEDEA. Three species. Green- 

requires the exertion of 

| 

less power; house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

breaiis up the soil more efTectually; anil Rich light loam. 

does not clog even when the soil is moist DIOSCOREA. Yam. Five species. 

wet. It is less costly than the spade, Stove tubers. Division. Light rich 

and when worn can be relaid at a less 

expense. 

soil. 

DIOSMA. Twenty-three species. 

DIGITALIS. Twenty-six species. 


soil. 


Peat and sand. 

DIOSPYROS. Twenty-three species. 

DILATRIS. Three species. Green- Chiefly stove evergreen trees, but a few 

house herbaceous. Division or seed. are hardy. Cuttings. Light loam. 

Sandy peat. 

DIPHYLLEIAc]/77!OM. Hardy herb- 

DILL. {Anethum graveolens.) 

Use.— Its leaves and umbels are used 

aceous. Division. Light rich soil. 

DIPHACA cochinchi7iensis. Green- 

in pickling, and the former in soups and house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat 

sauces. 

Soil and Situation.—It may be culti 

and Joani. 

D I P H Y S A carthaginensis. Stove 

vated in any open compartment; but if, evergreen shrub, Cuttings. Sandy 

for seed, a sheltered situation, and a loam and peat, 

soil rather dry than damp, is to be allot- DIPLACUS. Two species. Greented 

for it. 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Rich 

Time of Sowing.— It is best sown im- sandy loam. 

mediately that it is ripe, for if kept out DIPLAZIUM. Nine species. Stove 

of the ground until the spring it often is ferns. Division or seed. Loam and peat, 

incapable of germinating. If neglected DIPLOCOMA villosa. Hardy herbauntil 

the spring, it may be sown from ceous. Seed and division. Common 

the close of February until the commencement 

of May, in drills a foot apart. DIPLOL^.NA dampieri. Greea- 

The plants are to remain where sown, 

as they will not bear removing. When 

of tiiree or four weeks' growth they 

house evergreen shrub. 


DIPLOPAPPUS incanus. 

Cuttings. 

Half-hardy 

must be thinned to about ten inches evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy 

apart; for if not allowed room they 

spindle, their leaves decay, no lateral 

branches are thrown out, and their seed 

loam. 

DIPLOPELTIS hugelii. Green-house 

herbaceous. Young cuttings. Common 

is not so good ; in every stage of growth 

they require to be kept clear of weeds. 

The leaves are fit for gathering as 

DIPLOPHYLLUM veronica forme. 

Hardy annual trailer. Seed. Conimoa 

wanted, and the umbels about July and 

August. In Septembertheir seed ripens, 

soil. 

DIPLOTIIEMIUM. Two species. 

when it must be immediately cut, and 

spread on a cloth to dry, as it is very 

Stove palms. Seed. Rich light loam. 

DIPODWJM punctatum. Stove orchid. 

apt to scatter. 

DILLENIA speciosa. Stove evergreen 

tree. Cuttings. Sandy loam. 

D I L L VV Y N I A. Fifteen species. 

Division. Sandy loam and peat. 

DIPSACUS. Six species. Hardy 

biennials. Seed. Common soil. 

DIPTERIX odorata. Stove ever- 



DINEMA polybulbon. Stove epiphyte. 

Offsets. Peat and postsherds. 

DINETUS paniculata and racemosa. 

green tree. Cuttings. Rich loam. 

DIRCA palustris. Hardy deciduous 

shrub. Layers or seeds. Sandy loam. 

DISA. Twelve species. Green-house 

orchids. Division. Peat, loam, and 

The first a stove perennial ; the second 

a hardy annual twiner. The first by 

sand. 

DISANDRA prostrata. Green-house 

cuttings; the seconds by seed. Rich evergreen trailer. Division or cuttings. 

sandy soil. 

DIODIA. Four species. Stove ever- 


DISBUDDING is the removal, soon 

green 

which 

trailers, 

is hardy 

except D. virginica, 

and deciduous, Cutafter 

they have burst into leaves, oi 

such buds as, if allowed to grow into 

tings. Light soil. 

shoots, would be misplaced. Thus,

DIS 200 DOU 

, 

j 

buds protruded directly in the front of, DISEMMA. Two species. 

branches trained against wails, or fore- evergreen climbers. Cuttings, 

Stove 

Loam 

right shoots, as they are correctly term- and peat. 

ed,and buds that would produce shoots] DISPERIS. Three species. Greenin 

places already sufficiently filled with house orchids, Division. Peat, loam, 

branches, may be removed, or disbudded. 

The object is to strengthen the 

and sand, 

DISPORUM. Two species. Half- 

desirably-placed buds by thus confining hardy herbaceous. Division and seed, 

the expenditure of sap upon them. Peat and loam. 

There is no better mode of aiding a DISSOLENX verticillata. Greenweakly 

plant to a more vigorous and house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich 

robust growth than judicious disbud- light soil. 

! DITTANY. 

DIURIS. j 

ding ; but an over-robust and superluxuriant 

tree had better be allowed to 

Origanum dictamnus. 

Eight species. Green- 

, 

! 

! 

j 

' 

j 

[ 

exhaust itself by a profuse development house orchids. Division. Peat, loam, 

of leaf buds. 

DISCHIDIA. Two species. 

and sand. 

Stove! DODECATHEON. Two species, and 

evergreen trailers. Cuttings. Sandy several varieties. Hardy herbaceous. 

loam. Division. Light loam. See American 

DISEASES. Dr. Good, the distin-| Cowslip. 

guished medical writer, has remarked, DOG-WOOD. Cornus. 

that the morbid affections to which the DOLICHOS. Sixteen species. The 

vegetable part of the creation is liable, two green-house twiners, D. jacquinii 

are almost as numerous as those which; and Ugnosus, are the only two worth 

render decrepid and destroy the animal cultivating. Cuttings. Rich sandy loam, 

tribes. It would be difficult, perhaps, DOLIOCARPUS caZiwca. Stove everwhatever 

system of nosology is follow- green climber. Cuttings. Turfy loam 

ed, to place a finger upon a class of and peat. 

animal physical diseases of which a pa- DOMBEYA. Six species. Stove 

rallel example could not be pointed out evergreen trees. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

among plants. The smut which ravages and peat. 

our corn crops; the mildew which de- DONDIA epipactris. Hardy herba- 

I 

stroys our peas ; the curl that is annually ceous. Seed or division. Loam and 

infecting more destructively our pota- peat. 

j 

toes ; the ambury, or club-root, to which DOODIA. 

t 

' 

cur turnips and other species of brassica house ferns. 

Four species. Green- 

Division and seed. Loam 

are liable; the shanking, or ulceration,! and peat. 

which attacks the stalks of our grapes, DOROXICUM. Nine species. Hardy 

are only a few of the most commonly herbaceous. Division. Common soil, 

observed diseases to which the plants DORTMANNA. Two species. Har- 

dy herbaceous. Division. Peat. 

'. 

I 

i 

[ 

we cultivate are liable. 

Disease is the negation of health ; DORYCNIUM. Eight species. Harand 

as the health of a plant is the cor- dy annual, herbaceous and evergreen, 

rect performance of its functions, dis- Seed. Sandy loam, 

ease may be defined to be an incorrect DOUBLE FLOWERS. Hybridizing, 

performance of the functions. Such aided by cultivation, gives birth to these 

incorrectness arises from four causes— objects of the gardener's care generally 

vital energy declining from old age — , 

| 

, 

i 

| 

j 

'designated double flowers, which are 

parasites—improper food, either in qua- such beauteous ornaments of our borlity 

or quantity—and inauspicious tem- ders and parterres. To the uninitiated 

perature. If these could be all avoided, it seems incredible that the double moss 

a plant might enjoy a vigorous immor- rose should be a legitimate descendant 

tality. Such, however, is not the lot of from the briar; neither do the flowers 

any organized being, and in proportion of the Fair Maid of France appear less 

to the debilitating circumstances are impossible derivatives from those of the 

the nature, the intensity, and final con- Ranunculus platanifalius ; nor bachesequences 

of the disease induced. The lors' buttons from the common butterlittle 

known relative to the diseases cup; yet so they are. Double flowers, 

which infest the gardeners' crops, will as they are popularly called, are more 

correctly discriminated as the full flow- 

be found under their respective titles. '

DOU 201 DOU 

i 

, 

specified elsewhere, those parts reliferous 

flower. [quired for the extra elaboration, are 

The lull flower is a flower with its developed at the expense of those not 

petals augmented in number by the to- demanded for the purpose, 

tal transformation into them of its sta- The chief office of the petals is this 

mens and its pistils. One-petalled preparation of nourishment for the staflowers 

rarely undergo this metamor- mens, and for the 

phosis, but it is very common in those together, usually 

most part they fade 

enduring until imhaving 

many petals, as in the carnation, pregnation has been eff'ected, or has 

ranunculus, rose, and poppy. But this altogether failed. In double flowers, 

er, the multiplicate flower, and the pro- i 

, 

is not the only mode in which a flower too, as was observed by the late Sir J. 

becomes full, for in the columbine (/IgMj- E. Smith, the corolla is much more 

legia) it is effected in three different durable than in single ones of the same 

ways, viz., by the multiplication of pe- species, as anemones and poppies, be- 

cause as he conceived, in such double 

tals to the exclusion of the nectaries; ! 

j 

by the multiplication of the nectaries flowers the natural function not being 

to the exclusion of the petals; and by performed, the vital principle of their 

the multiplication of the nectaries, 

whilst the usual petals remain. 

Radiated flowers, such as the sunflower, 

dahlia, anthemis, and others, 

become full by the multiplication of the 

florets of their rays to the exclusion of 

the florets of their disk. On the contrary, 

various species of the daisy, matricaria, 

&c., become full by the mulplication 

of the florets of the disk. 

corolla is not so soon exhausted. Advantage 

may be taken of this to prolong 

the duration of flowers by cutting away 

the pistils or stamens, whichever are 

least conspicuous, with a sharp pair of 

pointed scissors. 

Although an abundant supply of nourishment 

is absolutely necessary for the 

production of double flowers, it is quite 

as certain that such supply will not of 

a certainty cause their appearance 

1 

The multiplicate flower has its petals 

increased by the conversion of a portion there must be some tendency in the pa- 

i 

of its stamens, or of its calyx, in those rent thus to sport, otherwise the superforms. 

It occurs most frequently in fluity of food will not have the desired 

polypetalous flowers. Linna;us gives influence. That abundance of nourish- 

the only instances I know of the conment is necessary, appears from the fact 

version of the calyx into petals, and that if the double daisy or the double 

these are to be observed in the pink narcissus be grown in a poor soil, they 

(Dianthus caryophyllus), and a few of speedily produce none but single flow- 

^ 

the Alpine grasses. ers yet if they again be restored to a 

; 

[ 

A proliferous flower has another rich soil, they may with care be made to 

flower or a shoot produced from it, as produce an unnatural profusion of petals. 

in the 

known 

variety 

as the 

of the daisy popularly 

hen-and-chickens. It 

Mr. D. Beaton's estimate of a double 

flower is original. He says that cultiva- 

' 

' 

occurs also more rarely in the ranuncu- tion having enlarged all the parts of a 

lus, pink, marigold, and hawkweed. A plant, the constitutional vigour thus objeafy 

shoot often appears in the bosom tamed is transferred to the next genera- 

! 

of the double-blossomed cherry, ane- tion, and to some of the seedlings, in a 

mone, and rose. 

A due supply of moisture, but rather 

measureevengreaterthan that possessed 

by the parent. Extraordinary supplies 

less than the plant most delights in, of nourishment under favourable cir- 

when the production of seed is the de- cumstanccs, invigorate still further the 

race, and so on through many 

' sired object, a superabundant supply of improved 

! 

decomposingorganic matter to its roots, generations. During this time cultivaand 

an exposure to the greatest possible tion produces the very opposite of dou- 

degree of sun-light, are the means sue- ble flowers, and Mr. Beaton thinks it 

cessfully employed to promote that excessive 

development of the petals which 

would continue to do so, if it were pos- 

sible to keep up every member of each 

characterize double flowers. generation to the same degree of health 

By these means a greater quantity of and vigour ; but accidents and diseases 

: sap is supplied to the flower than the 

natural extent of the petal 

overtake 

can elabo- flowers are the produce from the decre- 

I 

rate ; and following the laws of nature pits. Cultivation, according to this idea. 

some of the plants, and double 

;

DOU 202 DRI 

is only indirectly the cause of double 

flowers, and these a retrograde step 

from a high state of development. 

Whether my own opinion or Mr. 

Beaton's be correct, it is quite certain 

that in practice the plants from which 

double-flowered varieties are sought, 

must be kept in the highest state of development 

by supplying them abundantly 

with all the assistance to vigorous 

growth; and when the seed vessels are 

formed, they should be reduced in number 

in order to make the seed in those 

remaining as large and perfect as possible. 

In the course of a few generations, 

seedlings appear, having flowers with an 

excess of petals, and seeds being obtained 

from these, or from other flowers 

impregnated by their stamens, and the 

same high cultivation continued, the 

excess of petals increases and becomes 

a permanent habit. 

DOUCIN STOCK. See Stock. 

DOUGLASIA nivalis. Hardy herbaceous. 

Seed. Peat and sand. 

DRABA. Forty-one species. Hardy 

herbaceous chiefly, and a few annuals. 

Seed. Loam and peat. 

DRACCENA. Twenty-two species. 

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings. 

Sandy loam. 

DRACOCEPHALUM. Twenty species. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous. Division 


DRACOPHYLLUM. Three species. 


Sandy peat. 

DRAGON'S-HEAD. Dracocephalum. 

DRAGON TREE. Draccena draco. 

DRAINING. There is scarcely a garden 

existing that would not be benefited 

by under-draining. Every gardener 

knows the absolute necessity for a good 

drainage under his wall-trees and vines, 

but few gardeners ever think for a moment, 

whether there is any escape and 

out-fall forthe water he has drained from 

immediate contact with the roots of the 

above-named favoured trees. Every 

garden should' have drains cut, varying 

in depth from two to three feet, according 

to the depth of the soil, with an interval 

of twenty-four feet between the 

drains ; 

twelve feet will not be too near 

in clayey soils. At the bottom of the 

drains should be placed one-inch pipes; 

these should be well puddled over, six 

inches deep with clay, and then the 

earth returned. They should have an 

outfall into a ditch, at the least elevated 

— 

side of the garden. By having the 

pipes with a bore no larger than an 

inch, moles cannot creep in, and that 

bore is large enough to carry off" all the 

water, after even the heaviest rains. 

Draining farm-lands has been performed 

to a great extent in England, and with 

most advantageous results: at Lord 

Hatherton's residence, Teddesley Hay, 

in Staff"ordshire, four hundred and sixtyseven 

acres, formerly letting for an 

average rental of ]2s. per acre, were 

all drained for an outlay of 3/. 4s. Id. 

per acre, and their rental now averages 

more than 31s. per acre. 

To plants in pots, good drainage isnot 

less essential than to those in our borders. 

DREPANOCARPUS lunatus. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich loam. 

DRILLING. No crop in the garden 

should be sown broadcast, for drilling 

saves seed and labour; and although in 

some cases it takes more time to insert 

the seed in drills, yet this is more than 

compensated by the time saved during 

the after-culture, for the thinning and 

hoeing are greatly facilitated. 

The distance apart appropriate for 

the drills for particular crops, will be 

they 

found under their respective titles ; 

are usually made with a hoe and line ; 

but for mustard, cress, and other small 

seeds, the drill-rake is often used. The 

teeth are set six inches apart, and are 

broad and coulter formed. When the 

drills are required to be less than six 

inches apart, the implement can be 

worked diagonally. 

DRILL BARROWS, or SEED SOW- 

ERS. " Various have been the contrivances 

for sowing seeds, many having 

the mere merit of ingenuity, without 

practical utility ; because when used 

with adhesive seeds, or those of rough 

form, they clog, and, in consequence, 

sow irregularly. Those now offêred, 

obviate all such objections, being suited 

alike for Turnips, Beets, Onions, Carrots, 

Parsnips, &c. By the use of a 

good Drill, the farmer or gardener can 

save one-half of his seed, (that is, none 

are needlessly sown,) and do the work 

at much less expense, as well as with 

greater rapidity than by the ordinary 

mode of sowing ; as the Drill opens the 

furrow, drops the seed, covers and rolls 

it down." Rural Register. 

A very simple and low-priced Tyrill 

is formed by a tin tube, or hollow cane, 

surmounted by a funnel-like mouth-

DR I 203 DUN 

i 

| 

1 

piece, to receive the seeds. The operater 

holds it in his left hand, directing 

the lower extremity to the line where \ 

he desires the seed to fail, and with the 

fingers of his right hand dropping the | 

DRIMIA. Thirteen species. Greenhouse 

bulbs. Offsets. Sandy loam and 

peat. 

DROSER.\. Nine species. Hardy 

and green-house aquatics. Seeds. Peat 

and water. 

DRUMMONDIA mitelloides. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Peat. 

DRYANDRA. Nineteen species. 


Turfy sandy loam and peat. 

DRYAS. Four species. Hardy evergreen 

trees. Seed and cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

DRYMONIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen climbers. Cuttings. Rich 

sandy loam. 

D R Y P E T E S CTOcea. Stove evergreen 


peat. 

DUYPIS spinosa. Hardy evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings and seed. Sandy peat 

and loam. 

DRY-STOVE is a hot-house devoted 

to the culture of such plants as require 

a high degree of heat, but a drier atmosphere 

than the tenants of the barkstove. 

Consequently, fermenting materials 

and open tanks of hot-water are 

inadmissible; but the sources of heat 

are either steam or hot-water pipes, or 

flues. Sec Stove. 

DUM.\SIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings. 

Peat and sandy loam. 

DU.MB-CANE Caladium sequinum. 

DUMERILIA paniculata. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Common 

soil. 

seeds into the funnel at the required 

rapidity—a little practice enables the 

sower to pass over the ground with 

speed, and 

gularity. 

perform the work with re- 

Fig. 35. 

— 

DUNG. Under this title our attention 

must be confined to the fijeces and 

urines of animals, and that one most 

common compound, stable dung. 

Night-soil is the richest of the manures 

to be arranged under this head. 

It is composed of human fceces and 

urine, of which the constituents are aa 

follows : 

F^CES. 

Water 73.3 

Vegetable and animal remains 7 

Bile 0.9 

Albumen 0.9 

Peculiar and extractive matter 1.2 

Salts (carbonate of soda,~ 

common salt, sulphate of I 

soda, ammonia-phosphate > 2.7 

of magnesia, and phosphate 

of lime) 

Insoluble residue ... 7 14.0 

URINE. 

Urate of ammonia . . . 0.298 

Sal-ammoniac . • . . 0.459 

Sulphate of potash . . . 2.112 

Chloride of potassium . . 3.674 

sodium (com-) ,: ncn 

mon salt) t 

Phosphate of soda . . . 4.267 

lime . . . 0.209 

Acetate of soda .... 2.770 

Urea and colouring matter 23.640 

Water and lactic acid . . 47.511 

After stating the above analyses in 

his excellent work, ''On Fertilizers," 

Mr. Cuthbert Johnson proceeds to observe 

that, " The very chemical compo-

— 

DUN 204 DUN 

sition, therefore, of this compost would 

indicate the powerful fertilizing effects 

which it is proved to produce. The 

mass of easily soluble and decomposable 

animal matters and salts of ammonia 

with which it abounds, its phosphate 

of lime, its carbonate of soda, are all, 

by themselves, excellent fertilizers, and 

must afford a copious supply of food to 

plants. 

" The disagreeable smell may be destroyed 

by mixing it with quicklime; and 

if exposed to the atmosphere in thin layers 

in fine weather, and mixed with 

quicklime, it speedily dries, is easily 

pulverized, and in this state may be used 

in the same manner as rape cake, and 

men salt, phosphate of lime, and sul 

phate of soda. 

cow URINE. 

Water 66 

Phosphate of lime . . . 

Chloride of potassium, and 

sal-ammoniac . . 

Sulphate of potash . 

Carbonate of potash . 

Urea 

ammonia 

:} 

" One thousand parts of dry wheat 

straw being burnt, yielded M. Saussure 

forty-eight parts of ashes ; the same 

quantity of the dry straw of barley 

forty-two parts of ashes. The 

portion dissipated by the fire would be 

From the experiments of M.Schubler!P'''"'=]P»l'y '=^'•^0". (charcoal,) carbu- 

yielded ! derivered""int7"the fJrrow" with' "the 

gggj ,, j 

and others, the relative value of night- ! 

soil is as follows: 

— 

— 

" If a given quantity of the land sown 

without manure yields three times the 

seed employed, then the same quantity 

of land will produce five times the 

quantity sown when manured with old 

herbage, putrid grass or leaves, garden 

stuff, &c. ; seven times with cow-dung ; 

nine times with pigeon's dung; ten 

times with horse-dung; twelve times 

with human urine ; twelve times with 

goat's dung ; twelve times with sheep's 

dung ; and fourteen times with human 

manure, or bullock's blood. But if the 

land be of such quality as to produce 

without manure five times the sown 

quantity, then the horse-dung manure 

will yield fourteen, and human manure 

— 

HORSE URINE. 

Water and mucus .... 9.4 

Carbonate of lime .... 1.1 

soda .... 0.9 

Hippurate of soda .... 2.4 

Chloride of potassium . . . 0.9 

Urea 0.7 

But besides the above, it contains com- 1 

— 

— 

!''^"*^.'i hydrogen, gas, and water; one 

hundred parts of these ashes are composed 


Various soluble salts, princi-) 

principally 

carbonate and id sul-S- 221 

phate of potash 

Phosphate of lime (earthy) 

salt of bones) .... J 

"^ 

Chalk (carbonate of lime) . . 1 

Silica (flint) 

61i 

Metallic oxide (principally) - 

iron) 

, 

J 

.' Loss 7l 

" The straw of barley contains the 

same ingredients, only in rather different 

proportions. 

" The solid excrements of a horse 

fed on hay, oats, and straw, contain, 

nineteen and two-thirds the sown quan- according to the analysis of M. Zierl, 

tity." Johnson^s Fertilizers. 

in 1000 parts 

Fowl Durag-, if composed partly of that 

of the duck, which is a gross feeder, is 

nearly equal to guano. This, and that 

of the pigeon contain much ammonia, 

and all abound in phosphate of lime, 

mixed with decomposing organic matters 

and uric acid, all highly valuable 

as fertilizers. 

Stable or Farm-yard Dung is usually 

composed of the following matters: 

: 

Water 698 

Picromel and salts .... 20 

Bilious and extractive mat-) ,~ 

ter . . . . 

Green matter, albumen,) 

63 

mucus, &c. . 

Vegetable fibre, and re-j 

202 

mains of food 

" These, when burnt, yielded to the 

same chemist sixty parts by weight of 

ashes, which were composed of 

Carbonate, sulphate, 

— 

and) c 

muriate of soda . . . ^ 

Carbonate and phosphate) ^ 

oflirae 

J 

Silica 46" 

Journ. Roy. Agr. Soc, Vol. I. p 4S9.

— — 

DUN 205 DUN 

Mr. Cutlibert Jolinson, after giving 

these analyses in his work already 

quoted, observes further, that, " the 

fa;ces of cattle fed principally on turnips 

have been analysed by M. Einhof; 

100 parts evaporated to dryness yielded 

28.^ parts of solid matter; the 7U parts 

lost in drying would consist principally 

of water and some ammoniacal salts. 

In half a pound, or 3,840 grains, he 

tbund 45 grains of sand ; and by diffusing 

it through water, he obtained 

about 600 grains of a yellow fibrous 

matter, resembling that of plants, 

mixed with a very considerable quantity 

of slimy matter. By evaporating 

faeces to dryness, and then burning 

them, he obtained an ash, which contained, 

besides the sand, the following 

substances : 

Lime 12. 

Phosphate of lime .... 12.5 

Magnesia 2. 

Iron 5. 

Alumina, with some manga-) . 

nese 

Silica 

J 

52. 

Muriate and sulphate of) . „ 

potash 5 

" The ingredients of which the urine 

and fa;ces of cattle are composed, will 

of course differ slightly in different 

animals of the same kind, and according 

to the different food upon which 

they are fed ; but this difference will 

not in any case be found very material. 

" The excrements of the sheep have 

been examined by Block ; according 

to him, every 100 lbs. of rye-straw 

given as fodder to sheep yield 40 lbs. 

of excrements (fluid and solid) ; from 

100 lbs. of hay, 42 lbs.; from 100 lbs. 

of potatoes, 13 11)s. ; from 100 lbs. of 

green clover, 8^ lbs.; and from 100 lbs. 

of oats, 49 lbs. of dry excrement. The 

solid excrements of sheep fed on hay, 

were examined by Zierl ; 1,000 parts 

by weight being burned, yielded 96 

parts of ashes, which were found to 

consist of 

Carbonate, sulphate, and) 

muriate of soda . . . j 

— 

. 

,p 

Carbonate and phosphate of) -^ 

'^^ 

lime J 

Silica 60 

" One hundred parts of the urine of 

sheep kept at grass, contained 

Water 96. 

Urea, albumen, &c. . . . 2.8 

Salt of potash, soda, lime,) 

and magnesia, &c. . . 

—Journ. Roy. Agr. Soc. 

J 

1.2" 

There have been many arguments 

and much difference of opinion among 

cultivators with regard to the advantage 

of employing dung in a fresh or 

in a putrid state, and as is too often the 

case, both parties have run into extremes, 

the one side contending for 

the propriety of employing it quite 

fresh from the farm-yard, the other 

contending that it cannot well be too 

rotten. 

The mode employed by Lord Leicester, 

is the medium between these equally 

erroneous extremes. He found that 

the employment of the fresh dung certainly 

made the dung go much farther ; 

but then a multitude of the seeds of 

various weeds were carried on to the 

land along with the manure. He has 

therefore since used liis compost when 

only in a half putrefied state, (called 

short dung by farmers,) and hence the 

seeds are destroyed by the eftects of 

the putrefaction, and the dung still extends 

much farther than if suffered to 

remain until quite putrefied. Putrefaction 

cannot go on without the presence 

of moisture. Where water is entirely 

absent, there can be no putrefaction ; 

and hence many farmers have adopted 

the practice of pumping the drainage of 

their farm-yards over their dung heaps ; 

others invariably place them in a low 

damp situation. This liquid portion 

cannot be too highly valued by the 

cultivator. The soil where a dunghill 

has lain in a field is always distinguished 

by a rank luxuriance in the 

succeeding crop, even if the earth beneath, 

to the depth of six inches, is 

removed and spread with the dunghill. 

The controversy, too, which once so 

keenly existed, as to the slate of fermentation 

in which dung should be 

used on the land, has now pretty well 

subsided. There is no doubt but that 

it cannot be applied more advantageously 

tlian in as fresh a state as 

possible, consistent with the attainment 

of a tolerably clean husbandry, 

and the destruction of the seeds of 

weeds, grubs, &c., which are always 

more or less present in farm-yard dung. 

These are the only evils to be appre-

— 

DUN 206 DUN 

hended from the desirable employment 

of this manure in the freshest state ; 

for otherwise the loss of its most valuable 

constituents commences as soon as 

fermentation begins. This was long 

since demonstrated by Davy, whose 

experiments I have often seen repeated 

and varied. He says, " I filled a large 

retort capable of containing three pints 

of water with some hot fermenting 

manure, consisting principally of the 

litter and dung of cattle. I adapted a 

small receiver to the retort, and connected 

the whole with a mercurial 

pneumatic apparatus, so as to collect 

the condensible and elastic fluids which 

might arise from the dung. The receiver 

soon became lined with dew, 

and drops began in a few hours to 

trickle down the sides of it. Elastic 

fluid likewise was generated ; in three 

days thirty-five cubical inches h&d been 

formed, which when analyzed were 

mixture. " It is customary," he adds, 

" to keep the fattening neat cattle in 

yards by themselves, and the manure 

thus produced is of good quality, because 

the excrement of such cattle is 

richer than that of lean ones. Fattening 

cattle are fed with oil cake, corn, 

Swedish turnips, or some other food, 

and the refuse and waste of such food 

thrown about the yard increases the 

value; it also attracts the pigs to the 

yard. These rout the straw and dung 

about in search of grains of corn, bits of 

Swedish turnips, and other food ; by 

which means the manure in the yard 

becomes more intimately mixed, and is 

proportionally increased in value. The 

feeding troughs and cribs in the yard 

should for obvious reasons be shifted 

frequently. 

" The horse-dung," continues Blake, 

" is usually thrown out at the stable 

doors, and there accumulates in large 

heaps. It is sometimes spread a little 

about, but more generally not at all, 

unless where necessary for the convenience 

of ingress and egress, or perhaps 

to allow the water to drain away from 

the stable door. Horse-dung lying in 

found to contain twenty-one cubical 

inches of carbonic acid ; the remainder 

was hydro-carburet, mixed with some 

azote, probably no more than existed 

in the common air in the receiver. 

The fluid matter collected in the receiver 

at the same time amounted to heaps very soon ferments and heats to 

nearly half an ounce. It had a saline an excess, the centre of the heap is 

taste and a disagreeable smell, and con- charred or burned to a dry white subtained 

some acetate and carbonate of stance, provincially termed fire-fanged. 

ammonia. Finding such products given 

off from fermenting litter, I introduced 

the beak of another retort filled with 

Dung in this state loses from fifty to 

seventy-five per cent, of its value. The 

diligent and attentive farmer will guard 

similar dung very hot at the time, in the against such profligate waste of property 

soil amongst the roots of some grass in by never allowing the dung to accumu- 

the border of a garden. In less than a 

week a very discernible effect was produced 

on the grass, upon the spot exlate 

in any considerable quantity at the 

stable doors. The dung from the feeding 

hog-sties should also be carted and 

posed to the influence of the matter 

disengaged in fermentation ; it grew 

M'ith much more luxuriance than the 

spread about the store cattle yard in 

the same manner as the horse-dung. 

" The heat produced by the ferment- 

grass in any other part of the garden." 

Lectures. 

Nothing, indeed, appears at first sight 

so simple as the manufacture and collection 

of farm yard dung, and yet there 

ation of the dung of different animals 

has been made the subject of repeated 

experiment. When the temperature of 

the air was 40^, that of common farmyard 

dung was 70^; a mixture of lime, 

are endless sources of error into which 

the cultivator is sure to fall, if he is not 

ever vigilant in their management. The 

late Mr. Francis Blake, in his valuable 

dung, and earth, 55=> ; swine and fowl's 

dung, 85°." — Farmer's Magazine, 

Johnson^s Fertilizers. 

" The quality of farm-yard compost 

tract upon the management of farmyard 

manure, dwells upon several of 

naturally varies with the food of the 

animals by which it is made : that from 

these; he particularly condemns the 

practice of keeping the dung arising 

the cattle of the straw-yard is decidedly 

the poorest, that from those fed on oil- 

from different descriptions of animals cake, corn, or Swedes, the richest. Of 

in separate heaps or departments, and stable dung, that from corn-fed horses 

applying them to the land without inter- is most powerful, from those subsisting

— 

DUR 207 

w 

ECU 

on straw anil hay the poorest; the ous proportions j : 

I 

! 

j 

j 

! 

Silica, or pure flint 

difference between the fertilizing effects Alumina, or pure clay; Lime, combined 

of the richest and the inferior farm-yard with carbonic acid in the state of chalk ; 

dung is much greater tlian is commonly and Magnesia. See Soil. 

believed ; in* many instances the dis- EARTHING-UP, or drawing the soil 

parity exceeds one-half; thus that pro- in a ridge to the stems of plants, 13 

duced by cattle fed upon oil-cake is beneficial to fibrous-rooted plants, by 

fully equal in value to double the reducing the distance from the surface 

quantity fed upon turnips. Hence the of the extremities of the plant's roots ; 

superior richness of the manure of by inducing the production of rootlets 

fattening swine to that of pigs in a lean from the stem ; and sheltering the 

j 

\ 

| 

j 

; 

j 

; 

, 

' 

state, and the far superior strength of winter standing crops, for the closer 

night-soil to any manure produced from the foliage of these are to the earth the 

merely vegetable food. Chemical ex- less is the reduction of heat from the 

aminations are hardly necessary to latter, either by radiation 

prove these facts. Every farmer who with the colder air. 

or contact 

has had stall-fed cattle will testify to 

their truth; every cultivator will readily 

But to tuberous-rooted plants, as the 

potato, it is detrimental. In my experi- 

acknowledge the superiority of ' townments it reduced the produce onemade,' 

that is, corn-produced stable fourth. Many farmers who cultivate 

dung, """B5 to ' that "•• from >"•' horses ..v,.»ô fed .V,V. only on the potato extensively, do so with the 

^...J 

„ -^ 

_, -- -- 

, 

hay and straw, and that night-soil is far horse-hoe alone, no longer using the 

superior in strength to either. The plough to earth-up, as was formerly the 

relative (juantities employed by the universal practice, and is now with 

cultivator betray the same fact, for on those who never profit by experience, 

the soils where'he applies twenty loads EARWIG. Forficula auricularis. 

of good farm-yard compost per acre, he This destroyer of the peach, apricot, 

'""'

— 

ECH 208 END 

• 

i 

i 

ECHINOPS. Sixteen species. Hardy 


ECHITES. Twenty-one species. 

Chiefly stove evergreen twiners. Cutings. 


ECHIUM. Fifty-eight species. 

ELiEODENDRON. Five species. 

Green-house and stove evergreen 

slirubs. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

ELAPHRIUM glabrum. ^ Stove evergreen 


ELATE sylvestris. A stove palm. 

Hardy and green-house shrubs and annuals. 

Layers and cuttings, or seeds. 


EDGING. This for the kitchen-garden 

Suckers. Rich loam. 

ELATER. See Wire- worm. 

ELDER {Sambucus). Common black 

elder (S. nigra), of which there are 

and all other places where neatness, not several varieties, viz., black-berried, 

ornament, is the object, may consist of) white-berried, green-berried, parsleyuseful 

herbs, the strawberry &c. As an leaved, gold-striped, silver-striped, and 

ornamental edging nothing can compare 

with the dwarf Box, especially in light 

soils. On heavy low lands it suffers 

silver-dusted, 

ELEVATION. See Altitude. 

ELICHRYSUM. Forty-five species. 

during winter and may, perhaps, be Chiefly green-house evergreen shrubs 

totally destroyed; in such situations and deciduous perennials. 

grass may be used, though it is trouble- Peat and sandy loam. 

some to keep in order. 

Cuttings, 

Fig. 36. 

EDGING KNIFE. This tool , fitted 

to a straight handle, is used for paring 

the edges of grass bordering walks, 

&c., and cutting the outlines of sods, 

which may be then readily raised by 

the spade. Rural Reg. 

EDWARDSIA. Six species. Halfhardy 

shurbs. Cuttings. Sandy peat. 

EGG-BEARER. Solanum origenum. 

EGG-SHELLS. See Animal Matters. 

EGLANTINE. See Sweet Briar. 

EGYPTIAN LOTUS. Nymphcea 

lotus. 

EGYPTIAN THORN. Acacia vera. 

EHRETIA. Eleven species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs and trees. Cuttings. 


EKEBERGIA capensis. Greenhouse 

evergreen tree. 

and peat. 

Cuttings. Loam 

ELÂGNUS. Seven species. Hardy 

or green-house trees and shrubs, except 

E. latifolia, which is a stove shrub. 

Layers or cuttings. Light soil. 

ELAIS. Four species. Stove palms. 

Suckers. Rich sandy loam. 

EL^.OCARPUS. Five species. 

Stove or green-house trees or shrubs. 


ELLIOTTIA racemnsa. Half-hardy 

evergreen shrub. Layers. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

ELLRBOCARPUS oleraceus. Stove 

fern. Division. Loam. 

ELISENA longipetala. Stove bulb. 

Offsets. Sandy loam and leaf-mould. 

ELM (Ulmus). 

ICLM BEETLE. See Scolytus. 

EMBLICA. Two species. Stove 


sand. 

EMBOTHRIUM stroUlinum. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat. 

ENCP.LIA. Two species. Greenhouse 


Loam. 

ENDIVE {Cichorium endivia). 

Varieties. — The green-curled, the 

only one cultivated for the main crops, 

as it best endures wet and cold ; the 

white-curled, chiefly grown for summer 

and autumn ; the broad-leaved, or Batavian, 

is preferred for soups and stews, 

but is seldom used for salads. 

Soil and situation.—Endive delights 

in a light, dry, but rich soil, dug deep, 

as well for the free admission of its taproot 

as to serve as a drain for any superabundant 

moisture. This should be 

especially attended to for the winter 

standing crops, for which, likewise, if 

the soil or substratum is retentive, it is 

best to form an artificial bed by laying 

a foot in depth of mould on a bed of 

brickbats, stones, &c., as excessive 

moisture, in conjunction with excessive 

cold, is in general fatal to this plant. 

The situation should be open, and free 

from the influence of trees.

— 

END 209 END 

Time and mode of sowing.—For a 

first crop about the middle of April, to 

be repeated in May, but only in small 

portions, as those which are raised before 

June, soon advance to seed. To- 

wards the middle of this month the first 

to be con- 

main crop may be inserted ; 

tinued in the course of July, and lastly 

early in August ; and in tiiis month the 

main plantation is made. The seed 

is sown then in drills twelve inches 

frames, mats, or thick coverings of litter, 

during severe and very wet weather 

; but to be carefully uncovered 

during mild dry days. The plants, in 

this instance, are not required to be 

further apart than six or eight inches. 

This plan may be followed in open days 

during December and January, by which 

means a constant supply may be obtained. 

Instead of being planted in the 

, 

1 

| 

above manner on a terrace, it is someapart, 

and about half an inch below the times practised to take the plants on a 

surface. The plants speedily make dry day, and, the leaves being tied totheir 

appearance. When an inch in gether, to lay them horizontally in the 

height ihey should be thinned to three earth down to the tip of the leaves; 

or four inches apart : those taken away this accelerates the blanching, but 

are too small to be of any service if otherwise is far more subject to failure. 

pricked out. The bed must be kept As the number necessary for a family 

clear of weeds from the first appearance is but small, but few should be planted 

of the plants until they are removed. 

To promote their arrival at a fit size for 

at a time. 

Blanching. — About three months 

performing this operation, water should elapse between the time of sowing and 

be given occasionally in dry weather. 

When the larger seedlings have been 

the fitness of the plants for blanching. 

This operation, if conducted properly, 

transplanted, the smaller ones which 

remain may be cleared of weeds and 

have a gentle watering ; by which treat- 

ment, in twelve or fourteen days, they 

will have attained a sufficient size to 

afford a second successional crop; and, 

by a repetition of this management, in 

general a third. The plants are generally 

fit for transplanting when of a 

month's growth in the seed-bed ; but 

a more certain criterion is, that when 

of five or six inches' height they are of 

the most favourable size. 

Plantinjr.—They must be set in rows 

twelve or fifteen inches apart each way : 

the Batavian requires the greatest space. 

Some gardeners recommend them to be 

set in trenches or drills three or four 

inches deep. This mode is not detrimental 

in summer and dry weather; 

but in winter, when every precaution 

is to be adopted for the prevention of 

decay, it is always injurious. 

will be completed in from ten to fourteen 

days in summer, or in three or 

four weeks in winter. To blanch the 

plants it is the most common practice 

to tie their leaves together, to place 

tiles or pieces of board upon them, or 

to cover them with garden-pots; whilst 

some recommend their leaves to be tied 

together, and then to be covered up to 

their tips with mould, making it rise to 

an apex, so as to throw off excessive 

rains. All these methods succeed iu 

dry seasons ; but in wet ones the plants, 

treated according to any of them, are 

liable to decay. 

The one which succeeds best in all 

seasons is to fold the leaves round the 

heart as much as possible in their natural 

position; and being tied together 

with a shred of bass-mat, covered up 

entirely with coal-ashes in the form of 

a cone, the surface being rendered firm 

and smooth with the trowel. Sand will 

Water must .. be „„ given ^ moderately 

^ ^^.j I"-) do, but "•- ashes "-••--- are — equally -^1 J unretentive 

^-^— • 

of moisture, whilst they are much supe 

every evening uutil the plants are esta- j 

blished, after which it is not at all requisite, 

except in excessive and protracted 

drought. Those which arc left 

in the seed-bed, if the soil is at all favourable, 

in general attain a finer 

growth than those that have been 

rior in absorbing heat, which is so beneficial 

in the hastening of the process. 

If the simple mode of drawing the 

leaves together is adopted to effect this 

etiolation, they must be tied very close, 

and, in a week after the first tying, a 

moved. In November some plants that second ligature must be passed round 

have attained nearly their full size may 

be removed to the south side of a slopthe 

middle of the plant to prevent the 

heart-leaves bursting out. A dry aftering 

bank of dry light earth, raised one noon, when the plants are entirely free 

or two feet behind : 

14 

to be protected by i from moisture, should be selected,

ENG 210 ENG 

whichever mode is adopted for this 

concluding operation. 

A very excellent mode is to spread 

over the surface of the bed about an 

inch in depth of pit-sand, and covering 

each plant with a small pot made of 

earthenware, painted both within and 

on the outside to exclude the wet—that 

worst hindrance of blanching. To avoid 

this, the pots should be taken off daily 

for a quarter of an hour, and their insides 

wiped dry. A common garden-pot 

will do if the hole be closely stopped; 

but a sea-kale pot in miniature, is to 

be preferred ; and if made of zinc or 

other metal, it would be better, because 

not porous and admissive of moisture. 

— 

Juhnson''s Gard. Almanack. 

To obtain Seed. — The finest and 

soundest plants should be selected of 

the lastplantation, and which most agree 

with the characteristics of the respective 

varieties. For a small family three 

or four plants of each variety will produce 

sufficient. These should be taken 

in March, and planted beneath a south 

fence, about a foot from it and eighteen 

inches apart. As the flower-stem advances 

it should be fastened to a stake; 

or, if they are placed beneath palings, 

by a string, to be gathered 

Fi'T. 37. as the seed upon it ripens r 

for if none are gathered 

Tjg, 

until the whole plant is 

changing colour, the first 

ripened and best seed will 

have scattered and be lost, 

so wide is the difference 

of time between the several 

branches of the same 

plant ripening their seed. 

Each branch must be laid, 

as it is cut, upon a cloth in 

the sun ; and when perfectly 

dry, the seed beaten 

out, cleansed, and stored. 

ENGINE. This name is 

applied to many contrivances 

for supplying water 

to platUs. 

1. The pump-syringe, or 

syringe-engine, (Fig. 37), 

can be supplied with water 

from a common bucket, 

from which it sucks the 

water tiirough a perforated 

base. The handle is 

sometimes made to work 

like that of the common 

pump. 

2. The barrow watering-engine (Fig. 

38) is represented in the figure below. 

It will throw the jet of water to a distance 

of forty or fifty feet, or somewhat 

less if a rose is upon the end of the delivery-pipe. 

It holds from twenty to 

thirty gallons of water; but may be 

made, with a leather-hose attached, to 

communicate with a pond or other 

reservoir of water. 

Fig. 38. 

3. The curved barrel-engine (Fig. 39) 

is excellent; for the barrel, piston-rods, 

&c., being so constructed as to be turned 

on a lathe, they are so accurate that 

there is the least possible loss of power, 

either from unnecessary friction or from 

an imperfect vacuum. 

Fig. 39. 

Another garden engine of still greater 

power, is illustrated by the annexed 

drawing (Fig. 40) ; it is somewhat more 

costly than those in general use, but 

may be used for a variety of purposes, 

and in some cases might be used to 

i

ENK 211 ENT 

Fig. 40. 

protect property from fire. They are 

of various patterns and power. Some of 

them, worked by a single arm, cast the 

water fifty to sixty feet high. 

E N K i A N T H U S. Two species. 



ENTADA. Five species. Stove evergreen 

climbers. Cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

ENTELEA. Two species. Greenhouse 


Loam and sandy peat. 

ENTRANCES. Upon these parts of 

a residence, which should give a first 

and appropriate impression, Mr. VVhateley 

has these just remarks : 

"The road which leads up to the 

door of the mansion may go off from it 

! 

I 

in an equal angle, so that tiie two sides it may wind through several scenes dis- 

shall exactly correspond ; and certain tinguished by objects, or by an extraor- 

ornaments, though detached, are yet dinary degree of cultivation : and then 

rather within the province of architec- the length of the way, and the variety 

ture than of gardening ; works of sculp- of improvements through which it is 

ture are not, like buildings, objects conducted, may extend the appearance 

familiar in scenes of cultivated nature ; 

but vases, statues, and termini, are 

ofdomain and the idea of a seat, beyond 

the reach of any direct avenue. A 

usual appendages to a considerable edi- narrow vista, a mere line of perspective, 

fice : as such, they may attend the man- be the extent what it may, will seldom 

sion, and trespass a little upon the gar- compensate for the loss of that space 

den, provided they are not carried so which it divides, and of the parts which 

far into it as to lose their connexion 

with the structure. The platform and 

it conceals. 

"Regularity was, however, once 

the road are also appurtenances to the thought essential to every garden and 

house ; all these may, therefore, be every approach ; and it yet remains in 

adapted to its form ; and the environs many. It is still a character denoting 

will thereby acquire a degree of regu- 1 

| 

larity ; but to give it to the objects of 

nature, only on account of their proximity 

to others which are calculated to 

receive it, is, at the best, a refinement. 

" Upon the same principles regularity 

has been required in the approach; 

and an additional reason has been assigned 

for it, that the idea of a seat is 

thereby extended to a distance ; but 

that may be by other means than by an 

avenue ; a private road is easily known; 

if carried through grounds, or a park, 

it is commonly very apparent ; even in 

a lane, here and there a bench, a painted 

gate, a small plantation, or any other 

little ornament, will sufficiently denote 

it. If the entrance only be marked, 

simple preservation will retain the impression 

along the whole progress ; or 

the neighbourhood of a gentleman's

— 

EPA 212 EllP 

habitation ; and an avenue, as an object EREMURUS spectabilis. Hardy her- 

in a view, gives to a house, otherwise baceous. Division. Common soil, 

inconsiderable, the air of a mansion. ERIA. Twelve species. Stove 

Buildings which answer one another at epiphytes. Division. Peat and potthe 

entrance of an approach, or on the sherds. 

bides of an opening, have a similar ERICA, Heath. Four hundred and 

effect ; they distinguish at once the ninety-five species, besides very many 

precincts of a seat from the rest of the varieties. Most of them green-house, 

country. Some pieces of sculpture, but a large number are hardy, and are all 

also, such as vases and termini, may evergreen. Cuttings or layers. Sandy 

perhaps now and then be used to extend peat. See Heath. 

the appearance of a garden beyond its ERIGERON. Forty species. Hardy 

limits, and to raise the mead in which herbaceous and annuals. Division or 

they are placed above the ordinary im- seed. Common soil, 

provements of cultivated nature. At! ERINUS. Five species. Green- 

other times they may be applied as house evergreens, and hardy herbace- 

[ 

: 

[ 

ornaments to the most polished lawns ; ous. Division or seed. Sandy loam, 

the traditional ideas we have conceived ERIOBOTRYA. 

ofArcadian scenes correspond with such hardy 

| 

i 

'• 

Two species. Half- 

evergreen trees. Cuttings, seed, 

decorations; and sometimes a solitary and grafting on the white-thorn. Leaf 

urn, inscribed to the memory of a per- and peat mould. 

son now no more, but who once fre- ERIOCEPHALUS. Five species, 

quented the shades where it stands, is Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cut- 

an object equally elegant and interest- I tings. Sandy loam and peat, 

ing. ERIOCOMA. Two species. Half- 

' 

' 

' 

j 

\ 

\ 

' 

; 

" The occasions, however, on which hardy evergreen shrubs. 

we may with any propriety trespass Common soil. 

beyond'the limits of cultivated nature, ERIODENDRON. Four 

Cuttings, 

species, 

are very rare ; the force of the charac- Stove evergreen shrubs. Seed. Rich 

tercan alone excuse the artifice avowed loam and sandy peat, 

in expressing it." Whateley. ERIOGONUM. Five species. Hardy 

EPACRIS. Eighteen species. Green- [herbaceous. Seed. Loam and peat, 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings.— ERIOL.T.NA. Two species. Green- 

; 

Sandv peat. house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

EPIDENDRUM. Sixty-eight species. Sandy peat. 

Stove epiphytes. Offsets. Peat and' ERIOPHYLLUM. Two species, 

'' 

potsherds 

H'U'dv. Division. Common soil. 

EPIg"(EA. Two species. Hardy' ERIOSOMA. A genus of insects 

evergreen trailers. Layers. Sandv peat 

nearly synonymous with ApMs. 

' 

and loam 

-^^ Î'saria. Poplar Louse. 

E P I L B I U M. Seventeen species. ^- lanigera. See American Blight. 

Hardy herbaceous. Seed or division. ERIOSPERNUM. Eight species. 

Common Green-house bulbs. Suckers. Sandy 

soil. 

EPIMEDIUM. Five species. Hardy P^-it. 

' 

herbaceous. Division. Sandy peat. ERIOSTEMON. Ten species. Green- 

„r.T„ , „rT,io rru house TLi evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

1 EPIPACTIS. Three species. Hardy = ° 


orchids. Division. Sandy peat and 

ERISMA floribunda. Stove ever- 

loam. 

green shrub. Cuttings. Peat and 

EPIPHYLLUM. Eleven species. 

loam. 

Stove evergreen cactacea;. Cuttings. 

ERITHALIS. Two species. Stove 

Sandy loam. 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Rich loam 

EPIPHYTES grow upon other plants, 

and peat. 

but, unlike parasites, do not extract 

ERNODEA montana. Half-hardy 

from them nourishment. 

evergreen trailer. Division. Gravelly 

ERANTHEMUM. Eleven species. soil. 

Stove and green-house evergreen ERODIUM. Twenty-seven species, 

shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy peat. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous. Division. 

ERANTHIS. Two species. Hardy Common soil. 

tubers. Offsets. Sandy loam. 

ERPETION. Two species. HalP- 

i

ER Y 213 ERY 

hardy evergreen creepers. Division. 

Sandy peat. 

ERYNGIUM. Thirty-four species. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous. Division or 

seed. Common soil. 

ERYTHRyEA. Eleven species. 

Chiefly hardy annuals. Seed or divi- 

brick rubbish at least six inches thick ; 

over that lay some small sticks, leaves, 

or moss, to prevent the soil from getting 

into the drainage, and in filling up, 

raise the bed six inches above the level 

of the surrounding soil— with a compost 

consisting of rich turfy loam, leaf- 

' 

j 

' 

| 

I 

sion accordingly, as they are annuals or 

perennials. Loam 

ERYTHRINA. Thirty-five species, 

mould, and turfy peat, in the proportion 

of two parts of the former to one of 

each of thclatter ; to which sandstone 

Chiefly 

trees. 

stove evergreen shrubs 

Cuttings. Loam, peat, 

and 

and 

or porous bricks, broken to the size of 

large eggs, may be added to the extent 

leaf-mould, in equal proportions of one-eighth of the whole mass. This 

E. crista-gain. Coral Tree. Is one mixture will never become solid, on 

of the most beautiful of this genus, and the contrary, it will always be permeils 

cultivation in the open air is thus able to both air and moisture, without 

detailed 

Mr. W. 

by 

P. Ayres 

that excellent 

:— 

gardener, any risk of becoming saturated with the 

latter. The plants in the first season 

"Cuttings of the young wood, taken may be planted eighteen inches apart; 

off with a heel when about three inches but in the third year half of them may 

long, and planted round the edge of a be taken out to form a new plantation, 

large pot, or singly in small ones, in and in the fifth or sixth year each plant 

j 

sandy peat, and plunged in a brisk when in flower will acquire an area [ of 

bottom heat, will root in the course of sixteen or twenty square feet. When 

a few weeks. This is suitable for those large specimens for immediate effect 

puttings which are taken from plants in are desired, four or five may be placed 

neat, but cuttings from the open air in juxtaposition. 

will not bear such treatment. The " The best time to plant them out 

j 

transition to a close warm frame ap- will be from the last | week in May to 

pears too much for them, and they the middle of June, as the ground will 

become paralyzed ; but if after being then be a little warm, and the plants 

planted they are placed in a moderately will sustain no check. 

j 

warm frame until the cuttings are cica- " Towards the end of October the 

trized, and then removed to a brisk plants should be cut down, and the 

j 

bottom heat, they will root with great crown of each covered with a box, or 

freedom. 

flower-pot, filled with dry leaves, the 

"After the cuttings are rooted, they whole being spread over with dry peat, 

must be repotted into rich light com- leaf-mould, or saw-dust, to the depth of 

post, and encouraged to make robust , a foot, and then turfed over neatly, 

growth. As it is indispensable that the The latter will be found advantageous, 

plants should become strong before especially if the sides of the bed have a 

{ 

they are planted out, they must have at sharpish inclination, as it will throw ; off 

least one season's cultivation in pots; much of the rain that would j otherwise 

the flower-buds must also be removed soak into the mould, and impair its 

as soon as they are perceptible, so that protecting properties 

| 

the whole organizable matter may be 

concentrated in the young plant 

' In spring, when the covering is 

removed, the surface of the bed should 

' In the spring of the second season, be renewed to the depth of the roots 

the ground may be prepared for the 

reception of the plants, and as the i)reservation 

in winter of the roots of all 

tender plants depends as much upon 

the dryness as upon the warmth of the 

soil, it will be advisable to give them 

an elevated but not an exposed situation 

; and where the subsoil is not 

porous, make it so artificially. Therefore, 

where it is necessary, excavate 

the natural soil to the depth of two 

feet, and in the bottom place a layer of 

with the above compost, the whole 

being afterwards covered two inches 

thick with sandy peat or leaf mould. 

This covering should be continued until 

the middle of June, or later if the 

weather requires it. Water during the 

growing season may be freely administered 

in dry weather, and if liquic^ 

manure is occasionally given it will add' 

to the strength of the plants; hut after 

they are in bloom the less water that 

falls on the bed the better it will be for

— 

ERY 214 ESP 

the preservation of the roots through are withered, which takes place during 

the winter." Gard. Chron. North of the last-named month, when, being 

the Potomac it will be safer to remove carefully dried and housed, they will 

the Erythrina c.-galli in autumn -to 

some sheltered situation, where it may 

keep until the following spring. Care 

must be taken that they are gradually 

be kept in nearly a dry or dormant state dried in an airy situation, shaded from 

until the spring, when it may again the meridian sun, which would cause 

occupy its position in the open air. 

KRYTUROLJENA conspicua. Hardy 

biennial. Seed. Rich loam. 

EllYTIIRONIUM. Four species. 

Hardy bulbs. Offsets. Common soil, 

them to wrinkle; as also to store them 


ESCHSCHOLTZIA. See Chryseis. 

ESPALIER, is a tree trained to a 

trellis instead of a wall, and though 

with a little peat 

the fruit it bears is not quite equal to 

ESCALLONIA. Seven species, that borne by a tree of the same variety 

i 

j 

i 

j 

Green-house and half-hardy evergreen 

shrubs. 

loam. 

Cuttings. Peat, sand, and 

j 

j 

' 

j 

; 

j 

! 

j 

j 

' 

j 

; 

I 

j 

; 

j 

i 

trained against the wall, yet it is far 

superior to that borne on either dwarf 

ESCHALLOT or SHALLOT. 

or full standards. Of this the causes 

^Z-j obviously are, that the fruit and leaves 

liu7n ascalonicum. Of this there are are more fully supplied with sap, and 

the common, and the long-keeping, the more perfectly exposed to the light and 

]ast continuing good for two years. warmth of the sun. Some gardeners 

Both have a stronger taste than the object to their introduction into the 

onion, yet not leaving that odour on the kitchen garden on the plea that they 

palate which the latter is accustomed deprive the under crops of air and light, 

to do, it is often preferred and em- but if confined to the borders of the 

ployed in its stead, both in culinary main walks, the shelter they afford to 

preparations, and for eating inits natural those crops is more than commensurate 

state. to the slight interruption suggested. In 

Time and Mode of Propagation.— addition, they are highly ornamental. 

Each offset of the root will increase in and greatly improve the aspect of the 

a similar manner as its parent. The kitchen garden. Espalier rails should 

planting may be performed in October run parallel with the walks, and at four 

and November, or early in the spring, feet distance from them ; not higher 

as February, March, or beginning of than five feet; neat, and if made of 

April. The first is the best season, wood, tarred, and the ends which are 

especially if the soil 

bulbs become finer. 

lies dry, as the fixed in the ground charred; though 

If the smallest blocks of stone sunk into the ground, 

offsets are employed for planting, they with iron sockets or bases to receive 

never become mouldy in the ground, those ends, are still better. 

and they are never injured by the most Gooseberries and Currants are highly 

intense frosts. 

improved by being trained as espaliers, 

They are to be planted on the surface, and may be so grown along borders 

six inches asunder each way, in beds near the side walks of the kitchen 

not more than four feet wide, some very garden. For these the trellis must be 

rich mould being placed beneath them, not higher than three feet from the 

and a little raised on each side to sup- ground, and for the purpose stakes 

port them until they become firmly 

rooted, when it must be entirely removed 

by the hoe, and a strong current 

about four inches in circumference, 

and thus arranged, are very suitable. 

of water from the watering pot. The 

Fig. 41. 

compost laid beneath the offsets may 

consist of a mixture of well-decayed 

hot-bed dung and soot, which is very 

favourable to their growth, and is a 

preservative from the maggot. 

Cultivation.—The only attention they 

subsequently require is to be kept clear 

of weeds. Some may be taken up as 

Various suggestions have been made for 

altering the form of espalier trellises, 

wanted in June, July, and August, but! but let the gardener never adopt any 

not entirely for storing until the leaves I that declines from the perpendicular.

ETI 215 EVE 

The smallest approach to the horizontal 

increases the radiation of heat from the 

trees, and increases, consequently, the 

— 

Bristol. As it often happens, the female 

has not been observed depositing 

her eggs; the spot that she selects is 

1 

j 

cold they have to endure at night. It therefore yet unknown. Drought does 

is not one of the least advantages of not suit them." Card. Chron. 

training gooseberries and currants as EUNOMIA oppositifolia. Half-hardy 

espaliers, that it facilitates the protect- herbaceous. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

ing them with mats. 

ETIOLATION. See Blanching. 

EUCALYPTUS. Fifty-three species. 

Green-house evergreen trees. Cuttings. 

Peat, loam, and sand. 

EUCHARIDIUM concinnum. Hardy 

annual. Seed. Common soil. 

EUCHILUS obcordatus. Green-house 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam, 


EUCHROMA. 'Two species. Hardy; 

one perennial, the other annual. 

.Seed. Common soil, with a little peat. 

EUCLEA. Two species. Green- 

and peat. 

EUONYMUS. Eighteen species. 

Chiefly hardy evergreen shrubs. Seed 

or cuttings. Common soil. 

EUPATORIUM. Fifty species, embracing 

hardy, green-house, and stove 

herbaceous, and perennial plants. Seed. 


EUPHORBIA. One hundred and 

fifty-two species. Chiefly hardy, greenhouse 

and stove evergreens. Division 


" E. splendens is the most striking 

species. It is a stove evergreen shrub. 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. It should be repotted early in spring, 


or even in the winter, if the pot is full 

EUCGMIS. Seven species. Greenhouse 

bulbs. Offsets. Rich loam. 

EUCROSIA bicolor. Green-house 

bulb. Offsets. Common light soil. 

EUGENIA. Twenty-eight species. 


of roots. Although it does not require 

so much water in winter, yet you must 

not keep it then quite dry, for it is always 

growing." Card. Chron. 

E. jaquinajlora is also a very beautiful 

species, producing a profusion of 


deep orange coloured flowers in a 

EULOPHIA. Eight species. Greenhouse 

and stove orchids. Division. 


EUMERUS. A genus of predatory 

flies. 

wreath like form. 

EURYA. Two species. Green-house 


loam. 

EURYALE ferox. Stove aquatic. 

E. eeneus. Brassy Onion Fly, is thus Seed. 

described by Mr. Curtis:— 

EURYCLES. Four species. Stove 

"The maggots are very rough, from bulbs. Seed and offsets. Sandy loam 

a multitude of short spines or rigid and leaf-mould. 

bristles, which cover their skins, espe- EUSTEGIA hastnta. Green-house 

cially towards the tail, ferruginous or evergreen trailer. Cuttings. Peat and 

brownish. The fly itself is of a reddish loam. 

ochre colour, freckled with dark brown, EUSTOMA silenifoUa. Hardy an- 

and there are two spiny processes like nual. Seed. Common soil. 

short horns upon the thorax, in the fe- EUSTREPHUS. Two species. 

male at least. It is densely clothed 

with short hairs, thickly and distinctly 

punctured, and of an olive-green colour, 

Green-house evergreen twiners. Cuttings. 

Sandy peat. 

EUTAXIA. Three species. Green- 

with a brassy tinge; the antenna; are 

entirely black, the seta naked : the face 

is very hairy, simply convex and silvery 

white; eyes dark brown and slightly 

pubescent; rostrum very short ; thorax 

with two whitish lines down the back. 

The maggots of this fly do not seem to 

be confined to the onion, for I bred one 

in the middle of May from cabbage 

roots, and specimens have been taken 



EUTHALES trinervis. Green-house 

herbaceous. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

EUTHAMIA. Two species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

EUTOCA. Five species. Hardy 

annuals and biennials. Seeds. Sandy 

flying about hedges in June and July, 

in the Deighbourhood of London and 

soil. 

EUXENIA g-ra

EVE 216 EXT 

EVENING PRIMROSE. CEnotkera. 1 summer, 

EVERGREENS are such plants as do a I 

not shed all their leaves at any one not ; 

season of the year. I foliage, 

j 

when the moisture supplied to 

club-rooted cabbage by its root does 

nearly equal the exhalation of its 

EVERGREEN THORN. 

to supply this deficiency the 

Cratagusl plant endeavours', by forming a kind of 

pyracantha. 

EVERLASTING. Gmiphalium. 

EVERLASTING PEA. Lathyrus 

latifolivs. 

EVODIA triphylla. Stove evergreen 

spurious bulbous root, to adapt itself to 

the contingency." Princ. of Gardening. 

EXTRAVASATED SAP. "Under 

this general name, I purpose to include 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam. 

EVOLVULUS. Eleven species, 

the consideration of gumming, bleeding, 

and other injurious affections under 

Chiefly stove annual trailers; two are which plants occasionally labour, on 

hardy, and tvifo evergreens. The last account of their sap escaping from the 

propagated by division ; others by seed. 

Common soil. 

EXCRESCENCE. «' Independent of 

properly containing vessels. The extravasation 

proceeds either from the alburnum 

or from the inner bark and may 

Galls, which are caused by the punc- arise from five causes. 

tures of insects, and the swellings which " 1. The acrid or alkaline state of 

always a

EXT 217 EXT 

have been expected, before Mr. Hales 

demonstrated it by experiment. 

" Now, we know that a much less 

pressure than any of those above mentioned 

would be capable of bursting the 

delicate membranes of any of their exterior 

descending sap vessels, and it is 

in such outer ducts that the injury first 

occurs. When one exterior vessel is 

ruptured, that next beneath it, having 

the supporting pressure removed, is 

enabled to follow the same course at 

the same locality; and in proportion to 

the length of the time that the sap continues 

in excess, is the depth to which 

the mischief extends, and the quantity 

of sap extra vasated. 

" If the extravasation proceeds from 

this cause, there is but one course of 

treatment to be pursued ; sever one of 

the main roots to afford the tree immediate 

relief, and reduce the staple of 

the soil, by removing some of it, and 

admixing less fertile earthy components, 

as sand or chalk. This must be done 

gradually, for the fibrous roots that are 

suited for the collection of food from a 

fertile soil are not at once adapted for 

the introsusception of that from a less 

abundant pasturage. Care must be 

taken not to apply the above remedies 

before it is clearly ascertained that the 

cause is not an unnatural contraction of 

the sap vessels, because, in such case, 

the treatment might be injurious rather 

than beneficial. I have always found it 

arising from an excessive production of 

sap, if the tree, when afflicted by extravasation, 

produces at the same time 

super-luxuriant shoots. 

" 3. Local contractions of the sap 

vessels.—If the extravasation arises 

from this cause, there is usually a swelling 

of the bark immediately above the 

place of discharge. 

"I had a cherry tree in my garden, 

in Essex, of which the stock grew very 

much less freely than the graft, consequently, 

just above the place of union, 

a swelling resembling a wen extended 

round the whole girth of the tree, from 

which swelling gum was continually 

exuding. In the stem below it, I never 

observed a single extravasation. In a 

case such as this, the cultivator's only 

resource is to reduce cautiously the 

amount of branches, if the bleeding 

threatens to be injuriously extensive, 

otherwise it is of but little consequence, 

acting like temporary discharges of 

blood from the human frame, as a relief 

to the system. 

" 4. The extravasation of the sap from 

a wound is usually the most exhausting, 

and as the wound, whether contused or 

not, is liable to be a lodgment for wa- 

ter and other foreign bodies opposed to 

the healing of the injured part, the discharge 

is often protracted. This is 

especially the case if the wound be 

made in the spring, before the leaves 

are developed, as in performing the 

winter pruning of the vine later than is 

proper. In such case, the vine always 

is weakened, and in some instances it 

has been destroyed. The quantity of 

sap which may be made to flow from 

some trees is astonishing, especially in 

tropical climates. Thus, from a cocoanut 

palm, from three to five pints of sap 

will flow during every day for four or 

five successive weeks. The best mode 

of checking such exudations, is by placing 

a piece of sponge dipped in a solu- 

tion of sulphate of iron upon the discharging 

place, covering the sponge 

with a piece of sheet-lead, and binding 

it on firmly. The sulphate acts as a 

styptic, promoting the contraction of 

the mouths of the vessels; the sponge 

encourages cicatrization, and the lead 

excludes moisture. 

" 5. Heat attended by dryness of the 

soil, as during the drought of summer, 

is very liable to produce an unnatural 

exudation. This is especially noticeable 

upon the leaves of some plants, 

and is popularly known as honey-dew. 

It is somewhat analogous to that outburst 

of blood, which in such seasons is 

apt to occur to man, and arises from 

the increased action of the secretory 

and circulatory system, to which it affords 

relief There is this great and 

essential difference, that, in the case of 

the plants, the extravasation is upon the 

surface of the leaves, and conse(juently 

in proportion to the abundance of the 

extruded sap are their respiration and 

digestion impaired. 

" Azaleas sometimes, but rarely, have 

the impubcscence on their leaves, especially 

on their lower surface, beaded as 

it were with a resinous exudation. This 

can scarcely be called a disease. It is 

never found but upon plants that have 

been kept in a temperature too high, 

and in a soil too fertile. It is an effort 

to relieve the surcharged vessels, and 

occurs in various forms in other plants.

EXT 218 EXT 

" The honey-dew was noticed by the 

ancients, and is mentioned by Pliny by 

the fanciful designation of the ' sweat of 

the heavens,' and the ' saliva of the 

stars,' though he questioned whether it 

is a deposition from the air, purging it 

from some contracted impurity. More 

modern philosophers have been quite 

dew, ' almost as fast as it was deposited,' 

to collect it in considerable quantities, 

and convert it into the choicest 

sugar and sugar-candy.' 

" The bees, however, he found totally 

disregarded the honey-dew which 

came under his observation. With the 

opinion of Mr. Curtis I do not agree, 

I 

j 

j 

I 

' 

as erroneous and discordant in their any more than does the Abbe Boissier 

opinion relative to the disease's nature. de Sauvages, who, in a memoir read 

Some, with the most unmitigable aspe- before the Society of Sciences at Montrity, 

declare that it is the excrement of pellier, gives an account of ' a shower 

aphides. Others as exclusively main- of honey-dew,' which he witnessed 

tain that it is an atmospheric deposit. under a lime tree in the king's garden 

and a third party consider that it arises at Paris. 

from bleeding, consequent to the wounds The various successful applications 

of insects. That there may be a gluti- of liquids to plants, in order to prevent 

nous saccharine liquid found upon the the occurrence of the honey-dew and 

leaves of plants arising from the first and similar diseases, would seem to indi- 

third named causes is probable, or cate that a morbid state of the sap is 

rather certain ; but this is by no means the chief cause of the honey-dew, for 

conclusive that there is not a similar otherwise it would be difficult to explain 

liquid extravasated upon the surface of the reason why the use of a solution of 

the leaves, owing to some unhealthy common salt in water applied to the 

action of their vessels. It is with this 

description of honey-dew that we are 

here concerned. The error into which 

soil in which a plant is growing, can 

prevent a disease caused by insects. 

But if we admit that the irregular action 

writers on this subject appear to have of the sap is the cause of the disorder, 

fallen, consists in their having endea- then we can understand that a portion 

voured to assign the origin of every kind of salt introduced in the juices of the 

of honey-dew to the same cause. Thus plant would naturally have a tendency 

the Rev. Gilbert White seems {Natu- to correct or vary any morbid tendency, 

ralist's Calendar, 144) to have had a either correcting the too rapid secretion 

fanciful and comprehensive mode of ac- of sap, stimulating it in promoting its 

counting for the origin of honey-dew : regular formation, or preserving its flu- 

he tells us, June 4th, 1783, vast honeyidity. And that by such a treatment 

dews this week. The reason of this the hone3'-dew may be entirely pre- 

seems to be, that in hot days the effluvia 

of flowers are drawn up by a brisk 

vented, I have myself often witnessed 

in my own garden, when experiment- 

evaporation, and then in the night fill alizing with totally different objects. 

down with the dews with which they Thus I have seen plants of various 

are entangled. The objection urged to kinds, which have been treated with 

this theory by Curtis {Trans. Linn. Soc. a weak solution of confimon salt and 

vi. 82) is conclusive. If it fell from the water, totally escape the honey-dew, 

atmosphere, it would cover every thing where trees of the same kind growing 

on which it fell indiscriminately where- 

; 

as we never find it, but on certain 

living plants and trees; we find it also 

in the same plot of ground not so treated, 

have been materially injured by its 

ravages. I think, howjever, that the 

on plants in stoves and green-houses solution which has been sometimes em- 

with covered glass. 

ployed for this purpose is much too 

"Curtis had convinced himself that 

the honey-dew was merely the excre- 

strong for watering plants. I Jiave always 

preferred a weak liquid, and I am 

of opinion, that one ounce of salt (chlo- 

, 

j 

ment of the aphides, and he supported 

his theory with his usual ability, al- 

I 

i 

; 

ride of sodium) to a gallon of water is 

though he 

' wonderful 

justly deemed it a little quite powerful enough for the intended 

extraordinary' that any in- purpose. I am in doubt as to the corsect 

should secrete as excrementitious redness of Knight's opinion, as to the 

matter, sugar; he even thought it pos- mere water having any material influsible, 

if the ants, wasps, and flies, could ence in the composition of such are- 

medy, since I have noticed that standard 

be prevented from devouring the honey- |

— 

EYE 219 F AL 

fruit trees, around which, at a distance 

of six or eight feet from the stem, I had 

deposited at a depth of twelve inches a 

quantity of salt to promote the general 

health and fruitfulnoss of the tree, according 

to the manner formerly adopted 

to some extent in the cider countries 

for the apple orchards, that these escaped 

the honey-dew which infected 

adjacent trees, just as well as those 

which had been watrrod with salt and 

•water." Jolinson^s Principles of Gar- 

dening. 

EYEBRIGHT. Kitphrasia. 

FABA vulgaris. See Bean. 

FABRICIA. Four species. Greenhouse 



FAGELIA bituminosa. Green-honse 

evergreen twiner. Cuttings. Sandy 


FAGR/EA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam, 

sand, and peat. 

FAGUS, Beech tree. Four species. 

Seed, budding, and grafting. Chalky 

loam. 

FALKLV repens. Green-house evergreen 

creeper. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

FALL of the LEAF. Dr. Lindley 

thus explains this phenomenon. 

" In the course of time a leaf becomes 

incapable of performing its 

functions ; its passages are choked up 

by the deposit of sedimentary matter ; 

there is no longer a free communication 

between its veins and the wood 

and liber. It changes colour, ceases to 

decompose carbonic acid, absorbs oxygen 

instead, gets into a morbid condition, 

and dies; it is then thrown off. 

This phenomenon, which we call tlie 

fall of the leaf, is going on the whole 

year. Those trees which lose the 

whole of their leaves at the approach 

of winter, artd are called deciduous, 

begin, in fact, to cast their leaves within 

a few weeks after the commencement 

of their vernal growth ; but the 

mass of their foliage is not rejected till 

late in the season. Those, on the 

other hand, which are named evergreens, 

part with their leaves much 

more slowly; retain them in health at 

the time when the leaves of other 

plants arc perishing; and do not cast 

them till a new spring has commenced, 

when other trees are leafing, or even 

— 

— 

later. In the latter class, the functions 

of the leaves are going on during all 

the winter, although languidly ; they 

are constantly attracting sap from the 

earth through the spongelets, and are 

therefore in a state of slow but continual 

winter growth. 

" It usually happens that the perspiratory 

organs of these plants are less 

active than in deciduous species." 

Theory of Horticulture. 

With all due deference to Dr. Lindley, 

whose scientific acquirements are 

ol' a high order, we cannot admit that 

his theory in this particular is entirely 

satisfactory. Nature has ordained that 

vegetables shall perform certain functions, 

and that which may appear to be 

the cause of change, is in fact only 

a result of the action of established 

laws. 

FALLOWING, beyond all doubt, is 

needless where there is a due supply 

of manure, and a sufficient application 

of the spade, fork, and hoe to the soil. 

Fallowing can have no other beneficial 

influence than by destroying weeds, 

aiding the decomposition of offensive 

exuviaj, exposing the soil to the disintegrating 

influence of the air, and accumulating 

in it decomposing matter. 

Now all these effects can be produced 

by judicious stirrings and manurings. 

Mr. Barnes, gardener to Lady Rolle, 

at Bicton, bears confirmatory testimony 

to this opinion, founded on many years' 

experience. 

" To rest or fallow ground for any 

length of time is only loss of time and 

produce; more benefit will be obtained 

by trenching and forking in frosty or 

hot sunny weather, in a few days, than 

a whole season of what is erroneously 

called rest or fallow. Trench, fork, 

and hoe; change every succeeding 

crop; return to the earth all refuse 

that is not otherwise useful in a green 

state, adding a change of other manures 

occasionally, especially charred refuse 

of any kind, at the time of putting a 

crop into the ground. Every succeeding 

crop wUl be found healthy and 

luxuriant, suff'ering but little either 

from drought, too much moisture, or 

vermin." Principles of Gardening. 

The practice of fallowing appears to 

have been one of great antiquity. 

Virgil (who flourished his grey-goose 

I 

quill two thousand years ago), thus 

' alludes to it in his Georgics :

FAR 220 FEB 

" Both these unhappy soils the swain 

forbears, 

And keeps a Sabbath of alternate years, 

FARAMF>A odoratissima. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Turfy 

loam and sandy peat. 

FARM - YARD MANURE. See 

Ihing. 

FARSETIA. Six species. F. 

cheiranthifoUa is a hardy annual ; the 

others are half-hardy evergreen shrubs. 

The first by seed, the shrubs by cuttings. 

Light loam. 

FEABERRY, a local name for the 

Gooseberry. 

FEATHERS. See Animal Matters. 

FEBRUARY. 


Except in the remote south, the outdoor 

operations of the gardener are 

almost suspended. Nearly all that he 

can do is to provide manure, prepare 

rods and poles for peas and beans, 

labels for his plants, and if the weather 

ORCHARD. 

— — — — 

— 

Apples, finish pruning, b. Apricots, 

finish pruning, b. — Blossoms of 

That the spent earth may gather heart: early wall fruit, shelter in frosty and 

again 

windy weatlier. — Dress and fork 

And bettered by cessation, bear the over the earth of the borders, &c. 

grain, 

Figs, prune.—Forcing, continue. (See 

At least where vetches, pulse, and Jan.) Gooseberries, finish pruning, b. 

tares, have stood, — Grafting, commence, if mild, e. 

And stalks of lupines grew (a stubborn Grafts, collect ready for use. Hot- 

wood) 

house, forcing continue. (See Jan.) 

Th' ensuing season, in return may bear i Layers, make of Figs, Vines, Filberts, 

The bearded product of the golden Mulberri(>s, and Muscle Plums, the last 

year." 

for stocks.—MfzwMres, apply where required. 

Mu^s, on trees, destroy with 

brine. (See Jan.)—Pears, finish pruning; 

Plums, finish pruning ; graft, 

graft, e. 

e. Pruning, finish 

berries.— Standards, 

generally. Rasp- 

finish pruning. 

Straicberries, c\ea.r and spring dress; 

force in hot-beds, giving air abundantly, 

and covering the glasses with 

mats at night. — Trench ground for 

planting.— Vines may still be pruned, 

b.; cuttings, plant. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air, admit freely during midday, 

when weather permits. — Bulbs, and 

other dry roots for succession, plant, 

b. Bark Beds attend to. (See Jan.) 

Cherries, in blossom, shade when sun 

is bright ; disbud as required : day 

temp, keep about 60° ; night 45°. 

j 

Earth of borders, &c., stir once a 

week. Figs require a day temp, about 

60°. Flowering shrubs in pots, intro- 

admit, trench those compartments of his duce for succession. Heat, keep up ; 

grounds which require such treatment, plants becoming more sensitive.—Jfj'd- 

Such labour and the preparation of hot- ney JSeans, continue to sow in boxes, 

(See Jan.) Labels, renew where re- 

' 

' 

beds for forcing, may profitably employ 

his time. Cabbage, Eggplants, Toma- 

, 

toes. Peppers, &;c., are now sown in j 

hot-beds for early planting. If the 

1 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

quired.—ieat'^'S, keep cleaned ; decay- 

ed and weeds clear away constantly. 

Liquid Manure apply to the roots of 

weather be very cold delay awhile, fruit trees in forcing, especially Vines 

nothing can be gained by setting them and Figs. Peaches, and other fruits in 

during strong frost. Farther south blossom, should not now be syringed ; 

labour has now commenced in earnest, disbud; thin when too thick, and as large 

j 

' In theCarolinas and southward, it is per- as peas ; day temp. 60°. Pines, water 

moderately (crowns of) remove from 

; 

j 

haps one of the most active months in 

horticultural operations. Beans and bark bed to pots; regulate succession 

Peas are planted; Cabbage and Cauli- by changing their pots, &c. Steam, (if 

flower sown, and plants from previous employed) may be admitted almost 

sowings transplanted. Lettuce plants daily. Strawberries, in pols, introduce 

from the autumn seed beds are set out. for succession. Thermometer , for most 

Spinach is sown, also Radishes, Car- stove plants, may be at 70" during mid- 

rots. Parsnips, Beets; Asparagus beds day. Tobacco fumigations give weekly, 

are dressed. In short, all the early operations 

of the garden are now per- 

or oftener if insects appear. Vines, 

treat as in Jan.; do not syringe whilst 

formed. 

in blossom; prune bunches; day temp.

— — 

— 

— — 

— 

FED 221 FEN 

j 

70°. Water, g'we more freely than last 

month ; keep in open pans constantly. 

— Watch sedulously for the green fly 

and red spider. 

GREEN-HOrSE. 

Air, admit freely whenever practicable 

; it is now still more important than 

in winter. Dead Wood, cut away as it 

appears. Earth, give fresh generally. 

—Head down shrubs irregularly grown. 

— Heat, give as necessary, to keep the 

temp, above 32'-'. 

| 

field to widen the ditch beyond the 

proof of its ancient width. (Vowles v. 

Miller, 3 Taunton, 137.) 

Where two fields are separated by a 

hedge and ditch, the \\e6ge,prijn(ifacie, 

belongs to the owner of the field in 

which the ditch is not. If there are 

two ditches, one on each side the ditch, 

evidence must prove acts of ownership 

over the hedge to show to whom it belongs. 

{Guy V. West, 2 Selwyn, N. P. 

1287.) 

Labels, renew where The owner of the wall or hedge is 

wanted. Leaves, keep clean, and re- bound to repair it; and if any injury 

move those decayed. — Priming of arises from its being out of repair, an 

Oranges, ^-c., complete. Shelter, by action on the case lies. 

putting mats over the glass in severe Any one stealing or cutting, breaking 

weather. Shift into large pots where or throwing down, with the intent to 

required.— Water more oflen than last' steal, any fence, post, pales, rail, stile, 

month, wherever needed, but only a or gate, or any part thereof, may be 

little at a time. 

FEDIA cornucopia. Hardy annual. 

Seed. Common soil. 

FENCES are employed to mark the 

fined by a justice of the peace the 

amount of the injury done, and a fine 

not exceeding bl. Committing the same 

offence a second time renders the of- 

boundary of property, to exclude tresfender liable to twelve months' impripassers, 

either human or quadrupedal, sonment and a whipping. 

and to afford shelter. They are either Stealing metal garden-fencing is a 

live fences, and are 

hedges, or dead, and 

then known as 

are then either 

felony. In America each State has its 

own peculiar laws on this as on other 

banks, ditches, palings, or walls ; or subjects. In Pennsylvania, by an Act 

they are a union of those two, to which of 1700, entitled ".4/1 act for the regu- 

title* the reader is referred. 

The following is the English law on 

lating and maintaining of Fences," it 

was provided that " all cornfields and 

grounds kept for inclosures within the 

said province and counties annexed, 

shall be well fenced with fence at least 

five feet high, and close at the bottom, 

&c." By an Act of 1729, it was provided 

that " to prevent disputes about 

the sufficiency of fences, all fences 

the subject : 

j 

In the eye of the law a hedge, fence, 

ditch, or other inclosure of land, is for 

its better manuring and improvement; 

and various remedies are therefore provided 

for their preservation. 

The common using of a wall separating 

adjoining lands belonging to differ- shall be esteemed lawful and sufficient, 

ent owners is jjrm(5/ac/

FEN 222 FER 

been plnnned as if to show the amount many ; for ourselves, we should choose 

| 

of money which could be thus expend- the latter, though it be not the best, 

ed and after all, they rather disgust so far as the preservation of the wood 

than please. 

is concerned." Rural Reg. 

~ 

Fig. 43. 

— I 

— 

FENNEL {Anethum Fanicvlum) will 

flourish in almost any soil or situation : 

in a dry soil it is longest-lived. It is 

propagated both by oftsets, partings of 

the root, and by seed ; all of which 

modes may be practised any time between 

the beginning of February and 

the end of April. The best season, 

however, for sowing, is autumn, soon 

after the seed is ripe, at which time it 

may also be planted with success. 

Insert the plants a foot apart, and the 

seed in drills, six or twelve inches 

asunder, according as it is intended that 

' When 

the plants are 

remain. 

to be transplanted or to 

— 

advanced to the height of four 

or five inches, if they are intended for 

removal, the plants are pricked out 

eight inches apart, to attain strength for 

final planting in autumn or spring. 

Water must be given freely at every 

removal, and until established, if the 

weather is at all dry. 

They require no other cultivation 

than to be kept free from weeds ; and 

the stalks of those that are not required 

to produce seed to be cut down as 

often as they run up in summer. If this 

is strictly attended to, the roots will 

last for many years ; but those which 

are allowed to ripen their seed seldom 

endure for more than five or six. 

FENNEL-FLOWER. Nigella. 

FENUGREK. Trigonella. 

FERNELIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Turfy 


FERNS from the tropics present to 

us some of the most beautiful forms to 

be found in the vegetable world, and^ 

now very generally are a portion of 

collections of exotic plants. Mr. .T 

Henderson, the florist, gives the following 

directions for their cultivation : 

" Procure a number of small octagon- 

shaped hand-glasses about six inches in 

I 

"The figures 42, 43, 44, illustrate ! diameter, (more or less,) according to 

three simple designs, formed by straight, the size of the pots intended to sow the 

slats or pales, and therefore of the least seeds in, the side walls of each being 

' 

expense; thoy are readily executed, : high enough to admit the pot to stand 

underneath without touching the glass. 

and agreeable from their simplicity. , 

The colour which should be used, is of! " Pots.—These are to be about half 

course a matter of taste ; white is gene- filled with well broken potsherds, the 

rally preferred, though dark shades, finest at top ; then fill to within half an 

! 

even jet black, arc the most pleasing to inch of the rim with heath-mould, sifted

FER 223 FER 

slight [ through a fine sieve. Level the surface 

of the mould, and water it freely with a 

very fine rose ; let the pot stand a few 

the point of the pen-knife on tlie sur- 

face of the mould in the new pot, and 

depression should be made with 

minutes till the water is absorbed, and the patch inserted, taking care not to 

then carry it to a dry part of the house. , cover any part of the plants with the 

"Sowing.— Place the papers con- i earth. They may stand about a quarter 

taining the fern seed for a minute or of an inch from patch to patch; and 

two on the flue, or some other place when the operation is completed, water 

where they will become thoroughly the seedlings and place the pot under 

dry : then open the paper and carefully the glasB. 

dust the spores (seed) over the surface " These transplanted seedlings will 

of the moist earth, taking care not to frequently succeed better than those in 

sow too thick. The pots may then be 

placed in a shady place on a level surface 

of wood or stone, to prevent the 

intrusion of worms, and covered with 

the hand-glass. The germination of 

ferns differs in different species; some 

the seed-pots; indeed with very slow 

growing seedlings it is frequently advisable 

to transfer the whole to another 

pot, as they will generally root better 

in the fresh than in the old earth. 

" When the seedlings have fully de- 

veloped their perfect fronds, (and not 

require sis weeks and more ; and i 

during that time the surface of the earth till then,) the glasses maybe withdrawn 

; 

' 

' 

in the pots should appear dry, a very The pot with the seedlings should then 

slight watering must be given with the be placed in a perfectly shaded place, 

fine rose. 

and more frequently supplied with 

"After-culture.—It will be necessary water. 

to examine the surface of the earth fre- " They may remain in the seed-pots 

quenlly with a pocket microscope, in until three or four fronds are produced, 

order to discover any mouldiness or when it will be advisable to shift them 

minute algaj that may "appear ; such ap- into other pots and place them at wider 

pearances indicate that too much water distances. 

has been used; and in that case the " ISIany ferns grow very slowly while 

glasses sliould be taken off for a short in the state of primary frond, and retime, 

and the pots removed to the full 

light. 

" Ifaftcr this the mouldiness continue 

to spread, a knife may be introduced 

between the pot and the earth, and the 

latter slightly raised up so as to allow 

the moisture to drain off. 

" As the seedlings acquire strength, 

quire many months before their perfect 

fronds are developed. 

" It is chiefly for these slow growers 

that glasses are required ; others, such 

as most of the (Jymnogrammas, some 

species of Nephrodium, Ptoris, &c., 

come up readily in open pots, but with 

those which recjuire from nine to eight- 

! 

[ 

I 

i 

they may be removed from the shade een months to produce their second 

to places where they will have more fronds, glasses are indispensable 

light; but they must not be exposed to "Great care must be taken not to 

the full sun in summer as long as they allow worms to get into the pots, as they 

are under the hand-glass. In winter, will in a very short time destroy the 

however, when the sun is less power- whole crop. The only way to get rid 

ful, all those seedlings that have per- of these pests, is to place the pot with 

fccted, or nearly perfected their first the glass over it, on a tolerably hot 

fronds, may be exposed to the full flue, or some other well-heated surface, 

light; this will prevent the spreading of 

mouldiness, which the moist atmowhen 

the heat ascending through the 

earth in the pot will drive the worm 

sphere under the glasses is so apt to out. 

produce at this season of the year. " It may not be amiss to observe 

"When it happens that from too here, that in collecting spores for reprothick 

sowing the seedlings are much duction, it is belter tp select a frond on 

crowded, they should be thinned out which the theca; (seed vessels) have not 

carefully with the point of a pen-knife, opened ; if they have changed to a 

j 

I 

' 

taking patches of from six to a dozen brown colour, and one or two have 

plants and transferring them to another opened, they will be in the best possipot, 

prepared in ail respects as if for ble state for transmission to a distance 

sowing spores. In planting these, a portions of the frond should then be in- 

;

— 

FER 224 FIG 

[ 

j 

closed in the papers, which should be a warm cucumber-frame, and re-potting 

well secured and kept perfectly dry." them two or three times, they will 

Gard. Chron. 

FERRARIA. Eight species. Green- 

attain a large size in one 

With these cuttings, as with 

summer. 

the trees 

house and hardy bulbs. Offsets and at all ages, bottom heat and water is 

seeds. Sandy loam and peat. 

FICARIA. Three species. Hardy 

tubers, tubers, shaded. Common soil. 

F I C U S. Fig Tree. Seventy-seven 

every thing." Gard. Chron. 

Soil.—Mr. Markham says, "The 

best soil for this fruit is sandy maiden 

loam and turf mixed together, without 

species. Chiefly green-house and stove manure of any kind, over-luxuriance 

evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings. being a great evil "in their culture. I 

Light rich ioam. 

F I E L D I A australis. Green-house 

would advise all who are about to plant 

a fig wall, to form the borders about 

evergreen creeper. Cuttings. Loam and three feet deep, having a good drainage 

peat. 

FIG MARIGOLD. Mesemhryanthe- 

of any rough material. At the front of 

this, a wall four inches and a half thick, 

mum. 

running parallel with the other should 

FIG. Ficus carica. 

be brought up to within two inches of 

Varieties for open walls, and time of' the surface, the intervening space being 

ripening.—Brown Ischia, Large White walled across so that each tree may 

Genoa, and Green Ischia, (August.) have its own division. This prevents 

Brown Naples, Brunswick, White Mar- over-luxuriance, and causes them to 

seilles, (September.) Black Provence, fruit more freely. Any old trees that 

Yellow Ischia, and Genoa, (October.) are growing strong and that do not bear 

Propagation may be effected by well, might have their roots pruned 

seeds, and cross impregnation to get back in autumn and walled in as above 

varieties ; the seedlings will be pro- described. By doing this early it would 

ductive when six years old ; by layers, afford the tree time to provide itself 

suckers, slips, and grafting, but by 

cuttings is the mode usually practised. 

These must be of young wood, about 

eight inches long, with two inches of 

old wood attached. Plant in October, 

in a sandy loam and warm situation, 

the surface covered with ashes, to exclude 

the frost and drought. " The 

tops of the cuttings will require the 

additional protection of haulm or litter 

during winter; give water and keep 

clear of weeds during summer, and by 

the following autumn the plants will be 

fit to be transplanted into nursery rows, 

where they must again be mulched at 

root, and protected at top. They require 

no pruning farther than to rear 

them with a single stem, and keep their 

heads of a regular shape ; 

the second or 

third year they may be removed to 

where they are finally to remain. Cuttings 

of roots readily make plants, but 

the process is too slow for general use, 

and the plants so produced are not 

likely to come so soon into bearing as 

by the layers or cuttings." 

— 

Loudon^s 

Enc. Gard. 

Cuttings of the shoots may be of 

well-ripened wood, which Mr. Markham, 

of Hevvell Gardens, says may be 

also " taken off in spring and potted 

singly in small pots ; plunging them in 

— 

with new feeders, and by opening a 

trench in the front of the wall, about 

the end of March or beginning of April, 

and applying a pretty brisk lining of 

leaves and long litter for a few weeks, 

it would greatly assist the crop for 

that season, and establish the trees 

for the following. Water occasionally 

with soft water ; 

and, after the fruit has 

attained three-fourths ofits size, two or 

three good waterings of liquid manure 

will assist materially in bringing the 

fruit to a large size." 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

Good drainage is also very important; 

an excess of root-moisture making the 

plants over-luxuriant. 

Standards must have a single stem, 

and require no other pruning than to 

remove irregular growths, suckers, and 

decayed branches. The soil should be 

forked over annually, and kept constantly 

freed from weeds by the hoe. 

Wall-trees and Espaliet's.—Mr. Markham 

says that of these, " The requisite 

pruning is merely to thin the branches 

where they are too thick, and to admit 

plenty of light and air. The points of 

any branches that indicate too luxuriant 

a growth are pinched out. The tree 

will show how young bearing wood is 

procured, when the branches get too 

long, or begin to have a naked appear-

— 

— 

— 

F IG 225 

FIG 

[ 

' 

' 

\ 

ance. For covering the fig in winter, the latter pirt of February ; but this is 

a double thickness of old mats is advis- a very trifling operation wliere they 

able, with a little mulching; a wide have been properly attended to in sumcoping 

on the wall is very essential, mer, being only to cut out here and 

and a canvas covering drawn over them there a superfluous shoot, or to shorten 

at night in the early part of their growth one back to any naked or unfurnished 

is of great benefit to them." Gard. part, in order to procure a supply of 

Chron. young shoots. Then have the whole 

The Mode of Bearing is very pecu- forked over between the trees, giving 

liar, and influences the pruning, or them a good watering. Small fires are 

rather non-pruning, which is to be pre- then to be lighted, keeping the temferred. 

The fig, observes Mr. Loudon, perature at 50°, and syringing morning 

*' bears, and in warmer climates brings and evening with tepid water. Air is 

to maturity in every year, two succes- to be given plentifully in fine weather, 

sive and distinct crops of fruit, each and when the fruit begins to grow, the 

crop being produced on a distinct set temperature raised to 5o^, then to 60^, 

of shoots. The shoots formed by the and so on progressively about the same 

first or spring sap put forth figs at every as for vines. For the first six or seven 

eye as soon as the sap begins to flow weeks water only in such quantities to 

again in .)uly and August. These figs keep the soil moderately moist, but 

(which fi)rm the second crop of the 

year) ripen, in their native climate. 

afterwards more freely. 

" When the fruit is about half grown, 

, 

during the course of the autumn ; but commence watering freely every mornrarely 

if ever come to perfection in ing, and generally about twice a week, 

England ; where, though they cover with liquid manure. As soon as the 

the branches in great abundance at the young shoots have attained the length 

end of that season, they perish and fall of four or five inches, their points are 

off w-ith the first severe frosts of winter, to be pinched out; this shoot is the 

The shoots formed by the second flow < second crop wood' for the latter part 

of sap, commonly called midsummer of summer or autumn, according as the 

shoots, put forth figs in like manner at forcing was commenced early or late, 

every eye, but not until the first flow of During the growth of the second crop 

sap in the following spring. These last of fruit, the tree produces a second 

mentioned figs, which form the first shoot from three to six inches long, 

crop of each year, ripen in warmer 

climates during the months of June and 

which, w-hen properly ripened, contains 

the crop in the embryo state through 

the winter for the following spring. A 

short time before the first crop of fruit 

July, but not in this country before 

September or October." Enc. Gard 

Fig-House.—If a hot-house be de- is ripe, the watering overhead is disvoted 

to this fruit, as it well deserves, continued and abundance of air given, 

good proportions, according to Mr. As soon as practicable, the watering 

Markham, arc " thirty-three feet long, overhead is to be resumed in every part 

fourteen feet wide, and eleven feet 

high at the back, trellised with wire 

of the house where the fruit is not ap- 

proaching maturity. The succession of 

two inches from the wall. The trees fruit generally lasts about four months, 

on this wall to be fan-trained ; the roots , 

The winter management is merely 

walled in as recommended for the open to 

" 

keep the borders moderately dry, 

wall, excepting that the spaces are to and to prevent frost from entering." 

be narrower, being two feet wide and Gard. Chron. 

two and a half deep ; the patli leading Forcing in Pots.— " For this purthro'ugh 

the house to rest on this parti- pose," says Mr. Markham," the plants 

tion wall. Between this path and the should be examined as early in the aufront, 

may be a border for small stand- tumn or winter as possible, and those 

ards and circular-trained trees, ranging plants that have got their roots much 

from three to five feet high, all walled matted together should have them rein 

with rough stones, for the same pur- duced, and potted in sweet maiden 

pose as already stated. The sorts may loam, ready for the spring-forcing in 

be the Nerii ; Brown Ischia ; large January or February, as they may be 

White Genoa ; and Kennedy's Fig, but wanted. The pots should be plunged 

the greater part the Nerii. Prune in in a half-spent tan or leaf bed, either in 

15 

—

— 

FIL 226 FIL 

a pit or forcing-house. If neither of 

these can be had, prepare a small bed 

of leaves and manure, and place a deep 

frame over it, plunging the plants to 

such a depth as to enable the roots to i 

have S'' or 10'' ! more heat than the tops. 

By doing this the roots are put in action | 

varieties distinct; and this is a very 

easy and expeditious method of propa- 

gation ; 

for every twig layed will readily 

ffrow : therefore, in autumn or winter, 

let some of the lower branches that are 

well furnished with young shoots be 

pegged 

down in the ground ; then lay 

the young shoots in the earth, with 

first, which causes the embryo fruit to all | 

come forth in such a strong healthy their tops out, every one of which will 

j 

manner 1 as will ensure a good crop. root, advance in length, and be fit to 

After the fruit is fairly shown, the plants transplant by autumn following, when 

] 

may then be removed to any forcing- i they should be separated, and planted 

house where they can have plenty of in nursery rows, two feet asunder, and 

j 

light and air. If they can be plunged trained as observed of the seedlings; 

I 

when any considerable quantity are 

' but 

! 

in gentle heat, so much the better. It 

should always be borne in mind that to be raised this way, it is eligible to 

the fig, in its growing state, is almost form j 

an aquatic, therefore little danger is to 

be apprehended from over-watering, 

but serious mischief may arise from not 

attending to this ; for if ever the soil 

gets thoroughly dry when the fruit is 

far advanced, some evil will be sure to 

result." Gard. Chron. 

The Temperature borne by the fig advantageously 

is very high. Even when 

ranging from 90" to 110° during the 

day, and never lower at night than 70°, 

though some varieties grow too luxuriantly, 

yet the Large White ripened 

both its spring and autumn produce, 

and Mr. Knight thus obtained from the 

same plants eight crops in twelve 

months. 

FILBERT. Corylus avellana. 

Varieties.—Frizzled, great bearer. 

Red (C. tuhulosa), pellicle of kernel 

pink, flavour excellent. White, pellicle 

white, flavour good. Cosford, great 

bearer, good ; shell very thin. Downton, 

large, square. Cob Nut. 

Propagation.—This is done by planting 

the nuts, by layers, suckers from 

the root; and by grafting and budding. 

— 

— 

stools for that purpose, by pre- 

viousiy, a year before, heading-down 

some trees near the ground, to throw 

out a quantity of shoots near the earth, 

convenient for laying for that use annually. 

Suckers arising from the roots of 

trees raise by either of the above methods, 

if taken up in autumn, winter, or 

spring, with good fibres, will also grow, 

form proper plants, and produce the 

same sort of fruit as their parent plant 

and suckers of these may also be used 

for the same purpose. 

By grafting and budding. — These 

methods have also the same effect as 

layers of continuing any particular variety 

with certainty, and the operation 

is to be perfornied in the usual way on 

stocks of any of the varieties of this gen 

u s . (Abercrombie.) 

" The season for planting is autumn 

or spring; or any interval in mild weather 

from October till the beginning of 

March. Allot detached standards not 

less than ten and thence to twenty feet 

distance, to have room to branch out in 

| 

By the Nuts.—This should be done in 

full heads." Loudon, Enc. Gard. 

Soil.—"A hard loam of some depth. 

October; but if postponed until spring, on a dry subsoil, which dress every 

preserve the nuts in sand, and in Feb^ 

ruary plant them in drills near two 

inches deep. The plants will appear 

in six or eight weeks, which, v/hen a 

year old, plant out in nursery-rows, and 

year ; as the filbert requires a considerable 

quantity of manure." — Loudon^ 

Enc. Gard. 

Pruning and Culture.—Mr. R. Scott 

says, "The plants should be trained 

there train them two or three years. In with single stems to the height of a foot 

raising these trees from the nut, the so ; then permitted to branch into a 

j 

sorts are not to be always depended | 

or 

symmetrical head, rather open in the 

on, for, like other seedling trees, they middle, and not of greater height than 

often vary, so that the most certain a man can conveniently reach from the 

method to continue the respective sorts ground, to perform the necessary opera- 

is by layers. 

By Layers is one of the most certain 

tions of pruning and gathering. 

" The proper time for pruning is in 

methods of continuing the respective the spring, when the male blossoms are 

;

— 

FIN 227 FLO 

open, as then the shaking of the trees, 

by the act of pruning, assists in the diffusion 

of the pollen. The young shoots 

should be shortened to about half their 

length ; and it is best to cut to a bud 

that shows a female blossom. All 

suckers should be carefully removed. 

Formerly it was the practice to train 

tlie branches to nearly a horizontal position, 

which may still be seen in many 

old plantations; but experience has 

shown that the trees produce equally 

well, and as good nuts, by allowing 

them to take a more natural form. By 

way of manuring, some cultivators 

throw off the surface soil two or three 

feet wide round the stem of the tree, 

and into this basin the small prunings, 

leaves, &c., are put and dug in."— 

Card. Chron. 

Preserving.— " The easiest and best 

method is to gather them when quite dry, 

and stow them away in large garden pots, 

or other earthen vessels, sprinkling a 

little salt amongst them throughout 

the whole mass, which preserves the 

husks from getting mouldy and rotten ; 

the pots should then be turned bottom 

upwards on boards, and buried in the 

ground, or kept air-tight by some other 

means. Stoneware jars, with lids, might 

be advantageously used for this pur- 

is sown in drills two feet asunder, to 

remain; scattered thinly, that is, about 

two inches apart, and about half an inch 

below the surface. The first sowings 

must be in a slight hot-bed, and under 

a frame. The seedlings must be smallhoed, 

to kill the weeds, from which they 

should be kept completely clear throughout 

their growth; but at first only thin 

to three or four inches asunder, as it 

cannot thus early be determined which 

will be the most vigorous plants. After 

the lapse of another month they may be 

finally thinned to seven or eight inches 

distance from each other. Moderate 

waterings are required throughout their 

growth during dry weather; and in the 

meridian of hot days the beds are advantageously 

shaded, until after the 

plants are well up. When of advanced 

growth, about ten weeks after coming 

up, the stems must be earthed up to the 

height of five or six inches, tn blanch 

for use, which will be effected in ten or 

fourteen days. In the whole about 

twelve or fourteen weeks elapse between 

the time of sowing and their being 

fit for use. In autumn, if frosty 

mornings occur, they should have the 

protection of some litter or other light 

covering. 

To obtain Seed.—The seed coming 

from Italy is generally worthless, and 

in this country it is saved with difficulty, 

j 

j 

the plants of the last sowings, if left, 

being killed by the winter; and if some 

of the earliest are allowed to remain, 

pose, and nuts of any kind will keep a they never ripen until late in the year, 

long time in this way." Gard. Chron. and are often killed by early severe 

Insects. See Curculio and Aphis. 

FINOCHIO or AZOREAN FENNP:L 

frosts. 

FIR. See Pinus and Coniferee. 

(Anethum azoricum), does not usually 

succeed in this country. Neither is it 

FISH. See Animal Matters. 

FLACOURTIA. Eight species. 

in much esteem here, being agreeable Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

to few palates. It is served with a 

dressing like salads. 

Soil and Situation.—For the first crop 


FLAKE, is the term by which a carnation 

is distinguished that has two 

a rich light soil on a moderate hot-bed colours only, and these extending 

must be selected; for the succeeding 

sowings a more retentive one, but for 

through the petals. 

FLAX-STAR. Phormium Linum- 

the last two a return must be had to a stellatum. 

drier and a warmer situation. A small FLORISTS' FLOWERS are those 

bed will be required only at each which, by their beauty or fragrance, 

sowing; one twenty feet by four is suf- power to produce permanent varieties, 

ficient for the largest family. 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—From the 

and facility of cultivation, are so largely 

in demand as to render them especially 

beginning of March until the close of worthy of cultivation as an article of 

July, at intervals of a month, for commerce. 

after attaining its full growth, it im- Mr. Glenny has justly enumerated the 

mediately advances for seed. The seed necessary characteristics of a florist's 

flower to be — 1st. The power to be 

perpetuated and increased by slips and 

other modes independent of its seed. 

2dly, the power to produce new varie- 

1 ties from seed, capable, like their parent,

FLO 228 FLO 

of being perpetuated ; and 3dly, it must suit any flowers. The most intractable 

^ 

possess sufficient interest and variety 

to be grown in collections. 

At present the chief florists' flowers 

are the Amaryllis, Anagallis, Anemone, 

Auricula, Calceolaria, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, 

Cineraria, Crocus, Dahlia, 

Fritillary, Fuchsia, Gladiolus, Hyacinth, 

liydrangea, Ixia, Iris, Lily, Lobelia, 

Narcissus, Pansy, PoBony, Pelargonium, 

Petunia, Phlox, Pink, Polyanthus, Ranunculus, 

Tulip, Tuberose, Verbena. 

In the United States Florists' flowers 

.are, as such, unknown. We have many 

— — 

are clay and gravel. The first is forever 

sodden with wet, or baked hard; and 

the latter is hungry, and burnt up in 

summer. 

Arrangement.—Mr. Loudon says, 

— 

"Shelter is equally requisite for the 

flower as for the kitchen garden, and 

where naturally wanting, is to be produced 

by the same means, viz., planting. 

The plantations, except on the 

north, or very exposed points, should 

not be of the tallest kinds of trees. 

i 

j 

i 

I 

| 

^ 

: 

: 

' 

A few elegant shrubs, and one or two 

amateurs, but not in sufficient number trees, may be scattered through the 

to create the emulation which exists in scene, either in the dug compartments. 

Great Britain, where thousands riva or in the turf glade, for the purpose of 

oach other in the culture of flowers of 

their peculiar fancy—not for profit, but 

shelter and shade as well as ornament; 

but in general, much of either of the 

enjoyment and relaxation from the toil two former qualities are highly injuri- 

of the work-shop, or the mine. 

FLOWER. See Bloom. 

FLOWER FENCE. Poinciana. 

FLOWERING ASH. Ornus. 

FLOWER OF JOVE. Lychnis flos 

ous, both to the culture of flowers and 

the thick closeness of turf; sometimes 

an evergreen hedge will produce all the 

shelter requisite, as in small gardens 

composed of earth and gravel only ; but 

Jovis. 

FLOWER GARDEN, is that portion 

where the scene is large and composed 

of dug compartments, placed on lawn, 

of the ground in the vicinity of the the whole may be surrounded by an 

residence, disposed in parterres and irregular border of flowers, shrubbery, 

borders, tenanted by flowers and flower- and trees." Enc. Gard. 

ing shrubs, and among walks and lawns, All this is excellent, and Twill only 

so that the occupiers of the house may add these general additional rules: 

have ready access to what is so beau- always plant in masses, and with due 

tiful in form, colour, and fragrance. attention to the harmony and contrast 

Under the title Pleasure Ground, the of colours and forms. 

portions of ornamented garden more 

distant from the house are considered. 

Aspect.—The flower garden should 

encompass every side of the house upon 

which a window opens that is frequented 

by the master or his friends, whether 

Fig. 45. 

Jn parlour or bed-room. The aspect of 

the flower garden, therefore, must vary; 

but that which is best, because most FLOWER GATHERER (Fig. 45), 

favourable to flowers, is the south, is a pair of scissors and pincers comsouth-eastern, 

and south-western sides |bined; they are of great advantage in 

of the residence; and it is usual to ar- gathering roses and other flowers which 

range it so that the kitchen garden is im- have thorny stems, as the flower cut by 

mediately beyond it. Variety of aspect the scissors, is held fiist by the part that 

secures a succession of flowering in the acts as pincers. Rural Reg. 

FLOWER POTS are of various sizes 

i 

: 

same kinds. No directions can be given 

as to the appropriate size, for, if the 

and names: 

proprietor delights in flowers, there is' In. diam. In. Lindley 

no reason why his parterres should not at top. deep, 

be large, though his villa be small. A Thumb pots ) 2^ , .... 2^ Thumbs, 

very common proportion for a small are, inside • 5 " " 

[ jn. 

cottage is, the flower garden being one- Sixties (60s) 

^ g 3i . . . . 3 

fourth the size of the kitchen garden 

Soil.—Any fertile light soil is pro- 

pitious, for this can be altered easily to 

to the cast 

Forty-eights 

(4Ss)

Thirty-twos ) 

(32s) 

] 

Twenty-fours ) 

(24s) ^ 

Sixteens (16s) . 

Twelves (12s) . 

Eights (8s) . . . 

Sixes (6s) . . . 

Fours (4s) . . . 

Twos (2s) 

FLO 229 FLO 

6 

81 

91 

lU 

12 

13 

15 

IS 

, 9 

, 10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

6 

8 

9 

II 

12 

13 

15 

18 

Dr. Lindley has proposed a very 

judicious change in the nomenclature 

of flower pots, by suggesting that they 

It was formerly considered important 

to have the pots made of a material as 

porous as possible; but a more miserable 

delusion never was handed down 

untested from one generation to another. 

Stoneware and chinaware are 

infinitely preferable, for they keep the 

roots more uniformly moist and warm. 

Common garden pots if not plunged, 

should be thickly painted. Mr. W. P. 

Ayres recommends large pots to be 

employed, and there is no doubt that 

this is a system much abridging the 

gardener's labour; but as with due care 

' 

i 

! 

, 

| 

I 

should be called according to their greatest 

diameter. At present the words 

"Fours," " Sixes," &c., intend no more 

small pots will produce magnificent 

specimen plants, I cannot recommend 

than that there are so many to the cast, an adoption of large pots, ensuring as 

a piece of information conveying nothing they do such an immense sacrifice of 

worth knowing:—butby the newnomen- room in the hot and green-houses. Capclature, 

" Eighteens," will be pots of tain ThurtcU, the most successful of 

eighteen inches in diameter; " Fif- growers of the Pelargonium, never 

teens," fifteen inches, and so on; it employs pots larger than twenty-fours, 

occupies the third column in the pre- It is usual to have saucers in which 

ceding table. 

The above are about the sizes in 

to place flower pots when in the house. 

and so far as preventing stains and the 

inches, for at each pottery they rather occurrence of dirt, they are deserving 

differ in size, and none of the pots adoption; but as to their being used for 

shrink exactly alike during the burning. applying water to plants, they are worse 

At some of the country potteries, than useless. The great difficulty in 

also, the gradation and 

what different. Thus, 

size are some- pot-cultivation is 

at Mr. Paul's regular, and no 

to keep tlie drainage 

more effective pre- 

Pottery, near Fareham, Hants, the sizes 

are the following: 

ventive of this could be devised than 

In. diam. In. 

at top. deep. 

Thimbles are, inside . 2 

Thumbs 2^ 

keeping a pot in a saucer containinj 

water. No plan could be invented 

more contrary to nature ; for we all 

know that she supplies moisture to the 

surface of the soil, and allows it to 

descend, thus supplying thetipper roots 

first. To facilitate draining, and yet 

' 

Seventy-twos 3 

3 

3i 

Sixties 

3i 

4 

Forty-eights 4^ 5 to retain the tidi- 

Thirty-twos 

Twenty-fours .... 

5 

6 

6 

7 

ness secured by the 

saucer, Mr. Hunt has 

Fig. 46. 

Sixteens 

7i 8 had flowerpots made 

Twelves 8 

9 with elevations, on 

Eights 

Sixes 

10 

Hi 

11 

12} 

which the pots are 

placed. (Fig. 46.) 

Fours 

Twos 

14 

16 

14 

15 

But this is not 

only advantage 

the 

de- 

Thimbles are sometimes called "small rivable from them. 

nineties," and thumbs, ' large nine- They prevent the 

ties." 

entry of worms, may 

The Philadelphia potters have long be employed with 

pursued the plan proposed by Dr. Lind- common stands, allow a current of air 

1 

' 

ley, and those at distant points who may to pass beneath them, and their form is 

desire to order, have only to express the elegant, 

size in inches, i. e., the diameter at top. Mr. Brown (Fig. 47) has proposed a 

The form and material also vary. pot with hollow sides, the vacuity to 

Mr. Beck makes them very successful- be filled with water through a hole in 

ly of slate; and the prejudice 

glazed pots is now exploded. 

against the rim, or left empty, as occasion re- 

quires. The water, he considers, will

— 

— 

FLO 230 FLO 

prevent the plants suffering from want 

of moisture ; and 

Fig. 47. when empty, the 

roots will be preserved 

from being 

killed by evaporation. 

But surely 

applying the water 

to the sides will be 

an extra inducement 

for the roots 

to gather there, an effect most desirable 

to avoid, and wetting the outsides 

of the pot is a very doubtful mode of 

preventing the reduction of temperature. 

Saul's Fountain 

Fig. 48. Flower Pot (Fig. 

4S), seems open 

to the same objections, 

with the additionaldisadvantages 

of not being 

easily drained, and 

being more expensive 

and cumbersome. 

The water also is forced in at 

the bottom of the pot, contrary to the 

course of nature in applying moisture to 

plants. " An outer basin is made on the 

bottom of the pot, to which the water 

enters at a, and is carried round the pot in 

the basin, there being two or three holes 

through tlie pot's bottom bbb. By these 

means the water is drawn up from the 

basin by the roots of the plants (!) or, 

if it should be desirable to prevent it 

from being drawn up, the exterior orifices 

of the holes, which open into the 

basin or saucer, may be closed (!) 

The 

fountain is supplied with water by taking 

out the stopper c, the entrance into the 

basin at a, being at that moment closed ; 

and as soon as the water runs over at c, 

the cork or stopper is put in, and the 

stopper at a removed." Card. Mag. 

March, 1843, 136. 

Mr. Stephens' Flower Pot (Fig. 49) 

is intended to supply 

Fig. 49. water to the plant 

— 

tor of the Plymouth Fig. 50. 

Nursery, proposed 

to improve the drainage 

of pots, by elevating 

and piercing 

their bottoms. This, 

and Mr. Brown's, 

suggested to me that 

of which Fig. 50 is 

a section. 

It is merely two pots, one fitting 

within another, having its bottom indented 

and pierced as proposed by 

Mr. Rendle, but not touching the outer 

pot by half an inch all round. This 

is a most effectual form to secure drainage, 

and to prevent the evaporation from 

the sides of the inner pot, the intervening 

stratum of confined air being a bad 

conductor of heat. It has the merit 

too of cheapness. JohnsoWs Gardener''s 

FLOWER STAGES are made for the 

exhibition of flowers at shows, in the 

green-house, and elsewhere. The following 

are some very judicious observations 

on the subject: — "The first 

object in the construction of stages 

should be to have them so constructed 

and situated as to afford facilities for 

grouping plants ; the second should be 

to give plants more the appearance of 

growing in borders, than upon artificial 

structures; and the third to keep the 

pot out of sight. This is requisite for 

two reasons; first, because they are no 

ornament, and secondly, that it is always 

desirable to protect the plant from being 

scorched by exposure to the sun. It is 

also desirable to adopt another mode of 

construction, for the purpose of giving 

plants that aspect which is most suited 

to their habits; and therefore, instead of 

placing the stages from the front to the 

back of the house, as is generally the 

case, I would place them in groups of 

stages, thus producing an effect similar 

to the borders in a well-arranged flower 

garden. 

"The spectators in their progress 

where it is most from group to group would be attracted 

wanted, and to pro- by the separate display in each, instead 

of having their attention drawn away by 

time from slugs and a whole blaze of beauty at once, 

other creeping in-! "The accompanying drawings (Fig. 

sects, which will not 51) represent the manner in which I 

pass over the water propose that such stages as have been 

between the two described should be constructed and 

rims. Ibid. 

placed in any floricultural building. The 

Mr. Rendle, the intelligent proprie- ground plan represents part of the floor 

tect it at the same :

FLO 231 FLO 

Fig. 51. 

O 1 2 3 4- s e^ 

s^^ 

of a house, nineteen feet by thirteen, on 

which are placed twelve stages, and 

three vases, (D D D) basins, or any other 

suitable ornamental article, with a gangway 

betwixt them three feet wide. 

"The plan also shows sections of 

three different modes of constructing 

the stages, and the position of the pots 

in each; all the stages stand upon stone 

tables, resting upon brick piers, the top 

of each table being two feet two inches 

above the level of the floor. i 

" In the stage (A) there are no 

shelves, the pots being plunged into 

cylinders (made of the same material as 

flower pots) standing upon the tables, 

as shown by the dotted lines; the space 

all round them being filled with compost 

level with the rim of each series of pots. 

The object of this plan is to afford opportunities 

of planting various creepers 

round each of the potted plants, for 

which there will be plenty of room 

when they stand twelve inches apart 

from stem to stem. The pots are sup- 

posed to rest by their rims upon the 

edge of the cylinder, and may of course 

be removed with the greatest facility. 

"In the centre stage (B), the supporters 

stand directly upon the table, 

and are connected to it, the space between 

each being made water-tight, and 

filled up solid to within half an inch of 

the bottom of the pot. If an inch deep 

of water is poured in this space, the 

pot will be immersed half an inch; a 

small hole in the side will regulate the 

height of the water line, and another in 

the bottom will draw off the water 

when it requires changing. This mode 

of construction may be adopted for 

such plants as need large supplies of 

water. 

" The stage (C) is supposed to have 

shelves pierced with holes to receive 

the pots, which rest upon their rims. 

The stages in my little green-house are 

so fitted up, and have been by many 

practical men, who prefer this plan of 

plunging the pots into the stages to the

FLU 232 FOR 

I 

i 

! 

; 

; 

| 

old one ofsetting them upon the shelves. can compare with either the pipe or 

The fronts of the stone tables may be tank system of hot water heating. When 

variously ornamented, those in one flues are employed they are constructed 

house having trellised panels, another inside and near the walls of the buildhaving 

rusticated courses of brick or 

stone, while a third may be in imitation 

ing; each flue eight or nine inches wide 

in the clear, by two or three bricks on 

of rustic basket-work, and a fourth in edge deep, ranged horizontally one over 

rough courses like small rockeries, with the other the whole length of the back 

spaces between for creepers, orchida- wall, in three or four returns cotnniuniceous, 

or any other plants best suited to eating with each other, continued also 

along the end and front walls in one or 

the purpose. j 

— 

— 

FOR 233 FOU 

; 

at accustomed times, as to the procuring of the tines tearing them asunder."— 

it unseasonably. Rarity is good, 

excellence is best. 

FORE-RIGHT SHOOTS are 

but 

the 

Card. Chron. 

FORMICA. See Ant. 

FOTHEROILLA. Four species, 

shoots which are emitted directly in Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers and 

front of branches trained against a wall, seed. Peat. 

and consequently cannot be trained in This genus derives its name from John 

without an acute bending, which is al- Fothergill, an eminent physician, born 

ways in some degree injurious. 

FORK. This instrument is preferain 

Yorkshire in 1712. In 1762 he purchased 

an estate at Upton, and there 

ble to the spade, even for digging over founded an excellent botanic garden, 

open compartments, for the soil can be FOUNTAINS surprise by their novelreversed 

with it as easily as with the 

spade; the labour is diminished, and 

the pulverization of the soil is more efty, 

and the surprise is proportioned to 

the height to which they throw the wa- 

ter; but these perpendicular columns 

fectual. (See Digghig.) For stirring of water have no pretence to beauty, 

The Emperor fountain at Chatsworth is 

the soil in plantations, shrubberies, and j 

j 

! 

j 

' 

fruit borders, a two-pronged fork is the most surprising in the world, for it 

often employed, but that with three tosses its waters to a height of two hunprongs 

is quite as unobjectionable, and dred and sixty-seven feet, impelled by a 

a multiplicity of tools is an expensive fall from a reservoir three hundred and 

f

FOX 234 FRA 

cient weight and power to divide the 

air, and so being dashed against it, will 

fall down in vapour or mist. If too 

large it will not rise at all. The length 

of pipe between the reservoir and the 

jet will also impede its rising in a slight 

degree, by the friction of the water on 

the pipe. This is estimated at one foot 

for every hundred yards from the reservoir. 

The proportion which this author 

gives to the ajutages, relatively to the 

conducting-pipes, is one-fourth ; and 

thus for a jet of four lines, a conducting-pipe 

of an inch and a half diameter ; 

for a jet of six or seven lines, a conducting-pipe 

of two inches, and so on. 

From these data, the height of the fountain 

and the diameter of the conductingpipe 

being given, the height to which a 

jet can be forced can be estimated with 

tolerable accuracy, and the contrary. 

But where the pipes are already laid, 

and the power of the head, owing to 

intervening obstructions, is not very 

accurately known, the method by trial 

and correction by means of a leaden 

nozzle, the orifice of which may be 

readily increased or diminished, will 

lead to the exact power under all the 

circumstances. 

Ajutages.— " Some are contrived so 

as to throw up the water in the form of 

sheaves, fans, showers, to support balls, 

&c. Others to throw it out horizontally, 

or in curved lines, according to the 

taste of the designer; but the most 

usual form is a simple opening to throw 

the spout or jet upright. The grandest 

jet of any is a perpendicular column issuing 

from a rocky base, on which the 

water falling produces a double effect 

both of sound and visual display. A 

jet rising from a naked tube in the middle 

of a basin or canal, and the waters 

falling on its smooth surface, is unnatural 

without being artificially grand." 

— Gard. Enc. 

Drooping fountains, or such as bubbling 

from their source trickle over the 

edge of rocks, shells, or vases, combining 

the cascade with the fountain, are 

capable of much greater beauty. 

FOXGLOVE. Digitalis. 

FRACTURES. If an immaterial 

branch is broken, it is best to remove 

it entirely, but it sometimes happens 

that a stem or branch which cannot be 

replaced, is thus injured, in which case 

and the stem or branch but small, the 

parts will again unite by being put back 

into their natural position, and well 

propped up. Especially the cure may 

be expected not to succeed if the fracture 

is accompanied with contusion, or 

if the stem or branch is large. And 

even where it succeeds, the woody 

fibres do not contribute to the union; 

but the granular and herbaceous substance 

only which exudes from between 

the wood and liber, insinuating 

itself into all interstices, and finally 

becoming indurated in the wood. — 

Keith. 

Splints extending at least a foot above 

and below the fracture, should be bound 

very firmly all round, and a plaster of 

grafting-clay to exclude wet be placed 

over all ; and every precaution adopted 

to prevent the surfaces of the wound 

being moved by the force of the wind. 

FRAGARIA. Fourteen species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Seeds and runners. 

Common soil. See Strawberry. 

FRAMES are structures employed 

either in forcing, or in protecting plants, 

and are of various sizes. 

According to the good practical rules 

of Abercrombie : — " The one-light 

frame maybe about four feet and a half 

in width from back to front, and three 

feet six inches the other way; fifteen 

or eighteen inches high in the back, 

and nine in front, with a glass sash or 

light made to fit the top completely, to 

slide up and down, and move away occasionally. 

" The two-light frame may be seven 

feet long, four and a half wide, and 

fifteen or eighteen inches high in the 

back, with bars reaching from it at top 

to the front, serving both to strengthen 

the frame and help to support the lights ; 

the two lights to be each three feet six 

inches wide, made to fit the top of the 

frame exactly. 

" The three-light frames should be 

ten feet six inches long, four and a half 

wide, and from eighteen inches to two 

feet high in the back, and from nine to 

twelve or fifteen inches in front—observing 

that those designed principally 

for the culture of melons, may be rather 

deeper than for cucumbers, because 

they generally require a greater depth 

of mould or earth on the beds; though 

frames, eighteen or twenty inches in 

it is advisable to attempt a reduction of the back, and from nine to twelve in 

the fracture ; and if it be only partial, ' front, are often made to serve occasion-

F R A 235 FR A 

I 

, 

ally, both for cucumbers and melons; middle to conduct off all wet falling 

each frame to have two cross bars, between the lights. At the end of each 

ranging from the top of the back to frame, at top, should be a thin slip of 

that of the front, at three feet six inches board, four inches broad, up to the outdistance, 

to strengthen the frame, and side of the lights, being necessary to 

support the lights ; and the three lights guard against cutting winds rushing in 

to be each three feet six inches wide ; at that part immediately upon the plants, 

the whole together being made to fit when the lights are occasionally tilted 

the top of the frame exactly, every way 

in length and width. 

— 

behind for the necessary admission of 

fresh air, &c. 

" With respect to the lights, the 

wood-work of the frame should be inch 

and a half thick and two and a half 

and the bars, for the immediate 

of the glass-work, should be 

: 

, 

\ 

: 

i 

i 

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» " Sometimes the above sort of frames 

are made of larger dimensions than before 

specified ; but in respect to this it 

should be observed that if larger they broad ; 

are very inconvenient to move to differ- support 

ent parts where they may be occasion- about an inch broad, and not more than 

ally wanted, and require more heat to inch and a half thick : for if too broad 

warm the internal air; and in respect and thick, they would intercept the 

to depth particularly, that if they are rays of the sun, so should be only just 

but just deep enough to contain a due sufficient to support the lights and be 

depth of mould, and for the plants to ranged from the back part to the front. 

have moderate room to grow, they will eight or nine inches asunder. 

be better than if deeper, as the plants "All the wood-work, both of the 

will be then always near the glasses 

which is an essential consideration in 

early work—and the internal air will 

frames and lights, should be painted to 

preserve them from decay. A lead 

colour will be the most eligible; and 

be more effectually supported in a due if done three times over, outside and 

temperature of warmth. For the deeper in, will preserve the wood exceedingly 

the frame, the heat of the internal air from the injuries of weather, and from 

will be less in proportion, and the plants the moisture of the earth and dung." 

being far from the glasses will be some Mr. Knight has suggested an import- 

disadvantage in their early growth. Besides, 

a too deep frame, both in early 

ant improvement in the form of frames. 

He observes, that the general practice 

and late work, is apt to draw the plants is to make the surface of the bed per- 

up weak; for they always naturally fectly horizontal, and to give an incli- 

aspire towards the glasses, and the nation to the glass. That side of the 

more space there is, the more they frame which is to stand towards the 

will run up; for which reason the Lon- north is made nearly as deep again as 

don kitchen-gardeners have many of 

their frames not more than fourteen or 

fifteen inches high behind and seven in 

front, especially those which are intended 

to winter the more tender young 

plants, such as cauliflower and lettuce, 

and for raising early small' salad, herbs, 

radishes, &c. 

" The wood work of the back, ends, 

and front should be of inch or inch 

and a quarter deal, as before observed, 

which should be all neatly planed even 

and smooth on both sides; and the 

joints, in framing them together, should 

be so close that no wet nor air can enter. 

The cross-bars or bearers at top, 

for the support of the glasses, should 

be about three inches broad and one 

thick, and neatly dove-tailed in at back 

and front even with both edges, that 

the lights may shut down close, each 

having a groove or channel along the 

its opposite; so that if the mould is 

placed of an equal depth (as it ought 

to be) over the whole bed, the plants 

are too far from the glass at one end of 

the frame and too near at the other. 

To remove this inconvenience, he 

points out the mode of forming the bed 

on an inclined plane; and the frame 

formed with sides of equal depth, and 

so put together as to continue perpendicular 

when on the bed, as represented 

in the accompanying sketch, 

Fig. 52, 

There are several minor points in the 

construction of frames that deserve attention. 

The strips of lead or wood 

that sustain the panes of glass should 

run across the frame, and not lengthwise 

; they then neither obstruct so 

much the entrance of light nor the passing 

off of rain. The inside of the frame 

should be painted white, since planU

— 

; 

i 

i 

the lights; bolts and nuts might also 

be easily applied, and the interstices 

rendered still more impervious to air 

— 

FRA 

substitute for the green-house ; and on 

this subject we have the following 

statement of Mr. Crambe, of Redbraes, 

near Edinburgh : 

^ 

I 

" Being deficient in accommodation 

for heaths and pelargoniums, Mr. 

Crambe procured two melon-frames, 

the dimensions of which were twenty 

feet long by eight wide ; he then built 

walls of a few courses of bricks, inclosing 

an area of the exact size of the* 

frames upon which they were placed. 

The floor was elevated sis inches above 

the ground, level and paved with 

bricks laid in finely-sifted coal-ashes, 

generally suffer in them for want of 

^^yj^g tj,e^rgyi(.eg l^gtêen them filled 

light : if the accumulation of heat was with sand, which makes a better joint- 

required, the colour should be'black. 

ing than lime, the close joints of which 

Raising the Frames.—It is a well- 

leave no escape for the surplus water, 

known difficulty that the gardener has, 

placing the building in a longitudinal 

in raising the frames so as to keep the 

direction from east to west. As a fire- 

foliage of the plants within them at a 

flue would have occupied more space 

determined and constant distance from 

than could be spared, Mr. Rogers' 

the glass. To remedy this, Mr. Nairn, 

conical boiler was adopted. The 

gardener to J. Creswell, Esq., of Batbojjer 

is placed on the outside and is 

tersea Priory, has introduced the inge 

iiious contrivance represented in the ac 

companying sketch and references : 

| 

inclosed in a case of double sheet-iron, 

with a movable cover, and funnel of the 

same material, for the conveyance of 

A, a movable frame ; b b, inside lining smoke into a brick-chimney, the space 

of the pit ; c c, outer wall. Between between the case and boiler being filled 

these the sides of the frame pass, and with sand as an excellent non-conduc- 

are lowered or elevated by racks and tor. At right angles to the end of the 

spindles, d d. Fig. 53. 

pit is a brick-wall about three feet 

Fig. 53. 

high, inclosing the boiler on two sides, 

leaving an open space in front for the 

admission of air and the clearing away 

of ashes. A movable wooden cover, of 

a triangular form, is placed above, to 

protect the whole from the effects of 

the weather. 

" The size of the boiler is eighteen 

inches high by twelve in diameter at 

the base, and is placed upon a castiron 

grating, having a furnace-door beneath 

for the regulation of air. The 

pipes, two inches and a half wide, are 

conducted along the front and secured 

to the wall with iron hooks, it being 

A'morc simple plan might perhaps unnecessary to convey them round the 

be adopted, by having frames of the back, as the apparatus is found suffisame 

length and breadth as the origi- cient to heat a space of double the size, 

nal, but only from an inch to three " For fuel he has uniformly found 

inches, or upwards, deep. These, as coke to maintain a constant and regunecessary, 

might be put on the top, and lar heat : indeed this sort of boiler is 

would be kept close by the pressure of not suited for the consumption of coal, 

although, by a little alteration of the 

present form, it might be made to con- 

sume it as freely as coke. When the 

by being faced with list. external temperature was as low as 

the internal heat of the pit did not 

The frame may often be made a i 

20", 

—

— 

FR A 237 FRI 

vary above 3° in fourteen hours, during 

which time it required no attention, 

and tiie cost of the fuel did not 

exceed twopence in twenty-four hours. 

When slight storms occurred, a covering 

of Russia-mats was substituted in 

lieu of fire-heat, which is always, to 

a certain degree, injurious to greenhouse 

plants, but more particularly so 

to heaths, a class of plants which, when 

cultivated in properly constructed pits, 

— 

— 

— 

Whitney's or Tanner's conipositiona; 

or the gardener may employ the following 

preparation : 

"Old pale linseed oil, three pints; 

sugar of lead (acetate of lead), one 

ounce; white resin, four ounces. Grind 

the acetate with a little of the oil, then 

add the rest and the resin. Incorporate 

thoroughly in a large iron pot over 

a gentle fire ; and, with a large brush, 

apply hot to a fine calico stretched 

have a decidedly more healthy appear- loosely previously, by means of tacks. 

, 

ance than those grown in green- upon the frame. On the following day 

houses." Card. Chron. 

it is fit for use, and may be either done 

Shelter for the Glass.—In proportion over a second time, or tacked on tightly 

to the number of lights, matting for to remain." Gard. Chron. 

shading and sheltering must be at hand. The quantity made according to this 

The usual mode of covering at night is recipe will be sufficient for about 100 

' 

by laying on mats, and over these litter, square feet of calico. Johnson's Gard 

thickness according to the severity Almanack. 

of the season. Some gardeners lay FRANCISCEA unijlora. Stove ever- 

hay immediately in contact with the green shrub. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

glass, and over this the mats. Every, FRANCOA. Three species. Hardy 

> person conversant with these modes of herbaceous. Seed. Common light soil 

shelter is aware of their inconvenience. ! FRANKENIA. Nine species. Chief 

In rainy weather they soon become ly hardy evergreen trailers. Cuttings 

wet, and rapidly chill the beds added Loam and sandy peat. 

; 

to which, the trouble caused in placing FRANKINCENSE. Pinus tcoda. 

and removing them, and the danger to FRAXINUS. The ash-tree. Forty- 

the glass from the stones laid on as a one species. Hardy deciduous trees, 

resislance to the wind, are by no means Seed, or budding or grafting on the 

I 

inconsiderable 

common ash [F.eicelsio)). 

Mr. Seton, to obviate these incon- FREE-STONE peaches and nectaveniences, 

employs a particular coverrines, the flesh of which p^rts readily 

ing, which he constructs of four laths, from the stone. 

two of such a length as to exceed a FRENCH BEAN. See Kidney Bean. 

little that of the frame, and the others FRENCH MARIGOLD. Tagetes 

in a similar manner that of its breadth. \ patula. 

These are bound together at right FRIESIA peduncular is. Green-house 

angles, so as to form a parallelogram evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Turfy 

of the form and size of the frame ; and loam and peat. 

pieces are bound across this at a foot FRINGE TREE. Chionanthvs. 

apart from each other. Over this a FRITILLARIA. Fritillary. Twenty- 

mat is spread, and over the mat a layer three species, besides varieties. Hardy 

of straw is fastened, laid on level like bulbs. Offsets. Sandy soil. 

' thatch, from three to six inches thic The season for planting or transas 

may appear necessary. If the planting all these bulbs is when their 

i 

breadth of the frame is, or exceeds, flower-stalks are decayed, in July or 

four feet, it is best to have the covering beginning of August, though the bulbs^ 

; 

in two parts, otherwise it becomes taken up at that time may be kept, if 

weak and unwieldy. These ! panels, necessary, by being laid in dry sand ; 

as they may be called, Mr. Seton also but the fritillary {F. pyrenaica) and 

| 

employs in preserving tender plants Persian lily (F. Prrs/cfl) arc rather more 

[ 

I through the winter. A pit of frames, impatient, out of the earth, than the 

earthed up all round, and covered with crown imperial (F. imperialis), and 

I 

one of them, or two or three if needful, therefore should always be put in again 

j 

is completely impervious to frost. as soon as possible. 

Substitutes for glass.—Oiled paper Propagation of all the species.—The 

was formerly employed ; but this has general mode of propagation of all 

! been superseded by linen dressed with these plants is by offsets, which may he

— 

FRI 238 FRU 

i 

j 

i 

' 

' 

j 

[ 

' 

I 

! 

j 

', 

^ 

separated every second or third year. 

The proper time is when their flower- 

down to below 

but it solidifies 

32o without freezing, 

the moment it' is agietalks 

decay, taking the whole cluster 

of roots out of the earth and separating 

tated." Principles of Gardening. 

The seeds of some plants are bene- 

them into distinct roots, planting the fited by being frozen, for those of the 

emaller offsets by themselves, in nurse- rose and the hawthorn never germinate 

ry-beds, to remain a year or two ; and so freely as after being subjected to the 

the larger roots plant where they are winter frosts. 

designed to remain. 

They are also propagated by seed to 

gain new varieties. The process is 

tedious. The fritillary and Persian lily 

Freezing is beneficial to soils, not 

only by destroying vermin within its 

bosom, but by aiding the atmosphere to 

pervade its texture, which texture is 

will be three years, and the crown imperial 

sometimes six or seven, before 

also rendered much more friable by 

the frost. M. Schluber says that freez- 

they flower in perfection. 

The seeds are to be sown in boxes 

ing reduces the consistency of 

most remarkably, and that in the 

soils 

case 

of light earth in August or September, of clays and other adhesive soils, the 

covering them with earth a quarter of diminution of their consistency amounts 

an inch deep. Ahercromhie. 

FROST. If a plant be frozen, and 

to at least 50 per cent. In hoeing clay 

he found it reduced from sixty-nine to 

though some defy the attacks of frost, forty-five of the scale already stated, 

others are very liable to its fatal influence, 

death is brought upon them as it 

and in the ordinary arable soil from 

thirty-three to twenty. He satisfactorily 

is in the animal 

breaking down 

frame, by a complete explains this phenomenon by observing 

of their tissue ; their that the crystals of ice pervading the 

vessels are ruptured, and putrefaction entire substance of the frozen soil, ne- 

supervenes with unusual rapidity. 

The following contingencies render 

cessarily separate the particles of earth, 

rendering their points of contact fewer. 

a plant especially liable to be frozen. 

" First. Moisture renders a plant 

As soil in our climate is rarely frozen 

to a depth of more than four inches, 

susceptible of cold. Every gardener 

knows this. If the air of his greenhouse 

be dry, the plants within may be 

and in extremely hard winters it does 

not penetrate more than six inches in 

light soils, and ten inches in those that 

submitted to a temperature of 32^ with- contain more clay, or an excess of 

out injury, provided the return to a moisture, these facts, and the frequent 

higher temperature be gradual. failure of our potato crops, have led Dr. 

" Secondly. Gradual decrements of. Lindley to the very judicious suggestion 

temperature are scarcely felt. A myr- of planting these crops in autumn, 

tie may be forced and subsequently which must be the best time if practicapassed 

to the conservatory, to the cold- ble, for it is pursuing the dictate of napit, 

and even thence to an open border, ture. That it is practicable, I have no 

if in the south of England, without doubt, for no frost would injure the 

enduring any injury from the cold of sets, if a little coal ashes were put over 

winter; but it would be killed if passed them in each hole, for coal ashes are 

at once from the hot-house to the an excellent non-conductor of heat, and 

border. 

consequently opposed to a low reduc- 

Thirdly. The more saline are the tion of temperature. Even if potatoes 

juices of a plant, the less liable are buried some inches beneath the soil's 

they to congelation by frost. Salt pre- surface are frozen, they thaw so very 

serves vegetables from injury by sudden gradually, that no injury to themoctransitions 

in the temperature of the curs, unless the freezing has been suffiatmosphere. 

That salted soil freezes cient to burst their vessels, which 

with more reluctance than before the occurs very rarely, 

salt is applied, is well known, and that FROTH-FLY. See Tettigonia. 

crops of turnips, cabbages, cauliflowers, FRUIT ROOM. "Fruit for storing 

&c., are similarly preserved is equally should be gathered before it is quite 

well established. mature, for the ripening process, the 

"Fourthly. Absence of motion en- formation of sugar, with its attendant 

ables plants to endure a lower degree exhalation of carbonic acid and water, 

of temperature. Water may be cooled goes on as well in the fruit room as in 

| 

—

FRU 239 FRU 

i 

! 

the open air at the season when the slight, therefore, are to be avoided; 

functions of the leaves have ceased, and instead of putting fruit in heaps to 

and the fruit no longer enlarges. In sweat, as it is ignorantly termed, but 

gathering fruit, every care should be in fact to heat and promote decay, fruit 

adopted to avoid bruising; and, to this should be placed one by one upon a 

end, in the case of apples, pears, floor covered with dry sand, and the 

quinces, and medlars, let the gathering day following, if the air be dry, be 

basket be lined throughout with sack- wiped and stored away as before diing, 

and let the contents of each basket rected. Fruit for storing should not 

be carried at once to a floor covered only be gathered during the middle 

with sand, and taken out one by one, hours of a dry day, but after the oc- 

not poured out, as is too usual, into a curence of several such. 

basket, and then again from this into a '•'Although the fruit is stored in sand, 

heap, for this systematic mode of in- it is not best for it to be kept there up 

flicting small braises is sure to usher in to the very time of using, for the pre- 

decay, inasmuch as that it bursts the sence of light and air is necessary for 

divisional membranes of the cells containing 

the juice, and this being-extra' 

the elaboration of saccharine matter. 

A fortnight's consumption of each sort 

vasated, speedily passes from the stage should be kept upon beach, birch, or 

of spirituous fermentation to that of elm shelves, with a ledge all round, to 

putref;iction. To avoid this is the prin- keep on them about half an inch in 

cipal object of fruit storing, whilst at 

the same time it is necessary that the 

fruit shall be kept firm and juicy. Now 

it so happens, that the means required 

depth of dry sand ; on this the fruit 

rests softly, and the vacancy caused by 

every day's consumption should be replaced 

from the boxes as it occurs. If 

deal is employed for the shelving, it is 

| 

to secure the one also effects the other 

" To preserve the juiciness of the apt to impart a flavour of turpentine to 

fruit, nothing more is required than a the fruit. The store-room should have 

low temperature, and the exclusion of a northern aspect, be on a second floor, 

' 

; 

the atmospheric air. The best practical and have at least two windows, to promode 

of doing this is to pack the fruit mote ventilation in dry days. A stove 

in boxes of perfectly dried pit-sand, in the room, or hot-water pipe with a 

employing boxes or bins, and taking regulating cock, is almost essentialj for 

care that no two apples or pears touch, heat will be required occasionally in 

The sand should be thoroughly dried very cold and in damp weather; the 

by fire-heat, and over the uppermost windows should have stout inside shutlayer 

of fruit the sand should form a ters. Sand operates as a preservative, 

covering nine inches deep. not only by excluding air and moisture, 

Putrefaction requires indispensably but by keeping the fruit cool; for it is 

three contingencies—moisture, warmth, one of the worst conductors of heat, 

and the presence of atmospheric air, or and moreover it keeps carbonic acid in 

at least of its oxygen. Now burying in contact with the fruit. All fruit in 

sand excludes all these as much as can ripening emits carbonic acid, and this 

be practically effected ; and it excludes, gas is one of the most powerful prevent- 

moreover, the light, which is one of the ives of decay known, 

prime agents in the ripening of fruit. " I The temperature of the fruit room 

The more minutely divided into small should never rise above 40°, nor sink 

below 34° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, 

portions animal or vegetable juices may ' 

be, so much longer are they preserved 

from "putridity : hencfll one of the rea- 

sons why bruised fruit decays more 

quickly than sound ; the membranes of 

the pulp dividing it into little cells, are 

ruptured and a larger quantity of the 

juices are together ; but this is only 

one reason, for bruising allows the air 

to penetrate, and it deranges that inexplicable 

vital power, which whilst uninjured 

acts 80 antiseptically in all 

fruits, seed, and eggs. Bruises the most 

the more regular the better. Powdered 

charcoal is even a better preservative 

for packing fruit than sand ; and one 

box not to be opened until April, ought 

to be packed with this most powerful 

antiseptic. If it were not from its soiling 

nature, and the trouble consequent 

upon its employment, I should advocate 

its exclusive use ; I have kept apples 

perfectly sound in it until June. 

" It is not unworthy of observation, 

that the eye or extremity farthest from

ue 240 FUC 

the stalk, is the first to ripen. This is 

most perceptible in pears, especially in 

the chaumontelle. That end therefore 

should be slightly imbedded in the 

sand; and thus excluding it from the 

light, checks its progress in ripening." 

—Principles of Gardening. 

FUCHSIA. Twenty species, besides 

many varieties. Green-house evergreen 

shrubs. Seed and cuttings. Light rich 


Varieties for open borders.—F. Riccartonia; 

globosa; gracilis; Thomsonii; 

Clintonia; conica ; reflexa; erecta ; and 

virgata. 

For Pot-culture.—Brockmannii ; Exoniensis 

; Colossus ; Attractor ; Enchantress; 

Eppsii; Stanwelliana ; Splendida; 

Defiance ; Laneii ; Toddiana ; Champion 

; Victory; Majestica; Paragon; 

Splendens; Fulgens; Robusta ; Youellii 

; Chandlerii ; Venus Victrix ; Money- 

pennii ; Standishii; Dalstonii ; Curtisii 

Eclipse; Rosa Alba; and Spectabilis. 

There are about eighty other named 

varieties of diii'ering degrees of merit. 

Soil.—The best is formed of equal 

parts rotted turf, sandy loam, and peat. 

Propagation by seed.—Sow directly 

it is ripe. Bruise the berries, wash 

away their pulp, mix the seed with 

sand, sow thinly in pans of the soil just 

described, and place in the green-house. 

Prick into thimbles when the seedlings 

are large enough for handling; place 

under a hand-glass, in a stove or hotbed, 

for a few days, and then remove 

into a green-house. Shift into larger 

pots as the roots fill those in which they 

are growing. 

By cuttirigs.—No plant is more easily 

propagated by cuttings at any season o 

; 

— 

the same stock. This is very desirable 

where room has to be husbanded. Cut 

away to the length of one and a half 

inch, half the thickness of the two shoots 

to be united, bind them together; sever 

through the scion three-fourths of its 

thickness, just below the junction, keep 

in a warm moist atmosphere, and in 

three or four days the junction will be 

complete. F. fulgens, F. Cormackii 

and other strong growing varieties are 

the best stocks." Gard. Chron. 

To make specimen Fuchsias. — "In 

order to have specimen plants of Fuchsias," 

says Mr. G. Watson, " put in 

cuttings in the beginning of August 

planting them round the rims of five 

inch pots filled with light sandy soil 

and well drained ; then place in a cucumber-frame 

till sufficiently rooted, 

and afterwards remove to a cool and 

airy part of the green-house, and let 

them remain till February. In that 

month, pot off into small sixties, and 

when well rooted in these pots, two or 

more healthy and well-shaped plants of 

each variety put into larger pots according 

to their size. While young, care 

must be taken that the earth, in which 

they are growing, does not become 

soured by over watering, or the plants 

will soon become sickly. When they 

have filled these pots with roots, the 

plants must be removed into larger 

pots and carefully tied up to sticks in 

order to keep the leading shoots upright, 

as several of the varieties have a 

tendency to grow downward, and it is 

only with constant care that these varieties 

are kept vigorous. 

" About the second week in June, 

shift for the last time into pots suffi- 

the year than the Fuchsia, but the best ciently large to bloom them in \ ; in pot- 

season is from the end of May to the 

end of July. Have the cuttings about 

three inches long; strip the leaves off 

the lower half of their lengths, and plant 

in pots, having the surface of the compost 

in them to the depth of an inch 

covered with sand. Plant in this the 

cuttings, so thattheir ends just touch the 

compost. Moisten the sand, place the 

pots in a green-house under the cover 

of hand-glasses. When rooted, pot 

singly in sixties. 

ting particular attention must be paid 

to the drainage, so that the superabundant 

water may be easily passed off. 

" Plants treated in this manner will 

begin to bloom profusely at the latter 

end of July, and continue flowering till 

the end of Septjjmber ; during this period 

the pots should be placed in pans, 

so that the plant may be well supplied 

with water, and yet not constantly 

soaked in it. 

" Plants thus treated, with their 

I 

I 

By grafting. — "The early part of shoots pruned 

May is suitable for grafting /Mc/isias, or form beautiful 

to three or four buds, 

objects for turning out 

rather for inarching them, as this is de- into the flower garden the following 

cidedly the most successful mode of summer; but if very large specimens 

are required, their pot room must be 

combining more than one variety upon , 

;

— 

FUE 241 FUM 

increased, and they should be grown i 

; 

duct will be the quantity of fuel required 

1 

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j 

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I 

' 

in the open air 

" Those who cultivate the Fuchsia, 

to heat a cubic foot of air, one degree ; 

and twenty times that quantity will heat 

with the desire of obtaining it in the 

greatest perfection, should remember 

it twenty degrees ; thirty times will heal 

it thirty degrees, and so on. Now 

that in its native haunts it flourishes 0.0075 lbs. of best coals will heat a 

under the shade of loftier shrubs. Rea- cubic foot of water one degree ; thereson, 

therefore, suggests, and experience fore 0.000002625 lbs. of best coals will 

has proved, that nothing more conduces heat a cubic foot of air one degree, 

to its vigour than shading it for three or It is essential to good and profitable 

four hours during the hottest period of fuel that it should be free from moistthe 

day, and syringing gently every ure ; for unless it be dry, much of the 

night and morning during hot weather.' heat which it generates is consumed in 


converting that moisture into vapour : 

Winter Protection.—At the approach hence the superior value of old dense, 

of frost, that excellent horticulturist, dry wood, to that which is porous and 

Mr. Mearns, recommends that the 

plants should be taken out of the soil, 

and all the laterals cut from them 

upon those intended to be trained to a i 

wall, paling, or trellis, leave three, 

four, five or six canes. They are then 

damp. A pound of dry will heat thirtyfive 

pounds of water from 32'' to 212'^; 

but a pound of the same wood in a 

moist or fresh state, will not similarly 

heat more than twenty-five pounds. 

The value, therefore, of different woods 

ready to be deposited until the end of for fuel is nearly inversely as their 

j 

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i 

April, or 

heath or 

beginning of May, in a pit in moisture : and this may be readily as- 

any other tolerably dry soil, certained by finding how much a pound 

or sand, and place them in a sloping weight of the shavings of each loses by 

direction in the pit with stakes driven 

" 

drving during two hours, at a terapera- 

here and there diagonally over them, 

that they may be kept hollow, and to 

prevent the soil fronn pressing too much 

upon their brittle stems. 

In covering them use no straw, or 

matting, but allow the soil to fall 

tufe of 212". 

The preceding are the average of 

results obtainable in a common wellconstructed 

furnace. By a complicated 

form of boiler, perhaps a small saving 

of fuel, in obtaining the same results. 

amongst them, and form it into a sharp may be effected ; but it will be found 

ridge at the top. Gard. Chron. generally, that the original cost of 

The laterals removed at the time of apparatus, and the current additional 

this winter-pruning, if divested of their expense for repairs, will more than 

laterals, and packed in powdered char- exceed the economy of fuel. Prin. of 

coal, or perfectly dry earth, in boxes, 

and placed out of the reach of frost, in 

a cool place, will retain their vitality 

until next April, when they may be cut 

into lengths of about a foot long, and 

planted with a dibble; insert them into 

the ground, so as to leave about three 

inches of the cuttings above the surface 

— 

Gard. 

FULL-FLOWER. See Double-flower. 

FUMARIA. Six species. Hardy annual 

climbers. Seed. Common soil. 

FUMIGATING is employed for the 

destruction of certain insects ; the inhaled 

vapour or smoke arising from 

some substances being fatal to them. 

Tobacco (see Tobacco) is the usual sub- 

in any place where they are wanted to 

flower next summer. If kept tolerably stance employed; and it may be ignited, 

moist, they will be found to make good ; and the smoke impelled upon the insects 

by bellows ; or the ignited tobacco may 

flowering plants with little trouble 

Gard. Chron. 

be placed under a box, or within a 

FUEL is no small item in the annual frame together with the affected plant, 

expenditure of the stove, green-house. The vapour of turpentine is destructive 

and conservatory departments, and 

therefore deserves consideration. 

The specific heat of water being 1, 

and that of atmospheric air 0.00035, or 

jg'jjjth, if the quantity of fuel which 

will heat a cubic foot of water one degree 

be multiplied by 0.00035, the pro- 

16 

to the scale and other insects, employed 

in this mode. Mr. Mills has also stated 

the following as the best mode of fumigating 

with tobacco. 

" According to the size of the place 

to be fumigated, one or more pieces of 

cast iron, one inch thick, and three

— 

FUM 242 GAR 

I 

inches over, are made red hot; (pieces GALEANDRA gracilis. Stove 

of old tiles, such as are used for cover- orchid. Division. Sandy peat, and 

ing smoke flues, would probably answer 

equally well ;) one of these is placed in 

a twenty-four sized pot, on which is put 

light loam. 

GALEGA. Goat's Rue. Five spe- 

cies, and some varieties. Hardy herthe 

quantity of tobacco considered necessary 

to charge the structure with 

smoke sufficient to destroy insect life. 

To fumigate an ordinary sized eightbaceous 

perennials. Division or seeds. 

Common soil. 

GALEOBDOLON iwêum and variety. 

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division. 

light house, I use three heaters, and 

three twenty-four sized pots, which I 

Marshy soil. 

GALIPEA. Two species. Stove 

liave placed on the front flue or walk ; 

one pound of strong tobacco is put on 

the three heaters in equal parts, and 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peaty 

soil. 

GALL is a tumour, formed in consethis 

I find sufficient to till the house, so quence of the part being punctured by 

as to destroy all the kinds of insects an insect, the tumour becoming the nithat 

perish by fumigation. The system dusof the insect brood. The Oak apple 

lias these advantages: the tobacco is so caused by the Cynips querci is a famiquicklv 

consumed, that the house is liar example; as also are the bunches 

completely filled in a very short time, of leaves not unlike a rose on the Rose 

and but little smoke can escape before Willow, and the mossy tufts on the 

the insects are destroyed; the pure heat twigs of the wild rose, and erroneously 

from the iron heaters prevents injury 

from gas, and as no blowing is required 

called Bedeguar. 

GALPHINIA. Two species. Stove 

there is no dust: it being only neces- evergreens ; one a shrub; one a climber. 

sary to put the tobacco on the heaters, Ripened cuttings. Loam and peat. 

and leave the house." Gard. Chron. GAMBOGE. Gnrcinia Gamhogia. , 

FUMITORY. Fumaria. \ 

i FUNKIA. Five species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Sheltered light 

MOTH. See Noctua. 

See Canker. 

GARCINIA. Four species. Stove 

evergreen fruit trees. Ripened cuttings. 

soil. 

FURCRCEA. Seven species. Stove Light loamy soil with peat. They 

succulents'. Suckers. Rich light loam, require a strong moist heat 

GAMMA 

GANGRENE. 

G^>RTNERA. Two species. Stove GARDEN BALSAM. Justicia pecevergreen 

twiners. Cuttings. Loam toralis. 

and peat. GARDEN BEETLE. See Phyllo- 

GAGP2A. Nineteen species. Hardy pertha. 

bulbous perennials. Off"sets. Light soil. GARDEN PEBBLE MOTH. See 

GAGNEBINA. Two species. Stove Scapula. 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings and seeds. GARDENING. " Herder, in his JiTa/- 

Loam and peat, with a little sand. ligone, caWs gardening the second libe- 

GAILLARDIA. Four species. Hardy ral art, architecture the first. ' A disherbaceous 

perennials. 

mon soil. 

Division. Com- trict,' says he, ' of which every part 

bears what is best for it, in which no 

GALA.CTIA. Four species. Hardy waste spot accuses the indolence of the 

deciduous or stove evergreen twining inhabitants, and which is adorned by 

plants. Cuttings. Division. Seeds, beautiful gardens, needs no statues on 

Loam, peat and sand. the road ; Pomona, Ceres, Pales, Ver- 

GALACTITES. Two species. Hardy tumnus. Sylvan and Flora meet us with 

annuals. Seeds. Common soil. all their gifts. Art and nature are there 

GALANGALE. Kampfera. harmoniously mingled. To distinguish, 

GALANTHUS. Snowdrop. Two in nature, harmony from discord ; to 

species. Hardy bulbous perennials, discern the character of every region 

Offsets. Common soil with a taste which developes and dis- 

GAhA'S. aphylla. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Division. Peaty soil in a 

moist situation. 

GALAXIA. Five species. Greenposes 

to the best advantage the beauties 

of nature—if this is not a fine art, then 

none exists.' However true it may be, 

that gardening deserves to be called a 

house bulbous perennials. Offsets, fine art, we can hardly agree with Herder, 

that it is the second m the order of 

Sandy peat soil. ,

GAR 243 GAR 

time ; for though gardens must have 

originated soon after man had advanced 

beyond the mere nomadic life, yet the 

practice of gardening as a fine art, that 

is, not merely as a useful occupation, 

must necessarily have been of a much 

later date. The hanging gardens of 

constructed in the palaces in Rome, 

and in which, as Pliny says, nature was 

counterfeited. But a grotto does not 

constitute a garden; and that the Romans 

had no fine gardens, in our sense 

of the word, is proved by several passages 

of their authors, and by the ac- 

| 

I 

Semiramis are reckoned among the counts we have of their gardens. In 

wonders of the world ; but that which Pliny's description of his Tuscan villa, 

astonishes is not therefore beautiful. we find, indeed, all conveniences— pro- 

[ 

j 

j 

Scatlbldmgs, supported by pillars, co- tection against the weather, an agreeavered 

with earth, bearing trees, and ble mixture of coolness and warmth ; 

artificially watered, are, no doubt, won- but everything beautiful relates merelv 

derful ; but we have no reason to sup- to buildings, not to the garden, which, 

pose them beautiful. The gardens of with its innumerable figures of box, and 

the Persians (paradises'; are called by in its whole disposition, was as tasteless 

Xenophon delightful places, fertile and as possible. Ofthe gardens of Lucullus, 

i 

beautiful ; but they seem rather to have Varro says, that they were not remark- 

i 

j 

i 

j 

' 

I 

been places naturally agreeable, with 

fruit-trees, flowers, &c., growing spon- 

able for flowers and fruits, but for the 

paintings of the villa. A fertile soil, 

taneously, than gardens artificially laid and a fine prospect from the villas, 

outand cultivated. VVhetherthe Greeks, which were generally beautifully situ- 

so distinguished in the fine arts, neglectated, seem to have satisfied the Romans. 

ed the art of gardening, is a question 

not yet decided. The gardens of Alcinoiis 

(Odyssey, vii., 112— 132) were 

Whatever the art of gardening had i)roduced 

among them, was, with every 

other trace of refinement, swept away 

nothing but well laid out fruit orchards by the barbarians who devastated Italv. 

and vineyards, with some flowers. The 

grotto of Calypso {Odyssey, v., 63—73) 

is more romantic, but probably is not 

Charlemagne directed his attention to 

this art, but his views did not extend 

beyond mere utility. The Troubadours 

intended to be described as a work of 

art. The common gardens which the 

of the middle ages speak of symmetrical 

gardens. In Italy, at the time of 

Greeks had near their farms, were more the revival of learning, attention was 

or less like the gardens of Alcinoiis. again turned towards pleasure gardens, 

Attention was paid to the useful and the some of which were so famous, that 

agreeable, to culinary plants, fruits, drawings were made of them. They 

flowers, shadowing trees and irrigation. may have been very agreeable places, 

Shady groves, cool fountains, with some but we have no reason to suppose them 

statues, were the only ornaments ofthe to have exhibited much of the skill of 

gardens of the philosophers at Athens. the scientific gardener. At a later 

The descriptions of gardens in the later period, a new taste in gardening pre- 

Greek novelists do not show any great vailed in France. Regularity was car- 

progress in the art of gardening in their ried to excess; clipped hedges, alleys 

time ; and it would be worth while to laid out in straight lines, flower-beds 

inquire, whether the same cause, which tortured into fantastic shapes, trees cut 

prevented the cultivation of landscape into the form of pyramids, haystacks, 

painting with the ancients, did not also animals, &c., were now the order of 

prevent the progress of the art of gardening. 

The ancients stood in a differ- 

the day. 

with the 

The gardens corres])ondcd 

taste of the time, which disent 

relation to nature from the moderns. played itself with the same artificial 

The true art of gardening is probably stiffness in dress, architecture and poetconnected 

with that element of the ro- ry. Lenotre was the inventor of this 

mantic, which has exercised so great an style of French gardening, which, how- 

influence on all arts ever since the reever, his successors carried to greater 

vival of arts and letters, and, in some excess. Nothing natural was left, and 

degree, ever since the Christian era. yet nature was often imitated in arti- 

Even the grottoes of the ancients owed ficial rocks, fountains, &c. Only one 

J 

, 

their origin morely to the desire for the thing strikes us 

dens 

as truly grand in carcoolness 

they afforded. Natural grot- 

of this sort—the fountains, which 

toes led to artificial ones, which were were constructed at great expense.

GAR 244 GAR 

The Dutch imitated the French. The 

English were the first who felt the absurdity 

of this style. Addison attacked 

it in his famous Essays on Gardening, 

in the Spectator ; and Pope, in his 

fourth Moral Epistle, lashed its petty, 

cramped and unnatural character, and 

displayed a better taste in the garden of 

his little villa, at Twickenham ; crowds 

followed him, and practice went before 

theory. (See Horace Walpole's History 

of Modern Taste in Gardening.) This 

style, however, was also carried to 

excess. All appearance of regularity 

tastic, predominate in a garden, according 

to the means which can be 

commanded. This is not so easy as 

might appear at first, and it requires as 

much skill to discover the disposition 

which should be made of certain 

grounds, as to carry it into effect ; but 

if such skill were not required, gardening 

would not be an art. Another principle, 

which gardening has in common 

with all the fine arts, is, that it is by no 

means its highest aim to imitate reality, 

because reality will always be better 

j 

I 

1 

! 

1 

; 

' 

than imitation. A gardener ought to 

•was rejected as hurtful to the beauty of study nature, to learn from her the 

nature, and it was forgotten, that if in a principles and elements of beauty, as 

garden we want nothing but nature, we the painter is obliged to do; but he 

had better leave gardening altogether. must not stop there. As another gene- 

This extreme prevailed, particularly ral remark, we would observe, that the 

after the Oriental and Chinese style (see true style of gardening lies between the 

Chambers' Dissertations on Oriental two extremes. It is by no means a re- 

Gardening-) had become known. What proach to a garden that it shows the 

in nature is dispersed over thousands of traces of art, any more than it is to a 

miles, was huddled together on a small drama. Both, indeed, should follow 

spot of a few acres square—urns, tombs; nature ; but in respect to the fine arts, 

Chinese, Turkish and New Zealand 

temples; bridges, which could not be 

passed without risk ; damp grottoes 

moist walks ; noisome pools, which 

were meant to represent lakes; houses, 

huts, castles, convents, hermitages, 

ruins, decaying trees, heaps of stones ; 

— a pattern card of every thing strange, 

from all nations under heaven, was exhibited 

in such a garden. Stables took 

the shape of palaces, kennels of Gothic 

temples, &c. ; and this was called 

nature ! The 

folly of this was soon felt, 

and a chaster style took its place. At 

this point we have now arrived. The 

art of gardening, like every other art, 

is manifold ; and one of its first princi- 

; 

there is a great difference between a 

free following of nature and a servile 

copy of particular realities. Tieck, in 

his Phantasien, does not entirely reject 

the French system ; at least, he defends 

the architectural principle as one of 

the principles of the art of gardening. 

There are many works of great merit 

on gardening, of which we only mention 

Descriptions des nouveaux Jardins 

de la France, &c., by La Borde (Paris, 

1S08 to J814), the most complete for 

descriptions; Loudon's Encyclopedia 

of Gardening, 5th edit., (London, 1827;) 

Handbuch der schonen Gartenkunst, by 

Dietrich (Giessen, 1815); Hirschfeld's 

Theorie der Gartenkunst (Leipsic, 1779), 

5 vols., 4to., with many engravings, a 

work of very great merit, and still of 

; 

' 

j 

' 

ples, as in architecture, is to calculate 

well the means and the objects. Im- 

mense cathedrals and small apartments, considerable use; Le ban Jardinier, 

long epics and little songs, all may be Almanack pour PAnnie 1830, edited by 

equ°ally beautiful and perfect, but can A. Poiteau (Paris), 1022 pages. (See 

only be made so by a proper regard to the article Horticulture.^ — Encyclothe'character 

ofeach. Thustheclimate, padia Americana. 

the extent of the grounds, the soil, &c., GARDENER. The day is gone when 

must determine the character of a gar- the spade and the blue apron were the 

only appropriate devices for the gar- 

den. Aiken justly observes, that no- ; 

thing deviates more from nature, than dener ; he must now not only have a 

I 

^ 

the imitation of her grand works in thorough practical knowledge of his 

miniature. All deception ceases at the art, but he must also have an intimate 

first view, and the would-be magnificent acquaintance with its sciences. No 

garden appears like a mere baby house. man can have stored in his mind too 

Let the character of the agreeable, the much knowledge, but there are always 

sublime, the awful, the sportive, the some branches of information of more 

value than others ; of these to the gar- 

rural, the neat, the romantic, the fan- I

GAR 245 G EI 

, 

dener there are none so important as leaf mould and peat, with a little bush 

botany and chemistry. Botany, physiological 

as well as classical. Chemistry, 

rubbish. 

GASTONIA palmata. Stove everespecially 

as applied to the examination green shrub. Cuttings. Sand, loam. 

] 

of organic nature. 

and peat. 

GARDENIA. Twenty-seven species GASTROCARPIIA runcinata. Halfand 

two varieties. Stove or green-house 


and peat. 

GARDEN ROCAMBOLE. Allium 

hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds. 

Common soil. 

GASTROCHILUS pulcherrimus. 

Stove herbaceous perennial. Division. 

ophioscordon. 

GARDEN SWIFT. See Hepialus. 

GARDOQUIA. Five species. Stove 

Sandy loam. 

GASTROLOBIUM. Three species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Half 

or green-house evergreen shrubs. G. ripened cuttings. Loam, peat, and 

betonicoides is an herbaceous perennial. sand. 

Cuttings. Sand, loam, and peat GASTRONEMA clavatum. Green- 

GARLAND FLOWER. Pleurandra house bulbous perennial. Offsets. Rich 

Cneorum. 

GARLICK. Allium sativum. Is ca- 

mould. 

GATHERER. The hand is the best 

pable of growing in almost any soil. 

Mode and Time of Plantirig.— It is 

instrument for collecting fruit into the 

basket, but to avoid the danger and 

generally propagated by parting the breakage of branches unavoidably inci- 

root, but may be raised from the bulbs dental to using long ladders, the fol- 

produced on the stems. The planting lowing instruments have been designed. 

Fig. 54, for apples and other single fruit. 

may be performed any time in February, ! 

March, and early in April ; but the 

middle of the second is the usual time 

of insertion. A single clove to be 

placed in each one of holes made six 

inches apart, and one and a half deep, 

in straight lines, six inches distant from 

each other; care being taken to set the 

root downwards : to do this it is the 

best practice to thrust the finger and 

thumb, holding a clove between them, 

to the reijuisite depth without any previous 

hole being made. The only cultivation 

is to keep them clear of weeds, 

and in .Tune the leaves to be tied in 

knots to prevent their running to seed, 

which would greatly diminish the size 

of the bulbs. A few roots may be taken 

up as required in June and July, but 

the whole must not be lifled until the 

leaves wither, which occurs at the close 

of this last mentioned month, or in the 

course of August. It is usual to leave 

a part of the stalk attached, by which 

they are tied into bundles, being previously 

well dried for keeping during 

the winter. 

GARLIC PEAR. Cratteva. 

GARRYA elliptica and laurifolia. 

Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers. 

Loamy soil 

Fig. 55, for grapes, the branches of which 

it severs and retains in its grasp. 

Fig. 54. Fig. 55. 

GATHERING. See Fruit Room. 

GAUDICHAUDIA cynanchoides 

Stove evergreen twiner. Ripe cuttings. 

Light turfy loam and peat. 

GAULSHERIA. Four species. 

Hardy or green-house evergreen shrubs. 

G. procumbens, a creeper. Layers. 

Peat soil. 

GAURA. Eight species. Chiefly 

hardy plants. G. fruticosa, increases 

by cuttings. The perennials by seed : 

they thrive in a rich soil. The annuals 

and biennials. Seeds. Common soil. 

I 

GAZANIA. Five species. Green- 

GARUGA prj'ma/a. Stove evergreen house herbaceous perennials or ever 

tree. Cuttings. Loam and peat. green shrubs. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

GASTERIA. Forty-two species and GEISSOMERIA longijlora. Stove 

many varieties. Green-house evergreen evergreen shrub. Cuttings Rich aoi! 

shrubs. Suckers or leaves. Sandy loam, of loam and rotten dung 

.

GEI 246 GER 

' GEISSORHIZA. Eleven species and piece of cloth dipped in tar and bound 

few varieties. Green-house bulbous round a tree's stem prevents its ascent. 

perennials. Offsets. Sandy peat. 

GEITONOPLESIUM. Three species. 


G. cymodum, is an evergreen 

G. piniaria attacks the pine and fir 

tribe. 

GEONOMA. Six species. Palms. 

Seed. Rich sandy loam, and a strong 

twiner. Cuttings. Peat and loam, or 

sandy peat. 

GELA. Two species. Green-house 

evergreens. Cuttings. Sandy peat 

GELASINE azurea. Green-house 

bulbous perennial. 

GEM. See Bud. 

GENISTA. Forty-nine species and 

a few varieties. Chiefly hardy evergreen 

shrubs. A few deciduous or evergreen 

trailers and shrubs. For the 

green-house or half hardy kinds, cuttings, 

loam, peat, and sand. The 

hardy kinds are increased by layers or 

seeds. 

GENTIAN A. Fifty-eight species 

and some varieties. Hardy plants 

heat. 

GERANIUM. Fifty-one species and 

some varieties. Chiefly hardy herbaceous 

perennials. The green-house 

and frame kinds increase from cuttings 

or seeds, and grow well in a mixture of 

loam and peat, and vegetable soil. The 

hardy species and the annuals increase 

from seeds, and require only common 

soil. See Pelargonium. 

GERARDIA. Seven species. Hardy 

annuals, biennials, and herbaceous perennials. 

Seed or cuttings. Peatv soil. 

GERBERA crenata. Green-house 

biennial. Seeds. Sandy loam and peat. 

GERMINATION is the sprouting, or 

first step in vegetation of a seed. To 

The herbaceous kinds for the most part > 

grow well in a rich peaty soil, and 

may be increased by division- The 

annuals and biennials by seeds. Common 

soil. 

GENTIANELLA. Gentiana acaulis. 

Is a hardy and herbaceous creeper. 

Sow the seeds of this as soon as they 

are ripe, (otherwise they soon lose the 

power of vegetation,) in pans filled with 

rather heavy peat. Sow on the surface, 

without any covering except a slight 

sprinkling of silver sand ; then place 

enable 

— 

it to germinate, it must have a per 

feclly-developed embryo, and be ripe, or 

nearly ripe. It must not be too old. 

The following list, furnished by the 

late Mr. Loudon, shows the greatest 

age at which some of our common garden 

seeds germinate freely ; and this 

result of experience is quite concurrent 

with our knowledge of their chemical 

constitution : 

"One year.— Peas, beans, kidney 

beans, carrot, parsnip, oraches, herb- 

patience, rhubarb, elm, poplar, and 

the pans either in a cold frame facing willow. Two years.—Radish, salsafy, 

| 

i 

the north, and kept close, or on the scorzonera, purslane, the alliums, carnorth 

side of a wall, where they are i doon, rampion, alisander, love-apple, 

completely screened from the sun, and capsicum, egg-plant. Three years. 

Sea-kale, artichoke, lettuce, marigold, 

cover them with a hand-glass. i 

Soil.—A light loam suits it best ; ma- rue, rosemary. Four years.-^Brassicas, 

nured annually with leaf mould. If the 

subsoil is dry, the soil may be advantageously 

more clayey. 

GEOMETRA. The Amphidasis of 

some entomologists, is a genus of moths; 

including G. polosaria. Pale Brindled 

Beauty Moth which appears in March ; 

— 

skirret, spinach, asparagus, endive, 

mustard, tarragon, borage. Five and 

six years.— Burnet, sorel, parsley, dill, 

fennel, chervil, hyssop. Ten years. 

Beet, celery, pompion, cucumber, melon." 

Mr. Loudon may be safely received 

] 

| 

ego-s deposited in bands round a twig, as good authority on subjects which he 

as done by the Lacky Moth. Caterpil- investigated. If the age at which the 

jars appear with the opening leaves of vitality of certain seeds cease in Engthe 

elm, lime, lilac, and apple tree. and as expressed herein, be correct, it 

They are at first a light green. 

proves a result in that climate different 

G. defoliaria, Lime Looper, or Mot- from our own. For instance, peas, 

tled Umbre Moth, feeds on the leaves 

of the lime and apple. Moth appears 

in November. Caterpillar reddish, with 

a bright yellow stripe on each side. 

Female moth has no wings, so that a 

beans, carrots, &c., vegetate freely in 

the United States when two or three 

years old, sea-kale seldom after the 

first year, and so of other seeds enumerated 

in the list.

GER 247 GER 

A certain degree of warmth is essen- that prevent the incubation of egps, un- 

less they be kept for a certain period at 

a temperature of about lOC^ 

point of water. A temperature above As no seed will germinate unless a 

32o of Fahrenheit's thermometer there^ certain degree of heat is present, so also 

' 

', 

ti.il ; for no known plant has seed that 

will germinate below or at the freezing 

| 

fore is requisite. But on the other hand, does it require that a certain quantity 

the temperature must not be excessively of water is in contact with its outer 

high. Even no tropical seed, probably, skin or integument ; and this is required 

will germinate at a temperature much 

above 120^ F., and we know from the 

not only to soften this covering, and 

thus permit the enlargement of the coexperiments 

of M. M. Edwards and tyledons (seed lobes) always preceding 

Colin, that neither wheat, oats, nor bar- germination, but also to aftord that waley 

will vegetate in a temperature of ter to internal components of the seed. 

113' without which the chemical changes 

Every seed differing in its degree of 

excitability, conseqbently, seqbe has a te 

necessary for the nutriment of the 

bryo plant will not take place. 

em 

As 

water is essential to germination, and 

perature withoutt wlii wliich it will not ve- 

getate, and from which cause arise the only a certain quantity is required for 

its healthy progress, so is it by no means 

consequences that dirterent plants re- ; 

I 

quire to be sown at different seasons, a matter of indifference what matters it 

and that they germinate with various holds in solution. Until germination 

degrees of rapidity. The gardener has commenced, no liquid but water at 

should always bear in mind that it would common temperatures will pass through 

be a very erroneous conclusion, because the integuments of a seed. 

So soon as germination has com- 

a seed does not germinate at the accus- : 

i 

\ 

I 

tomed time, that therefore its vegetating menced, this power to exclude foreign 

powers are departed. No two seeds fluids ceases ; but the organs starting 

taken from the same seed-vessel ger- into activity, the radicle and the plumule 

minate precisely at the same time; but are so delicate, that the weakest saline 

on the contrary, one will often do so solutions are too acrid and ofiensive f'»r 

promptly, while its companion seed will them. It may be noted as a warning to 

remain dormant until another year. those who employ steeps for seed, with 

, 

M. de Candolle relates an instance the hope of promoting the vigour of the 

where fresh tobacco seedlingscontinued future plant, that they must keep the 

to appear annually for ten years on the seed in those steeps a very few hour?, 

' 

: 

same plot, though no seed was sown In forty-eight hours, if the temperature 

after the first sowing; and the same be 60° or more, putrefaction coinphenomenon 

usually occurs for two or inences, and germintition is weakened, 

three years, when the seed of either the or entirely destroyed. M. Vogcl, of 

peony or hawthorn are sown. Why one Munich, has published an exieiuied 

seed is more easily excited than another course of experiments upon this subject, 

is as yet unexplained ; but the wisdom and they fully confirm my opinion that 

of this one of many i)rovisions for avoid- salts, innoxious when the plant is of 

ing the accidental extinction of a spe- robust and advanced growth, are fatal 

cies in any given locality is readily dis- to it at the lime of germination. 

cerned. An ungenial spring may destroy The presence of one of the conslito- 

\ 

the plants from those seeds which first ent gases of the atmosphere, oxygen, is 

germinated; but this could scarcely oc- also essential to germination. It is necuralso 

to those of the second and third cessary that the oxygen should penetrate 

year, or even to those which were only to the cotyledonous parts of the seed, 

a few weeks later in their vegetation. as is evident by the changes which take 

It is not possible to enunciate a general 

rule relative to germinating teniperatures, 

requiring no exceptions; but 

place during germination, and it is f\ir- 

ther proved by experiment. Wtien 

healthy seed is moistened and exposed 

in general, for the seeds of plants, in a suitable temperature to atmosnatives 

of temperate latitudes, the best pheric air, it absorbs the oxygen only, 

germinating temperature is about 60°, This power of separating one gas froi.i 

and for those of tropical plants about the others appears to reside in tlie 

integuments of the seed, for old seeds 

80°; and the necessity for such tempe- , 

ratures depends upon the same causes ; 

lose the power of absorbing the oxygen,

GER 248 GER 

and, consequently, of germinating ; yet 

they will frequently germinate if soaked 

in an aqueous solution of chlorine— 

gas which has the power of attracting 

liydrogen from water, and others of its 

compounds, and releasing the oxygen, 

doing so in the case of seeds within 

their integuments, as well as withoutside. 

Humboldt and Saussure have 

also shown that the application of chlorine 

to seeds accelerates its germination 

; and Cress seed, which under ordinary 

circumstances requires some 

days to complete the process, they 

found effected it in no more than three 

a 

ant phenomena,—but we can penetrate 

the mystery no farther. 

I have never been able to discover 

that light has injurious influence over 

germination, and in those experiments 

apparently proving the contrary, due 

care was not taken to prevent the seed 

being exposed to a greater degree of 

dryness as well as to light. 

If seed be placed on the surface of a 

soil, and other seed just below that sur- 

face, and care be taken to keep the former 

constantly moist, it will germinate 

just as speedily as the buried seed, and 

f exposed to the blue rays only of the 

hours. The late Mr. George Sinclair, spectrum by being kept under a glass 

[ 

author of the excellent Hortus Grami-', of that colour, ^ven more rapidly. 

neus Woburnensis, also informed me Therefore | 

that he employed chlorine with sin 

gular success. He obtained it by mixing 

a tablespoonful of muriatic acid with 

a similar quantity of black ox de of manganese, 

and half a pint of water. After 

allowing the mixture to remain two or 

three hours, the seed is to be immersed 

in the liquid for a similar period, and 

! guides 

! 

| 

then sown. Another, and I consider 

the most eligible mode of applying the 

chlorine was also suggested to me by 

the same distinguished horticulturist. 

In this way he said he made tropical 

seeds vegetate which refused to germinate 

by other modes of treatment. He 

placed the mixed ingredients mentioned 

above in a glass retort, inserting its 

bulb in the hot-bed, and bringing its 

beak under the pot in which the seeds 

were sown, connecting it with the 

draining aperture of the pot. The chlorine 

gas is gradually evolved, passing 

the object of sowing the seed 

below the surface, is for the purposes 

of keeping it in a state of equable and 

salutary moisture, as well as to place 

the radicle iu the medium necessary 

for its growth into a root, immediately 

it emerges from the integument of the 

seed. These facts hold out some bea- 

cons worthy of being attended to, as 

for the operation of sowing, 

They point out that every kind of 

seed has a particular depth below the 

surface at which it germinates most 

vigorously, as securing to it the most 

appropriate degree of moisture, of oxygen 

gas, and of warmth. From a quarter 

of an inch to two inches beneath 

the surface, appear to be the limits for 

the seeds of plants; but they usually 

vary for the same seeds in different 

grounds and countries. It must be the 

least in aluminous soils and dry climates. 

In general, sowing should be 

' 

through the earth of the pot to the seeds, performed in dry weather, especially 

with more or less rapidity, according on heavy soils, not only because of the 

greater saving of labour, but because 

i 

j 

to the heat employed. This absolute 

necessity for the presence of oxygen is it prevents the seed being enveloped 

a reason why seeds will not germinate 

if buried beyond a certain distance from 

the earth's surface ; and why clayey 

soils often fail of having a good plant, 

an impervious coat of the clay envelop- 

ing the seed, and preventing the air's 

access. How oxygen operates in aid- 

with a coat of earth impermeable by 

the air, " which," says Sir H. Davy, 

" is one cause of the unproductiveness 

of cold clayey soils." Perhaps the 

time at which any ground may be 

raked with the greatest facility is as 

I 

good and practical a criterion as any 

ing the seed to develope the parts of the to judge when it is fit for sowing. In 

embryo plant, we cannot even guess— general, if clay does not predominate 

[ 

•we only know that most seeds have I in its constitution, a soil rakes best just 

more carbon (pure charcoal) in their after it has been turned up with the 

composition than other parts of their 

parent plant; that the oxygen absorbed 

bv the seeds combines with a portion of 

that carbon, and is emitted in the form 

of carbonic acid. These are the attend- 

ipade. If clay does predominate it 

usually rakes with most facility after it 

has been dug two or three days, and 

then immediately after a gentle rain. 

But it is certain that the sooner seed is

— 

— 

— 

GE R 249 G L A 

sown after the soil is dug for its reception, 

the earlier it germinates. In the 

droughts of summer, water is often required 

to newly-sown beds. Such application 

must not be very limited or 

transitory ; for if the soil is only moistened 

at the immediate time of sowing, 

it induces the projection of the radicle, 

which in very parching weather, and 

in clayey, caking soil, I have known 

wither away, and the crop be conse- 

— 

brids, are the next in beauty to G. 

psittacinvs, but they are not so hardy 

nor so vigorous. They require taking 

up every season ; for if left in the 

ground, though protected with a covering, 

they always sufler from damp, and 

never start early enough to flower well 

the next season. 

" About the beginning of October, 

to propagate them, take from wellestablished 

plants a cluster of corms 

quently lost from the want of a con- about one and a half or two feet in cirtinued 

supply of moisture. Princ. of 

Gardening 

GEROPOGON. Old Man's Beard. 

Three species. Hardy annuals. G. 

cumference, and plant them one foot 

apart, and two or three inches deep, in 

beds two feet wide, with a little sand 

at the bottom of the bulbs. When 

calyculatus an herbaceous perennial. 


GESNERA. Thirty species, and 

two varieties. Stove herbaceous pe- 

forced, this plant forms a brilliant ornament 

for the green-house in the beginning 

of summer. 

" In the month of October take eight 

rennials, or evergreen shrubs. Cut- or twelve-sized pots, and fill them with 

tings. Rich light soil. 

GETHYLLIS. Five species. Green- 

as large a mass of the strongest corms 

as the pots will admit, and protect them 

house bulbous perennials. Offsets or till they are required for forcing." 


GETONIA. Two species. 


Stove 

Loam 

Gard. i'hron. 

" Gladiolus psittacinus or natalentis, 

is one of the most ornamental of the 

and peat. 

GEUM. Twenty-three species, and 

Cape gladioli, and, from its easy cultivation, 

deserves to have a place in all 

a few varieties. Hardy herbaceous flower-gardens where a brilliant dis- 

perennials. Division or seeds. Rich 

light loamy soil. 

GILIA. Eight species, and one 

variety. Hardy annuals. Seeds. 

Common soil. G. aggregata ; a greenplay 

is required during the autumn. 

Beds should be prepared some time 

during the winter, or early in the 

spring, by digging up the soil deep 

and leaving it rough, adding, at the 

house biennial. 

GILLENIA. Two 

same time, a good portion of wellrotted 

dung and a little sand, if the soil 


is of a stiff nature ; but if light, sand ia 

and loam. 

GILLYFLOWER. 

GINGER. Zingiber. 

GINGERBREAD TREE. Parinarium 

macrophyllum. 

GIPSY MOTH. See hombyx. 

GIRDLING is a mode of killing 

not required. 

" About the middle of April mark 

out the bed into rows, one foot apart 

and four inches deep, putting a little 

sand along the bottom of the rows ; 

then place the bulbs in the rows, about 

nine inches or one foot apart, taking 

trees adopted in clearing the forests of care to separate all the bulbs, and only 

America, by cutting, early in the plant one in each place; then, having 

spring, a girdle or ring round the stem a little sand (any refuse from cutting 

of each tree, taking away not only the pots, or bank-sand, will do), put a 

bark but the entire alburnum down to 

the hard wood—the ascent of the sap 

small portion round each bulb, and fill 

in the rows. After this the plants will 

is thus prevented. See Ringing. 

GLADIOLUS. Forty species ; many 

varieties. Chiefly green-house, and a 

require no further trouble excp[)t keeping 

clean and tying up, which latter is 

easily done by driving a few sticks 

few hardy bulbous perennials. 

round the outside of the bed, and run- 

G. cardinalis. (in the culture of this ning a couple of tiers of tar-twine round 

we have the following information 

from Mr. A. Mackenzie and Mr. Gordon 

it. With this treatment the gladioli 

will begin flowering about the end ot 

July, and will contmue blooming for 

nearly two months, particularly if they 

: 

species. Hardy 

, Division. Peat 

See Mathiola. 

" Gladiolus cardinalis, and its hy

— 

GL A 250 GL A 

done growings Tor the season, care 

' have 

' 

i 

are freely supplied with water once or 

twice (as the season nnay require) just must be taken not to dry the soil in the 

before they begin to expand their first pans too quickly or too much ; for the 

flowers. Care must be taken, however, young bulbs, being very small, are apt 

not to water them overhead. to become much exausted, and fre- 

" The bulbs to be taken up about qiiently perish if kept very dry the first 

the end of October, or as soon as the i 

i 

j 

winter. They should be, if possible, 

stems and leaves become brown or placed in some cool, dry situation, 

damaged by the frost. They must be where they are secure from frost. In 

well dried, and placed in some situa- the spring they should be again placed 

in a green-house or warm pit, and, 

, 

i 

I 

1 

tion secure from frost or damp until 

the next spring, when they must be di- when fairly started, they should be 

vided, and again treated as before, carefully removed into fresh pans or 

The large bulbs will also produce pots, being rather a richer soil than 

numerous offsets round their root-end ; that used for the seeds, planting them 

but these are of little value, for they still rather thickly in the pots or pans, 

will be two or three years before they and keeping them shut up close and 

flower; and as every flowering bulb rather moist for a few days, until they 

planted in the spring produces three begin to grow again, after which treat 

or four bulbs of sufficient size to bloom them as before, and encourage them to 

next season, from the crown of the old grow as long as possible in the autumn, 

one, there is always enough for all then rest them as before. 

purposes. The plant also flowers free- spring they may be potted 

The next 

in smaller 

ly ; but the small bulbs and the seed- pots, and treated like the Gladiolus 

lings will be so long before they flower, cardinalis, when many of them will 

I 

t 

I 

• 

j 

! 

j 

j 

j 

that they are not worth the trouble of flower." Gard. Chron. 

raising, except for the sake of obtain- GLASS is the best agent employed 

jng new varieties." Gard. Chron. by the gardener to exclude the cold, 

" Gladiolus ramosissimus is the next whilst the light is admitted to his plants 

most beautiful 

in pots or in 

these hardier 

kind for growing either which are natives of hotter climates 

a bed. The bulbs of than that in which he cultivates them, 

kinds should be taken Now that the excise-duty is removed 

up every two years, divided, and re- from glass, the gardener is enabled to 

planted, as they will not flower so employ the best, and a thicker kind 

finely if left too long in one place. than formerly, when the duty was high 

"They require a rich soil, made in proportion to the good quality and 

rather free by adding a little sand to it weight. Anxiety to obtain the best 

when the bulbs are being planted. By glass for hot-houses, &c., is every way 

j 

| 

i 

this treatment nearly all the cape gladi- ; 

oli may be made to flower beautifully, 

and far finer and better than if retained 

but the benefit sought for is 

i 

[ 

, 

I 

i 

' 

; 

j 

| 

laudable 

frustrated if it be not constantly well 

cleansed. The best glass, if dirty, 

in pots. They are easily increased by allows fewer rays of light to pass 

offsets or by seeds ; but the latter way 

is rather tedious, and only worth re- 

through than interior glass kept bright. 

A thorough cleansing should be given 

sorting to for the sake of raising new 

varieties. When this is intended, the 

both to the outside and inside twice 

annually, during the first weeks of 

seed should be sown about the end of February and of October, and a third 

February, in pans filled with a mixture cleansing, on the outside only, at the 

of sandy peat, and loam, and leaf- end of June. In proportion to the demould. 

The seeds should be planted ficiency of light does the plant under 

about half an inch deep in the soil, and glass become, in the gardener's phrasethe 

pans placed in a green-house.— ology, drawn,- that is, its surface of 

They will soon vegetate, and require leaves becomes unnaturally extended, 

little trouble, for the first season, ex- in the vain effort to have a sufficient 

cept watering and keeping free from elaboration of the sap effected by means 

slugs and weeds, taking care, how- of a large surface exposed to a dimiever, 

that they are kept growing as nished light, for which a less surface 

vigorously and as long as possible by would have been sufficient if the light 

freely supplying them with water du- were more intense. The plant with 

ling the growing season. When they ] this enlarged surface of leaves becomes 

—

G L A 251 G L A 

unfruitful, the sap being expended in time will, I believe, not only secure 

tiieir production which should have their ripening well every year in the 

been appropriated to the formation of midland counties, but also that such 

fruit. 

GLASS-CASES are of various kinds. 

advantage will be available in the 

north of England, where grapes never 

One is formed of glazed wooden frames, ripen on the open walls." 

fitting together, to protect espaliers, Lastly, there is the Wardian-rase 

wall-trees, or shrubs too large to be 

covered with a hand-glass. 

Another glass-case is made for protecting 

a single branch. It is thus de- 

to cover plants growing in rooms, 

preserving to them uniform moisture 

and excluding dust. To prevent the 

dew which is occasionally deposited 

scribed by Mr. Maund, the author of inside the glass, it is only necessary to 

that most useful periodical open the case frequently, for a few 

Fig. 56. the Botanic Garden :— minutes, to render the temperature 

" Although my experiment 

is not yet com- 

Fig. 57. 

pleted, I cannot omit 

mentioning to you its 

success. Grapes grown 

on open walls in the 

midland counties are 

rarely well - ripened ; 

therefore this year I provided 

a small glazed 

frame, a sort of narrow 

hand-glass, of the shape 

shown in the annexed 

outline, to fix against the 

wall, and inclose one 

branch of the vine with 

j 

its fruit and foliage. 

"The open part, which rests against 

the wall, is thirteen inches wide, and 

may be of any length required to take 

in the fruit. The sides are formed of 

single panes of glass, seven inches 

wide, and meet on a bar which may 

represent the ridge of a roof, the ends 

inclosed by triangular boards, and having 

a notch to admit the branch. This 

was fixed on the branch a month before 

the vine came into flower. The 

consequence was, the protected ' 

j 

branches flowered a week earlier than 

the exposed. The frame was not 

fitted closely to the wall, but in some 

places may have been a quarter of an 

inch from it. The lateral branches 

being shortened before it was fixed, it 

' 

did not require removal even for pruning, 

because I adopt the long-rod mode 

of training, which is peculiarly adapted 

to mv partial protection system. The 

temperature within the frame is always 

bit^her than without, sometimes at midday 

even from 20" to 30". 

" By this simple protection I find 

grapes may be ripened from three 

weeks to a month earlier than when 

wholly exposed, and this saving of 

| 

! 

Fig. 58.

GLA 252 GLO 

within similar to that outside. They 

are not intended to exclude the air, 

and are now made very ornamental. 

Fig. 59. 

GLASTONBURY THORN. CratcEgus 

oxyacantha. 

GLAUCIUM. Six species, one variety. 

Hardy annuals and biennials. 


GLAUX maritima. Hardy herbaceous 

trailer. Seeds. Open sandy loam. 

GLAZING. See Stove. 

GLEDITSCHIA. Ten species, besides 

varieties. Hardy deciduous trees. 

Seeds. Any soil suits them. 

GLEICHENIA. Five species. Stove 


and loam. 

GLOBE-AMARANTH. Gomphrena. 

GLOBE-FLOWER. Trollius. 

GLOBE-THISTLE. Echinops. 

GLOBULARIA. Nine species. Hardy 

or green-house herbaceous perennials. 

Cuttings or seed. The green-house species 

thrive in loam and peat; the hardy 

kinds in sandy light soil. 

GLOBULEA. Sixteen species, besides 

varieties. Green-house herbaceous 

perennials. Cuttings. Sandy loam and 

peat, with brick rubbish. 

GLORIOSA. Four species. Chiefly 

stove bulbous perennials. Division ; also 

seeds sown as soon as gathered. Turfy 

loam, white sand, and peat. 

G. superba.—Mr. W. Scott, of Bury 

Hill, gives these particulars as to its 

culture : 

— 

months' rest, and will seldom start for 

growth before March, when it will require 

a good bottom heat of at least80°, 

either in a bark-pit or cucumber-bed. 

The greatest error committed with regard 

to its treatment is leaving the root 

to start in the same pot, &c., it grew in 

in the previous year. As it makes its 

shoot from the lower end of the new 

tuber, which is consequently at the bottom 

of the pot, if it is not taken out, 

and that end placed upwards, it has to 

struggle through the whole mass of 

mould to reach the surface, which it 

often fails in doing. It should be potted 

at the beginning of March in a fortyeight 

pot ; or, if the tuber (which sometimes 

happens) is too long, a bulb-pot 

may be used. It should be well drained, 

and planted in pure light peat or heath 

mould, with the end of the root just 

above the surface. When it makes a 

shoot, it also forms fresh roots from the 

base of the new shoot, and will grow 

rapidly if kept in a stove or vinery at a 

temperature of 70^ or 80', and soon 

requires a larger pot. It generally 

takes a six, using nothing but light peat 

soil. 

" It may then be trained in any form 

most convenient. After it has flowered 

and the leaves are decayed withhold 

water entirely to ripen the tubers, which 

may be kept in the dry mould till the 

spring, or taken out and kept in dry 

sand till the season for potting them." 


GLOSSODIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

orchids. Offsets. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

GLOXINIA. Five species. Stove 

herbaceous perennials. All are propagated 

by seed, but G. maculata is also 

increased by division; and the others 

by leaves taken off" close to the stem. 

Loam, peat, and sand, with leaf mould. 

Varieties.—Many varieties have been 

raised by cross-impregnation, but for a 

private garden the following may be 

recommended: — G. corcineus ; G. 

Youngii ; G. Manglesii; G. rubra; G. 

Maxima ; G. speciosa ,- and G. Candida. 

Mr. J. McI., of Hillsborough, gives 

the following directions for the culture 

of these flowers : 

"Propagation.—The gloxinia is readily 

increased by seeds and cuttings; 

the seeds should be sown very thinly, 

" It naturally requires about six 

as soon as they are gathered, in pans 

that are well drained, and filled with a 

—

mixture of fine peat and sand ; 

GL Y 253 GO A 

the seeds 

should not be covered ; they may afterwards 

be placed in a frame where the 

temperature is about 680. When they 

have acquired one or two leaves, they 

green-house evergreens ; chiefly twiners. 

Seeds. Loam, peat, and sand. 

GLYCIRUHIZA. Liquorice. Eight 

species. Hardy herbaceous perennials. 

Slips from the roots with eyes. Planted 

in the spring. Light sandy soil. See 

[ 

should be potted off into small pots 

and not dried off until the second year, Liquorice. 

as the small fibres are not sufficiently GLYPHYTERYX. A genus of moths, 

, 

strong to cause them to grow vigor-' " G. Boese/Za, Spinach Moth, appears 

ously in spring. This remark is also I in the spring and throughout the sum- 

j 

1 

^ 

applicable to young plants raised from 1 mer. It is blackish-brown coloured, 

cuttings. Caterpillar yellowish green. Feeds 

I 

" Gloxinias are readily propagated on spinach, strawberry blite, &c., and 

even by a single leaf pressed firmly in- lives three or four together, under a 

to the soil, which may be the same as web on the leaves." 

is used for seeds. Mr. Curtis says, that "when fully fed 

| 

^'Culture.—The roots should be al- the caterpillars leave the plants on 

they have been subsisting, and 

I which 

1 seek 

where ^ 

change , 

I main 

lowed to become quite dry during autumn, 

and continue so all the winter ; 

they should not be allowed to become 

dry, however, all at once, but by degrces. 

While they are in this state the 

some crack in a tree or wall, 

they spin a slight cocoon, and 

to pupa; in this state they re- 

ten or twelve days, when the perpots 

may be laid on their sides, on a feet insect emerges. The moth, when 

[ dry shelf in the green-house until Feb- its wings are expanded, is about five 

ruary or March, but February is the lines long ; the head, body, and feet 

: 

i 

[ 

best time for starting them. In potting are black, with a shining metallic apthem, 

the earth should be carefully pearance. The antenna; are black with 

shaken from the bulbs, which should be white rings, and the upper wings are 

repotted in a mixture of one-half de- yellow, with black edges, and about five 

spots disposed in the shape of a 

i 

j 

cayed vegetable mould, and one-half 

good rich loam, with the addition of a 

silvery 

cross ; the under wings are blackish, 

little sand or charcoal. 

" The pots should be well 

land, 

drained, 

as well as the upper, have long 

| 

; 

In planting, press the roots 

fringes. It is difficult to find means to 

gently on destroy so minute an enemy as the prethe 

surface of the soil, and give them sent; but where it attacks spinach it is 

no water for some time, as the moisture much better to pull up the plants with 

caterpillars on them, and burn 

of the pot will be sufficient for them at the | 

first. them ; where they appear only in small 

> 

1 

"After they are all potted, remove quantities, hand-picking may answer 

them to a frame where the temperature very well." Gard. Chron. 

is about 60^, and when they have com- GMELINA. Five species. Stove or 

menced growing, give them a little green-house evergreen trees. Cuttings, 

water, increasing the quantity as they Rich loam and peat, and a very strong 

advance in growth. A little air should heat, 

be given them in fine weather. \ GNAPHALIUM. Six species. Chiefly 

"By the middle of May they will hardy plants. G. albescens, an evergreen 

have attained a good size, and some of shrub. G. purpuritim. The shrubby 

them will be showing flowers, when and herbaceous increase by cuttings and 

they may be removed to the greendivision; the annuals and biennials by 

house, when nothing except proper at- seeds. Rich light soil, 

tention to watering them is required. 

When the plants have done flowering, 

GNIDIA. Seventeen species. Greenhouse 

and evergreen shrubs. Young 

water should be gradually withheld. shoots planted in sand. Peat soil. 

" It often happens, however, that 

some of the species continue in a growing 

state all the winter, for instance 

G. caulescens, which is unlike any of 

the others in habit and manner of 

growth."— Gard. Chron. 

GLYCINE. Eight species. Stove or 

QOAT MOTH. See Bombyx. 

GOAT'S BEARD. Spiraa aruncus. 

GOAT'S FOOT. Oxalis caprina. 

GOAT'S ORIGANUM. Thymus Tragoriganum. 

GOAT'S RUE. Galega. 

—

GO A 254 GOO 

GOAT'S THORN. Astragalus Tra^ I GOOSEBERRY. Ribes grossularia 

gacantha. The European succeed but indifferently 

GOBBO. See Artichoke. [in this country, unless it be in the dry 

GODETIA. Three species. Hardy I 

annuals. Seeds. Common soil. j 

GODOYA geminijiora. Stove ever- i 

atmosphere of a city. Mildew, the 

especial enemy of this fruit, seizes on 

it, and speedily arrests the circulation 

green tree. Ripe cuttings. Peat and of the juices—the consequence is inevi- 

loam. table disease. It has been said that a 

GOLDBACHIA lavigata. Hardy an 

nual. Seeds. Common soil 

GOLDEN HAIR. Chrysocoma comaurea. 

GOLDEN ROD. Bosea. 

GOLDEN THISTLE. Scolymus. 

GOLDEN THISTLE. Protea Scolymus. 

GOLDFUSSIA anisophylla. Stove 

evergreen shrub. G. glomerata, stove 

herbaceous perennial. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

GOLD OF PLEASURE. Camelina. 

GOLDY LOCKS. Chrysocoma. 

GOMPHIA. Six species. Stove evergreen 

shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy loam. 

GOMPHOCARPUS. Three species. 



GOMPHOLOBIUM. Twenty-five species. 

Chiefly green-house evergreen 

shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

GOMPHRENA. Seven species. 

Stove or green-house annuals and biennials, 

herbaceous perennials, or evergreen 

shrubs. Seeds; and the shrubby 

kinds, cuttings. Rich mould. 

GONGORA. Four species. Stove 

orchids. Division. Wood. 

GONOLOBYS. Twenty-one species. 

Stove evergreen and hardy and greenhouse 

deciduous twiners. The hardy 

require a dry situation, and increase by 

division or seeds. Peat or any light 

soil. For the stove and green-house 

kinds, cuttings. Loam and peat. 

GONOSTEMON. Three species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy 

loam. 

perennials. Seeds or cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

GOODIA. Three species. Greenhouse 


seed. Loam and Peat. 

GOOD NIGHT. Argyreia bona nox. 

GOODYERA. Six species. Stove or 

hardy orchids. The former do best in 

sandy peat and leaf mould : the latter 

require sandy peat, and are increased 

by division. 

— 

— 

solution of whale-oil soap will destroy 

the parasite, and preserve the fruit 

healthful and perfect. 

Varieties.—If quality be the chief 

consideration, as most assuredly it ought 

to be, the following are the best: 

Red Champagne. 

Red Turkey. 

Keen's seedling, Warrington. 

Early White. 

Woodward's Whitesmith. 

Hebburn. 

Green Prolific. 

White Fig. 

Pigmaston. 

Green Gage. 

Yellow Champagne. 

Taylor's Bright Venus. 

Red Warrington. 

Rumbullion. 

If size be the primary object, the 

following may be cultivated : 

Reds. 

Briton. I Lion's Provider. 

Companion. London. 

| 

Conquering Hero. Roaring Lion. 

| 

Guido. 

' Cossack. 

Fleur-de-Lis. 

Freedom. 

Lady Stanley. 

Broom Girl. 

Bird Lime. 

Catherina. 

Goldfinder. 

Gunner. 

'GOODENIA. Seven species. Green-! 

house evergreen shrubs, and herbaceous 

fjêen Prin 

Keepsake. 

Overall. 

Providence. 

Young Wonderful. 

Whites. 

Miss Walton. 

Philip the First. 

Tally-ho. 

White Eagle. 

Yellows. 

Leader. 

Pilot. 

Teazer. 

Two-to-one. 

Greens. 

Peacock. 

Turn-out. 

Thumper. 

Weathercock. 

The size to which some of these have 

been grown are as follows : 

Roaring Lion .... 29 dwts. 

Teazer 

32;" 

Young Wonderful . . . 27i " 

Companion 28 " 

London 35 "

— 

GOO 255 GOO 

To raise Varieties.—The seed must bush, B B is the soil taken out about 

i 

' 

; 

j 

be taken from perfectly ripe berries, eighteen inches all round the plant, 

and sown immediately in pots of light and about six inches deep at C, that if 

loam, to remain in the green-house there are any buds or suckers, they are 

during winter, or be preserved in sand sure to be seen and destroyed. Thisdo 

until February, and then sown. The every year in December, and as soon 

soil must be kept moderately moist un- as the soil is taken out, spread cowdung 

til they are large enough to prick out over the roots as shown at B, after 

' in beds. which replace the earth that has been 

Cuîmg-s are the best mode of propa- ' taken out: when you have any new 

gating approved kinds. Take a bearing seedlings to propagate, do not take out 

shoot not less than nine inches long; the soil, but lay the manure round them, 

remove all the buds but the top three, and , 

cover it with a layer of earth, 

, 

and bury them to within an inch of the which encourages the plant to produce 

lowest bud left. Plant them in rows suckers. 

eighteen inches apart each way. ' By these means good bushes are 

Culture.—At the end of the first year, sooner obtained than by cuttings, and 

the shoots must be cut down to a few generally speaking, well-rooted suckers 

eyes, and the plants kept clear from may be taken off in October, which 

any summer shoots that may be on the produce fruit the following year. The 

stem or that spring from the root; they cuttings should be deprived of all their 

must have plenty of water the first sum- under-ground eyes or buds ; before they 

are put into the ground to take cuttings 

They will be fit to plant out in two from twelve to fifteen inches long, cut 

or three years into borders or quarters, the upper end to a bud, leaving three or 

at eight feet between the rows, and six four other buds below it, then pare 

feet apart. At the time of planting out, 

some rich compost may be added with 

great etfect towards the flavour, size, 

away all the other buds, and pick out 

the lowest of all, finishing just below it 

by a horizontal clean cut." — Card. 

and abundance of the crop. Doyle. Chron. 

" There is a continual tendency on Pruning in the summer is confined 

the part of the under ground buds to to pinching off superfluous and mis 

become branches, and these are the placed shoots, it always being kept in 

" 

suckers that we find so troublesome in ' " ' mind that the centre of the tree 

many kinds of soils. By continually standards must be kept open so as to 

stopping and wounding them, however, admit the light. " At the time of prun- 

they will in general perish; and to do ing," says Mr. Doyle, " some fine young 

this is what we recommend. 

shoots should be left in the most con- 

" The Lancashire gooseberry growvenient place as bearing wood for the 

ers adopt the following as the best ensuing year, and room must be made 

means of preventing gooseberries from for them by cutting out some of the old 

throwing up suckers, and also an excel- wood. Each of the old branches should 

lent plan of insuring an abundance of have a leader left of new wood, which 

large fruit. may be shortened according to its 

" In the sketch, (Fig. 60,) A is tlie ' 

strength 

so as to leave five or six inches 

above the old wood. Very strong shoots 

need not be so much shortened unless 

in a part of the bush which is naked, 

and requires to be furnished. 

" Avoid shortening the shoots unless 

when the tree is naked, or the wood 

will be crowded, tufted, and productive 

of very small and indifferent fruit. The 

leading shoot at the end of each branch 

should, where it is possible, terminate 

naturally, if it be not inconsistent with 

the equable extent of the tree ; and in 

most cases it may still be so contrived 

by having recourse to the next lateral 

branch of the desired extent, and by

GOO 256 GOU 

I 

i 

taking away that which straggled below temperature, about 60° afterwards, 

yond it. Let it 

the time when 

be recollected that at and not higher than 40° at night. 

the young trees are GORDONIA.—Four species. Hardy 

growing in the nursery, and at all times! deciduous shrubs. G. hamatoxylon is 

a stove evergreen tree. G. pubescens, 

(the Franklinea) is a highly attractive 

shrub or minor tree, indigenous to 

Georgia, &c. Layers or cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

GOSSYPIUM. The Cotton Tree. 

Eleven species. Stove annuals, biennials, 

perennials, or evergreen shrubs. 

For the shrubby kinds, cuttings and 

seeds. The annuals and biennials, 

A light rich soil and a moist 

: 

, 

after, the attention of the gardener 

'must be directed to what is called 

" stemming the trees," which is producing 

and continuing a clear stem to a 

given height, (accordmg to the growth 

of the different kinds,) by taking off all 

lateral shoots at their first appearance. 

Espaliers.—No fruit is more benefited 

than that of the gooseberry, by having 

the tree trained as an espalier. It is 

best done to stakes arranged lozenge- seeds 

wise, (see Espalier,) or the bush may heat 

be trained round hoops in this form. 

Fig. 61. 

GOUANIA. Six species. Stove evergreen 

climbers. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

GOURD, Sagenaria vulgaris, and 

PUMPKIN, Cucurbita pepo, are chiefly 

employed in the making of pies, &c. 

There are numerous varieties, varying 

! 

in the shape and colour of their fruit: 

as the globular, oval, pear-shaped, 

green, striped, marbled, yellow, &c., 

&c. One variety, of a pale buff or 

salmon colour and globular form grows 

to the weight of one hundred and ten 

pounds and upwards : it is known in 

France as the Potiron Jaune, and used 

Fruit.—This should be 

in soups, but 

thinned, the mashed 

in particular from being 

and eaten as potatoes or turnsmaller 

berries be cut away with a pair ips, being of a very pleasant and pecu- 

liar j 

j 

i remarkable 

of scissors for tarts, &c., as required, 

and the fine berries left for dessert. If 

some of reds, as the Warrington, and 

flavour. The bottle-shaped is of 

j 

I 

I 

; 

\ 

j 

little use for culinary purposes, but is 

as being of the form of a 

of the thick-skinned yellows, as the Florence or oil-flask. 

Mogul, are matted over when the fruit Cucurbita melopepo, the Squash. Cuis 

ripe, it will remain good until Christ- curbita succada, the Vegetable Marrow. 

mas. This is easiest done when the Both these are cultivated for the fruit, 

tree is grown as an espalier. To in- which being gathered when of the size 

crease the size of the berries, abund- of a goose's egg, is boiled vrhole in 

ance of water and liquid manure are salt and water, laid upon toast, and 

given to the roots, and the berries are eaten as asparagus. Of the squash, 

stickled by keeping their tips in saucers there are almost as many varieties as of 

of water; this is sacrificing the flavour the pompion, and similarly characterto 

increase the circumference of the ized. The young fruit is much used in 

fruit. 

Vermin.—The caterpillar and 

pickles. They may be sown in a hotthe 

bed of moderate strength, under a frame 

black-fly are both destroyed by syring- or hand-glasses at the end of March or 

ing the bushes with water, and then early in April. In May they may be 

dusting the leaves above and beneath sown in the open ground, beneath a 

with white hellebore powder, or with south fence, to remain, or in a hot-bed, 

lime and soot mixed in equal propor- if at its commencement, to forward the 

tions. 

plants for transplanting at its close, or 

Forcing. — Neither the gooseberry early in June. The plants are fit for 

nor currant can be forced without great transplanting when they have got four 

care. No heat must be applied when rough leaves, or when of about a 

they are first put under glass. A very month's growth. They must be plant- 

[

— 

GOV 257 G R A 

ed without any shelter on dunghills, or I 

; 

part of a branch of one plant upon the 

Grafting is a ditllcult mode of multiplying 

an individual, because it is requisite 

so to fit the scion to tlie stock, 

that some portion of their alburnums 

and inner barks must coincide, otherwise 

the requisite circulation of the 

sap is prevented. No graft will succeed 

if not immediately grafted upon a 

nearly kindred stock. I say immediately, 

because it is possible that by 

grafting on the most dissimilar species 

on which it will take, and then moving 

it with some of the stock attached, to 

another stock still more remotely allied, 

that a graft may be made to succeed 

though supplied with sap from roots of 

a very dissimilar species. Thus some 

pear scions can hardly be made to unite 

with a quince stock ; but if they be 

grafted upon a young shoot and afterwards 

inserted in a quince stock, they 

g:row as freely as if inserted in a seedling 

pear stock. 

The reason for this unusual difficulty 

in the way of uniting kindred species, 

arises from one or more of these causes. 

First, the sap flowing at discordant 

periods. Secondly, the proper juices 

being dissimilar. Or thirdly, the sap 

vessels being of inappropriate calibre. 

Grafting is employed, first, to multiply 

any desired variety or species; secondly, 

to accelerate its fruitfulncss, as 

when the shoot of a two year old apple 

seedling js grafted upon a stock of six 

years' growth, it will arrive at fruitfulncss 

much sooner than one left on the 

parent stem ; thirdly, to improve the 

([uality of the fruit by having a more 

abundant supply of sap : and fourthly, 

to renew the productiveness of stocks 

from which previous kinds had fuled. 

The best modes of grafting are thus 

described by Dr. Lindley in his admirable 

Theory of Horticulture —"Whip 

grnfting is the commonest kind ; it is 

performed by heading down a stock, 

then paring one side of it bare for the 

space of an inch or so, and cutting 

down obliquely at the upper end of the 

pared part, towards the pith ; the scion 

is levelled oblitjuely to a length corresponding 

with the pared surfice of the 

stock, and an incision is made into it 

near the upper end of the wound obliquely 

upwards so as to form a ' in holes prepared as directed for the 

open ground crop of cucumbers. Some 

may be inserted beneath pales, walls 

or hedges, to be trained regularly over 

them on account of their ornamental 

appearance. They may be treated in 

every respect like the cucumber, only 

they do not want so much care. They 

require abundance of water in dry 

weather. When the runners have e.xtended 

three feet, they may be pegged 

down and covered with earth at a joint 

this will cause the production of roots, 

and the longer continuance of the plant 

in vigour. 

The fruit for seed should be selected 

and treated as directed for the cucumber. 

It is ripe in the course of September 

or October. 

We have retained this article in its 

original form as a matter of curiosity, 

not only as regards the artificial means 

necessary in Great Britain, for the production 

of the pumpkin and the squash, 

but also with reference to the manner 

in which the latter vegetable is served 

at table. Fn the United States no 

person who cultivates a garden, however 

small, can be presumed ignorant 

as to the culture of these vines, and it 

is therefore unnecessary to add a word 

of instruction. The pumpkin described 

as the Fotiron Jaune is the one known 

with us as the mammoth, of which specimens 

have been exhibited before the 

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, over 

eight feet in circumference. 

GOVENIA. Four species. Stove 

orchids. G. gardneri an herbaceous 

perennial. Division. Sandy peat and 

light loam. G.lagfinophora,a.sA swamp 

plant in very sandy peat. " Having 

filled a twenty- four with about two 

inches of crocks, place over them a 

layer of spungy peat for two or three 

inches more, and then fill it up with 

nearly equal quantities of sharp sand 

and heath mould, so that the surface is 

nearly all sand. Place it near the light 

in a cool part of the stove about GO^, 

and keep it very wet as long as it continues 

growing. It generally flowers in 

April or May. Remove to the greenhouse 

after flowering, and keep quite 

dry in the stove from October to February." 

Gard. Chron. 

GRAFF or GR.\FT. See Scion. 

GRAFTING uniting a scion or 

17 

tongue,' 

which is forced into the corresponding 

wound in the stock ; care is then taken 

:

GR A 258 GR A 

that the bark of the scion is exactly ad- Cactaces; the parts of which, ow- 

[ 

iusted to that of the stock, ing to their succulence, rea- 

Fig 62. and the two are bound dily form a union with each Fig. 64. 

firmly together 

Other. 

" 

lÂ^ " A far better method than 

Here the mere con- 

whip grafting, but more tetact 

of the two enables 

i.,^ „ap... B «K id'ous, is saddle grafting, in 

the sap flowing upwards 

through the stock to sus- which the stock is pared ob- 

j 

tain the life of the scion liquely on both sides till it 

! 

• ' becomes an inverted wedge. 

until the latter can de 

velop its buds, which then and the scion is slit up the 

send downwards their centre, when its sides are 

wood ; at the same time pared down till they fit the 

the cellular system of the sides of the stock. In this 

parts in contact unites by method the greatest possible 

granulations, and when quantity of surface is brought 

the wood descends it into contact, and the parts are 

passes through the cel- mutually so adjusted, that the 

lular deposit, and holds ascending sap is freely received 

the whole together. from the stock by the scion, 

" The use of ' tongue- while at the same time, the 

ing' is merely to steady descending sap can flow freely 

the scion and to prevent from the scion into the stock. 

its slipping. The"advantage of this mode Knight, in describing this mode of 

I 

of graftinl is the quickness with which operating, has the following observa- 

it may be performed ; the disadvantage tions : 

is, that the surfaces applied to each

— 

GRA 259 GRA 

almost exclusively in Herefordshire; 

but it is never 

attempted till the usual season 

of grafting is past, and 

till the bark is readily detached 

from the alburnum. 

The head of the stock is 

then taken off, by a single 

stroke ofthe knife, obliquely, 

so that the incision commences 

about the width of 

the diameter of the stock, 

below the point where the 

medulla appears in the section, 

and ends as much 

above it upon the opposite 

side. The scion, or graft, 

which should not exceed in 

Chink or Shoulder 

Grafting. 

Fig. 68. 

Root Grafting. 

Fig. 69. 

^..>- „^— , „. ^ , By whatever mode the operation be 

which should not exceed in performed, the essentials for success 

1 

diameter Hiîmpt^r half hnlf that thnt of ^f the tl,» 

stock, is then to be divided 

are, 1. That the same 

parts of the stock and 

p nj-nft. 

° . j,' 

longitudinally, abouttwo inchesupwards scion should he brought 

from its lower end, into two unequal into contact as much as 

h f 

is j 

divisions, by passing the knife upwards 

just in contact with one side ofthe medulla. 

The stronger division of the 

graft is then to be pared thin at its lower 

extremity, and introduced, as in crown 

grafting, between the bark and wood of 

the stock ; and the more slender division 

is fitted 

posite side. 

to the stock upon the op- 

" The graft, consequently, stands 

astride the stock, to which it attaches 

possible — bark to bark, 

and alburnum to alburnum. 

2. That as the 

nourishment has to be 

afforded to the graft from 

the alburnum ofthe stock 

with which it is brought 

in contact, this should not 

be exposed to the air for 

Fig. 70. 

; 

' 

one minute longer than 

necessary to insert the 

itself firmly upon each side, and which previously prepared graft, 

it covers completely in a single season. for if the surface becomes 

Grafts of the apple and pear rarely ever dry in the slightest defail 

in this method of grafting, which gree, vegetation on that part is perma- 

may be practised with equal success i nently destroyed ; and thirdly, that the 

with young wood in July, as soon as it air and wet should be excluded after 

! 

has become moderately firm and mathe scion has been inserted, otherwise 

ture." Theory of Horticulture. 

The other modes of grafting require 

the dryness of the parts, or the dilution 

of the sap, will prevent the union. To 

no description, but will be best under- effect the desired exclusion, the entire 

stood by a reference to the following wound must be inclosed with grafting 

sketches. 

clay or grafting wax, the best recipes 

Cleft Grafting. 

Fig. 66. 

Side Grafting. 

Fig. 67. 

— — 

for which are these : 

Grafting Clay 

parts cow-dung; 

is best made of two 

three parts common 

clay ; and one part awns or beards of 

barley, kneaded together thoroughly. 

Grafting Wax.—Moist bast is usually 

employed tor closing the wound of the 

stock, but it is far preferable to use 

worsted, and over this a coating of the 

grafting wax, made according to the 

following recipe : 

Burgundy pitch 1 oz. 

Common pitch 

4 

Yellow wax 4 

Tallow or lard 

2

— 

GR A 260 GRA 

Nitre (carbonate of potash, 

powdered) 1 

The same composition spread upon 

slips of linen makes Grafting Plaster, 

frequently used by amateur budders. 

G R A M M A N T H E S chloraflora. 

Stove annual. Seeds. Loam and lime 

rubbish. 

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM. Two species. 


GRANGERIA6or6oniV(J. Stove evergreen 


GRAPE-VINE (Vitis vinifera). Of 

this fruit ninety-nine varieties are cultivated 

in the Chiswick Garden. 

Open-wall culture. — Varieties best 

suited for this, according to the experience 

of Mr. Hoare, are : 

Black Hamburgh. 

Black Prince. 

Esperione. 

Black Muscadine. 

Miller's Burgundy. 

Claret Grape. 

Black Frontignan. 

Grizzly Frontignan. 

White Frontignan. 

White Muscadine. 

Malmsey Muscadine. 

White Sweetwater. 

Frontignan ; Grizzly Frontignan ; Black 

Muscat; and Black Damascus. 

" For Green-house. — Black Hamburgh 

; Tripoli; Grove-end Sweetwater; 

and Muscadine. 

" For Latest House.—West's St. Peter's, 

and Charlesworth's Tokay. 

''For a Single House with fourteen 

rafters.—One Purple Constantia; one 

White Frontignan ; one Royal Muscadine, 

or Chasselas D'Arboyce ; three 

Muscats; three Black Hamburghs, or 

Tripolis; three West's St. Peter's; and 

two Black Princes. 

— 

" For Pot-Culture, to cover in during 

April and May.—Purple Constantia and 

White Frontignan." United Gar. Jour. 

Until recently but few houses for the 

exclusive growth of grapes under glass, 

had been erected in the United States. 

The success which attended the effort 

in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Boston, 

and other cities, has excited emulation, 

and at this day (1847) one of the most 

attractive features of our Horticultural 

exhibitions, are grapes grown under 

glass, not exclusively through the agency 

of fire-heat, but in many instances 

by the aid of the glass alone. 

Propagation.—Layering is the most 

certain and most expeditious mode of 

propagating the grape-vine. In the first 

part of March cut away the fourth bud 

of the shoot to be layered, pass the 

shoot through the hole in the bottom of 

garden-pot, fill this with light rich earth, 

so that the wound of that fourth bud is 

in the centre of the earth, and two buds 

above its surface ; fix the pot firmly to 

the wall, so as not to be disturbed ; keep 

the earth constantly moist with liquid 

manure, giving a little every day, and 

a little moss tied over the surface and 

round the sides of the pot to check 

evaporation. Cut away the layer from 

Eighty-six of the varieties have been the parent in the last week of August; 

cultivated at Wilbeck within the last and, turning it out from the pot, with- 

seven years, but only about fourteen out at all disturbing the earth, plant it 

found of superior excellence, and many where it is to remain, and water it 

of the others were mere synonymes. plentifully with liquid manure until the 

Mr. Tiliery, from this long course of ex- leaves begin to fall. 

perience and observation, recommends Cuttings.—At the time of autumn- 

the following selections: 

pruning select some middle-sized, well- 

''For the Earliest House.—The Purripened shoots, cut off lengths of six 

ple Constantia, or Frontignan ; White buds, keep them in moist sand through 

Frontignan; Black Prince ; Dutch, or the winter, and, at the end of March, 

Stillward's Sweetwater; Black Ham- cut them in half, remove the two lower 

burgh ; and Tripoli. 

buds, and plant them under a wall hav- 

" For Stove. — White Muscat of ing an eastern aspect, leaving the upper 

Alexandria; Purple Constantia ; White bud just above the surface, and covering 

them with a hand-glass. The soil 

must be light, rich, and well pulverized, 

pressed close round the cuttings, and 

kepi constantly moist with liquid manure 

until the leaves fall in autumn. The 

surface round them should be stirred 

— 

at least twice a week to allow the air 

unimpeded entrance. 

Coiling is only a peculiar mode of 

propagating by cuttings suggested by 

Mr. Mearns, whose practice has been 

epitomised thus by Dr. Lindley: 

" In the propagation of vines by coil- 

. ing, Mr. Mearns' practice, if single rods

G R A 261 

are contemplated, is not to leave them 

longer than four or five feet, and to remove 

all the buds but the uppermost. 

These rootless cuttings are coiled into 

long narrow pots, being so placed that 

the bud of the apes of the shoot, although 

the highest part, is still two 

inches beneath the surface of the soil; 

at the same time sufficient room is left 

beneath the coil for the roots to extend 

themselves. These cuttings being put 

in between the middle of January and 

the end of March, are plunged at once 

into a hot-bed between 90^ and lOOo, 

where they remain until they require 

more pot-room. They are then shifted, 

and placed in a suitable situation until 

again excited in November or December. 

When the cutting begins to grow, the 

shoot is trained upright, until it is seven 

or eight or ten joints long, when the top 

is pinched off. After this stopping the 

laterals are displaced as they appear; 

and if the vines have done well, two or 

three of the buds will also be excited 

at the same time, in which case the 

shoots are cut down to the lowest excited 

eye. The single shoot is then 

trained upright and divested of all laterals 

and tendrils. None of the plants 

are allowed to grow longer than from 

four to six feet, at which length the tops 

are pinched off, the uppermost lateral, 

which is also stopped at the first joint, 

being left to carry off the remaining 

sap. 

" At this season the plants are removed 

to a warm and sheltered situation 

in the open air ; and when the 

leaves fall they are headed down to 

one, two, or three joints, according to 

their strength, and are placed against a 

northern aspect. When cold weather 

sets in they are taken back to a sheltered 

spot, and plunged in the ground 

to protect the roots, the pots being 

mulched over, and the rods covered to 

protect them from frost. 

" When these yearling potted vines 

are brought early into action, it is recommended 

to bow a piece of wire 

above the pot with both its ends running 

down the inside, of sufficient height 

to allow the whole length of the stem to 

be attached to it, as represented in the 

accompanying figure. 

— 

trellis. To prevent evaporation the stem 

is wrapped loosely in moss, which is 

kept constantly moist until the grapes 

are set, when it is removed. The plants, 

up to this period, are encouraged by 

bottom-heat and shifting; and the quantity 

of fruit is regulated by the size of 

the pot and the quality of the vine." 

Card. Chron. 

Seed.—To raise new varieties seed 

from the largest, earliest, and best ripened 

berries must be separated fron» 

their pulp, and kept until the February 

following; then to be sown in "pots 

filled with light fresh mould, and plunged 

in a moderately warm hot-bed. Tliey 

will come up in four or six weeks; and 

when the plants are about six inches 

high, they should be transplanted singly 

into forty-eights, and afterwards into 

pots of larger size. 

"Water gently as circumstances require; 

allow abundance of light and 

air, and carefully avoid injuring any of 

the leaves. Cut down the plants everv 

autumn to good buds, and sulfer only 

one of these to extend itself in the following 

spring. Shift into larger pots, 

as occasion requires, till they have 

produced fruit. This, under good management, 

will take place in the fourth 

or fifth year, when the approved sorts 

should be selected, and the rest destroyed, 

or used as stocks on which to 

graft or inarch good sorts." 

— 

Enc. of 

Gard. 

" The buds from the stem being thus 

bent, break more regularly ; and when 

If a hybrid grape be required, the 

stamens of the female parent must be 

this is effected the vine is united, and cut away with very sharp-pointed scis- 

secured to an upright stake or sloping sors before their anthers have burst.

— 

GRA 262 GRA 

, 

" When such portions of the latter 

as are shortened for receiving the grafts 

have made a bit of shoot, graft as you 

would other fruit trees, taking care to 

thus to improve the grape. 

Budding. — A good authority thus 

preserve the shoot at the top in claying. 

and until the buds on the scion have 

states his mode: 

pushed, then shorten it back. Inarching 

and the pollen be applied to the stigma j 

from the male desired to be the other , 

parent. No very superior varieties have I 

yet rewarded those who have attempted [ 

" About the first week in March I may be performed any time after the 

perform the operation : or, as soon as vines have started, so far as to bleed." 

I perceive the sap begin to rise, I cut — Gard. Chron. 

from a branch, about three inches in Mr. Knight, the late eminent prelength, 

an eye having attached as much sident of the Horticultural Society, has 

wood as I could possibly get with it; 

at each end of the eye, I cut off about 

a quarter of an inch of the upper bark, 

making the ends quite thin ; I next measure 

off the exact length of the bud, on 

the base of the vine intended to be | 

"I 

left this record of his experiments on 

the same mode of propagation : — 

conceived it probable that the success 

of the Roman cultivators in grafting 

their vines might arise from the selec- 

; 

i 

j 

I 

I 

: 

j 

tion of grafts similar to their cuttings, 

budded, and make a nick slanting up- and the result of the following experiward 

at the upper part, and another ment leads me to believe my conjecture 

slanting downward at the bottom. I to be well founded. I selected three 

then take the piece neatly out, so that 

the bud may fit nicely in ; and by making 

the nick as stated above, each end 

cuttings of the Black Hamburgh Grape, 

each having at its base one joint of two 

years old of wood : these were inserted 

of the bud is covered by the bark of the in, or rather fitted to branches of nearly 

shoot. I bind the buds firmly round the same size, but of greater age ; and 

with matting, and clay it, taking care, all succeeded most perfectly. The clay 

however, that the clay does not cover which surrounded the base of the grafts 

the eye of the bud : I then tie it round was kept constantly moist, and the 

with moss, and keep it constantly moisture thus supplied to the graft opedamp 

and ; as the sap rises in the vine, rated very beneficially, at least, if it 

the bud begins to swell. 

was not essential to the success of the 

" When the vine commences to push operation. A very skilful gardener in my 

out young shoots, take the top ones off, vicinity, to whom I mentioned my inten- 

in order to throw a little more sap into tion of trying the foregoing experiment, 

the bud, and as you perceive it getting was completely successful by a some- 

stronger, take off more young shoots, what different method. He used grafts 

' and so continue until you have taken similar to mine, but his vine grew under 

off all the young shoots. Budding can the roof of the hot-house, in which sit- 

only be performed where the long-rod uation he found it difficult to attach 

system is practised, as in that case you such a quantity of clay as would supply 

have the power of confining the sap to the requisite degree of moisture to the 

the bud, which will grow vigorously. graft ; and he therefore supported a pot 

As soon as you perceive this, cut the 

vine down to the bud. Budding has the 

under each graft, upon which he raised 

the mould in heaps sufficiently high to 

advantage over grafting, by not leaving cover the grafts and supply them with 

an unsightly appearance where the bud moisture. The grafts which I used 

was inserted. I always allow the mat- consisted of about two inches old wood, 

ting to remain on until about the month and five of annual wood, by which 

of September." 

Grafting.—"The best method," says 

Dr. Lindley, " of grafting vines is to 

means the junction of the new and old 

wood, at which point cuttings most readily 

emit shoots and receive nutriment, 

shorten the branch, or shoot, at the was placed close to the head of the 

winter pruning to the most eligible place 

for inserting the graft. The graft should 

stock, and a single 

posed to vegetate." 

bud only was ex- 

Knight's Papers. 

be kept in sufficiently moist soil till the As the practice is rather precarious, 

time of performing the operation, and 

for a week previous in the same temperature 

as that which the vines to be 

operated upon are growing. 

I will add further, the observations of 

Mr. Braddick :— " I feel confident in 

stating that healthy vines may be successfully 

grafted with young wood of 

—

— 

— 

GRA 263 GRA 

: 

the preceding year's growth, from the westerly point or even due S., exposes 

time that the shoots of the stocks which 

the grafts are to be put upon have made 

four or five eyes, until mid-summer. 

the vine to the strong winds which pre- 

vail from the W. and S.W. 

Soil.—The best soil is a light, rich, 

with every prospect of the grafts grow- sandy loam, eighteen inches deep, resting, 

and without the least danger of the ing on a drainage of twelve inches of 

stocks suffering by bleeding. They may 

likewise be grafted with shoots of the 

bricklayers' rubbish, 

Manures.—The richest manures, such 

same summer's growth, worked in the as night-soil, blood, bone-dust, and 

rind of the young wood, from the time butchers' offal, are most beneficial to 

that the young bunches of grapes be- vines, and should be added annually to 

come visible on the stocks till July, the border in which they grow. During 

the time of their being in bloom, aslight 

out of doors, or till a month later under | 

glass. The operation must not be performed 

later than the periods here specified, 

because time is necessary for the 

trench in a circuit three feet from the 

stem should be opened, and the contents 

of the house slop pail, soapy 

water, and urine, be poured into it 

! 

young shoots of the grail to become 

hard and ripen before winter." Hort. daily. 

Soc. Trans. 

Single Eyes, or Buds.—Mr. Appleby 

Walls, for the grape-vine, need never 

be higher than eight feet, and the more 

gives the following directions for this 

mode of propagation:— " Take a single 

substantial the better, as they cool 

slowly in proportion to their thickness, 

bud with about half an inch of wood on They should be painted annually with 

each side of it, and insert it in a pot a creamy mixture of one part lime and 

four inches in diameter, filled with light two parts soot, to fill up the nail holes, 

rich soil, covering the bud half an inch, the harbours of insects, to destroy moss, 

and pressing the earth firmly about it, and to increase the warmth of the wall, 

place the pots in a bark bed, or dung Although a dark-coloured body radibed 

covered with saw dust; either of ates heat, and consequently cools more 

these will do, provided the heat quickly than a similar body of a light 

moderate. It will soon shoot up above colour, yet this is prevented if a proper 

the soil and begin to send out roots ; 

water very sparingly, for a time in- 

screen is placed before it. (See Shelters.) 

A coping should project from the top 

creasing the quantity as it requires it. of the wall four inches wide, if this be 

Air is given on all mild days to make four feet high, and an additional inch 

it become stout and of a good colour. 

As soon as the roots reach the sides of 

the pots, shift into large pots, which 

for every foot of height. 

Pruning and Training. — The vine 

bears on wood one year old only, and 

operation may be done thrice during this knowledge must control thesôpe- 

the growing season ; it will require a 

stick to support it, and all the superfluous 

leaves and tendrils removed 

ripen the wood by keeping ^s dry an 

atmosphere in the pit or frame as possible 

during the latter part of the season, 

endeavouring to effect this without 

any reduction of temperature, which 

; 

rations, for after a branch has borne it 

is of no further use ; and in pruning, a 

chief object consequently, is to get rid 

of all the old wood that can be spared. 

As Mr. Clement Hoarse's practice is 

founded upon this, I adopt hia rules 

without any modification. He obtains, 

he says:— "All the fruit of a vine from 

a few shoots trained at full length, in- 

' 

should average about 70° Fahrenheit. 

When the wood is sufficiently ripened, 

keep the plant in a cool house or frame, 

just protected from frost until the plant- 

stead of from a great number of spurs 

or short shoots. To provide these shoots 

the former bearers are cut down to very 

ing season." Card. Chron. 

WALL CULTURE. 

Aspect.—The object to be obtained 

short spurs at the autumnal pruning, 

and at the same time a sufficient number 

of shoots are left at whole length to 

produce fruit in the following year; at 

is not only warmth, but shelter from the succeeding autumn these latter are 

the wind, which is injurious to the vine cut down to very short spurs, and the 

at all times of its growth. To secure < long shoots that have pushed from the 

this desideratum, the best aspect is S.E. spurs are trained at whole length as 

before, and so on annually in alternate 

Even E. by N. is a good aspect. Any \

— 

GR A 264 GRA 

i 

succession. This method recommends 

itself by its simplicity, by the old wood 

of the vine being annually got rid of, 

by the small number of wounds inflicted 

in the pruning, by the clean and handsome 

appearance of the vine, and by 

the great ease with which it is managed, 

in consequence of its occupying but a 

small portion of the wall. i 

" 1st. In pruning, always cut up- ' 

wards, and in a sloping direction. 

"2d. Always leave an inch of blank 

wood beyond the terminal bud, and letj 

the cut be on the opposite side of the ; 

Thefourth spring in February remove 

the 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 buds, bending the 

shoots down horizontally thus: 

Fig. 73. 

i 

] 

j 

, 

I 

bud. 

"3d. Prune so as to leave as few and training the shoots from buds 3 and 

wounds as possible, and let the surface 7 as there represented. Prune and train 

of every cut be perfectly smooth. as before directed during the summer, 

"4th. In cutting out an old branch, removing also superfluous shoots, and 

prune it even with the parent limb, that in November cut back a and c to about 

the wound may quickly heal. eight or tvi-elve buds according to the 

" 5tli. Prune so as to obtain thequan- stiength of the vine; and 6 and d so as 

tity of fruit desired on the smallest I to leave only one bud on each. In the 

number of shoots possible. \fif'^ spring train the shoots from these 

" 6th. Never prune in frosty weather, single buds in the same waving form as 

nor when a frost is expected. 

" 7th. Never prune in the months of 

March, April, or May. Pruning in either 

before. 

" The vine," says 

whose valuable work 

Mr. Hoare, to 

I am indebted 

of these months causes bleeding, and for most of the preceding directions, 

occasions thereby a wasteful and an in- " has now assumed the form which it 

jurious expenditure of sap. 

is permanently to retain, and the man- 

" 8th. Let the general autumnal prunner in which it is trained may be coning 

take place as soon after the 1st of sidered as the commencement of a sys- 

October as the gathering of the fruit tem of alternately fruiting two shoots, 

will permit. 

and training two at full length for bear- 

"Lastly, use a pruning-knife of the ing wood in the following year; which 

best description, and let it be, if pos- method may be continued every year 

sible, as sharp as a razor." Hoare on without any alteration until the capacity 

the V'qie. 

of the vine is equal to the maturation 

In the spring next after the planting, of more fruit than can possibly be borne 

two buds only having been left, reinove by two single shoots, which, on an aver- 

the one which shoots the most weakly, age, may be estimated at sixty pounds 

and rub off all others but weight annually. Several years must 

Fig. 72. that one selected to remain 

as often as they ap- 

elapse before this will be the case ; but 

when it is, the arms may be easily 

pear. Nail the shoot to engthened by the training in of a shoot 

at their extremities, and managing it in 

the same manner as when the arms of 

the vine first formed. It is very advisable, 

however, that the vine should not 

be suffered to extend itself further on 

\ 

I 

i 

I 

the 

the wall as often as it extends 

six inches beyond 

the previous shred. In 

November cut the vine so | 

as to leave only two buds. 

In the second spring ma- 1 

nage as before, and in the 

November cut down to 

three buds; the vine will 

then appear thus : Fig. 72. 

The third spring retain two shoots, 

treating as before. In September pinch 

off their tops, and in November prune 

them so as to retain some buds. 

wall, for in such case, the bearing 

shoots emitted from the centre are sure 

to decline in strength ; whereas, by 

confining the dimensions of the vine to 

a single arm on each side of the stem, 

and each arm to the support and nourishment 

of two branches only, the very 

best description of bearing shoots will 

never fail to be generated close at home,

— 

GR A 265 GR A 

and these, as the vine advances in age, I seasons. Vines and green-house plants 

' will become prolific almost beyond con- do not agree very well ; but under such a 

ception. I have often ripened as many system they may be kept from quarrelas 

seven full sized bunches of grapes on ling much." Card. Chron. 

\ 

two shoots which have pushed from a 

| 

single bud, on vines managed in this vines in hot-house. 

; 

manner. Indeed, those who have been Varieties. — The proportions the difaccustomcd 

to permit their vines to ferent vines should bear to each other, 

cover a large space of walling, and to in order to secure the best succession 

possess a great number of branches, and a constant supply, are three Black 

can scarcely imagine how much easier a Hamburgh's; two White Muscats of 

vine is managed, and with what cer- Alexandria; one White and one Black 

tainty the fruit is increased in quantity, Frontignan ; one Black Prince, and one 

and improved in quality." 

— 

— 

Hoare on Black St. Peter's. 

the Vine. Construction of Vinery. — For the 

Thinning. — When the vine has be- general principles applicable to the 

come fruitful, in August, it must have construction of this and all other hotthe 

berries of each branch thinned until houses, see the titles Stove, Trellis, ^-c. 

not more than half their original num- '. 

' 

' 

, 

, 

! 

] 

[ 

' 

I 

^ 

I 

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i 

\ 

Borders. — These may be formed 

ber remain. It is best done with a eight feet broad, of a soil similar to 

sharp-pointed pair of scissors, and care that recommended for the open wall 

being taken to remove the smallest vines, with the same attention to maberries. 

This increases the weight and nuring and drainage, 

excellence of the bunches, for two ber- Planting and Pruning. — The pracries 

will always outweigh four grown tice of Mr. Mearns in this particular is 

on the same branchlet of a bunch, be- very good :— 

sides being far handsomer, and having " The vines are planted inside the 

more juice as compared with husks. house at two feet and a half apart, 

The average weight of the bunches on nearly close to the front wall, and are 

a vine may be taken, when ripe, at headed down to within a foot of the 

half a pound each, and with this data soil. One shoot only is allowed to proit 

is easy to carry into practice Mr. ceed from each plant, which at the end 

Clement Hoare's excellent rule for proof the first season is cut down to the 

portioning the crop to the size of the second or third eye. Next year two 

vine. If its stem, measured just above leading shoots are encouraged, the 

the ground, be three inches in circum- strongest of which is stopped when it 

ference, it may bear 5 lbs. weight of; has grown three or four joints beyond 

grapes. the middle of the root', and the weaker, 

3^ inches 

4 " 

10 lbs. 

15 

after having grown three or four feet, 

for the purpose of strengthening the 

'• 4J 20 eyes. At the fall of the leaf, the lead- 

5 " 2.5 ing shoots are reduced, the main one 

And so five pounds additional for every to the length of the middle of the roof, 

haif inch of increased circumference. and the lower one to the third eye. In 

VINES IN GREEN-HOUSE. 

the third season, one leading shoot is 

trained in from each shoot, and from 

Training here must be the same as the leading shoot fruit-bearing side 

in the hot-house, and the points besides shoots are produced. One bunch is left 

to be attended to are : 

[ 

' 

on each, and the shoot stopped at one 

" 1. To train the vines to the rafters, or two joints above it. No side shoots 

or otherwise, so that they shall not are allowed to proceed from the spur, 

overshadow the interior before the end the leading shoot from which is to be- 

of May. 2. To empty the green-house come the bearing wood for the next 

of all green-house plants after that pe- year. Thus, in the autumn of the third 

riod, and to take every possible pains season the lower part of the house is 

to get the wood ripe ; you cannot have furnished with a crop of grapes from 

grapes without well-ripened wood. If shoots proceeding from wood of the 

vines are very late in growing, they preceding year, and parallel to this 

; 

will reiiuirc fire-heat in autumn, in bearing shoot on each vine is the young 

j 

order to ripen their wood, in many | shoot for the next year's crop.

GR A 266 GRA 

" In winter, the shoot from the ex- i 

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I 

of every month till April. Where there 

tremity of the bearing branch is cut off, are but three houses, it will be early 

at the top of the roof, or within twelve enough to commence the first house in 

or fifteen inches of it, and the shoot November, the second 

from the spur is cut down to the mid- and the third in April. 

in February, 

To cause the 

die of the roof, and all the spurs which vines to break equally all the length of 

had borne the grapes are now cut out. the shoot, tie them down to the front 

Each vine is now furnished with two windows, until the buds are all expandshoots 

of bearing wood, a part of old ed, that one part of it may not be more 

barren wood, and a spur for producing 

a young shoot the following year. In 

the fourth summer a full crop is pro- 

excited than another. 

" When every bud has pushed, carefully 

separate the vines one by one; 

duced, both in the upper and lower 

half of the house. The longer shoot 

and as it is convenient, regulate the 

shoots, stop them, and tliin the number 

bearing on the upper half of its length, of branches, and do all that is required. 

and the shorter on its whole length; a 

leading shoot is produced from the short 

Then tie them up loosely to the rafter; 

and should they hang down a foot from 

shoot, and another from the spur the glass, it is an advantage, especially 

" In the pruning season of the fourth during the early part of the season.' 

year, the centre shoot is entirely removed, 

and replaced by the side shoot, 

now the whole length of the roof, and 

this side shoot is in its turn supplanted 

by the shoot from the spur, while a spur 

is prepared to succeed it. 

" Summer Pruning. — Mr. Mearns 

gives the following directions : — 

— 

' Stop 

Syringing and Steaming.— " During 

the time of forcing the vine (unless they 

are in blossom) and the ripening of the 

fruit, syringe them freely with rainwater, 

morning and evening, all over; 

also steam the houses by pouring water 

on the pipes or flues, to keep up a 

moisture in the air. It is beneficial to 

\ 

I 

; 

the bearing branches at the bunch, in the growth of the plant, swells the berstead 

of the next joint above it, which ries, and keeps down the red spider 

is the usual practice; for I found that] While the vines are in blossom, refrain 

the fruit did equally well, and it divest- from syringing, but use the steam freely, 

ed the branch of an incumbrance, while " When the berries begin to colour, 

it allowed a much larger portion of light also cease syringing; but use the steam 

to come into the house, together with a a fortnight longer, though only at night 

more free circulation of air among the 

fruit and young wood. I blind all the 

eyes on each fruit spur as soon as they 

push above a joint or two, before I 

pinch them back, always cautiously retaining 

one eye ; and am particularly 

cautious that nothing should happen to 

injure the leaf that accompanies the 

As soon as the grapes are nearly ripe, 

keep as dry an atmosphere as possible, 

both to give the fruit a good flavour, 

and to ripen the wood." 

Covering the Border.—"This in the 

early part of the forcing season is absolutely 

necessary, using either light 

horse-litter, or fresh-gathered leaves. 

No frost must be allowed to reach the 

stems or roots ; if it does, the vines 

will droop when the sun shines, and 

the bunches will be crippled, and per- 

i 

' 

I 

I 

bunch, for if that is lost, the fruit of 

course will come to nothing."' Hort. 

Soc. Trans. 

Forcing. — This is sometimes com 

menced in September, but the close of haps never come out properly. A tarihe 

next month is sufficiently early. paulin is useful to cover the litter and 

Mr. Appleby, of Macclesfield, gives dung, to keep off the heavy rains and 

the following very full and excellent snow." 

directions:— "In places where there 1 Temperature. — " Commence forcing 

are a number of houses devoted to the the vine with a low temperature. The 

vine, it is possible to have ripe grapes first week keep up the heat to 50o, the 

all the year round. To accomplish this second to 60°, the third to 65°, and the 

completely, six houses are necessary 

though it may in some degree be done 

with three. In the former case, the 

fourth to 70 Night temperature about 

10° lower. A good rule is 60o for vines 

in leaf, and 70^ when blooming and 

first house ought to be started at the 

end of October, the second on the first 

of December, and so on, the first day 

ripening fruit ; the night temperature 

may then be 20° lower." 

Setting the Fruit. — " To effect the

GR A 267 GR A 

setting of the fruit, and more especially 

in the earlier part of the forcing season, 

use a camel-hair pencil to disperse the 

pollen on the stigmas. Some kinds of 

grapes have very little pollen, while 

others have plenty to spare. In this 

case take a sheet of white paper, and 

hold it under the bunch that has abundance 

of pollen, gently shake the bunch, 

and then with the camel-hair pencil apply 

the pollen to such kinds as are deticient." 

Thinning the Berries. — As soon as 

the berries are set and begin to swell, 

it is time to thin them. For this operation 

there are proper scissors, with long 

handles and short blades. Provided 

with these, some good soft matting, and 

the tarpaulin is the best, as it keeps 

them dry, and of course renders them 

more able to endure frost." — Gard. 

Chron. 

Vines in Pots. — The first week in 

February is the best time for planting 

the cuttings of vines in pots, to remain 

in cultivation in them. If intended to 

be fruited next season, plant the cuttings 

in thirty-twos, selecting wellripened 

shoots, with only one plump 

bud, and cutting the shoot at each end 

down to about one inch and a half of 

the bud. Bury this bud in the earth, 

composed of equal parts of fresh light 

turfy soil and decayed leaves. Plunge 

in a bottom heat of 90° ; temperature 

of frame 60o to 90°. In April, shift to 

the fruiting pots, twos or fours, accord- 

j 

: 

| 

j 

with something to catch the berries in. 

(which make excellent vinegar or tarts, ing to the strength of plant desired. 

&c.,) commence the operation by tying Soil, two parts light turfy loam, and one 

up the shoulders of such bunches as part old night-soil. Temperature, 60° 

require it, to the wires on each side of to 80°. Place the pots so near the 

the rafter ; or, if the bunches are very roof, that the shoots may be at once 

| 

j 

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i 

large, fasten some thin narrow lath to trained near the glass as they advance. 

the rafter, to tie the shoulders to. Best length for the shoots, from four to 

Some persons use a thin piece of! six feet, though they will bear even ten 

Jath notched at each end, to prop the feet ; therefore stop each when a foot 

shoulders off from the main body of the longer than required for next season, 

bunch; but I do not like this plan so Manure water must be employed to 

well as the matting, the props being apt sustain the growth of the vines, and 

to drop out 

every means adopted to ripen the wood. 

In order to have large berries, thin Early in September, the pots may be 

very freely, so much so, that the bunches placed out of doors, on the north side 

look like slieletons. Of course thin ac- of a wall, and laid on their sides, to 

cording to the kind ; some sorts under 

the best management do not swell to 

such a size as others ; hence it is necessary 

to know the mediu.-n size to 

which every variety will swell, and thin 

accordingly. 

Watering the Roots. — Use manure 

hasten the vines into a state of rest. 

In November, they may be returned 

under glass, and forcing commenced 

to ripen a crop by the end of March. 

If strong, and grown in No. 2 pots, 

seven bunches may be left upon a Hamburgh, 

eight upon a Muscadine, but 

water alternately with clear water. If u[)on weaker plants only about halt 

the border be well watered once a week, 

it is sufficient. Remember to place 

boards to walk on, and as soon as the 

water has sunk in, and the surface be 

those numbers. 

Mr. W. Stothard, gardener at Chantrey 

House, in 1841, gives these directions 

:—" 

{ 

When the vines that are let 

comes rather dry, go over it with a into the house have reached the top of 

Dutch hoe and rough rake; the more the rafters, instead of stopping the leadfrequently 

it is stirred the less water it ing shoot, as is commonly done, and 

will take ; if, however, it is so smooth 

as to let the water run off, instead of 

often too soon, which causes the eyes 

to burst, and renders them useless for 

sinking in, point the surface over with the succeeding year, turn the shoot 

a fork and leave it rough. 

back, and having ready a pot of suitable 

Covering the Vines in Winter. — size, well drained and filled w'ith fresh 

" When the vines are not covered with turfy loam and rotted dung, of equal 

glass in consequence of other fruits 

being grown in the house, protect them 

from severe frost ; hay-bands may be 

used, and long straight wheat straw ; 

parts, place it upon the back shelf or 

wall of the pit, and as soon as the young 

shoot has attained a sufficient length to 

be laid into the pot, cut out two or three

GR A 268 GR A 

I 

; 

! 

eyes, and as many of its leaves, and linings of the pine pits select the most 

scrape oft' a little of the bark the whole decayed parts of the manure, 

length of the part intended for roots, "I usually allow the shoots to run to 

which is bent into the pot, and covered the 

with mould to the depth of six or seven 

extent of thirteen eyes, and then 

inches. No attention is required, excepting 

to train the shoot as it advances 

in growth, and keep the mould in the 

pot a little moist, to encourage the 

emission of roots, which will appear in 

a fortnight or three weeks, and soon 

fill the pot. When the shoot is laid in 

the pot, allow it to grow from four to 

eight feet long, according to the strength 

of the parent vine, to which leave it 

attached until it has done growing, and 

perfectly ripened its wood 

: 

stop them. 

" By the middle of September the 

wood becomes ripened, and I then 

prune them back to the ninth eye, and 

remove them from the pinery to the 

open air, setting them under a south 

wall, on bricks placed edgewise, so as 

to admit free drainage. On the first of 

November, I generally take in fifty-pots 

for forcing; (this I have occasionally 

done on the first of October ;) when they 

are washed with soft sonp and sulphur. 

After all the eyes have shown fruit, 

I 

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j 

"Should there not be a sufficient I select from six to eight of the best 

quantity of leaders, place pots under bunches to remain, and pluck off" the 

the rafters at mostconvenient situations, others, never allowing one eye to bear 

and likewise on the front flue; but the more than one bunch. I syringe the 

shoots that are laid in these pots never vines gently with warm water three 

suffer to exceed five feet in length. 

When the plants are severed from the 

times a week, and water thern 

week with the liquid manure. 

twice a 

Should 

parentvines, put them out under a wall, they, however, occasionally require 

where they are protected from frosts, more moisture, I give them nothing 

and take into the house as required for more than soft water about milk warm. 

forcing; at that time shift into pots I invariably fruit annually from 100 to 

about a foot over and fourteen inches 120 vines, taking in after the first fifty 

deep, to remain until the fruit is cut, 

after which they may be thrown away, 

sure of a fresh supply of plants every 

year by the same process." — Card. 

Chron. 

Mr. H. Burn, gardener of Tottenham 

Park, gives the following particulars of 

his mode of cultivating the vine in pots 

the rest in succession. 

Fig. 74. 

—" I invariably set the eyes in thumb 

pots on the first of February, and putting 

moss about two and a half inches deep 

on the flue at the back of the pine pits, 

I place the pot upon it, keeping the 

moss always moist. 

" As soon as the bud or eye has grown 

and become well furnished with roots, 

I repot into sixty-sized pots, and continue 

afterwards to shift as fast as the 

pots become filled with roots ; from 

sixties to forty-eights, thirty-twos, twenty-fours, 

sixteens, and twelve-sized pots 

successively ; and lastly, into bushelpots, 

which I have made for the purpose. 

I encourage rapidity of growth as much 

as possible, by feeding them with liquid 

manure made from cows' and deers' 

and during the whole time keep 

dung ; 

a good drainage at the bottom of the 

pots. The soil I used is nothing more 

than three-fourths strong turfy loam, 

and -one-fourth horse-dung ; from the 

" The above engraving represents a 

transverse section of the vinery, with 

bed for tree leaves to decay and heat; 

frame-work for the support of front 

trough sixteen inches wide at the top, 

and ten inches deep, and the wire under 

the rafters on which the vines are 

trained." — United Card, and Land 

Steward's Journ,

— 

GRA 269 GRA 

Vines in Frames.—We have the fol- i 

cumulates in the interior of the leaves, 

lowing information on this mode of culture 

:— 

and swells them up in the form of warts. 

" It is well adapted for gardens The presence of the latter on tlie under 

where the quantity of glass is limited, side only, is owing to perspiration from 

and is practised liy Mr. Dawson, gar- the vines, taking place principally by 

dener to Lord Ducie, at the Hoo, Hert- that surface, which is, moreover, much 

fordshire. About the first week in April, softer and looser in texture than the 

a bed of partly decayed dung, to which upper surface." Gard. Chron. 

a small quantity of raw material is add- liust.—The rust of the vine is a dis- 

cd , so as to produce a slight heat, is, ease which attacks the grapes, covering 

made at about eighteen inches from the them with a tough brown skin, which 

wall in front of the selected vines. is incapable of natural extension, and 

" This bed is built sufficiently deep | 

i to admit of its being about three feet the 

— 

which stops their growth. Wherever 

disease appears, the crop is injured 

or even ruined. 

been suggested 

Various causes have 

as the origin of this 

j 

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j 

high, after settling. The frame used by 

Mr. Dawson separates into two portions, 

so that the lower part can be first placed ; 

upon the bed. It contains a trellis upon 

but the true origin I believe 

\ 

\ 

disease 

to be a sudden unhealthy reduction of 

which the vines are trained, fixed about temperature whilst the grapes are young. 

a foot above the surface of the dung. From one frosty night I have seen the 

The upper portion of the frame can be fruit of apple trees infected with a very 

afterwards put on and secured to the 

lower by small brackets. The advan- 

similar induration of the skin. 

Bleeding.— If pruned late in the spring 

tage of having the frames constructed 

in this way is the ease and safety with 

the vine 

season. 

is very liable to bleed at this 

A red hot iron applied to the 

which the vine can be taken in ; since, wound until it is partially charred will 

in introducing the shoots of a vine stop the effusion of sap for a time, and 

through a hole cut in the back of a to render the cure permanent, the place 

frame of ordinary construction, the should be well rubbed and coated with 

buds would be liable to be rubbed off.: a paste made of newly burnt lime and 

No more care is required, except in grease. This hardens and forms an eCstopping, 

thinning, kdt Air is given fectual plaster. 

freely, but no linings to the bed are re- ' Shrivelling arises in the berries from 

quired. In severe weather a covering a want of sap. It is caused by several 

j 

is put on, but this is not generally re- modes of bad cultivation, as excess of 

sorted to. By pursuing the above me- wet and cold to the roots; over-heating 

| 

thod, fruit of good quality has been cut ^ 

and subsequent reduction of temperaby 

the latter end of August, for which 

Mr. Dawson has obtained several prizes 

at local horticultural exhibitions." 

Gard. Chron. 

DISEASES. 

Shanking is a moist gangrene, attacking 

and destroying the stalk of the 

grapes, arising apparently from the temperature 

of the soil being unsuitably 

below that in which the branches are 

vegetating. 

IVarts on Leaves.—Dr. Lindley says, 

" The appearance of warts on their 

under side, is most probably caused by 

damp atmosphere and rich soil, and 

may be conceived to arise thus: the 

water which the leaves derive from the 

stem, and absorb from the atmosphere, 

is unable to escape again, in conse- 

ture in the house : and by thinning the 

leaves erroneously. 

Insects infesting the Vine.— See Scale, 

Thrips, Wasp, ^-c. 

GRAPE HYACINTH. Muscari. 

GRAPE PEAR. Amelanchier Botryapium. 

GRASS MOTH. See Charcsas. 

GRASS-PLOT, correctly speaking, is 

a parterre, or beds of flowers, arranged 

with grass-turf between them, instead 

of gravel. It is usually confounded with 

Lawn, which see. 

GRASS RAKE. See Lawn Rake. 

GRATIOLA. Six species. Hardy 

or green-house herbaceous perennials. 

Division. Rich moist soil. 

GRAVEL WALKS, like all other 

Walks, (vide,) reqmre a good suhstratum 

quence of the air that surrounds them of drainage, and the facing of about five 

being continually loaded with moisture; inches deep of gravel. It must have no 

the result of this is, that the water ac- stones mixed with it larger than good-

— 

GR A 270 GRE 

sized marbles, and about one-fourth of 

it must be much smaller. If a portion 

of clay is by nature or art incorporated 

with the gravel, it will bind more firmly, 

and present when rolled a more compact 

and even surface. 

The following is an excellent plan to 

make or turn gravel walks in d ry weather. 

If of a sandy or gravelly nature strew a 

little clay or marl upon the walks. When 

turned ovei take away all large stones, 

and place them at the bottom of the 

mass. Immediately after you have levelled 

the walk apply the roller, and let 

an assistant follow, pouring upon it water 

from a watering pot with coarse rose 

in twenty-four hours after, if the weather 

is dry, it will be as solid as a stone 

floor. The writer has had ocular de- 

monstration of the fact in twenty instances 

in the driest weather. Gard. 

Chron. 

The best method of extirpating grass 

which springs up from beneath a gravel 

walk and spreads over its surface, is to 

break up the walk, and pick out carefully 

all the under-ground runners which 

may be met with. Where it is not desirable 

to disturb the walk, the best 

way is to spread salt in considerable 

quantities over its whole surface ; and 

if after the first application it is found 

that portions of the grass still exist, let 

another coating of salt be applied, 

which will effectually destroy it. Care 

must be taken, however, if the walk 

is edged with box, that the salt does 

not come in contact with it, otherwise 

it will destroy the edging also. 

" In the early part of April, gravel 

walks are usually turned ; and practice 

has taught that there is a right as well 

as a wrong way, even for the performance 

of this simple operation. After 

the walk has been broken up and levelled, 

and a facing of new gravel spread 

over, this ought to be left for three or 

four days, and until a shower of rain 

has fallen, before the roller is used. 

This bleaches the gravel, and washes 

down the fine particles, so that, immediately 

after rolling, the walk is solid, 

and has a clean bright surface." 

Chron. 

Gard. 

Dr. Lindley has proposed a substitute 

for gravel in the construction of 

walks, which will get rid of most of 

the annoyances attendant upon gravel; 

for, formed of this material, they will 

never be troubled by worms or weeds, 

; 

— 

and will never require rolling. They 

may be made of the same arched form ; 

and if, at the time of making, the surface 

be sprinkled with fine bright coloured 

gravel, they will be as handsome as if 

formed entirely of that material. 

The composition recommended must 

be made and laid down in perfectly dry 

weather. 

" Procure a quantity of road-sand, or 

similar powdery material—finely sifted 

lime-rubbish will do—and let it be thoroughly 

dried, so that it feels like dust 

when handled : also sift out ofthe cinders 

from the dwelling-house, &c., the finer 

parts, and let these be also made perfectly 

dry ; mix these carefully, two 

parts road-sand to one of ashes. In a 

dry place, on a dry day, spread a quantity 

of the mixture, as a bricklayer 

spreads his lime, with a hollow in the 

middle. Into this hollow pour some 

coal-tar, boiling hot. Incorporate the 

whole with a shovel, as if making mor- 

tar, and when a thick paste, spread it 

three or four inches thick over the 

ground, laid out for the walk or floor. 

The ground should previously be beaten 

down as firm and as level as possible. 

Powder it all over with dry and rather 

coarse sand, after which a few passages 

of the roller wiH press it level. Leave 

it for a few days to harden, after which 

the walk is fit for use, and will last for 

very many years." Gard. Chron. 

GREAT BURNET. Sanguisorba. 

GREAT CENTAUREA. Centaurea 

centaurium. 

GREEN-HOUSE. This is a winterresidence 

for plants that cannot endure 

the cold of our winter, yet do not require 

either the high temperature or 

moist atmosphere of a stove [i. e. hothouse] 

. 

" The first thing to be attended to in 

its construction," says Mr. H. Fortune, 

of the Chiswick Gardens, " is the choice 

of a proper situation. South is the best 

aspect, or as nearly that as possible : 

south-west or south-east will do, or even 

east or west ; but on no account should 

it ever face the north. Green-houses 

should be fixed in situations where they 

will not be shaded from the sun by any 

part of the dwelling-house, or other 

buildings, and should also be quite free 

from large trees. They should not 

be placed near trees for another reason 

than being shaded by them, namely, 

the glass in the roof being apt to be

— 

GRE 271 GRE 

; 

; 

' 

\ 

' 

broken by the rotten branches which formed in lengths of two feet each, and 

are sent down during high winds. neatly joined together; they are open 

"Another most desirable considera- at top, and have movable covers. Intion 

is, to make arrangements for a to this casing the heated air from the 

constant supply of rain-water. This is stove is first received, and afterwards 

very easily done when the house is distributed at pleasure. In addition to 

building. Gutters are wanted to carry the heat given oft' in this way, the brick 

the wet off the roof; and, in so doing, casing, from retaining the hot air, toge- 

letit be brought into a tank in the house, ther with the flue-pipe passing through 

and used for watering the plants. Slate- it, becomes so hot as to give off a large 

tanks may be used for this purpose, or quantity in a radiating form. 

they may be built of brick and cement- "In the figure, two of the flue covers 

ed over on the inside. This will be are removed to show the surface of the 

economy in the end ; and the water iron water-troughs, fitted on the flue- 

collected in this way is much to be pipe, and resting on the bottom of the 

preferred to many kinds obtained from brick-casing, better seen in the sectional 

I 

springs. 

view. The troughs are only filled with 

" A drain should be made to enable the healed air when it is wanted in a 

the tank to be emptied at pleasure, and humid condition ; in other cases the 

into which the water used in washing humidity from the cistern A, which sup- 

out the house can be swept, without plies water for the ordinary purposes of 

running into the tank." Gard. Chron. 

The following is the plan of a greenhouse 

erected at Yester, the seat of the 

the house, will be sufficient; i and j 

are wood wedges inserted on one side 

of the covers to raise them, more or 

Marquis of Tweedale, and which an- less, in proportion to the quantity of 

swers perfectly. 

heat required : k is the termination of 

" In ordinary severe weather, while the flue-pipe, w liere it ascends, crossing 

the thermometer, in the open air during 

night, ranges between 20^ and 30^, no 

the house above the door, and entering 

the back wall into the chimney. When 

difficulty is found in keeping the tem- the house is to be heated, it is only neperature 

to any point required between cessary to light the fire in the stove d, 

50° and 80'-', which is quite sufficient. and open one of the cold air-drains 6 c, 

The stove is heated with coke ; and as in the present instance the internal 

during a period while the thermometer one, b, is open. The arrows represent 

ranged between 60^ and 76^, the cost the cold air flowing towards the stove, 

did not exceed 2s. Qd. per month. The where it enters below, and after travers- 

fuel consumed during the time was ten ing a numerous formation of winding 

bushels. We do not know what is the channels in a heated state, discharges 

principle of the stove, but it resembles itself into the brick-casing, g g, above 

an Arnott, and stands within the house, the flue-pipe, from which it escapes as 

which is twenty-five feet long, twelve heretofore mentioned. 

feet broad, and thirteen feet high. " When the cold air is taken from 

" a a, back wall ; b b, mouths of cold the external drain, c, the internal one, 

air stove, d ; e f, a f^w descending steps b, is closed ; a regulation, however, 

by which it is supplied from the outside which is entirely at the discretion of 

with fuel, through an opening in the the superintendent of the house : r, 

wall, as shown in the plan. On the the regulator in the ash-pit of the sjove, 

same level there is a place, /, for containing 

coke, as represented by the 

the handle of which is turned so as to 

admit a greater or less quantity of air, 

dotted lines; g- g is a brick casing. bv which the combustion of fuel in the 

stove is regulated: s s and m m, venti- 

Fig. 75. 

lating grates ; ri n, rods of iron suspended 

to the frames of the top windows 

to open and shut them ; g, a system 

of small rods for conveying the 

drip from the inside of the roof to the 

cistern. A; j>, cover of stove-pit: it is 

hinged, and readily thrown back when 

admission to the stove is wanted. 

" For ordinary-sized plant or fruit-

— 

houses, the above method of heating 

will be found quite sufficient. Where 

very large structures are required to 

be heated, any additional quantity may 

be procured by means of hot waterpipes 

supplied from a boiler placed 

within the patent stove. The pipes 

may be conveyed in a different direction 

from the hot-air flue. The boiler, although 

heated with the stove-furnace, 

requires no additional fuel." — Gard. 

" The general arrangement is excelent. 

None of the door-ways are placed 

272 G RE 

perty, it by no means forms the only 

valuable feature in them. Plants can 

be easily reached and easily removed ; 

the appearance of the interior is very 

much improved, and no space is wasted. 

In a common glass shed, at least one 

half is useless—that is to say, the whole 

of that part which is next the back wall. 

Here, on the contrary, every portion of 

the interior, except the walks, is rendered 

available. 

" The construction of the roof is 

excellent. It rises at an angle of 30o, 

which is exactly that best suited for 

houses of such a description ; the rafters 

are very light, and of a better form 

than any we have previously seen. We 

will not pretend to say why they produce 

so good an effect; for words will 

never convey an adequate idea of the 

cause of the beauty of such objncts. 

Perhaps it is their lightness; probably 

it is the two combined. Lightness of 

appearance has been combined with 

strength by the addition of an iron rod 

to the lower edge of the rafter, in the 

place of a head. 

" In order to strengthen the roof and 

to provide for the cultivation of climbers, 

all the rafters are connected by 

means of curved iron rods, which themselves 

add much to the beautiful ap- 

I 

| 

; 

i 

Chron. jocivcs auu iiiucu lo me oeauiiiui ap- 

On a larger scale is the green-house pearance of the interior. This mode 

at Kew; but as the same principles "^ combining strength and decoration 

and arrangements may be adopted on a ^'^Y of course be varied, but it will not 

smnllpr smaller si^nlo scale, TI irii-o give fN^ r^ll^..,;— „.. the following ex- 

hp be imnrnvpH improved. 

tracts from the details, published by " Another important thing in the ar- 

Dr. Lindley : 

rangements is the ample provision for 

receiving in tanks the rain-water that 

falls on the roof of the building : this 

is raised for use by means of small 

j 

I 

in direct continuation of the walls ; but 

they are either formed immediately op- hand-pumps. 

posite the principal masses of plants, pi " It must be „, 

apparent that such a 

or obliquely with respect to the walks house as this is precisely what is most 

; 

so that the eye necessarily rests upon the generally wanted by those who build 

foliage as soon as the house is entered. 

".Then, again, at the point where the 

houses join each other, a semicircular 

green-houses. If a large space is required, 

it is easy to lengthen any of 

the arms; if more variety is desired, 

stage is thrown forward, by which the another cross house could be readily 

disagreeable »jioic effect ciic-ui of ui aa. long narrow added J"cu to tu the mc smaller amtiner one. uiit. Should kMiouia it 11 be oe 

walk, in a small house, is completely too large, as will more frequently be 

removed. the case, the smaller arm may be co- 

"The house is span-roofed, and illus- P'ed or the larger, as the case "may be. 

trates the great advantage of this kind If a stove is wanted instead of a green 

of construction over the wretched lean 

tos, which were formerly in fashion 

We • ire need uccu not iiui say s

GRE 273 GRE 

this one house are contained illustra- as he proceeded towards the meridian, 

tions of all the more important objects , the astragals and rafters formed a shade, 

' which are in the majority of cases to be and air being given, the plants survived 

attained in green-house building. and soon recovered ; in the lean-to 

" It should be added, that the upright house they blackened and perished." 

sides of the house are glazed with panes 

of sheet-glass, in one length ; and that 

each of the roof sashes has but two panes 

in its length ; this no doubt adds very 

much to its beautiful appearance." 

— 

GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. 

DWARFS SUITABLE FOR BEDDING IN THE 

HOUSE. 

Acacia armata. 

Card. Chron. 

Chorozema varium. 

The plan given of the green-house at SoUya hcterophylla. 

Yester is a lean-to, but the same system 

TempletoniaTiauca. 

ot heating is adaptable to a span-roofed , puHenea daphnoides. 

house. This form is to be preferred on 

gtatice arborea 

many accounts. Thus, as the practice 

pjineica decussata 

is most injurious to have the tempera- 

| Oxylobium retusu'm. 

ture of the hot-house too elevated dur- 

Loddigesia oxalidifolia 

; 

ing the night, so no less injurious, in 

Epacris grandiflora. 

winter, is it to permit tender plants in — impressa. 

the green-house or elsewhere, which 

Corraa speciosa 

may have been subjected to a freezing 

Euchilus nbcordatum. 

temperature, to be suddenly exposed to 

f . , -r. Hovea Celsi. 

a higher degree of heat. Experience chironia frutescens. 

has placed it beyond dispute that such 

plants should be shaded from the sun, 

and thus returned very slowly to a more 

genial temperature. So convinced by 

Diosma rubra. 

Eutaxia myrtifolia. 

Eriostemon buxifolium. 

\ 

' 

i 

j 

experiment of the importance of securing 

plants in greenhouses from sudden 

transitions is Mr. Macnab, the curator 

of the Caledonian Horticultural Society's 

garden, that he has those structures 

ranging north and south, and consequently 

with a western and eastern aspect. 

Dilhvynia floribunda. 

Boronia ^ deiiticulata. 

Genista canariensis. 

pQiyrjala oppositifolia 

Coleonema tenuifolia. 

Lambertia formosa. 

CLIMBERS FOR THE BACK WALL. 

They have two aspects, because he has 

them with span roofs, instead ofthe old 

Clematis azurea grandiflora. 

Sieboldi. 

leaa-to form. For green-houses, but Cobosa scandens. 

not for forcing, there is no doubt that Maurandya Barclayana. 

this form is to be preferred ; and Mr. Kennedya Mactryaltac. 

M'Nab thus enumerates its advantages: 

" In a span-roofed house the circulation select plants for the shelves. 

of air may be constantly kept up so as Boronia pinnata, serrulata, and anemoeffectually 

to prevent damp. For such a nefolia. 

green-house fire heat is scarcely at all Polygala oppositifolia and cordifolia. 

required; for, if there be a free circu- Gardoquia Hookeri. 

lation of air during the autumn and Roelia ciliata, 

winter months, and if the tables and Hovea celsi and pungens. 

shelves be carefully kept dry and clean, Chorozema varium, Dicksoni, and 

water being sparingly given to such Ilenchmanni. 

plants only as require it, cold, even Mirbelia floribunda. 

descending to freezing occasionally the Aphelexis humilus. 

surface of the soil, will do less injury Pimelea spectabilis, decussata, and 

than the application of fire heat to most hispida. 

plants. In the case of plants frozen in Bossicea linophylia. 

a lean-to house, and others in a span- Eutaxia myrtifolia. 

roofed house extending north and south, 

the consequences were much the least 

Dilhvynia floribunda. 

I.uculia gratissima. 

injurious in the latter, for in it the influence 

of the sun was much less felt; 

18 

Leschenaultia formosa and biloba. 

Coleonema tenuifolia.

GRE 274 GRE 

Genista canariensis. 

SprengeliaincarnataandCroweasaligna, 

together with the different kinds of 

Acacia. 

Corrtea. 

Camellia. 

Azalea, &c. 

Climbers may consist of 

Kennedya Maryettae. 

Hardenbergia monophylla and macrophylla. 

SoUya linearis. 

Gompholobium polymorphum. 

Zichya glabrata. 

Tropoeopium brachyceras, tricolor, and 

azureum. 

Mandevillia suaveolens. 

Dolichos lignosus. 

Clematis azurea grandiflora. 

Veronica speciosa. 

Chorozema varium nanum. 

Pimelia spectabilis. 

Hovea pungens. 

Leschenaultia grandiflora. 

Mirbelia dilatata. 

Statice Dickensoni. 

Tropoeolum azureum. 

Tetranema mexicanum. 

Habrothaninus fasciculatus. 

cyaneus. 

Boronia crenulata. 

Eriostemon buxifolium. 

Gompholobium versicolor. 

Tecoma jasminoides rosea. 

Echeveria secunda. 

Hardenbergia macrophylla. 

SWEET-SCENTED GREEN-HOUSE PLAKTS. 

Aloysia citriodora. 

Daphne odora. 

Gardenia radicans. 

Jasminum grandiflorum. 

Luculia gratissima. 

Heliotrope. , 

Common Orange, ofwhich the Brigadier 

multiflora is one of the best. 

— 

Lilium lancifolium and its varieties. 

Sollya linearis. 

Leschenaultia formosa. 

GREEN-HOUSE BULBS. 

Oxalis Bowei and versicolor. 

Lachenalia tricolor. 

Sparaxis tricolor and grandiflora. 

Tritonia palida, crispa, and squalida. 

Ixia patens, viridiflora, aristata, and 

crocata. 

Watsonia fulgida. 

Hypoxis elegans. 

Green-house plants are chiefly kept 

in pots or tubs for moving them info 

shelter in winter, and into the open air 

in summer; for being all exotics from 

warmer parts of the world, they are not 

able to live in the open air in the 

winter. 

Most of them will prosper in any 

good rich garden earth. Some sorts, 

however, require a particular compost. 

As to the pots and tubs to contain the 

plants, they must be of different sizes, 

according to that of the plants ; and 

when these become too large for pots, 

they must be shifted into tubs, hooped 

with iron, and with handles at top to 

each, of the same metal. See Flower 

Pots and Potting. 

Removing into the open air.—All the 

sorts succeed in the open air from May 

or beginning of June until October ; but 

from October until May or June again 

they require the shelter of the greenhouse. 

The varieties of Myrtle, Geranium, 

Oleander, Cistus, Phlomis, Shrubby 

Aster, Tree Wormwood, Tree Candy 

Tuft, Yellow Indian and Spanish Jasmines, 

Indian Bay, are the first that will 

bear removal into the air; and in June, 

accordingly as the season proves more 

or less favourable, bring forth all the 

others. But this should not be done 

until there is a fair prospect of summer 

being settled. 

It is a good observation that when the 

| 

GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS FLOWERING 

AUTUMN. 

Mulberry tree begins to expand its 

Hedychium Gardinerianum (which does leaves this is a certain sign of the apbest 

when planted in the border of proach of summer, and settled weather 

the house). 

fit to begin moving out most sorts of 

Mimulus glutinosus. 

green-house exotics. A mild warm day 

Leonotis Leonurus. 

Bouvardia splendens. 

should be chosen for this work, and if 

during a warm rain it will be of much 

Achimenes longiflora. 

advantage, as it will wash the leaves 

Chironia frutescens. 

and branches, and greatly refresh the 

Swainsonia galegifolia. 

alba. 

Mandevilla suaveoleos. 

plants. 

When they are first brought out it is 

proper to place the plants in some shel-

GRE 275 GRE 

tered sunny place for a fortnight, till supplying them with fresh air at all opthey 

are inured to the open air, and portunities in mild weather, and giving 

then in any open exposure, where they moderate waterings occasionally, pickare 

designed to remain for the summer, ing off decayed leaves as often as they 

As soon as they arc brought out let appear, and making moderate fires in 

them be cleared from dead leaves and 

dead wood, and let the earth on the 

surface of the pots be stirred, taking a 

little of the old out and adding some 

fresh in its stead ; then give a moderate 

watering, not only to the soil but also 

over the heads of the plants. Supply 

them with water during that season, in 

hot dry weather. All except the succulent 

will require it three times a week 

at least, and in a very hot dry season 

once a day will be requisite. The suc- 

severe or foggy weather. 

When the plants are first housed, 

they should have as much free air as 

the nature of the season will admit, by 

opening the windows every mild day to 

their full extent ; and if the air is quite 

temperate, they may remain open at 

nights for the first week : but in cold 

nights let them be constantly shut. This 

work of admitting air must be attended 

to all winter. 

The proper time of day, during llie 

winter, for admission of air is from 

I 

culent kinds must also have a moderate 

supply of water twice a week in dry about eight, nine, or ten in the morn- 

weather, observing that the proper time ing till three in the evening, according 

of the day for watering all the sorts at to the mildness of the weather; but 

this season is either in a morning before as the days lengthen and the warmer 

| 

j 

; 

' 

; 

nine o'clock, or in the afternoon after season advances, give more air in profour 

or five. Moderate rains should not portion earlier and later in the day, as 

deter from watering, especially such you shall judge proper, being careful 

plants as have spreading heads, as these always to shut all close every evening 

prevent the rains, unless very heavy or as soon as the sharp air approaches, 

constant, from falling in sufficient quan- In foggy weather it is advisable to keep 

tities on the earth of the pots to moisten the windows quite close, for the great 

it properly. In hot weather, if some damp occasioned by fogs is very pernimowings 

of short grass, or moss, which cious to plants whilst they are confined 

is neater, are spread on the surface of in the house; likewise in frosty weather 

the Orange Tree tubs and others, it will keep the house close, unless the frost 

gre-atly preserve the moisture. During is moderate, and the middle of the day 

the season loosen the surface of the sunny and warm, when some of the 

earth occasionally. 

Removing into the Green-house.—Towindows 

may be opened a little, but 

shut close again if the sun is clouded, 

wards the latter end of September, or In severe weather let the shutters also 

as soon as the nights become cold, be- be closed every night, and occasionally 

gin to return into the green-house the in severe days, and be particularly 

more tender kinds, and especially the careful to water with great moderation 

succulents should be removed to shelter whilst the plants remain in the greenat 

the first approach of excessive wet house. 

and cold nights. A sunny day from about eleven to two 

The Oranges, Lemons, and all the, o'clock, is then the proper time for 

other species of Citrus, should also be 

moved into shelter in due time, either 

watering. (Abercombie.) 

See January and other months for the 

at the end 

October. 

of September or early in routine work. 

GREEN MANURE is a mass of re- 

Continue moving in the others as the cently growing plants dug whilst green 

cold increases, and by the end of the 

month or first week of November bring 

and fresh into the soil, for the purpose 

of enriching it; and it is a rule without 

in the whole collection ; observing, ac- any exception, that all fresh vcg(>tal)le 

cording as the time approaches for mov- matters so turned into the earth do 

ing in the different sorts, to clear them render it more fertile, and if plants are 

peri'ectly well from decayed leaves, &c., grown upon the soil for this purpose, 

and let all the pots be well cleaned, the greater the amount of the surface 

and loosen the surface of the earth in of leaves in proportion to that of roots 

each pot, adding a little fresh soil. the better, because such plants obtain a 

Their principal culture now will be, large proportion of their chief constitu-

GRE 276 GRO 

ent,—the chief constituent of all plants, 

carbon,— from the atmosphere : they, 

therefore, return to the soil more decomposing 

matter than they have taken 

from it. 

The putrefaction of the vegetables, 

and the gases in that case emitted, says 

my brother, Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, 

" appear to be on all occasions highly 

invigorating and nourishing to the succeeding 

crop. During this operation, 

the presence of water is essentially necessary, 

and is most probably decomposed. 

The gases produced vary in 

different plants ; those which contain 

gluten emit ammonia ; 

onions and a few 

others evolve phosphorus ; hydrogen, 

carbonic acid gas, and carburetted hydrogen 

gas, with various vegetable 

matters, are almost always abundantly 

formed. All these gases when mixed 

with the soil are very nourishing to the 

plants growing upon it. The observations 

of the farmer assure us that they 

are so. He tells us that all green manures 

cannot be employed in too fresh 

a state, that the best corn is grown 

where the richest turf has preceded it, 

and that where there is a good produce 

of red clover there will assuredly follow 

an excellent crop of wheat ; he finds 

also that when he ploughs in his crop of 

buckwheat to enrich his land, that this 

is most advantageously done when the 

plant is coming into flower." 

— 

Farm. 

Encyc. 

Sea Weed is a species of green manure, 

for it ought to be employed 

whilst quite fresh. There are many 

species, and they differ very essentially 

in their components. The LnurinariiB 

those long, tawny-green, ribbon-like 

algae so common on our coasts, contain 

besides vegetable matter a large proportion 

of the salts of potash in addition 

, 

The advantage of green manure is 

practically understood by thousands of 

our farmers, who, though they may be 

unable to philosophize upon the subject 

or refer to its true chemical cause, fully 

appreciate its value. 

The great desideratum of those who 

aim at enriching the soil, is to produce 

clover,—that attained, the rest is easy. 

Clover, when turned in, prepares the 

land for every description of crop, and 

places the whole under the control of 

the husbandman. 

GREVILLEA. Forty-two species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Ripe 

cuttings, and some species, seeds. 

Sand, loam and peat. 

GRIFFINIA. Three species. Stove 

bulbous perennials. Offsets. Seeds. 

Turfy loam, white sand and peat. 

GRINDELIA. Nine species. Chiefly 

green-house evergreen shrubs. G. angustifolia 

and G. squamosa are herbaceous 

perennials, and G. ciliata a hardy 

annual. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

GRISLEA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy 

peat and loam. 

GROBYA AmhersticE. Stove orchid. 

Division. Wood. 

GROTTO, is a resting place, formed 

rudely of rock-work, roots of trees, 

and shells, and is most appropriately 

placed beneath the deep shade ofwoods, 

and on the margin of water. Its intention 

is to be a cool retreat during summer. 

GROUND CHERRY. Cerasus ChamcEcerasus. 

GROUND CHRISTA. Cassia Chammchrista. 

GROUND CISTUS. Rhododendron 

Chamdcistus. 

GROVE, is a moderately extensive association 

of trees without underwood. 

J 

to those of soda ; whereas the Fuci con- " The character of a grove is beauty 

tain none of the salts of potash. All, for fine trees are lovely objects, and a 

however, are excellent manures, and I grove is an assemblage of them, in 

know a garden, near Southampton, very which every individual retains much of 

productive, tliat for some years has had its own peculiar elegance, and whatever 

no other manure. It is particularly it loses is transferred to the superior 

good as a manure for potatoes. The beauty of the whole. To a grove, 

Fucus vesiculosus, so distinguishable by therefore, which admits of endless vari- 

the bladders full of air embedded in its ety in the disposition of the trees, differleaves, 

is a very excellent manure. It encesin their shapesand theirgreensare 

seldom very important, and sometimes 

i 

' 

, 

j 

contains, when dry, about 84 parts vegetable 

matter, 13 parts sulphate of they are detrimental. Strong contrasts 

lime and magnesia, with a little plios- scatter trees which are thinly planted, 

phate of lime, and 3 parts sulphate and and which have not the connexion of 

muriate of soda. underwood I ; they no longer form one 

;

GRO 277 GU A 

plantation ; they are a number of single ferred of a moderate size ; but culinary 

trees. A thick grove is not, indeed, ex- vegetables should be grown rapidly, 

posed to this mischief, and certain situ- and of as gigantic a size as may be. 

| 

ations may recommend different shapes G [ 

and different greens for their effects up- Cricket. 

on the surface. The eye, attracted into 

the depth of the grove, passes by little 

circumstances at the entrance; even 

varieties in the form of the line do not 

always engage the attention, they are 

not so apparent as in a continued tliicket, 

and are scarcely seen if they are not 

considerable. 

R Y L L T A L P A . See Mole- 

GUAIACUM. Three species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Ripe cuttings. Rich 

loam. 

GUANO. This now celebrated manure 

has been known as the chief fertilizer 

employed by the Peruvians, 

almost as long as that part of the New 

World has been recognized by geo- 

' 

"But the surface and the outline are not graphers. Its name, in the language of 

the only circumstances to be attended that country, signifies the manure—and 

to. Though a grove be beautiful as an it merits such distinction, as being one 

object, it is, besides, delightful as a of the most powerful assistants to vege- 

, 

: 

' 

spot to walk or to sit in ; and the choice tation which can be applied to the soil, 

and the disposition of the trees for Guano is not peculiar to Peru, but is 

effect within are therefore a principal found in immense beds upon many rocks 

consideration. Mere irregularity alone and islands of the Atlantic, being the 

will not please, strict order is there excrements of the marine birds frcmore 

agreeable than absolute confusion, quenting those ocean solitudes. It has 

and some meaning better than none. been lately analyzed by Dr. Ure, who 

, 

A regular plantation has a degree of reports it as composed of the following 

proportional constituents: 

beauty; but it gives no satisfaction, because 

we know that the same number 

of trees might be more beautifully arranged. 

A disposition, however, in 

which the lines only are broken, without 

varying the distances, is less natural 

than any ; for though we cannot find 

straight lines in a forest, we are habitu- 

ated to them in the hedge-rows of fields 

but neither in wild nor in cultivated 

nature do we ever see trees equidistant 

from each other; that regularity belongs 

to art alone. The distances, therefore, 

should be strikingly different; the 

trees should gather into groups, or stand 

in various irregular lines, and describe 

several figures ; the intervals between 

; 

— 

Azotized organic matter," 

including urate of ammonia, 

and capable of 

affording from 8 to 17 >50.0 

per cent, of ammonia I 

by slow decomposition | 

in the soil ... .J 

Water 

Phosphate of lime . . 

Ammonia, phosphate of"") 

magnesia, phosphate of 

11.0 

25.0 

ammonia, and oxalate I .-« 

of ammonia, contain- ,' 

| 

| 

' 

ing from 4 to 9 per cent. | 

of ammonia J 

Siliceous matter ... 1.0 

them should be contrasted both in shape This analysis explains the source from 

and in dimensions whence failure has been derived to 

; a large space should 

in some places be quite open, in others many who have tried it. It is the most 

the trees should be so close together as violently stimulating of all the known 

hardly to leave a passage between them ; natural manures, and they have applied 

and in others as far apart as the con- it too abundantly. This is shown by 

nexion will allow. In the forms and the experiments of Mr. Maund. When 

the varieties of these groups, these applied to Strawberries once a week in 

lines, and these openings, principally a liquid state, (four ounces to a gallon,) 

consists the interior beauty of a grove." 

— Whateley. 

it made them very vigorous and pro- 

GROWTH. 

ductive; but sprinkled upon some young 

j 

It may be taken as a seedlings of the same fruit it killed them. 

universal maxim in gardening, that slow Two ounces per yard, (five cwt. per 

growth and smallness of size increases acre,) were sprinkled over Onions, and 

the intensity of flavour, and that rapidity they doubled the untreated in size. 

of growth and increase of size render Potatoes manured with one ounce and a 

flavour more mild. Fruit, therefore, half per yard, were rendered much 

j 

should be ripened slowly, and be pre- 1 more 

luxuriant than others having no

— 

, ,-i ,._!_, x?.._i -„i— 

has failed to be beneficial, or has been in 

jurious, it has been applied in quantities 

too powerful for the plants to bear. In 

a liquid state, half an ounce per gallon, 

and given to growing plants once a week, 

it never fails to be productive of vigour. 

There is reason to fear that all 

the advantages attributed to Guano, 

may not be realized. That it has produced 

striking effects on certain crops 

cannot be questioned—especially on 

grass, wheat and Indian corn but we 

; 

are far from subscribing to the opinion 

1 ! 

1 

' 

1 

GU A 278 

w 

GYP 

guano. Brussels Sprouts were half! evergreen shrubs. Cuttings or seeds 

destroyed by being planted in immedi- Sandy peat and loam 

ate contact with nine parts earth and GUINEA-PEACH. Sarcocephalus. 

one part guano. Geraniums were GUINEA-PLUM. Farinarium excelgreatly 

injured by liquid manure of| sum 

guano, (four ounces per gallon,) but GUM ARABIC TREE. Acacia ara- 

" Plants of various sorts in pots, waterbica.ed only with guano water, half an ounce GUM CISTUS. Cistus Ladaniferus. 

to a gallon, have flourished astonish- GUM TREE. Eucalyptus robusta. 

ingly; none have failed. These are GUMMING. See Extravasated Sap. 

lessons which cannot be mistaken." GUSTAVIA augusta. Stove ever- 

Auctorium, 223. Mr. Rendle and other green tree. Cuttings. Rich soil. 

persons record, as the result of dearly- GUZMANNIA _ tricolor. Stove her- 

purchased experience, that where guano baceous perennial. Suckers. Rich 

:-. 

niould. 

GYMNADENIA. Four species. 

Hardy orchids. Division. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

GYMNEMA. Four species. 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings. 

Stove 

Loam 

and peat. 

GYMNOCLADUS canadensis. Hardy 

deciduous tree. Cuttings. Open loamy 

of those who in their zealous praise of 

this new fertilizer, assert that it is 

cheaper to buy it, than haul manure 

soil. 

G Y M N G R A M M A . Fourteen 

species. Stove herbaceous perennials. 

Division. Loam and peat. 

GYMNOLOMIA. Three species. 



GYMNOSTACHYS anceps. Greenhouse 

herbaceous perennials. Suckers. 


i 

! 

^ 

from the barn-yard to the fields 

There are many crops on which it 

appears to produce but little effect: 

The writer has used over two tons of GYNANDROPSIS. Six species. 

whatwasreputed to be the best Peruvian Hardy or stove annuals and biennials. 

guano, in experiments, chiefly 

Kitchen garden vegetables carefully noting 

the quantity applied, mode, &c., but 

Seeds. Sandy loam. 

GYPSUM, or Plaster of Paris, 

sulphate of lime, composed of^ 

is a 

in nearly every instance without perceiving 

any important result.— Doubtless 

much depends on the soil, and the 

Sulphuric acid 

Lime 

Water 

43 

33 

24 

presence or absence of those constitu- It has been employed advantageously 

. L- 1 -1 J :_ ...1 „„„.„„„.. »„ >u., >...„;„ »„j „..f..«n of 

ents which abound in guano—where as a manure to the turnip and potato, at 

they already exist in the soil, in sufficient 

quantity, no benefit can result 

from its application. 

GUATTERIA. Five species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs or trees. Cuttings. 

the rate of 3 cwt. per acre. Potato sets 

are frequently rolled in it when pulverized. 

It has been recommended to be 

sprinkled in stables, and to be mixed 

with dunghills, " to fix the ammonia," 


GUAVA. Psidium. 

GUAZUMA. Three species. Stove 

as it is popularly termed. That ammoniacal 

fumes are given out from the 

urine of horses, and from decomposing 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

GUELDER ROSE. Viburnum opulus. 

GUERNSEY LILY. Nerine sar- 

dungheaps, is true ; but it is quite as 

true, that sulphate of lime thus employed 

will not detain a thousandth part 

of them, owing to the sulphuric acid 

niensis. 

GUETTARDA. Seven species. 

having a greater affinity for the ammonia 

than lor lime, and carbonic acid having 

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. Peat a greater affinity for lime than for am- 

and loam. 

GUILANDINA. Two species. Stove 

monia. And it is also true, that all the 

ammonia lost in fumes from a dunghill 

—

GYP 279 HAL 

' 

! 

! 

| 

j 

: 

| 

might be more readily and as cheaply " Inquire in the counties of Chester, 

restored to it by mixing ^vith it, when Lancaster, and others around us, where 

dug into the soil, a little of the am- clover is so beneficially cultivated, how 

moniacal liquor from the gas works, much is due to that excellent man, for 

Gypsum is extensively used in Pennsylvania 

and in many cases with the best 

the great pains 

use of gypsum? 

he took to extend the 

On this subject, I very 

results. For its introduction originally recently transmitted to the Judge, a 

we are indebted to the late Judge Peters; testimonial of gratitude from one of the 

from a "short notice" of whom, by most intelligent persons of Lancaster 

Samuel Breck, Esq., we extract the fol-; who unhesitatingly ascribes to Mr 

lowing: Peters' book on plaster, and his other 

" As a practical farmer, Mr. Peters agricultural essays, the merit of having 

had from time to time communicated produced a good part of the rich cultitlie 

results of the experiments made at vation, for which that country is so 

Belmont, to such of his neighbours as celebrated." 

chose to profit by them ; but he had not GYRENIA biflora. Half-hardy bulb- 

ous pereijnials. Division. Peat and 

I 

i 

I 

evergreen \ 

written much, if anything, upon agriculture, 

before the year 1797. His first loam. 

GYROCARPUS. publication was then made, and contained 

a statement of facts and opinions 

in relation to the use of Gypsum. This 

pamphlet circulated widely, and produced 

such a change in husbandry, by 

introducing the culture of clover, and 

other artificial grasses, as gave, we all 

know, a mngical increase to the value 

of farms. Estates which until then were 

unable to maintain stock, for want of 

winter fodder, and summer pasture, 

were suddenly brought into culture, and 

made productive. Formerly, on a farm 

destitute of natural meadow, no stock 

could be supported ; and even where 

natural meadow existed, the barn yard 

was exhausted to keep up sufficient 

fertility, (in the absence of irrigation,) 

to feed a very few horses and black 

Green-house : 

of Philadelphia. 

" The secret of its powerful agency 

came from Germany, where it was accidentally 

discovered. Mr. Peters ob- 

Two species. Stove 

trees. Cuttings. Loam apd 

peat. 

HABENARIA. Ten species. Stove 

orchids. Division. Leaf-mould and 

peat. 

HABRANTHUS. Fourteen species. 

Green-house and hardy bulbs. Offsets 

and seeds. Sandv loam and peat. 

H^MADICTY'ON venosum. Stove 

evergreen twiner. Cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

HiEMANTHUS. Twenty-one 

species. Green-house bulbs. Offsets. 


H.T.MILIS. See Tinea. 

species. 

H ^: M D R U M . Two 

Green-house herbaceous. Division. 


HA-HA, is a sunk fence, being placed 

at the bottom of a deep and spreading 

[ 

' 

> 

^ 

cattle. 

" Such was the situation of our hus- 

bandry, for some years after the revolu- ditch, either to avoid any interruption 

tion. It is proper to advert to it, that to an expanse of surface, or to let in a 

we may understand the full extent of desired prospect. As all deceptions are 

our obligation to the Judge. In the unsatisfactory to good taste, and as 

year 1770, he was shown the effects of when viewed lengthwise these fences 

gypsum on clover, in a city lot, occupied are formal and displeasing, they ought 

by Mr. Jacob Barge, on the commons never to be adopted except in extreme 

cases. 

HAIR. See Animal Matters. 

evergreen shrubs Cuttained 

a small quantity, which he used 

successfully, and gradually promoted 

tings. Loam, peat, and sand, 

HALESIA. Snowdrop Tree. Three 

its consumption, until, by his example, 

and his publications, the importation 

from Nova Scotia alone, into the single 

species. Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cut- 

tings and layers. Common soil. 

HALF-HARDY PLANTS arc those 

port of Philadelphia, increased to the which require partial shelter, as in a 

enormous amount of fourteen thousand cold pit or frame, during the winter, 

tons annually. This was 

discovery of that fossil in 

before the Here some attention is required to ex- 

the United elude from them dampness and frost, 

but especially the first. On these points 

States. : 

H A K E A . Forty-eight species. 

;

HAL 280 HAN 

Mr. W. Wakefield gives these good 

directions : 

— — 

" To prevent dampness there must 

are most succulent in their nature, or 1 

the young and tender tops of others. 

We should therefore watch narrowly 

and remove every leaf or shoot affected, 

as damp not only destroys the individual 

immediately affected, but extends 

its influence to those in the neighbourhood 

of the one so affected. It is 

contagious; it engenders mould, which 

being a speciesof fungus, is rapidly disseminated, 

attacking and destroying 

wherever the damp has prepared the 

leaves for its reception. Neither should 

plants be too much crowded, as that 

obstructs the free circulation of air. 

" Watering should of course be done 

sparingly, but still it w-ill be required 

occasionally. Care, however, should 

be taken to preserve the foliage as dry 

as possible, as, there being but little sun 

in winter, and that not of sufficient 

strength to evaporate the superabundant 

moisture rapidly, it quickly rots the 

leaves, especially of Pelargoniums, and 

similar plants having leaves which form 

a kind of dish in which the water accumulates 

in considerable quantities. 

" When fire is had recourse to for drying 

the house or pits, choose a fine day, 

and give all the air possible, so that 

the moisture dislodged by the heat may 

be dispersed. 

" If the season is likely to be dry, 

first make a hole for the plant, and in 

the bottom of this put some rotten dung, 

or any sort of material that will retain 

water. Water this well, and then put 

in the plant, filling the hole to within 

two inches of the surface ; 

again water 

-well, and then fill up the hole. 

" If obliged to water the plants afterwards, 

cause the beds to be hoed over 

next day as soon as they are dry enough ; 

plants do better under this treatment 

than by watering them so much as is 

usually done when there is no appear- 

ance of damp on the leaves over late in 

the evening." Gard. Chron. 

HALIMODENDRON. Three species. 

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers and 

seeds, or grafts on Robinia. Sandy loam. 

HALLERIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Rich 

sandy loam. 

HALTICA. See Black Fly. 

HAMAMELIS. Witch Hazel. Two 

species. Hardy deciduous trees. Lay- 

i 

| 

I 

be a free circulation of air ; the plants 

must be placed on a dry bottom ; and if 

they are in a situation which will admit 

of a fire occasionally, it will render the 

pits or house dry, but it should be used 

very sparingly, and only when absolutely 

necessary. But even with all ers. Common soil. 

care and attention, damp will attack HAMBURCtH PARSLEY. See Pars- 

some plants, and generally those that ley (Hamburgh). 

HAMELIA. Five species. Stove 


loam. 

HAMILTONIA. Two species. Stove 


peat. 

HANBURY. See Ambury. 

HANDBARROW is best made 

this form 


: 

— 

— 

Fis.77. 

The cage below is useful for carrying 

leaves and other litter ; and when the 

close moveable cover is on, it serves as 

a conveyance for plants in large pots or 

tubs, which, when in flower or bearing 

fruit, might be too violently shaken in a 

wheelbarrow. 

HAND-GLASS is a portable glasscase 

used for sheltering cauliflowers 

and other plants in winter, and during 

early spring, or to retain a regular 

supply of moisture to cuttings until 

they are rooted. The most durable 

and convenient are made with cast iron 

framing of this form : 

Fig. 78. 

They are sometimes made with moveable 

tops as here represented, but the 

only advantage it affords is, that several 

of the lower portions may be placed

HAN 281 HE A 

upon each other to protect any tall 

growing shrub in severe weather, otherwise 

they are more troublesome to move, 

and more liable to breakage than if 

made entire. 

ilAND-WEEDIXG: much of it might 

be banished from the garden, if in the 

kitchen department all crops were inserted 

in drills. This is most desirable ; 

for the stirring of the surface consequent 

to hoeing, is much more beneficial 

to the crops, and cannot be repeated 

too frequently. 

HAPALOSTEPHIUM. Eightspecies. 

Hardy herbaceous. Division and seed. 

Sandv rich soil. 

HARDENBERGIA monophylla is a 

green-house climber, the cultivation of 

which is thus narrated by Mr. G. Wat- 

son : 

— 

" Train with five leading shoots, one 

from the centre of the pot, to which a 

long, small, neat stick is placed ; the 

other four being fastened to four similar 

sticks at regular distances round the 

edge of the pot. From each of these 

leading shoots proceed numerous sidebranches 

which are densely covered 

•with flowers. When the plant has done 

blooming, which is by the end of May 

or beginning of June, still allow it to 

remain in the green-house until the 

shoots are well ripened. During this 

time the plant is watered sparingly; 

for it is only by moderating the supply 

of water that we can imitate those periodical 

seasons of rest to which this, 

as well as all other exotic plants, is exposed 

in its native climate. 

" By the first week in August it is 

taken from the green-house and well 

soaked with water, then placed in the 

open air in a sheltered situation, but 

fully exposed to the sun, being double 

potted to prevent the sun's rays from 

destroying the small fibres, which are 

the principal feeding organs. 

" The whole of the side shoots are 

pruned to one or not more than two 

eyes, and the leading shoots cut back 

according to their strength, so as to call 

into action the whole of the remaining 

buds. As soon as the new shoots are 

from one to two inches in length, the 

plant is taken from the pot and nearly 

the whole of the soil is shaken from its 

roots ; the stronger roots are at the 

same time cut back to smaller fibres. 

It is then repotted in a new or clean 

washed pot, thoroughly drained. 

— 

"The soil in which it thrives well is 

chopped turfy heath-mould, mixed with 

a little sand. After forcing it is placed 

in a shady place for a short time, and 

by degrees exposed fully to the sun, 

being taken into the green-house by the 

end of September.'" Card. Chron. 

HARDY PLANTS are those which 

endure uninjured our seasons without 

protection. Half-hardy Plants arc those 

which require a temporary protection 

during the colder portions of the year. 

HAREBELL. Campanula rotundifolia. 

HARES and RABBITS are deterred 

from injuring trees and shrubs by mixing 

night-soil and clay in water, and daubing 

it over the stems with a brush, in 

November ; and if the winter proves 

very wet, in February. The November 

dressing is, however, generally suffi- 

cient. This mixture has stopped their 

depredations entirely, even when they 

had commenced operations. — Gard. 

Chron. 

HARE'S-EAR. Bupleurum. 

HARE'S-FERN. Davallia canariensis. 

HARE'S-FOOT. Ochromalagopus. 

HARONGA madagascariensis. Stove 


peat. 

HARPALYCE. Four species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Seeds. Common soil. 

HARRISONIA loniceroides. Stove 


peat. 

HARTOGIA cjpensis. Green-house 


peat. 

HAUTBOY. See Strawberry. 

HAWK FLY. See Scmw. 

HAWKWEED. Hieracium. 

HAWORTHIA. Sixty-two species. 

Green-house succulents. Suckers or 

cuttings of leaves. Sandy loam and 

leaf-mould. 

HAWTHORN. Crattegus. 

HAWTHORN BUTTERFLY. See 

PlERIS. 

HAYLOCKIA pmsilia. Half-hardy 

bulb. Offsets. Sandy loam. 

HAZEL. Corylus avellana. 

HEADING, or as it is also termed 

Cabbaging or Loaving, is an inaptitude 

to unfold the central leaves, characterizing 

the various members of the Cabbage 

tribe. They have their centre or 

bud composed of a larger number of 

leaves than usual, and these, in some

HE A 282 HE A 

instances, are so complex]y combined growth of the plant to diminish and its 

that the plant has not sufficient power 

to force them open to permit the protrusion 

of the seed-stem. The close- 

colour to become more pale ; this effect 

being now produced by the plant's torpidity, 

or want of excitement to perform 

ness of the heading is regulated by the 

exposure to the light. In a shady situ- 

the requisite elaboration of the sap, as 

it is by over-excitement when made to 

ation all the leaves are required to ela- vegetate in a temperature which is too 

borate the sap, on account of the defi- elevated. 

cient light rendering each less active; If blossoms are produced at all, they 

therefore they open as they are formed. are unfertile, and the entire aspect o 

In a free exposure a few leaves are able the plant betrays that its secretions are 

to effect the requisite decomposition ; 

and hence the reason why cabbages always 

have " harder hearts'''' in summer 

not healthy and its functions are deadened. 

Mr. Knight says, "that melon 

and cucumber plants, if grown in a 

than in spring or autumn, when the temperature too low, produce an excess 

light is less intense. 

HEADING-DOWN is cutting off en- 

'tirely or to a considerable extent, the 

branches of a tree or shrub—a process 

of female blossoms; but if the temperature 

be too high, blossoms of the opposite 

sex are by far too profuse." The 

drier the air the greater is the amount 

not rashly to be resorted to, and adapted of moisture transpired ; and this be- 

only to reduce them when the plant comes so excessive, if it be also pro- 

seems declining in vigour, or has attainmoted by a high temperature, that 

ed an undesirable size. 

HEART'S-EASE. See Pansy. 

HEAT is the prime agent employed 

plants in hot-houses, where it has occurred 

often, dry up as if burned. The 

justly lamented Mr. Daniell has well 

by the Almighty Creator to call vege- illustrated this by showing, that if the 

table life into existence, to develop temperature of a hot-house be raised 

vegetable form, to effect all vegetable 

changes, and to ripen all vegetable 

only five degrees, viz. from 

produce. All these effects are performed 

most efficiently, in the case of 

every plant, at some different tempera 

75'' \ 

, 

^ 

' 

to 80", 

whilst the air within it retains the same 

degree of moisture, a plant that in the 

lower temperature exhaled fifty-seven 

grains of moisture, would in the higher 

ture or degree of heat; and he who temperature, exhale one hundred and 

ascertains most correctly those heats, twenty grains in the same space of 

has taken a gigantic step towards excellence 

as a gardener. An uncongenial 

time. 

Plants, however, like animals, can 

heat is as pernicious to vegetables as to bear a higher temperature in dry air 

animals. Every plant has a particular than they can in air charged with vatemperature 

without which its functions pour. Animals are scalded in the latcease 

; but the majority of them luxuri- ter if the temperature is very elevated, 

ate most in a climate of which the and plants die, under similar circumextreme 

temperature does not much stances, as if boiled. MM. Edwards 

exceed 32° and 90°. No seed will and Colin found kidney-beans sustained 

vegetate—no sap will circulate—at a no injury, when the air was dry, at a 

temperature at or below the freezing 

point of water. No cultivation will 

temperature of IG?^; but they died in 

a few minutes if the air was moist. 

renderplants, natives of the torrid zone Other plants under similar circumcapable 

of bearing the rigours of our stances, would perish probably at a 

winters, although their offspring, raised much lower temperature ; and the fact 

from seed, may be rendered much more affords a warning to the gardener to 

hardy than their parents. Others are have the atmosphere in his stoves very 

capable of resisting the greatest known dry whenever he wishes to elevate their 

! 

[ 

I 

j 

' 

cold to which they can be exposed ; yet temperature for the destruction of inall 

have degrees of temperature most sects or other purposes, 

congenial to them, and if subjected to Some plants, like some animals, are 

lower temperatures, are less or more able to endure a very high degree ofteminjured 

proportionately to the intensity perature. Sir Joseph Banks and others 

of that reduction. If the reduction of have breathed for many minutes in an attemperature 

be only slightly below that mosphere hot enough to cook eggs ; and 

which is congenial, it only causes the I have myself travelled in Bengal breath-

— 

H E A 283 HE A 

ing air, without inconvenience, which 

rendered the silver-mountings of my 

green spectacles too hot to be borne 

without their occasional removal. 

So do certain plants flourish in hotwater 

springs of which the temperature 

varies between the scalding heats of 

from loO*-' to ISO^ of Fahrenheit's thermometer; 

and others have been found 

growing freely on the edges of volcanoes, 

in an atmosphere heated above 

the boiling point of water. Indeed, it 

is quite certain that most plants will 

better bear, for a short time, an elevated 

temperature which, if long continued, 

would destroy them, than they can 

a low temperature. Thus a temperature 

much above the freezing point of water, 

to orchidaceous and other tropical 

plants, is generally fatal if endured by 

them for only a few minutes ; whereas 

a considerable elevation above a salutary 

temperature is rarely injurious to 

plants. But this is not universally the 

case ; for the elegant Primula marginata 

is so impatient of heat that, although 

just about to bloom, it never opens a 

bud, if brought into a room in which 

there is a fire. 

The temperature should always be 

regulated, in our hot-houses, with a 

due regard to the light. At night it 

should be so low as to put the circulation 

of the sap into a comparative state 

of rest; and in dull days the temperature 

should be full 10^ lower than in 

those of bright sunshine. 

HEATHS {Erica). This truly beautiful 

tribe is in the climate of the United 

States of but little interest. Scarcely 

half a dozen of the almost countless 

species and varieties of Erica have 

proved capable of resisting the effects 

of our restless climate. It is a curious 

fact, that, though this genus is diffused 

over Europe, Asia, and Africa, not a 

single species has been found in the 

Western hemisphere. 

Varieties.—Of these the following are 

good selections : 

HARDY CAPE HEATHS, FOR FLOWERING 

DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS. 

Erica Bowieana, white. 

Grandiflora, yellow. 

Ventricosa, pink. 

Echitlora, purple. 

Beaumontiana, blush. 

Mundula, pink. 

Cerinthoides, scarlet. 

Erica Ampullacea. 

Aristata,dark crimson and pink. 

Aggregata, purple. 

Vindiflora, green and pink. 

Phrysodes, whiXe. 

USEFUL KINDS ARE : 

Hartnelli, pink. 

Aristata ]\Iajor, red. 

Acuminata longitlora, purple. 

Tenuiflora, white, with pink 

shade. 

Inflata, white. 

Archeriana, scarlet. 

Depressa, yellow. 

Elegans, light purple. 

Cavendishii, yellow. 

Mutabilis, light purple. 

Retorta Major, pink. 

Lamberti Rosea, flesh-coloured. 

Hyemalis, purple, lipped with 

white. 

Tricolor, red. 

Lirinaioides Superba, purple, 

with white tip. 

Jasmini, flora alba, white, and 

all the varieties of Ventricosa. 

VARIETIES BLOOMING BETWEEN NOVEM- 

BER AND MAY. 

Erica Verticillata. 

Mammosa, M. pallida. 

Hyemalis. 

Willmoreana. 

VVestcottii. 

Grandinosa. 

Arbuscula. 

Umbellata. 

Rubra P., alba. 

Pyramidalis. 

Transparens. 

^— Regermirans. 

Mr. Reid very justly remarks, "that, 

in small establishments, the green-house 

being generally furnished with vines, to 

keep plants in them in summer is out of 

he therefore selects three 

the question ; 

or four plants of only the winter flowering 

sorts, such as would keep up a show 

of bloom from November till April. 

Early in May the plants might be all 

taken out, and the house should be shut 

up for the purpose of forwarding the 

vines." 

With something like the following 

selection, a very nice show of bloom 

might be kept up during all the time 

that it is necessary to have the plants 

in the house ; and thev are, with very

— — 

HEA 284 HEA 

few exceptions, strong growers and free I 

bloomers, and all can be bought at a 

]ow rate: 

Erica Westcottii. 

Colorans. 

Arbuscula. 

Hyemalis. 

Picta. 

Transparens, 

Nova. 

Vernix. 

Vernix Coccinea. 

Cerinthoides. 

Superba. 

Mutabilis. 

Bicolor. 

Willmoreana. 

Rubra Calyx. 

Lambertiana. 

Lambertiana Rosea. 

Exsurgens. 

Coccinea. 

Archeriana. 

Praestans. 

Pyramidalis Verna. 

Autumnalis. 

Tenella. 

Gracilis Autumnalis. 

Verna. 

—^ Pellucida. 

Mammosa. 

Pallida. 

Curviflora. 

Scabriuscula. 

Propagation.—Mr. Fleming gives the 

following very full and excellent directions 

: 

" Heaths are propagated in two ways 

—by seeds and by cuttings. Seeds are 

either obtained from the Cape of Good 

Hope, or are gathered from plants 

which have flowered in this country. 

When they are received from the Cape 

they should be sown immediately, unless 

this should happen late in the autumn, 

or in winter ; and in that case 

the sowing should be deferred until 

spring. When seeds of this kind are 

sown late in the year, they either do 

not vegetate at all, or, if they are excited 

into growth, the stimulus is so 

weak, and the days are so short and 

dull, that they get sickly, and frequently 

damp off. For the same reason, 

seeds which are saved in this country 

should either be sown in spring, or very 

early in summer. 

" Some flat pots, or seed-pans, should 

be half filled with potsherds ; and over 

— 

these a layer of turfy peat should be 

placed to prevent the soil from being 

washed down and destroying the drainage. 

The pots should then be filled to 

within half an inch of the top with fine 

peat, and this should be slightly pressed 

down with the back of the hand, or 

with the bottom of a small flower-pot, 

to make it level and more solid. If this 

is not attended to, the seeds are liable 

to sink too deep in the soil, and are 

prevented from germinating. They 

should then be sown, and slightly covered 

with fine peat soil, after which 

they should be watered and removed to 

the seed-house. In all large nurseries 

or gardens, a house, pit, or frame, is 

set apart for raising seeds. It is to a 

place of this kind that the pots containing 

the heath-seed should be removed, 

and as we suppose this to be done in 

spring, no artificial heat will be required, 

that received from the sun being 

quite sufficient. If the seed has been 

good, the young plants will soon make 

their appearance above ground. As 

they get strong, the shading should be 

gradually discontinued, and more air 

admitted, until they are a little hardened 

and ready to pot off. They should 

then be put singly into thumb-pots in 

sandy peat soil well watered, and afterwards 

removed to a close-shaded frame. 

Here they will remain for ten days or a 

fortnight, until their roots establish 

themselves in their new quarters, when 

more air may gradually be admitted, 

and the plants subjected to the same 

treatment as those in the green-house 

or heathery." Gard. Chron. 

Cuttings.—The same good authority 

says that, " No particular time can be 

specified for striking cuttings of heaths, 

because the plants are in a fit state for 

taking off the cuttings at different times 

but the earlier in the season the better, 

although many cultivators succeed perfectly 

so late as the months of August 

and September. The plants from which 

the cuttings are taken must be perfectly 

healthy. The wood should be firm and 

nearly ripe, because if taken when very 

young it is almost certain to damp off. 

The short lateral shoots, about an inch 

or an inch and a half long, should always 

be chosen, and the leaves stripped 

off them to about half their length, and 

the ends cut across with a sharp knife ; 

in this state they are ready for the cutting-pot. 

The cutting-pots should be 

;

H EA 285 HE A 

prepared in the following manner. Fill same manner as the young seedlings 

them about two-thirds with broken pots, above described." Card. Chron. 

and cover these with a thin stratum of Soil.— " The best for the growth of 

turfy peat, or some other substance to heaths is that rich brown turfy peat, 

prevent the sand with which the pots commonly found on the surface of land 

are filled up from choking the drain- where the native heath grows. Someage. 

The silver sand, common about times grass will be found growing very 

London, is very well adapted for strik- strong on this soil, as at Shirley Coming 

heaths ; but almost any sand will mon ; but wherever the land is barren, 

answer the purpose ; it is generally pre- it is an indication of poor soil, and 

ferred as free from the rusty colour of should not be selected. It is always 

iron as possible. The cuttings may best to have it dug and brought home 

then be inserted in the sand, not deep- to the compost yard at least a year bely, 

but merely deep enough to support fore it is to be used. The fibrous matthemselves; 

from a quarter to half an ter will then have time to decay, and 

inch is quite sufficient. They must will make excellent manure for the 

then be well watered ; bell glasses are roots of the plants. During the winter 

of great service in striking them, but and spring it should be several times 

certainly not indispensable to success, turned over, and by this means the 

i 

When they are used, they must be fre- whole will get well mixed and exposed 

quently taken off and wiped dry, other- to the influence of the frost. Peat soil 

wise the moisture will probably rot the is generally found naturally well mixed 

cuttings. When they are dispensed with fine white sand ; but where this is 

with the cuttings should be placed in 

a situation which is moist and shaded, 

and then they will be surrounded in a 

great measure with the same circumstances 

as under a bell glass. 

"Very little artificial heat is necessary 

in striking heaths, much is certainly 

injurious. A cucumber or melon 

, 

— 

— 

not the case, a small quantity should be 

added to the soil before it is used." 

Gard. Chron. 

After-Culture, Potting, 4c.— "As 

the young plants grow and fill the pots 

of a larger size, follow the different 

sizes of the pots commonly made in the 

potteries from ' thumbs' downwards to 

frame nearly exhausted, or the shaded those of a larger size. Thus the young 

part of a cool stove, will answer the cuttings or seedlings are first potted in 

purpose early in spring, and later in ' thumbs,' then in sixties, then fortythe 

season, when thesun-heat is greater, eights, and so on. At every shifting 

a close fence slightly shaded is all that 

is required. The care required afterthe 

neck of the plant ought to be kept 

a little higher than the soil, and when 

wards is to shade during bright sun- large pots or tubs are used, Mr. M'Nab's 

shine, to remove into the shade early i 

plan of mixing small pieces of freestone 

in the afternoon, and also to see that with the soil is a most excellent one ; 

the watering is not neglected. 

" More, perhaps, depends upon the 

kind of water which is used, and the 

of course it is necessary for the health 

of the plants to have the pots properly 

drained and the worms kept out of them, 

Heaths will not bear their roots 

" I regularity with which it is given, than 

upon anything else in operation ; if we being cut or destroyed, particularly 

except the selection of proper cuttings, after the plants attain a certain age. 

Rain or river water is by far the best The shifting may be done at any season 

kind to use. After the cuttings have except winter ; but this must be regustruck 

root they should be gradually lated in a great degree by the state of 

hardened by exposure to the air before the plants, as they flower and grow at 

they are potted off. Small thumb-pots 

are the best for the first potting, and 

so many different times. 

ever, is the time when 

Spring, how- 

the most of 

the soil used, should be very sandy peat, them ought to be shifted, and if they 

The greatest care should be taken to are placed out of doors during summer, 

preserve the young rootless from injury, they will all require to be looked over 

because if this is not attended to, the again before they are brought into theplants 

will receive a sudden check at house in autumn. The kind of water 

first, which is very prejudicial. After 

potting, they should be removed to a 

close-shaded frame, and treated in the 

which is used for these plants is of the 

greatest consequence in keeping them 

in a high state of health. When the

HEB 286 HED 

pots are properly drained, there is not and bank, and leveling the top of the 

much danger to be apprehended from bank so as to form a sort of border, 

over watering; but the plants are sure then plant the sets in one or two rows 

to suffer if the ball is allowed to get the whole length ; but two rows a foot 

too dry, and hence the great use of asunder is the most eligible for all outsmall 

pieces of freestone, recommended ward fences, as it always forms the 

by Mr. M'Nab. In the winter season, thickest, strongest, and most effectual 

when there is any danger from frost, hedge-fence. Mark out a space for a 

heaths and all other hardy green-house ditch three or four feet wide at top, 

plants should always be watered in the which is to be digged three feet deep 

early part of the day, as they are much each side, sloping gradually to a foot 

more likely to be injured if watered in wide at bottom, forming a bank along 

the afternoon. It is the best plan under upon the inner edge on which to bed or 

these circumstances to keep them as plant, which should be planted as you 

dry as they will bear without injury, for advance in forming the ditch and bank. 

wet soil freezes much sooner than dry. Having lined out the width of the ditch. 

Frequent syringing is also of great use then along the inner edge lay a row of 

in fine weather ; but this must never be square spit turfs, grass side downwards, 

done when the plants are likely to suf- to form the beginning of the bank, backfer 

from damp, or when the weather ing it up with spits of earth from the 

is cold and frosty. The principal art of formation of the ditch, and top it with 

making fine specimens of heaths, con- a little of the fine mould or crumbs; 

sists in dwarfing them, and forming and then upon this proceed to lay the 

them into round green bushes. This is first row of plants: first let the sets 

done by pinching out the points of the be headed to about five or six inches, 

shoots when the plants are young, and and the roots trimmed, then lay them 

continuing the practice whenever the upon the bed of turf with their tops outstems 

are inclined to grow long-jointed, ward, in an upward direction, about ten 

It must, however, be done in a judi- or twelve inches asunder, covering their 

cious manner, otherwise if done at the roots with mould also out of the ditch ; 

wrong season the flowering will be and then lay another row of turf along 

spoiled. The proper time is after the upon the necks of the plants, and more 

flowering season is past, or when the mould from the ditch upon, and behind, 

plant is growing freely, and before it the turf; and when the bank is thus 

i 

has begun to form its flower buds."— raised a foot above the row of sets. 

Gard. Chron 

HEBENSTREITIA Ten species, 

plant another row in the same manner, 

placing each set against the spaces of 

Green-house evergreen shrubs Cut- those of the first row, so covering them 

tings. Sandy loam and peat 

with more earth from the ditch to the 

HEDEOMA. Two species. Hardy depth of three feet, sloping each side to 

annuals. Seeds. Common soi 

one foot width at bottom, and trim up 

HEDERA. Ivy Two species and all remaining earth, throwing a sufseveral 

varieties, Hardy evergreen 

climbers. Slips. Common soil 

HEDGE, properly includes every 

ficiency behind the top of the banking to 

bank up the whole even, in a sort of 

broad border, all the way along the top, 

kind of fence, but the present details sloping a little back, so as to correspond 

apply for the most part to growing nearly with the adjoining ground. But 

fences. Abercrombie says, that "all in planting for an outward fence, some 

outward hedges designed as fences form the ditch and bank first as above. 

should have a ditch on the outside, three and plant the sets in two rows along the 

or four feet wide at the top, three top ; that is, afier having formed the 

deep, sloping to one wide at bottom, ditch and bank, then leveling the top 

raising a low bank on the inside on forming a foot of border all along a 

which to plant the hedge, which may yard wide; plant the sets along the 

be planted either on the side of the middle thereof upright, in two rows a 

'said inner bank in two rows, one above foot asunder, and sis inches distant in 

the other a foot asunder, planting them each row, observing the same when inaa 

you advance in forming the ditch and tended to raise a hedge at once from 

bank, or may be planted entirely on the seed sowed where you design the hedge 

top of the bank, first forming the ditch to | be, sowing them along the top in

HED 287 HED 

; 

^ 

! 

: 

drills a foot asunder. Sometimes when 

hedges are designed for middle fences 

to divide fields, a two-sided bank is 

raised a yard high, and as broad at top, 

Hedge-shrubs are Evergreen Holly; 

Yew; Laurel Laurustinus; ; Phillyrea; 

Alaternus; Bay; and Evergreen Oak 

but the holly and yew form the best 

having a'slight ditch on each side ; and 

each side of the bank is formed with 

square spit turfs from the adjoining 

ground, and the middle filled up with 

hedges for general use 

Deciduous kinds.—Hawthorn ; Blackthorn; 

Crab; Elder; Hornbeam; Beech; 

Elm ; Lime-tree, and Alder are all 

mould from the ditches on each side; 

so that when finished, it forms a yard- 

proper, either for middling or tall 

hedges, as they may be trained up from 

wide border all the way along tlie top, about six or eight to fifteen or twenty 

and along the middle of which plant 

two rows of hedge-sets or seed, in drills, 

feet high, and the elm to double that 

height if required. Privet is also some- 

as before observed. But in places where times used for moderately high hedges : 

no ditch nor raised bank is required, as and for low hedges, the Rose ; Sweetmay 

be the case for middle hedges in briar; Syringa ; and Berberry, 

the interior parts of grounds, especially All full trained hedges, in order to 

in gardens; then the place for the hedge preserve them in proper form, close 

being marked out on the level ground and neat, must be clipped, both on the 

' two or three feet broad, dig it along one sides 

good spade deep at lesst, and then plant 

your sets of any sort in two rows, ranging 

along the middle ; or if you design 

never less than once ; and the best time 

of the year for this work is summer, 

from about the middle or latter end of 

and top, once or twice a year, but 

] 

: 

i 

, 

' 

; 

J 

i 

! 

to sow seeds, &c., of any sort at once, June to the end of August, for then the 

where you intend to have the hedge, hedges will have made their summer 

sow them in two drills afoot asunder shoots, which should always, if possible, 

the whole length. 

be clipped the same season while in 

"In respect to the trainin and leaf, and before the shoots become 

general culture of these sorts of hedges hard, whereby you will be able to peril 

must be remarked, that all such as form the work more expeditiously and 

are exposed to cattle, must as soon as with greater exactness, for regular 

planted be fenced, either with a stake hedges should be cut as even as a wall 

and bush hedge, with hurdles, or with on the sides, and the top as straight as 

rails and open paling, for four or five a line; observing, after the hedge is 

years, till the hedge grows up, observing formed to its proper height and width, 

not to place the fence too close to the always to cut each year's clipping 

nearly to the old of the former year, 

hedge to interrupt its growth. The [ 

', hedge must also be duly weeded while particularly on the side ; for by no 

young, and this should be particularly means suffer them to grow above a 

attended to the first two years. And if foot or two wide, nor suff'er them to 

designed to train the hedge regularly by advance upon you too much at top, 

clipping it with garden shears, it should where it is designed or necessary to 

be annually performed in summer; ob- keep them to a moderate height. But 

i 

serving, however, to top it but sparingly to keep hedges in perfectly good order, 

: 

while it is young, until arrived at its inthey should be clipped twice every sum- 

' 

, 

tended height: only just trim off the nier ; the first clipping to be about midtops 

of the straggling shoots to preserve summer, or soon after, when they will 

a little regularity, and promote lateral have made their summer shoots; and 

wood to thicken it as it advances, and as they will shoot again, what may be 

cut it in also moderately on the sides; 

but when arrived at nearly its proper 

called the 

clipping is 

autumn shoot, the second 

necessary towards the midheight 

of four, five or six feet, or more, die or latter end of August, and they 

then trim it close on the sides and top, will not shoot again that year. Howannually, 

to preserve it thick, and ever, when it does not suit to clip them 

within its proper bounds ; in cutting the but once in the summer, the clipping 

sides always cutting in nearly to the old 

wood of the former year's cut, othershould 

not be performed until the be- 

ginning of August, for if cut sooner 

wise your hedge will get too broad ; and they will shoot again, and appear alkeep 

always the top narrower than the most as rough the remainder of the 

bottom. summer and all winter as if they had 

:

H E D 2S8 HED 

not been clipped. Very high hedges are 

both troublesome and expensive to cut. 

The clipping is sometimes performed 

by the assistance of a high machine, 

scaffolding or stage, twenty or thirty 

feet high or more, having platforms at 

different heights for the men to stand 

upon, the whole made to move along 

upon wheels ; it is composed of four 

long poles for uprights, well framed 

together, eight or ten feet wide at bottom, 

narrowing gradually to four or 

five at top, having a platform or stage 

at every seven or eight feet high, and 

one at the top of all; and upon these 

the man stands to work, each platform 

having a rail waist high to keep the 

man from falling ; and a sort of a ladder 

formed on one side for the man to 

ascend, and at bottom four low wheels 

to move it along ; upon this machine a 

man may be employed on each stage 

or platform, trimming the hedge with 

shears, and sometimes with a garden 

hedge bill fixed on a handle five or six 

feet long, which is more expeditious, 

though it will not make so neat work 

as cutting with shears. 

A hedge is not only an imperfect 

screen, but in other respects is worse 

than useless, since nothing can be 

trained to it, and its roots exhaust the 

soil in their neighborhood very considerably; 

as the south fence of a garden 

it may be employed, and hawthorn 

is perhaps the worst shrub that could 

be made use of. It is the nursery of 

the same aphides, beetles, and caterpillars, 

that feed upon the foliage of 

the apple and pear, from whence they 

spread to the trees nearest the hedge, 

and finally overrun the whole garden ; 

evergreen are better than deciduous 

hedges, and more especially the holly, 

which is not so slow a grower as is 

generally imagined. 

In a cloudy day in April or May, the 

wind seems to be actually refrigerated 

in passing through a thick hawthorn 

hedge, and this may be accounted for 

on the same principle that cool air is 

obtained in the houses of India, by 

sprinkling branches of trees with water 

in their verandas. Holly, laurel, and 

most evergreens, exhale but little moisture 

from their leaves, except for about 

a month in June, consequently in April 

and May, when we most require warmth, 

and in September and October, the 

leaves of these, when fully exposed to 

the sun become heated to the touch to 

85° or 90"^. Added to this, hoar frost 

or a deposition of moisture of any kind 

never attaches so readily or remains 

for so long a time upon the foliage of 

evergreens as upon the sprays of deciduous 

shrubs, consequently the refrigeratory 

power is greatly diminished. 

When the garden is of considerable 

extent, three or four acres and upwards, 

it admits of cross-walls or 

fences for an increase of training surface 

and additional shelter. 

Hedges should always be clipped into 

a conical form, as the diminution of the 

branches towards the top increases their 

developement at the bottom. 

Furze makes one of the best and 

handsomest of hedges, if kept regularly 

clipped. Upon the formation of such a 

hedge, we have the following remarks 

by Mr. McI. of Hillsborough : 

— 

" The most ancient and perhaps the 

most simple of all fences are walls 

made of turf. These walls, however, 

are much injured by the atmosphere, 

and the rubbing and butting of the cattle. 

To guard against this they should 

be planted or sown with the Ulex Europaus 

or Furze. The roots of this plant 

will soon penetrate the turf, and tend 

to bind the wall. The plants not only 

afford shelter as well as food for the 

cattle, but add to the height of the wall 

and give it a formidable appearance. 

When walls are made for this, the 

foundation should be three feet wide, 

and tapering to fifteen inches at top. 

As the plants advance in growth, they 

should be regularly trimmed with the 

shears ; 

by proper attention to this they 

will be prevented from growing too tall 

and thin at the bottom. If this is annually 

repeated, the plants will be 

longer preserved in a healthy and vigorous 

state; clipping has also a good 

effect in checking the furze from spreading 

over the field. A good and substantial 

fence may thus be quickly formed 

over on a soil that will not produce a 

biding fence of any other kind. 

" Sweet Briar (Rosa Rubiginosa) 

makes a good hedge. Its heps may be 

sown in the autumn, as soon as ripe, 

or, which is better, in the month of 

March, having kept them in the mean 

time mixed with sand. But it is far 

more convenient to buy for sweet briar 

layeryoung plants from the nurserymen, 

and to plant them a foot apart early in

HED 289 H E L 

the month of November. Let them 

grow as tliey like the first year, and cut 

them down to the ground the second, 

they will then spring up and require 

no more future care, than occasional 

trimming with the pruning knife or 

shears so as to keep the hedge in 

shape. When it gets naked at the 

bottom, it must be again cut down." 

— 

Card. Chron. 

The Laurustinus, Phillyrea, Laurel, 

Furze, &c., referred to in the foregoing 

article, are not sufficiently hardy to resist 

the winter of the middle states, and 

some of them would, it is presumed, 

scarcely withstand the sun of the Southern. 

For ornamental hedges it is safer to 

rely on the red and white Cedar, Chinese 

and American Arborvitas, Juniper, American 

Holly, Variegated Euonymus, 

Hemlock Spruce, &c. For purposes 

of protection the Madura or Osage 

Orange is unquestionably the best, 

wherever it can sustain the winter 

which it is able to do so far North as 

New York. The Buck Thorn (Rhamnus 

catharticus) has been highly recommended, 

more especially for colder 

climates. The English method of planting 

on an elevated bank with ditch on 

one or both sides, is inapplicable to 

this country, where excess of moisture is 

seldom felt : in other respects the mode 

of treatment detailed in the preceding 

article may be pursued in this climate. 

For an interesting paper on this subject 

see Dowiiing's " Horticulturist." 

HEDWIGIA balsamifera. Stove evergreen 

tree. Cuttings. Sandy loam and 

peat. 

HEDYCHIUM. Twenty-two species. 

Stove herbaceous. Division. Light rich 

soil. 

HEDYSARUM. Twenty species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Division or seed. 


H E I M I A. Three species. Halfhardy 



HELENIUM. Eight species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division or seed. Common 

soil. 

HELIANTHEMUM. One hundred 

and twenty-one species. Chiefly hardy 

and hall-hardy shrubs or trailers. Cuttings 

and seed. Sandy loam and peat. 

HELIANTHUS. Thirty-four species. 

Hardy herbaceous and annual. Seed. 

Common soil. See Sunflower and Jerusalem. 

Artichoke. 

19 

HELIOCARPUS americanus. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandj 


HELIOPHILA. Twenty-three species. 

Hardy annuals and green-house 

evergreen shrubs. Seeds or cuttings. 


HELIOPSIS. Three species. Hardy 


HELIOTROPIUM. Seventeen species. 

Hardy annuals, and green-house 

evergreen shrubs. Seed or cuttings. 

Common soil. 

The following are good directions for 

the culture of the Heliotrope : 

— 

" Prepare in August as many shallow 

thirty-two sized pots as will be required, 

by fdling them to the depth of an inch 

and a half with broken crocks, upon 

which a layer of the rough sifiings of 

leaf mould should be laid ; the remaining 

space should be tilled with a mixture 

of finely sifted leaf mould and 

silver sand, previously well incorporated, 

which when pressed down (irmly, 

should be exactly level with the border 

of the pots. 

" For cuttings, the tips of the young 

shoots about three inches in length, 

should be chosen, and these should be 

taken off immediately below a joint or 

the base of a leaf bud. 

"After removing two or three of the 

lower leaves, plant the cuttings in the 

pots prepared, about an inch and a half 

deep, and two inches apart ; water them 

well with a fine rose two or three times, 

so that every part of the soil may be 

thoroughly moistened, which may easily 

be known by the water percolating 

tlirough the bottom of the pots. If this 

is not attended to, and the surface soil 

alone is penetrated by the water, certain 

failure will be the result. 

"The cuttings, when planted, should 

be removed to a cucumber or other 

frame, where a tolerably damp heat 

can be supplied ; they should be kept 

shaded from the sun, and air admitted 

in small quantities, only during the hot- 

test part of the day. In about a fortnight, 

the plants will begin to form 

roots, and the shading may be gradually 

diminished during the morning and afternoon 

; the quantity of air given them 

may be increased by degrees, and at 

the end of a month from the time ot 

planting, the cuttings will 

potting off singly. 

be ready for 

" For this purpose large sized sixties

W i «gJ of eqmal puti of louai 

aad araady peat, widi aaall ({aaaAitiea 

•f leaf aoald aad vdl deeajed bsare. 

Tke tvo latter oalj dedd be 

afted, Aie Iiiaai aad peat beiag left 

are lot adapCed, aad the aoil dMMld I 

ntlicr ro^t, aad a &ir portkMi oT 

dniaaê beiag aaed, will aDow tke 

«alcr to pass t/S Mote fteelj, wUdi is 

af tbe gicaleat: coaoeqaeace daciag the 

mmtia Boatbs; Ae tipa«>f Ae ahoetsi 

dboald also be piached ofi* to reader Ike i 

âats basbnr. 

" Whem iwtted, Aej my be takes 

badi to tbe fiaBe aad kept laAcr dooe 

iar a fev dajs, aatfl Aiej begia to root 

iato tdhe fiedi soil, after whKb air bmj 

be fiedy ^Bitted to tbea. .Aboattlie 

begiaaing of October th^ any be removed 

to aa airy part of the grî~hoaa^ 

vhere, if pratected fioai raad 

dae atSeatJOB will be paid to ^.l- 

tenag, tihey will aarwire the wiater aa- i 

iBJaied.'^ 

— 

GanL CTi—. 

The Heliotrope Smms aa adwraUe 

bolder plaat; wbea plained or plaated 

oat eative, the blomo is pcodaeed ia 

JaeifaiMliMe p «ofaMoa ihiuijghuat td>e 

nwiaiiTr, ewea tiU the appuMfb of frost; 

Hardy heibaceooK. Seed aad diwiraoa. i 

CoiaBoasinl. 

HELX£BiIA. Tface apeaeaL. Store 

herbaceoaa. DiriMn. liÂ tiA aoHL 

HELOmAS. Three ipecies. Hardy 

herboceoas. Divtsoa. Moist peat. 

HKUKBOCAIJJS. Fire spe«»es. 

Hardy heibaceoas. Dtviaoa. L^bti 

HEMICLIDIA JSoiierr. Grceshoase 

eTevsveea sfatab. CMliags. TWrfy 

hRoa, peatâoid aaad. 

HEMIDESMirSniduaB. Store eiergieca 

twiaer. Cattiags. Loaai aad peat. 

HEMDiXXIS auateaa. Stoveberbaceows. 

Cattiâ. Loaat aad peat. 

H£iaO]!frnS jmlmmtm Stove feia. 

DihrialoB. Loaai aad peat. 

HEMLOCK. Caanak 

HEMLOCE SPKOCE. Pinna caas- 

HE3SÂ3nM:HM:JLKa.!S. SeeAswf. 

HKliCSATREE. 

HEPATICA. F< 

VmrieUa.—1. Great a^le Rae. 3. 

Staudl Blae. 3. Paiple. -1. Leaser 

! . I 

HEK 

White. 5. Great White. 6. 

loared, or Aigeatiial. 7. White with 

red ataaeaa. 8. Red. 9. Doable 

Pafple. 10. DoaUe Blae. 11. DoaUe 

While. 12. Sugie Yellow. 13. PeaehcoloaKed. 

14. Sagle Piak.—ITsricalfaralCUnuf. 

They are p iopagated by divinoa of 

Ae roots ; aad grow best ia sandy loaai, 

oa a weU-draiaed or t^tea sabsnl. 

ma*! \ I.rTS b^lmmx. Gardea Swift. 

A aolh, of wUch the caterpillar is 

laeie iadwcfiiaiaate ia ita aitadta lyoa 

oar jâats thas «« aay other ravô- of 

tir ri-iri. T" U rf amicalas, 

. paianpa, lefc- 

n - I • : 

: : 

timea this ' 

the appe 

May, aad . 

eveao^ ia 

places. T 

ready ariiiLi 

wbea it aiay be ie inttrdj, | aad ifured saoa hatci 

to a place of delter, aâia to oecapy daced are 

\, 

:^ 

its Offit door post, am Ae letara of aoa»- aûte, aritt - 

er weatter. 

apper part w ^ 

- 

HEI.L£BO]t1IiS. Siiae ipnaea. Thecêrp... 

sUaiagcylbc. :•:::.:: — 

heraca: 7} 

Hardy aar ^ 

HEBBA 

pereaaials 

aaally, arh:. \: 

ia die earth. 

herba: 

A 

;-F. £-a stiawber- 

~ 

: destroyed 

-n^llv, is 

:*>5ly. 

adrygaur^'^: 

acoilectior. 

faOy dried . 

of aach a : 

aace a Ai . 

serred ia : 

|daats, w> 

graver woe . 

oaght to c t 

carried home -jl \ 

be dried bypres^ 

or wiA a hot bbl' : 

these has its advaataêa. M prcaaare 

be eaaployed, a botaaical press any be 

procared. The ptesa is nade of two 

naoodi boards of hard wood, 18 iacbes 

loag, 13 broad, aad 2 thick. Screws 

nut be fixed ia eadi cocaer wiA aats.

HER 291 HER 

If a press cannot easily be had, books moved, and the plants examined. I 

may be employed. Next, some quires not sufficiently dried, they mav again 

of unsized blotting paper must be probe replaced in the same manner for a 

vided. The specimens, when taken day or two. In drying plants with a 

out of the tin box, must be carefully hot smoothing iron, they must be placed 

spread on a piece of pasteboard, co- within several sheets of blotting paper, 

vered with a single sheet of the paper, and ironed till they become sufficiently 

quite dry; then three or four sheets of dry. This method answers best for dr\-the 

same paper must be placed above ing succulent and mucilaginous plants, 

the plant, to imbibe the moisture as it When properly dried, the specimens 

is pressed out. It is then to be put into should be placed in sheets of writing 

the press. As many plants as the press paper, and may be slightly fastened bv 

will hold may be piled up in this manner. 

At first, they ought to be pressed 

gently. After being pressed for about 

twenty-four hours, the plants ought to 

be examined, that any leaves or petals 

making the top and bottom of the stalk 

pass through a slip of the paper, cut for 

the purpose. The name of the genus 

and species should be written down, 

the place where it was found, nature of 

which have been folded may be spread the soil, and the season of the year, 

out, and dry sheets of paper laid over These specimens may be collected into 

them. They may now be replaced in 

the press, and a greater degree of pressure 

applied. The press ought to stand 

near a fire, or in the sunshine. After 

remaining two days in this situation, 

they should be again examined, and 

dry sheets of paper be laid over them. 

The pressure ought then to be considerably 

increased. After remaining 

Then the sand must be carefully re- | 

— 

genera, orders, and classes, and titled 

and preserved in a portfolio or cabinet. 

The method of preserving many of the 

cryptogamous plants is more difficult, 

on account of the greater quantity of 

moisture which they contain, and the 

greater delicacy of their texture." Encyc. 

Am. 

HERBARY was a department of the 

three days longer in the press, the garden formerly much more cultivated 

plants may be taken out, and such as than at present, when the more potent 

are sufficiently dry may be put in a dry medicinal plants of hotter climates are 

sheet of writing paper. Those plants so easily procurable. The following is 

which are succulent may require more a list of the tenants of the herbary, the 

pressure, and the blotting paper to be appropriate cultivation of which will be 

found under their particular titles : 

j 

again renewed. Plants which dry very 

quickly ought to be pressed with con- Angelica. 

Marigold. 

siderable force when lirst put into the Balm. 

Marjoram. 

press; and, if delicate, the blotting Basil. 

Mint. 

paper should be changed every day. 

When the stem is woody, it may be 

Blessed Thistle. 

Borage. 

Pennyroyal. 

Peppermint. 

thinned with a knife, and, if the flower Burnet. 

Purslane. 

be thick or globular, as the thistle, one Caraway 

Rue. 

side of it may be cut away, as all that Chamomile 

Sage. 

is necessary, in a specimen, is to pre- Chervil. 

Savory. 

serve the character of the class, order, Coriander. 

Scurvy Grass. 

genus, and species. Plants may be Dill. 

Tansy. 

dried in a box of sand in a more expe- Hyssop. 

Tarragon. 

ditious manner ; and this method preserves 

the colour of some plants better. 

Lavender. 

Liquorice. 

Thyme. 

Wormwood. 

The specimens, after being pressed for HERBERTIApu/f?ie//a. Half-hardy 

ten or twelve hours, must be laid within 

a sheet of blotting paper. The box 

must contain an inch deep of fine dry 

bulb. Seed. Sandv loam and peat. 

HERB-GRACE. 'See Rue. 

HERCULES-CLUB. Xanthoxylum 

sand on which the sheet is to be placed, 

and then covered with sand an inch 

clava Herculis. 

H E R M A N N I A . Forty species, 

thick ; another sheet may then be de- Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cutposited 

in the same manner, and so on, tings. Light rich soil 

till the box be full. The box must be H E R M I N I U M . Three species. 

placed near a fire for two or three days. Hardy and half-hardy orchids Divisidn. 

Chalk and peat

— 

HER 292 HOE 

HERON'S-BILL. Erodium. 

HERPESTIS. Three species. Aquatic 

perennials, stove or hard}'. Seed 

or division. Rich light soil. 

HERRERIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen twiners. Division. Loan) 

and peat. 

HESPERANTHA. Six species. 

Green-house bulbs. Offsets. Sand, 

Loam, and peat. 

HESPERIS. Rocket. Fifteen species, 

besides varieties. Hardy herbaceous 

and annual. Division or seed. 


HESPEROSCORDUM. Two species. 

Hardy bulbs. Offsets. Sandy soil. 

HETERANTHERA. Three species. 

Aquatics, stove, green-house, and hardy. 

Division. Sandy soil, in water. 

HETEROPTERIS. Eight species. 

Chiefly stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings. 

Sand, peat, and loam. 

HEUCHERA. Nine species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Light soil. 

HIBBERTIA. Ten species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs and twiners. 

Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

HIBISCUS. Sixty-nine species, besides 

varieties. Some annual and biennial, 

but chiefly perennials, both hardy 

HOE. This is the implement which 

should be most frequently in the gardener's 

hand, for the surface of the soil 

can never be too frequently stirred. I 

entirely agree with Mr. Barnes in thinking 

the hoe one of the gardener's best 

friends ; and, as it always must be a 

more frequently used implement than 

any other, what is the best form of its 

construction deserves some consideration. 

The handles should never be 

made of heavy wood, for this wearies 

the hand, and is altogether a uselessly 

heavy weight thrown upon the workman. 

It is merely the lever, and every 

ounce needlessly given to this, diminishes, 

without any necessity, the available 

moving power. The best woods 

for handles are birch or deal. 

For earthing up plants, broad blades 

to hoes are very admissible, and they 

may, without objection, have a breadth 

of nine inches; but this permission of 

breadth does not extend to hoes required 

for loosening the soil and destroying 

weeds. These should never 

extend to beyond a breadth of six inches, 

and the work will be done best by 

one two inches narrower. The iron 

plate of which they are formed should 

be well steeled, and not more than one- 

and tender. Mr. Paxton says, " the 

shrubby stove and green-house kinds sixteenth of an inch thick. The weight 

all grow from cuttings, and thrive in necessary should be thrown by the 

loam and peat. //. syriacus, from layers 

or seed, in common soil. The 

workman's arm and body 

handle, and the thicker the 

upon the 

blade, the 

hardy herbaceous kinds require a moist greater is the pressure required to make 

soil." Bot. Diet. 

HIDE-BOUND. 

HIERACIUM. 

See Bark-hound. 

One hundred and 

it penetrate the soil. It should be set 

on the handle at an angle of 68^, as 

this brings its edge when used at a good 

nineteen species. Chiefly hardy herba- cutting angle with the surface of the 

ceous. H. glutinosum is an annual. soil, and the workman soon learns at 

Seed in the open soil. The others by what point most effectively to throw 

division in light soil. 

HILLIA. Two species. Stove ever- 

his weight, and holds the handle further 

from, or nearer to the blade, acgreen 

shrubs. Cuttings. Turfy loam cordingly as he is a tall or short man. 

and sand. 

HIPPEASTRUM. Two species. 

Mr. Barnes, of Bicton Gardens, whose 

opinions relative to hoeing I have al- 

Stove bulbs. Offsets. Turfy loam and ready quoted, has paid considerable 

peat. 

HIPPION. Three species. Green- 

attention to the formation of this implement, 

and has favoured me with a 

house biennials. Seed. Light rich soil. 

HIPPOCREPIS. Nine species. Hardy 

perennial trailers and annuals. Cut- 

letter upon the subject, from which I 

will now give some extracts. 

He employs nine sized hoes, the 

tings or seed. Sandy loam and peat. 

HIPPOPHAE. Four species. Hardy 

trees. Layers or cuttings. Common 

smallest having a blade not more than 

one-fourth of an inch broad, and the 

largest ten inches. The smallest are 

soil. 

used for potted plants and seed-beds, 

HIRjEA. Four species. Stove ever- and those from two inches and a half 

green climbers. Cuttings. Sandy loam to four inches wide are used for thin- 

and peat. 

ning and hoeing among crops generally.

— 

HOE 293 HOE 

These have all handles varying in length ; 

The whole length of this prong is nine 

! 

from eight inches and a half to eighteen inches, and it is attached to a staff five 

inches, all the neck or upper part form- feet long. Such an implement is light 

ed of iron, for the smaller sizes not and easy to use; it requires no sloopthicker 

than a large pencil, and that ing, and will tear up the deepest-rooted 

part which has to be grasped by the weeds."' 

j 

workman is only six inches long, and Hoes are made in a great variety of 

; 

" formed either of willow or some other forms; the following, figured in The 

soft light wood, which is best to the feel Rural Register, are those most gene- 

' 

of the hand; for hard heavy wood is rally used, and perhaps are all which 

cumbersome, harsh, and tiring." Each i are 

labourer works " with one in each hand, 

to cut right and left." "The blade is 

made thin, and with a little foresight 

and activity it is astonishing how much 

ground can be got over in a short 

time." 

Mr. Barnes has all his hoes made 

with a crane neck. The blades broader 

than four inches Mr. Barnes has made 

like a Dutch hoe. 

"The crane neck allows the blade 

to pass freely and kindly under the foliage 

of any crop where the earth requires 

loosening; and the blade works 

itself clean, allowing the earth to pass 

through, as there is no place for it to 

lodge and clog up as in the old-fashioned 

hoc, to clean which, when used 

of a dewy morning, causes the loss of 

much time in scraping." 

" The draw-hoe" is correctly described 

by Mr. Loudon as a " plate of 

iron attached to a handle about four 

feet long, at an angle less than a right 

angle. The blade is either broad for 

cutting weeds, deep and strong for 

drawing earth to the stems of plants, 

curved, so as to act like a double 

mould-boarded plough in drawing drills, 

formed into two strong broad prongs 

for stirring hard adhesive soils,— or it 

is formed to accomplish the first and 

last purposes, as 

Dutch hoe. 

in the double hoe or 

" The thrust-hoe consists of a plate 

of iron attached somewhat obliquly to 

the end of a handle by a bow, used only 

for killing weeds or loosening ground 

which is to lie afterwards raked. As 

a man can draw more than he can push, 

most heavy work will be easiest done 

by the draw-hoc." f2nc. Gard. 

In the island of Guernsey a very effective 

weeding-prong is used, and is 

thus described in the Gardener^s Chronicle 

:— 

" It is something in the shape of a 

hammer, the head flattened into a chisel 

an inch wide, and the fork the same. 

truly desirable ; they are, when well 

made, of cast steel. 

Square garden Hoe. Fig. 79. 

Pronged-back 

Hoe. Fig. SI. 

Forked-back 

Hoe. Fig. 82. 

Dutch or Scuffle 

Hoe. Fig. 85.

— 

— 

HOI 294 HON 

i 

HOITZIA. Three species. Greenhouse 


in any poor light 

swampy situation, 

sandy soil, or in a 

but likes a strong, 


HOLLY {Ilex aquifolium.) Of this 

hardy evergreen shrub there are eight 

varieties:—1, silver-edged ; 2, goldenedged 

; 3, thick-leaved; 4, prickly; 

5, yellow-leaved; 6, variegated; 7, 

spotted ; 8, recurvum. It is so desirable, 

as an ornamental and as a hedge- 

deep, dry, loamy soil." Card. Chron. 

The best season for clipping hollies 

is early in spring, before they make 

their annual growth. 

The European Holly does not fully 

resist the winter of Pennsylvania, unless 

on well drained land, and further 

north it is probable it would suffer much 

shrub, that it deserves some more par- more, except in the vicinity of the sea, 

ticular notice. 

where many plants do well that are not 

If grown as single ornamental shrubs, able to withstand the winter of the same 

they " should not be overshadowed by latitude in the interior 

other trees; and if the land is manured Our own native Holly, {Ilex opaca,) 

for it so much the better. As to pruning 

it, with a view to make it grow fast, 

the less you do of that the better. All 

is a fine plant too long overlooked. 

Why do not persons of taste decorate 

their grounds with this noble American 

that is necessary is to encourage the evergreen, which will grow in any soil, 

leader, if necessary, by stopping any and resist the winter's frost and sum- 

laterals that try to interfere with it. In mer's sun throughout the length and 

the nurseries, when hollies are 

and bushy-headed, they are 

stunted 

headed 

breadth of our continent. 

HOLLYHOCK {Althaa rosea). There 

down with a view to obtaining a clean is also a sub-species. A. R. Biloba. 

straight shoot; but they should not be This flower has lately gained the atten- 

allowed to become stunted, and then 

there would be no need to cut them 

tion from florists it deserves; and there 

are now many varieties. Dr. Lindley 

back. In hollies and all other things. justly observes that, "the hollyhock is 

stop where necessary ; but prune not at j 

Gard. Chron. \ 

all if you can help it." 

— 

— 

— 

little more than a biennial, and fre- 

quently dies suddenly if sown too early 

Large plants will bear moving: " if; in the first season, or if allowed to re- 

main long in the seed-bed before trans- 

\ 

j 

i 

they are shifted in wet weather, as, for 

example, at the beginning of the July planting ; therefore the best way to 

rains, or at any other period when a keep them in health is not to sow them 

week or ten days of dull damp weather before June, and when large enough to 

can be calculated upon, they are certain 

to succeed. The season least exposed 

to risk is perhaps the end of autumn, 

in the dull damp part of October or 

November; the worst season is the 

spring." Gard. Chron. 

Dr. Lindley says that " the most expeditious 

way of making holly-hedges is 

to procure large plants from some nursery 

; but, with the 

and more time, the 

recommended 

smallest expense 

following may be 

: 

transplant them singly where they are 

to remain and flower in the following 

season : afterwards cut them down as 

soon as they have done flowering, and 

remove them to a fresh situation, where 

the ground has been well manured, before 

winter. By continuing this treatment 

you may keep the same variety 

for years." Gard. Chron. 

" Gather a sufficient quantity of berries 

when ripe; then dig a hole three 

or four feet deep, and throw the berries 

in, crushing and mixing them with some 

fine soil at the same time; close the 

hole with the soil taken out, and throw 

some litter, or other covering, over the 

whole, to prevent the wet or frost penetrating 

about them in beds. They 

will make nice little plants the first sea- 

son ; and by transplanting the stronger 

— 

— 

HOMERIA. Ten species. Greenhouse 

bulbs. Offsets. Loam, peat, and 

sand. 

HONESTY. Lunaria, 

HONEY-BERRY. Melicocca. 

HONEY-DEW. See Extravasated 

Sap. 

HONEY-FLOWER. Melianthus. 

HONEY-GARLIC. Nee tarose ordum. 

HONEYSUCKLE. {Lonicera periclymemim.) 

This hardy, beautiful, and 

fragrant flowering shrub will grow in 

almost any soil, and will thrive where 

ew others will, under the shade of 

ones, vou will have fine plants in about trees. There are the following subthree 

years. The holly will not thrive species :

HON 295 HOR 

I 

1. Periclymenuin Semper virens; too long for the space allotted for them, 

Perfoliate evergreen; Virginia Honey- especially all those with weak stragsuckle, 

which always flowers, common- gling tops; and nail in the remaining 

ly called Trumpet Honeysuckle. branches and shoots close to the wall. 

2. Periclymenum Racemosum, Honeysuckle 

with yellowiih flowers, grow- 

Propagation is effected by layers and 

cuttings, more particularly the latter, 

ing in bunches, and a snowy fruit. both of which readily emit roots, and 

3. 

ther 

Periclymenum Verticillatum, ano- 

tree-like honeysuckle, with in- 

form plants in one year, fit to transplant. 

Some sorts are also propagated 

fleeted branches, and a 

flower. 

coral-coloured by suckers and by seed 

By Layers.— In autumn, winter, or 

4. Periclymenum Germanicum, 

German honeysuckle. 

the spring, lay a quantity of the lower 

young shoots of the former summer, 

5. Periclymenum Italianum, Italian ; 

shortening 

their straggling tops ; they 

honeysuckle. will be well rooted by the autumn fol- 

6. Periclymenum Vulgare, honey- lowing, each commencing a good plant. 

suckle with a corymbus of flower terminating 

the stalks, hairy leaves, growing 

distinct, and very slender branches, 

commonly called English Honeysuckle, 

and should be taken off, and planted in 

nursery rows, for a year or two, to acquire 

proper size and strength for use. 

By Cuttings.—Any time from October 

till March, is the proper time for 

, 

or Woodbine. 

7. Periclymenum Americanum, the this work, but the sooner the better. 

evergreen honeysuckle. and by which method prodigious quan- 

Ae to the general culture, they require titles of the plants may be raised, as al- 

, 

very little; the upright sorts in particu- most every cutting will readily grow, 

, 

lar, require to have only their straggling i Choose of the young shoots of the 

shoots shortened, and dead wood cut previous summer, the strongest and 

' 

, 

, 

out; and the trailing kinds, which are most robust, which divide into cuttingB 

trained as climbers, must have their from about six or eight to ten or fifteen 

branches conducted in a proper manner 

upon their respective supports; 

inches long, plant them in rows in any 

shady border of common earth, a foot 

nd every year all rambling shoots asunder, and half that distance apart in 

must be reduced and trained as you each row, or closer if greater ((uaiitities 

shall see proper, so as to preserve them are required, putting of each cutting 

within due limits; 

they shall run wild 

unless you design two parts out of three of its length into 

in their own rural the ground; they will take root freely, 

way, especially those intended to climb and shoot at top so as to form proper 

among the branches of tree/, shrubs, plants l)y autumn or winter following, 

and bushes; those also intended and at which time tiiey may be transplanted 

trained annually, laying the shoots into the nursery quarters to have more 

alongat their length, especially till they room to grow, placing them in rows 

have covered the allotted space; short- two feet distance, and a foot apart in 

ening or clearing out, however, all such the rows, where let them remain a year 

stragglers as cannot be properly train- or two, or till wanted for the shrubed; 

likewise such of those sorts as are bery. 

trained against walls, S:c., must have By Seed.—If sowed in autumn in a 

an annual pruning and training, by go- bed of common mould an inch deep, 

ing over them two or three times in many of the plants will probably rise 

summer, laying in some of the most in spring ; but a great part of them are 

convenient shoots, some at their length, apt to remain till the second spring be- 

shortening or trenching others, as it 

shall seem necessary to preserve regularity, 

and the proper succession of 

flowers ; observing, however, to train 

enough, at this time particularly, of 

such as shall appear necessary to continue 

the bloom as long as possible; 

and in winter pruning, thin out all those herbaceous 

fore thev appear. (Ahercrombie.) 

HONEYWORT. Cerinthe. 

HOOP-PETTICOAT. JNarcissus bulbocodium. 

HOP-HORNBEAM. Phologophora. 

HOREHOUNU. Marrubium. 

HORKELLIA. Two species. Hardy 

Seed and division. Com- 

left in summer which may now appear mon soil, 

superfluous, and shorten all such as are HOHilNUM pyrenaicum. Hardy

— 

HOR 

Seed and division. 

Com- 

herbaceous 

nion soil. 

HORN. See Animal Matters. 

HORNBEAM. Carpinus. 

HORN-OF-PLENTY. Fedia. 

HORN-POPPY. Glaucium. 

HORSE-CHESTNUT. JSscuIus. 

There are the following species and 

varieties : 

^^. Hippocastanum. Common horsechestnut. 

Asia. Seeds sown in March. 

Flowers in May. Height forty feet. 

^. H. folia aurea. Gold-striped 

horse-chestnut 

296 HOR 

crowns of the roots, form the best 

those taken from the centre never becoming 

so soon fit for use, or of so fine 

a growth. If the latter are, however, 

unavoidably employed, each set should 

for without one 

refuse to vegetate at all. For the 

obtaining a supply of the crowns, any 

inferior piece of ground, planted with 

sets six inches apart and six deep, will 

furnish from one to five tops each, and 

may be collected for several successive 

have at least two eyes ; 

I 

' they 

years with little more trouble than 

keeping them clear of weeds ; but the 

1 

^. H. folia argentea. 

horse-chestnut, 

Silver-striped times for planting are in October and 

February — the first for dry soils, the 

These two varieties have the same 

characteristics as the preceding, but 

are propagated by grafting in March. 

ji. Jlava. Y'ellow horse-chestnut. 

latter season for moist ones. 

The sets are inserted in rows eighteen 

inches apart each way. The ground 

should be trenched between two and 

jS. pavia. Scarlet horse-chestnut. three feet deep, the cuttings being 

^. pavia rosea Pale scarlet horse- placed along the bottom of the trench, 

chestnut. 

and the mould turned from the nest 

All natives ofCarolina. June. Grafts. one over them, or inserted to a similar 

Twenty feet. 

depth by a long blunt-pointed dibble. 

Horse-chestnuts all require a light, They should be placed in their natural 

rich, well-drained soil, and a sheltered position, which has considerable influ- 

situation, being much injured by violent ence over the forwardness of their 

winds. When in blossom they are 

strikingly beautiful, and their round 

growth; the surface raked level, and 

kept clear of weeds until the plants 

Leads group well with trees having 

more pointed forms. They may all be 

grafted on the common horse-chestnut, 

are of such size as to render it unnecessary. 

The mould ought to lie as light 

as possible over the sets therefore, 

; 

which is increased bv seed or layers. 

HORSE-CHESTNiJT MOTH. See 

Bombyx. 

HORSE-RADISH. Cochlearia Armoracia. 

Delights in a deep, mouldy, rich 

soil, kept as much as possible in a moderate 

but regular degree of moistness. 

Hence the banks of a ditch, or other 

treading on the beds should be carefully 

avoided. The shoots make their appearance 

in May or June, or even earlier 

if they were planted in autumn. 

As the leaves decay in autumn, have 

them carefully removed ; the ground 

being also hoed and raked over at the 

same season, which may be repeated 

place which has a constant supply of' in the following spring before they be 

" ' ' ' 

" 

water, is a most eligible situation for gin to vegetate, at which time eighteen 

the beds, so that they do not lie so low^ inches depth of mould to be laid regu- 

as to have it in excess. If tlie soil is 

poor, or beneath the drip of trees, the 

roots never attain any considerable size, 

Manures.—Should the ground require 

larly and lightly over the bed. 

In the succeeding autumn they mere- 

ly require to be hoed as before, and 

may be taken up as wanted. By having 

to be enriched, leaf-mould, or other tho- three beds devoted to this root, one 

roughly decayed vegetable substance, will always be lying fallow and imshould 

be dug into the depth at which proving; of which period likewise adthe 

sets are intended to be planted. If vantage should be taken to apply any 

cow or horse-dung be employed, it 

should be in a highly putrescent state. 

Propagation. — Horse-radish flowers 

in June, but in this climate seldom perrequisite 

manure. 

If, when of advanced growth, the 

plants throw out suckers, these should 

be carefully removed, during the sumlects 

its seed, consequently it is propa- mer, as they appear, 

gated by sets, which are provided by In September or October of the secuttinf 

the main root and offsets into 

lenr'tlis of two inches. TheôpSj or 

cond year, as before stated, the roots 

may be taken up ; and in November a 

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H OR 297 HOR 

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sufficient quantity should be raised to ract of Syene to the shores of the Delta; 

preserve in sand for winter supply. but it was when Thebes with its Imn- 

Taking vp. — To take them up a dred brazen gates, and the cities of 

trench is dug along the outside row Memphis and Ileliopolis, were rising 

down to the bottom of the upright in magnificence, and her stupendous 

roots, which, by some persons, when 

the bed is continued in one place, are 

pyramids, obelisks, and temples, became 

the wonders of the world. The 

cut off level to the original stool, and hills and plains of Palestine were ce- 

the earth from the next row is then lebrated for beautiful gardens; but it 

turned over them to the requisite depth ; was not until the walls and temple of 

and so in rotation to the end of the 

plantation. By this mode a bed wi 

Jerusalem announced the power and 

intelligence of the Israelites, and the 

continue in perfection for five or six prophets had rebuked their luxury and 

years ; after which a fresh plantation is extravagance. The queen of the East 

usually necessary. But the best prac- " had heard of the fame of Solomon ;" 

, 

tice is to take the crop up entirely, and his fleets had brought him the gold of 

Ophir, and the treasures of Asia and 

, to form a plantation annually; for it 

not only causes the roots to be finer, Africa ; 

j the kings of Tyre and Arabia 

but also affords the opportunity of were his tributaries, and princes his 

changing the site. If this mode is fol- merchants, when he " made orchards," 

! 

lowed care must be taken to raise every " delighted to dwell in gardens," and 

lateral root; for almost the smallest of planted the " vineyard of Baalhaman." 

them will vegetate, if left in the ground. The Assyrians had peopled the borders 

; 

\ HORSE-RADISH TREE. Moringa. of the Tigris and Euphrates, from the 

HORSE-THISTLE. Cirsium. Persian gulf to the mountainous re- 

HORTICULTURE (from hortus, gions of Ararat, and their monarchs had 

garden, and colo, I till) includes in its founded Nineveh and Babylon, before 

most extensive signification, the culti- we hear of the gardens of Semiramis. 

j 

ration of esculent vegetables, fruits and The Persian empire had extended from 

I 

ornamental plants, and the formation the Indus to the Archipelago, when the 

and management of rural scenery for paradise of Sardis excited the astonish- 

, the purposes of utility and embellishment of a Spartan general, and Cyrus 

ment. The earliest effort of man to mustered the Grecian auxiliaries in 

the spacious garden of Ceh-ena;. The 

; 

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emerge from a stale of barbarism was 

directed to the tillage of the earth : (Ireeks had repulsed the invasions of 

the first seed which he planted was the Darius and Xerxes, and Athens had 

first act of civilization, and gardening reached the height of her glory, when 

was the first step in the career of re- Cimon establisheJ the Academus, and 

finemcnt ; but still it is an art in which presented it to his fellow citizens as a 

he last reaches perfection. When the public garden. Numerous others were 

savage exchanges the wild and wander- soon planted, and decorated with tem- 

ing life of a warrior and hunter, for the 

confined and peaceful pursuits of a 

planter, the harvests, herds, and flocks 

take the place of the simple garden. 

The mechanic arts are next developed ; 

then commerce commences, and manufactures 

soon succeed. As wealth increases, 

ambition manifests itself in 

pies, porticoes, altars, statues and triumphal 

monuments ; but this was during 

the polished age of Pericles, when 

; 

, 

; 

Socrates and Plato taught philosophy 

in the sacred groves ; wfien the theatre 

was thronged to listen to the poetry of 

Euripedes and Aristophanes; when the 

genius of" Phidias was displayed in rear- 

the splendor of apparel, of mansions 

equipages and entertainments. Science, 

ing the 

statues 

Parthenon and sculpturing the 

of the gods; when eloquence 

literature, and the fine arts are unfold- and painting had reached perfection, 

ed, and a high degree of civilization is 

attained. It is not until all this has 

and history was illustrated by Herodotus, 

Thucydides, and Xenophon. Rome had 

taken place, that horticulture is culti- subjugated the world, and emulated 

vated as one of the ornamental arts. Athens in literature, science, and the 

Egypt, the cradle of civilization, so far 

perfected her tillage, that the banks of 

arts, w^hen the superb villas of Sallust, 

Crassus, Pompey, Cffisar, Maecenas and 

the Nile were adorned by a succession Agrippina were erected, and the paof 

luxuriant plantations, from the cata- laces of the emperors were environed

HOR 298 HOR 

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by magnificent gardens. The history petus to cultivation, which is felt in the 

j 

of modern nations presents similar re- 'remotest countries. Its example has 

suits. Horticulture long lingered in been followed in the most flourishing 

the rear of other pursuits. Most of the kingdoms of the eastern continent, and 

common fruits, flowers and oleraceous many similar institutions have been 

vegetables which had been collected by founded in the United States. The efthe 

Greeks and Romans, from Egypt, feet of these is to diffuse through every 

Asia and other distant climes, were country the knowledge and products of 

successively extended over Western all. The history, literature and science 

Europe; but so gradual was their proof gardening, open a wide field for stugress, 

after the dark ages, that, till dy and inquiry. The pleasure which 

the reign of Henry VHI., scarcely any gardens aff'orded men, even in the earkitchen 

vegetables were cultivated in liest times, appears from the scriptural 

England, and the small quantity con- account of the garden of Eden. The 

sumed was imported from Holland. garden of Gethsemane, and that of the 

Fuller observes, that " gardening was good and just Arimathean, are memorfirst 

brought into England, for profit, able in the sacred history of the Messiah, 

about the commencement of the 17th The Elysian fields were the heaven of 

century. Peaches, nectarines, apricots, classic mythology, and the devout Musplums, 

pears, cherries, strawberries, sulman hopes 

melons, and grapes, were luxuries but in a celestial 

to renew his existence 

paradise. The bards, 

little enjoyed before the time of Charles scholars and philosophers of the classic 

n., who introduced French gardening ages, have transmitted descriptions of 

at Hampton court, Carlton and Marl- the gardens of the ancients, from those 

borough, and built the first hot and ice in which Homer places the palace of 

houses. At this period Evelyn trans- Alcinous and the cottage of Lartes, 

Jated the "Complete Gardener," and a to the splendid villas of Pliny and 

treatise on orange trees, by Quintinyne ;! Lucullus. Among the ancient Greek 

and, having devoted the remainder of writers, Hesiod, Theophrastus, Xenhis 

life to the cultivation of his rural ophon and JEVmn treated of gardens to 

seat at Sayes court, near Deptford, and a certain extent; and the works of 

the publication of his Sylva, Terra, those who wrote after the seat of go- 

Pomona, and Acetaria, he " first taught vernment was removed to Constantingardening 

to speak proper English." ople were collected under the title of 

In the Netherlands, France, Germany, Geoponica, and have been translated by 

and Italy, a formal and very imperfect Owen. Among the Latins, Varro was 

system of gardening was practised with the first author, to whom succeeded 

considerable success ; but it was ge- Cato, Pliny the Elder, Columella and 

nerally in a languishing condition, Palladius. Passages are to be found, 

throughout the world, until the com- relative to the subject, in Martial, Virgil 

mencement of the ISth century, when and Horace; but Pliny's Natural Histo- 

it attracted the attention of some of the ry, and Columella's book on gardens, 

first characters of Great Britain ; 

the establishment of the present 

but 

im- 

contain the most correct information 

on Roman horticulture. Literature and 

proved style of horticulture is of very the arts having revived in Italy, that 

recent date. "Bacon was the prophet, country was the first to produce books 

Milton the herald, and Addison, Pope on agriculture and gardening, and that 

and Kent the champions of true taste." of Crescenzia became celebrated. The 

The principles which were developed in field and garden cultures of Italy are 

their writings, and those of Shenstone, so nearly allied, and horticulture and 

the Masons, and VVheatley, \vere suc- agriculture have been so blended by the 

cessfully applied by Bridgeman, Wright, writers, that it is difficult to ascertain 

Brown, and Eames ; the system soon be- under which department to include their 

came popular, and gradually extended works. The best for general information 

on the tillage of that delightful 

, 

' 

over Europe, and ultimately reached 

the United States. But the labours of region is the Annali dell' Agricultura. 

the London Horticultural Society have The Germans, as in all the branches of 

mainly contributed to the perfection and letters, science, and arts, have an impresent 

high estimation of gardening. mense number of books in the department 

of gardening, especially on the 

That noble institution has given an im- \

HOR 299 HOR 

subject of planting and forest trees. 

Those which furnish the best idea of 

the state of culture in that country, are 

Dietrich's Worterbuch. with the supplement 

of 1820, and Sickler's Deutsche 

Handwirtshaft. The Dutch excel more 

in the practice than the literature of 

gardening. They have no work of very 

recent date ; that of Comelin, which 

was published about the middle of the 

17th century, is among the earliest; 

and those of La Court and Van Osten 

are said to be among the best that have 

appeared. The Journal of a Horticultural 

Tour in Holland and Flanders, by 

a deputation of the Caledonian Horticultural 

Society, gives the most satisfactory 

account of gardening in that 

part of the continent, in 1S17. The 

TransactionsoftheStockholm and Upsal 

academies furnish the chief information 

which is to be obtained, in relation to ; 

the rural economy of Sweden. The i 

I 

first author was Rudbeck, who was a 

cotemporary of Commelin. Russia and 

Poland have produced but very few 

original books on horticulture. The 

Agricultural Transactions occasionally 

published by a society in Warsaw, with 

those of the Economical Society of St. 

Petersburg, may be considered as affording 

the most accurate intelligence 

as to the culture of those countries. 

In the latter city is an extensive imperial 

botanical garden, which being under the 

direction of able professors, emulates 

those of the more favoured portions of 

southern Europe. The only recorded 

source for obtaining any knowledge of 

Spanish tillage, are the Transactions 

of the Royal Agricultural Society of 

Madrid. The horticultural literature 

of France is of an early date, and the 

authors are not only numerous, but 

many of them in the highest repute. 

Etienne and Belon were the pioneers, 

while Du Hamel, Girardin, D'Argenville, 

Rossier, Tessier,Calvel, Noisette, 

Du Petit Thours, Jean and Gabriel 

Thouin, Bosc and Vicomte Haricart de 

Thury, may be considered as among 

the most able of their followers, in the 

various branches of rural economy. 

For a general knowledge of French 

culture, the Nouveau Cours d'Agriculture, 

in thirteen volumes, published in 

1810, should be consulted ; but the 

most valuable publications on the existing 

mode of gardening, are the monthly 

Annales de la Socitti d^ Horticulture, 

| 

the Annales de I'Institut Royal Jlorticole 

de Framont, and the Bon Jardinier, 

an annual publication compiled by professor 

Poiteau and Vilmorin. The first 

English treatise on rural economy was 

Fitzherbert's Book of Husbandry, which 

was published in 1C34. The works of 

Tusser, George and Piatt soon after appeared, 

and, early in the 18th century, 

the celebrated treatise of Jethro Tull 

excited much attention ; and several 

new works of considerable merit were 

announced before 1764, when the valuable 

publications of Arthur Young, 

Marshal, and numerous other authors, 

spread a knowledge of cultivation, and 

cherished a taste for rural improvements, 

throughout Great Britain. The 

literature of horticulture rapidly advanced 

; but as many of the most eminent 

writers have been named, in treat- 

ing of the science and art of gardening, 

it is unnecessary to mention them in 

this place. The citizens of the United 

States have been chiefly dependent on 

England for books relating to agriculture 

and gardening. Still several have 

appeared by native writers, which are 

highly creditable to the authors and the 

country; especially those which relate 

to the botanical department. Muhlenburg, 

Bigelow, Eliot, Torry, Colden, 

Bartram, Barton, Hosack, Mitchel, Darlington, 

Ives, Dewey and Hitchcock, 

are entitled to great praise for their 

successful attempts to illustrate the 

American flora. One of the earliest 

writers on husbandry was Belgrove, 

who published a treatise on husbandry, 

in Boston, in 17.5.5; and in 1790 

Deane's New England Farmer appeared; 

but McMahon, Cox, Thacher, Adlam, 

Prince, Buntly, Butler, Nicholson and 

Fessenden, since the commencement 

of the present century, have produced 

works on the various cultures of the 

United States, which are generally circulated, 

and lield in great estimation. 

The scientific relations of horticulture 

are numerous, and require an extensive 

acquaintance with the various branches 

of natural history and physics. Botany, 

mineralogy, chemistry, hydraulics, 

architecture and mechanics must furnish 

their several contributions, which it is 

the province of the artist to apply. 

After the illustrious Linnajus published 

his system of Nature, botany became a 

popular science, and a variety of interesting 

elementary works awakened

HOR 300 HOR 

attention to the beauties of nature, and for its numerous superb edifices, exten- 

I 

a passion for experimental and orna- sive prospects, and the systematical 

mental planting was induced, wliich arrangement of the pleasure grounds, 

j 

lias been productive of great results. ! than for the improvements and decora- 

Mineralogy enables us to obtain ac- i tions of the surrounding scenery, in 

curate knowledge of terrestrial sub- | accordance with those principles which 

stances, and the mode of distinguishing are derived from a close observance 

the divers kinds of earths, which con- of the pleasing effects of nature. The 

! 

stitute a cultivable soil and chemistry rural residences of the Romans appear 

j ; 

instructs us as to the nature and pro- ^ to have been mere places of temporary 

perties of these various earths, having retreat, and were planted with odorife- 

| 

for its objects, when applied to horti- | rous flowers and shrubs and ornamented 

culture, ail those changes in the ar- rather by the civil architect than the 

| 

rangements of matter, which are con- horticultural artist. From the estab- 

[ 

nected with the growth and nourishment ; lishment of the papal government to 

of plants, the comparative value of, the commencement of the 13th centu- 

' 

their produce as food, the constitution ry, the monks were the only class of 

of soils, the manner in which lands are persons who attended to ornamental 

, 

enriched by manure, or rendered fertile gardening. After that period, the style 

[ 

prevalent throughout Europe consisted 

by the different processes of cultivation. : 

Inquiries of such a nature cannot but in tall hedges, square parterres fiintas 

be interesting and important, both to 

the theoretical horticulturist and the 

practical gardener. To the first they 

are necessary in applying most of the 

fundamental principles on which the 

ticaliy planted, straight walks, and rows 

of trees uniformly placed and pruned. 

In fact, but little improvement was 

made from the time of the emperors^ 

Vespasian and Titus until the reign of 

I 

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theory of the art depends. To the se- George III. of England. It is true, 

cond they are useful in affording simple Hampton Court had been laid out by 

and easy experiments for directing his Cardinal Wolsey; Le Notre had plant- 

ed Greenwich and St. James's Park 

I labours, and for enabling him to pursue 

! a certain and systematic plan of im- during the reign of Charles II. and, in 

; 

provement. To hydraulics belong, not that of George II., Queen Caroline had 

, 

only the conducting and raising of water enlarged Kensington Gardens, and form- 

i with the construction of pumps and other ed the Serpentine river; but Lord Baengines 

for those purposes, but the laws thurst was the first who deviated from 

| 

which explain the nature of springs i straight lines, as applied to ornamental 

and fountains. By the principles of pieces of water, by following the natu- 

j 

that science, artificial lakes, canals and ral courses of a valley. Still, what has 

I 

j aqueducts are formed, irrigations pro- been emphatically called the Dufc/i sysjected, 

and water rendered subservient ' /em universally prevailed, and the shear 

to the useful purposes of life, as well ing of yew, box and holly into formal 

as to the embellishments of pleasure- figures of various kinds, and the shaving 

grounds by jets d'eau, cascades and of river banks into regular slopes, went 

streams. Architecture, as a branch of on until their absurdity became con- 

horticulture, is of the first importance. temptible, and a better and more natural 

Without its aid, it would be impossible taste was induced. Verdant sculpture, 

to give that propriety and elegance to regular precision in the distribution of 

the scenery, and to produce that pleas- compartments and rectangular boundary 

ing effect, which is the chief object of walls, yielded to more chaste designs, 

landscape gardening. Mechanics, in all Bridgenian succeeded to Loudon (not the 

j 

its branches, is required for the purposes distinguished author) and Wise, and beof 

horticulture. Great improvements came a distinguished artist; he rejected 

] 

have been effected in gardening within ! many of the absurd notions of his prethe 

last half century. During the age decessors, and enlarged the bounds of 

of Cicero, a formal kind of gardening horticulture. Other innovators depart- 

prevailed, characterized by clipped ed from the rigid rules of symmetry ; 

hedges and long avenues of trees. but it was reserved for Kent to realize 

; 

Pliny the Younger has given an account i the beautiful descriptions of the poets, 

of his villa at Laurentum, and from the and carry the ideas of Milton, Pope, 

Addison and Mason more extensively 

description, it was rather distinguished 1

HO R 301 HOR 

into execution. According to Lord continued in repute for upwards of a 

Walpole, he was painter enough to century ; tor it appears to have been in 

taste the charms of landscape, suffi- vogue as late as 1770. The court and 

ciently bold and opinionative to dare nation wished to be dazzled by novelty 

and to dictate, and born with a genius and singularity, and his long, clipped 

to strike out a great system from the alleys, triumphal arches, richly decotwilight 

of imperfect essays. He leap- rated 1 

parterres, his fountains and cased 

the fence, and saw that all nature! cades, with their grotesque and strange 

was a • garden. The great principles on ornaments, his groves full of architec- 

i which he worked were perspective, ture and gilt trellises, and his profusion 

light and shade. Groups of trees broke of statues, enchanted | every class of oba 

too extensive lawn ; evergreens and servers. His principal works were the 

' wood were opposed to the glare of the gardens 

champaign, and, by selecting favourite 

of Versailles, Meudon, St. 

Cloud, Sceaux, Chantilly, and the terobjects, 

and veiling deformities, he re- race of St. Germain. Gray, the poet, 

alized the compositions of the great was struck with their splendor when 

masters in painting. Where objects ! filled with company, and when the 

were wanting to animate his horizon, ' water-works 

were in full action; but 

his taste as an architect could immedi-^ Lord Kaimes says, they would tempt 

ately produce them. His buildings, one to believe, that nature was below 

his temples, his seats, were more the! the notice of a great monarch. Le 

work of his pencil than of his science Nijtre was succeeded by Dufresny, who, 

as a constructor. He bade adieu to differing considerably in taste from that 

all the stiff modes of canals, circular, great artist, determined on inventing a 

basins, and cascades tumbling over | more 

picturesque style ; but his efforts 

marble steps. Dealing in none but I the were rarely carried into full execution, 

true colours of nature, and seizing upon He, however, constructed in a manner 

| 

i its most interesting features, a new superior to his predecessor, the gardens 

creation was gradually presented. The of Abbe Pajot and those of Moulin j and 

living landscape was chastened or po- Chemin , creux. After the peace of 1762, 

lished, not transformed. The elegant! the English system began to pass into 

works of Rcpton, the unrivalled essays , France, and portions of ancient gardens 

' of Price on the picturesque, and the were destroyed, to make way for young 

valuable pulilications of Gilpin, Madock, plantations a lÂnglaise. Laugier was 

Panty, Sang and Loudon, with those of the first author who espoused the Engmany 

other writers on landscape and lish style, and the next in order j was 

ornamental gardening, have had an ex- Prevot. i It was at this time that Viscount 

tensive influence in promoting correct Girardin commenced ! his improvements 

ideas of natural scenery. The improv- at P>menonville, and the change of the 

j 

ed style of horticulture, every where horticultural taste in France, may be 

apparent in Great Britain, attracted the referred to the last : quarter of the 18th 

attention of the other nations of Europe, century. The English style has graand 

English gardening became the de- dually , found its way into most civilized 

signation for all that was beautiful in countries. Only 25 | years have elapsed 

that pleasing art—the synonyme of per- since the London Horticultural Society 

fection in rural culture. At the period ! was established, and there are now more 

when this new system of laying out than 50 similar institutions in Great 

| 

ground was gaining converts, and be- Britain, which still maintains the first 

[ 

| 

gan to be practically adopted, Viscounts rank in the art ; but France is making 

Girardin, a French military officer of| great efforts to rival her. A horticulhigh 

rank, travelled through England, tural 

and, on his return, he not only improved 

society was established in Paris 

in 1S26, and has already more than two 

his seat at Ermenonville in conformity thousand members, and the number is 

to that style, but published a work of| rapidly increasing. It has been patron- 

great celebrity on the Composition des ised by the court, and most ] of the nobles 

Paysages sur le Terrain, ou des Moyens^ and men of distinction in France have 

d'embellir la Nature pris des i/a6i7a- I eagerly united with the proprietors of es- 

tions. The French style of laying out I tales and practical cultivators to collect 

gardens had been settled by Le Notre, and disseminate intelligence throughout 

| 

during the reign of Louis XIV., and flourishing empire. In the various 

| 

that

HOR 302 HOR 

provinces where horticultural societies 

have not been founded, those of agriculture, 

or of the sciences and arts, 

have established departments expressly 

the United States, a like spirit has 

been more recently developed. Horticultural 

societies have been instituted 

in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, 

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devoted to that interesting pursuit; and Albany, Geneva, and South Carolina, 

during the 

theoretical 

year 1S27, a practical and and a zealous disposition evinced to 

institution was founded at compete with the nations of the eastern 

Fromont, by the enlightened and mu- continent. The environs of many of 

nificient Chevalier Soulange Bodin, for the cities are in a high state of cultivaeducating 

gardeners, and introducing tion, and the markets are beginning to 

improvements in every department of be well stocked with numerous variehorticulture. 

The garden contains about ties of fruits and vegetables. It is now 

130 acres, and is divided into compart- the duty of American cultivators to rements 

for every variety of culture. ciprocate the benefits which they have 

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Extensive green - houses, stoves and so long received from their transatlantic 

orangeries have been erected, and all brethren, and to develope the resources 

the other appendages furnished, which of a country, which offers such an ex- 

are requisite for rendering the establish- , tensive 

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range of research to the natument 

effectual for instruction and ex-i ralist. Many of the most useful and 

periment. The nursery of the Luxem- magnificent acquisitions of the groves, 

bourg long supplied a great part ofl fields, gardens and conservatories of 

Europe with fruit trees. The Jardin Europe are natives of the western hedes 

Plantes, in Paris, includes compart- misphere. The indigenous forest trees, 

ments, which may be considered as ornamental shrubs, flowers, fruits, and 

schools for horticulture, planting, agri- edible vegetables of North America, 

culture, medical botany and general are remarkable for their variety, size, 

economy, and is unquestionably the splendour or value. Extending from the 

most scientific and best managed establishment 

in Europe. The flower garden 

pole to the tropics, and from the Atlantic 

to the Pacific, North America 

of Malmaison, the botanical garden of embraces every clime, and every vari- 

Trianon, and numerous nursery, herb, ety of soil, teeming with innumerable 

medicinal, experimental and botanical specimens of the vegetable kingdom, 

gardens, in various parts of the king- With such advantages, most of which 

dom, are pre-eminent for the variety, are included within the United States, 

number and excellence of their proit is to be expected that the citizens 

! 

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ducts. Holland has been distinguished, will be as distinguished for their adsince 

the period of the crusades, for her vancement in rural economy as in civil 

flower gardens, culinary vegetables, and religious freedom. The natural 

and plantations of fruit trees. The divisions of horticulture are the esculent 

north of Europe and the United States or kitchen garden, seminary, nursery, 

are still dependent upon her florists for fruit trees, and vines, flower garden, 

the most splendid varieties of bulbous- green-houses, arboretum of ornamental 

rooted plants ; and her celebrated nur- trees and shrubs, the botanical and 

series, which have long replenished 

those of Europe, have been recently 

fortunate in the acquisition of Van 

Mons and Duquesne. Some of the 

finest fruits of our gardens were pro- 

medical garden, and landscape or picturesque 

gardening. Each of these 

departments requires to be separately 

studied before it can be managed so as 

to combine utility and comfort with 

ornament and recreation. To accom- 

; 

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duced by these indefatigable experimentalists, 

and, with the excellent va- plish this on a large scale, artists, 

rieties created by Knight, promise to scientific professors, and intelligent and 

replace those which have either become experienced practical superintendents, 

extinct, or are so deteriorated in qua- are employed in Europe, but they have 

lity, as to discourage their cultivation.; not as yet been much required in the 

From St. Petersburg to the shores of United States. The owners of the soil 

the Mediterranean, horticulture has have generally designed and executed 

made a rapid progress, and each nation such improvements as have been made 

is emulous to perfect its culture, in ac- in the conveniences and embellishments 

j 

cor'dance with the most improved prin- j 

of country residences. The kitchen 

ciples of science, art and taste. In garden is an indispensable appendage

II R 303 HO R 

to every rural establishment. In its mentable negligence of this delightful 

simplest form, it is the nucleus of all 

others. Containing small compartments 

culture. In England, the eye is con- 

tinually struck with cottages embowered 

for the culture of esculent vegetables, 

fruits and ornamental plants, these may 

amidst fruit trees, shrubs and flowers, 

while a neat compartment of esculent 

be gradually e.xtended, until the whole vegetables supplies much of the food 

estate assumes the imposing aspect of for the support of the inmates. In 

picturesque or landscape scenery. The Germany, Holland, and a portion of 

details of the several grand divisions Italy, it is the general attention which 

of horticulture are to be learned from 

the numerous authors who have devoted 

all ranks bestow upon the grounds sur- 

rounding their habitations, that gives 

their especial attention to each, and such a pleasing aspect to those counihose 

which have been named, with tries. But little attention has been paid 

many others, should be consulted by in the United States to the planting of 

1 

j 

every gentleman who wishes to parti- forest trees, ornamental shrubs and 

cipate in the comforts and luxuries of a flowers, although the native varieties 

garden. The most valuable and in- are numerous, highly valued in other 

' 

j 

teresting branches of gardening to the countries, and constitute the most incitizens 

of the United States, generally, teresting exhibitions in those celebrated 

are of course those which include the establishments, which are enriched by 

culture of esculent vegetables, fruits collections from all quarters of the 

and ornamental plants. These may be globe. Arboriculture claims attention, 

enjoyed, in various degrees, by all the not merely for the purposes of rural 

proprietors of the soil. It is only ne- embellishment, but to replace the valucessary 

that information should be disable timber trees, which are fast disapseminated, 

and examples presented by pearing throughout the Atlantic states. 

the more intelligent and opulent, to 

remove the too common prejudice, that 

The forest trees of North America ex- 

ceed 140, while in Europe there are 

gardens are costly and useless append' only 37. There are 53 species of the 

ages, re

HO S 304 HOT 

ardour, astronomy and the culture of 

flowers. The great Conde devoted his 

leisure hours to that delightful pursuit, 

and the vase of flowers was daily renewed 

upon the table of Lord Bacon, 

while composing the volumes of his 

sublime philosophy. In the cities of 

Europe, ilower-markets, for the sale of 

bouquets and ornamental plants, are as 

common as those for fruits. In this 

new world, these delicate daughters of 

the sun have' not received that attention 

which indicates the highest state of 

civilization : but a tafete for floriculture 

of heat, or hot-beds, in the gardener's 

forcing department. 

A hot-bed is usually made of stabledung, 

of which that made by the best 

fed horses is to be preferred. It should 

be about ten days from the stalls, and 

without too large a proportion of litter. 

After being thrown into a heap, of conic 

form, for five or six days, it must be so 

turned over, that the inner parts are 

brought to the outside, the clots well 

separated with the fork, the heap being 

re-formed conically as before, and left 

I 

! 

for an equal number of days. By this 

ia increasing throughout the Union, time and treatment the dung in general 

and ornamental plants embellish the acquires a sufficient and steady heat; 

country seats of the opulent and the 

dwellings of honest industry. Botani- 

cal gardens have been established in 

several of the states, and the large 

cities can now boast of their marts and 

exhibitions of flowers. One of the 

greatest impediments to the progress 

of horticulture in the United States has 

been the deficiency of nurseries, both 

as to number and extent. They are 

not only requisite for furnishing the various 

kinds of trees and plants which 

are demanded for utility and embellishment, 

but to give publicity to the 

most valuable and interesting species, 

as well as to excite a taste for their 

cultivation. These establishments, however, 

have been much increased and 

improved within a few years, and there 

are several in the vicinity of Boston, 

New York, Albany, Philadelphia, and 

in the district of Columbia, which are 

highly creditable to the proprietors and 

to the country." 

— 

Encyc. Am. 

HOSACKIA. Four species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division and seed. Common 

soil. 

HOSE-IN-HOSE is a form of double 

flowers, when one corolla is inserted 

within the other, as is frequently the 

case with the primrose. 

HOSTA. Three species. Stove evergreen 

shrubs. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

HOT-BED. When a temperature of 

45^, moisture, and atmospheric air occur 

to deaden vegetable matters, these 

absorb large quantities of oxygen, evolving 

also an equal volume of carbonic 

acid. As in all other instances where 

vegetable substances absorb oxygen gas 

in large quantities, much heat is evolved 

by them when putrefying; and advantage 

is taken of this by employing 

leaves, stable-litter, and tan, as sources 

if, however, it is very dry and fresh, it 

must be moderately moistened, and left 

for five or six days more. At the time 

of forming the heap, as well as at every 

turning, water should be applied if its 

substance appears at all dry, as a regular 

state of moisture is of first importance 

to the obtaining a favourable fermentation. 

It should remain until the 

straw in general assumes a dark brown 

colour, when it should be immediately 

formed into the bed. Leaves or tan 

may be mixed with advantage, as heat 

is thereby generated during a greater 

length of time. In cold, wet, or boisterous 

weather, the heaps should be 

covered to a moderate depth with lit- 

ter. 

In making the beds, they must be so 

situated as to be entirely free from the 

overshadowing of trees, buildings, &c., 

and having an aspect rather a point 

eastward of the south. A reed fence 

surrounding them on all sides is a shelter 

that prevents anj' reverberation of 

the wind, an evil which is caused by 

paling or other solid inclosure. This 

must be ten feet high to the northward 

or back part, of a similar height at the 

side, but in front only six. The wicket 

or gate must be of sufficient width to 

admit a loaded wheelbarrow. An inclosure 

of this description, one hundred 

feet in length and sixty broad, will be 

of a size sufficiently large for the pursuit 

of every description of hot-bed forcing. 

But for cucumbers, melons, and a few 

inferior articles, a space for six or eight 

lights is sufficient. Fruit may be forced 

slightly by being trained within it on 

the southern aspect; the fence on that 

side in that case must be of brick or 

wood. 

To prevent unnecessary labour, this

HOT 305 HOT 

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inclosure should be formed as near to the bed in all cases must be guided by 

the stable as possible. For the recep- the size of the frame. 

tinn of the bed, a trench is often dug To prevent the sudden changes of 

of its determined length and breadth, temperature in the external air atfectand 

six inches deep, if the soil is wet, ing the heat of the bed, coat the sides 

' 

or eighteen or more if it is dry. In a of the bed with sand ; coal-ashes or 

dry soil and climate this cannot be pro- earth might be substituted, to a thick- 

ductive of much injury, but otherwise ness of two feet. 

' 

it almost always chills the bed: at the As the heat declines, linings, or as 

same time it is to be observed, that it 

is never productive of benefit, further 

they might be more properly called, 

coatings, are made use of, which con- 

than not being so high; it is easier of sist of hot fermenting dung laid from 

access, but gives much additional trou- eighteen to twenty-four inches, in proble, 

brfth at the time of founding and portion to the coldness of the season, 

afterwards, when linings are to be ap- &c., all round the bed to the whole of 

plied 

its height, and iffounded in a trench. 

The site of the bed being determined, one equally deep must be dug for the 

a stake should be driven perpendicu- coating, it being of importance to relarly 

at the four corners as a guide for new the heat as much as possible 

, 

its rectangular construction. The dung throughout its whole mass ; if, after a 

must be thoroughly mixed just before it while, the temperature again declines, 

is used, and as carefully separated and the old coating must be t;dven away, 

spread regularly with the fork, as the 

bed is formed with it. It is beneficially 

and a similar one of hot dung applied 

in its place. As the spring advances, 

settled down in every part alike by the warmth of the sun will compensate 

beating with the fork as the work pro- for the decline of that of the bed ; but 

ceeds, rather than by treading; for if as the nights are generally yet cold, 

too much compressed, a high degree of; either a moderate coating, about nine 

heat is generated but is soon spent: 

contrary phenomenon is often caused 

if trod to a still greater excess, namely, 

that no heat at all is engendered. 

The longest or littery part of the 

or ten inches thick, is required, or the 

mowings of grass, or even litter, may 

be laid round the sides with advantage. 

The depth of earth, as well as the 

time and manner of applying, vary con- 

, 

, 

dung should be laid at the bottom of siderably ; it should never be put on 

the bed, and the finer fragments of the until four or five days after the bed is 

dung upon the top. If it is not regu- formed: before it is applied, the edges 

larly and moderately moist throughout, of the bed should be raised full eight 

it should be sprinkled over with water. inches higher than the middle, as from 

As the surface on which the bed is the additional weight of the frame they 

founded is usually horizontal, so is the are sure to sink more and quicker, 

dung laid perfectly parallel with it. Mr. thereby often causing the earth to crack 

Knight recommends it, on the contrary, and injure the roots of the plants. 

to be equally inclined with its founda- The roots of plants being liable to 

tion, that it may associate well with the injury from an excessive heat in the 

' 

new form, which he recommends for bed, several plans have been devised 

frames. See Frame. to prevent this etfect. If the plants in 

The breadth of a bed must always be pots are plunged in the earth of the 

five feet, and in the depth of winter 

four and a half feet high when firmly 

settled ; to form it of this size, about 

twelve barrow loads of dung are required 

to a light. 

In early spring, a height of three and 

a half feet is sulficient, and as the season 

advances, it may decline to three 

two and a half feet. In May or 

bed, they may be raised an inch or two 

from the bottom of the holes they are 

inserted in by means of a stone. But a 

still more etfectual mode is to place 

them within other pots, rather larger 

than themselves ; a space filled with 

air being thus interposed between the 

roots and the source of heat, an elfectual 

security is obtained. To prevent 

early summer, when the only object is the same injury occurring when the 

to hasten the germination of seeds, two plants are in the earth of the bed, a 

feet or eighteen inches is not less than moderate layer of neats'-dung laid bethe 

necessary height. The length of tween the earth and the fermenting 

20

HOT 306 HOT 

' mass, is an efficient precaution, and is are frosty for the admission of air. A 

much preferable to a similarly placed complete remedy for all these difficul- 

, 

layer of turf, which interrupts too much ties is afforded by a plan, which suc- 

I 

the full benefit of the heat. A plan re- 1 ceeds on the principle that warm air 

commended by Bradley is well worthy' ascends, and simply consists of a pipe 

of notice. A woven hurdle somewhat passed through the body of the bed, 

larger than the frame being placed and one end communicating with , the 

upon the dung, i on this its woodwork exterior air, the other opening into the 

can rest, and the earth is laid within frame, at one of the top corners of 

| 

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I be 

it, ihus the whole can be moved to- which an aperture must be made ; the 

gether without disturbance. This would heated air of the frame will constantly 

especially he of advantage when bark 

issuing from this aperture, and its 

' 

I 

is employed, which requires occasional place supplied by that which rises 

stirring to renew its heat in case of! through the pipe. A pipe of lead may 

emergency, when time cannot be al- be used, about two or three inches in 

lowed for the bed becoming regular in diameter, bent nearly at a right angle, 

its heat before the plants are inserted and each limb being three feet long, 

Besides these precautions, vacancies one of these to be placed horizontally, 

should be left in the mould, and holes as the bed is forming, with its mouth 

I 

bored with a thick pole into the bed, 

which must be filled up with hay or 

dung when the danger is passed. 

For ascertaining the internal temperature 

of the bed, the thermometer is 

the only certain guide, as it also is for 

judging of the temperature of the air 

within the frame; the mode of introducing 

it into the body of the bed, is to 

have the thermometer inclosed in a 

extending in the open air, that of the 

other opening into the frame ; a cap 

should be fitted to the first, and by a 

slit on its under side, the quantity of 

air admitted can be regulated. 

Although stable manure is generally 

employed for the constructing of hotbeds, 

yet there are several other vegetable 

matters that are also in use for 

the same purpose. Tanner's bark, 

i 

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[ 

wooden case of the size and form of an from its long continuance and reguordinary 

dibble, which is to be lined larity of heat, is much to be preferred, 

with baize and fitted with a cap ofj especially for very tender exotics. In 

tliinned iron to exclude the exterior many situations it can be obtained at a 

temperature. The end which enters cheaper rate than stable dung ; it should 

the earth is shod with perforated cop- be employed when fresh drawn from 

per. In conjunction with the ther- the vats, or at most when a fortnight or 

mometer, trying sticks may be employ- three weeks old ; it must lay in a heap 

ed for occasional observation; these | for six or eight days to allow the escape 

are smooth laths of wood, about two 1 of the superfluous moisture : in summer 

feet in length, thrust into different parts this is not of such material consequence. 

of the bed, which, being drawn out and 

grasped quickly, afford a rough estimate 

of the heat of the bed. 

The small extent of the frame, and 

the rapid deterioration of the air within 

it by the plants, render its frequent renewal 

necessary. To effect this, the 

common practice is to raise the glasses 

in proportionate heights according to 

the state of the air; and to prevent any 

injury arising when necessarily admitted 

during inclement weather, mats are 

as an excess of wet is, at that season, 

not so liable to prevent fermentation. 

If the ground is dry, a pit three feet 

deep may be dug, and is better lined 

with slates, boards, or brickwork, but 

whatever may be the nature of the soil, 

it is best to form this case or bin of a 

similar height upon the surface. Without 

some support the tan will not form 

a solid bed, and if mould becomes 

mixed with it, the fermentation is retarded 

or entirely prevented. The 

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hung over the opening ; but notwith breadth must not be less than five or 

standing these precautions, the supply six feet, or of a length shorter than ten 

of air can seldom be regular; hence, or twelve, otherwise the heat will not 

i 

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and from sudden chills, the plants are be lasting. When the bark is laid, it 

often checked, and sometimes essen- must be gently settled with the fork, 

tially injured. It may be remarked but never trodden upon ; for if violently 

here, that raw foggy days, if anything, I compressed, it loses the power of ferare 

more unfavourable than those that I menting ; if the bark is fresh and not

HOT 307 HOT 

, 

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ground very small, it attains a sufficient 

warmth in a fortnight for the insertion 

left undisturbed, continue at a temper- 

atureof 64° for many months, he seems 

of the plants, and will continue in heat to intimate as long as fourteen. This 

for two or three months ; the larger the material is, however, to be had in very 

fragments of the bark are, the longer few districts. Grass and other green 

time it requires to ferment, but in an herbage, and even wetted straw mixed 

equal proportion 

temperature and 

it attains 

preserves 

a higher 

it much 

with coal-ashes, have been used on an 

emergency with success. Instead of 

longer; a middle sized bark is, there- forming hot-beds with open sides, as has 

fore, in general to be preferred; and been hitherto described, J)^7s of brickadded 

to the above consideration, it is work and other materials, are very 

to be remarked that, when made of 

large fragments, violent and sudden 

excesses often arise, even after the bed 

generally constructed for containing 

the fermenting mass. It may be laid 

down as a fundamental principle, that 

has been constructed two or three in applying heat, it should always be 

months : on the contrary, if very small, brought to the bottom of the body to 

the fermentation soon passes oft". 

When the crops are removed, and 

be heated. 

Mr. Flanagan only allows the heat of 

the heat declines, if well stirred, and a fermenting dung to be employed, the 

load or two of fresh bark mixed with it, steam being prevented entering the 

the bed will acquire and continue in 

heat for an equal further lapse of time : 

this may be repeated throughout the 

frame. One advantage arising from this 

he states to be, that fresh made dung 

may be employed, and consequently the 

year as often as the heat is found to loss sustained by any preparation is 

decline. But it is necessary every prevented. If, however, it be a fact 

autumn, entirely or nearly so, to re- that the steam of dung is rather beneconstruct 

the bed with fresh bark; for ficial than otherwise, fresh fermenting 

when the old is far advanced towards dung can be used without any detriment 

putrefaction, it will no longer generate that I am aware of in other pits of 

heat. 

which we have plans. Mr. F. describes 

The leaves of the oak and sweet his pitas follows:— " It is four feet deep 

chestnut, and doubtless of many other within, the lowest ten inches of solid 

trees, answer for hot-beds as well or brickwork sunk in the earth; the reeven 

better than tanner's bark, since mainder is a flue three inches wide in 

they will continue to afford a moderate the clear, carried entirely round the pit, 

heat for nearly twelve months without the inner wall of which, forming the 

" 

' 

any addition or stirring. They are to sides of the pit, is four inch work, well 

be collected as they fall in autumn, and 

carried to some situation, or be so hurdled 

in, that they may be preserved 

from scattering by the winds; the heap 

should be si.x or seven feet thick, trod 

firmly down, and moderately watered 

if dry. In a few days, a very powerfu" 

bedded in mortar, and pointed to prevent 

the steam penetrating ; the outer 

wall of the flue is also four inch, but 

open work to admit the steam, and that 

of dung coatings into the flue, the top 

of which is rendered tight by a covering 

i 

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of tiles, &c. The frame rests on the 

heat is produced, and in five or six external wall of the flue. The cavity 

weeks will have become so regular, of the pit, which is kept dry by means 

that it may be broken up and the beds of drains, is nine feet two inches long, 

constructed with its materials, water two feet eight inches wide, and four 

being again employed if dryness ap- feet deep. It is filled with broken 

pears, and they must be well trod down bricks to within eighteen inches of the 

as before. There are many other substances 

that generate heat during fertop, 

then a foot of short cold dung, six 

inches of very rotten dung trod down 

mentation; there is perhaps no vegeta- so as to admit half an inch depth of 

ble substance that does not; even a coal-ashes, for preventing the intrusion 

heap of dry sticks acquires a strong of any worms that may be in the dung, 

accession of temperature if moistened, completes the structure." 

Mr. Burnet recommends the trial of the The accompanying sketch and refcrrefuse 

matter thrown oft" in dressing ences will fully explain the plan of Mr. 

flax, for constructing hot-beds : this re- West. D D, chamber in which the dung 

fuse he says he has observed, when is placed, three and a half feet deep,

308 HOT 

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the steam of the dung; I, represents 

one of two plugs, which stop holes left 

to regulate the heal and steam as may 

be necessary. The outer wall supports 

the lights. For the convenience of 

fixing the dung, it is best to fill the half 

of the chamber at the commencement, 

before 

put in. 

the branches, mould, &c., are 

Hot-water is a much more manageable 

source of heat for a hot-bed than 

fermenting vegetable matter, and for 

surrounded by nine inch brick work 

plans see the title Hot-Water. 

HOT-HOUSE. See Stove. 

HOTTENTOT CHERRY. Cassine 

One half of this is filled longitudinally maurocenia 

with dung at the commencement, which HOTTENTOT-FIG. Mesembryif 

kept close shut up, will last twelve or anthemum edule. 

eighteen days, according to the quality HOTTONIA palustris. Hardy 

of the dung. As the heat declines, the aquatic. Division. Stillwater, 

other side is filled, and the temperature HOT-WALL is a hollow wall, the 

is further sustained by additions to the interior air being so heated by flues or 

top of both as the mass settles. When hot water, as to keep the bricks of which 

this united heat becomes insufficient, its faces are composed so warm as to 

the side first filled being cleared, the old promote the ripening of the wood and 

manure must be mixed with some fresh, fruit trained against them. 

and replaced, this being repeated alter- Mr. Loudon observes, that " the flued 

nately to either heap as often as necessary. 

A A, are the doors, two of which 

wall or hot wall is generally built of 

brick, though where stone is abundant 

are on each side lor the admission of and more economical, the back or north 

! 

! 

! 

i 

the dung. They are two and a half feet side may be of that material. A flued 

square, fitted into grooves at the bottom, wall maybe termed a hollow wall, in 

and fastened by means of a pin and which the vacuity is thrown into comstaple 

at the top. B B, are small areas partments to faciliate the circulation of 

sunk in front, surrounoed by a curb of' smoke and heat from the base or surface 

of the ground to within one or two feet 

wood ; G G G, are bars passing longi- i 

' 

tudinally as a guide and support in pack- of the coping. They are generally 

ing the dung; C, represents a bar of arranged with hooks inserted under the 

cast-iron, two inches wide and three coping to admit of fastening some dequarters 

of an inch thick, placed on the scription of protecting covers, and 

edge of which there is a row, a foot sometimes for temporary glass frames, 

asunder across the chamber to support' A length of forty feet, and from ten to 

a layer of small wood branches and fifteen feet high, may be heated by one 

leaves, H, for the pupose of sustaining 

the soil, K, in the upper chamber ; E E, 

fire, the furnace of which, being placed 

one or two feet below the surface of the 

represents the orifices of which there ground, the first course or flue will comai-e 

a series all round the pit, communi- mence one foot 

eating with the flue F F F, which sur- feet 

above it, and be two 

six or three feet high, and the 

rounds the beds: the exterior wall of second, third, and fourth courses narthis 

flue is built with bricks laid flat, the rower as they ascend. The thickness 

inner one of bricks set on edge. The of that side of the flue next the south 

flue is two inches wide, and for the sake or preferable side, should, for the first 

of strength, bricks are passed occa- course, be four inches, or brick and 

sionallv from side to side as ties. The bed; and for the other courses it were 

I 

top of the flue, and the internal part of desirable to have bricks cast in a smaller 

the wall, which rises 

front to the level the 

at the back and 

earth is meant to 

mould ; say for the second course, three 

inches; for the third, two and three 

stand, are covered with tiles, over the quarter inches; and for the fourth, 

joints of which slips of slate bedded in two and a half inches in breadth. This 

mortar are laid to prevent the escape of will give an opportunity of leveling the 

|

— 

— 

HOT 309 HOT 

*—— 

wall, and the bricks being all of the to slate, but considers that plates of 

, 

same thickness though of diflerent iron, applied in the same way, might 

widths, the external appearance will be answer the purpose nearly as well, 

everywhere the same." Enc. Card. provided that their surfaces were blackened, 

which would cause them to ub- 

Hot walls are generally overheated i 

— — 

; 

opposite the first turn of the tlue, and sorb more of the solar rays. Even 

not heated enough at a distance from frames of glass might answer the purthefire. 

Mr. Hay lias obviated this, by pose applied in the same manner, and 

j 

. 

but | 

having a hollow in the interior of the perhaps some other materials might do ; 

wall, serving as a general heat-chamber 

! 

' 

it is desirable that the frames should 

for diffusing and retaining warm air, be light enough to admit of their being 

and also smoke-dues for conveying heat removed without dilficulty, in order 

throughout. Hort. Trans.; Gard. Mag. that these partitions may be shifted 

The Rev. J. A. H. Grubbe, of Stan- from place to place, (put under cover 

ton St. Bernard, Wiltshire, has taken during winter,) and set up in different 

out a patent for a Transmitting-heai parts of the garden, as convenience 

wall. The intention is to erect this may dictate. Nicholson's Jown.; Gard. 

partition in gardens, as a substitute for 

walls, against which fruit trees may be 

Mag. See IVall. 

HOT-WATER as a source of heat 

trained, and through which the warmth for gardening purposes is preferable to 

of the sun may, by reason of their thin any other. It is less expensive, more 

iiess, be transmitted, which will greatly manageable, and less troublesome than 

promote the ripening of the fruit, and any other. See Tank System and 

improve its flavour. The material pro- Stove. The following are some of the 

posed to be employed for constructin best modes of its application to various 

these walls or partitions, is slate of the 

ordinary quality, in slabs, of the kind 

structures 

Fine-Pit.—The best that has been 

usually applied to the roofing of houses. constructed is thus described by Mr. G. 

Iron frames are proposed to be pre- Fleming: 

pared for the reception of the slates, In " a pine-pit recently erected at 

like the frames of windows, (with holes Trentham, the tank system of bottom- 

in both sides for inserting wires to serve heating and that of hot water pipes for 

as a trellis,) and the slates being cut to top-heat are combined ; and for keepproper 

shapes and dimensions, may be ing a sufficient and steady heat with a 

[ 

secured in the rebates of the frame by small consumption of fuel, nothing can 

j)utty, in the same way as glass. These be more satisfactory. The pit is sevenframes 

are to be from six to eight feet ty-scven feet long, and twelve feet 

wide, and of a suitable height, and may ''' :--:j- — :,. t,-..»-,i i v... ;~ 

i wide inside, and is heated by what is 

be joined together side by side, by re- called a saddle boiler. Under the bed 

bates or flanges, and held fast by screws, are four tanks, into which the water is 

bolts, pins or staples: or in any way delivered from the boiler by a four 

inch pipe, and after pursuing its course. 

i 

j 

that may be found desirable to secure 

them firmly. Temporary blocks of 

.m,,. ,..,^v,,«..« ...v^. , „ 

is again received by another pipe. 

, 

The 

stone may be placed along the ground advantage of two deliveries is, that the 

to support the partitions, with cross water not having so far to go does not 

pieces to receive standards or slight get so cold before it is returned to the 

buttresses to keep the wall or partition 

perpendicular, and against the face of 

boiler, and the heat is more regular in 

all parts of the house. The depth of 

the wall, trellis work of wood or other water in the tanks is about three inches, 

fit material may be placed for the sup- The tanks are made of brickwork coat- 

1 

port of the branches of the trees. Walls ed with Roman cement. They are 

or partitions for gardens formed in this arched over with brickwork also, which 

— J - • — 

•• 

; 

i 

| 

way will transmit the heat of the sun 

through them, and hence fruit which 

we" find cheaper 1— than covering them 

with slates, and by leaving interstices 

may be growing against these walls between the bricks of which the arch 

having a northern aspect, will receive is composed the steam is allowed to 

the benefit of the sun's warmth trans- escape, and penetrating the stratum of 

raitted through the slates. In the con-, rubble above, to keep the tan in a prostruction 

of these transmitting walls, per state of moisture. The same boiler 

the patentee does not confine himself also supplies a range of four inch pipe,

HOT 310 HOT 

which goes round the pit. There are 

cavities in the wall to permit the steam 

from below to pass to the top of the 

pit. The aperture to these can be 

closed at pleasure, thus insuring a perfect 

command over the moisture of the 

atmosphere. There is a chamber which 

formerly contained a flue belonging to 

the house that occupied the place of 

the one I am now describing. This 

chamber has been left with the view of 

its being useful for filling with hot dung 

either for the purpose of assisting to 

maintain the heat of the house, or for 

destroying insects. The tanks and 

Fig. 87. 

JEleueUion of[he 

J,ine AA 

Explanation of the Plan.— a, Burbidge 

and Healy's boiler ; b b, iron 

troughs; cc, pipes; d d, iron troughs 

as at 6 6 in plan ; e e, pipes as at c c in 

plan ; //, copper tubes fastened to the 

troughs to admit steam when required ; 

g, wire trellis ; 

h h h, convenient places 

Fig. 88. 

— 

pipes cannot both be worked at the 

same time, but they are fitted with 

stop-cocks, so that either can be worked 

at pleasure, and a few hours in the 

middle of the day, when the pipes are 

not wanted, is found amply sufficient to 

keep up the bottom-heat, as the mass 

of material when once heated retains 

its heat for a considerable time." 

Gard. Chron. 

Melon and Cucumber Pit.— For this, 

Mr. Glendinning, the scientific nurseryman, 

of Turnham Green, has given the 

following plans and description. 

for the growth of sea kale, rhubarb or 

asparagus, or keeping tubers of any kind 

during the winter. 

" This pit is intended for melons in 

summer, and to preserve pelargoniums 

or other plants in winter. As the object 

in constructing it is more for the 

purpose of experiment than the permanent 

culture of melons, I have designed 

it so that pines may be substituted without 

any alteration whatever; indeed 

any kind of plant which such a structure 

is capable of receiving, and at the same 

time requiring protection, and in a 

warm temperature, may be very advantageously 

introduced, the hot-water apparatus 

being so contrived as to command 

both bottom and surface-heat,

HOT 311 HOT 

either separately or conjointly. For mediate contact, and at the same time 

the purpose of supplying soft water for 

the plants, I have placed a slate cistern 

at one end of the pit, in order to collect 

the rain water from the roof. The soil, 

if permitted to come in contact with the 

iron troughs, would, of necessity, becorqe 

dried and totally unfit for the 

roots of any plant: with a view to obviate 

this, I have placed rough flint or 

other stones over the bottom of the bed 

and round the troughs to prevent im- 

Fig. 89. 

to admit of a more uniform ditl'usion of 

heat over the bottom of the pit, so that 

the soil which rests upon it may be 

more regularly heated. The other advantage 

and conveniences of this pit 

will be apparent from the above plan 

and section without further remark.'' 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

Hot-house.—A hot-water system of 

heating this structure has been thus detailed 

by an anonymous writer. 

Birrticr m the fTinery. P. Bwdfr in Uu Stove. 

H 

^--^^'S 

K 

"Vine BartUr. 

-vfwma/.'mm^/m/'r,A-.y,,',',,vJ»,^:-^y^y,^y,^,^,^^~, 

itiw>y/«|iy-

HOT 312 HOT 

room for tlie gardener to walk between 

tliem, to hold the plants, wliich it is ex- 

pectcd will do very well even in the 

and cemented, into which all the rain vinery, as there are front sashes, and 

the vines will be confined to the rafters 

for a longer or shorter period as may be : 

desired. Under the paved walii in the I 

I hot-house, a reservoir is formed in bricli 

i which falls on the roof of the house is 

collected. A moveable pump is in- in the roof. One table rests on one 

serted in one end through a hole cut side on the front wall, and on iron legs 

into the stone, for raising the water for on the other ; the other table is spp- 

' 

use in the house. The gutters are fit-' ported entirely by iron legs lying close 

teen inches wide and five inches deep, against the gutters. By this arrange- 

and formed in fifteen inch lengths ; ment the gutters are secured against 

simple open troughs, as shown in sec- being broken or disturbed by any 

accident. The boiler is of cop- 

, chance 

I 

j 

j 

: 

[ 

' 

tion, excepting at angles, where there 

are three pieces, one for each angle, per, having a pipe at the top through 

formed in a different mould, tliere being which the hot-water rises, with a cross 

no joint at the angles, and the two end pipe having two cocks in it with a brass 

pieces which are formed with projecting union on each side at the bottom to recollarsboiler. 

to receive the pipes from the ceive the return pipes ; 

The gutters are covered with culation 

so that the cir- 

i 

j 

I 

] 

; 

' 

' 

may be carried on throughout 

tiles, one and a quarter inch in thick- the house and the pits at the same time, 

ness. It will be seen that the flow and or confined to either at pleasure by 

return gutters are connected at two means of the two cocks in the upper 

points, in order that the circulation may 

be confined between either and the 

boiler. At these points the gutters are 

pipe. 

" The construction of the pits is as 

follows:—The floor is formed of bricks 

covered by a wooden frame instead of laid flat on a bed of concrete and set in 

a tile, in which is fixed a movable cement. The tanks are then formed 

cover, which exposes the plugs by by carrying tiles made of pottery, one 

means of which the circulation is di- inch and a quarter thick and five inches 

rected across the house, or extended at deep, round the outer edge, and on the 

pleasure along the entire range. If it top of the brick floor, a double row be- 

ii desired to confine the circulation to ing carried along the centre to support 

the stove, the plugs at 1 are inserted, the covering tiles which form a floor, 

and those at 2 withdrawn. On refer- and return tanks about two feet six 

ence to the section of the house, it will inches wide; these are covered with 

be seen that the back wall is carried tiles the same as the gutters in the 

down considerably under the level of house upon which the earth rests. It 

the ground to admit of a bed of earth will be seen on reference to the section 

on the inside about four feet deep ; then of the pits, that the front tank is fincomes 

the reservoir about three feet ished so as to leave a space of about 

deep, three wide, and sixteen in length, three inches between it and the front 

covered by pavement. The earth on; wall; slate slabs, two feet six inches 

which the gutters are placed has not deep, rest on the tank to keep up the 

been moved ; but in order to make it earth, and at every five or six feet, 

level and firm, it was covered with a where the joints in the slabs occur, 

thin coat of concrete at every fifteen there is a single brick carried up beinches, 

where the joints occur, they are tween the joints and the front wall to 

laid on two bricks, in order that the support the slabs against the pressure of 

under as well as the upper surface the earth. The object of this and also 

should radiate heat: every foot run of round pipes of pottery which rest on 

of gutter presents a surface of forty the surface of the tanks at a, and pass 

inches radiating heat. The potter can up tlirough the earth, is to furnish dry 

deliver these gutters and covers at heat and to promote a free circulation 

some distance from the pottery, at Is. on the surface, which is found advan- 

6d. per foot run ; whereas an iron pipe tageous for propagating^ At the points 

with a four inch bore, which afibrdsbut marked S are similar pipes, which pass 

twelve inches of radiating surface, I through the tiles covering the tank, 

believe is usually sold at Is. per foot at which are formed with an opening for the 

the factory. There are two slate tables purpose into the tanks ; these are fitted 

the whole length of the house, with i at the top with wooden plugs for the

— 

HOT 313 HUM 

purpose of steaming the pits when requisite. 

If it is required that the circulation 

should be confined to the first or 

second pit nearest the boiler, the sluices 

3, are closed, and those at 4 are 

opened. These sluices are formed by 

a metallic frame being substituted for 

the tile at those points in which a small 

metallic door works on a spindle. This 

is attached to a rod passing up through 

the earth, having a handle at the top, 

just above the earth. In the winter, 

when the thermometer stood at 23'^, 

there was a bottom-heat of 90^, and of 

lids or covers, of the same length at 

each portion of the trough, to fit upon 

the whole length of the apparatus, so 

that the degree of humidity may be 

regulated by making up some portions 

of the covers, without disturbing the 

others. The troughs or gutters might 

be made of various materials, but I 

prefer iron. The heat is diffused from 

the surface of the trough or pipes, 

nearly as quickly as it would be from 

copper or zinc, and retains the heat 

much longer. The width and depth of 

the troughs should be varied according 

to the plants intended to be grown in 

the house. An orchidaceous house requires 

a wider surface on the top than 

those intended for the growth of erica; 

and green-house plants generally. During 

the resting season of orchidaceous 

plants, the atmosphere of the house is 

easily kept less humid, by not removing 

the whole or any part of the lids. 

" For vineries and peach-houses, it 

— 

would answer exceedingly well, and 

entirely eradicate the red spider; for 

the trough can be covered when the 

trees arc in (lower, and when the fruit 

is approaching towards maturity. On 

the other hand, during the growing 

season you may maintain a regularly 

humid atmosphere with less trouble 

than by any other means. In a pinestove, 

forty feet Ions;, with a walk between 

the back wall and bark bed, the 

trough being two feet from the level of 

the walk, Mr. Gritiin says, ' I can command 

any degree of heat with much less 

SO^ on the surface of the pits then in attention than is required for some 

action, and of 73^ in the stove." Gaid. houses with a boiler of the same de- 

Chron. 

Open Gutters.—Mr. Griffin, gardener 

to Mrs. Wells, of Cowley, near Exeter, 

has published the following remarks 

upon this mode of circulating hotscription, 

and equal power as regards 

pipe.' 

water. 

'' The open trough, or gutter, may 

be ap()lied to a boiler of any construction. 

The water (lows from the top of 

the boiler, through a four-inch pipe, 

into troughs made of cast iron, of the 

following dimensions; inside measure 

six inches wide at the top, three inches 

and a half at the bottom, and seven 

inches deep; the trough is constructed 

in lengths three feet long, neatly fitted 

together by a rivet in the bottom, and 

one on each side near the top. The 

water returns in a cast-iron pipe, three 

inches in diameter. There are thin iron 

" Gnrd. Chron. 

HOUND'S-TONGUE. Cynoglossum. 

HOUSELEEK. Sempervivum. 

HOUSTONIA. Five species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Peat. 

HOVEA. Sixteen species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings. 


IIOV'ENIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen trees. Ripe cuttings. 


HOYA. Eight species. Stove evergreen 

twiners. Cuttings. Light loam 

and peat. 

HUDSONIA. Three species. Halfhardy 

evergreen shrubs, llipe cuttings 

and layers. Shaded peat soil. 

HUERNI.\. Eleven species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, dried for 

a few days. Sandy loam and lime rubbish. 

HUGONIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Ripe Cuttings. 


HUMBLE-PLANT. Mi/nosa pndica. 

HUMtF.A clegans. Green-house bien- 

nial. Seed. Common soil. 

HUMUS. When the putrefactive 

process of plants is completed, there 

remains a soft black mass, known as 

vegetable mould, or humus. One hundred 

parts of the humus of wheat 

straw have of extractive or apotheme, 

rather more than twenty-six parts, and 

the residue is lime, peroxide of iron, 

phosphate of lime, and carbonaceous 

matter. This apotheme is identical 

with the humic acid of Liebig, the ulmic 

acid of Braconnot, and the geic acid of 

Berzelius. It contains 

Carbon 

Hydrogen 

Oxygen 

— 

46.C 

20.0 

33.4 

It was once believed, indeed is still

HUN 314 H YA 

believed by a few men of science, that " The bells should occupy about one 

j 

this apotheme is the immediate fertil- half the length of the stem, with the 

izing component of organic manures, uppermost bell erect, 

| being soluble under some circum- " The flowers, whether whole-colourstances, 

and entering at once into the ed orstriped, should be clearand bright 

roots of plants, dissolved in the mois- those having a contrast of colour in the 

ture of the soil. But every relative centre are most esteemed." Card. 

research of more modern chemistry is Chron. 

against this conclusion, and it is now Offsets.—" The hyacinth is increased 

tolerably certain, that a chief nutritive by_ offsets; but to multiply the number 

, 

i portion of vegetable manures are their of offsets, cuts are made in the under 

carbon converted into carbonic acid, part of the bulb, which, by proper 

absorbed either in solution with the management and a little care, will be 

earth's moisture, or in gaseous form by found filled with offsets next year." 

the roots. Apotheme is only one of Card. Chron. 

the products formed during the progress Soil.—Mr. Mooy, of Haarlem, from 

of putrefaction, and is in its turn a whose communication to the Garden- 

source of carbonic acid. Carbonic acid er''s Chronicle this treatise on the cul- 

has been long since shown to be beneture of the hyacinth is principally taken, 

ficial if applTed to a plant's roots. It says —" They require a fresh, well 

| 

abounds in the sap of all vegetables drained sandy soil, free from lumps or 

though this be drawn from their very stones, and not mixed with any vegelowest 

parts, whereas apotheme is in- table matter." Gard. Chron. 

| 

jurious to them if they are grown in a Mr. Home, an equally good authori- 

i 

ty, adds, that " the hyacinth must never 

, 

1 

solution of it, and minutest analyzers 

have failed to detect it even within the be planted again in the same soil but 

; 

extreme vessels of roots. — Prin. 0/ the ground should be allowed to rest 

for at least two or three years, or 

should be cultivated with greens during 

that time ; it should also be well mixed 

again, before planting, with some old 

cow-dung, especially if the soil is light 

or sandy, as hyacinths are very fond of 

that manure." Gard. Chron. 

Moisture.—This being the most destructive 

agent against which the amateur 

has to guard, great care should be 

taken to protect hyacinths from it, by 

selecting the most elevated spot in his 

garden. If this is surrounded by a 

shallow trench, a little distance oft, it 

will be useful, and the bed should also 

be raised seven or eight inches above 

the ground level. 

Planting and Culture.— " The roots 

are planted in October, the soil being 

prepared by having pure cow-dung 

mixed with it one year previously to 

Gard. 

HUNGARIAN LOTUS. Nymphcza 

thermalis. 

HUNNEMANNIA fumariafoUa. 

Half hardy herbaceous. Division. Common 

soil. 

HURDLES of iron are the most eligible 

modes of fencing, whether for 

permanency or temporary purposes. 

They are invisible at a short distance, 

elegant and durable. 

HUTCH INSIA. Seven species. 

Hardy herbaceous alpines. Cuttings. 


HYACINTHUS. Hyacinth. Five 

species and as many varieties. Hardy 

bulbs. Offsets. Sandy loam. The species 

most commonly known is H. orientalis, 

the varieties of which are so 

conspicuous in our borders and water 

vases. 

Characteristics of Excellence. — "A 

well grown hyacinth should be of a 

compact pyramidal form, with a strong, 

tall, and upright stem, supporting nu- 

j the 

i The 

! the 

— 

— 

— ; 

time of planting. We use a barrowful 

of dung per ten yards square. 

ground being measured into beds, 

soil is taken out of the first to the 

depth of five inches, and the bulbs are 

merous large bells, each attached by a planted firmly on it, so that the under 

' 

strong foot-stalk in a horizontal position part is well surrounded with the mould. 

to the stem 

after which they are covered over with 

"The bells should be perfectly dou- the earth taken out of the next bed to 

ble, composed of broad, thick, waxy the same depth, which is then ready to 

petals, with the centre of the flower be planted, and this is pursued until the 

raised, rendering the form convex. whole of the beds arc completed.

— 

— ; 

H Y A 315 

" As soon as severe weather com- entering 

mences, all the beds are covered over Chron. 

about eight inches deep with reeds, so 

as to prevent the frost penetrating them 

and 

HYA 

purifying it." 

— 

Card. 

Growing in Pots.—The latest and 

best directions we have on this point 

As soon as the frost is gone, the reeds are the following :— "Give them enough 

are taken off, and the beds are coated space to grow in, without starving their 

| 

with a" mixture .-•-- of - cow-dung -- a and water, — roots. The easiest way to do this is to 

; -"-J .">-v-. ^.^^ .,„ 

J ^« ....... ..> ..v, 

to prevent the light sandy soil being have pots made of a deeper shape than 

blown away by the wind. those in common use. 

" The flowers having opened, and 

being in perfection, are all cut off, to 

give greater strength to the bulbs 

Taking up and Stoi'ing.— " In July, 

the bulbs are taken up, and the leaves 

being pulled off, they are laid down 

regularly, each bulb on the side, so as 

to prevent the roots growing again 

after this they are covered over with 

dry soil, one inch above the bulbs, and 

remain in this state for about a fortnight, 

to separate the roots and loose 

skins easily from the bulbs. Great 

care must be taken during this time 

that no injury be done to the bulbs by 

the sun ; attention should therefore be 

paid to keep them well covered over. 

When taken from this situation, the 

bulbs are exposed for a few hours to 

the sun, and kept continually moving 

with a large brush, to prevent their 

being scorched ; by which means they 

get that glossy appearance always observed 

in imported bulbs." — Gard. 

Chron. 

•' After this management the bulbs 

" By this simple arrangement the 

roots have sufficient nourishment, while 

the pots take up no more space on the 

stand than at present. An inch or two 

of very rotten cow-dung may be put at 

the bottom of the pots to promote the 

richness of colours and perfume of the 

flowers. Three or four bulbs may be 

planted in the same pot ; but the latter 

should be sufficiently large, and of the 

requisite depth ; twice the diameter of 

the top is a good proportion. 

Fig 92. 

' 

\ 

require a few weeks' drying in the 

warehouse ; for which purpose they " Lastly, after the bloom is over, put 

are laid out on platforms, raised a foot those which are fine varieties, and worth 

and a half above each other, which preserving, in some warm and light 

enables us to look them over occasion- place; the top shelf of a hot-house, 

ally, though this is done principally 

that they may have a good circulation 

of air between them. The windows 

green-house, or vinery, close to the 

glass, is the most preferable. There 

they will require no more care nor 

are opened every day on both sides of watering ; and after the leaves wither, 

the warehouse—for the more air and they may be sorted, and lie by until 

wind we arc able to give, the better 

that they may be dried and be ready to 

the planting season returns. 

" If these points are attended to hya- 

be packed." Gard. Chron. 

Frost. — "Frost," says Mr. Home, 

" is detrimental only when it comes in 

cinths will sufler but little from forcing, 

and will flower again the next year." 

Gard. Chron. 

contact with the bulbs ; tlierefore they 

should be -,_ protected ,,. in ... proportion ,— to its 

Another equally good authority says 

—" Grow three bulbs in each pot— up- 

,,„...„.. ..„ ..„ ^ _ - - j 

intensity. Those 

great value may 

who have bulbs of 

lay thin planks of 

^ , 

right pots, at least six inches clear in- 

side. After planting, put them in a 

wood over the surface when the frost is 

very intense ; but care must be taken not 

frame properly drained at the bottom, 

and slightly protected at the sides, and 

to cover them too deep, especially with plunge them in rotten tan, covering the 

the leaves of trees, because these co- over them at least four inches. In 

verings retain 

tan 

the vapour which arises very hard weather, a mat to be thrown 

over them, otherwise no covering at 

from the soil, and hinder the air from | 

—

— 

— 

H Y A 316 H YB 

or 

is i 

flowers i 

coal-ashes. i 

> will 

1 be 

all ; in this state they remain until the | 

flower-stem heaves up the tan. Every 

pot, as this occurs, to be taken to the 

green-house, and put at the back of the 

stage, and shaded by a mat until the 

stem and leaves become greenish, when 

leaf mould, as a rustiness or canker 

produced on the young leaves and 

if they come in contact with 

In eight or ten weeks they 

i 

generally be found in a fit state to 

removed to the green-house or cold 

gradually brought to more light and air.! pit; from thence the most forward are 

In this state examine each spike of taken to a house in which the temperaflowers, 

and cut out any decaying bios- ture is kept from 60° to 65°, and placed 

I about 

If I 

! their 

'• cient 

som. 

"Water freely, and give as much air 

as possible during the day ; never omit 

to turn the pot daily, so as to insure 

— — 

eighteen inches from the glass. 

any show indication of expanding 

; 

1 

i 

l 

flowers before the stem is of suffi- 

length above the bulb, a piece of 

that regular pyramidal shape which is brown paper of the desired length of 

so essential to the beauty and symmetry the stem, is wrapped around the pot, 

of the spikes of flowers when in bios- and then placed in a cucumber frame, 

som." Card. Chron. 

In Water-Glasses.—In the 

with the ten)perature from 70° to 75°. 

last week In the latter end of December, or early 

of August, or the first week of Septem- in January, they rise six or eight inches 

her, hyacinths, after being kept for a in about ten days; if later in the season, 

i 

few days in slightly damped sand, they advance quicker. When, fully 

i 

I should be placed in their water-glasses. expanded, the plants are taken to a 

At first the water should only just touch house where the temperature is 60°, 

j 

the base of the bulbs, and the glasses and finally to the green-house. The 

i 

should be kept in a dark closet until practice is adopted when hya- 

j 

| 

I 

! 

I 

I 

same 

the roots have attained the length of an cinths are grown in glasses, first placing 

inch. Two drops of spirit of hartshorn them in a dark room to encourage the 

may be added to the water in each glass, protrusion of roots, with a change of 

when the bulbs are first put in, and water once a week, until they are re- 

whenever the water is changed. Darkmoved into the frame, or forcing-house, 

coloured glass is always to be preferred, when a fresh supply must be given every 

as the absence of light is natural to all day." Gard. Chron. 

roots. By keeping the glasses in a dark "Hyacinths," says Dr. Lindley, "after 

closet until the roots are full an inch having been forced, are three years be- 

long, the hyacinths will not get topfore they recover themselves. After 

heavy, but the roots being in advance they have done flowering both in pots 

of the leaves, will preserve the plant and glasses, they should be planted out 

balanced erect. The bloom will also n the open ground in a bed properly 

be finer, as the roots will be in a state prepared, taking care not to injure the 

to nourish the leaves before these are 

prematurely advanced. Dr. Lindley 

recommends a piece of charcoal to be 

put into each glass, to feed the plant, 

leaves but removing the flower stalk. 

When the leaves have died away, the 

roots may be taken up and laid by in 

some dry place till November, when 

and prevent putridity in the water. they should be again planted in a bed 

Gard. Almanac. 

in the open ground; this should be re- 

Forcina:.—Mr. Shearer directs that peated the following year ; and the year 

"In the beginning of October a few after that, they may be again forced, 

bulbs be placed in pots and glasses ; the I and will produce as good flowers as 

single sorts are best for early forcing, they did the first year they were im- 

which, if required, could be flowered 

at Christmas; others are planted at the 

ported." Gard. Chron. 

Diseases.—The hyacinth bulbs are 

end of October, and another lot about very liable to ulceration, occasioned 

the middle of November. The pots usually by being treated with too much 

used are upright thirty-twos, about 

seven inches deep and four inches wide; 

water. 

HYBRIDIZING, or CROSS-BREEDthe 

soil half road sand and half leaf ING, though not quite identical, have 

mould, with good drainage, and the with the gardener similar objects, viz., 

bulb is placed on coal ashes, in any either improving the beauty of his 

open part of the garden, and covered to flowers, or the flavour and prolificacy 

the depth of eight inches with old tan of his fruits and culinary products.

— 

H YB 317 H YB 

Hvbridizing, strictly speaking', is obtaining 

a protreny between two different 

species ; and cross-breeding is obtaining 

a progeny between varieties of the 

same species. The progeny of hybrids 

cannot produce seed ; but cross-breeds 

are fertile. My own observations, and 

those of others, justify the following 

statements, as affording some guide to 

the raiser of varieties: 

1. The seed-vessel is not altered in 

appearance by impregnation from another 

plant ; therefore, no hasty conclusion 

of failure is justified by that 

want of change. 

2. The colour of the future seed, not 

of that first hybridized, seems to be 

most influenced by the male plant, if 

its seeds and flowers are darker than 

those of the female. Mr. Knight found, 

that when the pollen of a colouredblossomed 

pea was introduced into a 

white one, the whole of the future seeds 

were coloured. But when the pollen of 

a white blossom was introduced to the 

stigma of a coloured blossom, the whole 

of the future s«eds wore not white. Capt. 

Thurtell, from his experiments on the 

pelargonium, also informs mc, that he 

has always found the colour and spot of 

the petals to be more influenced by the 

male than by the female parent. Indeed, 

all experience proves that the 

progeny usually, though not invariably, 

most resembles in colour the male 

parent. 

3. Large stature and robustness are 

transmitted to the offspring by either 

parent. It does not absolutely matter 

for obtaining this characteristic, whether 

it be the male or female which is large; 

but Mr. Knight generally found the 

most robust female parent produced the 

tinest ofl'spring. 

4. Capt. Thurtell, from lengthened 

observation and experiment, has ascertained 

that the form of the petals 

follows most closely that of the female 

parent. 

5. Mr. Knight says that the largest 

seed from the finest fruit that has ripened 

earliest and most perfectly, should 

always be selected. In stone-fruit if 

two kernels are in one stone, these give 

birth to inferior plants. 

6. The most successful mode of obtaining 

good and very distinct varieties, 

is to employ the pollen from a male in a 

flower grown on another plant than that 

bearing the female parent. To avoid 

previous and undesired impregnation, 

the anthers in the female parent, if they 

are produced in the same flower with 

the pistils, must be removed by a sharppointed 

pair of scissors, and the flower 

inclosed in a gauze bag, to exclude insects, 

until the desired pollen is ripe. 

Another ettectual mode of avoiding undesired 

impregnation, is bringing the 

female parent into flower a little earlier 

than its congeners, and removing the 

anthers as above described : the stigma 

will remain a long time vigorous if unimpregnated. 

7. Although the fertility of all the 

seed in one seed vessel may be secured 

by applying pollen only to one style, 

even where there are several, yet the 

quantity of pollen is by no means a 

matter of indiff'erence. Koelreuter 

found, that from fifty to sixty globules 

of pollen were required to complete the 

impregnation of one flower of llybiscua 

Syriacus; but in Mirabilis jalapa, and 

M. longiflora, two or three globules 

were enough ; and in the case of pelargoniums, 

Capt. Thurtell says two or 

three globules are certainly sufficient. 

8. M. Haquin, a distinguished horticulturist 

at Liege, has impregnated 

flowers of the Azalea with pollen kept 

six weeks ; and Camellias with pollen 

kept sixty-five days. He gathers the 

stamens just previously to the anthera 

opening, wraps them in writing-paper, 

places them in a warm room for a day, 

collects the pollen they emit, and preserves 

it in sheet lead in a cool dry 

place. M. Godefroy suggests, that two 

concave glasses, like those employed 

for vaccine virus, would be better. The 

globules of the pollen must not be 

crushed. M. llafjuin thinks the pollen 

of one year will be efl'ective if preserved 

until the year following. Mr. Jackson, 

of Cross Lanes Nursery, near Bedale, 

says, he has found the pollen of the 

Rhododendron Smithii tigrinum retain 

its fertilizing power even for twelve 

months. 

9. It is easy to discern whether impregnation 

has been eftected, as in such 

case the stigmas soon wither. The stigmas 

which have not received the pollen 

remain lor a long time green and vigorous. 

" By the aid of the Stanhope 

lens," observes Capt. Thurtell, in a let- 

ter now before me, " I fancy I can discover 

the seed of the pelargonium being

— 

H YD 318 H YD 

closed over in the space of four hours it with water every evening, after they 

j 

i 

after impregnation. have got fairly into leaf. Towards au- 

10. When double flowers are desired, tumn withhold watering; altogether. Get 

if a double flower should chance to have their wood ripe. For winter, stuff" straw 

a fertile anther or two, these should be between their branches, wrap them well 

employed for fertilization, as their ofi"- in it, and mat them up." Card. Chron. 

spring are almost sure to be very double.! Hydrangeas are best preserved 

11. Many analyses of the pollen of through the winter out of doors, by 

various plants have been made by che- taking off" their leaves in autumn, and 

mists, without throwing any light upon putting over each one of the Shelters 

hybridizing. M. Grotthus found the made of straw, as described under that 

components of twenty-six grains of the j 

title 

pollen of the tulip were 

HYDRASTIS canadensis. Hardy 

'. 

Vegetable albumen . . . 20.25 tuber. Tubers. Loam and peat, in a 

Malates of lime and magnesia 3.50 moist place. 

Malic acid 

1.00 HYDRAULIC RAM. This is a use- 

Malate of ammonia, colouring) - ful machine, the principle of which is 

1.25 

matter, nitrate of potash but partially understood and valued. 

J 

12. Superfcetation has been doubted ; To bring the hydraulic ram into operabut 

as it occurs in the dog, we see no tion, it is necessary that there should be 

' 

reason for disbelieving its possibility in a head or body of water, as a pond, supplants. 

Capt. Thurtell thinks it may be plied by a running stream, from which 

' 

done by the bee introducing mingled a fall can be obtained. The ram is an 

pollens at the same instant. Then why hydraulic machine composed of a body 

i 

not if a similar mixture is inserted by 1 at the end of which is a valve called a 

the camel's-hair pencil of the culti- pulse-valve, which is closed by the mo- 

i 

' vator? mentum of a running stream of water. 

13. Plants nearly related, that is, On the top of the body is an air-vessel, 

j 

closely similar in the structure of their in the neck of which is another valve 

various parts, are those only which will which admits the water into the air- 

| 

immediately impregnate each other , ; vessel upon the closing of the pulsebut 

it is impossible, at present, to say : valve. The water meeting with an obwhat 

families of plants may or may not struction in the closing of the pulse- 

j 

be brought into fertile union through valve, immediately makes its way 

[ 

intermediate crosses. A very short through the valve into the air-vessel, 

j 

time ago, the azalea and rhododendron 1 The air in the air-vessel becoming 

were thought incapable of such union compressed, the valve leading into it 

; j 

but this opinion is now exploded, forecloses, and thus liberates the pulserhododendron 

ponticum has been fertil- I valve. The same action takes place 

ized with the pollen of azalea sinensis, , again with the pulse-valve, and also 

and the progeny between that evergreen with the valve that leads to the air-ves- 

, 

and this deciduous shrub, is the pre- ; sel this continuous action takes place; 

viously unknown phenomenon, a yellow and at each time a portion of water is 

, 

rhododendron. Though such unions ' forced into the air-vessel. When the 

may be effected, I entirely agree with air in the vessel is compressed so as to 

' Mr. Knight in anticipating that the pro- overcome the resistance in the pipe 

geny will be mules, incapable of i pro- leading to the cistern, which it is in 

ducing off"spring. 

tended to supply, the water flows over, 

HYDRAiNGEA. Six species. Hardy and continues to do so, as long as the 

deciduous shrubs. Ripe Cuttings. Com- ram remains in action 

j 

irion soil. The species most common There is also a small valve in the 

in our gardens is H. hortensis. To ob neck of the air-vessel, introduced by 

tain of this very large flowers on a very Mongolfier's son, to supply the vessel 

small stem, strike cuttings ; do not let with fresh air. Persons acquainted with 

them branch: grow them in rich soil, hydraulics are aware that a column of 

and bloom them the following season. water is equal to its base ; that is to say, 

To get large bushes of hydrangeas pipe resting on a base four inches 

square is equal to sixteen times, though 

' 

in the open air, plant them in good rich 

soil; form a basin of clay all round them, I 

six inches deep, and in dry weather fill , 

— 

it rested on an inch square. This is 

the principle of the ram, as the falling

H YD 319 H YG 

column, forcing up the pulse-valve, 

Practice shows that a ten-feet 

shuts it. 

fall vi'ill raise a column of water one 

hundred and fitly feet high, at the rate 

of five quarts per minute, or one part 

raised to eleven wasted, where the ram 

is only supplied by a two-inch pipe. I 

may further add, that theory teaches 

that a ten-feet fall will raise water three 

hundred feet high— of course, in a very 

small quantity. Mr. II. P. M'Birkinbrine, 

of Philadelphia, has been very 

successful in the construction of this 

valuable power. 

IIYUROCHAPJS morsmran(r. Hardy 

aquatic. Seed and runners. Stillwater. 

HYDROLEA. Two species. One 

stove evergreen shrub, and the other 

stove herbaceous. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

HYDROPELTIS purpurea. Halfhardy 

aquatic. Offsets. Still water. 

HYGROMETER is an instrument 

deserving of employment in the stove, 

green house, and conservatory nearly 

as much as the thermometer ; for the 

correct degree of dampness of the air is 

of very great importance in the cultivation 

of plants, and scarcely less than 

that of the temperature in which they 

vegetate. 

The perspiration from the leaves of 

plants increases with the air's dryness, 

and decreases w-ith its moistness. If it 

be excessive, not only are their juices 

too much reduced, but the very texture 

of the leaves is destroyed. If, on the 

other hand, tlie perspiration is prevented, 

the juices are too watery, and the 

secretions and assimilations arc devoid 

of consistency, rendering the plants too 

succulent and weak. 

" It is impossible for any one to know 

what degree of moisture he really maintains 

in a forcing-house without an in- 

strument by which to measure it : 

that 

instrument is the hygrometer, which 

might as well be called the 'watergauge,' 

which is what the first word 

really means. Of the many contrivances 

to effect this end, the best for all 

practical purposes, is Daniell's Hygrometer, 

of which the annexed cut (Fig. 

93) exhibits the general appearance. 

It measures the moisture in the air 

quickly and precisely, and is not subject 

to get out of order. 

" If moisture is brought into contact 

with a substance sufficiently cold, a part 

of the moisture is condensed, and is so 

converted from a state of invisible vapour 

into water. 

" Thus, in a cold day, the glass roof 

of a green-house may be seen streaming 

with water, which runs down and forma 

'drip;' and in this often unsuspected 

manner air is rendered dry, notwithstanding 

the operations of syringing, 

steaming, &c. Daniell's Hygrometer is 

constructed with reference to this circumstance. 

The figure represents two 

hollow glass balls containing ether, and 

communicating by the glass tube which 

rests on the support. The ball which 

forms the termination of the longer 

leg is of black glass, in order that the 

formation of dew on its surface may be 

the more perceptible. It includes the 

bulb of a delicate thermometer dipping 

in the ether, its scale being inclosed in 

the tube above the ball ; and whatever 

change takes place in the temperature 

of the ether is indicated by this thermometer. 

The other ball is covered with 

muslin. In making an observation it is 

first necessary to note down the temperature 

of the air ; next turn the instrument, 

so that when the muslin-covered 

ball is held in the hand, the ether may 

escape into the blackened ball ; and it 

should also be held till the included 

thermometer rises a few degrees above 

the temperature of the air, when it 

should be replaced on the support. 

Then drop, or gently pour, a little ether 

on the muslin. The evaporation of this 

extremely volatile substance produces 

cold ; and attention must be instantly 

directed to the black glass ball and included 

thermometer. The latter will 

be seen falling rapidly ; and at length 

a ring of dew will appear at the line 

which runs across the black ball — 

quickly, if the air is very moist, slowly, 

if the air is dry. If the air is very dry, 

no moisture will be thus deposited till 

the thermometer falls to, perhaps, 10", 

20^, or 303 below the temperature of 

the air. But at vv'hatever temperature 

the dew forms, that temperature should 

be noted as the dew-point; and the difference 

between it and the temperature 

of the air, at the time, is the degree of 

dryness according to the indications of 

this hygrometer. Thus, in a moderately 

dry day, let it be supposed that the 

temperature of the air is 6')^ in the 

shade, and that the muslin requires to 

be kept moist, before dew is formed, 

till the blackened ball containing the

HY G 320 H YG 

ether has its temperature reduced to is expected to nppear; because the dew 

50°, as indicated by the included thermometer, 

there are then said to be lo^ 

of dryness. 

" Again, supposing the temperature 

is So^ , and the dew-point found, as be- 

is most easily seen where the line divides 

the bright and black reflections on 

the bulb; and inasmuch as the change 

may not be noticed the very instant that 

it occurs, it is well to make a second 

I 

fore, to be 70°, the degree of dryness observation of the temperature at which 

is still expressed by 15^ ; 

tity of moisture diffused 

but the quanin 

the air is, 

the dew clears off, and then take the 

mean of two. If they are both taken 

notwithstanding, somewhat greater in equally late, the errors will balance 

the latter case than in the former. 

" If 1000° represent complete satu- 

each other ; because in one case the 

mercury is falling, and in the other 

ration, the quantity of moisture, when 

the temperature is 65° and the dew- 

rising." Gai'd. Chron. 

Mr. J. W. Harris, writing on the same 

point 50^, will be 609°; but when the subject, says : 

temperature is S5° and the dew-point " As I have for the last three months, 

70°, the moisture will be represented used an instrument for the purpose of 

by 623; these numbers being ascer- regulating the moisture of the air in my 

tained by tables prepared for the pur orchidaceous house which has perfectly 

pose The difference, however, in such answered my purpose, I am induced to 

offer it to your notice. It consists of an 

Fig. 93. 

old-fashioned instrument commonly sold 

, 

I 

— 

— 

in the opticians' shops as Leslie's Differential 

Thermometer. It is arranged 

so that, when not in use, the fluid stands 

I 

I at zero in the stem ; over the bulb of 

the opposite stem I place a piece of 

muslin, which has been well soaked in 

a strong solution of common salt in water. 

The muslin having been cut into 

a circular shape, is laid on the bulb 

whilst wet; and the moisture will make 

it adhere sufficiently. A shelf, or bracket, 

with sides, top, and back, is made 

for it to stand in, to seclude it from the 

sunshine—which is of course essential 

—and also to prevent the damp wall 

from having effect upon the muslin, so 

that it may draw all its moisture from 

the atmosphere alone. It will be found 

a case is so small it is not worth taking convenient to have a thermometer hung 

into account in a horticultural point of on the same stand, as in all hygrometric 

view. But as these numbers can only observations the state of the thermomebe 

ascertained by calculation it is more ter must be attended to. The rationale 

convenient to reckon by the degree of of its action is simple. If the absorpdryness, 

bearing in mind that the dry- tion of moisture exceeds the evaporation 

ness of the air is indicated by the differ- from the muslin, heat will be generated, 

ence between the temperature of the which will expand the air in that bulb, 

air and of the dew-point. Thus, if the and drive the fluid up the opposite stem, 

ring of dew is formed as soon as ether indicating the degree by its rise. On 

IS applied, and only 1° difference is the contrary, if the evaporation exceeds 

observable, the air is nearly saturated; the absorption, cold will be produced, 

if the difference is o^ to 10°, the dry- causing the fluid to fall. The general 

ness is very moderate ; while 15° to 20° range of the scales made is from zero 

ofdifference indicate excessive dryness, to 40^. I believe, in my stove, under 

and beyond this the air is parching."— the general treatment of orchidaceous 

Gard. Chron. plants, temperature ranging from 78" 

"The instrument," says Mr. Ross, to 95^, the hygrometer has ranged from 

"should be held so as to obtain a por- 15=" to 30^. Of course, if the instrution 

of bright reflection where the dew ment were found to require it, it would 

|

— 

— 

tings in a light soil. 

21 

H YG 321 ICE 

be lengthened in the stem, so 

range to any degree required ; 

as to 

but I 

HYSSOP. Hyssopus officinalis. 

Varieties.—There are three varieties, 

do not anticipate that a greater range 

would be required for the coldest pit 

or green-house. As I have found it very 

useful in my own stove, I hope it may 

the white, red, and blue; the lust of 

which is most commonly cultivated. 

Soil and Situation.—A dry soil is the 

one most appropriate for it. If on a 

be of service to your readers; and as it rich or wet one, it is generally destroy- 

is self-acting, so I trust it will be found ed by the frost, as well as rendered less 

' on trial, simple, economical, and effectual.'" 

Gard. Chron. 

HYGROPHILA ringens. Stove 

aromatic. 

Time and Mode of Propagation.—It 

is propagated by seed, and slips of the 

evergreen trailer. Cuttings. Kich light 

soil. 

HYLESINUS PINIPERDA. A species 

of beetle which preys upon the pith 

of young shoots of sickly or recently 

branches, and young shoots, as well as 

by offsets. The seed may be sown 

from the close of February until the 

end of May. Rooted offsets may be 

planted in March, April, August and 

felled Scotch and spruce firs. It is not 

very injurious in this country. 

HYLOTONIA rosce. A saw-fly which 

September; cuttings of the branches in 

April and May; and slips of young 

shoots in June or July. The seed may 

injures rose-trees seriously by punctur- be inserted in drills, six inches apart, 

ing in rows their young shoots, and de- not deeper than half an inch. It is the 

positing in the holes its eggs. The usual practice, when the seedlings have 

best remedy is spreading a cloth be- attained the growth of six weeks, to 

neath the trees in the evening, and 

killing the insects shaken down upon 

prick them out twelve inches apart 

but it is by much the best practice to 

it. Gard. Chron. 

HYMENÂ. Locust-tree. Three 

raise them where they are to remain. 

The slips and off'sets are best planted 

species. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. 


HYMENANTHERA df-nJafa. Green- 

at first in a shady or north border: 

they are generally firmly rooted in two 

months. In September or October they 

house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat are all fit for removal to their final sta- 

and loam. 

HYMENOPHYLLUM. Two species. 

Hardy ferns. Seed and division. 


HYOSCYAMUS. Henbane. Four 

species. Two half-hardy evergreen 

tions. After every removal they must 

be watered plentifully and regularly 

until established. The only subsequent 

cultivation requisite is the keeping them 

free of weeds by frequent hoeings. 

In spring and autumn likewise all 

shrubs ; one hardy annual ; and the decayed branches and flower-stalks 

fourth biennial. Cuttings or seed. 

Common soil. 

HYPECOUM. Three species. Hardy 

annuals. Seed. Common soil. 

HYPERICUM. Seventy-three spe- 

must be removed ; those used as 

edgings trimmed close, and the earth 

gently stirred around them. 

I B E R I S . Candy-Tuft. Twentythree 

species. A few hardy evergreen 

cies. Hardy, half-hardy, and greenhouse. 

Mr. Paxton says the two latter 

shrubs ; but chiefly hardy annuals, biennials, 

and perennials. Seed. Common 

thrive in loam and peat, propagated by 

young cuttings ; the hardy shrubs and 

light loam. 

ICE-HOUSE. Any vacant out-house 

herbaceous grow from seed or division which can be thoroughly drained will 

in any soil; and the annuals may be be an efficient ice-house. Moisture is 

sown in spring in the open ground. 

HYPHtENE coriacea. Stove-palm. 

a much more rapid solvent of ice than 

mere heat. If in an out-house, with 


HYPOCALYPTUS abcordatus. 

drains leading from its floor, a layer of 

faggots three feet deep be placed, and 

Green-house evergreen shrub. Young round the sides of the house a lining of 

cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

HYPOESTES. Five species. Stove 

stubble or straw nearly as thick, and 

then the ice be rammed in hard, and 

plants of various character ; chiefly covered over with a similar coat of 

evergreen shrubs. These, and the stubble, the ice may be preserved there 

herbaceous species, propagate by cut- for twelve months. 

•' The accompanying drawing and de- 

;

IC E 322 ICE 

scription of an approved ice-house and 

dairy united, lias been contributed by 

John C. Boyd, Esq., of Danville, Pa. 

Mr. B. says, " For various purposes it 

is far superior to the best constructed 

spring-house; permitting to the largest 

eitent all the luxuries of sweet cream 

Fig. 94. 

"A represents the ice-house, proper. 

B dairy-room. C the steps thereto. 

J) window in dairy-room. £ entrance 

into the ice-house. 

" The whole length, 24 feet: width 

]5 feet; pit sunk, 5 feet in ground; 

stone wall carried 2h feet above ground ; 

making depth of stone work 7i feet. 

On stone work, a frame of 8 feet to the 

square is placed. Weather-boarded 

on the outside in usual manner. Over 

milk house, on top of wall is placed, 

joist ] 8 inches from centre to centre, 

on which a tight floor is laid, which 

forms a convenient room for keeping 

various things connected with the dairy. 

" The partition between the icehouse 

and milk-house is formed by 

setting up studding from the sill in the 

bottom of the ice-house to the square 

under the roof, and weather-boarded 

with inch boards halved together, well 

nailed, so as to prevent any charcoal 

dust, or dust of the bark from dropping 

down into the milk trough. 

" The inside frame is made 12 inches 

less all round than the inside of main 

building. That is to say, a space of 

12 inches, (and it would be better if it 

and milk, the preservation of fresh 

meat, pies, fruit, &c., for a length of 

time. Mine has been in use two years, 

and during that period, we have not 

had any milk to sour, which cannot be 

said by those dependent on springhouses." 

were 15,) must be left between the two 

frames—to be filled in with charcoal 

or tanner's bark, well dried, and well 

rammed when filled. 

The inside frame may be very simply 

and cheaply made, by taking four pieces 

of scantling, say 4 by 6, and halving 

them together—and planking, or double 

boarding up or down on the inside 

—three of those frames—one oh the 

floor—one midway, and the other at 

top, are sufficient. 

" The floor, which is the most particular 

part, should be made by placing 

in the bottom good oak sills, with a 

descent from the back part of an apartment 

to milk-house of 15 inches. The 

sills well bedded in clay, tan bark or 

charcoal. Mine is bedded in common 

yellow clay, well pounded in. 

" The floor should be well laid, either 

of plank, jointed, or boards double, and 

small grooves run along to carry ice 

water down to the milk trough. This 

floor should be the size of the ice room 

before inside frame is erected. On that 

part of the floor which passes under the 

partition between the ice and milkhouses, 

small strips of a quarter of an

— 

— 

ICE 323 IMP 

inch thick should be laid, and a board 

fitted down tight to keep the filiing-in 

from stopping up the water as it leaves 

the ice. On top of square, joists with 

floor on, is laid and covered about 2 

feet thick with tan-bark. A ventilator 

should be made through the upper floor 

and roof about 2 feet square. 

" The closet or recess formed on 

each side of the small doors, leading 

into the ice, may have hooks to hang 

meats, or shelves, on which anything 

may be set. This closet, or cold room, 

is 3 feet 3 inches, by 3 feet 6 inches 

5 feet high, two doors in centre, each 

18 inches wide, made of a single board, 

and made to fit closely. 

The ice may be put in on either side 

just under the upper joists; an opening 

18 inches by 2 feet is sufficiently large, 

with two doors, or shutters—and the 

space between, when the ice is in, 

should be well stuffed with straw. No 

straw to be used in filling ice-liouse 

except on top, when a good supply will 

be of service. 

" The milk-house should be well 

white-washed. The room above milkhouse 

should be lined on inside of 

shedding, and the space between filled 

with tan-bark or charcoal. The covering 

may be a shed-roof, or any other 

form best suited to the convenience of 

the location. The door of my ice-house 

is within a few steps of my back kitchen 

door. An arbour of grape vines adds 

much to the comfort and coolness of 

the establishment. 

*' In filling the ice-house, much pains 

should be taken to pack the ice closely. 

The ice is taken out by entering from 

the milk-house through the small doors, 

and any child who can use a hatchet can 

procure ice for the use of the house. 

" The ice-water, if the troughs are 

made tight, (and they ought to be perfectly 

so,) will keep them full, or nearly 

so, and during south winds may overflow 

a little. The milk-room is too 

cold to do the work in, therefore there 

is no water but the ice water to get 

ILEX. Holly. Fifteen spccice. 

Chiefly hardy evergreen trees ; but 1. 

pai-aguensis and 7. salicifoUa require 

the shelter of a stove; and /. august if o- 

lia, 1. chinensis, and /. perado, that of a 

green-house. Cuttings, budding, grafting, 

and seed. Deep light loam. î:e Holly. 

ILLICIUM. Three species. Halfhardy 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings and 

layers. Light loam. 

"IMPATIENS. Balsam. Nine species. 

Hardy, half-hardy, and stove annuals. 

/. naians is a stove aquatic 

seed, rich loam, in water. 7. scapiflora 

is a stove bulb ; offsets ; light rich loam. 

Half-hardy annuals sow in a hotbed, and 

hardy in borders. {Paxton's Bot. Die.) 

See Balsam. 

IMPREGNATION. " No seed ever 

attains the power of germinating, unless 

the pollen from the stamens in the 

same, or some nearly allied flower, has 

reached and impregnated its pistils. 

" In favourable seasons, when genial 

warmth and gentle winds prevail, impregnation 

is readily effected by the 

plant's own provision. The pollen is 

never shed from the anther of the stamen, 

until the stigmaof the pistil is fully 

developed, and this soon withers after 

the contact. 

" Their all-provident Creator has invariably 

arranged efficient assistance. 

The agents usually called in are insects 

these, in their search after honey and 

wax, visit the inmost recesses of flowers, 

and bear from the anthers to the stigma, 

and from ilower to flower, the fecundating 

dust. Here, too, I may remark 

upon another instance of that Providence 

which makes all things fitting 

and appropriate; for those who have 

made the bee their study, relate that 

though this insect does not confine itself 

to one species of flower, yet it re- 

clear of, whicli will disappear without 

stricts its visits during each ramble to 

that kind which it first visits. How 

this facilitates impregnation is obvious, 

when it is remembered that no flower 

can be fecundated but with poUea from 

a kindred species. 

" This efficient agency of insects sug- 

giving any trouble." Rural Register. gested, that in hothouses, from whence 

For an interesting article on this subject. 

See Downing's " Horticulturist." 

ICE-PLANT. Mesembryanthemum 

they are almost totally excluded, other 

artificial means might be adopted with 

success to render flowers fertile that 

cryslalUniim. 

ICHNOCARPUS frutescens. Stove 

had hitherto failed in producing seed. 

Thus the gardener always finds the ad- 

evergreen twiner. Cuttings. Peat and vantage of using the camel hair pencil 

loam. 

to apply pollen to the stigmas of his 

; ;

— — 

IN A 324 ING 

j 

| 

! 

• 

j 

| 

, 

I 

, 

j 

j 

j 

forced melons, cucumbers, cherries, in length, and in the same manner pare 

and peaches." Principles of Gardening. 

See Hybridizing. 

INARCHING, or Grafting by approach, 

differs from grafting only in 

the stock in the proper place for the 

junction of the graft, then make a slit 

upward in the branch so as to form a 

sort of tongue, and make a slit down- 

having the scion still attached to its ward in the stock to admit it; let tlie 

parent stem whilst the process of union parts be then joined, slipping the tongue 

with the stock is proceeding. It is the of the graft into the slit of the stock, 

most certain mode of multiplying an making the whole join in an exact manindividual 

that roofs or grafts with dif- ner, and tie them closely together with 

ficulty, but is attended with the incon- bass, and afterwards cover the whole 

\enience that both the stock and the with a due quantity of clay, or wax. 

parent of the scion must be neighbours. After this let a stout stake be fixed for 

The most ingenious application of in- the support of each graft, and so fistarching 

is one suggested by Mr. Knight. ened as to prevent its being disjoined 

If a fruit-bearing branch becomes de- from the stock by the wind, 

ruded of its leaves above the fruit it has The operation being performed in 

produced, this either falls or remains spring, let the grafts remain in that 

stunted and deficient in flavour, owing position about four months, when they 

to being thus deprived of a supply of, will be united, and they may then be 

the elaborated sap or proper juice. In separated from the mother-tree; in 

such case a branch having leaves of the doing this be careful to perform it with 

a steady hand, so as not to loosen or 

1 

, 

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i 

same or of a neighbouring tree, was inarched 

to the denuded portion of the 

branch the fruit of which he was anxious 

to taste. It produced that season only 

two peaches, and from the branch bearing 

which all the leaves had fallen : but 

after the inarching the fruit proceeded 

out the graft, sloping it off down- 

break 

wards close to the stock; and if the head 

of the stock was not cut down at the 

time of grafting, it must now be done 

close to the graft, and all the old clay 

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arid bandage cleared away and reto 

maturity. Principles of Gardening, placed with new, to remain a few weeks 

To propagate any tree or shrub by longer, 

this method of grafting, if of the hardy Observe, however, that if the grafts 

kind, and growing in the open ground, are not firmly united with the stock, let 

a proper quantity of young plants for them remain another year till autumn, 

stocks must be set round it, and when before you separate the grafts from the 

grown of a proper height, the work of parent tree. Abercrombie. 

j 

, 

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i 

inarching performed ; or if the branches " Instead of approach-grafting in the 

of the tree you design to graft from is usual manner, it is sometimes convetoo 

high 

planted 

for the stock, stocks must be nient to detach shoots of the kinds to 

in pots, and a slight stage be propagated from the plants on which 

! 

1 

] 

erected around the tree of due height they grew, and inarch them upon the 

to reach the branches, and the pots single plant, leaving a piece at the botcontaining 

stage 

the stock placed upon the tom of each shoot sufficiently long to 

thrust into a phial, which must be kept 

As to the method of performing the 

work, it is sometimes performed with 

the head of the stock cut off, and sometimes 

with the head left on till the graft 

is united with the stock, though by previously 

beheading it the work is much 

easier performed, and having no top, its 

whole effort will be directed to the 

nourishment of the graft. Having the 

stocks properly placed, make the most 

constantly supplied with water." 

Card. Mag. 

INDIAN BAY. Lnurus indica. 

INDIAN BLUE. Nymphcea cyanea. 

INDIAN CRESS. Tropaolum. See 

Nasturtium. 

INDIAN FIG. Opuntia. 

INDIAN LOTUS. Nymphcea lotus. 

INDIAN SHOT. Canna indica. 

INDIGOFERA. Indigo. Forty-four 

convenient branches approach the stock, species. Chiefly green-house and stove 

and mark in the body of the branches shrubs. Young cuttings. Sandy loam 

the parts where they will most easily and peat. 

join to the stock, and in those parts of INGA. Twenty-eight species. Stove 

each branch, pare away the bark and evergreen trees and shrubs Cuttings. 

j 


part of the wood two or three inches | 

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INO 325 IRR 

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: 

INOCULATION. See Budding. [flower well the following season, and 

INOCULATING GRASS. See Turf. therefore should not be replanted more 

I P O M ^ A . Sixty-four species. than once in five or six years. When 

the bulbs are taken up they should be 

Chiefly green-house and stove twiners. ' 

1. caudicans ; I. lacunosa ; I. pandu-\ placed in dry sand for about a month, 

rata; I. sagittifolia ; I. sibrica ; I. sin- \ and afterwards planted in the manner 

uata ; and /. trichocarpa, are hardy. 

Cuttings. Rich loam and peat. Annuals 

and biennials bv seed in a gentle 

hotbed, as directed for the following : 

before mentioned. Seeds of Irises 

should be sown in drills in Scptomlier, 

in light sandy soil ; they will come up 

the following spring, but the young 

bulbs should remain for two or three 

years before they are removed. 

" The best way to treat the Persian 

Iris, is to place the roots, in October, 

" The best time for sowing Ipomaa 

quamoclit, and rubra carulea for planting 

in the open air, is the end of February. 

They will both succeed under 

1 

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similar treatment, viz., to sow them in in pots filled with a mixture of either 

a gentle hot-bed, to pot them oft" sepa- sandy loam well drained and leaf mould, 

rately, and encourage their growth or sandy peat and well rotted dung, and 

until the end of May, when they may set them in some dry pit for the winter, 

be planted out in light rich soil in a and give but little water until the spring, 

sheltered situation." Gard. Chron. Or and when they begin to show their 

blooms, plant them in the open bed. If 

sow the seed in May or June in a warm ; 

situation, having previously soaked it i this is carefully done they will he gay 

for forty-eight hours in soft water. during April and the beginning of May, 

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IPOMOPSIS elegans. " Hardy bien- but they must be 

nial. Seed. Peat and loam, in a cold spring frost when 

protected from the 

in bloom, or they 

frame during July ; leave three in a pot, will not last long in flower. Persian 

and place in green-house for winter ; Irises are tender, and will not survive 

water moderately; shift in spring into the winter in the open border, unless 

forty-eights well drained; leave only the situation is dry, for they sutler more 

two plants in a pot; water very mode- from the effects of damp than cold 

rately." Paxlon's Bot. Diet 

They may also be grown like hyacinths 

IRKSINE. Four species. Half-hardy in glasses filled with water, in the 

herbaceous. Seeds, in a gentle hotbed. windows of silting rooms, and are de- 

Rich loam and peat. 

IRIS. Eighty-nine species. Chiefly 

sirable for such a situation, as two or 

three plants will scent a room. They 

hardy bulbs. /. clandestina ; I. crassi- also succeed in pure sand if the roots 

folia ; and /. deflexa, require the shelter 

of a greenhouse. The soil cannot well 

are strong. 

" The roots must be taken up in the 

be too sandy for them. Seed or divi- open beds every season, and either potsion 

of the roots. 

ted or preserved in sand during the 

Dr. Lindley gives the following directions 

for cultivating the English and 

Spanish species: 

winter, but if not potted before the 

spring they become exhausted, and do 

not flower well, whereas if planted in 

"About August prepare a bed two the open bed in autumn, they are almost 

feet deep, the soil of which must be 

composed of eciual parts of rich loam, 

sandy peat, and either well rotted dung 

or leaf mould, all well incorporated to- 

sure to perish." Gard. Chron. 

IRISH HEATH. MemiesiapolifoUa. 

IRON-WORT. Sideritis. 

IRRIGATION, as employed by the 

gether. The beginning of September, farmer, is chiefly beneficial in proportion 

plant the bulbs about three inches deep, to the amount of saline and decompos- 

placing a little fine sand around each, ing matter contained in solution by the 

and afterwards cover and level the surace; 

nothing else will be required ex- 

water employed. But this is not the 

exclusive cause of benefit, for much of 

cept stirring the surface of the soil in this arises from the increased and per- 

the spring. The Irises will bloom about manent supply of moisture to the roots 

the middle of June, and the seeds will of the plants. These can only derive 

ripen in the beginning of August; when, food from the soil in a gaseous or liquid 

j 

if it is required, the bulbs should be form; and the decomposing matters in 

soil decompose, and constantly are 

into gaseous and soluble mat- 

a 

converted 

taken up; but it must be observed that | 

when they are removed they seldom i 

—

ISE 326 JAN 

ters,wifh a rapidity proportioned to the 

abundance of water supplied to them. 

Experience shows tliat there ia in the 

kitchen garden scarcely a crop that is 

not benefited by a much more abundant 

supply of water than can be obtained 

usually ; and I can bear testimony to the 

correctness of Mr. Knight's conclusion, 

not limiting, however, my approval of 

such abundant watering to late crops 

of peas, but to all, as well as beans, 

spinach, and the entire cabbage tribe. 

Kidney beans and potatoes are not benefited 

by such an abundance of water. 

" The quantity of water," says Mr. 

Knight, " which may be given with 

advantage to plants of almost every 

kind, during warm and bright weather, 

is, I believe, very much greater than 

any gardener who has not seen the 

result will be inclined to suppose possible; 

and it is greater than I myself 

could have believed upon any other 

evidence than that of actual experience. 

"My garden, in common with many 

others, is supplied with water by springs, 

which rise in a more elevated situation ; 

and this circumstance afforded me the 

means of making a small pond, from 

which I can cause the water to flow out 

— — 

house bulbs ; 

— — 

bat most of them, in light 

soil and south border, protected slightly 

in winter, will grow in the open air. 

Those grown in pots should be kept in 

a dry place until the beginning of November. 

The soil best adapted for 

them is a sandy peat mixed with a little 

loam. After repotting in that month, 

they may be kept in a cool airy situation, 

and as soon as they begin to grow, 

they may be watered freely, and placed 

in the green-house. Gard. Chron., HfC. 

IXODIA achilleoides. Green-house 


sand. 


IXORA. Fourteen species. Stove 



JABOROSA. Two species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Cuttings. Light rich 

loam. 

JACARANDA. Seven species. Stove 

evergreen trees. 

and loam. 

Cuttings. Sandy peat 

JACKSONIA. Four species. Greenhouse 



JACOBiEA LILY. 

mosissima. 

Amaryllis for- 

JACQUINIA. Six species. Stove 

over every part of every other kind evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sand and 

through every part of the summer ; and 

I cause a stream to flow down the rows 

of celery, and along the rows of brocoli 

and other plants, which are planted out 

peat. 

JALAP. Mirdbilis jalapa. 

JAMAICA EBONY." Brya ehenus. 

JAMAICA REDWOOD. Gordonia 

in summer, with very great advantage. 

But the most extensive and beneficial 

use which I make of the power to irrigate 

my garden by the means above 

mentioned, is in supplying my late crops 

of peas abundantly with water, by which 

hamatoxylon. 

JAMAICA ROSE. Meriania. 

JAMBOSA. Seven species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Ripe cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

JANUARY is a month requiring little 

the ill effects of mildew are almost 

wholly prevented, and my table is most 

abundantly supplied with very excellent 

more from the gardener in the out-door 

department than attention to neatness, 

but it usually requires more than ordi- 

peas through the month of October." nary care to his hot-house and forcing 

ISERTIA coccinea. Stove evergreen department. The following directions 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

ISMENE. Five species. Stove bulbs. 

contain the principal routine work of the 

month 

Offsets. Turfy loam and peat. 

ISOPLEXIS. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Seed and cuttings. 

Light rich loam. 

iSOPOGON. Fifteen species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. 

Turfy sandy loam. 

ISOPYRUM. Two species. Hardy. 

One annual, the other lierbaceous. Seed. 

Light loam. 

IVY. Hedera. 

IXIA. Twenty-four species. Green- 

: 


Artichokes, attend to, shelter, &c. 

Asparagus, plant in hot-bed ; attend to 

the forcing; temp, about 66°, and at 

night 50°. Beans, plant in hot-beds. 

Brocoli, protect from frost. Cardoons, 

attend to, shelter, &c. Cavlijioivers, in 

frames, and those pricked out, attend 

to. Composts, prepare and turn over. 

Cucumbers , sow and prick out; temp, by 

day 80°, and at night 65°.—Dung, for 

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JAN 327 JAN 

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hot-beds, prepare ; wheel on to vacant Annuah, sow in pots and put in hot- 

ground. Earth, for hot-beds, prepare. 

—Frost, protect plants from. Ground, 

trench vacant. Hot-beds, make and atliouse, 

&c., b. Auriculas, protect from 

cold,&c.; give earth and compost to. 

— Carnations, protect from cold, &c.tend 

to. Kale (Sea), begin forcing, b. Cuttings of hardy deciduous shrubs 

Kidney Beans, sow in hot-bed, e. Letlay be prepared, e. Edgings, make. 

tuces in frames, attend ; transplant to 

force.—Af(?/o;is,sow,for fruiting in May; 

day temp. 75'^, night 60°.—Mint, force, 

Slate painted green, and Gentiiiella 

planted within, is handsome and durable. 

Gravel, roll in dry weather. 

in hot-bed. Mushroom Beds, make, and Hedges, of Privet, &c., plash. Hya- 

attend to those 

horse droppings 

producing procure 

; 

for. — Mustard and 

cinths, protect from cold, &c. 

of hardy shrubs may still be 

Layers 

pegged 

Cress, sow in hot-bed. Onions, ex- down. Manure, apply generally. 

amine stored. Parsley, protect from Mulch, put round roots of lately plant- 

frost. Peas, plant in hot-bed ; and preed trees. Potted Plants, secure well 

pare sticks. Potatoes, plant in slight from frost. Prune, and regulate flowhot-bed. 

Radishes, sow in hot-bed.— ering shrubs. Ranunculuses, plant, if 

Rape {i'oT salading), sow in hot-bed.— [before omitted; protect from cold, &c. 

/yiu6a/"6, begin forcing, b.—Ta«si/, plant Rose Trees, scrub with brine, to dein 

hot-bed.— Tar^-a^-on, plant in hot-bed stroy scab, insects, &c. Salt, sow over 

and do any work which will lessen that 

of the following busier months.— Wood- 

grass, to drive away worms, &c. Seedlings, 

in borders, protect with mats. 

lice, destroy in the mushroom-house. Trench vacant ground. Tulips, protect 

ORCHARD. 

from cold, &c. ; plant, if omitted, b. 

Apples (Espalier), prune, &c. Apricots, 

prune and train in frosty weather. 

Brine, apply with a scrubbing brush to 

stems and brances of fruit trees, to destroy 

insects, eggs, and moss. Cherries 

(Wall and Espalier), prune and 

train. — Currants, prune. — Espaliers, 

prune and regulate. Figs, protect from 

frost. Fork the surface around fruit 

trees. — Gooseberries, prune. — Mulch, 

put around newly planted trees. Nectarines, 

prune and train in frosty weather. 

Peaches (see Nectarine).— Pears 

(Espalier), prune, &c. Plums (Wall 

and Espalier), prune. Pruning, at' 

tend to generally. Raspberries, prune. 

— Snails, destroy in their torpid state. 

— Stake and support trees newly planted. 

Standards, remove dead and irregular 

branches from. Trench and 

prepare borders, &c., for planting. 

Vines, prune and train.— Wall Trees 

generally, prune and regulate.— Walls 

It is a very beneficial plan to paint these 

by means of a white-washer's brush, 

with a liquid mixture of S lbs. lime, 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air, admit as much as possible. 

Apricots (see Peach.)—Bark Beds, stir, 

and renew, if heat declines. Cherries 

(see Peach).— Cucumbers, in pots, introduce 

; water frequently, and train. 

— Currants, water frequently. Figs 

(see Vines). They should be in pots 

in the Vinery. Flowers in pots (Roses, 

Carnations, &c.,) introduce. Gooseberries, 

water frequently. Head down specimen 

plants, as Justicias, &c. Kidney 

Beans, sow in small spots, not larger 

than twenty-fours; water frequently. 

Light, admit as freely as possible. 

Mats, put over glass in very severe 

weather, even in the day time. Nectarines 

and Peaches in blossom keep at 

about 5:y' during the day, and at night 

about 40o ; water very sparingly ; shake 

branches gently to distribute the pollen ; 

stir earth around often. Pine Apples 

( fruiting), require increased bottom 

heat to about S.t^; vvater about once a 

week ; temperature in house from 60'-' 

to 70^. Salading, in boxes sow. 

4 lbs. soot, and S lbs. sulphur. It de- Stove, temp, not above 60"^ in the day, 

stroys and banishes insects, as well as and at night 40^. Strawberries, in pots, 

by its dark colour promoting the warmtl introduce; when blossoming, water fre- 

of the wall. The liquid employed, in quently ; day temp, not more than 55°. 

which to mix the above, should be urine — Thermometer, watch its dictates. 

Vines, in leaf, keep about GO" ; in blossom 

about 70'^ and soapsuds in equal proportions. 

rl.OWER GARDE^f. 

during day, at night 50"^; 

protect stems outside by haybands; 

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Anemones, protect from cold, &c.— give liquid manure.— PFosA the leaves

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J AS 328 JUL 

of all plants, as requisite, either with a I being drawn up about the stems. At 

sponge or by watering.— J^nfer, soft the close of July or early in August, cut 

| 

i and warm as the house, apply as requi- the stems off about their middle, to adsite; 

in pots, &c., keep constantly in mit more freely the air and light, and 

| 

the house. 

in other respects to be beneficial to the 

tubers. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

They may be taken up as wanted 

Air, admit at every favourable time, during September; and in October, or 

when the temperature outside is above as soon as the stems have withered, 

32°. Earth in the pots and borders, i entirely, for preservation in sand tor 

stir frequently. Fires to exclude frost ! winter's use. They should be raised 

for the small- 

and damp should be lighted as required ; 

day temp. 50°, night temp. 40°.—fogs, 

especially exclude. Leaves, wash, 

when foiil ; (decayed), remove as they 

as completely as possible ; 

est piece of tuber will vegetate and appear 

in the spring. It is for this reason 

that they are often allotted some remote 

corner of the garden ; but their culinary 

merits certainly demand a more favourable 

treatment. 

JERUSALEM SAGE. Fhlomis fructicosa. 

JET D'EAU. See Fountain. 

[ 

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. 

appear. Succulent Plants now scarcely 

require any water. Water sparingly, 

and in mild weather, and about noon. 

Windows, keep closed both in foggy 

and frosty weather; cover with mats 

or shutters in rigorous seasons, even 

in the day time. 

JASIONE. Two species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Seed. Division and cuttings. 

Peat. 

JASMINUM. Jasmine. Thirty-two 

species. Stove, green-house, and hardy 

climbers, twiners, and shrubs. Ripe 

cuttings. The stove and green-house 

species require sandy loam and peat, 

but the hardy species any common soil. 

JEFFERSONIA diphylla. Hardy 

herbaceous. Seed and division. Com- 

JOHNIA. Two species. Stove evergreens 

; one a climber, the other shrubby. 

Ripe cuttings. Loam and peat. 

JOLLIFFIA africana. Stove evergreen 

twiner. Cuttings of flowering 

shoots. Sandy loam and peat. 

JONESIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreens; one climbing, the other a 

tree. Cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

JONQUILLE. See Narcissus. 

JOSSINIA orbiculata. Stove evergreen 


mon soil. 

peat. 

JERSEY THISTLE. Centaurea is- JOVE'S FRUIT. Laurvs diospyros. 

nardi. 

JUDAS TREE. Cercis. 

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. He- JUGLANS. Walnut tree. Five spelianthus 

tuherosus. 

cies, besides varieties. Hardy decidu- 

Soil and situation.—It flourishes most ous trees. Seed and grafts. Rich loam. 

in a rich light soil with an open expo- See Walnut. 

sure. Trees are particularly inimical JULUS. Snake millipede. 

to its growth. 

J. terrestris.— Has about two hundred 

Time and Mode of Planting. As it legs. Lead colour. Scaly, like wood- 

never ripens its seed here, though it louse. Eats the roots of the pansy. 

blossoms sometimes in October, the J. pulchellus.—Ochreous colour, with 

only mode of propagation is by plant- crimson spots down its sides. Legs, 

ing the middle-sized bulbs, or cuttings about 170. Attacks roots of beans, 

of the large ones, one or two eyes being cabbages, peas, and scarlet beans, 

preserved in each. These are planted J. complanatus. Lilac colour. Sixty 

towards the end of March, though it legs.— Card. Chron. 

may be performed in February, or even JULY is a busy month, as will appear 

preferably in October. 

from the following directions: 

They are inserted by the dibble in 

rows three feet by two feet apart, and 


four inches deep. They make their Alexanders, earth up.— Artichokes, 

appearance above ground about the attend to. — Asparagus-beds, clean ; 

middle of May. The only attention leave oft' cutting from. Beans, plant, 

necessary is to keep them free from b.; leave some in production for seed. 

weeds, and an occasional hoeing to, Beet {Red), , ,, thin, b.; (Green and White), 

loosen the surface, a little of the earth sosv, h.—Borage, sow, e.—Borecole, 

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JUL 329 JUL 

i plant; prick out.— BrocoZi, prick out ; frequently seedlings transplant; ; old 

Cahhages, p\ant; prick out seed- plants repot, e. Box edgings, clip, b 

; 

plant. 

lings; earth "up atlvancing. Carrots, — Budding R./Ww;,i

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JUL 330 JUN 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Stove plants (hardier) may be moved 

into green-house. — Stake, trim, and 

train as required. — Succulent plants, 

cultivate by cuttings, slips, and suckers. 

— 

— 

— — — 

sow plant. 

; 

attend to.— Wormwood, plant. 

— — 

— 

Watering and Weeding, 

Air, admit freely to all plants detained 

in the house. Bud, oranges, 

lemons, &c. — Camellias, syringe and 

ORCHARD. 

water frequently ; shade in hot days. Ants, destroy; the ammonia water 

Cuttings, slips, &c., water. Dress and from gas-works, or boiling water poured 

give fresh earth as required. Heaths, 

plant, slips. Layers may be made. 

Moving out of house (see June). 

Oranges and Lemons require water dai- 

into their haunts is effectual. Apricots, 

finish summer regulating, b. Blighted 

Trees, clean by the water engine; lime 

dust, &c. — Budding, commence in 

ly; thin fruit if thick; remove blossoms cloudy weather, or during evening, e. 

where fruit is thick enough give earth ; ; 

air, admit freely. Peat plants, examine 

almost daily to see that they do not dry. 

—Propagate by cuttings, slips, &c. 

Fig Trees, prune. Gooseberries, Currants 

(Wall and Espalier), regulate, b.; 

remove blighted shoots; summer prune, 

e. Nectarines, finish summer regulat- 

Seedlings, Y>r\cV. into small pots. Shade ing. Newly planted Trees, stake and 

during hot bright days ; calico frames 

are best. — Shifting, complete, b. 

fasten; give water in dry weather; liquid 

manure to the weakly ; keep mulch 

round. — Pears (Wall and Espalier), 

properly regulate, b. — Plums (Wall 

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and Espalier), properly regulate, b. 

— Watering and cleaning are now the 

Scarify, trunks of hide-bound trees, 

rather than in winter, but this affection 

chief occupations ; apply water early in will never occur, if they are scrubbed 

the morning by the engine. 

JULY-FLOWER. Prosopis juliflora. 

JUNE is also a busy month. 


Alexanders, earth up. — Artichokes, 

weed, &c. Asparagus-beds clean, &c. 

— Basil, plant. Beans, plant, hoe, &c., 

advancing crops. Beefs, thin, &c. 

in January with brine. Snails, Slugs, 

search for, morning and evening. — 

Strawberries, water in dry weather. 

Thinning fruit on walls, complete, b. 

— Vines before omitted, finish, regulating, 

b. ; and those done in May re-examine. 


Borecole, plant. Brocoli, plant. Cab- Anemones, take up as leaves wither; 

bage, i>]a.nt ; earth up, &c. Capsicum,] dry and store. Annuals (hardy and 

plant, b.— Cardoo«s, thin and plant out. some tender), plant out to remain, in 

— Carrots, thin, kc.— Celeriac, plant.— showery weather best; some (hardy) 

Celery, plant; earth up advancing.— may be sowed, b.—î/r/cw/as, continue 

Coleworts, sow for; plant. Coriander, shading; plant offsets; prick out seedsow.— 

Cress, sow.— Cwcwm&eT-s, sow, b. lings. — Baskets or clumps, form of 

— Earthing-up, attendto.—Endive, sow, green -hous plants. — Biennials and 

b.; plant.— Fennel, plant. Finochio, Perennials, sow, if omitted, b. Box 

sow; earth up advancing crops.— G«?'- edgings clip; plant. — Bulbous Roots 

lie is fit for present use. Herbs, for (Tulips, Jonquils, &c.), take up as 

drying and distilling, gather. Jerusalem leaves decay; 

Artichokes, hoe, &c.—Kidney Beans, dry and store; 

remove offsets 

may transplant 

from; 

some, 

(dwarfs), sow ; (runners), attend to.— ; 

keep until autumn ; (autumn flower- 

or 

I-eefcs, thin, &c.; transplant, e. Lettuce, ing), as Colchicums, &c., take up as 

sow plant, &c. Mint, plant. 

; Pars- leaves decay, separate offsets, and renips, 

thin. Peas, sow; attend to ad- plant, or not, until end of July. Carvancing 

crops. Potatoes, hoe, &c. — nations, in bloom, attend ; aid the bud- 

Radishes, sow. Rampion, thin. Sage, pod to split with a pair of narrow sharpplant. 

Salsafy, thin. Savoys, plant ; i pointed scissors; water every second 

prick out. Scorzonera, thin. Scurvy day , ; tie to supporters, &c. prick out 

; 

Grass, sow.— Seeds, attend to and gather, seedlings; i make layers pipe. Cycla- 

; — Small Salading, sow. Spinach, sow; mens, transplant. 

, 

Dahlias, finish plantthin 

advancing. Stir Ground between ing out, b. Dress the borders assiducrops, 

in rows, &c. Succory, sow.— ously; , neatness now stamps a gardener's 

Tarraôra, plant. Thinning, attend to. character. Fibrous ; 

rooted Perennials, 

— Tomaôs, plant out. Turnip Cabbage, propagate by cuttings of flower-stalks;

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JUN 331 KEL 

shade ami water. Flowering Plants serted. Dress the plants as they are 

generally require training and support. 

— Gra,ss, mow, roll and trim edges. 

Gravel, weed, sweep, and roll. Guernsey 

Lilies, take up; separate otTsets, 

and replant. Do this every second year. 

— Hedges, clip, e. Leaves and stems 

brought out of the house. Earth, give 

fresh, and liquid manure, as necessary. 

— Flowering shrubs, shade. — Gera- 

7iiums, plant cuttings. Head down and 

prune irregular growing shrubs.^ 

Heaths, plant slips; water frequently. 

decaying, remove as they appear. 

Liquid Manure, apply occasionally to 

Inarching of jasmines, oranges, &c., 

may be performed. Leaves (decayed), 

ail choice flowers. Mignionette, plant remove, and wash the foliage generally, 

out; sow, b. Pink seedlings, prick out; —Layers of shrubs generally make. 

make layers. Pipings (or Cuttings) of Mowings of grass spread over surface of 

Carnations and Pinks may be planted. earth in large pots or tubs—an excel- 

Potted Flowers, dress, stir earth and lent mode of arresting evaporation.— 

water regularly. — Ranunculuses, take Myrtles, propagate by cuttings, e. 

up as leaves wither, dry and store. 

Roses, bud, lay, and inarch; fumigate 

with tobacco to destroy the Aphis, or 

Green Fly. Salvia Patens, pinch down 

centre stem to make it flower bushy. 

Seedlings of Perennials and Biennials, 

transplant. Seeds (ripe), gather in dry 

weather Seed Vessels, remove, to prolong 

flowering.— Water, give freely and 

frequently to all newly moved plants, 

and to others in dry weather; early 

morning best time. 

; 

Oranges and Lemons in bloom, give 

liquid manure : thin blossom when in 

clusters. Rain, if excessive, move tenderest 

plants back into the house; and 

tilt the pots of others. Seedlings, transplant. 

Shift into larger pots, as necessary, 

b. Succule?it plants propagate by 

cuttings ; remove to outside, e.— Water 

frequently, butmoderately ; some plants 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air, admit freely during every mild 

day; but exclude as evening approaches. 

—Bark Beds, occaeionaliy will require 

stirring; water and ventilate freely. 

Grapes, thin; ripening keep dry. 

Heat, keep up as required. Pines are 

now ripening; plant crowns as they 

occur; give liquid manure; syringe; 

shade in very hot days. Propagation, 

continue as requisite, by seed, suckers, 

slips, layers, cuttings, oflsets, &c. (See 

May.) Steam, admit almost daily. 

Strawberries done forcing, allow to dry; 

remove into larger pots with new earth, 

and keep for second forcing. Syringe 

Pines, and other plants, frequently. 

Tobacco fumigations, give occasionally. 

— Vines, push forward by warmth, liquid 

manure, &c. ; mulch round roots 

outside the house; stop laterals. 

Watering attend to duly; it is required 

generally oftener and more liberally 

than in preceding months; apply it in 

the morning early. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air, give with all possible freedom ; 

bring all but the tenderest out of the 

house. 

Camellias, done flowering, re- 

move into higher temperature. — Cuttings 

of various plants may now be in- 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

require it every morning or evening. 

JUNIPERUS. .Tuniper. Nineteen 

species besides varieties. Hardy evergreen 

trees and shrubs. Seed and cuttings. 

Sandy loam. See Coniferce. 

JUPITER'S BEARD, Anthyllis barba-jovis. 

JUSTICIA. Sixty-four species. 

Stove and green-house plants; some 

shrubs, others biennials and annuals, 

and a third group trailers. The biennials 

and annuals require to be sown in 

a hot-house or hotbed; the others are 

increased by cuttings, and all delight 

in light loam and peat. 

KAGENECKIA cratagoides. Halfhardy 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Sandy 


KALANCHOE. Seven species. 



KALP>. See Borecole. 

KAL^^X. Five species and more 

varieties. Hardy evergreen shrubs. 

Seed and layers. Sandy loam and peat. 

KALOSANTHES. Eight species. 

Green-house evergreen succulents. Cuttings 

dried for forty-eight hours ; sandy 


KANGURU VINE. Cissus antarc- 

KAULFUSSIA amelloides. 

Hardy 

annual. Seed. Sandy loam. 

KELP is the ash remaining after seaweed 

is burnt, and has been used with 

great advantage as a manure to pota-

KEN 332 KID 

I toes, brocoli, and other species of bras- cessary to plant successive crops at 

sica. It is composed of carbonate of intervals of two or three weeks, which 

soda, and iodide and bromide of potas- is much preferable to planting but sel- 

' sium, carbon, sulphates of lime and dom, and then a larger quantity. Plan- 

tations made so late as 1st August, generally 

succeed and yield abundantly. 

" When they have risen three or four 

magnesia, and other matters ot triviai 

importance. See Green Manure. 

K E N N E D Y A . Fifteen species. 

Green-house evergreen twiners. Cuttings. 


K E R R I A japonica. Hardy deciduous 

shrub. Young cuttings. Common 

soil. More commonly called Corchorus 

japonicus. 

KIDNEY-BEAN. Phaseolus vulgaris. 

Haricot, Fr. Schminkbohne, Ger. 

Judias, Span. Faguiolo, Ital. 

" Of the Snap-Short Bean, the Haricot 

of the French, the varieties and 

sub-varieties are numerous. Those 

; 

inches, give them a careful hoeing, to 

destroy all weeds, and loosen the earth. 

At this time, or shortly after, draw towards 

the base of the plants, some of 

the loose soil, to the depth of one or 

two inches. This process is termed 

" landing," and is highly beneficial in 

protecting the roots from excessive 

drought, and the direct rays of the 

sun. As the crop approaches maturity, 

nothing more is required than an 

occasional hoeing, observing always 

I 

! 

' 

enumerated in the Catalogue annexed,; to keep the ground free from weeds 

are such as we esteem most worthy In selecting a spot to plant beans, 

they consist of the earliest, the latest, choose where the soil is light and toleand 

those which ripen intermediately. rably dry. If it be poor, apply a good 

The Early Mohawk or Brown Six dressing of well rotted manure, either 

Weeks arrives soonest at perfection, spread over the entire surface, or 

and is the hardiest of the early ones placed in the drills when drawn out." 

; 

the Early Yellow, Red Speckled Val- —Rural Register. 

entine, and China Red Eye, immediate- Forcing.—The hot-bed must be of 

ly succeed. The Red French is about 

the latest : the other varieties ripen 

promiscuously. All the kinds are 

moderate size, and covered with earth 

nine inches thick. When the heat has 

become regular, the seed may be in- 

brought to the Philadelphia market ; serted in drills a foot apart, and the 

j 

I 

j 

I 

j 

some purchasers preferring one, and plants allowed to stand six inches asunothers 

another. The 

Valentine is a variety 

Red 

very 

Speckled der in the rows. Air must be admitted 

generally as freely as to the melon. The same 

admired; it is round podded, without precautions are likewise necessary as to 

strings, an abundant bearer, and re- keeping up the temperature, taking the 

mains tender longer than most others, chill off the water &c.,as for that plant. 

The Brown Valentine or Refugee, is When the seed begins to sprout, the 

mould should be kept regularly moist- 

also an excellent variety, as also the | 

China Red Eye. The pods of the Red ened and when grown up, water may 

I ; 

' French are used as well for pickling as be given moderately, three times a week, 

boiling, and the beans throughout the The temperature should never be less 

| 

I winter in a dry state, as haricots, and than 60°, nor higher than 75". Some 

in soups, for which it is usually pre-; plants of the hot-bed sowing at the end 

' ferred. of March, are often, after being gradu- 

" The usual plan of cultivating this ally hardened, planted in a warm bortribe, 

is in drills double or single, der: this will at most hasten the plants 

placing two seeds together at inter- in production a fortnight before those 

vals of two or three inches : two to 

two and a half feet should be allowed 

between the drills. They are much 

more tender than the Long Pod or 

sown in the open ground in May. 

Those sown under frames in March 

for transplanting into a border, when 

two or three inches in height, must in a 

Windsor, and will not succeed f like manner be hardened gradually for 

planted before the weather has become the exposure, by the plentiful admission 

somewhat settled, and the earth warm ; of air, and the total removal of the 

! 

1 

in the latitude of Philadelphia, not glasses during fine days. If any are 

earlier than April, unless in very 

ground, and protected situations. 

dry raised in pots in the hot-house, they 

To must in a like manner be prepared for 

removal, by setting them outside in 

have a constant supply, it will be ne- 1 the

K ID 333 KID 

• 

i 

: 

1 

i 

i 

to clasp the pole, which is contrary to 

cold water. 

the course of the sun, and opposite to 

If the season is too ungenial after all 

to remove them even to a warm border 

the plants are ofYen inserted in patches, 

to have the protection of frames or 

the habit of most climbers. 

Those who have not the convenience 

of a frame, (or hand-glass which will 

answer the same purpose,) should have 

hand lights at night, or as the weather the hills prepared and poles inserted, 

demands. 

Said to be perennial.—It has 

choosing a mild, dry time, about the 

been close of May, for planting the beans, 

stated, that kidney beans appear of a If wet weather should 'îmmediately 

perennial nature, 'and that they have succeed, and the seed rot, replant as 

been observed to vegetate for several soon as the ground dries. Good crops 

years—the plants being in the vicinity have been produced in the vicinity of 

of a steam-engine, and so situated that Philadelphia, when planted even so late 

the frost could not penetrate to the as first of June. 

roots. After they become well established, 

Beans, Pole.—The Scarlet Runners,! and have clasped the poles, no further 

and While Dutch Beans, are very deli- care is requisite, other than keeping the 

under, and the hills occasionally 

fine days, and there watering them with ' 

cately flavoured, and are used either weeds | 

: 

I 

| 

j 

in the pod, or shelled when further stirred. 

advanced; but in this section of the; The Carolina or Sewee bean, is of a 

country, and perhaps further South, they smaller size than the Lima; much 

bear so sparingly most seasons, as to be hardier, rather earlier, and more proecarcely 

worth cultivating. ductive, but generally considered less 

The Lima is too well known to need rich. In 

description. Two varieties are cuiti- resemble 

other respects they closely 

each other—time and mode 

vated ; the one broad and thin, the of planting may be a little in advance 

other much thicker. We have some- of the Lima—cultivation precisely the 

! times thought. the latter the more tender same. Rural Reg. 

anu delicate when boiled. The Lima Beavs, English. Vicia Faba, of 

i 

i Bean is very tender, not bearing the JAnnceus. Feve de marais, Fr. Bohn, 

slighted frost, and is very subject to rot Ger. Fava, Hal. Habas, Span. 

\ 

when planted early, or during a spell ofi Of the above kind, commonly called 

j rainy or damp cool weather. To guard in this country " Horse Bean," there is 

against which, the best plan is to sprout considerable variety two of them have 

; 

them in a frame, (as recommended for been selected by us for 

| 

cultivation, be- 

thc Long Pod or Windsor,) so situated,; lieving them the best adapted for the 

that the damp and frost can he excluded 

An old hot-bed answers the purpose 

effectually. They need not be planted 

— 

climate, and quite sufficient of the kind. 

They are the Early Long Pod and Broad 

j 

< 

i 

| 

j 

' 

, 

i 

' 

Windsor. Both succeed with the same 

therein, before the middle of spring, nor treatment, but the first named, is 

transplanted till towards its close; a more certain bearer of the two. 

the 

In 

little earlier or later, as the weather England, where they are extensively 

may make expedient ; if planted early, cultivated, they do much better than in 

they will at best remain stationary, and this country, preferring its damp cool 

may, perhaps, do worse. They should atmosphere, to our frequently dry and 

be planted in hills in well cultivated hot one ; to counteract which, it is deground, 

dressed either in the piece or sirable to plant so early in the spring, 

hills, with thoroughly rotted manure as the ground will admit of being 

from the barn-yard. The hills should worked; in the latitude of Philadelphia, 

be raised three or four inches above the (39= 57) the latter part of February, 

average level, and be three feet apart or beginning of March, if possible; 

each way, with a pole six or eight feet they then come into flower before, the 

liigh, well secured in the ground, to weather becomes hot, otherwise the 

each hill. Three plants in a hill are! blossoms drop, and set no fruit. 

Bufhcient. As the vines shoot up, they Plant them in drills, either single or 

should be tied to the poles, till they get double, two inches apart in the drills, 

hold, when they will support them- and cover one to two inches deep. If 

selves. In trying them, observe to do in double drills, with alleys two and a 

half feet wide. If in single rows, two 

it in the direction in which they incline 1

— 

KIR 334 KIT 

< 

i 

, 

\ 

! 

feet alleys answer, unless it be intended of a mansion, or the plan of the grounds, 

[ 

to cultivate them with the horse hoe, as allows him to construct it in the most 

is done by market gardeners. 

Those who are particularly fond 

appropriate spot. 

of A gentle declination towards the 

this bean, can accelerate the crop, by south, with a point to the east, is the 

setting a frame at the close of winter, most favourable aspect ; to the northunder 

the lee of a board fence, or other east the least so : in short, any point to 

protected situation, exposed to the sun, the south is to be preferred to one verg- 

which cover with glass, and in severe ing towards the north. A high wall 

weather with matting or straw, so as should inclose it to the north and east, 

effectually to exclude the frost. Herein gradually lowering to the south and 

plant the beans, one seed to the square west. If, however, a plantation or 

inch, and let them remain, until the 

arrival of milder weather, when they 

should be transplanted to the position 

building on the east side, at some distance, 

shelter it from the piercing 

winds, which blow from that quarter, 

in the garden which it is intended they and yet are at such a distance as not to 

shall occupy. 

care should be 

In transplanting them, 

taken not to injure the 

intercept the rays of the rising sun, it 

is much to be preferred to heightening 

roots, to guard against which, use a the wall. It is a still greater desidera- 

trowel to ease them up, and suffer as tum to have a similar shelter, or that 

much earth as will, to adhere. During 

the time they remain in the frame, the 

sash should be raised when the weather 

is mild, to admit the air, and gradually 

harden them, preparatory to full exposure 

when transplanted, else the sudden 

change of temperature might prove 

of a hill on the south-west and northwest 

points. The garden is best situated 

at a moderate elevation ; the summit of 

a hill, or the bottom of a valley, is equally 

to be avoided. It is a fact not very 

difficult of explanation, that low lying 

ones are the most liable to suffer from 

blights and severe frosts ; those much 

above the level of the sea are obviously 

most exposed to inclement winds. 

Size of the Kitchen Garden.—To determine 

the appropriate size of a kitchen 

garden is impossible. It ought to be 

proportionate to the size of the family, 

their partiality for vegetables, and the 

fatal. In order to make them set fruit 

more certainly, it is the practice to nip 

off the top or leading shoots when they 

are in full flower; this checks the growth, 

and directs the strength of the plant 

towards the blossoms. If a part of the 

flowers are destroyed in this operation, 

there is no loss. 

Whilst the crop is growing and progressing 

towards maturity, keep the 

ground well hoed, and free from weeds. 

When the plants have attained six or 

eight inches in height, draw towards 

their base a portion of loose earth, 

which will encourage them to put forth 

fertility of the soil. 

j 

j 

It may serve as some criterion to 

state, that the management of a kitchen 

garden occupying the space of an acre, 

aflbrds ample employment for a gardener, 

who will also require an assistant 

at the busiest period of the year. In 

fresh fibres, and protectthc roots already general, a family of four persons, ex- 

formed, from the sun's rays. Rural clusive of servants, requires a full rood 

Register. 

KIRGANELIA elegans. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Ripe cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

KITAIBELIA vitifolia. Hardy herbaceous. 



Situation of the Kitchen Garden.—In 

of open kitchen garden. 

Plan of the Kitchen Garden. — In 

forming the ground plan of a kitchen 

garden, utility is the main object. The 

form and aspect represented in the 

accompanying sketch are, perhaps, as 

unobjectionable as any, since none of 

the walls face the north, and conse- 

selecting the site, and in erecting the 

inclosures, as well as in the after prequently 

the best aspects are obtained 

for the trees. A narrow path two feet 

paration of the soil, the ingenuity and wide should extend round, adjoining 

science of the horticulturist are essen- the wall, and then a border about ten 

tially requisite. He will be called upon feet, the widest on those broad sides 

to rectify the defects and to improve the that face the south, which not only is 

advantages which nature affords; for it beneficial to the trees, but convenient 

is very seldom that the natural situation ' 

for raising early crops, &c. Next to

KNI 335 LAB 

I 

this should be 

width, likewise 

a walk five feet 

extendin round the 

KYDIA. Two species. 

green shrubs Cuttings. 

Stove ever- 

Sandy loam 

area. 

and peat 

LABEL. That which combines du- 

Fig. 95. 

rability with facility of reference and 

cheapness, is a small piece of deal, 

planed smooth, painted white, and 

written upon with a lead pencil. 

Respecting the inclosure of the kitchen 

garden, see Hedges and Walls. 

KLEINHOVIA Iwspita. Stove ever- When ; 

green tree. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

KNIFE. Of this the gardener requires 

several kinds. I. Garden Knife, 

with a curved blade, for common rough 

purposes. 2. Pruning Knife, with a 

straight blade, and fine edge. 3. Graft 

required for a seed-bed, a small 

stake is to be driven into the ground, 

and from it the label to be suspended. 

LABICHEA. Two species. Greenhouse 

shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

i 

I 

' 

LABLAVIA. Six species, besides 

ing knife, also straight-bladed, but with varieties. Stove and green-house twina 

thinner and narrower blade. 4. Bud- ers. Four annuals, the rest deciduous. 

ding Knife, is like the grafting knife,' Annuals sow in pots in stove, seedlings 

but should have a double-edged sharp plant out at end of May. Deciduous by 

point, like an oyster- knife, and the cuttings. Common soil. 

handle of ivory, is wedge-shaped, for LABURNUM. Cytisus Laburnum. 

raising the bark from the wood. There Varieties. — Common Broad-leafed 

is a variety of superior excellence, call- Laburnum ; Narrow-leafed long-spiked 

ed Curtis's Budding Knife. 5. Aspara Laburnum ; Short-spiked Laburnum ; 

gus Knife, has cither a strong straight Variegated-leafed Laburnum, and Midblade, 

with a sharp chisel-shaped point, die-sized Laburnum (C. L. intermeor 

a slightly curved blade, with a saw- j dium). The first two of which varieties 

' edge on the inner side of the curve. are tolerably permanent from seed, but 

KNIGHTIA excejsa. Green - house the other two must be continued by 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Loam, peat, cuttings. 

and sand. Propagation.— By Seed.—The seed 

KNOXIA. Four species. Stove ever- grows freely in the open ground, and 

! 

green shrubs, except JiT. teiv's, which is should be sown in March, in four-feet 

annual. The former are increased by beds, drilling it in half an inch deep; 


they will come up in six or seven weeks. 

KOLREUTERIA paniculata. Hardy Keep them weeded during summer; 

deciduous tree. Layers and root-cut- and in spring following the seedlings in 

tings. Sheltered common soil. 

general, if they stand very close, may 

KONIGA maritima, var. variegata. be transplanted into the nursery in rows. 

Green-house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. two feet distance, allowing them more 

Common soil. 

room as they advance in growth; and 

KRAMERLV pauciflora. Stove ever- here they may remain two, three, or 

green shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam four years, till large enough for the 

and peat. 

KRIGIA. Two species. 

nuals. Seed. Sandy loam 

Hardy an- 

shrubbery. 

By Cuttings.— October or November 

is the best time for planting them. 

young shoots eight, ten, or 

KUHNIA. Four species. Two hardy, I 

and two green-house herbaceous. 

sion. Sandy loam and peat. 

Choose 

Divi- twelve inches long plant them in rows, 

| ; 

I a foot apart, and five or six inches in

— 

LAB 336 LAM 

the lines; and they will be rooted in 

one year. 

All the culture these plants require 

in the nursery, is to keep them clear 

L^TIA thamnia. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich loam and peat. 

LAGASCA mollis. Stove annual. 


LAGENARIA vulgaris. See Gourd. 

LAGERSTRCEMIA. Four species. 

from weeds, and to hoe frequently the 

ground between the rows. Abercrombie. 

Stove evergreen shrubs, and one varie- 

LABYRINTH is an arrangement of ty, L. 2/idifa rosea, for the green-house. 

I 

walks, inclosed by hedges or shrubbe 

ries, so intricate as to be very difficult 

to escape from. From the twelfth century 

to the end of the seventeenth, they 

were a very favourite portion of English 

pleasure grounds, but they are now 

more judiciously banished. 

LACHENALIA. Thirty-five species. 

Green-house bulbs, except L. glauca, 

which is hardy. Seed and offsets. 

Sandy peat. 

LACHNANTHES tinctoria. Greenhouse 

herbaceous. Seed and division. 

Sandy peat. 

LACKEY MOTH. See Clisiocampa. 

LACTUCA. Lettuce. Seven species, 

and many varieties. Hardy annuals. 

Seed. Common rich soil. See Lettuce. 

LADY'S FERN. Aspidium thelypterum. 

LADY'S MANTLE. Alchemilla. 

LADY'S SLIPPER. Cypripedium. 

LADY'S SMOCK. Cardamine. 

LADY'S TRESSES. Neottia spiralis 

and spiranthes. 

L^LIA. Sixteen species. Stove 

epiphytes. Oifsets. Peat and potsherds. 

Mr. Beaton gives the following 

directions for the treatment of L. superbiens, 

and they are applicable to the 

rest of the genus : 

— — 

" In April, place it in the warmest 

end of the green-house, and there let it 

remain till all its shoots are three parts 

grown, about the end of June; then 

place it in the stove, and let it have as 

much air as possible, watch its buds 

narrowly, and leave it in the stove till 

they are in a forward plump state, then 

remove it to a cooler place, and allow 

it to go gently to rest as the season declines. 

If all has gone on well with it, 

the flower spikes will make their appearance 

as soon as it is at complete 

rest in November: at this time the same 

heat given to the camellia suits it best, 

so that it may safely be taken to the 

drawing room for the winter, and having 

previously finished its growth, little 

or no water need be given it while in 

the drawing room." Gard. Chron. 


For the culture of L. indica, Mr. R. 

Reid gives the following directions: 

— 

" It should be kept all winter in the 

green-house, or even the back sheds 

will do perfectly well, and no water 

should be given to it. About the middle 

or latter end of April, it will begin to 

grow, when the young shoots may be 

thinned out, and the remainder shortened 

a little; the plant should then be 

placed in the stove or vinery, where 

there is a brisk heat. It will grow vigorously 

till June, and will then appear 

as if it had done growing for the season, 

but in a few weeks, when the young 

shoots are well ripened, it will make a 

second push at the extremity of every 

young shoot. These are the flowering 

shoots; and by the month of August it 

will be loaded with its beautiful tresses 

of purple flowers " 

— 

Gard. Chron. On 

light well drained soils and sheltered 

locations in Pennsylvania, the Lagerstrffimia 

supports the winter—further 

south it is seen in great luxuriance, fifteen 

or twenty feet in height. 

LAGETTA lintearia. Stove evergreen 


peat. 

LAGONYCHIUM stephanianum 

Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seed, cut- 

tings, and layers. Common soil. 

LAHAYA'. Ten species. L. alsinifolia 

and L. minuartoides are hardy ; L. 

diffusa, a green-house, annual trailer ; 

the others green-house and stove evergreen 

shrubs, except L. polycanpoides, 

which is herbaceous. These are increased 

by cuttings. Sandy peat. 

LALAGE ornaâ. Green-house evergreen 

shrub. Young cuttings. Sand, 

loam, and peat. 

L A M B E R T I A. Eight species. 



LAMB'S LETTUCE, or CORN SA- 

LAD, {Valerianella olitoria,) is grown 

for winter and spring salads. The first 

dish formerly brought to table, was a 

red herring set in a corn salad. 

Soil and Situation.—It will flourish in 

.

L AM 337 LAN 

any soil that is not particularly heavy ; 

the best is a sandy moderately fertile 

loam, in an open situation. 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—Seed 

may he sown in February and the two 

following months, and once a month 

during the summer, if in request; but 

it is not so palatable during this season. 

Lastly, during August and early in September, 

the plants from which will be 

fit for use in early spring, or during the 

winter, if mild. Three sowings are in 

general quite sufficient for a family, 

viz., one at the end of February, a 

second early in August, and a third 

early in September. 

The seed sown in drills, six inches 

apart. The only cultivation required 

is the keeping the plants free from 

weeds by frequent hocings, they being 

previously thinned to four inches asunder. 

They should always be eaten quite 

young. In summer, the whole plant 

may be cut, as they soon advance to 

seed at this season ; but in spring and 

winter the outer leaves only should be 

gathered, as directed for spinach. 

To obtain Seed.—Some of the springraised 

plants must be left ungathered 

from. They flower in June, and perfect 

their seed during the two following 

months. 

L.^MIUM orvala. Hardy herbaceous. 

Seed and division. Common soil. Some 

varieties of L. longifolium and L. rugosuin 

are also cultivated in gardens. 

LAMPWICK. Phlomis lychnitis. 

LAND-DITCHING. See Draining. 

LANDRA. Rapkanus landra. 

LANDRETH, David, was a native 

of England, the son of a farmer of Berwick 

upon Tweed. Early in life his 

attention was attracted by plants and 

flowers, and yielding to his fondness for 

them, and impulses which they only 

who love nature can fully appreciate, he 

determined to a

LAN 338 LAN 

, 

considered 

scrupulous 

dreth in the contemplation of his floral 

family. A beautiful plant, a noble 

an extensive business. A tree, or a landscape decorated by the 

regard to wliat was due to hands of nature or of man, were to him 

others secured respect and moderate objects of the purest pleasure. After 

competency. an active and well-spent life, and with 

To the brothers Landreth, Philadel-'an enviable reputation, he died on the 

phia is, in a degree, indebted for the 

early development of horticultural taste, 

and in the ficilities which they aiforded 

22d August, 1836, aged 84. 

LANDSCAPF: GARDENING, as if3_ 

name intimates, is the composition of 

| 

I 

and their united efforts enabled them 

successfully to conduct what was then 

for its gratification the whole Union has beautiful scenery, so that all artifice is 

participated. Their productions, orna- concealed by the blending of trees, 

mental and useful, have been distributed shrubs, ground, and water: thus form- 

far and wide. Specimens of fruits and 

flowers from their grounds exist in almost 

every town and hamlet in the 

country. The earliest collection of Camellias 

in America was made by them, 

and their importations of valuable plants 

ing vistas gratifying as those which 

occur naturally. Admiration for such 

scenery is an innate quality of the human 

mind ; and successfully to imitate 

such scenery requires judgment as well 

as taste. It is not possible, without an 

i 

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j 

! 

I 

and fruits were extensive. Their col- enormous outlay, to introduce any spelection 

of indigenous plants, obtained cies of landscape beauty upon a given 

through the agency and friendship of plot of ground. There is the beauty 

traveling collectors, and local corre- of the level surface, quite unattainable 

bpondents, was, perhaps, the largest of upon a surface which is abrupt and broils 

day, if we except the magnificent ken. The beauty of the clay districts 

one of the Bartram Botanic Garden. is not to he secured upon those of the 

How vast have been the enlargement chalk; neither on light uplands can be 

of horticultural taste, and the means of; arranged' the dense beauties of wellgratifying 

it since Mr. Landreth first watered alluvions. " Consult the genius 

embarked in his floral enterprise! Then of the place" is an axiom which has 

a green-house, or, as it was popularly been derided, but which is dictated by 

termed, a "glass-house," was an ob- the soundest sense, 

ject of amazement, and a simple rose, A writer upon the general principles 

j 

exhibited in a window budding and of landscape gardening has some very 

blooming " out of season," attracted a jjudicious remarks, from which the folwondering 

crowd. Now a residence in lowing are extracts 

town or country is scarcely considered Although due light and shade are 

perfect which does not embrace at least necessary to bring out striking effects, 

a room prepared for the preservation of colour must be attended to. Light and 

plants ; and the thousands who throng shade, we all know, when the sun 

the exhibitions of our Horticultural So- shines, vary every moment; and ther^ciety 

evince the extent of interest on fore it becomes a study so to assort 

the subject. 

objects, within range of the principal 

The temperate and regular habits of 

Mr. Landreth promoted health, and 

point of view, as to bring out various 

good effects. Not only must we regard 

protracted life beyond the ordinary 

term. In manners he was plain and 

unobtrusive; his temperament ardent, 

actively sympathizing with the alHicted, 

or warming with indignation at oppres 

sion. His fondness for plants increased 

the diurnal motion of the sun, but his 

position in the ecliptic; so that when 

he is at various elevations and positions, 

light may make the lights and 

hadows spread out where they may 

make the strongest impression on the 

with age, and, though their culture eye. 

was the source of his support, he loved " This is a point not much attended 

them for themselves alone. " Trade to, but one of^ the greatest value, and 

was, with him, an adjunct to the grat well deserving the closest study by the 

fication of a refined enjoyment. Never landscape-gardener. Frequently the addid 

painter look upon his canvas, in glo- mission, at a particular spot, of a mere 

nous enthusiasm for his art, with an eye streak of light eidivens a whole scene, 

more abstracted from the lucre which and excites the highest admiration. Sun- 

shine through trees, when the orb itself 

his pencil brought, than did David Lau- |

LAN 339 LAN 

an indication of want of invention. The 

country is covered with new residences 

18 concealed, and the rays are pene- i 

trating, a thin shower falling among | 

them, produces at times delightful ef- the Elizabethan style and ; there is 

[ 

' 

I 

in 

fects. a sameness that is rather tiresome, and 

" The variety of green tints is very far from being so picturesque as the 

great, and their disposition of import- castellated, with all its modern inconance. 

Green is a mixture of blue and 

yellow, and the predominance of either 

must be studied. A different suit of 

colours appears in the autumn, the yel 

low prevailing, but mixed with red instead 

of blue, which seems to disappear 

ruities. 

"Dwelling-houses should be arranged 

for comfort, and, where means are at 

command, also tor elegance and grandeur, 

both internally and externally. 

" The ruins of ancient buildings pro- 

from the tints of autumn. Some trees 

change colour early, as the horse-chestnut; 

others late, as the beech and oak. 

duce a most pleasing effect, and they 

ought to be preserved ; but it would be 

preposterous in our day to build that 

Advantage should be taken of this, and 

trees hi^ôaiiaii^cu arranged accordingly. av.^vîuiiitiiy. Evergreens 

i:>>dtiittjii3 

which is felt to be impressive only 

when ....^.. in ... a— state of — ruin. This — is -- a— sub- 

should generally be so disposed as to ject not altogether separated from land 

form a mass when other trees are naked ; 

but, in some situations, single pines and 

firs, if room be given to them, produce 

a fine effect. 

" When a house is to be built where 

trees already abound, difficulties will 

occur in choosing a site. It is danger 

ous to cut down trees before the build 

ing has been erected ; and yet effects \ 

may not be brought out, so as to assist , 

in the choice, without thinning. It is 

al.so difficult to conduct roads where 

trees stand thickly ; in such a case the 

scape gardening 

" When a professor finds buildings in 

his way, it is his business either to hide 

them or to exhibit them to the best advantage."— 

Card. Chron. 

Under this general head it would be 

misplaced to enter more fully into details 

; for these will be found, under 

their appropriate titles, in other pages, 

and chiefly borrowed from Mr. Whate- 

ley, who has published more correct 

views upon the art of tastefully arrang- 

ing grounds than any man who has ever 

written upon the subject. 

' 

I 

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' 

landscape-gardenershould proceed with 

great caution, removing first such trees A taste for landscape-gardening, like 

as are not in themselves worthy of a that for the higher order of painting, 

place sculpture and other fine arts, is the 

"The disposition of water, where slow product of wealth and easy leisure, 

,.',. . -.1 1 ;_ ,l;.,.:„„t C. ~ 1„„„ „(" = 

sheets of it are to be interspersed with and is distinct from a love of flowers 

trees and shrubs, has a fine effect in evinced alike by the young and the 

certain situations when managed with aged, the intellectual and the illiterate. 

judgment. But we cannot teacfi judg- In the United States, as might be exment 

any more than taste, both being pected in a new country, the mass are 

gifts of nature. 

too busily engaged in the every day 

" Of all tilings connected with land- cares of life to devote attention to such 

scape-gardening, buildings are often objects— but few comparatively, " the 

most offensive ; and we find the gross- architects of their own fortunes,"' hav« 

est defects of taste frequently displayed acquired the means to indulge in luxuboth 

in their style and position. Many rious expenditures. We are, however, 

; 

persons are apt to associate external acquiring taste on this and kindred subnature 

with the state of society in time jects, and with the increasing wealth, 

long past. This is an error that has the general education and superior inled 

to many trespasses against nature's telligence which characterize the Ame- 

rican people, there can be no doubt 

rule. A man will build a castle be- j 

[ 

cause the situation he fixed for it is a that long before we can be called an 

commanding one, and would have an- old nation, our tastes will have been 

swered all the purposes of defence in refined, and our capacity to appreciate 

a rude state of society. His taste leads the beautiful largely developed. Al- 

' him into expense, and to the sacrifice ready we have evidence of" tlie march 

of convenience and comfort. The adop- of improvement," as exhibited in the 

tion of former styles shows taste in pretty cottages, with their decorated 

some instances; but we rather think it grounds, around our towns and cities} 

i

LAN 340 L AU 

i 

[ 

an onward step towards that which in Their roots will endure many years." 

portions of Europe, especially in England, 

gives such charm to the country, 

Abercrombie. 

LARREA. Two species. Green- 

and to country life. 


Those who wish to consult works on 

Landscape Gardening and Rural Architecture, 

almost indivisible, are referred 


LASER-WORT. Thapsia lascrpetii. 

LASIANDRA. Three species. 

to Loudon's "Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

Farm and Villa Architecture," Loudon's 

"Suburban Gardener," Downing's 

" Landscape Gardening," Downing's 

" Cottage Residences," &c. 

LANTANA. Twenty-nine species. 


LASIOPETALUM. Two species. 



LASIOSPERMUM. Five species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy I 

loam 

LARIX. Larch. Two species, and 

many varieties. Hardy conifers. Seed. 

Light soil on a dry sub-soil. See Coni- 

fer

LAV 341 

LAVANDULA. Lavender. Ten spe- ^ 

cies. Hardy and half-hardy evergreen I 

LAW 

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, 

green shrub Cuttings. Loam, peat 

and sand. 

shrubs. Cuttings. Light gravelly ioam LAW RELATING TO GARDENS. 

L. Spica. Common Lavender. The following exposition of existing 

Soil and Situation.—A poor and light laws in Great Britain may as a matter 

soil is best suited to this plant, being of curiosity interest the American read 

in such, more fragrant, longer lived, ^r. Here where each state has its own 

and more capable of enduring severe peculiar enactments, even a synopsis 

weather. In rich or moist soils of them would it be too voluminous for 

grows luxuriantly, but is in general '^^'^ pages 

destroyed during the winter The Landlord and Tenant.—Lord Kenyon 

situation cantiot be too open 

was of opinion that market gardeners 

Time and Mode of Planting.— It is ""d nurserymen may remove the greenpropagated 

by slips and cuttings of the houses and hot-houses which they have 

current year's shoots, planted in May erected on the land of which tliey are 

and June, as well as by cuttings of those tenants, even without an agreement; 

which are a year old to be '; planted in 

l^"' this is doubtful; they may, how- 

March, April, and early Mav. Both ever, remove trees, or such as are 

slips and cuttings must be from five to 

I'kely to become so, in the necessary 

seven inches in length, which, after 'ôîfse of their trade. If it were other'being 

stripped to half their length of ^îse, the very object of their holding 

the lower leaves, are to be planted to would be defeated. {Penton y.Robarl, 

that depth either in a shady border, or 2 East, 90.) But the outgoing tenant 

in any compartment, to have the shade of a garden must not at the end of his 

of a mat during mid-day until they have term plough up strawberry-beds in full- 

taken root, in rows six inches apart bearing, which when he entered he 

each way. Water must be given in bought of a former tenant; although it 

moderate quantity every evening until 

thus established. 

Having attained sulTicient strength, 

they may be moved to their final stations 

in September or October, which 

is the season to be preferred, or they 

maybe left until the succeeding spring, 

If it is grown in considerable quantity 

for medicinal purposes, which is the 

only claim it has for a place in the 

herbary, it must be planted in rows two 

feet apart each way, otherwise only 

is the general practice to appraise and 

pay for these plants as between outgoing 

and incoming tenants.—For such 

conduct is malicious, and not in the 

due course of business. (IVetherell y. 

Howell, 1 Campbell, 227.) So a tenant 

(""t a gardener by trade) must not re- 

"love a box edging planted on ground 

rented by him of another. Neither is 

I'e entitled, says Mr. Justice Littledale, 

(unless by special agreement,) to re- 

move flowers which he had planted, 

detached plants are inserted along the 

borders. The only after-culture required 

is the occasional employment of 

the hoe, the decayed spikes and branches 

being removed in autumn, and the 

surface gently stirred with the spade in 

the spring. 

The flowers are ready for gathering, 

{J^'npson v. Soden, 4 Barn, and Adolph. 

Cjj.) And a similar decision has de- 

termined that a farmer who raises young 

f"""'' trees on the land he hires, tor fill- 

}"S "P "" orchard upon the premises, 

not entitled to sell those young trees 

but it is otherwise of a nurseryman bv 

trade. (IVyndham v. Way, 4 Taunton, 

either to dry or for distillation, in July 316.) 

; 

or the end of June 

Even if nurserymen are entitled, 

LAVATER.\. without a special 

Twenty-five 

agreement, to 

species 

remove 

Some hardv 

the 

herbaceous," 

hot-houses they 

increased 

have erected upon 

l.y 

seed and division, in common '''*"[ '='"'' """^'^ '*^'"'' ^f'"^'' 

soil 

'« very 

; 

and the annuals 

ôubtlul, that 

and 

right 

biennials may does not 

be 

extend m 

spring-sown in the same. 

every instance to The green- 

other tenants. Thus, 

a 

house and half-hardy 

tenant was 

are propagated 

adjudged not entitled to 

by 

ripe cuttings in sandy loam. 

remove a conservatory erected by himself 

on a brick foundation, attached to 

LAVENDER. Lavandula. 

a dwelling-house, and communicating 

LAVENDER COTTON. Santolina. with it by windows and a door, and by 

LAVRADIA montana. Stove ever- a flue passing into the parlour chimney. 

;

LAW 343 LAW 

{Buckland v. Butterfield, 2 Brod. and 

Bing. 540 A tenant is liable to pay for 

the waste if he cuts down any fruit 

trees in the garden or orchard he holds, 

but not if they are not growing within 

the garden or orchard. (Coke's Litt. 

53, a.) But he may take away a wooden 

shed which he had built on brickwork, 

and posts and rails he had put 

up. {Fitzherbert v. Shaw, 1 H. Blackstone, 

259.) 

Law Protecting Gardens.—Gardens 

were not sufficiently protected by law 

until the year 1828, when the statute 

7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 29 was passed. 

Section 38 of this statute enacts that 

to steal or cut, brake, root up, or otherwise 

destroy, or damage, with intent to 

8teal, the whole or any part of any tree, 

sapling, or shrub, or any underwood, 

above the value of 1/. respectively 

growing in any park, pleasure-ground, 

garden, orchard or avenue, or in any 

ground adjoining or belonging to any 

dwelling-house, or above the value of 

5/. in any other situation, is felony, and 

punishable as simple larceny. 

By section 39, if the injury to the 

trees, shrubs, &c., amounts to less than 

1/., but to Is. at the least, then summary 

punishment may be inflicted by a 

justice of the peace. A fine may be 

imposed not exceeding 5Z. above the 

injury done, upon the first conviction; 

by imprisonment with hard labour, not 

exceeding twelve months, upon a second 

conviction, and, if the conviction 

take place before two justices of the 

peace, by public or private whipping ; 

and the third offence, after two previous 

convictions, is felony, punishable as 

growing in any land, open or inclosed, 

not being a garden, orchard, or nurseryground, 

is punishable upon summary 

conviction by fine, imprisonment with 

or without hard labour, and by public 

or private whipping, according to the 

nature of the offence. 

So, by section 42, to steal or destroy, 

or damage with intent to steal, any 

plant, root, fruit, or vegetable production, 

growing in any garden, orchard, 

nursery-ground, hot-house, or conservatory, 

is, for the first offence, punishable, 

upon summary conviction, by imprisonment 

with or without hard labour, 

not exceeding six months, or by fine, 

not exceeding 20/. ; but the second offence 

is felony, punishable as simple 

larceny. 

Lastly, by section 44, to steal, or rip, 

cut, or break with intent to steal, any 

glass or wood-work belonging to any 

building whatsoever, or any lead, iron, 

copper, brass, or other metal, or any 

utensil or fixture, whether made of metal 

or other material, respectively fixed 

to any building, or anything made of 

metal fixed in any land, being private 

property, or for a fence to any dwellinghouse, 

garden, or area, or in any square, 

street, or other place dedicated to public 

use or ornament, is felony, punishable 

as simple larceny. 

Spring Guns and Man Traps.—These 

were formerly permitted by law to be 

set in woods, gardens, &c., without any 

restriction. Injuries the most severe, 

and even death, were inflicted by them, 

and the legislature, wisely considering 

that these punishments were visitations 

far too excessive for stealing, or intendto 

steal fruit or game, passed the 

! 

, 

i 

{ 

simple larceny 

By sections 40, 41, and 43, to steal, statute 7 & S Geo. IV. c. 18. This enor 

to cut, break, or throw down, with acts that any person who sets or places, 

intent to steal, any part of any live or or causes to be set or placed, any springdead 

fence, or any wooden post, pale, 

or rail, set up or used as a fence, or any 

gun, man-trap, or other engine calculated 

to destroy human life, or inflict 

stile or gate, or any part thereof; or to grievous bodily harm, with the intent 

have possession of the whole or any or whereby the same may destroy or 

part of any sapling or shrub, or any inflict grievous bodily harm upon a 

underwood, or any part of any live or trespasser or other person coming 

dead fence, or any post, pale, rail, stile contact therewith, shall be guilty of a 

or gate, or any part thereof respective' misdemeanor and punishable by fine or 

ly, of the value of 2.S., without satisfac- imprisonment, or both, at the discretion 

torily accounting for that possession ; 

and to steal , or destroy, or damage with 

of the court. 

The act further provides that persons 

intent to steal, any cultivated root or allowing such guns, traps, or engines 

plant used for the food of man or beast, already set to continue sot, shall be 

or for medicine or distilling, or dyeinf deemed to have set them. 

or for or in the course of manufacture. But the Act does not extend to any gin

LAW 343 LAW 

or trap set to destroy vermin; nor does as those going empty. Rex. r. Adams, 

it forbid the setting of spring-guns, man- 6 M. & S. 52. 

traps, &c., in a dwelling-house, from Also, the statute 3 Geo. IV. c. 126, 

sunset to sunrise. This would justify s. 32, enacts that no toll shall be taken 

their being set in any green -house, for any horse or other cattle or carriage, 

conservatory, or hot-house, provided it employed in carrying or having been 

communicated by a door, window or employed in carrying on the same day 

passage with the house in which the any dung, soil, compost, or manure for 

proprietor or his servants resided improving lands. The word " manure' 

Tithes Payable on Gardens.—Gardens includes bone-dust, and, it secmg, 

and orchards are tithable by common bones before they are crushed. Pratt 

j 

law, and tithes in kind are due not only ; v. Brown, 8 Cnr. & P. 244. But the 

for all herbs, plants, fruits, and seeds statute 4 Geo. IV. c. 95, s. 23, declares 

^ 

• usually grown in them, but for grass or that nothing in the 3 Geo. IV. c. 126, 

grain grown therein. The insignificance shall work any such exemption to ma- 

of the herb makes no difference as to 

its liability, for even parsley is tithable. 

(Bunbury, 10.) Neitlier does it matter 

whether the produce be grown for sale 

or home consumption. {Williamson v. 

Lonsdale, 1 Daniel, 49.) Neither does 

the plants being raised for pleasure, or 

as exotic, at a great expense, and not 

by the natural powers of the soil and 

climate, make any difference. So all 

fruits and flowers are tithable, {Hetley, 

100,) and so are pine apples, melons, 

and other hot-house plants, because as 

was observed by Chief Baron Skinner, 

the tithe of gardens is praedial. The 

notion of artificial heat and soil would 

— 

nure, &c., if a toll is expressedly imposed 

upon such matters by any local 

Act or Acts. 

Where wagons, &c., laden with 

manure are exempt from toll, such 

wagons, &c., in going for it shall be 

exempted also.—3 Geo. IV. c. 126. s. 

26. But in the latter case the driver, 

upon receiving a ticket, shall pay the 

toll, to be repaid when he returns with 

his wagon, &c., laden. Section 28, 

also, provides that any basket, empty 

sack, or spade, &c., necessary for loading, 

if the loading is substantially manure 

for land, shall not renderthe wagon 

&c., liable to toll. So, a wagon re- 

exclude almost all the produce of gar turning from London loaded with dung 

is not liable to be weighed and charged 

dens ; things raised under glasses are ', 

; 

, 

: 

raised in an artificial soil, but must all 

be subject to the same rule. Inoculation, 

to be sure, is a work of art, but 

art and expense used will not make any 

difference. Baron Eyre added " : Hot 

house plants are certainly not exempt. 

for over-weight, under 13 Geo. III. c. 

84, or 14 Geo. III. c. 82, by carrying 

home two empty bottles and an empty 

sack, in which the produce of husbandry 

had been brought from the country the 

same dav. Chambers v. Eaves, 2 Camp. 

The general rule is clear, and the inconveniences 

attending it are not great 

mutual inconveniences will suggest mutual 

moderation. {Adams v. Waller, 

Gwillim, 1204.) Bees are tithable for 

393. 

Lime has been adjudged not exempt 

from toll, although the words of the 

Act were " anything whatsoever used 

in the manuring of land,'' {Rex v. 

their honey and wax by the tenth mea- Gough, 2 Chit. 655,) nor yet within the 

sure and the tenth pound. It has been exception of the Turnpike Act, 31 Geo. 

doubted whether the tenth swarm can II. {Anon. Lofft. 324.) Lime, howbe 

demanded, because bees are fera ever, is sometimes exempted, as by the 

naturae, but bees in hives may pay tithe local Act 3 & 4 Vict. c. 51. 

by the hive. (3 Croke, 404.) Nurseries LAWN is a surface of turf in the 

of trees are tithable if the owner dig vicinity of the house, requiring to be 

kept smooth by the regular application 

them up and sell them. (1 Coke, 526, ; 

&c.) of the roller and scythe. When first 

Manures Exempt from. Toll. — The constructed, after the ground has been 

statute 52 Geo. III. c. 145, works a dug over as level as may be, it must be 

general exemption, in favour of agri- rolled, the hollows filled up, and this 

culture, (and horticulture too, for the repeated until a level surface of earth 

words of the statute are not restrictive is obtained. It must then be slightly 

to manures used on farms,) to wagons, pointed over with a fork, and the turf 

carts, &c., loaded with manure, as well laid, or the grass seed sown. See 

— 

—

— 

1; 

LAW 344 LEA 

Turfing. If seed be employed, the fol- to compel the returning sap to organize 

} 

lowing is a good selection, and in the itself externally as roots, instead of 

requisite proportions for an acre. The 

best season for sowing is during moist 

weather in March. 

On 1 acre of new lawn, sow the following 

grass seeds : Festuca duriuscula, 

4| lbs. ; Avena flavescens, H Ih. 

passing downwards below the bark. as 

wood. The bending back is to assist 

in this object by preventing the expenditure 

of sap in the formation or rather 

completion of leaves, and the silver 

sand is to secure the drainage so necessary 

to cuttings. 

LoUium perenne, 30 lbs.; Poa nemoralis, 

3 1bs. ; P. sempervivens, 2 lbs.; P.trivialis, 

2i lbs. ; Trifolium repens, 1 

lbs., and T. minus, 3 lbs. This is a 

sufficient quantity to cover the ground 

closely in a short time. 

In very dry weather all lawns should 

be watered, and if a little guano and 

muriate of lime be dissolved in the water 

" In most cases, this is sufficient ; but 

it must be obvious, that the exact manner 

in which the layering is effected is 

unimportant, and that it may be varied 

according to circumstances. Thus, Mr. 

James Rlunro describes a successful 

method of layering brittle-branched 

plants by simply slitting the shoot at 

it will keep the surface gently moist ; the bend, and inserting a stone at that 

even in dry weather. place {Gardener^s Magazine, ix. 302 ; ;) 

A good kind of grass for improving a : 

and Mr. Knight found that, in cases of 

' 

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' 

lawn, is Crested Dogstail ,- it may be difficult rooting, the process is facilisown 

in March. Bush-harrow the lawn tated by ringing the shoot just below 

in order to stir up the soil a little for the tongue about midsummer when the 

the seed, which should be sown broad- leaves upon th» layers had acquired their 

cast when the ground is damp, passing full growth; {Hart. Trans, i. 256;) by 

a garden roller over it when the ground 

becomes sufficiently dry. Gard. Chron. 

LAWN RAKE, See article Turf. 

LAWSONIA. Two species. Stove 

which means he prevented the passage 

of the returning sap further downwards 

than the point intended for the emission 

of roots. It will sometimes happen that 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam, peat, a branch of a plant cannot be conve- 

and sand. 

LAXMANNIA gracile. Greenniently 

bent downwards into the earth ; 

in such cases, the Fig. 97. 

house herbaceous. Division. Loam earth may be ele- 

and peat. 

LAYER. The following excellent 

vated to the branch by 

various contrivances, 

combination of practice and science is 

from Dr. Lindley's Theory of Horticulture 

:— 

" A layer is a branch bent into the 

as is commonly done 

by the Chinese. When 

this is done, no other 

care is necessary than 

earth, and half cut through at the bend, that required for lay- 

the free portion of the wound being ers, except to keep 

called ' a tongue.' It is, in fact, a cut- the earth surrounding 

ting only partially separated from its the branch steadily 

parent. The object of the gardener is 

to induce the layer to emit roots into 

moist." See Fig. 97. 

L E A D W R T. 

the earth at the tongue. With this 

view he twists the shoot half round, so 

Plumbago. 

LEATUERWOOD. 

as to injure the wood-vessels ; he heads 

it back, so that only a bud or two ap- 

Dirca. 

LEAVES are highly vascular organs, 

pears above ground, and when much in which are performed some of the 

nicety is requisite, he places a handful 

of silver sand round tlie tongued part ; 

then pressing the earth down with his 

most important functions of a plant. 

They are very general, but not ab- 

solutely necessary organs, since the 

foot, so as to secure the layer, he leaves 

It without further care. The intention 

ranches sometimes 

fices. Such plants, 

perform their of- 

however, as na- 

of both tongueing and twisting is to preturally possess them, are destroyed or 

vent tiie return of sap from the layer greatly injured by being deprived of 

into the main stem, while a small quan- them. 

tity is allowed to rise out of the latter The duration of a leaf is in general 

into the former; the effect of this being but for a year, though in some plants

LEA 345 LEA 

tljey survive for twice or thrice that tuted of resinous and gummy matter, 

] 

period. These organs are generally ofl with carbonate and sulphate of lime. 

. a green colour. Light seems to have It appears to be nearly the same iu all 

i 

The quantity varies, however, 

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i 

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a powerful influence in causing this, plants. 

since if kept in the dark they become in every species, probably in every inof 

a pale yellow or even white hue, un- dividual, and is greatly influenced by 

'less uncombincd hydrogen is present, the quantity of water applied to the 

in which case they retain their verdure roots 

though light be absent. Hence their The transpiration of plants decreases 

etiolation would seem to arise from with that of the temperature to which 

their being unable to obtain this gas they are exposed, as well as with the 

under ordinary circumstances, except period of their growth. This explains 

when light is present. Now the only why the gardener finds that his plants 

source from which they can obtain hy- do not require so much water in cold 

drogen, is by decomposing water ; and weather, nor during the time that 

how light assists in the decomposition, elapses between the fall of their blosmay 

perhaps be explained by the dis- soms and the ripening of their seed. 

oxygenizing power with which it is 

gifted. The violet rays of the spectrum 

have this power in the greatest degree ; 

and Sennebier has ascertained by experiment, 

that those rays have the 

During this period they do not transpire 

more than one-half so much as during 

the period preceding and attending upon 

their blooming. 

The transpiration takes place from 

greatest influence in producing the the upper surface of the leaves; and 

green colour of plants. 

if these gradually decay and fall, the 

When leaves are of any other hue 

than green, they are said to be coloured. 

This variegation is often considered to 

growth of the plant ceases until fresh 

leaves are produced. Hence arises the 

benefit which plants derive in rooms, 

be a symptom either of tenderness or greenhouses, and other confined in- 

debility, and it is certain, when the closures, from keeping those surfaces 

leaves of a plant become generally 

white that that individual is seldom 

cleansed with the sponge and syringe. 

Some plants are particularly sensitive 

long-lived. Mr. Knight, however, has 

demonstrated that variegation is not a 

to injury from any check to their transpiration, 

among which are the tea- 

certain indication of a deficiency of 

hardihood. 

The function of the leaves appear to 

be a combination of those of the lungs 

scented roses; and it thence arises that 

they cannot now be cultivated in nursery-gardens 

near London, where they 

once flourished when that metropolis 

and stomach of animals ; they not only was less extensive. 

modify the food brought to them from 

the roots, so as to fit it for increasing 

the size of the parent plant, but they 

also absorb nourishment from the atmosphere. 

The sap, after elaboration in 

It must be remembered, however, in 

using the sponge and syringe, that the 

under side of leaves is an absorbing 

surface, benefited by being kept clean, 

and by the application of moisture. 

these organs, differs in every plant. The kidney bean, sunflower, cabbage 

though as far as experiments have been and spinach, absorb moisture equally 

the 

tried, it appears to be nearly the same 

in all vegetables when it first arrives to 

them. The power of a leaf to generate 

sap is in proportion to its area of surface, 

exposure to the light, and congenial 

situation. 

Evergreens transpire less moisture 

than deciduous plants, which would 

lead to the expectation that they are 

more capable of living in dry situations, 

which in general is really the case. 

The matter transpired by a healthy 

plant is nearly pure water, .5.000 grains 

of it never containing more than one 

grain of solid matter, and this is consti- 

by their under and upper surfaces ; 

cockscomb, purple-leaved amaranth, 

heliotrope, lilac, and balm, absorb most 

freely by their upper surfaces ; 

and the 

vine, pear, cherry, apricot, walnut, 

mulberry, and rose, absorb most by 

their under surfaces. 

The transpiration from the leaves of 

plants is effected through pores or stromates, 

varying in number and size in 

every species, but being usually either 

largest or most numerous in plants inhabiting 

moist or shady localities. This 

is a wise provision, for such plants, consequently, 

have an abundant supply of

LEA 346 LEE 

moist food to their roots, requiring a in which they are vegetating, though 

j 

competent provision for its elaboration one twenty-fifth is a still more favour- 

! 

| 

, 

| 

! 

', 

: 

' 

[ 

and reduction from superfluous water. able proportion ; and as hot-beds, heated 

Those plants which are natives of sandy by fermenting matters, rapidly have the 

exposed soils, have, on the other hand, air within their frames contaminated to 

either fewer or smaller stromates. a much greater extent than the propor- 

The drier the air the greater is the tions above named, thence arises the 

amount of moisture transpired ; and 

this becomes so excessive, if it be also 

injury to the plants they contain from a 

too long neglected ventilation. The 

promoted by a high temperature, that leaves turn yellow from the excess of 

plants in hot-houses, where it has oc- acid, which they are unable to digest, 

curred, often dry up as if burned. The and which consequently effects that 

justly lamented Mr. Daniell has well change of colour which also occurs in 

illustrated this, by showing that if the autumn, and which will be more fully 

temperature of a hot-house be raised considered when the decay of plants is 

only five degrees, viz., from 15^ to 80^, detailed. 

whilst the air within it retains the same Whatever promotes an over-luxuriant 

degree of moisture, a plant that in the production of leaf-buds, proportionately 

lower temperature exhaled 57 grains of diminishes the production of flowermoisture, 

would in the higher tempera- buds, and the reason is obvious. A 

ture exhale 120 grains in the same luxuriant foliage is ever attendant upon 

space of time. Plants, however, like an over-abundant supply of moist nouanimals, 

can bear a higher tempera- rishment to the roots, the consequent 

ture in dry air than they can in air amount of sap generated is large, recharged 

with vapour ; animals are scald- quiring a proportionately increased sured 

in the latter, if the temperature is face of leaf for its elaboration, and 

very elevated, and plants die under for the transpiration of the superfluous 

similar circumstances as if boiled. MM. moisture; and as the bud becomes a 

Edwards and Collin found kidney beans branch or a root accordingly as circumsustained 

no injury when the air was stances require, so does it produce, as 

dry at a temperature of 107^, but they may be necessary for the plant's health, 

died in a fev/ 

' minutes if the air was either leaves or flowers. Principles of 

moist. 

Gardening. 

Other plants under similar circum- LEBECKIA. Six species. Greenstances 

would perish, probably, at a house evergreen shrubs. Seeds and 

much lower temperature; and the fact 


aff'ords a warning to the gardener to LEBRETONIA. Pavonia. 

have the atmosphere in his stoves very 

LECHENAULTIA. Two species. 

drv, whenever he wishes to elevate 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Young 

their temperature for the destruction of 

^^^^ gandy loam and peat, 

insects, or other purposes. Leaves have , rô-,"T>riTc. cthe 

power of absorbing moisture as LEC\THIS S.x species, Stove 

well as of emitting it, which power of evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings Sanabsorption 

they principally enjoy during "^^ °^ 

LEDON GUM. Cistus ledon. 

the night. 

During the day leaves also absorb LEDUM. Three species. Hardy 

carbonic acid gas, which they decom- evergreen shrubs. Layers. Bog earth. 

pose, retaining its carbon and emitting LEE-CHEE. Euphoria lichi. 

the greatest part of the oxygen that LEEK. Allium porrum. The Leek 

enters into its composition. In the is a hardy biennial, for although it at- 

night this operation is in a certain meatains perfection in size and for culinary 

sure reversed, a small quantity of oxygen purposes the first year, it does not run 

bein

LEI 347 LEO 

Scotch or Flag, which is larger and 

hardier; and the Flanders. 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—It is 

raised solely from seed, which may be 

sown at any time during the spring. 

These sowings are performed in general 

broadcast and raked in, though 

some gardeners employ drills, the plants 

to remain after thinning; the Leek, 

however, is so much benefitted by , 

transplanting as obviously to point out 

I 

be weeded, hoed, and thinned, where I " 

growing too close, to two or three inches 

apart; water also being given, in 

dry weather, will, with the above treatment, 

strengthen and forward them for 

transplanting in another month, or 

when six or eight inches high. They 

must be taken away regularly from the 

, 

— 

oceris aisparagi is thus described by Mr. 

Curtis : 

"The larva which abound from June 

to September, not only eat off all the 

leaves, bat even gnaw the rind from the 

stem of the plants. 

" The eggs are oval, and fixed on 

the plants °by one of their ends, one 

being sometimes attached to the end 

of another. The larva; are hatched in 

a little time; they are short, thick, and 

fleshy, covered with hairs, wrinkled, 

ash-coloured, with black head and legs; 

they move very slowly, and when 

| 

the error of this practice. 

Cultivation.—When the plants are 

three or four inches in height, in eight 

or ten weeks after sowing, they must 

seed bed ; the ground being well wa- 

alarmed emit a blackish fluid from 

their mouth. 

When full grown, the larvse go into 

the ground, where they contract a 

thick cocoon, in which they assume the 

pupa state. In a short time the perfect 

insect appears. It is about a quarter 

of an inch long, of a blue black 

colour, with cream coloured or yellow 

spots on the wing cases, and a red 

thorax. To lessen the ravages of the 

insect, little more can be done than to 

collect them by hand-picking or by 

shaking them into a net. As many 

beetles, however, may be found at the 

time the Asparagus is cut, we recommend 

that all these should be destroyed 

they have an opportunity of de- 

tered previously, if not soft and easily 

yielding. VVhe'n thinned out they may 

be left to remain in the seed bed six 

inches asunder, as they do not grow so 

large as the transplanted ones, which 

must be set by the dibble in rows ten 

I 

inches apart, and eight in the lines, 

1 before 

being inserted nearly down to the 

1 

leaves, that the neck, by being covered 

with the earth, may be blanched wa- 

; 

ter in abundance must be given at the 

and j 

time of planting, and the long weak ! the 

positing their eggs."— Ga?d. Chron. _ 

LEONOTIS. Four species. L. in- 

\termedia is a stove evergreen shrub; 

two are stove annuals, requiring 

usual treatment of tender annuals. 

leaves shortened, but the roots left as 

Cuttings or seed. Loam and peat. L. 

uninjured as possible. The bed is hoed 

leonurus is a green-house evergreen 

over occasionally with advantage, as 

shrub, requiring the following treatwell 

to kill the weeds as to loosen the 

soil. By this treatment, and by cutting 

' ment 

| 

oif the tops of the leaves about once a 

month, as new ones are produced, the , 

: 

" I Strike from cuttings in May keep 

; 

in a forty-eight pot during the winter ; 

1 in 

the beginning of April put into a pot 

neck swells to a much larger size. The I thirteen inches in diameter, and place 

j 

several sowings above directed will 

in a forcing frame kept at a tempera- 

vield a supply from August until the , 

ture varying from 73" to 50°; here re- 

following ^May, when they advance to 

j main for about seven weeks, when 

seed. A portion should be always 

remove to the green-house. 

taken up and laid in sand previous to " After the end of June, force as 

the ground being locked up by contin- ! 

much as possible by keeping the house 

ued frost, but they will not keep many 

shut up during the day, so as to con- 

days in this situation. i 

centrate all the heat which can be 

LEIANTHUS Nigrescens. Green- obtained from the sun, but no fire lighthouse 

biennial. Seed. Light rich loam. ed except during cold nights in Sep- 

LEIMANTHIUM. Three species. tember and October; 120'^ is not too 

Hardy herbaceous. Seed. Wet peat 1 groat for it, provided it has plenty of 

water; never suffer the surface of the 

soil. 

LEMA asptragi. The Asparagus earth to become dry, and generally 

I 

Beetle, by some naturalists called Cri- keep about an inch of water in the 

I

— 

LEO 348 LET 

i 

pan. The quantity required in hot 

weather, nearly three gallons daily." 

LETTUCE. Lactuca sativa. 

" The Lettuce is a hardy annual, 

Gard. Chron. 

LEONITOPODIUM helveticum. 

introduced or cultivated in England 

since 1562, but from what country is 

Hardy herbaceous. Seed or division. unknown. The use of Lettuce, as a 

Peat. 

LEONURUS. Eight species, besides 

cooling and agreeable salad, is well 

known; it is also a useful ingredient in 

varieties. Hardy perennials, biennials, soups. It contains, like the other spe- 

and annuals. Seed. Common soil. cies of this genus, a quantity of opium 

LEOPARD'S BANE. Doronicum. juice, of a milky nature, from which, of 

LEPANTHES. Two species. Stove ate years, medicine has been prepared. 

epiphytes. Offsets. Damp moss under under the title of Lactucarium, and 

a bell glass. 

L E P E C H I N I A . Two species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Cuttings. Peat and 

which can be administered with effect 

in cases where opium is inadmissible. 

" The varieties are very numerous. 

loam. 

LEPIDAGATHIS cristata. 

Those herein 

Stove selected from 

enumerated have 

the many which 

been 

have 

herbaceous. Cuttings. Sandy rich come under our observation, and will 

loam. 

LEPIDIUM sativum. See Cress. 

LEPTANDRA. Two species. Hardy 


LEPTANTHUS gramineus. Hardy 

aquatic. Offsets. Wet peat. 

LEPTODERMIS lanceolata. Greenhouse 

shrub. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

LEPTOMERIA. Two species. 

be found to suit the various seasons of 

the year. Some varieties celebrated in 

Pûrope, are of little value here, soon 

shooting to seed under our hot sun. 

"The Early Cabbage Lettuce is the 

earliest; it produces a moderately sized 

and very firm head and is known among 

the Philadelphia market gardeners as 

the ' butter salad.' 

Green-house evergreen 

tings. Loam and pent. 

LEPTOSIPHON. 

Hardy annuals. Seed. 

shrubs. Cut- " The Royal Cabbage Lettuce is a 

very large variety, dark green, with 

Fivespecies. firm head, and withstands the sun bet- 

Peat Sow in Iter than the preceding variety, not 

autumn and in early spring. 

LEPTOSPERMUM. Twenty-three 

rapidly shooting to seed. 

" The Palestine is a curiously spot- 

species. Green-house evergreen shrubs. ted variety, produces a firm head, and of 

Cuttings and seed. Sandy loam and peat. 

LEPTOSTELMA maximum. Half- 

fair size. 

" The India is a very fine kind, prohardy 

herbaceous. Seed and division. duces large hard heads, leaves wrinkled, 


stands the sun remarkably well. 

LEPTOTES bicolor. Stove epiphyte. " The Philadelphia Cabbage re- 

Division. Moss and potsherds. 

sembles the " Royal," and is in all re- 

LESPEDEZA. Twelve species. spects a desirable variety. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous, shrubby, and " The Early Curled does not head ; 

annual plants. L. cryocarpa is a green- is used principally as " cut salad." 

house evergreen shrub, and L. glome-] " The Cos, of which there are several 

rata a stove twiner. Annuals sow in varieties, produce conical formed heads, 

sheltered peat. Shrubs by cuttings, very succulent and crisp; soon run to 

and herbaceous by division In sandy Iseed ; should therefore be planted early 

peat 

in the spring. 

LESSERTIA. Nine species. Green- " The Brown Dutch somewhat rehouse 

annuals, herbaceous and shrubby sembles the eai-ly cabbage, the leaves 

plants. Seed or cuttings. Sandy loam tinged with brown. 

and peat. 

LETHRUS cephulotes. A beetle 

" Lettuce delights in a deep, rich soil, 

not too heavy or humid. For early 

preying upon the vine by gnawing ofl'^spring use sow about the middle of auits 

young shoots. It is common in Hun- tumn, in some sheltered situation, as 

gary, but I do not know that it has been the plants, or a portion of them, are lo 

observed in England. 

remain there during the winter, lightly 

LETTSOMIA tomentosa. Stove covered with straw or cedar brush to 

evergreen shrub. Ripe cuttings. Loam protect them from extreme cold. Near 

and peat. |the close of autumn a planting may be

— 

LET 349 LIB 

made, as directed for " Early York 

Cabbage," when intended to stand the 

M'intor, (which see,) or they may be 

planted with the caliba'Te alternately, 

l-âriy Cabbage, Brown Dutch and Pa- 

lestine are better suited for planting at 

this season. 

" Part of those which remain in the 

seed-bed during the winter, should be 

transplanted as early in the spring as 

the gtounti admits of being worked. 

The remainder may be set out subse 

prematurely, cannot be depended upon. 

All other plants must be removed from 

their neighbourhood, themselves being 

left at least a foot apart ; neither is it 

allowable for two varieties to flower 

near each other, or only mongrel varieties 

will be obtained. Each stem is advantagcoi\sly 

attached to a stake as a 

support in tempestuous weather. It is 

to be observed, that the branches must 

be gathered as the seed ripens upon 

I 

' 

them, and not left until the whole is 

qucntly, which will ensure a more re- ready, as some will ripen two or three 

gular sup|ily. To secure an uninter- weeks before others, and consequently, 

rupted succession, frequent sowings the first and best seed will be shed and 

should be made during the early part of lost. It must be particularly well dried 

summer, thus :—have | 

! 

j 

the ground deep- before it is beaten out and stored, 

ly dug and raked fine ; stretch a line to Lettuce seed is considered to be best 

the extent intended to be planted, the second year ; but when three years 

along which drop the seed thinly, and 

rake it in. When the plants are an 

inch or two in height, thin them to a 

old, it refuses to vegetate. 

LETTITCE FLY. See Anthomyia. 

LEUCADENDRON. Thirty-nine 

foot apart, and give frequent hoeings, species. Green-house evergreen shrubs. 

which will facilitate their growth. 

In the earlier sowings those thinned 

Ripe cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

LEUCOCORYNE. Three species. 

out may be transplanted, and will pro- Ilalf-hardy bulbs. Seed and offsets. 

duce good heads; but when the weather 

has become warm and dry they 

Sandy loam. 

LEUCCTUM. Snow-flake. Three spe- 

will not succeed well ; it is therefore 

better to sow over as much ground as 

cies. Hardy bulbs. Offsets. Sandv loam. 

LEUCOPOGON. Fifteen species. 

will produce the quantity required. For : 

the earlier sowings all varieties will answer 

; for the latter ones when the season 

is advanced and the heat greater, 

the India and Royal Cabbage are better 

sorts. 

" During the heat ofsummer the heads 

will be but poor, unless i the season be house 

Green-house 

evergreen shrubs. Young 


LEUCOSPERNUM. Fifteen species. 


cuttings. Sandy turfy loam. They require 

much watering. 

{ 

'. 

| 

! 

LEUCOSTEMMA vestitum. Green- 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Peat, 

very cool and humid. Sown about the and sandy loam. 

close of summer and early in autumn, LEUZEA. Five species. Hardy 

they will do well, as the weather will herbaceous Seed and division. Comhave 

become cool before they reach mon soil. 

maturity. When sown in autumn for LEWISIA redivivn. Hardy herba- 

spring heading, it is advisable to take ceous. Division and seed. Sandy 

some of the earliest and latest. 

loam and chalk. 

" Very good Lettuce may be had in LEYCESTRIA/or/nosa. Hardy ever- 

the early part of winter, if planted about green slirub. Cuttings and seed. Sandy 

the middle of autumn, in frames in a 

sheltered situation, covering the frames 

loam. 

LEYSSERA. Four species. Greenwith 

glass or boards, when the weather house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat 

becomes cool ; in mild weather, giving and sandy loam. 

plenty of air; where boards are used LIATRIS. Twenty species. Hardy 

removing them to admit light." Rural herbaceous. Division. Sandy loam and 

R^g. 

To obtain 

some of the 

Seed.—To produce seed 

finest and most perfect 

peat. Take up and give the shelter of 

a frame during winter. 

LIBANOTIS athamantoides. Hardy 

plants of each variety that have sur- herbaceous. Seed. Calcareous sandy 

vived the w inter, or from the forwardest 

sowing of the year, should be selected. 

The seed from any that have run up 

loam. 

LIBERTIA formosa. Half-hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Loam and peat.

L IC 350 L I L 

LICHTENSTEINIA. Two species. 

Green-house herbaceous. Seed. Sandy 

loam. 

LICUALA. Two species. Stove 

palms. Seed. Sandy loam. 

LIDBECKIA. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat, 

and a little loam. 

LIGATURES, twisted very tightly 

round the small branches of trees, and 

the stems of plants, to check the return 

of their sap, and thus promote their 

fruitful ness, and the size of the fruit, 

are much to be preferred to ringing, or 

other removals of the bark, wliich cause 

wounds and canker. Ligatures should 

be removed as soon as the fruit is ripened. 

LIGHT has a powerful influence over 

the health and life of a plant, from the 

moment its leaves pierce through the 

surface of the soil. If absent, they become 

yellow, or even white, unless 

uncombined hydrogen be present, in 

which case they retain their verdure. 

Sir H. Davy excluded a cos lettuce 

from the light. In six days it was ren- 

cleansed. The best glass, if dirty, allows 

fewer rays of light to pass through 

than inferior glass if kept bright. 

Solar light is essential to the ripening 

of all fruit; it will not ripen in the dark ; 

and the greater the light's intensity 

and the longer its daily endurance, the 

sweeter and the higher is the fruit's 

flavour. No fruits are so luscious as 

those grown within the tropics, and 

the fruits of the temperate zone are excellent 

in proportion to the brightness 

of its seasons. That light is essential 

in causing the colour of the leaves and 

other parts of plants, has been noticed 

already ; and it aids the ripening process 

of fruit in a similar .manner, to 

convert their acid and mucilaginous 

constituents into sugar : much carbon 

and hydrogen have to be got rid of; 

and this is effected, if light be admitted, 

by the evolution of carbonic acid nnd 

watery vapour. How light operates in 

promoting this and other decompositions, 

which are effected by the vegetable 

organs, is at present a mystery ; 

but so it is; and the gardener promotes 

| 

| 

1 

, 

dered very pale, and at the end of an- its 

other week it was quite white; the power, by removing overshadowing 

growth of the plant was checked, and leaves, by employing the best glass in 

the analysis of its leaves showed that his hot-houses, and by having their inthey 

contained more carbonic acid and jterior whitened for white surtiices re- 

; 

water, but less hydrogen and residua fleet all the rays of light back upon the 

carbon than an equal weight of green objects those surfaces inclose. 

leaves. 

Almost every flower has a particular 

It deserves notice that it has been 

proved by the experiments of Dr. Hope 

and others, that light from artificial 

sources may be concentrated so as to 

enable plants to absorb oxygen, and 

degree of light requisite for its full expansion. 

The blossoms of the pea, 

and other papilionaceous plants, spread 

out their wings in fine weather to admit 

the solar rays, and again close them at 

perfect those elaborations on which 

their green colour depends and the 

; 

lightof the moon has a similar influence. 

A similar concentrated light will 

make the Pimpernel and other flowers, 

which close until sunrise, open their 

the approach of night. Plants requiring 

powerful stimulants, do not expand their 

flowers until noon ; whilst some would 

be destroyed if compelled to open in 

the meridian sun. Of such is the nightblooming 

cereus, the flowers of which 

petals, and rouse from their rest; a 

fact, which gives another reason why 

plants in rooms frequented at night become 

weak and exhausted sooner than 

those which tlien remain, as nature dictates, 

unexcited by light. 

A deficiency of ligiit decreases the 

decomposing power of the leaves. For 

speedily droop, even if exposed to the 

blaze of light attendant on Indian festivities.— 

Princ. of Gardening. 

LIGHTFOOTIA. Three species. 



LIGUSTRUM. Privet. Three species, 

and more varieties of L. viilgare. 

Hardy evergreen and deciduous shrubs. 

Cuttings. Common soil. The evergreen 

varieties of L. vulgare make a good 

fence. See Hedges. 

LILACS. Syringa vulgaris and 

Persica. Of these very hardy shrubs 

this reason the best glass should always 

be employed in the sashes of 

the hot-house, conservatory, and other 

structures of the forcing department. 

But the benefit sought for is frustrated, 

if that glass be not constantly well 

access as much as lies within his

L I L 

there are many varieties; the white, 

red, and blue-flowered ; and of the 

Persica, also the parsley-leafed and the 

sagc-leufcd. They vnay be raised from 

suckers, layers, cuttings, and seed; the 

sowing and planting may be made during 

the autumn in any common soil. 

LILIUiM. Lily. Thirty-five species, 

including the common white lily (L. candidum), 

martagon (L. martagon), tiger 

(L. tigrinum), orange (L. aurantium), 

bulb-bearing {L. bulbiferum), and their 

varieties. Besides those already mentioned, 

the following are especially 

worthy of cultivation : 

— 

Bronsiartii. 

longiflorum. 

Eximium. 

Japonicum longiflorum. 

Lancifolium album. 

punctatura. 

roseum. 

Orange. 

Speciosum rubrum. 

Superbum pyramidalis. 

Venustiim. 

With the exception of L. eximium, 

which is a greeu-house bulb, all the 

others are hardy. 

Out-door Culture.—The proper time 

for planting and transplanting them is 

in autumn, when their flowers and stalks 

decay, which is generally in August and 

September, the roots being then at rest 

for a short space of time, though the bulbs 

taken up at the above season of rest, may 

be kept out of ground if necessary, till 

October or November; the white lilies, 

however, do not succeed, if kept long 

out of the earth; and all the others 

succeed best when planted again as 

soon as possible. Plant them four or 

five inches deep, and at good distances 

from one another. 

None of the sorts require any particular 

culture, for they will endure all 

weathers, so no more is necessary than 

destroying weeds among their stems by 

the hoe, and supporting with sticks. 

They may all remain undisturbed two 

or three years, or longer; nor, indeed, 

is it proper to remove these sorts of 

bulbs ofiener, for by remaining, they 

flower stronger after the first year. It 

is, however, proper to take up the bulbs 

entirely every three or four years. 

Propagation. — By Offsets.— All the 

sorts of these roots yield ofi'sets abundantly 

every year, which, when greatly 

wanted, may be taken off annually, in 

351 L I L 

autumn ; otherwise once in two or three 

years. 

The small offsets should then be 

planted in beds a foot asunder, and 

three deep, to remain a year or two ; 

and the large bulbs should be planted 

again in the borders, &c., singly. 

By Seed.—This is sometimes practised, 

but more particularly for the 

martagons, to obtain more varieties. In 

antumn, soon after the seed is ripe, sow 

it in pots or boxes of rich light earth, 

half an inch deep; place the pots in a 

slieltorod situation all winter, and the 

|)lant will appear in the spring ; 

in April, 

remove the pots to have only the morning 

sun all the summer, giving moderate 

waterings; in August, transplant the 

bulbs into nursery-beds in flat drills an 

inch deep, and three or four asunder; 

but, as the bulbs will be very small, 

scatter the earth and bulbs together in 

the drills, and cover them with earth 

the above depth ; and having grown h.ere 

till August or September following, 

transplant into another bed, placing 

them eight or nine inches each way 

asunder, here to remain to show their 

first flowers, then transplant them finally. 

—Abercrombie. 

Pot-Culture.—The following excellent 

directions, though applicable especially 

to L. speciosum or lancifolium, 

are also applicable to others of this 

genus. Thoy are the practical directions 

of Mr. Groom, the well-known florist, 

of Walworth, near London. He says: 

— 

" To cultivate Lilia in the greatest 

perfection, they should be removed as 

rarely as possible, and only when the 

bulbs become too close ; for disturbing 

them is most injurious to their grov\th 

and flowering." 

Bulbs from Stems.—To obtain these 

from L. speciosum, and the practice 

would, perhaps, succeed with several 

others, Mr. Groom placed pieces of 

turfy peat round the stem, with room 

for finer peat to be placed next the 

plant; in this bulbs were very successfully 

obtained. 

Potting.—" Grow them in pots of 

large size, having plenty of drainage, 

and use peat only, with a little fine sand 

for the soil. One great point is to keep 

the bulbs, particularly the largest, at a 

sufficient depth, to allow room for the 

stem-fibres to grow freely. When they 

require repotting, which should only be 

performed whilst the bulbs are dormant.

L I L 352 LIM 

they should be turned out of the old 

pots, and the crocks should be carefully 

removed, so as to avoid injuring the 

fibres, or even shaking off the earth; 

the bulbs are then to be repotted in a 

larger-sized pot, in peat and sand, with 

good drainage. 

Raising Varieties.—Mr. Groom observes, 

that "in hybridizing, care should 

be always taken to save seed from those 

flowers which have the best shape; for 

I believe the form of the future flower 

is much more dependent on the kind 

from which the seed is saved than upon 

that which furnishes the pollen; the 

pollen generally gives the colour. It is 

also highly desirable that the flower 

undisturbed, for the purpose of lifting, 

for forcing during the winter months. 

Forcing. — Pot them in thirty-tvvosized 

pots, filled to within three and a 

half inches of the rim with rich loam, 

upon which the roots are closely placed, 

and then covered about two inches in 

thickness with equal parts of leaf mould 

and sand ; they are then well watered, 

so as to settle the mould about the roots ; 

place them on a shelf near the glass, in 

a moist stove, or forcing-house, the 

temperature of which may range from 

65° to 75^, and take care that the soil 

does not become dry. When they are 

so far advanced that the plants show 

their heads of flowers, remove them into 

a warm green-house, still placing them 

! 

j 

j 

I 

from which the pollen is taken should 

be darker than that producing the seed near the glass, until as they advance in 

; 

for I have found in such cases the seed- growth they are withdrawn by degrees 

linn-s have been much more beautiful into a shaded part of the house, from 

(being frequently spotted or stripedj, whence they are removed to the drawthan 

where I have reversed the process. ing room as required, their places to be 

I have seen this occur in so marked a immediately filled with others, which 

j 

manner in the ranunculus, that I have are similarly treated, and thus an ample 

adopted it as a principle, never to take succession will be kept up. Care and 

[ 

pollen from a lighter coloured flower.' attention are requisite in lifting and 


selecting the plants for forcing; they 

require a minute examination to dis- 

LILY. Lilium. 

tinguish those that will flower from 

LILY-HYACINTH. Scilla Lilia- 

those that will not, the only diff"erence 

hyacinthus. 

being that the buds of the former are 

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. Conval- more round and short than those of the 

laria majalis. 

Soil and 'Situation.—Clayey loam, 

near water, and where the noonday sun 

IS intercepted by shade, suits it best. 

Propagation.—Mr. D. Watts communicated 

a paper to the Regent's Park 

Gardeners' Society, in 1845, from which 

the following are extracts:— "Before 

planting, dig over and well break the 

latter." Florisfs Journ. 

LILY-PINK. Aphyllanthes. 

LILY-THORN. Catesbea. 

LIME. Citras limonum. 

LIME is valuable as a manure, for 

some one or more of its salts enter into 

the composition of every vegetable. 

But it is not the lime of every district 

that is suitable for the purpose. Some 

ground about nine inches deep, then specimens contain a very large pro- 

plant the roots about four inches apart, portion of magnesia, which, absorbing 

all over the surface of the ground, giving 

them a gentle press down with the 

thumb and finger, and then cover them 

about four inches thick with the same 

sort of soil. On forming new plantations 

of this plant, I select all the flowering 

buds from my stock of roots, which I 

carbonic acid very slowly, remains in a 

caustic state, to the injury of the roots 

of the plants, and the diminution of 

benefit from the carbonic acid evolved 

by the decomposing constituents of the 

soil. Neither can the gardener apply 

it to all his soils with advantage. Thus, 

plant by themselves, but in the same 

way as I do the others. If equal quantities 

of each can be had, there will be 

peat and bog earth are beneficial to the 

plants grown upon them by their containing 

gallic and other acida which lime 

equal 

three 

quantities of flowers for two or 

successive seasons, after which 

removes. 

To garden soil of the usual staple 

they should be all taken up, the roots about fifty bushels of lime per acre is a 

I 

divided, and replanted in the same way. I sufficient quantity. If the soil be clayey 

At the time of replanting, it will be the quantity may be doubled. A very 

excellent manure is formed by mixing 

requisite to leave a sufficient quantity | 

—

LIM 353 LIP 

one bushel of salt with every two bushels 

ot'lime. 

Lime cannot be applied to the soil 

too fresh from the kiln; for if allowed 

to absorb carbonic acid from the air, it 

is rapidly converted into chalk. 

" It is astonishing how ignorantly 

neglectful are the cultivators of the 

soil, when their crops are devastated 

by the slug, not to dress them so as to 

render the surface of the soil quite 

white, during the promise of a few 

days' dry weather, with caustic lime. 

It is instant destruction to every slug 

it falls upon; and those that it misses 

are destroyed by their coming in contact 

with it when moving in search of 

food. 

" It is a common practice to burn 

couch-grass, docks, gorse, and other 

vegetables, which are very retentive 

of life, or slow in decay; a more uneconomical, 

unscientific method of re- 

mode of proceeding is to take forty 

gallons of clean water, and, half an 

hour before using, put one peck of 

fresh-slacked lime into it. As soon as 

it is clear it is fit for use. 

" A watering-pot containing four gallons 

will water a bed of four feet by 

thirty feet, or rows of cauliflowers, 

cabbages, &c., of double the length." 


LIMNANTHES Douglasii. Hardy 

annual trailer. Seed. Sandy loam and 

shady situation. 

LIMNOCHARIS. Two species. 

Stove perennial aquatics. Seed and 

runners. Water. 

LIMONIA. Five species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs, except L. scandens, 

which is a climber. Cuttings. 

Rich light loam and peat. 

LINANTHUS dichotonus. Hardy 


LINARIA. Seventy-five species. 

j 

ducins to a state beneficial to the land Hardv annual trailers, and herbaceous 

of which they were the refuse, cannot and evergreen shrubs, except L. frucbe 

devised. In breaking up heaths, 

such exuva; are very abundant; but, in 

all cases, if the weeds, leaves, &c., 

were conveyed to a hole or pit, and, 

with every single horse-load, and with 

barrow-loads in proportion, a bushel of 

salt and a half bushel of lime were incorporated, 

it would in a few months 

form a mass of decayed compost of the 

most lertilizing quality; the lime retaining 

many of the gases evolved dur- 

ticans, and L. scoparia, which are 

green-house evergreen shrubs. Seed 

or cuttings. Sandy loam. 

LINCONIA. Three species. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat. 

LINDERNIA pyxidaria. Hardy annual. 


LINDLEYA mespiloides . Half-hardy 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings, and 

grafts on the common thorn and larger 

| 

j 

! 

I 

ing the putrefaction of the vegetable cotoneasters. Sandy loam, mixed with 

matter, and the salt combining with calcareous rubbish. 

the lime to destroy noxious animals, LINDS^l^Â. Five species. Stove 

which might form a nidus in the mass. and green-house ferns. Division and 

By this plan nearly all the carbona- seed. Sandy loam and peat. 

borealis. Hardy evergreen 

ceous matters of the refuse vegetables LINN.Â | 

are retained ; by burning, nearly all of trailer. j 

them are dissipated." — Principles of 

Gardening 

Division. Shaded peat soil. 

LINUM. Fifty-one species. Chiefly 

hardy herbaceous and annuals; a few 

Lime rubbish is the old mortar and green-house evergreen shrubs. Seed, 

plaster obtained when brick buildings division, and cuttings. Sandy loam 

are pulled down. It is an excellent ' and 

manure, abounding with the salts of 

potash and lime. It should be reduced 

to powder before spreading and digging 

in. 

LIME, or LINDEN-TREE. Tilia. 

LIME-WATER. "As water can 

hold only a certain quantity of lime in 

solution, it is immaterial how much of 

that substance you mix with it. The 

mixture should be well stirred, and 

should be left until it has become clear, 

when it will be fit for use. The best 

23 

a little peat 

LION'S-EAR. Leonatis. 

LION'S-FOOT. Leontopodium. 

LION'S-TAIL. Leonotis leonurus. 

LIPARIA spharica. Green-house 

evergreen shrub. Young cuttings. 

Sandy loam and peat. Not too much 

water. 

LIPARIS. Fifteen species. Stove 

epiphytes and orchids. All propagated 

by offsets. Epiphytes in peat and potsherds 

; 

terrestrial orchids in sandy peat 

and sandy loam.

— 

LIP 354 LIS 

LIPOSTOMA campanuliflora. Stove 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

LIPPIA. Tvv'o species. Stove. L. 

dulcis, herbaceous; L. purpurea, evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich liglit soil. 

LIQUIDAMBAR. 

Two species. 

Hardy deciduous trees. Seed and cuttings. 

Common soil. 

LIQUID-MANURE is the most advantageous 

form in which fertilizers 

can be applied by the gardener to his 

crops. It is the most economical, most 

prompt, and most efficient mode. The 

manure is presented to the roots in one 

of the only forms in which the roots 

can imbibe food, and the manure is 

spread regularly through the texture of 

the soil. If, instead of digging in stable-manure, 

each crop was watered 

occasionally with liquid-manure, the 

produce would be finer and more 

abundant. 

My brother, Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, 

says, in his excellent work on " Fertilizers:"— 

" I have often employed with decided 

effect, in my own garden, for vines, 

peach, and standard apple-trees, liquidmanure, 

prepared either by mixing one 

part by weight jf cow-dung with four 

parts of water, or the collected drainage 

of the stable and cow-house. It 

has been found advantageous to plants 

cultivated in stoves to apply even a 

liquid-manure, composed of six quarts 

of soot to a hogshead of water; and although 

this is a very unchemical mixture, 

yet it has been found by Mr. 

Robertson to be peculiarly grateful and 

nourishing to pines, causing them to 

assume an unusually deep healthy 

green ; and, for stoved mulberry, vine, 

peach, and other plants, the late Mr. 

Knight, of Downton, employed a liquidmanure, 

composed of one part of the 

dung of domestic poultry and four to 

ten parts of water, with the most excellent 

result." Johnson on Fertilizers. 

Guano Liquid Manure.—Ten gallons 

of water will readily dissolve, or keep 

suspended in a state of minute division, 

about 50 lbs. weight of guano. When 

applied to plants, not more than five 

ounces should be added to that quantity 

of water. If it be made stronger, it 

injures or kills the plants to which it is 

applied. 

SAeep's-dMng', ifemploved for making 

— 

liquid manure, should be a peck to thirty 

gallons. 

When cow-dung is used, boiling water 

should be first poured upon it, as it 

is apt to be full of destructive larvai. 

Sulphate of Ammonia, and any other 

salt of ammonia, must not be used more 

than a quarter of an ounce to each gallon. 

LIQUORICE. Glycyrrhiza glabra, 

is only admitted into the garden for ils 

pharmaceutical properties. 

Soil and Situation.— It thrives best 

in a rich light soil, two or three feet 

deep, which should be trenched completely 

to the bottom before planting. 

W'hen manure is added, it should be 

regularly mixed throughout the texture 

of the soil. In shallow or poor ground 

it will not succeed: the situation cannot 

be too open. 

Time and Mode of Planting.—It is 

propagated by cuttings of the side-roots, 

which spring from the crown of the 

plants, and run horizontally just beneath 

the surface, which may be planted in 

January, February, or early in March. 

Each set should be about two inches 

beneath the surface. The only cultivation 

they require is to be frequently 

hoed, to keep them clear of weeds 

and in autumn 

throughout their growth ; 

the decayed stalks to be cut down, and 

the earth stirred between the rows. 

The roots are not fit for use until of 

three or four years' growth. The season 

for taking them up is December, 

January, or February. A trench must 

be dug regularly along each row, quite 

down to the extremity of the principal 

roots, which descend two feet and 

more. 

LIRIODENDRON tulipifera, and one 

variety L. T. obtusifolia. Hardy deciduous 

tree. Seed. Rich light loam. 

LISIANTHUS. Eight species. Stove 

plants, evergreen, herbaceous, and annual. 

Seed or cuttings. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

L. Russellianus is a half-hardy biennial. 

Mr. Cuthill, of Denmark Hill, 

near London, is its most successful cul- 

tivator; and the directions given by 

him, with some other suggestions, arc 

as follow : 

Sow the first week of March in a 

forty-eight pot. Fill the pot very firmly 

with a compost of loam, and leaf-mould 

or peat, in equal proportions, mixed 

with a little sand ; over the compost

— 

L I S 355 LOA 

put half an inch in depth of damp sand, 

and on this, being first pressed flat, the 

seed is to be sown, and covered with a 

little dry river-sand. Cover the top of 

the pot with a piece of glass, and keep 

in a temperature ot 70^. Mever water 

on the top, but keep in a pan constantly 

supplied with water. When the 

seedlings arc three weeks old, prick 

out singly into sixties: the compost as 

before, with plenty of drainage. When 

established give water abundantly, both 

in the pans and over the foliage, and 

keep in a temperature of about 80='. 

In August top them at every joint, and 

six weeks after shift into forty-eights. 

Give water now only in pans— for the 

surface of the earth must be kept dry 

once a fortnight in dry weather, else 

once a month; and retain the plants 

through the winter in a temperature between 

503 and qo^. As February closes 

remove them to a temperature of about 

75", moving them, as soon as vegetation 

is renewed, into eights. They now 

require a high temperature, about 80'' 

or So*-', abundance of water, and some 

liquid-manure. If kept in a pit during 

the winter, they must not at first, when 

moved into a house, be exposed to the 

sun's rays. They will bloom in July, 

and continue in flower two or three 

months, if supplied abundantly with 

water or liquid manure. Dryness of 

soil occasions a speedy fall of the blos- 

soms. 

— 

Johnson''s Gardener's Almanack. 

.LISSANTHE. Seven species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings 

in spring. Sandy peat. Kepot 

into larger pots before moving from 

green-house in summer. 

LISSOCHILUS roseus. Stove epiphvte. 

Offsets. Peat and potsherds. 

LISTS, for fiistening trees against 

walls, are usually merely shreds ol" 

woollen cloth cut into lengths varying 

from two to four inches. Strips of very 

thin sheet-lead are preferable as not 

harbouring insects; and, if there be 

any truth in electricity being beneficial 

to growing plants, lead thus employed 

should improve their growth ; 

for, with 

the nails, it forms a gentle galvanic 

battery. Wires and twine have been 

recommended to tie the branches to the 

walls; but the process is tedious, and 

cuts are inflicted, inducing gum and 

canker. Shreds of a black, blue, or red 

colour look best, harmonizing with that 

of the leaves. If old lists are re-em- 

— — 

ployed they should be previously boiled 

to destroy the larvae of insects. 

LITHOSPERMUM. Fifteen species. 

Chiefly hardy, herbaceous, and evergreen 

perennials. L.dispernum and L. 

tenuifiorum are annuals. L. dislichum, 

and L. scabrum arc green-house herbaceous. 

Seed or cuttings. Light calcareous 

soil. 

LITT.^Â geminiflora. Green-house 

evergreen perennial. Suckers. Sandy 

loam. 

LIVISTONIA. Two species. Stove 

palms. Seed. Sandy loam. 

LOAM is a very indefinite term: almost 

every cultivator of the soil associates 

with it a diff"erent explanation. 

In some parts of England clay is so 

called, and in others it is employed to 

designate brick-earth! As usually employed, 

it really is only synonymous 

with the word soil ; for it has to be 

qualified by the terms turfy, sandy, 

clayey, and chalky, just as turf, sand, 

clay, or chalk predominate. Then, 

what is hazel loam ? Why, no other 

than a rich friable soil, having a dark 

brown or hazel colour, owing to the 

[iredominance of decaying vegetable 

matters. Before long, we hope to see 

determined how much silica is to be 

understood as existing in a loam termed 

sandy, and how much alumina in that 

which is correctly termed clayey. 

The following is the analysis of a 

hazel loam : 

Silica and quartz sand . . 95.0 

Alumina 3.0 

Vegetable matters . . . 5.0 

Oxide of iron 1.5 

Lime, soda, oxide of manganese 0.25 

Gypsum, phosphate of lime,) 

^ g^ 

and ciiinuion salt . . 

J 

Such a loam is useful to render light 

soils more retentive, and heavy soils 

more porous; but, for this purpose, 

must be applied at the rate of 100 tons 

per acre. 

Maiden loam is soil taken from' the 

surface of a pasture. 

LOASA. Nine species. Chiefly hardy 

and green-house annuals. L. incana is 

a green-house evergreen trailer. Seed. 

Light soil. L. placei is a dangerous 

stinging plant. Mr. Halliday, gardener 

at Elmliam Hall, gives these directions 

for cultivating : 

"L. lateritia.—Plants of this, saved 

from seeds sown in the spring, kept in 

pots during the summer, shifted twice

— 

LO A 356 LOQ 

or oflener in the course of the autumn, 

so as to require a twenty-four sized pot 

about March, make good green-house 

plants for the same season. Planted 

out at the same time as other naifhardies, 

in a shaded situation, it also 

— 

green tree. Cuttings. Sandy loam and 

peat. Little water. 

LOPHOSPERMUM. Three species. 

Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings. 

Rich light loam. 

LOPIMIA malacophylla. Stove ever- 

! 

i 

, 

makes a good bed for the flower-garden, green shrub. Young cuttings. Rich 

putting a stirt", branchy pea-stake to light soil. 

each plant for it to run upon. But it LOQ U AT. Eriohotrya japonica. 

best unfolds its beauty upon a north The following are the best directions 

wall, planted out in a rich, light soil, 

with four or more pieces of line to 

ve have for its cultivation: 

" Light sandy loam, which is na- 

each plant for the shoots to climb." turally rich, suits the loquat well. 

Card. Chron. 

Young plants may be purchased of the 

LOAVINCt. See Heading. 

London nurserymen ; but they should 

LOBELIA. Eighty-four species, be rejected if they have not been graft- 

Chiefly hardy and green-house herba- ed on the common mespilus gcrmanica, 

ceous plants. Some, however, are an- or some other nearly allied genius.'* 

nual, and others require the heat of a 

may be propagated by seeds 

They | 

' stove. Herbaceous are propagated by or layers ; but if so raised, they must be 

\ 

i 

I 

, 

I 

j 

division; shrubby by cuttings; annuals afterwards grafted. They may be plantby 

seed, Sandy loam and peat suit 

them all. 

LOBSTER-SHELLS See Animal 

ed six or eight feet apart in the house ; 

but when they become too crowded 

every alternate plant should be re- 

Matters. 

LOCUST-TREE. Hymenma. 

LODDIGESIA oxalidifolia. Greenmoved 

on small hillocks of earth corresponding 

with the size of the plants, 

which, as they advance in growth, may, 

house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy trom time to time, have fresh earth 


LOMATIA. Five species. Green- 

added to their roots until the border is 

filled level. Care must be taken, whilst 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sand the plants are young, to make them 

and peat. 

LONCHITES. Two species. Stove 

produce the requisite quantity of 

branches close to the graft, by shorten- 

ferns. Division. Turfy loam and peat. ing the shoots, or by pinching off the 

LONCHOCARPUS. Nine species. tips. 

Stove evergreen trees. Young cuttings. " The loquat is half-hardy ; and it 


will therefore be necessary to keep a 

LONGCHAMPSIA capiUifoUa. little fire in the house in winter, to p're- 

Hardy annual. Seed Common soil. vent the frost from injuring the plants. 

LONDON-PRIDE Saxifraga um- The trees bloom naturally at that sea- 

brosa. 

son ; but in this respect are almost at 

LONICERA. Honeysuckle Eigh- the command of the gardener. They 

teen species. Hardy deciduous shrubs may be forced into bloom in autumn ; 

or, by keeping the house very cool in 

winter, their blooming may be retarded 

until spring. 

" The temperature, during the grow- 

ing seasons, may correspond with that 

and twiners. Cuttings in autumn. Common 

soil. 

LOOKING-GLASS TREE. Heritiera. 

LOOSESTRIFE. Lysimachia. 

LOPEZIA. Six species. Hardy annuals 

and green-house biennials. All 

require to be raised in a hot-bed ; the 

annuals to be removed to a south 

border, and the others to the greenhouse. 

LOPHANTHUS. Five species. 


and cuttings. Common soil. 

LOPHIOLA aurea. Hardy herbaceous. 

Division. Damp peat soil. 

LOPHIRA africana. Stove ever- 

I 

which is given to the peach when 

forced. 

" When the fruit is gathered, more air 

should be admitted into the house. In 

autumn the sashes might be entirely removed, 

for a short time, so long as there 

is no danger of frost. 

" Though a separate house is highly 

desirable to cultivate the loquat in, it 

by no means follows that it will not 

grow and fruit elsewhere. If it can be 

accommodated with ^the back-wall of a

LOR 357 LUI 

pine or plant-stove, with a border of 

two or three I'eet in breadth to grow in, 

' 

it will succeed remarkably well. It is 

far from being a tender tree, or one 

difficult to manage, being of a robust, 

healthy habit, and requiring but little 

attention. 

" Some people eat the fruit before it is 

quite ripe, at which period it has an 

agreeable acid flavour; but to obtain a 

luscious, melting, highly-flavoured fruit, 

it should hang on the trees until somewhat 

shrivelled. It is probable that the 

fruit would ripen on the back-wall of 

some green-house, if it had plenty of 

light and air ; at all events it is worth a 

trial." 

— 

— 

Gard. Ch}-on. 

LORD ANSON'S PEA. Lathyrus] 

magcllanuits. 

LOTE. Zizyphus lotus. \ 

LOTUS. Forty species. Mostly 

hardy and half-hardy annual and perennial 

trailers. Perennials are increased 

by cuttings ; and the annuals by seed, 

in any light soil. 

LOUREA. Two species. Stove biennials. 

Seed. Light rich loam. | 

LOUSEWORT. Pedicular is. 

\ 

\ 

LOUSE. See Aphis. 

LOVE-APPLE. Lycopersicon esculentuni. 

See Tomato. ' 

LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING, Amaran-\ 

thus caudalus. 

LOWEA berberrifolia. Half-hardy 

deciduous shrub. Seed and layers; 

sandy loam and peat. Common salt 

applied occasionally is beneficial. 

LOZOTiENIA rosaria, is a small 

moth, of which the caterpillar feeds 

upon the leaves of the rose tree. Mr. 

Curtis says, that— " The eggs are laid 

in the summer or autumn, and hatch 

with the opening leaves ; and the little 

caterpillar begins at once to form a residence 

l)y drawing two or more leaflets 

together, on which it feeds. This operation 

soon points out where the caterpillar 

is, and the best method wliich 

we know of getting rid of it, is handpicking, 

which should be practised as 

, 

j 

— 

— 

each pot, and fill them with the above 

compost, about three parts full, press 

this down in the centre of the pot, and 

fill the remainder of the pot with silver 

sand ; give them a good watering to 

settle the cuttings, then take a large 

pot and fill it half full of draining, and 

the remainder with sand or gravel, and 

then plunge four of the little pots in 

this large one, and place a bell-glass 

over them. Plunge in bottom-heat, and 

in about a month the cuttings are rooted 

and fit for potting off into small sixtypots 

; keep them close for about a week 

or so." 

Grafting. — Mr. Beaton grafts the 

Luculia upon stocks of Burchellia ca- 

pensis.— Gard. Chron. 

After-Culture. — "Drainage is absolutely 

indispensable for JmcuHq. During 

the summer and early autumnal 

months water should be freely supplied, 

and the under surface of the leaves, as 

well as the whole plant, repeatedly 

washed with the fine rose of the syringe. 

The general waterings must also be 

gradually diminished in September, and 

afterwards administered very sparingly, 

for the fine fibrous roots are easily in- 

jured by too much moisture. It requires 

a much cooler treatment than it generally 

receives, and should never be 

grown in a pot when it can be planted 

out in a conservatory." Gard. Chron. 

" It is not inclined to grow naturally, 

and therefore should not be stimulated 

in the spring and early summer. During 

that period it sliould be kept in a greenhouse 

: towards the end of May and 

the beginning of June, it should be 

planted out in a warm place rather 

sheltered t'rom the sun. In August or 

September it should be taken up and 

repotted, and placed in a vinery or cool 

hot-house. It will then grow vigorously, 

and form its head of blossoms, 

which are both beautiful and fragrant, 

and expand during the greater part of 

the winter. It may be kept in the 

drawing room without injury till it has 

i 

soon as the operation of the caterpillar done flowering, and should then be re- 

becomes visible." Gard. Chron. turned to the green-house." 

LVCV LI A gratissima. Green-house Chron. 

evergreen shrub. LUCUMA. Four species. 

Propagation by Cuttings.— " In pro- evergreen trees. Ripe cuttings. 

Gard. 

Stove 

Rich 

pagating this take a piece of light peat 

and break it quite hue, add about one- 

sandy loam. 

LUHEA paninilata. Stove everthird 

of fine silver sand, mix this well green climber. Cuttings. Peat and 

together, and taking some small thumb loam. 

pots, place one crock at the bottom of L U I S I A alpina. Stove epiphyte.

LUM 358 LYO 

Lateral shoots, six inches long; attached either in patches in the different corn- 

as already observed, for the 

; 

; 

to blocks of charred wood. 

LUMNITZERA moschata, a 

partments 

green- plants to remain where sowed ; or may 

house annual ; and L.

L YO 359 MAG 

He died about the year 1S16, whilst on \ 

' 

a collecting journey in Tennessee, from 

fever contracted by exposure whilst 

travelling on horseback, 

LYON I A. Six species. Hardy 

evergreen shrubs. Layers and seed. 

Peat. 

LYONSIA straminea. Stove ever- 

green twiner. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

L Y S I M A C 11 1 A . 

Twenty species. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials and 

annuals, except L.atropurpurea and L. 

maculata, which require a green-house. 

L. thyrsijlora is an aquatic. Annuals 

by seed ; others by division. Common 

soil. 

LYSINEMA. Five species. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat. 

LYTHRUM. Eleven species. Hardy 

herbaceous and annuals. Division or 


MABA buxifolia, a stove evergreen 

shrub, .Tud M. laurina, a green-house 

evergreen trailer. Ripe cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

MACLEANIA longiflora. 

Green- 

house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light 

loam. 

M.'i.CLEAYA cordata. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Division, and seeds. 

Rich mould. 

MACLURA. Three species. M. 

aurantiaca is a hardy deciduous tree ; 

the two others, stove evergreen trees. 

Ripe cuttings. Turfy loam and peat. 

M. aurantiaca, the Osage Orange, is 

admirably adapted for hedges : it is ot 

rapid growth, perfectly hardy as far 

north as Pennsylvania, is not subject to 

disease, is armed with sharp spines 

which pain on puncture, and, abounding 

in acrid juice, is not browsed by cat 

the art, of which it treated, was in the 

" 

United States much needed. He was 

said to have been a man of liberal education, 

and an ardent admirer of horticulture. 

It is probable his love for it 

led to his emt)arking in the sale of 

plants and seeds as a profession. In 

connection with his seed-store, Mr. M. 

established a Nursery near the city, and 

concentrated many interesting specimens 

on his trrouiuls. They were, at a 

later day, under the management of his 

son, but are now, we believe, no longer 

cultivated as a Nursery. 

MACRADENIA. Three species. 


MACROCNEMUM. Two species. 

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

M A C R P O D I U M laciniatum. 

A hardy annual, increased by seeds; and 

M. nivale, a hardy herbaceous perennial, 

increased by cuttings. A light 

rich soil suits them both. 

M A C R O T Y S racemosa. Hardy 

herbaceous perennial. Division. Rich 

soil. 

MADAGASCAR NUTMEG. Agathophyllum. 

MAD.\GASCAR POTATO. Solamim 

anguivi. 

MAD-APPLE. Solanum insanum. 

MADDER. Rubia. 

MADIA. Two species. Hardy annuals. 


MADWORT. Alyssum. 

M.ESA. Five species. Stove evergreen 

shrubs or trees. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

MAGNOLIA. Fourteen species. 

They are chiefly hardy deciduous trees, 

but M. grandiflora, and its varieties, 

require protection in Pennsylvania, in 

tie. With these qualities it is, we think,} severe winters, especially if the soil be 

destined to be extensively used as a 

hedge plant. 

M'MAHON, Bernard, was a native 

not thoroughly drained. The next most 

worthy of cultivation are M. acuminata, 

M. macrophylla, M. glauca, and M. pur- 

of Ireland. Implicated in thedisastrous 

rebellion of "98, he fled to this country, 

purea. 

Planting.—The best season for plant- 

and was for some years connected with ing all the species is early in spring, 

a political newspaper of Philadelphia. though as those sorts which are in pots 

Our purpose is, however, to refer to Mr. may be turned out with the ball of 

M'Mahon as associated with the subject earth about their roots, they may be 

occasionally transplanted in October or 

of this work. Mr. M. ultimately esta- 1 

blished himself as a Nursery and Seeds- beginning of November. Observe, as 

man in that city, and published an ex- they are rather of a tender nature in 

cellent book on gardening, the " Ame- their younger growth, it is proper to 

rican Gardener's Calendar," which was allot them a sheltered sunny situation, 

favourably received, and opportunely and dry soil ; and all of them should he 

stationed in the most conspicuous point 

issued, for at that time information on I

MAG 360 MAN 

of view, and not too closely crowded grow | 

with shrubs of inferior merit 

MAGPIE MOTH. See Abraxas. 

MAHERNIA. Thirteen species. 


cuttings taken off at a joint. Loam and 

sandy peat. 

MAHONIA. Four species. Hardy 

or half-hardy evergreen shrubs. M. 

nervosa is deciduous. Layers or ripe 

cuttings. Sand, peat, and loam. 

MAIDEN HAIR. Passifiora adian- 

tum, and Adiantum capillus veneris, 

ifC. 

MAIDEN-HAIR TREE. Salishuria 

adiantifoUa. 

MAIDEN TREE is a seedling tree 

which has not been grafted. 

The time which elapses before seedlings 

attain a bearing age is very various. 

The pear requires from twelve to 

eighteen years ; the apple five to thirteen 

; plum and cherry four to five; 

vine three to four ; raspberry two ; and 

the strawberry one. 

MAJORANA. Four species. Halfhardy 

evergreen shrubs. M. hortensis 

a hardy annual. Slips or cuttings. 

They succeed well in a sandy soil and 

a dry situation. 

MALABAR LEAF. Cinnamomum 

Malabatrum. 

MALABAR NIGHTSHADE. Basclla. 

MALABAR NUT. Justicia adhatoda. 

MALABAR ROSE. Hibiscus Rosa 

Malabarica. 

MALACHODENDRON ovatum. 

Hardy deciduous tree. Layers or ripe 

cuttings. Peat and loam. 

MALAY APPLE. Jambosa malaccensis. 

MALASIS paludosa. Hardy orchid. 

Division. Sandy peat. 

MALESHERBIA. Two species, 

(ireen-house annuals. Seeds. Sandy 

loam. 

MALFORMATION. See Deformity. 

MALLOW. Malva. 

MALOPE. Two species. Hardy 


MALPIGHIA. Fourteen species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs or trees. Ripe 

cuttings. Light soil. 

MALT DUST. See Vegetable Manures. 

MALVA. Mallow. Forty-eight species. 

The stove and green-house evergreen 

shrubs increase by cuttings, and 

, 

j 

I MAMESTRA. 

well in any rich soil. The hardy 

and half-hardy herbaceous kinds 

crease by division or by seeds. The 

hardy annuals by seeds, and common 

soil. 

MALVAVISCUS. Three siSecies. 



MAMMEA americana. Stove ever- 

green fruit tree. Ripe cuttings. Sandy 

loam. 

— 

M. brassica, M. oleracea. 

The whole cabbage tribe are 

subject to the attacks of the caterpillars 

of these moths, known as the Cabbage 

and White -line Brown- eyed Mollis. 

These appear in June or May. The 

Cabbage Moth is light brown, with wavy 

marked wings; its caterpillar is green 

stained with grey, with a dark line 

down the back. The White-line Moth is 

rusty brown, and its upper wings wliite 

margined, with an orange coloured spot 

near it; caterpillar brownish. Hand- 

picking or lime dust are the only remedies. 

Curtis. 

MAMMILLARIA. Seventy- eight 

species. Stove evergreen shrubs. Offsets. 

Sandy peat. 

MANDARIN ORANGE. Citrus nobilis. 

MANETTIA. Four species. Stove 

evergreen climbers. Young cuttings. 


MANGIFERA. Mango Tree. Two 

species. Stove evergreen tropical fruit 

trees. Ripe cuttings, or fresh seeds 

imported from the places of their natural 

growth. Turfy sandy loam, or loam 

and peat. The mango thrives best in a 

temperature of 60^. It does not require 

bottom heat. Leaf-mould is a good 

manure. It must not be pruned, for 

excessive bleeding always follows. 

MANGO GINGER. Curcuma amada. 

MANGO TREE. See Mangifera. 

MANICARIA saccifera. A tine palm 

tree. Seeds. Rich loam. 

MANNA. Alhagi. 

MANNA ASH. Ornus rotundijolia. 

MANULEA. Eleven species 

Chiefly green-house annuals and evergreen 

shrubs, or stove herbaceous perennials. 

Cuttings or seeds. Peat and 

sand, or vegetable mould. 

MANURES. Manures are animal, 

vegetable and mineral ; they directly 

assist the growth of plants, first, by 

entering into their composition ; secondly, 

by absorbing and retaining moisture

MAN 361 MAN 

from the atmosphere ; thirdly, by absorbing 

the gases of the atmosphere; 

fourthly, by stimulating the vascular 

system of the plants. Manures approximately 

assist vegetation, first, by killing 

predatory vermin and weeds ; secondly, 

by promoting the decomposition 

of stubborn organic remains in the soil 

thirdly, by protecting incumbent plants 

from violent changes of temperature. 

All these properties seldom if ever 

occur in one species of manure, but 

each is usually particularized by possessing 

one or more in a superior degree. 

That is the most generally applicable 

manure, which is composed of 

matters essential to the growth of plants: 

the chief of these are carbon, hydrogen, 

and oxygen; therefore all animal and 

vegetable substances are excellent manures. 

It would evidently be of great 

benefit, if every plant could be manured 

with the decaying parts of its own species; 

tiie ancients made this a particular 

object. We read that those vines were 

the most fruitful, which were manured 

with their own leaves and prunings, and 

the skins of expressed grapes. This 

rule might be so far followed, as that 

the stems of potatoes, peas, &c., could 

be dug respectively into the compartments 

where those crops are intended 

to be grown in the following year. 

Of the less general manures which 

benefit plants by entering into their 

composition, a few words will suftice. 

Sulphate of lime (gypsum) is a component 

of clover, lucerne, turnips, &c.; 

hence it has been applied with benefit 

to these crops on such soils as did not 

already contain it. Bones broken small 

have lately become a very general manure; 

their utility is easily accounted 

for. The bones of oxen contain about 

fifty per cent, of gelatine, which is 

soluble in water, and rapidly becomes 

putrescent. The remainder is chiefly 

phosphate and carbonate of lime, salts 

which are components of wheat, rve, 

barley, oats, peas, beans, vines, cucumbers, 

potatoes, garlic, onions, truffles, 

&c. 

Common salt also is employed as a 

manure, and is beneficial, partly in consequence 

of entering into the constitution 

of plants. 

Some manures ameliorate a soil by 

absorbing moisture from theatmosphere. 

This property is at least as beneficial to 

ground that is aluminous as to that 

; 

which is siliceous; for it is equally useless 

to either during such periods of the 

year as are characterized by a plentiful 

deposition of rain; but in the drought 

of summer, when moisture is much 

wanting to plants, it is beneficial to 

both; in very dry seasons it is even 

of greater importance to clayey than 

to light soils ; for vegetation on the 

former suffers more from long continued 

drought than on the latter, inasmuch as 

that moisture being equally exhaled 

from each, the surface of the clayey 

soil becomes caked and impervious to 

air, the only grand source of compensatory 

moisture that is available to the 

languishing plants, and which is more 

open to those which grow on light, and, 

consequently, more pervious soils. 

The following table of the comparative 

absorbent powers of many manures, 

is extracted chiefly from An Essay on 

the Use of Salt in Agriculture, by Mr. 

Cuthbert Johnson. 

Parts. 

Horse-dung evaporated pre-^ 

viously to dryness, at a | 

temperature of 100^, ab- 1 

sorbed during an exposure f" 

of three hours to air satu- \ 

rated with moisture at 62'^ 

Putrefied tanners' bark,~ 

under similar circumstances 

(66') .... 

Unputrefied tanners' bark 

Cowdung 130 

Pig dung 120 

Sheep dung 81 

Pigeon dung oO 

. 

Refuse marine salt (GC^) . . 49i 

Soot (68°) 36 

Burnt clay 29 

The richest soil (in one hour) 23 

Coal ashes 14 

Lime (part carbonate) . . 

Crushed rock salt .... 

11 

10 

Gypsum 9 

Ciialk 4 

The absorbing power of a manure is 

much influenced by the state in which 

it is presented to the atmosphere, lii 

a finely divided state mere capillary attraction 

assists it; hence, the importance 

of keeping the soil frequently 

stirred by hoeing, &c. But a mere 

mass of cotton, by means of capillary 

attraction, will absorb moisture from the 

air, yet it parts with it at a very slight 

elevation of temperature : it is of importance 

therefore to ascertain whiuli 

J 

145 

145 

115

— 

MAN 363 MAN 

are the manures that not only absorb 

but retain moisture powerfully. The 

following results of my experiments 

throw some light on this point : 

Pig dung evaporated to dry-~ 

ness at a temperature of 

106°, and then moistened 

with six parts of water, ^ 135' 

, 

which by a few hours' exposure to the 

air subsides into a gray or black hue. 

The first colour appears to arise from 

the oxyde of iron which all soils contain, 

being in the state of the red or 

protoxide; by absorbing more oxygen 

during the exposure, it is converted 

into the black or peroxide. Hence one 

required for being reduced 

of the benefits of frequently stirring 

to dryness again, at the 

soils ; the roots of incumbent plants 

above temperature i 

abstract the extra dose of oxygen, and 

Horse-dung under 

circumstances 

Common sail 

similar ) 

i 

90 

75 

reconvert it to the protoxide. Coal 

ashes, in common with all carbonaceous 

matters, have the power of 

Soot 

Rich soil 

75 

32 

strongly attracting oxygen. Every gardener 

may have observed how rapidly 

Chalk 

Poor soil (siliceous) 

Gypsum 

29 

.... 23 

18 

a bright spade of iron left foul with 

coal ashes, becomes covered with rust, 

or red oxide. 

These experiments point out a criterion 

by which we easily ascertain the 

All animal and vegetable manures 

absorb oxygen from the air during pu- 

comparative richness of any two given trefaction ? If it be required of what 

soils or manures ; the most fertile will benefit this property is to plants, since 

be most absorbent and retentive. 

Some manures increase the growth 

the gases are freely presented to them 

in the atmosphere, it admits the ready 

and vigour of plants by stimulating their answer, that they enjoy the additional 

absorbent and assimilating organs. quantity which is thus collected to the 

The stimulating powers of excremen- vicinity of their roots, without the lat- 

i 

, 

, 

j 

titious manures arise from the 

ammonia they contain. 

salts of ter source being diminished; and that 

plants are benefited by such additional 

Sir H. Davy found vegetation assisted application to their radiculae has been 

by solutions of muriate of ammonia (sal- proved by the experiments of Mr. Hill. 

ammoniac), carbonate of ammonia (vol The question may also be asked, 

atile salt), and acetate of ammonia. whether the roots have the power to 

Night soil, one of the most beneficial extract the oxygen from its combina- 

of manures, surpasses all others in the tion ? That they have this power ad- 

abundance of its ammoniacal constimits of little doubt, since Saussure 

tuents in the proportion of three to one, found that they were able to extract 

It may be observed, that the nearer various saline bodies from their combi- 

' any animal approaches to man in the nations ; not only extracting but selectnature 

of its food, the more fertilizing ing in those cases where several salts 

is the manure it affords. 

were in the same solution. 

Dr. Daubeny, the Oxford professor of 

I 

I 

' 

Carbonic [ 

I have no doubt that a languishing 

plant, one, for example, that has been agriculture, has also shown that stronkept 

very long with its roots out of the tian is rejected by barley, pelargoniums, 

earth, as an orange tree recently im- and the winged pea. 

ported from Italy, might be most rapid- 

acid is also of benefit to 

iy recovered, if its stem and branches plants, when applied to their roots in 

were steeped in a tepid weak solution an advanced stage of their growth. 

Animal and vegetable matters evolve 

of carbonate of ammonia, and when [ 

planted, an uncorked phial of the so.- this gas whilst putrefying ; and I am 

' lution were suspended to one of the not 

aware of any manure that absorbs 

branches, to impregnate the atmosphere it from the atmosphere, so as to be for 

slightly with its stimulating fumes. that reason beneficial to vegetation. 

Lime 1 

I with 

Manures are also of benefit to plants 

by affording some of the gases of the 

atmosphere to their roots in a concen 

trated form. A soil, when first turned 

up by the spade or plough, has generally 

a red tint, of various intensity. 

attracts it rapidly, but combines 

it so strongly that it is useless to 

the plant, until the carbonate of lime 

so formed is imbibed and elaborated. 

Manures assist plants by destroying 

predatory vermin and weeds. This is

— 

— 

— — 

— — 

— — 

— — — 

— — — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — 

MAP 363 MAR 

i 

' 

j 

: 

; 

j 

not a property of animal and vegetable 

manures—they foster both those ene- 

plant ; sow. 

roway, sow. 

Cardoons, sow, e. Car- 

Carrots, sow, e. Caulimies 

of our crops. Salt and lime are flowers, plant from fiaines ; give air to 

very efficient destroyers of slugs, snails, those under glass; prick out springgrubs, 

&c. raised ; sow, b. Celeriac, sow. Cele- 

Stable manure, and all decomposing ry, sow; dress and earth up. 

animal and vegetable substances, have w/Ze, plant. — Chervil, sow. 

a tendency to promote the decay of plant. — Clary, sow. — Cress, 

Cliamo- 

Chives, 

sow. 

stubborn organic remains in the 

on the principle that putrescent 

soil, Composes, prepare. Coriander, sow, e. 

sub- Corn Salad, sow.— Dill, sow.—Dung, 

stances hasten the process of putrefac- prepare for hot-beds. Fennel, sow or 

tion in other organic bodies with which plant. Garlick, plant. Horse-radish, 

ihey come in contact. Salt, in a small plant. Hot-beds, make, line, Stc. Hysproportion, 

has been demonstrated by sop, sow, e. — Jerusalem Artichokes, 

Sir J. Pringle to be gifted with a similar plant. Kale (Sea), plant or sow force, 

; 

| 

septic property, and that lime rapidly —Kidney Beans, sow ; attend to those 

j 

breaks down the texture of organized forcing. Lavender, p]3.nt.—Leeks, sow. 

j 

i matters is well known. — Lettuces, sow prick out, and plant 

; 

• There is no doubt that rich soils, or out from frames. Liquid Manure, give 

those abounding in animal and vegeta- j to Liquorice, p\Ant,h.— 

' 

' 

I 

j 

' 

; 

1 

j 

j 

cabbages, &c. 

ble remains, are less liable to change Marigolds, sow, Marjoram, sow and 

in temperature with that of the incum- plant. — Mint, plant; clean beds. 

bent atmosphere, than those of a poorer Mus/iroom Beds, attend to; make. 

constitution. This partly arises from Mustard and Cress, sow.—Nasturtiums, 

causes explained when treating of the sow. Onions, sow, put out buttons or 

influence of the colour of soils upon setts, plant for seed, b.; (Potato and 

vegetation. Some manures, as salt, Tree), plant.— Orach, sow. Parsley, 

protect plants from suffering by sudden (Com. and Hamb.) sow. Parsnips, sow. 

reductions of temperature, by entering Peas, sow. Pompions and Purslane, 

in their system ; stimulating, and rendering 

them more vigorous, impreg- 

sow, e. Potatoes, plant. Pennyroyal, 

plant. — Radishes, sow — Rampion, 

; 

nating their sap, and, consequently, sow. Rape (com. and edible-rooted), 

rendering it less liable to be congealed. sow, e. Rhubarb, sow, b. plant, b. 

; 

—Princ. of Gardening. 

Rochambole, Rosemary and Rue, plant. 

MAPLE. Acer. 

— Sage and Shallots, plant. Salsafy 

MARANTA. Fifteen species, Stove and Scorzonera, sow. Savoys, sow. 

herbaceous perennials. Division, Light Skirrets and Succory, sow. — Sorrels, 

rich soil. 

plant and sow.— Spinach, sow.— Tansy 

MARATTIA. Two species, Stove and Tarragon, plant. Tetragonia and 

perennial ferns. Division or seeds. Thyme, sow, e.— Tomato, sow in hot- 


bed. — Turnips, sow. — Wormwoods, 

MARCETFA exroriata. Stove shrub. sow. 

Cuttings. Rich light loam. 

MARCGRAAVLA. Two species. 

ORCHARD. 

Curious stove evergreen shrubby creep- Apricots, prune, if before neglected, 

ing plants. Cuttings. Turfy loam and 

peat. 

M.ARCH is a bnsy month, as will 

b.; young ones, head down. Blossoms 

of wall fruit protect.— Currants, finish 

planting and pruning, b. Espaliers, 

appear from the following calendarial generally finish regulating, b. Figs, 

directions: 

prune and train, and plant, being best 

KITCHEN GAHDEN. 

time; make layers; plant cuttings. 

Fork over the borders and quarters, if 

Alexanders, sow; earth up.- Angeli- before omitted. Gooseberries, prune, if 

ca, sow or plant. Artichokes, dress before neglected, b.; finish planting, b. 

; 

plant. Aspiragus, sow plant; force;' Grafting, in mild weather, is best 

; 

and dress beds. Balm, plant.— BosiV, done this month. Grafts, prepare. 

| 

sow. Beans, plant; earth up. Beet,' Mulch round the trees newly planted, 

(red, white, and green), sow. Borage,', to keep the roots moist. Nectarines, 

BOW.— Borneo/?, sow, e.—Broco/i, sow. neglected before, prune, b; young, 

— Burnet, plant and sow.— Cabbages,] head down.—PeacAcs, before neglected.

— 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

MAR 364 MAR 

prune, b.; young, head down. Planting 

omitted complete, b. Pruning, 

may be laid.— Water frequently, but 

moderately, and only in mild weather. 

complete, without fail, b. Raspherries, 

finish planting, b. Strawberries, finish 

HOT-HOUSE. 

dressing, b.; plant; and in pots for successive 

forcing. Suckers, for stocks, 

may be planted. Support with slakes 

trees newly planted. Stocks, raise from 

seeds of Apples, Pears, Quinces, and 

Medlars. Trench, ^-c. ground for planting 

Vines, finish pruning without fail, 

b.j plant cuttings, and make layers. 

Air, admit freely. Cherries ripening 

require but little water. Flowers in 

pots continue to introduce. Kidney 

Beans, continue forcing. Leaves, clean 

by the sponge and syringe. Pines require 

more water, and greater heat 

syringe their crowns; give liquid ma- 


Annuals (Tender), prick out in hotbed 

; give air freely ; and sow to blow 

site. Dahlias, sow ; prick out ; plant 

cuttings of roots ; all in a gentle hotbed. 

Dress borders generally, if omit- 

— — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

nure ; shift into larger pots. 

Peaches, 

thin; the day temp, for them should 

not exceed IQ^ ; disbud; trim; water 

abundantly.-Propagfaê hot-house plants 

by slips, cuttings, suckers, and layers, 

from July to Oct.; 

ders, and pot to 

(Hardy), sow in bor- 

remain. Anemones, 

according to the plant's nature ; it is 

the best season. Seedlings of culinary 

finish planting. Auriculas, plant offsets; 

sow; and dress where omitted 

last month. Biennials, sow, e. Bulbs, 

plants, remove to a cooler place. 

Straioberries, in pots, continue forcing. 

— Temperature for Pines should be about 

finish planting Carnations, sow; raised 

by layers last year plant out. Chrysan- 

8.5"^ at midday, and during niaht 60" ; 

in the flower stove 65'' and 55^.— Tothemums, 

raised from cuttings, plant bacco fumigations continue. Vines are 

from frames into pots. Cleanliness is 

now even more than ordinarily requi- 

now all in motion ; thin ; train ; keep 

well supplied with liquid manure ; air 

keep moist, except to those in blossom 

temp, as last month. 

ted before. Earth, give fresh to plants 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

in pots. Edgings of Box, &c., may be Air cannot be admitted too freely 

made. Evergreens, sow plant and 

; 

prune in mild weather. Forest Trees, 

during fine weather and the temperature 

above 

sow ; cut down in shrubberies, &c. 

Grass Seeds, sow. Gravel, weed, turn, 

lay, and roll twice a week in dry weather. 

Hand Glasses and a warm border 

will now do for Tender Annuals. 

Hedges, finish making. Hot-beds, for 

tender Annuals, make ; give air freely; 

protect at night; day temp, to be kept 

about 70°. Hyacinths, put fresh tan or 

saw-dust on beds. Layers, make of the 

Arborescent Chinese Peonies, &c. Perennials, 

plant and water, they will 

blow same year ; sow. 

divide roots and sow. 

Polyanthuses, 

Pots of Roses 

and other flowers put 

succession produce. 

in hot-house, for 

Protection, give 

to Auriculas and other choice flowers 

in bud. Roses, prune, b.; plant cuttings 

of roots ; plant established trees, and 

if repeated in April and May, b., a succession 

of flowers may be had until 

September ends give liquid manure. 

; 

Shrubs, generally finish pruning and 

planting. Stake newly |)lanted, and all 

pliant shrubs, &c. Sweet Briar for 

hedges, &c., sow where to remain. 

Tulips (Early), protect bloom. Turf 

32'-. Earth (I'resh), give to 

oranges and other shrubs ; stir the surface 

of that in the pots frequently. 

Heading-down may be practised upon 

oranges and other shrubs growing irregularly. 

Leaves, clean and remove 

those decayed. Orange Kernels, sow 

to raise stocks. Pot singly last year's 

cuttings. Propagate by slips, cuttings, 

and layers as appropriate. Pruiiing, 

finish. Shifting, complete, where necessary. 

— Sow seeds of green-house 

plants in pots, and plunge in a hot-bed. 

Water frequently, but moderately. 

Windows alwaysclose at night.— Wood, 

dead and weakly, remove. 

MARGINS of streams and other waters 

must always accord with the pleasure 

grounds in which they are placed. 

Art, therefore, must imitate each in its 

proper place, not always by a studious 

picturesque arrangement of the marginal 

accompaniments in each case, but 

by excavating the groundwork, planting 

the trees and shrubs, and leaving the 

rest to the motion of the waves of the 

water. After the effects of one winter, 

stones or gravel may be deposited in 

— 

;

MAR 365 MAR 

spots suitable for stony or gravelly 1 

for them. If the soil is wet or rich. 

shores 

MA RICA. Ten species, chiefly 

' 

green-house herbaceous perennials. M. 

they are deficient in their essential 

qualities, and the perennials are unable 

" " 

to withstand severe weather The sit- 

patuiiosa is a stove aquatic. Division or 

seeds. Loam, peat, and sand. 

nation cannot be too open. 

Time and Mode of Propagation.—The 

M.\RIGOLI). Calendula officinalis, sweet marjoram is propagated solely by 

Varieties.— Single; Common double ; seeds I ; the two perennials by seed, as 

Largest very double; Double lemon- Well as by parting their roots, and slips 

' coloured; Great Childing ; Small Child- of their branches. Sowing may be pering. 

The single-flowered and those formed of all the species, from the convvhich 

have the darkest orange colour, elusion of February, if open weather, 

are most esteemed, as possessing the to the commencement of June I ; but the 

early part of April is the usual time for 

' most flavour. 

Soil and Situation.—The soil most performing ' 

suited to them is one that is light, dry, 

and poor. In rich ground they grow 

larger and more luxuriant, but lose 

much of their flavour and quality. The 

situation cannot be too open and ex- 

posed 

it. Portions of the rooted 

plants, slips, &c., may be planted from 

February until May, and during September 

and October. 

The sowing is performed either in 

drills, six inches apart, or broadcast; 

in either case the seed being buried not 

Sowing may be from the close of more than half an inch deep. When 

February until June; or it may be per- the seedlings have attained a height of 

formed in autumn, during September, two or three inches, they must be thin- 

If left to themselves, they will never ned to six inches, and those removed 

fiil to multiply from the seif-sown seed, may be pricked in rows at a similar 

1 

I 

' 

! 

| 

| 

i 

Sow in drills, ten inches apart; the distance apart each way. Those of the 

plants are best left where raised, being annual species are to remain; but those 

thinned to ten or twelve inches asunder; of the perennials, to be finally removed 

but when the seedlings are two or three during September, at the distances di- 

inches in height, they may be removed rected below, when raised from slips, 

into rows at similar distances as above. &c., water beinggiven at every removal, 

Water must be given moderately every and until the plants are established. 

other day, until established. 

The slips and partings of the root, 

Gathering.—The flowers, which the are inserted in rows ten or twelve 

spring-raised plants will produce in the inches apart, whera they are to remain; 

June of the same year, but those of they must be watered moderately every 

autumn not until that of the following evening, and shided during the day, 

one, will be fit to gather for keeping in until they have taken root, which they 

July, when they are fully expanded, as soon do, and acquire a stocky growth, 

well as for use when required. Before The only cultivation that any of the 

storing, they must be dried perfectly, species require, is the frequent applicaotherwise 

they become mouldy and tion of the hoe. In October the decaydecay. 

To obtain Seed.—Plants of each vaed 

parts of the perennials are cut away. 

and some soil from the alleys scattered 

riety must be grown as far distant from oxer the bed about half an inch in depth, 

each other as may be. The two child- the surfice of the earth between the 

ing, and the largest double marigolds, stools being previously stirred gently. 

are especiable liable to degenerate, if 

the seed is not carefully taken from the 

The tops and leaves of all the species 

are gathered when green in summer 

largest and most double flowers. 

M.\IUORAM. (.Origanum.) O. mar- 

and autumn, for use, in soups, &c.; and 

a store of the branches are cut and dried 

jnrana. Sweet or Summer Marjoram, in July or August, just before the flow- 

0. heracleoticum. Winter Marjoram, ers open for winter's supply. 

i 

: 

I 

! 

O. onites. Common or Pot Marjoram, 

Soil and Situation.—A light, dry and 

moderately fertile soil is required for 

their healthy growth; and if it is one 

that has not been cropped for a con- I 

Biderable time, it is the more favourable I 

To obtain Seed.—There is little difficulty 

in obtaining the seed of the pot 

marjoram ; if a plant or two are left 

ungathered from, it unfailingly ripens 

in the course of the autumn. But the 

exotic species seldom ripen theirs in

MAR 366 MAY 

this country ; consequently it is usually 

obtained from the south of France or 

Italy. In favourable years, however, 

they sometimes perfect it late in autumn. 

Forcing.—When the green tops are 

much in request a small quantity of 

seed of the summer marjoram is sown 

in January or February, in a moderate 

hot-bed. 

MARL is a compound of chalk (carbonate 

of lime) with either siliceous 

sand or alumina. In the first instance, 

it is a siliceous marl, best applied to 

heavy soils; and in the latter a clayey 

marl, adapted for light lands. Slaty 

and sliellmarls are varieties of the siliceous. 

The relative proportions of the 

constituents vary indefinitely, the chalk 

amounting from 15 to 75 per cent. The 

quantity applied per acre must also vary 

greatly, according to the object to be 

attained. To render a light soil more 

tenaceous 100 tons per acre of clayey 

marl are not too much ; neither is the 

same quantity of siliceous marl an excess, 

if applied to a heavy soil to render 

it more friable. For much useful 

information on this subject, see "Ruffin 

on Calcareous Manures," a Virginia 

publication. 

M A R L E A begoniafolia. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrub. Half-ripened 


MARRUBIUM. Nine species. Hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Division or 


MARSHALLIA. Four species. Halfhardy 

herbaceous perennials. Cuttings. 


MARSH MALLOW. Althaa. 

MARTYNIA. Four species. Stove 

or green-house annuals. Seeds. Light 

rich soil. 

MASDEVALLIA infracta. Stove 

orchid. Division. Wood. 

MASSONIA. Thirteen species. 

Green-house bulbous perennials. Offsets 

or seeds. Loam, peat and sand. 

MASTERWORT. Astrantia. 

MASTIC. Majorana crassifoUa. 

MASTICH. Thymus mastichina. 

MASTICH TREE. Pistacia lentisciis. 

MATHIOLA. The Stock. Twentytwo 

species and several varieties. The 

hardy annuals and biennials, and the 

half-hardy shrubby kinds, increase by 

seeds, and grow well in loam and peat. 

The green -house evergreen shrubby 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

— 

species, cuttings, light soil and sand. 

See Stock. 

M A T T I A. Two species. Hardy 


soil. 

MAURANDYA. Three species. 

Green-house evergreen twiners. Young 

cuttings or seeds. Light rich soil. 

MAURITIA. Three species. Palms. 

Rich sandy loam, and a strong moist 

heat. 

MAXILLARIA. Fifty-four species. 


MAXIMILIANA regia. Palm. Rich 

sandy loam, and a good moist heat. 

MAY requires the gardener's especial 

care in every department of his grounds. 


Angelica, sow. — Artichokes, plant, 

b.; clean beds. Asparagus , keep clean; 

apply liquid manure. Balm, plant. 

Basil, plant out. Beans, sow, hoe, lop. 

— Beet, (Red,) thin (White and Green), 

; 

sow. Borage, sow. 

Borecole, sow, b.; 

plant ; prick out ; plant out ; hoe ; leave 

for seed. Brocoh, sow, h.; plant; prick 

out. Burnets, sow and plant. Cabbages, 

sow; plant; earth up. Capsicum, 

plant out.— Carrots, sow ; thin. Cardoons, 

sow, b. — Cauliflowers, take 

glasses from; sow the late variety for 

autumn use. Celery, sow, b. ; prick 

out; plant out; water; leave for seed. 

Chamomile, plant. Chervil, sow ; leave 

for seed. Chives, plant. Coriander, 

sow ; leave for seed. Cress, sow (Wa- 

; 

ter), plant. Crops, failed, replace forthwith. 

Cucumbers, prick out; plant out; 

attend to forcing. Dill, sow, and plant. 

— Earthing-up, attend to. — Endive, 

sow, e.; leave for seed. Fennel, sow 

and plant. Finochio, sow ; clean. 

Hot-beds attend to; linings, &c. Hyssop, 

sow and plant. Kale, (Sea,) attend to 

blanching, &c. Kidney-Beans (dwarfs), 

sow, b.; (runners) sow. Lavender plant. 

Leeks, sow; thin; leave for seed. 

Lettuces, sow; plant out; tie up. Marigolds, 

sow. Marjorams, sow and plant. 

— Melons, sow, b. ; prick out ; ridge out; 

attend to forcing; thin laterals. Mint, 

plant. Mushroom-beds, make, b. ; attend 

to those producing. Mustard and 

Cress, sow; leave for seed. Nasturtiums, 

sow, b. Onions, weed, &c. ; sow 

for planting again in spring); (Welch), 

leave for seed. Parsley, sow; leave 

for seed; (Hamburgh), thin. Parsnips,

— 

— — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

MAY 367 MAY 

Peas, sow ; top tliose bloom- I 

— — — 

— — 

— 

— — — 

— — — 

j 

, 

, 

| 

| 

i 

j 

j 

thin, &c. 

during midday; (Autumn blooming). 

ing. — Pennyroyal, plant. — Poinpions, plant again after separating offaets, or 

sow, b. ; ridfje out, b. Potatoes, plant, else store until end of July. Carnab. 

; hoe. Purslane, sow; leave for //o;iS, remove side-buds from liower- 

| 

seed. Radishes, sow ; leave for seed. stems ; shade from meridian sun; water 

—Rape, lor salading, sow (Edible- 

; n (Xry weather; sow. Dahlias, plant 

rooted), sow, e, Rosemary, plant.— out from green-house; e.—Dress the 

Rue, plant. — Sage, plant. — Salsnfy, borders, &c., almost daily. Evergreens 

thin, &c. Savory, sow and plant.— Sa- njay be planted, b. Fibrous-rooted pevoys, 

sow, b. plant prick out. Scor- ; ; rcnnials, propagate by cuttings of young 

zonera, thin, &c. Sorrels, sow and llower-stalks. — Flowering-Plants replant. 

Spinach, sow; thin; leave for quire staking, &c. Grass, mow and 

seed. Tansy, and Tarragon, plant.— roll weekly. Gravel, roll weekly. 

TAi/me, sow and plant. Tomatoes, \)\anl Hoeing cannot be too frequent. Hyaout. 

— Turnips, sow; thin. — Turnip- cinths, take up and store as leaves de- 

Cabbage, sow.— Watering, attend to in cay. Mignionette, sow for succession, 

dry weather. Weeds, destroy as they b. Perennials, sow, b.; propagate by 

appear. 

slips and cuttings. Polyanthuses, part, 

ORCHARD. 

if not done in April; shade, and throughout 

the summer, sunshine destroys 

Apples (Wall and Espalier), trim and them. Roses, this is the best season for 

train, e. Apricots, trim and thin their 

fruit. — Budded Trees, remove shoots 

from stocks below the buds. Grafts, 

budding. Stake and tie up plants ; seedlings, 

thin. Tulips, remove seed-pods ; 

take up and store as leaves decay. 

remove clay and loosen bandages from, Turf may be laid, and grass-seed sown, 

e. ; remove shoots from stock. Insects, b. ; water frequently in dry weather. 

watch for and destroy with lime-dust, 

tobacco, or other application. Mulch, 

continue round late-planted trees. 

Wall-Jiowers, sow, to bloom next year. 

— Water-glass bulbs, plant in borders 

as flowers decay.— Watering, attend to 

Nectarines, trim and train ; thin fruit. in dry weather, especially to plants 

Peaches, trim and train; thin fruit. newly removed, 

Pears (Wall and Espalier), trim and 

train, e. Plums (Wall and Espalier), 

HOT-HOUSE. 

trim and train, e. Salt, strewn along Air, admit as freely as possible. 

the top of a wall, prevents slugs and Bark-Beds may be renewed, if not done 

snails coming over from the shaded in Ajjril.—Figs, keep well watered; 

side. Snails, destroy; they are very pick olf laterals.— Fruit Trees, in foredestructive 

now to wall-fruit, especially '"'Sj '"f treatment see April.— 

| 

1 

Grapes, 

nectarines.— I7ne.s, trim and train ; hoe gather before dead ripe, and hang in 

frequently those in vineyard.— fFa// grape-room.— Pines, water every fourth 

Trees generally require training this morning ; shift last year's crowns, if not 

month.— Water, apply by the engine done in April, b.; temperature at night 

to wall-trees and espaliers; give to 75". and at midday 100^'. Potted Plants 

newly-planted trees, in dry weather, may yet be shifted, b. ; shade for a few 

frequently 

days after, Propagate by seeds, cut- 

FLOWER GARDEI^. 

tings, &c., if before omitted. Pruning 

should have been finished last month; 

Anemones, take up, and separate off- pinch down the fruit-shoots. Strawbersets 

as leaves decay. Annicals, remove ries, fruiting, give liquid-manure. Sy- 

from hot-bed to borders.—yl«r/cu/as, riVig-ing, generally, as fruit ripens, dis- 

j 

done blooming, remove to ' north-east continue. Vines, keep at a night tem- 

I aspect, where they will not have the perature of 70", and at midday 85"; 

sunshine after nine ; offsets, detach and when grapes are beginning to ripen 

plant; seedlings, keep in the shade; 

water moderately in dry weather. 

Awnings or other shelter, continue 

cease from syringing; remove superfluous 

shoots.— Water, supply very fre- 

(juently, but moderately.— Work, gene- 

over beds of hyacinths, tulips, e., now ral, required, (See April.) 

in bloom. Biennials, aow, b. Bulbous 

Roots, generally, directly leaves decay, 

GBEEN-HOUSE. 

take up and store; seedlings, shade Air is now so essential that potted

— — 

— — 

— 

MAY 368 

quently but moderately ; it may be 

poured freely over their foliage as a 

cleanser. Windows and doors open 

daily, and during mild nights, to harden 

before moving out. 

ME A 

plants of hardier kinds move to outside. 

— Cuttings of some plants will still 

grow. Earth, is pots, stir. Layering 

will yet be successful. Leaves, clean, 

before removing from house. Orange- 

MAY APPLE. Podophyllum peltaturn. 

MAYTENTJS. Four species. Halfhardv 

or green-house evergreen shrubs 

or trees. Ripe cuttings. Peat, loam. 

stocks, seedlings pot sing\y; inarching 

of the orange and lemon may yet be 

practised. Pruning must now be only 

and sand, 

MAZE See Labyrinth. 

casual. Shifting into larger pots complete, 

b. Succulent Plants, as aloes, 

&c., may be moved out, e. Water fre- 

MEASURES, ENGLISH 

GRAIN MEASURE. 

MAZUS pumi'Zio, a hardy annual ; and 

M. rugosus, a half-hardy trailing annual. 

Seeds. Common soil, and a warm 

situation. 

MEADOW-SAFFRON. Colchicum. 

MEADOW-SWEET. Spircea ulmaria. 

4 Gills . 

2 Pints 

4 Quarts 

2 Gallons 

4 Pecks 

make .... 1 Pint . 

1 Quart 

1 Gallon 

1 Peck 

1 Bushel 

containing 

.... 

.... 

.... 

34^ 

2218i 

4 Bushels 1 Sack 5^ 

8 Bushels 1 Quarter lOi 

5 Quarters 1 Load b\\ 

TIMBER MEASURE.

— 

ME A 369 

—- 

CUBIC MEASURE. 

1728 Cubic Inches make . . . 

27 " Feet 

40 " " of Rough Timber 

50 " " of Hewn do. 

108 " " 

128 " " 

ME A 

1 Cubic Foot. 

1 " Yard. 

1 Load. 

1 Stack of Wood. 

1 Cord. 

LONDON MARKET FRUIT A ND VEGETABLE MEASURES. 

These being made either of osier or 

deal shavings, vary triflingly in size 

more than measures made of less flexible 

materials. They are as follow : 

Sea-Kale Punnets.—Eight inches diameter 

at the top, and seven inches and 

a half at the bottom and two inches 

deep. 

Radish Punnets.—Eight inches diameter, 

and one inch deep, if to hold 

six hands ; or nine inches by one inch 

for twelve hands. 

Mush7-oom Punnets.—Seven inches 

by one inch. 

Salading Punnets.—Five inches by 

two inches. 

Half-Sieve.—Contains three imperial 

gallons and a half. It averages twelve 

inches and a half diameter, and six inches 

in depth. 

Sieve.—Contains seven imperial gallons. 

Diameter, fifteen inches ; depth, 

eight inches. 

Bushel-Sieve.—Ten imperial gallons 

1 

t 

English market-gardeners, and retailers 

of fruit, potatoes, &c., generally 

and a half. Diameter at top, seventeen 

inches and three quarters ; depth, 

eleven inches and a quarter. 

Bushel-Basket—Ought, when heaped, 

to contain an imperial bushel. Diameter 

at bottom, ten inches ; at top, 

fourteen inches and a half; depth, seventeen 

inches. Walnuts, nuts, apples, 

and potatoes are sold by this measure. 

A bushel of the last-named, cleaned, 

weighs 56 lbs., but 4 lbs. additional are 

allowed if they are not washed. 

A Pottle is a long tapering basket 

that holds about a pint and a half. 

Hand—Applies to a bunch of radishes, 

which contains from twelve to 

thirty, according to the season. 

A Bundle contains six to twenty heads 

of brocoli, celery, &c.; and in the case 

of asparagus from 100 to 150. 

A Bunch is applied to herbs, and varies 

much in size according to the 

season. 

HEAPED MEASURES. 

| 

j 

7, that for potatoes, fruit, &c., the 

bushel shall be made round, with a 

vend their commodities as if the Act of plain and even bottom, and being nine- 

Parliament, 5 and G Will. IV. c. 63, did teen inches and a half from outside 

not exist. By this statute selling by to outside, and capable of containing 

heaped measure is forbidden under a SOIbs. weight of water, 

penalty of not more than 40s. for every Of Wood Fuel.—English Measure.— 

such sale. Section 8 provides that, as 

some articles heretofore sold by heaped 

Wood-fuel is assized into shids, billets, 

faggots, fall-wood, and cord-wood. A 

; measure are incapable of being stricken, shid is of fall-wood and cord-wood. 

and may not inconveniently be sold by A shid is to be four feet long, and, 

weight, it is enacted, that all such arti- according as they are marked and 

tides may henceforth be sold by a notched, their proportion must be in 

' 

bushel-measure, corresponding in shape the girth: viz., if they have but one 

with the bushel prescribed by the 5 notch they must be sixteen inches in 

Geo. IV. c. 74, for the sale of heaped the girth ; if two notches, twenty-three 

measure, or by any multiple or ali(juot inches; if three notches, twenty-eight 

! 

i 

part thereof, filled in all parts as nearly inches ; if four notches, thirty-three 

to the level of the brim as the size and inches ; and if five notches, thirty-eight 

shape of the articles will admit; but inches about. 

, 

nothing herein shall prevent the sale by Billets are to be three feet long, of 

weight of any article heretofore sold by which there should be three sorts; 

heaped measure. The 5 Geo. IV. c. namely, a single cask, and a cask of 

74, thus referred to, enacts, by section ! two. 

24 

The first is seven inches; the se-

M EC 370 MEL 

cond ten inches; and the third fourteen 

inches about. They are sold by the 

hundred of five score. 

Faggots are to be three feet long, and, 

at the band, oftvventy-four inches about, 

load. Cord-wood is the bigger sort of 

fire-wood ; and it is measured by a cord 

or line, whereof there are two measures 

—that of fourteen feet in length, three 

feet in breadth, and three feet in height; 

feet 

besides the knot ; of such faggots fifty the other is eight feet in length, tour 

go to the load. I 

in height, and four feet in 

Bavins and Spray-ioood are sold by breadth, 

the hundred, which are accounted a I 

MEASURE 

1000 Billets of Wood 

10 Cwt. of Wood 

1 Cord of Wood 

100 Lbs. of Wood 

MECONOPSIS. Three species. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds. 

Light soil. 

MEDIC AGO. Seventy -two species. 

Chiefly hardy annuals, and, for the most 

part, trailers. The herbaceous peren- 

nial kinds are increased by division ; 

the shrubby species by cuttings; and 

the annuals by seed. Common soil 

suits them all. 

MEDICK. Medlcago. 

MEDINILLA erythrophylla. Stove 


JMEDLAR. Mespilus germanira. 

Varieties. — Blake's Large; Dutch, 

largest fruit; Nottingham, small, but 

best flavoured ; Stoneless, inferior, but 

keeps longer than others. 

Propagation by Seed.—This is a tedious 

mode, the seed usually lying two 

years before it germinates. Sow immediately 

the fruit containing the seed decays, 

in common light soil. Water the 

seedlings frequently in dry weather ; 

thin them to two feet apart ; and when 

four or five years old they will be fit for 

final planting. 

By Layers.—This may be done in 

February and March, making use of 

shoots of the previous year. They will 

have rooted by the autumn. 

Grafting and Budding may be done 

on the White Thorn, but the Pear is a 

better stock for the medlar. 

ôil.—A well-drained, but retentive 

loam suits it best. 

Planting, Pruning, S,-c.—See the directions 

given for the Pear. 

Storing.—The fruit ought not to be 

gathered until November, for if the 

o-athering is made before the fruit is 

tully matured, it shrivels without ripening 

in its decay. Spread them singly 

upon sand, the calyx, or open side 

OF WOOD. 

= 1 Cord. 

= 1 Cord. 

= i Chaldron of Coals. 

= 1 Quintal of Wood. 

downwards, and dipping the stalk end 

in a strong brine of common salt and 

water, which is said to check the occurrence 

of mouldiness. 

MEGACLINIUM. Three species. 


MEG AST ACHY A. Nine species. 

Grasses. Chiefly annuals. Seeds. 

Common soil. 

MELALEUCA. Forty-six species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Halfripened 

cuttings. Loam, peat, and 

sand. 

MELANTHIUM. Eight species. 

Green-house bulbous perennials. Off"sets 

or seeds. Loam, peat, and sand. 

MELASPHiERULA. Four species. 


Sandv peat. 

MELASfOMA. Twelve species. 

Chiefly stove evergreen shrubs. M. 

elongata, is a tuberous-rooted perennial, 

and very beautiful. Cuttings. Loam, 


MELHANIA. Three species. Stove 

or green-house evergreen trees. Cuttings. 

Sandy loam. 

MELIA. Nine species. Stove or 

green-house evergreen trees. M. azedarach, 

is deciduous: large ripened 

cuttings, with the leaves not shortened. 


MELIANTHUS. Three species. 

Green-house or hardy evergreen shrubs. 


MELICHRUS. Two species. Greenhouse 


peat. 

MELICOCCA. Four species. Stove 

evergreen fruit trees. Ripe cuttings. 


MELICOPE ternata. Green-house 


peat.

— 

MEL 371 MEL 

MELISSA. Balm. Four species. 


Common soil. 

MELITTA melis-tophyUum and two 

varieties. Hanly herbaceous perennials. 

Division. Common soil. 

MELOC ACTUS. Melon thistle. 

Fourteen species. Stove evergreen 

shrubs. Offsets. Sandy peat. 

MELODINUS. Two species. Stove 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

MELOLONTHA, the Cockchafer. 

M. vulgaris. Common Cockchafer. 

M. hortkolo. May-Bug, or Brackenclock. 

Feeds upon the leaves of the 

Raspberry and Rose. Mr. Curtis justly 

observes, that— " When the roses are 

in full bloom in May, these beetles 

termed, is more economical, and by 

enabling a more regular temperature to 

be sustained, renders the fruit in greater 

perfection. The pit is a rectangular 

frame or bin, built of nine inch brickwork, 

in preference to boards, which 

have to be renewed every five or sn 

years, if employed and enclosed by a 

glass case of the necessary dimensions. 

Mr. Smith, gardener to A. Keith, Esq., 

of Ravelstone, N. B., has suggested a 

mode of building a pit which renders 

the renewal of the heat in it easy ; and 

as the committee appointed to examine 

it report, is the means of considerable 

saving compared with the common 

mode of forming an open bed. But the 

facility with which linings may be applied 

is its best feature ; for if by any 

sometimes do very extensive mischief chance the heat failed, there was seldom 

to the flowers, by eating out the anthers 

and consuming the petals. Having deposited 

about a hundred eggs in the 

earth, the female dies, and the larva; 

hatch and commence their attacks upon 

the roots of the grass. It is stated, that 

they are feeding three years, and they 

reside about an inch beneath the turf; 

but as winter approaches, they retire 

deeper into the earth ; and even in 

November, when frost has set in, they 

have buried themselves a spade deep. 

The larva; are rather active and can 

walk tolerably well, dragging their bodies 

after them ; they lie, however, 

generally curved up in the shape of a 

horse-shoe; the head is deep, ochreous 

and destitute of eyes. The body is 

ochreous white with a few brown hairs. 

To kill these larvs, water the grass in 

the autumn with one-tenth gas liquor 

any alternative in the old pits but to 

break them up. 

The accompanying sketch will at 

once show the form of the pit, and Mr. 

Smith's mode of applying the linings. 

A is the pit the side of which a a instead 

of being a continuous piece of 

Fiff. 9S. 

brick-work are merely rows of pillars 

six feet apart; and the brick-work of 

the frame 6 6 is supported by bars of 

iron reaching from pillar to pillar. An 

j 

I 

to two-tenths .^ _ svater, .._ it will do _ no mi outer wall, c c, is constructed at two 

chief to the grass, but will extirpate and a half feet distance from the pillars 

these miners. Where the gas liquor on each side ; thus two bins are formed 

cannot be obtained, employ strong salt in which the linings are inserted, as is 

water." Card. Chron. 

found necessary, and are kept close 

MELON. Cucumis meJo. 

covered with thick boards ; d represents 

Varieties.—There are many varieties the lights, which thus are formed with- 

of the Melon of which the Nutmeg may out any wooden frames. For other 

be considered as the type ; it and the modes of construction, see P;y,s, (^-c. If 

Citron are, however, the most desirable, a common hot-bed is employed, fifteen 

which have come under our observa- barrow loads of dung is the usual altion. 

The mode of out-door culture lowance to each light, which make it 

is very similar to that of the cucumber; about six inches higher than is allowed 

they delight in light land well manured for the cucumber bed of largest dimen- 

; 

are quite tender, and should not he sions. If a melon house be employed, 

planted untd all fear of frost has ceased the following is the form and mode 

To force Melons.— Although a com- adopted by Mr. Fleming. 

mon hot-bed is generally used for this " The house is twenty-eight feet lonp, 

j 

plant, yet a pit, as it is technically and fifteen wide, and is heated by 

|

— 

MEL 

372 MEL 

'\ 

Fig. 99. 

sowing before February is well advanced, 

and more risk of failure incurred. 

On the average, fifteen weeks 

elapse; on the shortest and coldest 

days of winter eighteen ; and as the 

spring advances it decreases to eleven 

or twelve; these periods necessarily 

varying in different years. The mode 

means of a saddle boiler, with four-inch of sowing, managing the seedlings, 

pipes passing round the outside of the pricking out, &c., being the same as 

pit, which pipes are fitted with cast-iron with the cucumber, only that a few de- 

troughs for holding water to regulate grees higher temperature is required, I 

the moisture of the atmosphere. Be- refer the reader to that head. The pots 

neath the pit is an arched chamber, a, in which the seed is sown should be 

along the front of whicli runs the flue, three or four inches deep Each sow- 

is best performed twice, four or five 

ing i 

, 

h, imparting a slight degree of heat to 

the soil above, and also serving to heat days elapsing before the second insera 

series of arches, c, which run along tion ; this guards as much as possible 

> 

beneath the path, and are entered from against failure. The pots should be 

a house in front, d, and which are used plunged by degrees, and not at once 

for forcing rhubarb, &c., in the winter. 


Mr. Green has published the following 

excellent mode of heating a melon 

pit with hot water : 

! 

' 

I 

down to the rim. Those for pricking 

into must be about five inches in diameter. 

The first stopping.is usually 

performed in the seed-beds. 

Ridging out.—The soil must be two 

The annexed figure represents a feet deep, and the plants inserted in the 

section of the pit: 1, 1, are the flow centre of each light, care being taken to 

pipes and the water troughs; 3, the remove them with as little injury as pospipes 

to fill the troughs; 4, the pipe by sible to the roots. The removal should 

which the water is let outof the troughs; take place soon after the attainment of 

the bed for the plants ; and G, the the rough leaves, or immediately on the 

trellis on which the shoots are trained." appearance of the lateral runners. If 

the bed is not ready, those from the 

Fig. 100. 

earth of the seed-beds must be moved 

into pots, and those already in them 

turned into larger ones, from whence 

they may be finally removed without 

detriment; one plant only should be 

allowed to remain, for no more are required 

for each light. Water must be 

given with the precautions enumerated 

for cucumbers, and especial care taken 

not to wet the foliage, or to apply it too 

abundantly, and repeated two or three 

times until the plants are established. 

When completely rooted, the 

bed may be earthed by degrees to its 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—Seed 

may be sown about the middle of January; 

but the usual time is about the 

same period of the succeeding month, 

or not even until its close, if severe 

weather; to be repeated towards the 

end of March, and lastly in the first 

weeks of April and May. The length 

of time between the sowing and cutting, 

depends chiefly upon the variety employed. 

But little time is gained by 

full depth, sixteen inches; it being first 

added immediately round the cones, 

and pressed moderately firm as it is laid 

on. The pruning and training must be 

performed as in cucumbers, and the 

same precautions taken to admit air and 

light, and to shade and cover, &c. It 

is in the training and management of 

the foliage in particular that the generality 

of gardeners are careless, although 

the labours of the j)hysiologist 

and chemist have demonstrated how 

important it is that every leaf should be

MEL 373 MEL 

kept in its natural posture and vigour. 

So convinced was Mr. Knight of the 

little attention paid to tiiis point, that 

he took some melon plants under his 

especial care. He placed one under 

er the main stem the better, must be 

left on each runner, and all others 

nipped off, the runner at the s;iinc time 

being broken away at the third joint 

above it. Eight melons on one plant 

i 

' 

' 

each light, the glass of which was six of the large varieties, and about twelve 

feet by four ; the branches were trained of the smaller are quite sufficient to be 

regularly and secured by pegs in every left; if more are suff'ered to remain, 

direction; and still further, to present they will either be of inferior size and 

the largest possible surface of foliage to quality, or not ripen at all. By this 

the light, the leaves were held erect' prunmg fresh runners are often in- 

at equal distances from the glass. As 

great injury is sustained by these from 

duced; but these must in like manner 

be stopped, and any fruit that they may 

the common mode of watering, it was produce be removed. If a superabun- 

80 performed as not to touch them. By dance are produced, which especially, 

this simple additional care, the other if new seed is employed, will some- 

routine of their management being the times happen, it is necessary to thin 

same as usual, the fruit attained an ex- them, and in doing this the weakest and 

traordinary degree of perfection, and most luxuriant must alike be rejec'ted. 

ripened in an unusually short space of those of an average size being the most 

time. Mr. Knight further directs, how-' fruitful. It must always be kept in 

ever, that wherever a sufficient quantity mind, that air should be admitted as 

of fruit is set, the production of more much and as often as circumstances 

leaves is to be prevented, if they can- will allow. During mild and serene 

not be exposed to the light without afternoons and evenings, the glasses 

overshadowing the fruit, by pinching may be entirely removed, but on no 

off the laterals as soon as formed. No 

part of full-grown leaves, however. 

consideration left ofTall night. In very 

warm weather they may be kept off, 

should be destroyed though far distant' from ten in the morning until five, a 

from the fruit. 

Temperature.shade 

being afforded to the plants dur- 

-The temperature re- ing the meridian if they flag at all. It 

I 

' 

quires particular attention at the time is necessary, both for melons and cuof 

setting and ripening ; though neglect cumbers, that something should be laid 

at all the stages of growth is fatal. It! between the fruit and the earth of the 

bed, otherwise it will be speckled and 

' 

' 

must never fall below 70°, or rise above 

SO^. The seed or nursery bed may injured in appearance ; clean straw and 

[ 

continue about the minimum, but never reeds spread in thin but regular layers 

below it: and the fruiting one as constantlv 

approximatinii the maximum as 

are often employed for this purpose, 

If tiles or pieces of board are made use 

possible until the fruit is full grown, of, it is of considerable service in forwhen 

the temperature during the day warding the ri[)ening, to have them 

may vary between 85^ and 953. Im- painted or charred black; but what 

pregnation must be performed as direeled 

for cucumbers. When the runwould 

be still better is coal ashes 

spread over the surface of the bed two 

ners completely touch the side of the or three inches deep and beat smooth, 

frame, if the season is genial it must be This, I am of opinion, is preferable 

raised three or four inches by means of 

bricks, otherwise they must be pruned 

or stopped. From ijiis, the propriety 

of having only one plant to a light, is 

evident; for the runners being ofVen 

six or seven feet long, and very numer- 

ous, require, if there is not room for 

from its power of absorbing and retaining 

heat, and inferior in no other 

quality to drifted sea or river sand, 

recommended by Mr. Henderson, of 

Brechin Castle, N. B., which, he observes, 

extirpates the slater or woodlouse, 

by preventing it conccaliii" 

training, the frame to be lifted long self from the rays of the sun ; it keeps 

before the season will allow it. As down the steam, affords a bed for the 

soon as the fruit is set they must he fruit as warm and as dry as tiles or 

looked over three or four times in a slates, retains the moisture longer, 

i week to observe which is the most whilst it becomes dry itself sooner than 

vigorous and finest; of these, one that] those coverings, and is a powerful prehas 

the largest footstalk, and the near- 1 ventive of the evil— the mildew. If

MEL 374 MEL 

tiles or Blates are employed, they must twenty years old it has been known to 

be put under the fruit as soon as it has produce fruitful plants, 

, 

attained the size of a walnut, the other jj^nd Glass Crops.—For these, plants 

materials immediately after the plants ^ê required from sowings of the middle 

are well established. A regular moist- of March, April, or early in May, and 

ure should be kept up by moderate wa- - -^ r„.„i„„.; » ;=,„,nrU

MEL 375 M E N 

'. 

largest establishment will not require 

more than four times as manv. 

M E L O N, W A T E R . The Water 

Melon is cultivated in the United States 

or situation that is sheltered from the 

meridian sun, is always to be allotted 

them, as in such they are most vigorous 

and constant in production. A com- 

precisely like the Nutmeg. 

many kinds, of which the 

There are 

INIountain 

partment entirely secluded from the influence 

of the sun is, however, equally 

Sprout, Mountain Sweet, and Black unfavourable with one that is too much 

Spanish are most esteemed at Philadelphia. 

The culture is so simple, and 

so generally understood, that direction 

must be needless. To produce fine 

exposed. 

Time and Mode of Propagation.— 

They arc propagated by parting the 

roots in February or March, September 

Melons on heavy or wet soil, it is ne- or October, and by slips or olfsets at 

cessary to prepare a light rich compost the same seasons. The mints likewise 

in sufficient quantity to supply the wants 

of the vines— hills four or five feet in 

may be increased by cuttings of the annual 

shoots in May or June, as well as 

diameter, and two feet in depth. 

MELON PUMPKIN. CucurUta me- 

by cuttings of the roots in spring or autumn. 

For production of green tops 

lopepo. 

MELON THISTLE. Melocactus. 

MELON TURK'S CAP. Melocactus 

throughout the winter and early spring, 

the spearmint is often planted in a hotbed, 

and more rarely pennyroyal, every 

cotnmunis. 

MEMECYLON. Two species. 

three weeks during 

following months. 

October and three 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Young cut- Planting in the open ground at whattings. 


MENIOCUS linifolius. Hardy annual. 


MENISCIUM. Five species. Stove 

Ferns. Dtvision or seeds. Loam and 

ever seasons, or by whatever mode, 

should if possible be performed in 

showery weather, or water must be 

given plentifully, especially to cuttings. 

If propagated by divisions of the root, 

peat. 

M E N I S P E R M U M . Five spe- 

they must be inserted in drills two 

inches deep; if by slips or cuttings, 

cies. Hardy deciduous or stove ever- they must be five or six inches in 

green twiners. Division, cuttings, or 


MENONVILLEA fiUfoUa. Hardy 

length, and their lower half being divested 

of leaves, planted to that depth 

in every instance, being set in rows ten 

annual. Seeds. 

M E N T H A . 


Mint. Twenty-five 

inches apart each way. 

The only after cultivation required 

species. 

Division. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials. 

Common soil. 

is the constant destruction of weeds, 

which are peculiarly injurious. 

Spear or Green Mint. M. vlridis. After July, the produce of green tops 

Is employed in sauces and salads, as is of little value; they should therefore 

well as dried for soups in winter. There be allowed then to advance to flower, 

are two varieties, the broad and narrow which they will produce towards the 

leaved, equally good. 

beginning of September, when they are 

Penny Royal. M. Pulegium. Is cul- in the fit state for gathering, either for 

tivated for its use in culinary and phar- drying or distilling. In either case the 

maceutical preparations. There are stalks should be cut just previously to 

two varieties, the trailing, which is the flower opening. At the close of 

usually cultivated, and the upright. 

Peppermint. I\[. piperita. For dis- 

September or beginning of October, the 

stems must be cut down as close as 

tilling, and the production of its pecu- possible, the weeds cleared entirely 

liar oil and water. 

Soil and Situation.—These plants are 

away, and a little 

spread over them. 

fine fresh 

The beds 

mould 

should 

best grown on a tenacious soil; even a never be allowed to coniinue longer 

clay is more suitable to them, than a than four years ; by constant gathering, 

light silicious one. It should be mode- the plants not only become weakened, 

rately fertile, entirely free from stag- but the roots becoming matted and 

nant moisture, and consequently on a greatly increased, produce only numer- 

dry subsoil or well drained. A wet ous diminutive shoots or entirely decay. 

soil makes them luxuriant in summer. Forcing.—For Ibrcing, a moderate 

but ensures decay in winter. A border hot-bed is necessary, earthed over about

— 

MEN 376 M IC 

three inches thick ; in this the roots may j 

be inserted about four inches apart, and i 

bees, from the disposition of the colours, 

which are, for the most part, yellow, 

one fdeep. They are sometimes only orange, and black, but they certainly 

protected with mats, but frames are bear a greater resemblance to some of 

preferable. If it is inconvenient to con- ^ 

the 

bots ; from bees they are readily 

! 

' 

} 

j 

struct a bed purposely, they may be distinguished by having only two wings, 

planted in pots and plunged in any bed the horns and proboscis are totally difalready 

in operation, or be set on the 

side of the stove. The temperature 

ferent, and they have no stings, 

" Bulbs are affected by these maggots, 

should never vary beyond the extremes and they are j readily detected by their 

of 70' and 80°. 

MENTZELIA. Four species. 

not throwing out leaves; v^hen, there- 

Stove, fore, a bulb fails to vegetate, it ought to 

green-house, and hardy perennials. M. be immediately dug up and destroyed." 

aspera, a half-hardy annual Cutting — Gard. Chron 

Sandy loam and peal 

MERTENSIA. Eight species. Har- 

MENZIESIA Three ~ species and dy herbaceous perennials. Division. 

many varieties, Hardy deciduous or They thrive best in sandy peat. 

evergreen shrubs. Layers. Sandy peat. 

MERENDERA caucasica. Hardy 

bulbous perennial. Seeds or offsets. 

Light loam. 

MERL\NIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Half-ripe cuttings. 


MERODON narcissi. Narcissus Fly. 

Of this insect we have the following particulars 

by Mr. Curtis ; 

" In the month of November, one or 

two large roundish holes are sometimes 

found on the outsides of the bulbs of 

the Daffodil, which are more or less 

decayed within, where a maggot will 

generally be found, which by feeding in 

the heart during the summer and autumn 

months, has been the sole author of the 

mischief. 

" This larva is somewhat like the 

flesh-maggot, and not unlike a bot, only 

that it is not serrated with spines, and 

instead of being whitish, its natural 

colour, is changed to brown by its living 

amongst the slimy matter which has 

been discharged from its own body, 

causing the gradual rotting of the bulb. 

" Towards the end of November, the 

maggot is transformed into a pupa, to 

accomplish which it eats its way out of 

__ 

mp:seimbryanthemum. 

Three 

hundred and seventeen species, and 

many varieties. Chiefly green-house 

evergreen shrubs; many are trailing 

plants, some annuals and herbaceous 

perennials. M. christallinum and M. 

cultratum are hardy. Cuttings. Sandy 

loam. 

MESPILUS. Medlar. Two species 

and eight varieties. Hardy deciduous 

trees. M. germanica stricta is evergreen. 

Budding or grafting on the 

common hawthorn or pear, or seeds. 

Common soil. See Medlar. 

MESSERSCHMIDIA. Four species. 

Stove evergreens. M. hirsutissima, a 

tree, the rest climbers. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

MESSUA ferrea. Stove evergreen 

tree. Seeds or cuttings. Strong loam, 


METALASIA. Four species. Greenhouse 



METEOROLOGY. See Weather. 

METROSIDEROS. Sixspecies. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. M. verus, 

a stove evergreen tree. Cuttings. 


MEXICAN TIGER FLOWER. Ti- 

the bulb near the roots, and -buries it- gridia pavonia. 

self in the surrounding earth. The INIICE. Various plans have been 

pupa; are dull brown, elliptical, rough, suggested to preserve peas and beans, 

and strongly wrinkled. In this state 

they remain until the following spring, 

when the flies issue from their tombs. 

Their eggs are then deposited, but upon 

what part of the plant they are laid, 

has not been observed, but probably 

upon the bulb near the base of the 

when sown, from the ravages of mice. 

We believe, we have tried them all. 

Dipping the seeds in oil, and then rolling 

them in powdered resin ; putting 

small pieces of furze in the drills and 

over the rows after the seed has been 

sown, but before covering with the 

earth—were both partially successful, 

but the mode attended with the most 

leaves. April seems to be the month 

when most of the flies hatch ; and they 

have been compared to small humble- complete safety, has always been that

MIC 37? M IL 

of which are to be pinched off 

often as they appear during the 

first season. It must be repotted as 

may require; the lower shoots 

be removed in autumn, and the 

advantage, by its black colour absorbing plant must be kept during winter in a 

room or green-house above the freezing 

flowers i 

as | 

j 

' occasion 

must ; 

of covering the surface of the soil over 

the rows, to the depth of full an inch, 

and six inches wide, with finely sifted 

coal ashes. The mice will not scratch 

through this, and it has the additional 

the solar heat, of promoting the early i 

vegetation of the crop. 

MICHAELMAS DAISY. Aster. ' 

MICHAUIA. Two species. Hardy 

biennials. Seeds. Rich loam. 

MICHELIA rhampaca. Stove evergreen 

tree. Cuttings. Light loam. 

MICONIA. Fourteen species. Stove 


peat. 

M I C R A N T H E M U M orbiculafum. 

Half hardy evergreen trailer. Division. 

Sandv peat. 

MICROCALA. Two species. Hardy 


MICROLOMA. Two species. Greenhouse 



MICROMERIA. Eight species, and 

a few varieties. Cliietly half-hardy ever.green 

shrubs. Ciillings. Common soil. 

MICROPERA. Two species. M. 

banksii, a green-house tuberous-rooted 

perennial. M. pallida, a stove orchid. 

Offsets. Rich mould. 

MICROTIS. Three species. Halfhardy 

tuberous-rooted orchids. Division. 


MIDGE. See Cecidomyia and Sciara. 

MIGNONETTE. Reseda odorata. 

Soil.—Light loam, well drained, and 

manured with leaf-mould. 

Solving in the open ground from the 

end of April to the beginning of July 

will produce a sure succession of blooms 

through the year. If allowed to seed 

— 

point. The second season it may be 

treated in a similar manner, and the 

next year it may be allowed to bloom, 

which, with care, it will continue to do 

for several years." Gard. Chron. 

MIKANIA. Five species. Stove 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings. Light 

rich soil. 

MILDEW, whether on the stems of 

the wheat, or on the leaves of the 

chrysanthemum, pea, rose^ or peach, 

appears in the form of minute fungi, 

the roots of which penetrate the pores 

of the epidermis, rob the plant of its 

juices, and interrupt its respiration. 

There seems to me every reason to believe 

that the fungus is communicated 

to the plants from the soil. Every 

specimen of these fungi emits annually 

myriads of minute seeds, and these are 

wafted over the soil by every wind, 

vegetating and reproducing seed, if 

they have happened to be deposited in a 

favourable place, or remaining until the 

following spring without germinating. 

These fungi have the power of spreading 

also by stooling or throwing out offsets. 

They are never absent from a 

soil, afld at some period of its growth 

are annually to be found upon the 

plants liable to their inroads. They are 

more observed in cold, damp, muggy 

seasons, because such seasons are peculiarly 

favourable to the growth of all 

fungi. The best of all cures is a 

! 

j 

] 

and the soil suits it, mignonette will weak solution of common salt and wacontinue 

to propagate itself. If not alter sprinkled over the foliage of the 

lowed to ripen its seed, the same plants plant affected by the aid of a painter's 

will bloom for two or more seasons, brush, or impelled by a syringe. 

being a perennial in its native country, solve three ounces of the salt in 

Dis- 

each 

For Pot Culture and the production 

of flowers to succeed those of the open 

ground plants, sow once in August, and 

again in September. The soil as above, 

well drained and pressed into forty-eight 

pots : cover the seed a fourth of an inch. 

Thin the seedlings to three in a pot. 

Water sparingly. When mignonette is 

deficient of perfume, it is because the I 

temperature is too low. 

Tree mignonette.— Dr. Lindley says, 

" That this is obtained by selecting and 

potting a vigorous young plant, the 

peach 

gallon of water, and repeat the application 

on two or three successive days, 

applying it during the evening. Nitre 

has been employed with similar success, 

using one ounce to each gallon. Uredo 

rosce, Puccinin rosie, and Cladosproium 

herharum, are the mildew fungi of the 

rose tree : Oidium crysiphoides of the 

tree ; and Erysiphe communis of 

the pea. Of course there are many 

others. 

MILFOIL. Achillea. 

MILLA. Two species. Half-hardy

MI L 378 MIX 

bulbous perennials. Offsets. Sandy 

loam. 

MILLINGTONIA simplidfolia. 


and loam. 

MILLIPEDE. See Julus. 

MILTONIA. Three species. Stove 

orchids. Mr. Paxton says, " that to 

propagate them, the stems should be 

cut half through, young plants are then 

emitted ; cut through the stem quite, 

a montii before separating the young 

plants ; plant in rough peat and potsherds." 

MIMETES. Eight species. Greenhouse 


Light turfy loam. 

MIMOSA. Twenty-two species. 

Chiefly stove evergreen shrubs. M. 

pudica, an annual. M. viva, an herbaceous 

perennial. Young cuttings. 


MIMULUS. Seventeen species. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous perennials 

increased by division or seed. Com- j 

mon soil. The green-house and halfhardy 

species require a light rich soil, 

and increase by cuttings. The annuals, 


MIMUSOPS. Six species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Ripe cuttings. Light 

loamy soil, or loam and peat. 

MINT. See Mentha. 

MIRABILIS. Five species and 

several varieties. Green-house fusiform 

rooted perennials. Seeds. Light rich 

soil. 

MERBELIA. Six species. Greenhouse 



MISLETOE {Viscum album) is some 

of the pleasure ground. The easiest 

and best way to propagate it is by 

placing ripe seeds on the smooth 

branches of the common apple, pear, 

or white thorn, in February or March, 

without in any way damaging the bark 

on which they are placed. The seeds 

should be fixed on the under side of 

the branch, as there they are shaded, 

and more likely to escape being eaten 

by birds when they begin to vegetate. 

Misletoe may be grafted on the apple 

tree : but success is so precarious, that 

few succeed at present. 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

MITCHELLA repens. Hardy herbaceous 

creeper; increased by cuttings 

of the stem. Peat, or peat and sand. 

MITE. Acarus. 

MITELLA. Five species. Hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Peaty 

soil. 

MITRASACME. Three species. 

M. canescens, a green-house herbaceous 

perennial ; the other two annuals. 

Seeds. Sandy peat and loam. 

MIXTURE OF SOILS is one of the 

most ready and cheapest modes of improving 

their staple, and thus rendering 

them more ferlile ; and upon the 

subject I have nothing to add to the 

following excellent remarks of my brother, 

Mr. Cuthbert Johnson :— 

" I have witnessed even in soils to 

all appearance similar in composition, 

some very extraordinary results from 

their mere mixture. Thus in the gravelly 

soils of Spring Park, near Croydon, 

the ground is often excavated to a 

depth of many feet, through strata of 

barren gravel and red sand, for the 

sand, 

purpose of obtaining the white or silver 

which exists beneath them. When 

this fine sand is removed, the gravel 

and red sand is thrown back into the 

pit, the ground merely levelled, and 

then either let to cottagers for gardens, 

or planted with forest trees ; in either 

case the effect is remarkable; all kinds 

of either fir or deciduous trees will now 

vegetate with remarkable luxuriance ; 

and in the cottage garden thus formed, 

several species of vegetables, such as 

beans and potatoes, will produce very 

excellent crops, in the very soils in 

which they would have perished previous 

to their mixture. The permanent 

advantage of mixing soils, too, is not 

confined to merely those entirely of 

j 

times required to be introduced upon the an earthy composition ;—earths which 

trees of the shrubbery, and other parts contain inert organic matter, such as 

peat or moss earth, are highly valuable 

additions to some soils. Thus, peat 

earth was successfully added to the 

sandy soils of Merionethshire, by Sir 

The Cheshire farm- 

Robert Vaughan. . 

ers add a mixture of moss and calcareous 

earth to their tight-bound 

earths, the effect of which they describe 

as having ' a loosening operation 

;' that is, it renders the soil of 

their strong clays less tenacious, and, 

consequently, promotes the ready access 

of the moisture and gases of the 

atmosphere to the roots. The cultivator 

sometimes deludes himself with 

the conclusion that applying sand, or 

marl, or clay, to a poor soil, merely

MOE 379 M N 

serves to freshen it for a time, and that talpa is known also in England as the 

the effects of such applications are ap 

parent for only a limited period. Some 

comparative experiments, however, 

which were made sixteen years since, 

on some poor, hungry, inert heath land 

in Norfolic, have up to this time served 

to demonstrate the error of such a conclusion. 

In these experiments, the 

ground was marled with twenty cuhic 

yards only per acre, and the same compost 

; it was then planted with a proper 

mixture of forest trees, and by the side 

of it, a portion of the heath, in a state 

of nature, was also planted with the 

same mixture of deciduous and fir 

trees. 

; inches 

i 

| 

; 

I 

j 

to demonstrate, by the luxuriance of 

the marled wood, the permanent effects 

produced by this mixture of soils. The 

growth of the trees has been there 

rapid and permanent; but on the adjoining 

soil, the trees have been stunted 

of the chief causes of its disuse. It | 

churr-worm, jarr-worm, eve chiirr, and 

earth crab. It is, occasionally, very 

destructive to culinary vegetables; 

creeping under ground through holes 

it digs. It attains a length of two 

inches, is dark brown, and resembles 

in most respects the common cricket. 

Mr. Kollar thus describes its habits : 

— 

" The female hollows out a place for 

herself in the earth, about half a foot 

from the surface, in the month of June, 

and lays her eggs in a heap, which 

often contains from two to three hundred. 

They are shining yellowish 

brown, and of the size and shape of a 

grain of millet. This hollow place is 

Sixteen years have annually served of the shape of a bottle gourd, two 

long, and an inch deep, smooth 

within, and having on one side a wind- 

ing communication with the surface of 

the earth. The young, which are hatch- 

ed in July or August, greatly resemble 

black ants, and feed, like the old ones. 

their growth, miserable in appear on the tender roots of grass, corn, and 

ance, and profitless to their owner. various culinary vegetables. They be- 

" Another, but the least commonly tray their presence under the earth by 

practiced mode of improving the staple the withered decay of culinary vegeta- 

of a soil by earthy addition, is claying ; 

a system of fertilizing, the good eti'ects 

bles in the garden. In October and 

November they bury themselves deep- 

of which are much less immediately er in the earth, as a protection from 

apparent than chalking, and hence one cold, and come again to the surlace in 

the warmer days in March. Their pre- 

rcquires some little time to elapse, and 

some stirring of the soil, before the 

clay is so well mixed with a sandy soil, 

as to produce that general increased 

attraction and retentive power for the 

atmospheric moisture, which ever constitutes 

the chief good result of claying 

poor soils. Clay must be moreover applied 

in rather larger proportions to the 

soil tlian chalk ; for not only is its application 

rarely required as a direct 

food for plants for the mere alumina 

which it contains ; since this earth enters 

into the composition of plants in 

very small proportion, but there is also 

another reason for a more liberal addition 

of clay being required, which is 

the impure state in which the alumina 

exists in what are commonly called clay 

soils." 

— 

Farm. Encyc. 

, 

M E R H I N G I A , Two species. 


Sand, loam, and peat. 

MOIST STOVE. See Stove. 

MOLDAV' I.\N BALM. DracoccpAa- I 

lum moldavicum. 

MOLE CRICKET. 

Gryllus gryllo- j 

— 

sence is discovered by their throwing 

up the earth like moles. 

" The surest and most efficacious of 

remedies is, without doubt, destroying 

the brood in June or July. Practised 

gardeners know from experience where 

the nest of the mole cricket is situated ; 

tliey dig it out with their spades, and 

destroy hundreds in the egg state with 

little trouble." KoUar. 

MOLINERIA plicata. Stove herbaceous 

perennial. Division. Peat and 

loam. 

MOLUCCA BALM. 

MOLUCCELLA. 

Moluccella. 

Three species. 

Hardy annuals. M. tuberosa,a. tuberousrooted 

perennial. Seeds. Common soil. 

MONACIIANTHUS. Monk's-jlower. 

Four species. Stove epiphytes. Division. 

Wood. 

MONARDA. Seven species. Hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Conimon 

soil. 

MONETIA harlerioides. Stove cver- 

green shrub. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

Dioscorea nummu- 

MONEYWORT. 

laria.

MONEYWORT. 

Thularia. 

MONEYWORT. 

mularia. 

MON 380 MOT 

Lysimachia num.- 

Taverniera num- 

MONK'S FLOWER. Monachanthus. 

MONK'S HOOD. Aconihim. 

MONNINA obtusifolia. Green-house 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings or seed. 


MONOPSIS conspicva. Hardy annual. 

Seeds. Peat and Sand. 

MONOSCHILUS gloxinifolia. Stove 

tuberous-rooted perennial. Division. 


MONOTAXIS simplex. Green-house 

which evergreen shrub. 

loam. 

Cuttings 

' Peat and 

MONOTOCA. Four species. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat. 

MONSONIA. Four species. Greenhouse 

herbaceous perennials. M. ovata, 

a biennial, is increased by seed ; the 

others, cuttings or division. Turfy loam 

and leaf mould. 

MONTEZUMA speciosissima. Stove 



Half-ripened cuttings. 

MOON-SEED. Menispermum. 

MOON-WORT. Botrychium. 

MOR.Â. Twenty species. Greenhouse 

bulbous perennials. Division. 

Sandy Peat. 

MORENOA. Three species. Stove 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

MORICANDIA arvcnsis. Hardy biennial. 


MORINA. Two species. Greenhouse 

or half-hardy herbaceous peren- 

nials. Seed. Light rich soil. 

MORINDA. Five species. Stove 


peat. M.jasminoides is a green-house 

evergeen climber. 

MORISIA hypogcea. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Seed. Light loam. 

MORISONIA americana. Stove ever- 

green tree. Ripe cuttings 

peat. 

MORMODES. Five species, 

epiphytes. Division. Wood. 

Loam and j 

Stove 

M 6 R N A. Two species. Greenhouse 

annuals. Seeds. Sandy peat 

and leaf mould. 

MORRENL^ odorata. Green-house 

evergreen twiner. Cuttings. Rich 

mould. 

MORUS. Mulberry. Nine species, 

and many varieties. Chiefly hardy de- 

ciduous trees ; a few are stove evergreens. 

Layers. A loamy soil and a 

moist situation. See Mulberry. 

MOSCHARIAp?Mno

MOT 381 M U L 

MOTHS, of most kinds, are the pa- roots of a plant are injured, and the 

rents of caterpillars preying upon some moister thev are kept during its replant 

under the gardener's care, and nioval, the less does it sutfcr by the 

should be destroyed whenever disco- transplanting. The best of all muds 

vered. 

MOULDLXESS is the common term 

applied to that crop of fungi whicli 

appears on moist putrescent vegetable 

matters. These fungi are Mucorcs, 

for the purpose is formed of three 

pounds of garden soil, one ounce of 

salt, eiglit ounces of soot, and one 

gallon of water. 

MILBKRRY. Morus nigra. The 

and are effectually destroyed whenever Black, or Garden Mulberry. 

common salt or lime can be applied. 

MOUNTAIN ASH. Pyrus Aucuparia. 

MOUSE TAIL. Dendrobium Myosurus. 

MOUSE THORN. Centaurea Myacantha. 

JIOVING PLANT. Desmodium gy- 

7-ans. I 

MOWING is, next to digging, the 

most laborious of the gardener's em- 

— 

Soiland Site.—The soil most suitable 

for the mulberry is a rich, deep, and 

rather light loam, not cold nor wet, 

but well drained. It succeeds best as 

a standard, in a well-sheltered situation, 

open to the south. It may be 

trained also against a south wall with 

advantage in a cold climate, but requires 

much space. Card. Chron. 

Propagation — by Seed — is rarely 

practised, the seedlings varying in 

ployments ; and requires much practice, quality, and being long before they 

as well as an extremely sharp scythe, bear fruit. Sow in a warm border, 

before he can attain to the art of shav- during March, in drills half an inch 

ing the lawn or grass plot smoothly deep. Give moderate waterings in dry 

and equally. A mowing machine has 

been invented by Mr. Budding and 

others, and is represented in this out- 

Fig. 101. 

weather to the seedlings, and shelter 

by mats during cold nights. They require 

remaining two years in the seed 

bed, and then four in the nursery, before 

they are fit for final planting. 

By Layers.—To obtain these in large 

quantities, some mulberry trees should 

be headed down near to the ground, to 

induce lateral shoots for layering. 

Where only a few are wanted, pots of 

earth may be raised to the branches. 

See Layering and Circumposition. 

Grafting and Budding — may be 

practised, taking any species of the 

genus Morua for the stock. Grafting 

is more difficult of success than budline. 

It cuts, collects, and rolls the ding, and Mr. Knight recommends 

grass at the same time. rafting by approach as the only cer- 

Mowing 

whilst the 

is most easily performed 

blades of grass are wet, as 

tain mode, 

By Cuttings.—Mr. Knight recomthcy 

then cling to the scythe, and are mends cuttings five inches in length, 

consequently erect against its cutting having two-thirds of their length twoedge. 

The operation, therefore, should year old wood, and one-third yearling 

be performed early in the morning, before 

the dew has evaporated, or whilst 

wood, to be planted in November, be- 

neath a south wall. In March, move 

the grass is wet from rain or artificial them into pots, leaving only one bud 

watering. See Scythe. 

MUDDING or Puddling, is dipping 

the roots of trees, shrubs, and seedlings 

uncovered, and plunge in a moderate 

hot-bed. Shade during bright weather, 

and success is almost unfailing. A 

in a thin mud or puddle, and retaining more simple and expeditious mode is 

them there until again planted, when- the following, but whether it is gene- 

ever they are removed. It is one of rally successful I am unable to state : 

the best aids to success, and should be " Lop off a straight branch, at least 

| 

universally adopted, lor it is a rule eight feet long, from a large tree, in 

without exception, that the less the March, the nearer the trunk the better; 

—

— 

— 

MUL 382 MUS 

clear away every little branch, and tree. Ripe cuttings, with their leaves. 

leave it quite bare; dig a hole four feet 

deep, plant the naked branch and make 

it firm in the ground; leave around it a 

Turfy loam and peat. 

MURUCUYA. Two species. 


Stove 

Loam 

little basin of earth to hold water, and 

if the season be dry, give it every 

and peat. 

MUSA. The Banana and Plantain 

morning a bucketfuil of water through- belong to this genus, of which there 

out the summer. In two years it will 

have made a good head, and will bear 

fruit." Gard. Chron. 

Pruning.—Standards do not require 

pruning, further than to remove the 

dead wood and irregular growths. On 

are ten species. Stove iierbaceous 

perennials. Suckers. Rich soil. The 

most valuable of the species is M. 

cavendishii; and upon its culture, and 

upon that of the whole genus, we have 

the following observations by Mr. W. 

walls and as espaliers train in all the 

lateral annual shoots, for near the ends 

Buchan, gardener at Blithfield 

of these next year is the fruit mostly produced, 

and pinch off all foreright unfruitful 

buds as they are produced. In 

training, always make the branches 

descend below the horizontal. 

Forcing.—The mulberry bears forcing 

excellently, and will ripen its fruit 

early in June. It will bear a very high 

temperature. It may also be grown of 

a dwarf size in pots, and be thus 

forced. 

MULCHING, is placing mulch, or 

long moist stable litter, upon the surface 

of the soil, over the roots of newly 

planted trees and shrubs. The best 

mode is to form a trench about six 

inches deep, to put in the mulch, and 

cover it with the earth. This prevents 

the mulch being dried or scattered by 

the winds, and is 

posing it on the 

more neat than ex- 

surface. Mulching 

keeps the moisture from evaporating, 

and prevents frost penetrating to the 

roots, straw being one of the worst 

conductors of heat. 

MULE or Hybrid, is a plant raised 

from seed generated by parents of distinct 

species, and consequently unfertile. 

See Hybridizing. 

M U L L E R A moniliforinis. Stove 

evergreen tree. Young cuttings. 


MULTIPLICATE FLOWER. See 

Double Flower. 

MUNDIA spinosa, and its variety. 

Green-house and evergreen fruit shrubs. 

Young cuttings. Sandy peat. 

IMUNTINGIA cnlahura. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light 

loamy soil. 

MURALTIA. Fourteen species. 


cuttings. Sandy peat. 

MURRAY A. Two species. Stove 

: 

" To bring musas to a high state of 

perfection, they should be grown in a 

house entirely devoted to them. It 

may have a ' ridge and furrow' roof, 

nearly flat, and should be divided into 

pits about two feet six inches square, 

in order to grow the plants separately, 

so that when they have done fruiting, 

each may be removed and replaced 

without disturbing its neighbour. The 

stem of this musa seldom attains a 

greater height under the most favourable 

culture than six feet; and allowing 

two feet for the expansion of its foliage, 

a house ten feet high in front and twelve 

feet in the back, with sliding lights in 

the front and ends, would suit it admirably. 

But it may be easily fruited, 

and with good success, in a pit where 

there is sufficient height without crowding 

the leaves. 

" The soil which suits all kinds of 

musa best is a mixture of half rotten 

dung and half sandy loam, with about 

one-fourth sandy peat, well mixed together. 

The pits or tubs, in which 

latter M. cavendishii may also be 

fruited, should be well drained, as the 

plant requires to be supplied liberally 

with water at the root when growing. 

" They should never cease growing, 

and never be allowed to want heat and 

moisture from the time they are planted 

in the pit or tub, until the fruits have 

attained their full size. A strong moist 

heat, never below 75'^ or 80° Fahrenheit, 

should be constantly kept up ; the 

plants frequently syringed over head, 

and exposed to full light, without any 

shade. This should be continued until 

the fruits are set and have attained 

their full size, taking care, however, 

not to wet the flowering plants. Young 

healthy plants will throw up their fruit 

in nine or ten months after being 

evergreens; one a shrub, the other a planted out, if treated as above; and 

—

— 

MUS 383 MUS 

as soon as all the fertile flowers are set, bulbous perennials. Offsets. Sandy 

the end of the spadix, an inch or two 

above the last tier of perfectly set fruit, 

should be cut otT. When the upper 

loam. 

MUSHROOM. Agaricus campestris. 

To produce mushrooms artificially, beds 

tier of fruit on the spike begins to 

change colour, totally discontinue water, 

both at the root and over head." 

variously constructed are employed. 

Times of forming the Beds.— Beds 

may be constructed I'rom .Tanuary until 

Gard. Chron. 

the beginning of May, for spring and sum- 

M. coccinea. The cultivation of this mer production; and from .July to the 

species is thus detailed by Mr. G. Wat- close of the year, for autumn and winter. 

son, gardener at Norton Vicarage: 

Construction.—A bed is usually con- 

" In the latter part of February, plant ; "tructed of stable dung, &c., prepared 

in pots five or six inches in diameter, as already directed for cucumbers. It 

\ 

is made in the form of the roof of a 

well drained, and the drainage covered [ 

with a little moss. Plunge the pots into house, four or tive feet wide at the base, 

a bottom heat between 60'^ and 70'^. narrowing to an apex, which should be 

Water freely, but give no more water rather rounded, three or four feet high, 

than the jdants can take up from the so 

As soon as the pot is filled with roots, 

shift the plant into a pot a size larger. 

After it has filled this pot with roots, a 

final shifting into a pot at least sixteen 

inches in diameter may be given, and 

two or three suckers may then be left 

and the length from ten to fifty feet. 

The dung being laid in alternate rows, 

with clayey loam, from which the largest 

stones have been sorted ; each layer of 

dung to be a foot thick, and of loam 

four inches, so that three layers of each 

will be sufficient to complete the requi- 

on the plant, which will succeed the site height. The dung must be well 

centre or principal plant in blooming. 

At this last shifting, pot as many suckers 

in the same way as may be required for 

succession plants. The plant is growing 

vigorously in this pot; cover the 

surface of the soil with moss, and place 

the pot in a shallow pan of water, and 

water it at least once or twice a day. I 

continue to keep the plant growing till 

November, after which I gradually get 

it into a dormant state, by withholding 

water during winter. It is allowed to 

remain dry till the soil separates from 

the edge of the pot, and may thus be 

kept in a cool green-house till spring. 

The suckers taken ofl" at the last pottings, 

after being shifted into pots ten 

inches in diameter, and thrown into a 

dormant state at the same time as the 

old plant, will not only be much better 

wintered in the green-house, but will 

flower much earlier. In those parts 

where suckers are left on the mother 

plant, the centre will bloom by the beginning 

of May, and the suckers will 

flower in succession during the latter 

end of July and August, the latest 

' flowers keeping fine till Christmas. In- means 

I stead of taking off suckers in the spring, due 

' leave two or three on the mother plant always 

till July, then take them off, and treat 

them in the same manner as the succession 

plants of the previous year." 

Gard. Cliron. 

MUSCARI. Eleven species. Hardy 

. 

separated and mixed, and beat, but not 

trod down. When completed, the bed 

must be covered with litter or other 

light covering, to keep out the wet, as 

well as to prevent its drying; clean dry 

straw will do, but sweet hay, or matting, 

is to be preferred. 

Situation.—The bed should be mado 

in a dry sheltered situation, and on the 

level ground in preference to founding 

it in a trench, which prevents the spawning 

being performed completely at the 

bottom, and guards against the settling 

of water, which may chill it. If the site 

is not dry, it must be covered with 

stones, clinkers, &c., to act as a drain ; 

for nothing destroys mushrooms sooner 

than excessive moisture, except an extreme 

of heat or cold. To obviate the 

occurrence of these unfavourable circumstances, 

it is by far more preferable 

to construct it under a shed. If it is 

constructed in a shed, it may be built 

against one side, sloping downwards 

from it. To proceed with greater certainty 

during the winter, a fire flue may 

pass beneath the bed; but it is by no 

absolutely necessary, for by the 

regulation of covering, it may 

he keptof sufficient temperature. 

Management —The spawn must not 

be inserted before the temperature has 

become moderate. 

Temperature.—The minimum is 50'^, 

and the maximum Co". Insert the

MUS 384 MUS 

I 

I 

1 

spawn as soon as the violence of the 

heat has abated, which it will in two or 

three weeks, though sometimes it will 

' 

! 

' 

I 

j 

1 

I 

tention to the fire, and in admitting fresh 

air as it may be required. The house 

is heated by open tanks, which run 

subside in eight or ten days. 

Spawning. — The large lumps 

through the centre of it, and which re- 

of! turn again into the boiler, giving out a 

spawn, being broken into moderately sufficient quantity of moisture for the 

small pieces, are to be planted on both necessary development and growth of 

sides of the bed and ends, if it is hip- the mushroom. During night, the 

ped; each fragment just beneath the grassy turf becomes copiously loaded 

surface of the dung, in rows six or eight with moisture ; and should the foil owinches 

apart each way. Some gardeners ing day prove fine, I never omit giving 

erroneously scatter the spawn irregular- abundance of fresh air by the doorway. 

ly over the surface. Fine rich loam, The temperature of the house ranges 

rather light than otherwise, is tlien to be from 60^ to 6o^ during the day, and at 

put on, two inches deep, the stones night it is frequently allowed to fall as 

being carefully separated. Some gardeners, 

endeavouring to imitate the natu- 

low as temperate. 

" The great advantage of growing 

ral mode of growth, spread an inch in the mushroom upon fresh grassy turf is 

depth of mould over the beds, in which obvious to any one accustomed lo its 

they set the spawn, and gently cover it cultivation. I have been in the habit 

with half an inch more. Others lay a of growing it, and with great success, 

ledge of mould, four inches high, and upon coal refuse for the last two years; 

two thick, all round the bed ; upon this 

close to the dung, they lay the spawn ; 

and at present I have two boxes at 

work, one covered with coal dust, the 

then a second ledge, six inches, of other with turf; the produce of these 

similar thickness, on this they set an- shows the relative advantage of the two 

other row of spawn, and so proceed methods, for although those from the 

until the bed is finished ; but this has no coal dust are large and of good fiavour, 

advantage over the first mode described, they are decidedly inferior in both re- 

and is much more tedious. Lastly, a spects to those produced by the grass 

covering of straw, six or twelve inches covered beds; indeed, such is the supe- 

thick, according to the temperature, is riority of the latter, that if the mush- 

to be laid on, and continued constantly. 

When the earthing is finished, the surrooms 

from both beds were gathered, 

and mixed indiscriminately, any one 

face must be gently smoothed with the could, without difficulty, select those 

back of the spade, which fixes it pro- grown upon the turf from those raised 

perly, and if in the open air throws oft" on the beds covered with the small 

any excessive rain. If, after the bed has coal." Gard. Chron. 

been spawned and covered up, the heat In four or five weeks after spawning, 

appears to be renewed in any consider- in spring and autumn, the bed should 

able degree, the greatest part of the 

covering must be removed, but restored 

begin to produce, but not until much 

later in summer and winter ; and if kept 

again during rain, if the bed is not under dry and warm, will continue to do so 

for several months. 

A gathering may take place two or 

three times a week, according to the 

productiveness of the bed. It sometimes 

happens that beds will not come 

cover; and to guard against this contingency 

it is a good practice to mould 

over only two-thirds of the bed at first, 

leaving the top uncovered to serve as a 

vent for the heat and steam, but when 

all danger is passed it may then be completed. 

Mr. Haukin, gardener to Capt. Nut- 

— 

into production for five or six months ; 

they should not therefore be impatiently 

destroyed. 

: 

ford, thus completes his preparations: Watering.—In autumn, the bed will 

—" In about a week or ten days after- not require water until the first crop is 

wards, I finish off the beds with green gathered, but it is then to be repeated 

I 

j 

turf, one inch and a half in thickness, after every gathering; a sprinkling only 

making the beds in my boxes, in all is necessary. In spring and summer, 

1 

about nine inches in depth. I beat down during dry weather, the same course is 

the turf very firmly with the back of a to be pursued. As excessive or unspade 

; in finishing afterwards, I have equal moisture is studiously to be 

avoided, the best mode of applying the 

no farther trouble except in paying at- 1

MUS 385 MUS 

, 

; 

i 

water is to pour it through a rose 

on to a thin layer of hay, which 

pan 

has 

lightly with straw, but not otherwise. 

The warm showers of the ensuing spring 

previously been spread over the bed, will again cause an abundant producand 

thus allowed to percolate by detion, as also in the autumn, if left; but 

grees. In winter, waterings are not al- the beds are generally broken up for 

lowable; to keep the mould moist, hot the sake of the dung, and the spawn 

fermenting mulch may be put on outside collected and dried, 

the covering. If the bed is in the open Hampers or bo.xes containing about 

ground, in a warm day succeeding to wet four inches depth of fresh, dry stable 

weather, it may be left uncovered for not dung, or, in preference, of a mixture of 

more than two or three hours. During three barrow loads of horse dung, and 

excessive rains, the additional covering one perfectly dry cow dung, well pressed 

of mats, &c., must be atforded ; and on in, may be set in some situation, where 

neither damp nor frost can enter. After 

the other hand, if a moderate warm , 

shower occurs during summer after ex- two or three days, or as soon as heat is 

cessive droughts, it may be fully admit- generated, the spawn may be inserted, 

ted, by taking off the coverino a mushroom brick to be broken into 

Mode uf Gathering.—In gathering, three equal parts, and each fragment to 

be laid lour inches asunder, on the sur- 

the covering being carefully turned oil", 

only such are to be taken as are half an 

inch or more in diameter before they 

become Hat, but are compact and firm. 

Old mushrooms, especially, should be 

rejected 'or the table, as it is found that 

some which are innoxious when young, 

become dangerous when tending to decay 

; they also then lose much of their 

flavour. 

' and 

face of the dung ; after six days an inch 

a half depth of fresh dung to be beaten 

down as before. In the course of a 

fortnight, or as soon as it is found that 

the spawn has run nearly through the 

whole of the dung, mould must be applied 

two inches and a half thick, and 

j 

[ 

' 

[ 

' 

[ 

[ 

I 

' 

i 

the surface made level. This mould 

must be prepared six months before 

Each individual is detached by a gen wanted, by laying alternate layers, of 

tie twist completely to the root; a knife six inches depth, of fresh stable dung, 

must never be employed, for the stumps and three inches of light mould, to such 

left in the ground decay, and become an extent as may be deemed necessary 

the nursery of maggots, which are lia- for the supply of a year ; in six months 

ble to infect the succeeding crop. the dung will be sufficiently decayed. 

Other Modes of Cultivation.—Some and the whole may then be broken togegardeners 

merely vary from the preced- ther, and passed through a garden sieve 

ing by building entirely of dung, with- for use. In five or six weeks the mushout 

any layers of earth. Many garden- rooms will begin to come up, and if the 

cars grow muslirooms in the same bed niould appear dry, may then be gently 

j 

i 

j 

I 

! 

j 

| 

| 

with their melons and cucumbers. The watered ; the water being slightly heatspawn 

is inserted in the mould and on ed. Each box will continue in productlie 

I'.ills of the beds, as 

burnini; heat is passed. 

soon as the tion six or eight weeks, 

Mr. J. Oldaker, late gardener to the 

In September or October, when the Emperor of Russia, introduced a house 

bines of the plant decay, the bed is then purposely constructed for the growth 

carefully cleaned, the glasses put on of the mushroom. The house is found 

and kept close, and when the mould of great use in storing brocoli during 

becomes dry, water is frequently but the winter. It is usually built against 

moderately given, as well as every gen- the back wall of a forcing house, as in 

tie shower admitted when necessary. the annexed plan, but if built uncon- 

A gentle heat is thus caused, and the nected with another building, the only 

produce is extraordinarily abundant, fre- necessary alteration is to have a hipped 

quently two bushels, from a frame ten instead of a lean-to roof. The outside 

feet by six, and individuals have been wall, G H, should be eight feet and a 

produced two pounds in weight. 

half high for four heights, the width ten 

Mushrooms are thus produced with- feet within the walls, which is most conout 

any trouble but the giving moderate venient, as it admits shelves three feet 

waterings untd frost prevents their ve- and a half wide on each side, and a 

getation ; the glasses, if wanted, are space up the middle three feet wide, 

then removed, 

25 

and the beds covered for a double flue, and wall upon it.

MU S 386 M U S 

When the outside of the house is 

the j 

! at 

1 and 

back i 

finished, a floor or ceiling is made over 

it, as high as the top of the outside 

walls, of boards one inch thick, and 

apart, vvith slides, s, to ventilate with 

when necessary. 

Fig. 102. 

standards. The flue to commence 

the end of the house next the door, 

running the whole length to return 

paralleled, and communicate with 

plastered on the upper side, e tf, with the chimney; the walls of the insides 

road sand, well wrought together, an to be the height of four bricks laid flat, 

inch thick; square trunks,/, being leltiand six inches wide; this will allow a 

in the ceiling nine inches in diameter,} cavity, f, on each side betwixt the flues, 

up the middle of the house, at six feet two ; 

Two single brick walls, v v, each five 

bricks high, are then to be erected at 

three feet and a half from the outside 

walls, to hold up the sides of the floor 

beds, a a, and form at the same time 

one side of the air flues. Upon these 

walls, V V, are to be laid planks four 

inches and a half wide and three inches 

thick, in which are to be mortised the 

standards, I k, which support the 

shelves. These standards to be three 

inches and a half square, and four feet 

and a half asunder, fastened at the top, 

k k, into the ceiling. The cross bearers, 

i i,i i, which support the shelves, o o, 

must be mortised into the bearers and 

into the walls; the first set of bearers 

being two feet from the floor, and each 

succeeding one to be at the same distance 

from the one below it. The 

shelves, o o, are to be of boards one 

inch and a half thick ; each shelf having 

a ledge in front, of boards one inch 

thick, and eight inches deep, to support 

the front of the beds, fastened outside 

inches wide, to admit the heat from 

their sides into the house. The middle 

cavity, x i/, should be covered with tiles, 

leaving a space of one inch betwixt each. 

The top of the flue, including the covering, 

should not be higher than the 

walls that form the fronts of the floor 

beds. The wall itself is covered with 

three rows of tiles, the centre one covering 

the cavity x y, as before mentioned, 

the outside cavities, / t, are left 

uncovered. 

As the compost, the formation of the 

beds, &c., are very diflêrent from the 

common practice, I shall give a connected 

view ofMr. Oldaker's directions. 

The compost employed is fresh horsedung, 

which has been subject neither 

to wet nor fermentation, cleared of the 

long straw, but one-fourth of the short 

litter allowed to remain, with one-fourth 

of dry turf mould, or other fresh earth : 

this enables the bed to be made solid 

and compact, which is so congenial to 

the growth of mushrooms. 

The beds are to be made by placing 

a layer of the above compost, three 

inches thick, on the shelves and floor, 

which must be beat as close as possible 

with a flat mallet, fresh layers being 

added and consolidated until the bed is 

seven inches thick, and its surface as 

level as possible. If the beds are 

thicker, the fermentation caused will 

be too powerful ; or, if much less, the 

heat will be insiifticient for the nourishment 

of the spawn. As soon as the 

beds intimate a warmth of 80^ or 90", 

they are to be beat a second time to 

render them still more solid, and holes 

made with a dibble, three inches in 

diameter and nine apart, through the 

compost, in every part of the beds; 

these prevent too great a degree of 

heat arising and causing rottenness. 

If the beds do not attain a proper 

heat in four or five days after being put 

together, another layer, two inches 

thick, must be added. If this does not 

increase the heat, part of the beds must 

be removed and fresh horse-droppings 

mixed vvith the remainder. The spawn

MU S 387 MUS 

is to be inserted in three or four days 

after making the holes; when the thermometer 

indicates the desired degree 

of heat, the insides of the holes are 

dry; and while the heat is on a decline, 

every hole is to be filled, either with 

lumps or small fragments well beaten 

in, and the surface made level. 

In a fortnight, if the spawn is vegetating 

freely, which it will if not damaged 

by excess of heat or moisture, 

and the beds are required for immediate 

production, they may be earthed over; 

but those for succession left unearthed, 

three or four weeks in summer, and 

four or five in winter. If the spawn is 

introduced in hot weather, air must be 

admitted as freely as possible until it 

has spread itself through the beds, 

otherwise these will become spongy, 

and the crop be neither good nor abundant. 

The mould employed should be 

maiden earth, with turf well reduced ; 

neither too dry nor too wet, otherwise it 

will not be capable of being beat solid. 

It must be laid regularly over the beds 

— 

Mushrooms may be grown in a cellar, 

or other vaulted place, with equal success, 

and not unfrequently with a greater 

advantage, the same rules being adopted 

; but no fire is necessary, and lees 

water. 

Heating by Hot-Water.—Instead of 

flues, as used by Mr. Oldacker, the following 

plan, by Mr. Sellers, gardener 

to L. V. Watkins, Esq., of Pennoyre, 

may be substituted : 

Fig. 103. 

two inches thick. From the time of " This cut represents a section of the 

moulding, the room is to be kept at a interior of the house, with three beds 

for mushrooms, a a a, eighteen feet 

temperature of 50° or 55°. If higher, j 

I it will weaken or destroy the spawn long, ; and three feet wide, and three 

if lower, it will vegetate slowly, and shelves for forcing rhubarb, b b b. If 

if watered in that state, numbers of' circumstances permit, these shelves 

mushrooms will be prevented attaining may be made wider, and used for mushperfection. 

Water must be applied with rooms. Stones are placed on each side 

of the passage, at c c, for the standards 

extreme caution, being nearly as warm i 

as new milk, and sprinkled over the beds 

with a syringe or small watering-pot. 

Cold water destroys both the crop and 

the beds. If suffered to become dry, 

it is better to give several light than 

one heavy watering. 

to be placed on which support the 

bearers of the shelves, and mortised at 

d d. The stones should be about six 

inches square on the surface, and three 

inches thick ; and the standards about 

three inches and a half square. 

I 

j 

Beds thus managed will bear for " When the slaiuiards and crossseveral 

months; and a constant supply bearers are fixed, the shelves maybe 

kept up by earthing one bed or more formed by laying along the latter boards 

every two or three months 

If, when in full production, the mush- 

one inch and a half thick; and it will 

be convenient, when removing or putrooms 

become long-stemmed and weak, ting fresh dung, if a board eight inches 

the temperature is certainly too high, and broad and one inch thick is placed be- 

air must be proportionately admitted. hind the standard at i, or cut so as to 

As the beds decline, to renovate them, 

the earth must be taken off clean, and 

if the dung is decayed they must be reformed, 

any good spawn being preserv- 

come flush with it. 

"When the shelves are fixed, a 

trench, nine inches deep, is made in 

the passage, m I vi, for the reception of 

ed that may appear; but if the beds the pipes ; on each side this trench a 

brick-wall, 

bish ; 

the : 

are dry, solid, and full of good spawn, i 

a fresli layer of compost, three or four 

inches thick, must be added, mixed a 

little 

before. 

with the old, and beat solid as ! 

l 

i i, is built, to prevent rub- 

from falling in. The bottom of 

trench must be puddled with clay, 

so that the water thrown on the pipes 

will not escape.

— 

MUS 388 MUS 

" The pipes used are about one inch 

and a half bore, and they are laid in the 

trench three inches apart; a wooden 

trellis is placed over them, resting on 

the brick walls i i, and forms a path. 

" When the mushrooms want steam- 

for their germination, from which it is 

to be obtained : such places are stable 

dung-hills, dungy horse-rides in stableyards, 

horse mill-tracks, dry spongy 

composts : the droppings of hard-fed 

horses also produce it in greater abundance 

than the dung of any other animal 

; and more sparingly under sheds, 

where horses, oxen, or sheep have been 

kept. The dung of the two latter affords 

it in greater perfection than that 

of grass-fed horses. It has also been 

found in pigeons' dung ; but the most 

certain mode of obtaining it is to open 

the ground about mushrooms growing 

in pastures, though it is said not to be 

so productive. 

Time of Collecting.—It must be collected 

in July, August, and September, 

being reckoned in the greatest perfection 

in this last month. It may be 

found, however, and should be collected, 

when it appears in the spring. It 

generally occurs spread through the 

texture of cakes, or lumps of dry rotted 

dung. Put it in a heap under a dry 

shed; and a current of air, passing 

through the shed, is of great utility. If 

kept dry, spawn may be preserved 

three or four years: if damp, it will 

either vegetate before being planted, 

or putrefy. 

Spawn must not be so far advanced 

in vegetation as to appear in threads or 

fibres; for, when in this state, it is no 

longer applicable to a mushroom-bed ; 

— — 

being raised artificially. The following 

is the manner: 

Two barrow-loads of cow-dung, not 

grass- fed, one load of sheep's-dung, and 

one of horses', well-dried and broken 

so small as to pass through a coarse 

ing, it is only necessary to take a fine sieve, are well mixed, and laid in a 

rose watering-pot, and sprinkle the conical heap during March, in a dry 

pipes with it till the steam arises so shed, being well trod, as it is formed, 

thick that objects cannot be seen at the to check its heating excessively. This 

further end of the house. Steaming is heap is covered with hot dung, four 

better than watering over head for inches thick, or only with mats if the 

mushrooms, as much water is injurious shed is warm; for here, as in all the 

to the spawn. Gard. Chron. 

Spawn, where to be found.—Spawn is 

stages of growth, the heat should only 

range between 55^ and 60^. In about 

constituted of masses of white fibres 

arising from the seeds of mushrooms 

that have fallen into situations suilalile 

a month the heap is examined ; and if 

the spawn has not begun to run, which 

is shown by indistinct white fibres pervading 

its texture, another covering of 

equal thickness to the first is applied 

over the old one ; in another month it 

will indubitably make its appearance. 

The time varies from three to ten weeks. 

May be increased.—If a small quantity 

of spawn only can be collected, it may 

be increased by the following methods, 

the first of which is chiefly recommendable 

on account of its simplicity and facility 

of adoption: 

Small pieces of the spawn may be 

planted a foot asunder, just beneath the 

surface of the mould of a cucumber-bed 

constructed in the spring. In about 

two months the surface of the spawn 

will assume a mouldy appearance; it 

may then be taken up, with the earth 

adhering to it, and when dried stored 

as before directed. 

The second mode is variously practised. 

In the course of May a heap of 

the droppings ofcow, sheep, and horses, 

or any one or two of them, without the 

admixture of any undecoraposed straw, 

is to be collected, and one-fifth of roadscrapings 

with one-twentieth of coalashes 

added, the whole being mixed 

together with as much of the drainings 

from a dung-hill as will make it of 

the consistency of mortar. Being well 

incorporated, it is then to be spread in 

a dry, sheltered, airy place, on a smooth 

surface, and beat flat 

When become of the 

with a spade. 

consistency of 

it may produce a mushroom if left to it- 

clay, it is to be cut 

eight inches square, 

into slabs about 

a hole punched 

self, but otherwise is useless. Spawn half through the middle of each, and 

proper for inserting in a bed should 

liave the appearance of indistinct white 

piled to dry, an opening being left be- 

tween every two bricks. When per 

mould. ] 

fectly dry, a fragment of the spawn is 

May be raised.—Spawn is capable of; to be buried in the hole previously

M U S 389 MUS 

' 

i 

! 

i 

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made : it will shortly spread through 

the whole texture of the slabs, if kept 

in a warm dry place, when eacli may be 

together. The spawn to be inserted 

when they are half dry. 

Quantity required.—One bushel of 

broken into four pieces, and when quite 

dry laid on shelves—separate, and not 

spawn is required for a bed five feet by 

ten; two bushels for one double that 

in heaps, otherwise a bed will be formed 

for the spawn to run in. Mr. Wales 

length; and so on in proportion. 

MUSK-FLOWER. Mimulus mosrecommends 

the composition to consist chata. 

of three parts horse-dung without lit- 

'»"''^' 

MUSS.T.NDA. Eight species. Stove 

ter, two of rotten tree-leaves, two of evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam and 

cow-dung, one of rotten tanners' bark, 

and one of sheep's dung, mixed to the 

consistency of mortar, and moulded in 

peat. 

MUSTARD. Sinnpis alba. 

Soil and Situation.— It succeeds best 

sinall frames like those used by brick- in a fine rich mouldy loam, in which the 

makers, six inches long, four broad, supply of moisture is regular ; it may 

and three deep. Three holes to be rather incline to lightness than tenacity. 

made half through the bricks, an inch If grown for salading it need not be 

apart, with a blunt dibble, for the re- dug deep; but if for seed, to full the 

ception of the spawn. They should be depth of the blade of the spade. 

put on board for the convenience of In early spring, and late in autumn, 

moving abroad during fine days, as they 

must be made perfectly dry, which they 

the situation should be sheltered ; and 

during the height of summer, shaded 

often appear to be on the outside when 

they are 'ar otherwise internally. Before 

they are perfectly dry they require 

Treat care in handling and turning, from 

from the meridian sun. 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—For salading, 

it may be sown throughout the 

year. From the beginning of November 

their aptitude to break; but in about to the same period of March, in a gentle 

three weeks, if dry weather, when per- hot-bed appropriated to the purpose, 

fectly exsiccated, they become quite 

firm. To pervade them with the spawn, 

in one already employed for some other 

plant, or in the corner of a stove. From 

a layer of fresh horse-litter, which has the close of February to the close of 

laid in a heap to sweeten as for a hot- April it may be sown in the open ground, 

bed, must be formed, six inches thick, [on a warm sheltered border, and from 

in a dry shed. On this a course of the thence to the middle of September in 

bricks is to be laid, and their holes a shady one. Both the white and black, 

| 

completely filled with spawn ; and, as for seed, may be sown at the close of 

the bricks are laid in rows upon each March, in an open compartment. For 

other, the upper side of each is to be salading, it is sown in flat-bottomed 

scattered over with some of the same, drills, about half an inch deep and six 

The bricks are not placed so as to touch, inches apart. The seed cannot well 

so that the heat and steam of the dung be sown too thick. The earth which 

covers the drills should be entirely divested 

of stones. Water must be given 

occasionally in dry weather, as a due 

supply of moisture is the chief inducement 

to a quick vegetation. The sowings 

are to be performed once or twice 

in a fortnight, according to the demand. 

Cress {lepidium .lativuin) is the almost 

constant accompaniment of this saladherb; 

and as the mode of cultivation 

for each is identical, it is only necessary 

to remark that, as cress is rather 

tardier in vegetating than mustard, it is 

necessary, for the obtaining them both 

in perfection at the same time, to sow 

may circulate equally and freely. The 

heap is to terminate with a single brick, 

and when completed, covered with a 

layer, six inches thick, of hot dung, to 

be reinforced with an additional three 

inches after a lapse of two weeks. The 

spawn will generally have thoroughly 

run through the bricks after another 

fortnight. If, however, upon examination 

this is not found to be the case, 

they must remain for ten days longer. 

The bricks being allowed to dry for a 

few days before they are stored, will 

then keep for many years. 

Mr. Oldaker recommends the bricks 

to be tnade of fresh horse-droppings, 

be added one-third of cow-dung and I a 

small portion of earth, to cement them I 

it five or six days earlier. 

It must be cut for use whilst young, 

mixed with short litter, to which must 

and before the rough leaves appear, 

otherwise the pungency of the flavour

MUT 390 M YR 

is disagreeably increased. If the top 

only is cut off, the plants will in general 

shoot again, though this second 

produce is always scanty, and not so 

mild or tender. 


of seed sow thin. When the seedlings 

have attained four leaves they should 

be hoed, and again after the lapse of 

a month, during dry weather, being set 

eight or nine inches apart. Throughout 

their growth they must be kept free from 

weeds; and if dry weather occurs at the 

time of flowering, water may be applied 

with great advantage to their roots. 

The plants flower in June, and are 

fit for cutting when their pods have become 

devoid of verdure. They must 

be thoroughly dried before threshing 

and storing. 

Forcing—For forcing, the .seed is 

most conveniently sown in boxes or 

pans, even if a hot-bed is appropriated 

to the purpose. Pans of rotten tan are 

to be preferred to pots or boxes of 

mould ; but whichever is employed the 

seed must be sown thick, and other 

restrictions attended to, as for the openground 

crops. The hot-bed need only 

be moderate. Air may be admitted as 

abundantly as circumstances will allow. 

MUTISIA. Three species. Stove 

or green-house evergreen climbers. 


MYAGRUM perfoliatum. Hardy 


MYANTHUS. Fly-wort. Four species. 


MYGINDA. Five species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs, except M. myrtifolia, 

which is hardy. Ripe cuttings. 


MYLOCARYUM ligusirinvm. 

Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings. 


MYOPORUM. Twelve species. 



MYOSOTIS. Eleven species. Hardy 

annuals and aquatic and herbaceous 

perennials. M. intermedials a deciduous 

trailer; M. palustris is the wellknown 

Forget-me-not. The perennials 

require a moist soil, and may be increased 

by division or seed; the annuals 

by seed, in a dry sandy soil. 

MYliCIA. Three species. Stove 



MYRTADENUS tetraphyllus. Stove 


MYRICA. Eleven species. Greenhouse 

evergreen and hardy deciduous 

shrubs. The green-house kinds are 

increased by cuttings; the hardy by 

seeds or layers. Peaty soil. 

MYRICARIA. Two species. Hardy 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Common 

soil. 

MYRISTICA. Nutmeg. Three 

species. Stove evergreen trees. Ripe 

cuttings. Sandy loam. 

MYROBALAN PLUM. Prunus domestica 

myrobalana. 

MYRSIPHYLLUM. Two species. 

Green-house deciduous twiners. Division. 


MYRTLE. Myrtus. 

MYRTLE-BILBERRY. Vaccinium 

myrtillus. 

MYRTUS, The Myrtle. Eleven 

species, and many varieties. Greenhouse 

or stove evergreen shrubs. Halfripened 


Water freely whilst they are growing 

in spring and summer. The common 

myrtle is M. communis, of which there 

are several varieties, chiefly characterized 

by the breadth and size of the 

leaves or doubleness of the flowers. 

Propagation. — By Slips and Cuttings. 

— The young shoots, either of 

the same or former year's growth, of 

from about two or three to five or six 

inches long, either slipped or cut off, 

are the proper parts for planting, and 

may be struck either with or without 

artificial heat. By either method June 

or July is the best season, especially 

when intended to use the shoots of the 

year. The previous year's shoots will 

also strike tolerably, especially if planted 

in spring, or, by aid of hot-beds, may 

be made to strike root readily at 

any time in the spring or summer. 

By aid of a hot-bed both one and two 

year shoots may be greatly facilitated 

in rooting. A dung hot-bed, under 

common frames and lights, will do, 

though a bark hot-bed of a stove, 

&c., is the most eligible and effectual. 

Plants thus struck in spring, or early 

in summer, from plants of the same 

year, will be fit to pot off separately 

early in autumn. Choose straight clean 

shoots, and as robust as possible, which 

divest of the lower leaves two-thirds of 

their length; they are then ready for 

planting. Fill the pots or pans with

— 

N AI 391 N A R 

light rich mould, in which plant the i 

walls, the mortar is not so much dis- 

slips or cuttings—many in each pot or turbcd if the nails are driven in a little 

pail if" required, putting them in within further before they are extracted. Old 

' ' 11 „.jj|g ^,,Y ijg renovated by being heated 

an inch of their tops, and about an inch 

or two asunder. Give directly some 

water, to settle the earth closely about 

each plant; then, either plunge the 

pots, &c., in a shallow garden-frame, 

and put on the glasses, or cover each 

pot or pan close with a low hand-glass, 

which is the most eligible for facilitating 

tiieir rooting. In either method, however, 

observe to plunge the pots in the them are of those weights 

to redness, and then thrown into water: 

this removes from them the mortar; 

and then they may be again heated and 

put into oil as before directed. The 

cast iron nails used by gardeners are 

known to the ironmonger as wall nails, 

and are described as 2^, 3, 4, and 5 11>. 

wall nails, accordingly as 1,000 of 

i 

, 

' 

i 

earth or hot-bed. 

Afford them occasional shade from 

the mid-day sun, and give plenty of 

water three or four times a week at 

least, or oftener in very hot weather ; 

Nails in most cases require to be 

driven only a very little way into the 

mortar, and walls then do not become 

defaced by them for many years. In 

all summer nailing of peach trees, 

thus they will be rooted in a month or roses, &c., the point only requires to 

six weeks. Let them remain in the be driven in, so that the nail may be 

open air until October, then remove easily withdrawn by the fingers. If 

them into the green-house for the these precautions are attended to, and 

winter; and in spring the forwardest in the nails are not driven into the face of 

growth may be potted olf separately in the bricks, but between the mortar 

small pots ; but if rather small and joints, a good wall will last for half a 

weak, or but indifferently rooted, let century without requiring fresh pointing, 

them have another summer's growth, and by nails the branches of a tree can 

and pot them out separately in Sep- always be better placed than by loops 

teinber or spring following, managing or similar contrivance." Gard. Chron. 

them as other green-house shrubs of NANUIN.\ domestica. Green-house 

similar temperature, and shifting them evergreen shrub. Ripe cuttings Loaiu 

into larger pots annually, or according 

as they shall require. 

By Layers.—Such plants as are furnished 

with young bottom branches or 

shoots, situated low enough for laying, 

and peat 

NAPOLEON-S WEEPING WÎL- 

LOW. Salix Napoleana. 

NARAVELIA zeylanica. Stove 

evergreen climber. Young cuttings. 

may be layered in spring in the usual 

way; every shoot will readily emit 


NARCISSUS. Eighty-five species 

roots, and be fit to transplant into all hardy bulbs, including the DafTodil 

separate pots in autumn. 

(N. Pseudo-Narcissus); Two- coloured 

By Seed.—These may be sowed in (iV.6/co/or) ; White, or Poet's Narcissus 

spring, in pots of light mould, and (iV. poeticus); Hoop-petticoat Narcisplungcd 

in a moderate hot-bed. The sus (N. bulbocodiwii); Small autumn 

plants will soon come up, which, when Narcissus (N. .terotiims) ; Polyanthus 

" 

two or three inches high, pot off sepa- îucissus {N. tazelta); Jonqm] (N.jonrately 

in small pots: manage them as quilla) ; and Paper Narcissus (lY. papy- 

the others. Abercrombie. 

With respect to the general culture, 

see Green-house Plants. 

NAILS for training wall trees are 

best made of cast iron, being the 

raceus); with varieties of each. 

Characteristics of Excellence.—Mr. 

Glenny says—' that in the Narcissi the 

flowers should be circular and large, 

they should expand flat, and the cup 

cheapest, stoutest, and most enduring, which is in the centre should stand out 

Before using they should be heated well. The petals should be thick, 

almost to redness, and then be thrown 

into cold linseed oil. When dry, they 

have a varnish upon them which presmooth, 

firm, free from notch or rough- 

ness on the edges, and have no points, 

The bunch of flowers should not conserves 

them from rusting, and prevents sist of less than seven; the footstalks 

the mortar of the wall sticking to them should be of such length as to allow 

BO corrosively as it does if they are the flowers 

edge, and 

to touch each other at the 

present an even, though 

unoiled. lu drawing old uails' from i 

;

— 

N AR 392 

^ 

N AR 

remain till they show flowers, and after 

roundiiiff or dome-like surface, with I 

.. ° . . .,,, . ., .K_ J ,_ 1.1 .._ ;ii u« 

one bloom in the middle, the other six the second year's bloom you will be 

forming a circle round it. The stem able to judge of their properties, when 

should be strong, firm, elastic, and not mark the good sorts, and manage them 

more than ten inches in length. The as directed for the blowing roots. 

leaves should be short, broad, and Soil and Culture.— They succeed 

bright, and there must not be more very well in any good, light, rich earth, 

than one flower stem to a show flower. in a sheltered situation and eastern 

If the variety be white, it should be aspect, with the beds a little elevated 

pure ; and the yellow cup should be above the common level ; and in win- 

bright. If the variety be yellow, it ter and early in spring give occasional 

cannot be too bright. Double flowers, shelter of mats from frosts and incle- 

and Narcissi of numerous kinds, with ment weather, especially afler the 

only one or two flowers in a sheath, flower buds appear above ground. All 

will not be considered subjects of ex- the sorts of these bulbs, planted in 

hibition, except in collections of forced either of the above methods, may be 

flowers." Gard. and Prac. Flor. suffered to remain in the ground two 

Propagation. — The propagation of or three years, or more, unremoved; 

all the Narcissi is effected principally however, it is proper to take up the 

by off'sets ; also by seed, to obtain new bulbs in general every third or fourth 

varieties. 

year, in order to separate the off'sets, 

By Offsets. — All the sorts increase which in that time will be increased so 

plentifully by offset bulbs from the main greatly in number, that the tubes press- 

roots annually ; and the proper time for ing close against one another, the inner 

separating them is in summer, when ones will be so much compressed and 

they have done flowering, and the weakened, as greatly to impede their 

leaves and stalks begin to decay. 

flowering. But where these bulbs are 

By Seed. — It will be often six or intended for sale, they should generally 

seven years before the seedlings will be lifted once a year, or once every 

flower in perfection. The seed ripens two years, otherwise, by their growing 

close in clusters, pressing against one 

in June or July, which sow soon after 

in pots or boxes of light rich earth, half 

an inch deep, then place them in a full 

sunny situation for the winter, allowing 

them shelter in severe frosts. In March 

or April they will come up. Give frequently 

sprinklings of water, and, occasional 

shade from the midday sun at 

their first appearance ; and as the 

] 

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i 

I 

warm season advances, move the pots 

to an eastern aspect, to have only the 

morning sun till ten or eleven o'clock, 

In June or July the leaves will decay, 

another, they will be flattened thereby, 

and rendered unsightly, and less saleable. 

The proper time of year for 

taking up all the sorts is soon after 

they have done flowering, and their 

leaves and flower stalks attained a 

state of decay; at which time of lifting 

the bulbs, separate them all singly, and 

the smaller offsets from the larger, re- 

serving the large roots for planting 

again in the principal compartments; 

and the smaller may be deposited in 

when stir the surface lightly, and clear' nursery beds for a year or two, to gain 

ofli" the decayed leaves, all weeds, and strength, when they will become good 

| 

flowering roots, and may then be taken 

mossiness; then sift a little fine mould j 

over the surface, half an inch thick, up at the proper season, in order tor 

repeating it in October. Let them replanting where wanted. When the 

\ 

main tilf the third year, treating simi- roots are lifted at the above season, 

larly ; and in the third summer, at the they may either be planted again di- 

! 

decay of the leaves, take up the bulbs, rectly, or in a month or six weeks 

I 

and separate the largest, which plant after; or may be cleaned and dried; 

in beds, in rows, five or six inches and retained out of the ground in a dry 

asunder and three deep ; and the small room, two or three months, or longer, 

bulbs you may scatter, mould and all, if occasion shall require. 

on the surface of another bed, and Method of Planting.—The best gene- 

cover them two or three inches deep ral season tor planting all these bulbs 

with fine earth, which after a year's is in autumn, from about the beffingrowth 

may be transplanted in rows as ning or middle of September until No- 

i 

vember: they will flower considerably 

above. In these beds let the seedlings ,

— 

N AR 393 NE A 

stronger, as well as furnish a greater is usually cultivated in the kitchen garincrease 

of offsets than those planted den ; the first two being employed in 

later, or not till spring; if, however, salads and for garnishing, and the last 

some roots are retained out of ground in pickling. 

until February, they will succeed those Soil and Situation.—They flourish in 

of the autumnal planting in flowering, almost any soil, but are most productive 

Those in the open borders should be in a light fresh loam. In a strong rich 

deposited in little patches of about soil, the plants are luxuriant, but afford 

three or four roots in each, planting fewer berries, and those of inferior flathem 

either with a blunt dibble, or with vour. They like an open situation, 

a garden trowel, four inches deep.] Time and Mode of Sowing.—They 

When planted in beds by themselves, niay be sown from the beginning of 

have the beds four feet wide, with al- March to the middle of May; the earleys, 

a foot and a half or two feet wide, lier, however, the better: one sowing 

between, plant the roots in rows length- jn the kitchen garden, and that a small 

wise, nine inches asunder, about four one, is quite suflicient for a moderate 

inches deep, and six distant in each sized family. The seed may be inserted 

row, covering them regularly with the j,, a drill, two inches deep along its botearth, 

and rake the surface smoothly, torn, in a single row, with a space of 

Having planted the roots in either of . two 

j 

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i 

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I 

I 

or three inches between every two, 

these methods, all the culture they re- or they may be dibbled in at a similar 

(juire is to be kept clean from weeds ; distance and depth. The minor is likeand 

they will all flower in the following I wise often sown in patches. The maspring 

ai.d summer. jor should be inserted beneath a vacant 

Water Culture. — The Polyanthus, paling, wall, or hedge, to which its 

Narcissus, and the large Jonquils, are 

bloomed in glasses of water in rooms, 

stems may be trained, or 

compartment, with sticks 

in an open 

inserted on 

in winter and early in spring; any of each side. The runners at first require 

the other species may also be flowered a little attention to enable them to 

in the same manner; observing to pro- din^j,^ but they soon are capable of 

cure such roots as were lifted at the doing so unassisted. The minor may 

season above mentioned. The season either trail along the ground, or be supfor 

placing in water is any time in win- ported with short sticks. If water is 

ter or early spring, from October till not afforded during dry weather, they 

March, observing to fill the glasses „i|i pot shoot so vigorously, or be so 

with fresh soft water, so full that the productive. They flower from June 

bottom of the bulb may just touch it. umil the close of October. The berries 

See Hyacinth. for pickling must be gathered when of 

Pot Vulture.—The same plants may f„i| gi^g^ and whilst green and fleshy, 

be brought to early bloom in pots ; during August. 

plant the bulbs in pots of light rich fg obtain Seed.—For the production 

earth during August, and place in a of seed, some plants should be left 

warm room; they will bloom about unn-athered from, as the first produced 

November. Abercrombie. are not only the finest in general, but 

N.\RCISSl)S-FLY. See Mi?«rodo/i. are often the only ones that ripen. 

NASTURTIUM. By this name are They should be gathered as they ripen, 

commonly known two species of Tro- which they do from the close of AupcEolum. 

T. mnjus is a hardy annual g|,st even to the beginning of October, 

twiner, and there are several varieties, xhey must on no account be stored 

distinguished by their double or crim- I „ntil perfectly dry and hard. The finest 

son flowers, t. minus is a hardy an- and soundest seed of the previous year's 

nual trailer, and a variety with double production should alone be sown ; if it 

flowers, is a green-house evergreen. jg older the plants are seldom vigorous. 

Although strictly annual when grown] 

NAUtLEA. Five species. Stove 

in the open ground in this country, yet 

^.^ ^pg„ ^,3^8. Layers and cuttings, 

they are naturallv perennial, as may be „. ,*', 

' 

•^ 

, . ,. . 1 ' ivicn loam. 

Droved it thev are grown in a green- _ „ . , , 

' house. The Major Nasturtium being NAVELWORT. Cotyledon. 

the most productive, as well of flowers NEAPOLITAN VIOLET. Viola ado- 

j 

pallida plena. See Violet. 

and leaves as of berries, is the one that rata |

NEC 394 NET 

— • - ^ 

NECTARINE. Persica lavis. j vated in the Philadelphia Nurseries, 

Varieties.—The following are culti-i and are among the better kinds : 

Explanation of Abbreviations.— Co/or—y yellow; r red ; o orange; g 

green; w white. Size— l large ; m medium. 

Downton ..... 

EIruge ...... 

*Golden 

Peterborough ..... 

*Red Roman . . '. . 

*White Roman 

"White Early .... 

Those marked * are clingstones. 

For Culture, see. Peacft, which applies. 

NECTAROSOCORDUM sirulum. 

Honey Garlic. Hardy bulb. Oil- 

sets. Common soil. 

NEGRO-FLY. See Athalia. 

NEGUNDO fraxinifoUum. Two varieties. 

Hardy deciduous trees. Seed 

and layers. Light loam. 

NELITRIS jambosella. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings and layers. Loam 

and peat. 

NELUMBIUM. Five species. Stove 

aquatics. Seed and division. Rich loam 

in water. Mr. A. Scolt, gardener to 

Sir G. Staunton, Bart., gives the following 

directions for cultivating iV. specto- 

sum 

: 

— 

— 

" Let it be kept dry during the winter, 

in a cool part of the plant stove, 

at about 50° Fahrenheit. In February, 

the roots to be divided and potted separately 

in turfy loam; the pots set in 

pans of water; the temperature of air 

from 65° to 90=; temperature of the 

water in the cisterns being about 753. 

In May plant out in a water-tight box, 

three and a half feet long, one and a 

half foot wide, and sixteen inches deep, 

filled with loamy soil, having a little 

gravel on the top to give it solidity, and 

allowing room for about two inches 

of water over the surface of the soil. 

Plunge the box into the bark bed ; the 

temperature of the soil and water in 

the box 80*^. This bottom heat maintain 

during the summer, the tempera- 

ture of the house varying from 65'^ to 

90

NET 395 NIC 

ravagos 

ries, &c. 

of birds upon currants, cher- 

Netting is a very effectual preventive 

— 

others of hemp : the last does not shrink 

after being wetted like the woollen. I 

INeiting prefer that with about twenty-live meshes 

is a very eiieuiuiii picvciiii>c |,icn,i n. 1.1. .. .v.. ..""".v » 

.. j . v, .... w..v.„ 

of coolin", for reasons which will be in a square inch, at 5(/. per scjuure yard. 

] 

stated when considering Shelters gene NETTLE TREE. Celt is'. 

rally; and in connection with that, it may NEUROLOMA arabidijlorum. Hardy 

be observed that it is not altogether im- herbaceous. Division. Common soil. 

material of what substance netting is NEW JERSEY TEA. Ceanothus 

formed. Worsted is to be preferred Americanus. 

not only because it is the most durable. NEW ZEALAND SPINACH, Tetranoi 

only uecause 11 is iiic luuot uuiuiîv-, iî^.. «>.«»»»-.-•». ^ . -• --, 

1 

but because it is the best preventive of gonia expansa,*\s much admired as a_ 

\ 

a wall-s cooling. I have found the tlier- substitute for summer spinach, being of 

mometer under a hemp net sink during more delicate flavor, and not so liable 

the night, from two to four degrees to run to seed. Mr. J. Anderson, garlower 

Than that under a net of worsted, dener to the Earl of Essex, at Cassio- 

j 

the meshes being small and of equal bury, Herts, gives the following direcsize 

in both nets. This can only be tions for its cultivation : 

, 

" Sow in the seed-vessel as gathered 

because worsted is known to be a worse I 

conductor of heat than hemp; and, not' the preceding autumn, at the latter end 

absorbing moisture so easily, is not so ! of March in a pot, and placed in a meliable 

to^the cold always produced by Ion frame. The seedlings to be pricked 

; 

! 

its drv'ing.—Principles of Gardening. while small singly into pots, to be kept 

Netting will also exclude flies and under a frame without bottom heat, until 

j 

other wmged insects from the fruit the third week in May, or until the dan- 

, 

against walls, although the meshes arc ger of frost is past. The bed for their 

| 

1 nu)re than large enough to permit reception is formed by digging a trench 

their passage. Why this is the case is two feet wide and one deep, this being 

j 

not very apparent, "but the netting is filled with thoroughly decayed dung, 

j 

11.. _xE_:-_. :.. 1 ;.,„„:.„;!-,- :-- i 

equally efficient in keeping similar in and Covered six inches deep with mould. 

A space of at least three feet must be 

sects from intruding into rooms if there 

are no cross lights. If there are win- left vacant for the extension of the 

dows on different sides of the room, and branches. Twenty plants will afford an 

abundant supply daily for a large fa- 

it is to be presumed, therefore, also in a 

green or hot-house, nets would not be so mily ; they must be planted three feet 

efficient. 

apart. 

" In dry seasons they probably require 

It is not a useless scrap of knowledge . inu. j oi.»o^..o ^..^j ,- -j .-.,..to 

the gardener, that one hundred square ! a large supply of water. In five or six 

yardsof netting, according to some mcr-1 weeks after planting, the young leaves 

chants" mode ofmeasuring, will notcover may be gathered from them, these bemore 

than fifty square yards of wall, for |ing pinched off. The leading shoot 

they stretch the net first longitudinally must be carefully preserved, for the 

and then laterally, when making Iheir branches are productive until a late pemcasurement, 

and not in both directions riod of the year, as they survive the 

at once, as the gardener must when CO- frosts that kill nasturtiums and potavering 

his trees. Disappointment, there- toes." 

, 

fore, should be avoided, when ordering To obtain Seed.—For the production 

| 

new nets, by stating the size of the sur- of seed, a plantation must be made on 

^ 

face which has to be covered. This a poorer soil, or kept stunted and dry in 

may be done without any fear of impo- pots, as ice plants are when seed is resition. 

quired of them. On the rich compost 

I 

Mr. Richardson, net maker. New of the bed, the plants become so suc- 

! 

Road, London, informs me, that one culent as to prevent the production of 

j 

cwt. of oW mackerel net, weighed when seed. This vegetable has not proved, 

, 

quite dry, will cover eight hundred , in the United States, worthy of its Eusquare 

yards ; and one cwt. of old her- ropean reputation— probably owing to 

ring net (smaller meshes) will cover six 1 the intense heat of our summers 

hundred square yards. Mr. Hulme, of NEW ZEALAND TEA. Leptosper- 

Knutsford, has sent me various specimurn scoparia. 

mens of his nets and open canvass for NICKER TREE. Guilandina. 

inspection—some made of woollen and NICOTIANA. Thirty-one species, in-

NI E 396 NO N 

eluding N. tdbacum, the well-known Tobacco. 

This and nearly all the others 

are hardy annuals. Seed. Rich light 

loam. 

NIEREMBERGIA. Four species. 

Green-house herbaceous, except the 

hardy annual N. aristata. Seed or cuttings. 

Light loam. 

NIGELLA. Fennel flower. Eleven 

species. Hardy annuals and biennials, 

except the herbaceous N. coarctata. 


NIGHTSHADE. Solanum. 

NIGHT-SOIL. See Dung. 

NIGHT TEMPERATURE in hothouses 

and frames should always average 

from 10 to 20 degrees lower than 

the temperature in which the plants are 

grown during the day. It is in the night 

that the individual functions are renovated 

by a temporary repose, and if 

left to the dictates of healthy nature 

— — 

tionably increased by the higher temperature. 

Principles of Gardening. 

NIPHOBOLUS. Eight species. 

Stove ferns. Seed and division, Sandy 


NISSOLIA. Seven species. Stove 

evergreen climbers and shrubs. Cuttings. 


NITRATES. See Saline Manures. 

NITTA TREE. Parkin. 

N I V E A . Seven species. Greenhouse 



NOCCA. Four species. Stove evergreen 

shrubs. N. latifoUa is half-hardy. 

Cuttings. Common soil. 

NOCTUA, a genus of moths. The 

following are injurious to our gar- 

dens : 

N. gamma. The Y, or Gamma Moth. 

The caterpillars of this are very destructive 

to pens and other kitchen vegetables 

during the summer. Mr. Cur- 

the sap, like the blood, flows at night, tis describes it as "being beset with 

with a much diminished velocity 

That plants do become exhausted by 

too unremitting excitement, is proved 

to every gardener who has peach- 

houses under his rule ; 

for if the greatest 

care be not taken to ripen the wood 

by exposure to the air and light during 

the summer, no peach tree will be fruitful 

if forced during a second successive 

winter, but will require a much more 

increased temperature than at first to 

excite it even to any advance in vegeta- 

tion. 

The experiments of Harting and 

Munter upon vines growing in the open 

air, and those of Dr. Lindley upon vines 

in a hot-house, coincide in testifying 

that this tree grows most during the less 

light and cooler hours of the twentyfour. 

But the hours of total darkness 

were the period when the vine grew 

slowest. This, observes Dr. Lindley, 

seems to show the danger of employing 

a high night temperature, which forces 

such plants into growing fast at a time 

when nature bids them repose. 

That the elevation of temperature at 

night does hurtfully excite plants is 

proved by the fact, that the branch of a 

vine kept at that period of the day in 

temperature not higher than 50°, inhales 

from one-sixteenth to one-tenth 

less oxygen than a similar branch of the 

same vine during the same night in a 

temperature of 75'. The exhalation of 

moisture and carbonic acid is propor- 

— 

greenish hairs, and on the back with 

yellow or white ones. It has a brown 

head. When fully grown, which takes 

place in the course of a few weeks, it 

forms a while cocoon, and changes into 

a blackish brown pupa. 

" There are three or four generations 

of moths during the summer, which appear 

at intervals between April and 

October. In the latter month, we have 

seen them fluttering round flowers at 

dusk literally by thousands : this remark 

applies more particularly to the southern 

counties of England. The wings are 

about an inch across, the upper ones 

are varied with grey and brown, having 

quite a silvery hue, and towards the 

centre there is a perfect silvery Greek 

gamma, y, with a rusty spot close before 

it, the lower wings are pale ashy 

brown, with the nerves and hinder margin 

deep brown. There are few remedies 

that can be applied to this pest; 

perhaps the best of all is hand-picking 

the caterpillars. Gard. Chron. 

N. exclamationis. The caterpillar 

of this moth feeds on the 

potato. 

stalks of the 

NOISETTIA /o«g-//"o//a. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Young cuttings. Light 

rich soil. 

N O L A N A. Five species. Hardy 

annual trailers. Seed. Common soil. 

NOLINA georgiana. Hardy herbaceous. 

Offsets. Sandy peat. 

NONATELIA. Four species. Stove

— — 

— 

— 

— 

NOR 397 NOV 


peat. 

NORANTEA. Two species. Stove 


peat. 

NORMANDY CRESS. See American 

Cress. 

NORWAY SPRUCE. Pinus canadensis. 

NOTEL.TÂ. Five species. Greenhouse 



NOTHOCHL.IINA. Nine species. 

Green-house and stove ferns. Seed and 

division. Sandy peat. 

NOTYLIA. Five species. Stove 

epiphytes. Offsets. Wood and moss 

NOVEMBER is a month chiefly of remove. 

, 

routine neatness and preparation for 

winter. 

KITCHF.N GARDEN. 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— ; 

prune; plant; cuttings plant.— Figs, 

rub off green fruit; train, but do not 

prune. Fork over ground about fruit 

trees. — Gooseberries, plant; prune; 

cuttings .plant. — Medlars, plant. 

Mulberries, plant. — Mulch round 

trees newly planted. — Nectarines, 

prune; plant. — Nuts (Filberts), &c., 

p]sinl.— Peaches, prune; plant. Pears, 

prune; plant. Plums, prune; plant. 

Pruning and planting generally should 

Quinces, 

be done; it is the best season. 

plant. — Raspberries, prune; plant. 

Services, plant. — Stake trees newly 

planted. Standards, plant prune. 

; 

Stones of fruit sow. — Strawberries, 

dress, if not done last month.— Suckers, 

Trees Cor forcing, remove. 

Trench and manure ground to be planted, 

if not done months ago. ^''ines, 

prune ; plant.— IVall Trees and Espa- 

liers generally, prune and plant; it is 

Artichokes, winter, dress. Asparagus-beds, 

dress plant ; 

; to force attend ; 

to that in forcing. Beet, dig up for 

the best for their winter regulation. 

Walnuts, \^\d.nt. — Water all ^ 

newlv 

^ 

planted trees. — JVeeds, destroy 

storing. Cabbages, remove to winter nerally, and clean up. 

quarters. Cardoons, earth up, b. Car- 


rots, dig up and store, b. Cauliflowers, 

attend to, under glasses, &c. Celery, Anemones, ,,,., .„, plant, if not done in Oc- 

, 

j 

earth up. — Coleworts, plant. — Com- tober. — Auriculas, shelter. — Bulbous 

posts, prepare. Cucumbers, attend to, roots, finish planting in dry weather, b.f 

in forcing. — Drain vacant ground.— cover beds with mats, &c., in bad wea- 

Dung, prepare for hot-beds.— Earth- ther pot for forcing. Carnation lay- 

; 

ing--up, attend to.—JSnd/r*, blanch, &c. ers, potted, shelter; finish planting. 

— Garlic, plant, b.— Herbary, clean, Climbers, as Ivy, Clematis, &c., plant 

&c. Horse-radish, dig up and store.— and train against walls. — Composts, 

Hof-fceds, make for salading, &c.—/er!

— 

— — — 

— 

— — 

NUP 398 NUR 

remove to a warm situation. Shrubs of 

all kinds, plant; stake them as a support 

against boisterous winds. Suckers 

from Roses and other shrubs, separate 

and plant. Tulips, finish main planting, 

b. Turf may be laid. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

— 

Air, admit as freely as the season allows. 

Bark Beds, renew, if not done 

last month. Dress the borders, by forking, 

&c. Fire Heat, by whatever means 

it may be distributed, must now be daily 

employed. — Manure borders, &c., 

in which forcing trees are planted. 

Leaves, clean with sponge, &c.; remove 

those decayed. Pines will require the 

day temperature to be kept between 

60^ and 65°. Peaches, prune ; wash 

with diluted ammonia water from the 

gas works, before training; day temperature 

.50.° — Potted flowering plants, 

introduce.— Sêa7n, admit into the house, 

where that mode of heating is used. 

Strawberries, begin to force. Tobacco 

fumigations employ to destroy insects. 

— Trees, in forcing, treat like the Peach. 

— Water (tepid), apply with the syringe 

to the leaves; give to their roots, occasionally; 

keep in pans about the house. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air, admit freely, when mild. Chrysanthemums 

require abundant watering. 

—Damp stagnant air is more to be dreaded 

than cold. Decayed parts, remove, 

as they appear. Earth, in pots stir frequently. 

Fires must be lighted, if frost 

severe, or heavy cold fogs occur. 

Leaves, clean with sponge, &c. Tem- 

perature, keep at about 4.5°, but not 

higher.— Water moderately. 

JSUPHAR. Five species. Hardy 

aquatics. Division and seed ; ponds, 

cisterns, &c. 

NURSERY is a garden or portion of 

a garden devoted to the rearing of trees 

and shrubs during their early stages of 

growth, before they are of a size desired 

for the fruit or pleasure grounds. As 

every tenant of the nursery is separate- 

ly discussed in these pages', no more is 

required here than to make a few general 

observations. 

Extent, Soil, Situation, Src.—With 

respect to the proper e.xtent of a nursery, 

whether for private use, or for public 

supply, it must be according to the 

quantity of plants re(iuired, or the demand 

for sale ; if for private use, from 

a quarter or half an acre to five or six 

acres may be proper, which must be 

regulated according to the extent of 

garden ground and plantations it is required 

to supply with the various sorts 

of plants, and if for a public nursery, 

not less than three or four acres of land 

will be worth occupying as such, and 

from that to fifteen or twenty acres, or 

more, may be requisite according to 

the demand, though some occupy forty 

or fifty acres in nursery ground. A 

nursery may be of any moderately light 

land, that is fifteen or eighteen inches 

depth of good working staple; but if 

two or three spades deep, it will be 

the greater advantage. A good fresh 

fat soil, such as any good pasture, which 

having the sward trenched to the bottom 

is excellent for the growth of trees, 

a rich soil fit for corn is also extremely 

proper, or any other good soil of the 

nature of common garden earth is also 

very well adapted for a nursery. As to 

situation ; if this is rather low it will be 

better, because it is naturally warmer, 

and more out of the power of cutting 

and boisterous winds than a higher 

situation, though if it happens where 

some parts of the ground are high and 

some low, it is an advantage, the bet- 

ter suiting the nature of the different 

plants. It is also of advantage to have 

a nursery ground fully exposed to the 

sun and air, and where there is the 

convenience of having water, for the 

occasional watering. 

Mode of Arranging the Plants.—In 

the distribution of the various sorts of 

plants in the nursery, let each sort be 

separate, in lines or nursery rows, to 

stand till arrived at a proper growth for 

drawing off for the garden and plantations, 

placing the fruit trees, stocks, 

&c., for graftmg and budding upon, in 

rows two feet asunder, and half that 

distance in the rows, varying the distance 

both ways, according to the 

time they are to stand ; the shrub kind 

should likewise be arranged in rows 

about two feet asunder, and fifteen or 

eighteen inches distant in each line; 

and as to herbaceous plants, they should 

generally be disposed in four feet wide 

beds, in rows from six to twelve or 

eighteen inches asunder, according to 

their nature of growth, and time they 

are to stand. 

General Culture.—Those designed as 

stocks for fruit-trees should have their

NUR 399 OCT 

i 

I 

, 

i 

' 

stems generally cleared from lateral require shelter only from frost whilst 

shoots, hut never to shorten the lead- young, and by degrees become hardy 

ing shoot unless it is decayed or bo- enough to live in the open air. Such of 

comes very crooked, in which case it tlintn as are seedlings, in the open 

may lie proper to cut it down low in grounds, should be arched over with 

spring, and it will shoot out again— hoops or rods at the approach of winter, 

training the main shoot for a stem, with in order to be sheltered with mats in 

its top entire, for the present, till graft- severe weather; and those which are in 

ed or budded. pots, either seedlings or transplanted 

Forest trees should also be encouraged 

to form straight clean stems by 

plants, should be removed in October, 

in their pots, to a warm sunny place, 

occasional trimming of the largest late- sometimes sheltered with hedges, &c., 

ral branches, which will also promote 

the leading top shoot in aspiring farther 

placing some close under the fences, 

ficing the sun, where they may have 

in height, always suffering that part of occasional covering, either of glass 

each tree to shoot at full length, unless lights or mats, &c., from frost, observing 

where the stem divides into forks— in of all those sorts here alluded to that 

which case trim otT the weakest, and they are gradually to be hardened to the 

leave the straightest and strongest shoot open ground, and need only be covered 

or branch to shoot out at its proper in frosty weather. At all other times 

length, to form the top. 

let tliem remain fully exposed, and by 

The different sorts of shrubs may degrees, as they acquire age and 

either be suffered to branch out in their 

own natural way, except just regulating 

strength, inure them to bear the open 

air fully, so that, when they arrive at 

very irregular growths, or some may from two or three to four or five years 

be trained with single clean stems, from old, they may be turned out in the open 

about a foot to two or three feet high, ground. Ahcrcroinhie. 

Every winter or spring the ground 

between the rows of all transplanted 

plants, in the open nursery-quarters, 

must be dug : this is particularly necessary 

to all the tree and shrub kind that 

stand wide enough in rows to admit the 

spade between; which work is, by the 

nurserymen, called turning-in, the most 

general season for which work is any 

time from October until March. But 

the sooner it is done the more advantageous 

it will prove to the plants. 

The ground is to be dug but half spade 

deep, proceeding row by row, turning 

the top of each spit clean to the bottom, 

that all weeds on the surface may 

be buried a proper depth to rot. 

In summer be remarkably attentive to 

keep all clean from weeds. The seedlings 

growing close in the seminary-heds 

must be hand-weeded ; but to all plants 

that grow in rows introduce the hoe. 

As any quarter or compartment of the 

nursery-ground is cleared from plants, 

others must be substituted in their room 

from the seminary; but the ground 

should previously be trenched and lie 

some time fallow, giving it also the addition 

of manure if it shall seem proper. 

It will be of advantage to plant the 

— 

NUTMEG. Myristira. 

NUTTALIA. Five species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Seed and division. Sandy 

peat. 

NUT-TREE. Corylus. See Filbert. 

NYCTANTHES arhortristis. Stove 


peat. 

NYMPHyEA. Water-lily. Eighteen 

species. Hardy and stove aquatics. 

Seed or division. Rich loam in water. 

NYSSA. Four species. Hardy deciduous 

trees. Seed and layers. Common 

soil in a moist situation. 

OAK. Qiterrus. 

OBESIA. Three species. Greenhouse 


Sandy loam. 

O C H N A . Seven species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs, except the greenhouse 

0.flYro;jurpurea. Cuttings. Sandy 


OCHROSIA horhonica. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich light 

loam. 

OCHRUS pallida. Hardy annual 

climber. Seed. Common soil. 

OCTOBER is one of the gardener's 

harvest months in tlie southern section 

ground with plants of a different kind of the Union ; in the middle and northern 

from those which occupied it before, states, his out-door labours are drawing 

i 

The tender or exotic plants of all kinds to a close.

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

— ; ; ; 

OCT 400 OCT 

KITCHEN-GARDEN. 

hoe young crops. — Vacant ground, 

trench, drain, &c. 

berts, mulberries, vines, &c., make ; 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — 

— — — 

— 

— 

Trench and prepare 

Angelica, sow. — Asparagus - beds, 

ries, dress plant. 

; 

dress, e.; for forcing, plant. Balm, 

plant. Beet take up for storing, e. 

Borecole, plant, b. ; earth up, &c. Burnet, 

plant. Cabbages, prick out, &c. 

plant for seed. Cardoons, earth up. 

Carrots, take up to store. Cauliflowers, 

prick out in frames. Celery, earth up. 

— Chives, plant. — Coleworts, plant. 

Cress (Water), plant. Cucumbers, plant 

to force. Dill, sow. Dung, prepare 

for hot-beds. Earthing-up. attend to. 

— Endive, attend to; blanch, &c. Fennel, 

plant. Garlic, plant, e. Herbary, 

dress. Horse-Radish, plant. Hyssop, 

plant. Jerusalem Artichokes, stir, e. 

Leaves, fallen, remove continually. 

Leeks, plant, b.; hoe, &c., advancing 

crops. Lettuces, prick out, e. Mint, 

plant. Mushroom-beds, make ; attend 

to those in production. Nasturtium 

Berries, gather as they ripen. Onions, 

attend to those in store, plant for seed. 

—Parsley, cut down, b.; (Hamburgh), 

is fit for use. Parsnips, take up for 

storing, e. ; leave or plant out for seed. 

—Pennyroyal, plant.—Potatoes, dig up, 

e. Rhubarb, sow. Rosemary, plant. 

Rue, plant. Sage, plant. Salsafy is in 

perfection; take up for storing. Savory, 

plant. Savoys, plant for seed. Scorzonera 

is in perfection ; take up for 

storing. Seeds, gather as they ripen. 

Shallots, plant, e. — Small Salading, 

sow.— S/)mac/i,thin, &c. Stir between 

rows of plants. Tansy, plant. Tarragon, 

plant. Thinning, attend to. 

Thyme, plant. Turnips, plant for seed ; 


Anemones, plant. — Annuals, done 

flowering, pull up ; sow hardy, b. 

Auriculas, move to sunny shelter pro- 

; 

tect from rain and snow; remove dead 

leaves; slip. — Bulbous roots, plant; 

those in flower protect; place in water 

glasses. — Carnation layers, plant in 

pots, e. Chrysanthemum cuttings, finish 

planting. — Climbers, plant. — Compost, 

prepare. — Cuttings, plant. Dahlias, 

protect in flower ; begin to take up roots 

to dry and store as the leaves decay, e. 

—Edgings, trim. Evergreens, plant; 

trim. Fibrous-rooted plants, transplant 

where required ; divide roots. Grass, 

mow and roll. Gravel, weed and roll. 

Green-house plants, remove from borders 

to the house. Hedges, trim; plant; 

plash. Hoe and Rake, as required. 

Layers, make ; they will have to remain 

twelve months. Leaves, gather as they 

fall, and store for composts. Mignionette, 

shelter. Pipings of Pinks, &c., 

finish planting to remain. Planting, 

generally, may be done. Potting, perform 

as required ; dress old potted 

plants. Primulas, all this genus (Polyanthus, 

&c.) may be propagated by slips. 

— Prune, generally. — Ranunculuses, 

plant. Seedlings, shelter. Seeds, finish 

gathering. Suckers, remove and 

plant out. Trench vacant ground. 

Tuberous-rooted plants insert, especially 

Pajonies. 

ground for planting. — Wall-fruit and 

espaliers generally, begin to prune, 

e.— Walnuts, gather. — Water, give 

abundantly at the time of planting. 

Turf may be laid. 

ORCH.\RD. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Berberries, gather.— Chestnuts, gather. 

— Currants and Gooseberries, plant 

prune ; cuttings plant. Fig Trees, protect 

when leaves are olf. Fruit Trees, 

for forcing, plant in pots or in hot-house. 

— Gathering apples and pears, finish. 

— Grapes, ripe, gather and hang up, e. 

bag on the vines. Layers of figs, fil- 

Air, admit freely every fine day. 

Bark-beds, renovate in fruiting stoves 

and succession house. Fires must begin 

to be lighted where the old flue 

system is followed, e. — Flowering 

Sfirubs in pots, introduce for winter 

blooming. Glass, Flues, 4-c., repair, if 

not done last month. Pines, remove 

into fruiting stoves, b.; Crowns plant, 

those of last year take up and plant. 

Medlars, gather, e. Planting may begin 

generally, e. Pruning, commence, 

6. Quinces, gather, e. Raspberries, 

prune and plant, if leaves have fallen. 

— Ridge up ground after pruning is 

if required. — Roses, introduce for 

Christmas blooming. — Shifting into 

larger pots may be done.— Water nhout 

twice weekly. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air, give freely daily, and at night, 

finished. Services, gather, e. Stones if temp, not so low as 35^. Camellias, 

of cherries and plums, sow. Strawber- bud. Earth, give fresh before return-

— 

OC Y 401 OLY 

ing into house.—Iâiw clean, and dress advanced to the length of one and a 

| 

plants before returning to house.— half or two inches), pricking them out 

Potted Plants, return all into house, e.; in sand, in the open ground, and coverplace 

hardiest back, and tcnderest in ing them with a hand-glass. If treated 

front. Succulent Plants should all be in this manner, the whole of the cutin, 

b.— yVater, give over the foliage tings may be expected to root, and be 

after the plants are in house give wa- ready for planting out in a month; 

; 

1 ter once or twice weekly. whereas, if deferred until the autumn, 

OCYMUM. Basil. Thirteen species. when the increase of flower-garden 

| 

Chiefly hardy annuals, but some are stock is considered en masse, the pro- 

i 

stove evergreen shrubs. See Basil. bability is that not one will succeed." 

j 

j 

j 

| 

i 

ODONTARRHENA microphylla. —Card. Chron. 

Hardy evergreen trailer. Cuttings. Loam This mode of culture is applicable to 

and peat. all the perennial species. 

ODONTOGLOSSUM. Eight species. OFFSETS are side bulbs produced by 

Stove epiphytes. Division. Wood and gome bulbous roots, and by which the 

moss. species can be propagated. Whatever 

(ECEOCLADES. Two species. Stove checks the upward growth of the parent 

epiphytes. Lateral shoots. Wood and plant, as an early breaking down of the 

moss. 

stem, compels the sap to find other or- 

0^ D E R A prolifera. Green-house gans for its reception, and, consequentevergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam ly, promotes the production of offsets, 

and peat. '< The practice," says Dr. Lindley, " of 

(ENOTHERA. Evening Primrose, scarring the centre of bulbs, the heads 

Seventeen species. Hardy annuals, of echino cacti, and such plants, and 

biennials and perennials, except the the crown of the stem of species like 

green-house evergreen shrub CE. cheir- Littaa geminiflora, in all which cases 

anthifolia. Seed; and the perennials 

also by division. Common light soil. 

suckers are the result, is explicable 

SELECT SHOWY SPECIES. 

Perennials. 

ffi. Speciosa, white. 

(E. >Iacrocarpa, yellow. 

(K. Taraxacifolia, white. 

(E. Glauca, yellow. 

(E. Serotina, yellow. 

Annuals. 

CE. Rubicunda, pink. 

(E. Lindleyana, purplish-rose. 

(E. Tenuifolia, purple. 

(E. Tetraptera, white. 

(E. Odorata, yellow. 

CE. Romanzovii, blue. 

— 

upon the foregoing principle." 

OGECHyE LIME. Nyssacandicans. 

OIL NUT. Hamiltonia. 

K R A. " The Okra is a native of 

the West Indies, where it is much used 

in soups and stews ; its use is rapidly 

increasing here. There are two varieties, 

the large and the small podded 

or capsuled. 

" The seeds are planted late in spring, 

either in rows or hills, three feet apart 

i 

the plant thrives readily, and requires 

no further care than is requisite to keep 

it free from weeds." Rural Reg. 

OLAX. Two species. Stove, evergreen 

climbers. Cuttings. Loam and 

(Enothera Drummondii, is a fine large peat, 

yellow sort, and very ornamental, but OLD-MAN'S-BEARD. Geropogon. 

it is tender, and requires the same OLE A. The Olive. Green-house 

treatment as petunias and verbenas.— and stove evergreen trees, except O. 

Card. Chron. sativa, which is hardy. Ripe cuttings, 

GJ. serotina, is a beautiful autumn and grafting on the Common Privet 

flower, and its culture is thus recom- [Ligustrum vulgare). Loam and peat, 

mended :—" The bed should be looked OLEANDER. Nerium. 

over every morning, and the flowers of! OLEASTER. Elaagnus. 

the previous day carried off. This will OLIBANUM. Boswellia. 

very considerably add to its beauty. OLIVE. Olea. 

Where a quantity of it is wanted for OLIVE-WOOD. Elaodendron. 

bedding. May is the fit time to attend OLYNTHIA disticha. Stove everto 

its propagation, by preparing cut- sreen tree. Young cuttings. Sandy 

tings (as soon as the young wood has loam | 

26 

and peat. 

;

— 

OM A 402 ONI 

i 

1 

! 

OMALANTHUS populifoUa. Stove it large specimens may be rapidly obevergreen 

shrub. 

and loam. 

Ripe cuttings. Peat tained ; but as, with due care, magni- 

ficent specimens may be grown in small 

OMIME PLANT. Plectranthus ter- pots, annually increased in size when 

natus. the plants are shifted, the general adoption 

of the one shift system will never 

' 

\ 

i 

i 

M PH AL O BIUM. Two species. 

Stove evergreen slirubs. Ripe cuttings. be general, accompanied as it is by such 

Light loam and peat. a great sacrifice of space in 

OMPHALADES. Eight species, and green-house. 

the stove 

Hardy annuals and herbaceous peren- ONION. " The Onion is a biennial 

nials ; the first being increased by seed plant, supposed to be a native of Spain, 

varieties are numerous. Those es- 

the best, are the Silver Skin, 

i The 

: 

j 

! 

\ 

i 

in open borders; the second by division, 

in shaded situations. teemed 

ONCI DIUM. Fifty-nine species, and Large Yellow Strasburgh ; the 

Stove epiphytes. Shoots, moss, and latter is the best keeper, though perhaps 

rotten wood. not so delicately flavoured as the Silver 

0NH:-SHIFT system in potting, is Skin, 

thus described by Mr. Ayres :— | " The " The Wethersfield red is grown 

i 

i 

i 

distinguishing difference of this system e.xtensively in the eastern states, where 

is, that instead of taking a plant through it perfects itself the first season, 

all the different-sized 

thumb to a twenty-four 

pots, from a 

or sixteen, or 

" It is the practice with the market 

gardeners of Philadelphia, who grow 

any other size thut it may remain the Strasburgh and Silver Skin, to the 

permanently, it is removed to the per- exclusion of all others, to sow the seed 

manent pot at once, or at any rate to thickly in beds in the middle of spring, 

one very considerably larger than is At midsummer they are taken up, and 

the general custom; thus in purchasing placed 

small specimens of new plants, they 

in a dry airy situation, until the 

may be placed at once in a twentyfour, 

sixteen, or twelve-sized pot, in 

which 

years. 

they will remain for four or five 

"The principal thing to attend to in 

this system will be to have the pots 

! 

! 

i 

succeeding spring, when they are replanted 

; in this way they get large, 

firm, well keeping Onions early in the 

season. It should be observed that if 

not sown quite thickly they attain too 

large a size, and when replanted shoot to 

seed. When sown early, and very thin- 

thoroughly drained ; for if water stagly, on strong ground, bulbs large enough 

nates in such a mass of soil, all hope for family use, may be had the first seaof 

success will be at end. In growing son ; they do not, however, usually atspecimen 

plants, it is a good plan to tain a size large enough for the market, 

When drain the soil with an inverted pot, tak- 

sown in this way, they should 

ing great care to prevent the soil from! be frequently hoed, and kept perfectly 

falling among the drainage by covering | 

ties, sticks in a half-decomposed state, 

and even charcoal for some plants, 

have been used with satisfiictory re- 

sults. 

" Another very important point to be 

attended to in this system of potting is, 

to use the soil as rough as possible. 

— 

; and the Wethersfield is perhaps 

it securely with moss. Porous stones 

of various sizes, in considerable quanti- 

clean 

the best." Rural Reg. 

To save Seed.—To obtain seed, some 

old onions must be planted in autumn 

or early in Spring. The finest and firm- 

est bulbs being selected and planted in 

rows ten inches apart each way, either 

in drills or by a blunt-ended dibble, the 

soil to he rather poorer, if it differs at 

\ 

t 

! 

all from that in which they are culti- 

Plants potted in this way will not re vated for bulbing. They must be buquire 

so much attention as those potted ried so deep, that the mould just covers 

in the usual mannei ; because one wa- the crown. Early in Spring their leaves 

terint; will serve them for several days, will appe:ir. If grown in large quantiwhereas 

in small pots they would re- ties, a path must be left two feet wide 

quire constant attention." Gardener's between every three or four rows to 

Chron. 

allow the necessary cultivation. They 

There is no doubt that this system must be kept thoroughly clear from 

much abridges the gardener's labour, weeds, and when in flower have stakes 

and there is an equal certainty that by driven at intervals of five or six feet on 

|

— 

ONI 403 R A 

each side of every two rows, to which a I Half-hardy herbaceous. Division. Sandy 

string is to be fastened throughout the loam and peat. 

whole length, a few inches below the OPHIOXYLON serpentinum. Stove 

j 

heads, to serve as a support and prevent evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

' 

1 

, 

! 

their being broken down. The seeds and peat. 

are ripe in August, which is intimated OPHRYS. Ten species. Hardy and 

by the husks becoming brownish; the half-hardy orchids. Seed. Chalky loam 

heads must then be immediately cut 

otherwise the receptacles will open and 

and peat. 

OPLOTHFXA. Two species. 

shed their contents. Being spread on O. florodana is hardy herbaceous, incloths 

in the sun, and during inclement] creased by division. 0. interivpta is a 

weather they soon become perfectly stove biennial, by seed. Both require 

dry, when the seed maybe rubbed out, loam and peat. 

cleaned of the chalf, and, after remain- OPUNTI.\.. Eighty-seven species, 

Stove cacti, except 0. fragilis and 0. 

ing another day or two, finally stored. | 

It is of the utmost consequence to em- missouriensis, which are hardy and the 

; 

ploy seed of not more than two years O. media, 0. polyacantha, 

| 

half-hardies, 

I 

, 

old, otherwise not more than one in and O.vxtlgaris. Slips, slightly dried; 

fifty will vegetate. The goodness of! sandy peat. 

seed may be easily discovered by fore- ORACH, Atriplex hortensis, is 

ing a little of it in a hot-bed or warm cooked and eaten in the same manner 

water a day before it is employed ; a as spinach, to which it is much prefersmall 

white point will soon protrude if red by many persons, although it be 

it is fertile. 

ONION-FLY 

Eumfirus. 

See Anthomyia and 

longs to a tribe whose wholesonieness 

is very suspicious. 

Soil and Situation. — It flourishes 

best in a rich moist soil, and in an open 

compartment. Those, however, of the 

autumn sowing require a rather drier 

ONISCUS. 0. asellus, O. armadillo. 

Woodlice. 

The first is most easily distinguished 

from the second by its not rolling up in 

a globular form when at rest. They 

are found in old dry dunghills, cucum- 

soil. 

Soirins;.—It may be sown about the 

end of September, and again in the 

' 

i 

ber frames, &c., and they are injurious spring for succession. The sowing to 

to many plants, fruits, &c., by gnawing be performed in drills six inches apart, 

off the outer skin. Gas lime will expel The plants soon make their appearance. 

them from their haunts, and two boards being of quick growth. When they are 

or tiles kept one-eighth of an inch about an inch high, they must be thin- 

apart form an excellent trap. Gard. 

Chron. 

ONOBROjVIA. Five species. 0. 

ned to six inches asunder, and those 

removed may be planted out at the 

same distance in a similar situation, and 

glaucum is a hardy annual, and O. ar- watered occasionally until established. 

borescens, a green-house shrub, the At the time of thinning, the bed must 

others hardy herbaceous. Seed, cuttings, 

or divisions. Common soil. 

ONOBRYCHIS. Saititfoin. Twenty- 

be thoroughly cleared of weeds, and if 

they are again hoed during a dry day, 

when the plants are about four inches 

three species. Hardy herbaceous. Seed. high, they will require no further at- 

Chalky loam. 

ONOCLEA. Two species. Hardy 

tendance than an occasional weeding. 

For early production, a sowing may be 

herbaceous. Seed and division. Sandy 


ONONIS. Thirty-seven species. 

in a moderate hot-bed at the same time 

as those in the natural ground. The 

leaves must be gathered for use whilst 

Mostly hardy annuals and shrubby young, otherwise they become stringy 

j)lant3. Seed or cuttings. Loam. 

ONOSMA. Sixteen species. Hardy 

and worthless. 

To save Seed.—Some plants of the 

herbaceous, except the stove O. triner- spring sowing must be left ungathercd 

vum. Seed. Rich chalkv loam. 

O N O S M O D I U M . Two species. 

from, and thinned to about eight inches 

apart. The seeds ripen about the end 

Hardy herbaceous. Seed. Rich light of August, when the plants must be 

loam. 

OPHIOPOGON. Three species. 

pulled up, and when perfectly dry rubbed 

out for use.

OR A 404 ORC 

ORANGE. Citrus aurantium. See 

Citrus. 

ORANGERY is a green-house or 

conservatory devoted to the cultivation 

of the genus Citrus. The best plan for 

the construction of such a building is 

that erected at Knowsley Park, and 

thus described by the gardener, Mr. J. 

W. Jones. 

Fig. 104. 

"Measured inside, this house is fourteen 

and a half yards long, eight broad, 

and six high. In the centre of the 

house are eight borders, in which the 

oranges, &c., are planted ; these borders 

are all marked a. The two borders 

against the back wall are sixteen inches 

broad, and three feet deep. The six 

borders immediately in the centre of 

the house are fourteen inches broad, 

and three feet deep; the paths are 

" Two stoves immediately connected 

with each end of the orangery contain 

the collection of tropical plants bearing 

fruit. The communication between 

these stoves and the orangery is uninterrupted 

by any glass or other division, 

so that the orange tribe are subjected 

to nearly as high a temperature as the 

tropical plants. The central borders 

of the orangery, as may be seen in the 

section, are raised a little above each 

other, as they recede from the front 

of the house. The oranges, citrons, 

&c., are all trained as espaliers; a light 

wire trellis being stretched from pillar 

to pillar parallel with the borders, and 

about eight feet high. The spaces, b, 

between the borders being about three 

feet wide, permit a person to walk 

along between the plants, for the purpose 

of pruning, watering, &c. These 

spaces are of the same depth as the 

borders, and were originally filled with 

tan ; but part of this is now removed, 

and its place is filled with good soil. 

In this some fine climbing plants have 

been turned out, amongst which are 

several plants of Passijlora quadrangularis, 

which bear an abundant crop of 

fine fruit. Besides these, there are 

also two fine plants of the beautiful 

new Gardenia Sherbournia. These, 

and other climbers, are trained up the 

rafters, &c., in such a manner as not to 

materially intercept the light from the 

orange. The great advantage of having 

the trees trained on the trellis system 

is, that every part of the tree is fully 

exposed to the light, and by planting 

them in rows one behind the other, a 

larger surface is obtained for the trees 

; 

I 

marked c, the front wall d, and the to cover than could be got by adopting 

any back one e; p, p, p, represent orna- 

other plan; and consequently, for 

mental cast iron pillars, which, besides! the space, a larger quantity of fruit is 

supporting the roof, serve also to sup 

port light wire trellises ; there is one of 

these pillars in each row for each rafter. 

The house is entirely heated by smoke 

flues, two furnaces being placed at /. 

The dotted lines along the central path 

show the direction of the flues beneath, 

from the back to the front entrance, 

when they diverge, the one entering a 

raised flue, g, on the right, the other 

also entering a raised flue on the left. 

procured. The trees being hung loosely 

and irregularly to the wires, assume 

as natural an appearance as circumstances 

will permit, and the introduction 

here and there of large plants in 

pots has a tendency to prevent formality. 

Two plants are placed in each 

border." 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

O R B E A . Twenty-three species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttingsslight- 

These flues again cross the house at 

ly dried ; sandy loam and lime rubbish. 

ORCHARD is an inclosure devoted 

to the cultivation of hardy fruit trees, 

each end, and the smoke escapes by ; 

the back wall; it being found incon- I In it may be, as standards, apple-trees, 

| 

venient to place the furnaces in any most sorts of pears and plums, and all 

Other situation. sorts of cherries, which four are the

ORG 4Q5 ORG 

> 

i 

! 

chief orchard fruits; but to have a com- \ Let several varieties of each particupiete 

orchard, also quinces, medlars, lar species be chosen that ripen their 

mulberries, service trees, filberts, nuts, fruit at different times from the earliest 

berberries, walnuts, and chestnuts must to the latest, according to the nature of 

be included. The two latter are par- the different sorts, that there may be a 

ticularly applicable for the boundaries sufficient supply of every sort during 

of orchards, to screen the other trees 

from impetuous winds. A general ortheir 

proper season ; and of apples and 

pears, in particular, choose a much 

chard composed of all the before men- greater quantity of the autumnal and 

tioned fruit trees, should consist of a late ripening kinds, than the early sorts ; 

double portion of apple trees. With but most of all of apples ; for the surnrespect 

to the situation and aspect for 

an orchard, avoid very low damp situamer 

ripening fruit is but of short dura- 

tion, only proper for temporary service ; 

tions as much as the nature of the place but the latter ripening kinds keep sound 

will admit: for in very wet soils no 

fruit trees will prosper, nor the fruit be 

some considerable time for autumn and 

winter use. The arrangement of the 

fine; but a moderately low situation, trees in the orchard must be in rows, 

free from copious wet, may be more each kind separate, at distances aceligible 

than an elevated ground, as cordini: to the nature of growth of 

being less exposed to tempestuous the different sorts; but for the larger 

winds; though a situation having a growing kinds, such as apples, pears, 

small declivity is very desirable, espe- plums, cherries, &c., they should stand 

cially if its aspect incline towards the 

east, souih-east, or south, which are 

from twenty-five to thirty or forty feet 

every way asunder, though twenty-five 

rather more eligible than a westerly 

aspect; but a north aspect is the worst 

or thirty feet at most is a 

distance for all these kinds. 

reasonable 

Each spe- 

of all for an orchard, unless particu cies and its varieties should generally 

larly compensated by the peculiar tem be in rows by themselves, the better 

perament or good quality of the soil. 

Any common field or pasture that pro- 

to suit their respective modes of growtti. 

Stake the new planted trees, to support 

duces good crops of corn, grass, or them in their proper position, and se- 

kitchen garden vegetables, is suitable cure them from being rocked to and 

for an orchard ; if it should prove of a fro by the wind, which would greatly 

loamy nature, it will be a particular retard their rooting afresh, placing two 

advantage ; any soil, however, of a good 

quality, not too light and dry, or too 

or three strong tall stakes to each tree ; 

but the most effectual method is to have 

heavy, stubborn, or wet, but of a me- three stakes to each, placed in a triandium 

nature, friable and open, with not gle, meeting at top near the head of 

less than one spade deep of good staple, the tree, wrapping a hayband round 

will be proper. 

Preparation of the Ground. — The 

that part of the stem, to prevent its 

being barked by the stakes or tying; 

preparation of the ground for the re- then tie the stakes at top close to the 

ception of the trees is by trenching one tree with some proper bandage, bring- 

or two spades, as the soil will admit. ing it close about the stem and stake* 

And if in grass, turn the sward clean together, over the hay wrapping, so as 

to the bottom of each trench, which 

will prove an excellent manure. The 

to secure the tree firmly in an erect 

posture. If laid down in grass no cai- 

[ 

i 

I 

j 

ground must be fenced securely against tie should be turned in to graze at 

cattle, &c., either with a good ditch large, unless the stem of each tree is 

and hedge, or with a paling fence, as previously well secured with posts and 

may be most convenient. 

Method of Planting; the Trees.—The 

railing, or wattled with thorn bushes, 

especially in young orchards, otherwise 

season for planting all the sorts of fruit they will bark the trees; nor bIioiiUI 

trees is autumn, soon after the fall of large cattle l)e turned into orchards, 

the leaf, from about the latter end of; where the branches of the trees are yet 

October until December, though it may low and within their reach. Abercrorn- 

bie. See Tree-Guard. 

I be performed any time in open weather, 

from October until March or April ; on ORCHIDEOUS PLANTS are chiefly 

light land the autumn is usually pre- 1 herbaceous, a very few are even semiferred, 

on heavy land the spring is best. 1 frutescent ; but all are characterized 

—

ORC 406 ORC 

either by singular beauty or fragrance I ; P>ia. 

and, as many of tliem are extremely { 

Goodyera. 

Thelymitra. 

Diuris. 

Orthoceras. 

Cryptostylis. 

Ponthieva. 

Prasophyllum. 

Calochilus. 

Neottia. 

Pelexia. 

Listera. 

Stenorhynchus 

Arethusa. 

Calopogon. 

Pogonia. 

Microtis. 

Acianthus. 

Cyrtostylis. 

Chiloglottis, 

Eriochilus. 

Caladenia. 

Lyperanthus. 

Glossodia. 

Pterostylis. 

Epipactis. 

Cephalanthera. 

Corallorhiza. 

Caleya. 

Corysanthes. 

Prescotia. 

Gastrodia. 

Vanilla. 

Orchis. 

Glossula. 

Anacamptis. 

Nigritella. 

Aceras. 

Ophrys. 

Serapias. 

Disa. 

Habenaria. 

Gymnadenia. 

Platanthera. 

Chamorchis. 

Herminium. 

Barthoiina. 

Bonatea. 

Satyrium. 

Pterogodium. 

Disperis. 

I 

Corycium. 

Calanthe. 

Octomeria. 

Maxillaria. 

Camaridium. 

Ornithidium. 

Pholidota. 

Megaclinium. 

Ornithocephalus. 

Cryptarrhena. 

Aerides. 

Vanda. 

Sarcanthus. 

Aeranthes. 

Angrfficum. 

lonopsis. 

Renanthera. 

Cymbidium. 

Cirrhsa. 

Lissochilus. 

Sarcochilus. 

Geodorum. 

Dipodium. 

Oncidium. 

Macradenia. 

Brassia. 

Cyrtopodium. 

Zygopetalum. 

Catasetum. 

Anguioa. 

Ceratochilus. 

Encyclia. 

Heterotaxis. 

Eulophia. 

Xylobium. 

Polystachya. 

Gongora. 

Trizeuxis. 

Rodriguezia. 

Sophronitis. 

Fernandesia. 

Tribrachia. 

Gomeza. 

Notylia. 

Bletia. 

Brassavola. 

Epidendrum. 

Cattleya. 

Broughtonia. 

Isochilus. 

Calypso. 

Pleurothallis. 

Stanhopea. 

Dendrobium. 

impatient of cultivation, they have of Anisopetalum. 

late years obtained great attention Ca;logyne. 

Stelis. 

from horticulturists; and pre-eminent 

among these, are Dr. Lindley, Mr. 

Malaxis. 

Microstylis. 

Cypripedium. 

Saccolabium. 

Lodiges, Mr. Bateman, Mr. Paxton, Liparis. 

Mr. Catley, Mr. Clowes, &c. 

GENERA. 

Tender Orchideous Plants.—Dr. Lindley 

has given the following selections 

from the foregoing, with statements as 

— 

to their appropriate modes of growth : 

" To grow orchidaceous plants in 

the highest state of perfection, several 

houses would be requisite ; for example, 

there should be a cool house for 

those which inhabit the high lands of 

Mexico and Guatemala ; a warm and 

moist one for others which grow in the 

hot damp valleys of India, and other 

parts of the tropics ; a third, kept warm 

and dry, for containing those which are 

in a state of rest; and a fourth for 

plants in flower. But, however beautiful 

and interesting this tribe may be, 

few persons would go to this expense; 

and many have succeeded admirably in 

growing a selection mixed with other 

stove plants. It is difficult to give directions 

for the management of a house 

of this kind without seeing it, but the 

following should be attended to. Keep 

the orchidaceous plants as much together 

as possible, either at one side, or 

along the front itself. This is necessary 

in order that they may be kept more 

moist or shaded than the other plants. 

If the house fronts the south, shade 

will be indispensable during bright sunshine 

in summer and autumn. The 

temperature of it during the dull months 

of winter, that is from November to 

February, should not exceed 60° by 

night. As the spring advances, raise 

it to 60° and 70°, and it may be kept 

at that as long as artificial heat is necessary. 

If the summer and autumn 

are warm, no fire will be required for 

two or three months. Always allow 

the temperature to sink several degrees 

lower at night than during the day. If 

this is done, and the stove kept damp 

enough, the plants will be covered with 

dew in the morning. The following is 

a list of those most suitable. 

" 1. To be grown in pots and placed 

near the warmest end of the stove. 

Dendrobium noblle, one of the most 

lovely yet known. Oncidium papilio, 

an interesting kind, having flowers like

ORC 407 ORC 

a butterfly. Peristeria elala, the beau- 1 

— 

flowers downwards in the same direc- 

tiful dove flower. Miltonia Candida,' tion as the roots, and have a very curi- 

Cattleya labiata, C. Mossia, C. rrispa, 

C. intermedia, C. Harrisoniala : these 

flower in great profusion during summer, 

and are remarkable for their great 

beauty. Cymbidium sinense, with dingy 

ous appearance." Card. Chron. 

Hardy Orchideous Plants.—M. F.Otto 

lias written as follows upon these: 

" The best time for transplanting 

Orchises is early in autumn, when the 

coloured flowers, but very fragrant. 

Zygopelalum, Mackaii, Z. intermedium, 

plants are in a 

cultivator must 

state of rest, and the 

devise the means of 

Z. crinitum, very showy and sweet- finding them, although they are almost 

scented. Brassia caudata, B.Lanceana, withered upon the ground. 

and B. maculata. Acantliaphippium bi- They grow much better if placed 

color is easily cultivated, and produces between other plants, as they find theui 

a nest of flowers in spring. Gonôra selves in their natural situation 

atropurpurea likes heat and moisture, 

the flowers are striking and curious. 

" 2. To be grown in pots and placed in 

the coolest end of the stove. Oncidium 

Cavendishianum produces large spikes 

of yellow flower. Cattleya Skinneri, 

Epidendrum Stamfordianum, whose 

— 

" They should be brought into the 

garden not only with the whole of their 

ball of earth, but also with all the sorts 

of plants belonging to it. They never 

thrive so well as if they stood among 

the other plants whicli naturally surround 

them. 

; 

i 

flowers hang very gracefully, and the " Experience has taught that the 

violet markings of them are delicate greater part of the Swiss and Tyrolese 

and beautiful. Trichopilia tortilis with Alpine Orchises, as well as those fro'm 

finely spotted flowers. Catassetnm the south of Europe, are cultivated in 

tnaculatum, and Pkasius grandifolius, pots, but in this situation the plants 

which should 

and is very 

be kept near the light, 

thirsty while growing. 

weaken from year to year, until the 

tubercles at last disappear. If we would 

Maxillaria aromatica and M. cruenta retain them longer in our gardens, parhave 

fine yellow flowers, highly fra- ticular attention must be paid to the 

grant. M. tenuifolia has pretty spotted soil in which they grow, and it would 

flowers. Cyrtochilium maculatum, and 

several varieties of it, are well worth 

probably be best to cultivate them in 

boxes, which may be covered during 

cultivation. 

3. To be suspended in baskets, or 

the winter months. 

" It may be useful to those who would 

on blocks of wood near the warmest 

end. Dendrohium cucullatum, macula- 

collect the northern species into gardens, 

to know the situation and soil in 

turn, and fimhriatum, the former with 

rose coloured, the latter with pretty 

yellow fringed flowers. Oncidium am- 

which they naturally grow. 

" Malaxis paludosa upon very wet 

peat earth, among sphagnum. Coralpliatum, 

large varieties; 0. Lanceanum, lorrhiza injiatn upon stumps of roots in 

one of the best of the genus, will also wooded peaty marshes. Liparis Locdo 

well in a pot. Aerides odoratum, selii, in peat meadows, among sphagvery 

sweet; Saccolabium guttatum ;' num. Orchis morio, in meadows and 

both of these want a very warm and pastures. O. pnlustris, in damp meamoist 

situation, but their beautiful 

and lilac blossoms wil repay 

rose 

any 

dows, often half under water. O. mas- 

cula, in meadows and pastures. O. 

trouble. 

pallens, upon chalk, in mountain pas- 

"4. To be suspended in baskets, or tures. 0. militans, in meadows. 0. 

blocks of wood near the coolest end of /usco, upon chalk, in mountain meathe 

stove. Laliaautumnalis, L. albida, dows. 0. cor/op/iora, in meadows. 0. 

and L. anceps, are very ornamental, re- ustulata, in meadows. O. glohosa, in 

sembling Cattleyas. Oncidium leuco- meadows. 0. sambucina, in meadows. 

chilum is easily grown, and the delicate 0. maculata, in very dry meadows. O. 

white of the lip contrasts well with the latifolia, in meadows. O. 

brown markings of the other parts of pyramidalis, in meadows. 

anacamptis 

O. gymnnthe 

flower. Odontoglossum grande, denia conopsea, in meadows. O. conwhose 

flowers are very large and particularly 

striking. Stanhopea tigrina 

densijlora, in 

thera bifolia, 

meadows. O. plalan- 

in dry meadows, on 

and several other species send their mountains, and in forests. O. hermin-

ORC 408 ORC 

; 

; 

ium monarchis, in meadows. Ophrys 

myodes, in shady forests, particularly 

: 

and the shelves, b b, are of slate. 

Parallel with the shelves, and separaupon 

chalk. 0. arachnites, in mea- ting them from the narrow part of the 

dews, also upon limestone. 0. aj3)/era, lake, are beds, c d, raised two feet 

upon limestone hills. Epipogium and a half above the level of the floor, 

gmetini, upon mouldering roots of and each furnished in the middle with 

trees, in mountainous woods. Spiran-^ a tank, c c, the water of which is heated 

\ 

thes autumnalis, in meadows. Neottia by a turn of pipe passing through it. 

Nidusavis, •growing upon roots of trees, 

in woods. Listera ovata, in damp 

At the north end, the house is closed 

by a solid wall, covered with bark and 

places, in common woods. L. cordata, rough projections for ferns and such 

in mountain meadows and woods, plants, at the other end it opens into 

Epipactis latifolia, in forests. E. atro- what is called the plant house by two 

rubens, in mountain woods, particu- doors. The heating apparatus consists 

' larly upon limestone. E. viridifiora, in of a boiler, b, at the close end of pipes 

shady places. E. palustris, in mea- running through the water and under 

dows. Goodyera repens, in fir woods 

among moss. Cephalanthera rubra, in 

shady woods. C. ensifolia, in shady 

the slate shelves. 

" The heating apparatus," Mr. 

Butcher says, " is found to suit admi- 

rably as regards the temperature, both 

forests. Cypripedium calceolus, in ; 

shady woods." 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

Stove for Tender Species.—The fol 

lovying is the plan of a stove for these 

of the house and of the lake and tanks 

of water. The circulation of heat being 

continued under water, commu- 

\ 

: 

plants erected at Ealing Park, and for nicates sufficient warmth for the double 

which I am indebted to the 

Chronicle. 

Gardener's purpose of creating an evaporation 

beneficial to the plants, and making 

the water of suitable temperature when 

applied by syringe or watering pot. 

" We can always command ten degrees 

of heat in this house above the 

temperature of the plant stove, connected 

with and heated by the same 

apparatus, an arrangement of some 

importance, as it allows for placing in 

the plant stove those Orchidaceae which 

require a lower temperature when in a 

> 

: 

state of rest. 

" The boiler is formed of cylindrical 

pipes placed in rows alternately above 

each other, all heated by one or two 

fires at pleasure. 

'• From the roof as well as from trees 

placed in the centre of the lake, we 

suspend the Orchidacese in baskets ; 

and on logs of wood on the two large 

raised pits and vvide shelves around 

the house, which complete the internal 

arrangements, we place plants in pots. 

Those of your readers conversant with 

floricultural affairs during that period, 

" The roof consists of three spans, may remember the many prizes which 

which cover a breadth of something have been awarded to specimens from 

more than fifty feet, and is supported our collection, and as this fact forbids 

by columns, c c, to which creepers are the charge of presumption, I will extrained. 

In the centre is an irregular plain our mode of treatment by tak- 

, 

piece of water, a a, called the ' lake,' ing the genus Zygopetalum for an insurrounded 

heated by 

by 

pipes 

rock-work edging, stance. 

passing through it " When the plants are commencing 

their growth, (generally about the 

from the boiler b, and containing aqua- I 

tic plants. The flooring of the house tnonth of October,) a pot of suitable size

— 

— 

ORC 409 ORC 

is filled three parts full of potsherds ! to shine powerfully upon plants that 

j 

\ 

| 

and the remainder with close peat, have just left their winter quarters. In 

fastened down with pegs of wood. I order to secure as much light as possiprefer 

close peat for this genus, as I ble, many species should be suspended 

have found it do better than in lighter in the air from rafters or chains, some 

or more fibrous peat. 

being placed on blocks of wood, (cork- 

" The plant so potted is then placed wood is the best,) or fragments of coin 

the Orchidaceous house, tempera- coa-nut husks, and others in baskets of 

ture ranging from sixty to seventy de- wire or wicker work filled with moss 

grees, the atmosphere moist, the plant an

ORC 410 ORC 

is an ingenious and no doubt effectual 

way of accompiisliing the same end. It 

is made by merely fixing a forked 

branch or back of wood, to the raised 

centre of a massive saucer or feeder, 

which being kept constantly full of 

water, forms a sort of foss, impassable 

to vermin, round the plant it is intended 

to guard; crickets and cockroaches are 

very fond of flour scapes, and to be 

dreaded accordingly ; red wafers scattered 

over sand among the pots are to 

them very tempting baits, and if swallowed, 

the red lead they contain acts as 

a poison; but these pests are best destroyed 

by the mixture recommended 

for the white scale. The thrip does 

not do much mischief, except where 

plants are either neglected or grown in 

too hot and dry a temperature. It 

usually first appears among the lataseta, 

and is to be removed by careful washing. 

Small snails abound in some collections, 

while in others they are unknown: 

it is difficult to conjecture 

whence they come, and all but impossible 

to eradicate them entirely. They 

batten upon the tenderest roots, such 

as plants put forth when they are just 

beginning to grow, and if not kept in 

check would speedily produce irretrievable 

mischief. Lettuce leaves, 

slices of potato, turnips, &c., are very 

enticing, and while they divert the attention 

of the enemy from the roots, 

they also afford an opportunity of capturing 

him. The collections which are 

watered exclusively with rain water are 

the least infested. But the worst plague 

of all is the small white scale, which in 

its first insidious approaches, appears 

only as a white speck upon the leaves, 

then covers them with a soft whitish 

down, and finally kills them. For this 

the following remedy will be found efficacious, 

viz. : dissolve half a pound of 

camphor in a pint of spirits of wine, the 

result will be an impalpable powder, to 

which add one pound of scotch snuff, 

one ditto pepper, one ditto sulphur, and 

keep in a bottle carefully stopped. This 

mixture should be dusted over the infected 

parts, and repeated whenever 

or wherever the enemy shows itself. 

If persisted in for some time the mixture 

rarely fails to effect a perfect cure; 

and it has the further good property of 

acting as a more deadly poison to cockroaches, 

&c., which have quite disappeared 

in the collection at Knypersley 

since this mixture came into frequent 

use. Besides the above annoyances, 

the red spider and the brown scale are 

frequently injurious, but never except 

in cases of gross neglect. 

4th. Give the plants a season of rest. 

Without a season of rest most plants 

will not live at all, and others do so 

very imperfectly. It is easily accomplished 

in a variety of ways, eitlier by 

moving the plants from the warmer to 

the cooler end of the house, or by diminishing 

the quantity of water, or by 

placing them in a cooler house. Even 

exposure in a hot dry atmosphere, although 

it scorches their leaves, not 

unfreqently throws them into vigorous 

flower. Plants from the East Indies 

and from other climates, where the extremes 

of drought and wet are not felt 

so severely as in Brazil or Hindostan, 

require a season of rest proportionally 

short, and of a less decided character. 

" 5th. Attend to the condition of the 

air. In winter, 60^ to Goo is a wholesome 

temperature for most of the species; 

in the summer it may rise to 70^ 

or 75o, or even higher if derived from 

the heat of the sun. Where there are 

two houses, the warmer one should not 

be lower than 70^^ even in winter, but 

fortunately there are comparatively fewkinds 

that insist upon so hot a berth. 

" The air should always be soft and 

nearly saturated with moisture. The 

latter should, however, be prevented 

from dripping upon the plants as it 

condenses, and this is easily effected by 

fixing a small copper pipe or piece of 

channeled wood under each rafter and 

sish-bar, to catch and carry off the 

water. 

" 6th. Do not over-water. This a 

beginner is very apt to do, and a grievous 

fault it is. When plants do not 

shrivel or flag, it is a sign that they are 

content with the humidity that the atmosphere 

of the house supplies. When 

watering is necessary, it should not be 

done indiscriminately, but according to 

the wants of particular plants. It is 

also of great importance to use rain 

water only, which may be collected for 

the purpose in a tank, as shown in the 

plan of Mr. Rucher's house, and which 

should not be applied of a temperature 

below 60*^. 

" Syringing in moderation maybe had 

recourse to in hot weather. Some of 

the sobralias, together with bromheadia

ORC 411 OT I 

palustris, grow more vigorously if their 

pots are set in saucers of water during 

the snininer months. 

" To the foregoing rules the following 

advice uiay be added. Do not aim at 

liaving too large a collection, but rather 

strive to grow a few good kinds in the 

best style." 

ORCHIS. Thirty species. Chiefly 

hardy orchids. Seed. Chalky loam and 

peat. 

ORIGANUM. Marjoram. Eight species 

and some varieties. Hardy herbaceous 

and half-hardy evergreen shrubs. 

The former are increased by division ; 

the latter by slips and cuttings, 

loam. See Marjoram. 

ORMOSIA. Two species, 

evergreen trees. Cuttings, 

peat. 

pentine 

Sandy 

ORNITHIDIUM. Two species. 

Stove epiphvtes. 

ORNITHOCEPHALUS. Two species. 

Stove ep'phytes. Both these genera 

are increased by dividing the bulbs, and 

planting them in moss and wood. 

ORNITHOGALUM. Fifty-nine species. 

Hardy, half-hardy, and greenliouse 

bulbs. Otfsets. Sandy loam and 

peat. 

ORNITHOGLOSSUM. Two species. 

Green-house bulbs. Offsets. Sandy loam 

and peat. 

ORNIX rhodophagella. Rose Moth. 

Mr. Kollar says that— " In early spring, 

as soon as the rose tree begins to bud, 

if the new leaf-shoots are closely examined, 

a little brownish seed is found 

here and there attached to them, in 

which a worm—the larva of a small 

moth, is concealed, which gnaws the 

They immediately form for themselves 

small cases of parts of the leaves, and 

pass the winter in them at the root of 

the rose-tree." 

ORNUS. Flowering ash. Five species. 

Hardy deciduous trees. Seed 

and grafting, or buddingj on common 

ash. Light loam. 

O 110 13 US. Thirty-eight species. 

Hardy herbaceous, except O. saxatitis, 

which is annual, and O. Americanus, a 

green-house evergreen shrub. Seed 

and division. Light loam. 

ORTEGIA. Two species. Hardy 

herbaceous. Seed and cuttings. Sandy 

Sandy loam and peat, well drained. 

0RTH0T,TiNIA, 0. resinella, tur- 

Stove I 

— 

moih ; O. turionana, bud tortrix. 

See Tortrix. 

ORTHROSANTHUS multiflorus. 

Green-house herbaceous. Seed and division. 


OSAGE-Al'PLE. Maculura. 

OSBECKIA. Six species. Stove 

shrubs, deciduous, and evergreen. 

Young cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

OSIER. Salix viminalis. 

OSMITES. Three species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Light 

j 

rich soil. 

OSxMUNDA. Seven species. Hardy 

ferns. Seed and division. Light rich 

ioam. 

OSTEOSPERMUM. Thirteen species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. 

tender shoots. When it has devoured 

one shoot it removes, with its house, 

and attacks another: and thus 

short time, one of these larva; can strip 

Cuttings. Light rich loam. 

OSTRYA. Hop-hornbeam. Two species. 

Hardy decii'uous tree. Seed and 

layers. Common soil. 

"OTANTHUS MariliiMis. Hardy herbaceous. 


OTHOUNA. Twenty-six species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, herba 

ceous, and bulbs, except O. tagetes, an 

annual. This is increased by seed, 

a whole branch of its shoots. The larva, and the others by cuttings, division, or 

which lives in the little case, is only a 

few lines long, yellow, with a black 

head, and black spotted collar. It un- 

offsets. Light rich loam. 

OTIORHYNCUS suZra/us. The succulent 

Weevil. Mr. Curtis remarks 

dergoes pupation in its case. 

that: 

" The moth appears at the end of " Sedums, and other succulents, in 

May. It is only tliree lines long, carries 

it wings very close to its body— almost 

wrapped round it. The whole 

green-houses, will frequently be observed 

to get sickly, ami perhaps die, 

without any apparent reason. When 

body is silvery shining gray, the upper, this is the case they should be carelully 

wings strewed with minute black dots, examined, and the grubs of the weevil 

deeply fringed at the posterior edge, will be found to have eaten off the plant 

The moth lays her eggs in May on the close to the surface of the soil, 

buds of the rose tree, and the caterpil- " 1 These grubs are about half an inch 

lars are hatched at the end of June, llong, of a dirty white colour, thick aud

— 

— 

OTI 413 OX A 

fleshy, slightly curvei^, and having numerous 

short rigid hairs on the body. 

About the middle of May these grubs 

change into white pupae, which have no 

cocoons, but are placed in oval cells, in 

the earth, perfectly smooth on the inside. 

They remain in the pupa state 

about fourteen days, and become beetles. 

In this latter state they are quite 

black, and the elytra, or wing-cases, 

are rather deeply furrowed. In the 

Berlin Botanic Garden they have been 

found to infest the roots of saxifrages 

and trollius, growing in the open border, 

and cause their death. 

" The only methods of destroying 

them are, at this time of the year, to 

examine the roots of sedums and other 

succulent plants, and crush all that may 

be found ; and in June, when the perfect 

insects appear, to look among the 

pots, where they are usually lurking, 

and kill them as soon as they come out, 

upon the elytra ; but they soon wear 

off and disappear, when it becomes of 

a shining black, inclining to a pitchcolour. 

" The larvae of these otiorhynci being 

as destructive as the perfect beetles, 

the main object ought to be to destroy 

the former, if possible, in the autumn, 

which probably would be most readily 

effected by stirring the earth all along 

the base of the wall and round the 

stems of the fruit-trees, and then sprinkling 

salt pretty thickly over the broken 

surface; or salt and water, or, perhaps, 

liquid-manure, might be equally beneficial— 

if hot the better; for it seems 

evident, from the peculiar spots in 

which they generate, or rather undergo 

their transformations, that situations 

sheltered in a great measure from the 

wet are most congenial to their habits. 

The beetles can only be arrested by 

hand-picking, with a candle and lantern, 

and afterwards pouring boiling 

water upon them, as their shells resist 

moderate heat." —Gard. Chron. 

0. notatus attacks the young shoots 

j 

I 

} 

; 

I 

j 

I 

i 

before they have time to deposit their 

eggs." Gard. Chron. 

O. tenebricosus. Red-legged gardenweevil. 

" The 

Mr. Curtis says, 

maggots of the red-legged of the raspberry and rose, piercing 

garden-weevil are found round the base them to the pith. 

of the stems of wail-fruit, sometimes OXALIS. Wood-sorrel. One hun- 

in very great quantities, a few inches dred and twenty-four species. Chiefly 

below the surface, where they undergo green-house half-hardy and hardy bulbs, 

their transformations. The beetles, 

which are old offenders, come out only 

though some are shrubs, others herbaceous, 

and a few annuals. The bulbs 

at night to feed upon the buds of wall- are increased by offsets, the shrubs by 

fruit, doing great mischief to apricots, cuttings, the herbaceous by division, 

peaches, nectarines, plums, &c. They and the annuals by seed. They all 

first destroy the fruit, and subsequently thrive in sandy loam, manured with 

attack the bark and leaves, so as not leaf mould. See Sorrel. 

unfrequently to endanger the life of the 0. Deppii.— Plant bulbs of this in 

trees. They commence their depreda- pots, at the beginning of March, and 

tions in April by eating the unexpanded 

blossom-buds, clearing out the centre, 

shelter in a cold pit or 

When all fear of frost is 

green-house. 

passed plant 

and leaving only the external bractea, them in a light soil, and in a southern 

and occasionally fragments of the im- aspect, about twelve inches apart each 

mature leaves. They will thus proceed way; or the bulbs may be kept out of 

along a branch until all the buds are the ground altogether until the middle 

destroyed, and afterwards demolish the of April, and then be planted at once 

young eyes which ought to produce in the open soil. It should be trenched, 

wood-shoots, until nothing is left but and a little manure turned in with the 

the bare branches. 

" The beetles bury themselves by 

bottom 

crops. 

spit, as for other tap-rooted 

The scaly bulbs, from which it 

day in the earth, close to the founda- is propagated, grow in a cluster round 

tion of the wall to which the trees are the crown of the root. The only culti- 

trained, likewise round the stems of vation required, is to keep the crop 

the trees, and most probably in chinks free from weeds, and to water plenti- 

of the bricks, and other dark hidingplaces. 

When recently hatched it is 

fully in dry weather ; otherwise, if the 

roots are allowed to become dry, they 

clothed with a delicate yellow pube- split upon the occurrence of moist 

Bcence, forining little irregular spots weather. Protect from early frosts, in

OX-E 413 V JEN 

October or November, by a mat covering. 

About ten roots are enough for a 

dish. They are very useful as a vegetable 

from early in October to the end 

OZOTHAMNUS. Three species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, probably 

hardy. Young Cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

PACHIDKNDRON. Seven species. 

of December; and Mr. Cockburn, gar- Green-house tree aloes. Suckers and 

dener to the Earl of Mansfield, at 

Canewood, thinks they would be more 

cultivated if better known. An inferior | 

kind has oflen been substituted for it, 

viz., the Oxalis Jacquiniana ; but this 

is distinguished by having pink flowers. 

In Belgium, the loaves, being gratel'ully ' 

acid, are used for the same purposes 

as sorrel, and the flowers are mixed 

with other salad herbs. 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

182, and Hort. Trans, of Load. iii. N. 

S. 30. 

As it is not a very common vegetable, 

it may be useful to slate, as an improved 

mode of cooking, that after peeling the 

tubers, and cleaning out their hollow 

centres, they must be well boiled in 

rich stock (gravy), skimming otf the fat, 

and then be served up hot, with a sauce 

made of a little butter heated until 

brown, with a spoonfull of flour, and a 

little of the stock. 

0.\-EYE. Bupthalmum. 

OX-EYE DAISY. Chrysanthemum 

leucanthemum. 

OX- LI P. Primula elatior. 

OXYANTHUS speciosus. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Young cuttings. Loam 

and peat : abundant watering. 

OXYBAPHUS. Twelve species. 

Chiefly hardy and half-hardy trailers 

and creepers. Seed. Common soil. 

OXYCOCCUS. Cranberry. Three 

species. Hardy evergreens. See American 

Cranberry. 

OXYLOBIUM. Ten species. Greenhouse 



O X Y P E T A L U M appendiadatum. 

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

OXYRIA reniformis. Mountain sorrel. 

Hardy herbaceous. Division. Common 

soil. 

OXYSTELMA ,esculentum. Stove 

evergreen twiner. Cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

OXYTROPIS. Twenty-eight species. 

Hardy herbaceous alpines. Seed. Sandy 


OXYURA chrysanthemoides. Hardy 


OYSTER-SHELLS. See Animal Matters. 

— 

leaves, slightly dried. Sandy loam and 

calcareous rubbish. 

PACHYPODIUM. Two species. 

Green-house deciduous succulents. Cuttings, 

slightly dried. Sandy turfy loam 

and peat. 

PACHYRHIZAS angulatus. Stove 

evergreen twiner. Tubers, seed, and 

cuttings. Rich light loam. 

PACHYSANDRA procumfte/js. Hardy 

herbaceous ; and P. coriacea, stove evergreen 

shrub. Division or suckers. Common 

soil. 

P/EDERIA fwtida. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich light loam. 

P.^DEROTA. Two species. Hardy 

Alpine annuals. Seed. Sandy loam. 

P.ÔNIA. Paiony. Twenty-two species, 

and many varieties. The following 

are most worthy of cultivation : 

P. albiflora, white. 

— Candida, pinky. 

— fragrans, red. 

— Humeii, red. 

— Potsii, crimson. 

— Richardsonii, white. 

— rubescens, pink. 

— albitlora tartarica, pinky. 

Whitlcjii, rosy. 

— anomala, crimson. 

— arborea, pink. 

— aretina Andersoni, rosy. 

— lobata, purple. 

— officinalis sabini, crimson, 

— albicans, white. 

— Baxteri, crimson. 

— carnescens, pinky. 

— rosea, red. 

paradoxa 

purple. 

timbriata, purple. 

peregrina Byzantina, dark 

compacta, 

ple. 

— Russii, crimson. 

— sinensis, pink. 

— tenuifolia tlore pleno, red. 

— moutan, tree paeony, purple. 

pur- 

• albida-plena, white. 

anemoneflora 

and white. 

striata, rose 

anneslei, purplish pink. 

Banksii, or Humeii, purple. 

carnea plena, rosy white.

— 

PÔ 414 p;eo 

p. moutan chrysanthemiflora, rose and spring place them where a little artifi- 

Compte de Paris, dark rose 

and yellow. 

elegans, white and sulphur. 

— 

cial heat is used ; they will then begin 

to grow and make good plants, fit for 

planting out in the autumn. 

By Layering, which is performed 

hericartiana, bright rose and in the following manner 

rosy white. 

: 

I 

Select, either in October or Februa- 

lacera, bright rosy red. ry, some of the bottom shoots which 

— jutea variegata, rosy white are of the preceding year's growth; 

and yellow. 

tongue and peg them down in the usual 

lutea alba, rose and cream. way, covering the layers, about three 

papaveracea, white. 

inches, with a mixture of light sandy 

plenissima, li- peat, leaf-mould, and a little water in 

lac. 

dry weather ; but they must remain for 

pumicea, carmine. 

two years attached to the mother-plant. 

Rawesii, pink, 

There is another way of layering the 

rosa-gallica, rosy red. tree-paeony, which is by selecting early 

in spring some of the bottom branches 

or stems, ringing them, with a sharp 

knife, about one inch above and below 

each bud, upon the stems; every bud 

will then occupy two inches of the 

stem, which is obstructed above and 

below. In ringing remove, in the usual 

way, a small ring of the bark all round 

the stem. The branches, so prepared, 

are then laid in the same way as the 

preceding, and the plants will be fit to 

separate in one year; but they will not 

be so strong as those raised in the preceding 

manner. The Chinese are said 

to practise building the rarer ones, on 

the more common kinds, with great 

success ; but that statement seems ra- 

• rosea, pink, 

plena, red. 

semiplena, red. 

speciosa, pink. 

- striata, rose and 

rosy white. 

sulphuria, 

ing white. 

sulphur' becomvariegata, 

white and purple. 

All the shrubby kinds are increased 

by cuttings, the same as is detailed 

hereafter in the cultivation of the tree 

paeony. The herbaceous kinds are 

propagated by dividmg the roots ; and 

new varieties of all are raised from 

seed. A rich light loam suits them. 

Tree-Pêony. p. moutan. Dr. 

Lindley's directions for cultivating this ther doubtful, 

j 

are as follow : 

1 

I 

" Fro7n Seed.—This can only be done 

"Propagation.—It is easily increas- to increase the single ones, as the 

ed, and in several ways, when 

plants are rather large and old ; 

the 

but 

semi-double ones do not produce perfect 

seeds, or at least very seldom. When 

when they are small and young it is perfect seeds are obtained, shortly after 

rather difficult, and should not be at- they are ripe, they should be sown in 

tempted. They should be rather en- pans filled with a mixture of fresh loam 

couraged by watering freely during dry and a small portion of leaf-mould and 

weather in summer ; by mulching with sand, which should be placed in a cold 

a little rotten dung, and covering with pit or frame, and protected from wet 

a band-glass, during the winter 

until the following spring, when the 

When the plants are of a sufficient seeds will begin to vegetate. If the 

size and strength, they may be increas- seeds are not sown until the sprmg, 

ed in the following ways: 

" By Division.—Take up one of the 

they seldom grow before the following 

year; and frequently many of the seeds 

largest plants about the end of October, 

and after shaking all the soil from the 

perish before th.it time arrives. 

" The seedlings must be allowed to 

roots, separate each of the stems which remain in the seed-pans the first sea- 

have got any roots attached to them son, and be transplanted the following 

with a sharp knife ; then shorten the spring, either into the open border, or 

top of each, and pot them in some good singly in pots; and the time they are 

rich mould, placing them afterwards in afterwards before they flower depends 

a cold pit, where they are tolerably se- upon the treatment they receive, but 

cure from frost, and where they can be generally they require two or three 

kept dry during the winter. la the years.

P.^0 415 P MO 

"From Single Eyes.—Any time when i 

' 

they never flower well, as they always 

the plant is in a dormant state, cut ofT| suffer from drought. But even in such 

a branch ot" the two or three year old la situation they may be made to flower 

wood, which has a quantity oTbuds upon by adding a quantity of well-rotted 

it, and cut it into pieces of about two dung, and a little fresh loam, to the 

inches in length, leaving a single bud [ 

! 

I 

soil. 

on each piece; then pot and treat them "Planting.— In planting them in the 

in the same manner as grape-vines are open border the best time is the end of 

when raised from single eyes; that is, October; but they may be removed at 

plant them about two inches deep in any time except when they are either 

pots filled with good rich soil, and place in flower or showing flower; but they 

them in a gentle moist heat. Plants will be liable to lose their flower-buds 

if they are transplanted after they com- 

raised in this way are good but small. | 

" By grafting on the roots of the mence growing, 

They seldom suffer much from 

herbaceous kinds, as of P. officinalis ; " | 

' but it is uncertain, and when it does moving if it is carefully performed in 

succeed the plants are generally short- the autumn I ; for they may then be taken 

lived, except when the grafted part is up from the open border, and potted 

placed sufficiently under the soil, 

which case it frequently emits roots 

from the base of the grail, and becomes 

a healthy plant supported by its own 

roots. 

" The operation of grafting is 

formed in the following ways :— 

per- 

" Select some good tubers of the 

herbaceous pa>onies — the Chinese P. 

albijlora and its varieties are the best 

—any time, early in spring, before the 

plant commences growing. Then cut 

off a small portion of the crown, and 

slit the tuber, from the top and downwards, 

sufficiently deep to admit the 

scion of the moutan-pa;ony, which 

must be of the last season's wood, fitting 

the bark of both well together, as 

in the ordinary way of grafting; and 

bind them tightly with strong matting. 

Then pot them singly in pots deep 

enough to cover the graft about an inch 

with soil, and place them in a cold pit 

or frame kept close, and give them but 

little water at first. They may also be 

grafted about the end of July or beginning 

of August, using the young wood 

of the current year in the same way as 

the preceding ; but when they are 

grafted and potted they must be placed 

in a strong moist heat, and kept close 

with a bell-glass, as the wood, being 

rather soft, would soon perish if placed 

in a cold pit or frame. 

"Soil. — It requires a strong rich 

loamy soil, with plenty of moisture, 

during the growing season: in swampy 

situations they will soon perish if they 

are in one when in a dormant state. 

A deep loamy or strong soil, with a dry 

subsoil, should be selected, and a light 

dry sandy or poor soil avoided ; for in this 

— 

for forcing them. Forcing requires 

great caution as regards the heat applied 

: if not done gently, and the 

plants allowed to make fresh roots before 

they are subjected to much heat, 

they will invariably lose their flowerbuds 

during the time of forcing; and 

they must only be subjected to a moderate 

heat at any time— sixty degrees 

— as they are very apt to get drawn up 

weakly. 

" VVhen the forced plants have done 

flowering they should be again planted 

in the open border, cutting the principal 

shoots back at the same time : they 

will then be ready by autumn for repotting, 

and fit for forcing again the following 

spring. When potted they must be 

well protected, in a cool pit, from the 

frost. 

'^Culture. — When planted permanently 

in the border they should have 

an open situation which is not in the 

least shaded by other plants, and they 

will require a little more trouble except 

shortening some of the longest of the 

shoots before the spring, when they 

must be slightly protected to preserve 

theyoungshoots from injury by the frost, 

which is easily done by placing a single 

mat, or canvass covering, over them, at 

a sufficient distance from the plant, so 

as not to hurt the young shoots by pres- 

sure. 

" The covering should be removed on 

all fine days, but replaced during the 

night. If the plants are small they may 

be covered with a hand-glass during the 

night ; they will then flower freely 

during the early part of May, and the 

colours will be more brilliant." 

Ckron. 

Card.

PAL 416 PAN 

PALAFOXIA linearis. Green-house 

herbaceous. Seed and division. Common 

soil. 

PALICOUREA. Three species. 



PALIURUS. Two species. Hardy 

deciduous shrubs. Seed, root cuttings, 

and layers. Common soil. 

PAN^TIA fulva. Green-house annual. 


PANCRATIUM. Twenty-nine species 

and many varieties. Chiefly stove 

and green-house bulbs, butP. ?7ZiyrJC«7n, 

and P. maritimum are hardy. They 

are propagated by offsets, and new 

varieties raised from seed. They thrive 

best in a compost of three-fourths sandy 

loam and one-fourth leaf mould. Take 

up the hardy species in autumn, separate 

the offsets, and replant immediately 

about four inches deep in a light, well 

drained sheltered border, putting some 

mulch or six inches of coal ashes over 

them during the winter. 

PANDAMUS. Twenty species. 

Stove palms. Seed or suckers. Rich 

light loam. 

PANNING is forming a pan or basin 

in the soil round the stem of a tree or 

shrub in which to pour water. 

PANSY or HEART'S EASE. Viola 

tricolor. 

"This is one of the English florist's 

flowers, and spirited contests for prizes 

are yearly witnessed—in this country 

but little attention has been paid it; 

though its increasing beauty by the 

production of new varieties is claiming 

our regard. Those of us whose idea of 

a Heart's Ease is confined to the pretty 

little flower of former days, have but an 

imperfect conception of the size, figure 

and brilliancy to which the Viola tricolor 

has attained. For an interesting 

article on its culture see the " London 

Horticultural Magazine." 

Varieties.—These are increased in 

number annually, but the following are 

established in public favour. 

Brown's Attila. 

Countess of Ork.iey. 

Curion. 

Cook's Attila. 

Alicia. 

Black Bess. 

• Mulberry Superb. 

Prince Albert. 

• Ringleader. 

• Triumph. 

Davies' Miss Nugent. 

Foster's Man of Kent. 

King's Exquisite. 

Princess Royal. 

Sulphura Elegans. 

Kitley's Bathonia. 

Lane's Sir John Sebright. 

Lidgard's Jewess. 

Major's Bridegroom. 

Beauty of Knosthorpe. 


Maule's Princess Royal. 

Pearson's Agnes. 

———— Black Prince. 

De Buch. 

Magraith. 

Milton. 

Sobieski. 

Scholfield's Surprise. 

Silverlock's Prince Albert. 

Prince of Wales. 

Thompson's Attila. 

Beauty of Bucks. 

-——^— Coronna. 

Cream. 

Cyclops. 

Desirable. 

Duchess of Richmond. 

Hamlet. 

Jewess Superb. 

Launcelot. 

Miss Stainforth. 

Nymph. 



Regulator. 

Raphael. 

Rufus. 

Ultraflora. 

Venus. 

Warrior. 

Characteristics of Excellence.— " The 

first and most essential quality is its 

form, which will be found in the greatest 

perfection in that flower round which if 

a circle be drawn each petal will exactly 

touch the circle, not projecting beyond 

it, nor stopping short of it. The petals 

should be large and broad, because in 

that case the indentations must be shallow 

where the outline of one petal meets 

another. Of a firm texture, flat, even 

at the edge, and free from notches. 

The eye must be clean and well defined, 

the colours should be rich and vivid, 

and the markings must have a clear 

edge. A uniform tint as a ground 

colour is much esteemed ; but the variations 

and combination of colour are so 

numerous and beautiful, that no precise

— 

PAN 417 PAP 

' 

' 

| 

! 

rules can be formed to govern this ing up in all directions, and they will 

point.'" Gard. Chron. blossom beautifully, if the subsoil be 

So27 used by the best Pansey growers congenial to them. If laid in the soil, 

round Manchester, is the surface soil of cuttings of the choicest pansies may be 

' an old pasture and partially decomposed taken off at any season, even in the 

cow-dung, about one part of the latter depth of winter. If it is convenient for 

to two of the former. 

Bed.—This should have a southeast 

the amateur to procure them at that season, 

he may lay the whole cutting beaspect, 

unshaded by trees, but very neath the surface, either in coil or 

sheltered Irom wind, be three feet wide, longitudinally, so that it is not buried 

with a path all round, and then, having above half an inch or a little more. It 

dug out the soil, be made eight inches will 

deep of the above compost. The edges due 

spring up at most of the joints in 

season vigorous and healthy." 

supported with slate. Gard. Chron. 

I 

Propagation. — By Seed. — Sow, as Box for exhibiting Blooms. — Dr. 

soon as it is ripe, or any time in spring Lindley says, that— " the best constructor 

summer will do, in pans of the same 

compost plunged in an open border, 

cd box for exhibiting twenty-four Hearts- 

ease is made of deal, of the following 

In six weeks the seedlings appear, dimensions, viz., twenty inches long. 

Save seed from the best shaped flowers, 

impregnating these mother plants with 

one wide, and five inches 

lid was made to unhinge; 

deep; the 

a sheet of 

pollen from bright-eyed flowers. Gather zinc was fitted inside, resting upon a 

i 

i 

' 

the seed pods as they ripen. rim ; four rows of six holes each were 

By Cuttings.—The best season is mid cut in the zinc at three inches apart, 

August. Take short jointed cuttings under each hole was a zinc tube sol- 

from the approved plants, and insert 

their stems about two inches deep in 

dered to the plate, and intended 

contain the water. The apertures 

to 

to 

some of the compost in a north border, admit the flower should be made in the 

: 

i 

1 

j 

! 

j 

I 

I 

, 

| 

covering with a hand-glass. They will form of a keyhole, as it will admit part 

have rooted in a month, then pot them, 

and keep in a dry situation until frost 

of the calyx and keep the flower in a 

flat position, the outside may be paintarrives, 

then put them in a cold frame ed green, but the zinc plate should be 

plunged in coal ashes, covering the painted of a dead white." 

frame with a mat when frost is severe, Chron. 

j 

and never letting the sunshine come Insects.—The worst animal 

Gard. 

foes of 

upon them during frosty weather, but the Pansey are the slug and the snail, 

admit air freely. To destroy and keep away these ver- 

Planting in Bed.—Do this early in Imin, water the bed late of an evening 

April, in dry weather, placing the plants in moist weather with lime water, and 

in rows twelve inches apart each way. sprinkle the surface pretty thickly with 

Shade for a few days; and if night frosts fresh wood ashes. See Agromyza. 

occur shade them from the sun during Disease.—The Pansey is liable to 

the day after. They require no after- root-rot, if the soil is not well drained, 

culture but frequent hoeing ; never give If grown in light, fresh earth, in an 

water even in the driest summers, but open border, it is never subject to the 

at such seasons cover the surface of the disease. If a plant, which shows by 

bed with fresh cow-dung, sprinkled its yellow hue that infection has ocover 

with earth, to keep it from being curred, be taken up, the decayed roots 

unsightly. 

removed, and it be transplanted into a 

Winter Protection.—Mr. Mearns, of soil and situation such as I have dethe 

Manchester Zoological Gardens, 

recommends the Pansey grower, " in^ 

stead of using frames and glasses, which 

are not always at hand, to trim and 

clean the ground, and loosen the sur- 

scribed, it will speedily send forth fresh 

radicles, and recover its vigour. 

PANSEY FLY. Agromyza. 

PANTILES. See Bricks. 

PAPAVER. Poppy. Twenty-six 

face carefully, and then to cover the species and many varieties. Hardy 

j 

whole of the plants about half an inch herbaceous and annuals. The former 

deep with a good rich compost. In the are increased by division, the latter by 

i spring the plants will be found perfectly seed ; 

PAPER 

light rich loam, 

protected, and every extremity spring- 1 

27 

— 

— 

LIGHTS were never much

PAP 418 PAR 

employed, and, since the introduction 

of Whitney's and other compositions 

for rendering cloth semi-transparent, 

are still less likely to be employed. 

Cartridge paper is the best for the pur- 

pose. It should be damped before it 

is nailed upon the frame, because when 

is so subject 

PAPER-MULBERRY. Broussonetia 

papyracea. 

PAPYRUS. Four species. Stove 

perennial aquatics. Seed and division. 

Rich loam in water. 

PARAGUAY TEA. Ilex paraguen- 

PARASITIC PLANTS are such as 

derive their nourishment from other 

living plants by rooting into their sap 

vessels. Examples are the Mistletoe 

and Dodder, which attach themselves 

to the stems and branches of some 

plants ; the Hypocistus, and the Orobanche 

or Broom rape, affix themselves 

to the roots of others. The minute 

fungi which constitute the mildew are 

also parasites. There is some doubt 

; 

] 

good crop immediately afterwards, never 

fails, by speedy exhaustion, to demonstrate 

how great has been the dispersion 

of carbonaceous matter. 

PARIVOA grandijlora. Stove evergreen 

tree. Cuttings. Rich loam. 

j 

, 

'', 

I 

\ 

1 

PARK, in the modern acceptation of 

dried it becomes taut. It may then be the word, is an extensive adorned in 

painted over with boiled linseed oil, in closure surrounding the house and garwhich 

a little white lead has been in- dens, and affording pasturage either 

corporated. In nailing on the paper, to deer or cattle. In Great Britain, a 

a strip of tape should be placed between park, strictly and legally, is a large exthe 

heads of the tacks and the paper, tent of a man's own ground inclosed 

to check the tearing to which the paper and privileged for wild beasts of chase 

by prescription or by royal grant. 

(Coke's Litt. 233. a. Blackstone, 2. 38.) 

The beasts of park, or chase, according 

to the definition of ancient sportsmen, 

were the buck, doe, fox, marten, and 

roe ; but in a common and legal sense, 

Coke says, beasts of park were all the 

beasts of the forest. It has been decided 

by the superior courts of law, 

that to constitute a park these circumstances 

are essential :—1. A grant from 

the king, or prescription. 2. That it 

be inclosed by a wall, pale, or hedge. 

3. That it contain beasts of park, and 

if it fail in any one of these, it is a total 

disparking. [Croke Car. 59.) Of such 

parks there are said to be 781 in England. 

{Brooks Ahr. Action sur Stat. 

| 

whether the ivy is at all parasitical 

48.) 

PARKIA. Two species. Stove 

but whether it derives nourishment or evergreen trees. Cuttings. Peat and 

not from trees, it certainly checks the 

respiration, and prevents the free ac- 

loam. 

PARKINSONIA aculeata. Stove 

cess of light and air to those upon evergreen shrub. Imported seed and 

which it attaches. The orchidaceous 

plants, which grow upon dead wood 


PARNASSIA. Five species. Hardy 

as readily as upon living timber, are herbaceous. Division and seed. Shaded 

not parasites. 

PARASTRANTHUS. Three spe- 

moist peat. 

PAROCHETUS communis. Halfcies. 

Hardy herbaceous. Division. hardy evergreen creeper. Division. 


PARDANTHUS. Two species. 


PARONYCHIA. Fourteen species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Seed and division. Chiefly hardy perennials and annuals. 

Light rich sheltered border. 

PARINARIUM. Three species. 

P. canariensis is a green-house herbaceous, 

and a few others are half- 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuthardy. Seed and division. Sandy 


PARING and BURNING is never to 

loam. 

PARRYA arctica, a hardy annual. 

be practised by the gardener, except P. integerrima, a hardy perennial 

for the purpose of charring the turf and 

rendering porous the soil cut from the 

banks of clayey ditches. When this is 

carefully done, a serviceable dressing 

is obtained. But paring and burning, 

trailer. The first increased by seed, 

the latter by cuttings. Loam and peat. 

PARSLEY. Petroselinurn sativum. 

Varieties,—There are two varieties, 

the common plain leaved and the curly 

as a general 

wasteful; and 

practice, is extremely 

though it may give a 

leaved. 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—It is

PAR 419 PAR 

! 

! 

' 

sown annually, but if it is never per- 1 Time and Mode of Sowing.—Sow at 

mitted to run to seed, the stalks being monthly intervals from February until 

cut down as often as they rise, it will the middle of June. Sow thinly in drills 

last for several years. It may be sown nine inches apart. The plants appear 

from the close of February until the in about a month after sowin", and 

middle of June, and this is repeated when of tolerable growth, require to be 

about the middle of September, for thinned to nine inches asunder, and 

the supply of winter and spring; but cleared from weeds, either by hand or 

this is unnecessary if the plants are 

not allowed to seed. The seed is to 

the hoe ; which latter operation, being 

performed as often as weeds appear, ia 

I 

' 

be inserted moderately thick, in narrow the only cultivation required. Hy the 

drills barely an inch deep, twelve inches end of July, or during August, the 

apart if in a bed by itself, or in a single earliest sowings will have acquired a 

the j 

one round the edge of a bed ; the mould sufficient size for occasional use; but 

being raked level, and the stones im- 

mediately over the seed gathered off. 

The plants make their appearance in 

from two to six weeks. When two or 

three inches high, they may be gathered 

from as required. In early June, when 

they make a show for seed, the stems 

should be cut down close to the bottom, 

and again in September, if they have 

roots seldom attain their full growth 

until Michaelmas; and the latest crops 

not until the following year. On the 

arrival of frost, some of them must be 

taken up; and after the removal of the 

superfluous fibres, decayed leaves, &c., 

buried in sand, in a dry situation under 

cover. 

To save Sefd.—Some plants must be 

left where grown, and allowed to run 

in May. Their produce will ripen in 

j 

! 

{ 

j 

j 

I 

I 

' 

; 

! 

! 

acquired a straggling rank growth ; this 

cause them to shoot afresh, and 

acquire a strong growth before the July or August, when it must be cut. 

arrival of severe weather. On the ap- dried, beat out, and stored. 

proach of frost, if protection is atlorded PARSLEY-PIKRT. Erica aphanes. 

to the plants by means of haulm or reed PARSNIP. Pastinaca sativa. 

panels, so supported as not to touch Soil and Situation.—The soil in 

them ; it will preserve them in a much which the parsnip succeeds best, is a 

better state for use in winter and spring rich dry sandy loam, and the deepe 

But a still more effectual plan is to take the better. The most inimical to it is 

up some of the strongest and best curled gravel or clay. It is always beiieficiaL 

plants in September, and to plant them to trench the ground two spades deep, 

in pots, two or three plants in each, a little manure being turned in with the 

using a rich soil. If these be placed in bottom spit. 

a forcing house and abundance of li()uid In the isle of Guernsey, which has 

manure given, they will be very siipe- long been celebrated for the fineness of 

riorly productive throughout the winter, 

To obtain Seed.— Nothing more is 

its parsnips, sea-weed 

chiefly employed. 

is the manure 

necessary than to allow some of the Of excrementitious manure that of 

plants to run up in June; they should pigeons is the best. Decayed leaves 

not, however, be allowed to stand are also very favourable to its growth. 

nearer than eighteen inches to each 

other. The seed ripens in early autumn, 

and when perfectly dry, may be beaten 

The situation cannot be too open. 

Time and Mode of Sowing.—The 

usual time for sowing is fi-om the end 

out and 

manure 

stored. Soot is an excellent 

for parsley, and preserves it 

of February to the beginning of April, 

but the earlier the better. It has heen 

from root-canker, the only disease af- recommended in field cultivation to 

fecting it. 

sow them in September ; in the garden, 

PARSLEY (Hamburgh). Petroseli- when sown at this season, they also 

num sativum, var. latifolium. 

attain a finer size, but many of them 

Use.—This esculent is known by the run to seed. In the isle of Guernsey 

name broad-leaved and /arg-e-roo

PAR 

420 

- 

PAS 

' 

one inch deep : the compartment being fast as they are produced. This makes 

la.dout in be^d not more^han four feet, the plant stool, for whatever prevents 

>îde,for the convenience of weeding, the formaUon of seed, promotes the 

Rt^ VVhpn the seedlings are two or development ot root. 

, , u 

fhr'ee Ses 1 ,gh removê to ten inches PASCALIA glauca Half hardy herbaparl 

and the te'eds both by hand and -^s. Cuttings^ Loam anêt^^ 

small hoeing. The beds require to he PASQUL-FLOWLR. Anemone puc 

frequently looked over, to remove all satilla 

| 

.^^ P,ower. 

it impracticable. 

impraclicaoie. 

, 

The roots may be taken up as wanted 

in September, but they do not attain 

maturity till October, which is intimated 

| 

Select Species and Varieties .— 

hardy ok half-hardy, according to 

LATITUDE AND SOIL. 

P.carulea. Common Blue Passiflora. 

by the decay of the leaves 

Five slightly differing varieties, the best 

by the decay oi uie icdvco. 

Five slightly dinenng vaneucB, i-i'^ '=•• 

In November, part of the crop may 

^^ ^^j^j^^ ^^^ p Colvillii and P. glaucobe 

taken up, and the tops being cutl ,^^^_ AH require the protection ot a 

phyllo 

close off, layed in alternate layers with ^ ,. 

wall. 

sand, for use in frosty weather. The 

remainder may be left in the ground. 

and taken up as required, as they are 

never injured by the most intense frost, 

but, on the contrary, are rendered 

sweeter. In February or March, however, 

any remaining must be extracted, 

otherwise they will vegetate. Being 

preserved in sand, they continue good 

until the end of April or May. 

To obtain Seed.—Some of the finest 

roots are best allowed to remain where 

grown ; or else, being taken up early 

in spring, planted in a situation open, 

but sheftered from violent winds. If of 

necessity some of those are employed 

which have been preserved in sand, 

such should be selected as have not had 

their tops cut off very close. 

They must be kept clear of weeds, 

and in dry weather watered plentifully 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

P. incarnata. Flesh-coloured Passiflora. 

This, in well drained borders, 

will endure our winters against a south 

wall. P. Fieldii is a variety of this. 

P. chinensis. Chinese Passiflora. 

STOVE. 

P. alata. Winged Passiflora. Purple, 

white, and crimson. 

P. alata-carulea, Hybrid-winged Passiflora. 

Black, blue, and white. 

P. actinia. Sea Anemone Passiflora. 

White, fragrant. 

P. kcrmesina. Crimson Passiflora. 

P. Loudoni. Loudon's Passiflora, 

purple. 

P. Middletonia. Middleton's Passiflora. 

Green and pink, fragrant. Sometimes 

called P. fragrans. 

P. Phanicea. Phcenician Passiflora. 

Crimson, purple, and white. P. elegans 

twice a week. At midsummer the seed 

is a variety of this. 

is usually ripe ; the umbels may then be 

cut, and when thoroughly dried on 

EDIBLE FRUITED PASSIFLORAS. 

cloths, the seed beaten out and stored. 

1 P. edulis. Purple-fruited Granadilla. 

Seed should never be employed that 

1 White. Green-house. 

is more than a twelvemonth old, as it 

P. laurifolia. Laurel-leafed Granahas 

generally lost its vegetative power 

! dilla, or Water Lemon. Red and violet 

when of a greater age. 

' flowers. Fruit, yellow. Stove. 

PARSONIA. Two species. Stove 

P.maliformis. Apple-fruited Grana- 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings, Loam 

dilla, or Sweet Calabash. Flowers 

and peat. 

white, blue, and red. Fruit, dull yel- 

PARTERRE, a French word prolow.nounced 

with the final e silent, is syno- 

P. quadrangular is. Common Grananymous 

with our English name Flower 

dilla. Flowers, red, white, and violet. 

Garden. 

P.Buonapartea 

„r' Fruit, greenish yellow 

PARTING the roots is a mode ^^^ 

[/"''^^^.ety o,-/his 

propagation available with some plants, '^ ^ '"'"^'^ 

EDIBLE "îBi f FRUITED. 

and where a large increase ol an indi-j 

- 

vidual specimen by this mode is desired. All the stove ppassion 

flowers thrive 

Us flower stems should be removed as in a day temperature of 70 «ith a 

, 

i

PAS 421 P AU 

i 

night temperature of 50°. Mr. Jones, 

of the Kew Gardens, has given the foilowed 

to remain they will be small and 

of little value. 

lowing directions, especially, for the " The fruit-bearing branches mav be 

cultivation of P. quadrangularis ; but stopped at the distance of five or six 

they apply equally well to the other feet above the fruit, 

j 

species. " Treated in this way P. quadrangu- 

" It may be grown in the stove, or /ar/s will frequently produce fruit 4 lbs. 

i 

| 

i 

' 

| 

, 

I 

better perhaps in an intermediate in weight; and though not ranking as 

house, between the stove and green- a first-class fruit, it makes a rather 

house. It is necessary to the perfect novel as well as a useful addition to 

cultivation of the plant that it should the desert, at which the pulp is eaten 

grow in a border in 

house, rather than 

the inside of the with sugar and wine. None of the 

in pots, however other species of Pass/flora bear such 

large. If no other situation presents 

itself, a border may be made beneath 

large fruit as 

others, edulis 

quadrnngitlnr-is. 

and hiurifolia 

Of 

are 

the path, taking care to leave a space amongst the best. Unlike quadranguof 

three or four inches between the laris, the branches of these smallersurface 

of the soil and the stones, so fruited species must not be stopped, 

that there may be a free access of air, and they will continue to flower and 

and that water may spread equally fruit for several months in a stove, 

over the surface of the soil, and moist- The fruit is eaten with the same ingreen 

it thoroughly. Whatever may be dients as the largest kind, and has a 

the situation of the plant, let the drain- flavour agreeable to most palates." 

age be as efficient as possible. 

" As the plant may have to remain 

some years in one situation, five or six 

Gard. Chron. 

PASSION-FLOWER. Passiflora. 

PASTINACA. The only cultivated 

barrowfuls, or even more, of good soil, species is the Parsnip, which see. 

composed of three-fourths rich loam,! PATAGONULA Americana. Stove 

and the rest leaf mould, should be pre- evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam and 

pared in a very rough state, and in this peat, 

plant it. A spare rafter, or any such PATERSONIA, Nine species.^ 

place near the glass, will do exceed- Green-house herbaceous. Division and 

ingly well for the plants to be attached seed. Sand and peat, 

to. If young when turned out, they PATlilNIA. Four species. Hardy 

should not be allowed to bear flowers or biennials. Seed. Light rich loam, 

fruit the first year. PAULLINIA. Sixteen species. 

" One or at most two branches should Stove evergreen twiners. Ripe cutbe 

allowed to grow, and after they have 

extended ten or fifteen feet, they should 

tings. Light rich loam, 

PAULOUNIA iinperial is, is a hardy 

be stopped, and should not be allowed tree, though, until its habits are better 

to put forth any laterals. tested, it is advisable to plant it in a 

" During winter no water to be given sheltered situation. Mr. G. Bishop, 

unless' the plants droop. Some time in gardener at the Chiswick Gardens, 

February the branches must be well cut states that— " It may be propagated by 

back ; and if necessary to leave any cuttings, particularly if the young 

length of stem between the ground and shoots are selected when they have 

the glass, all the buds, excepting three advanced to about three or four inches 

or four at the top of each branch, must in length; also by eyes, in the same 

{ 

> 

be rubbed off. manner as the vine; as well as by di- 

" The number of branches allowed visions of the roots, the smallest parto 

grow in the second year, must be tide of them generating adventitious 

determined by the strength of the buds. The best time to propagate it is 

plant, from two to six being the usual when the plants commence their spring 

number. 

"Advantage should be taken of the 

growth. Uoth eyes and roots should 

be potted in soil consisting of leaf 

first flowers that open to fertilize the mould, peat, and sand, in equal prostigma, 

fot fructification will not always portions, and the pots containing them 

take place naturally. From one to plunged in a dung-bed. Any other 

three fruit are suflicient on each fermenting material would answer the 

| 

branch; if a greater number are al- ! same purpose, where the atmospheric 

—

— 

P AV 422 PEA 

j 

temperature averages from 75° to 80°. thoroughly decomposed, excluding all 

Divisions of the root in particular will 

emit shoots at the expiration of three 

that possesses the least fermentation. 

" It has been found that frequent 

weeks at the farthest.'" Gard. Chron. sowings of peas in the same ground is 

For a drawing and interesting article injurious; the plants not unusually 

on this recently introduced tree, see 

the " Horticulturist.'''' 

PAVETTA. Three species. Greenhouse 


turn yellow, and partially die before 

perfecting fruit. This remark is particularly 

applicable to the early kinds. 

" The first crops should be sown in 


the spring, so soon as the ground will 

PAVIA. Seven species. Hardy admit of being worked, choosing the 

deciduous trees and shrubs. Layers driest soil, and such as lays well ex- 

and grafting on horse-chestnut. Common 

soil. 

PAXTOMA rosea. Stove orchid. 

posed to the sun. 

" To have a constant succession, a 

few should be planted every fortnight 

Division. Very turfy loam, leaf-mould, 

and sand. 

PEA. Pisum sativum. 

" The Pea is a hardy annual, a 

native of the south of Europe, and cultivated 

from time immemorial. 

or oftener. At the time the hist sowing 

of early ones is made, sow also some 

of the later varieties, which will come 

in as the early ones go out of bearing. 

" The usual method of cultivation, is 

to sow the seed in drills, as directed 

PEA 423 PEA 

the above times in pots or pans, and 

placed round the binsoftlie stove. At 

the close of September also, some peas 

may be sown in pots and sunk in the 

earth of any open compartment ; 

when 

the frost commences, to be removed 

into the green-house. A border of fresh 

earth bein^ made in the front of it early 

in December, the plants are removed 

into it, in rows two feet asunder, or still 

better in pairs, with ten inches interval, 

and two feet and a half between each 

pair. These will come into production 

about the middle of March. 

In every instance, as stated above, 

the rows should be two feet, the seed 

or plants being set an inch asunder. 

The plants are ready for moving when 

an inch or two high. They must be 

shaded and gently watered until Ihey 

have taken root. As much earth should 

be preserved about their roots at the 

time of removal as possible. 

Transplanted peas are most productive, 

and run the least to straw in the 

forcing frames. Air must be admitted 

as freely as possible under contingent 

circumstances, the same precautions 

being necessary as for cucumbers. 

^Vater must be given at lirst sparingly, 

otherwise decay or super-luxuriance 

will be occasioned; but when they are 

in blossom, and during the succeeding 

stages of growth, it may be applied oftener 

and more abundantly, as it is necessary 

for the setting and swelling ol' 

the fruit. 

The shading during hot days, and 

covering at night, must also be particu- 

larly attended to. From three to five 

months elapse between the times of 

sowing and production, according to the 

fineness of the season, length of the 

days, &c. 

The temperature may be uniformly 

kept up throughout their growth, hav' 

ing 50" for the minimum, and 70^ for safely j 

the maximum. i 

In Pots.—Mr. N. Wilson, gardener, 

of Gopsall, cultivates them in this man- 

ner : 

— 

— 

" The peas are to be ready for transplanting 

by the 1st of February, so that 

the same sowing does for the first out 

of doors, as well as for those. The 

seedlings are removed from the boxes 

or pots, where they have been thickly 

sown, when about four inches in height, 

and are planted thinly into large pots 

(twelves) which have been filled with 

good soil, not too rich. They are 

staked with moderately strong willows, 

and run round at distances of six inches 

with small twine, which has a neater 

appearance and does not shade so much 

a's common pea sticks. The situation 

quite suitable is the back walls of the 

late vineries. 

" The pots so filled and staked, are 

placed on the top of the back flues, elevated 

to the glass as near as the stakes 

will permit, where they are to remain 

till the crop is gathered, which will be 

from the 1st to the loth of May. The 

peas are kept from the frost and severe 

weather, and have always plenty of air, 

when the weather is fine. 

" They are watered rather sparingly 

at first, but plentifully as they advance 

into bloom. Peas in pits and frames 

will not bear forcing till they are out of 

bloom, and the pod set, then they will 

bear it, and be forwarded admirably. 

They cannot be had in the autumn on 

the same principle after the 20th of 

November." Caid. Chron. 

PEACH. Persica vulgaris. 

Varieties.— D. Landreth and Fulton 

ofl'er the following among others as desirable 

varieties. The vicinity of Philadelphia 

is famous for the extent of its 

Peach orchards, and the abundance and 

excellence of tlie fruit. What is there 

considered worthy of culture may be 

relied upon

PEA 424 PEA 

Explanation of Abbreviations.— Colour— y yellow ; r red j w white. Size 

—L large; m medium. 

Those marked *

PEA 425, PEA 

hundred to three thousand acres of 

land, in Newcastle county, are planted 

with, and successfully cultivated in 

peaches, making Delaware, though the 

smallest of the States, the largest producer 

of this fruit. The result has been 

a proportionate diminution of price, the 

rearing of them constitutes a distinct 

business of itself. They are produced 

by planting out the peach stones, or 

pits, in the spring, which have been 

! 

j 

slightly covered with earth in the fall, 

so as to be exposed to the action of the 

winter's frost. The sooner the pits arc 

average, per basket, one season with put in the sand or earth after the fruit 

another, not exceeding from thirty to is matured, the better — they should 

sixty cents. In this way Delaware has never become dry. The shoots from 

become the principal supplier of the these stones are budded in August of 

Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and the same year, from four to six inches 

North River markets, and many of our from the ground. The ensuing spring 

{ 

. 

; 

: 

fine peaches now reach even Boston, 

The whole annual income from this 

all the first year's growth is cut off 

above where the scion has taken—not, 

branch of business to the farmers of this however, until it is well developed 

county may be estimated from one to when, in the fall and following spring, 

two hundred thousand dollars. For so they are ready for transplanting or sale. 

handsome an additional product, the The mode of preparing the ground for 

agriculturists of Delaware, as well as 

the consumers of peaches in our vicini- 

them is precisely that with us of the 

Indian corn crop — the earth is well 

ty, owe a debt of gratitude to the originator 

of the culture, whom as one, I 

should gladly unite in presenting with 

some valued and lasting memento in 

ploughed, and from thirty to forty 

bushels of lime are spread upon it to 

the acre. The trees of like kinds, for 

the convenience of picking, are then 

recognition of his merit for giving a neiv set out in rows at distances varying from 

staple to a State ; for who is a greater 

benefactor to mankind and the age he 

twenty to thirty feet apart, according to 

the strength of the soil ; a crop of corn 

lives in, than he who brings into opera- is then put in and cultivated in the usual 

tion a new branch of business, giving way, and this is done successively for 

by his enterprise and perseverance an three years; by this time the trees be- 

impetus to agriculture ; causing the gin to bear. Tlie cultivation of the corn 

earth to give forth its increase, and so being the proper tillage for the trees, 

multiplies its fruits as to bring them and this crop amply paying for all in- 

within the reach and enjoyment of all ? vestment in trees, &c. After the trees 

The great improvement made in peaches 

within the last few years in New 

Jersey and Delaware, consists in propagating 

none but the finest kinds, by 

commence bearing, no other crop ot 

any kind should ever be grown among 

them, as I have known two rows of 

potatoes between a row of peach trees 

budding and grafting, so as to have the not only to affect the fruit, but seriously 

fruit as early and as late as our latitude to injure the trees ; but they should be 

will admit ; the earliest ripening with us regularly ploughed some three or four 

from the first week in August, such as times in the season, just as if the corn 

Troth's Early, Early York and Early crop was continued. So obnoxious in 

Ann, and ending in the latter part of our" country is the peach tree to the 

October with Ward's Late Free, the worm, or borer—the tegeria exitiosa— 

Heath, Algiers' Winter, &c. I need that each tree in the orchard should be 

not enumerate all the different varieties examined twice a year, summer and 

used and planted out to keep up this fall—say in June and October—by re^ 

succession—some of the principal are moving the earth down to the roots, and 

\ 

' 

! 

; 

in the order of enumeration. Troth's killing with a pruning-knife every in- 

Early, Early York, Early Ann, Yellow truder—then scraping the injured bark 

Rareripe, Red Rareripe, Malacatoon, and removing the glue. Thus exposed, 

Morris' White, Old Mixon, Rodman, they should be left for a few days, when 

Ward's Late Free, Maiden, Free the earth should again be replaced with 

Smock, Late Rareripe, Heath, Algiers' a hoe. The limbs should be only mo- 

Winter, &c. These trees are generally derately pruned or thinned out, so as to 

obtained for about six dollars per hun- admit the sun and air, avoiding in the 

dred, from approved nurserymen in operation leaving forks, which incline 

[ 

them to split when burthened with fruit. 

Delaware and New Jersey, and the I 

—

PEA 426 PEA 

t 

, 

| 

, 

I 

When the peaches ripen, they should great and prevailing disposition of the 

be carefully picked from 

| 

step-ladders, peach tree in our climate is to over proseven 

to eight feet high, into small liiuid- duction of fruit in favourable seasons, 

baskets, holding one peck each. Our Our remedy for this is carefully to thin 

operators for this purpose are both men it off by plucking all those that touch, 

and women, who earn from fifty to or are within two or three inches of 

seventy-five cents a day, besides being each other, when the size of hickory 

found. These baskets are gently emp- nuts, which are thrown into some runtied 

into the regular market baskets, ning stream or into the hog-pens to be 

which are all marked with the owner's devoured. This mode ' of heading in,' 

name and strewed along the whole line or pruning one half of the producing 

of orchard to be picked. As these are 

filled they are put into spring wagons, 

buds, is new to me, but which I have 

just tried upon my garden trees in the 

holding from thirty to sixty baskets, and city, and will be able to speak of expe- 

taken to the wharf, or landing, where rimentally, hereafter. With us in Dela- 

there is a house, shed or awning, for ware, as everywhere else, the peach 

the purpose of assorting them, each tree succeeds best in a good soil. That 

kind by itself, which is into prime and 

cuUings—the prime being distinguished 

preferred is a rich sandy loam, with 

clay. Many of my finest trees and 

rot only by their size and selection. choicest fruits are grown in a loose and 

but also by a handful of peach leaves stony soil. The trees should never be 

scattered through the top. They are set out in wet, low, or springy situathen 

put on board the boats in tiers, tions, and for the same reasons, high 

separated by boards between, to keep and rolling ground shdtild be selected 

them from injury, and so reach their! for your plantations, and for the addi 

destined market. We consider a water tional circumstance that they are less 

communication from the orchards, or obnoxious to early frosts." 

as near as may be, most essential, as all Wall- Culture. English Method.— 

land carriage more or less bruises or Borders should never be deeper than 

destroys the fruit. Our roads through eighteen or twenty inches for the peach, 

the orchards and to the landings are 

all kept ploughed and harrowed down 

smooth and even. The baskets for 

marketing the peaches are generally 

obtained in New Jersey at twenty-five 

and six feet wide. Soil chopped turfy 

loam from a rich pasture, rather more 

clayey than light — beneath a good 

drainage, at least one foot deep, made 

of broken bricks and stones, with an 

to thirty-seven dollars and fifty cents 

per hundred. With trifling modifica- 

outfill into a neighbouring ditch. 

Planting.—Two year old plants are 

tions our culture and practice may be to be preferred, and planted as soon as 

made to suit not only the Southern but the leaves begin to fall at the end of 

October. The best aspects are south 

the South- Western Stales. I may here, ; 

perhaps, properly remark, that the average 

life of our trees is from nine to 

twelve years, when properly cared for 

and protected as I have described ; that 

the two great and devastating enemies 

the trees have to contend against are 

the peach worm and the yellows ; the 

and south-east. Plant, at the least, sixteen 

feet apart ; the stem three inches 

from the wall, inclining towards it. 

Nail the branches to the wall, but do 

not prune them. 

Summer Pruning is of far more im- 

portance than that of the winter. 

" In May and June, and occasionally 

i 

; 

; 

j 

first readily yielding to the knife and 

the treatment of semi-annual examina- in the succeeding months, it is necessation 

; the latter being a constitutional, ry to regulate the shoots of the same 

consumptive, or marasmatic disease, for year, and to prevent improper growths 

which no other remedy is as yet known disbudding. Pinch off fore right 

i 

by 

or to be practiced but extirpation and buds or shoots; and pinch off or cut 

destruction. There are many ^/leories out ill-placed, very weakly, spongy, and 

and some practice recorded on this, by deformed shoots, retaining a plentiful 

far the most destructive enemy of the 

peach tree. I may hereafter give my 

own views on this particular and obscure 

disease. I concur, however, with 

supply of good lateral shoots in all parts 

of the tree, and leaving a leader to each 

branch. 

" Let them mostly be trained in at 

Mr. Downing, of Newburg, that the full length, all summer, about three

— 

PEA 427 PEA 

inches asunder, for next year's bearers ; 

and divest them of nny lateral twigs to 

prevent a thicket-like intricacy, and to 

promote a healthy fruitful growth in 

the shoots themselves. In the course 

of the summer regulation, if any partial 

vacancy occurs, or should a young tree 

under training want an additional supply 

of wood, shorten some convenient- 

Thisdishiidding and regulation shoi-ild 

be done by degrees. If many shoots 

and leaves are removed suddenly, it 

occasions gumming, and over-luxuriance 

in the shoots that remain. If 

shoots are very strong, train them as 

nearly perpendicular as is admissible, 

that there may be no check to the sap's 

return. Shoots less robust train horizontally. 

Protect from frosts whilst in blossom 

; and, when the fruit is well set, 

syringe three times a week with water 

to which half a pint of ammoniacal liquor, 

from gas-works, has been added 

to each gallon. This will destroy all 

insects, and especially the aphis, and 

prevent the occurrence of mildew. 

" Winter Pruning may be performed 

at the fall of the leaf, and thence, according 

to some professional waiters, 

atany tit'ie in mild weather until spring. 

It should be completed in February or 

early in March, before the blossombuds 

are considerably advanced, which 

are distinguishable by being round, 

plump, and prominent, while the leaf 

and shoot-buds are oblong and narrow. 

Retain, in all parts of the tree, a competent 

supply of such regular grown 

— 

quite close the redundant, irregular, 

and other improper shoots: remove or 

reduce some parts of the former bearers 

of the two preceding years, cutting the 

most naked quite away, and others 

down to the most eligible young branch 

or well-placed shoot. Also take out 

all diseased and dead wood, retaining 

young where necessary to fill a vacuily 

placed strong shoot, in June, to a 

few eyes to furnish a supply of laterals 

ty." Ahercromhie. 

The most systematic mode of pre- 

the same season." Ahercromhie. serving a constant supply of young 

wood is that proposed by Îr. Seymour, 

of these should be shortened, not in 

discriminately, but according to their 

strength and situation ; the very strong 

shoots should be left longer, being 

topped about one-fourth or one-third. 

Shoots of middling vigour reduce onethird 

or one-half; and prune the very 

weak to two or three buds. Always 

cut at a shoot-bud to advance for a 

leader. Sometimes a shoot-bud lies 

between a twin blossom-bud ; cut half 

an inch above the bud. As many new 

shoots as will lie from three to six 

inches asunder may be deemed a com- 

petent supply : remove or reduce some 

: 

— 

and described as follows in the Gardener'>s 

Magazine 

"A maiden plant must be cut down 

to three eyes, a, and three shoots being 

produced, the two lower ones are left 

at full length, and the succeeding spring 

the centre shoot is again cut down to 

three eyes. At the time of disbudding 

the trees all the buds on the lower side 

of the two horizontal branches are rubbed 

off, and buds are left on the upper 

side of the b>-anches at a distance of 

from nine to twelve inches from each 

other. These are suffered to grow five 

or six inches, and are then stopped ; 

but still suffering the leading shoot to 

extend itself. At the second spring 

pruning, the centre shoot is again cut 

to three eyes ; or, if the tree be very 

vigorous, five eyes may be left, two lor 

each side, and a centre one for again 

furnishing leading shoots. The leading 

shoots are laid in the fan form, nine 

or ten inches from each other. The 

shoots on the leading branch are nailed 

to the wall in summer; but after the 

winter's pruning they are tied to the 

leading shoots to be nailed in, where 

they get well ripened, and mature their 

buds for anotlier crop. At the winter's 

shoots of last year as are apparently 

fruitful in blossom-buds. Most part pruning they are cut to three or four 

inches, according to their strength. 

The maiden plant, being headed down 

the first winter, will present two laterals, 

6. The second year, at the end of 

Fig. 106. 

summer, there will be four side-shoots, 

part of the former bearers. Cut out and six or more laterals, c. In the fol-

PEA 428 PEA 

; 

lowing spring pruning, the laterals, rf, 

which had been nailed to the wall, are 

each side shoot; the first about three 

inches from the stem, as the bud may 

loosened and tied to their main shoot, suit, and the other at the end of the 

e, and the upright shoot shortened to 

three buds, as before. 

" At the end of the third summer the 

laterals will be doubled on the old wood 

shortened shoots, so as to double the 

leading shoots. The upright shoot is 

always cut at three of the lowest and 

most suitable buds, so that the stem may 

by one having sprung from the base of be kept as short as possible for, unless 

; 

the shoot tied in, g, and another from the side shoots are multiplied, the stem 

its extremity, /i. lu the pruning of the gets too high. If the side shoots are 

p. .„_ strong the year after cutting down, they 

^^ 

may be laid in their whole length ; but 

[ 

[if weak, they must be cut short to give 

them strength. Continue in this way to 

double the side shoots for two or three 

years, by which the tree will get 

strength, and then it will admit of the 

side shoot being shortened to about 

fourteen inches. Cut for two or three 

. 

I years, so as to produce three shoots 

upon each side shoot, and so continue 

- „ . . ..1.1 /• ' . until there is a sufficient number of 

followmg spring the laterals of two ^^^^. ^^^^,^ ^^ j-^^^j^,, ^^^^ ^^^ji_ 

years' growth, which had borne fruit, ,, 

,J.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ j„j„ ^ ^^^^^ 

are cut off close, and the young laterals 

; ^^j cut the lateral shoots to about 

which had sprung from their base, f, 

are loosened from the wall, and tied 

Fig. K 

— 

eight or nine inches, taking care to cut 

at a wood-bud ; and at the time of disbudding 

leave the best situated buds, 

and those nearest the base, for the 

future year's bearing." Gard. Mag. 

Thinning.—Let there be a space of 

nine inches between every brace of 

! 

fruit upon the weaker shoots, and sis 

inches on the stronger. See Thinning. 

Blistering of the Leaf.—This disease, 

which is called by some gardeners the 

Bladder Blight, and by the French la 

down to succeed them ; the other late- cloque, is occasioned by more moisture 

rals, fc, are tied in, and the uprightshoot being forced into the leaves from the 

shortened, /, as before. roots 

than they can evacuate by expira- 

Now, or before, the side shoots will tion. Some gardeners, annotating upon 

' 

I 

'. 

have to be headed down once or even this opinion, expressed by the present 

twice, so as to increase their 

and regularly cover the wall. 

number, writer in the Gardener's Chronicle in 

The es-; June, 1845, have concluded, because 

tent to which this practice is carried the blistering appears more abundantly 

will depend on the height of the wall, when cold nights succeed to hot days, 

and the distance of the trees from each that they occasion the disorder; but 

other ; the ultimate object being to prothey are only the proximate cause; 

ducea fan form, as regular as possible, those cold nights reduce the expiratory 

of permanent wood, with no young power of the leaves, whilst the roots in 

wood thereon, besides what is produced a soil of unreduced temperature conalong 

the spokes of the fan, on their tinue to imbibe moisture, and to propel 

upper side, at about twelve inches it to the leaves with undiminished force, 

apart, and the prolongation of the The blistering is, consequently, more 

Bhoots. 

" In the course of the winter or spring 

extensive. That the force with which 

the sap is propelled, is quite sufficient 

of the third year, I shorten the side to rupture the vessels in the parenchyma 

shoots to about ten or twelve inches, as of the leaf, is evident from Dr. Hale's 

may be most convenient for wood-buds, experiment. He found the vine pro- 

pelled its sap with a force equal to a 

to get two principal leading shoots from i

PEA 429 PEA 

column of mercury fifteen inches high. 

There is no doubt upon my mind, that 

if the soil be well drained, and not too 

fertile, blistering will never occur. The 

remedy, therefore, is obvious in eitlier 

case. 

Diseases.—See Aphis, Chermes, Honey 

Dew, Mildew, Exlravasated Sap. 

Forcing. Any of the early varieties 

are suitable for this purpose ; success 

does not depend so much on the kind, 

as on the manacement. 

Form of House.—The best form for a 

Peach-house, is that thus described by 

the late T. E. Knight, Esq. 

As the lights to be moved to the required 

extent with facility must necessarily 

be short, the back wall of the 

house must scarcely extend nine feet 

in height, and this height raises the 

rafters sufficiently high to permit the 

tallest person to walk with perfect convenience 

under them. The lights are 

divided in the middle at the point a, 

and the lower are made to slide down 

to the D, and the upper to the point a. 

The iiue, or hot-water pipe enters on 

the east or west end, as most conveni 

ent, and passes within six inches of the 

east and west wall, but not within less The j 

than two feet of the low front wall, on I 

and it returns in a horizontal direction 

through the middle. The trees must 

be planted between the flue and the 

front wall, and the other row near the 

back wall, against which they are to be 

trained. 

If early varieties be planted in the 

front, and the earliest where the flue 

first enters, these being trained immediately 

over the flue, and at a small distance 

above it, will ripen first; and if 

the lower lights be drawn down in fine 

weather to the point b, every part of 

the fruit on the trees which are trained 

nearly horizontally along the dotted 

— 

line c, will receive the full influence of 

the sun. The upper lights must be 

moved as usual by cords and pulleys, 

and if these be let down to the point a, 

after the fruit in the front tree is gathered, 

every part of the trees on the back 

wall will be fully exposed to the sun, at 

any period of the spring and summer 

after the middle of April, without the 

intervention of the glass. A single fireplace 

will be sufficient for a house fifty 

feet long, and I believe the foregoing 

plan and dimensions will be found to 

combine more advantage than can ever 

be obtained in a higher or wider house. 

Both the walls and flue must stand on 

arches, to permit the roots of the trees 

to extend themselves in every direction 

beyond the limits of the walls, for whatever 

be the more remote causes of mildew, 

the immediate cause generally 

appears to be want of moisture or 

dampness above it. A bar of wood 

must extend from d to b, opposite the 

middle of each lower light, to support 

it when drawn down. 

Papers. 

Knight's Select 

The soil, culture, and pruning are 

the same as required for those trees 

grown on walls. 

Forcing in Pots is a very excellent 

mode, and enables the Peach to be 

thus grown in establishi:.ents where 

there is no regular Peach-house. Pot a 

three year old tree in a twelve inch pot, 

cutting it back to four buds; and shift 

every year until it has attained an 

eighteen inch pot, a size which need 

never be exceeded. Let the soil be 

turfy, and mixed with decaying wood 

from 

stock. 

the bottom of an old wood 

Commencing forcing and temperature. 

best and most successful directions 

these points are the following, given 

liy Mr. \V. Hutchinson, gardener at 

Eatington Park. He says:— " Bring the 

trees into the house in mild weather 

during November, a little earlier or 

later according to the state of the 

weather; do not start them all, however, 

at once ; the last lot are not put 

in until the first of January. Any later 

than this would not answer, as the 

weather, if clear, is then hot through 

the day. Commence forcing them at 

530 at night, allowing the thermometer 

to fall to 50" in the morning, if cold, 

but if the weather is mild, never to fall 

below 55*-' ; and from thai to 60« is the

PEA 430 PEA 

' 

: 

] 

usual temperature kept up throughout I ure of tlie crop is inevitable. To secure 

the period of forcing during the night ;' such a supply, it is a most effectual 

durijig the day, I make up for low night treatment to give the border a top-dresstemperature, 

when I have the chance, ing,at the close of February, of charred 

by sun heat. Do not be fastidious about turf. Liquid manure and water, of 

a few degrees : to get it high enough is course, must !)e given also, as the drythe 

main point, say from 70'-' j 

'. 

I 

to So" and ness of the soil and appearance of the 

90"^, until the fruit is stoned, then keep trees indicate are necessary, 

them very hot during the day, viz. from Standards.—In Essex, I have grown 

95° to 105'', 

high as 110". 

and sometimes even as 

Of course a great deal of 

the peach successfully, both as a stand- 

ard and as an espalier, in a garden 

sloping to the south, and well pro- 

I moisture is required with this high temperature 

: syringe over head twice a tected from the east and strong westerday, 

and sometimes oftener when the ly winds. 

i 

i 

i 

! 

! 

air is dry, and you will scarcely ever be PEAR. Pyrits communis. Of this 

troubled with either green fly or red fruit four hundred and forty-two variespider. 

Watering at the root must be ties are at present cultivated in the 

carefully attended to-; very little is Chiswick Gardens, and these with mawanted 

until the trees get covered with ny more are described in the Horticulleaves; 

but after the fruit is stoned they tural Society's Fruit Catalogue, 

should be watered plentifully. Ofcourse The subjoined list, taken from the 

| 

the watering must be gradually with-} catalogue ofD. Landreth and Fulton at 

drawn as the fruit approaches maturity, the old Landreth nurseries comprises a 

in order to increase their flavo&r."— selection of choice and approved varie- 

Gai-d. Chron. ties, abstracted from the mass in cuitiva- 

When the blossoms are well open, 

impregnation should be assisted by the 

aid of a camel's hair pencil 

One essential for securing vigorous 

production in the Peach-house is to 

have the roots of the trees well nourished. 

If these are not duly supplied 

tion, the larger number of which are 

only calculated to disappoint thosewho 

rely on them—either by reason of the 

inferiority of the fruit, or want of adaptation 

to our climate—the latter to a 

very considerable extent; how else can 

we account for the quality of their pro- 

with moisture and food during the time duct here, compared with their transthe 

fruit is setting and swelling, a fail- 1 atlantic character ? 

Explanation of Abbreviations.— Colour— g green ; y yellow ; rus russet; 

r red ; b brown. Size— l large; m medium; s small. Form—obov obovate 

pyr pyramidal.. 

Those marked * are of American origin. 

;

PEA 431 PEA

PEA 432 PEA 

Fig. 110. 

Haddington. (Smith's.) (Fig. 110.) 

We have by the merest chance this excellent 

addition to our stock of winter 

pears. Mr. J. B. Smith, when on his 

farm near Haddington, Philadelphia 

County, in 1828, reared from the seed 

of the pound pear, a number of young 

plants for stocks. This one accidentally 

remained unworked, and on Mr. 

Smith's removal to the city, was brought 

by him and planted in his garden, where 

it now stands, singularly erect, and with 

few horizontal branches. It comes into 

use in December, and keeps through 

winter; the skin is green, when ripe 

slightly yellow on the sunny side, and 

marked by minute russet dots or specks. 

The texture of the fruit varies ; some 

are quite melting, others incline to 

break— it never cracks, bears abundantly, 

and we conceive it quite an acquisition 

to our winter pears. 

Pennsylvania. (Smithes.) (Fig. 111. 

This, so named by the Pennsylvania Horticultural 

Society, is a seedling on the 

grounds of Mr. J. B. Smith, Philadelphia. 

The original tree is 35 to 40 feet 

high, pyramidal in form, of robust habit, 

retaining its foliage unusually late. Its 

origin and age are unknov/n, but this 

and the Moyaniensing (subsequently 

described) standing in the same garden, 

have recently been recognized 

by an aged lady, who knew these iden- 

tical trees when a child. The fruit in 

outline and general appearance somewhat 

resembles the old Beurre — prevailing 

colour, brownish yellow, occasionally 

speckled and burnished with 

brighter yellow on the upper portion, 

the lower or blossom end presenting 

a uniform dull brown or russet hue, the 

sunny side dotted with red. Stem deep 

brown an inch and a quarter long,

PEA 433 PEA 

Fig. 111.—(P. 432.) 

standing nearly erect, planted on a full 

crown ; in some specimens one shoulder 

more elevated than the other. Calyx i 

small, in a shallow basin. Flesh yel- 

lowish white, rather coarse grained, 

and somewhat gritty; flavour notunlike 

tlie butter. Ripe, 10th August to middle 

September. It is a fine bearer, never 

cracks, and may be classed among the 

good American pears. 

MoYAME.NSiNG. {Smith's Early But- 

ter.) (Fig. 112.) This is supposed to 

be a native. It stands in the garden 

of Mr. J. B. Smith, Philadelphia, is 

28 

, 

thirty feet high, open in growth, and 

uniformly sheds its leaves early in 

August. The fruit vary in shape—some 

are roundish, others obovate : colour, a 

uniform light yellow. Stem an inch 

long, in some specimens set in a shallow 

basin, in others rising from the 

crown with a fleshy and enlarged base. 

Calyx rather prominent, in a shallow 

plaited cup. Ripe from middle July to 

close of August. The texture is buttery, 

so much like a Beurre as to have 

received the above synonym. It is a 

desirable variety.

— 

PEA 434 PEA 

Fig. 112.—(P. 433.) 

Columbia. [Bloodgood. Downing.) 

(Fig. 113.) An American, as its name 

implies, produced in West Cliester 

County, New York, where the original 

tree still exists. This is truly a valuable 

variety, in season when most needed 

from November to January. Stem an 

inch long, curved. Calyx comparatively 

small. Skin, when fully ripe, of a rich 

golden hue. Flesh whitish, rich and 

aromatic—worthy of general culture. 

St. Germain of French and English 

Authors. (Fig. 114.) There are but few 

winter pears of finer quality than this 

old favourite ; and were it not particularly 

liable to fire-blight, none would 

be more cultivated. The outline is frequently 

quite irregular, but in all specimens 

full at the blossom end, narrow- 

ing towards the stem. The skin is 

thick, and green even when fully ripe. 

Stem short and obliquelyplanted. Calyx 

set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, 

and when in perfection, abounding in 

juice of exquisite flavour. Ripe from 

December to March. 

Lewis. (Fig. 115.) This variety derives 

its name from Mr. John Lewis of 

Massachusetts, on whose farm it originated 

thirty years ago. It is in season 

from November to February, and may be 

enumerated among our valuable winter 

fruits. It bears most profusely and, 

though not externally attractive, the skin 

being rough, would doubtless be highly 

profitable if cultivated for city sale. Outline 

nearly round, a little flattened at the 

crown. Skin green. Stalk an inch and a

PEA 435 PEA 

Fig. 113.—(P. 434.) 

| 

half long, calyx large and open, basin little depressed . Flesh melting, abound- 

very slightly furrowed. The quality of! ing in rich and highly flavoured juce. 

the fruit, though not " first rate," is such Beurre Diel, of Thompson, 

as with its constitution and productive Lindley, and others. (Fig. 117.) "This 

habit must insure this variety extensive variety, known by a dozen different 

cultivation. 

Beurre De Ranz, of 

Beurre Range, of Lindley. 

j 

I names, of which that above is most 

Thompson.' generally used, and should be alone, 

(Fig. 1 16.) is one of the many excellent seed- 

This is a Flemish pear, and obtains its 

name of Ranz from the district in which 

lings of Van Mons, and named by 

him after Doctor Diel, a conspicuous 

it originated. It is one of the longest amateur fruit cultivator. It has few 

keepers, not being in perfection until superiors in its season, September to 

spring. Few pears have received more November (or even December in some 

unqualified praise both here and in Eu-. climes). We sometimes see specimens 

rope. The outline is pyriform or pear- much larger than our drawing, and with 

shaped. Skin coarse and always green, less elevation of shoulder, but the 

with brownish dots. Stem upwards of an 

inch long. Eye quite minute and but 

sketch affords a fair idea of its average 

size and appearance. Its habit is ro-

— 

PEA 436 PEA 

bust, and rather peculiar, from the turning 

or twisting of its branches. Color 

arying from light to dark yellow, 

blended and dotted with brown. Skin 

thick. Stalk an inch or more in length, 

bold and curved. Eye set in a shallow 

basin. Flesh yellowish white, rich and 

buttery. On trees in vigorous growth 

and heavy land the fruit is sometimes 

Fig. 114.—(P. 434.) 

rather coarse-grained, and slightly as- 

Uingent." Rural Reg. 

Babtlett Pear, of the Americans.— 

William's Bonchretien, of the English. 

(Fig. 118.) " This truly admirable 

variety ia of British origin, first 

brought into notice by one Williams, 

whose name it bears. Many years ago, 

(1799, according to Downing,) it was 

imported into Massachusetts by Mr. 

Enoch Bartlett, from whose grounds, 

near Boston, it was widely disseminated 

; hence the name by which it is 

known among us. The habit of the 

tree is thrifty and erect, the shoots 

strong and vigorous. The fruit is large, 

quite irregular in outline, and varying 

considerably in different specimens. 

Skin smooth, yellow, with a slight 

blush on those which have ripened in 

the sun, on others entirely destitute of

— 

PEA 437 PEA 

Fig. 115.—{P. 434.) 

Bezi de la Motte. (Fig. 119.) 

" This is a pretty widely known French 

Pear, and is well worthy of perpetuity, 

even though not decidedly in the first 

class. Its habit is robust, yields fruit 

freely, which keeps well ; the flavour 

is aromatic, texture buttery. Its outline 

is roundish—flattened ; the stem 

under an inch in length. Calyx va- 

' 

Reg. 

red. Stalk about an inch in length,! riously placed, in some specimens the 

one shoulder more prominent than the basin is shallow and the curvature regu- 

| 

other; calyx placed in a slightly formlar, in others quite irregular. Skin, 

ed cavity. The flesh is white, and 

combines with a delightful aroma, all 

green, in well-ripened specimens yellowish, 

and spotted with brown dots. 

the good qualities of the old well-, Ripe in October. 

known Beurre or Butter Pear. Washington. I 

" Ripe middle of August to close of' have elsewhere 

Rural 

Rural Reg. 

(Fig. ISC') 

expressed our 

" We 

regret 

September." 

that foreign fruits of doubtful worth, 

\ 

should have been cherished and disseminated, 

to the neglect of unquestionably 

fine varieties of native origin. 

The Washington Pear is a seedling, 

discovered in a hedge-row on the estate 

of the late Col. Robinson, near 

Naaman's Creek, Delaware, some 

forty-eight or fifty years ago. We 

are informed by our friend Dr. Thomp- 

—

PEA 438 PEA 

Fig. 116.—(P. 435.) 

son of Wilmington, that the tree still 

stands vigorous and healthy, producing 

from fourteen to sixteen bushels of 

fruit annually. Doct. T. says, 'so far 

as my recollection of it goes, it has 

never suffered from disease or been 

attacked by blight, and I have never 

known the fruit of the original tree, or 

one of its descendants by budding or 

grafting to crack, as does the fruit of the 

old Beurre or Butter.' Doct. T. adds, 

' Delaware has some state pride in this 

pear, quite as much as Pennsylvania 

has in her fine Seckel, than both of 

which I have yet to see their superiors 

among the autumn pears.' In the 

opinion of some competent judges he 

might have gone a little further and 

said, their equals ; and yet from some 

unaccountable cause, the Washington 

is comparatively unknown. Coxe does 

not even name it in his ' view of the 

cultivation of fruits' published in 1817, 

and Kenrick from the notice of it in his 

' Orchardist' had evidently never seen 

it. Downing has several typographical 

errors in his description ; that portion 

destined to be history, should be 

amended in his next edition. 

"The outline is not unlike that of the 

old Butter, Virgalieu or St. Michael, 

as it is indifferently called, but rather

— 

PEA 439 PEA 

Fig. 117.—(P. 435.) 

narrower, and in several particulars , outline of this fruit. Some specimens 

very closely resembles that famous are roundish, with the stem inserted 

pear ; alas ! now in its decadence. It obliquely; in others, as in the drawing, 

is of medium size, uniformly oval. Skin on an elevated, irregularly tapering 

smooth, yellow, and not unfrequcntly crown. We have seen them so diverse 

with a ruddy cheek. Stalk an inch or in appearance, as to be scarcely recog- 

more in length, usually placed on a nized as the same variety. Skin yellow, 

full crown. Eye, quite small, seated marked on the sunny side by brownish 

in a slight indentation ; texture that of or russet specks. Stalk an inch or 

the Beurre, and exquisitely delicious. more in length, in some nearly st.-aight, 

Ripe in August (or two or three weeks in others curved. Eye of medium size, 

before the Butter), and continues in very slightly indented. Flesh white, 

season until September." Rural Reg. buttery, sweet and aromatic. In season 

CoMPTE De Lamy— (Fig. 121)—Is a September and October. 

Flemish Seedling of late introduction, Bf.urre d'Aremherg, of French and 

and thus far promises to be entitled to our English works. (Fig. 122.)—This Pear, 

regard ; mudVi more so than a majority of though comparatively little known 

recent importations. There appears to in the United States, has reached us 

be an unusual diversity in the form or with a high European reputation, and

PEA 440 PEA 

as both the English and French concur in 

its praise, it may be safely assumed to be 

worthy of culture. It was raised by the 

Abbe Deschamps, in the garden of the 

Hospice des Orphelius, and has been 

distributed under several names, as 

Beurre Deschamps, Due D'Areraburg, 

&c. The fruit is large, narrowing towards 

the crown. Skin pale, or yellow- ! 

ish green, dotted with russet, which ! 

Fig. 118.—(P. 436.) 

grows brighter at maturity. Calyx comparatively 

small, deeply planted. Flesh 

white, very juicy, and unusually high 

flavoured. In season from mid-winter 

to spring. 

Petre. (Fig. 123.) " One of the many 

good fruits of American origin, comparatively 

unknown ; 

whilst foreign varieties 

of less worth have been lauded and 

disseminated. The parent still exists, in

PEA 44J 

Fig. 119.—(P. 437.) 

" green old age," at the Bartram Garden, 

on the Schuylkill, three miles from 

Philadelphia. It is the product of seed 

contributed by Lord Pctr?' to the venerable 

Bartram in 1735. We have frequently 

heard Mr. Carr, a connection of 

the Bartram family, and present owner 

of the grounds, relate its history ; a 

pleasing incident in which, was the presentation 

to Lord P. after the lapse of a 

quarter of a century, of fruit, the product 

of the identical seed he had contributed. 

We do not think this pear 

should be placed in the first class, yet 

award it high praise, and advise its 

extensive culture. The flesh is buttery, 

aromatic, and closely resembles its parent 

the Beurre, or Butter. Fruit of 

medium size, yeilowjoccasionally slightly 

marked by russet dots. Stem an 

— 

PEA 

inch long, planted in some specimens 

between elevated shoulders. Eye set 

in a shallow basin. Ripe close of Sep- 

tember, and admits of being kept several 

weeks." Rural Reg. 

Passe Colmar. Lind. : Thamp. : and 

others. (Fig. 125.) For this, as well as 

some other important varieties, we are 

indebted to Hardenpont of Belgium. 

It is in eating during winter, and as 

our resources at that season are limited, 

is additionally valuable. There is 

considerable variation in its outline. 

The skin coarse, yellowish when ripe, 

marked by minute russet dots. Stem 

prominent, an inch or more in length, 

inserted between elevated shoulders in 

many specimens, in others with li..le or 

no peculiarity of that kind. The flesh 

is melting, abounding with rich arc-

PEA 442 PEA 

Fig. 120.—(P. 437.) 

matic juice. On the whole this pear 

has few superiors in its season, and is 

deservedly a favourite. 

Propagation. — By Seed, to obtain 

varieties, is best practised by following 

'the directions for raising seedling Apples. 

For raising grafting stocks, the 

seeds of the wild pear should be employed, 

the produce being hardy. 

Grafting and Budding.—Mr. LOudon 

has collected together the following 

good directions upon these subjects: 

— 

" The most common stocks for grafting 

the pear, are the common pear and 

the wilding; but as the apple, is dwarfed 

and brought more early into a bearing 

state by grafting on the pawell, on the 

white beam, medlar, service, or apple; 

but the wilding and quince are in most 

general use. Pears, on free stocks, 

grow luxuriantly in good soil on a dry 

bottom ; those on wildings grow less 

rapidly, but are deemed more durable, 

and they will thrive on the poorest soil, 

if a hardy variety and not over pruned." 

" On the quince," Miller observes, 

" breaking pears are rendered gritty 

and stony ; but the melting sorts are 

much improved ; trees on these stocks 

may be planted in a moist soil with 

more success than those on wildings 

or thorns." On the thorn, pears come 

very early into bearing, continue prolific, 

and, in respect to soil will thrive 

well on a strong clay, which is unsuitable 

both to those on quinces and wildings; 

and the grafts or buds require to 

be inserted very low that the moisture 

of the earth may tend to favour the 

swelling or enlargement of the diame-

PEA 443 PEA 

Fig. 121.—(P. 439.) 

ter of the stock, which does not increase 

proportionally to, nor ever attains the 

same size as the stem of the pear. Dubreuil, 

a French gardener, recommends 

the quince stock for clayey and light 

soils, and the free stock for chalky and 

siliceous soils. 

— 

Enc. Gard. 

The suggestion of Mr. D. Montgomery, 

gardener to the duke of Montrose, 

is also worthy of adoption, viz., 

that by grafting the alternate branches 

of late pear-trees with early sorts, and 

early trees with late sorts, there are two 

chances of success, the early sort being 

very early in blossom; if that fails in 

consequence of unfavourable weather, 

the late sort, flowering at another time, 

may succeed. Farther, the early sort 

ripens off before much effort is required 

from the tree to support the late sort; 

— 

hence, each sort in its season is brought 

to greater maturity. Hort. Trans. 

Soil.—A dry loam, when the pear is 

grafted upon a pear stock ; but moister, 

if grafted upon the quince, is suitable. 

Two feet depth of soil is required, and 

tiles should be placed beneath the 

young trees to prevent their /rooting 

deeper. If this be attended to, and the 

soil be thoroughly underdrained, the 

subsoil is not of much consequence. A 

gravelly subsoil is to be preferred. 

Pruning Standards is not often required, 

and when necessary it is only to 

remove crowded, diseased, and crossgrowing 

branches. This may be done 

at any season, unless the branch to be 

removed is large, in which case it had 

better be amputated early in the spring, 

before the sap is in motion. Their

PEA 444 PEA 

fruitfulness is increased if the branches 

are fastened down, so that their points 

are below the level of their bases. 

The shoots of the current year are 

bent down when fully grown, about the 

Fig. 122.—(P. 439.) 

i 

end of July, and fixed in a pendent 

position by shreds of bass ; m the course 

of the winter, these shreds are removed 

to admit of pruning;, when the shoots 

are found to have taken a set ; in the 

course of the summer, such as grow 

vigorously are again tied, the object 

being to check the vigour of the young 

shoots, and by impeding the return of 

the sap, to cause it to expend itself in 

these young shoots in the formation of 

blossom buds. — Card. Mag. See 

QuenouiUe. 

Culture of Wail Trees.—The following 

are the best directions that have 

been given on this subject:— "Plant 

the trees against the wall, fifteen feet 

from each other. If they have three 

shoots properly placed, they may all be 

retained. If only one strong healthy 

shoot, in the spring the first tree is to 

be headed down within nine inches 

high, the next to that one foot nine 

inches, and so on alternately, till you 

get to the other end of the wall. 

" In the summer, train three shoots 

from the three uppermost eyes of each 

tree, rubbing off all the rest. Nail in 

one to the right, one to the left, and the 

other perpendicularly. The two side 

branches should not be trained in a 

horizontal position till the second year. 

In the following winter, the centre 

shoot of each is to be cut off two feet 

above the first pair of lateral branches.

PEA 445 PEA 

" In the next summer, the three top 

buds are to be trained one on each 

8ide, perfectly horizontal, and the middle 

one upright; should the centre this 

season grow vigorously, and advance 

two feet before the end of June, top it 

at that height with the thumb and finger. 

Three shoots may probably start from 

the three upper eyes; if so, nail them 

in an easy position, and bring them to 

their proper places in the winter pruning; 

but most probably only two will 

break. In this case, as soon as they are 

si.\ inches long, train them both on the 

opposite side from which you wish a 

third shoot, and rather lower than the 

liorizontal line ; this will cause the next 

bud below the two shoots already obtained 

to start. As soon as this advances 

a few inches, restore the shoots from 

the top bud to an erect position, and 

the otlier about half the way between 

the horizontal and perpendicular line; 

observing, if one of the side shoots gets 

the advantage of the other, to depress 

the strong or elevate the weak as occasion 

may require; by which means 

both will be kept of an equal length. 

Fig. 124. 

" If by the autumn the centre shoot 

has not advanced two feet, or if it does 

not appear to have ripened, cut the 

three summer shoots off within half an 

inch of the place from whence they 

sprang; there will then be an upright 

centre two feet above the second pair 

of horizontal branches, which will not 

fail to push vigorously the next spring, 

and although in this case only one pair 

of branches will be produced this sea-

PEA 446 PEA 

?on, the tree will be much benefited 

from having the upright shoot topped, 

as the sap by this check will be forced 

into the horizontal branches below, 

which are often starved by the prodigious 

and in a great measure useless 

growth of the centre. All superfluous 

shoots are to be pinched off within an 

inch or two as they appear, and, as far 

as may be, without leaving the branch 

absolutely bare, and entirely cut out in 

the winter pruning. 

" This treatment is to be repeated till 

Fig. 125.—(P. 441.) 

those trees which have their first pair 

of horizontal branches within nineinches 

of the ground, arrive within two feet or 

eighteen inches of the top of the wall. 

These trees are to be considered permanent; 

those which have no branch 

till they are one foot nine inches high, 

are for a temporary purpose only, and 

they may have a pair of branches within 

four inches of the top of the wall. 

" In ten years, we will suppose, on a 

twelve feet wall, most of the branches 

will reach twelve or thirteen feet from

PEA 447 PEA 

the stem. The wall, therefore, presents upwards for the terminal bud of each 

somewhat the appearance of the follow 

ing figure. 

Fig. 126 

" Hitherto it is obvious, that as we 

have doubled the number of trees, and 

each tree has produced as many, or 

to be within four or five inches of the 

horizontal branch above. 

" If they show a disposition to grow 

too strong, they may be deeply notched, 

or a ring may be made round such as 

require it, about the eighth of an inch 

wide. In either case, let it be close to 

the branch from which the shoots spring. 

As they become diseased or worn out, 

or have produced long spurs, train in a 

young shoot by the side of any it may 

be proper to displace, and after the second 

year cut the old one out. In case 

a tree, after it has filled the space 

| 

perhaps more branches than are capable 

of bearing fruit, and those owing to 

allowed, continues very luxuriant in 

growth, recourse may be had to the 

stopping the leader longer than usual usual methods of ; checking it, either by 

so we must up to this time have double, cutting the roots or sawing the stem 

or more than double, the usual quantity half or two-thirds through, just below 

of fruit. 

" After the temporary trees are removed, 

the crops will be still larger. 

the surface of the ground, or deep 

notches may be made on each side with 

the chisel. A single tree may of course 

Riders would not have answered the 

same purpose, as they would have al- 

be treated according to this plan. 

" The temporary trees, if taken up 

ready interfered for the last two or three with care, will certainly grow, and be 

| 

| 

! 

years with the principals, that is, on a found very valuable ; they may be either 

wall not exceeding twelve feet; and on planted against another wall, or if of 

this plan the temporary trees are to be sufficiently hardy kinds, treated as espatrained 

three or lour years longer, during liers, cutting oft" the two or three upper 

which time they may be expected to pro- pairs of branches ; in either case, young 

j 

I 

duce considerable crops. The extremi- shoots are to be trained in between the 

ties of the horizontal branch being now old ones, as already directed for the 

withinafootortwoofthestemofthe next permanent trees. Should you have a 

tree, the management of the permanent wall with an aspect not sufficiently 

trees is to be altered. Instead of pinch- good to ripen the fruit of these removed 

ing oflf all shoots as they appear, at trees, or should they be of those kinds 

every fifteen or eighteen inches all which will not come to perfection as 

along the horizontal branches, retain a espaliers, they will nevertheless still 

well-placed shoot in an easy slanting be valuable in this case. After they 

position upwards, towards the branches have been removed a twelvemonth, 

of the temporary trees. 

continue to train them in 

Next year 

the same di- 

treat them according to Mr. Knight's 

mode of changing the sort; that is, 

rection ; and, in order to give them leave the horizontals at very nearly the 

more room, elevate the branches of the full length, but cut off all the spurs, 

temporary trees six inches above the leaving only bare poles at every twelve, 

place they have hitherto occupied 

" The third year the shoots will most 

fifteen, or eighteen inches, according to 

the growth of the sort you intend to inlikely 

show blossom; the free bearing troduce. 

sorts will do so in two years; but it 

must be recollected, we are speaking 

exclusively of the shy bearers. If 

plenty of blossom appears, the temporary 

trees may now be taken up and 

planted in, otherwise they may remain 

another year. After the temporary 

trees are removed, the young shoots, 

which we will suppose are now fully 

furnished with blossom buds, may be 

trained in a direction sutlicieatly sloping 

Fig. 127. 

"On the upper side, all along the

— 

— 

— 

PEA 448 PEL 

branches, make a notch a little deeper 

than the bark ; it may be done by two 

cuts with a sharp knife, the side nearest 

the trunk being perpendicular, the other 

sloping ; the graft may then be introduced 

by the common mode of crowngrafting. 

Train the shoots from the 

grafts as before directed. In two years 

and a half most kinds will produce an 

abundant crop, and the trees will be 

very nearly as large as those on the 

wall from whence they were taken; 

thus having an advantage over young 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings in spring. 

Sandy loam and lime rubbish. 

PEDICULARIS. Twenty-one species, 

chiefly, if not all, hardy herbaceous. 

Sandy light loam and peat. 

PEGGING-DOWN is a process which 

has to be pursued annually, in arranging 

the lower branches of shrubs, &c., 

i 

on flower borders. It is usually done 

with little hooked sticks ; but Mr. Beaton, 

the scientific gardener at Shrubland 

Park, says,— " We take a handfuU of 

malting, and cut it into four-inch 

trees of at least ten years." Gard. lengths; then divide each piece into 

Mag. 

three or four pieces; we double these 

In pruning pear trees, never cut off pieces round the shoots, and fasten the 

a shoot which can be laid to the wall ends of the matting in the soil with a 

; 

for by cutting off the foreright shoots small dibber, or with the fore finger, 

you produce a succession of the same In this way a boy may train and tie 

all the plants in a flower garden 

' 

i 

without a chance of producing fruit. down 

By laying in these shoots, less wood is in less time than it would take to proproduced; 

and those buds either on cure pegs for two or three beds, and the 

the old wood, or any short spurs which work is much neater than when done 

otherwise would have produced only with the best pegs." Gard. Chron. 

] 

wood shoots, bear a succession of bios- PELARGONIUM. Two hundred and 

| 

som. Gard. Chron. 

fifty species. Chiefly green-house ever- 

Impregnating the Blossom of Wall greens ; but a few are herbaceous, and 

^ 

Trees.—Mr. Harrison truly observes, ! a still smaller number tuberous-rooted, 

that "it is very usual to see healthy The i 

pear trees produce an abundance of by cuttings : new varieties from seed 

bloom, but set a very small proportion 

of fruit : this is particularly the case 

with the tenderest kinds. The reason 

is in some cases from the stamina being 

destitute of farina ; and in others, from 

the farina having been dispersed before 

the pistils had arrived at a proper state 

for its reception. To remedy this, as 

soon as the first blossoms have expanded, 

and the pistillum is in a proper 

state of maturity, impregnate six upon 

each corymb of blossom. The florets 

to choose for this operation are those 

situated nearest the origin of the spur; 

for when pears set naturally, it is very 

generally such florets. The time for 

— 

shrubby evergreens are increased 

and the tuberous-rooted from seed 

and all will thrive in a mixture of light 

loam and leaf-mould. It is to the 

shrubby evergreens that we shall confine 

our attention, these being the most 

beautiful and most generally cultivated. 

They form a portion of that large family 

formerly known collectively as "Geraniums;" 

but modern botanists have 

divided these into three genera : Pelargoniums, 

having usually seven stamens, 

and unequal-sized petals; Geraniums, 

having ten stamens, and equal-sized 

petals; and Erodiums, having five stamens. 

Characteristics of Excellence in the 

i 

| 

j 

this operation is calm, dry days, and, if Pelargonium.—"The flower should be 

possible, when the sun is not very hot large, composed of broad rose-leaf peupon 

the trees. Immediately after- tals, free from crumple or unevenness 

wards give each tree about eighteen of any kind ; smooth on their edges, 

gallons of manure water, or sot1; pond and forming a compact surface ; round 

water, at the roots. The trees should which, if a circle be drawn, the perfect 

never be washed over the tops for a symmetry of the flower would appear 

considerable time after this impregna- by the extremity of each petal touching 

tion has been effected." Treat, on the circle, without extending beyond 

Fruit Trees. 

PEAT-EARTH. See Bog Earth. 

PEAT-EARTH PLANTS. See Ame- 

it. It is indispensable that the flower 

should be of a stout firm texture, with 

sufficient liberty at the bottom of the 

rican Plants. 

PECriNARIA articulata. Stove 

cup to prevent its being in the least 

cramped ; but allowing it to retain, 

;

— 

PEL 449 PEL 

when fully expanded, a fine cupped Master Peel (Beck's). 

form, and preventing the falling back Mustee (Beck's), pink, purple spot. 

or reflexing of the petals. Its colour, Orion (Foster's), scarlet and maroon. 

whether rich or pale, should possess Othello (Beck's), purple and rose. 

great clearness : the under petals must Othello (Thurtell's), mulberry and lilac. 

be free from veins, and the upper petals Pearl (Catleugh's), white and crimson. 

should have a large dark spot running Queen Philippa, rose. 

^ 

to the bottom of them, as destitute as Rainbow (Thurtell's), mulberry and 

possible of a small white feather, which white. 

is usually present, and which greatly Regulator (Thurtell's), violet, purple 

impairs the richness of this important and white. 

part. The beauty of the flower is Rosy Circle (Beck's), dark rose. 

greatly enhanced by having this spot Satellite (Thurtell's), puce and white. 

clearly defined ; and if it is surrounded Sir J. Broughton (Foster's). 

by a dash of crimson, that should have Stromboli (Thurtell's), salmon and pura 

distinct termination also. The petals' pie. 

ought to he quite free from the least Sultana (Foster's), orange and scarlet. 

appearance of a watery edge. Finally, Sunset (Beck's), maroon and pink. 

it is essential that the leaves should be Superb (Thurtell's), purple and lilac. 

large, delicate, and have a healthy ap- Titus (Hoyle's), rose and carmine. 

pearance; and that the fruss should be 

composed of several flowers, supported 

by a firm foot-stalk standing quite clear 

of the foliage." Gard. Chron. 

Varieties.—These are so numerous, 

fresh varieties appearing annually, that 

it is useless to attempt to enumerate 

j 

Trafalgar (Thurtell's), crimson and 

purple. 

Unique (Thurtell's), mulberry and 

white. 

Zanzummim (Beck's), crimson and flesh. 

Zenobia (Beck's), rose and mulberry. 

Varieties for Forcing.—Admiral Napier; 

Alba multijiora; and Washington, 

them ; and the attempt is less needed 

because each has passed its period of for earliest; Bella; Gauntlet; Grand 

JDuke ; Commodore ; Lord Mayor; King 

Rufus ; and Madeline, for succession. 

excellence after four or five years. 

The following are the best that have 

been introduced during the last two 

seasons 

: 

Alba Pcrfecta (Thurtell's), white and 

purple. 

Arabella (Beck's), white and rose. 

Aurora (Beck's). 

Beliona (Beck's), rosy, purple and 

crimson. 

Chastity (Beck's). 

Desdemona (Beck's), maroon and pink. 

Desdemona (Thurtell's), claret and 

white. 

Defiance (Thurtell's), purplish crimson 

and white. 

Dr. Lindley (Foster's). 

— 

liaising Varieties.—Captain Thurtell, 

one of the most successful improvers of 

this flower, gives these directions: 

" First. Destroy every bad shaped 

(or elongated) under petalled flower in 

your possession. 

"Secondly. Impregnate (if possible) 

every flower yourself, the moment it is 

ready to receive the farina, and thus 

effectually prevent the effects of the 

bee. But so long as you allow bad 

shaped flowers to remain in your house, 

1 

I 

you can never calculate on impregnating 

with any certainty; and those 

who attend to colour in preference to 

Duchess of Leinster (Gaine's), orange shape, will have to retrace their steps. 

pink, scarlet spot. 

Captain Thurtell never raised a good 

Emperor Nicholas (Silverlock's). 

flower until he attended rigidly to the 

Exactum (Foster's). 

above • rules." See Hybridizing. 

Favourite (Beck's), like, but not so Sow in July. The seedlings soon 

good as, Foster's. 

appear; when with four leaves, besides 

Gulnare (M'Cormack's), pink and white. 

Hector (Cock's), rose and white. 

the seed leaves, pot info 60's ; keep 

in warm green-house. In April, shift 

Isabella (Beck's), pink and maroon. into 32's. In June, plunge the pots 

Juno (Beck's), carmine and scarlet. in a warm border. At the close of 

La Polka (Staine's). 

September, return to the green-house. 

Lurida (Beck's). 

Mark Antony (Beck's), rose and purple. 

Marcaret (Beck's), maroon and pink. 

29 

They will bloom in the winter or spring. 

So/7.—The best compost for growing 

Pelargoniums is half sandy loam and

— 

PEL 450 PEL 

half leaf-mouli3. The best manure is 

liquid, made of sheep's dung. See 

Liquid ^ ,^ Manure„. 

Propagation.—By Cutiings. — Take 

shaped plants. In the beginning of 

April, when fires are discontinued, the 

plants are syringed over the top three 

,, — ..J — f, — „ — — ..,times 

a week ; this is done about four 

the cuttings in mid-July, and plant o'clock, at the time the house is closed 

these in an open border exposed to the 

sun. 

and continued during three 

weeks. The house is well 

or four 

damped 

" In about six weeks," says Mr. Cat- every evening at the bottom, and 

leugh, the florist, of Hans Place, Chelsea, 

" the cuttings will be sufficiently 

the top sashes opened the first thing 

in the morning, to allow the damp 

rooted to remove, and I pot them into air to escape, and during the day all 

sixty-sized pots. 

getting into the 

To prevent the worms 

pots, they are placed 

the air is admitted that can be given 

with safety. The plants when begin- 

upon a temporary stage, and allowed ning to bloom are freely watered, and 

to remain in a shady situation about protected from the scorching rays of 

three weeks, by which time the plants the sun during the middle of the day 

will be well established, and bear re- by means of canvas, and are thus removing 

to a more exposed spot, where, tained in blossom a much longer time 

under the influence of the sun and air, 

the wood will attain a necessary degree 

than would be possible if this precaution 

were omitted. When the plants 

of hardness. Here they remain until are housed the decayed leaves are re- 

taken ^.^..^.. into ...^.^ the v..^ house »-^ for .w. the v..^ winter, ^.,,...w. moved, and whenever . 

, 

-. 

makes its appearance, 

the 

the 

green o- 

fly —y 

house is 

which is generally done about the end \ 

of September, before danger arises 1 well fumigated : to do this effectually, 

from frost. To make them compact it must be performed when the plants 

j 

and bushy, stop them at the third or are in a dry state, and they must be 

I 

e— .u ;„:... — i „u;fv .1 ;„t„ i-„..., 

fourth joint, and shift them into forty 

eight sized pots, mixing a little turl 

^yg]| watered the day following. When 

the flowering is over, the plants are 

loam and sand with the compost, to exposed [ 

allow the water to pass freely through and air, to harden the wood before be- 

i 

the soil give but little air during eight ! ing cut down. Those plants which are 

; 

or ten days, the plants will be then re- intended as specimen plants the second 

j 

established, and afterwards as much air season after heading down, are placed 

i 

_ _ 1 _ • _ _ -L ._ _ r' .1 _ ^^ • _ _i_-i. 1 _:..._.:„„ ...1 1;«»I« 

may be given as the state of the atmo 

sheltered situation, when little 

sphere will permit, until the beginning water is given, and as soon as the new 

''r"^*" r^ "J " " — to b " &• — ---t 

3 

of December. The side lights must be shoots are an inch long are repotted 

j 

for about a fortnight to the sun 

kept closed during the prevalence of into pots from one to two sizes smaller, 

cold winds. The pots by this time will the old soil is shaken from the roots, 

be well filled with roots,'and the plants and good drainage given. The plants 

j 

will require shifting into thirty-two thus treated are kept in better health 

i 

sized pots. The bone dust vvhich is I during the winter, from having less soil 

now added must be used with caution about their roots. When repotted they 

; j 

are placed upon a stage in a shady situ- 

i 

I 

^ 

! 

, 

\ 

i 

| 

; 

being of a drying nature, it is not used 

near the surface of the soil ; the shoots ;ation, removed into the house at the 

are again stopped at the third joint, the proper time, and undergo the same 

house is kept at a temperature of 45*^ treatment the second winter as de- 

Fahrenheit for about ten days, and then scribed for the first. When those plants 

allowed to fall to 40*^ or 42", at which which are intended for exhibition begin 

it is kept. The flues are damped two to show their bloom they receive addior 

three times every night to prevent tional attention, a little liquid manure 

the air from becoming too dry, and is occasionally given, they are no longer 

a little top air is admitted whenever syringed over the 

the weather is sufficiently favourable out of the house 

top, bees are kept 

by means of gauze 

About the middle of February those blinds, every precaution is taken to 

plants, which are intended to be large preserve their beauty, and they are 

specimen plants are shifted again into never allowed to flag from exposure to 

twenty-four sized pots; those of vigor- the sun or want of water. Every growous 

growth will require a size larger. 

A small stick is now put to each stem 

to train them into uniform and weller 

should begin early to train his plants 

for exhibition ; when the shoots are 

young and tractable any direction may

PEL 451 PEL 

be given to the stems; a uniform and 

haniisome appearance will arise from 

tlie practice, and the plants will require 

fewer supports and less pullin^j about 

at the time they receive their final 

dressing. The flowers should be so 

arranged as to present an equal distribution 

of bloom over the leaf of the 

About the end of July, having removed 

all Pelargoniutns to the back of a north 

wall, commence cutting them down, 

arranging the prunings as cut olf alphabetically 

for the convenience of finding 

the sorts. When cut remove them into 

a shed; on the following morning commence 

planting the cuttings. The 

' 

plant, to effect which the stems must scarlet ones put into sixty or small 

be secured to small willow twigs." forty-eight pots, and place on a flue, 

Gard. Vhron. 

within a green-house, where they re- 

Grafting. — Mr. J. Alexander, of quire very little water until they are 

Heath Farm, Alley, has grafted the struck, when remove them to a cold 

Pelargonium very successfully, and his 

method is as follows : 

— — 

— 

— — 

frame ; give them plenty of air, and 

keep them there till the beginning of 

November, when stow them away in a 

vinery intended to be forced about the 

beginning of February. At th.it time, 

' 

" Graft in August or September, 

using pretty well ripened wood of the 

same year's growth ; cut back the stock 

to about three inches long, and in ten or earlier, repot them and place them 

days afterwards graft in the manner of^ in another vinery to be forced. By 

whip-grafting, and tie with bast and turning-out in time they are nice plants. 

clay, over which put a little moss to The cuttings of other sorts put in smaller 

keep the clay from 

preserve the whole 

cracking, and to 

in a moist state, 

pots, and plunge in saw-dust on a gen- 

tie hot-bed made of leaves covered by 

being occasionally sprinkled with wa- a frame; give a 

ter in a shadowy part of a vinery, and the mould about 

litle water to 

the cuttings. 

settle 

They 

very little after, as the greatest 

in a month the grafts begin to grow require \ ; 

put into a cold frame for a few days, enemy is damp ; frequently give a little 

j 

[ 

then take out of the pot, and all the air. They require scarcely any shadearth 

being shaken from the roots, re- ing, unless the sun is very hoi. After 

pot in fresh soil, and treat as the other they are struck they receive the same 

Pelargoniums. Weak growing sorts treatment as the scarlet ones." Gard. 

grow stronger when grafted on 

kinds than on their own roots." 

robust 

Gard. 

Chron. 

Growing for Exhibition.—Mr. Cock, 

Chi'on. 

the florist, ofChisvvick, one of the most 

cultivators of this flower, has 

Where the saving of space in the successful j 

green-house is desirable, two or more published the following directions i : 

j 

Pelargoniums may be grafted upon the " Strike the cuttings the beginning of 

same stock. As many as ten have June, or sooner if the plants are suffibeen 

gans 

thus united. Pelargonium eleand 

Beauty of Ware have been 

ciently strong to allow taking two or 

three shoots ort" without injury. Ab 

employed successfully as stocks. Cleft- soon as they are rooted, pot them in 

grafting succeds as well as whip-graft-! sixty-sized pots, and remove them to a 

ing. Worsted may be employed in- shady situation, or place them in a cool 

: 

stead of bast ; and inarching is even a iVame, shading them constantly when 

better mode of propagating than graft- the sun is out, until they have taken 

ing. 

Growing in Open Ground.—Mr. J. 

fresh roots. Next transfer to an open 

situation, and place on slates or boards. 

Murdoch has given us the following As soon as the plants will bear the sun 

directions on this head : 

| 

" Put the cuttings into small pots at 

once, which obviates any check they 

without flagging, stop them. In Scptemher 

repot them into forty-eight sized 

pots, and at that period commence 

would 

cither 

receive when removing them, training them into the forms you intend 

from cutting-pots or the open them to have. In December or Jan- 

ground ; make beds of mixed varieties, uary, those which are sufliciently strong 

chiefly the Old Graveolcns, Fair Helen, are shifted into sixteen-sized pots, al- 

Lady Essex, Emily, and Moore's Vic- lowing plenty of potsherds for drain- 

, tory, which flower freely all the sum- ; the others do not shift till March, 

have a more delightful fragrance.— 1 

age 

mer, and though not so gaudy as some, In these pots they remain to flower, 

About the middle of July, or the begin-

PEL 452 PEN 

ning of August, cut them down and loam with the turf and place in a deep 

| 

place them in a shady situation, to pit ; shake up lightly into a heap in the 

' keep the sun from drying the soil too ibrm of a mushroom bed. If the wea- 

j 

! 

[ 

fast ; water is now applied very spar- ther is hot and dry at the time, wel 

ingly. As soon as the plants have water with strong manure water, and 

thrown out shoots an inch long, the cover over with slates as closely as 

soil to be nearly all shaken off, and possible to keep the ammonia, &c., 

repotted into the same sized pots. 

" When they have taken fresh root, 

from disengaging. In this state let it 

remain for fifteen or sixteen days, then 

the superlluous shoots are thinned out; put to every barrowful of loam one of 

in this state they remain until they are dung, covering the heap slightly over 

at last with loam ; let this heap remain 

removed into the green-house. 

"2d. Treatment in the Green-house.] for a month or five weeks, then to be 

—The plants for exhibition are placed turned over three or four times, that 

on the stage at least four feet apart; the loam and dung may be well mixed 

air liberally supplied where the situa- together; in twelve months it will be 

j 

j 

[ 

j 

lion will allow it; the front sashes fit for use. To two barrowfuls of this 

! 

should be left open all night, while the compost add one of leaf-mould and a 

weather will permit. In November the peck and a half of silver-sand." Gard. 

plants are stopped, a stick put to each Chron. 

shoot to make the plants uniform, and Manures.—As already stated liquid 

the leaves thinned out to allow the air' manure made from sheep's dung is the 

to pass freely through the plants. 

best application, but a little rubbly char- 

" In December or January the strongcoal, about the size of nuts, and a small 

est plants are again selected, and re- quantity of bone-dust, promote the luxpotted 

into No. S sized pots ; additional uriance and beauty of these flowers. 

heat should then be applied 

the plants to root quickly. 

to enable 

In Feb- 

Disease. See Spot. 

PELLITORY OF SPAIN. Anthemis 

ruary commence syringing them; X\\\s\ Pyrethrum 

is done early in the afternoon, so that PELTARIAaZZ^'area, herbaceous, and 

the leaves may dry before night. P. glastifolia, annual, are hardy plants. 

" In March again repot into No. 2 Seed. Light loam, 

sized pots, allowing a larger quantity! PENÂ. Eight species. Greenthan 

before of potsherds for drainage ;; house evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, 

water is now very liberally supplied. Sandy peat. 

" When the flowers begin to expand, PENNYROYAL. See Mentha 

they are shaded on the outside o^ ihe\ pulegium. 

house with cheese-cloth, which is bet- PENTAPELES. Two species. Stove 

ter than canvas, as it admits more herbaceous. Cuttings. Light rich loam. 

light, and the temperature will not be 

higher. Air should always be admitted 

before the sun has much power on the 

glass ; this precaution in a great measure 

prevents the appearance of the 

green-fly. 

" 3d. la applying fire heat the greatest 

care is required, lor on this success 

will in a great measure depend. Light 

the fires at three or four o'clock in the 

PENTARAPHIA longiflora. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich light 

loam. 

PENTAS carnea. Stove shrub. Cuttings. 


PENTLANDIA miniata. Hardy 

herbaceous twiner. Probably by division. 

Rich light loam. 

PENTSTEMON. Of this hardy herb- 

afternoon, as circumstances may dicaceous flower there are forty-one spetate 

; the fires to go out at eight or nine cies, but the following is a good selec- 

o'clock, by which time the temperature tion ; 

; 

ought to be 40" or 42'^' Fahrenheit, 

which is amply sufficient; relight them 

at three or four o'clock in the morning, 

by which means the plants are never 

overheated, as is frequently the case 

when the fires are continued until a 

later period in the evening. 

" 4th. Preparing the Soil.—Chop up 

— 

P. argutus, purple. 

P. atropurpureus, brownish purple. 

P. campanulatus, rosy red. 

P. crassifolius, deep lilac. 

P. diftusus, deep blue. 

P. gentianoides, brownish purple. 

P. gent, coccineus, scarlet. 

P. glaiidulosus, deep blue.

— 

PEN 453 PET 

P. latifolius, white, slightly stained with bulbs, and lastly fill up the basket with 

purple 

P. Mackayanus, purple and white 

P. Murrayanus, bright scarlet. 

P. ovatus, bright bine. 

P. procerus, bright blue. 

P. pulchellus, light blue. 

P. Scoi'ileri, lilac. 

P. speciosus, bright blue. 

P. venustus, light purple 

— 

peat in pieces about the size of walnuts; 

place the plant near the glass. 

" When the plant begins to grow, 

supply it moderately with water; but 

as its growth increases a larger (piantity 

must be given, and when in full tlower, 

water freely. Some of this elegant tribe 

of plants are injured if syringed over 

head ; such, however, is not the case 

Soil.—A light rich loam, mixed with with this plant. 

peat. They may be increased by divi- " The plant having flowered, and the 

j 

sion, but the strongest plants are raised pseudo-bulbs being matured, (but in a 

from seed. 

dormant state,) they should not be re- 

Propagation. — Sow in October, or moved from the same temperature they 

until January, in a cool frame. Keep were in, when in flowering condition, 

the plants near the glass until strong which ranged from 70^ to SO^, but 

enough for planting out in late spring. especial care should be taken to keep 

Always save seed when you can, and them dry until the period of rest 

keep a stock of young plants to supply over." Gard. Chron. 

vacancies. 

PERITOMA serrulnta. Hardy an- 

P E N T Z I A flabelliformis. Greennual. Seed. Sheltered border. 

house evergreen shrub. Ripe cuttings. PERIWINKLE. Vinca. 


PERNETTIA. Arbutus. 

PEPPERMINT. Mentha piperita. PERSEA gratissima. Stove ever- 

PEPPER VINE. Ampelopsis bipingreen shrub. Layers and ripe cuttings. 

nata. 

Turfv loam aud peat. 

PERENNIAL. A plant that lives PERSIAN SUN'S-EYE. Tulipa ocu- 

for more than two years. 

lus sol is. 

PERESKIA. Five species. Stove PERSICA. Two species and many 

cactaceous plants. Cuttings. Sandy varieties. Hardy deciduous trees. P. 

loam. 

vulgaris the Peach, and P. lavis the 

P E R G U L A R I A. Three species. Nectarine, which see. 

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings. PESOMERIA tetragona. Stove 

Rich loam. 

epiphvte. Division of bulbs. Wood 

PERICALLIS ttmsilaginis. Green- covered with moss. 

house herbaceous. Seed and cuttings. PERSOONIA. Eighteen species. 



PERILOMIA ocymoides. Green- cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

house evergreen shrub. Young cuttings. PET.4iLIDIUM harlerioides. Stove 

Sandy peat. 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich light loam. 

PERIPLOCA. Four species. Hardy PF.TIVERIA. Two species. Stove 

twiners, except the stove climber, P. evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Loam and 

mauritinna. Layers and cuttings. Com- peat. 

mon soil. 

PETRE.\. Four species. Stove 

I 

PERIPTERA punicea. Stove ever- [evergreens. P.stapelia as a climber, 

green shrub. Seed and cuttings. Loam and P. voluhilis as a twiner, are among 

and peat. 

our handsomest plants. Cuttings. Rich 

PERISTERIA. Dove Flower. Six loam. 

species. Stove orchids. Division of the PETROBIUM arboreum. Stove everbulbs. 

Turfv loam and sandy peat, with green shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam. 

a little leaf-mould. P. Barkeri is one PETROCALLIS pyrenaica. Green- 

• of the most beautiful of this genus, and house herbaceous. Seed or division, 

for its cultivation Mr. Insleay, of Spring- Sandy loam and peat, 

j 

field, near Birmingham, gives the follow- I PETROMARULA pinnata. Halfing 

directions : 

' 

hardy herbaceous. Division. Sheltered 

" On either a square twig or a conical light rich loam, and winter protection, 

wire basket, with the bottom and sides PETROPHILA. Tenspecies. Greencovered 

with moss, put pieces of pot-house evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. 

sandy loam. 

Bherds, afterwards that of the pseudo- 1 Turfy

PET 454 PH A 

PETROSELINUM. Two species. 

Hardy biennials. Seed. Common soil. 

See Parsley. 

PETTY- WHIN. Genista anglica. 

PETUNIA. Five species. Tender 

or half-hardy herbaceous. Seed and 

cuttings. Sandy loam and leaf-mould. 

From P. nyctaginijlora, which is white, 

and P. vio/acea, purple, are raised the 

numerous varieties adorning our gardens. 

Select Varieties: 

Alice Gray. 

Arethusa. 

Beauty. 

superb. 

Bicolor. 

Bumons de Willi 

(Van Houte's). 

Caryophylloides. 

Constance. 

Delicata. 

Dwarf-pencilled. 

Enchantress. 

Exactum. 

Gem. 

Gigantea. 

Grandis. 

Highciare. 

Hildida. 

Hope (Smith's). 

Illuminata. 

Kentish Beauty. 

Bride. 

Lady Sale. 

Magician. 

Magna Charta. 

Magna rosea. 

Magnet. 

Massengii. 

Medora. 

Ne plus ultra 

(Pearson's). 

Nixenii (Harri- 

son's). 

Ornatissima. 

Othello. 

Ovid. 

Pet (Ivery's). 

Picta. 


Psyche. 

Punctata (Mil- 

ler's). 

Reliance. 

Rook's Nest. 

Rosea alba. 

Splutherii. 

Striata superb. 

Unique. 

superb. 

Variegata 

Characteristics of Excellence.—Flowers 

flat, circular, free from indentations, 

and firm of"'texture. Colour, 

bright and well-determined. Flowers 

numerous. 

Propagation by Seed Sow in March 

in a gentle hot-bed, and plant out at the 

end of May, like the half-hardy annuals; 

or sow on an open compartment, when 

the spring is farther advanced. 

By Cuttings.—May be struck almost 

at any time, but a good time is " early 

in September. The cuttings should be 

put into sixties, and placed in the front 

of a hot-bed until they have struck root, 

which will be in about three or four 

weeks, at which time they may be removed 

to a cold pit, or to the front of a 

green-house. 

" Early in February they should be 

shifted into forty-eights, in a mixture of 

sandy peat, leaf-mould, and loam, and 

repotted as fast as the pots become full 

— 

of roots, using an inch and a half of 

rubbly charcoal, to act as drainage, at 

the bottom of each pot. During the 

time they are growing in pots they 

should be watered two or three times a 

week with liquid manure ; and the latter 

end of May they may be turned out into 

the flower garden." Gard. Chron. 

Winter Protection is best afforded 

them in a cold pit, frame, or greenhouse. 

By a little attention, and judicious 

watering, &c., they will begin to 

bloom early in the spring. 

PEYROUSIA. Eight species. Greenhouse 

and half-hardy bulbs. Off'sets. 

Sandy loam and leaf-mould. Like Ixia, 

they will usually thrive in alight-soiled, 

sheltered, south border. 

PHACA. Fourteen species. Hardy 

herbaceous, except P. canescens, requiring 

a green-house. P. glabra is a 

hardy deciduous trailer. Seed. Common 

soil. 

PHACELIA. Six species. Hardy 

herbaceous or annuals. Division or 


PHACOSPERMA peruviana. Stove 

herbaceous. Seed. Peat and loam. 

PHAIUS. Five species. Stove 

epiphytes and orchids. Of the former 

P. albus is most desirable. It is propagated 

from young shoots. Peat and 

potsherds. The other species are increased 

by division of the roots. Peat 

and sandy loam. 

P H A L ^lii N A vanaria. A moth, 

abounding usually in June and July, is 

thus described by Mr. Curtis:— 

" The horns of the male are pecti- 

the wings are of an ash colour 

nated ; 

and freckled ; the upper have four 

brown marks on the superior margin, 

the second crossing the centre of the 

wing. 

" The larva is a looper, having only 

ten legs. It infects the red currant and 

gooseberry bushes, feeding upon the 

leaves, and is found in May. It is about 

an inch long, bluish green, with two 

white dorsal and two yellow lateral 

lines. It is dotted with little black 

tubercles, which produce short black 

hairs. It changes late in May to a 

chestnut-coloured chrysalis, in a slight 

web, on the surface of the earth." 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

PHALiEONOPSIS amabilis. Stove 

epiphyte. Side shoots. Wood and 

moss. 

PHALANGIUM. Five species. All

PH A 455 PHY 

herbaceous ; P. longifolium, greenhouse 

; P. glaucum, and P. repalense, 

half-hardy; the otliers hardy. Division 

and seed. Sandy loam and peat. 

PHALEROCARPUS serphyllifolia. 

Hardy evergreen creeper. Cuttings. 

Moist bog. 

PHALOCALLISp/i/mSea. Half-hardy 

bulb. Seed. Probably in a light soil, 

under a south wall. 

PHARBITIS. Twelve species, j 

Twiners, chiefly annual. P. carulescens 1 

the end of March, in pots filled with\ 

light sandy soil, and placed on a moderate 

hot-bed, or in a cucumber or a 

melon frame. In this situation they 

will soon germinate; and before the 

first rough leaf appears they should be 

potted otf, three or four together in a 

large sixty pot, placing the plants at 

equal distances round the side. When 

potted, they should be returned to the 

frame, and kept close for a f(!w days, 

to recover from the eftVcts of their re- 

' 

is a hardy evergreen; and P. uar/a, a moval ; after which they should be 

stove evergreen twiner. The others gradually hardened off, by giving them 

are hardy and green-house, except P plenty of air during the day in fine 

Z/sp/da, requiring a stove. Seed. Sandy weather. Finally, about the beginning 

loam and leaf-mould. 

PHASKOLUS. Thirty species. An- 

of May, they should be removed to a 

cold pit or frame, where they can be 

nual twiners, chiefly hardy ; a few are fully exposed during the day, covering 

deciduous perennials. Seed. Light them with the lights only at night, and 

rich loam. See Kidney Bean. 

in bad or cold weather. About the end 

PllEASANT'S-EYK. Adonis au- of May, when all danger of late spring 

tumnalis. 

frost is over, they may be planted in 

PHEIjALIUM. Six species. Green- the open border. The soil into which 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, 

Peat, sand, and loam. 

PlilLADELPHUS. Fourteen species. 

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers 

and suckers. Common soil. 

VniLl^F.KYlS. grandijiora. Greenhouse 

evergreen twiner. Cuttings. 


PillLLYREA. Ten species. Halfhardy 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings and 

layers. Common soil. 

"PHILOTHECA australis. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat and sandy loom. 

PHILYDRUM lanuginosum. Greenhouse 

biennial. Seed. Loam and peat. 

P H L G O C A N T H U S curviflorus. 



PHLOGOPHORA meticulosa. Angle 

shades moth. This is a night moth, 

appearing from May to October. The 

caterpillar is green, spotted with white. 

tribe. 

PHLOMIS. Twenty-four species. 

Hardy and half-hardy evergreens and 

herbaceous perennials. Cuttings. Light 

rich loam. 

— 

they are transferred should be either 

a light rich sandy soil or peat, with 

which a little well-rotted

— 

PHY 456 PIN 

PHYLICA. Thirty species. Greenhouse 


PHYLLIS nohla. Green-house evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Rich clayey 

loam. 

PHYLLOCLADUS rhomboidalis. 

Green-house evergreen tree. Ripe 


PHYLLOMA. Four species, all evergreens. 

P. aloiflorum is a stove tree; 

the others, green-house shrubs. Suckers. 

Sandy loam. 

PHYLLOPERTHA horticola. The 

Gard. Chron. 

PHYSEMATIUM. Two species. 

Stove herbaceous. Division. Peat and 

loam. 

PHYSIANTHUS albens. Stove 

evergreen climber. Seed and cuttings. 


PHYSOCLAINA, Two species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Seed and division. 

Common soil. 

PHYSOPIPHON. Four species. 

Stove epiphytes. Division of bulbs. 

Wood and moss. 

PHYSOSTEGIA Seven species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Division. Rich light 

loam. 

PHYSURUS pictus. Stove shrub. 

Cuttings, Light ricli loam. 

PHYTELEPHAS macrocarpa. 

Stove evergreen shrub. Seed. Peat 

and loam. 

PHYTEUMA. Twenty-three spe- 

cies. Hardy herbaceous. Seed and 

division. Common soil. 

PHYTOLACCA. Nine species. 

Chiefly stove herbaceous. P. decandra 

is hardy and wide spreading. Seed and 

cuttings. Rich light soil. 

PIARANTHUS. Seven species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings 

in the spring. Sandy loam and 

lime rubbish. 

PICK-AXE, should have a handle 

three feet and a half long, made of 

ash; and the points or edges of the 

[ 

garden beetle. It is thus described by head should be of well-steeled iron. 

Mr. Curtis:— "It is about four lines There are three varieties :—1. 

1 

| 

! 

, 

j 

i 

i 

The pick 

and a half long, and three broad. Its with two points, for loosening hard surelytra, 

or wing cases, are reddish- faces. 2. The pick-axe, for cutting 

brown, shining, and do not reach quite through roots of trees when felling. 

to the extremity of the body 3. The mattock, with one pointed and 

; the head 

and thorax are dark green. It appears one flat edge, for loosening surfaces, 

on the leaves of the apple and pear in and grubbing up roots. 

June, feeding on the very young fruit. 

When alarmed it feigns death, by fall- 

PICOTEE. See Carnation. 

PICRIDIUM. Four species. Hardy 

ing on its back, and extending its legs herbaceous and annuals Division or 

in a stiffened manner, and in different seed. Common soil, 

directions. The female deposits her PICTETIA. Two species. Stove 

eggs in the earth, and the larvcB feed evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings. 

on the roots of plants 


The only method we are acquainted PIERARDIA dulcis. Stove everwith 

of lessening the numbers of these green tree. Cuttings. Sandy loam and 

beetles, is to collect and destroy them 

early in the morning, or late in the 

peat. 

P I E R I S Cratcegi. Hawthorn, or 

evening, when they may be found stick- Black-veined Butterfly. Is white, with 

ing to the plants, and they can readily 

be seen from their colour and size. 

black ribs or veins on the wings. 

very much like Pontia Brassica. 

It is 

The 

During the day, and particularly if the 

weather is hot, they fly about with great 

swiftness, and are not easily caught." 

caterpillar is dirty yellow, hairy, blackheaded, 

and a brown stripe down its 

sides. Tlie caterpillars mould several 

times, and they are usually found on 

the apple-tree, where both the yellow 

eggs and caterpillars may be found in 

June. The caterpillars draw two or 

three leaves together with a web. 

These should 

and destroyed. 

be sedulously sought for 

PI LEA muscosa. Stove evergreen 

trailer. Cuttings. Common soil. 

PIMELEA. Twenty-eight species. 


cuttings. Sandy peat and loam. 

PIMPERNEL. Anagallis. 

PINCKNEYA pubens; a beautiful or 

rather curious southern shrub, scarcely 

sufficiently hardy to support the winters 

of Pennsylvania. Cuttings. Sandy peat, 

beneath a south wall. 

PIN E-A P P L E. Annnassa. The 

pine-apple is but little cultivated in the 

United States, though it is probable the

— 

P I N 457 PI N 

I 

should be placed in the same kind of 

us, may ere long induce its culture un- earth, not damp, or they will be liable 

der glass, in common with the grape, to be affected at the base with rot or 

peach, &c., though the same necessity mildew. 

as in England does not exist—our; "Soil.—The pine will grow well in 

proximity to the tropics enabling us, at any kind of turfy, rooty, well-sweetened 

least on the seaboard, to obtain the pine pulverized soil, from heath soil to a 

in tolerable perfection, and at a tithe of heavy clayey loam. I make choice of 

the cost of producing it ourselves; we, a heathy turf when obtainable, with the 

however, insert the article on this fruit roots and its natural vegetation all with 

as it stood in the original edition of this it; never breaking it until at the pot- 

work. 

I believe the most successful cultivating 

bench, as the process of potting is 

soini; on. Then we break the sods, 

tor of this fruit is Mr. Barnes, gardener which are mostly chosen about two or 

to Lady Rolle, at Bicton, near Sidmouth, three inches in thickness, in such kind 

and to that excellent horticulturist I am of pieces as we can thrust into the pots, 

indebted for the following detail of his putting in, as we proceed, some pieces 

latest system of culture : 

I 

Varieties:—We cultivate the Queen 

of charcoal, always taking care to drain 

the pots carefully, which is one of the 

principally for fruiting at all seasons. chief essentials. Our drainage is prin- 

We also grow a few of the large black cipally coarse charcoal, averaging onekinds, 

which are all of easy culture, fourth of Lroken rubbly potsherds, 

and may be grown to a very large size which are placed first round about the 

increase of wealth and luxury among ; 

indeed. We have of late grown the i 

— 

; then, if it is a seven-inch pot, 

j 

| 

' 

; 

| 

1 

I 

Queen Pine from six to nearly eight 

bottom 

for a sucker, the drainage averages two 

pounds in weight, and those have been inches at least ; and if fifteen or eightproduced 

from plants of only a few een-inch pots, which are the largest 

months' growth. The other varieties 

we cultivate are—the Russian Globe, 

fruiting pots I make use of, the druin- 

age is employed in a coarser state, and 

English Globe, Enville, Green Olive or about two inches more of it, and the 

St. Vincent, Montserrat, Black Ja- soil too is thrust into the pots rougher 

maica, Otaheite, Brown-leaved Sugar brambles, furze, bushes, heath, and 

Loaf, and Black Antigua, only two or grass altogether— with no other kind of 

three plants of each, and those we are manure, besides an occasional lump or 

about reducing. All these varieties are handful of rubbly charcoal, merely to 

of easy culture, and free swellers, ca- fill up some of the crevices. It is not 

pable of being grown to a great weight. rammed, that is to say, not pounded, or 

To equal a Queen of six pounds weight jammed together in the same way potthey 

ought to be from ten to fourteen ting is too often done, but pushed down 

pounds weight each fruit, but we only as we proceed, quietly. Thus the soil 

average them from six to ten pounds is really a whole body of drainageweight. 

" Propagation.—I have practised in 

my time various methods, but my present 

mode is only by suckers. These 

are pulled off immediately the fruit is 

there is no obstruction either to the 

atmosphere or the water. I have no 

particular time or season for shifting, 

potting, or repotting—we do all these 

at any season of the year, whenever we 

cut, and at once potted, no matter what fancy the plants seem to require it. 

season of the year it may be. Thus, as Never shift a plant, or repot, but twice 

soon as a fruit is ripened, the plant is 

lifted out, and another at once planted 

at the most. If it 

sucker, it gets with 

is a strong spring 

me but one potting 

in its place. One sucker, or, perhaps, from the sucker pot to the fruiting pot. 

two, are occasionally left, but not often. I have left otf altogether making use of 

Those taken off are at once potted. By any kind of manure with the earth bethis 

practice a constant succession of 

plants is kept up, and fruit of various 

ages. I never care •or the cromis, 

sides charcoal ; excepting to free-grow- 

ing plants occasionally we apply weak 

liquid manure—as clear as wine—although, 

if taken off in due time, and ways applying it in a tepid state, and in 

potted at once, in well sweetened dry the growing, warm part of the season, 

pulverized earth, they will make equal- To the succession plants we apply it 

with the syringe or engine over the 

iy good plants. Of course the suckers |

PIN 458 PIN 

whole of the foliage and surface of the 

plunging materials. 

" The Bottom Heat is at all times 

kept very moderate, the surface loosened 

often with a pointed stick, or twopronged 

fork, so that there is no obstruction 

to prevent the free circulation 

of the atmosphere. As to stating the 

exact temperature in our variable dark 

climate, it is impossible—but the right 

side is to aim at a too low, instead of 

overdoing it ; the former is the easiest 

to be got over. A small portion of 

fermenting or plunging materials, kept 

in a kindly condition, is always quite 

sufficient to command bottom heat 

enough. My fruiting plants have about 

one foot eight or nine inches of plunging 

materials, and stand on loose bricks 

in it ; of course, as the season and temperature 

of the interior atmosphere 

alter, so does the bottom heat, under 

this system ; I look to nature for the 

example. I cannot inform you how 

strong, or to what extent, the manure 

water ought to be applied to plants of 

such or such an age, or size, or variety—so 

much depends on a variety of 

circumstances ; all I know is, what to 

apply to those I have under my own 

charge. A pot or two of good ale, or 

a slice of beef or bacon will do wonders 

with a hard-working, strong, 

healthy-constituted man—which would 

not be likely in the least to agree with 

another person, afflicted with disease 

or weakness. 

" The Temperature of the Air.— I at 

all seasons regulate according to the 

light we receive, never tying it down to 

a certain degree. Some light, still, 

mild days, even in late autumn or 

winter, five degrees more can be well 

afforded, with air, than in a daric, cold, 

gloomy, windy, or stormy day, could 

safely be applied in summer. Suffice 

it to say, I regulate the atmospheric 

interior air from about 5.5° to 75^, the 

former the minimum in short dark days, 

and the latter the maximum in long 

light days; for heat without light is 

sure to cause, in time, immaturity, disease, 

and vermin. 

" Diseases and Vermin.—By following 

the above directions, no such thing 

will be seen or known, and those that 

are already troubled with either, will, 

by following the above directions, get 

very soon clear of either." 

To this mode of Pine-growing made 

— 

easy, but little need be added. Those 

who are not so successful in keeping 

their pine-apples free from Scale, and 

other diseases, will find some information 

on those points under their respective 

titles in other pages of this volume. 

I will only venture to add, that I think 

growing the pine-apple in beds is preferable 

to growing it in pots ; all Mr. 

Barnes's directions being adapted to 

that. I also think Mr. Barnes's maximum 

temperature rather too low, and 

that during bright sunny weather, and 

the long days of summer, 80" may be 

used with advantage. In Bengal, pineapples 

grow in the open air with very 

little cultivation, and attain a weight of 

seven pounds, in a temperature ranging 

between the extremes 1203 and oS^. 

PINE-TREE. Pinus. 

PINEASTER BEETLE. See Bostrychis. 

PINGUICULA. Six species. Hardy 

and half-hardy herbaceous. Division. 

Shaded, boggv soil. 

PINK. Dianthus. 

Varieties.—These are added to annually 

; but the following are first-rate 

flowers, sufficient for any amateur : 

Acme (Brown's). 

Alpha (Garrat's). 

Achates (Neville's). 

Alfred (Wallace's). 

Beauty (Fairbairn's). 

Beauty (Turner's). 

Conqueror (Barrett's). 

Defiance (Norman's). 

Dr. Edwards (Ottey's). 

Duke of Northumberland (Headley's). 

Duke of Wellington (Norman's). 

Eclipse (Brown's). 

Eclipse (Bankell's). 

Enchantress (Neville's). 

Garland (Brown's). 

Gauntlet (Dawson's). 

Gem (Hodge's). 

Great. Britain (Ward's). 

Henry (Norman's). 

Henry (Wallace's). 

Lord Brougham (Acres). 

Mary Anne (Jelf's). 

Masterpiece (Turner's). 

Miss Kate (Fairbairn's). 

Monitor (Neville's). 

Ne plus Ultra (Kean's). 

Omega (Unworth's). 

One Hundred and Thirty-four 

(Brown's). 

One Hundred and Sixty-six (Hodge's).

PIN 459 PIN 

President (Creed's.) 

Prince Alliert (Leg

— 

PIN 460 P IP 

> 

' 

[ 

1 

; 

I 

' 

; 

i 

! 

I 

I 

I 

after beinrr by degrees inured to the tied close withoutfurther hazard. When 

sun, may be transplanted six inches the forvvardest blooms begin to expand, 

aoart in an open bed previously pre- hoops should be fixed across the bed, to 

pared for the purpose, in which situa- support mats or any other lighter matetion 

they may remain until required for rial that will serve to protect the flowplanting 

finally in the beds, where they ers either from the rain or from the rays 

are to bloom. Gard. Chron. of the sun. They need not, however, 

j 

Soil and Manure.—Sandy turfy loam, be shaded earlier than nine o'clock in 

such as the top spit of an old pasture, the morning, or later than five or six in 

mixed with one-fourth its bulk of old the evening; but if there is the least 

cow-dung, makes a soil very beneficial appearance of a wet night, they had 

to this flower. Woollen rags mixed better be covered before leaving them. 

with the soil are also strongly recom- Should the season be dry, they will remended. 

quire regular watering between the 

Bed.—Raise the bed six inches above rows; rain or pond water, where prothe 

soil around, and formed like a curable, is always to be preferred. A 

pitched roof, thus: The compost should little clay or stiflT loam placed in the 

Fig. 128. 

form of a margin round the edge of the 

bed would serve as a basin, and prevent 

the water from escaping into the path 

or alley." Gard. Chron. 

PIN-PILLAR. Opuntia curassavica. 

PINUS. Kir Tree. Sixty-eight species 

and many varieties. Seed, layers, 

be at least a foot deep. Plant in rows, inarching or grafting. Sandy loam on 

and twelve inches apart each way. a dry subsoil. See Conifera. 

After Culture.—"The first thing to PIP, in floriculture, is a single corolla 

be attended to will be to thin out the or flower, where several grow upon a 

flower-stems, in order to throw more common stem, as in the Polyanthus and 

strength into those which are left. Auricula. The pips thus growing to- 

When the plants are weak all the gether are described as a Ti'uss. 

stems should be removed but one, and PIPER. Pepper. Twenty-seven 

on a plant of moderate size not more species. Stove evergreen shrubs. Cutthan 

three should be retained. These tings and suckers; loam and peat. On 

again should be looked over, and the the culture of the Black Pepper, (P. 

lateral flower-buds removed from them 

leaving only the terminal bud and the 

Tiigrum.) Dr. Lindley observes, that 

it grows luxuriantly in many stoves, 

next but one below it; provided these i 

biit is shy in ripening its fruit. This is 

are perfect in form, all the rest may be probably owing to the uniform moisture 

pinched off". In tying up the stems of which is kept in these places. It should 

pinks and other plants of this class be planted in a large tub or box well 

great judgment is required; in fact, de- drained, all the strong flower-bearing 

lay is better in this instance than too shoots should be supported with strong 

much haste. 

the stems, as 

If tied too high at first, 

they lengthen, are pre- 

stakes, and the small useless ones cut 

away. When not growing much, keep 

I 

vented by the ligature from growing 

erect, and become crooked, or perhaps 

it rather dry, and give it a slight check, 

and be careful not to give it too much 

snap off" at the joints. They should, water after flowering. Bottom heat, 

therefore, be looked to every day particularly when growing, is indispenwhere 

practicable; and if there is the [sable."— Gard. Chron. 

least appearance of any flower-stem PIPERIDGE, the Barberry. 

having become cramped the tie should PIPES for heating horticultural struc- 

immediately be cut loose. The safest } 

way is to secure the bush to the flower 

stick, to which, the stem should be 

looselv tied so as to allow it perfect 

liberty to slide through as it increases 

in height. These ligatures, when the 

plants have acquired their full growth, : 

tures 

— 

are preferably made of cast iron, 

painted black. Earthenware has been 

recommended for the purpose, but they 

arc so much more liable to breakage 

and leakage, as to outweigh any original 

saving in the cost. For draining, earthen 

pipes with a bore an inch in diameter 

can be easily removedj and the plants are the best.

PIP 461 PIT 

Table of the quantity of pipe, four inches diameter, which will heat one 

thousand cubic feet of air per minute, any required number of degrees- the 

temperature of the pipe being 200" Falirenheit. 

Temperature of

; 

PIT 462 PL A 

j 

j 

j 

I 

[ 

J 

: 

it has been justly observed, that " sunk- door in the back wall, and the passage 

| 

en pits are inconvenient to êt at ; there along the middle, a person can go in at 

is no pulling their sashes off and on any time without pushing down the 

with ease, and ventilation is trouble- sashes, and reaching from the back to 

some. Then, again, in spite of all that the front, he can water or do anything 

can be done, they will always be damp ; else the plants may require. 

and although this is advantageous for 

' This pit is extremely useful for 

some purposes, it is destructive to raising seeds, or for growing small 

green-house plants in long winters. green-house plants, and keeping such 

Upon tlie whole, the inconveniences, things as verbeneas, petunias, and scar- 

are at least as considerable as the adlet pelargoniums, for turning out into 

vantages. We doubt whether sunken the flower garden during the summer 

pits can often be recommended in gar- months ; or by dividing it into two parts 

dens. -Gard. Chron. by a partition, having a door in it, one 

Under the various titles Melon, Cii- half may be used for striking cuttings, 

cumber. Pine Jipple, ^-c, descripUons of raising seeds, or keeping plants, which 

pits suitable for their cultivation will have been newly potted off, and the 

be found. The following outline is of other filled with well established plants, 

one for various purposes, strongly re- requiring more light and air; so that, 

commended by Mr. R. Fortune, gar-! with a little contrivance, it is astonishdener 

at the Chiswick Gardens : 

ing how many things the amateur may 

do in a small place like this." Gard. 

Fig. 129. 

Chron. 

PITCAIRNIA. Seventeen species. 

Stove herbaceous. Seed and suckers. 

Moss potsherds. 

phytal. 

They are really epi- 

PITCHER-LEAF. 

lamphora. 

Nepenthes phyl- 

PITCHER-PLANT. 

tillatoria. 

Nepenthes dis- 

PITTOSPORUM. Eighteen species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, except 

P. tobira, which, matted, will sustain 

the winter south of Virginia. Ripe cut- 

a, stages and back and front shelf; 

tings. Peat and loam. 

PLADERA. Two species. Green- 

h, passage along the middle; c, prohouse biennials. Seed, and cultivated 

posed tank ; d, proposed ventilators. 

The width of tlie pit is nine feet 

and, as the sketch is drawn from measurement, 

any one may easily ascertain 

the different proportions. 

The two stages are made of wood, 

like the Balsam. 

PLAGIOLOBIUM. Two species. 



PLASTER OF PARIS. See Gypsum. 

PLANERA. Two species. Hardy 

having cross bars, as seen atffl, and upright 

bearers on each side of b. The 

small shelf in front is supported by a 

bracket, which also supports the hot 

deciduous trees. Layers on grafts of 

the elm. Light loam, near water. 

PLANE TREE. Platanus. 

PLANK PLANT. Bossiaa scoloppnwater 

pipes ; and the back shelf might! dria. 

be supported in the same manner, al- PLANTAIN TREE. Musa. 

though in this instance it is formed out PLANTATION. The ornamental 

of the thickness of the back wall. The distribution of trees is considered under 

only improvement in its construction, the titles Clump, Wood, ^-c. ; and here 

is to have a large tank in some conve- will be considered only a few practical 

nient place in front, as at c, to receive 

the rain which falls on the roof; and also 

some wooden ventilators in the back and 

front wall at d, which could be opened 

at those times when it is not prudent to 

draw down the sashes. By having the 

details relative to the planting and management 

of trees. 

Selection.—Our guide in this must be 

the nature of the soil. If chalk is a 

principal constituent of this, the beech, 

birch, and ash must be the trees chiefly 

—

P L A 463 PL A 

ailopted ; if clay, the oak ; if rich loam, plant for merely ornamental purposes; 

the elm. In moist situations, the akler, and It is because all timber trees consallow, 

and willow; and in mountain, tain phospliate of lime in very conand 

dry soiled districts, all the hardy siderabic proportions, that crushed 

conifera;, the bircli and the ash. Peat, bones are found to be so excellent a 

if well drained, wdi bear the Scotch fir; fertilizer for them ; and hence one reaand 

the Spanish chestnut will flourisli son, why it has long been a well-known 

! 

: 

on light sheltereil loam. On the poor- fact, that by burying dead animals unest 

and lightest soils, if well drained, der trees nearly exhausted for want of 

the larch will establish itself. Similar nourishment, those trees will almost 

attention must be paid to the soil in invariably be considerably revived, and 

send out their shoots with unusual vi- 

locating the shrubs. Rhododendrons \ 

delight in shade and leaf-mould; and gour and how essential the ; presence 

[ 

i others have their particular soils, of of phosphate of lime is to their growth, 

' 

' 

1 

j 

1 

| 

' 

j 

! 

which information will be found in other may be judged of from the fact, that 

pages, under their appropriate titles. this salt constitutes 45 per cent, of the 

Manures. — Trees, like all other ashes of the oak; 35 in those of the 

plants, are benefited by being appro- hazel; 16.75 of the poplar; 23 in the 

priately manured; their growth is thus hornbeam; 12 per cent, in those of the 

accelerated, and contrary to old opin- fir. 

ions, it is found that the wood of These chemical examinations natuquickly-growing 

trees is more durable, 

and more tough than that of trees of 

rally support the conclusion to which I 

have long come in my own experiments, 

the same species which have vegetated that in all plantations of timber trees, 

more tardily. Calcareous matter is al- both on the score of profit and of ornaways 

required by trees; and my brother, ment, it is in almost all situations de- 

Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, has truly stated sirable to assist the growth of the young 

that on the poor hungry heath lands, trees 

such as those of Norfolk, Surrey, and On a 

by a 

large 

sinall 

scale 

addition of manure, 

this must be chiefly 

the north, which contain hardly a trace confined to the use of the earths, either 

of carbonate of lime, they find that, by lime, chalk, or marl, according to their 

dressing with chalk or marl, land in- respective local value ; and for this 

tended for planting, the growth of the purpose a smaller proportion per acre 

trees is very materially increased; and of any kind of manure is of much greatmore 

recently, as in the forest of Dama- er value than is commonly supposed, 

way in Scotland, the planters have I I have usually, under every plant, merefound 

the greatest advantage from plac- ly applied a small shovelful of tolerablying 

only a handful of lime (about four rotted stable dung, stirring it up with 

bushels per acre is sufficient) in the soil 

under the plants. By this means the 

the mould ; and, as these experiments 

were principally made on a poor hungry 

young trees, they say, are forced for- gravelly soil, nearly destitute of carbonward 

; that is, they are supplied with ate of lime, I have usually added to the 

the carbonate of lime at the very period beach plants, instead of the farm-yard 

of their growth, when their roots, from manure, a small quantity of chalk, 

want of extent and vigour, are least Trenching.— In preparing the land 

able to absorb from the soil the portion for plantations, the same chemical exofthis 

earth so essential for their healthy amination of the composition well illusgrowth. 

And it is precisely such heath tratcs the advantages derived by the 

plant, from merely previously stirring 

! soils as those to which I have alluded 

as being so materially benefited by the soil I ; since it is evident that when 

' 

application of lime, chalk, or marl 

the 

the constituents of the young trees are 

(which also contains chalk), that are contained in it in only very limited profound, 

when examined in their natural portions, in such case the more easily 

state, to be nearly destitute of carbon- their roots arc enabled to penetrate in 

ate of lime. 

search of that necessary nourishment, 

It is for the same reasons that, in the more rapid will be their growth. 

the early state of their growth, timber Previous trenching of the soil also 

plantations are benefited so materially conduces to the healthy growth of trees 

by being manured with organic matters—a 

fact well known to those who 

in more ways than one. It renders 

them less subject to injury from want

PL A 464 PL A 

i 

of moisture in the heats of summer placed in an upright position." 

; 

Farm. 

the atmosphere more freely finds access Enc. 

There is certainly no economy in this 

hasty mode of planting ; the trees perish 

in great numbers; they linger for years 

without vigour ; have to be replaced at 

a considerable expense; and, in the 

mean time, the owners lose all the advantage 

which might have been ensured 

from a more skilfully obtained rapidity 

of growth. In planting on a large 

scale, the same pains and care should 

be taken as in inserting a shrub in the 

parterre. 

Pruning.—If care be taken to rub 

off ill-placed shoots in the early stages 

of a tree's growth, no after-pruning 

to their roots; and not only yields its 

watery vapour in the warmest weather 

for their service, but its gases, so essential 

to their very existence, are also 

in a similar manner more readily absorbed. 

Draining.—The most neglected, yet 

most important, of all the branches of 

forest culture, is draining. This ought to 

be done thoroughly before planting ; but 

if it has been neglected, may be done 

at any time, the sooner the better, and 

the effects will surprise, in a year or 

two, even the most sanguine. I have 

seen larch plantations, by draining only, 

converted from sickly worthless trees 

to thriving valuable woodlands. 

Planting.—"Too little attention," 

Mr. C. Johnson justly observes, " is 

usually paid by planters in the choice 

of their plants, the manner in which 

they have been reared, and in the care 

of their removal. Instead of attending 

to the acquired habits of the tree, it is 

a very common practice for the plants 

to be bought of some nurseryman who 

has reared them in a warm rich bottom, 

and then, as a natural consequence, 

when the trees are transplanted to a 

cold, poor, hungry, exposed soil, a 

large proportion of them are sure to 

perish, or, if they live, many become 

stunted or stag-headed. 

" There are other very common errors, 

of which I have long noticed the 

ill effects ; for instance, the want of 

care with which the roots of the young 

trees are deposited in the earth, and 

the unnecessary length of time which 

is suffered to elapse between the period 

when the plant is taken from the nursery 

and replanted. I have always 

found the good effect of causing the 

roots of the young plant to be carefully 

arranged and spread out before the 

earth is thrown in upon them—the 

usually heedless way in which the roots 

are thrust into the hole, and perhaps 

broken or materially bruised in the act 

of treading in the earth upon them, is 

of necessity prejudicial to the young 

plant; and then, again, a still more 

negligent practice, that of ploughing 

in the young trees, is too often adopted 

on a large scale, by which the plants 

are still more hastily deposited in the 

soil, and are neither fixed with sufficient 

firmness in the ground, nor even 

— 

— 

— 

no extensive application of the knife 

and saw—will be required, except in 

case of casual ties. When a large branch 

requires amputation, it is best to leave 

a stump projecting a full foot from the 

stem. The face of the wound should 

be towards the ground, and the edges 

trimmed smooth with a very sharp 

knife. 

PLASHING is " a mode of repairing 

or modifying a hedge by bending down 

a portion of the shoots, cutting them 

half through near the ground to render 

them more pliable, and twisting them, 

among the upright stems, so as to render 

the whole more effective as a fence, 

and at the same time preserve all the 

branches alive. For this purpose the 

branches to be plashed, or bent down, 

must not be cut more than half through, 

in order that a sufficient portion of sap 

may rise up from the root to keep alive 

the upper part of the branches. 

" Where hedges are properly formed 

and kept, they can very seldom require 

to be plashed." Farm. Enc. 

PLATANTHERA. Thirteen species. 

Hardy orchids, except the stove, P. 

susannce, and the green-house, P.jiava. 

Seed. Loam, peat, and chalk. 

PLATANUS. Plane-Tree. Two species 

and three varieties. P. orientalis 

does not suffer from the disease which 

has of late years attacked one indigenous 

species. Hardy deciduous trees. 

Layers, cuttings, and seed. Common 

light soil. 

PLATYCARPIUM orinocense. 


and loam. 

PLATYCHILUM celsianum. Greenhouse 


Sandy loam and peat.

P L A 465 PLU 

PLATYLOBIUM. Six species. 

Greeii-house evergreen shrubs. Seed. 

Sandy peat and a little loam. 

PLATVLOPHUS trifoUatus. White 

ash. Green-house evergreen tree. Ripe 


PLATYSTKMON. Two species. 

Hardy annuals. Seed. Sandy loam. 

PLATYSTIGMA linear e. Half-hardy 

herbaceous. Division. Sandy loam. 

PLATYSTYLIS. Three species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Division and seed. 

Light loam. 

PLE.4SURE-GR0UND is a collective 

name for that combination of parterres, 

lawns, shrubberies, waters, arbours, &c. 

yvhich are noticed individually in these 

pages. One observation may be applied 

to all—let congruity preside over 

the whole. It is a great fault to have 

any one of those portions of the pleasure 

ground in excess ; and let the 

whole be proportioned to the residence. 

It is quite as objectionable to be overgardened 

as to be over-housed. Above 

all things eschew what has aptly been 

termed gingerbread-work. Nothing offends 

a person of good taste so much 

as the divisions and sub-divisions we 

are sometimes compelled to gaze on 

" with an approving smile." 

PL EC T RAN THUS. Six species. 

The annual and biennial species 

by seed ; 

the shrubs and herbaceous by 

cuttings. All in rich light loam. They 

are all tenants of either the green-house 

or stove. 

PLECTRITIS congesta. Hardy annual. 


PLECTRONIA corymhosa. Greenhouse 


and peat. 

PLKROMA. Four species. Stove 



PLETHORA. See Extravasated Sap. 

PLEURANDRA. Seven species. 

— 

the London Horticultural Society at 

Chiswick. The following limited, 

though select number, we extract from 

the catalogue of the old Landreth Nurseries. 

(See p. 466.) 

The descriptions and cuts of a fewchoice 

kinds may aid those about to 

plant, in selecting with advantage. 

Fig. 130. 

Washington. (Bolmar's Washington.) 

(Fig. 130.) " This is an American 

seedling, accidentally produced in 

the city of New York. Its great size 

and beautiful appearance, at once introduced 

it into general culture ; it must 

be confessed, there are many of greater 

merit, though but few of more prepossessing 

aspect. 

" Skin yellow, or yellowish-green, 

when fully matured dotted with red. 

Flesh yellow, separating freely from 

the stone. The tree is of vigorous 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, Ripe growth, hardy, and well suited to our 

j 

cuttings. Sandy loam and peat 

climate." Rural Reg. 

PLEUROTHALLIS. Twenty-three Columbia. (Fig. 131.) " An admi- 

species. Stove epiphytes. Division. rable plum, well worthy of its name; 

Wood and moss. 

raised by Mr. Lawrence, of Hudson, 

PLOCAMA pendula. Green-house New York, who has doubly served us 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam and by producing another first rate plum, 

peat. 

PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD. 

' Lawrence's Favorite.' The Columbia 

is a free bearer, fruit of the first class, 

Baccliaris. 

PLUM. Prunus domestica. 

Varieties.—One hundred and twenty- 

both as regards size and quality. Skin 

purple, abounding in bloom. Flesh 

orange. Ripe at Philadelphia close of 

seven are 

30 

cultivated in the Gardens of August." Rural Reg

PLU 466 PLU 

— 

Plums.—Explanation of Abbreviations 

p purple. Size.— l large ; m medium. 

Apricot plum 

*Bingham's Egg . 

*Boimar's Washington 

*Bleeker's Red 

Blue Gage . 

*Brevoort's Purple 

*Bleeker's Gage . 

Coe's Golden Drop 

*Cooper's Red American 

*Columbia 

Damson, Yellow 

Gage, Yellow 

*Gage, Scarlet 

*Gage, Schuyler's 

*Gage, Prince's Imperia 

Goliah . 

*Huling's Superb . 

*Jefferson 

Red Magnum Bonum 

White Magnum Bonum 

Morocco Plum 

Nectarine Plum 

Orleans, Red 

Orleans, Early 

Prune, German 

VerpLanck's Purple 

* American Seedlings of acknowledged merit 

• 

COLOUR. 

Colour— y yellow; b blue ; r red ;

CoE's Golden Drop, r/ Hooker, Lindlay, 

and others.—Coe's Imperial, Coe's 

Seedling, &c. (Fig. 132.) " Mr. Coe, 

a market gardener of Norfolk, England, 

who raised this plum, has perpetuated 

his name by association with it. Many 

varieties have been subsequently produced, 

but few of them have as high 

claims to regard, as the Golden Drop— 

indeed it has been pronounced superior 

to anv late plum cultivated in Britain. 

" The fruit is of extra large size, 

rich, and in the opinion of competent 

judges, not inferior to the celebrated 

Green Gage, to approach which in 

quality, is usually deemed high merit. 

Skin greenish yellow, spotted on the 

sunny side with violet and crimson. 

Flesh firm, adhering to the stone. The 

tree is of vigorous habit, and has proved 

well suited to the middle States." 

— 

Rural Reg. 

Imperial Gage, (Prmfc's Imperial.) 

(Fig. 133.) " This is a seedling from 

the Green Gage, raised by the late Mr. 

Prince, of Flushing, New York, and 

has received much praise. The tree is 

of robust habit; fruit larger than the 

Green Gage, and of good quality. Ken- 

rick cites a single tree at Charlestown, 

Mass., the frnit of which, for several 

successive years, sold for iÂO to $50. 

Downing says it is particularly fitted for 

light dry soils, and that on heavy lands 

it is often insipid. 

" Skin light green, when fully matured 

inclining to yellow, with a profusion 

of bloom. Flesh green, and of a 

sprightly flavour. Ripens at Philadelphia 

late in August. It is a liberal 

bearer, and may be safely recommended 

as a desirable variety." 

Fig. 134. 

— 

Rural Reg. 

Green Gage, of the English and 

American gardens. (Fiir. 134.) There 

is no plum better known (and none 

more worthy of being known) than the 

Green Gage, which derived its name

— 

PLU 468 PLU 

from a family of the name of Gage who the best plum known in England. The 

obtained it in France, where it is popu- size is below medium. Skin green, 

lariy termed the Reine Claude, (or inclining to yellow when fully ripe, and 

Queen Claude,) after the wife of Francis occasionally marbled with red. Ripe 

I. Those qualified to give an opinion j 

on the subject, have declared it to be 

Fig. 135 

.Teffebson. (Fig. 135.) This escel- 

Iciit variety is the product of the late 

Judge Buel of Albany, so long and so 

favourably associated with the " Cultivator." 

Mr. Downing, whose opinion 

lias great weight with us, says, if he 

were asked which he thought' the most 

desirable and the most beautiful of all 

dessert plums, he should undoubtedly 

give the name of this new variety. He 

thinks it, when fully ripe, nearly if not 

quite equal in flavour to the Green Gage 

— '-it is as large as the Washington, 

more richly and deeply coloured, being 

dark yellow, uniformly and handsomely 

marked with a fine ruddy cheek. It is 

about ten days or a fortnight later than 

the Washington, ripening the last of August, 

when it has the rare quality of hang- 

ing long on the tree, gradually improving 

in flavour." "Fruits of America.'- 

Magnum Bonum, (Yellow Egg.) (Fig. 

middle of August, 

1 36.) These are the two popular names 

for a variety very generally cultivated 

in France and England, and known to 

a considerable extent in the gardens of 

our sea-board. It is an attractive variety, 

and though by no means equal in point 

of quality to many less prepossessing, 

is nevertheless in high repute. Skin 

yellow. Flesh closely united to the 

stone, sub-acid until dead ripe, when 

the flavour is highest. It is an excellent 

preserving plum—its large size 

adding to its merit in that particular. 

Propagation by Seed.—This mode is 

adopted for raising stocks and new 

varieties. For the latter purpose crossimpregnation 

has been successively 

pursued, attention being paid to the 

suggestions oflêred under the title Hybridizing. 

Sow in October, in rich 

light loam, in drills twelve inches apart 

and two inches deep, when two-year

PLU 469 PLU 

old buds may be taken from them and which would be destroyed by sliorteninserted 

on older trees early, to ascer- So that, after haviiirr shortened 

tain the value of the fruit. At two years the first and second year's shoots occaold 

they are also fit to be stocks for sionally as above, and thereby procured 

budding or graftin 

Grafting and Budding.—The former 

is to be done in July or March, and the 

latter in July or August. 

Suckers.— Damsons and bullaces are 

usually raised in this mode, without 

grafting or budding 

— — 

a proper set of lower horizontals, to 

give the head its first form, let the 

whole then be trained in entire, about 

four, five, or six inches asunder; and, 

according as the trees shoot every summer, 

train in a necessary supply of the 

regular shoots to fill the wall, &c.; at 

| 

Layers of the young wood may be 

made at any time between November 

the same time retrench superfluities and 

irregular wood—still at full length ;it 

and March. In twelve months they are 

established, and maybe separated from 

the above distance. For all plums bear 

principally upon spurs half an inch or 

the parent. an inch long, arising from the sides of 

" Planting and Culture.—The season the branches, from one or two to many 

for planting all the sorts of plum-trees, years old. When trained, always at 

' 

; 

' 

or , 

is anytime in open weather, from the full length; but, if shortened,' they 

fall of the leaf until the approach ofl would throw out a multiplicity of nscvegetation 

in spring 

" The trees of all the varieties will 

succeed in any common soil, and in any 

less wood, and hardly any fruit-spnrs. 

" The wall and espalier plum-trees 

should be pruned every summer and 

open exposure. 

generally have 

Those for walls should 

an east or southwest 

winter. 

" Standard plum-trees may be trained 

wall for some of the choicest sorts ; and both as full standards and half-standsome 

may also be planted against a ards, budding or grafting the former 

north wall, to furnish some late fruit; six feet high, and the latter only three 

and those for espaliers may be planted 

• 

j 

four; or both kinds may be worked 

around any of the open quarters, as low in the stock, and the first shoot 

may also the standards. 

" Plant the wall and espalier trees 

trained to those heights for a stem, 

then let them branch away and form a 

eighteen feet distance; though if the head. These standards may be planted 

walls, &c., are rather low, twenty feet both in the garden and orchard, at from 

distance will be requisite, that, in de- about twenty to thirty feet distance." 

fault of a proper height of walling, there Abercrombie. 

may be more scope to train the branches Forcing.—To obtain an early crop, 

liorizontally. If the trees thus planted in March or April, trees planted in 

are quite young, being only of one 

year's shoot from the grafting or bud- 

large tubs are to be preferred ; but for 

the general crop, in May or June, the 

ding, they should, in March, be headed 

down to four or five eyes, to force out 

lower horizontals in the ensuing sum- 

trees are best planted in the borders of 

the stove. Mr. Loudon says that 

mer, which, according as they advance 

in length, train them in horizontally at 

: 

\ 

" For a crop to ripen in the second 

week in May, the house must be covered 

in early in January, commencing 

full length, unless you would forward a with a temperature of 42^ of Fahrenheit 

further supply of lower branches as fast for the first fortnight; after which the 

as possible, when you may pinch the heat may be gradually raised to .52', at 

young shoot, in May, down to a few which it may continue until the flowers 

eyes. Each will throw out several late- make their appearance. During this 

rals the same year, which train also time frequent changes of air must be 

horizontally at full length during the admitted to strengthen the bloom ; and 

summer's growth; and in winter pruning the crop will be rendered more certain 

cut not only any fore-right and back 

shoots, but train in all the regular ones 

at full length ; for the branches of these 

trees must be shortened only occasionally, 

to procure wood to fill vacancies; 

by keeping the trees in blossom, as long 

as possible, by ligJit shading where necessary; 

and when the petals begin to 

fall, gentle dews may be raised from the 

surface of the mould. As the fruit 

because the branches always form fruit forms, the thermometer should be raised 

spurs first towards their extreme parts, to 5S'^. This must be done gradually,

PLU 470 PO I 

as the consequence of a rapid rise may 

be a casting of the fruit. During the 

progress of shooting great care must he 

taken against sudden variations of the 

temperature, water very sparingly used, 

and every check, by fumigation, be 

given to the various insects, which will 

be particularly active at this period. 

" When the fruit is safely stoned, a 

moderate dressing of rotten manure 

may be spread on the surface of the 

mould, the heat increased to CS*^, and 

a more liberal supply of water given. 

" After the fruit has obtained a full 

house evergreen shrub. Young cuttings. 


PODOSPERMUM. Nine species. 

Hardy herbaceous, biennial, and annual. 

The first is increased by division, 

and all by seed. Common soil. 

PffiCILOCAMPA populi. December 

Moth, is found in this month in orchards 

sticking against the trunks of trees. 

The wings are about an inch and a 

quarter broad, and of a chestnut brown 

in colour: on the upper pair there is a 

pair of incurved bands, and a wavy one 

near the centre ; 

i 

! 

the wings have also a 

size, and approaches maturity, air may grayish or brownish fringe. The lower 

be freely admitted, and water should pair are brown. The caterpillar is 

be given in less quantities, and finally ashy gray at the sides, and rather dark- 

er on the back, and it has four red 

discontinued a few days before gather- j 

ing." 

— 

Enc. Gard. 

PLUMBAGO. Eleven species. 

Some hardy herbaceous, others stove 

and green-house evergreen shrubs and 

climbers. P. capensis produces a good 

effect when plunged or planted out on 

a rich border during summer. P. rhombifolia 

is a stove annual ; this is propa- 

— 

spots on each segment ; at first these 

caterpillars are gregarious, under a 

silken tent, from which they issue at 

night to feed, but after a little time they 

become solitary. They feed on various 

kinds of fruit trees in the early part of 

the summer, and when full grown, they 

spin a silken case in which they change 

I 

, 

gated by seed, the others by cuttings, the pups. The December Moth is not 

and all in common soil 

one of the most injurious to fruit trees, 

PLUMIERIA. Twenty-two species. but still, in localities where it is found 

Stove evergreen shrubs and trees. in tolerable abundance, the caterpillars 

Large cuttings, slightly dried. Sandy do considerable damage to the leaves. 

ioam, and a little peat. 

POCOCKIA cretica. Hardy annual. 


PODALYRIA. Thirteen species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, Cut- 

Hand picking when the caterpillars are 

living in society, is the best means of 

diminishing them. Gard. Chron. 

POET'S CASSIA. Osyris. 

POGONIA. Three species. Hardy 

tmgs. Sandy loam and peat. 

PODANTHE. Seven species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in spring, 

orchids. Offsets. Sandy peat. 

POGOSTEMON plectranthoides. 

Stove evergreen shrub. Young cut- 

slightly dried. Sandy loam and lime 

rubbish. 

PODANTHUS mitiqui. Hardy evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Loam and peat. 

POD-FERN. Ellobocarpus. 

POD CARPUS. Eleven spetings. 

Rich sandy loam. 

POINCL\NA. Five species. Stove 



POINSETTIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of previcies. 

Green-house and stove evergreen ous year's shoots, slightly dried. Rich 

trees. P. chinensis, P.macrophyllus, P. 

nurifer, and P. verticillatus, are quite 

hardy, if grown in a light-soiled border, 

sheltered from the north and east, and 

sandy loam. Of these plants the most 

beautiful is P. pulcherrina. On the 

cultivation of this we have the foUow- 

ing directions from Mr. W. Tillery, the 

well drained. Cuttings Light loam, gardener at Welbeck ; 

and a little peat. 

" Raise the plants from single eyes, 

PODOLEPIS. Five species. Hardy (like vines,) from the hard ripened wood 

herbaceous. Seed and division. Sandy of last year, and re-pot them in sandy 


PODOLOBIUM. Five species. 

loam and leaf-mould ; keeping them in 

a cucumber-frame, and then in a low 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. P. stove, as near the glass as possible. 

scandens is a climber. Young cuttings. They do pretty near the glass and not 


drawn, and then put into the stove in 

September, watering freely when in 

PODOPTERUS riiexicanus. Green- ,

PO I 471 POI 

flower. Old plants that have been cut that pruning knives and hands washed 

| 

down, never have the flora! leaves as in a tank after they have been emlarge 

as a young plant raised from eyes ployed upon some of the exotics, will 

or cuttings with one stem. 

destroy the fish it contains. Hippo- 

The following additional instructions mane bigiandulosa, the Manchineel, 

are given by Mr. D. Beaton, gardener the Tanghin, Sapium laurocerasus, and 

to Sir W. Middleton, at Shrubland :— Cainocladia dentata, are equally dele- 

" As an additional means of improvterious to man. Gardeners who have 

ing the size of the flowers, a strong merely rubbed the leaves of the latter 

healthy plant, not less than two years between their fingers, have had swol- 

old, should be kept to propagate from len bodies and temporary blindness. 

bv eves. This plant should be kept in Wounds from pruning knives smeared 

the stove all summer, encouraged dur- with the juices of such plants, are like 

inc its growth by all safe stimuli, and those from poisoned arrows. 

ha've onfy two or three of its strongest POISONS. Soils containing obnoxshoots 

allowed to remain. When these ious ingredients are certain introducers 

shoots have nearly done growing, cut of disease and premature death. An 

otr their tops, that'the plant may throw excess of oxide of iron, as when the 

all the strength of its vital energies into roots of the apple and pear get into an 

those eyes destined for your next year's irony red gravelly subsoil, always causes 

plants. canker to supervene. In the neighbour- 

When the young wood ripens, al- hood of copper-smelting furnaces, not 

low the plant to go gradually to rest, only are cattle subjected to swollen 

and when you cease watering it, place joints and other unusual diseases, cansit 

in a dry "part of the stove; should it ing decrepitude and death, but the 

offer to vegetate too soon in spring, plants also around are subject to sudreniove 

it to a dry place in the greenden visitations, to irregular growths, 

house to keep it back. About the be- and to unwarned destruction; and a 

ginning or middle of April will be quite crop once vigorous will suddenly j.vith- 

, 

er as if swept over by a blast. There 

time enoush to begin to propagate it 

At that time take the most prominent 

eyes from the ripest portion of the 

branches. 

Cut the old plant down to the form- 

is no doubt of this arising from the salts 

of copper, which impregnate the soil 

irregularly, as the winds may have 

borne them sublimed from the furnaces, 

er year's wood, shake off" all the soil and the experiments of Sennebier have 

from its roots, cut away all decayed shown that of all salts those of copper 

roots, and shorten the strongest ones; are the most fatal to plants. That they 

repot it in as small a pot as you can put can be poisoned, and by many of those 

, 

its roots into, and place it in bottom substances, narcotic as well as corro- 

heat; treat it with due care as in the sive, which are fiital to animals, has 

former season, and for the same pur- been shown by the experiments of M. 

pose."— Gnrd. Chron. 

F. Marcet. 

Aphelandra cristata maybe managed The metallic poisons being absorbed, 

the same wav, and no plant will more are conveyed to the different parts of 

amply repay the care and attention be- the plant, and alter or destroy its tissue. 

stowed on it. 

The vegetable poisons, such as opium, 

POIRETIA srandenit. Stove ever- strychnia, prussic acid, belladonna, algreen 

climber. Young cuttings. Loam cotiol, and oxalic acid, which act fatally 

and peat. 

upon the nervous system of animals. 

POISON-BULB. Brunsvigia toxica- also cause the death of plants. 

ria, and Crinum a.iiaticum. The poisonous substance is absorbed 

POISON-NUT. Strychnos mix into the plant's system, and proves invomica. 

jurious when merely applied to its 

POISON-OAK. Rhus toxicodendron, liranchfta or stem, almost as much as 

POISONOUS PLANTS. Gardeners if placed in contact with the roots, 

should be much more careful than they Ulcerations and canker are exasperated 

usually are in bandlinsi the plants they if lime be put upon the wounds, and 

cultivate, for many of them have deadly when Dr. Hales made a golden rennet 

qualities. M. Neumann, chief gardener apple absorb a quart of camphorated 

of the Paris Jardin des Plantes, says spirits of wine through one of its

— 

— 

PO I 472 POL 

brandies, one-ha]f of the tree was de- Nicholson's Ranger. 

stroyed. Princ. of Gardening. 

POIVREA. Six species. Stove 

Nonsuch. 

King. 

evergreen climbers. Young cuttings. Sir Sidney Smith. 


Telegraph (Head's). 

POLANISIA. Five species. Hardy Turner's Emperor Buonaparte. 

annuals. Seed. Sheltered, light rich 

Princess. 

loam. 

POLEMONIUM. Twelve species. 

Timm's 

gent. 

Defiance and Yorkshire Re- 

Hardy herbaceous. Division . Light Characteristics of Excellence, are 

loam. 

POLIANTHES. Tuberose Two 

thus enumerated by Dr. Lindiey 

species. Green-house bulbs, Bulbs 

imported. Sandy loam and leaf-mould. 

POLYANTHUS. Primula vulgaris, 

var. polyantha 

: 

j 

" The pip of the Polyanthus should 

be large, and the nearer the outline 

approaches a circle the better ; it 

should be free from any unevenness, 

A florist's flower much and lie perfectly flat; the edge must be 

esteemed in England ; in the United smooth, and the divisions in the corolla, 

States but little attention has been paid which form it into heart-shaped seg- 

to it. 

Varieties. — Mr. Slater, florist, of 

ments, should reach the eye but not 

cut into it. The segments should be 

Manchester, gives the following lists: well rounded, making the divisions between 

them small and shallow. The 

FIRST CLASS. 

tube must be of a fine yellow, round, 

Barrow's Dutchess of Sutherland. 

clearly defined, well filled with an- 

Buck's George the P'ourth. 

thers, and terminating in a narrow 

Bullock's Lancer. 

ridge raised slightly above the surface 

Clegg's Lord 

Canning. 

Crewe, alias George of the eye. 

" The eye should be of a bright rich 

Collier's Princess Royal. 

yellow colour, of a uniform width 

Cox's Regent. 

round the tube. The ground colour 

Crownshaw's Invincible. 

must be entire, free from specks or 

Eckersley's Jolly Dragoon. 

blemishes, of a dark or rich crimson, 

Gibbon's Sovereign. 

not paler at the edges, and uniform in 

General Bolivar. 

every division. The edge should form 

Gond's Independent. 

a narrow well defined riin of yellow, 

Hetcher's Defiance. 

perfectly regular, bordering each seg- 

Hilton's President. 

ment, and passing down the centre of 

Hufton's Earl Grey, alias Clegg's Lord 

John Russell. 

Hufton's Lord Rancliffe, alias Clegg's 

each division to the eye. 

" It is essential that the edge and 

the eye be of a uniform yellow. These 

Prince of Orange, and Clegg's Golden qualities in the pips, and the flowers 

Hero. 

forming a compact truss, standing well 

Hufton's Lord Lincoln. 

above the foliage on a firm upright 

Maude's Beauty of England. 

stem, will constitute perfection in the 

Nicholson's Bang Europe. 

Ollier's Beauty of Over. 

Pearson's Alexander. 

Saunders's Cheshire Favourite. 

Wood's Espartero. 

polyanthus." Card. Cliron. 

SECOND CLASS. 

Beauty of Coven. 

Buckley's Squire Starkie. 

Burnard's Formosa. 

Dew's Britannia. 

Faulkner's Black Prince. 

Fillingham's Tantarara. 

Queen's Earl Fitzvvilliam. 

Hepworth's Elizabeth. 

Jolly Sailor. 

— 

— 

Propagation by Seed.— Dr. Lindiey 

says, " during February sow in pots in 

a light and moderately rich soil, and 

give the seed, when sown, a slight 

covering of sifted soil ; the pans should 

then be placed under hand-glasses. It 

is better to raise them without bottomheat, 

as the young plants are apt to 

damp off". As soon as the seeds begin 

to vegetate, air should be given ; and 

as they increase in size, care must be 

taken to keep away slugs. When the 

sun has much power, it will be advisable 

to remove the pans to an east or 

north aspect, to prevent them from be-

— 

POL 473 PON 

coming too dry. In August they will 

be ready for transplanting." — Card. 

should occasionally be sprinkled over 

Chron. 

General Culture.—This is detailed 

by that most successful floriculturist, 

Dr. Horner, of Hull, and from his directions 

are taken the following extracts 

: 

the foliage (avoiding the flowers) ; and 

the smaller and central pips should be 

thinned out, that the truss or umbel of 

flowers may have a 

crowded appearance. 

uniform and un- 

When the bloom 

is over, the plants should be turned out 

" Situation and Soil.—A free and 

of their pots into the border from 

whence they were taken ; here they 

pure air is necessary for its vigorous must remain without further care, ex- 

growth. It should alway be grown in cept an occasional watering, till the 

a bed or open border, and in one which end of July, when they should be taken 

has an eastern aspect. It is most im- up, the soil crumbled from their roots, 

patient of heat and drought, but de- and those which present two or more 

lights in a cool, or rather moist and heads divided gently with the fingers, 

shaded locality, where it can enjoy and prepared and planted as before de- 

about two hours of the morning sun. It 

thrives best in a retentive soii from a 

scribed." Card. Chron. 

P O L Y B O T R Y A. Three species. 

rich old pasture, to which has been Stove ferns. Division and seed. Sandy 

added about the sixth part of cow 

manure, two or three years old, and 

peat and turf. 

POLYGALA. Forty-four species. 

the same quantity of leaf-mould. The Herbaceous, shrubby, and annual. All 

natural soil of the garden should be hardy or green-house, except the stove 

dug out to the depth of a foot, and the annuals, P.pnniculata and P. umhellata. 

space filled up with the above, three Division, cuttings or seed. Sandy peat 

months previously to planting them, 

that the bed may have become settled 

and a little loam. 

POLYGONATUM. Thirteen species. 

before it is required for the plants. 

" Planting.—The proper time is at 

Hardy herbaceous. Seed and division. 


POLYGONUM. Forty-eight species. 

I 

i 

the end of July, not later. Shorten the 

main or tap-root, as it is called, to Chiefly hardy herbaceous or annual 

wiihin about half an inch of the leaves, plants, some being aquatics and trailers, 

that a few of the vigorous young fibrous A few require the shelter of the greenroots 

only may he retained ; with a 

small trowel make a hole in the soil 

surticiently deep that the plant may 

house. Seed and division. Light rich 

loam. 

POLYPODIUM. Sixty-six species, 

have the very crown of the main root Chiefly stove ferns. Division and seed. 

covered at least one inch with the soil 

" It is of the utmost importance that 

| 

] 

the polyanthus should be thus deep 

set; for the young roots always emanate 

from the very top of the main 

root, and throw themselves out for the 

most part, if a somewhat curved or horizontal 

method of planting is adopted. 

ILiving well watered the bed, the 

plants require no more care whatever, 

; 

— 

Light loam and peat. 

POLYPODY. Polypodium. 

POLYPTERIS integrifolia. Hardy 

annual. Seed. Light rich loam. 

POLYSPORA axillaris. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Unripe cuttings. Light 


] 

j 

POLYSTACHYA. Seven species. 

Stove epiphytes. Division. Wood and 

except being kept clean. They should moss. 

be lel\ entirely without covering or pro- POMADERRIS. Sixteen species. 

tection in the winter. 


"Blooming, i^c. — In spring, just cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

when the pips are about to expand, if POMAX hirta. Green-house ever- 

wanted for the purpose of exhibition, green shrub. Cuttings. Sandy peat and 

or to ornament the stage or cool greenhouse, 

they may be taken up with a 

loam, 

POMBALIA ;7!//>a. Stove herbaceous, 

moderately-sized ball of earth, and put Seed and young cuttings. Sandy loam 

into common auricula pots, for they and peat. 

bear this removal without the slightest: POMEGRANATE. Punica. 

injury or apparent check. 

now be supplied rather 

Water must 

freely, and 

POMl'lOX. See Gourd. 

P t) N C E L E T I A sprengeiloides.

PON 474 PON 

Green-house evergreen shrub. Young 


PONDS, are reservoirs of water dug 

out of the soil, and made retentive by 

puddling with clay their bottoms and 

sides. 

Puddling is necessary in almost all 

and marked out, it will then be necessary 

to form a second or outer mark, 

indicating the space required for the 

wall or side puddle, and about three 

feet is the proper space to allow for 

this—the puddle requiring about two 

feet, and the facing which requires to 

} 

t 

I 

I 

instances and the mode of proceeding be laid upon the puddle ought to be 

is thus detailed by Mr. Marnock, in the about a foot more, making together 

United Gardeners'' Journal. When the three feet. Ponds may be made very 

excavacation is formed, or partially so, ornamental, and for suitable suggestions 

the bottom puddle near the outer edge 

is formed, and upon this is raised the 

on this point, see Water. 

PONGAMIA. Four species. Stove 

upright or side puddle ; and as this evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy 

proceeds the ordinary clay or earth is 

raised at the same time, and by this 


PONTEDERA. Seven species. 

means the upright puddle is retained in Stove aquatics, except the hardy P. 

its place ; and ultimately the sides, being ccErulea. Division. Rich light loam 

formed in a sloping direction, admit of 

being covered with gravel or sand, and 

in water. 

PONTHIEVA. Two species. Stove 

may be walked upon, or stakes may be orchids. Division. Sundy loam and 

driven to a considerable depth without 

reaching the puddle or in any way in- 

peat. 

PONTIA. A genus of butterflies of 

juring it; this can never be the case if which the following one is most obthe 

puddle, as is sometimes done, be noxious to the gardener:laid 

upon the sloping side of the pond P. hrassicie, the large white cabbage 

The sides may slope rapidly, or the reverse 

: if the slope be considerable, 

butterfly is thus described by Mr. Kollar 

sand or gravel to give a clean appearance 

will be the more likely to be retained 

upon the facing; plants can be 

more easily fixed and cultivated; goldfish 

also find in these shallow gravelly 

parts under the leaves of the plants 

suitable places to deposit their spawn, 

and without this they are seldom found 

to breed. Ponds made in this way may 

be of any convenient size, from a couple 

of yards upwards to as many acres. 

The following is the section of a pond 

Fig. 137. 

:— " The wings are white ; the upper 

wings with broad black tips, and 

the female has two black spots on the 

middle. The under side of the under 

wings is light yellow. Breadth, when 

expanded, two inches. It appears from 

May to October. The caterpillar is 

bluish-green, thinly haired, and sprinkled 

with black dots, having a yellow 

stripe on the back, and the same on the 

sides. These caterpillars are found, 

throughout the summer and autumn, 

on all the sorts of cabbage, on horseradish, 

radishes, mustard, and similar 

plants, as well as on water -cresses. 

The pupae are yellowish-green, with 

black dots, with a point on the head, 

and five on the back. The best way to 

destroy them is picking off and killing 

the caterpillars, as well as the pupa;, 

as far as it is possible; the latter are 

found attached to adjacent trees, hedges, 

and walls. But care must be taken not 

to destroy those pupa; which have a 

brown appearance; because they are 

thus formed : a indicates the surface of full of the larva! of ichneumons, and 

the ground at the edge of the water; other allied parasites, which are the 

\ 

b, the puddle ; c, the facing to preserve great scourge of these caterpillars." 

the puddle from injury ; d, the water; Kollar. 

P. rapm Small White Cabbage Butordinary 

bottom. When a small pond terfly. The following extracts are from 

i 

of this kind is to be made, and the ex- the same good authority 1 :— 

c, the surface of the latter ; and /, the ! 

ordinary bottom. When a small pond 

of this kind is to be made, and the ex- " This But- 

1 

tent of the surface is determined upon i 

— 

terfly resembles the foregoing, but is

— 

POP 475 POT 

— — 

I Seedling, 

one half smaller ; antl the black tinjie best ; Soden's Early Oxford; Fox's 

at the points of the nper wini^s is faint- 

perhaps the best; Early 

er, and not visible on the outer edge. INIaniy; Karly Mule. 

| 

' 

The time of appearance is the same as; Earliest for general cultivation : 

of the former. 

" The caterpillar is of a dull green, 

Early Kidney; Nonsuch ; Early Shaw; 

Gold Finder ; Taylor's F'orty-fold. 

with fine white minute hairs, a yellow For main crops, the varieties are 

stripe on the back, and vellow spots on ranged in this class, according to their 

the sides, on a pale ground. In some forwardness in ripening : 

years it is very injurious to the cabbage 

and turnip plants; it also infests the 

mignionette, which it strips entirely of 

its leaves. It is very difficult to be discovered 

from its colour. The pupa is 

yellowish or greenish-gray, with three 

Early Champion; Leathercoat ; Ox 

Noble ; Red Nose Kidney, very good ; 

Large Kidney ; Irish Cup ; Bread Fruit, 

the best; Red Streak, or Lancashire 

I'ink Eye; Black Skin; Purple; Red 

Apple; Rough Red.—All these are 

yellow stripes. Like the former kind, 

it is found attached to trees, hedges," 

English varieties. 

where we write, 

At Philadelphia, 

but two sorts are 

&c. KoUar. 

POPLAR. Populus. 

POPPY. Papaver. 

POPULUS. Poplar. Fifteen species. 

— 

extensively grown, viz., Mercer and 

Foxite; the former has had great popularity 

for both quality and product 

the latter, though not productive, is the 

I 

and many varieties. Hardy deciduous best we have ever seen grown in this 

trees. Cuttings and layers. Light loam, country. 

i 

I 

; 

; 

, 

| 

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] 

near flowing water. Soil and Situation.—No inhabitant of 

poll \y!Jivoluf)i lis. Stove evergreen the garden varies more in quality in 

twiner. Seed. Loam and peat. 

PORANTUER.\ ericifolia. Greendifferent 

gardens than the potato ; for a 

variety will have a strong unpleasant 

house evergreen shrub. Young cuttings, flavour in one soil, that has a sweet 


VOKhW.lX X hy^rometrira. Stove 

agreeable one in another. In a heavy 

wet soil, or a rank black loam, though 

evergreen shrub. Ripe cuttings, Loam the crop is often fine and abundant, it 

and peat. 

is scarcely ever palatable. Silicious 

PORTIIESIA. See Bombyx. 

PORTLANDIA. Two species, 

soils, even approaching to gravel. 

Stove though in these last the tubers are 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, Sandy usually corroded or scabby, are always 


PORTUGAL LAUREL. Cerasus luto 

be planted in preference to the above. 

A dry, friable, fresh, and moderately 

sitanica. This is a beautiful evergreen rich soil, is unquestionably the best for 

shrub, not sufficiently hardy to with- every variety of the potato ; andforthe 

stand the winters of the middle states— earliest crop, it may be with advantage 

farther south it would be highly useful more silicious than for the main ones, 

as a decoration to the garden and lawn The black-skinned and rough-red, 

during winter. thrive better than any other in moist 

PORTULACA. Purslane. Fifteen strong cold soils, 

species. 

annuals. 

Stove, green-house, and hardv If manure is necessary, whatever 

Seed. Light loam. P. g-ranrfi- may be the one employed, it is better 

flora is a tuberous perennial, increased spread regularly over the surface preby 

offsets. See Purslane. vious to digging, than put into the holes 

PORTULACARIA afra. African with the sets, or spread in the trench 

Purslane Tree. Green-house evergreen vvhen they are so planted, 

shrub. Young cuttings. Sandy loam. Stable dung is perhaps the best of all 

well drained. 

POSOQUERIA. Two species. Stove 


factitious manures ; sea-weed is a very 

beneficial addition to the soil ; and so 

is salt, 

peat. 

POTATO. Solanum tuberosum 

Coal-ashes and sea-sand are applied 

I 

with great benefit to retentive soils. 

Varieties, for forcing or first crop, in 

the open ground 

The situation must always be open, 

:—Walnut-leaved Kid- Time and Modes of Propagation.— It 

ney, earliest ; Broughton Dwarf; Early is propagated in general by the tubers, 

though the shoots arising from thence. 

Warwick; Ash-leaved Kidney, white, |

POT 476 POT 

and layers of the stalks, may be employed. 

New varieties are raised from 

seed. 

Planting in the open ground must be 

earth near the fire. If the earth is kept 

moist, the crown-eye will be in a state 

of vegetation in five or six days. 

To obtain early crops, where tubers 

are rapidly formed, large sets must be 

done with reference to the latitude in 

which we live— in Pennsylvania, for in- employed. In these one or two eyes 

stance, those intended for the earliest at most should be allowed to remain. 

j 

crop may be planted in March; for a If the sets are placed with their lead- 

succession, in April ; and for the main ing buds upwards, few and very strong 

winter supply, in May. Formerly large 

crops were produced from plantations 

early stems will be produced; but, if 

the position is reversed, many weak 

made in July, but latterly they have not and later shoots will arise, and not only 

succeeded. 

Sets.—The next point for consideration 

is the preparation of the sets. Some 

the earliness but the quality of the produce 

be depreciated. For the earliest 

crops there are likewise several modes 

gardeners recommend the largest pota- ! of assisting the forward vegetation of 

the sets. These should be prepared 

I 

[ 

toes to be planted whole; others, that 

they be sliced into 

two or three eyes ; 

pieces containing by removing every eye but one or two ; 

a third set, to cut and being placed" in a layer in a wojm 

! 

the large tubers directly in half; a room, where air and light can be freely 

fourth, the employment of the shoots admitted, with a covering of straw, 

only, which are thrown out if potatoes they soon emit shoots, which must be 

and strengthened by exposure to the air and 

are kept in a warm damp situation ; 

a fifth, that merely the parings be employed. 

Cuttings of the stalks, five or 

six inches in length, or rooted suckers, 

will be productive, if planted during 

showery weather, in May or June ; and 

during this last month, or early in July, 

it may be propagated by layers, which 

are formed by pegging down the young 

stalks when about twelve inches long, 

they being covered three inches thick 

with mould at a joint. These three 

light as much as possible, by taking off 

the cover without injuring them. During 

cold weather, and at night, it must 

always be removed : the leaves soon 

become green and tolerably hardy. In 

early spring they are planted out, the 

leaves being left just above the surface, 

and a covering of litter afforded every 

night until the danger of frost is passed. 

The only modification of this plan 

that is adopted in Cheshire, where they 

are celebrated for the early production 

j 

! 

' 

! 

' 

] 

last modes are practised more fro 

curiosity than utility, whilst at the same of potatoes, is, that they employ chaff 

time, none of the first five mentioned or sand for a covering instead of straw, 

plans can be individually followed to Planting.—In garden culture the 

advantage without modification. For most preferable mode of inserting them 

the main crops, it is evident from ex- is with the dibble, in rows; for the 

periment that moderate sized whole early crops twelve inches apart each 

potatoes are the best, from which all 

but two eyes have been removed ; but 

especially having the crown, which is a 

way, and for the main ones eighteen 

inches. The sets should be placed six 

inches beneath the surface. The po- 

congery of small eyes, first removed ; 

for from these proceed little spindled 

tato-dibble is the best instrument that 

can be employed ; the earth being after 

stalks, which are comparatively worth wards raked or struck in with the spade, 

less, and injure the main stem. 

and the soil not trampled u[)on but 

For the early crops almost the very planted as sufficient is dug for receiving 

contrary to the above is the 

vantageous to be practised. 

most ad- 

The set 

a row. 

The compartment may be laid out 

should have the crown-eye, which is level and undivided if the soil is light 

one growing in the centre of the con but if heavy soil is necessarily emgery 

of small ones above mentioned, ployed, it is best disposed in beds six 

preserved. Some potatoes have two or eight feet wide. If the staple of the 

such eyes, but the generality only one. soil be good throughout, the alleys may 

This is 

getate, 

always the most prompt to ve- be two feet wide and dug deep, other- 

and if not known by this de- wise they must be made broader, and 

scription, may be evinced by placing only one spit taken out, the earth re- 

moved being employed to raise the 

iwo or three potatoes in a pan of moist ' 

;

POT 477 POT 

[ 

[ 

' 

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I 

: 

i 

i 

| 

' 

| 

1 

beds, which should not be more than dug round the heap, and well smootlifour 

parallel ridges, and the set8 in- ened with the back of the spade, 

sertcd along their summits. 

Hoeing.—As soon as the plants 

Potatoes should not be stored 

are perfectly dry, nor unless free 

until 

from 

well to be distinguished, they should be 

perfectly freed from weeds; and of the 

early crops the earth drawn round each 

plant, so as to form a cup as a shelter 

from the cold winds, which are their 

chief enemy at that season. But the 

main crops should not be earthed up, 

earth, refuse, and wounded tubers. It 

is a good practice to keep a hole open 

on four dilTerent sides of the heap, 

entirely through the earth and straw, 

for a week or two after the heap is 

formed ; for in proportion to its size it 

ajways ferments, and these orifices 

for earthing up diminishes the crop one allow the escape of the vapours and 

fourth. Throughout their growth they perfect the drying, 

should be kept perfectly clear of weeds. To raise Varieties.—A variety of the 

It is very injurious to mow off the potato is I generally considered to contops 

of the plants, as is sometimes re- tinue about fourteen years in perfection, 

commended. The foliage ought to be after which period it gradually loses its 

kept as uninjured as possible, unless, good qualities, becoming of inferior 

as sometimes occurs on fresh ground, llavour and unproductive; fresh vatlie 

plants are of gigantic luxuriance, rieties must, therefore, be occasionally 

and even then the stems should be only raised from seed. The berries, or apmoderately 

shortened. It is, however, pies, of the old stock, having hung in a 

of considerable advantage to remove warm room throughout the winter, the 

the fruit-stalks and immature flowers as seed must be obtained from them by 

soon as they appear, unless the 

are very luxuriant. A potato 

stems 

plant 

washing away the pulp during Februarv. 

This is thoroughly dried and kept until 

continues to form tubers until the .'\pril, and then sown in drills about 

flowers appear, after which it is em- half an inch deep and six inches apart, 

ployed in ripening those already formed, in a rich light soil. The plants are 

The very earliest crops will be in weeded, and earth drawn up to their 

production in July, or perhaps towards 

the end of June, and may thence be 

stems, when an inch in height: as soon 

as this has increased to three inches 

taken up as wanted until October, at they are moved into a similar soil, in 

the close of which month, or during rows, sixteen inches apart each way, 

November, they may be entirely dug up and during their future growth earthed 

and stored. In storing, the best mode up two or three times. Being finally 

is to place them in layers, alternately taken up, in the course of October, they 

with dry coal-ashes, in a shed. But a must be preserved until the following 

still belter plan, usually, is to allow spring, to be then replanted and treated 

them to remain where grown, moulding as for store crops, 

the rows over six inches deep, and Some gardeners sow in a moderate 

taking them up a week before wanted. 

The best instrument with which they 

hot-bed, very thin, in drills the same 

depth as above, and nine inches apart. 

can be dug up is a three-fiat-pronged Water is frequently and plentifully 

fork, each row being cleared regularly poured between the rows, and earth 

away. 

The tubers should be sorted at the 

drawn about the stems of the seedlings 

until they are a few inches in height. 

time of taking them up ; for, as the They are then transplanted into rows, 

largest keep the best, they alone should water given, and earthing performed as 

be stored, whilst the smaller ones are 

first made use of. The most common 

mode of preserving them, throughout 

usual. The only additional advantage 

of this plan is, that as the seed can be 

sown earlier, the tubers attain a rather 

the winter, is in heaps or clamps sometimes 

called pyeing. The heaps are 

larger size the first year. 

It is to be remarked, that the tubers 

laid in pyramidal form on a bed of straw, of every seedling should be kept sepa- 

and enveloped with a covering, six or rate, as scarcely two will be of a similar 

eight inches thick, of the same ma- habit and quality, whilst many will be 

terial, laid even as in thatching, and the comparatively worthless, and but few 

whole inclosed with earth, in a conical of particular excellence. If the seed 

form, a foot thick, taken from a trench is obtained from a red potato that flow-

POT 478 POT 

ered in the neigbourhood of a whitetubered 

variety, the seedlings, in all 

probability, will in part resemble both 

their parents ; but seldom or never does 

a seedling resemble exactly the original 

stock. At all events, only such should 

be preserved as are recommended by 

their superior earliness, size, flavour, or 

" 

fertility. 

The early varieties— if planted on 

little heaps of earth, with a stake in the 

middle, and when the plants are about 

four inches hisrh, being secured to the 

stakes with shreds and nails, and tlie 

earth washed away from the bases of 

the stems by means of a strong current 

of water, so that the fibrous roots only 

enter the soil—will blossom and perfect 

seed. 

Forcing.—The season for forcing is 

from the close of December to the 

middle of February, in a hot-bed, and 

at the close of this last month on a 

warm border, with the temporary shelter 

of a frame. The hot-bed is only required 

to produce a moderate heat. 

The earth should be six inches deep, 

and the sets planted in rows six or eight 

apart, as the tubers are not required 

to be large. The temperature ought 

never to sink below Go*^, nor rise above 

80°. 

The rank steam arising from fermenting 

dung is undoubtedly injurious to the 

roots of potatoes ; and to obviate this 

they may be planted in narrow beds, 

and the dung applied in trenches on 

each side ; or all the earth from an old 

cucumber or other hot-bed being removed, 

and an inch in depth of tVesh 

being added, put on the sets, and cover 

them with four inches of mould. At 

the end of five days the sides of the old 

dung may be cut away in an inward 

slanting direction, about fifteen inches 

from the perpendicular, and strong linings 

of hot dung applied. 

If the tubers are desired to be brought 

to maturity as speedily as possible, instead 

of being planted in the earth of 

the bed, each set should be placed in a 

pot about six inches in diameter; but 

the produce in pots is smaller. But 

young potatoes may be obtained in the 

winter, according to the following plan, 

without forcing :— 

Plant some late kinds, unsprouted, in 

a dry rich border, in July, and again in i 

August, in rows two feet apart. They 

will produce new potatoes in October, I 

and in succession until April, if covered 

with leaves or straw to exclude frost. 

If old potatoes are placed in dry earth, 

in a shed, during August, they will emit 

young tubers in December. 

Preparation of Sets for forcing.— 

They should be of the early varieties. 

To assist their forward vegetation, plant 

a single potato in each of the pots intended 

for forcing, during January. 

Then place in the ground, and protect 

with litter from the frost. This renders 

them very excitable by heat; and, consequently, 

when plunged in a hot-bed, 

they vegetate rapidly and generate tubers. 

The seed potatoes are equally 

assisted, and with less trouble, if placed 

in a cellar just in contact with each 

other, and as soon as the germs are 

four inches long, are removed to the 

hot-bed. 

Management.—More than one stem 

should never be allowed, otherwise the 

tubers are small, and not more numerous. 

Water must be given whenever the 

soil appears dry, and in quantity proportionate 

to the temperature of the air. 

Linings must be applied as the temperature 

declines; and air admitted as 

freely as the temperature of the atmosphere 

will allow. Coverings must be 

afforded with the same regard to temperature. 

From six to seven weeks usually 

elapse between the time of planting and 

the fitness of the tubers for use. The 

average produce from a light soil is 

about five pounds. 

There is another mode of obtaining 

young potatoes, during the winter, 

which is much practised on account of 

its facility; though, being produced 

without foliage, they are not so fine in 

flavour, are deficient in farina, and are 

otherwise inferior. Old potatoes often 

throw out from their sides young ones, 

early in the spring ; and of this habit 

advantage is taken in obtaining them 

still earlier. Some full-grown and ripe 

tubers, of the ox noble variety, that 

have no appearance of vegetating, must 

be laid alternately with layers of perfectly 

dry, rich, vegetable mould, four 

inches deep, in pans or boxes, until 

they are filled. These may be placed 

in a thoroughly dry shed, or on a shelf 

in the kitchen. If the layers are constructed 

in the corner of a shed or cel- 

lar, the produce will be equally good,

POT 479 POT 

though longer in coming to perfection, the ichor to the tubers. These sliould 

No foliaiie is proiliiced, the potatoes be taken up forthwith and clamped as 

soon are surrounded liy numerous joung recommended by Dr. Lindlev, witii a 

ones of moderate size. No water must layer of earth or sand alternating with 

ever be admitted on any account. No- each layer of potatoes, 

tice is to be taken that between three The disease seems to be the natural 

and four months elapse between the resultof an excessive degree of wet and 

ti(ne of forming the layers and the tit- cold at that period of closing growth 

ness of the produce for use. Thus if when all bulbs and tubers require an 

made early in September, the crop will increased degree of dryness and warmth, 

be ready in the course of December. If the hyacinth, or tulip, or dahlia are 

When they are examined, those that submitted to similar unpropitious conare 

lit may be taken oft', and the old tingencies, their bulbs or tubers simipotaloes 

replaced until the remainder larly decay. 

I it 

' 

, before. 

are ready. 

Potato Murrain. — By the above 

name was distinguished a moist gan- 

is not a new disease, for to a less 

extent it has been frequently noticed 

The best preservative of the 

grene which attacked very generally 

the potato crop of England late in the 

summer of the year 1845. July and 

tubers in such ungenial seasons is to 

take them up, to dry them perfectly, 

and then store them in a dry shed in 

dry coal ashes. 

Much has been written on this sub- 

August were unusually wet and cold 

and early in August there were sharp 

morning frosts. Immediately after, the 

stems began to decay; but the weather 

continuing wet, instead of their decay 

being dry, and attended with the usual 

phenomena of their reduction to mere 

woody fibre, the putrefaction was moist, 

and the smell attendant upon it precisely 

that evolved during the decay of dead 

potato haulm partly under water. The 

stem decayed whilst the fibres connecting 

the tubers with them were fresh 

and juicy — the putrefaction spread 

along these, the ichor being absorbed 

by their still energetic vessels, and 

passing into the still immature and unusually 

juicy tubers, imparted to them 

the gangrene; the infection first being apparent 

at the end nearest the connecting 

iibre, spreading gradually throughout 

the liber of the tuber, rendering it brown 

like a decayed apple, and lastly causing 

the decay of its interior portion. Previously 

to the final decay, the increased 

iect, and the newspapers here and in 

Europe have been tilled with speculations 

as to its duration, &c. The failure 

to a considerable extent of the crop of 

the present year, (1S46,) would indicate 

that the disease is not of such temporary 

character as had been hoped and predicted. 

If it continue all the old varieties 

must necessarily be abandoned, and 

reliance placed on new ones, raised 

from the seed proper; therefore, as a 

matter of |)recaution, we would recommend 

attention to that object. They 

are readily produced by carefully sowing 

the seed, and replanting the young 

tubers in successive seasons, until they 

attain full size. There is reason to hope 

such would be free from disease, or at 

any rate less liable to it, than the older 

varieties. 

POTATO or UNDER-GROUND 

ONION. Allium aggregatum. This 

s[)ecies of Allium has received the 

specific gravity of the potato was remarkable, 

amounting to one-third more above appellations, on account of its 

than that ofa healthy tuber—an increase producing a cluster ot bulbs or offsets, 

: 

caused by its greater amount of water. "' number from two to twelve, and even 

When boiled it became black; but when "lOf^, uniformly beneath the surface of 

i 

submitted to a dry heat of about SOO^, the soil. From being first introduced 

it rapidly lost moisture, and the pro- to public notice in Scotland by Captain 

gress of the ulceration was retarded, Burns of Edinburgh, it is there also 

if 

not entirely stopped. 

known as the Burn Onion. 

There can be no preventive for such Varieties.—There evidently appear to 

a disease as this—and the only chance be two varieties of this vegetable, one 

of saving the tubers is to mow off all of which bears bulbs on the s^^mmit of 

i 

the haulms close to the ground the its stems, like the tree onion, and the 

i 

moment infection is apparent in them. other never throwing up flower stems 

| 

This might prevent the circulation ofiatall. One variety is much larger than

POT 480 POT 

the other, and this vegetates again as 

soon as ripe. 

Both varieties are best propagated 

by offsets of the root of moderate size, 

for if those are employed which the one 

variety produces on the summit of its 

stems, they seldom do more than increase 

in size the first year, but are pro- 

Poterium Sanguisorba. Small, or 

Upland Burnet. Used in cool tankards, 

soups, and salads. 

Soil and Situation.—It delights in a 

dry, poor soil, abounding in calcareous 

matter ; 

any light compartment that has 

an open exposure, therefore, may be 

allotted to it, the only beneficial addi 

! 

i 

I 

| 

' 

' 

, 

lific the next ; this also occurs if very tion that can be applied being bricksmall 

offsets of the root are employed. layers' rubbish or fragments of chalk. 

Planting. — They may be planted A small bed will be sufficient for the 

during October or November, or as ear- supply of a family. 

]y in the spring as the season will allow, Propagation is either by seed, or by 

but not later than April. They are slips and partings of the roots. The 

either to be inserted in drills, or by seed may be sown towards the close of 

a blunt dibble, eight inches apart each February, if open weather, and thence 

I 

way, not buried entirely, but the top of until the close of May; but the best 

the offset just level with the surface, time is in autumn, as soon as it is ripe; 

Mr. Maher, gardener at Arundle Castle, I for, if kept until the spring, it will often 

merely places the sets on the surface 

covering them with leaf-mould, rotten 

dung, or other light compost. The beds 

they are grown in are better not more 

than four feet wide, for the convenience 

of cultivation. 

Cultivation. — The only cultivation 

required is to keep them clear of weeds. 

fail entirely, or lie in the ground until 

the same season of the following year, 

without vegetating. Insert in drills, 

six inches apart, thin, and not buried 

more than half an inch. The plants 

must he kept thoroughly clear of weeds 

throughout their growth. When two 

or ihrce inches high, thin to six inches 

The practice of earthing the mould over apart, and those removed place in rows 

j 

them when the stems have grown up is', at the same distance, in a poor, shady 

i 

| 

unnatural, and by so doing the bulbs border, water being given occasionally 

are blanched and prevented ripening until they have taken root, after which 

perfectly, on which so much depends, they will require no further attention 

their keeping. So far from following until the autumn, when they must be 

this plan, Mr. Wedgewood, of Betley, 

recommends the earth always to be 

removed to their final 

a foot apart. When 

station, in rows 

of established 

cleared away down to the ring from 

whence the fibres spring, as soon as 

growth, the only attention requisite is 

to cut down their stems occasionally in 

the leaves have attained their full size summer, to promote the production of 

and begin to be brown at the top, so young shoots, and in autumn to have 

that a kind of basin is formed round the the decayed stems and shoots cleared 

bulb. As soon as they vegetate, they away. 

intimate the number of offsetts that will If propagated by partings of the roots, 

be produced, by showin a shoot for the best time for practising it is in Sepeach. 

tember and October. They are planted 

I 

They attain their full growth towards at once where they are to remain, and 

the end of July ; tor immediate use they only require occasional watering until 

may be taken up as they ripen, but for established. The other parts of their 

keepiVig, a little before they attain per- cultivation are as for those raised from 

fect maturity, which is demonstrated by seed. 

the same symptoms as were mentioned To obtain Seed some of the plants 

in speaking of the onion. 

POTENTILLA. One hundred and 

must be left ungathered from, and allowed 

to shoot up early in the summer; 

sixteen species. Hardy herbaceous, they flower in July, and ripen abund- 

except the green-house P. Vnieariloba. 

Seed and division. Light loam. 

POTERIUM. Burnet. Six species. 

ance of seed in the autumn. 

POT-HERBS. See Herhary. 

To Dry Pot-Herbs. — Though grow- 

Chiefly hj^dy herbaceous and shrubby. ing plants can bear an elevated tem- 

The latter are increased by young cutperature without injury, a very different 

tings, and the others by seed. Lights effect is produced upon them by even a 

rich loam. lower heat after they have been sepa-

— 

POT 481 POT 

rated from their roots. This has to be 

borne in mind in the drying of pot-herbs, 

which, though it is a process very simple 

and ver^ important for the winter 

cuisine that it should be conducted correctly, 

is usually more neglected and 

more thoughtlessly practised than any 

other in the varied range of the gardener's 

duties. To demonstrate this, v\ill 

only require to have pointed out how it 

ought to be managed. The flavour of 

almost every pot-herb arises from an 

essential oil which it secretes, and this 

being in the greatest abundance just 

previously to the opening of its flowers, 

that is the time which ought to 

be selected for gathering. Pot-herbs 

ought to be dried (juickly, because if 

left exposed to winds, much of the essential 

oil evaporates, and mouldiness 

occurring and long continuing destroys 

it altogether; for nearly every plant 

has its peculiar mucor, (mould,) the 

food of which is the characteristic oily 

secretion of the plant on which it vegetates. 

A dry brisk heat is therefore 

desirable ; and as the fruit store-room 

ought always to have a stove, and is 

' 

Mr. Errington has in his potting-shed 

twenty bins containing as follows :— 

1. Strong tenacious loam. 

2. Half-rotten leaf-mould. 

3. Heath soil. 

4. Horse manure. 

5. Cow manure. 

6. Charcoal wood-ashes. 

7. Fine bone manure. 

8. Sharp sand. 

9. Burnt turf of No. 1. 

10. Sphagnum, well scalded. 

11. Heath soil 

squares. 

of No. 3, in one inch 

12. Loam of No. 1, in one inch 

13. 

squares. 

One-inch mixed drainage. 

14. Two-inch mixed drainage. 

15. Mixed drainage, small. 

16. One-inch bottom-crocks. 

17. Two-incli bottom-crocks. 

IS. Three-inch bottom-crocks. 

19. Charcoal, large lumps. 

20. One-inch boiled bone for bottoms. 

Bin 1. {Strong Tenacious Loam.)— 

This is obtained from very old rest land, 

on a clayey or marly sub-soil ; the more 

rushes and old coarse grass it contains, 

the better it is for the potting-shed ; 

untenanted when herbs rocjuire drying, 

no other place can be more efficiently this is piled up in a sharp ridge out of 

employed for the purpose. The tem- doors, so as to exclude rain ; it should 

perature should be 90'', for if it exceeds 

this, the essential oils are apt to burst 

the integuments of the containing vessels 

and to escape. Forty-eight hours, 

if the heat is kept up steadily, are sufiicient 

to complete the process of drying. 

The leaves, in which alone the essential 

oils of pot-herbs reside, should then 

be carefully clipped with scissors, not 

crushed, from the stalks, and stored in 

be used for general purposes, when 

from six to twelve months old ; I house 

a smaller portion in the compost shed 

after being dried in the sun; and thif, 

I use for very particular purposes, such 

in fact as rc(juire, according to my estimation, 

lumps of turf in its native state, 

and for these purposes it is chopped into 

squares for bin 12. This loam is chopped 

down from a perpendicular facing. 

tightly corked wide-mouthed bottles, (like cutting hay,) when wanted for bin 

Each will thus preserve its peculiar l,and being somewhat mellow, a conaroma, 

not only through the winter, siderable portion of the mere soil falls 

but for years, and be infinitely superior out loose in the act of chopping. This 

to any specimens producible in the 

forcing department, for these are una- 

of Gardening. 

P O T H O S . Thirty-three species. 

Stove orchids. Division. Peat and 

loam. 

POT-MARIGOLD. Calendula 

officinalis. 

POTTING. Pots are the first consideration, 

and these are considered 

is rejected, and the masses of chopped 

j 

voidably deficient in flavour. 

turf alone fill bin 1. 

Princ. Bin. 2. {Half-rotten Leaf-mould.)— 

This is generally slightly mixed with 

rotten dung, as it is the worn out pit 

linings, which have generally 

dung blended with the leaves. 

a little 

By lying 

in the compost yard for a few 

months, the outside becomes mellowed 

down, and af\er shaking some of the 

finest out through a quarter of an inch 

under the title Flower Pot. 

Materials required.—These must not 

riddle, it is passed through a sieve of 

at least one inch in the mesh, and what 

be sifted, but the pebbles and rough comes through this is put into bin 2 

vegetable fibres be allowed to remain.: Bin 3. {Heath Soi/.)—Obtained from 

31

POT 482 POT 

Delamere Forest, in parts where the ! 

cover fresh sown seeds, where it is deheather 

is cut for making besoms. The sirable to insure a permanent moisture 

without frequent watering; it also pro- 

upper surface of this heath soil is com- ; 

| 

| 

, 

, 

, 

posed of heath leaves and moss, in a duces a darkness favourable to germiraw 

or half-decomposed state, and too nation. 

fresh for the purposes of potting ; but Bin 13. {One-inch Drainage termed 

beneath this, and in contact with the A'b. 1.)— This is composed of about 

gray sand, lies a flake of vegetable equal parts of boiled bone, charcoal, 

matter full of the roots of heather, pos- and pounded crocks, in lumps averaging 

sessing little sand, and compressed by an inch square, and intended to cover 

the rough crock placed over the hole of 

the weight of centuries. This, when I 

! 

divested of the dirty sand under it, and pots, from No. 32 to No. 16 of the Lonof 

the mossy and raw matter on the don sizes inclusive, 

surface, is put in bin 3, after being Bin 19. (^Charcoal in large lumps.)— 

half-dried. This is used to mix with the potsherds 

Bin 4. {Horse Manure, or Old Horse for orchidaceous plants, and when large 

Droppings.)—Obtain them before high masses are wanted for very large shifts, 

fermentation takes place, and ridge Bin 20. {One-inch boiled Bone.)— 

This is used after the manner of No. 19, 

them up in the compost yard , three feet I 

considered requisite. To the 

; 

! 

in width, three feet in height, and in- } 

stantly roof them over (to shut in 

when 

the above may be added old tan, riddled 

gases) with double turves, each over- particularly clean; to be intermixed 

i 

lapping the other: in this way a slight' with or placed over the drainage; for 

fermentation takes place, which, being such it answers exceedingly well, not- 

withstanding the prejudice against it. 

i 

; 

arrested, is beneficial. Rain is at all 

times excluded from this in the compost It is very well adapted for annuals in 

yard by the roofing. pots, a single crock with a handful or 

Bin 5. {Cow Manure.)— This is cow two of old tan over it, provides a safe 

droppings placed in a ridge, and roofed, 

similarly to the horse-dung, but allowed 

to remain to a much greater age ; in 

drainage for a season, and withal 

rooting medium.— Card. Chron. 

, 

\ 

| 

! 

] 

. 

I 

i 

j 

i 

^ 

1 

' 

I 

; 

, 

fact, when placed in Bin 

Care required.—A principal object to 

No. 5, it has be aimed at in potting is complete drainthe 

appearance of rich peat, being at! age, for nothing is more injurious to 

least two years old. most plants than stagnant water about 

Bin 6. {Wood Ashes and Charcoal.) their roots. The drainage is best ef- 

—Brush-wood at bottom, covered with fected by filling one-fourth the depth of 

all sorts of garden refuse, viz. cabbage the pot with the larger fragments of 

stalks, potato haulm, hedge clippings, bones and charcoal mixed in equal proand 

in fact weeds and rubbish of all portions; this and the pebbles, woody 

kinds, which, when about half-burned, fibres, &c., which are now allowed to 

are closed up with soils of any kind, remain in the soil, will remove from it 

and kept smouldering for days; when all superfluous water. Dryness in the 

the combustion is complete it is sub- centre of the ball of earth is another 

jected to a riddle of an inch mesh, and evil to be avoided. Though not usualwhat 

comes through is housed in a dry ly suspected, it occurs more often than 

state in this bin, the rest belongs to excess of wet, and deprives the roots 

bin 19. 

Bin 8. {Sharp 

. 

' ' 

. . 

of a large - 

proportion of their pasturage. 

Sand.)—Coarse river To prevent it, a small rod of iron should 

sand ; but every potting-shed should be be thrust through the earth around the 

furnished with two kinds, the one very stem occasionally, to allow the water 

coarse and the other very fine, both as 

sharp as they can be obtained ; the 

London propagating sand is an invaluable 

article. 

Bin 10. {Sphagnum, well scalded.)— 

This is chiefly for orchidaceous plants, 

and requires to be steeped in boiling 

water for some hours previously to being 

transferred to this bin, in order to 

destroy insects. It is also useful to 

poured upon the surface a freer entrance. 

Mr. Moore, to eflêct the same, 

says— " Whenever a plant (most particularly 

a valuable specimen plant) is 

repotted, either in its infancy or in its 

maturity, I would introduce a few sticks 

of charcoal perpendicularly into the 

pot; these should be long enough to 

extend from the bottom of the pot to 

the top of the soil ; about three might

POU 483 PRO 

i 

be placed at regular intervals, and they P. veris. Cowslip. 

should be as close to the roots, and as P. vulgaris. Primrose. | 

Of this there 

near to the centre of the pots as possi- are the following cultivated v;irieties: 

ble. Thus if a plant is shifted but Brimstone: Crimson; Hose-in-hose ; Li- 

once, it will be provided with some chan- ne; Purple; Scotch; Stemless White; 

nels for moisture, extending throughout White and Yellow. All the species 

the soil, and if it be frequently repotted, may be cultivated : like the Polyanthus. 

PRINCE, WILLIAM. The name of 

Prince is identified with American hor- 

I 

| 

the number of these channels may be 

increased. When these are once 

troduced into the soil they are perma- ticulture. Perhaps no man has done 

nent ; for being of material which is' more to gratify the taste of amateurs of 

! 

{ 

not subject to rapid decay, they willj flowers and fruit than the late William 

serve at least the lifetime of a plant, Prince, whose extensive | grounds at 

and by occasionally making use of a Flushing, New York, were the nursery 

simple siphon, a mere worsted thread,! of almost every vegetable calculated to 

in contact with moisture, a slow, mo- please the eye or palate. We regret 

derate, and constant supply of moisture that there is not within our reach the 

may be conveyed at pleasure to and 

through the centre of the soil, and the 

whole mass may thus be kept regularly 

and equably moistened." Gard. Chron. 

See One- Shift System. \ 

POUPARTIA. Three species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Ripe cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

POURRETIA 

herbaceous. P. 

— 

Five species. Stove 

magnispatha is an or- 

chid. Seed and suckers 

and peat. 

PRATIA. Three species 

house herbaceous. Seed and 


Sandy loam 

Greendivision. 

PREMNA. Four species. Stove 



P R E S L I A cervina. Hardy herbaceous. 

Division. Moist soil. 

PRESTONIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings. Sandy 


PRICKLY CEDAR. Cyatkodes oxycedrus. 

PRIESTLEYA. Fourteen species. 



PRIMROSE. Primula vulgaris. 

PRIMULA. Forty-nine species and 

many varieties. Herbaceous and all 

j 

data from which to draft a particular 

description of the foundation, rise and 

progress of the " Linnxan Botanic 

Garden." 

PRINCE'S FEATHER. Amaranthus 

hypochondriacus. 

PRINOS. Eleven species. Hardy 

deciduous shrubs, except the stove 

evergreen P. montanus and P. lucidus, 

which is evergreen and hardy. Cuttings 

and layers. Light loam and 

peat. 

PRISMATOCARPUS. Four species. 

P. diffusus is a green-house evergreen 

shrub ; P. fruticosus is a hardy evergreen 

shrub ; the others green-house 

herbaceous. Young cuttings and seed. 


PRIVET. Ligustrum. 

PROCKIA. three species. Stove 



PROLIFEROUS. See Double- 

Flower. 

PROPS are the supports required by 

plants to sustain them in a desired 

position. They must vary in height 

and strength accordantly with the plant 

to which they are applied, and should 

always be as slight as is consistent 

with efficiency. Nothing looks worse 

hardy except the fringed green-house than a disproportioned prop; indeed it 

varieties, P. prts/ii'/fns, and the species should be concealed as much as pos- 

P. verlicitlata. Division and seed 

Loam and leaf-mould. 

P. auricula. See Auricula. 

P. elatior. 0x1 i p. 

P. pr

PRO 484 PRU 

I 

I 

I 

1 

used, the end thrust into the ground the operation should not take place un- 

should be previously charred ; if this 

precaution be taken, and when no 

til the fall of the leaf indicates 

vegetation has ceased, yet if the 

that 

tree 

longer required, they are stored in a be weak, it may be often performed 

dry shed, they will last for several with advantage a little earlier; but 

peasons. Props should be placed on still so late in the autumn as to pre- 

the south sides of the plants, as they vent the protrusion of fresh shoots. 

incline in that direction, as being most This reduction of the branches before 

light 

PROSERPINACA 

Half-hardy annual 

Two species, — aquatics- 

' Seed. 

tlie tree has finished vegetating, directs 

a greater supply of sap to those remaining, 

and stores up in them the 

Rich loam in water. 

supply for increased growth next sea- 

PROSOPIS. Five ,^ ^^^^,^^. species Stove son. If the production of spurs is the 

evergreen tree Cuttings. Peat and object of pruning a branch, it should be 

loam. 

PROSTANTHERA. 

' pruned so as to leave a stump ; because 

Seven species. as the sap supplied to the branch will 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Young be concentrated upon those buds re- 


P R O T E A . Forty-seven species. 

maining at its extremity, these will be 

productive of shoots, though otherwise 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Ripe they would have remained dormant, it 

cuttings taken off at a joint ; sandy turfy being the general habit of plants first to 

loam, well drained. Water moderate- develop and mature parts that are farly, 

but regularly. 

PRUNELLA. Self-Heal. Fourteen 

thest from the roots. It is thus the 

filbert is induced to put forth an abund- 

species. P. Broumiana and P. ovata ance of young bearing wood, for its 

are hardy annuals, the others hardy fruit is borne on the annual shoots, and 

herbaceous. Seed or division. Light similar treatment to a less severe ex- 

rich loam. 

PRUNING, as practised in the gartent 

is practised upon wall fruit." 

— 

Princ. of Gardening. 

The mystery of pruning consists in 

j 

: 

1 

den, has for its object the regulation of 

the branches to secure the due pro- being well acquainted with the mode of 

duction of blossom and maturity of the bearing of the diflierent sorts of 

fruit. If carried to too great an extent^ trees, and forming an early judgment 

that object is not attained, for every of the future events of shoots and 

tree reijuires a certain amount of leaf- branches, and many other circumsurface 

for the elaboration of its sap ; 

and, allU, therefore, LIICl eiui c, if ll this una be uc reduced Jcuui;cu too luu 

much, blossom buds are produced less 

abundantly, for leaves are more neces 

stances, for which some principal rules 

may be uc given îvcii ; , but uui there liicic; are uic particular 

âiiii.uiai 

instances ^" which — cannot be — judged J — & — of "but 

upon the spot, and depend chief- 

sary for the health of the plant, and by ly upon practice and observation. 

a wise provision the parts less requi- Peaches, nectarines, apricots, &c., all 

site for individual 

seded by the parts 

vigour are super- 

more needed. On 

produce their fruit princi|)allv upon the 

young wood of a year old ; that is, the 

the Other hand, if the branches are left shoots produced this year bear the year 

too thick, they overshadow those be- following ; so that in all these trees, a 

neath them, and so exclude the light. general supply of the best shoots of 

as to prevent that elaboration of the each year must be everywhere presap, 

without which no blossom buds served at regular distances, from the 

very bottom to the extremity of the 

i 

j 

i 

are formed, but an excessive production 

of leaves, in the vain eff'ort to at- tree on every side ; but in winter pruntain 

by an enlarged surface that elabo- ing, or general shortening, less or 

ration which a smaller surface would more, according to the strength of the 

etfect in a more intense light. The different shoots, is necessary, in order 

appropriate pruning is given when to promote their throwing out, more 

considering each species of fruit trees, 

and here we must confine ourselves 

to a few general remarks : " The 

effectually, a supply of young wood 

the ensuing summer, in proper place 

for training in for the succeeding year's 

season for pruning must be regulated bearing. 

in some degree by the strength of the Vines also produce their fruit always 

tree ; for although, as a general rule, upon the young wood shoots of the

PRU 485 PRU 

same year, arising from the eyes of the would soon pvisli again ) vigorously from 

last year's wood only; and must, there- , every eye, and render the trees a thickfore, 

have a general supply of the best et of useless wood. Therefore, all 

j 

regular shoots of each year trained in, i sorts, whether they require shortening 

which, in winter pruning, must be in , 

the winter pruning or not, should, in 

i 

shortened to a few eyes, in order to the summer dressing, be layed in at 

force out shoots from their lower parts, full length; but towards the end of Auonly 

properly situated to lay in for bear- gust, the extreme points may be pinching 

the following year. ed off with great advantage. The sap 

Figs bear also only upon the young is thus made to complete the growth of 

wood of a year old, and a general sup- the shoot, and not to increase its length | 

; 

' ply of it is, therefore, necessary every and it is too late in the season for fresh 

year ; but these shoots must at no time shoots to be induced. 

be shortened, unless the ends are dead, j 

pruning is a most necessary 

because they always bear principally 

Summer 

operation. Young shoots require thin- 

' towards the extreme part of the shoots, ning to preserve the beauty of the trees, 

which, if shortened, would take the! and encourage the fruit; and the soonbearing 

or fruitful parts away ; besides, er it is performed the better. It is, 

i 

they naturally throw out a sufficient therefore, advisable to begin this work 

supply of shoots every year for future in May, or early in June, removing 

bearing, without the precaution of all superfluous growths and ill placed 

shortening. 

shoots, which may be performed with 

Apple, pear, plum, and cherry trees considerably more expedition and ex- 

bear principally on spurs, arising in the actness than when after the trees have 

wood of from two or three, to ten or shot a considerable length. Where, 

twenty years old, the same branches however, a tree is inclined to luxuri- 

and spurs continuing bearing a great ancy, it is proper to retain as many of 

number of years ; so that, having once the regular shoots as can be commodi- 

procured a proper set of branches in ously trained in with any regularity, in 

the manner already directed to form a order to divide and exhaust the too 

spreading head, no farther supply of; abundant sap. It will be necessarv to 

wood is wanted than some occasional review the trees occasionally, in order 

shoots now and then to supply the to reform such branches or slmots as 

place of any worn out or dead branch, may have started from their places, or 

The above-mentioned spurs or fruit- : 

a wrong direction ; also that, ac- 

taken 

I 

buds are short robust roots of from cordingly as any fresh irregular shoots 

about half an inch to one or two inches produced since the general dressing 

long, arising naturally, first towards the may be displaced; and, likewise, as 

extreme parts of the branches of two or the already trained shoots advanced 

three years old, and, as the branch in- i in length, or project from the wall 

creases in length, the number of fruit- 

buds increases accordingly. , 

In pruning always cut quite close, ' 

both in the summer and winter prun- 

ing, which, in the summer pruning, if 

attended to early, while the shoots are 

quite young and tender, they may readily 

be rubbed off quite close with the 

thumb; but when the shoots become 

older and woody, as they will not rea- 

dily break, it must be done with a knife, I 

cutting them as close as possible; and 

all winter pruning must always be performed 

with a knife. In pruning in 

summer, the necessary supply of regular 

shoots left for training in should 

never be shortened during this season, 

unless to particular shoots, to fill a va- 

i 

' 

performing 

or espalier, they should be trained in 

close. 

In the winter pruning, a general regulation 

must be observed, both of the 

mother branches, and the supply of 

young wood laid in the preceding summer 

; and the proper time for this work 

is any time in open weather, from the 

fill of the leaf in November, until 

March; but the sooner the better. In 

this work, it is jiroper to 

unnail or loosen a chief part of the 

branches, particularly of peaches, nectarines, 

apricots, vines, and other trees 

requiring an annual supply of young 

wood. First look overall the principal 

or mother branches, and examine il 

any are worn out, or not furnished with 

' cancy ; for, by a general shortening in parts proper for bearing fruit, and let 

this season, all the shoots so treated [ such branches be cut down to the great

PRU 4S6 PS Y 

branch from which they proceed, or to 

any lower shoot or bottom part, leaving 

these to supply its place. Likewise 

examine if any branches are become too 

long for the allotted space, either at 

sides or top, and let them be reformed 

accordingly, by shortening them down 

to some lower shoot or branch properly 

situated to supply the place, being 

careful that every branch terminates 

in a young shoot for a leader, and not 

stumped off at the extremity. From 

the principal or larger branches pass to 

the shoots of the year which were trained 

up in summer, first cutting out close 

all foreright and other irregular shoots 

that may have been omitted in the summer 

pruning ; likewise all very weak | 

ehoots, and those of very luxuriant 

growth, unless it be necessary to keep 

some to supply a vacant place. In this 

pruning, as in the summer dressing, it 

is of importance to have a strict eye to 

the lower parts of wall-trees, &c., to 

see if there is any present vacancy, or 

any that apparently will soon happen,! 

in which cases, if any good shoot is 

situated contiguous, it should be trained 

in, either at full length, or shorten it 

to a few eyes, to force out two or more 

shoots, if they shall seem necessary; for 

precaution should ever be observed in 

taking care to have betimes a sufficient 

stock of young wood coming forward to 

fill up any casual vacancy, and substitute 

a new set of branches in place of 

such as are either decayed or stand in 

need of retrenchment. 

Sometimes in wall-trees and espaliers 

there are many large disagreeable barren 

spurs, consisting both of old worn 

out fruit spurs, and of clusters of stumps 

of shortened shoots projecting considerably 

from the branches, occasioned 

by unskilful pruning, when retrenching 

the superabundant and irregular shoots 

which, instead of being cut out close, 

are stumped off to an inch or two long. 

At this season of pruning, it is advisable 

to reform them as well as possible, by 

cutting all the most disagreeable stumps 

close to the branches, leaving these at 

full length, especially if apples, pears, 

&c., and reserve an occasional supply 

of young wood in different parts, and 

thus, in two or three years, you

PS Y 487 PT E 

! 

j 

of flowers. They are called either 

nymphs or larvie in this state (accord- 

' 

1 

I 

i 

I 

j 

| 

j 

; 

I 

1 

j 

birth, they cast their first skin, after 

which they appeared nearly of their 

ing to the extent of their develop- former shape and colour. The second 

ment); and, like their parents, have changing of the skin can sometimes be 

their mouth in the breast. After a few scarcely seen at all, because the larva 

days, they change their skins, and be- not only puts out a thicker string with 

come darker, and somewhat reddish on the tubercle, but also an immense numthe 

breast, and rather resemble bugs ber of very fine entangled threads or 

than plant-lice, having the extreme small hairs, which it turns upwards 

point of the Ixody somewhat broad, and over its back, and with them entirely 

beset with bristles. After changing covers its body and head. In sunshine, 

their skins, they leave the leaves, bios- these strings look transparent, as if 

soms, and fruit, and proceed more they were made of glass, and become 

downwards to the bearing wood and of a greenish variable colour. Under 

the shoots of last year, on which they this screen the chermes are secured 

fix themselves securely, one after the from every attack of other insects ; for 

other, in rows, and remain there till no ants, mites, or bugs can disturb 

their last transformation. 

" When the nymphs have moulted 

them in their fortification, or consume 

them as their prey. After changing 

for the last time, and have attained their 

full size, the body swells out by de 

the second skin, the young assumed a 

different colour and form ; tliev now 

grees, and becomes cylindrical. They became light green all over, the abdothen 

leate their associates, and before men was much broader than the thorax, 

they lay aside their nymph-like cover- and on the side of the latter, rudiments 

ing, they search out a leaf to which of the wings were distinctly seen. The 

they fasten themselves firmly, and ap 

pear as if thev were lifeless. After a 

few minutes the skin splits on the upper 

part of the covering, and a winged insect 

proceeds from it. It is of a pleasant 

green colour, with red eyes, and 

snow-while wings. It very much resembles 

its parents in spring, even in 

the colour. After a few days, this 

chermes has assumed the colours of 

the perfect insect ; the head, collar, and 

thorax, are of an orange colour, and 

only the abdomen retains its green hue. 

It now Hies away from the place of its 

birth, to enjoy the open air." 

P. mali. Apple Chermes. For the 

following I am also indebted to the too 

much neglected work of JNI. Kollar : 

— 

" It usually appears in June. In 

September, the apple chermes pair, and 

third time of changing the skin comes 

on in about eight days, sometimes 

sooner and sometimes later, according 

to the weather. After this skin the 

wing rudiments very distinctly make 

their appearance, and become larger 

and whiter the nearer the insect approaches 

to the perfect state. The 

body is also of a light green, and the 

larva; have black eyes, and blackish 

antenna;. At last the time arrives when 

the insect assumes the perfect state ; 

when it retires to a part of a leaf which 

it had selected, and after having firmly 

fixed itself there, the back splits open, 

and the beautiful winged chermes appears 

from the nymph. The back of 

the thorax is of a light green, the abdomen 

is marked with yellow rings, and 

the membranous wings with strongly 

marked snow-white veins." 

lay their eggs. They are white, and 

pointed at both ends, a line and a halfl P. cratcrfî infests the camellia. It 

long, and the fourth of a line thick, is destroyed by syringing with tobacco 

and become yellow before the young 

escapes. The apple chermes lays its 

water, or diluted gas ammoniacal liquor, 

until the insects are dead, and then 

eggs in different places of the twigs of syringing with water only. 

an apple-tree ; usually, however, in the P. ficus and P. ros«, are respectively 

furrows of the knots, and sometimes in 

a very regular manner. The larva; 

on the fig and rose trees. 

PTELEA trifoliata. Hardy decidu- 

were scarcely escaped from the egg, in 

the open air, when they hastened to 

ous shrub. Layers. Light rich loam. 

PTELIDIUM ovntum. Stove ever- 

the nearest bud, and began to gnaw its green shrub. Ripe cuttings. Sandy 

scales, because the bud was only some- loam and peat. 

what swollen, and had not begun to PTEIIIS. Forty-six species. Stove, 

and hardy and herbaceous 

sprout. On the second day after their ) green-house,

PTE 488 PUT 

ferns. Division and seed. Sandy loam short period, we believe, in charge of 

and peat 

PTEROCARPUS. Eight species. P. 

scandens is a stove climber, and the 

others stove evergreen trees. Young 

cuttings. Rich light loam. 

PTEROCEPHALUS. Four species. 

P. dumitorum is a green-house evergreen 

shrub, the others are hardy annuals; 

the first is increased by cuttings, 

and all by seed. Light loam. 

PTERODISCUS speciosus. Stove tuber. 

Division. Rich sandy loam. Probably 

half-hardy. 

PTERONEURON. Two species. 

One herbaceous, the other annual ; 

both hardy. Seed. Light loam. 

PTERONIA. Nine species. Green 

house evergreen shrubs. 


Cuttings. ' 

PTEROSPERMUM. Six species. 

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. Sandy 


PTEROSTYLIS. Twelve species. 

Green-house orchids. Division. Sandy 


PTILOSTEPHIUM. Two species. 

Hardy annuals. Seed, in a hot-bed; 

and seedlings planted in light open 

border. 

PUCCOON. Sanguinaria. 

PUDDLING. See Mudding. 

PUERARIA. Two species. Greenhouse 



PULMONARIA. Eight species. 

Hardy herbaceous. Division. Light 

loam. 

PULTEN.Â. Fifty species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Half-ripe cuttings. 


PUMPKIN. Cucurbita pepo. See 

Gourd. 

PUNICA. Pomegranate. Two species, 

and several varieties. Half-hardy 

deciduous shrubs. All are increased 

by cuttings and layers, and the less 

common by grafting on the more com 

bed, 

the Hamilton collection, at the Woodlands, 

near Philadelphia. His "Flora 

Septentrionalis, or a systematic arrangement 

and description of the plants of 

North America," is a standard work, 

and evinces his thorough acquaintance 

with the subject. But little is known 

of Pursh's personal history. 

PURSLANE. Portulaca. 

P. oleracea. Green, or Garden Purslane. 

P. saliva. Golden Purslane. 

Soil and Situation.—A light rich soil 

is the one in which they thrive most, 

and they must have a warm situation, 

as a south border. Sow in February 

and early in March, in a moderate hot- 

to remain where sown ; and at the 

close of March, and once monthly, 

during April, May, and the summer 

months until the end of August, in the 

open ground. 

Sow in drills six inches apart, very 

thin, and abouthalf an inch deep. The 

plants soon make their appearance. 

They must be kept clear of weeds, and 

thinned to six or eight inches asunder. 

In dry weather water is required moderately 

two or three times a week. 

In general, they are ready forgathering 

from in six weeks after sowing, the 

young shoots being made use of from 

two to five inches in length, and the 

plants branch out again. 

The hot-bed crops require the air to 

be admitted as freely as possible, the 

temperature ranging between 50" and 

75°. 

To obtain Seed.—As a small quantity 

will suffice for the largest family, a few 

of the earliest border-raised plants must 

be left ungathered from ; the strongest 

and largest leaved being selected; they 

blossom in June and July. They must 

be cut immediately the seed is ripe, laid 

on a cloth, and when perfectly dry, 

thrashed. The refuse is best separated 

mon. Light rich loam. The fruit of by means of a very fine sieve 

the common pomegranate. P. granaûm, 

ripens well against a south wall. 

PUNNET. See Basket. 

PURSBIA tridentata. Hardy evergreen 

shrub. Cuttings. Light well 

drained loam. 

PUR.SH, FREDERICK, was a native 

of Germany, and is distinguished as an 

early classifier of our native vegetal)les 

PURSLANE-TREE. Portulacaria. 

PUSCHKINIA sciUoides. Half-hardy 


PUTTY is a compound of boiled linseed 

oil and whiting, but as it may be 

bought in London at half-a-guinea per 

cwt., it is scarcely worth the gardener-s 

while to make it. One hundred weight 

is enough for puttying about three hun- 

He immigrated to the United States dred square feet of glass 

Old putty may be softened by apply- 

somewhere about 1800, and was for a ,

P YC 489 QUI 

' 

ing to it rags dipped in a saturated solution 

of caustic potash, leaving them on 

for twelve hours ; or by rubbing a hot 

PYROLIRION aureiim. Green-house 


PYRULARIA pubera. Half-hardy 

iron along the putty. 

If the gardener does make putty, the 

whiting should be well dried, and then 

pounded and sifted till it becomes a fine 

powder, and is quite free from grit. 

The whiting, a little warm, should be 

gradually added to the oil, and wel 

mixed by means of a piece of stick, or 

a spatula. When it is sufficiently stiff, 

it should be well worked with the hand 

deciduous shrub. Cuttings. Light 

loam. 

PYRUS. Forty-four species, and 

very numerous varieties. Seed, cuttings, 

and grafting. Light loam, well drained. 

See Apple, Pear, and Service. 

PYXIDANTHER A barbulata. Half- 

hardy trailer. Cuttings and division. 

Peat, and a little sandy loam. 

QUAMOCLIT. Ten species. Herb- 

on a table, and afterwards beaten on a 

stone with a wooden mallet, till it becomes 

a soft, smooth, tenacious mass. 

A ball of putty, when left some days. 

becomes somewhat hard, but may be 

aceous, and annual. Q. sanguinea is 

evergreen. Young cuttings or seed. 


QUENOUILLE is a fruit tree, with 

a central stem, and its branches trained 

easily softened by beating. 

PYCXANTHEMUM. Seven species 

in horizontal tiers, the lowest being the 

ongest, and the others of course gradu- 

Hardy herbaceous. Division Peat, ally lessening in length as they do in 

with a little light loam. 

age, so that the tree, like a spruce fir, 

PYCNOSTACHIS carulea. Stove acquires a pyramidal form. 

annual. Seed. Lifiht rich loam. QUERCUS. The Oak. Forty-eight 

PYRALIS forficalis. Cabbage-gar- species, and many varieties. Hardy 

den Pebble Moth. Its appearance and 

habits are thus detailed by M. Ivollar: 

—"The head, back, and upper wings 

evergreen and deciduous trees. Seed, 

and grafting for some of the merely ornamental 

kinds. Deep clayey loam in 

of the moth are hazel-brown, and brown- valleys. Q. rerris. Bitter Oak. Q. 

ishgold; the antennas light brown ; the robur or sessiliflortim. Common Oak. 

abdomen and under wings whitish. On 

the upper wings are two distinct, and 

Q. ilex. Evergreen Oak. 

QUICKSET, the same as the Haw- 

two faint deep rusty-brown stripes, 

The first brood flies in May, and the 

thorn, or Whitethorn, 

cantha. See Hedge. 

Cratcegus oxyasecond 

in August. The caterpillar is 

found in May and June, and the second 

generation in September and October. 

Ql'IXCE. Cydonia vulgaris. 

]'arieties:—Common ; Apple-shaped ; 

Pear-shaped ; and Portugal. The last 

It has a light-brown head, and a yel- is the best, and very distinct from the 

lowish-green body, with blackish stripes others. C. sinensis, the Chinese Quince, 

running lengthwise, and blackish dots has been fruited in this country, but it 

having fine white lines between, and 

white incisions and spiracles. Its length 

is about eight lines. When these caterrequires 

a wall. The fruit is very dif- 

Cerent from that of either the common 

or Portugal quinces; it is cylindrical, 

pillars are numerous, they do important 

damage to the cabbage tribe, and horse- 

about six inches in 

lugly gritty. 

length, and exceedradish. 

PYRASTER. Pyrus communis py- 

Method of Propagation and general 

Culture.—The trees may be raised from 

raster. 

seed sown in autumn, but there is no 

' P Y R E T H RU M . Fifty species. certainty of having the same or any good 

Hardy herbaceous, and green-house fruit from seedlings. But the several 

evergreen shrubs, except a few hardy varieties may be propagated by cuttings 

annuals, and P. simplicifolium, which 

is a stove evergreen trailer. The shrubs 

are increased by cuttings, the herbaand 

layers ; also by suckers from such 

trees as grow upon their own roots, and 

by grafting and budding upon their own 

ceous 

seed. 

by division, and the annuals by 

A light rich loam suits the 

or pear-stocks. 

The propagation by cuttings, layers, 

whole. 

PYROLA. Eight species. Hardy 

and suckers, may be performed 

autumn, winter, or early spring. 

in 

herbaceous. Division and seed. Shady Choose young wood for the cuttings 

border of peat, with a little light loam. and layers. They will be rooted by.

— — 

QUI 490 RAD 

next autumn ; then transplant into nur- i 

varieties which answer best at difTerent 

sery rows two feet asunder; plant the 

suckers also at the same distance, and 

train the whole for the purposes intend- 

ed ; if for standards with a stem, to any 

desired height, from three to six feet; 

then encourage them to branch out at 

top, to form a head ; and those designed 

as dwarfs must be headed near the 

ground, and trained accordingly, for 

espaliers or dwarf standards. 

When they have formed tolerable 

seasons of the year. For the early 

crops, use the Long Scarlet Short Top ; 

the Long Salmon, similar to the above, 

but of lighter colour, and white at the 

point; the Scarlet Turnip Rooted, and 

White Turnip Rooted ; frequent sowings 

are necessary, as all the foregoing 

soon become pithy and shoot to seed. 

In flavour they differ but little; discrimination 

is from fancy. At the same 

time the early kinds are sown, make 

a sowing of the Yellow Turnip, and 

i 

heads, plant them out finally. Standard 

quinces, designed as fruit trees, may be Summer White, which are fine kinds, 

stationed in the garden or orchard and withstand the heat, and are firm and 

some by the sides of any water in by , 

even in hot weather ; frequent 

places, suffering the whole to take their 

crisp 

sowings of these, as well as the White 

i 

j 

months. 

own natural growth. And as espaliers Spanish or Black Spanish, as most I iked, 

they may be arranged with other mode- should be made during the summer 

rate growing trees, about fifteen feet i 

i 

The two latter kinds sown in 

apart. Abercrombie. 

QUINCUNX is the form 

the autumn, keep well throughout 

resulting winter, if secured from frost. In 

the 

the 

from planting in rows, with one plant 

opposite the centre of each vacancy 

in the row on each side of it, as in this 

diagram. 

Fig. 138. 

QUISQUALIS. Four species. Stove 

evergreen climbers. Young cuttings. 


QUIVISIA heterophylla. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Ripe cuttings. Peat and 

light loam. 

RADISH.—"The Radish is originally 

from the East Indies, but cultivated in 

autumn, any of the early kinds may be 

again sown ; when about to do so, always 

observe to dig the earth deeply, 

and pulverize it well, which tends to 

produce fine shaped roots." — Rural 

Reg. 

To obtain Seed.—Leave in April or 

early May, some of the most perfect 

plants of a main crop. When in full 

vigour they must be taken up with as 

little injury as possible to the roots and 

leaves, and planted in rows three feet 

asunder each way, being inserted by 

the dibble, completely down to the 

leaves. Water must be applied until 

they have taken root, and occasionally 

throughout their growth, especially 

when in flower. If practicable, it is 

best to leave some plants where raised. 

To obtain seeds of the Black Spanish, 

some seeds must be sown in March, 

or some of the winter-standing crop 

left or transplanted during that month. 

j 

| 

Europe since the sixteenth century, The flowers open from June until 

Formerly the leaves were often boiled August, and their pods are of a size fit 

and stewed ; but now the roots are for pickling, as they must be gathered 

chiefly employed. The young seedling whilst young and tender, during that 

leaves are often used with cress and last month, or July. For seed, they 

mustard, as small salad, and radish seed must be cut as soon as they become of 

pods, when of plump growth, but still a brown hue, and well dried, otherwise 

young and green, are used to increase 

the variety of vegetable pickles, and 

it will thresh with difficulty. 

Two varieties must never be raised 

are considered a tolerable substitute for near each other, and seed of the pre- 

capers. 

vious year's raising should always be 

"The well known manner in which 

this vegetable is cultivated, renders 

employed. 

Forcing.—A moderate hot-bed is reany 

observations thereon unnecessary. quired for this crop, of a length ac- 

| 

All that is required, is to point out the cording with that of the frame to be 

j

RAF 491 RAM 

i 

employed ; the earth about eight inches frame of boards being formed round the 

deep, on the surface of which the seed bed, light and air being admitted as 

is to be sown as soon as the violent freely and as often as possible. If seed 

heat is abated, and an additional half- is sown within a frame without any 

inch sifted over it. 

The seedlings are in general up in 

bottom heat, the plants will be two or 

three weeks forwarder than if sown in 

less than a week, and in six they will 

be ready to draw. Throughout their 

the open ground. 

RAFNIA. Five species. Greengrowth 

air must be admitted as freely house evergreen shrubs. R. irijlora is 

as is allowable. The glasses, however, a biennial. Young cuttings. Peat and 

| 

' 

must be closed on the approach of even- loam. 

ing, and mats or other covering put on RAGGED ROBIN. Lychnis Flosin 

proportion to the severity of the sea- cuculi. 

son. When the earth appears at all 

dry, a light watering must be given 

during the noon. 

The plants must not stand nearer 

RAGS. See Ves;etahle Manures. 

RAGWORT. Othonara. 

RAGWORT. Senecio Jacohaa. 

RAILING is of various forms, but 

than two inches to each other. The all, if made of wood, are soon decayed 

temperature required is from 50° to if slight, and clumsy and inelegant if 

70^; and it must be kept to this heat strong. Iron railing is at once light, 

neat, and enduring, and like the follow- 

\ 

I 

I 

by moderate coatings as required. 

If there be a deficiency of frames, 

hoops and mats may be employed, a 

ing, may be purchased in England for 

about fifty cents per yard. 

Fig. 139. 

RAKE (Fig. 140). ''Garden Rakes 

vary in the length and strength of their 

teeth, as well as in their number; they 

are used for covering seeds, raking off 

weeds or cut grass, smoothing and 

pulverizing surface, &c. This implement 

is rtow much less in use than 

formerly, when broadcast sowing was 

prevalent. Now the broad hoe is quite 

as etiicient in covering drill-sown seed. 

Fig. 140. 

''The Grass Lawn Rake, (Fig. 141,) 

has teeth sharpened on both edges, 

and is used for raking the grass in order 

to cut off the flower heads or buds of 

daisies, dandelions, and other plants, 

and the uneven tufts on grass lawns." 

—Rural Reg. 

Fig. 141, 

RAMONDI A pj/renaico. Hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Division. Light 

soil. 

RAMPION. Phyteuma and Cyphia 

Phyteuma. 

RAMPION. Campanula rnpunculus. 

Soil and Situation.—The soil ought 

to be moderately moist, but it must be 

light. A shady rich border is most 

favourable. If it is cloddy or subject

RAN 492 RAN 

to bind and crack in hot weather, the 

plants will not thrive. 

Time and Mode of Sowing, during 

March, April, and M.iy,the plants from 

sowing in the two first months, soon, 

however, run up to seed. 

The insertions are to be performed in 

drills six inches apart. 

The plants are to remain where sown ; 

though in case of any deficiency, those 

which are taken away in thinning the 

crops, may be transplanted successfully, 

if removed to a border similar to the 

seed-bed, and inserted with the roots 

perpendicular, and without pressing the 

mould too close about them. The best 

time for performing the removal is of an 

evening. 

They are fit for thinning when of six 

or eight weeks' growth, or when about 

two inches in height; they must be set 

at a distance of six inches apart, being 

hoed at the time, and the same operation 

repeated two or three times. 

The plants of the sowings during the 

two first-mentioned months will be fit 

for use at the close of August, or early 

in September, and continue throughout 

the autumn. Those of the last one will 

continue good throughout the winter, 

and until the following April. 

The soil throughout their growth 

must be kept moist by giving frequent 

but moderate waterings through the fine 

rose of a watering-pot, as required. 

The root for which it is cultivated, 

either to be sliced together with its 

leaves in salads, or eaten as the radish, 

as well as to be boiled like asparagus, 

is most palatable when drawn young, 

and eaten fresh from the ground. 

To obtain Seed. — A few of the 

winter-standing plants are left unmoved. 

These shoot up in the spring, flowering 

in July and August, and ripening abundance 

of seed in early autumn. Nothing 

more is necessary than to gather it before 

it begins to scatter, and to lay it on 

a cloth to become perfectly dry before 

thrashing. 

RANDIA. Ten species. Stove evergreen 

shrubs. Partly ripe cuttings. 

Loam and peat, and a strong moist heat. 

RANUNCULUS. One hundred and 

two species, and many varieties. R. 

asiaticus, the Garden Ranunculus, is 

a truly beautiful flower, unfortunately 

not adapted to the climate of the United 

States. 

' 

of Kingston, has published the following 

selection : 

' Varieties:—Mr. Jackson, the florist Tyso's Creon, buff", dark edging, very 

— 

CLASS I. SELFS. 

Q^lil Noir, very fine, dark rich colour ; 

Naxara extra, fine dark (one of the best 

of its class); Fete Nocturne, rich purple, 

fine; Duke of Bedford, large fine 

formed, crimson ; Giles's Eliza, very 

fine, straw, extra form, super variety ; 

Costar's Apollo, very fine dark, rather 

coarse ; Plaisance, very fine, yellow, 

good form ; Les Vos, dark purple, very 

fine ; Rosa Montana, superior bright 

rosy crimson, excellent form; Tyso's 

Nivis, fine white ; Costar's Tippoo Saib, 

rich dark ; Condorcet, fine pure purple ; 

Bouquet Nonpareil, dark olive, very fine. 

CLASS II. 

Flavimorus, cream, with purple edge, 

Tyso's Victoria, clear white, 

very fine ; 

with crimson edge, very fine ; Aust's 

Henrietta, white, crimson-edged, good 

shape, very fine; Horatio, yellow-edged, 

fine free bloomer, not quite a pure 

ground; Tyso's Herbert, yellow, with 

Temeraire, white, 

red edge, very fine ; 

red-striped (one of the best of its class); 

Lightbody's William Penn, white, with 

purple edge, very fine, strongly marked 

ground, colour seldom pure; Melange 

des Beautes, red and yellow-striped 

(an excellent old flower, merits well 

known) ; Tyso's Alexis, yellow-spotted, 

extra fine, good form ; Tyso's Attractor, 

white, with purple edge, large, very 

Kilgour's Queen Victoria, cream, 

fine ; 

crimson-edged, large, and extra fine ; 

Costar's Coronation, half pink mottled, 

very fine ; Grand Monarque, yellowedged, 

fine petals, rather loose ; Aust's 

Nonsuch, white, purple-edged, distinct, 

very fine; Tyso's Felix, buff", with distinct 

spot, extra fine ; Lightbody's No 

JNIistake, cream, purple-edged, strong 

marking, very fine ; Dr. Franklin, fine 

clear white, with purple edge, very fine; 

Tyso's Edgar, yellow-coflêe-edged, excellent 

form, extra fine ; Quentin Durward, 

yellow-edged, very fine colours, 

rather thin ; Tyso's Delectus, yellow, 

red-edged, very fine; Lightbody's Rob 

Roy, cream, crimson edge, very fine; 

Imbert, yellow, with faint-brown spot, 

very good ; Tyso's Harmonius, yellow, 

with dark spot, extra (one of the best of 

its class); Herald, white, crimson-edged, 

very fine, excellent shape, high crown ! 

; 

^

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RAN 493 RAN 

fine; Glacia, yellow-mottled, large and must be dense and distinct; the purer 

very line ; Paxos, white, vvith deep the white or yellow, and the more conpurple 

edge, extra fine ; Biddal-s Duke irasted the edging or spotting is, the 

of Wellington, yellow, delicate-edged, better the flower; in self's the more 

very fine; Macrobius, white spotted, brilliant the colour is, the more likely 

"- '^" .:..-. u... ... i.._ 

very fine*; Lightbody's Endymion, white, __ .l. 

to be attractive ; but so long as the 

with delicate rose edging, very good ; 

Tyso's Premium, white, purple spot, 

colour is decided, the only advantage 

that can be gained bycolour is novelty. 

The outside of the petal should be as 

bright as the inside. 

If shown in a stand, there must not 

be two alike : all the llowers in a row 

should be of one size, and the back row 

the largest." 

Propagation.—By Seed.—To the Rev. 

Joseph Tyso we are indebted for the 

following directions : 

very fine, high crown ; Aust's Queen 

Victoria, white, with delicate edging, 

very 

faint 

fine ; Saladin, fine yellow, 

spot; Sophia, cream, with 

with 

rose 

edge, very good ; Tyso's Vendome, 

cream, with dark purple edge, e.iitra 

fine, rather spotted : Waterstone's 

Epirus, yellow - spotted, very fine. 

Gard. Chron. 

Character Sportive.— " There is in " Impregnate the double flowers with 

the ranunculus what is by florists called 

a sportive character— that is, they run 

from their original colour. Some that 

the farina of the single ones. This cannot 

be done with effect in every case ; 

but whenever an old flower, with a 

have yellow ground, delicately spotted, pericarpium or eye, gather a single or 

will come plain yellow, and some red semi-double flower, and apply the farina 

and white striped will come plain red ; 

sometimes the colours will mix, and 

to the eye of the double (lower. 

" The seedlings will bear a striking 

resemblance to the mother plant, as to 

the flowers will become dingy." 

Gard. Chron. 

" Sometimes the flowers will be as 

colour and habit of growth. The seed 

may be sown at all seasons, from the 

green as the grass of the plants from 1st of August to the 1st of March, 

which they grow. Some of the finest 

seedlings are weak, and therefore die 

the middle or latter end of October, 

and the beginning of January. Sow in 

in a few years, though for a short time boxes eighteen inches by eleven inches. 

they had great renown. Such has been 

the case with Abbe St. Andrew, Quixos 

and four inches deep, full of loamy 

earth, and the surface level. Sow the 

Viol le Vrai Noir, Grand Berger, and seeds about an eighth of an inch apart; 

Rose Incomparable, and some others of cover them as thinly as possible, and 

later date. But there are others of water with a fine rose ; but place the 

first-rate character which are remark- boxes under glass, without heat. The 

; 

ably strong, and increase abundantly, plants usually make their appearance 

such as Attractor, Felix, Saladin, Ed- in about a month. Give air day and 

gar, Eureka, Victor, and many others. ' night, except in severe frost ; then cover 

—Ihid. 

up with straw mats. With such pro- 

Characteristics of a Good Flower.— tection, the young plants will endure 

"The form of the ranunculus should the severest seasons. Clean the surface 

be two-thirds of a ball; petals, broad, of the boxes from green moss in Febthick, 

free from notch ^r indentation, ruary, and top dress them. Put the 

cupping a little, and disposed that boxes in the open ground up to the 

each cover the place where the two second week in May, and water daily 

under ones join ; commonly concealing until the grass begins to wither; then 

the anthers, abundance of petals lying sufi'er the boxes to become quite dry ; 

close over each other, and forming a and in the middle of July, take them 

compact flower, open enough to show up, and preserve the roots in bags until 

the colour on their inside, but not February, and then plant them as the 

' 

enough to be loose; and the under general stock. In the following June 

ones must hold well in their places, they flower in great profusion." Gard. 

forming a square, if not a hollow back. 

The stem thick, strong, and elastic; 

Mag. 

By Offsets.—-'Unlike the ofisets of 

but the flower upright, and from one the hyacinth and tulip, those of the 

and a half to two inches in diameter, ranunculus generally attain perfection 

The colour is a matter of taste, but in the season of their formation on the 

] 

— 

—

— 

— 

RAN 494 RAN 

' 

' 

! 

' 

! 

I 

; 

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! 

j 

parent plant, and are, therefore, fit to I will not reach it at all, or if they do, 

be planted as full grown tubers the their sudden transition into deep cornsame 

season in which they are removed. post is at least unnatural: it is more 

Smaller ones, which are unfit to bloom consonant with reason that the food 

the following year, may be planted in a should be generally and equally dished 

prepared, as to be directed for the tributed." Card. Chron. 

full sized roots." Planting.—"The bed being about 

By Dividing the Tubers.—In minutely four feet in width," adds Dr. Horner, 

examining the crown of a ranunculus '" and any suitable length, and having 

root, several small protuberances will been neatly smoothed over, the roots 

be found, from each of which a shoot should be planted about five inches 

will arise, and the root may, therefore, distant from each other in rows, which, 

j 

be divided by a sharp knife into as again, should be about six inches apart, 

many parts as there are protuberances; If planted closer, as is commonly the 

and "thus the danger of losing any rare case, the plants will grow comparatively 

variety is much diminished. These weak, and bloom more sparingly. 

sections will not bloom till the second 

year." Hort. Trans. 

Soil.—Mr. Hovy of Boston, one of 

the best of the American horticulturists, 

is quite right in recommending, as " the 

best soil tor the ranunculus, a strong 

rich mellow loam ; but good garden 

loam, enriched with very old cow manure, 

or leaf-mould, will answer—fresh 

mould, however, will insure a much 

better bloom." 

" A somewhat moist and cool situation," 

says Dr. Horner, one of the best 

of amateur floriculturists, " is the most 

suitable. The bed, therefore, should 

be so situated that it receive but a few 

hours of the morning sun, and be in the 

lowest part of the garden. It must not 

be raised higher than the surrounding 

walks ; should be two feet in depth of 

soil, and have board instead of box 

edging, that slugs, &c., which often eat 

the tender foliage and opening flowerbuds 

of some varieties, may not be 

sheltered. The only suitable soil is a 

retentive loam, from the surface of a 

rich old pasture, the sods included ; to 

The situation of the rows having 

been marked out, holes, one and a half 

inch deep, should be dibbled with the 

finger, or other instrument, in which 

the roots should be compactly set, and 

covered over with soil, after the manner 

of dibbling beans, by this means the 

surrounding soil is not disturbed, but 

left close and retentive. 

" The next best plan is drawing drills 

across the beds in rows, setting the 

roots therein, and then filling them up 

with the displaced soil ; the worst of all 

plans being the raking the bed evenly 

over, setting the roots on it, and then 

, 

covering the whole one and a half inch 

with loose soil— yet this is commonly 

practised." Ibid. 

Choice of Roots.—Mr. Glenny recommends 

" the middle sized, with firm 

tubers and plump buds, as preferable 

for planting; and care should be taken 

to place a little sand under and over 

each, to guard them against too much 

moisture." Gard. and Pract. Florist. 

General Management.— " About the 

beginning of April," says Dr. Horner, 

which should be added, and well in the young plants will appear above 

corporated, one third of thoroughly- ground, when the loosened soil should 

decayed cow manure. Fresh manure be carefully yet firmly compressed with 

the fingers abAt the roots, 

; 

j 

must be avoided, as the roots will not 

bloom where it exists, but many will 

: 

«< During the months of April and 

perish. All hot and stimulating com- May, should a continuance of dry 

posts are equally pernicious. With the weather prevail, water may be cautiousenriched 

soil just recommended, the ly administered at intervals in an evenbed 

should be made at the beginning 

of October, and finished off, and, on no 

account, disturbed till planting time ; 

for it is all important that the soil be 

compact and close in which the roots 

ing, but only just so much as will prevent 

the soil of the bed from cracking; 

or a little moss, or old spent tanner's 

bark, &c., may be neatly placed between 

the rows, which will retain the 

are planted. 

moisture in the soil. The injudicious 

" The practice of putting some inches and over abundant application of water 

is a very common error, and one of the 

greatest evils. It not unfrequently hap- 

i 

j 

of manure at the bottom of the bed is 

not to be commended ; the roots either

— 

— 

RAN 495 RAP 

pens that plants, which have looked 

well for a time, at length begin to turn 

yellow in the foliage, and the flower 

buds dwindle and go off. 

" The dying of the leaves in some in- 

be put into paper bags." 

— — 

Gard. and 

Prac. Flor. 

Late Succession of Blooms.—To obtain 

this, wo have ihe following directions 

by Mr. H. Groom, the well known 

stances evidently depends on a want of florist :- 

" The beds are prepared in the usual 

vigour, or partial rot in the root ; and, 1 

! 

1 

in some few cases, it would appear to manner, the ground immediately afterbe 

caused by large earthworms, forming wards well watered with lime water; 

their wide tracks amid the roots of the but to destroy the worms, which are 

plants, nearly undermining them ; but otherwise apt to draw the roots from 

in the great majority of cases, it is pro- their places; afterwards water with 

duced by injudicious watering. clear cow-dung water, until the foliage 

During the expansion of the flower makes its appearance. The beds are 

buds, and when they are fully blown, a 

stage and awning should be erected 

over the bed, as in the case of tulips, 

that rain and hot sun may be excluded ; 

— 

then kept shaded from nine in the morning 

till five or six in the evening, till the 

bloom is over. For a bloom all the season, 

commence in February, and plant 

' 

| 

and gentle watering every second or every fortnight or three weeks; in Septhird 

evening, may be given, which will tember, plant in a frame, and you will 

keep the bed cool and moist, and pro- have a bloom about January or Februamote 

the size of the flower. As much ry." Hart. Trans. 

air should be admitted as possible, that 

the flower-stems be not drawn and 

weakened." 

Protection 

Gard. Citron. 

during Winter. — This 

is essential ; and the following plan, 

adopted by Mr. (ilenny, is excellent : 

Forcing.—Mr. Bouche of Berlin, a 

florist, gives these directions : 

" Select tubers which have been kept 

three or four months, or even a year, 

over the season of planting, these being 

more easily excited than those which 

Let the bed be made just the size have been only the usual time out of the 

[ 

j 

of a cucumber frame; place one of soil, plant them in pots about the bethese 

on the bed, and if there is danger of August; and, by bringing 

! 

' 

' 

} 

ginning 

of heavy rains, or severe weather, put these into the green-house at diflierent 

on the sashes. As soon as heavy frost periods, a bloom is kept up from Octosets 

in, the whole of the interior of the ber to February." Gard. Mag. 

frame must be filled with leaves, and RAPE, or COLESEED. Brassicanathe 

sashes replaced, and a few hoards pus esculentns. I ike mustard and other 

laid on to keep the leaves from blowing small salading, it may be sown at any 

away. In this manner, the whole may period of the year, when in request, 

remain until April, or until all danger being allowed a separate bed. It ia 

of frost is over, when the leaves, frames, 

&c., may be entirely removed." 

cultivated as Mustard, which see. 

To obtain Seed.—Some plants of a 

Gard. and Prac. Flor. 

Taking up the Roots. — Upon this 

sowing made about the middle of July 

must be thinned to eighteen inches 

point, the same excellent authority directs 

this to be done " a fortnight after 

apart; they will survive the winter, and 

flower in the May and June of the next 

the last flowers have faded, when the year. The seed, which is produced in 

foliage looks yellowish. It is a very great abundance, ripens in July and 

nice operation, and should not be done August, and must be cut as it does so, 

hastily. The best way is to pare off ancl laid upon cloths to dry, as it is very 

three inches of the sod into a sieve, if apt to shed. 

the bed is composed of mixed sorts, RAPE (EDIBLE-ROOTED). This 

and then, by shaking out the earth, the name may be applied to a variety of the 

roots will remain. 

"When the varieties are named, 

rape mentioned by Mr. Dickson, one of 

the vice-presidents of the Horticultural 

they must be taken up singly, and put Society. Its root is white and carrotin 

a box correctly labeled. They must 

not be placed in the sun, but may be 

carried to a dry room, where they may 

shaped, about the size of the middle- 

finger. It is much more delicate in 

flavour than the turnip, like which root 

remain till the earth is sufficiently dry it is cooked, only that it is not peeled 

to shake off easily, when they should but scraped, its skin being rntnarkably 

| 

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RAP 496 R AS 

thin. It has been cultivated for a great 

length of years on the continent, and 

for about thirty years in this country ; 

but only by one person, as far as Mr. 

Dickson is aware. 

Time of Sowing. It is propagated by 

seed, which, for the main crop, may be 

sown from the middle of July to the 

end of August, or even later.. These 

will supply the table until April ; and 

if wanted throughout the year, a little 

may be sown in the latter end of October, 

the plants from which vvill be fit 

for use, if they succeed during April 

and May : the last crop to be inserted 

from the middle of January to the middle 

of February, which will come in at 

the end of May and during June. On 

a north border, and if the soil is sandy 

and moist, it is possible to have them 

sweet and tender during the whole 

summer, to effect which the seed must 

be sown at the close of March and May. 

Cultivation is the same as turnips. In 

dry weather the beds must be watered 

regularly until the plants have got three 

or four leaves. 

Soil.—One great advantage attending 

the cultivation of this vegetable is, that 

it requires no manure. Any soil that is 

poor and light, especially if sandy, is 

suitable to it. In rich manured earth it 

grows much larger, but not so sweet 

and good. 

To obtain seed.—Mr. Dickson recommends, 

in February or March, some of 

the finest roots to be transplanted to 

two feet asunder; but it would perhaps 

be a better practice to leave them where 

grown. The ground is to be hoed repeatedly, 

and kept clear of weeds. The 

seed must be cut as soon as ripe, and 

treated as directed for turnips, &c. 

RAPHANUS. Three species. Hardy 

annuals, except R. landra, which is 

an herbaceous perennial. Seed. Rich 

mould. See Radish. 

RAPHIOLEPIS. Four species. 

Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 


RASPAILIA microphylla. Greenhouse 


Sandy peat. 

RASPBERRY. Rubus idaus. 

Best Varieties. — Red. — Fastolff, or 

Bee-hive, Franconia, Antwerp, red ; 

Barnet ; Cornish; Double-bearing, and 

Gennessee. 

Yellow. — Antwerp, yellow; Cox's 

Honey; Old white. 

— 

The Fastolff (Fig. 142) has been " recently 

received from England, where 

it was raised or discovered near the 

castle of that name. It has produced 

fruit at Philadelphia the two past seasons, 

and quite equals its transatlantic 

character, which is higher than that of 

any of its tribe. The fruit is large, deep 

red, inclining to purple, well flavoured, 

and yielded longer than usual. Such was 

the description written before the fruit 

of the present year (1846) had matured ; 

another season's observation has confirmed 

it. The annexed drawing, accurately 

copied from nature, has been 

supplied by Doctor William D. Brinckle. 

The plants are yet scarce, and consequently 

higher priced than the old varieties 

; but from its adaptation to our 

climate, it will, it is hoped, be speedily 

increased, and widely distributed—so 

valuable an acquisition one could desire 

to see domesticated in every garden in 

the land." Rural Reg. 

The Franconia was " imported from 

France some years since; it is hardy, 

fruitful, and may be safely recommended 

as in all respects desirable. This is, 

perhaps, taking all its merits into account, 

next in value to the Fastolff'." 

—Rural Reg. 

Propagation by Seed.—New varieties 

are easily raised from seed. Wash 

away the pulp from some of the finest 

thoroughly ripe fruit, dry the seed, and 

sow it the same autumn in a dry border, 

giving it the shelter of a frame through 

the winter. Trim and plant out the 

seedlings to remain in the autumn following, 

and they will bear in the succeeding 

summer. 

By Suckers.—These spring from the 

root annually, and grow from three to 

five feet in height the same year, forming 

plants by autumn or winter for 

transplanting, to bear fi uit the following 

summer. 

Planting maybe done any time from 

October till March, the earlier the better, 

in open weather. Raise the plants 

carefully with plenty of fibres; shorten 

any long straggling root; and cut off 

any naked woody part of the root of 

the old stool, observing at the same 

time, if one or more buds appear near 

the root, they, being the embryo of 

future shoots, must be very carefully 

preserved ; 

and shorten each sucker at 

top to about three or more feet long, 

according to their strength — they are

u- 

32 

1^ 

4D7 

Fig. 142.—vP. 496.) 

h. 

RASPBERRY.

R AS 49S RED 

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then ready for planting : having previ- Mr. Mearns recommends, "in May 

ously to this chosen an open spot of! the removal of the young fruit-bearing 

good ground and trenched it, put in the shoots from the canes, leaving in some 

plants as soon as possible, in rows a cases one or two eyes, in others cutting 

yard and a half apart, and a yard asun- them clean off. Under either plan they 

der in the rows. If planted closer the soon show an abundance of vigorous 

plants, producing numerous suckers in shoots, frequently three or four from 

summer, grow so close as to exclude each eye, which produce plenty of blosthe 

due influence of sun and air from soms in the beginning of Julv, and on 

the fruit, as well as render it trouble- these a good crop of fine raspberries is 

some to gather the produce. If the borne in August." Hort. Trans. 

planting is performed late in the spring, Training.—The earliest and finest 

give a good watering, and repeat it oc- are obtained from canes planted beneath 

casionally till the plants have struck a south wall, and trained against it in 

fresh root. 

After-Culture. — Keep them clean 

this form. (Fig. 143.) But in the open 

ground the best mode of training is 

from weeds all summer by broad hoe- round small hoops, thus. (Fig. 144.) 

ins, giving an annual dressing in au- The worst form is plaiting the canes 

tumn, cutting down the decayed stems together; and training in arches or other 

that bore the preceding summer. Thin compact forms, excluding the light and 

the young succession bearers; clear warmth of the sun, is little better. 

away all intermediate suckers between 

those of the main stocks ; and then 

point with a 

the rows. 

fork the ground betvveen 

Previous to the above-mentioned annual 

dressing of raspberries, observe 

that, as they produce a fresh supply of 

shoots or suckers every year for bearing 

the next, therefore the annual dressing 

be performed anytime from October 

till March. First proceed to clear out 

all the decayed stems, being last sum- 

mer's bearers, breaking them down 

then examine the 

close to the bottom ; 

supply of young shoots for next year's 

bearing. In March select three or four 

of the strongest shoots on each stool, 

cutting all the others away close to the 

ground ; shorten those left according 

to their strength, cutting them genera 

— 

Forcing.—Raspberries may be forced 

growing either in pots or in the borders 

of the house. They may be also planted 

on the outside of a pit, the bearing 

canes being introduced withinside and 

^ 

ly a little below the bend, at the top of, trained to a trellis, whilst the present 

the shoots, to about three or four feet year's^shoots are left outside. 

in length, both to render them more RATABIDA columnaris, and its va- 

robust, to support themselves more 

firmly upright in summer, and to promote 

a stronger supply of laterals for 

riety. Hardy herbaceous perennials. 

Division or seeds. Common soil. 

RATTLESNAKE FERN. Botrichium 

flowering and fruiting. Allow them a 

little rotten dung or leaf-mould once 

virginicum. 

RATTLESNAKE ROOT. Folygala 

every other year, applying it in the 

spring. Make a plantation every four 

senega. 

RAUWOLFIA. Four species. Stove 

Cuttings. 

or five years in a fresh spot of ground evergreen shrubs or trees 

; 

' 

as, after that period of time, the plants, Loam, peat, and sand, 

although they may continue shooting 

with tolerable vigour, yet are apt to be 

less fruitful, and the fruit smaller, than 

in younger plantations in fresh ground. 


Autumn Crop. — To obtain of the 

Antwerp, and other large varieties. 

REAUMURIA. Two species. Halfhardy 



RED BAY. Laurus carolinensis. 

RED CEDAR. Juniper us virgiriiana. 

RED GUM TREE. Eucalyptus resinifera. 

^

RED 499 REN 

\ 

; 

; 

i 

I 

RED NIGHTSHADE. Erica Hali- in tan and labour is also very grest 

cacaba. 

RED SPIDER. See Acarus. 

REEDS. See Shelter. 

in some places tan is expensive, and 

where it is cheaper, the trouble and 

litter incident to its emiiloyinent, and 

REEV'ESIAr/i!/7-so(rfea. Green-house the dangers of loss from fungi and inevergreen 

shrub. Ripe cuttings, with sects, of which it is the peculiarly 

the leaves. Light turfy loam, or loam fertile foster-parent, render it objecand 

peat. 

R EH M AN fs I A chinensis. 

tionable as a 

Hardy Whenever the 

source of 

tan has to 

heat. And 

be renewed, 

herbaceous perennial, but it succeeds the trouble and destruction of plants is 

best in a cool green-bouse. Cuttings, always great. 

Common soil. "In my new propagating house," 

REICH A RBI A hexapetala. Stove says Mr. Rendle, " the tank or cistern 

I 

^ 

I 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich soil ! is placed in the centre, with a walk 

and a strong heat. surrounding it, so as to enable the 

RELHANIA. Five species. Green- with greater ease to attend 


propagator 

to the plants, &c. 

Loamy soil. 

'On the outside of the bouse is a 

RENANTHERA Three species, fire-shed, in which the boiler is fixed. 

j 

Stove orchids. Cuttings I'eat mixed The tank, made of wood, one and a 

I 

vith broken potsherds, moss, or wood, half or two inches thick, which I find 

RENDLE'S TANK SYSTEM. First' the cheapest material, (it also prevents 

water cooling so fast as it does 

either in stone or iron,) may be lined 

with lead or zinc. Exactly in the cen- 

the | 

I 

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j 

' 

suggested, I believe, by Mr. Rendle, 

nurseryman, of Plymouth. I have given, 

in the customary monthly calendars, the 

necessary intimations when the bark- tre of the tank is a partition, serving 

beds will probably require stirring, but the double purpose of causing the water 

those troublesome, uncertain, and dan-! to circulate, (as well as to support the 

' 

i 

j 

gerous operations, dangerous to the edges of the slates,) an aperture being 

plants, are entirely rendered needless left in the partition, of about two inches 

by Mr. Rcndlc's plan. It has been in breadth, to allow the water a free 

adopted by some of the best practical passage. The flow-pipe enters near 

gardeners with entire satisfaction. 

A tank of iron or wood, twenty feet 

the appendage of the tank, at the mouth 

of which pi()e a ])iece of perforated 

long, five feet broad, and six inches, copper is placed, as also at the returndeep, 

is constructed in the centre of pipe, to prevent dirt and sediment from 

the house, and surrounded by a walk, finding its w-ay into the boiler. After 

except at the end, where the boiler is everything is properly fixed, the tank 

fixed for heating it. The top of the is filled with water, which, of course, 

tank is covered with large slabs of at the same time fills the boiler 

slate, cemented together, to prevent The tank is about four inches deep, 

the excessive escape of steam. Around Across it, and resting on its sides, are 

this is a frame sufficiently high to replaced slate stones about an inch and a 

tain the bark, in which the pots are half thick, cut square at the edges. 

plunged. The boiler and tank are These are fistened to each other bv 

filled with water, and this circulates, Roman cement, or Aberthaw lime, to 

when the fire is lighted under the prevent a superfluity of steam from 

former, by means of two pipes, one escaping into the house Around 

from the top of the boiler, and the the edges of the slates a piece of inch 

other returning nearer to its bottom, board, about nine inches deep, should 

The expense of piping, and danger of be placed to enclose the sawdust, sand, 

their freezing, is avoided ; the fire only moss, or other plunging material. 

requires 

hours at 

to be kept lighted for two 

night, and again for the same 

In the following sketch, for which, 

as well as for the next, I am indebted 

period in the morning; the water, to Mr. Rendle, ^4 is a transverse see- 

when once heated, retaining its temperature 

for a long time. In a small 

house, the apparatus can be constructed 

for 5/., and in all, for less than half the 

tion of Rogers's conical boiler; B is 

the fireplace ; g, the tank : c, the flowpipe; 

d, the pif)e by which the water 

returns to the boiler; e, is the hole for 

cost of hot-water pipes. The saving the smoke, which, joined to aflue, /, 

;

REQ 500 RH A 

can be made either to ascend the chimney 

at once, or to pass round the house. 

Fiff. 145. 

The next sketch is a Pinery, 

up with Mr. Rendle's tank. 

Fig. 146. 

fitted 

It is described as " a very useful and 

most desirable structure for the growth 

of the Pine Apple, with a hollow wall, 

recommended by all garden architects 

in preference to a solid wall— the heat 

or cold being not so readily conducted 

as through a solid mass of masonry." 

Mr. Rendle might have added, that 

hollow walls are also much drier. 

— 

Rendle's Treatise on the Tank Systetn. 

See Stove, &c. 

REQVIENIA obcardata. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Young cuttings. Peat, 

loam, and sand. 

RESEDA. Mignonette. Seventeen 

species. Chiefly hardy annuals, biennials, 

herbaceous perennials, and a few 

green-house evergreens. Cuttings or 

seeds. Light rich soil. See Mignon- 

perature, and the least degree of light 

compatible with healthy growth must 

be secured ; and to this end plants for 

succession are often placed on the 

north side of a wall. 

Then again, as in the case o^ raspberries 

and strawberries, plants are 

often cutdown in the spring, compelling 

them to form fresh foliage and stems, 

and thus be productive in the autumn 

instead of the summer. 

The vegetation of many bulbs may 

be prevented by merely keeping them 

dry, and, indeed, the withholding the 

usual supply of water, giving it only in 

diminished quantities, is necessary in 

all retarding treatment. To secure the 

entire quiescence of bulbs, and of sucli 

plants as will bear so low a temperature, 

the atmosphere of the ice-house 

is effectual ; and to this end it should 

have a few shelves for the support of 

boxes or flower pots. Banks o^ earth 

ranging east and west, and facing the 

north at a very acute angle, are very 

useful in retarding the early advance to 

seed in hot weather, of spinach, lettuces, 

&c. Espaliers ranging similarly, 

and shaded during the whole of March, 

and the two following months, will 

blossom later and more unfailingly than 

trees more exposed to the sun in spring. 

Similar exclusion of heat and light retards 

the ripening of picked fruit, and 

if the air be excluded from them, or 

its oxygen withdrawn, fruit will remain 

unripened for weeks. To efl'cct this, 

put a paste formed of lime, sulphate of 

iron, and water, at the bottom of a 

wide-mouthed glass bottle, then a layer 

of large pebbles to keep the fruit from 

the paste,— then fill the bottle with 

peaches, apricots, or plums, gathered 

a few days before they are ripe, cork 

the bottle tight, and cover the cork 

with melted resin. They have been 

thus kept for a month, and summer 

apples and pears for three months. 

They ripen when again exposed to the 

air. 

RHAMNUS. Thirty-eight species. 

Chiefly hardy evergreen, or deciduous 

shrubs, or trees. Layers, seeds. Com- 

: 

• 

! 

i 

ette. 

RETARDING requires as much skil mon soil. The few stove and greenas 

forcing, for as the latter requires the house kinds, increase by cuttings; and 

application of all that is suitable to the require a light soil, 

promotion of a plant's rapid healthy RHAPIS. Two species. Dwarfish 

growth, so retarding requires the with- palms. Suckers. Sandy loam, 

holding from it of those contingencies, RHAPONTICA. Four species. 

herbaceous perennials, except 

Thus to retard growth, the lowest tein- Hardy ,

— 

RH E 601 RH 

• 

| 

! 

' 

R. pulchra, Khich is a biennial. Divi- cies, and many varieties. Hardy and 

sion. Common soil. half-hardy evergreen shrubs, except R. 

R H E E D I A javanica. Stove ever- rhodora, which is deciduous and hardy, 

green tree. Ripe cuttings. Pe^t, loa.m, R. ponticitm, Common Rhododendron, 

and sand. R. maximum ; R. Caucasicum ; R. cam- 

R HEM AN E.I A ckinensis. IWrdy panulatum ; and R. Catawbiensis, are 

shrub. Cuttings and layers. Rich light the best hardy species. It is to be reloam, 

RHEUM. Rhubarb. Fifteen species. 

Hardy fusiform-rooted perennials. 

Division or seed. Rich loamy 

soil. See Rhubarb. 

RHEXIA. Four species. Hardy herbgretted 

that such a noble evergreen 

shrub as R. maxiinum should be so sel- 

dom seen in our grounds. Here in the 

United States, where it is indigenous, 

it is really less known than in England, 

where it forms one of the main features 

aceous perennials. Division. Peat soil, 

R HINOPETALUM karelini. 

of the undergrowth in lawns and plea^ 

sure grounds,—when will Americans 

Hardy tuberous-rooted perennial. Offsets. 

Light rich soil. 

RHIPODENDRON plicatile, and its 

learn to estimate as they deserve, their 

own natural products! From the above 

named species have been obtained the 

variety. Green-house evergreen shrubs, 

Suckers or leaves slightly planted. 

following superior 

Varieties.— R. Russellianum, scarlet 


RHODANTHE min^lfsii. fireen- 

R. Lowei, 

pale rose: 

pale straw; R. tigrinum, 

R. nobleanum, dark red ; 

house annual. Dr. Lindiey recommends R. splendidum, (Cunningham's,) white ; 

that " its seeds should be sown at two R. altaclerence, scarlet; R. multimacu- 

| 

seasons: the first about the beginning latum, pale rose, spotted ; R. arboreum 

of September; the second about the roseum, bright rose ; R.Victoria, deep 

end of February. The soil the seeds red; R. venustum, pink ; R. augustum, 

are sown in should be rather strong, pale flesh spotted ; 11. pulcherrimum, 

but not rich, for the first sowing, con- scarlet ; R. grandiflorum, (Cunningsisting 

of a mixture of sandy loam and ham'Sjl pale flesh; R. macranthum, 

leaf-mould. They should be sown in rose; R. Knightii, scarlet ; and R. Carpots 

and placed in a cold pit or frame, narvonianum, bright rose, 

if sown in the autumn, which should be Hybrids with Azalea.— R. Adonsonii 

kept close until the plants are up. The 

young plants should be potted otf when 

R. 

R. 

Azaleoides; 

fragrans; R. 

R. azaleoides album ; 

luteum; and R. Gowemall, 

for if allowed to get large before erianum. 

potting, they never do any good put a Green-house Species and Varieties.— 

; 

R. anthopogon, purple ; R. arboreum 

' single plant into a small sixty-pot, they 

must then be returned to the pit or cinnamomeum, reddish purple ; R. lap- 

frame, and keptclose until they recover ponicum, crimson; R. setosuni, purple, 

Characteristics of Excellence. — Mr. 

i the effects of the shift ; afterwards harden 

by admitting air. Then when there 

is danger of frost, remove them to an 

Glenny gives the following good crite- 

ria :— " The flower large, circular, and 

airy part of the green-house 

winter, taking care that they 

for 

are 

the 

not 

campanulated, or hollow like a globular 

cup. The five divisions of the petals 

over watered ; for much depends on should be concealed by means of the 

the manner in which they are treated 

during the winter, as too much or too 

lapping over. The petal thick, smooth- 

edged, and stiff. The truss, pyramidal 

little water will destroy the healthiest or dome-shaped, standing clear of the 

plants in a short time. In the spring, foliage; the flower compact, touching, 

February, repot them into a richer but but not crowding each other; footstalks 

! 

! 

light sandy soil, and place them in a stifle and elastic. The colour brilliant, 

warmer and moister situation, and pinch the spots distinct and contrasted, and 

off'all the first flowers as they appear. stand well without fading. The plant 

" The spring-sown plants may be should be bushy, the foliage bright, 

treated like other half-hardy annuals, clear, green, large, and disposed ail 

only they must have plenty of air to round the branch, especially round the 

' 

\ 

keep them from being drawn up weak- flower ; the stems should be well cover- 

Card. Chron. ed with leaves, and the bloom should 

]y," 

RHODODENDRON. Twentv-six spe- be abundant. It should not bloom 

;

RH 502 RHO 

1 

' 

' 

until the middle of May, if hardy, for pots requires much care ; the best and 

those flowering before the frosts have easiest way is to plunge the pots to the 

ceased, have the hioorns spoiled."— rim in coal ashes, and siill have frames 

Gai'd. and Prac. Flor. over them for the purpose of preserving 

Propagaiion.—By Seed.—The same them trom excessive wet, heat, and 

good tloricultural authority gives these cold. When they have perfected a 

excellent directions:— " The seed ves- second growth, and are resting, shil\ 

sels must be gathered as soon as ripe, them into forty-eight sized pots, and 

and before they burst; let them lie in treat them as before, and so continue 

a drawer in the stove or green-house, 

or a sunny window, to burst and give 

shifting from size to size until they 

flower." Gard. and Prac. Flor. — 

out their seed : sow immediately ; and, 

to sow thin enough, mix it with twenty 

Gard. Chron. 

Raising Varieties is best done in 

times its quantity of the smallest sand. April from forced plants, the two in- 

Sow in pots with good drainage, and the 

following compost. One lialf rich loam, 

tended to be bred from being brought 

into bloom at the same time. They 

such as the top spit of an old meadow, should be widely different in colour, 

sifted through a coarse sieve ; the other or form, or habit, or some peculiarity 

half the best peat or bog earth, such as which may be desirable to combine in 

is formed of the half-decayed fibres one. Hybrids may be obtained by imbroken 

into pieces and rubbed through pregnating the Rhododendron with pol- 

the same sieve ; by knocking the bottom 

of the pan or pot on the potting table or 

bench, the compost will be solid enough 

len from the Azalea. 

Grafting.—Mr. Glenny gives these 

directions :— 

; 

, 

" Young plants of the R. 

without pressing ; level it and sow very Ponticum must be potted and well esthinly 

; then with a fine sieve, sift a lit- tablished before you want to use them. 

tie of the compost on the seeds very Cut them down within three inches of 

evenly, and only just enough to cover the pot, and adopt the mode of saddle 

tliem ; over this put a little tine sand, 

not more than one sixteenth of an inch 

grafting. See Grafting. 

" Let the bark of the stock and scion 

deep. Take a brush about the texture touch, if possible, all over ; but as the 

and strength of a clothes brush, dip it stock may be, and often is, the largest, 

i 

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i 

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i 

j 

! 

j 

[ 

' 

; 

in water, turn its hairs upwards, point- let the bark fit perfectly on one side, 

ing at the seeds, draw your hand along and fall short on the other. The plants 

the hairs towards you, and they will should be placed after the operation in 

throw off" an almost imperceptible show- a garden frame kept from the air for a 

er of moisture, by means of which the day or two, and shaded altogether from 

whole surface can be fairly wetted with the sun. Side-grafting and inarching 

out disturbing a seed or a grain of the are better modes of increase for the 

compost. When the seedlings have Rhododendron than saddle-grafting. In 

four good leaves, prick out into other order to insure success, August or Sep- 

pans of the same kind of compost, three tember is the best time for budding or 

inches apart, carefully raising them grafting Rhododendrons in the open 

without disturbing the surface to hurt air. This plant being thin-rinded does 

the more backward seedlings, and the best by side-grafting, and buds of it had 

pan may be put back to its place, for also better be inserted after the manner 

the seeds will continue coming up for a of side-grafting, with a portion of the 

considerable time. When pricked out, soft wood retained behind the bud." 

they should be watered, and afterwards Gard. Chron.— Gard. and Prac. Flor. 

regularly. Though in the green-house Grafting may be done at almost any 

keep them under hand-glasses for a few season of the year, and even the Chinese 

days until re-established, after which Azalea may be inarched upon them. In 

summer, if a low stock be employed, it 

is sufficient to turn over it a hand-glass; 

but if the grafting be in the spring or 

autumn, to obtain success a little bottom 

heat is necessary. 

Other Modes of Propagation.—Layering 

and inarching may both be successfully 

practised with the Rhododeu- 

they may be removed to a cold frame, 

or put out of doors. Shade from the 

mid-day sun, weed regularly, and care- ; 

fully tend until they have grown to 

touch each other. They should then 

be potted in sixties in the same kind of j 

soil. They have now only to be keptj 

from getting dry, which in such small , 

— 

—

— 

RHU 503 RHU 

(Iron, but require no particular directions. 

Cuttings will also sometimes 

succeed, and if a branch is desirably 

removable let it be cut off. The cuttings 

should be only half ripe. Plant 

in a large sized pot, two-thirds full of 

the Tobolsk ; Gigantic ; Victoria, (best;) 

and Bucks or Elford. 

Soil and Situation.—The soil best 

suited to these plants is light, rich, 

deep, unshaded, and moderately moist. 

\ poor heavy or shallow soil never pro- 

the compost, cover with a glass, fitting duces them in perfection 

within the rim of the pot: place in a Sou'ing.— It may be propagated by 

frame, with a trifling bottom-heat, or in cuttings, but the mode almost univera 

common propagating house; or, for sally practised is by seed. Sow soon 

want of a better accommodation, in a after it is ripe, in September or October, 

greenhouse or cold garden frame. The for if kept out of the ground until the 

glass must be wiped clean every morn- spring, it often continues dormant for 

ing, and the sand kept moist. Neglect twelve months : if the danger of this, 

of watering is fatal. When the cuttings however, is risked, sow early in Feb- 

are struck they must be treated as seed- ruary or March, in drills three feet 

lings. Gard. and Prac. Flor. apart, and an inch deep, tlie plants to 

Soil for Out-door Kinds.—A light remain where raised ; for although they 

loam, manured annually with a mixture will bear removing, yet it always checks 

of peat and leaf-mould suits them best, and somewhat lessens their growth. 

The subsoil should be retentive, for if| When they make their appearance in. 

, 

\ 

very dry they will not flourish. 

Pruning.—They require but little 

the spring, and have been thoroughly 

cleared of weeds, thin to six or eight 

pruning, except to remove superfluous inches asunder, and let the surface of 

branches, &c., and this is best done in the ground about them be loosened 

April. Mr. Glenny says that old plants with the hoe. 

which have become bare at the bottor 

At the close of summer. 

are easily converted into standards by 

selecting the largest bare stem, cutting 

all the rest away, and pruning the head I 

when it can be determined which are 

the strongest plants, finally thin to three 

or four feet, or the Gigantic and Victoria 

to six. In autumn remove the de- 

1 

into shape. If the stem be growing out cayed leaves, and point in a little well 

slopingly, you have only to dig up the putrefied stable-dung, and earth up the 

plant and place it upright. stools. In the spring hoe the bed, and 

i Green-house Culture.—Whilst grow- as the stalks when blanched, are much 

ing, that is from about the end of April less harsh in taste, require less sugar to 

be , 

: 

to the middle of June, keep them in a 

temperature of which the extreme at ' 

night and in the day are 45^ and GQo. 

Supply them liberally with water during 

that time, and then remove them to a 

cool situation out of doors, otherwise 

they 

flower. 

will be super-luxuriant and not 

t 

rendered palatable, and are greatly 

improved in appearance, dig a trench 

between the rows, and the earth from 

it place about a foot thick over the stool. 

This covering must be removed when 

the cutting ceases, and the plants allowed 

to grow at liberty. As the earth in 

wet seasons is apt to induce decay, the 

Forcing.—To obtain early flowers, covering may be advantageously formed 

place some potted plants in a very gen- of coal ashes or drift sand. 

tie heat the last week in December. To obtain Seed.—Those plants pro- 

I 

RHUBARB. Rheum rhaponticum, R.\ dvicc the seed in greatest perfection 

hybridum, R. undulatum, and R. palma- that are not gathered from, but on no 

turn. This last is the medicinal 

Turkey Rhubarb of the shops— the es- 

account must they be subjected to the 

process of blanching. Two year old 

culent one or pie-plant, as it is familiarly 

termed, has become quite a common 

plants often produce seed, but in their 

third yearalways. It must be gathered as 

inmate of our American gardens; its soon as ripe, and great care taken that 

early growth, affording facility for pies none is scattered over the beds, for the 

and tarts, long before green fruit can be plants thence produced often spring up. 

obtained, and its close resemblance in and greatly injure the old plants by 

flavour to the gooseberry, render it al 

most indispensable 

Varieties.—There are several variegrowing 

unobserved amongst them. 

Forcing.— Plant a single row three 

feet apart in ground that has been 

ties, of which the most preferable are trenched two spades deep, and dressed

RHU 504 RIC 

with well putrefied dung at the time. the roots are placed on a level with 

The forcing may commence in Decem- each other, and about an inch belowr 

ber ; first cover either with sea-kale or 

common garden pots (twelves), but 

chimney pots are still better, the leafstalks 

becoming much longer and finer, 

and envelope them with fermenting 

dung. When well up, the pots are removed, 

except when chimney pots are 

used, and large hand-glasses substituted; 

covering is required every night, 

and in dull weather with thick mats. 

By this mode the plants are very liable 

to be broken, as their leaves soon touch 

the sides. A frame is much less objectionable, 

formed by driving stakes into 

the surface. These being covered with 

inverted pots of the same size, may be 

placed in a vinery or hot-bed, and on 

the approach of spring, probably any 

time after January, any room or cellar 

will be sufficiently warm. If copiously 

supplied with water, the plants vegetate 

rapidly and vigorously, and each 

pot will produce three successional 

cuttings, the first two being the most 

plentiful. As soon as the third is ga- 

thered, the roots may be changed, and 

those removed replajited in the ground, 

when they will attain sufficient strength 

the ground on each side of the bed, al- to be forced again in a year's time. If 

ternating with the plants. These are to not, it is of little consequence, foryearbe 

three feet high above ground, and the old roots raised from cuttings, or even 

space between the two rows of stakes seed sown in autumn, are sufficiently 

two feet at the bottom, but approaching 

each other, and fastened by cross 

strong for use." 

Propagation by Division.—Mr. Ro- 

pieces, so as to be only fifteen inches 

apart at top. To the sides and top stout 

laths are fixed to prevent the dung fall 

ng upon the plants, as represented in 

gers, a successful cultivator, says, that 

" when the rhubarb is propagated by 

the root, care must be taken to retain a 

bud on the crown of each offset, toge- 

the accompanying sketch. 

ther with a small portion of the root 

itself, with, if possible, some fibres at- 

Fig, 147 

tached to it. These offsets may be taken 

from roots of three or four years old, 

without injury to the plant. They may 

be planted where they are intended to 

remain, at the same distance and in the 

same manner as advised for the seedlings." 

Taking for Use.— " Scrape away a 

little of the earth, then bend down the 

The dung may either be fresh, or stalk you wish to remove, and slip it 

that which has previously undergone 

fermentation, and placed all round the 

frame eight or ten inches thick, and the 

top covered with long litter. The temperature 

in the interior should have a 

off from the crown without breaking it, 

and without using a knife. The stalks 

are fit to gather when the leaves are 

but half expanded, but a larger produce 

is obtained by letting them remain till 

range from .55° to 60". If it rises higher, 

two or three large holes made through 

full grown." 

RHUS. 

Gard.and Pract. Flor. 

Seventy-seven species. 

the top soon corrects it. 

A frame renders hand-glasses or any 

other coverunnccessary, requires much 

Chiefly green-house evergreen shrubs^ 

some hardy deciduous trees, shrubs, 

and climbers, or creepers. The stove 

less attention, and produces plants of 

excellent quality. Rhubarb may be 

forced without either pots or frame, by 

and green-house kinds increase by ripe 

cuttings, the hardy species by cuttings 

and layers. Common soil suits them 

merely covering the plants six inches all. 

deep with light litter, care being taken 

that the plants are not injured. 

Mr. Knight's mode of forcing is to Cuttings. Common soil 

place " in the winter as many plants as and | 

necessary in large deep pots, each pot 

i receiving as many as it can contain, and house 

the interstices entirely filled up by fine t Light 

eandy loam; washed in. The tops of I 

— 

RIBES. Forty-four species and many 

varieties. Hardy deciduous shrubs. 

See Currant 

Gooseberry 

RICHARDIA {Bthiopica. Greenherbaceous 

perennial Offsets, 

rich soil. 

RICHJE A fragrans. Stove ever-

RIC 505 

green climber. Cuttings. Loam, peat, | 

and sand. [ 

RICINUS. Eight species. Half- 

i 

liardy annuals and green-house evergreen 

shrubs. Seeds and cuttings. 

Rich soil. 

Castor Oil. 

R. communis produces ttie 

RICOTIA lunar ia. Hardy annual. deep. In the first place the ground is 

Seeds. Light sandy soil. 

RIDGING is digging the soil into 

... parallel ,^ _- ridges ---0-- in this- form—so -- 

AAA „„ ,„ „^„„,„ ;, .1,„,„,,„UI„ ,„ .l.„ 

as to expose it thoroughly to the 

measured out in longitudinal beds four 

feet wide ; this done, the top spit of the 

bed c, is laid on the bed g, and the 

second spit of the bed c, is laid on h. 

action either of the atmosphere or of The first or top spit of the bed /, is then 

i 

i 

frost. 

M. Schluber says, "that freezing 

laid on h, so that the top soil and subre- 

soil are kept on separate and alternate 

duces the consistency of soils most re- beds, and may be mixed, reversed, or 

markably, and that in the case of clays ! returned as taken out, at the will of 

and other adhesive soils, the diminution 

of this consistency amounts to at least 

the operator. By this method the advantages 

are—much greater exposure 

fifty per cent." 

of surface to the action of the weather; 

In hoeing clay he found it reduced the opportunity of incorporating with 

from S'xty-nine to forty-five of the scale the soil any desirable or obtainable 

already stated, and in the ordinary manures, and at any desired depth ; a 

arable soil from — thirty-three" to twenty. thorough blending of the soil to the 

.; ^"-j- ••^•^î^-- ^.^..— f, - — -- — 

He satisfactorily explains this phenome- depth of two or three feet ; and it also 

non, by observing that the crystals of facilitates the operation of draining, 

ice pervading the entire substance of where necessary. It is needless to add, 

i 

I 

; 

; 

j 

I 

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the frozen sod, necessarily separate the that when the first thrown-out beds are 

particfes of earth, rendering their points sufficiently pulverized, they are levelled 

of contact fewer. down, and others thrown out in the 

Ridging, however, should not be confined 

to the winter, for in summer the 

same manner; g, h, i, represent the 

ridges thrown out and left as rough as 

extra exposure to the air and heat is 

highly promotive of vegetation—it im- 

possible." Gard. Chron. 

RIGIDELL.\ flammea. Stove tuberpregnates 

the soil with oxygen, proous-rooted perennial. Offsets or seeds. 

motes the decay of stubborn vegetable Light rich soil. 

remains, , and disturbs predatory vermin. RINGING is a practice adopted for 

, 

. V, 

J .»,»,^.».». , , 

Mr. Barnes says, " I keep all ground, the purpose of checking the return of 

as soon as a crop is done with, well the sap, and thereby confining a larger 

trenched, burying all- the refuse I pos- supply to the blossom. It is removing 

sibly can in a green state, casting the an entire zone of bark, about an inch 

earth into rough ridges, tumbling those wide, around the branch to be renridges 

over with a strong fork on frosty dered more fruitful, and taking care 

mornings in winter and spring, and that the bark be completely removed 

during hot sunny days in summer, con- down to the very wood. This was 

tinually changing the crops. Keeping designated the ring of Pomona, but it 

the hoe at work at all seasons in suit- certainly was not auspiciously received 

able weather, forking up all odd cor- by that deity; for although it renders 

ners and spare ground without loss of the part of the branch superior to the 

time. By this management, I find the wound more fruitfiil for two or three 

ground is always in good condition and seasons, yet it 

never tired by cropping, some judgment sightly by the 

renders the branch un- 

swelling which occurs 

only being exercised in applying such around the upper lip of the wound, and 

properties again to the soil that have is always followed by disease and unbeen 

taken from it, or. that are likely to fruitfulness. See Ligature. 

be retiuired by the succeeding crop." RIPOGONUM. Two species. 

An effectual mode of ridging is thus Green-house evergreen climbers. 

described 

Young cuttings. Loam and peat- 

" Let a, b, c, d, represent a section RIVEA liliafolia. Stove evergreen 

Cuttings. Rich.oam ana peat. 

of the ground to be trenched two feet ! twiner. 

— 

—

RI V 506 ROC 

RIVINA. Seven species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Seeds or cuttings. 

Light soil. 

ROBINIA. Seven species and many 

varieties. All hardy deciduous trees, 

except R. guineensis and 11. purpwea, 

which are stove evergreens. Increased 

by young cuttings. Loam, sand, and 

peat. The hardy kinds are increased 

by layers or grafts, and require only 

common soil. 

ROCAMBOLE. Allium Scorodoprasuiii. 

Sometimes called Spanish 

Gallic, has its bulbs or cloves growing 

in a cluster. The stem bears many 

bulbs at its summit, which as well as 

those of the root are often preferred in 

cooking to garlic, being of much milder 

flavour. 

Time of Insertion.— It is best propagated 

by the root bulbs, those of the 

stem being slower in production. The 

plantation may be made either in February, 

March, or early part of April, 

as well as throughout the autumn, in 

drills or by the dibble, in rows six 

inches apart each way, and usually 

two inches within the ground ; though 

the plants would thrive better if grown 

on the surface as recommended for 

the shalot. In other respects they are 

cultivated as directed for Garlic. A 

very small bed is sufficient for the supply 

of the largest family. 

ROCHEA. Three species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Partly dried 

cuttings. Sandy loam, peat, and brick 

rubbish. 

ROCKET. Hesperis. 

ROCK ROSE. Cisttis and Convolvulus 

Dorycnium. 

ROCK-WORK. " Mere rocks, unless 

they are peculiarly adapted to certain 

impressions, may surprise, but 

can hardly please; they are too far 

removed from common life, too barren 

and inhospitable, rather desolate than 

solitary, and more horrid than terrible. 

So austere a character cannot be long 

engaging if its rigour be not softened 

by circumstances, which may belong 

either to these or to more cultivated 

spots; and when the dreariness is extreme, 

little streams and waterfalls are 

of themselves insufficient for the purpose 

: an intermixture of vegetation is 

also necessary, and, on some occasions, 

even marks of inhabitants are 

prop 

" If such a scene occurs within the 

precincts of a park or a garden, no expense 

should he spared to meliorate 

the soil, wherever any soil can be 

found. Without some vegetation 

among the rocks, they are only an 

object of curiosity or a subject of wonder 

; but verdure alone will give some 

relief to the dreariness of the scene, 

and shrubs or bushes, without trees, 

are a sufficiency of wood. The thickets 

may also be extended by the creeping 

plants—such as pyracantha, vines, and 

ivy—to wind up the sides, or cluster on 

the tops of the rocks; and to this vegetation 

may be added some symptoms of 

inhabitants, but they must be slight and 

few : the use of them is only to cheer, 

not to destroy the solitude of the place; 

and such therefore should be chosen as 

are sometimes found in situations retired 

from public resort. A cottage 

may be lonely, but it must not here 

seem ruinous and neglected ; it should 

be tight and warm, with every mark of 

comfort about it, to which its position 

in some sheltered recess may greatly 

contribute. A cavity also in the rocks 

rendered easy of access, improved to a 

degree of convenience, and maintained 

in a certain state of preservation, will 

suggest similar ideas of protection from 

the bitterest inclemencies of the sky, 

and even of occasional refreshment and 

repose. But vve may venture still fur- 

ther. A mill is of necessity often built 

at some distance from the town it supplies 

; and here it would at the same 

time apply the water to a use, and increase 

its agitation. The dale may, 

besides, be made the haunt of those 

animals — such as goats — which are 

sometimes wild and sometimes domestic, 

and which, accidentally appearing, 

will divert the mind from the sensations 

natural to the scene, but not 

agreeable if continued longer without 

interruption. 

" These, and such other expedients, 

will approximate the severest retreat 

to the habitations of men, and convert 

the appearance of a perpetual banishment 

into that of a temporary retirement 

from society. 

" When rocks retire from the eye 

down a gradual declivity, we can, 

by raising the upper ground, deepen 

the fall, lengthen the perspective, and 

give both height and extent to those at 

a distance. This effect may be still 

increased by covering this upper

ROC 507 ROC 

ground with a thicket, which shall idable, which might otherwise have 

cease, or be lowered, as it descends, been unnoticed. A steep, in itself not 

A thicket, on other occasions, makes very remarkable, becomes alarming 

the rocks which rise out of it seem when a path is carried aslant up the 

larger than they are. If they stand side. A rail, on the brow of a pcrpenupon 

a bank overspread with shrubs, dicular fall, shows that the lieii'lit is 

their beginning is at the least uncertain, 

and the presumption is that they 

start from the bottom. 

" Another use of this brushy under- 

| 

, 

wood is, to conceal the fragments and 

rubbish which have fallen from the 

sides and the brow, and which are 

often unsightly. 

" Rocks are seldom remarkable for 

frequented and dangerous; and a cor 

mon foot-bridge, thrown over a cleft 

between rocks, has a still stronger 

effect. In all these instances the imagination 

immediately transports the 

spectator to the spot, and suggests the 

dea of looking down such a depth ; in 

the Inst that depth is a chasm, and the 

situation is directly over it. 

the 

too 

elegance 

vast and 

of their foVms; they are 

too rude to pretend to to 

'If the body of the rock is intended 

be raised much above the ground 

delicacy; but their shapes are often level, a quantity of soil and rulibish 

agreeable, and we can affect those should be carried into the centre of the 

shapes to a certain degree—at least s[)ace. This soil, besides serving to 

we can cover many blemishes in them support the rockwork, will also form a 

by conducting the growth of shrubby border for the plants to grow in. Havand 

creeping plants about them. For ing at hand plenty of large rough stones, 

| 

all these purposes mere underwood broken bricks, or stony rubbish of any 

suffices ; but for greater effects larger kind or colour, proceed with 

trees are requisite. They are worthy imitate the form of natural 

of the scene, and not only improve- nearly 

these to 

rock as 

as possible. Rough, bold, anments 

but accessions to its grandeur, gular projections, and deeply-formed 

We arc used to rank them among the chasms, are the principal features in 

noblest objects of nature ; and when natural scenery which please us most, 

we see that they cannot aspire to the A rock, with a flat unbroken surface, 

, 

midway of the heights round them, the [ 

whether horizontal or perpendicular, 

rocks are raised by the comparison. A presents too much sameness to be pleas- 

. 

, 

single tree is, therefore, often prefera- ing to the eye: therefore, in imitating 

ble to a clump ; the size, though really nature, the projections should be varied 

less, is more remarkable; and clumps and bold, and unless raggedness and 

are, besides, generally exceptionable, intricacy form principal features in its 

in a very wild spot, from the suspicion composition, it will lose much of its 

of art which attends them. But a wood effect. If the rock-work be on a large 

is free from that suspicion ; and its own scale, it should not be one continued 

character i of greatness recommends it to line, 

but broken at intervals, in one part 

every scene of magnificence lost beneath the surface of the earth, 

" On the same principle, all the con- and again rising in another part ] and 

sideration which can be should be given resuming its sinuous lorm. 

to the streams. No number of little " So far there is little difference be- 

rills are equal to one broad river; and, tween this and the common method of 

in the principal current, some varieties making artificial rock. When, how- 

may be sacrificed to importance. But ever, every stone has been arranged to 

a degree of strength should always be suit the eye, the interstices between 

preserved. The water, though it iieeds them are to be filled up with any kind 

not be furious, must not be dull ; for of rough mortar. Of course fissures, 

dignity, when most serene, is not lan- and similar places intended for the 

guid and space ; will hardly atone for plants which are to cover the rock, 

want of animation. 

must be left open, so that the roots may 

"Inhabitants furnish frequent oppor- penetrate to the soil beneath the stones 

tunities to strengthen the appearances j 

of force by giving intimations of danger, i 

A house placed at the edge of a preci- ! 

pice—any building on the pinnacle of a | 

crag—makes that situation seem form- \ 

next operation is to daub the whole 

The 

mass over with Roman cement. For 

this purpose the latter should be mixed 

with water until it is of the consistence 

of thick paint, in which state it may be

— 

— 

ROC 508 ROO 

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applied to the 

painter's brush. 

Btones with a large nobilis; Phlox ovata; P. subulata ; P. 

The spaces between nivalis; Vinca minor, florepleno; Camthe 

stones having been filled with rough panula pumila ; Gentiana verna ; Dryas 

mortar prevents the cement from being octopetala; Digitalis lutea; Sibthorpia 

wasted. The thickness of the latter on europsa ; Arabis alpina; Draba azoides; 

the stones need not be more than the Premanthes purpurea; P. Muralis ; 

eighth of an inch: it will unite the Antennaria plantaginea ; Gnaphalium 

whole into one mass; and rock-work, arenanum ; Polypodium vulgare camthus 

constructed, is beyond all compa- bricum ; P. dryopteris ; Onoclea sensirison 

far more natural than that made bills ; Asplenium adiantum nigrum ; 

in the usual way. It has none of that Pteris caudata ; Adiantum Capillus 

disjointed appearance which usually ac- veneris ; Aspidium rigidum; A. Loncompanies 

rock-woA made without chitis. 

cement. After a few months' exposure RODRIGUEZIA, Six species. Stove 

to the weather, rock-work thus formed orchids. 

ROELLIA. 

Division. Peat and wood, 

(if skillfully made) cannot without care- 

Six species. Chiefly 

ful examination be distinguished from a 'green-house evergreen shrubs. R. de- 

ratural mass; it will soon cover all hut \currens, a half-hardy annual ; R. mu- 

the most prominent parts. If the ce- j cosa, an herbaceous perennial. Seed, 

i 

I 

ment be of a colour too light, which, or young cuttings. Sandy loam and 

for some situations, may be the case, a peat. 

little lamp-black, or soot, may be mixed R. ciliata is a Cape plant, and rewith 

it. Care must, however, be taken quires a green-house in this country, 

that no substance which may make the ! 

, 

It should be potted in light rich soil, 

cement more porous is used, otherwise such as a mixture of peat, leaf-mould, 

it will peel from the stones after a hard 

frost. For the benefit of those who 

sand, and loam. Keep it rather dry 

when it is not growing, but give it plenty 

are not accustomed to using cement, I 

may mention that no more should be 

moistened at once than can be used in 

of water at other times. 

RCEPERA.. Two species. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Young cut- 

a short time. If the cement be good it tings or seeds. Loam, peat, and sand. 

will quickly harden, and will then be in R. aurantiaca will flower in an open 

a manner useless. 

" In preserving cavities in the rock 

for plants, care should be taken that no 

border. 

ROLANDRA argentea. Green-house 


places are left in which the water may 

lodge, or, in frosty weather, the ice, by 

expansion, would split and peel off the 

peat. 

ROLLER. This is best made of castiron, 

and may be had of four different 

thin crust of cement, or lowest part of sizes, viz. with a diameter of sixteen, 

them, communicating with the soil be- eighteen, 

neath the stones, so that the water may 

drain off. 

" In making artificial rock for waterfalls, 

or other constructions, where the 

twenty-two, or twenty-four 

cement may be constantly exposed to 

the action of water, the best water-cement 

should be used. Any preparation 

that does not quickly indurate under 

water, will, in a short time, be washed 

away, and leave nothing but the bare 

stones." Whateley. 

Plants suited for Rock-work are : 

] 

I 

] 

i 

inches. The roller and water-engine, 

where either the lawns or roads are 

extensive, may be combined advantageously. 

RONDELETIA. Eleven species. 



ROOTS are either annual, biennial, 

or perennial, but in all roots, and under 

any mode of management, the fibrous 

parts (radiculjB) are strictly annual ; they 

decay as winter approaches, and are 

Rhododendron ferrugineum; R. hirsu- produced with the returning vigour of 

tum; Arctostaphylos Uva ursi ; Chamoeledron 

procumbens ; Sedum rupes- 

their parent in the spring. Hence the 

reason that plants are transplanted with 

tre ; S. Forsterianum S. popullfolium ; most success during the season of their 

; 

S. villosum ; S. hexangulare ; Arbutus decay : for, as the root almost excluphillyres.folia 

; A. pilosa Mahonia aqui- ; sively imbibes nourishment by the 

folium; Ramondia pyrenaica; Soldanella mouths of these fibres, in proportion as 

alpina; Androsace villosa ; Crydalis they are injured by the removal, so is

ROO 509 ROO 

the plant deprived of the means of support 

; that snp which is employed in 

the formation of new fibres, would 

have served to increase the size of other 

formed, these early varieties blossom 

and bear seed as freely as the latter 

kinds, a flict suggesting many experiments 

in the cultivation of shy-blooming 

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parts. 

tuberous-rooted flowers. Again, if the 

The quantity of root I have always blossoms of these later varieties are 

observed to increase with the poverty plucked off as they appear, the weight 

of the soil in which it is growing. A of tubers produced will be very materoot 

always proceeds to that direction rially increased. 

where food is most abundant; and from According to the nsual acceptation 

a knowledge of this fact, we should be of the term, the roots of plants do not 

circumspect in our mode of applying emit excrements, yet it is quite certain 

manures, according to the crop and ob- that, in common with all the other parts 

ject we have in view. The soil in my of a plant, they perspire matters difterown 

garden being shallow, never pro- ing in their amount and composition in 

duced a carrot or a parsnip of any size ; every species. The earth in contact 

but almost every root consisted of nu- with the tubers of a potato fully ripe 

merous forks thickly coated with fibres ; contains mucilage, and has the peculiar 

digging two spades deep produced no odour of the root; that in contact with 

material advantage, the gardener ap- the roots of peas is also mucilaginous, 

plying as usual manure to the surface ; and smells very strongly of that vegetabut 

by trenching as before, and turning ble; and the freshly upturned soil where 

in a small quantity of manure at the cabbages have been growing, always 

bottom, the roots always spindled well, smells offensively. 

grew clean, and had few lateral fibres. 

For late crops of peas, which mildew, 

chiefly from a deficiency of moisture to 

the root, it is an object to keep their 

radicuhc near the surface, for the sake 

of the light depositions of moisture incident 

to their season of growth ; hence 

it will always be found of benefit to 

cover the earth over the rows, with a 

MM. Sennebier and Caradori found 

that if roots of the carrot, scorzonera, 

and radish, are placed in water, some 

with only their extremities immersed, 

and others with their entire surfaces 

plunged in except the extremities, the 

former imbibe the water rapidly, and 

the plants continue vegetating, but the 

others imbibe no perceptible quantity, 

1 

I 

little well-rotted dung, and to point 

in lightly. 

it and speedily wither. It suggests also 

the reason why the gardener in apply- 

If it be desirable to prevent the roots ing water or manure to trees or shrubs, 

does so at a distance from their stems. 

, 

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of any plant travelling in a certain direction, 

the soil on that side should be 

excavated, and the cavity refilled with 

sand, or some other unfertile earth,! 

whilst the soil on those sides of the 

plant whither the roots are desired to 

tend, should be made as fertile as is 

permissible with its habits. 

A good rule, for ascertaining the 

proper distance for such applications, 

seems to be to make tliem beneath the 

circumference of the head of the tree ; 

tor, as M. De Candolle observed, there 

is usually a relation between that and 

the length of the roots, so that the rain 

j 

It may be accepted as a universal falling upon the foliage is poured off 

maxim, that whatever causes an exces- most abundantly at the distance most 

sive development of root, prevents the desirable for reaching the extremities 

of the roots. 

, 

i 

production of seed ; and vice versA, the 

productiod of seed, especially in tuber- This explains why the fibrous points 

ous-rooted plants, reduces the amount of roots are usually annually renewed, 

of root developed. Thus, frequent and the caudex (or main limb of the 

transplanting the young plants of the root) extended in length ; by these 

lettuce, brocoli, and cauliflower, causes means they each year shoot forth into 

the production of numerous fibrous a fresh soil, always changing their diroots,and 

is found effective in prevent- rection to where most food is to be ob- 

| 

the mature plants advancing early I tained. If the extremity of a root is cut 

j 

i 

to seed. off, it ceases to increase in length, but 

The early varieties of the potato do enlarges its circle of extension by latenot 

naturally produce seed ; but if their ral shoots, 

tubers are removed as soon as they are I The roots of plants, unless frozeB,

ROO 510 ROO 

are constantly imbibing nourishment, 

and even developing parts; for if the 

with a 

loss, in 

superabundance of roots, the 

their case, is not so much felt, 

roots of trees planted during the winter If performed at all, it should take place 

be examined after an interval of a few 

weeks, they will be found to have emitted 

fresh radicles. 

The food they imbibe is slowly elaborated 

in the vessels of the stem and 

branches, and there deposited. In general, 

roots have no buds, and are, 

therefore, incapable of multiplying the 

in the autumn ; for, at that time, the 

root, like the other parts of a plant, 

are comparatively empty of fluid ; but 

if deferred till the spring, then the roots 

are all distended with fluid, which has 

been collecting in them during winter; 

and every part taken away carries with 

it a portion of that nurture which the 

plant to which they belong. But it 

constantly happens in some species, 

plant had been laying up as the store 

upon which to commence its renewed 

that they have the power of forming 

what are called adventitious buds ; 

and 

in such cases, they may be employed 

for purposes of propagation. 

There is no rule by which the power 

of a plant to generate such buds by its 

roots can be judged of: experiment is 

therefore necessary, in all cases, to 

growth. 

"It must now be obvious that, although 

root-pruning may be prejudicial 

in transplanting trees, it may be of the 

greatest service to such established 

trees as are too prone to produce 

branches and leaves, instead of flowers 

and fruit. In these cases, the excessive 

determine the point. When there is a vigour is at once stopped, by removal 

of some of the stronger roots, and con- 

' 

' 

< 

\ 

difficulty in procuring a suitable stock, 

pieces of the roots of the plant to be sequently, of a part of the superfluous 

multiplied are often taken as a substi- food to which their 'rankness' is owing. 

tute, and they answer the purpose per- " The operation has been successfectly 

well ; for the circumstance which fully performed on the wall trees at 

| 

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hinders the growth of pieces of a root Oulton, by Mr. Errington, one of our 

into young branches, is merely their best English gardeners, and by many 

want of buds. If a scion is grafted others, and, I believe, has never proved 

upon a root, that deficiency is supplied, an objectionable practice under judiand 

the difference between the internal cious management. Its effect is, pro 

organization of a root and a branch is tanto, to cut off the supply of food, 

and thus to arrest the rapid growth of 

80 trifling as to oppose no obstacle to 1 

the solid union of the two 

ROOT-PRUNING has been thus considered 

by Dr. Lindley, in his excellent 

Theory of Horticulture :— 

" In the nurseries, it is a universal 

practice to prune the roots of trans- 

the branches. 

" Under all ordinary circumstances, 

the roots must necessarily be injured 

more or less by removal : in that case, 

all the larger wounds should be cut to 

a clean smooth face, and not in long 

I 

planted trees: in gardens, this is as ragged slivers, as is often the case, and 

seldom performed—which is right. If which is only substituting one kind of 

mutilation for another; but at an angle 

a wounded or bruised root is allowed ; 

to remain upon a transplanted tree, it of about 4.5'^, or less, 

is apt to decay, and this disease may " If the ends of small roots are 

| 

spread to neighbouring parts, which bruised, they generally die back a little 

would otherwise be healthy: to remove way, and then emit fresh spongioles; 

but the larger roots, when bruised, lose 

: 

the wounded parts of roots is, therefore, 

desirable. But the case is different with 

healthy roots. We must remember that 

the vitality of their broken extremity; 

their ragged tissue remains open to the 

every healthy and unrautilated root uncontrolled introduction of water ; dewhich 

is removed, is a loss of nutriment cays in consequence of being in conto 

the plant, and that, too, at a time tact with an excess of this fluid; and 

when it is least able to spare it; and often becomes the seat of disease which 

i 

' 

there cannot be any advantage in the spreads to parts that would be healthy. 

removal. The nursery practice is pro- " When, however, the wound is 

bably intended to render the operation made clean by a skilful pruner, the 

of transplanting large numbers of plants vessels all contract, and prevent the 

less troublesome: and, as it is chiefly introduction of an excess of water into 

applied to seedlings and young plants the interior; the wound heals by granu-

— 

ROP 511 ROS 

lations formed by the living tissue ;] and others vary so sliglitly that a pracand 

the readiness with which this takes ticed eye is scarcely able to detect the 

place is in proportion to the sniallness ditTerence. The Queen of Flowers had 

of the wound. It may be sometimes at no previous day attained the celeadvantagcous 

to remove large parts of brity and popular favour it now enjoys, 

the coarser roots of a tree, even if and never was it so well worthy that 

they are not accidentally wounded po[)ularity. Ever cliarining, it is now 

when taken up, the object being to doubly so from exhibiting its beauty 

compel tlie plant to throw out, in room almost without intermission, whilst very 

of those comparatively inactive subter- i many 

ranean limbs, a supply of young active 

fibres. 

"This is a common practice in the 

nurseries in transplanting young oaks 

— 

of them yield powerful and de- 

licious perfume. Those who may be 

resident in remote positions, and whose 

idea of the rose, pleasing as it may be, 

is the recollection of it, as it was in by- 

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and other tap-rooted trees, and is one gone years, are far behind the age 

of the means employed by the Lannotliing, whether it be artificial, or the 

cashire growers of gooseberries, in or- product of nature assisted by art, has 

der to increase the vigour of their kept more steady pace with the imbranches 

; in the last case, however, provements of our day. 

the operation is not confined to the 

time when transplantation takes place, 

The following select varieties in each 

of the divisions into wliich by common 

but is practised annually upon digging consent this flower has been divided, 

the gooseberry borders. The reason are abstracted from the catalogue of 

why cutting off portions of the princi- the old Landreth nursery, and though 

pal roots causes a production of fibres they are now certainly among those 

appears to be this; the roots are pro- most to be desired, who can tell how 

duced by organizable matter sent down- soon many of them may be superseded 

wards from the stem; that matter, if 

uninterrupted, will flow along the main 

by more attractive varieties? Whilst 

speaking of varieties it may not be out 

branches of the roots, until it reaches of place to remark that great disapthc 

extremities, adding largely to the pointment has been endured by imwood 

and horizontal growth of the porters of roses from Europe, induced 

j 

, of 

root, but increasing in a very slight de- to order by the enticing descriptions in 

gree the absorbent powers: but if a English and continental works : a large 

large limb of the roots is amputated, niajority, it is believed, have fallen short 

the powers of the stem remaining the 

' 

their transatlantic character, and 

same, all that descending organizable American florists have not a! ways escapmatter 

which would have been ex- ed censure for distributing varieties of 

pended in adding to the thickness of little worth, when their only fault was 

the amputated part, is arrested at the reliance on the fidelity of European 

lime of amputation ; and, unable to descriptions, 

pass further on, rapidly produces granulations 

to heal the wound, and immediately 

afterward young spongioles, 

which soon establish themselves in the 

surrounding soil, and become the points 

of new active fibres.'- 

ROPALA. Three 

Theory of liort. 

species. Greenhouse 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. 

and peat. 

Loam 

ROSE. Roaa. Seventy-eight spe- 

cies, and an almost innumerable num- ' 

ber of varieties, principally hardy deciduous 

or evergreen shrubs. To 

attempt an enumeration, much less a 

description of all the varieties which 

they profess to cultivate in Europe, 

would be an unnecessary waste of 

space, for the simple reason that many 

of them are unworthy of preservation. 

ROSA INDICA. 

Bengal, or Daily Rose. 

Animated, rosy blush. 

Arsenie, light rose. 

Augustine Hersent, superb rose. 

Assuerus, crimson. 

Admiral Duperre, dark rose. 

Belle Isidore, crimson. 

" de Monza, dark rose. 

" Violet, violet purple. 

Bisson, rosy blush. 

Burette, dark red. 

Camelcon, rose. 

Cramoisi superieur, crimson. 

Cels, blush. 

Comble de Gloirc, crimson. 

Don Carlos, dark rose.

ROS 

Duchess of Kent, pink. 

Eugene Beauharnais, crimson. 

Fabvier, scarlet. 

Grandral, crimson. 

Grandida, rose. 

Hortensia, light rose. 

Indica Alba, pure white. 

Jacksonia, bright red. 

Louis Philippe, crimson. 

Lady Warrender, while. 

Lawrencia, pink. 

Marjolin, crimson. 

Mrs. Bosanquet, large blush. 

Napoleon, rose fine. 

Reine de Lombardie, cherry red. 

Samson, light rose. 

Triomphant, crimson. 

Vanilla, dark rose. 

ROSA INDICA ODORATA. 

Tea scented Roses. 

512 

Archduchess Theresa, white. 

Aurora, blush. 

Alba, pure white. 

Arkinto, flush colour. 

Adelaide, blush. 

Antherose, blush white. 

Adam, rosy blush. 

Belle Marguerite, rosy purple. 

Bougfere, light rose. 

Boutrand, rosy blush. 

Bon Silene, superb red. 

Bourbon, white. 

Barbot, blush. 

Camellia, white. 

Caroline, bright rose. 

Countess Albemarle, straw colour. 

Due d'Orleans, bright rose. 

Devoniensis, creamy yellow. 

Devaux, blush. 

Delphine Gaudot, white. 

D'Arrance de Navarre, light pink. 

Eliza Sauvage,pale sulphur. 

Flon, buff. 

Flavescens, yellow. 

Golcondi, blush white. 

Goubault, rosy blush. 

Gigantesque de Lima, light yellow. 

Gloria de Hardi, light rose. 

Hymenee, white. 

Jaune Panache, straw colour. 

La Sylphide, rosy buff. 

Lilicina, lilac. 

Lyonnais, rose. 

La Pactole, yellow. 

La Renomme, white. 

Madam Desprez, white. 

Mansais, rosy buff. 

Niphetos, white. 

Odoratissima, rich blush. 

ROS 

Princesse Maria, blush. 

«« d'Esterhazy, light rose. 

Strombio, white. 

Triomphe de Luxembourg, rosy 

blush. 

Victoria Modeste, blush. 

William Wallace, pale blush. 

KOSA BOURBONIANA* 

Bourbon Roses. 

Augustine Lelieur, bright rose. 

Acidalie, white, large and fine. 

Comte de Rambuteau, violet purple. 

Ceres, dark rose. 

Cytherea , rosy pink, very fragrant. 

Comte d'Eu, bright carmine. 

Doctor Rocques, purple crimson. 

Dumont de Courset, deep purple. 

Du Petit Thouars. 

Emilie Courtier, rosy red. 

GloiredeRosamene, brilliant crimson. 

" de Paris, bright red. 

Grand Capitaine, brilliant scarlet. 

Gloire de France, rose, veryfragrant. 

Hermosa, light pink. 

Henri Plantier, pale rose. 

Imperatrice Josephine, creamy white. 

Lady Canning, deep rose. 

Madam Desprez, rosy lilac. 

" Souchet, blush, fine. 

" Lacharme, blush white. 

" Nerard, light rose. 

Marechal de Villars, rosy purple, fine. 

Ninon de I'Enclos, dark rose. 

Paul Joseph, velvet crimson. 

Princesse Clementine, deep rosy pur- 

ple. 

Phoenix, rose red. 

Pierre de St. Cyr, light rose. 

Queen, delicate blush. 

Reine de Fontenay, brilliant rose. 

Souchet, deep crimson. 

Souvenir de la Malmaison, creamy 

white, fine. 

Theresita, bright carmine. 

REMONTANT, OR HYBRID PERPETUAL 

ROSES. 

Note— In Europe these roses are highly 

esteemed; fiere their reputation as "perpetuals" 

has been seriously injured, in 

consequence of their having been n\ 

many instances, worked on stocks uiisuited 

either to this rose, or to our cUmate. 

Antinous, dark crimson. 

Aubernon, clear red, very fine. 

Augustine Mouchelet, clear bright 

rose. 

Baronne Provost, fine rose colour.

' Due 

ROS 513 ROS 

Comte de Paris, dark crimson. 

Claire du Chatelet, purple red. 

Clementine Syringe, pale rose. 

Comtesse Duchatel. 

Crimson orRosedu Roi,lightcrimson. 

D'Angers, delicate rose. 

Doctor M.irjolin. 

de Aumale. 

Duchesse de Nemours, pale rose. 

" de Sutherland, bright rose. 

Edouard Jesse, dark purple crimson. 

Isaure, bright pink. 

Israel, salile. 

Insigne D'Estotells. 

Josephine Antoinette, rosy blush. 

Louis Bonaparte. 

Lady Fordwich, deep rose. 

" Alice Peel, rosy carmine. 

La Reine, or Queen, rose colour, 

superb. 

Madame Laffay, brilliant rose, 

^larcjuise Bocella. 

Mrs. Elliott, rosy red. 

Melanie Cornu, deep crimson. 

Newton. 

Palmyre, blush. 

Princesse Helene, large deep rose. 

Prince Albert, very dark crimson, 

fine. 

Prudence Rocser, rosy pink. 

Prince de Salm, dark crimson. 

" of Wales, rose carmine. 

Reine de la Guilloti&re, brilliant 

crimson. 

Desquermus or Royal, large rose. 

Stanwell, blush very fine. 

Sisley, large bright red. 

NOISETTE OR CLUSTER FLOVTERING ROSES. 

Those marked * are dwarfs. 

*Alba, crea.my white. 

*Ainiee Vibert, pure white. 

Bengal Lee, blush, fragrant. 

Cadot, blush lilac. 

Charles Tenth, purple. 

Conque de Venus, white rose centre. 

Ccpur Jaune, white yellow centre. 

Champneyana, rosy white. 

Couiitesse de Grillion, blush. 

Chromotelle, large yellow fine. 

*Euphrosine, pale yellow. 

Fcllenberg, crimson, superb. 

Gabriel, blush, fine. 

Jaune Desprez, rosy yellow, 

Julienne le Sourd, rose. 

Julie dc Loynes, white. 

Lamarque, creamy white, ^ne. 

La Biche, flesh colour. 

Lady Byron, pink, /inf. 

33 

Lutea or Smithii, fine yellow. 

Landreth's Carmine, carmine. 

*La Nymphe,pale rose. 

Miss Simpson, blush. 

Orloff, pink,^ne. 

*Ophire, ycWow , fragrant. 

Sir Walter Scott, deep rose. 

Solfatare, superb dark yellow. 

Vitellina, white. 

CLIJIBIXG ROSES. 

These flower annually in immense 

clusters, grow rapidly, and are quite 

hardy. 

fianksia lutea, double yellow. 

" alba, white. 

Boursault, rose colour. 

" purpurea, purple. 

" blush, large blush. 

" gracilis, bright rose. 

Bengalensis scandens, large rosy 

white. 

Felicite perpetuelle, blush white. 

Grevillia. Greville produces immense 

clusters, of various colours and 

shades, from white to crimson. 

Multiflora, pink. 

" alba, blush white. 

Rubifolia, single Michigan or prairie. 

" elegans, double pink. 

" purpurea, double purple. 

" Queen, double pink. 

" alba, double blush white. 

Russelliana, crimson cottage rose. 

Sempervirens plena, superb white. 

Triomphe de Bolhvyler, blush white. 

Laura Davoust, white. 

MICROPHYLLA ROSES. 

Maria Leonida, white, extra fine. 

Microphylla rosea, rose colour. 

•' odorata alba, creamy 

white. 

MUSK-SCENTED ROSES. 

Moschata, white semi-double. 

" superba, pure white, very 

double. 

Princesse de Nassau, white double. 

HARDY GARDEN ROSES. 

Miaulis, rosy purple. 

Coronation, purple crimson. 

Reine dcs Roses, bright crimson. 

Due d'Orleans, dark rose. 

Painted damask, white. 

Brennes, dark pink. 

Rivers' Geo. IV., superb crimson. 

Hybride blanche, white.

ROS 514 ROS 

Heureuse surprise, carmine. 

Ranunculus, purple, compact. 

La capricieuse, purple crimson. 

Royal Provins, superb pink. 

Uu Roi, perpetual, bright red. 

Harrisonii, yellow Austrian briar. 

Moss single, crimson, veiy mossy. 

" common, rose. 

" Luxembourg, crimson. 

" white, perpetual. 

" crested. 

" Adelaide. 

York and Lancaster, red and white. 

Provins Belgic, large pink. 

Four Seasons, pink. 

Moretti, light rose. 

Burgundy, rose, compact. 

Persian, this is the finest yellow rose 

now in cultivation. 

Characteristics of Excellence.—Petal s 

form the female parents. Among tlie 

moss, the Single Crimson, Du Luxembourg, 

and Eclatante, occasionally seed. 

Among the briers, the Double Yellow, 

and Harrisonii. Among the Bourbons, 

the old or de Lisle, Augustine Lelieur, 

Dubourg, Gloire de Rosamfene, Emile 

Courtier, and Bouquet de Flore. Among 

the Chinese, Camellia Blanc, Fabvicr, 

Therese Stravins, Alba, Belle Elvire, 

Henri Cinque, and Madame Bureau. 

Among the tea-scented, Odbrate, Jaune 

Hamon, Lyonnais, Hardy, Lady Granville, 

Caroline Gonbault, Belle AUemande,and 

Bardon. Many of the least 

double Gallica roses also seed freely. 

As the female parent will, in many 

cases, be but semi-double, we should 

endeavour to counteract the probable 

results of this by crossing with farina 

thick, broad, and smooth edged; highly gathered from the most double varieties 

perfumed; outline of flower, circular ; 

outer petals, curving slightly inwards, 

and imbricated in distinct rows ; 

— 

colour, 

distinct and permanent ; flowers, uniform 

in size, well above the foliage, 

and on foot-stalks stiff but elastic; 

foliage, bright green; habit of the 

plant, shrubby. 

Propagation.—We give the directions 

lor propagation by budding, graft- 

First among the hybrid Chinese are, 

Athelin and Celine; Ne plus Ultra; 

Duke of Devonshire ; Chatelain ; Princess 

Augusta; Henri Barbet; Globe, 

White Hip ; General AUard, Aurora, 

and others. These might be crossed 

with some of the freest blooming da- ' 

that we can collect it from. The plants 

intended to seed should be selected in 

a good state of growth, and never allowed 

to suffer from drought. When 

the bloom is in trusses, the backward 

flower buds should be cut out, leaving 

not more than six of the plumpest and 

most perfect buds on one flower-stalk." 


Those who wish to raise seedling 

ing, cuttings, &c., and the general roses should not gather the hips until 

j 

management of this plant, just as it they have been exposed to frost, for it 

appears in the English edition of this is a curious fact that the seeds of those 

j 

work. The American florist has greatly thus subjected to a low temperature 

simplified much therein described germinate with less failures. This is a 

still it is well to exhibit what is done 

by others. 

By Seed.—Mr. Paul, the eminent 

lesson probably from nature, for it is 

certain that the hips of the rose never 

fall or shed their seed to the ground 

florist, recommends the following, 

which," he says, " seed freely, and 

appear well suited for female parents. 

until they have been frosted. 

Budding.—Preparing Stocks.—The 

Boursault and De Lisle roses have been 

ested as the best stocks for potculture, 

and if grown in a rich sheltered 

soil, and cut down for stooling, 

some of the shoots of the second year 

may be layered the same season. If 

the end of the layer is tied carefully to 

', 

mask, perpetual, or 

a stick, it 

Bourbon roses, to serted in 

will allow a bud to be in- 

a few weeks. The tongue 

endeavour to obtain an increase of, and being cut on the layer's upper side will 

an improvement among, the hardy au save the shoot from breaking. Mr. 

tumnal roses. The Ayrshire and Sem 

pervirens, among which there 

paucity of high-coloured flowers, might 

Reid, of Noble Thorpe, near Barnsley, 

from whom these directions come, re- 

commends a piece of clay or a small 

be fertilized with the farina of some stone to be inserted in the opening, to 

dark varieties selected from those sec- prevent its adhering before roots are 

tions which approach nearest to them formed. About the end of October 

in natural character. Here Ruga Splen- these early layers will be rooted, and 

may be potted. Only one bud to be 

dens, and Leopoldine d'Orleans, might ,

— 

ROS 515 ROS 

' 

i 

I 

| 

' 

inserted on a stock. Many varieties, as tion to tliese circumstances insures that 

IJourbon, Noisette, China, Tea-scented, the sap is flowing freely, and avoids a 

&c., if well managed, will bloom beau- rapid evaporation, so often preventing 

tifully in the spring and summer fol- success. But budding may be in spring, 

lowing. if the buds are extracted with a small 

Mr. Jos. Baumann recommends the portion of wood adhering to them. For 

seeds of the dog rose to be sown in this purpose, scions are cut before win- 

February, the seedlings, cut back to ter, and stuck into the ground till the 

two eyes, potted in forty-eights next moment when in spring the bark of the 

stock will run. To prepare the bud, 

' autumn plunged in a border until early ; 

in July ; to be budded at the end of we make firstly, a transverse cut into 

August; headed down in November; the wood a little below an eye, which 

potted in thirty-twos; protected in a 

frame during winter ; started by dung 

incision is met by a longer cut down- 

wards, commencing at a short distance 

heat in January, and the shoots when above the eye, care being taken that a 

three inches long pinched back to one portion of wood is removed with the 

inch, this being repeated two or three 

times to form a good head. In autumn, 

prune and shift to larger pots, to remain 

for some years. These stocks 

produce very enduring and bright flowers. 

Rosa Banksia, herberifolia, bracteata, 

and multiflora, do boston Quatre 

Saisons stocks. 

bark. This bud is inserted into the 

bark of the stock, which is cut like 

an inverted y, the horizontal edges of 

this cut in the stock, and of the bud, 

must be brought into the most perfect 

contact with each other, and then bound 

with waterproof bast, without, however, 

applying grafting clay. Eight days after 

In budding on the Boursault, and in- the insertion of the bud, the stock is 

deed on any other rose, an excellent pruned down to the branch, which is 

mode is, in April, to tongue a strong immediately above the opposite side, 

shoot, pass it through a forty-eight pot, 

until the tongue is in the centre, and 

then press the pot full of a mixture of 

and this branch is stopped by being cut 

down to two or three eyes; all the side 

wood is destroyed, and when the bud 

I 

! 

rotten dung and sand. It may be bud- has pushed its fifth leaf, compel it to 

ded at the time, but whenever done, branch by pinching its extremity ; it will 

the shoot should be headed down at the then flower in September of the same 

! 

' 

[ 

time of budding to within two eyes of year. You may also bud the rose in 

the bud. Gard. Chron. the spring without waiting till tlie bark 

Mr. Glenny recommends the stocks separates, by placing the bud with some 

to be planted in a rich stiflish ground, wood on it, in a niche made in the 

two feet apart in the row, and three stock, similar to what would be formed 

feet between the rows, with a stake by taking an eye for budding from it in 

every ten feet, and rods of sufficient the manner above described, and into 

strength, reaching from one to another, which it is fitted exactly with a slight 

to secure them against the effects of the pressure. It is recommended to make 

wind. Plant no deeper than just to the cut for the niche where there is al- 

cover the crown of the roots. When [ 

a bud on the stock ; when placed, 

ready 

growing commences rub off, twice a the bud is then bound with bast and 

week, all the buds that are not wanted, covered with mastic. Gard, Mag. 

\ 

but let the highest remain, for a stock Grafting.— " The exact time," says 

six feet high often produces no shoots 

higher than half its height. In the first 

the best treatise on the 'Tree Rose,' 

" for removing the scions from the paweek 

of July, the thorns should be removed 

from those places on the stocks 

rent tree, must depend upon the season ; 

some time during the first three weeks 

J 

intended for budding roses. If they be in February is the usual period. There 

not taken away, the operation is ren- does not exist an actual necessity for 

cutting the scions until they arc required 

dered needlessly troublesome; and it | 

is best done now as time is thus allowed for use ; but then it will be more diffifor 

the bark's healing. The best time cult to select the numbers recjuired in 

j 

for budding the rose is towards the end a state fit for use, and there is a greater 

of July, a dormant eye being employed, ' chance of their going off, if the weather 

just after a fall of rain, and when no remain cold, or the sap be not imme- 

diately supplied. Scions cut when the 

strong dry wind is moving. An atten- ] 

—

ROS 516 ROS 

sap is quite down, carry better and are will have a tendency to do, when the 

in every way more hardy. Let the rise of the sap swells the stock, thereby 

shoot remain for three weeks in an out- diminishing the juxtaposition of their 

liouse, or any other place, neither very respective libers, and the whole be- 

, 

dry nor very damp, where neither wind neath the lowest bud covered with 

I 

' 

nor sun can come in contact with them; grafting clay, totally excluding air, sun, 

the clay being damped with a sparing and rain. If the clay crack, it must be 

hand, if the generality of the scions renewed, not by shifting, but by filling 

j 

appear to shrink. During the first week up the crack. In about six months the 

in March the head of the stock (in which clay may be removed, and the wound 

covered with grafting wax; this latter 

the sap should be beginning to rise) 

to be cut off horizontally, a slit made on no account ust be omitted." 

| 

in it straight downwards of a couple of Gard. Chron. 

inches, or an inch and a half long, with- te ! 

— 

j^ Flanders, cleft-grafting is adopt- 

out injuring the sides of the bark. The gj^ ^nd care taken that the scion is of 

scion is to be taken in the left hand, jj^g game diameter as the stock, or the 

three buds, or two if the stock be not îgf^ ;„ the stock made sufficiently near 

large, being left upon it; the lower ex- \ o„g gjjg of t^g cross section, that tiie 

tremity must then be cut in the shape jj^rk of the scion may fit the stock on 

of a wedge, the back being rather the 

jôtj, sides. This mode is adopted in 

thinnest, and the lowest bud about half grafting one sort of garden-rose upon 

an inch above the thick end of the 

another. In grafting upon tiie dogwedge. 

In doing which, care must be ôse the same practice is followed, with 

taken that the bark be undisturbed, and jj^jg addition, that a shoulder is very 

each scion so placed that when entered of^gn made to the scion, so as that it 

in the stock, all the buds may poirit 

jj^^y rest with greater firmness upon 

outward, or at any rate be in such posijj^g 

stock ; such stocks being often emtion, 

that the shoots from them may not ployed as standards, and therefore more 

interfere with each other. The end of gxposed to wind. 

a budding knife or a little wooden or 

ivory wedge may be used to open the 

slit in the stock on one side, and the 

scion, with the thickest part or front 

outwards, must be placed in the other, 

care being taken that the edge of the 

inner bark or liber of the scion touches 

the edges of the inner bark of the stock 

all the way down ; the wedge may then 

be removed and another scion entered 

in its place, the si 

the first : if the siz 

half the size of the stock, a shoulder 

may be left to the former, and the 

chances of success thereby increased. 

Any number of scions may be inserted 

in the same stock, but from one to four 

at most are all that are desirable in the 

— — 

" Mr. Calvert, of Rouen, observes 

that it is the general practice to form 

the wedge in a part of the scion where 

there are no buds, but that he adopts a 

contrary practice, and finds that a bud, 

on the wedge part of the scion, greatly 

contributes to the success of the graft. 

By taking care to have a bud on the 

lower part of the scion, Mr. Calvert has 

been successful in grafting roses 

, 

It being kept open by 

even 

, ^j^^ ^j^- or splice method, which, 

•e of the scion be only 

,^

— 

— 

— 

ROS 517 ROS 

: 

three weeks. In the fourth week the should cut both of these into within two 

cutting m;iy be potted." Gnrd. Chron. eyes of the short branch they started 

By Suckers.— Roses send up many from ; and this would make each of 

j 

suckers annually, which may be taken [those branches start out two more ; and 

up in autumn, winter, or early spring, ! unless to get the tree, or the dwarf 

' With some rootlets attached; and the bush, into any particular t'orni, we 

strongest mav be planted out finally, ' should never omit cutting down shoots, 

and the weakest in the nursery for a and often cut out old lumps of wood 

| 

year or two or longer. They will ! and branches to thin the tree, which 

readily grow, and will, most of them, I must never get crowded. By the same 

j 

i 

' 

1 

! 

' 

' 

! 

' 

I 

j 

produce liowers the following summer, rule we should always cut away all the 

When rose-trees 

large bunches, with 

have grown into spindly shoots. China roses, and all 

many suckers, the constant bloomers, which require conwhole 

may be taken up and slipped, or tinued attention, should have only the 

divided into separate plants. The moss, old wood and the weak shoots cut away, 

and some others, furnish suckers but because any violent prunin;: would 

sparingly. 

throw the plant out of flower for a con- 

By Layers.- -To obtain shoots for siderable time ; while carefully removlayering, 

a quantity of rose-trees should ing the seed-vessels, and taking away 

be planted for stools, which, being weak wood to make room for the 

headed down low, will throw out shoots stronger, will keep them constantly 

abundantly near the ground, in summer, flowering. This is especially requisite 

for layering in autumn or winter follow- with climbing roses, where the favouring. 

They will be rooted by next able aspect, and other circumstances, 

autumn, and fit for transplantation in may set the seed of almost every bloom. 

nursery rows ; though sometimes the The swelling of their seed-vessels will 

take all the nourishment from the shoots 

moss-rose and some others require two [ 

years before they are tolerably well that would otherwise continue to grow 

' 

[ 

} 

rooted. But of these sorts you may and bear flowers ; and the seed will 

also try layers of the shoots of the year, often complete its growth and ripen 

layered in summer, any time in June. before there is anything like a general 

I 

j 

They will probably root a little 

same season. The layers of all 

the bloom again." Gard. and Prnr. Flor. 

the " A very good time for performing 

sorts, after being properly rooted, the operation is imjnediately after the 

should be taken up in autumn and ] 

bloom 

planted in the nursery, to have one or wood, shortening shoots which have 

two years' growth. Abercromhie. flowered to a good bud accompanied 

with a healthy leaf, but leaving such 

; 

shoots 

Soil.—All the cultivated roses, and 

especially the double-flowering kinds, j 

— 

is over ; cuttingout old exhausted 

j 

\ 

as are still in a growing state 

require a rich loamy soil inclining to untouched till October, 

clay rather than sand ; and they require " Where very large roses are wanted, 

also, like most double flowers, plenty all the buds but that on the extreme 

of moisture when in a growing stite. point of each shoot should be pinched 

off" as soon as they make their appear- 

i 

ance, i 

Manures.—The best is a mixture of 

one part guano, three parts charred 

] 

' 

; 

and the plant liberally supplied 

turf and earth, and six parts cow-dung, with water. 

A thin dressing pointed in every spring. "To lessen evaporation, and keep 

Pruning.—Mr. Glenny gives these up a constant moisture at the root of 

very good and full directions: 

'their roses, the Paris gardeners gene- 

" Suppose we have a standard, with rally mulch them with half-rotten stnl)!e 

only one branch from the bud, which is dung or partially rotten leaves." Enc. 

always stronger and better than if there Gard. 

are two or three—the first season we The Banksian Rose must be pruned 

should cut that to within two eyes of at no other time, but immediately after 

' 

the ground, if a rose on its own root, or it has done blooming in June, or early 

within two eyes of the stock, if it be a in July. 

budded one. These two eyes would, Planting. — "On removing trees,"' 

the very first year, send out two bloom- ! says the author of the Tree Rose, " the 

ing branches, which would grow a con- fresh shoots they have made, and the 

j 

siderable length. The next season we appearance of those which were left, 

| 

—

ROS 518 ROS 

will require attention in the application 

of the knife. In pruning a large 

root it should be cut to a lateral; in 

shortening a small one, to a fibre. 

Where a plant has been examined and 

trimmed recently, however, the knife 

should be sparingly used. 

" And it may here be well to observe, 

that all cuts to remove branches, knots, 

or roots, should be quite clean, slanting 

(and deep enough to the stem, viz. 

even with it), and nothing left projecting 

Jest dead wood he the consequence, 

and the plant be eventually injured. 

All wounds should be carefully healed 

and dead wood should, in all cases, be 

removed, and living bark encircle that 

which remains." 

The best time for planting is November. 

Forcing. — For the following very 

successful mode of forcing roses, we 

are indebted to R. A. Salisbury, Esq : 

— , 

" Take off strong suckers about the 

end of October or beginning of November, 

with all the fibres they may 

have formed, which can only be well 

done by digging up the parent stock. 

Plant these suckers in pots only about 

four inches diameter at the top, wind- 

air. 

" The small size of these pots makes 

stronger blossoms, even the first if the 

suckers are large ; and as they are to 

be shifted annually, it is absolutely 

necessary to begin with small pots. 

To have a plentiful supply of blossoms 

during tlie months of December, 

January, February, March, April and 

May, from one hundred to three hundred 

suckers must be thus prepared. 

" For the plants to be forced, from 

December to INIarch, a small frame 

should be devoted, about twelve feet 

long, five feet wide, seven feet wide 

behind, and only six or eight inches in 

front. This pitch admits the rays of 

light, at that period, to strike upon the 

plants to the greatest advantage, a flue. 

or tank, or pipes, if hot water be used, 

running from one end to the other. If 

the floor be built thick, and the fire- 

Fig. 149. 

place, as well as the chimney-top, be 

well closed up after the heat has penetrated 

the flue, the air within will be 

sufficiently heated with very little fuel, 

and require no attendance at night, except 

in very severe frost. The back of 

this frame may consist of wood, or a 

ing the sucker three, four, or five times narrow brick, at pleasure, and should 

round the inside of the pot ; and prune have a door in the middle, just sutfi- 

it, so as to leave no more than two 

buds, or three at most, above ground. 

Fill the pots with hazel loam, mixed 

with one-third equal parts charred turf 

and vegetable mould, pressing it firmly 

down to keep the sucker from starting, 

and plunge them to the brim close to 

one another quincunx fashion, in an 

open bed fully exposed to the sun and 

cieiitly large to admit the gardener to 

creep in and water the plants, by 

reaching over them from one side to 

the other without any walk inside. 

" A strong latticed floor must be fixed 

six inches above the flue, on which the 

pots must be placed when introduced ; 

and these must have a pan or receiver 

under each, to prevent the heat of the 

flue, which will now and then be smart 

notwithstanding every precaution, from 

striking directly on the pots themselves. 

After the month of March, 

roses may be advantageously forced in 

other houses and situations, but hardly 

sooner, except on the front flue of a 

pine-stove : and a small frame like this 

is not only built and maintained at a 

small cost ; but the lights may be used 

for other crops, especially melons, after 

June. 

" The plants to be forced into blossom 

by Christmai-day should be placed 

in this frame on the first day of October, 

lighting fires gradually, so as to keep 

the temperature, in the daytime, rather 

increasing than decreasing— from 60*'^ 

of Fahrenheit to SO'-' j but at night 30^

RO S 519 RO S 

is not too low. If the plants meet with 

one frosty night or two in the beginning 

of October, so much the better ; for 

they will push more vigorously after 

the heat is applied. The first year 

none of the crops will come in so early 

as afterwards; and I advise all the 

young suckers to be forced in succession 

the first year, not waiting till ihey 

have had one year's growth in the open 

air. Moreover, if the suckers are 

strong, they will produce more blossoms 

than might be expected. The 

second crop of plants introduced on the 

first of November will blossom from the 

middle of January to mid-February ; 

the 

third crop, introduced December 1st, 

from mid-February to the middle of 

March ; those of the fourth crop, introduced 

on the first of January, from the 

middle of March to the middle of April 

those of the fifth crop, introduced on 

the first of February, from the middle 

of April to the middle of May ; those of 

the sixth and last crop, introduced on 

the first of March, from the middle of 

May till the middle of June, when 

several varieties in the open ground begin 

to blossom. 

'•' As soon as the plants begin to push 

their buds, whether any apliides ap- 

pear upon the young shoots or not, fill 

the frame with tobacco-smoke ; and do 

not fail to repeat this every third week 

till the flowers appear; smoking, for 

the last time, just before any red tints 

appear on the earliest buds. No unpleasant 

smell of the tobacco will remain 

upon the plants after a day or 

two. The young shoots must also be 

carefully examined when half an inch 

long, and any grubs feeding upon them 

destroyed. 

" After the blossoms are gathered 

the plants must not be removed to a 

back shed, but kept in the frame, or 

brought back into it, if they have been 

taken into the apartments of the owner, 

permitting them to grow as they do in 

summer, in the open air, for at least 

two or three months. They must then 

be placed in a shady situation, and kept 

rather dry than moist, to throw them 

into a state of rest. 

" After the mouth of May, Mr. Salisbury 

prefers inverting them, especially 

the earlier crops, between two planks 

raised upon tressels, high enough to 

prevent tiie branches from touching the 

earth, as in the amiexed sketch, having 

; 

— 

for twenty-five years experienced the 

utility of this treatment, and suspecting 

that it strengthens the future blossoms 

by retaining sap in the branches, which 

would otherwise descend to the root or 

form suckers. 

Fig. 150. 

" While the plants are growing they 

must be constantly supplied with moisture 

— water and guano, or pigeons' 

dung infused in it a few days before, in 

the proportion of one ounce of the 

former, and of the latter one ounce to 

a gallon of water. Where pigeons' 

dung cannot be had, two ounces of 

sheep or deer's dung may be substituted 

to each gallon of water. 

" It now only remains to add, that it 

is most important in forcing roses to 

mark all the plants, so that those introduced 

into tlie frame in October, the 

first year, may be introduced on the 

same day, the second and every succeeding 

year. To secure this, paint 

No. 1, 2, 3, &c., upon the pots themselves. 

No. 1 to go in first, and so on. 

" Every year, about a fortnight before 

the plants are forced, they must be 

shifted into larger pots, exactly one 

inch wider in diameter, and not more, 

turning them out without breaking the 

ball or disturbing any of the fibres, and 

filling the pots with the same compost 

of hazel loam, charred turf, and vegetable 

earth. By this method the same 

plants may be forced for ten years, 

without the inconvenience of using a 

very large pot, as the last season they 

will not want to be removed, or may 

be shifted into the same pot again. 

"With respect to pruning, I have 

never been in the habit of leaving more 

than two buds on each branch, and, as 

the plants increase in size and number 

of branches, often only one bud upon 

the weaker branches. It is much better 

to have from ten to twenty strong 

blossoms than a larger number of weak 

ones, and the foliaL'o is likewise more 

healthy." Gard. Mag. 

Pot-Culture has been more fully dis-

— 

ROS 520 ROS 

: 

cussed by Messrs. Paul and Son, the three times during winter, and a little 

florists of Cheshunt, than by any other newly slaked lime scattered throughout 

authority ; and from their observations j 

to destroy worms and grubs. This ia 

I have made these extracts : 

' 

i 

i 

I 

' 

j 

i 

j 

\ 

" Transplanting and Potting.—Early 

the soil used for the moss, but for the 

delicate varieties, (Chinese, &c.,) it may 

in autumn, immediately after rain, remove 

both worked plants and others 

from the ground. Such as have grown 

be improved by the addition of one part 

leaf-mould or well pulverized manure." 

Protection.—After potting, the plants 

moderately, Avith well ripened wood, taken from the ground, should be reshould 

be chosen. The pots best suit- moved to a cold pit, syringing and shaded 

are numbers thirty-two, twenty-four, ing if sunny weather, for a week or ten 

sixteen and twelve, according to the days. It will be well if the tender vasize 

of the plant, and they should be rieties can be allowed to remain in the 

well drained. The soil should be pit during winter, at which season they 

pressed firmly in the pots, watering require scarcely any water, otherwise 

freely afterwards, through a fine rose, they should be removed to the north 

to settle the soil. 

" The cultivation of the 

side of a wall or fence, and a thatch of 

autumnals, fern or beech boughs, with the leaves 

on their own roots, may be commenced on, formed. The hardy ones may be 

at any season, as they are usually kept removed from the pits about a month 

growing in pots. If purchased in spring, after being potted, and plunged at once 

in sixties, they may be immediately shift- in the open ground where intended to 

ed into forty-eights, then plunged, and 

watered continually as required. Our 

be grown and flowered. 

Pruning.—About the middle of No- 

aim being to get the plants strong, they vember pruning may be performed, in 

should not be suffered to flower, but order to effect an early bloom. The 

endeavour, through the growing season, plants having been thinned out previto 

bring them to form only a few viously, all that is now required, is the 

gorous shoots. To accomplish this it is shortening in of the remaining shoots, 

advisable to rub out some of the buds Among the hybrid Chinese, the two 

when first pushing, but keeping in view favourite old roses, Brcnnus and Fulthe 

handsome formation of the plant. gens, both vigorous growers, frequently 

"The plantsmay be shifted on through occasion great disappointment by not 

the season ; and in the following spring blooming. The failure will probably 

we shall probably find them in sixteen 

or twelve-sized pots, preparing for a 

vigorous growth and bloom. 

^'Thinning out. — When potting, all 

suckers should be cut from the worked 

plants, and straggling shoots shortened 

be found to arise from the method of 

pruning. 

These roses, and others of like habit, 

should be well thinned out, but the 

shoots that are left for flowering shortened 

but little. Others of the same 

back to within a few eyes. Where too [class (hybrid Chinese), that are weak 

thick, some of the shoots may be cut 

out entirely, from three to ten, according 

to the age or growth of the plant, 

being in most cases sufiicient. Thinning, 

in summer, immediately after 

flowering, is very beneficial. The best 

ripened shoots should be left, and such 

as stand in the best position. These 

may be shortened in November and 

March, some at both periods, to obtain 

an early and late bloom. 

''Soil.—Two parts of fresh turfy loam, 

broken up but not sifted, two parts manure 

(road gatherings laid by for a sea- 

I 

son , or the remains of a hot-bed not too 

far decomposed), and one part burnt 

growers, may be shortened in close, 

such are General Allard and Lady Stuart. 

There are also varieties of intermediate 

growth, which may be pruned in 

proportion. The classes Gallica, Provence, 

and Moss, may be pruned closer 

than the hybrid Chinese. 

i 

I 

The autumnal roses there is but little 

fear of pruning out of bloom ; early or 

late, they are sure to flower. These, 

when grown on their own roots, should 

be cut down almost close to the ground, 

to induce them to throw up suckers 

from beneath, which will grow much 

stronger than shoots formed above 

ground, and flower beautifully through 

earth. the summer and autumn. One point 

" This compost should be thrown up too should be borne in mind, that roses, 

in a heap in autumn, and turned two or when grown in pots, may be pruned

ROS 521 ROS 

closer than when grown in the open improved by being drawn from Iheir 

garden. natural position of growth. Where 

Removal of Tender Varieties. — By the flowers do not show themselves to 

the end of March, if room cannot be advantage, or the shoots become much 

granted them in pits or a green-house, crowded, the dwarf standards may be 

the tender varieties may be brought improved in appearance, and really 

from their winter residence and plunged benefited, by drawing the lower shoots 

in an airy situation, and such as were downwards towards the edge of the 

left unpruned for late flowering, should pot, where they may be fastened to a 

now be pruned. But if allowed to re- piece of bast or wire made to pass beinain 

in the pits through spring, they neath the rim; the upper shoots may 

will bloom much earlier, in greater then be drawn out to sticks ; or a neat 

perfection, and with finer foliage. hoop, fixed horizontally about the cen- 

Plunging. — Place the pots so that tre of the head of the plant, admits of 

the bottoms rest on an inverted seed- a very pretty method of arrangement, 

pan or flower-pot. This secures drain- If the plant be large, two or even three 

age, prevents the roots growing through hoops maybe requisite, to which the 

the bottom of the pot into the soil, and shoots should be drawn inclined downis 

an effectual barrier to the ingress of wards ; as they are, when growing, 

worms. The pots may be plunged level sure to rise sufficiently upwards, 

with the ground, and so far apart that Shading.—When {he plants comthe 

plants may not touch each other mence flowering, it will be necessary 

when full grown. After plunging, it is to shade them during the middle of the 

beneficial to cover the surface lightly day ; and the covering should be mova- 

with stable manure. 

Watering.—Water should be given 

abundantly through the growing and 

blooming season. Guano-water is an 

ble, that they may have the advantage 

of slight rains and dews. — Gard. and 

Prac. Flor, 

Diseases. See Extravasafed Sap, Cy- 

excellent manure for roses in pots ; it nips, Mildew, Aphis, and Ornix. 

should, however, be used cautiously. JIOSCOEA. Five species. Stove 

If the plants require watering oflener herbaceous perennials. Division. Light 

than once a week, pure water should turfy loam. 

be given at the intervening periods 

Disbudding, ^c. — When the buds 

iirst push, if two or three break close 

together, the weakest, or those taking 

the least favourable direction, should 

be rubbed out. Such shoots as are in- 

ROSE. See Rosa. 

ROSE ACACIA. Robinia Itispida. 

ROSE BAY. EpiloUum angustifo- 

Hum. 

ROSE BEETLE. See Anisopia. 

ROSEMARY. Rosmarinus officina- 

, 

clined to grow rank without blooming, 

should be stopped or taken out, if not 

wanted to form the head, for they aplis 

Varieties.—There are three varie- 

ties—the green, golden-striped, and 

propriate to themselves the sap, which silver-striped. The first is in general 

should be directed into the flower 

branches, and further render the plants 

of uneven growth. When the flowerbuds 

are forming imperfectly, they 

cultivation. 

Soil and Situation.— It thrives best 

on a poor light soil mixed with old 

mortar, or other calcareous matters. 

should be nipped out; and the size of 

Ihe early flowers may be increased by 

removing, at an early stage, the small 

backward flower-buds. 

Suckers from the stock should be in- 

In such, or when the plants are selfraised 

on an old wall, they will bear 

our severest winters; but in a rich 

soil they lose much of their aromatic 

nature, and perish in frost. For the 

variably cut out. It will also be found 

beneficial to keep the surface of the 

green variety, the situation may be 

open, but the other two being tender, 

soil constantly in a loose state. 

Tying-up and Training.—As 

plants advance in growth, some 

the 

will 

require to be planted beneath a south 

wall, or in pots to be allowed the shelter 

of a green-house in winter. 

require sticks to support the flowers, Propagation is by cuttings and rooted 

and keep the shoots apart. But those slips, during any of the spring months, 

which hold their flowers gracefully and or by layers in the summer. But the 

show themselves well are not, perhaps, finest plants are raised by seed, which.

ROS 522 ROT 

and by layers, is the only mode of pro- derive different materials from tlie soil ; 

i 

pagating the gold and silver-striped and though the vegetables having the 

varieties. Sow in March or early in smallest systems of leaves, will propor- 

April, in drills one inch deep and six 

inches apart. The rooted slips, and 

the cuttings of the young shoots, must 

tionately most exhaust the soil of corn- 

mon nutritive matter, yet particular 

vegetables, when their produce is car- 

be from five to seven inches long, and ried off, will require peculiar principles 

planted in a shady border, in rows to be supplied to the land in which 

eight or ten inches apart. Previously they grow. Strawberries and potatoes 

to being inserted, remove the leaves 

from the lower two-thirds of their 

length. Layers may be formed by cut- 

at first produce luxuriantly in virgin 

mould recently turned up from pasture, 

but in a few years they degenerate and 

ting young branches half through on require a fresh soil; and the organiza- 

their under side, and pegging them tion of these plants is such as to be 

producing the migration of 

! down an inch or two below the sur- constantly 

face ; they become established plants their layers. Thus the strawberry by 

by autumn. Water must be applied its long shoots is continually endeaabundantly 

at the time of planting, vouring to occupy a new soil ; and the 

and occasionally afterwards until es- fibrous radicles of the potato produce 

tablished. bulbs at a considerable distance from 

The plants require no further care the parent plant. The most remarkable 

; 

than to be kept clear from weeds, and instance of the powers of the plant to 

in September to be transplanted to re- exhaust the soil of certain principles 

main, being performed, in preference, 

during mild "showery weather; but if 

not removed thus early in the autumn, 

necessary to its growth, is found in 

certain fungi. Mushrooms are said 

never to rise m two successive seasons 

they are best left until 

March. They may be 

the following 

either grown 

on the same spot; and the 

of the phenomena called 

production 

fairy-rings, 

in rows two feet apart each way, or 

trained in a fan form against a wall. 

ROSE OF HEAVEN. Lychnis Call- 

Rosa. 

ROSE OF JERICHO. Anastatica. 

ROSE OF THE WORLD. Camellia 

japonica Rosa-mundi. 

ROSE SNOWBALL TREE. Viburnum 

Opitlus roseum. 

ROSMARINUS officinalis. See 

Rosernary. 

ROTATION IN CROPS. There are 

has been ascribed by Dr. Wollaston, to 

the power of the peculiar fungus which 

forms it to exhaust the soil of the nutriment 

necessary for the growth of the 

species. The consequence is that the 

ring annually extends, for no seeds 

will grow where their parents grew 

before them, and the interior part of the 

circle has been exhausted by preceding 

crops; but where the fungus has died, 

nourishment is supplied for grass which 

usually rises within the circle, coarse 

three circumstances to be regarded in and of a dark green colour." 

regulating the order in which crops 

should follow each other:—1. Each 

crop should be as dissimilar as possible 

from its predecessor. 2. The exuviaj 

of the preceding crop should not be 

offensive to its successor, 3. A fusiform-rooted 

crop should succeed a 

Again, exhausting crops should never 

be grown successively; and the following 

observations of one of the best of 

modern gardeners, the late Mr. G. 

Sinclair, afford much light npon this 

point 

fibrous-rooted crop, or vice versa 

: 

" If we take the weight of nutritive 

matter which a plant affords from a 

]. Dissimilarity in the following crop given space of ground, the result will 

| 

be found to agree with the daily expe- 

1 

j 

1 

; 

| 

is desirable, because, so far as the saline 

constituents of the soil are con- I rience in the garden and the farm ; and 

cerned, every tribe of plants in 

measure takes from it distinct 

some the following figures represent the pro- 

food. portion in which they stand to each 

Sir H. Davy truly observed upon this other with respect to the weight of nupoint, 

that, " though the general com- tritive matter they contain, with their 

position of plants is very analogous, having exhausted the land : 

'•' yet the specific differences in the pro- Potatoes .... 63 

ducts of many of them, and other well Cabbage .... 42 

ascertained facts, prove that they must Mangold wurzel ... 21 

— 

—

— 

Carrots 

Kohl-rabi . 

Swedisli turnip . 

Common turnip . 

— 

ROT 523 RUB 

24 

17 

IG 

14'- 

" Brassicas after raspberries or strawberries 

; peas after brassicas ; celery 

after peas; celery after asparagus; 

beans and brocoli after celery ; carrots 

f'f parsnips or beet after brocoli."— 

; 

2. It is important that the exuvia; of 

a preceding crop should not be offen- Gcrd. Mas 

sive to Its successor. 

Thus, brassicas will not grow healthily 

upon soil where the immediately 

previous crop was of the same tribe 

The writer of the Kitchen Garden 

Calender in the Gardener's Chronicle for 

1S44, (p. 72,) says, " the chief rule is 

never to have two crops of the same 

' 

i 

j 

j 

but if the ground be pared and burnt, 

they will grow luxuriantly; and the 

same occurs to ground exhausted by 

class directly following each other."' 

He adds, that -'celery is a good pre- 

paration for carrots, turnips, parsnips, 

strawberries: if it be burned and manured, 

strawberries will grow as vigoronions, 

and early cauliflowers, or for 

peas, with potatoes and winter greens 

ously as upon fresh ground, but they or brocoli between the rows. Autumnwill 

not do so if manure only is applied, sown onions, followed by spinach, let- 

It has also been observed that the tuce, &c., and early cauliflowers by auroots 

of plants placed in water give out tumn onions. Spring-sown onions are 

theircharacteristicflavoursto theliquid; well succeeded by cabbages in beds, 

but on this, as evidence that they emit and scarlet runners between ; and if the 

excrements, no great reliance can be cabbages remain through the summer 

placed, for some of the roots, during and next winter, the ground will be for 

removal from the soil, must be wound- celery, potatoes, and peas in the spring." 

ed. The fict that the roots of plants In gardens of limited extent it is not al- 

ways do give out peculiar and varying mat- 

practicable to observe a system- 

i 

tcrs to tiie soil which sustains them,iatic rotation of crops, even though it 

aids to explain why one rotation of crops were as important to successful culture 

is superior to another. as some writers declare. For all prac- 

: 

j 

3. As fusiform-rooted crops should tical purposes deep tillage will suffice, 

precede or follow a fibrous-rooted crop, and tliere can be little doubt that if the 

because the one draws its chief supply land be deeply dug or ploughed after 

of food from a greater depth than an- each crop, and the exhaustion supplied 

other, and, conse(]uently, exhausts a by manure, that the same description of 

diff"erent portion of pasturage ; founded 

upon these consiilerations, and sanctioned 

by practice, the following rota 

tions are recommended : 

Onions. 

Lettuce. 

Cabbage. 

Carrots. 

Manure. 

— 

Turnips. 

Celery. 

Peas. 

Potatoes. 

Manure. 

Mr. Kelly, of Airthrey Castle, Scotland, 

says, that " on poor ground the 

rotation he finds best is celery ; second 

vegetable growth may be successfully 

produced for successive seasons—indeed 

the only inmate of the garden 

which we have seen tire the land, as it is 

termed, is the pea. Some market gardeners, 

whether from habit, or an idea 

that particular localities answer better 

for certain vegetables, invariably use 

them for such, and year after year the 

same crop may be seen growing thereon. 

ROTHIA trifoliata. Hardy trailing 

annual. Seeds. Common soil, and a 

season, caulitlowers and red beet ; third, '^^^^^ situation 

onions ; fourth, derman green, or peas. 

By digging deep, and manuring abun ROXBURGH I A. Two species. 

dantly, for celery, the ground islrought ^'°^'^ evergreen climbers. Suckers. 

I 

| 

I 

into such fine tilth, that the whole rola- Light turfy loam. 

lion is often gone through tnrougli without any ROYAL BAY. Lauriis nobilia. 

witnout any 

further addition, and without failing in ROYEXA. Eleven species. Greenany 

of the crops. Another good rota- 

'io"s° evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, 

tion is strawberries, celery, cauliflow- Loam, peat, and sand. 

ers." Gard. Chron. ROY LEA elesans. Green-house 

Mr. Errington, gardener at Oulton evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light rich 

Park, Cheshire, recommends 

lowing as good successions 

the fol- soil. 

: 

RUBIA. Five species. Hardy herb-

RUB 524 RUI 

aceous perennials, and half-hardy ever- ; 

be separated into detached pieces; congreen 

shrubs. Seeds or division. Common 

soil. 

RUBUS. [Bramble.] Seventy-three 

tiguity is not necessary nor even the 

appearance of it, if the relation be preserved, 

but straggling ruins have a bad 

species, and some varieties. Hardy de- effect, when the several parts are equalciduous 

trailers and shrubs, and a few ly considerable. 

green-house and stove evergreens, as 

well as herbaceous perennials. Rubus 

IdcEus is the Raspberry. Suckers or cuttings. 

Rich loam. 

RUDBECKIA. Thirteen species, 

There should be one large mass, to 

raise an idea of greatness, to attract the 

others about it, and to be a common 

centre of union to all ; the smaller pieces 

then mark the original dimensions of 

chiefly hardy herbaceous perennials. one extensive structure ; and no longer 

R. amplesifolia is a hardy annual. R. appear to be the remains of several little 

radula, a biennial. Division, seeds, 

and common soil. R. napifolia is a 

green-house perennial, succeeding best 

in peat and loam. 

RUDOLPHIA. Two species. Stove 

buildings. 

All remains excite an inquiry into 

the former state of the edifice, and fix 

the mind in a contemplation on the use 

it was applied to ; besides the characters 

evergreen climbers. Suckers. Light expressed by their style and position, 

turfy loam. 

RUE, or HERB GRACE. Rata 

they suggest ideas which would 

arise from the buildings, if entire. 

not 

The purposes of many have ceased ; 

an abbey, or a castle, if complete, can 

the 

graveolens. Thrives best in a poor 

clayey loam, mixed with calcareous 

rubbish, in an open situation. It is 

propagated by slips and cuttings, as well 

as from seeds ; the first two modes being 

usually practised as being the most 

easy. It may be planted or sown at any 

time during the spring. The seed in 

drills six inches apart, and one deep. 

The seedlings are not long in making 

their appearance, and only require to 

be thinned to a similar distance in the 

rows, and kept free of weeds. The 

rooted slips, or cuttings, maj' be planted 

on a poor, shady border, and watered 

occasionally until taken root. 

In the autumn, the plants may be 

now be no more than a dwelling ; 

memory of the times, and of the manners 

to which they were adapted, is 

preserved only in history and in ruins ; 

and certain sensations of regret, of veneration, 

or compassion, attend the recollection 

; nor are these confined to 

the remains of buildings which are now 

in disuse ; those ofan old mansion raise 

reflections on the domestic comforts 

once enjoyed, and the ancient hospitality 

which reigned there. Whatever 

building we see in decay, we naturally 

contrast its present to its former state, 

and delight to ruminate on the compari- 

removed to their final compartment. son. It is true that such effects pro- 

During their after-growth, they must be I 

kept pruned in a shrubby form, and 

never be allowed to produce seed. 

The decayed branches, &c., may be 

removed in the spring and autumn, and 

the surface of the bed stirred. 

RUIN'S, are a class of buildings 

beautiful as objects, expressive as cha- 

racters, and peculiarly calculated to 

connect with their appendages into elegant 

groups : they may be accommodated 

with ease to irregularity of ground, 

and their disorder is improved by it; 

perly 

belong to real ruins ; but they are 

produced in a certain degree by those 

which are fictitious ; the impressions are 

not so strong, but they are exactly sim- 

ilar; and the representation, though it 

does not jiresent facts to the memory, 

yet suggests subjects to the imagination ; 

but in order to affect the fancy, the supposed 

original design should be clear, 

the use obvious, and the form easy to 

trace ; 

no fragments should be hazarded 

without a precise meaninjj, and an evi- 

I 

I 

! 

! 

! 

I 

they may be intimately blended 

dent connexion ; none should be per- 

with plexed in their construction or uncertain 

trees and with thickets, and the inter- as to their application. Conjectures 

ruption is an advantage; for imperfec- about the form, raise doubts about the 

tion and obscurity are their properties ; existence of the ancient structure ; the 

and to carry the imagination to some- mind must not be allowed to hesitate ; 

thing greater than is seen, their effect. it must be hurried away from examining 

They may for any of these purposes into [ the reality by the exactness and

the force of the resemblance. 

ley. 

R U I Z I A . Two 

— 

RUI SAG 

species 


peat and sand. 

Whate- but it is ridiculous and disgusting to 

good taste, if complicated and elegant 

Stove forms are constructed of rude materials. 

Loam, Thus we have seen a tiower-box, in- 

tended to be Etruscan in its outlines, 

RUN. A plant advancing to seed is formed of split hazel stakes—a comhi- 

Baid by gardeners to have "run." Also, nation of the rude and the refined, givwhen 

the dark colouring of a carnation, ing rise to separate trains of ideas toor 

other flower, becomes confused or tally unassociable. 

clouded with its lighter ground colour, RITTA. Two species. Hardy and 

they say it is " a run flower." Abundance 

of moisture and a rich soil promote 

the development of leaves, and, consequently, 

check running, or producing 

seed. A suitably fertile soil also preserves 

the colours of a flower pure and 

distinct—over-fertility or poverty of soil 

will equally cause the colours to run. 

RUXiNERS are young shoots issuing 

from the collar or summit of the root, 

and creeping along the surface of the 

soil, but producing a new root and leaves 

. 

half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

Light rich soil. See Rue. 

RUYSCIHA clusitrfolia. Stove evergreen 


vegetable mould. 

RYANCEA speciosa. Stove evergreen 

shrub. Ripe cuttings. Peat and 

loam. 

RYTIDOPHYLLUM auriculaturn. 



SABAL. Five species. Stove palms. 

Suckers. Light loamy soil. 

SABBATL\. Five species. Hardy 

biennials, except S. paniculata, an 

herbaceous perennial. Seeds. Common 

soil. 

SACCO LABIUM. Ten species. 

Stove orchids. Peat, potsherds, and 

at the extremity, and forming a new individual, 

by the decay of the connecting 

link. This takes place in a great 

variety of herbs, but particularly the 

strawberry, which is a good example. 

They afford very ready and unfailing 

means of increasing the species or variety, 

all the care required being to see 

that the plantlet is well rooted before 

wood 

SACRED BEAX. Xelumbium. 

the connecting string is divided. 

SAFFRON". Crocus saiivus. 

RUSCUS. Butcher-s Broom. Five SAGE. Salvia officinalis. 

species. Chiefly hardy evergreen shrubs, Varieties. — The Common Green ; 

j 

Suckers. Common soil. R.androgynus Wormwood ; Green, with variegated 

is a green-house evergreen climber. leaves; Red, with variegated leaves; 

Division. Rich soil. 

RUSSELL\. Four species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Light rich 

Painted or Parti-coloured : Spanish or 

Lavender leaved ; and Red. 

Soil and Situation.—A dry mode- 

soil. 

ratelv fertile soil is best suited to their 

RUST. A disease of the berries of growth, \n a sheltered situation. 

the grape. It appears in the form of a Propagation.—By Cuttings.—These 

rough, rusty appearance of their skins, may be either of the preceding or same 

which have, in fact, become thick and In- year's growth ; if of the first, plant in 

durated. Some think it arises from their April, but if of the latter, not until the 

being handled, or the hair of the head close of May or middle of June. The 

touching them ; but the disease is often shoots of the same year are usually emtoo 

general to admit of this topical ployed, as they more readily emit roots, 

explanation. I believe it to arise from and assume a free growth. The out- 

an over-heating of the vinery, however ward and most robust shoots should be 

unintentional, whilst the grapes were chosen, and cut from five seven 

young, and thus tending to force them inches in length. All but the top 

to a premature rapidity of growth. Any leaves being removed, insert by the 

excessive pressure upon the cuticle, dibble almost down to these, in rows 

whether from within or from without, six inches apart each way, in a shady 

causes its thickening. 

RUSTIC STRUCTURES are pleas 

border, and during moist weather, 

otherwise water must be given imme- 

ing in recluse portions of the pleasure diately, and repeated occasionally, until 

ground, if this style be confined to the they have taken root. When the plants 

formation of either a seat, or a cottage ; thus raised have an appearance of spind-

SAG 526 SAL 

j 

, 

ling, or run up to flower, they are to be j 

topped to induce laterals. In the au- [ 

tumn, if they have attained a tolerably 

shrubby growth, otherwise not until the 

j 

finest plants of two years' growtli must 

be left, not nearer to each other than 

four feet, and when the plants begin to 

flower, a plentiful watering given, and 

succeeding spring, remove to their final 

stations; being taken up with as little 

repeated every other day until the seed 

has attained its full growth. When 

injury as possible to the roots, and perfectly ripe, the plants being pulled 

planted, if in a bed in rows two feet up, and completely dried, they easily 

apart each way. 

By Slips.— When there are rooted 

slips, they may be taken off separately, 

shed their seed if struck on the floor. 

S A G I T T A R I A . Fifteen species. 

Hardy, half-hardy, stove and green- 

with their fibrous roots still pertaining, 

or the whole plant may be taken up and 

house aquatic 

Loamy soil. 

perennials. Division. 

divided into as many separate slips as SAGUS. Four species. Stove palms. 

can be furnished with roots. These 

may be planted both in spring and au- 

Sandy loam and a strong moist heat. 

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. Ascyrum 

tumn, but the first season is to be preferred. 

Set out at once where they are 

Crux AndrecE. 

ST. BARNABY'S THISTLE. Cen- 

to remain. 

By Seed is the most preferable mode, 

the plants affording finer flavoured, 

larger and greater abundance of leaves, 

than those raised by other modes. Sow 

taurea solstitialis. 

SAINTFOIN. Onobrychis. 

ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hypericum. 

ST. MARTIN'S FLOWER. Alstrameria 

Flos-Martini. 

ST. PETER'S WORT. Hypericum 

in April, in a bed of rich light earth, in 

I drills half an inch deep, and six inches Ascyron. 

apart. The plants soon make their ap- SALADING. 

i 

pearance, and when two or three inches ! American Cress, 

high, thin to half a foot apart, and those I Beet 

! 

; 

I 

| 

j 

; 

t 

' 

• 

I 

| 

j 

i 

! 

I 

i 

| 

I 

[ 

: 

Root, 

See the following 

Horse Radish. 

Lettuce. 

removed prick out at a similar distance. Borage. 

Mint. 

In the autumn or succeeding spring, as Burnet, 

Mustard. 

the plants are strong or weak, remove Celeriac. 

Onions. 

them to their final stations. Celery. 

After-Culture.—During their future Chervil, 

existence, keep constantly clear of Corn Salad, 

weeds. The decayed flower-stalks, Cress, 

Purslane. 

Radishes. 

Rape. 

Scurvy Grass. 

stunted branches, &c., remove in early Dandelion, 

Succory. 

winter and spring, and the soil of the Endive, 

beds slightly turn over. All irregular Finochio. 

growth may be corrected during the: Garden Rocket, 

spring and summer. When the plants SALICORNIA. 

Water Cress. 

Wood Sorrel. 

Six species. Hardy 

have continued two or three years, a and green-house evergreen shrubs and 

little dry, well putrefied dung maybe creepers. Hardy annuals and halfturned 

in during early spring with con- hardy perennials. Seeds or division, 

siderable advantage. A due attention Common soil. 

to the mode of gathering has no small SALISBURIA adiantifoUa. Maiden 

influence in keeping the plants healthy Hair Tree. Hardy deciduous tree. 

and vigorous. The tops ought never to Layers. Common soil. " The Salis- 

be cropped too close, so as to render buria is a native of Japan and China, 

the branches naked or stumpy. This and forms a large tree in its native 

should be especially attended to in au- country. Bunge, who accompanied the 

tumn and winter. During this last sea- Russian mission to China, states, that 

son, they are less liable to be injured he saw one with a trunk nearly forty 

by severe frost, if kept with a full re- feet in circumference. Mr. Loudon 

gularhead. If appearance is consider- says, the tree grows with considerable 

ed, fresh plants must he raised every rapidity in the climate of London, and 

three or (bur years. P'or drying, the has attained the height of forty or fifty 

shoots and leaves may be gathered any feet, in as many years. The longevity 

time in summer before the plants flower, of the Salisburia promises to be great, 

which they do in July. as the largest trees in England continue 

To obtain Seed.—Two or three of the to grow with as much vigour, as when 

\ 

;

— 

SAL 527 SAL 

newly planted. The highest tree tliere, flavour is that of oyster patties. 

planted in 1767, was, in 1S3S, above 

sixty feet. 

" It was introduced into the United 

States, by Mr. Hamilton, in 1784, and 

the tree now growing at the Woodlands, 

near Philadelphia, is, doubtless, the 

one then imported. A specimen at the 

Landreth Nurseries, when planted is 

— 

Aber- 

cromhie. Hovey-s Mag. 

SALTPKTIIE. See Salts,—Nitrate 

of Potash. 

SALTS. The day has long passed 

when it was disputed whether any saline 

bodies are promotive of the growth of 

plants. It is now determined that some 

plants will not even live without the 

, 

unknown, has attained the height of 50 means of procuring certain salts. Bofeet 

and continues in fine health. There rage, the nettle, and parietaria will not 

is also one of considerable size in the exist except where nitrate of potash is 

Mall, at Boston." Comp. Florist. 

SALIX. The Willow. One hundred 

and eighty-five species. Hardy deciduous 

shrubs and trees. Cuttings. Swampy 

soil. 

SALMEA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen twiners. Young cuttings. 


SALPIGLOSSIS sinuata, and its varieties. 

Hardy and green-house annuals 

and biennials. Seeds. Peat and loam. 

in the soil ; turnips, lucerne, and some 

other plants will not succeed where 

there is no sulphate of lime. These 

are facts that have silenced disputation. 

Still there arc found persons who maintain 

that salts are not essential parts of 

a plant's structure; they assert that 

such bodies are beneficial to a plant by 

absorbing moisture to the vicinity of its 

roots, or by improving the staple of the 

soil, or by some other secondary mode. 

This, however, is refuted by the fact 

that salts enter as intimately into the 

j 

SALSAFY. Tragopogon porrifolius. 

Soil.—This should be light and mode- constitution of plants as do ])liosphate 

rately fertile. At the time of sowing of lime into that of bones, and carbo- 

trench it, turning in a little manure with nate of lime into that of egg-shells. 

the bottom spit only. 

They are part of their very fabric, uni- 

Sow in March and April, in an open versally present, unremovable by edul- 

situation to remain, in shallow drills, coration however long continued, re- 

nine inches asunder, scatter the seeds maining after the longest washing, and 

thinly, 

deep. 

and cover them half an inch always to be found in the ashes of all 

When the plants are up two or and of any of their parts, when sub- 

three inches high, thin and weed them, jected to incineration. Thus Saussure 

leaving them ten inches asunder, re- ol)serves that the phosphate of lime is 

peating the weeding as may be required 

during the summer and during very dry 

universally present in 

Veget, c. 8. s. 4. 

plants. Sur la 

weather, watering occasionally very The sap of all trees contains acetate 

plentifully, and if half an ounce of guano 

is added to each gallon of water it will 

of potash ; Beet-root contains malate 

and oxalate of potash, ammonia and 

be very beneficial. This is all the cul- lime; Rhubarb, oxalate of potash and 

ture they require. They will have large ; j Horse-radish, sulphur; Aspara- 

roots by September or October; when 

lime 

g-us, super-malates, chlorides, acetates, 

you may begin taking them up for use; ' 

and phosphates of potash and lime ; 

and in November, when the leaves be- Potatoes, magnesia, citrates and phosgin 

to decay, a quantity may be pre- phates of potash and lime; Jerusalem 

served in sand for use in time of severe I 

j 

^r^/c/io/ce, citrate, malate, sulphate, 

frost; but those left in the ground will chloride, and phosphate of potash; 

not be injured. In spring, when those Garlic, sulphate of potash, magnesia, 

remaining in the ground begin ! to vege- and phosphate of lime ; Geraniums, 

tate, the shoots when a few inches high tartrate of lime, phosphates of lime and 

| 

may be cut for use as asparagus, being magnesia ; Peas, phosphate of lime ; 

excellent when quite young and tender. ! JiTidnei/ Beans, phosphate of lime and 

Suffer, however, ahvays a few plants : to potash ; Oranges, carbonate, sulphate, 

run up to stalk every spring to produce and muriate of potash; Apples and 

seed. Pears, malate of potash ; Grapes, tar- 

' The best mode of cooking the roots trate of lime ; Capsicums, citrate, muis 

to boil and mash them, form them riate, and phosphate of potash ; Oak, 

; ; Oak, 

into cakes and fry them in butter. The i carbonate of potash ; and the Lilac,

— 

SAL 528 SAL 

nitrate of potash. Let no one fancy 

that the salts are a very trivial proportion 

of the fabric of plants. In the 

Capsicum, they constitute one-tenth of 

its fruit ; of carrot juice, one-hundredth; i 

of Rhubarb, one-eleventh ; of Potatoes 

one-twentieth; whilst of the seed of the 

Lithospermum officinale, they actually 

constitute more than one-half. Their 

constituents are as follows. 

Carbonate of lime . . . 43.7 

Silica 16.5 

Vegetable matter, phosphate 

of lime, &c. . 

39.8 

These amounts are nearly as much 

of earthy saline matters as exist in hu- 

and 

— 

— 

narcissus, ranunculus, Stc. ; and in the 

fruit garden it has been found beneficial 

to almost every one of its tenants, especially 

the cherry and apple. On lawns 

walks it helps to drive away worms, 

and to destroy moss. 

Ammonia. — The salts of ammonia 

are highly stimulating, and afford by 

their ready decomposition, abundant 

food to plants. The dungs of animals 

are fertilizing exactly in proportion to 

the amount of ammonia in them. The 

only care required is not to apply them 

too abundantly. Half an ounce to each 

gallon of water, given at the most twice 

a week, is a good recipe for all the ammoniacal 

salts. The ammoniacal gas 

i 

man bones ; but if we turn to the marrow, 

it only contains one-twentieth of liquor at the rate of one pint to two 

saline matters; the blood only one- gallons of water, is highly beneficial to 

hundredth; muscle, only one-thirty- spinach and grass. Gard. Chron. 

fourth yet no one will argue that these Phosphate of Ammonia has been ap- 

; 

saline constituents, though smaller than plied with advantage to cress. 

those in vegetables, are trivial and un- Sulphate of Ammonia.—This, and the 

important. 

nitrate of ammonia, have proved bene- 

Saline manures are generally beneficial to potatoes in Scotland. A writer 

ficial, and often essential. An import- in the FloricuUural Cabinet says, that 

ant consideration, therefore, is contained 

in the answer to the query—so 

often put. How should saline manures 

be applied ? Our answer is, that, when 

having obtained a pailful of gas liquor, 

he diluted it with water, and added 

some sulphuric acid, thus forming a 

solution of sulphate of ammonia, and 

practicable, they ought to be in very watered with it in October, a bed (twen- 

small quantities and frequently, during ty feet long by four feet two inches 

the time of the plant's growth. No wide) destined to be planted with Ra- 

plan can be worse than soaking seed in nunculuses. They bloomed very strong 

a saline solution, for the purpose of. i'l this bed, some of the flower-stems 

giving such salt to the plant of which it were two feet high ; the blooms averag- 

will be the parent. It is soddeningthe ing between three and four inches in 

embryo with a superfluity totally use- diameter; the roots also lifted large 

less to it, and if it does not injure the 

germination, it will be most probably 

and clean. Flor. Cab. 

Chalk may be applied in large quan- 

washed away before the roots begin to 

absorb such nutriment. For the mode 

in which salts are beneficial to plants, 

tities, twenty or thirty tons per acre, to 

render a light siliceous soil more retentive 

or a heavy soil more open. Its 

see Manures. 

basis, lime, enters into the composition 

Common Salt.—Chloride of sodium, ' 

| 

[ 

of most plants in some state of combiapplied 

in the spring at the rate of nation. It is very far from immaterial 

twenty bushels per acre, has been found where this mineral is obtained from to 

very beneficial to asparagus, broad improve the staple of our soils. Those 

beans, lettuces, onions, carrots, pars- chalks which are merely carbonate of 

neps, potatoes, and beets. Indeed its lime, with a trace of oxide of iron, are 

I 

i 

! 

properties are so generally useful, not unexceptionable ; but there are some 

only as promoting fertility, but as dewhich contain phosphate of lime, and 

stroying slugs, 8e.c., that it is a good these are very much to be preferred, 

plan to sow the whole garden every Mr. Brande states the chalk of Brighton 

March with this manure, at the rate to be thus constituted. 

above specified. The flower garden is Carbonate of lime . 

98.57 

included in this recommendation ; for 

some of the best practical gardeners 

magnesia 

Phosphate of lime . . 

0.38 

0.11 

recommend it for the stock, hyacinth, Oxides of iron and manganese 0.14 

amaryllisj ixia, anemone, colchicum, Alumina and silica . . 0.80

SAL 529 SAL 

If the chalk is to be burnt into lime 

beforq it is applied, care should be 

taken that it does not contain, like some 

ofthe Yorkshire chalks, a large proportion 

of carbonate of magnesia. Magnesia 

remains long in a caustic state, 

and has been found injurious to the 

plants to which it has been applied 

is further sustained by the experiments 

of Dr. Jackson, the American chemist. 

He found phosphates in peas and beans 

of various kinds, in pumpkin seeds, 

chestnuts, potatoes, raspberries, and 

turnips. See Bones. 

Super-Phosphate of Lime.—Chrysanthemums 

were much increased in vi- 

Ckloride of Lime gradually gives out gour when watered with a solution of 

a portion of its chlorine, and is con- this salt in the Chiswick Garden, at the 

verted into muriate of lime, a very deliquescing 

salt, which can hardly exist 

in any soil, however light, without 

keeping it moist ; and its nauseous 

odour may be found to keep off the 

attacks ofthe fly, and other vermin. A 

solution containing one ounce in five 

gallons of water, is said to destroy the 

aphis and the caterpillar, if poured over 

the trees thev infest. 

— 

end of July. It is thought, if the application 

had been made earlier, the benefit 

would have been still more marked. 

Professor Lindley says this salt seems 

to have a beneficial effect on most 

plants, and that it may be applied in 

different proportions without the least 

risk of injuring the plants. — Card. 

Chron. 

Heaths appear to like it. The best 

; 

^ 

j 

1 

Gas Lime is a hydro-sulphuret of lime, practical mode of obtaining super-phoswith 

a little ammonia. It is an excel ^l^_^^^ 

^j. 

jjjj^g j.^j. manure, is to pour 

lent manure, especially to cabbages, one pound of sulphuric acid, mixed 

turnips, cauliflowers, and brocoli, dug with one pound of water, upon each 

in at the time of planting or sowing. two pounds of bone dust, allowing the 

If sown over the surface at the time of mixture a week to complete the decom- 

inserting the crop, at the rate of twenty position. Sulphate of lime and super- 

bushels per acre, it will etfectually phosphate of lime are the result. The 

drive away the turnip-fly, slug, &c Duke of Richmond and others have 

Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, is sul- tried this with very great success upon 

phate of lime, composed of 

turnips. It being in a liquid form, it 

Sulphuric acid ... 43 must be mixed with earth to facilitate 

Lime 33 its application, or else be applied 

Water .... 22 through the rose of a watering-pot. 

It has been found very useful as a 

SALT TREE. Halimodendron. 

top dressing to lawns, and dug in for 

turnips and potatoes. Three hundred SALVIA. See Clary and Sage. 

weight per acre is abundance 

One hundred and five species. The 

Nitrates of Potash (Saltpetre), and of shrubby, stove, and green-house kinds, 

Soda (Cubic Petre), have been found increase by cuttings ; the herbaceous, 

beneficial to carrots, cabbages, and 

lawns. One pound to a square rod of 

ground is a sufficient quantity. Both 

these nitrates have been found benefii:ial 

to potatoes in Scotland. Mr. 

Murray says that, from 1810 down to 

the present time, he has been in the 

habit of watering pinks and carnations 

by division ; the annuals and biennials, 

-seeds. Common soil suits them all. 

S. patens makes a splendid bed. The 

Hower-spikes should be cut off for a 

time, and the young shoots regularly 

pegged down till they nearly cover the 

bed, when the flowers will be produced 

so numerously as to form one mass of 

with solutions of these two nitrates, intense blue. Gard. Chron. 

and the benefit has been uniform and 

eminent in promoting their luxuriance. 

— Gard. Gaz. 

Mr. Vaux, of Ryde, in the Ise of 

Wight, says, that there " it ripens seeds 

perfectly in the open air. Sow it in 

Tliey have also been given in solu- pots in autumn put the pots in a cool 

; 

tion with great benefit to lettuces, frame protected from frost, where they 

celery, fuchsias, and dahlias. One may remain during the winter. In the 

pound to twelve gallons of water. spring, place in the green-house when 

Nitrate of Soda destroys slugs. 

Phosphate of Lime.—The importance 

of bones and other manures containing 

the seedlings come up ; and in the early 

part of May, Vlay, bed them out ; they bloom 

beautifully lly during the summer and auauphosphoric 34 

salts as a general manure, turan For beds they arc superior to

— 

SAM 530 S A V 

cuttings, as they grow dwarf and more 

bushy." Gard. Chron. 

SAMBUCUS. Elder. Seven species 

and many varieties. All hardy. 

The deciduous shrubby kinds are increased 

by cuttings ; the herbaceous 

perennials, by division. They will 

grow in any soil. See Elder. 

SAMOLUS. Three species. Greenhouse 

or hardy herbaceous perennials. 

Division. Common soil, and a rather 

moist situation. 

SAMPHIRE. Crithmum maritimum, 

hardy and half-hardy herbaceous perennials 

and creepers. Division, êeds, 

and also by young cuttings of the 

branching species. Sandy loam and 

peat. 

SARACHA. Three species. Hardy 

trailing annuals. S. viscosa, a greenhouse 

deciduous shrub, is increased by 

cuttings, the others by seeds. Common 

soil. 

SARCANTHUS. Six species. Stove 

orchids. Cuttings. Moss, potsherds, 

and wood, and a moist atmosphere. 

I 

though a native of the sea-shore, may SARCOCAPNOS enneaphylla. Hardy 

be cultivated successfully in the garden. herbaceous perennial. Seeds or cut- 

So//.—It requires a sandy or gravelly tmgs. Common soil, rock work. 

soil, and the north side of a wall. SARCOCAULON. Three species. 

Propagation. — The roots may be Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 

planted, or the seed sown, in April; 

the only cultivation required being to 

keep the plants free from weeds, and to 

Loam, peat, leaf-mould, and sand. 

SARCOCEPHALUS esculentus. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam, peat, 

water it about twice a week with water 

containing half an ounce of guano and 

and sand. 

SARCOLOBUS. Two species. Stove 

one ounce of salt per gallon. 

SAMYDA. Seven species. Stove 


peat. 

SAND is one of the agents most frequently 

employed by the gardener in 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings. Rich 

mould. 

SARCOPHYLLUM carnosum. 


cuttings. Loam, peat, and sand. 

SARCOSTEMMA. Two species. 

the culture of potted plants. The kind Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings. 

most suitable to his purpose, is either 

silver sand, or drift river-sand, both of 

Sandy loam. 

SARRACENIA. Side Saddle 

which are silica nearly in a state of Flower. Five species. Half-hardy 

purity. These sands being very slow herbaceous perennials. Divisions. Peat 

conductors of heat, and affording a and sphagnum. They require a close 

ready escape for superfluous moisture, 

are admirably adapted for promoting 

the rooting of cuttings, and preventing 

damp atmosphere. 

SASSAFRAS. Laurus sassafras. 

SATUREIA. Savory. Seven spe- 

the damping-oft' of seedlings. See Po^cies. Hardy and half-hardy evergreen 

ting, Soil, and Damping-^. 

SAND WOOD. Bremontiera am- 

shrubs, and herbaceous perennials. S, 

hortensis is an annual. Division, slips, 

moxylon. 

SANGUINARIA. Two species. 

Hardy tuberous-rooted peren- 

cuttings, seeds. 

See Savory. 

SATYRIUM. 

Dry light sandy soil. 

Eight species. Greennials. 

Division or seeds. Sandy loam house tuberous-rooted orchids. Divi- 

or peat. 

SANGUISORBA. Burnet. Eight 


Division, seeds. Common soil. See 

Burnet. 

SANSEVIERA. Fourteen species. 

Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers. 

sion. Sandy loam and peat. 

SAURAU'JA. Two species, Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings, Loam 

and peat. 

SAUROGLOSSUM elatum. Stove 

orchid. Division. Sandy peat. 

SAUSSUREA. Twelve species. 

Sandy loam. S. carnea is hardy. 

SANTOLINA. Five species. Hardy 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Common 



SAUVAGESIA. Two species. Stove 

soil. 

SANVITALIA procumbens. Hardy 

trailing annual. Seeds. Common soil. 

SAPONARIA. Soapwort. Thirteen 

annuals. Seeds. Peat and loam. 

SAVORY. Satureia. 

S. montana, winter or perennial savory. 

S. hortensis, summer or annual 

species. Hardy annuals and biennials, savory.

SAW 531 SCH 

They niriy be sown in the open 

ground in spring. In the latter end 

of March or in April, sow the seed in 

a light rich soil, moderately thick, and 

rake them in evenly; the seedlings 

soon come up; give occasional weeding, 

and thin them moderately, and they 

may either remain where sown, or may 

be transplanted. Observe, however, I 

of the Winter Savory, that when the 

seedlings are about two or three inches I 

high, it is eligible to plant out a quantity 

of the strongest, in moist weather, 

where they are finally to remain, 

rows a foot asunder. But the Annual 

or Summer Savory may either remain 

where sown, thinning the plants to six 

or eight inches' distance, or when two 

inches high may be pricked out in beds, 

in rows the above distance ; in either 

case the plants will become useful in 

June or July, and until winter. Or 

when designed to have the Winter or 

Summer Savory remain where sown, 

the seeds may be sown in shallow drills, 

rough surface occasions decay. See 

Bill. 

SAW-WORT. Serratula. 

SAXIFR.4.GA. Saxifrage. Ninetytwo 

species, and some varieties. Chiefly 

hardy herbaceous perennials ; a few 

are annuals, and some half-hardy. 

Seeds. Division. Light sandy soil. 

SCABIOSA. Seven species. Hardy 

herbaceous 

mon soil. 

perennials. Seeds. Com- 

SCABIOUS. Scabiosa. 

SC.y.VA. Hawk Fly. Of this genus 

in nursery rows six inches asunder, to 

remain till September or spring following, 

then to be transplanted with balls 

there are several species, of which the 

most common are S. 7ibesii and S. py- 

rastri. Wherever aphides are abun- 

dant, whether on the cabbage, hop, or 

elsewhere, there is a fleshy green maggot. 

This is the larva of a hawk-fly, 

and should be left undisturbed, as it is 

a voracious destroyer of plant lice. 

— 

Card. Chron. 

SC^-EVOLA. Eight species. Greenhouse 

herbaceous perennials, or stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Turfy 

loam, peat, and sand. 

SCALLION. See Ciboule. 

SCARES are but very ineflicient pro- 

eithcr in beds, or along the edge of any tections ; for birds soon sit on the very 

I 

bed or border by way of an edging branches which bear the malkin. To 

By Slips, ^-c.—ln the spring or early lighten them eff"ectually, it is best to 

part of summer, the Winter Savory may employ boys, for the short time scaring 

be increased plentifully by slips or cuttings 

of the young shoots or branches, 

'« required. Over seed beds a net is 

'he best protection; but threads tautfive 

or six inches long plant them with fined across the beds, are said to be 

; 

a dibble, in any shady border, in rows equally efficacious, 

six inches asunder, giving occasional SCARLET POMPONE. Lilium pomwaterings, 

and they will be well rooted ponnim 

by September, when they may be trans- SCEPTRANTHES Dru/nmond/. Halfplanted.hardy 

tuberous-rooted perennial. Off"sets. 

SAW-DUST Rich mould. 

mixed with dung of any 

sort speedily decays, and SCHELHAMMERA. Two species. 

forms a very 

valuable manure. 


In one instance, the 

Division. 

dung of 


four rabbits and their young 

ones, saw-dust SCHIMIDELIA. Five species. 

in their hutches 

Stove 

l)eing 


used instead of straw, was 

Ripe cuttings. 

the only 

Loam 

, 

\ 

manure used upon one-quarter of an 

acre.— Card. C/iron, 

Pf J^" . 

*"^ 

S. Two species. Stove 

a 

SAW-FLY. See Athalia. 

SAWS for garden pruning must have 

double row of teeth, to obviate the 

^^»^\^\j 

evergreen tree and shrub. Ripe cuttings. 

Common soil. 

SCHIZ.'EA. Five species. Stove, 

green-house, and hardy herbaceous 

tendency to nip, that the dampness of 

green wood and the leverage of the 

branch occasions. One with a very 

narrow blade, and one with a handle 

perennials. Division or seeds. Peat 

and loam, 

SCHIZANDRA coccii Green- 

house evergreen trailer. Ripe cutsix 

feet long, will be found convenient, 

The face of the wound made by a saw 


SCHIZANTHLS. Six species. Harshould 

always be cut smooth with the 

knife, otherwise the wet lodging on its 

dy annuals. Seeds. Light soil, 

SCHIZOMERIA ovata. Green-hous

S CH 532 S CI 


sandy peat. 

SCIIIZOPETALON Walkeri. Halfhardy 

annual. Seeds. Loam, peat, 

and sand. 

SCIIOMBURGHIA. Three species. 

Stove orchids. Division. A block ot 

wood, or turfy heath mould and potsherds. 

SCHOTIA. Five species. Stove or 

green-house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. 


SCHRADERA cephalotes. 

evergreen climber. Cuttings. 


SCHRANKIA. Two species 

Stove 

Loam, 

Stove 

and half-hardy herbaceous perennials. 

Young cuttings or division. Loam, 


SCHUBERTIA gravcolens 

evergreen twiner. Cuttings, 


Stove 

Loam, 

SCLERA. A genus of ]Midges. S. 

Jiyri, Small Pear Midge. S. Schmidbergeri, 

Large Pear Midge. When a 

fallen pear is cut open, it is often found 

core-eaten, and with a brown powder 

marking the progress of the assailant. 

This is caused by the larva of these 

insects. The midges appear early in 

July. M. Kollar says, that the small 

pear midge has club-shaped halteres, 

the club dark brown, and the stem 

whitish. When alive, the abdomen is 

of a lead colour, with black wings. 

The head and thorax are black, as are 

also the antennae ; the palpi are of a 

pale yellow, the feet whitish, and the 

tarsi black. 

The Large Pear Midge appears 

about the same time as the preceding. 

M. Kollar thus describes it: "The 

female is little more than a line long, 

and half a line thick, also much larger 

than the smaller pear midge ; the male is 

more slender, and somewhat shorter. 

The antennffi are blackish, and not so 

long as the body. The head is black 

and shining, as is also the thorax ; the 

proboscis ash-gray, the abdomen of the 

male a deep black, that of the female 

browner, with black wings ; the anal 

point, however, is quite black. The 

feet ash-gray, and the tarsi and wings 

black. They both survive the winter, 

and deposit their eggs in the blossom, 

when it opens in early spring. The 

larva eats its way into the core of the 

young fruit, and again eats its way out 

at one side, when the time arrives for i 

— 

it to bury itself in the ground, and pass 

into the chrysalis form." Kollar. 

SCILLA. Scjuill. Thirty-onespecies, 

and many varieties. All bulbous perennials, 

and chiefly hardy. S. hrevifolia 

is a green-house, S. indica is a 

stove species. Offsets. 

SCIODAPHYLLUM. 

Light soil. 

Seven species. 

Stove or green-house evergreen trees, 

shrubs, and climbers. 


Cuttings. Loam, 

SCION is the portion of the branch 

selected for insertion in the stock, and 

destined to become the future plant. 

The following directions, given by Mr. 

Loudon, embrace all the information 

generally applicable to the subject. 

All particular directions will be found 

under the title of the plant to be graft- 

ed from : 

— 

" Scions are generally the shoots of 

last summer's growth, from the outside 

lateral branches of healthy trees, because 

in them the shoots are not so 

robust and apt to run to wood as in the 

centre and top of the tree, nor so weak 

as those which are at its base, and under 

the shade and drip of the rest. An 

exception to this rule is to be found in 

the case of debilitated trees, where the 

scions should be taken from the strongest 

shoots. The middle part of each 

shoot makes always the best scion; but 

long shoots, and especially where the 

scion is of a rare variety, may be cut 

into several scions of four or six inches 

in length, reserving not fewer than two 

nor more than five eyes to form the 

future head of the tree. 

" Scions should be cut several weeks 

before the season for grafting arrives; 

the reason is that grafting may most 

successfully be performed by allowing 

the stock to have some advantage over 

the graft in forwardness of vegetation. 

It is desirable that the sap of the stock 

should be in brisk motion at the time 

of grafting ; but by this time the buds 

of the scion, if left on the parent tree, 

would be equally advanced ; whereas, 

the scions being gathered early, the 

buds are kept back, and ready only to 

swell out when placed on the stock. 

Scions of pears, plums, and cherries 

are collected in the end of January or 

beginning of February. They are kept 

at full length, sunk in dry earth, and 

out of the reach of frost, till wanted, 

which is sometimes from the middle 

of February to the middle of March.

— 

— 

SCI 533 SCO 

Scions of apples are collected any time SCOPARIA dulcis. Stove annual. 

in February, and put on from tlie mid- Seeds. Sandv loam. 

dle to the end of ^îl^ch. The Scions SCOPOLIA"cf7rn/o/(Va. Hnrdy herb- 

are used as gathered." Enc. Card. 

It is quite true that tlie scion " overrideth 

the stock ;"— a peach scion proaceous 

perennial. Division. Light dry 

soil. 

SCOPVL \ forficalis, Garden Pebble 

duces its peculiar foliage, fruit, &c., Moth, is thus accurately described by 

though grafted npon a plum stock ; yet Mr. Curtis:—"The perfect insect mea- 

the stock influences the habits and produce 

of the scion. Thus an apricot is 

said to have been worked on a green- 

sures rather more thin an inch across, 

when its wings are expanded. The 

upper pair are hazel-coloured, with 

four stripes, two of which are distinct, 

gage plum, and a quince upon the au- 

tumn bcrgamot pear; the apricot be- and the other faint; the under wings 

came as juicy as the green-gage, and as well as tlie body are whitish, and 

on the former, near the centre, there 

far more delicate ; the quince was much I 

more tender, and less gritty. See ' 

Stocks and Grafting. 

Fig. 151. 

SCISSORS of various 

sizes are required 

by the gardener. A 

pair with very sharp 

and pointed blades is 

— 

is a curved brown streak and another 

black on the margin. The first brood 

of cater[)illars occurs in May, and the 

second in the autumn; and when very 

numerous they do considerable injury 

to cabbages and plantations of horseradish. 

The caterpillar is eight or ten 

required for cutting 

aw'av the anthers oT 

flowers in hybrydizing. 

Stouter pairs 

are used for removing 

flower stalks, when 

the petals havefillen 

from roses, &c. Sliding 

pruning scissors 

(Fig. 151) are employed 

for cutting the 

lines long, with the head of a light 

brown colour, and the body is yellowish 

green, with black longitudinal stripes. 

Almost the only method of destroying 

these caterpillars, is to hand-pick them, 

which, from their small size, will be 

very tedious; if, however, a mat or 

piece of linen be laid under the infested 

plants, they may be shaken into it, 

and thus a great number be collected 

in a short time." Gard. Chron. 

shoots ofshrubs; they SCORPION. Genista scorpius. 

are powerful instruments 

for the purpose. 

See Shears. 

SCLEROTHAMNUS micropliyUua. 

Orecn-house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. 


SCOLOPENDRIUM. Two species, 

and many varieties. Ferns. Hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Seeds and division. 

Rock work. 

SCOLYMUS. Three species. S. 

SCORPION GRASS. Myosotis. 

SCORPION SENNA. Coronilla 

emerus. 

SCORZONERA. Seventeen species. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials. S. villosa 

is a biennial. Seeds. Common soil. 

S. hispTnica. Common Scorzonora. 

Though a perennial, yet, for general 

use, it should be treated as an annual. 

Sow annually in any open light spot of 

ground, the latter end of March or be- 

maculatus is a hardy annual, the others ginning of April, not earlier, lest the 

hardy herbaceous perennials. 


SCOLYTUS. A genns of 

Division 

Beetles, 

plants run to seed. Trench the ground, 

and with the bottom spit turn in a little 

dung; sow in shallow drills, twelve 

S. hamorrfious, small Bark Beetle, attacks 

apple trees in May, making furinches 

asunder, rakiug the mould evenly 

over them half an inch deep. The 

rows into the inner bark and alburnum, plants will rise in two or three weeks, 

where it deposits its eggs. The larva; When they are a little advanced in 

continue feeding there until late in au- growth, let them be thinned and clcan- 

| 

! 

tumn.from 

weeds by hoeing. Thin the 

S. destructor, elm-destroying Scoly- plants to ten inches'

— 

SCO 534 SCR 

i 

; 

i 

size, discoverable by their leaves be- two bodies in contact with each other, 

ginning to decay. the greater is the rapidity with which 

The roots may either remain in the the progress towards equilibrium goes 

ground, to be drawn as wanted, or on. This is one reason why a temperataken 

wholly up in autumn when their ture of 32°, with a brisk wind attending 

leaves decay, and preserved in sand all it, will injure plants to a far greater 

winter. 

To save seed.—Let some of the plants 

extent than a temperature many degrees 

lower, with a still atmosphere; 

remain where sown, when they will but it is aided by the operation of anoshoot 

up in the spring, and produce ther law of heat, viz., that aeriform boplenty 

of seed in autumn. Ahercrombie. 

SCOTCH ASPHODEL. Todies 

convey it from a cooling body, as 

a wall or a tree, by an actual change 

fieldia alpina, 

SCOTCH LABURNUM. Cytisus alin 

the situation of their own particles. 

That portion of the air which is nearest 

piniis. to the cooling body is expanded, and 

SCOTTIA. Three species. Green- becoming specifically lighter, ascends, 

house evergreen shrubs. Young cut- and is replaced by a colder portion, 

tings. Sandy loam and peat. This, in its, turn, becomes heated and 

SCREEN. All cooling is occasioned dilated, and gives place to another 

either by the heat being conducted from colder portion. And thus the process 

a body by a colder, which is in contact goes on, until the cooling body is re- 

duced to the same temperature as the 

i with, it, or by radiating from the body 

cooled, though circumstancesaccelerate air. 

or retard the radiation ; and whatever In a still atmosphere, this goes on 

| 

checks the radiation of heat from a body slowly ; the air in contact with the 

is a screen, and keeps it warmer. wall and tree rises very gradually as it 

For example, a thermometer, placed imLiibes warmth from them ; but if there 

upon a grass plot, exposed to a clear be a brisk wind, a constant current of 

sky, fell to 35''; but another thermo- air at the lowest temperature then ocineter, 

within a few yards of the pre- curring, is brought in constant contact 

with them, and the cooling is rapid, in 

ceding, but with the radiation of the , 

rays of heat from the grass checked by accordance with the law of equilibrium 

no other covering than a cambric pocket just noticed. A shelter of netting, or 

handkerchief, declined no lower than even the sprays of evergreens, are of 

42'-'. No difference of result occurs the greatest service in preventing the 

whether the radiating surface be paral- sweeping contact of cold air at such 

lei or perpendicular to the horizon ; for limes. Snow is a good shelter; it prewhen 

the mercury in a thermometer, vents heat radiating from plants; prohung 

against an openly exposed wall, tects them from the chilling blasts ; and 

fell toSS'', another thermometer, against is one of the worst conductors of heat, 

the same wall, but beneath a web of I have never known the surface of the 

i 

' 

j 

gauze stretched tightly, at a few inches earth, below a covering of snow, colder 

distance, indicated a temperature of than 32'', even when the temperature 

43°. 

These results explain 

of the air above has I been 28°. 

the beneficial Strange as it may appear, yet it is 

operation of apparently such slight nevertheless true, that a screen is more 

screens to our wall-fruit when in biossom. 

A sheet of canvas or of netting 

beneficial in preserving the tempera- 

ture of trees, when from three to six 

prevents the direct 

from the wall; the 

radiation of heat 

cooling goes on 

inches from them, than when in imme- 

diate contact with their surfaces. When 

more slowly, and is not reduced to that a woollen net was suspended four inof 

the exterior air at night, before the ches from the wall on which a peach 

return of day begins to re-elevate the tree was trained, the thermometer fell 

external temperature. very slowly, and the lowest degree it 

The colder the body surrounding reached was 38°; when the same screen 

another hotly, the more rapid the radia- was twelve inches off, it fell to 34°; 

tion from the latter; for it is a law of and when drawn tightly over the tree, 

heat that it has a constant tendency to 

be diffused equally; and the greater 

it barely kept above 32^, the tempera- 

ture of the exterior air. When at 

twelve inches from the wall, it permit- 

the diversity of temperature between .

SCR 535 SCU 

— 

ted the too free circulation of the air; i den and Norway remaining covered 

and when in immediate contact with with snow, whilst England is some 20^, 

the polished bark of the peach, pcrlKi|)s 

another law of cooling came into operation. 

The law is, that polished suror 

more, warmer; and an upper current 

of warm air is consequently flowing 

hence to those countries, whilst a 

faces radiate heat slowest. Thus, if cold under current is rushing hither to 

two glass bottles, equal in size and supply its place. This wind, and its 

thickness of glass, and of the same 

shape, be tilled with warm water, and 

consequent cold weather, is so regular 

in its appearance, that in Ilampsliirc, 

one of the bottles be covered with an and some other parts of England, the 

envelope of fine muslin, this bottle will peasantry speak of it as the black thorn 

give out heat to the surrounding air winter, that bush being in blossom dur- 

with much greater rapidity than the ing a part of its continuance. Princ. 

other bottle; so that, in a given time, ofGnrd. 

the bottle with the envelope will be Not only are screens required for 

found colder than the one which has out-door plants, but for those under 

no covering. 

Screens, such as the preceding, or 

glass ; and Mr. Paxtoji is quite right in 

saying, that " one of the tilings vvhich 

the slighter agents, sprays of ever- should be constantly borne in mind, 

greens, placed before the branches ofj and more especially in the forcing seawall-trees 

or other plants, as already son, is the most etTectual means of keepnoticed, 

operate beneficially in another ing up the requisite temperature in the 

, 

' 

| 

\ 

! 

way, checking the rapid passage of the hot-houses with least fuel ; and that, in 

air over them: such passage is detri- all cases where practicable, the use of 

mental in proportion to its rapidity, for external coverings, if properly used, 

the more rapid it is, the greater is the will render strong fires in a great nieaamount 

of evaporation, and, conse- sure 

; 

i 

i 

unnecessary. Some coverings are 

quently, of cold produced. Mr. Daniell 

says, that " a surface which exhales 

used at Chatsworth constantly at night, 

v.hich makes frcmi ten to titteen degrees 

one hundred parts of moisture when dilference in the temperatures of the 

the air is calm, exhales one hundred if)uses where they are appiiod, and to 

and twenty-five parts when exposed to maintain which, without them, would 

a moderate breeze, and one hundred consume three times the quantity of 

and fifty parts when the wind is high." fuel now necessary." Gard. Chron. 

During all high winds, but especially P'or wall-trees, now that glass is be- 

when blowing from points varying become so ninch cheaper, the best of all 

tween the east and the south, for they screens may be employed, viz., glazed 

are the driest in this country, the gar- frames, of a length extending from the 

dener will always find shelter is bene- coping of the wall, to the surface of 

ficial to his plants, whether in blossom, the soil, about two feet from the stems 

or with fruit in its first stages of growth, of the trees. 

SCREW I'INR. Pandanus. 

SCREW TREE. Hdicteres. 

SCROPHULARIA. Figwort. Seven 


S. vcrnalis, a biennial. Seeds. Light 

soil, and a moist situation. 

for these winds cause an evaporation 

much exceeding in amount the supply 

of moisture afforded by the roots. 

In March, such shelters are much 

required, for the winds are then violent 

and dry even to a proverb ; but it is 

during the days of its successor, April, 

that sets in the only periodical wind 

known in this island. It comes intcrmittingly, 

and with a variable force 

from poi[its ranging from east to northeast, 

and is one of the most blighting 

winds we have. It continues until 

about the end of the second week in 

May, though often until its close ; and 

— 

SC RU B B Y OA K . Loph ira nfricam 

SCURVY GRASS. Cochlear ia officinalis. 

" This vegetable grows sfiontancously 

on the sea shores of England, 

and is also found in the interior. It is 

used like the Cress, and occasionally 

mixed with corn salad. 

" Sow in autumn and manage as di- 

rected for winter spinach; it is used 

it is a good plan to have the tree, dur- during the winter and spring." 

ing the whole period, by day as well To obtain Seed.— A few 

R. Reg 

plants must 

as by night, protected. This periodical be left ungathered from in the spring, 

wind is occasioned, probably, by Swe-' They will run up to flower about May, 

.

scu 536 SEA 

and perfect their seed in the course of dung must be added ; but decayed 

the two following months. leaves are preferable, and sea- weed 

j 

SCUTELLARIA. Twenty-seven still more so. Common salt is a very 

species. Hardy herbaceous perennials, beneficial application, either applied 

»S. humilis is a half-hardy. S. haienensis, 

a stove herbaceous perennial. .Seeds 

and division. Common soil. The shrubby 

species increase by young cuttings. 

SCYPHANTHUS grandiflorus and 

elegans. Hardy twining annuals. Seeds. 

Sandy loam. 

SCYTHE. This mowing implement 

being confined, in the garden, to cutting 

the fine short grass of lawns, re- 

dry, in the spring, in the proportion of 

twenty or thirty bushels per acre, or by 

occcasional waterings, with a solution, 

containing four ounces in the gallon, 

round every stool during the spring. 

The situation cannot be too open and 

free from trees. 

Propagation is both from seed and 

slips of the root. The first is the best 

mode ; for, although from slips it may 

quires to be much sharper than that be obtained with greater certainty, yet 

used in cutting the coarser grasses, the plants arising from seed are the 

which stand up more firmly to the strongest and longest lived. Sow from 

scythe. It is also necessary that the October to the commencement of April; 

mowers should not score the grass, that but the best time for inserting it is 

is, should not leave the mark of each during January or February. Leave 

stroke of the scythe, which has a very the plants where raised ; and, to guard 

unsightly appearance; to prevent which, against failure, insert the seed in patchhave 

the scythe laid out ratlier wider, es of six or twelve seeds, each six 

an inch or two beyond heel and toe, inches apart, and the patches two feet 

especially for very short grass; and ' in asunder. If intended for transplanting, 

mowing, keep the point rather out, and the seed may be sown in drills twelve 

] 

; 

do not draw that part too fast toward, inches asunder ; in either case it must 

gathering the grass neatly to the left in not be buried more than two inches bea 

range; and having mowed to the end low the surface ; and it is a good pracof 

the swaith, mow it lightly back again, tice, previous to inserting it, to bruise 

to trim off all scores, and other irregu- the outer coat of the seed, without inlarities, 

unavoidably left the first time. jurmg its vegetating power, as by this 


treatment the germination is accele- 

SEA-BUCKTHORN Ilippophce. 

rated. The plants will in general 

SEAFORTHIA elegans. Stove palm. make their appearance in four or five 

Seed. Turfy loam and sand. 

SEA-HEATH. Frankenia. 

SEA-HOLLY. Eryngium. 

SEA-KALE.' Crambe Maritima. 

Soil and Situation,—A light mode- 

months, never sooner than six weeks ; 

but, on the other hand, the seed will 

sometimes remain twelve mouths before 

it vegetates. 

The best time for increasing it by 

rately rich soil, on a dry substratum, slips is in March. Rooted suckers may 

be detached from established plants ; 

suits it best, though in any dry soil it 

will succeed. A bed may be composed 

for it of one-half drift sand, one-third 

rich loam, and one-third small gravel. 

road stuff" or coal-ashes; if the loam is j 

poor, a little well-rotted dung or decayed 

leaves being added. The soil 

must be deep, so that the roots can 

penetrate without being immersed in 

water, which invariably causes their 

decay. The depth should not be less 

The 

or 

their roots, which have attained the 

thickness of the third finger, be cut into 

lengths, each having at least two eyes. 

cuttings must be inserted in an up- 

right position, two or three inches beneath 

the surface. It is best to plant 

two together, to obviate the danger of 

failure, at two feet apart, to remain. 

Some persons, from a desire to save a 

year, recommend yearling plants to be 

' 

than two feet and a half; and if not so obtained and inserted in February or 

naturally, worked to it by trenching. 

If at all tenacious, this opportunity may 

March ; but as the shoots ought not to 

be cut for use the first season after 

be taken to mix with itdrift or sea-sand, planting, the object is not attained, for 

so as to reduce it to a friable texture, seedlings may be cut from the second 

If wet it must be drained, so that water year. 

never shall stand within three feet of The beds should be laid out three 

feet wide, and a two feet alley between 

the surface. If poor, well putrefied j

SEA 537 SEA 

; 

' 

! 

every two, in preference to the plan to cover over each stool sand or ashes 

| 

sometimes recommended of planting; to the depth of about a foot ; tlie shoots, 

three rows in beds seven feet wide. It' in their passage through it, l)emg ex- 

the months of June and July prove dry, cluded from the light, are effoctually 

the beds should be plentifully watered. 

The seedlings require no other atten- 

bleached. Dry clean straw may 

scattered loosely over the plants 

be 

to 

tion, during the first summer, than to 

be kept free from weeds, and to be thinned 

to five or si.\ in each patch. When 

elTect the same purpose. But pots are 

by much to be preferred to any of these 

coverings. Common flower-pots, of 

their leaves have decayed and are clear- large dimensions, may be employed, 

ed away, about November, they must care being taken to stop the liole at 

be earthed over an inch or two with dry the bottom with a piece of tile and clay, 

mould from the alleys, and over this so as to exclude every ray of light ; but 

about six inches depth of long litter those suggested by Air. Maher are gespread. 

In the following spring the 

litter is to be raked off, and a little of 

Fig. 152. 

the most rotten dug into the alleys. 

When the plants have perfectly made 

their appearance they must be thinned, 

leaving the strongest plant, or, as Mr. 

Maher recommends, the three strongest, 

at each patch, those removed being 

transplanted at similar distances if required 

; but it must be remarked, that 

those transplanted never attain so fine 

a growth, or are so long lived. In the nerally adopted. They are of earthen- 

second winter the earthing must be inware, twelve or eighteen inches in 

creased to five or six inches deep over diameter, and twelve high. Mr. Sabine 

the crowns, and the covering ol litter improved upon them by making the top 

performed as before. In the third moveable, which prevents the trouble 

spring, the litter being removed, and arising from the escape of the spread- 

some dug into the alleys, as before, ing shoots, or the entire removal of the 

about an inch depth of drift sand or dung at the time of forcing. Frames of 

coal-ashes must be spread regularly wicker are sometimes employed, being 

over the surface. The sprouts may covered with mats more perfectly to 

now be bleached and cut for use ; for, if exclude the liglit. See Rhubarb. 

this is commenced earlier, the stools Previously to covering the stools with 

are rendered much less productive and the pots, &c.,the manure laid on in the 

much shorter lived. In November, or 

as soon as the leaves are decayed, the 

winter must be removed ; and the operation 

should commence at the close of 

beds being cleared of them, the coating February, or at least a month before 

of sand or ashes removed, and gently the shoots usually appear, as the sliel- 

stirred with the asparagus-fork, they ter of the pots assists materially in 

must be covered with a mixture of three bringing them forward. In four or six 

parts earth from the alleys, and one part weeks after covering the plants should 

of thoroughly decayed leaves, to the be examined, and as soon as they apdepth 

of three or four inches. The pear three or four inches high, they 

major part of this is to be removed in may be cut; for if none are taken until 

the fi>llowing spring, the beds forked, they attain a fuller growth, 

and the covering of sand renewed, this comes in too much at once. 

the crop 

In order 

routine of cultivation continuing during to prolong the season of production, 

the existence of the beds. 

Mr. Barton recommends plants to be 

The above course is the one also pur- raised annually, so that every year a 

sued if the plants are raised from ofT- cutting may be had from a yearling 

sets or cuttings, as it is by much the crop, which come in much later, and 

best practice not to commence cutting consequently succeed in production the 

until they are two years old. old established roots. The shoots 

B/fUif/ifng: may commence the second should be cut whilst young and crisp, 

spring after sowing. The most simple not exceeding five or six inches in 

models that originally adopted, namely, height; the section to be made just

SEA 538 SEA 

: 

i 

within the ground, but not so as to injure 

the crown of the root. Slipping 

plants from cold, will cause them to be 

forwarder than the natural ground ones, 

off the stalks is much preferable to cut- though not so forward as those under 

; 

| 

I 

ting. The plants may be gathered the hot dung ; and by this means it may 

from until the flower begins to form, be had in perfection 

when all covering must be removed. Whitsuntide. 

from Christmas to 

If, when arrived at the state in which 

j 

! 

brocoli is usually cut, the flower is employed 

as that vegetable, it will be 

than straw; this, by sheltering the 1 

It also may be forced in a hot-bed. 

When the heat moderates, a little light 

mould being put on, three or four year 

old plants, which have been raised with 

j 

, 

| 

] 

\ 

: 

\ 

: 

found an excellent substitute. When 

the cutting ceases, all covering must as little injury as possible to the roots, 

be removed, and the plants be allowed are to he inserted close together, and 

to grow at liberty. 

To obtain Seed.—A stool, which has 

covered with as 

for cucumbers. 

much earth as is used 

The glasses must be 

not been cut from, or even covered at covered close with double matting to 

all for blanching, must be allowed to exclude the light, and additional coverrun 

in spring. It flowers about June, ing afforded during severe weather. 

and produces abundance of seed on Sea-kale, thus forced, will be fit for 

every stem, which ripens about the cutting in about three weeks. Instead 

close of July, or early in August. of frames and glasses, any construc- 

Forcing.—To force sea-kale, some tion of boards and litter that will ex- 

established plants, at the end of Occlude the light, would undoubtedly 

tober or early in November, being, answer as well. A common melon 

trimmed as directed above al that sea- frame will contain as many as are capason, 

and the bed covered with a mixture ble of being produced in two drills of 

of moderately sifted light earth, and twenty yards each, and with only onesand 

or coal ashes, two or three inches third the quantity of dung. To keep up 

deep, each stool must be covered with a regular succession until the natural 

a pot, set down close, to keep out the ground crop arrives, two three-light 

steam of the dung ; or, bricks or planks frames will be sufficient for a large 

may be placed to the height of sight or family; the first prepared about the 

ten inches on each side of the row to beginning of November, and the second 

be forced, and covered with cross spars, about the last week in December. 

having a space of about an inch between Another mode is, on each side of a 

them. The dung employed must be three-foot bed to dig a trench two feet 

well tempered and mixed for three deep, the side of it next the bed being 

weeks before it is required, or for four, perpendicular, but the outer side slopif 

mingled with 

heat is violent, 

leaves, otherwise the ing, so as to make it eighteen inches 

but transient. When wide at the bottom, but two feet and a 

thus prepared, each pot is covered ten half at the top. These trenches being 

inches thick all round, and eight inches; filled with fermenting dung, which of 

at the top. The heat must be constant- course may be renewed if ever found 

ly observed; if it sinks below 50", more necessary, and frames put over the 

hot dung must be applied ; if above plants, the light is to be completely 

60", some of the covering should be excluded by boards, matting, &c. 

removed. Unless the weather is very Unlike the generality of vegetables, 

severe, it is seldom necessary to renew the shoots of forced sea-kale are always 

the heat by fresh linings; when the more crisp and delicate than those prothermometer 

indicates the necessity, a duced naturally. j Those plants will not 

part only of the exhausted dung should do for forcing a second time which have 

be taken away, and the remainder mixed been forced in frames; consequently a 

with that newly applied. In three or small bed should be sown every year 

four weeks from being first covered, for this purpose, so that a succession of 

the shoots will be fit for cutting, and plants may be annually had, they not 

they will continue to produce at inter- being used until three years old. Somevals 

for two or three months, or until 

the natural crops come in. To have a 

times a plant will send up a flowerstalk; 

this must be immediately cut 

succession, some should be covered away, it will then be as productive as 

with mulch, or litter that is little else the others. But those plants which are 

forced by whelming dung over the pots,

SEA 539 SEN 

are not much detrimentcd for the na- 

tural ground production of the succeedyear. 

When, therefore, they have 

, 

SEDUM. Sixty-four species. Chiefly 

hardy herbaceous perennials; with a 

few annuals and biennials. These lat- 

done producing, all covering must be ter grow well on rock work, and in- 

removed, and the ground dressed. 

SKA-LAVENDER. Statice, 

SEASIDE GRAPE. Coccoloha. 

SEASIDE LAUREL. Xylophylla latifoUa. 

SEATS require to be in unison with 

the portion of the pleasure-grounds in 

which they are placed. In shady retired 

spots, they may be made of the 

limbs of trees, (see Rustic,) but near the 

house, or among the parterres, where 

crease by seeds. The green-house species 

increase by partly ripe cuttings; 

the rest by cuttings or division. Sandy 

loam, or loam and brick rubbish. A 

few are evergreen shrubs and creepers, 

SEED ROOM. All that has been said 

relative to the Fruit lioom, is applicable 

to this: everything promotive of 

decay or germination is to be avoided ; 

and if one relative direction more than 

another requires to be urged upon the 

trimness is the prevailing characteristic, 

more art is desirable to be apparent in 

gardener, it is comprised in these words 

— keep it as dry as possible : the room 

their construction. They may be made 

of wood, and so constructed as to shut 

may be even hot, so that it is not damp, 

Mr. Forsyth says, that " a dry room, 

up, so that the seat is never wet ; and 

if painted annually they last for many 

years. Made of iron, 

hot room, or something very nearly re- 

sembling a slow corn-kiln, is essentially 

necessary in every garden, not only for 

Fig. 153. 

[ they are more light seeds, but also for all other articles rein 

appearance, and if quiring drought, or liable to injury from 

painted yearly will damp, such as the nets and bunting for 

notiron-mould dress- wall-trees and the like; garden-mats; 

es which rest upon 

them. Being made 

glazed lights in wet weather, or when 

washed previous to painting ; and last, 

of open work, the though not the least necessary, the 

wet does not rest proper drying of pot-herbs, a process 

upon them, and they seldom, if ever properly done."" Gard. 

are soon dry even 

after heavy rains. 

The following (Figs. 

153, 15-1) are made 

by Messrs. Dean, King William Street, 

London. 

Fig. 154. 

SEA-WEED. Sec Green Manure. 

SEB^TiA. Four species. Greenhouse 

annuals. Seeds. Peat and loam 

or common soil. 

SECAMONE. Three species, 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings, 

loam. 

SECURIDACA. Two species 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings, 


Stove 

Sandy 

Stove 

Loam, 

SECURIGERA coronilla. Hardy an 

nual. Seeds. Common soil. 

— 

Chron. 

In such a room should be a nest of 

very shallow drawers or trays, divided 

into compartments, each holding a tin 

box three inches in diameter, and on 

the lid of each a label, inscribed with 

the name of the seed. Such an arrangement 

not only saves the seed, but 

saves the gardener's time, especially if 

the seeds are arranged alphabetically 

in the drawers. 

SELAGO. Eighteen species. Greenhouse 



SELFHEAL. Prunella. 

SEMPERVIVUM. House-leek. 

Thirty species. Green-house evergreen 

shrubs, annuals, and biennials ; and 

hardy and half-hardy herbaceous peren- 

nials. The green-house evergreens increase 

by partly ripened cuttings, and 

require a mixture of sandy loam and 

brick rubbish. The hardy kinds increase 

by offsets, and grow on rocks or walls. 

The annuals and biennials increase by 

seed. 

SEN AC I A. Two species. Stove 


Light rich soil.

— 

— — — 

— — 

— 

SEN 540 SEP 

ander, sow. — Corn Salad, sow. — 

SENECILLIS. Two species. Hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Light 

rich soil. [ 

SENECIO. Fifty-eight species. Har- 

— — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— — — 

— 

— 

' 

Cress (American), sow, b. (Water), 

; 

plant. Dill, sow. — Earihing-tip, attend 

to. Endive, plant; attend to; 

dy lierbaceous perennials and annuals, blanch, &c. Fennel, plant. Finochio, 

and green-hoiiseeverg-reen shrubs. The earth up. Herbary requires dressing 

latter increase by cuttings, and require 

a light rich soil. The hardy kinds in- 

b. Hoeing, attend to. Hyssop, plant. 

—Jerusalem Artichokes, take up as 

crease by division, the annuals and 

biennials by seed. Common soil suits 

wanted, e. Kidney Beans, earth up 

advancing, b. Leeks, plant, b; attend 

both the last-named species. 

SENSITIVE FERN. Onoclea Sensi- 

to advancing. Lettuces, sow for autumn 

and spring planting. — Mint, plant. 

hilis. 

SENSITIVE PLANT. Mimosa. 

Mushroom- Beds, make; Spawn, collect. 

Nasturtium-berries, gather as they 

There are several plants, however, be- become fit. (Potato), take up for storsides 

the mimosa which give evidence ing. Orach, sow. Parsley, cut down, 

' 

j 

' 

of beins sensitive. The Venus Fly Trap — Peas, hoe, &c. 

{Dioncea mvscipula) has jointed leaves, —Pot Marjoram, 

Pennyroyal, plant. 

plant. — Radishes, 

which are furnished on their edges with sow, b. Rhubarb, sow. Sage, plant. 

a row of strong prickles. Flies, attract- — Savory, plant. Seeds, gather as they 

cd by honey which is secreted in glands ripen. Small Salading, sow. Sorrel, 

on their surface, venture to alight upon plant. Spinach, sow, h.— Tansy, plant, 

them. No sooner do their legs touch, Tarragon, plant. Thyme, plant. 

' Composts, 

these parts, than the sides of the leaves Turnips, sow, b. ; hoe advancing, 

spring up, and locking their rows of 

prickles together, squeeze the insects orchard. 

to death. The well-known sensitive 

; 

prepare. Dress borders 

plant {Mimosa sensitiva), shrinks from by forking, so soon as fruit is gatherthe 

slightest touch. Oxalis 

and Smithia sensitiva are 

sensitiva ed. Gathering of Apples and Pears to 

similarly store commence, e.— Grapes, bag, to 

irritable, as are the filaments of the protect from wasps, &c. Layers and 

stamens of the berberry. One of this cuttings may still be inserted. Leaves, 

sensitive tribe, Hedysarum gyrans, has be careful not to injure or remove from 

Wall Trees. — Nets, spread over fruit 

trees, to protect from birds. Plantations, 

intended, prepare ground for, by 

trenching, &c. Planting may be commenced, 

e., in some kinds of Apricots, 

Peaches, &c. Strawberries, plant in 

a spontaneous motion ; its leaves are 

frequently moving in various directions, 

without order or co-operation. When 

an insect inserts its proboscis between 

the converging anthers of a dog's bane 

(Apocynum androssamifolium), they 

close with a power usually sufficient to 

detain the intruder until death. 

SEPT AS. Two species. Green^ 

house herbaceous perennials. Division. 

Peat, loam and sand. 

SEPTEMBER is a month of decay, 

yet much has to be done to the living. 

moist weather ; clean old beds ; pot for 

forcing. Stones of fruit save, to sow 

for stocks. Vines, remove straggling 

useless shoots. Wall-trees, generally, 

look over and train as required. 

Wasps, entrap in bottles, &c. 



Aconite (Winter), plant, e. Ane- 

Angelica, sow Aromatic pot-herhs,' mones, plant best, e.; sow, b. An- 

finish gathering. Artichokes, break nuals (Hardy), sow, b. Auriculas not 

down. 

&c., e. 

crops. 

Balm, plant. Beans, earth up, 

Borage, sow ; thin advancing 

Burnet, plant. Cabbages, sow, 

shifted in August, now remove ; water 

and shade prepare awning to protect, 

; 

in autumn and winter; sow, b. Bulb- 

for autumn and spring plants; earth ous roots, plant for early blooming, e.; 

up advancing; (Red), are ready for 

pickling. Cardoons, earth up. — Carrots, 

advancing, thin. — Flowers, sow 

sow, b. Carnation layers remove, b. 

Chrysanthemums, plant cuttings, &c., 

b. Dress borders assiduously. Edg- 

for plants to preserve under glass during 

winter. Celery, earth up. Chervil, 

eow. — Coleworts, plant out. — Coriings, 

trim; plant. Evergreens, plant, 

make layers. — Fibrous-rooted perennials, 

propagate by slips, parting roots.

— 

— — 

— — — — — 

— 

S KR 541 SET 

&c.—Forfc over vacant compartments.— ennials, annuals, and biennials. The 

Gi'ass, mow and roll; sow, b.— Gravel, 

weed and roll.— Guernsey Lilies, poi.— 

Heartsease, plant cuttings ; trim old. 

— 

— 

former, seeds or division ; the latter, 

seeds only. Common soil suits them all. 

SERRURIA. Thirty-four species. 

Hedges, clip, e. — Mignonette, sow in Green-house ever//!g-s of, cuttings, taken off at a joint. Light 

Pinks, &c., plant out for blooming. turfy loam, with a little sand. 

Polyanthuses, plant. — Ranunculuses, SERSALISIA sericea. Stove everplant 

best, e.; sow, b. Seedlings, plant green shrub Cuttings. Loam, peat, 

out.— .SVerfs, gather as ripe. Transplant and sand. 

j 

perenni:i!s, e. Tuberous rooted plants SERVICE. Pyrus Sorbus. There 

transplant.— Turf, lay.— fFu/fr annuals are three varieties. P. S. maliforrnis, 

and other plants every day in dry 

weatlier. 

HOT-HOrSE. 

Air, admit freely every day. 

beds, renew.— Bulbs, plant, b. 

BarkComposts, 

prepare. Dress the plants regularly. 

Earth, give where required. 

Leaves, wash ; remove decayed, &c. 

Pines, shift, if neglected beforej b.; 

attend to bottom heat; water every 

apple-shaped ; P. S. pyriformis, pearshaped 

; P. S. bacciformis, berryshaped. 

Propagation.—By Grafting on the 

apple, medlar, and hawthorn. 

By Cuttings. See Apple. 

By Seed.—The berries ripen abundantly 

in autumn, which is the proper 

time for sowing them when perfectly 

ripe. Sow them as soon after they are 

' 

I 

possible, selecting a 

third dny.-Propagate 

spot 

^ b^ offsets, seeds, "f^^Z"^ J"^ • 

• ot lightish ground, and dividing it into 

slips, and suckers. Shifting neglected 

four-feet-wide beds, in which 

before, sow the 

complete, b. Succulents, reberries 

in drills an inch deep. 

place under glass.— Watering Some of 

gene- 

them will rise the following 

rally is required 

spring; 

two or three times 

they, however, frequently 

weekly. 

remain till 

I 

the second spring before they come up; 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

observing in either case, that in the 

Air, 

turned 

Earth, 

give very freely to plants re- spring following, when the seedlings 

into house. Camellias, bud.— are a year old, they should be planted 

give fresh. — Geraniums and out in nursery rows, to remain till they 

Myrtles planted in borders, return into 

pots, b. ; cuttings, plant, b. — Glass, 

Flues, ^-c, repair, before the plants are 

acquire a proper size for final transplantation 

at thirty feet apart. 

By Layers. — Having some of the 

moved in. Oranges and Lemons, remove 

into house, e.; thin fruit. Prune 

trees while young cut down near the 

jround, they will throw out lower 

and dress as the plants are removed. 

Roses, pot for forcing. Seedlings and 

shoots, which being layered 

common way in autumn and 

in the 

spring, 

other young plants, if well rooted, will readily emit roots, and be lit to 

transplant, b. Succulents, remove into 

house, b.; shift into larger pots. 

transplant in nursery rows in one year. 

So/7.—Clayey loam well drained suits 

Suckers, layers, cuttings, &c., may be 

planted. — Tender plants, generally 

remove into house, e.— iVater is not 

it best. 

Culture.—They are 

dwarf standards or 

best trained as 

espaliers. See 

required so freely 

Medlar. 

SER.\PIAS. Three species. Stove Gather the fruit in autumn, and treat 

orchids. Division. Light sandy soil. it like that of the medlar. 

S E R I N G I A platyphylla. Green- SESBANIA. Twelve species. Stove 

house evergreen shrub. Cuttings.— annuals, biennials, or evergreen shrubs. 

Sand, loam, and peat. 

The latter increase by cuttings; the for- 

SVAWiSkfatida. Green-house ever- mer by seeds Loam and peat suits 

green shrub. Cuttings. Loam, peat, them all. 

and sand 

SESUVIUM. Four species. Stove 

SERPICULA repens. Greenhouse annuals and herbaceous perennials, 

\ 

herbaceous creeper. Division. Com- i Partly dried cuttings. Sandy loam and 

mon soil. 

peat. 

SERRATULA. Saw-wort. Twenty- SETHLA. indica. Stove evergreea 

nine species. Hardy herbaceous per- tree. Cuttings. Turfy loam and peat.

SET 542 S H A 

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I 

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] 

] 

\ 

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I 

SETS are the tubers, or portions of " The length of these rolls at Sion 

tubers, employed for propngating tube- House is between fifty and sixty feet, 

rous-rooted plants. It may be accepted but we have no doubt they might be 

as a rule universally applicable to them, made longer, since this depends on the 

that a moderately-sized whole tuber is diameter of the pole or rod, a, and the 

always to be preferred to a cutting of a toughness of the timber employed, or 

tuber. The latter are invariably morel its power to resist torsion. On one end 

subject to failure, but if employed, it is of this rod, and not on both, as is usual, 

a good plan to roll them in gypsum i a ratchet wheel, 6, is fixed, with a plate 

powder. This checks the escape of! against it, c, so as to form a pulley 

their sap, and is friendly to vegetation 

SEYMERIA. Two species. Hardy 

groove between, d, to which a cord is 

fastened, and about three inches further 

annuals. Seeds. Peaty soil. 

SHADING deserves more attention 

on the rod is fixed a third iron wheel, 

about six inches in diameter, and half 

tlian it usually obtains, for there is not an inch thick, e. This last wheel runs 

plant when in blossom that is not pro- an iron groove, /, which extends 

longed in beauty and vigour by being along the end rafter or end wall of the 

shaded from the midday sun. Nor 

should shading be attended to merely 

roof to be covered. 

" The canvas or netting being sewed 

with regard to blooming plants; for together of a sufficient size to cover the 

they are benefited by it during all roof, one side of it is nailed to a slip of 

placed against the back wall, that 

along the upper ends of the sashes; 

! wood 

! is, 

periods of their growth. Every plant 

transpires at a rate great in proportion 

to the elevation of the temperature : the other side is nailed to the rod, a. 

the greater the transpiration the more 

abundant is the absorption of moisture; 

and the moment the roots fail in affording 

a supply equivalent to the transpiration, 

the leaves flag, or become exhausted 

of moisture, and if this be 

When the canvas is rolled up, it is held 

in its place under a coping, g, by a 

ratchet, h, and when it is let down, the 

cord, i, of the roll is loosened with one 

hand, and the ratchet cord, k, pulled 

with the other, when the canvas unrolls 

with its own weight. The process 

j 

' 

I 

j 

' 

! 

' 

| 

' 

I 

repeated often, decay altogether. 

Shades, properly managed, prevent of pulling it up again needs not be de 

this injurious exhaustion. Those used scribed. 

at Sion House deserve particular atten- the plan 

The most valuable part of 

is, that the roll of canvas, 

tion, not only because they are appli- throughout its whole length, winds up 

cable to hot-houses, pits, and hot-beds and lets down without a single wrinkle, 

of every description, but because they notwithstanding the pulley-wheel is 

may be rendered available in the cover- only on one side. This is owing to 

ing of fruit walls, to exclude the frost the weight of the rod, and its equal 

from the blossom, and the birds or flies diameter throughout. By this plan a 

from ripe fruit; and also in the coverhouse 100 or 150 feet long, might be 

ing of flower beds, hay ricks, harvested covered with two rolls, the two pulleys 

corn, temporary structures for public working at the two ends; but if it were 

assemblages, &c 

thought necessary, the two rods might 

Fig 

be joined in the middle, and by a little 

contrivance, the pulley and groove 

placed there, so as to work both of the 

rolls at once from the inside of the 

house, from the back shed, or from the 

front." Gard. Mag. 

— 

SHALLOT. See Eschalot. 

SHANKING is the technical term 

for a gangrene which attacks the footstalks 

of grapes and the stems of cabbages 

which have vegetated through 

the winter. The shanking of the grape 

appears to be occasioned by the temperature 

of the soil being too much 

below that in which the branches are 

vegetating ; and, consequently, the sup-

S 11 A 543 S H R 

ply of sap to the grapes is too mucli SHEPHERD'S 

diininislied, and tlie parts which thus Thnpsus. 

CLUB. Verbascum 

fail of support immediately begin to SIIIFTINC. See Potting and Onedecay; 

this is an effect always the con- shift System. 

sequence of a diminished supply of sap, SHREDS for fastening trees to walls 

apparent either in the leaves, flower, are best made of the list or selvage torn 

or fruit. The disease, like every other from black or blue cloth, and maybe 

putrefaction, does not advance rapidly obtained of any tailor. The smallest 

unless there be much moisture in the possible number of shreds, and the naratmosphere. 

Shanking never appears rowest consistent with strength should 

in the grape if the roots of the vine are be employed ; for wherever the shred 

within the house. Shanking in the envelops the branch, the wood beneath 

cabbage arises from a very different is never so well ripened as those parts 

cause, viz., the freezing of the stalk of exposed to the light and air, which are 

thecabbage just where it comes in con- so essential to enable the bark to astact 

with the soil. The best preventive similate and separate from the sap those 

is dressing the soil with salt, about five secretions which are required for the 

bushels per acre, late in the autumn 

SHARP CEDAR. Acacia oxycedrus 

and Juniperus oxycedrus. 

SHEARS are of various kinds, differing 

in form according to the purpose 

for which they are intended. Hedgeshears 

for clipping hedges are the most 

common. 

Sliding Pruning Shears with a moveable 

centre so as to make a drawing 

cut when used as when the pruning 

knife is employed. See Averruncator 

SHEPHERD! A 

— 

next year's growth. Shreds should 

always be long enough to permit the 

ends to be doubled over, so that the 

nail may pass through four thicknesses 

of the cloth, otherwise theylook ragged 

and are liable to tear away from the 

nail. If old shreds are re-used, they 

should be previously boiled for a few 

minutes to destroy any insect-eggs, or 

larvae thev may contain. 

SHRIVELLING of the berries of the 

! 

grape in stoves arises from the roots of 

Fig. 156. 

The drawing shows the t'le vine not supplying a sufficiency of 

smaller size, used with one sap. This occurs if the roots are in a 

hand. See Scissors. The cold heavy soil, or are vegetating in an 

large size, which has wood outside border, the temperature of 

handles, will, when em- which is too low compared with that of 

ployed with both hands, the stove. In the first case, thorough 

cut through a bough full 

three inches in circum 

draining and the incorporation 

careous rubbish ; and in the 

of cal- 

second 

ference, with the greatest case, protection to the border and stem. 

ease. 

Verge Shears are merely 

will remove the evil. 

SHRUBBERY is a garden, or portion 

the hedge shears set near- of a garden, devoted to the cultivation 

ly at a right angle on long 

handles tor the conveni- 

of shrubs. It is not necessary, as Mr. 

Glenny observes, " That there sliould 

ence of the gardener in be any flowers or borders to constitute 

clipping the sides of box a shrubbery, but there should be great 

edging, and the verge of taste in forming clumps, and grouping 

grass plots. 

Turf Shears are set also at an angle, 

the various foliages and stylesof growth. 

The groundwork in such a garden con- 

but in a different direction for cutting sists of gravel walks and lawn. If flow- 

the tops of edgings, and grass growing ers be intermixed, or, which is very 

in corners unapproachable by the scythe. generally adopte

SHU 544 SLI 

| 

' 

teen feet, unless they are climbers, and 

having, if permitted, branches and fo- 

liage clothing the entire length of their 

stems. 

SHUTERIA hicolor. Stove ever- 

green twiner. Seeds. Rich light loam 

SHUTTLECOCK 

punicca. 

Peripetera j 

SIBBALDIA. Four species and 

some varieties. Hardy herbaceous perennials, 

or evergreen trailers. Division. 


SIBERL\N CRAB. Pyrus prunifolia 

dicaulis a perennial. Seeds, 

soil. 

Common 

SINNIXGIA. Six species. Stove 


loam. 

i 

SIPHOCAMPHYLUS. Four 

species. Stove and hardy evergreen 

shrubs. Cuttings. Light sandy soil. 

SIREX gigas. This fly pierces the 

fir, and other growing timber, depositing 

its eggs in the alburnum. M. Kol- 

lar says that : 

— 

"In the seventh week after the eggs 

are laid, the maggot has attained its 

^ 

' 

^ 

^ 

; 

SIBERIAN PEA TREE. Cara- full size, and then generally buries it 

gana. 

SIBTHORPIA europcea. 

herbaceous creeper. Division. 

self six inches deep in the wood, where 

Hardy it is transformed in a cavity into a pupa, 

Peaty covered with a thin transparent skin, 

soil, and a moist situation. 

SIDA. Sixteen species. Hardy an- 

It remains in this state a longtime ; and 

examples are given of the perfect insect 

nuals, biennials, and herbaceous pe- only making its appearance when the 

rennials; and stove evergreen shrubs, wood has been cut up for useful pur- 

Seeds. Rich soil. The shrubby kinds pos S-" 

are also increased by cuttings 

SIR JOSEPH BANKS' PINE. 

SIDERITIS. Eighteen species. Araucaria imbricata. 

Hardy annuals and herbaceous peren- SISYMBRIUM millffoUum. Greennials, 

and hardy, half-hardy and greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light 

house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, 

seeds, and division. Dry sand or chalk. 

SIDERODENDRON triflorum. 

soil. 

SISYRINCHIUM. Twenty-seven 

species. Hardy, half-hardy, green- 

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings, Loam, house and stove herbnceous perennials. 


SIDESADDLE FLOWER. Sarra- 

Seed, or offsets. Light soil. 

SIUM. Two species. Hardy herbcenia. 

SIEGESBECKIA. Six species. 


SIEVE, fiee Measures. 

SIEVERSIA. Seven species. Hardy 

aceous perennials. Division or seeds. 

Moist soil. 

SKIP-JACK. See Elater. 

SKIRRET. Siwn Sisarjim. 

Propagation.— By Seed.—Sow at the 

herbaceous perennials. Seeds or divi- end of March, or early in April, in 

sion. Light soil. 

SILENE. Catch Fly. One hundred 

and fifty-one species. Chiefly hardy 

drills one inch deep, and twelve inches 

apart. The seedlings will be up in 

five weeks. Weed and thin to twelve 

annuals, biennials, and herbaceous pe- inches apart. In autumn, they will be 

rennials. Seeds, Light rich soil. The fit for use like parsnops 

shrubby kinds increase by young cut- By Offsets.—Old roots throw ofT these 

tings also. A few are green-house bi- in the spring, when they may be slipennials. 

SILK COTTON TREE, Bombax. 

SILK TREE. Acacia Julibriss in. 

SELPHIUM. Three species. Hardy 


soil. 

SILVER TREE. Leucadendron seped 

off, and planted in rows a foot 

apart each way. 

Soil.—A light loam is best, trenched, 

with a little manure dug in with the 

bottom spit, 

To save Seed, let a few of the old 

roots run up in spring; they will flower 

riceum. 

SIMABA. Two species. Stove 

in July, and ripen their seed in the autumn. 

evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Turfy SKULL-CAP. Scutellaria. 

| 

| 


SINAPIS. Mustard. Six species. 

Chifly hardy annuals. S. frutescens is 

SLIPPER PLANT. Pcdilanthes. 

SLIPPER WORT. See Calceolaria. 

SLIPS are employed for increasing 

a green-house evergreen shrub. S. me- the number of an established variety or

S LO 545 SNA 

species. In the woody kinds, the youna; : green trees. Ripe cuttings. Loam and 

shoots are slipped off from the sides of 

the branches, &c., with tlie thuinh and 

finger, instead of cutting them off' with 

pent. 

.«;L0E tree. Prunus spinosa. 

SLUGS are of many species, and the 

a knife, but is more commonly practised smaller are much more injurious to the 

to the lower ligneous plants, such as gardener than those of a larger size, 

sage, southernwood, rosemary, rue, and , 

' lavender. The best season of the year 

because they are much less discernible, 

and their ravages being more gradual, 

are not at once detected. They are 

effectually destroyed by either salt or 

; 

I 

{ 

for effecting the work is generally in 

spring and beginning of summer, though 

many sorts will grow if planted at al- lime ; and to secure its contact with 

' 

i 

' 

most any time of the year. their bodies, it is best first to water 

Select the young shoots, chiefly of the soil where they harbour with lime 

but one year's growth, and in many water, in the evening, wlien they are 

sorts the shoots of the year will grow coming out to feed, sprinkling the surthe 

most readily, even if ]ilanted the face also with dry lime ; and at the end 

summer they are produced, especially of a week, applying a surface dressing 

the hard wooded kinds ; but in the more of salt, at the rate of five bushels per 

soft wooded plants, the slips will also acre. If cabbage leaves are spread 

often readily grow when a year or two upon the surface of land infested by 

old, being careful always to choose the slugs, they will resort to their under 

most robust shoots, situated on the out- 

ward part of the plants, Trom three to 

sides, and thus they may be trapped ; 

but lime and salt are most efficacious, 

six, or eight, or ten 

ping them off close 

inches long, slipto 

the branches, 

Lime-water may be poured over wall- 

trees infested with them, and they may 

Clear off the lower leaves, then plant be syringed with it as well as with 

them two parts in the ground, giving water in which gas liquor has been 

mixed, about half a pint to a gallon. 

j occasional shade and water, if in summer, 

till properly rooted ; and towards If lime be sprinkled along the top, and 

autumn transpjant them where they are at the base of the wall, renewing it 

to remam. 

Many shrubby plants growing into 

]nrge branches from the root, such as 

roses, spicas, and raspberries, may be 

slipped quite to the bottom, into separate 

plants, each furnished with roots, 

and may be planted either in nursery 

rows, or at once where they are to re- 

main. 

— 

weekly, the slugs cannot get to the 

trees. 

S.MALL CARDAMOM. Amomiim 

cardnmomum. 

S.M.'VLL LUPINE. Lupimis naiius. 

S^LVLL MON'ARDA. Fycnanthcmum 

monardella. 

SMALL PALM. Sahal Palmetto. 

SMALL PEPPERMINT. TInjmm 

i Herbaceous plants may be slipped P/pcrp/Za. • 

J 

into many separate plants, and it is SMEATHMANNIA tef/g-aâ. Stove 

effected by slipping off the increased evergreen shrub. Half-ripened cuttings. 

suckers, or offsets of the root ; some 

sorts, by the offsets from the sides of 

the heads of the plants ; 

, 


SMILACINA. Nine species. Hardy 

and some few herbaceous perennials. Division. Light 

sorts by slips of their stocks or branches. 

Slipping should generally be per- 

soil. 

SMITHIA. Three species. Stove 

formed in the spring, or early part of trailing annuals. Seeds. Peat, sand, 

autumn, which may be effected cither and loam. 

by slipping the outside offsets with SNAILS. See Slugs. 

roots, as the plants stand in the ground, These marauders are said to be very 

or, to perform it more effectually, you fond of bran, and that they are readily 

may take the whole plants up, and slip trapped if this be put in heaps under 

them into several separate parts, each 

slip being furnished also with roots, 

dower pots, with one side pro[)pcd up 

to admit them. The common garden 

planting them, if small, in nursery rows snail. Helix hortensis, is thus noticed 

a year, to gain strength ; or such as are by Mr. Curtis:— 

strong, may be pla?itod at once in the "Snails arc said to be hermaphro- 

borders, &c. Altercromhi';. 

dites, and, consptjuently, they are all 

SLOANE.\. Two species. Stoveever-i capable of laying eggs; and there have 

35

— 

SNA 546 SOI 

been found eighty in one heap. They 

are globular, whitish, shining, and not 

larger than swan-shot. If kept in a 

damp place, they readily hatch, at 

once becoming little, thin, transparent, 

and nearly colourless shells. In a short 

time, they increase to twice the size, 

even when they have had nothing to 

feed upon. They are then of a dark. 

SNAKE GOURD. Trichosanthes. 

SNAKE ROOT. Aristolochia serpentaria. 

SNAPDRAGON. Antirrhinum and 

Silene antirrhina. 

SNAP TREE. Judicia hysopifolia. 

SNEEZEWORT. Achillea Ptarmica. 

SNOW is one of the gardener's best 

shelters, and should never be removed 

' 

' 

: 

| 

, 

i 

ochreous colour, with three imperfect from his out-door crops. It prevents 

rings, composed of brownish dots and heat from radiating from tliem; prostreaks, 

and a transverse line of the tects them from freezing, drying blasts ; 

same colour next the pale lip or mar- and, being a bad conductor of heat, 

gin ; and these spots seem to vary as thus prevents its escape from them, 

the animal withdraws or extends itself, I have never known the surface of the 

owing to the dark tints shining through earth, below a covering of snow, colder 

' 

the semi-transparent shell. 

As the snail grows, it has the faculty 

than 32°, even when the temperature 

of the air above has been 28°. Johnof 

enlarging the shell, from its own se 

cretions ; and, when full grown, it is as 

son''s Principles of Gardening 

SNOWBALL TREE. Viburnum 

large as a small plum. It is convoluted 

obliquely, striated of an ochreous 

colour, variegated with pitchy spots, 

Opulus. 

SNOWBERRY. Chiococca. 

SNOWDROP. Anemone sylvesti'is, 

giving it a marbled appearance, and 

forming two or three transverse bands ; 

the lip is ochreous, the margin slightly 

and Galanthus. 

SNOWDROP TREE. Halesia. 

SNOWFLAKE. Leucojum. 

reflexed, the under side is smooth and 

white, with a pinkish tint. 

" There are various ways of reducing 

the numbers of this pest—the simplest 

is, by searching amongst the leaves of 

wall-fruit in April, when the snails first 

SOAP-BOILERS' ASHES. 'S.Ge Ashes. 

SOAPWORT. Saponaria. 

SOBOLEWSKIA lithophila. Hardy 


SOIL. However varying in the pro- 

leave their winter quarters, to satisfy portions, yet every soil is composed of 

their long abstinence, and they con- silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, oxide 

tinue feeding until August or September. 

" To protect seedling plants, a thick 

of iron, salts, and animal and vegetable 

remains. The most important consideration 

is, what proportions those are 

dusting of lime and soot round the 

stem will keep the snails away in dry 

which constitute a fertile soil ? 

The beau ideal of a fertile soil is one 

weather. 

" In August, the eggs may be found 

which contains such a proportion of decomposing 

matter and of moisture as to 

at the roots of pot-herbs, in the cavities keep the crop growing upon it always 

of muck heaps, at the rotten foot ofl supplied with food in a state fit tor 

paling, &c. These should be diligently 

sought for and destroyed; for they 

nearly all will hatch. 

" Salt and urine are destructive to 

snails ; but it is difficult to apply either 

to them with much advantage. Lime, 

soot, and wood ashes are excellent 

checks ; but the first loses its efficacy 

as soon as it becomes wet, and even 

— 

introsusceptmn, yet not so superabundantly 

as to render the plants too 

luxuriant, if the object in view is the 

production of seed ; but for the production 

of those plants whose foliage 

is the part in request, as spinach, or of 

edible bulbous roots, as onions, which 

have a small expanse of leaves, so as 

to be almost entirely dependent upon 

I 

i 

the dews of the evening will frequently the soil for nourishment, there can 

exhaust its caustic properties. Cabbage scarcely be an excess of decomposed 

leaves are not an invariable decoy for matter presented to their roots. 

the old snails: young ones, however, 

are very fond of them, especially when 

wet and withering." Card. Chron. 

SNAIL FLOWER. Phaseolus caracalla. 

Spinach, on rich soils, will yield successive 

cuttings, the same as asparagus ; 

the latter especially demands abundant 

applications of nourishment to its roots, 

since, like the onion, it has little foliage

S I 547 SO I 

and sliglitly fibrous roots, at the same ensis, gives as being the most fertile 

time that, like the spinach, it has to for the grasses : 

afford repeated cuttings; and thus, re- " Fine sand, 115; aluminous stones, 

quiring a repeated development of 70 ; carbonate of lime, 23; decompos- 

parts, it needs abundant food in its immediate 

neighbourhood. A soil with a 

just proportion of decomposing matter 

will be capable of absorbing moisture, 

during the droughts of summer, from 

the atmosphere; for the most fertile 

soils are always the most absorbent. 

, 

— 

ing animal and vegetable matter, 34 ; 

silica, 100; alumina, 2S ; oxide of 

iron, 13; sulphate of lime, 2; soluble 

vegetable and saline matter, 7 ; loss, 8 ; 

total 400." 

I have already stated what forms a 

fertile soil; it maybe added, that, to 

! 

Yet it must not be too retentive of constitute it eminently sucli, its earthy 

moisture, which is the case in such particles must be in a minute state of 

soils as contain too much alumina ; division; the more so the more fertile it 

neither must it too easily part with will be. 

moisture, a fault which is a character- In the above analysis 185 parts only 

istic of those soils which contain an were separable by sifting through a fine 

e.tcess of silica. 

A subsoil of gravel, mixed with clay. 

sieve; 215 parts were impalpable; 

whereas poorer soils will ofien have 

is the best, if not abounding in oxide 300 parts coarse matter to every 100 of 

of iron ; for clay alone retains the moist- finely pulverized constituents. 

ure, on the arable surface, in too great In affording warmth to plants the 

an excess; and sand or chalk, on the earth is of considerable importance, 

contrary, carries it away too rapidly. and the power of accumulating and re- 

It is, however, evident, that to insure taining heat varies as much in soils as 

these desiderata in any soil, at all sea- the proportions of their constituents. 

sons, IS impossible; and it is manifest 

that a soil that would do so in one climate 

would fail in another, if the mean 

annual temperature of them should differ, 

as well as the amount in inches o 

rain which fall during the same period- , 

Thus, in the western parts of England, 

more than twice as much rain occurs 

as in the most eastern counties, or in 

the proportion of forty-two to nineteen ; 

a soil in the cast of England, for any 

given crop, therefore, may be richer 

and more tenacious than the soil required 

for it on the western coast. 

Alumina, or clay, imparts tenacity to 

Sir Hum[)hrey Davy found that a rich 

black mould, containing one-fourth of 

vegetable matter, had its temperature 

increased in an hour, from (Jo^ to SS^ 

by exposure to the sunshine, whilst ^ 

clialk soil was heated only to 09' undef 

similar circumstances. Hut the firstj 

when removed into the shade, cooled 

in half an hour 15*^ ; whereas the latter 

lost only 4°. This explains why the 

crops on light-colored tenacious soils 

are in general so much more backward 

in spring, but are retained longer in 

verdure, during autumn, than those on 

black lisrht soils. The latter attain a 

a soil when applied; silica, or sand, genial warmth the more readily, but 

diminishes that power ; whilst chal k ami part from it with c

SOI 548 SOL 

| 

ficiency in its staple, when, in truth, big and others have most illogically 

the defect arises from erroneous man- concluded, from the smallness of the 

agenient. soluble extract contained in a soil, that 

I have before stated an instance of it is of small importance, forgetting 

tap-rooted plants being produced, of, that as fast as it is taken by the roots of 

superior size and form, by means of ap- , 

plying the manure deep below the surface. 

In another instance, some parsneps 

being of necessity sown in a poor 

soil, having turned in some manure by 

trenching fall twelve inches deep, 

the 

crop, it is generated again by the 

decomposition of the animal and vegetable 

remains. This is one reason why 

fallowing is beneficial ; easily decomposing 

matters have been exhausted by 

successive crops ; and by a year's rest, 

would not allow any to be applied to and exposure to the putrefactive agency 

the surface, but, at the time of thinning of the air, the more stubborn and more 

I set half the bed out at an average of slowly decomposing exuvin have time 

twelve inches' distance between each to resolve into and accumulate soluble 

plant, the other half at nine inches, compounds in the soil. Princ.of Gard. 

SOJA hispida. Hardy annual. Seed, 

When taken up for storing, the whole ] 

were alike perfectly fusiform ; but those Common soil. 

grown at twelve inches apart were the 

finest, as four and a half is to three. If 

manure had been applied to the surface, 

the fibrous roots, I calculated, would 

be multiplied at the expense of the 

caudex, to its much greater detriment 

than by making the few usually produced 

by this root extend in length, 

thus enlarging the circuit of their pasturage. 

Again, a more silicious, darker colored 

soil should be employed for the 

growth of an early crop, of any given 

— 

— — 

SOLANDRA. Five species. Stove 

evergreen climbers. Cuttings. Turfy 

loam and peat. S. grandijlora. Mr. 

J. Brown, gardener at Whittlebury 

Lodge, near Towcester, says that 

" After it attains to the height of from 

three to five feet, it must not be shifted, 

but allowed to remain in as small a pot 

as it will grow in until the roots become 

matted round the inside. Early 

in autumn keep it in a cool situation, 

and allow it to become perfectly dry, 

when the leaves will drop off. About 

plant, than is required by the main crop ; the beginning of November, introduce 

because such soil will more readily it into heat, and force gently, supply- 

get rid of the superfluous moisture, and ing it plentifully with water wlien it 

earlier acquire a genial warmth, two begins to grow. Being thus excited for 

great desiderata for vegetation in spring. a short time, the plant grows freely, 

On the contrary, in autumn, for a late and produces blossom-buds on the 

crop of peas, for instance, the soil young wood, and at the end of each 

should be more aluminous, that such shoot; these in January and February 

moisture may be retained. 

expand. As soon as it has done flow- 

The quantity of soluble matter obering, which is generally in March, the 

tainable Irom a soil, at any one time, shoots are to be cut back, and the 

is very small, seldom exceeding a one- plant, being shifted, put into heat and 

thousandth part of its weight; and even encouraged to grow, stopping the young 

pure vegetable mould, the debris of shoots fre(juently, to induce it to throw 

entirely putrefied plants, was found by out laterals, and to keep it dwarfed. 

Saussuro to yield only one-eleventh of By this treatment it very often forms 

soluble matter. This mould was too spurs similar to a pear or apple-tree, at 

' 

1 

, 

rich for horticultural purposes, peas the ends of which, after allowing the 

and beans grown in it being too luxuri- roots to become matted in the pot,givant 

; and they were more productive in ing it a rest, and keeping it dry and cool 

a soil containing only one-twentieth of from August till November, blossoms 

organic constituents dissolvable by wa- are produced in abundance, upon its 

ter. Small in amount, however, as is being put again into heat." Gard. 

the soluble constituents of the most 

fertile soils, they are necessary for the 

Chron. 

SOLANUM. One hundred and thirtyvigorous 

vegetation of plants; tor when six species, and some varieties. Stove 

a soil is deprived of those constituents and green-house evergreen shrubs and 

by frequent washings with boiling water, annuals; hardy annuals, deciduous 

it is much less fertile than before. Lie- climbers, herbaceous, and a few tuber-

— 

SOL 549 SOR 

ous-rooted perennials. To this latter 

belongs S. tuberosum, the potato. The 

annuals are increased by seeds; the 

other species by seeds, cuttings, or 

tubers. Light rich soil suits them all. 

SOLDANELLA. 

! 


cuttings taken off at a joint. Turfy 

loam and sand. 

SORRELS. These are Oxalis Acetosella. 

Wood Sorrel ; Rumex acetosa, 

' 

j 

{ 

Seven species. Garden Sorrel ; R. scutatus, French or 

Hardy or half-hardy herbaceous peren- Roman Sorrel 

nials. Seeds or division. Peat and Soil and Situation.—They thrive best 

loam. 

in any garden soil that tends to light- 

SOLDEVILLA setosa. Hardy herba- ness rather than tenacity, and is not 

ceous perennial. Seed. Common soil. too poor. The situation must be open. 

SOLDIER-WOOD. Inga purpurea. 

Propagation.—The rumexes are pro- 

SOLIDAGO. Golden Rod. Sixtypagated by seed, and all of them by 

seven species. Hardy herbaceous perennials, 

except S. leucanthemifolia, 

parting the roots, both 

may be practised from 

which modes 

tha middle of 

which is half-hardy, and S. spuria, a 

green-house evergreen. Division. Common 

soil. 

SOLLYA. Three species. Green- 

February until the same period in May, 

and by the latter also in September 

and. October. The finest plants are 

raised by seed, but those from portions 

house evergreen climbers. Cuttings. 


SOLOMON'S SEAL. Convallaria. 

SOOT is the volatilized unconsumed 

portion of common coal. It is thus 

constituted 

of the roots are soonest in production. 

The seed is best sown in drills, six 

or eight inches apart, and half an inch 

in depth. When two or three inches 

high, the seedlings must be thinned to 

three or four inches apart, and those 

removed, if required, pricked out at 

similar distances. In September or October, 

or in the March and April of the 

succeeding year, they may be removed 

into their tinal stations, in rows twelve 

inches apart, each way, or, if the 

French, eighteen inches. The only 

attention they require down to this 

state of their growth, is to be kept clear 

of weeds, and to have water given in 

moderate quantities after each removal, 

until established. 

When divisions of the root are em- 

: 

Charcoal . 

371 

Salts of ammonia 

427 

potash and soda 24 

Oxide of iron 

50 

Silica 

65 

Alumina . 

31 

Sulphate of lime 

31 

Carbonate of magnesia . 2 

It is an excellent manure for peas, 

onions, carrots, and probably all garden 

crops. An excellent liquid maiiure is 

soot mixed with 

portion of one 

rain water, in the pro- 

tablespoonful of soot 

to a quart of water, for plants in pots ; ployed, they must be set at once where 

but for asparagus, peas, &c., six quarts they are to remain, at the final dis- 

of soot to a hogshead of water. It tances above mentioned ; and the same 

must never be applied to plants in a attention paid in weeding and watering 

state of rest. It succeeds admirably them. Established plants must in a 

with bulbs. 

S O P II 

Gard. Chron. 

R A. Fourteen species. 

like manner 

from weeds. 

be 

In 

kept constantly free 

summer, as thoy run 

Hardy herbaceous perennials and deci- up to seed, the stalks must be cut down 

duoustrees; stove and green-house evergreen 

shrubs and trees. The latter in- 

as often as is re(]iiired, to encourage 

the production of leaves. In autumn 

crease by cuttings, the former by divi- and spring, the surface of the ground 

sion. S. chinensis and S. japonica, should be gently stirred, and in the 

hardy deciduous trees; by layers or former season, a little manure, or in 

seeds. Light loamy soil. 

S P H R O N I f I S. Three species. 

Stove epiphytes. Division. Wood with 

preference, a similar proportion of de-. 

cayed leaves, turned in. Some gardeners 

raise fresh seedlings annually, but 

a little moss on the roots. 

SORINDEIA madagascariensis. 

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam 

a fresh plantation is seldom necessary 

oflener than every fourth year ; before 

which, however, it must be made, if the 

and peat. 

SOROCEPHALUS. 

plants dwindle 

Seven species.! leaves. 

or produce diminutive

S OR 550 SPA 

To obtain Seed.—Some plants must I 

not be gathered from, and allowed to 

run up unchecked. They flower in the 

course of June, July, and August, perfecting 

their seed in autumn. Woodsorrel 

never produces seed. See Ox- 

: 

— 

evenly, the depth required, the earth 

remaining close along the side of the 

drill, ready for turning in again over 

the seeds ; but where flat or shallow 

I 

; 

| 

, 

drills are required for smaller seeds, it 

alis. 

SORREL TREE. Andromeda arborea. 

SOULANGIA. Twelve species. 

may in many cases, be more eligible to 

draw the drill with the hoe flatwise, 

holding the edge in a horizontal position. 

Bedding in Sowing.—In this method 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Young the ground being dug and formed in 


four or five feet wide beds with alleys, 

SOURSOP. A7W7ia muricala. 

SOUTHERNWOOD. Artemisia ar- 

a spade width or more between bed 

and bed, and the earth being drawn off 

borea. 

SOUTH SEA TEA. Ilex vomitoria. 

S0WERB7EA juncca. Green-house 

the top of the bed with a rake or spade, 

half an inch or an inch deep into the 

alleys, the seed is then sown all over 

herbaceous perennial. Division. Sandy the surfiice of the bed, which being 


done, the earth in the alleys is immedi- 

SOWING. See Germination. In 

addition a few practical directions may 

ately drawn or cast over the bed, again 

covering the seeds the same depth, and' 

be given. Let all sowing be done in 

drills. For small seeds, such as lettuce, 

cabbage, &c., the drills may be 

sunk by pressing the handle of the hoe 

the surface is raked smooth. 

The method of bedding in sowing by 

sifting, is sometimes practised for very 

small or light seeds of a more delicate 

into the freshly dug soil ; but for larger nature, that require a very light cover- 

seeds, as parsneps, beet, and onions, ing of earth when sown, so in order to 

the drills must be struck with the hoe bury them as shallow as possible, cover 

All sowing should be performed in them in by sifting fine earth over them 

dry weather, more particularly all early out of a wire sieve. Abercrombie. 

sowing in winter and spring ; but in hot 

weather, in summer and autumn, it] 

SOY. See Soja. 

SPADE. This most important of the 

may often be eligible to take advantage gardener's tools, varies in its form and 

of sowing immediately after a shower size. 

or moderate rain. The Common Digging Spade is of the 

The drills being at some distance largest size, being generally from fourfrom 

one another, not only admit the teen to sixteen inches long in the plate, 

sun, air, and rain more effectually to and nine or ten broad, narrowing half 

the plants, and give them a greater an inch to the bottom 

scope, than such as are sown broadcast, The Middling Spade is about a foot 

but admit more readily the hoe between long in the plate, and seven or eight 

the drills to cut down weeds and loosen inches broad, and is useful in digging 

the soil 

any narrow compartments and between 

The general method of forming drills rows of small plants, also in flower 

for the reception of seeds, is with a 

common drawing-hoe, sometimes with 

a large hoe, and sometimes a middling 

beds and borders ; and in stirring and 

fresh earthing the surface of beds occasionally, 

between close placed plants 

or small hoe, according to the size of 

the drill required, and size and nature 

of long standing; planting and transplanting 

many sorts, both in the ground 

of the seeds; drawing the drill somelimes 

with the corner of the hoe, espe 

and in the pots. 

The Small Spade.—Size ten or twelve 

cially for larger seeds, and sometimes inches long in the plate, and five or six 

•with the edge of the hoe flatwise or wide. It is convenient in pointing-up 

horizontally; but large seeds, such as or slight digging, and fresh earthing 

peas, kidney beans, many of the nut the surface between close rows of 

kinds, and other large seeds, both of small plants, in beds and borders, &c., 

trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, where neither of the two former spades 

require a deep angular drill,

SPA 551 S PH 

spades have the plate wholly of iron, ter produced in the soil by mushrooms, 

not above a quarter of an inch thick and by which they are propapated. It 

upwards, growing gradually thinner ' is doubtful whether it arises from their 

from the middle downward, the tree or seed, or whether it is a mass of under- 

handle being generally of ash, about ground runners. See Mushroom. 

— 

two feet and a half long and an inch 

and a half thick, with a firm open handle 

at top, formed out of the solid wood, 

just big enough to admit of taking ready 

hold, one hand at top and the other below, 

and with an iron rivet through it 

SPECKLINIA. Five species. Stove 

epiphytes. Division. Wood, with a 

little moss on the roots. 

SPECULARIA. Six species, and a 

few varieties. Hardy annuals. Seeds. 

SPERMACOCE. Five species. Hardy 

annuals and stove annuals and biennials. 

Seeds. Light soil. 

to prevent it splitting. 

Semicircular or Scooped Spade, has 

the plate made semicircular like a garden 

trowel, and is very useful in taking 

up plants with balls of earth to preserve 

SPERMAXYRUM strictum. Green- 

house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Loam 

them more firmly about the roots. 

Abercrombie. 

Foster of Stourbridge, and Lyddon 

of Birmingham, make very improved 

good edge i Green-house 

spades, wearing with 

throughout. 

SPANISH BROOM. Sparcium junceum. 

SPANISH CRESS. Lepidiinn cardamines. 

SPANISH ELM. Cordia Geraschanthus. 

SPANISH GARLIC. See Rocambole. 

SPANISH NUT. Moraa Sisyrinchium. 

SPANISH VIPER'S GRASS. Scorzonera. 

SPARAXIS. Ten species and some 

varieties. Green-house and half-hardy 

bulbous perennials. Oflsets or seeds. 


SPARMANNIA africana. Greenhouse 


and peat. 

SPARROW WORT. Erica passerina. 

: 

and peat. 

SPHACELE. Two species. Greenhouse 



S P H .^ R A L C E A. Eight species, 

evergreen shrubs and herbaceous 

perennials; a few, hardy annuals 

; the latter increase by seeds, the 

others by cuttings. Rich soil. 

SPH.1:R0L0BIUM. Two species. 



SPH/EROPHYSA caspica. Hardy 

herbaceous perennial. Seeds, common 

soil ; it should be watered sometimes 

with salted water. 

SVUJhlROTEMApropinquum. Stove 

evergreen climber. Cuttings. Sandy 


SPH.EROSTIGMA. Three species. 

Hardy annuals and biennials. Seeds. 

Common soil. 

SPHAGNUM is a white spongy moss, 

found only in bogs, and used for growing 

orchidaceous plants, or covering 

the drainage in flower pots. 

S P H E N O G Y N E. Ten species. 

j 

1 

• 

' 

I 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, and 

SPARTIUM. Broom. Two species, green-house and hardy annuals; the 

j 

and two varieties. Hardy deciduous latter increase by seeds, the former by 

shrub Seeds or cuttings. Common cuttings. Loam and peat 

soil. 

SPHINX. S. tipill ifor mis. Currant 

SPATALANTHUS speciosus. Har- Sphinx is thus mentioned by Mr. Curdy 

bulbous perennial. Otfsets. 


SPATALLA. Nine species. 

Sandy 

Green 

tis 

'< Towards the end of May, and in 

June, we see the beautiful little curhouse 

evergreen shrubs. Seeds, ripe rant sphinx sporting in the morning and 

cuttings. Light sandy loam. 

SPATHODEA. Eight species. 

noonday sun, about the flowers of the 

Persian' Lilac, the Common Syrmga, 

Stove evergreen trees, shrubs, and and other plants; at this time the feclimbers. 

Cuttings. Loam and peat. males also resort to the currant trees to 

SPATHOGLOTTIS fortunatus. deposit their eggs in the crevices of the 

Green-house tuber. Division. Sandy twigs, and as soon as the larva emerges 

loam. from its tiny shell, it penetrates to the 

SPAWN is the white filamentous mat- centre to feed upon the pith, proceed-

SPI 552 SPO 

ing downward until it has arrived at 

its full growth; it then changes to a 

pupa serrated with transverse short 

spines, which enable it to ascend to an 

opening previously prepared by tiie 

larva, from which the sphinx escapes, 

leaving the pupa case half protruding 

from the branch. 

cold weather give a light covering of 

straw, cedar brush, or anything that 

will lay lightly, and partially protect 

it; otherwise the finest and most succulent 

leaves become discoloured by 

the frost." 

— 

Rural Reg. 

To obtain Seed.—A sowing of each 

variety may be made in February or 

" The caterpillar is fleshy and whitish, March, according to the openness of 

with an obscure dorsal line: the head 

and four horny spots upon the first 

thoracic segment are bright brown; it 

has six pectoral, eight abdominal, and 

two anal feet, which are of a similar 

colour, and a few fine longish hairs are 

scattered over its body. The moth is 

of a brilliant chalybeon black, inclining 

to purple, which is beautifully contrasted 

with the golden wings encircling its 

body when glittering in the sunshine. 

The black currants appear to be the 

most subject to these attacks of the 

currant sphinx caterpillar, and the first 

indication of its presence is the withering 

of the leaves and branches." — 

Gard. Chron. 

SPIDER OPHRYS. Ojihrys 

aranifern. 

SPIDER WORT. Tradescantia. 

SPIELMANNIA africana. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light 

rich soil. 

SPIGELIA anthelmia, a stove annual, 

and S. marilandica, a hardy herbaceous 

perennial. Seeds and cuttings 


the season, or of the round-leaved variety 

some plants of a regular crop may 

be allowed to run up in April or May ; 

and of the triangular-leaved, some 

plants of the winter standing crops may 

be suffered to remain. Keep them clear 

of weeds. Spinach is dioecious, and 

many ignorant persons, perceiving 

some of the plants to have no appearance 

of bearing seed, advise these to 

be pulled up, but these are the malebearing 

plants, without which the 

others would be unfruitful. If, however, 

they are very numerous, some of 

them may be removed with benefit to 

those that remain, care being taken that 

some are left in every part of the bed. 

When the seed is set the male plants 

may be entirely removed, which allows 

more room for the fruitful. When the 

seed is ripe, which is known by its beginning 

to shed, in July or August, the 

plants ought to be pulled up and laid to 

dry thoroughly on a cloth, previously 

to its being beaten out and stored. 

SPIRÂ. Forty-one species and 

many varieties. Hardy deciduous 

i 

j 

SPINACH. Spinacea oleracea. shrubs or herbaceous perennials, a few 

" The Spinage or Spinach has been are tuberous-rooted. Layers or young 

long cultivated, and is supposed to have cuttings, and the herbaceous species by 

come originally from Western Asia. Its division. Peat and loam, or common 

use is well known. 

" The principal varieties are the round 

soil. 

SPIRALEPIS. Four species. Green- 

eeeded Savoy-leaved and Prickly-seedhouse herbaceous perennials. S. squared. 

The former is best for spring and rosa, an evergreen shrub. Seeds, cut- 

summer use, the latter is preferred tings, and division. Sandy peat and 

for autumn sowing, being considered 

hardier. 

" It may be sown broad cast or in 

drills. When drilled, it is easier kept 

clean, and more readily gathered for 

use. The drills should be twelve inches 

loam. 

SPIRANTHERA odoratissima. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Half 'ripened cuttings. 


SPIRANTHES. Four species. Stove 

green-house and half-hardy orchids. Di- 

apart, the plants four inches apart in vision. Peat and loam. 

the rows. If sown thicker, thin out 

when young, as wanted ; leaving plants 

SPIR0NEMA/?-ag-;-(7ns. Stove herbaceous 

perennial. Division. Light rich 

at proper distances. For spring and 

early summer use, sow early in spring, 

loam. 

SPONGE TREE. Acacia farnesiana. 

and occasionally afterward; for the SPOT, a disease occurring on the 

early autumn supply, sow at close of leaves of the pelargonium, is a dry gan- 

summer, and for the main winter crops grene, occasioned by an irregularity in 

about middle of autumn. Before very the supply of moisture and vicissitudes

— 

S P R 553 S T A 

of temperature, but especially if one of STACK HO USIA UnariafoUa. 

the extremes is much below the degree Green-house evergreen shrub. S.mono- 

of heat tiiDsl favourable to the healthy 

growth of that plant. The reason of 

this is very obvious. If a pelargonium, 

or any other plant, be placed in a highly 

stimulating heat, and is abundantly supplied 

with root moisture, it immediately 

increases its surface of leaf to elaborate 

and digest tlie largo amount of sap for- 

'1 

yna, hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings. 


- STADMANMA uiistralis. Greenhouse 

evergreen tree. Ripe cuttings, 

with the leaves on. Loam and peat. 

STAFF TREE. Celastrus. 

STALAGMITIS. Seven species. 

; 

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings. Turfy 

warded from the roots. If this amount loam and peat. They require a stron 

of sap 

duced, 

is subsequently suddenly re- 

by lowering the temperature 

heat. 

STANDARD. A tree unsupported by 

and adding water to the soil less freely, a wall or trellis. 

the increased surfice of leaf is no longer Full Standards are such trees as are 

required, and it is a law pervading all 

the vegetable creation that the moment 

trained with tall straight stems six or 

seven teet high, clear of branches, and 

any of the parts of a plant are unneces- are then suffered to branch out. All 

' 

j 

| 

sary to it, that moment it begins to de- trees designed as full standards should 

cay. I placed a plant of the Marvel of be trained accordingly in their minor 

Peru, or Heliotrope, in a high tempera- state, by trimming all lower laterals 

ture and abundant moisture ; these were gradually as the stems advance in height, 

then much reduced, and the leaves in suffering the leader always to remain 

a few days were completely decayed entire, 

I 

I 

especially in all forest trees; or 

round their edges, and in spots upon 

their surfices. The extent of leaf was 

if it should happen to fork, taking off 

the worst, and leaving the straightest 

accommodated to the amount of sap to shoot to run up, to continue the probe 

elaborated. Princ. of Gard. 

SPREKELI.\ cybister and its varielongation 

of the stem; and having thus 

run them up with clean stems six or 

ties. Stove bulbous perennials. Offsets. seven feet in height, to force out laterals 

Sandv loam. 

SPRENGELIA incarnata. Greenin 

that part to form a regular spreading 

head of but moderate lieight, for the 

house evergreen shrul). Cuttings. San- greater convenience of gathering the 

dy peat. fruit; but of forest tree standards never 

SPRUE, a market name for the small- reduce the tops, but permit the leader to 

est sprouts of asparagus. 

SPUR, is a lateral branch cut back, 

remain ever entire to run up in height, 

for the beauty and worth of such Conor 

shortened to a length of about two sists in their lofty stature. All fruit trees 

inche 

SPURGE LAUREL. Daphne laure- 

designed for full standards, are raised by 

grafting, &c., on the freest strong shootola. 

SPURLESS VIOLET. Erpdion. 

SQUASH. Cucurbita melopepo. See 

ing stocks, and are trained with straight 

clean stems full five to six feet high, 

either the stock trained up to that sta- 

Gourd. 

STAAVIA. Three species. Greenture, 

and so grafted or budded at the 

desired height, or the graft or bud is 

house evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings. 

Sandy peat. 

STACHYS. Thirty species. Hardy 

trained up for a stem to the height aforesaid, 

then suffered to send forth branches; 

observing in either method, it is to 

and green-house herbaceous perennials be considered whether you intend the 

and evergreen shrubs, liardy annuals 

and biennials. The latter increase by 

seeds. The perennials by division, and 

tree shall form a spreading open head 

or assume a more erect and as[)iring 

growth: in the former case, if you top 

the green-house species by cuttings. 

Common soil suits them all. 

STACHYTARPHETA. Nine species. 

the leading shoot of the graft or bud, at 

six or seven feet from the ground, it will 

force out lateral shoots at that height, 

Stove or green-house annuals, biennials, and commence a spreading head open 

herbaceous perennials, and evergreen 

shrubs. The latter increase by cuttings, 

in the 

whole 

middle; sulfering, however, the 

afterwards to take their own 

the former by seeds. Light rich mould growth; and, in the second instance, 


that by permitting the leading shoot to

. 

— 

S T A 554 STE 

remain entire, it will rise in height, and 

the whole head will assume a more upright 

and lofty stature. In both methods 

the heads will afterwards naturally 

branch out abundantly, and furnish 

themselves sufficiently with bearing 

wood, producing fruit in two or three 

years from the grafting or budding; suffering 

them generally to take their own 

growth, without shortening, and very i 

little other pruning, except the regulating 

any great irregularities. 

Half Standards are trees trained with 

— 

a very unfounded idea, that by steeping 

seeds in certain solutions the vigour and 

fecundity of the plants to which they 

give birth might be promoted. A certain 

degree of heat, oxygen gas, and 

water, are all the requisites for germination,—and 

until this process has commenced, 

no liquid but water at common 

temperatures will pass through the integuments 

of a seed. So soon as germination 

has commenced, this power to 

exclude foreign fluids ceases, but the 

organs starting into activity—the radicle 

I 

: 

short stems only three or four feet high, and the plumule—are so delicate, that 

then siiifered to branch out at that height the weakest saline solutions are too 

to form heads; having low heads the acrid and offensive for them. So utterfruit 

is more easily gathered. Concave ly incapable are the infant roots of imdwarfshave 

the middle hollow, and the hibing such solutions, that at first they 

branches all round in a cup form. Hori- are absolutely dependent, themselves, 

zontal dwarfs, having tlie branches ex- for their very existence upon the seedtended 

all round in a flat or horizontal leaves, and if these are removed the 

position, but the concave dwarf is in plant either makes no further advance, 

most esteem. Abercrombie. 

STAN HOPE A. Eleven species. 

or altogether perishes. IMany years 

since I tried various menstrua to facili- 

Stove orchids. Division. Peat and pottate the germination of seeds, but, with 

sherds. 

ST A'NLF.YA pinnatifida. Hardy her- 

the exception of those which promoted 

the decomposition of water, and the 

baceous perennial. Division or seeds. consequent more abundant evolution of 

Vegetable mould. 

oxygen, I found none of any efficiency. 

STAPELIA. Thirty-three species. As to keeping the seeds in saline solu- 

Green-house and stove evergreen shrubi tions until they germinated, I never, 

partly dried cuttings. Sandy loam and certainly, carried the experiments so far 

brick or lime rubbish. 

STAR APPLE. ChrysaphyUum. 

STARFISH. Stapelia asterias. 

STAR OF BETHLEHEM. Ornitho 

as that, and I shall be most astonished 

if any other effect than injury or death 

to the plant is the consequence. Such 

has been the result in the Horticultural 

galum 

STAR THISTLE Centaurea calcitrapa. 

STARVVORT. Aster. 

STATICE. Sea Lavender. Sixtyfour 

species. The hardy herbaceous 

Society's gardens, where the seeds of 

Lupinus Hartwegii were made to germinate 

in a weak solution of phosphate 

of ammonia. Johnson's Gardeners' Almanack. 

STENACTIS speciosa. Hardy herb- 

perennials increase by division or seeds 

The green-ho.use and half-hardy species 

by cuttings. Annuals and biennials by 

aceous perennial. Division or seeds. 

Common soi 

STEXANTHERA pinifolia. Green- 


house evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Very 

S. Arborea, a green-house evergreen 

shrub. 

" When practicable, this plant should 

sandy peat and loam. 

STEXIA pallida. Stove epiphyte. 

Division. Wood, with a little moss on 

be turned 

servatory. 

out in the border of a con- the roots. 

It may, however, be grown STEXOCARPUS saUgnus. Greento 

great perfection in a pot, if the roots house evergreen shrub. Ripe cuttings. 

are allowed plenty of room. 

"The soil should consist of equal 


S T E X C H I L U S. Five species. 

parts of turfy loam and peat, or vegeta- Green-house evergreen shrubs. Cutble 

mould." Gard. Chron. 

STAUROCANTHUS aphyllus. Hardy 


STENOMESSOX. Three species. 

evergreen shrub. Young cuttings or Stove or green-house bulbous peren- 

seeds. Peat and loam. 

STEEPING. See Germination. It is 

nials. Offsets. Sandy loam. 

STEPHANIA cleomoides. Stove ever

— 

green shrub. Young cuttings 


STEPHANOTIS fiorihunda. 

STE 555 S T 

Stove 

climber. Cuttings. Light rich loam. 

STEPTOCARPUS rexii. Mr. M'lntyrc, 

of Hillsborough, gives the follow 

Loam, Hardy bulbous perennials. Offsets. Rich 

loam. 

STEVENLl. Two species. Hardy 

innual and biennial. Seeds. Common 

directions for the culture of this 

STEVIA. Thirty-one species. Hardy, 

half-hardy, or green-house herbaceous 

perennials. Cuttings, divisions and 

The seed should be sown in the seeds. Peat and loam. 

STEWARTIA virsrinica. Hardv de- 

green-house evergreen : 

— 

; 

month of April, in pans, in a mixture of 

peat and loam ; then place the pans in ciduous tree. Layers or ripe cuttings. 

a hot-bed, frame or_pit,_until the plants Peat and loam. 

are fit for potting off. The seed should STIFTL\ insi^nis. Green-house debe 

sown very thin; if not, the greater ciduous shrub. Cuttings. Loam and 

portion of the plants will rot off for want peat. 

of air and room to their stalks, as they S TIGMAPHYLLON. Four species. 

grow with their foliage prostrate. As Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings. 

soon as the plants are large enough for Peat and sandy loam. 

potting off, fill a quantity of pots with a 

mixture of leaf-mould, loam, and sand ; 

place a plant in each pot, and give a 

little water. 

"Afterwards remove them into the 

frame or pit; when they have got established 

in their pots, they may be 

STILAGO. Two species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. SandyJoam 

and peat. 

STITCHWORT. Stellaria. 

SiTQ'a ]î\. pinnata. Green-house 


removed to a cold frame or greenhouse. 

" In June, they may be placed in the 

open air, and regularly watered during 

the summer. 

" Towards the end of October, remove 

them to a frame, to protect them 

from frost. In May or June Ibllowing 

they may be planted out where recjuired. 

As soon as frost is apprehendecl, take 

up the plants, with a ball of earth at- 


STOCK. Mathiola. This genus was, 

until lately, united with the wall-flower, 

under the generic name Cheiranthus. 

Some of the following are species, but 

others only very distinct varieties, 

M. acaulis. (Stemless Stock.) Hardy 

annual. Red. Flowers in June. 

M. alpina. (Alpine Stock.) Hardy 

evergreen. Yellow. May. 

M. annua. (Ten-week Stock.) Hardy 

tached to the roots, repot them and 

place them in a green-house or frame, 

till again required.'' Gard. Chron. 

S T E R C U L I A. Eighteen species. 

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Ripe 

annual. Various colours. August. 

Many varieties. 

M. coronopifolia. Hardy biennial. 

Purple. June. 

M.fenestralis. Hardy biennial. Pur- 

cuttings, with the leaves left on. Light ple. July. 

turfy or peaty loam. 

STER1GM.\. Two species. Hardy 

M. glabrata. Half-hardy 

White. August. 

evergreen. 

biennials. Seeds. Sandy loam. 

STERILE is a term applied to unpro- 

M. grcEca. 

August. 

Hardy annual. White. 

ductive land and flowers. For some M. helvetica. (Swiss Stock.) Hardy 

observations on the first, see Barren. evergreen. Yellow. June. 

Sterile (lowers are the male flowers on M. incana. (Brompton and Twick- 

monocicious and dioecious plants. They 

occur on the cucumber, melon, gourd, 

enham Stock.) Hardy evergreen shrub. 

Crimson. August. Many varieties. 

asparagus, &c. They must not be de M. livida. Hardy annual. Purple. 

stroyed, for without the pollen produced July, 

by their stamens, the fertile or female M. longipetala. Hardy annual. Red. 

blossoms will not produce fruit. If 

plants are grown in too high a tempera- 

.Tune 

M.maritima. (Virginia Stock.) Hardy 

ture, there is reason to believe they annual. Red and white. June. 

produce an excess of these sterile or M. mutabilis. (Changeable Stock.) 

male blossoms. 

S T E R N B E R G I A. Four species. 

Green-house evergreen. 

purple. May. 

Yellow and

S T 556 S T 

M. odoratissima. Green-house evergreen. 

Crimson. June. 

M. oxyr.eras. Hardy annual. Crimson. 

July. 

M. parvijlora. Hardy annual. Purple. 

July. 

M. purpurea. Half-hardy evergreen. 

Purple. August. 

M. sicula. Hardy biennial. Lilac. 

July. 

M. simplicicauUs. Hardy biennial. 

Purple or white. July. 

M. sinuata. Hardy biennial. Red. 

July. 

M. tartarica. Hardy biennial. Red. 

or yellow. July. 

M. tenella. (Five-leaved Stock.) 

Hardy annual. Brown. July. 

M. tortuosa. Green-house evergreen. 

Purple. July. 

M. tricuspidata. Hardy annual. Purple. 

July. 

M. tristis, M. varia. (Night-smelling 

or Dark-flowered Stock.) Greenhouse 

evergreen. Crimson. June. 

Souring Annuals.— Best time, end of 

August, in pans filled with a soil of 

equal parts peat and loam, and placed 

in a cold frame; water frequently; 

when they have got six leaves prick 

singly into pots three inches and a half 

diameter, in same kind of soil. Keep 

in frames through the winter, and shelter 

from frost. Remove without disturbing 

the roots into beds and borders, 

at the end of May. 

Spring sowings in May, June, and 

July, will succeed the autumn sown ; 

if sown in a hot-bed during April, they 

will be nearly as forward as the autumn 

sown, but not bloom so strong. 

Sou-ing Biennials. — This may be 

done in any moderately rich border in 

June; to be transplanted where they 

are to remain, when of a moderate 

j 

size. 

Cuttings may be planted in May, of 

any very good double variety, cutting ' 

them off with a portion of the stern's 

bark, in a shady border, watering, and 

covering with a hand-glass until esta- 

blished. Select robust shoots of the 

same year's growth ; strip off the leaves 

from the bottom half of their length. 

Water frequently, and by September 

they will form dwarf bushy plants. I 

know of no means of promoting the , 

production of double flowers, except' 

applying abundance of liquid manure 

so soon as the flower buds appear. The 

' 

weakest seedlings are most likely to 

produce double flowers. 

STOCK-GILLIFLOVVER. SeeWall- 

' flower. 

I STOCKS are young trees or shrubs 

raised from seed, suckers, layers, and 

cuttings, for the reception of buds or 

grafts from other trees or shrubs of a 

kindred species. 

Although the sap increases in specific 

gravity, and, consequently, obtains most 

accession of solid matter during its progress 

up the stem, yet the matter thus 

obtained is not of paramount importance, 

nor absolutely controlling the 

subsequent changes to be effected ; 

for, 

in such case, the green-gage would be 

altered by its plum stock, and the nonpareil 

by its crab stem. So far from 

this being the case, the old gardener's 

maxim, 

' the graft overruleth the stock 

quite,' is consonant with truth, though 

it is to be taken with some reservation. 

The graft prevails, and retains its quali- 

ties, yet the stock has the power of influencing 

its productiveness, as well as 

the quality of the fruit. Thus, a tree 

having an expansive foliage, and robust 

growth, indicative of large sap vessels, 

and vigorous circulation, should never 

be grafted upon a stock oppositely characterized, 

for the supply of sap will 

not be sufficient. Illustrations are afforded 

by the codlin never succeeding 

so well on a crab, nor a bigoureau on a 

wild cherry, as they do on freer growing 

stocks. Indeed I have no doubt 

that every tree and shrub succeeds 

best, is most productive, and freest 

from disease, if it be supplied with sap 

from roots, and through a stem, of its 

own particular kind. This is evident 

to common sense ; 

nor would any fruit 

scion be grafted upon a stock of another 

species or variety, if it were not that 

such stocks are most easily obtainable. 

For example, our choicest cherries are, 

for the reason assigned, grafted or budded 

upon the wild cherry; and every 

one must have noticed the frequentlyoccurring 

consequence, an enlargement, 

appearing like a wen, encircling 

the tree just above where the graft and 

the stock joined, the growth of the 

former having far outstripped that of the 

latter. If a tree could be nourished 

from its own roots, from organs assigned 

by its Creator, as those best 

suited to supply the most appropriate 

quantity and quality of sap, there can

STO 557 STO 

be no doubt that it would be productive hours ; a birch tree, a quantity equal to 

of benefit; and this desideratum seems its own weight, duriii;r the bleeding 

to be secured by the plan suggested by season; and a moderate sized maple, 

M. Aibrett in the instances of apples about two hundred pints, during the 

and pears ; and I see no reason forbidding 

its adoption to any other grafted 

tree. He recommends the grafts always 

same period. 

The habit of the stock, also, is of 

much more importance than is usually 

to be inserted close to the surface of considered. If it grows more rapidly. 

the ground, or they might be even 

rather below the surface, by scooping 

out the earth around the stems of the 

or has larger sap vessels than the scion 

or bud, an enlargement occurs below 

these; but if they grow more rapidly 

stocks. When planted out, the lowest than the stock, an enlargement takes 

extremity of the graft should be about place just above the point of union. In 

four inches below the surface. either case, the tree is usually rendered 

After two or three years, at the close temporarily more prolific; but in the 

of June, the soil should be removed, case where the stock grows more slowand 

just above the junction of the graft ly, the productiveness is often of very 

and stock, with a gouge, one fourth of short duration, the supply of sap annuthe 

bark removed by four cuts on op- ally becoming less and less sufficient to 

posite sides of the stem. sustain the enlarged production of blos- 

The cuts being deep enough to re- som and leaves. This very frequently 

move the inner bark, and the wounds 

covered immediately with rich soil, 

formed of one part putrescent cowdung, 

and two parts maiden loam, if 

occurs in the freer growing cherries, 

when inserted upon the wild species; 

and still more frequently to the peach 

and apricot upon stocks of the slow 

kept constantly moist with water, and growing plums. It is highly important, 

occasionally with liquid manure, roots therefore, to employ stocks, the growth 

will usually be speedily emitted, especially 

if the place where a bud once 

was formed be thus kept moist beneath 

the soil. 

of which is as nearly similar as may be 

to the parent of the buds or scion. 

The earlier vegetation of the stock 

than of the bud or graft is also import- 

But the stock has some other influence 

over the sap, besides limiting the 

ant ; for, if these are earliest in develop- 

ment, they are apt to be exhausted and 

quantity supplied to the scion, an in- die before the flow of sap has enabled 

fluence not only arising from the size of granulation and union between the faces 

its vessels, but upon its susceptibility to of the wounds, at the junction, to occur, 

heat. It has a further influence over 

the scion, by the sap becoming more 

Mr. Knight-s observations upon this 

point are the results of experience, and 

rich, indicated by its acquiring a great- are so consonant with the suggestions 

r; specific gravity in some stocks than of science, that I will quote them in his 

in others, during its upward progress, own words, without comment : 

The specific gravity of the sap of a " The practice of grafting the pear 

black cluster vine stock, on which a 

black Hamburgh had been grafted, was, 

on the quince stock, and the peach and 

apricot on the plum, when extensive 

when obtained six inches from the 

ground, 1003; and at five feet from the 

ground, 1006 ; but the same black Hamburgh, 

growing upon its own roots, 

had specific gravities at corresponding 

heights of 1004 and 1009. 

growth and durability are wanted, is 

wrong; but it is eligible whenever it 

is wished to diminish the vigour and 

growth of the tree, and where its dura- 

bility is not thought important. The 

last remark applies chiefly to the Moor- 

This increase is of great importance park a{)ricot,the abricot prchc, or abrito 

a tree's growth, when the quantity 

of sap passing annually through its vescot 

de Nancy, of the French. 

When great difficulty occurs in 

sels is considered. The exact amount making a tree, whether fructiferous or 

of this it is, perhaps, impossible to discover; 

but its extent may be appreciated 

bv the quantity of moisture their roots 

are known to imbibe, and by llic facts 

that a small vine branch has poured out 

ornamental, of any species or variety, 

produce blossoms, or in making its 

blossoms set when produced, success 

probably will be obtained by budding 

or grafting upon a stock nearly enough 

sixteen ounces of sap in twenty-four allied to the graft to preserve it alive 

—

STO 558 STO 

for a few years, "out not permanently. [ 

j 

, 

, 

I 

: 

but I have ample reason to believe that 

The pear tree affords a stock of tliis this opinion is wholly erroneous, and 

kind to the apple, and I have had a this kind of hardiness in the root alone 

heavy crop from a graft inserted in a never can be a quality of any value in 

tall pear stock, only twenty months a stock, for the branches of every spepreviously, 

when every blossom of the cies of tree are much more easily desame 

variety of fruit in the orchard was stroyed by frost than its roots. 

destroyed by frost. The fruit thus ob Many believe also that a peach 

tained was perfect externally, and pos- tree, when grafted upon its native 

sessed all its ordinary qualities; but stock, very soon perishes; but my ex- 

the cores were black, without seed perience does not further ; support this 

and every blossom would have fallen , conclusion than that it [)roves seedling 

abortively, if growing upon its native peach trees, when growing in a very 

stock. The graft perished the winter : rich 

' 

soil, to be greatly injured, and 

following. often killed, by the excessive use of the 

" My own experience induces me to pruning-knife upon their branches, 

think very highly of the excellence of! when these are confined to too narrow 

the apricot stock for the peach or 

nectarine ; but whenever that or the 

plum stock is employed,! am confident 

the bud cannot be inserted too near the 

ground, if vigorous and durable trees 

are required. 

" The form and habit which a peach 

tree, of any given variety, is disposed 

to assume, is very much influenced by ! 

the kind of stock on which it is budded 

If upon a plum or apricot stock, its 

stem will increase in size considerably 

as its base approaches the stock, and it 

will be much disposed to emit many 

lateral shoots, as always occurs in 

trees whose stems taper considerably 

upwards ; consequently, such a tree 

' mate 

' or 

I of 

will be more disposed to spread itself 

horizontally, than to ascend to the top 

of the wall, even when a single stem is 

limits. I think the stock, in this instance, 

can only act injuriously by supplying 

more nutriment than can be 

expended ; for the root which nature 

gives to each seedling plant must be 

well, if not best, calculated for its support; 

and the chief general conclusions 

which experience has enabled me to 

draw safely are, that a stock of species 

or genus different from that of the fruit 

to be grafted upon it, can be used rarely 

with advantage, unless where the 

object of the planter is to restrain and 

debilitate ; and where stocks of the 

same species with the bud or graft are 

used, it will be found advantageous, 

generally, to select such as approxi- 

in their habits and slate of change, 

' 

j 

' 

' 

improvement from cultivation, those 

the variety of fruit which they are 

sufiered to stand perpendicularly. On intended to support." 

the contrary, where a peach is budded The only situation in which I I can 

upon a stock of some cultivated variety believe that the stock of another speof 

its own species, the stock and the cies can be advantageously employed, 

budded stem remain very nearly of the is where the soil happens to be unsame 

size at the point of junction, as friendly to the species from which the 

well as above and below. No obstacle ' 

bud or scion is taken. This is justified 

is presented to the ascent or descent by my observing that, in a garden so 

of the sap, which appears to rise more low lying as to be very subject to an 

abundantly to the summit of the tree. overflow of water, the only | pear trees 

It appears, also, to flow more freely which were at all productive were those 

j 

into the slender branches, which have grafted upon quince stocks, and the 

been the bearing wood of preceding quince is well known to endure water 

years; and these extend, consequently, much better than either the apple or 

very widely compared with the bulk oft pear. Princ. of Card. 

the stock and large branches. Stocks for general use may be used 

When a stock of the same species for grafting or budding, when from the 

with the graft or bud, but of a variety size of a good goosequill to half an 

far less changed by cultivation, is em- inch, or not more than an inch in the 

ployed, its effects are very nearly allied part where the graft or bud is to be into 

those produced by a stock of another serted. Stocks of two or three inches, 

species or genus. Some think the stock or more, diameter, either the stems or 

, 

influences the hardiness of the scion ; branches, are also occasionally grafted 

—

— 

STO 559 STO 

or budded with success, but are not 

proper for general practice. 

Crab Stocks are all such as are raised 

from seeds, &c., of any wild ungrafted 

trees, particularly if the fruit-tree kind, 

such as the wild crab-apple of the 

described under the name of that tribe, 

as Pine Apple, Orchidaceous Plants, 

Peach, &c. 

Before giving a plan of each general 

kind, a few observations may be pre- 

j 

[ 

• 

! 

\ 

woods and hedges, wild pears, plums. 

fixed applicable to all. 

Glass.— This should be of the best 

wild cherry, and of such other trees as manufacture, for just in proportion to 

have not been grafted or budded. 

its goodness of quality is the freedom 

Free Stocks are such as are raised with which the rays of light pass 

from the seed, layers, &c., of any of through, and a plant performs its dithe 

cultivated varieties of fruit-trees, gestive and assimilating processes the 

and others. 

nearer to the vigour with which it effects 

Paradise or Doucin stocks are raised them in a state of nature, just in pro- 

from layers or suckers, from a dwarf portion as the light it basks in is similar 

variety of apple, the roots of which are to that of its native habitant. But this 

produced nearer to the surface than is not the only reason why good glass 

those from crab stocks. 

The French Paradise stock is dis- 

should be employed in our garden 

structures ; for whilst panes of common 

tinguished from all others by its very crown glass readily break from frost or 

dwarf growth, clear chestnut-coloured the slightest twist of the wood-work, 

shoots, and small fibrous roots, which good sheet glass will remain uninjured 

spread naar the surface. 

by much greater violence and by the 

The English Paradise may be either fiercest hailstorms. Some injury from 

referred to as the Doucin of the French 

or the Dutch Paradise; for in English 

the last, however, will always arise, 

and this leads me to observe, that no one 

nurseries, trees propagated on either having green-houses or stoves should 

are said to be on paradise stocks. Of fail to have them insured by the " Hailthese 

two, the Doucin has the darkest storm Insurance Company." Good 

shoots. Their effects on the growth of glass is of little value unless kept clean, 

the trees worked upon them are sinii- and for this purpose it should be 

lar, being intermediate between the cleansed on both sides twice annually, 

very dwarf habit induced by the French early in February and October, and on 

Paradise, and the luxuriant growth in- 

" 

the outside only in June. 

duced by the crab or free stocks. The angle formed by the glass roof 

Card. Chron. See Scion, Grafting, of the hnt-house is of very considerable 

and Budding. 

importance, because rays of light are 

S T (E B E . Four species. Green- refiectcd in proportion to the obli(iuity 

house evergreen shrubs. Young cut- with which they fall upon any given 


surface : those which fall upon it per- 

STOKESI.A. cyanea. Green-house from the source of light 

herbaceous perennial 

sion. Common soil. 

STONECROP. Sediim. 

STONE PINE. Pinus Pinea 

STOFPINti; is pinching or nipping off of | 

the extremity of a branch to prevent its 

further extension in length. It is frequently 

done either to promote its 

robustness, or to promote the production 

of laterals. 

STOR.W. Styrax. 

STORK\S BILL. Pelargonium. 

STOVES, as they are usually called 

in England, or hot-houses, as distinctive 

from green-houses, are variously 

constructed in accordance with the habits 

of the plants for which they are 

pendicularly 

Seeds or divi- pass through with very slight diminu- 

tion, but those falling upon it in a slanting 

or oblique direction are reduced in 

number in proportion to the obliquity 

' 

that direction. To ascertain how a 

lass roof may be constructed, so as to 

receive the greatest number of rays of 

light from the sun perpendicularly, or 

near to perpendicularity, at any given 

time of the year, it is necessary to know 

the latitude of the place where the hothouse 

is erected, and the sun's declination 

at the period when most light is 

required. The latter information may 

be obtained from most almanacks, and 

if it be subtracted from the latitude, the 

remainder will be the angle desired. 

intended. Those especially adapted to If London be the place, and May the 

6th the lime about when the most light 

one tribe of plants will be particularly ;

S T 560 S TO 

is desired, the latitude being 51° 31% | 

Seymour, gardener to tlie Count- 

Mr. 

and the sun's declension then 16° 36^ ess of Bridgewater, at Ashridge j Pari

S TO 561 S T 

j 

'• 

, 

I 

> 

best way is to hnve no front putty at all. most important property, when we con- 

Instead of overlapping the panes as is sider that the healthy action of plants 

done in the ordinary way, I cause the is in proportion to the quantity of light 

glazier to cut each with a perfectly \vhich reaches them. The disadvanstraight 

edge, and then to place them tages of such roofs are, that they raone 

before the other, so that they shall pidly heat, and as quickly cool down; 

all fit exactly. When the light is com- they are therefore liable to sudden 

pleted, the surface of the glass is per- changes of temperature, which can 

fectly level, and there are no interstices only be guarded against by great atten- 

in which the dust, &c., can accumulate, 

or for the oeposit of moisture. By this 

means one cause of considerable breakage 

in frosty weather is entirely avoided; 

and if a pane of glass is accidentally i 

tion, w'hich is expensive, and by a large 

consumption of fuel. We should say 

use iron, if you prefer success and 

beautiful form to cost, and can rely 

upon the attention of your people, but 

broken, as each pane is independent of employ wood if you are obliged to study 

the others, the fracture does not extend 

beyond the single pane. The whole is 

very firm and compact, and the glass is 

not liable to shake out, as frequently 

occurs in opening and shutting sashes." 


If lapping be permit- 

I 

Fig. 158. 

Fig. 159. 

1 

ted, its width should not 

exceed one-eighth of an 

inch, and the panes 

should be acutely rhomboid, 

to throw the condensed 

vapour down to 

the lower corner, and 

induce it to trickle down 

the bars instead of dropping. 

It is very doubtful 

whether it reduces 

the amount of moisture 

taken between the laps 

by capillary attraction. 

FlufS are best built of 

bricks set on their 

edges, and the top formed 

of a shallow iron 

trough for the purpose 

of holding water, and 

thus keeping the air 

moist as required. At 

night, for retaining heat, 

pantiles may be placed 

along within the trough ; 

the best form is the annexed. 

Roof.—The framework of this may 

be of iron or of wood, and the comparative 

merits of the two materials 

are thus fairly stated by Dr. Lindley : 

— 

" The advantages of iron roofs for 

hot-houses are, that they are more durable 

than wood, and allow a far greater 

quantity of light to pass through them 

than wooden roofs, the difference being 

as seven to twenty-eight, or even 

thirtv, in favor of iron, and this is a 

'36 

economy." 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

Heating.— Flues for imparting heat 

to hot-houses are for the most part superseded 

by either tanks or hot-water 

pipes; but where retained, the top 

should be formed of iron plates, these 

admitting the heat most readily into the 

house, and consequently requiring a 

less consumption of fuel. If it be desirable 

to have covering for the flues 

that will retain the heat longer, as 

when the fires are made up at night, 

this may be readily accomplished by 

putting a row of the thick sijuare paving 

tiles on the top of the whole length 

of the flue, an hour or two before the 

houses are finally closed. 

The power of retaining heat, or in 

other words of cooling slowly and gradually, 

which renders the covering of 

paving tiles desirable, renders the tank 

system of heating by hot-water still 

more efficient. It is a scientific operation 

throughout, and will be best appreciated 

by a reference to Mr. Rendle's 

diagram and description at page 500. 

It is a law of tluids that their hottest 

portions rise to the surface of the containing 

vessel, and the coldest portions 

as invariably subside to the lowest surface, 

because heat makes them expand, 

and consequently diminishes their specific 

gravity; and the abstraction of 

heat makes them contract, and as consequently 

increase that gravity. When 

the boiler and tank are filled with 

water, as well as their connecting pipes, 

and a fire is lighted, the hottest portfons 

rise to the top, flow along the surface, 

and getting cool, sink to its bottom, and 

passing downward enter again at the 

lower part, to be once more heated and 

pass through the same circulatory system. 

A very small boiler will speedily 

raise the heat of the water, in a very

STO 562 STO 

I 

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I 

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i 

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: 

| 

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j 

J 

large tank, to 180°; and if this heat be Now in the house, the dimensions of 

imparted late in the evening, it will which are above given, if the lowest 

retain its heat but little diminished until temperature in the night be fixed at 50^, 

the morning. The smoke, by means of and IC^ are allowed for winds, and the 

a flue, may be made to impart heat to external air is supposed to be at zero or 

the house, by passing through it, or of Fahrenheit, then 1175 multiplied 

may at once enter the chimney or pipe by 60*^, and the product divided by 2-1 

attached to the summit of the boiler. the difference between 200 and CO, will 

Hot water in a tank is superior to the give us the quotient 236 = to the sursame 

source of heat in pipes, because face of pipe required. Now the house 

it is not liable to freeze ; and it is pre- being thirty feet long, five pipes of that 

ferable to steam, because its heating length, and five inches in diameter, 

power continues until the whole mass will be about the proper quantity, 

of water is cooled down to the tempe- If hot water be employed instead of 

rature of the hou&e, whereas steam steam, the following proportions and 

ceases to be generated as a source of, information, obtained from Mr. Rendle, 

heat the moment the temperature falls may be adopted confidently as guides, 

below 212^. If steam be employed, In a span roof propagating house, forty 

Mr. Tredgold has given the following feet long, thirteen feet broad, seven 

j 

I rules for calculating the surface of feet high in the centre, and four feet 

pipe, the size of the boiler, the quan- high at the two fronts, having a super- 

i 

] 

j 

tity of fuel, and the quantity of ventila- ficial surface of glass amounting to 

tion, required for a house thirty feet 538 square feet, Mr. Rendle has a tank 

long, twelve feet wide, with the glass eighty-three feet long, running round 

roof eight feet, length of the rafters three sides of the house, four feet wide 

fourteen feet, height of the back wall and about eight inches deep, and confifieen 

feet. The surfiice of glass in sequently capable of containing nearly 

this house will be seven hundred and 300 cubic feet of hot water, though only 

twenty feet superficial, viz., five hun-lhalf that quantity is used. This is 

dred and forty feet in the front and roof, ' closely approaching to the size pointed 

and one hundred and eighty feet in the out, according i to Mr. Tredgold's for- 

i ends. Now, half the vertical height, mula. The mean temperature of a hotseven 

feet six inches, multiplied by the j 

i 

water tank, will never be much above 

length in feet, and added to one and a 100^, so that for the sized house menhalf 

time the area of glass in feet, is tioned by that skillful engineer, the 

equal to the cubic feet of air to be must be 2- 1 times the difference 

[ 

warmed in each minute when there are i 

i no double doors. 

That is, 7.5 X 30+U X 720=1305 1 

! 

; 

' 

I 

j 

: 

i 

i 

divisor 

between 100'^ and 60°, which gives as 

the quotient 335 cubic feet. 

The tank in Mr. Rendle's propagating 

cubic feet. But in a house with wooden house, is built lined with Roman cebars 

and raflers, about one-tenth of this ment, and if the temperature at the 

space will be occupied with woodwork, time of lighting the fire be 903,theteinwhich 

is so slow a conductor of heat, perature of the atmosphere of the house 

that it will not suffer a sensible quan- 67^, and the temperature out of doors 

tity to escape, therefore 130 feet may 50'^, the quantity of small coal or 

be deducted, leaving the quantity to be breeze required to raise the temperawarmed 

per minute = 1175 cubic feet, ture of the water to 125^', is 28 pounds. 

To ascertain the surface of pipe re- In twelve hours, the water cools after 

quired to warm any given quantity of the fire has been extinguished, from 

air, multiply the cubic feet of air to be 125^ to 93°. 

heated per minute, by the difference When steam is employed, tlie space 

between the temperature the house for steam in the boiler is easily tbund 

to be kept at, and that of the external by multiplying the length of the pipe 

air in degrees of Fahrenheit's thermo- feet, by the quantity of steam 

meter, and divide the product by 2-1, foot in length of the pipe. 

the difference between 200, which is 

| 

Decimal parts of a 

the temperature of the steam pipes, and 

tlie temperature of the house: the quo- 

„" "J,""^;" '^!!!kL" cuIjic foot ot'sieara 

in each footof pipe. 

tient will be the surface of cast iron 

. 0.0545 

pipe required. 

. 0.1225 

,

2 . . 

STO 563 STO

STO 

564 

- 

STO 

house to be ventikted, will be found commonly surrounded by a tbin brick 

Tn Mr Hood's following table of the wall : but planks of stone or plates of 

quant y of air, in cubic feet, discharged slate or cast-.ron, are to be preferred, 

ner mLte hrough a ventilator, of The roof, when necessary, may be supper 

minuie, uirouf,!!

STO 565 STO 

of the tank. The bottom, as well as 

the sides of the tanks, are bolted together 

by iron bars, five-eighths of an 

inch in thickness, passed through the 

wood, and screwed up as tightly as 

possible. Each tank is divided by an 

inch and a half elm board, and is co- 

vered with common roofing-slates — 

those that are generally called 

' Princesses,' 

twenty-four inches long and 

fourteen wide; the edges not cut 

square, but used just as purchased, 

and the joints stopped merely with 

wetted clay : there is no fear of too 

much steam escaping into the house. 

" As the divisions of tank b were 

fifteen inches wide, a small strip of oak 

is nailed on the inside of the tank, of 

sufficient thickness to allow the slates, 

which were fourteen inches wide, to 

reach across. Round the edges of the 

tanks is an inch board, eleven inches 

deep; and the plunging material is fine 

sand. The slates carry the weight of 

this sand, though eleven inches deep, 

with ease, not one of them having 

cracked. 

" In a considerable part of tank b 1 

rich mould is put instead of the sand, 

in which pines are planted without any 

pots, after the French mode. The tank 

holds twenty-two hogsheads ; and the 

boiler, though a small one, is fully able 

to heat this quantity. The water, heated 

to 114"-' or 11 5"^ of. Fahrenheit, is 

high enough to keep the house at a 

temperature of VO'' at night; and a moderate 

fire, kept up for five or sis hours 

, 

— 

in the twenty-four, is abundantly sufficient." 

Gard. Chron. 

Dry Stove.—Formerly this was heated 

by flues only, a stage for plants occupying 

the place of the bark-pit in the 

moist stove. But modern science has 

suggested the far better mode of heating 

by either steam or hot water. Of 

these two the latter is by far the most 

prelerable. The following is the plan 

adopted at Elcot, and has never been 

much improved : 

— 

" Brick flues are subject, from their 

numerous joints and the mortar cracking, 

to give out at times a sulphureous 

gas, which is injurious to plants; and 

even with two fireplaces in a house 

forty or fifty feet long, it is impossible 

to keep up an equal temperature in the 

whole length. The houses get overheated 

in the neighbourhood of tho 

fireplace; and it is difficult to maintain 

a proper warmth at the extremities of 

the flues. 

" Steam may do very well on a large 

scale, and where there is constant attention 

to the fire, both day and night; 

but the objections are, the great expense 

of a steam-boiler and the apparatus 

belonging to it, the frequent 

repairs that are required, and the 

necessary attention to the fire, which 

is as great upon a small scale as upon 

a large one. Besides this, there is a 

greater risk of explosion in a hot-house 

steam-boiler than in that of a steamengine 

; for steam-engines generally 

have persons properly instructed to

STO 566 STO 

j 

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i 

1 

I 

1 

| 

I 

manage them ; but gardeners, or their to the ends of the house along the sidea 

assistants, cannot be so competent. of the flues, where they unite to cast- 

" The heating with hot water has iron reservoirs at each end of the iiouse, 

none of the objections I have men- g g", which reservoirs are each three 

tioned as belonging to flues and steam. feet six inches long, one foot six inches 

The apparatus is simple, and not liable wide, and one foot eight inches deep, 

to get out of order. The boiler has having iron covers. These reservoirs 

only a loose wooden cover, and no arefilled with water thatcommunicates, 

safety-valves are required. The fuel by means of the pipes, with the water 

consumed is very moderate, and when n the boiler. 

once the water is heated, very little at- " When the boiler, pipes, and resertention 

is wanted ; for it retains its voirs are filled, and a fire lighted under 

heat for many hours after the fire has the boiler, the heated water, ascending 

gone out. 

to the top of the boiler, forces its way 

" The house is forty feet long and along the upper pipes to the reservoir, 

ten feet wide inside, heated by a boiler, the cold water finding its way back to 

a, placed in a recess in the centre of the bottom of the boiler through the 

the back wall ; the fireplace under the under pipes ; and the circulation con- 

wall is got at from a back shed, b. The tinues regular as long as there is any 

boiler is two feet six inches long, one heat under the boiler, the hot water 

foot six inches wide, and one foot eight flowing through the upper pipes to the 

inches deep. From the end of the reservoir, and, as it cools, returning 

boiler proceed horizontally four cast- back to the boiler through the under 

iron pipes of three inches and a half 

diameter ; two of them are joined to the 

boiler just above the bottmm, and the 

other two directly above these, and 

pipes. 

" I have repeatedly, after the water 

has been heated, immersed a thermometer 

in the reservoirs at the ends of the 

just below the surface of the water. 

The house is divided by glazed partitions 

into three compartments, d, e,f, 

for the convenience of forcing one part 

without the other. 

" The middle compartment is two 

lights in width, and the other two have 

four lights each. 

" The pipes from the boiler go horizontally 

to the front of the house, where 

one upper and one lower pipe branch 

house, and have only found a difference 

of three or four degrees between that 

and the water in the boiler. It is not 

necessary to make the water boil ; and, 

if the fire is judiciously managed, no 

steam will be raised and no water 

wasted. It is, however, necessary to 

examine the boiler occasionally, and to 

add water when any has evaporated. 

" Valves might be fixed in the boiler, 

pipes, and reservoirs, for letting steam 

to the east compartment, and other mto the house if required ; but that 

induce the necessity of boiling 

two pipes to the west, and are carried i 

would 

Fig. 163.

— 

— ; ; 

S T R 567 S T R 

the water; and it has not been done their ripeninfr: — White Alpine; Old 

drove End Scarlet; Kcene's 

Scarlet; | 

1 

j 

[ 

I 

I 

1 

here, as I find I can produce all the 

steam I require, with little trouble, by Seedling ; Roseberrv ; Garnstone Scarwetting 

the pipes with a watering-pot. let; Myatt's Eliza ; Old Pine ; Myatt's 

" I am persuaded that the advantages British Queen; Large Elat Hautbois ; 

of this mode of heating, with its great American Scarlet; Downton ; Elton; 

simplicitv, will give satisfaction to every Coul's 

practical gardener who has an oppor- Pine. 

Late Scarlet; and Turner's 

tunity of trying it. When once the 

water is heated and the fires wel 

The chief bearing-time of these 

is from the end of June to the middle 

of July ; but the White Alpine pro- 

made, he may retire to rest, certain duces successive crops until November. 

j 

that the pipes will not get cold during I have even gathered from them a dish 

the night, but retain a considerable heat 

in the morning." Trans. Hort. Soc. 

STRANV.BSIA glaucescens. Hardy 

late in December. 

Soil and Situation.—Any good deep 

loamy soil will produce good strawber- 

evergreen tree. Grafting or budding. 

Common soil. 

STRAPWOOD. Corrigiola. 

S T R A T I O T E S aloidcs. Water 

Soldier. Hardy aquatic perennial. 

ries. It should be well trenched and 

manured previously to planting. Though 

they will succeed when partially shaded 

by trees, yet they are best flavoureil 

when grown in an open compartment, 

Suckers. Loam and peat. 

S T R A V A D I U M. Three species. 

with no other shade than that from their 

own leaves. If Alpines are planted on 

Stove evergreen trees. Layers. Sandy south-west, east, and north borders, 

peat. 

STR.\WBERRY. Fragaria. 

Species and Varieties. — F. Virgin- 

they will give a succession of fruit from 

June till December. 

" Reds, four feet wide, should be 

iana : Scarlet or Virginia Strawberry. 

American Scarlet; Bishop's Wick; 

Black Roseberry ; Coul's Late Scarlet; 

marked out with a foot-alley between 

each, which is highly necessary to prevent 

those who gather the fruit from 

Garnstone Scarlet ; Grove End Scarlet treading between the plants ; and lastly, 

Melon ; Old Scarlet ; Roseberry ; Southborough 

; and Wilmot's Late Scarlet. 

the runners arc planted two feet apart. 

A bed thus made~will last three years, 

F. Vesca Nigella: Black Strawberry. 

Downton ; P21ton ; and Myatt's Pine. 

F. Grandiflora : Pine Strawberry. 

without requiring anything further, not 

even so mu^ as a top-dressing. Myatt's 

pine w'lTl grow profusely on light, 

Myatt's British Queen ; Myatt's Eliza ; rich, sandy, alluvial soils, near the sea. 

Keene's Seedling; Old Caroline, or 

Pine; Round White Caroline; and 

In such situations other strawberries 

are apt to throw out too many runners ; 

Swainstone's Seedling. 

and for such Myatt's plan is well adapt- 

F. Chilensis : Chili Strawberry. 

The Scarlet Chili, Yellow Chili, and 

ed." Gard. Chron. 

Manures.— The best top-dressing for 

Wilmot's Superb, are the only varieties strawberry beds is a little leaf-mould, 

of this class at all deserving cultivation; 

and even these are woolly and defi- 

pointed in with a fork, early in March. 

A good addition also is nitrate of soda, 

cient in flavour. 

three ounces to each square yard, 

F. Moschata : Hautboy Strawberry. 

Black Hautbois, Common Hautbois 

sprinkled over the surface at the same 

season. Bone dust, and charred turf, 

Large Flat; Prolific, or Conical; and pointed in with a fork, in October, have 

Round-fruited Muscatelle. 

F. Collina Viridis : Green Strawberry.—Of 

this class the Green Pine, or 

also been found highly beneficial. 

Propagation.—This is chiefly by runners; 

but the Alpines are best propa- 

Pine-apple, deserves culture ; its fruit gated by seed. All other kinds can 

being solid, juicy, and fine-flavoured. only be obtained true by planting the 

F. Collina Alba and Rubra: .\lpine, 

or Monthly, and Wood Strawberry 

runners. The first of these should ho 

pegged down as early as possible, and 

American .\lpine ; Red Alpine; Red 

Wood (F. Vesrn Rubra) ; White Alpine ; 

White Wood (F. V. Alba). 

The following is a selection from the 

all others removed to promote the 

quick rooting and strength of the young 

plants. 

" It is a very good plan to encourage 

best of the preceding, in the order of the earliest runners by letting them 

—

— 

— 

STR 568 STR 

, 

root in small pots sunk in the earth; as than can possibly be avoided, as they 

soon as they are well rooted, plant them are of great importance towards the 

in their beds." Gard. Chron. success of the crop. Before the leaves 

, 

" The seeds of the true Alpine straw- cover too much of tlie surface, lioe 

berry may be obtained from the Paris gently amongst them to destroy all 

seedsmen. The seeds should be sown weeds, and afterwards cover the surin 

a bed of light rich soil, or in pans, face with clean straw. Take the first 

and the plants afterwards planted where produced runners from them, and plant 

they are to remain for fruiting, the soil them in a nursery bed as in the previous 

being trenched, and well mixed with 

rotlen dung. You may insure a more 

season ; and when the 

thered, destroy the old 

fruit is all ga- 

plants, and the 

abundant crop late in the season by ground will be then ready for caulicutting 

off the blossoms that appear flowers, or any other crop required to 

Gard. Chron. be put out at that time. Myatt-s pine 

i 

previously to June." 

Planting.—The best period for mak- will do little good by remaining a third 

ing strawberry beds is from the close of 

July until the middle of October—the 

earlier the better—but this must be con- 

season upon the same ground, however 

well manured; and this is generally 

applicable to hautboys, the Elton pine, 

trolled by the rooting of the runners. Downton, and in fact to all strawber- 

If the planting be deferred until spring, 

they never succeed so well, and the 

ries." Gard. Chron. 

Beds.—" Never have more than three 

produce that year is very small. Show- rows in a bed. Let them be eighteen 

ery weather is the best for planting, and inches apart, and the plants twelve 

the less the roots are disturbed the bet- inches apart in the rows; or two feet 

ter, which is the chief reason why in- by eighteen inches, according to the 

ducing the runners to root in small pots richness of the soil, and vigorous 

is beneficial ; they can be turned out growth of the variety. The pines re- 

of these without any injury to the quire more room than the scarlets. 

roots. Myatt's pines are more difficult " Strawberries generally, but especially 

Myatt's pine, succeed best upon a 

bank facing the south-west. 

'• The old Hautboy strawberry bears 

to grow fruitfully than other varieties, 

but Mr. Mearns says they will not fail 

if the following precai,'tions are adopted 

:— 

I 

" Take off the first runner plants as 

the male and female flowers on different 

roots. The mode of planting is 

soon as they have rooted :iflie weather this: mark the male plant, the sterile, 

being showery is the more suitable for and plant the lines in quincun.x thus 

transplanting. Get a piece of well-exposed 

rich ground ready for their reception, 

according to the quantity desired, : the 

and let it be divided into four-feet beds. ! male 

— 

— 

X X X X 

I 

middle roots marked X to be tlie 

Plant them about four inches apart; 

plants, and the others the female. 

If this rule is observed, you will never 

water them, and shade them for a few fail to have abundance of fruit. The 

days if the sun should be powerful, and only time to mark the males is when 

keep them clear from weeds. Get a they are in blossom; and every gardener 

should know them, and keep 

them apart in his nursery, to take young 

ones from." Gard. Chron. 

Dr. Lindley has these justly discriminating 

observations on the frequent 

piece of ground prepared for their final 

transplanting, either in autumn or tiie 

following spring, by trenching and manuring 

it. Plant them eighteen inches 

row from row, and nine inches in the ) 

row; and if any blossoms appear the 

first season pinch thern off, and keep 

them free from weeds; but it is not 

necessary to divest them of their runners 

until the following spring, when i 

renewal of the beds : 

— 

— 

"With regard to the opinion that a 

fresh plantation of strawlierries should 

be made every year, to be destroyed 

after having once born fruit, and that 

the beds are to be cleaned, and all the finest crops can only be obtained by 

runners cut oft'; but the soil should by 

no means be stirred between them any 

further than with a Dutch hoe, to 

loosen the surface lightly, and without 

destroying more of tlie surface-roots 

this metliod, there are some doubts. 

Mr. Keene, the fortunate raiser of the 

seedling which bears his name, and an 

extensive cultivator, had a tolerable 

crop the first year, an excellent one the

— 

STR 569 STR 

second, and after the third year he dc- After-Culture.— " Remove all runners 

stroyed the plantation. Those called not required for planting as often as 

Pine Stra\vi)erries, such as the Old they appear, for their growth at first is 

Pine, Keene's Seedling, Elton, &c., at the evpense of the parent, and the 

will bear well in the same situation for 

many years, if properly managed. 

" That scarlets are best when the 

— 

more beds are matted with plants, the 

more these will draw the moisture out 

of the soil. 

" What would be just sufficient for 

supplying the evaporation of a moderate 

, 

' 

plantations are frequently renewed, is 

generally admitted ; and there are some 

large varieties winch appear to have quantity of plants, would be completely 

more or less of the Chili in their con- exhausted by an excessive number. 

stitution, as jMyatt's Seedlings, which Stirring the soil so as not to injure the 

require that runners be early establish- roots, mulching with grass or litter, or 

ed, for bearing in the following season, paving with flat tiles or small round 

as the old plants are apt to die off. As pebbles and occasional waterings, are 

fruit can be obtained earlier in the season 

from plants that have not previously 

borne, it is advisable to renew some 

portion every year; but the propriety 

the best means to adopt. 

" In thin soil the plantations will require 

to be more frequently renewed 

than where it is deeper, and of a more 

of annually destroying the whole, depends 

very much on circumstances, and 

therefore the method cannot be recommended 

except in particular cases." 

substantial quality." Card. Ctiron. 

The spade should never be permitted 

to enter among strawberries, except to 

dig them up when a bed is to be de- 

Card. Cliron. 

stroyed ; the hoe, or at the most point- 

The surface of the soil should be coing with a three-pronged fork, is all the 

vered with straw, or the mowings ol 

grass-plots, during the bearing season, 

surface-stirring required, if the beds 

were well trenched when made, ajid 

to preserve moisture to the roots of the have not been trampled upon. 

I . 1.1 .K _ r- . :.

S TR 570 STR 

I 

must be immediately pinched out; they 

Forcing.—On this 

should have their balls carefully repoint 

we have the iduced, and be repotted in larger pots 

following directions from one of the I early in August, protecting them from 

most eminent of modern horticulturists, the late autumnal rains, and from frost." 

Mr. Paxton :— 

— Gnrd. Chron. 

" Select for this purpose, in the mid- " For succession," Mr. Paxton says, 

dle of August, a sufficient number of the " strong runners are taken up in Sep- 

best runners from approved kinds to tember, and planted about six inches 

have choice from, and plant them six apart, in manured and well-prepared 

inches apart, in beds, upon a strong beds, four feet wide, in a somewhat 

border in a dry and sheltered situation. sheltered situation ; there they are al- 

As soon as the leaves have withered,' lowed to remain until the following 

mulch them lightly with well-rotted ma- July, during which perinrt they must be 

nure, and if very severe weather occur, kept very clean from weeds, have the 

protect them for the time with fern or flowers and runners regularly pinched 

' fruit to near the close of the year."— 

Gard. Chron. \ 

I 

! 

: 

i 

' 

litter. They must be kept the follow- off, and be watered whenever likely to 

ing spring free from weeds and runners, suffer from drought. About the middle 

removing also any flowers as they ap- of July they are potted in small 

pear. Towards the latter end of May two-sized pots, two plants in 

thirty- 

a pot, 

or beginning of June, whenever dull or taking the greatest care that neither 

rainy weather may occur, remove them roots nor leaves are damaged in the 

carefully into forty-eight-sized pots. It operation, and an important part of it 

is optional with the grower, whether is to press the earth firmly about them j 

; 

' one, two, or three plants are put in one the 

I 

soil used is two parts loam to one 

pot, accordingto his object being quality of well-rotted dung. Beds which will 

or quantity; but we, desiring fine fruit; hold five or six rows of pots are then 

in preference to number, only place one formed in the following manner :—level 

' 

of the strongest or two of the weaker the surface of the ground, and spread 

in one pot, using enriched melon soil upon it a layer of coal ashes; above 

or turfy loam. Place them, when pot- which must be nailed firmly slabs, or 

ted, in a situation where they can be any rough boards, as wide as the-depth 

readily shaded for a short time, and of the pots, which are then to be plunged 

receive regular supplies of water if to the rim in spent bark or ashes. All 

| 

necessary. About the latter end of that they will here require is attention to 

i 

July, or early in August, these pots 

will be filled with roots, when the 

plants must be repotted into flat thirtytwo-sized 

pots, usually termed straw- i 

berry pots, and at this time plunged in | 

old tan or coal ashes. The best man- ! 

ner of plunging them we find to be, ! their 

forming beds wide enough to contain 

five rows of pots, when plunged, upon 

a hard or gravelly surface, to prevent 

them rooting through, the sides supported 

by slabs of the same width as the 

depth of the pots, and filling them up 

with old tan or ashes; the plants remain 

here until wanted to take in, and 

are easily protected from severe frosts. 

It will be found an excellent plan to 

preserve the latest forced plants, which 

are not much exhausted, for forcing the 

first the next season ; these, from their 

long period of rest, and well-ripened 

buds, are predisposed to break earlier 

and stronger than the others ; some of 

them, if the autumn is moist, will be 

excited, and produce flowers, which 

— 

watering when necessary, and a slight 

protection with fern, or other light cover- 

ing, during severe frosty weather. I always 

preserve from 300 to 400 of the 

latest forced plants of the above description, 

and after having carefully reduced 

balls, repot them in large thirty- 

two-sized pots in July, treating them 

afterwards precisely as the others. I 

find these by having their buds formed 

early (through the slight forcing they 

have received), and becoming very 

strong, are admirably adapted for the 

first crop, and always repay me for the 

extra trouble. Begin forcing with a 

temperature of 40*^, increasing to 50° 

when in bloom, and to 55^ when ripening." 

Gard. Chron. 

Mr. Brown, gardener to Lord Southampton, 

at Whittlebury Lodge, near 

Towcester, says, that " Mr. Paxton's 

method of preparing strawberry plants 

for forcing is a good one where time 

and trouble are of no consequence ; but 

for the last fifteen years he has adopted

— 

S T R 571 S T R 

a plan which answers well, and by of the strawberry, plant both in spring 

which good strong plants are procured and early in autumn ; their method is 

in one^month from the present year's to plant two rows about twelve inches 

runners. 

apart, and the plants twelve inches from 

" The compost used is good strong each other in the rows; between every 

loam, well mixed with rotten dung from two rows as describetl, they leave spaces 

the hot-bed linings; twenty-four-sized of two feet, which are, by the growth of 

pots are the best for Keene's Seedlings, the vines, reduced to one foot, thus 

and thirty-twos for Grove End Scarlets, making each bed two feet wide with an 

Thelattervariety answers for early fore- alley of twelve inches between them; 

ing better than' any other sort, when when planted in the spring they usually 

strawberries are wanted by the end of raise some dwarf crop on the same 

>Iarch. 

ground, but that had better be omitted 

"Having filled the pots with the com- —keeping the soil cultivated and toppost, 

thev are removed at once to the dressed with some well-rotted manure, 

strawberry quarters, and arranged on In the autumn, they spread on the sur- 

each side of the rows, amongst the run 

ners. The middle of July, when the 

plants are emitting roots, is the proper 

time to begin the operation of layering; 

having previously prepared a quantity 

of pegs, the runners that are rooted into 

the ground are carefully removed, and 

their roots inserted in the pots, and peg 

face, both beds and alleys, a good coat 

of coarse manure, such as will lie lightly, 

the loose portion of which may be 

raked off in the spring, when the alleys 

are dug, and covered with straw, to exclude 

draught and screen the trusses of 

fruit on the edge of the bed from contact 

with the earth. Exhausted tanner's 

i 

ged down. Put three plants into the bark, or saw-dust scattered among the 

twenty-four pots, and one in the thirty- plants, is highly serviceable in protecttwos 

; they immediately begin growing, 

being supported by the mother plant 

and will only require occasional watering 


When the plants are well rooted, 

which is in about one month, detach 

them from the old plants, and remove 

to their winter quarters. 

Beds are prepared for them with a 

bottom of coal ashes, and they are 

plunged in old tan; each bed surrounded 

with a stratum of coal ashes six inches 

ing the fruit from grit. 

" Varieties. Hudson or Scarlet.^ 

This variety is grown almost exclu 

sively for the supply of the Philadelphia 

market; it appears to be distinct from 

what is known as the old Hudson, in 

New York, which Downing describes as 

having a neck, whereas the Philadelphia 

Hudson has none, (unless occasionally 

spontaneous seedlings are found with 

elongated crowns.) It is undoubtedly 

one of the best, though from want of 

wide, and as high as the top of the pots, skill in its culture it is frequently unfruitwhich 

prevents worms from working ful. The fruitful and barren flowers are 

amongst them." Gard. Chron. on separate plants, and as the barren are 

Thus far we have copied the English most vigorous, they are liable to take 

edition of this work. The American nearly exclusive possession; in such 

reader, t^hough he will find that which 

will instruct in the culture of this delicious 

fruit, will perceive there is too 

much detail and tedious labour for his 

practice. 

Many of the varieties named in the 

preceding article are comparatively uncases 

the inevitable result is, but little 

fruit is obtained. The proper method 

is to carefully cull them when in flower, 

(the experienced can detect them by the 

foliage as well as flowers,) exterminating 

the larger portion of the male or stami- 

niferous plants, as one in ten suffices to 

known in this country, and others have impregnate the pistiliferous or fruitbeen 

tested, and found wanting. Our, bearing flowers. Much has been said 

American Seedlings have, on the whole, on this subject, and most positive denigiven 

most satisfaction, and are most als of the fact here stated have been 

reliable, whilst the eff'orts now being made, but after all it is incontrovertible, 

' made to produce varieties promise, from and remains a fixed fact.' Our limits 

the success already attained, to give all will not admit of embarking further in 

that could be desired. the controversy, which has been prac- 

" The market gardeners around Phi- 1 tically settled around Philadelphia for 

fifty years, by the German truck women. 

ladelphia, who are successful cultivators [

STR 572 STR 

who may be seen in the spring, with 

their iinsey petticoats and short-gowns, 

busily engaged plucking out the ' he 

plants,' as they term them. 

" In France the Chili strawberry is 

highly esteemed, but as it requires foreign 

fertilization, they mix with it other 

varieties, and adopt artificial methods 

of impregnation. Duchesne has succeeded 

by cutting off the half-closed, or 

rather half-opened umbils of staminiferous 

flowers, with foot-stalks from one 

to three inches long, which being placed 

the weather, in which the scanty pollen 

is all available, and also to impregnation 

from seedlings, which are, more or less, 

in all beds of one year's standing, and 

some of w hich, proceeding from the old 

Hovey, have strong erect stamens, not 

unlike the Hudson males, with this difference, 

however, the pistil is fruitful 

and the fruit perfect. 

"Ross's Phcenix.—This variety has 

been much praised in New York. It was 

produced by Mr. Alexander Ross, of 

Hudson, in that state, and from its 

in phials filled with water, were dis- character for hardiness and product (if 

tributed among the Chili plants; the next true), would speedily attain popularity 

I 

day the blossoms opened and the im- i and general culture— unfortunately for 

pregnation was successfully completed. ' its reputation it has suffered greatly by 

"Many experiments with like results, 

have been practised by others, and 

what in some of the periodicals is called 

'Longworth's theory,' is nothing more 

than that of the Philadelphia truck-women, 

from one of whom that gentleman, 

as he says, received the hint. 

" Methven Scarlet, also termed 

Keene's seedling (erroneously), is a very 

large variety, sometimes exceeding five 

inches in circumference; it is but indifferently 

flavoured, but much admired 

for preserving. The flowers of this variety 

are pistilate (female), though stamens 

are also present, generally in an 

imperfect state, hence it fruits more 

surely in company with those which have 

strong staminate flowers, as for instance 

the Iowa, or the males of the Hudson. 

" HovEY's Seedling (Fig. 164) was 

raised from the seed by the Messrs. 

Hovey, of Boston, some years since, 

and is one of the most desirable strawberries 

among us. It is of vigorous 

growth, withstands the winter equal 

to any other, produces fruit of an 

enormous size, and exquisite flavour; 

too much cannot be said in its praise. 

Mode of cultivation same as others; it 

does not, however, always produce 

the past season's drought, whilst other 

varieties have sustained themselves uninjured. 

We must have further confirmation 

of its value, before recommending 

it for enlarged culture. 

"Gushing.—(Fig. 165.) This is one of 

a multitude of seedling strawberries, 

raised by that indefatigable amateur cultivator. 

Dr. Wm. C. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, 

to whom we are indebted for 

the drawing. Fig. 165, and many other 

favours. He thus describes it in an article 

communicated to the Farmers' Cabinet, 

vol. xi.. No. 1. 

" ' Cushing, so named as a compliment 

to J. P. Cushing, Esq., of Boston, 

to whom I am under a thousand obliga- 

tions— produced from a seed of a berry 

of No, 72, A., [Dr. B.'s private catalogue,] 

the anthers not having been 

extracted; planted May 31st, 1845; 

fruited in 1846, one year from the seed ; 

flower large, with perfect anthers; leaf 

large and roundish, like that of Keene's 

Seedling and Ross's Phcenix ; 

differing, 

however, from these two varieties, in 

having a hairy leaf stem, and when full 

grown, the leaf is slightly twisted ; fruit 

very large, round, some of the berries 

with a short neck, light scarlet colour; 

fruit when planted alone, from a defi- seed inserted in slight depressions; fine 

j 

ciency of pollen in the anthers, and in an flavour, and very productive. This plant 

i 

| 

i 

i 

unfavourable state of the weather, fails was exhibited at one of the meetings of 

to produce fruit at all : the better plan,! the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society 

therefore, is to mix with it some other this summer, with 26 fine berries on it, 

variety, as directed for the Methven several of them four and aquarter inches 

scarlet, or grow others in immediate in circumference. Not long since, Mr. 

Longworth, contiguity, where the flies and air can 

affect the impregnation. It is true, fine hundred ; 

crops from this variety are sometimes | 

produced where no other variety is [ 

within a considerable distance, but it is , 

attributable to most favourable states of | 

of Cincinnati, offered one 

dollars for a strawberry with 

perfect anthers that will bear a full crop 

of fruit as large as Hovey's Seedling, 

Such a strawberry is, I think, the Cush- 

ing.'

573 

* 

Fig. 164.—(P. 572.) 

p|^,;:::^-0 0^^^"

574 

r^

S T R 575 sue 

" If Dr. Brinckle's opinion should be 

coiitirmed by further observation, he 

will have contributed an invaluable va- 

riety of this delicious fruit." 

— 

Rural 

Register. 

STRAWBERRY BLITE. Blitum. 

STRAWBERRY SPINACH. Blitum. 

STRAWBERRY TREE. Arbutus. 

STRELITZIA. Eight species. Stove 

herbaceous perennials. Suckers. Turfy 

loam. 

STREPTANTHERA. Two species. 



STREPTANTHUS. Two species. 


STREPTIUM asperum. Stove herbaceous 

perennial. Cuttings. Loam and 

peat. 

STREPTOCARPUS rexii. Stove 

herbaceous perennial. Division. Rich 

soil and vegetable mould. 

STREPTOPUS. Eive species. Herbaceous 

perennials; all hardy except S. 

simplex, which belongs to the greenhouse. 

Seeds or division. Light soil. 

STROBILANTHES Sabiniaria. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Light rich 

soil. 

STROPANTHUS. Three species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy 


STRIMARLA. Ten species. Greenhouse 

bulbous perennials. Offsets. Sandy 

loam. 

STRUTHIOLA. Fifteen species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Sandy 

peat. 

STRUTHIOPTERIS. Two species. 

Ferns. Hardy herbaceous perennials. 

Division. Loam and peat. 

STRYCHNOS. Six species. Stove 

evergreen trees. S. colubrina is a 

climber. Half-ripe cuttini^s and seeds. 

Loam and sandy peat. Iûx vomica is 

one of the species. 

STYLIDIUM. Nine species. Greenhouse 

herbaceous perennials or evergreen 

shrubs. The latter increases by 

cuttings, a few of the herbaceous by 

division, but chiefly by seeds. Sandy 

loam and peat suit them all. 

deciduous shrubs. S. officinale produces 

the balsam of storax. Layers. Light 

soil. 

SUCCORY, CHICORY, or WILD 

ENDIVE. Cichorium iiitybus. Although 

this hardy perennial plant is much used 

on the Continent in salads, yet it has 

never been employed to any extent for 

that purpose in Britain. 

Soil and Situation.—Like endive, for 

the main crops it requires a rich light 

soil, and for the earlier sowings a moister 

one, in every instance having an open 

situation allotted to it. 

Solving must be annually; for, although 

it is a perennial , yet, after being 

cut from two or three times, the radical 

leaves become bitter and worthless. 

INIr. Oldaker says, it should be sown at 

the end of June, or early in July ; but 

L'Quintinye recommends it to be performed 

in the beginning of March; and 

it may be performed, for successive 

crops, between the two periods mentioned 

by the above writers, in the same 

manner as endive, and also like that 

salad herb in small portions at a time, 

the earliest sowings being very liable to 

run to seed. Sow moderately thick, in 

the same manner as endive, the directions 

for cultivating which are equally 

applicable in every other particular. 

Cultivation.—When the plants begin 

to cover the ground, they are thinned to 

nine inches apart ; and those removed 

planted out at similar distances. They 

require to be kept very clear of weeds ; 

and if the leaves grow very luxuriant, 

and shade the roots much, they must 

be cutoff within an inch of the ground. 

Those grown from sowings antecedent 

to June, when of nearly full growth, 

which they arrive at in about four 

months from the insertion of the seed, 

must have all their leaves trimmed 

away, so as not to injure their hearts, 

and then covered over thick with sand, 

ashes, or long litier. By this treatment, 

those fresh leaves which are produced 

become etiolated and crisp, losing their 

bitterness. Those wliich arise from the 

sowings of June and July, must, at the 

end of September, or early in October, 

STYPANDRA. Five species. Green- 

house herbaceous perennials. S./ru- be raised, and planted very close, by the 

tescens an evergreen shrub. Division. dibble, in pots or boxes, having their 


STYPHELIA. Eight species. Greenleaves 

trimmed as before directed, and 

their roots shortened previous to plant- 

house evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings. 

Sandy peat and sandy loam. 

ing. Water must be given moderately 

in dry weather, until they are establish- 

STYRAX. Four species. Hardy ed, and shelter, if frosts occur, by a

sue 576 sue 

light covering of litter. Wlicn well 

rooted they may be removed into the 

cellar, or other place, where the light 

can be completely excluded from them, 

to blanch for use as wanted, which 

change will be effected in six or seven 

days. Succory will bear a temperature 

of GO', but thrives better in a rather 

lower one. 

If the roots are vigorous, they will 

bear cutting from two or three times, 

after winch they are unproductive. 

To obtain Seed, a few plants must 

be left in the open ground of the June 

sowing ; they bear the severity of win- 

ter without protection, and shoot up in 

the sprinrr, running to seed about May. 

SUCCOVVIA halearica. Hardy annual. 


SUCCULENT PLANTS are so characterized 

on account of their thick juicy 

leaves. " They are formed to exist," 

says that excellent botanist and horticulturist, 

Mr. Fortune, now traveling 

for the London Horticultural Society, 

" in countries and situations where they 

are often exposed to intense light and 

dryness; their skins are thick; they 

have few evaporating pores ; and they 

have, likewise, few roots to gorge their 

tissue with food during the rainy season. 

Therefore, we find the dry sandy plains 

of the Cape abounding in aloes and 

mesembryanthemums ; and the bare 

volcanic rocks of Mount Etna covered, 

in many places, with the common prickly 

pear. In Mexico, also, and in many 

other parts of Central and South America, 

the extensive race of cacti, with 

their curious unvegetable-like forms, 

are at home, and flourish even in those 

dry and parched seasons when the 

whole face of nature besides seems 

withered and destroyed. I wish particularly 

to draw attention to the natural 

circumstancog in which these plants 

are found ; because, if these are once 

known, they are sure and certain guides 

in cultivation. 

" To be grown well, the whole race 

of what are called succulent plants require 

to be kept in the lightest possible 

situation in the green-house. It is true 

they may be grown in heavy-shaded 

green-houses, but their leaves will never 

acquire that beautiful colour which 

is seen in light situations, nor will they 

flower so freely. Water should be 

given to the slow-growing kinds at all 

times with a judicious hand, but par- 

— 

ticularly during winter, as more plants 

are killed by over-watering, than by 

any other cause. At this time, once in 

ten days or a fortnight will generally 

be found sufficient; but as this depends 

upon the situation and the weather, 

much must be left to the good sense of 

those who attend them. Those kinds 

which are more luxuriant in growth, 

and not so succulent, require more 

water, and are not so easily injured by 

it. By far the greatest number succeed 

perfectly, where the temperature Ls 

merely high enough to exclude frost, 

that is, anywhere bet%veen thirty-five 

and forty-five degrees, as may be most 

agreeable to the cultivator. 

" Succulents are generally easily 

multiplied, either by seeds or cuttings. 

I 

' are 

If the cutting is very soft, and liable to 

damp, it ought to be dried a little before 

it is put into the sand. Sometimes 

a little quicklime is useful for preventing 

decay, and can be either used for 

the base of the cutting, or to any part 

of the plant from which a damping 

piece has been removed." Gardeners' 

Chron. 

SUCKERS, says Dr. Lindley, in his 

Theory of Horticulture, " are branches 

naturally thrown up by a plant from its 

base, when the onward current of 

growth of the stem is stopped. Every 

stem, even the oldest, must have been 

once covered with leaves ; each leaf 

had a bud in its axil ; but of those buds, 

few are developed as branches, and 

the remainder remain latent, or perish. 

When the onward growth of a plant is 

arrested, the sap is driven to find new 

outlets, and then latent buds are very 

likely to be developed ; in fact, when 

the whole plant is young, they must 

necessarily shoot forth under fitting 

circumstances; the well-known effect 

of cutting down a tree is an exemplification 

of this. Such branches, if they 

proceed from under ground, frequently 

form roots at their base, when they are 

employed as a means of propagation ; 

and in the case of the pine-apple they 

made use of for the same purpose, 

although they do not emit roots till 

they are separated from the parent. 

Gardeners usually satisfy themselves 

with takmg from their pine-apple plants 

such suckers as are produced in consequence 

of the stoppage of onward 

growth by the formation of the fruits ; 

I but these are few in number, and not

— 

SU F 577 S W L 

j 

j 

at all what the plant is capable of kind of grain, like that of most others, 

yielding. Instead of throwing away the 

"stump" of the pine-apple, it should 

varies considerably, according to the 

state of the soil, climate and the cnlbe 

placed in a damp pit, and exposed tivation that is employed; but the 

to a bottom heat of 90", or thereabouts, average quantity of seed is about filty 

when every one of the latent eyes will bushels per acre. This will produce 

spring forth, and a crop of young plants fifty gallons of oil, and of oil-cake 1,500 

be the result." pounds. ']"lie stalks, when burnt for 

Taking up or transplanting stickers alkali, give ten hundred weight of pomay 

be performed almost at any time, tash. 

in open weather, from October to: SUNFLOWER. Actinotus Helianthi. 

March, being careful to dig them up SUN ROSK. Heliantheinam. 

from the mother plant with as much SURFACE GRUBS, or caterpillars, 

root as possible, and cutting off any are the larvic of several 

thick knobbed part of the old root that Noctua, or Night Moths. 

species of 

Gardeners 

may adhere to the bottom, leaving only thus name them because they attack the 

the fibres arising from the young wood, roots of the turnip, mangold wurtzcl, 

Though it is probable some will appear &c., just at the surface of the soil, 

with hardly any fibres, they will be dis- SUTHERLANDIA/rw/cscc/iS. 1 

posed to produce them after removal. 

SUFFOCATION is a term employed 

by Keith and others to describe any 

stopping of the transpiratory organs of 

plants, whether it arises from extravasated 

sap, mosses, fungi, or even from 

a deficient supply oPsap. 

SUGAR RAKERS' REFUSE. See 

Animal Matters. 

SUMACH. Rhus. 

SUNFLOWER. Helianthus. 

H. anniius. Annual Sunflower. 

Soil and Situation.—A light rich soil, ! leaves 

and as unshadowed by trees as possible, SWEDISH { 

suits it best. It is now much cultivated intermedia. 

for its oil, and as a food for cattle and , 

SWEDISH 

Half- 

hardy evergreen shrub. Seeds or young 


SUWARROW NUT. Caryocar. 

SWAINSONIA. Three species. 


cuttings or seeds. Sandy loam and peat. 

SWALLOW WORT. Asclepias. 

SWAMP LOCUST TREE. Gleditschia 

monosperma. 

SWAMP POST. Qtiercus lyrata. 

SWARTZIA. Three species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings with the 

on. Sandy loam and peat, 

BEAM TREE. Py7-us 

TURNIP. Brassica cam- 

: 

j 

poultry. The following directions for pestris ; va.r. rittabaga. 

its culture on a large scale, are applica- SWEEPING. See Broom. It is 

ble on a 

den 

reduced extent for the gar- best done in calm weather, and early, 

: 

[ whilst the dew is strong enough to al- 

| 

; 

| 

' 

The earlier the seed can be got into lay the dust and keep the light refuse 

the ground the better, say the beginning from blowing about, 

of April, as the crop will be ready to SWEET BAY. Lauriis nobilis. 

harvest the latter part of August, which SWEET BRIAR. Rosa rubiginosa. 

will be of the greatest importance to 

growers. The necessary (]uantity of 

It is of the easiest propagation in any 

common garden soil. Cuttings, suckseed 

required for an acre depends upon ers, ai\d seed may be inditferently emthe 

conditions of the soil, and varies ployed. 

from four pounds to five pounds ; but, " To form a hedge of it sow the heps 

of course, it is advisable to sow a little in the autumn as soon as ripe, or which 

more than is actually wanted, to pro- is better, in the month of J\Iarch, havvide 

against accidents. The seed should ing kept them in the meanwhile mixed 

be drilled into the ground, and the dis- with sand. But it is far more convenitance 

from row to row eighteen inches; ent to buy sweet briar ' layers,' (young 

the plants to be thinned out to thirty plants.) from the nurseryman, and to 

inches from plant to ])lant, and the plant them a foot apart early in the 

number of plants at this distance would month of November. Let them grow 

be about 14,500 per acre ; at eighteen as they like for the first year, and cut 

inches from plant to plant, 25,000 per them down to the ground the second; 

acre ; and at twelve inches from plant thoy will then spring up and require no 

to plant, 3'2,000. The produce of this more care than occasional trimming 

37

— 

: 

S WE 57S S WI 

with the pruning-knife or shears, so as : light loam on a dry subsoil. Leaf-mould 

to keep the hedge in shape. When it ! and liquid manure the best additions 

gets naked at the bottom it must be 

again cut down." Gard. Chron. 

SWEET CALABASH. Fassiftora 

maliformis. 

SWEET CICELY. See Chervil. 

SWEETIA. Three species. Stove 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings or seeds. 

Loam and sand. 

SWEET MAR.TORAM. Origanum 

majorana. 

SWEET MAUDLIN. Achillea ageratum. 

SWEET PEA. Lathyrus odoratus. 

SWEET POTATOE. Batata. 

SWEET SOP. Anona squamosa. 

SWEET SULTAN. Centaurea moschata. 

SWEET WILLIAM. Dianthus harbatus. 

Varieties. — Narrow-leaved kinds 

Deep Red; Pale Red; Pale Red and 

Flesh-coloured; Purplish, white-eyed; 

Snow White; White and Flesh-coloured 

; White and Purple ; White Spotted ; 

Red flowers and white borders, called 

Painted Lady Sweet-William, and many 

Propagation.—They are propagated 

by seed, layers, and slips. 

By Seed. — March and April is the 

season for sowing ; sow it in a bed or 

border of light earth broadcast, and 

rake it in. In a fortnight the plants 

will come up. In June or July transplant 

into nursery beds of common 

earth, in rows six or eight inches distant, 

to remain until autumn or spring 

following, then to be taken up and 

planted in the places where they are to 

flower. 

By Layers.— June and July is the 

proper season, and the same method is 

to be observed in every respect as for 

the Carnation. This is the only method 

of propagation to continue the 

same double-flowered varieties. Being 

layered, give frequent waterings in dry 

weather, and they will be well rooted 

in six or seven weeks, then to be separated 

from the old plant, and removed 

to a bed of light soil; and in October 

some of them should be potted to move 

to occasional shelter from frost, for 

other intermediate shades of colours although the doubles are almost as 

' and variegations, and which frequently hardy as the single, yet being more 

i vary in the flowers of the same aggre- choice, it is necessary always to have 

gate; there are also single and double some that may have protection in severe 

j 

flowers of each variety. Among the winters, the same as for choice Carnadoubles 

of this class of narrow leaves, tions. 

' is that sort called the Mule, having a By Slips.—July is the best month for 

bright red double flower in smallish ag- ' 

slipping 

; observing, if it is to be per- 

' 

| 

j 

' 

[ 

| 

j 

gregates, said to have been accidentally 

produced from the seed of a Carnation 

formed upon the year-old plants, they 

must be slipped quite down to the 

impregnated by the Sweet-William. roots, so as to have fibres to each slip ; 

Broad-leaved kinds:—Tall deep red; plant them at once where they are to 

Tall flesh-coloured; Pure White; White flower, but these never make such good 

dotted; Striped leaves and red flowers; plants as seedlings and layers, nor do 

Large double rose-coloured; Sweet they generally flower so strongly. 

scented; Large double deep purplish Saving Seed.— " The flowers which 

burster; Double variegated. All the have the most beautiful colours, should, 

varieties, about forty in number, are when in full bloom, be marked from 

hardy herbaceous evergreen perennials, which to have seed; if any ordinary 

rising the first year with a large bushy sorts grow near them, let them be re- 

tuft of leafy shoots, continuing green moved to prevent hybridizing. Let the 

the year round, and the second year branches of seed be gathered in dry 

shooting up flower-stems, producing weather, and after lying a few days in 

flowers in June and July, succeeded by the sun be beaten out and stored till 

abundance of seed in autumn. The spring." Abercrombie. 

plants, although usually of several SWIETENIA. Two species. Stove 

years' duration, yet, after the first year evergreen trees. Ripe cuttings with 

of flowering, the shoots generally be- the leaves on. Loam and sand, 

come long, straggling, and of dwindling SYMPHIANDRA pendida. Hardy 

growth, so that a supply should be raised biennial. Seeds. Common soil, 

every year from seed or layers. SYMPIIORICARPUS. St. Peter's 

Wort. Three species. Hardy decidu- 

Soil.—The best is a moderately rich : 

—

— 

S YM 579 TAN 

ous trees. Cuttings or suckers. Com- operator should stand at some distance 

mon soil. from the plants, so that the water may 

SYMPHYTUM. Eip;ht species, spread and tali upon them like a shower. 

Hardy herbaceous or tuberous-rooted But it" aphides have to be destroyed he 

perennials. Division. Off-sets. Any 

soil suits them. 

SYMl'IKZIA capitellata. Greenhouse 


Turty peat and sand. 

S Y M P L O C O S . Three species. 

may be closer to the plants, and drive 

forth the water with greater force. 

SYZYGIUM. Three species. Stove 


Sandv peat. 

TABERN.EMONTANA. Fifteen 

! 

| 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, or stove species. Stove evergreen shrubs and 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam, trees. Cuttings. Loam, peat, and sand, 

peat and sand. TACCA. Six species. Stove bulbous 

SYXCHRONIC.\L TIMES are va- perennials. Division. Loam, peat, and 

lidly observed for the 

gardening operations. 

performance of 

More than one 

sand. 

TACHLV. Three species. Stove 

botanist has observed that if the time evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat, sand, 

of the foliation and blossoming of trees 

and herbs, and the days on which the 

and loam. 

TACHIGALLl bijvga. Stove ever- 

seed is sown, flowers, and ripens, were 

noted, and if the observer continued 

these observations for many years, there 

green tree. Cuttings. Light loam. 

TACSOXL\.. Two species. Stove 

evergreen climbers. Cuttings. Loam 

can be no doubt but that we might find and peat. 

some rule from which we might con- T.^RRITIS. Three species. Ferns. 

clude at what time grains and culinary Stove evergreen creepers. Division or 

plants, according to the nature of each 

8oil, ought to be sown ; nor should we 


TAGETES. Fifteen species. Hardy 

be at a loss to guess at the approach of 

winter; nor ignorant whether we ought 

to make our autumn sowing later or 

annuals, except T.ôrirfa and T.lucula, 

the first a half-hardy, the second a 

rcen-house herbaceous perennial. The 

earlier. 

M. Barck would derive his intimations 

from the vegetable tribes alone, 

annuals increase by seed, the others by 

cuttings or division. Light rich soil. 

TALAUMA. Three species. Stove 

but, I think, the other kingdoms of evergreen shrubs. Layers or inarching 

organic nature might be included; as 

the appearances of certain migratory 

birds, and the birth of certain insects. 

For example, in the east of England, it 

is a common saying among gardeners, 

confirmed by practice — ''When you 

have seen two swallows together, sow 

kidney beans." 

Mr. Stillingfleet, one of the most 

careful of Nature's observers, says, that 

in his time "the prudent gardener never 

' 

on Magnolia obovata, and ripe cuttings 

with the leaves on will root, but not 

easily. Loam, peat, and sand. 

T XLIVAIA hengalensis. Palm. Seeds. 

Turfy loam and sand. 

TALIRIUM. Seven species. Stove 

and green-house evergreen shrubs and 

herbaceous perennials. Cuttings. Loam, 

peat, and sand. T. rejlexum, a stove 

biennial, increases by seeds. 

TALISLA. guianensis. Stove ever- 

I 

' 

j 

I 

; 

ventured to put his house-plants out green shrub. Large cuttings with the 

until the mulberry leaf was of a certain leaves on. Turfv loam and peat. 

growth." Gard. Aim. 

TALLIES, iieo Lahda. 

I 

SYNN'ETLA.. Three species. Green- TAMARINDUS. Tamarind. Two 

house bulbous perennials. Offsets. species. Stove evergreen trees. Seeds 


and cuttings. Sandv loam and peat. 

SYRL\G.\. Lilac. Five species and TAMARIX. Three species. Stove 

many varieties. Hardy deciduous evergreen shrubs or trees, except T. 

shrubs. Seeds, layers, or suckers. ignllica, which is a hardy deciduous 

Common soil. 

shrub. Cuttings. Any soil suits tlicni. 

SYRINGK. This is a most useful ALinna is produced from a variety of 

] 

implement for impelling water over T. gallic ia. 

plants in pots, wall-trees, &c. Read's TAMONEA. Two species. Stove 

syrmges are excellent. When the ob- biennials. Seeds. Sandy soil. 

ject is merely to refresh the plants, the TAN. See Bark. 

I

TAN 580 TAX 

TANACETUM. Tansy. Nine 

species. Hardy or green-house herbaceous 

perennials. Tlie hardy kinds 

increase by division, t)ie green-house 

by cuttings. Light rich soil. T. globu- 

^//"erum a hardy annual. Seeds. Coramon 

soil. 

TANGIER PEA. Lathyrus tingitanus. 

TANK SYSTEM. See Stove, Hot 

Water, and Rendle. 

TANSY. Tanacetum vulgare. 

Varieties.—The Curled or Double 

Tansy, the one chiefly grown for culinary 

purposes ; the Variegated ; and 

the Common or Plain. This last is but 

of little worth, except for medicinal 

preparations. 

Soil and Situation.—A light, dry, and 

rather poor soil, in an open exposure, 

is best suited to it, as in such it is the 

most hardy and aromatic. 

Planting.— It is propagated by rooted 

slips, or divisions of its fibrous creeping 

root, planted from the close of February 

until that of May, as well as during 

the autumn. Established plants may 

be moved at any period of the year. 

Insert in rows twelve inches apart each 

way ; 

a gentle watering being given, if 

tlie season is not showery. As the 

roots spread rapidly, plants will soon 

make liieir appearance over a large 

space of ground if left undisturbed ; to 

prevent it, a path should be left entirely 

round the bed, and often dug up to keep 

them within bounds. The plants run 

up to seed during summer, but the 

stalks must be constantly removed, to 

encourage the production of young 

leaves. Weeds should be extirpated, 

and the decayed stalks cleared away in j 

autumn, at the same time a little fresh 

mould being scattered over the bed. I 

Forcing.— If required during the | 

winter and early spring, old undivided i 

roots must be placed in a moderate ! 

•well. 1 

TARCHONANTHUS. Two species.' 



TARRAGON. Artemisia dracunculus. 

Use it in salads to correct the 

coldness of the other herbs ; and its 

leaves are likewise excellent when 

pickled. 

Soil and Situation.— It will flourisli 

in any that are poor and bleak. Indeed, 

a poor dry earth is essential to produce 

it in perfection as to flavour, and hardy. 

Propagation by parting the roots, 

slips, and cuttings; as also by seed to 

be sown in the spring, but this mode is 

attended with much trouble. To have 

green Tarragon during the winter and 

spring, strong-rooted plants must be 

planted, small portions at a time, once 

or twice a month, from the close of 

October to the end of January. For the 

main crop, it may be planted any time 

from the end of February until the conclusion 

of May ; and by cuttings of the 

young stalks, from the close of June 

until the same period of August; this 

last mode is not often adopted, on account 

of the uncertainty attending the 

rooting of the cuttings. 

Cultivation.—The plants must be at 

least ten inches apart; and if dry 

weather, especially in the summer 

months, water must be given regularly 

every evening until they are rooted. 

They soon establish themselves, and 

may be gathered from the same year. 

As they run up, if seed is not required, 

the stems should be cut down, which 

causes them to shoot afresh. The only 

additional cultivation required is to 

keep them free from weeds. 

At the end of autumn, if some established 

plants are set beneath a south 

fence, they will often afford leaves 

throughout the winter, or, at all events, 

come early in the spring. Some of the 

leaves should be gathered in the summer, 

and dried for winter's use. 

To obtain Seed, it is only necessary to 

| 

Iiot-bed once a month, from the middle allow it to run up without molestation. 

of November to the close of February. It flowers about July, and when the 

They may be planted in the earth of the seed is ripe, in early autumn, must be 

bed, in pots, and plunged in a similar cut, and completely dried before it is 

situation, or placed round the edges of 

the bark pits in a hot-house. A frame 

beaten out. 

TASMANNIA aromatica. Green- 

IS not absolutely necessary, as a coverhouse shrub. Cuttings. Sandy loam 

ing ofmats supported on hoops, afforded 

during frost, at night, and in very in- 

and peat. 

TAVERNIER A. Two species. Greenclement 

weather, will answer nearly as house evergreens; one a trailer, the 

othera shrub. Seeds. Sandy loam. 

TAXODIUM capense. Green-house

TAX 581 TEN 

evergreen shrub; and T. di'shVftum Green-house evergreen shrubs. Young 

i (Deciduous Cypress), and its varieties, cuttings. Sandy loam and peat, 

hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, layers, TENTHREDO. Saw-Hy. T. moris, 

j 

' orcuttinjrs with the leaves on, placed in Plum Saw-fly, attacks the green-gage, 

water. Rich moist soil. and other plums, when about | the size 

TAXUS. Yew Tree. Five species. of peas. It pierces them, ! causing their 

Evergreen shrubs and trees, all hardy fall, to deposit its eggs in their pulp, 

except T. nucifera, which belongs to M. Kollar gives these correct particuthe 

green-house. They increase chiefly lars of this insect : 

by seeds, but may also increase by cuttings. 

Moist soil. See Coniferte. 

TEA-TREE. Thea. 

TECOMA. Fifteen species. Stove | 

— 

At a distance it resembles a small 

house-fly ; but it has four wings, whereas 

the house-fly has only two. The 

I 

i 

head and body are completely black. 

evergreen shrubs and trees. Green 

house, hardy, and half-hardy evergreen 

and the feet of a reddish yellow. 

" It lays its eggs in the notched part 

and deciduous climbers. Cuttings and 

layers. Peat and loam, or common 

soil, and a warm situation. 

of the calyx of the flowers, cuts in 

obliquely with its saws, without completely 

piercing it through, and intro- 

TEEDIA. Two species. Greenduces the egg into the deepest part, so 

house biennials. Cuttings or seeds. 

that, when it flies away, nothing is seen 


on the exterior but two very small 

TEESDALIA. Two species. Har- brown spots. 

dy annuals. Seeds. Common " The egg is very soil. 

small, greenishwhite, 

and transparent. It is hatched 

TELEKIA speciosa. Hardy herba- 

in the course of a few days, and proceous 

perennial. Division. Common duces a delicate whitish larva, with a 

soil. 

dark-brown head, six pairs of middle 

T E L L I M A grandiflora. Hardy 

feet, three pairs of fore feet, and 

herbaceous 

one 

perennial. Division. Peaty 

pair of anal feet." 

soil. 

T. hamorrhoidalis, Pear Saw-fly, re- 

TELOPEA speciosissima. Warratah. 

, ^ , - sembles the former, but is rather 

Green-house 

lamer. 

evergreen tree. Lavers j i n i . rr,, 

„„. ' 

w- c J i 

J and has more yellow about it. 

and The 

also cuttings. Sandy loam and „ .u •. ° i . . j .1 

, ,1 ,, 

^ 

luoiii auu 

gjjj^g authority last quoted says that it 

heath mould. ,, •',, 

, ,' I 

1 

. ,, ' ,. 

'< appears usually late in Mav, some ol 

TE.MPERATURE is the most im- them only in June, if the warm spring 

portant circumstance connected with weather sets in laie. The foinale lays 

the cultivation of plants for upon its ; from forty to sixty eggs, and almost 

proper regulation and just accommoda- j 

i 

1 

1 

> 

. 

' 

; 

1 

j 

1 

i 

always on the under side of the leaf, 

tion to the intensity of light depend, in The caterpillar, which is hatched in a 

the chiet degree, whether a plant is few days, at first is of a whitish yellow, 

healthy and capable of performing its but becomes darker every day. As soon 

functions. Every seed has its appro- as it is exposed to the light, it spins a 

priatc temperature for germinating (see web over itself, the threads of which 

Germination) every ; root has a temper- proceed from its mouth. The caterpilature 

in which it imbibes food most lar never appears out of this web ; and 

favourably (see Bottom-heat) ; and every when it has partly eaten a leaf, it spins 

leat has a temperature in which it re- itself a web on another, and always ia 

spires most vigorously (see Leaves and company with the other caterpillars. It 

^lght Temperature). 

has a black head, and, immediately un- 

TEMPLES dedicated to some deity der the throat, two black dots: the other 

of the heathen mythology, as to Pan in I parts of the body are ochre-colored and 

a grove, or to Flora among bright sun- transparent, without hairs." Kollar. 

ny parterres, arc not inappropriate, if T. difformis. Antler Rose Saw-fly. 

the extent of the grounds and the expenditure 

on their management allow 

Its caterpillar feeds on the leaves of 

rose-trees; and they are thus described 

i them to be of that size, and of that cor- by Mr. Curtis : 

! 

' 

rectness of style, which can alone give " They are nearly cylindrical, taperthe 

classic air and dignity which are ing a little to the tail. They are bright 

their only sources of pleasure. green, and covered with short upright 

TEMPLETONIA. Two species, hairs, with a darker line down the back 

j 

— 

— 

,

TEN 582 TEN 

and one of a deeper tint down each 

side. Having arrived at their full 

growth, they spin a web either between 

the contiguous leaves, or in a fold, by 

drawing the sides of a leaf slightly together 

; but sometimes it is attached to 

the stem only at a fork of the branches. 

In this web they form a yellowish-white 

cocoon, somewhat oval. In these cocoons 

the green larva? rest a short time, 

losing, it is said, their fourteen false 

legs, and eventually changing to a pupa. 

The flies are hatched in twelve or thirteen 

days. The perfect insect is found 

from the end of May to the middle of 

August. 

" It would not, perhaps, be an easy 

matter to get rid of these troublesome 

caterpillars, except by hand-picking and 

shaking the branches over a cloth ; 

lor, 

as they keep on the under surface of 

the leaves, no application except fumi- 

['ating with sulphur would fairly reach 

them. It is possible that sprinkling 

liellebore powder over the leaves would 

annoy them.'" 

— — 

Gard. Citron. 

T.populi, Peach, or Poplar Saw-fly, 

also resembles the first-named, and M. 

Kollar says that, 

— 

"As soon as the first leaves of the 

stone-fruits are unfolded in spring, this 

saw-fly visits them, and attacks the 

peach, apricot, and plum trees. They 

choose days that are particularly still 

and warm, and lay their eggs on a leaf 

in rows, one after another, from thirty 

to forty in number, not all at once, but 

often disburden themselves of their eggs 

at different times. They are longish, 

cylindrical, and of a light yellow color. 

" If the weather is favorable the eggs 

are hatched in a few days, and a whitegreenish 

grub is produced from them. 

They no sooner begin to move than 

they surround themselves with a web; 

thus surrounded they roam from one 

leaf to another, from which they select 

the best parts for their food ; therefore 

a leaf is never found entirely consumed. 

"As soon as they have attained their 

full growth they retire into the ground, 

form themselvesa chamber, make themselves 

a dark-brown roomy case, the 

material for which they produce from 

themselves, and remain in the earth till 

spring, when they again appear as sawflies 

to propagate their species." 

Kollar. 

T. grossularia and T. ribesii are 

— — 

very destructive 

Curtis says that, 

of gooseberries. Mr. 

" The larvae, of which there are two 

generations in the course of the year, 

live in societies consisting of from 50 

to nearly 1000. One family, so to 

speak, frequently occupy one bush, 

and destroy all the leaves, thus preventing 

the fruit from arriving at maturity. 

" The larvK are of a grayish colour, 

covered with small black warts arranged 

in rows, and have twenty feet. 

Their transformation also takes place 

in society, one fi.\ing the end of its 

cocoon to the end of the next, and so 

on. Many remedies have been suggested, 

but none have been attended 

with perfect success. Perhaps the surest 

way of all to diminish the numbers is 

to hand-pick the larva?, and collect the 

cocoons wherever they appear, and 

destroy them, thus killing many hundreds 

in embryo." Gard. Chron. 

T. -pini, T. erythrocephala, and T. rufus, 

infest the pine and fir species. 

T. cerasi produces a slimy catepillar, 

commonly called a slug-worm, very injurious 

to the leaf of the cherry, plum, 

and pear. Mr. Curtis observes of 

" these very singular and inactive cat- 

erpillars," that they " are more like 

little black slugs, or tadpoles, than the 

larva? of a saw-fly, being entirely covered 

with a slimy matter which gives 

them a moist and shining appearance; 

and when at rest, upon the foliage, 

they might easily be mistaken for the 

droppings of sparrows or swallows. 

Upon closer examination they will be 

found to exhibit the typical characters 

of the family to which they belong, 

having six pectoral and fourteen abdominal 

feet, but no anal ones. They 

are of a deep bottle-green color ; the 

thorax is dilated, being very much 

thicker than the rest of the body, and 

concealing the head, or nearly so. 

" After four or five weeks, when 

they have arrived at their full growth, 

they cast off" their bottle-green jackets, 

and then appear in a suit of buff, being 

entirely changed in their appearance ; 

they no longer shine, neither are they 

smooth, but covered with small transverse 

wrinkles ; and, a short time after, 

they leave the leaves for the purpose 

of entering the earth, where they spin 

an oval brown cocoon composed of silk, 

with grains of the soil 

outside. 

adhering to the

— 

T EP 583 T E R. 

1 

| 

"Towards the end of July, after blisters where it commenced its operahaving 

lain dormant nearly ten months, tions being withered, they become 

the flies emerge from their tombs. The ochreous or brown ; and the other por- 

female is of a shining black, with a tions, but recently deprived of the 

violet tint ; the head and thorax are 

pubescent; the horns are short, pointed, 

and composed of nine joints; the ovipositor 

is nearly concealed : the wings 

are often more or less stained with 

black. 

pulpy substance, partake of a pale 

green tint. In this way one maggot 

will form a patch of more than an inch 

in diameter before it is full grown. 

"The larva; are of a glossy pale 

green, with the alimentary canal shin- 

I 

i 

i 

The eggs are deposited on the ing through the back ; the head is atupper 

side of the leaves, probably un- tenuated, and the tail 

der the skin. They are oval, and of a few tubercles. The 

obtuse, with a 

maggots leave 

clear yellow colour: the young larvai their habitations and probably enter the 

are hatched from them in a few days, 

Dusting the infested trees with quickearth 

to undergo their transformation to 

the pupa. The male flies are shining 

lime is certain death to the larva;, es- ochreous, with a few black bristles on 

pecially in their earlier stages; but it the head and thorax, which are dark 

ought to be repeated once or twice, as! ochreous; the lower part of the face 

they change their skins, and can thus, ' and 

horns is yellowish ; the latter droop, 

like slugs, get rid of the noxious matter and are furnished with a fine bristle or 

with their slough, for the first time, but seta, which is black, except at the 

not so at the second dusting. On a base. The eyes are deep green; the 

^ 

small scale, the powdered and unslaked . body, which is five-jointed, is rusty 

lime might be scattered over the leaves ; 

and downy ; the wings are much 

I 

i 

\ 

with a tin box, having a number of holes 

brown 

longer than the body, iridescent, pretin 

the lid like a dredging-box ; and on a tily 

larger scale a fine sieve might be used by two 

variegated with brown, leaving 

transparent spots on the costal 

a man on a ladder or steps. Decoction edge, and five large irregular ones on 

of tobacco water, about a quarter of a the inferior margin. The female is 

pound of tobacco to two gallons of larger and darker, especially the thorax, 

abdomen, and the brown markings 

on the wings." Gard. Chron. 

water, thrown over the trees with a 

garden-engine, will destroy them. 

" Some persons have employed limewater 

with complete success; about a 

peck of lime to thirty gallons of water; 

and if two pounds of soft soap be added, 

it will improve the mixture. 

" The best periods for applying these 

liquids, are before seven in the morning 

and after five in the evening. The 

syringing should be repeated until the 

trees an; free from the slug worm ; they 

may afterwards be washed clean with 

pure water; and if the lime water be 

used in the evening the cleansing may 

be deterred until the 

ing."— Gard. Chron. 

following morn- 

TEPHRITIS onopordinis. Celery 

Fly. Tliis insect causes blisters on the 

leaves of celery by puncturing them, 

and depositing its eggs within their 

tissue. Mr. Curtis observes that, 

' 

! 

" On examining these blisters they 

are found to be considerably inflated, 

— 

The blisters are most prevalent in 

September and October, and are occasionally 

found on those of the Alexander 

and Parsnep. 

TEPHROSIA. Twenty-eight species. 

Stove and green-house evergreen 

shrubs, and a few herbaceous perennials 

of the latter species. T. virginiana 

'\s half hardy. Seeds or young cuttings. 


TERAMNUS. Two species. Stove 

evergreen twiners. Cuttings. Loam 

and peat. 

TEREBRATION, or peg-grafting, is 

an obsolete mode, in which a hole 

was bored in the slock, and the scion 

was cut in a peg form to fit iti See 

Grafting. 

TERMINALIA. Fifteen species. 

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Ripe 

cuttings. Loam aud peat. From T. 

ca^fippa the Indian ink is obtained, 

and, on holding them up to the light, a TERNSTROMIA. Four species, 

maggot may be seen moving between Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. 

the thin and somewhat transparent cu- Loam and peat. 

tides, where it has been consuming TERRACES are not permissible any- 

the parenchyma. Those parts of the where but around the mansion. Mr. 

!

— 

— 

— 

T E S 584 THE 

Whately justly observes, in connection 

with these structures, that, 

"Choice arrangement, composition, 

improvement, and preservation, are so 

many symptoms of art whicli may occasionally 

appear in several parts of a 

garden, but ought to be displayed without 

reserve near the house; nothing 

there should seem neglected ; it is a 

scene of the most cultivated nature ; it 

ought to be enriched—it ought to be 

adorned ; and design may be avowed 

in the plan, and expense in the execution." 

Mr. Loudon is more practical on this 

TETRAMENA mexicanianum. 

Green-house shrub. Cuttings and seed. 


TETRANTHERA. Eight species. 

Stove and green-house evergreen trees 

and shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Turfy loam, 


TETRANTHUS Uttoralis. Stove 

evergreen creeper. Division. Sandy 

loam. 

TETRAPELTIS fragrans. Stove 

orchid. Division. Peat and potsherds. 

TETRAPTERIS. Two species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Peat 

and loam. 

: 

; 

subject, and observes, 

TETRATHECA. Seven species. 

" The breadth of terraces, and their Green-house evergreen shrubs. Young 

height relatively to the level of the floor cuttings. 

of the living-rooms, must depend jointly 

on the height of the floor of the living- 


rooms and the surface of the grounds 

or country to be seen over them. Too 

broad or too high a terrace will both 

have the effect of foreshortening a lawn 

with a declining surface, or concealing 

a near valley. The safest mode, 

in doubtful cases, is not to form this 

appendage till after the principal floor 

is laid, and then to determine the details 

of the terrace by trial and correc- 

tion. 

" Narrow terraces are entirely occupied 

as promenades, and may be either 

gravelled or paved ; and different levels, 

when they exist, connected by inclined 

planes or flights of steps. Where 

the breadth is more than is requisite for 

TETTIGONI A spumar/a. Froth Fly, 

or Cuckoo Spit. The frothy patches 

seen in April and May upon the young 

shoots of hawthorn, lilac, peach, &c., 

are formed by this insect. As the froth 

is formed from the sap of the plant, 

the insect is by so much injurious to it. 

The froth protects the insect from the 

sun, from night colds, and from parasitic 

insects ; but it betrays the insect to the 

gardener, whose hand is the best remedy. 

TEUCRIUM. Forty-seven species. 

Hardy, half-hardy, and green-house 

evergreen shrubs and herbaceous perennials; 

some hardy annuals, and T. 

cubense a stove biennial. The herbaceous 

perennials increase by division 

and seeds; the shrubby kinds by young, 

cuttings; the annuals and biennials by 

walks, the borders may be kept in turf, 

with groups or marginal strips of flowers seeds. j 

and low shrubs. In some cases the 

terrace-walls may be so extended as to 

Common soil suits them all. 

enclose ground sufficient for a level 

plot to be used as a bowling green. 

These are generally connected with one 

of the living-rooms, or ihe conservatory; 

and to the latter is frequently joined an 

aviary, and the entire range of botanic 

stoves." Enc. Gard. 

TESTUDINARIA. Two species. 

Green-house deciduous climbers. Imported 

roots. Turfy loam and peat. 

TETRACERA. Four species. Stove 

evergreen climbers. Ripe cuttings. 


TETRAGONOLOBUS. Hardy trailing 

annuals or deciduous trailers. 


TETRAGONOTHECA helianthoides. 

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division 

or seeds. Rich light soil. 

THALIA dealbata, a half-hardy aquatic 

perennial, and T.geniculata, a stove 

herbaceous perennial. Division. Light 

rich soil. 

THALICTRUM. Fifty-six species. 

Hardy herbaceous perennials : a few 

are twiners. Division. Light soil. 

THAPSIA. Seven species. Hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Seeds. Common 

soil. 

THAPSIUM. Two species. Hardy 



THEA. Tea. Three species. Greenhouse 



THEOPHRASTA Jussieui. Stove 

evergreen tree. Cuttings, with the 

leaves left entire. 

THERMOMETER. This instrument 

is the only unfailing guide for the gar-

THE 585 THE 

dener in regulating the heat to which ' 

foreign writers, the following table, 

he allows the roots and foliage of his showing the synonymous degrees of 

plants to be subjected. F;ihreniieit's is each, will be useful. [See table.] 

that employed \n England; but as on Ff)/i7'

THE 586 THI 

^ 

j 

and its boiling point, 212°. Reaumur's 'plexicaule, a green - house evergreen 

thermometer was that chiefly used in shrub ; increased by cuttings, and grow- 

France before the Revolution, and is ing best in loam and peat; the herbathat 

now generally used in Spain, and ceous kinds increase by division or 

seeds, and require a chalky soil. 

THESPESIA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Half-ripe cuttings. 

Sandy loam. 

THIBAUDIA. Four species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Turfy loam, 


THINNING. The exhaustion conse- 

upon the production of seed, is 

in some other Continental States. In 

its scale, the freezing point is C ; and 

the boiling point, 80°. Celsius or the 

Centigrade thermometer, now used 

throughout France, and in the northern 

kingdoms of Europe, the freezing point 

is 0° ; and the boiling point, 100°. 

Hence, to reduce degrees of temperature 

of the Centigrade thermometer and quent ! 

of that of Reaumur to degrees of Fah- , a 

renheifs scale, and conversely: 

— 

chief cause of the decay of plants. 

This explains why fruit trees are weak- 

Rule 1. Multiply the Centigrade de- ened or rendered temporarily unprogrees 

by 9, and divide the product by ductive, and even killed, by being 

5; or multiply the degrees of Reaumur allowed to ripen too large a crop of 

by 9, and divide by 4 ; then add 32 to fruit, or to "overbear themselves," as 

the quotient in either case, and the it is emphatically termed by the garsum 

is the degrees of temperature ofjdener. 

j 

^ 

: 

| 

Fahrenheit's scale. The thinning of fruit is consequently 

Rule 2. From the number of degrees one of the most important operations 

on Fahrenheit's scale, subtract 32 of the garden, though one of the least 

; 

multiply the remainder by 5, for Centi- generally practised. On the weaker 

grade degrees, or by 4 for those of branches of the nectarine and peach, 

Reaumur's scale, and the product, in an average space of nine inches should 

either case, being divided by 9, will be between each brace of fruit, and on 

give the temperature required. the most vigorous wood of the most 

To ascertain the internal temperature healthy trees, they should not be nearer 

of a hot-house, the thermometer should than sis inches. This enforcement of 

be fixed near its centre, against a pillar, the importance of thinning fruit, is not 

intended to be confined to the two 

and under a cupola, or little roof, shad- ; 

ing it from the sun. trees specified ; it is equally important 

A self-registering thermometer should i to be attended to in all other fruitbe 

in every house, for it shows the bearers, but especially the vine, apri- 

| 

highest and lowest degrees of heat cot, apple, and pear. It should be 

which have occurred in the twenty- done with a bold fearless hand, and the 

four hours; and, therefore, perfection of that which is allowed to 

Fig. 166. serves as a check upon remain, will amply reward the grower 

those to whose 

are entrusted. 

care they in the harvest time 

sacrifice now made. 

for the apparent 

But he will not 

Bregazzi's bark-bed ther- reap his reward only in this year, for 

mometer is an excellent in- the trees, thus kept unweakened by 

strument for ascertaining over production, will be able to ripen 

the bottom heat of hot- their wood, and deposit that store of 

beds, bark-pits, &c. It is inspissated sap in their vessels, so ab- 

a thermometer inclosed in solutely necessary for their fruilfulness 

a metal tube, perforated to next season. 

admittheheal, pointed so as 

to be easily thrust down and 

The berries of the grape vine are best 

thinned from the branches with a sharpwith 

a small door in the pointed pair of scissors, care being 

side, for observing the de- taken to remove the smallest berries, 

gree of temperature shown 

^ by the scale. Fig. 166 

THERMO PS IS. Three species. 

This increases the weight and excellence 

of the bunches; for two berries 

will always outweigh four grown on 

Hardy or half-hardy herbaceous peren- the same branchlet of a bunch, benials. 

Seeds. Light rich soil. 

THESIUM. Six species. Hardy 

sides being far handsomer, and having 

more juice, as compared with the skins. 

herbaceous perennials, except T. am- 

The average weight of the bunches on

— 

TH 587 T HU 

a vine may be taken, when ripe, at half the leaves, and at this time the recently 

a pound each, and with this data it is hatched but perfect insect, either lies 

easy to carry into practice Mr. Clement close under the ribs, or roves about in 

Iloare's excellent rule for proportioning 

the crop to the size of the vine. 

If its stem, measured just above the 

ground, be three inches in circumference, 

it may bear five pounds weight of 

grapes. 

3.i inches 10 lbs. 

4 '• 15 " 

41 " 20 " 

5" " 25 " 

And so five pounds additional for 

every half inch of increased circumference. 

Thinning is a most necessary operation 

with |)lanls, as well as with the 

fruit they bear. The roots of a plant 

extend in a circle round it, of which the 

— 

search of a mate." 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

T. ochraceiis infests the ripe fruit of 

plums, peaches, and nectarines, piercing 

the stalks and causing their fall, and 

rendering the fruit disgusting. It was 

first noticed, and thus described by Mr. 

Curtis : 

'• It is narrow and linear, of a bright 

and deep ochreous colour, the eyes are 

black, the horns appear to be only sixjointed 

and brownish at the tips ; it has 

three ocelli in the crown, the body is 

hairy, the tip pointed and bristly, the 

wings are shorter than the body in the 

male, lying parallel on the back when 

at rest, narrow, especially the under 

ones, and fringed, the hairs longest 

stem is the centre. If the roots of ad- eneath and at the point, tips of feet 

joining plants extend within each other"s 

circle, they mutually rob of nutriment, 

dusky." Gard. Chron. 

THROATWORT. Campanula cervi- 

and check each other's growth. Thinning 

in the seed-bed is the remedy 

caria. 

THROATWORT. Campanula tra- 

generally applied with too timid a 

hand. 

TMOMASIA. Seven species. Greenhouse 


Loam, peal, and sand. 

THOU INIA pinnata. Stove evergreen 

shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Sandy 


T H R I F T. Statice armeria. See 

Edgings. 

TflKIPS, a genus of predatory insects. 

T. adonidum is particularly injurious 

to stove plants. Its different forms are 

thus j)ortrayed by that excellent ento 

mologist, Mr. Curtis 

chelium. 

THROATWORT. Trachelium. 

THRYALLIS brachystachys. Stove 

evergreen climber. Ripe cuttings. 


THUJA arbor vitcB. Eight species. 

Evergreen trees, all hardy except T. 

articulata, which is half-hardy, and T. 

cupressoides ,\wh\ch belongs to the greenhouse. 

Seeds, and T. pendula, one of 

the rarer kinds, by cuttings. A moist 

soil suits them best. T. occidentalis 

and T. orientalis form admirable ever- 

green hedges, and when properly sheared, 

inclining inward from the base so 

that no part is overshadowed, retain 

their beauty for many years. As a 

standard, the occidentalis or American 

arbor vitT, has few superiors among the 

minor evergreens. 

THUNBERGIA. Ten species. Stove 

: 

I 

' 

| 

i 

" Tlie larva; and pupa; are yellowishwhite, 

and the perfect insect is of a 

dull deep black, with the point, and 

sometimes the whole of the abdomen, 

of a rust colour, the wings are dirty 

white, the horns and legs yellowish, evergreen climbers, except T. auranthe 

extremity of the former black ; it is tiaca, a green-house herbaceous peren- 

very troublesome in hot-houses, attacknial. Cuttings or seeds. Sandy loam 

ing tropical plants by piercing the under and leaf mould. 

side of the leaves, and one often sees Mr. Maclntyre says, that the species 

at the tip of the tail a globule of black- of this genus, " tho'ugh usually grown 

ish fluid, which it soon deposits, and by in a stove, will flower freely in a green- 

innumerable spots of this glutinous mathouse, or even when they are planted 

ter the pores of the leaves are stopped out in the open border, during the sumup, 

and large portions of the surface mer months: if the situation is sheltered, 

become blotched. During March the and exposed to the influence of the sun, 

full-grown larva; and pupx^ which are they will flower well. In propagatmg 

as large as the perfect insect, are found 1 those that are intended for planting out, 

in groups, feeding on the under side of take ofT the lateral shoots when they are

— 

THY 588 TIL 

of a sufficient length, which, if possible, 

should be done in March, so that the 

plants may have attained a medium size 

liefoie they are put out; pot them in 

equal quantities of peat and sand, then 

plunge them in a hot-bed, and they will 

strike root in a week or two. When 

they are rooted, pot them off iuto small 

pots filled with good rich loam and 

leaf-mould, mixed with a little sand ; 

then replace them in the pit or frame 

until the middle of May, when, if the 

weather is favourable, they may then be 

planted out. If the soil is not naturally 

good, it should be made so; and as the 

plants advance in growth, they should 

be trained to some kind of support, 

which may be of any shape that fancy 

may suggest. If the season is dry, they 

should be watered and syringed. About 

the middle of October, take up the 

plants with good balls, re-pot them, 

and place them in the green-house. 

After they have been there for a short 

time, they may be removed to the stove, 

where they will keep gay for the greater 

part of the winter. 

" T. alata has a beautiful effect when 

it is planted out on a rock-work, where 

the plant appears in its natural character, 

clinging to the various projections, 

which it quickly covers." Gard. Chron. 

THYMBRA spicata. Half-hardy 

evergreen shrub. Young cuttings or 

seeds. Gravelly soil. 

THYME. Thymus vulgaris. 

Varieties.—Broad-leaved Green, Narrow-leaved 

Green, Variegated, and 

Lemon-scented. The Variegated is 

grown almost solely on account of its 

ornamental foliage. 

Soil and Situation.—A poor, light, 

and dry soil, is best. In moist or rich 

soils, it becomes luxuriant, but deficient 

in its aromatic qualities, and generally 

perishes during the winter. The situation 

cannot be too open. 

Propagation.—By Seeds and rooted 

Slips.—Sowing may be performed from 

the middle of March until about the 

beginning of May, in drills half an inch 

deep, six inches apart, or as an edging 

to a bed or border. The seedlings must 

be kept clear of weeds, and if the season 

is dry, watered moderately twice a week. 

When of about six weeks' growth, or 

when three or four inches high, thin 

to six inches apart, unless grown as 

an edging, when they must be left 

thick. Those removed may be pricked 

out at a similar distance, if required ; 

water occasionally until they have taken 

root. The plants may be left in the 

situations they are placed in at this 

season, or be finally planted out in 

September or October, or in the early 

spring of the following year. To obtain 

slips, some old stools may be divided 

into as many rooted portions as possible, 

or layers may be obtained by loosening 

the soil around them, and pegging the 

lateral shoots beneath the surface. They 

must be planted out at distances similar 

to those raised from seed, water and 

weeding being similarly required. 

In autumn the decayed stalks should 

be cleared away, and a little fresh earth 

scattered and turned in among the 

stools. 

Although it is perennial, yet after 

three or four years, thyme becomes 

stunted and unproductive, consequently 

requiring to be raisedperiodically from 

seed. 

By Slips.—These may be planted 

from the beginning of February until 

the close of May. 

To obtain Seed.—Some plants should 

be allowed to run up without being 

gathered from, in early summer. The 

seed is ripe during July, and must be 

cut immediately it is so, and laid on a 

cloth to dry, otherwise the first rain will 

wash it out of the seed-vessels. 

THYMUS. Thyme. Nineteen species, 

and several varieties. Hardy or 

half-hardy evergreen shrubs or trailers. 

T. corsicus, an herbaceous perennial. 

Division, slips, cuttings, or seeds. Dry, 

light, sandy soil. 

THYSANOTUS. Seven species. 

Green-house or half-hardy herbaceous 

or tuberous-rooted perennials. Offsets. 

Sandy loam. 

TIARELLA. Four species. Hardy 

herbaceous perennials. Division. Sandy 

peat. 

TIARIDIUM. Two species. Halfhardy 


TIGER FLOWER. Tigridia. 

TIGRIDIA. Two species. Hardy 

bulbous perennials. Offsets or seeds. 


TILE ROOT. Geissorhiza. 

TILIA. Lime Tree. Three species, 

and many varieties. Hardy deciduous 

trees. Seeds and sometimes layers. 

Any deep, light, and fertile soil suits 

them. 

TILIACORA racemosa. Stove ever-

— 

— 

green climber. Cuttings 

and peat. 

TILLANDSIA 

Stove epiphytes 

TI L 5S9 TIP 

Sandy loam caterpillar of different shades, varying 

with its age, is Ibund in or near tlie 

Thirty-one species, centre feeding upon the tender leaves, 

Suckers or seeds, and sometimes a little family of four or 

Wood, with a little moss on their roots, live inhabit the same head. The head 

TINKA, a genus of moths, the larva; feelers and horns of our little moth arc 

of which are very destructive. white, the latter with a few black spots 

T. daucella. Carret Moth. Head and near the tips ; the thorax is cream-co- 

, 

, 

! 

^ 

I 

j 

] 

; 

\ 

I 

! 

: 

\ 

' 

! 

I 

, 

: 

1 

. 

back and upper wings reddish-brown; loured, the sides brown, upper wings 

abdomen gray and white. Its cater- lance-shaped, very pale clay brown, 

pillar is greenish-gray with black tuber- with whitish streaks. Perhaps the best 

cles, and lives on the flowers and seeds method of extirpating them would be 

of the carrot, but prefers the parsnep. to search for the young caterpillars 

T. padella. Small Ermine Moth is between the leaves on the first sympwhite 

with black dots on the upper toms of their presence, and extracting 

wings. Eggs deposited in June and them with a small pair of forceps, such 

July, near the blossom buds of the haw- as are used for microscopic objects; 

thorn, cunymus, apple and pear tree but as some might be too minute at that 

; 

caterpillars appear in autumn, and in- early period to be detected on the first 

close the twigs with a web. In the fol- search, this operation must be repeated. 

lowing spring they attack the petals and Pinching the maggots in the bud is also 

calyx. Color, dull lead with a black recommended as well as dusting the 

liead. 

plants with fiower of sulphur, which I 

T. 

Ko'ilar. 

Clerckella. Pear Tree Blister] fear would be of little use. I think, 

Moth. The caterpillars of this raise however, that a portable frame might 

dark brown blisters on the leaves of the be constructed and covered with tarred 

pear tree, and less often on those of the or painted canvas, which could be 

apple. The moth is active and minute, placed over a bush or small bed of 

shining like pearly satin, the wings hav- flowers, when it is attacked by insects ; 

ing an orange ground spotted with and it would then be easy to fumigate 

black and other colors. It appears in 

]May. Mr. Curtis says,—"To check 

any plant by means of an aperture with 

a tube of leather or any pliable matethis 

disease, it will be advisable to wash rial which could be tied or plugged up, 

the tree with soapsuds the end of May so as to keep in the smoke of tobacco, 

or beginning of June, when the moths or even of sulphur, which last would 

are pairing and laying eggs for a future in ten minutes destroy every living aniprogctiy 

; and if a very valuable tree mal within the inclosed space." Card. 

be only partially attacked, the blistered Cliron. 

leaves might be gathered and burnt as TIPULA. Crane Fly or Daddy-longsoon 

as any spots began to 

August." Gard. Chroii. 

appear in legs. 

T. oleracea, the grubs or " leather 

T. capitella. Triple-spotted Currant jackets," so injurious to the market 

Tinea. The larva; of this feed upon gardener, are its larvae. They attack 

the pith of the young shoots of the cur- the roots of scarlet beans, lettuces, 

rant, which they attack in the spring, dahlias, potatoes, &c., from May to 

The moth itself is fuscous; the head August. During the last month and 

with an ochreous tuft; superior wings September they become pupa;. Mr. 

bronzed, spotted with purple and yel- Curtis observes, that— " It is said that 

low. 

lime water will not kill them, and sug 

T. poreclelld. Rocket or Gray-streak gests that if quicklime was scattered on 

Moth, has its habits and forms thus de- the ground at night, it would destroy 

scribed by Mr. Curtis :— them when they come to the surface to 

| 

, 

" During the middle and latter end ; and all the gnats that are found 

of April, as the shoots of the rockets 

j 

feed 

on the walls, palings, ground or elseadvance, 

it is found that the leaves ad- where, should be killed, especially the 

here firmly together, and those that 

liberate themselves are perforated with 

female, which would prevent any eggs 

being deposited in the ground. A mixlarge 

holes. On forcibly opening a ture of lime and gas water distributed 

shoot, for the young leaves are con- by a watering pot over grass, has comnected 

by silken threads, a small green pletely exterminated the larva;, where 

—

— 

TIT 590 TOM 

I 

they had been exceedingly destructive, the solution, dry them and keep till 

and by sweeping the grass with a hag- wanted. To fumigate, roil one of the 

into a pipe like a cigar, leaving 

net, like an angler's landing net, only | pieces 

covered with canvas, immense numbers the hollow half an inch in diameter, 

of the gnats might be taken and de-i which fill with tobacco, twist one end 

stroyed." Gard. Chron. 

TITHONIA tagetiflora. Stove 

and stick it into the soil, light the other. 

and it will burn gradually away for an 

evergreen tree. Cuttings. Light rich hour or more." 

I 

| 

soil. 

TOBACCO. Nicotiana, whether in 

Tobacco smoke should not be admitted 

to fruit trees when in bloom, 

! 

, 

' 

i 

' 

' 

! 

the form of snuff, or its decoction in nor when the fruit is ripening, as it 

water, or its smoke whilst burning, is imparts to them a flavour. See Fumi- 

j 

very destructive to insects. gating. 

Tobacco paper is paper saturated with Tobacco Water is usually made from 

the decoction of tobacco, and when what is known as Tobacconists'' Liquor, 

burnt emits a fume nearly as strong. It being a liquor expressed by them, and 

is an easy mode of generating the full of ammonia and the acrid oil of the 

smoke. Whenever plants are smoked plant. To every gallon of this add five 

they should be done so on two follow- gallons of water. This mixture with 

ing nights, and then be syringed the Read's garden syringe may be sprinkled 

following morning. Mr. Cameron says, over the trees, putting it on with the 

— " I have always found tobacco paper finest rose, and being carefiil to wet all 

the most efficacious substance to fumi- the leaves. This operation is to be 

gate with for destroying the aphis with- performed only in the hottest sunshine, 

| 

' 

' 

' 

j 

' 

I 

i 

I 

out doing any injury to the plants ; if as the effect is then much greater than 

the house is not filled too rapidly with when the weather is dull ; five gallons 

smoke, and is allowed to reach the of liquor reduced as above stated, 

glass, without coming in contact with cleanses seventeen peach and nectarine 

any of the plants, it then descends as trees, averaging seventeen feet in 

it cools, without doing any injury, length, and twelve in height. The 

Plants fumigated in frames, or under black glutinous ap/i/s, provincially callhand-glasses, 

are most liable to be in- ed blight, so destructive to the cherry 

jured by the heat 

done cautiously. 

of the smoke, if not trees, and in fact every species of aphis, 

There is a spurious is destroyed in the same way with equal 

kind of tobacco paper sometimes offer- facility ; the grubs which 

ed in spring by the tobacconists, appa- apricot, may be destroyed 

attack the 

almost inrently 

made to meet the increased de- stantly by immersing the leaves infested 

mand, and this kind of paper will bring in this liquor. 

( 

i 

! 

! 

! 

Gard. Mag. 

the leaves off plants, without killing As the tobacconists' liquor cannot be 

many of the aphides. It is of a lighter obtained always, tobacco water may be, 

color than the genuine sort, and may in such case, made by pouring half a 

be readily detected by the smell being gallon of boiling water upon one ounce 

very different. Foliage should be per- of strong tobacco, and allowing it to refectly 

dry when a house is fumigated, main until cold, and then strained. 

and should not be syringed till next TOCOCA. Two species. Stove ever- 

morning. 

mediatelv 

If plants are syringed im- 

after fumigation, many ofj 

;reen trees. Cuttings. Peat and loam. 

TOCOYENA longiflora. Stove everthe 

aphides will recover even where green shrub. Cuttings. Sandy peat and 

they have dropped off the plants, a 

fact which any one may soon prove 

after fumigating a house." — Gard. 

loam. 

TODDALIA. Two species. 


Stove 

Loam, 

Chron. 

Another very simple mode of fum 


TODEA. Two species. Ferns. 

gating plants in frames, and under Green-house herbaceous perennials, 

hand-glasses turned over them for the Division or seeds. Loam and peat, 

purpose, is as follows:— "Dissolve a' TOLPIS. Five species. Hardy antablespoonful 

of saltpetre in a pint of nuals. Seeds. Common soil, 

water; take pieces of the coarsest' "TOMATO or Love-apple. This 

plant is a native of South America, and 

! 

' 

brown paper, six inches wide, and ten 

inches long, steep them thoroughly in 

— 

perhaps of the West Indies j thence in-

TON 591 TOO 

troduced into this country. But a few the front wall, and a window on each 

years since it was scarcely known as an side of the centre door. Strong beams 

esculent—now it is in very general use. ! 

" There are six or seven varieties, 

between which there is not much real 

difference ; the common red is equal to 

any. 

" Cultivation same as directed for the 

Melongena, or Egg Plant. It is, however, 

more free in growth, and will produce 

fruit tolerably early, when sown 

on the open border. 

" On the approach of frost pull up 

some of the plants, (root and all,) which 

are well laden with fruit, and hang them 

up in a dry, airy apartment. In this | 

manner it may be continued in perfeC' 

tion for some time longer than the natu- 

ral season." 

— 

Rural Reg. 

TONQUIX BEAN. Dipterix. 

TOOL-HOUSE. Upon this too much 

neglected garden edifice, the editor has 

been favoured by Mr. Barnes, of Bicton 

Gardens, with the following excellent 

remarks:—"Have a place for everything, 

and everything in its place ; 

are thrown across from front to back, 

and strong planks laid on them, which 

form a useful loft for placing mats, 

stakes, laths for tally making, brooms, 

nets, canvas for covering and shading, 

&c. &c. Within two feet of the roof, 

against the back wall, is placed a row 

of pegs the whole length of the shed, 

for hanging the long-handled tools, such 

as grass and leaf rakes, long-handled 

Dutch hoes and iron rakes, &c.; on the 

next row of pegs, the whole length of 

the shed, are placed the various kinds 

of draw hoes, tan forks, dung forks and 

prongs, strong forks for digging and 

surface stirring, spades and shovels of 

various kinds, pickaxes, mattocks and 

bills, dung drags, edging shears, &c.; 

on a third row of pegs, still lower, are 

placed the water pots, all numbered, 

with initials as well, thus—B, G—45, 

or 60, whatever the number may run 

to ; underneath those is a row more of 

pegs, for placing the noses of the water 

kept in good condition, and at all times 

put away clean ;—for omission of which 

pots—thus the back wall is furnished, 

The front wall, half way, is furnished 

have rules and fines placed in each of with shelves for placing shreds and 

the tool-houses, regularly enforced, and 

payment demanded for each fine on the 

labourers' pay-day. At Bicton, a book 

is kept for entering each fine, and a 

Beparate account given of each fine, and 

for what, or why, it was enforced; annually. 

Lady Rollc doubles the amount 

so collected, and if good order has been 

nails, rope yarn, tallies, flower pegs, 

whetstones, rubber or scythe-stones, 

and many other small articles. Underneath 

those shelves are pegs for hanging 

the hammers, axes, saws, hatchets, 

mallets and stake-drivers, trowels, handforks, 

reels and lines, hedge-clipping 

shears, scythes, chisels, the various 

' 

kept, and only a small sum so collected, sizes of one-handed crane-necked hoes, 

her ladyship trebles the amount. I add crowbars, mops, hair-brushes and 

my own mite, and each foreman theirs, brooms, and various other articles, 

as a sort of compound for any matter The scythes are hung up over the end 

that may have slipped our memories, beam, and on the other side without 

&c.; the amount is then placed in the shelves the hand-barrows are placed; 

Savings Bank, as a reserve sum in case 

of illness, &c. We have the same order 

birch and heath brooms, both round and 

fan-shaped, that are in daily use; and 

and regulation kept in each tool-shed, various other articles. The garden rules 

that is to say, the tool-shed of each department— 

that I need here describe 

only one. The tool-shed of the hotare 

hung in a conspicuous place ; also 

in the tool-house. Every tool is to be 

put into its proper or allotted place, 

house and flower-garden department is every night, thoroughly cleansed; any 

a lean-to shed at the back of a hot-house, 

substantially built, and covered with 

slate:—length, fifty-four feet; width, 

thirteen feet; height at back, fifteen 

feet; and height in front, nine feet; 

paved all through with Yorkshire flag- ' 

omission of which subjects the defaulter 

to a fine. Each tool-house is under the 

same system. We have separate wheel- 

barrow sheds ; 

sheds for placing soils in 

the dry, arranged in old casks; varieties 

of sand, pebbles, and flints, for potting 

stones, which are neatly swept up every 

night, the last thing, and washed every 

purposes, with lofts over for flower pot 

stowage ;— a shed for the liquid manure 

Saturday, thoroughly. There is a door casks, which is one of the most essen- 

at each end, and one in the centre of tial and valuable of all. A shod for

— 

TOR 592 TRA 

' 

placing the charred articles of all kinds, selves down by threads, and thus esequal 

to the last ; a potting shed ; mushroom 

shed ; stove shed ; fruit rooms, 

and onion lofts, &c. &c.—Each and all 

cape.'" Gard. Chron. 

T. ocellana. This is the parent of 

the red bud caterpillar, which destroys 

are kept under the above regulations." 

TORENIA scabra and cordifolia. 

the buds of the apple and pear. Upper 

wings gray, with a white transverse 

Green-house evergreen shrubs. Seeds. band. 

Sandy loam. There are two other spe- T. Wceberiana. Plum tree Tortrix. 

cies not worth cultivating. 

Its larva feeds on the inner bark of the 

plum, apricot, almond, and peach. The 

TORTRIX. A genus of moths. 

T. luscana generates a red grub, and 

T. cynosbana a black-spotted green 

grubs pierce holes through the bark, 

which may be detected by small heaps 

grub, both very destructive of blossom 

buds. 

T. vitisana. Vine Tortrix. Found 

on the vine in April and May ; head 

yellow; upper wings marbled with rusty 

— 

of red powder upon it. Moth brown ; 

grub greenish, with a red head. 

T. pomonana. Codling Moth. Its 

reddish-white grub is common in apples 

and pears. Moth light gray, streaked 

, 

and gray colours. Caterpillars appear with dark gray. Seen of an evening 

as the blossom buds open, which they during May, and the grubs appear soon 

unite with white threads 

T. nigricana. Red Plum Grub Tortrix. 

Moth black, appearing in June. 

after. All fallen apples should be destroyed, 

because they usually contain 

this or other grubs, which will otherwise 

Eggs deposited on the plum grub, 

; 

small red, pierces the fruit, and is found 

near the stone. Mr. Curtis observes, 

that— " If the plums that have fallen otF 

produce moths, and multiply the evil. 

" T. turionana, T. hyrcyniana, T. 

resinella, and T. buoliana, all infest 

pine trees, injuring them by depositing 

be examined, a small red caterpillar their eggs in the buds, which are subwill 

be found within it; the caterpillar 

being generally full grown when the 

plum falls off, soon creeps out, and 

penetrates the loose bark, forming a 

sequently preyed upon by their eater- 

pillars.'"—Kollar.— Gard. Chron. 

TOUCH-ME-XOT. Impatiens. 

TOURRETIA lappacea. Hardy 

case in w-hich it remains during the climbing annual. Seeds. Light soil. 

winter. Early in the spring it changes TOWER MUSTARD. Arabis Tur- 

into a light brown pupa, and the moth rita. 

emerges about June. The moth is not TRACHELIUM caruleum. Hardy 

so large as a house-fly; its wings are herbaceous perennial. Seeds or cut- 

almost black, and when the sun is tings. Light soil. 

shining on them, they have a remarka- 

TRACHYMEXE. Six species. Greenbly 

metallic lustre; on the outer edge 

house annuals; increased by seed, and 

of the fore wings there is an appearance 

green-house and stove evergreen shrubs. 

of fine silver dust. Among the reme- 

J- „ J t 1 .1 c increased by voung cuttings. Loam 

dies proposed to lessen the ravages of , , ' ^- •. ^., ,," 

- '^ ^ = and sandy peat suits them all 

this insect, it is recommended to shake 

the trees, and remove TRACHVTELLA all the fruit that 

actcea. Green- 

' 

falls off; and another good method is 

to scrape the rough pieces of bark of 

the stem, under which the cocoons are 

house evergreen climber. Ripe cut- 

tings- Peat and loam. 

TRADESCANTIA. Twenty-seven 

concealed ; this must be done late in 

the autumn, or early in the spring." 

species. Chiefly stove and hardy herbaceous 

perennials. A few hardy an- 

Gard. Chron. 

nuals, and stove and green-house ever- 

T. Bergmanniana. Rose Tortrix. 

Differs little to a common observer 

from the preceding. " Where bushes 

green trailers. T. paniculata is a greenhouse 

biennial. T. tuberosa is a stove 

tuberous-rooted perennial. Division. 

are much infested with the larvae of The annuals, seeds. Rich light soil 

these insects, it is much better to cut 

them down and burn the shoots ; this 

and hand-picking are the only remedies 

we are acquainted with. Care must be 

taken not to disturb the maggots when 

collecting them, for they will let them- 


TRAGOPOGOX. Goat"s beard. Fifteen 

species. Hardy biennials. Seeds. 

Common soil. T. po7-r ifolius is ihe garden 

Salsafy. 

TRAGOPYRUM. Three species.

T R A 693 T R A 

Hardy deciduous shrubs. 

and sandv loam. 

Layers. Peat 

TRAILERS. See Creepers. 

TRAIN OIL. See Animal ^fatters. 

TRAINING has for its object render- 

force ' 

' the 

in 

ing plants more productive either of 

flowers or of tVuit, bv rerrulatinnr the 

I number and position of their branches. 

If their number be too great, they over- ] 

shadow those below them, and "by ex- ] 

eluding the heat and light, prevent that 

elaboration of the sap required for the 

production of fructification. If they are I 

too few, the sap is expended in the pro- - 

duction of more, and in extending the 

surface of the leaves required for the 

digestion of the juices. I 

The position of the branches is im- 

portant, because, if trained against a 

wall, they obtain a higher temperature, 

and protection from winds; and if 

trained with their points below the 

horizontal, the return of the 8ap is 

checked. Shy-flowering shrubs, as Diplaciis 

puniceiis, are made to blossom 

abundantly, and freely-flowering shrubs, 

as Cytisus hybridits, are made to blossom 

earlier, by having their branches 

bent below the horizontal line. Dr. 

Lindley, observing upon these facts, 

proceeds to remark, that— "If a stem 

is trained erect, it will be more vigorous 

than if placed in any other position, and 

its tendency to hear leaves rather than 

flowers will be increased : in proportion 

as it deviates from the perpendicular is 

its vigour diminished. For instance, if 

a stem is headed back, and onlv two 

opposite buds arc allowed to grow, they 

will continue to push eriually, so long 

as their relation to the perpendicular is 

the same ; but if one is bent towards a 

horizontal direction, and the other al- 

lowed to remain, the growth of the 

' 

in general to be produced, beyond that 

of causing; a slow circulation, and the 

formation of flowers." Theory nf Hort. 

The reason of this appears in the fiict, 

that a plant propels its sap with greatest 

perpendicularly, so much so that 

sap rising in a vine branch growing 

a right line from the root, with a force 

capable of sustaining a column of mer- 

cury twenty-eight inches high, will, if 

the branch be bent down to a right 

angle, support barely twenty-three 

inches, and if bent a few degrees below 

the horizontal, the column sustained 

will not he more than twenty-one 

inches. This is the reason why at such 

angles gardeners find the trained 

branches of their wall trees rendered 

more productive of blossoms, and furnished 

with a smaller surface of leaves. 

— 

Fig. 167. 

A similar effect is produced by training 

a branch in a waving form, for two- 

former will be immediately checked ; if thirds of its length are placed horizon- 

the depression is increased, the weak 

ness of the branch increases proportion 

ally; and this may be carried on till the 

branch perishes. In training, this fact 

is of tho utmost value in enabling the 

gardener to regulate the symmetry of a 

tree. It, however, by no means follows, 

that because out of two contiguous 

tallv, as in the accompanying outline. 

— Princ. of Gardening. 

On the practical parts of training, 

.\bercrombie has the following good 

directions : 

— 

" When it is intended to raise trained 

fruit-trees for walls and espaliers, some 

I 

branches, one growing erect, 

of the best young plants of the respect- 

and the ive sorts, both dwarf and half-standards 

other forced into a downward direction, of one year old, with the first shoots 

the latter may die, that all branches from the budding and grafting entire, 

trained downwards will die. On the should be transplanted in autumn, at 

contrary, an inversion of their natural eight or ton feet distance, against any 

position is of so little conseqiience to kind offence having a south aspect, in 

their healthiness, that 

38 

no ell'ect seems a free situation, not less than four or

TRA 594 TRA 

i 

, 

' 

| 

i 

j 

five feet high, either a wall, paling, up in summer than now appears necesreed-fence, 

&c. 

sary, or than can be trained in with due 

"The trees thus planted, in spring regularity, retrench such superfluities; 

following, just as they begin to make an likewise any remaining fore-right or 

effort for shooting, should be headed back shoots, and other irregular growths 

down ; that is, the first shoots from the omitted in summer, not eligibly situated 

budding, &c., to be cut down to within for training in, should also be now all 

three or four eyes or buds of its place pruned out, cutting everything of the 

of insertion in the stock, especially above nature, both superabundances 

those intended for dwarfs; also the and irregularities, quite close to their 

origin, being careful, however, to leave 

I 

[ 

i 

half-standards, if worked on tall stocks; 

and this heading down both prevents 

their running up too high with a single 

all the regular, well - placed, useful 

shoots that can readily be trained witli 

naked stem, branchless below, and due regularity, without crowding or 

causes them to throw out lateral shoots crossing one another, all of which 

also be cleared from all lateral 

: should 

^ 

from the lower part, to fill the wall or 

espalier regularly with branches quite or side shoots, if any ; and with respect 

from the bottom upward ; for they will to their being shortened more or less, 

| 

I 

! 

: 

' 

| 

; 

' 

i 

; 

soon after push forth strong shoots from or left entire, you will order, according 

all the remaining lower buds, which to your discretion, agreeably to the 

shoots, when of due length, in summer, above-mentioned hints, 

should be trained along to the fence, " Thus, having obtained a regular 

equally to the right and left, at full spread of branches sufficient to eff'ect 

length, till next spring, when these the proper expansion requisite to form 

shoots may also be cut down to six or a trained wall or espalier tree, they 

eight inches' length, to force out a must then be pruned according to the 

further supply of more branches near method peculiar to each respective sort 

the bottom. Continue shortening, more of fruit, as directed in their culture, 

or less, the two or three first sprigs on each under its proper genus. Training 

the last summer's shoots, as you shall espalier trees is effected exactly in the 

see necessary, in order to obtain a pro- manner as above, only these may be 

per spread of lower branches to give also trained as they stand in the nursethe 

tree its intended form. Though this ry lines, in the open quarters or borwork 

of pruning short, to obtain laterals, ders, &c., by ranging some stout stakes 

may also be performed occasionally in 1 in the ground, along one side of each 

summer, in May, or early in June, on tree. Where a general luxuriancy prethe 

strong young shoots of the year, vails, while under the course of traincutting 

or pinching them down to a ing, or after, it is advisable, in the work 

few eyes, and they will thereby throw of pruning, to use the knife with mode- 

' 

j 

, 

, 

out lower laterals the same season, and, ration ; for the more wood we cut out 

by that means, a year's growth is gained. of a generally vigorous tree, and the 

Branches thus gained arrive to proper more the shoots are shortened, the more 

length in summer for training in ; they vigorous will it continue to shoot withshould 

all be trained along close to the 'out ever becoming properly fruitful ; 

wall ; and if any fore-right or back and if severe cutting is repeatedly 

shoots come out, rub them all off close, continued, the tree often exhausts so 

| 

leaving the well-placed side shoots in greatly by luxuriant shooting, that it 

every part; and let the whole, or as suddenly assumes a weak consumptive 

many as possible, be trained in during state. Such trees as are vigorous only 

this season, to have plenty to choose in particular shoots, may, in some cases, 

from in the general pruning season of have such shoots radically retrenched, 

| 

i 

winter or spring—train equally to the in others reserved ; that if a very 

right and left on each side of the tree, 

' 

and 

vigorous shoot runs considerably strongin 

a spreading somewhat horizontal er than all the rest, and seems to supmanner, 

nowhere crossing one another, port its vigour at the expense of the 

but ^t parallel distances, and mostly others in its neighbourhood, it should 

all at full length during the summer's 

growth. 

In the winter pruning we are to 

be retrenched to the very origin, as 

early in summer as discoverable. In 

other cases, if a luxuriant shoot arise 

observe that, if more wood was trained in any vacant space towards the hot-

— 

T R A 595 T R A 

torn, especially where a supply of more 

wood is wanted, it may be retained, 

and pinched or topped down to a few 

eyes in May or June; it will send out 

several laterals below, the same season; 

and instead of one rude luxuriant 

shoot, there will be four or five of moderate 

growth to fill the vacancy more 

effectually, and that will much sooner 

attain to iruitfulness." 

— 

Abercromhie. 

Besides the above usual modes of 

trainin^T — for which see also IValls, 

Espaliers, and Standards— there are 

two other modes which deserve notice. 

Quenouille Training " consists in 

training one upright central shoot in 

summer, and shortening it down to 

fifteen inches at the winter pruning, in 

order that it may, at that height, produce 

branches forming a tier, to be 

trained, in the first instance, horizontally. 

The shoot produced by the up 

the Gardener''s Magazine, viii. 680, by 

means of which standard rose trees are 

converted into masses of flowers. The 

figure given in that work represents the 

variety called the ' Bizarre de la Chine,' 

which flowers most abundantly to the 

ends of its branches, and was truly a 

splendid object." 

TRANSPLANTING is most successfully 

performed, whenever the roots are 

least required for supplying the leaves 

with moisture. The reason is obvious, 

because the roots are always in some 

degree broken, and lessened in their 

absorbing power, by the process of 

removal. Now the leaves require least 

moisture in the autumn and winter, 

therefore, these are the seasons when 

transplanting is effected with least injury 

to a plant. That such is the rationale 

of seasonable transplanting is 

: 

i 

proved by the fact that pots in plants, 

permost bud is, however, trained as with reasonable care, may be transupright 

as possible during the summer, planted at any season. This rule, too, 

and is cut back, so as to produce another 

tier fifteen inches above the first, 

is sanctioned both by theory and practice 

— transplant as early as possible 

and so on until the tree has reached the after the leaves cease to require a supdesired 

height. In this climate, it is ply of sap, the reason for which is, 

necessary to train the shoot downwards, that the vital powers in the roots conwhich 

is easily done by tying those of tinue active long afterthey have become 

the first tier to short stakes, those of torpid in the branches and fresh roots 

each successive tier being 

the branches below them. 

fastened to 

When the 

are formed during the autumn and 

winter, to succeed those destroyed by 

shoots are thus 

full length, or 

arched downwards at 

nearly so, they soon 

transplanting. 

" If the months of 

December," says Dr. 

November and 

Lindley, " arc 

the most favourable for transplanting 

more time to be devoted to them than 

espaliers." Gard. Citron. 

Balloon Training.—On this mode I 

merely extract the following from Dr. 

Lindley's Theory of Horticulture — 

" What are called ballnon apples and 

: 

' 

come into a bearing state ; but in this 

climate, if cut short, as the French do, 

they only send up a number of shoots deciduous trees, and March and .\pril 

annually. The plan answers very well the worst, how much more important 

where it can be at all times properly 

attended to ; but if this cannot be 

must be those periods to evergreens. 

An evergreen differs from a deciduous 

guaranteed, the ordinary form of dwarf plant in this material circumstance, that 

is preferable. Quenouilles require it has no season of rest; its leaves remain 

alive and active during the winter, 

and, consequently, it is in a state of 

per[)etual growth. I do not mean that 

it is always lengthening itself in the form 

of new branches, for this happens periodically 

only in evergreens, and is usu- 

pears,are formed by forcing downwards ' 

ally 

confined to the spring ; but that its 

' 

! 

! 

' 

all the branches of standard trees till circulation, perspiration, assimilation, 

the points touch the earth, and they and production of roots are incessant, 

have the merit of producing large crops Such being the case, an evergreen, 

of fruit in a very small compass; their when transplanted, is liable to the same 

upper parts are, however, too much risks 

exposed to radiation at night, and the with 

as deciduous plants in full 

one essential difference. 

leaf, 

The 

crop from that part of the branches is leaves of evergreens are provided with 

apt to be cut off. One of the prettiest I a thick hard epidermis, which is tender 

applications of this principle is that of and readily permeable to aqueous ex- 

' 

Mr. Charles Lawrence, described in halations only when quite young and

— 

TR A 696 TRA 

which becomes very firm and tough by exhibit j 

the arrival of winter, whence the rigi- i removed. 

dity always observable in the foliage of the | 

no appearance of having been 

In the first place, we make 

hole where the tree is intended to 

evergreen trees and shrubs. Such a be placed sulliciently large for tlie roots 

coating as this is capable, in a much | 

to be extended at full length ; and, in 

; 

less degree than one of a thinner texture, 

such as we find upon deciduous 

removing the tree, great care is taken 

to avoid cutting or injuring tiie roots, 

plants, of parting with aqueous vapour ; If a ball of earth is retained so much 

and, moreover, its stomates are few, the better, as it will assist in steadying 

small, comparatively in 

chiefly confined to the 

active, and the tree ; but, if well 

under side, of much importance. 

staked, it is not 

As it is essential 

where they are less exposed to dryness 

that if they were on the upper side also, 

that the roots be as little exposed to the 

atmosphere as possible, we provide 

, 

" But although evergreens, from their suflicient earth, either sifted or finely 

structure, are not liable to be affected reduced by a spade or rake, and have 

by the same external circumstances as in readiness as many buckets of water 

', expeditiously 

deciduous plants in the same degree ; as will nearly fill the hole; the tree is 

and although, therefore, transplanting 

an evergreen in leaf is not the same 

then placed in its intended position ; the 

whole of the water is then thrown over 

thirg as transplanting a deciduous tree the roots, the fibres of which will be 

in the same condition, yet it must be supported by it. The fine earth is then 

obvious that the great extent of perspir- 

sprinkled over the surface 

ing surface upon the one, however low of the water, and, gradually subsiding, 

ing has to be performed at the most in- abbreviation : 

— 

, 

i 

its action, constitutes much difficulty, fills all the interstices, and gives stasuperadded 

to whatever difficulty there bility to the tree, which is further semay 

be in the other case. cured by three stakes placed at right 

" Hence we are irresistibly driven to angles, which finishes the operation, 

the conclusion that whatever care is re- The earth must not be trodden, as is 

quired in the selection of a suitable often done." Card. Chron. 

season damp, and not too cold for a The following observations, in the 

deciduous tree, is still more essential Gardener's Chronicle, so epitomize all 

for an evergreen." Theory of Hort. that is practically essential in trans- 

It sometimes happens that transplantplanting, that it is extracted with little 

auspicious seasons ; and when this is the 

case the following directions, given by 

Mr. Williamson, of the Sheffield Botanic 

Garden, may be followed with 

success : 

— 

" At the Sheffield Botanical Gardens 

' In the removal of large trees or 

shrubs, first form the pit, where the 

plant is to be planted, from twelve to 

fourteen inches wider than the roots 

will reach. 

" In lifting laurels, and other ever- 

, 

we have for some time practised what 

we terra the U'

T R A 597 T R A 

feet of the main stem, and then under- and cut [ clean off all those outside of 

mine the solid piece that is left. the ball, and afiain fill in the soil. In 

When the plant is ready for re- about two years afterwards, the cut 

moval, the strength for lifting it will roots wîll have made firm young fibres, 

depend upon its size, and the weight of which supply the plant with food when 

the ball left, if any. When the plant it is transplanted. In lifting them, alis 

brought to the pit and placed in the ways try to get a good ball with them, 

centre of it, untie the roots, and dress ' 

The 

Laurestinus is not very fond of 

i 

with a sharp knife any that may have! being removed without a ball. There 

been bruised. Shorten strong ones, are but very few of the fir tribe that can 

that they may make young fibres, upon be transplanted after they have attained 

which the welfare of the plant in a great the height of from six to sixteen feet; 

measure depends. 

roots, lay them all 

After dressing the but the best are the silver, the spruce, 

carefully out round and the Weymouth pines. The silver 

the pit. ' 

i 

j 

' 

If there are one, two, or three fir bears transplanting tolerably well, 

layers of roots, as is often the case, keep provided care is taken not to injure the 

ea'ch layer by itself, and lay out the roots, which run horizontally near the 

undermost first, taking care to spread surface. The spruce lifts well, even 

; out every fibre with the hand. On these when sixteen feet high ; and the Weyspread 

well-broken soil ; but in doing 

this, care must be taken not to club the 

roots together. After the first layer of 

mouth pines from ten to twelve feet 

high. In lifting them always try to get 

good balls v\ith them, keeping their 

' 

roots is well covered proceed with the roots as entire as possible, and making 

next, and so on until all is finished. the pits wherein they are to be planted 

" After transplanting, never give the large, so as to get all their roots spread 

plants water oftener than once, which out as regularly as possible when 

; 

is immediately after the operation of covered, water in the same manner as 

planting is performed. Many young evergreen shrubs. In lifting and transtrees 

and shrubs are destroyed (after planting hard-wooded trees, such as 

having been transplanted) by the fre oaks, &c., keep their roots as entire as 

quent application of water in dry possible, and shorten in any strong 

weather. After the roots are all well ones ; they should be well watered. It 

covered, leave the pit three or four 

inches unfilled, and apply the water 

according to the state of the soil, and 

is very essential to the welfare of plants 

that have been transplanted to have 

them well supported to prevent them 

size of the plant. To a shrub, that from shaking with the wind, &c. For 

covers about four square yards of trees from ten to twenty feet high, use 

ground (if the soil is not very moist), three poles, set up in the form of a trigive 

about eight common sized water- angle ; roll a straw rope round the stem 

ing potfuls, and so on for every square of the tree, for the poles to rest on, as 

yard of ground covered. The only it prevents them from hurting the bark ; 

treading to be permitted is merely what then, after tying the poles firmly to the 

may take place in going round them in tree, and fixing them in the ground, the 

taking away the rope and spreading out work is finished. For plants of smaller 

the branches in their original position, size use small rope, tied in the same 

The above remarks apply well to the manner to the tree, and fixed to stakes 

common and Portugal laurel, and also driven into the ground, aft.er the manto 

deciduous trees and shrubs in gene- ner of tent ropes. 

ral. A few kinds that are difficult to "No doubt the summer months are 

remove without balls when they are not proper for transplanting, therefore 

large plants, are the following:—the : it should be avoided if possible. From 

holly is one that is impatient of being October to April, all shrubs, &c., may 

i 

' removed without a ball, and in free be lifted with safety. November is 

' light soils it will not lift with one. The preferable for lifting large plants, as 

best method with it is this. Two years those planted about that time always 

before removal, open a trench round the send out young roots during winter; 

plant about two feet from the main stem frequently by February, from one to 

(more or less, according to its size), three inches long. Card. Chron. 

Two feet will do for a plant six feet T R A P A. Four species. Aquatic 

j 

plants. Green-house, stove, and hardy 

high. Go as deep as there are roots, ' 

—

— 

T R A 598 TRE 

! 

j 

i 

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i 

[ 

j 

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! 

\ 

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, 

[ 

annuals and biennials. Seeds. Rich wind blow as it may, for the guard 

loamy soil, in water. 

TRAVELER'S JOY. 

talha. 

TRAVELER'S JOY. 

Clematis 

Clematis 

vivi- 

moves freely with the tree in every direction." 

Gard. Chron. 

TREES are a chief material in landscape 

gardening. Trees and shrubs 

orna. 

TREACLE MUSTARD. Clypeola. 

TREE CELANDINE. BocconiafruicSCB7XS 

TREE GUARDS. The following are 

cheap and effectual. Mr. W. Brown, 

are of different shapes, colours, and 

growths. 

" The varieties in their shapes," says 

Mr. Whateley, " may be reduced to the 

following heads. Some thick with 

branches and foliage have almost an 

gardener at Merevale Hall, uses stakes appearance of solidity, as the beach. 

about the thickness of the wrist, seven the elm, the lilac, and seringa. Others 

feet in length, and tolerably straight: thin of boughs and of leaves, seem light 

he chops each a little flat on one side, and airy, as the ash, and the arbele,tlie 

gets some iron hooping a little thicker common arbor vitte, and the tamarisk, 

than coopers are in the habit of using " There is a mean betwixt the two cxfor 

barrels ; he punches holes through tremes, very distinguishable from both, 

it six inches apart (with one near each as in the bladder-nut, and the ashen- 

end), nails it to the stakes on the chopleaved maple. They may again be diped 

side, one foot from the top of! vided into those whose branches begin 

them, and one foot from the bottom ; 

then raises it and bends it circularly 

round the tree, observing that the hoops 

from the ground, and those which shoot 

up in a stem before their branches begin. 

Trees which have some, and not much 

are placed inside nearest the tree ; the clear stem, as several of the firs, belong 

holes left at each end of the hoop are to the former class; but a very short 

then clenched up with a nail, and the stem will rank as a shrub, such as the 

guard is then complete. Gard. Chron. 

The following plan is somewhat similar:— 

" Procure stakes of ash or larch, 

althaea in the latter. 

" Of those whose branches begin from 

the ground, some rise in a conical figure, 

s\x feet in length, or more if requisite, as the larch, the cedar of Lebanon, and 

and about two inches in diameter, and the holly. Some swell out in the mid- 

bore holes through the tops and bottoms, 

about one foot from each end. 

dle of their growth, and diminish at both 

ends, as the Weymouth pine, the moun- 

Get a similar hole drilled up the centre tain ash, and the lilac; and some are 

of a stake, and saw it off in lengths of irregular and bushy from the top to the 

two inches, or rather less pass a stron 

; 

bottom, as the evergreen oak, the Vir- 

wire or thick tarred string through one ginian cedar, and Guelder rose. There 

stake, by the holes, at the top and at is a great difference between one whose 

the bottom, then pass it through the base is very large, and another whose 

hole made in one of the two inch pieces base is very small, in proportion to its 

at each end, and then through another height; the cedar of Lebanon and the 

stake, separating each stake at top and cypress, are instances of such a differbottom 

by a piece of wood, until you ence, yet in both the branches begin 

leave enough to surround the tree from the ground. 

| 

loosely, leaving plenty of space for " The heads of those which shoot up 

growth. Place it round the tree, and into a stem, before their branches be- 

] 

i 

i 

j 

1 

' 

' 

ftsten the ends of the wire or string. gin, 

This guard is much the same as a cradle many firs, sometimes are broad cones, 

put round the neck of a blistered horse, as of the horse-chestnut, sometimes they 

to prevent his gnawing the irritated are round, as of the stone pine, and 

part. The stakes merely rest on the most sorts of fruit trees; and sometimes 

ground, and should be cut quite flat at irregular, as of the elm. Of this last 

the bottom, to prevent their sticking ^kind there are many considerable vainto 

the ground. At the upper end they rieties. 

should have a sharp slanting cut with a "The branches of some grow horibill-hook, 

and threaded with the slope zontally, as of the oak. In others they 

— 

sometimes are slender cones, as of 

! 

towards the tree. The motion of the tend upwards, as in the almond, and in 

tree will not in any degree be impeded ; several sorts of broom, and of willows, 

In others they fall, as in the lime and 

and the bark cannot be injured, let the ,

TRE 599 TRE 

the acncia; and in some of these last dark green. The dark green must be 

they incline obliquely, as in many of the the largest, the light green the next in 

firs; in some they hang directly down, extent, and the yellow green the least 

in the weeping willow, 

"These are the most obvious great 

distinctions in the shapes of trees and 

of all. 

"From those combinations, the agreelents 

between particular tints may be 

' 

! 

shrubs. The difference between shades 

of green cannot be so considerable, but 

known. A light green may be next 

either to a yellow or a brown green, and 

these also will be found well deserving a brown to a dark green; all in consider- 

of attention. 

able quantities, and a little rim of dark 

"Some are of a dark green, as the green may border on a red or a light 

horse-chestnut and the yew. Some of a 

light green, as the lime and the laurel. 

green. 

" Further observations will show, that 

Some of a green tinged with brown, as the yellow and the white greens connect 

the Virginian cedar. Some of a green easily; but that large quantities of the 

tinged with white, as the arbele and the light, the yellow, or the white greens, 

sage tree. And some of a green tinged do not mix well with a large quantity 

with yellow, as the ashen-leaved maple also of the dark green; and that to form 

and the Chinese arbor vita;. The varie- a pleasing mass, either the dark green 

gated plants also are generally entitled must be reduced to a mere edging, or a 

to be classed with the white or the ycl- brown or an intermediate green must be 

low, by the strong tincture of the one interposed ; that the red, the brown, and 

or the' other of those colours on their the intermediate greens agree among 

^ 

leaves. 

" The fall of the leaf is the time to ' 

' themselves, 

be 

and that either of them may 

joined to any other tint ; but that the 

I 

learn the species, the order, and the red green will bear a larger quantity of 

proportion of tints, which blended, will the light than of the dark green near it; 

form beautiful masses; and, on the other nor does it seem so proper a mixture 

hand, to distinguish those which are in- wîth the white green as with the rest. 

compatible near together. In massing these tints, an attention must 

" The peculiar beauty of the tints of be constantly kept up to their forms, 

red, cannot then escape observation, that they do not lie in large stripes one 

and the want of them throughout the beyond another; but that either they be 

i 

' 

summer months must be regretted ; but quite intermingled, or, which is genethc 

want, though it cannot perfectly, rally more pleasing, that considerable 

may partially be supplied, for plants pieces of different tints, each a beautiful 

have a permanent and an accidentaP figure, be in different proportions placed 

colour. The permanent is always some near together. 

" Exactness in the shapes must not be 

shade of green, but any other may be J 

j 

I 

I 

the accidental colour; and there is none attempted, for it cannot be preserved ; 

which so many circumstances concur to but if the great outlines be well drawn, 

produce as a red. It is assumed in sue- little variations afterwards occasioned 

cession by the bud, the blossom, the by the growth of the plants, will not 

berry, the bark, and the leaf. Some- spoil them. Another effect attainable 

times it profusely overspreads, at other by the aid of the different tints, is foundtimes 

it dimly tinges the plant, and a ed on the first principles of perspective; 

reddish-green is generally the hue of objects grow faint as they retire from 

those plants on which it lasts long or the eye; a detached clump or a single 

frequently returns. tree of the lighter green will, therefore. 

"Admitting this, at least for many seem farther off than one equidistant of 

months in the year, among the charac- a darker hue, and a regular gradation 

teristic distinctions, a large piece of red- from one tint to another will alter the 

green, with a narrow edging of dark apparent length of a continued plantagreen, 

along the further side of it, and tion, according as the dark or the light 

beyond that, a piece of light green, still greens begin the graduation, 

larger than the first, will be found to " Single trees scattered about a lawn, 

compose a beautiful mass. Another, cast it into an agreeable shape, and to 

not less beautiful, is a yellow green, produce that shape, each must be placed 

nearest to the eye, beyond that a light with an attention to the rest ; they may 

green, then a brown green, and lastly a stand in particular directions, and col-

TRE 600 TRE 

lectively form agreeable figures, or between 

several straggling trees, little 

glades may open full of variety and 

beauty. The lines they trace are fainter 

than those which larger plantations describe, 

but then their forms are their 

planted in spring. The old roots are 

best to plant again for a crop of bulbs, 

as they are most certain to run to 

stems. If the bulbs he planted earlier 

than as above directed, they are apt to 

push up the same season and exhaust 

i 

! 

own ; they are therefore absolutely free themselves, without producing either 

from all appearance of art ; any dispo- good ofisets or bulbs ; but, on the other 

hand, sition of them, if it be but irregular, is 

j 

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I 

' 

; 

by planting the old roots in the 

sure to be natural. previous autumn, or early in the spring, 

" The situations of single trees, is the they will produce good bulbs the same 

first consideration, and differences in year. They must be inserted in rows 

the distances between them, their great- twelve inches asunder, in holes six 

est variety. In shape, they admit of no inches apart and two deep, a single 

choice but that which their species offset or bulb being put in each. Those 

afford: greatness often, beauty often, planted in autumn will shoot up leaves 

sometimes mere solidity, and now and early in the spring, and have their 

, 

, 

| 

, 

- 

then peculiarity alone, recommends bulbs fit for gathering in June or the 

them. Their situations will also fre- beginning of July; those inserted in 

quently determine the species; if they the spring, will make their appearance 

are placed before a continued line of; later, and will be in production at the 

•wood only to break it, they should com- close of July or early in August ; they 

monly be similar to the trees in that must not, however, be gathered for 

wood, they will else lose their connec- keeping or planting until the stalks de- 

j 

tion, and not affect the outline which cay, at which time, or in the spring 

j 

they are intended to vary ; but if they also, if only of one year's growth, the 

I 

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, 

' 

' 

are designed to be independent objects, roots may be taken up and parted if 

they are as such more discernible, when required for planting ; but when of two 

distinguished both in their shapes and or three years' continuance, they must 

their greens, from any plantations about at all events be reduced in size, otherihem. 

After all, the choice, especially wise they grow in two large and spinin 

large scenes, is much confined to the dling bunches ; but the best plan is to 

make trees on the spot; young clumps from 

I 

' 

a fresh plantation annually with 

the first have some, and soon produce a single offsets. The only cultivation 

considerable effect ; but a young single necessary is to keep them clear of 

tree for many years has none at all, and weeds \ ; and when the stems run up, to 

it is often more judicious to preserve one give them the support of stakes, 

j 

| 

already growing, though not exactly] The bulbs, when gathered, must be 

such as might be wished, either in itself gradually and carefully dried in a shady 

', or in its situation, than to plant in its place ; and if kept perfectly free from 

stead another, which may be a finer moisture, | 

will continue in a good state 

object, and better placed, in a distant] until the following May. 

futurity." See Clump, Avenue, Grove TRELLIS or TREILLAGE, is an 

and Wood. 

TREE MALLOW. Lavateraarhorea. 

TREE OF SADNESS. Nyctanthes 

arrangement of supporters upon which 

to train plants. 

Espalier Trellis.—The cheapest, the 

arbor tristis. 

TREE or CANADA ONION. Allium 

easiest, and soonest made, is that 

formed with straight poles or stakes, of 

proliferum. This, like the Ciboule, is ash, oak, or chestnut, j in lengths of from 

without a bulbous root, but throws out i five to six or seven feet, driving them 

numerous offsets. Its top bulbs are 

greatly prized for pickling, being considered 

of superior flavour to the common 

onion for that purpose, as well as 

others in which that species is employed. 

Tiine and Mode of Planting.—It is 

propagated both by the root offsets, 

which may be planted during March 

in the ground in a range about a foot 

distant, all of an equal height ; and then 

railed along the top with the same kind 

of poles or rods, to preserve the whole 

form in a regular position. They should 

be full an inch and a half thick, and 

having pointed them at one end, drive 

them with a mallet into the ground in a 

straight range, close along the row of 

and April, or in September and October 

and from the top bulbs, which are best] trees, a foot deep at least. To render

TRE 601 TRE 

Ireillage still stronger, run two, three, ' was effected over the walls of Sir 

or more ranges of rods, along the back Joseph Banks' house; and as those 

part of the uprights, a foot or eighteen 

inches asunder, fastening them to the 

upright stakes, either with pieces of 

branches were always loaded with 

fruit, the practice was soon imitated, 

and gave rise, among other things, to 

' 

' 

strong wire twisted two or three times what is called balloon training. This 

round, or by nailing them. 

When the treillagc is finished, it 

produces an abundance of (lowers, in 

is the most sterile trees, and of fruit, when 

advisable to paint tlie whole to render the branches are not exposed to severe 

it both more beautiful and durable ; and 

the durability is greatly increased by 

charring the ends of the uprights before 

night frosts, which kill the blossoms. 

Just the same conseiiuences follow the 

training of climbing plants downwards ; 

driving them into the soil. 

they are compelled to yield a far greater 

Espalier Trellis made of cast iron crop of dowers than if permitted to 

rods, is much more durable, and neater, grow at full length. The many kinds 

than that made of wood. I of trellises that have been invented for 

this purpose, are admirably adapted for 

I 

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' 

, 

Trellis for Climbers. — These have 

been greatly improved, or rather created 

within these few years, for ten years ago 

we had nothing but stakes and rods. 

The following observations and designs 

are from the Gardener's Chronicle:— 

compelling plants to grow upside down; 

for the branches can be bent in all di- 

rections, over and over again, and the 

more they are entangled, the 

is the effect produced. 

prettier 

" The beauty of green-houses has 

been wonderfully increased, by the 

contrivance of compelling these unmanageable 

rambling scrambling plants, 

to grow down upon themselves, or 

round and round a circular trellis, so 

as to be compelled to clothe themselves 

all over with foliage, and to present 

immediately to the eye whatever flowers 

they produce. Every one who has 

ever witnessed the exhibitions in the 

garden of the Horticultural Society, 

must have been struck with the extraordinary 

beauty of the Russelias, and 

Tropaolums, Lichyas, and Ilardenbergias, 

red, yellow, crimson, and blue, 

which have graced the stands of even 

the least extensive growers. It is not 

because some climbing plants require 

to have their roots confined in garden 

pots, nor because being, in the majority 

of cases, inhabitants of tropical " The accompanying forms will be 

forests, they demand more bottom-heat 

than they can obtain in this country, 

when planted in the open border of a 

conservatory that the modern plan of 

distributing their branches over the 

trellis of a flower-pot, is to be so much 

commended. Nor is it because the 

flowers, which if the branches are uncontrolled, 

arc carried out of sight by 

the excessive length of the stems, are 

thus brought immediately before the 

eye ; but there is another great advantage 

in this practice. Gardeners need 

not be told that the immediate effect of 

compelling branches to grow down- 

wards is to make them bloom. This I 

' 

Tiz. 169.

TRE 602 

admirably adapted for Gompholobium, 

Tropceolum tricolor, and other plants 

possessed of scanty foliage, whose 

branches require to be closely trained 

to produce a good effect. 

"The following cut will show the 

manner in which the wire-trellis for 

climbing plants, is attached to the pots, 

a matter of great importance, and of 

•which the separate plans that have 

been proposed, and some of which are 

published, convey an incorrect idea. 

Fig. 170. 

— 

" It will be seen that a strong wire 

ring is carried round the pot, a little 

above its bottom. To this a sufficient 

number of upright wires are attached 

all round. The upright wires are 

pressed down upon the surface of the 

pot, till they reach the rim, over which 

they are firmly bent till they reach the 

highest point of the rim, or are even 

bent a little within it. At this point 

they are secured by a second ring of 

stout wire, adjusted as in the drawing, 

vhich having been done, the uprights 

are directed upwards, and fashioned 

into the pattern required. By these 

means, a sort of collar is formed upon 

the rim of the pot, >vhich prevents the 

trellis from slipping downwards, while 

at the same .time, the lowest ring of 

fort Place, Chelsea, has invented a 

movable wire trellis, by which the vines 

may be lowered from the roof, or placed 

at any angle, without injuring the vines. 

This is an excellent mode of removing 

them from the influence of extreme exterior 

heat or cold. A still further improvement 

would be to have the vertical 

rods movable round the rod horizontally 

fixed to the rafter or roof, for then 

the whole trellis might be raised to an 

angle with, or even close to the glass, 

whenever sun to the vine upon the trellis, 

or shade to the plants within the 

house was desirable. 

Trellis for JValks.—The following 

observations made by Mr. Loudon, 

when criticising the gardens of Lord 

Selsey, at VVestdean, comprise all that 

need be said upon this kind of structure. 

" Among the contrivances adopted 

for giving interest to the walks, and to 

separate one scene from another, are 

portions of walk covered with arched 

trellis work. One of these is grown 

wire keeps it from swinging and swaying 

backwards and forwards." Gard. 

over with climbing roses ; another with 

laburnums, which in the flowering sea- 

Chron. 

son has a remarkably fine aspect, few 

Umbrella Trellis is a form excellently colours looking so well in the shade as 

adapted for Wisteria sinensis, and other yellow, because, with the exception of 

climbers or shrubs having long racemes 

of flowers. The following (Fig. 171) is 

white, none suffer so little from the absence 

of light. This laburnum trellis 

its form. 

has a new feature, that of a table bor- 

Hothouse Trellis for training vines 

near the glass, is usually made of thin 

der of trellis work intended to be covered 

with ivy; we have no doubt its 

rods of deal or of iron, placed about a 

foot apart, and fastened to the framework 

of the building. Mr. Long, Beau- 

effects will be good, especially in winter. 

We must remark some circuni- 

I stances in the construction of garden

— 

— 

— 

TRE 603 T R I 

trellises, which should be ample in their i 

dimensions, strictly geometrical in all 

their forms, and most accurately and 

substantially executed. Nothing can be 

more miserable in its effect on the eye 

than a low narrow archway, the support 

leaning in different directions, and the 

curve of the ground plan and of the 

roof in no marked style of determinate 

line. The most accurate carpentry and 

smithwork ought always to be employed 

in such structures, otherwise they had 

much better be omitted as garden decorations. 

Some attempt forming trellises 

over walks with long hazel rods, 

but nothing can be meaner than the 

effect: such rod trellis works or ar- 

important consideration where the sub- 

soil is poor or bad, the bottom soil is 

enriched and loosened for the penetration 

and nourishment of the roots, and 

allowing them to descend deeper, they 

are not so liable to suffer from drought 

in summer; strong soil is rendered capable 

of absorbing more moisture, and 

yet remains drier at the surfiice by the 

water passing down more rapidly to 

the subsoil, and it ensures a thorough 

shifting of the soil.'- 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

bours are at best fit for a cottage garden, 

or a hedge alehouse." Gard. 

TREMBLING ASPEN. Populus 

tremula. 

TRENCHING is one of the readiest 

modes in the gardener's power for renovating 

his soil. The process is thus 

conducted : 

I 

; 

In all trenching, whether one, two, 

or more spades deep, always, previous 

to digging, put the top of each trench 

two or three inches deep or more, with 

all weeds and other litter at the bottom 

of the open one, which not only makes 

clean digging, and increases the depth 

o^ loose soil, but all weeds and their 

seeds are regularly buried at such a 

depth, that the weeds themselves will 

rot, and their seeds cannot vegetate. 

TREVIRANL\. See Achimenes. 

T R E V I R A N I A pulchella. Stove 

herbaceous perennial. Division. Light 

— 

TRI 604 TRO 

TRICHOSANTHES anguina. Snake 

Gourd. Frame trailing annual. Seeds. 

Common soil. 

TRICHOSTEMA. Two species. 


TRICORYNE. Three species. 

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except 

T. simplex, a green-house biennial 

increased by seeds, the other two by 

division ; a light rich soil suits them all. 

TRIDENTIA. Seven species. Stove 


loam and brick rubbish. 

TRIENTALIS. Two species. Hardy 


seeds. Light rich soil. 

; full 

\ colour, 

i moth 

sited in a cabbage or cauliflower, the 

young larva immediately eats its way to 

the centre, on which it feeds till it is 

grown, when it is about two inches 

long, greenish or brownish green in 

with two rows of black spots 

on the back. During the winter, it lies 

beneath stones or clods of earth, and in 

April or May it descends a few inches 

below the surface, where it changes to 

a reddish pupa, from which the perfect 

moth emerges in June or July. The 

varies in size from two to two and 

a half inches: the upper wings are 

brownish or grayish, with an indistinct 

kidney-shaped spot near the centre 

' TRIFOLIUM. Trefoil or Clover. the lower wings are bright yellow, with 

One hundred and two species. All a narrow black band. The moth varies 

hardy, chiefly annuals, some herba- considerably in its colour and markings, 

ceous perennials, and a few deciduous, scarcely two individuals ever being exherbaceous, 

and annual trailers Di- actly alike. The caterpillar, ! though it 

vision or seeds. Common soi 

TRIGONIDIUM. Four species 

most frequently is found on the cabbage 

or cauliflower, yet sometimes does conmischief 

to celery, and even 

Stove orchids. Division. Fibrous peat. ' siderable 

r ,^,T^„ . 

„ , . , TRIGUERA ambrosiaca. Hardy an ^^^ young leaves and flower-buds of 

I 

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' 

nual. Seeds. Common soil. 

TRILLIUM. Fifteen species. 

auriculas, primroses, and violets are 

Hardy destroyed by it. The only remedy we 

tuberous-rooted perennials. Division can suggest is to search for and destroy 

or seeds. Peaty soil. 

them.'* Gard. Chron. 

I 

M. F. Otto observes, that—" Seven TRIPHASIA trifoliata. Green-house 

species are cultivated in our gardens, evergreen shrub. 

namely: Trillium sessile; T. erythro- \oa.m and peat. 

carpum; T.pusilium; T. cernuum ; T.\ TRIPTILION. 

Ripe cuttings. 

Two species. 

Turfy 

Hardy 

erectum; T. pendulum ; a.nd T. grand i- annua.\s. Seeds. Common soil. 

TRISTANIA. Eight species. Green- 

house evergreen trees and shrubs. Half 

without covering, in shady places, and ripe cuttings. Loam, peat, and sand, 

fiorum. Their cultivation is very sim- | 

pie. They grow freely in the open air ! 

\ 

! 

in a mixture composed of marsh or TRITELEIA. Three species. Haltheath 

soil, mixed with river sand. They hardy bulbous perennials. Offsets or 

' 

bloom abundantly every year, in April" 

seeds. Peat, loam, and sand. 

and May, and are a great ornament to TRITOMA. Four species. Hardy 

our gardens; the tuberous roots spread or half-hardy herbaceous perennials. 

rapidly by the formation of lateral eyes, 

so that after some years, if the plants 

have not been removed, they will form 

large handsome bushes. The seeds 

ripen in August, and if sown immediately, 

they will come up the following 

year. They may be sown either in the 

open ground, in a shady peat border, or 

in pots. The stronger seedlings will 

bloom in the third season." Gard. 

Chron. 

TRIOPTERIS. Two species. Stove 

Suckers. Light rich soil. 

TROCHETIA grandiflora. Stove 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings. Rich light 

loam. 

TROCHOCARPA laurina. Greenhouse 


peat and turfy soil. 

TROLLIUS. Globe Flower. Seven 


Division or seeds. Light moist soil. 

TROMOTRICHE. Five species. 


evergreen twiners. Ripe cuttings. 


TRIPH/ENIA pro«Mia. Yellow Un- 

Sandy loam and brick rubbish. 

TROP.EOLUM. Nasturtium. Fourteen 

species. Green-house hardy and 

derwing Moth. 

" its caterpillar 

Mr. Curtis says that 

is hatched in July or 

half-hardy annuals, and evergreen 

twiners. T. brachyceras and T. tube- 

August, and if the egg has been depo-rosum 

are half-hardy tuberous-rooted 

— 

;

— 

TRO 605 TRO 

perennials. The green-house and halfhardy 

species increase by cuttings, and 

require a light rich soil. The annuals, 

seeds only, and common soil. The 

tuberous-rooted, cuttings, loam, and 

peat. Some of the species require particular 

treatment, as follows: 

of peat and sand, till within two inches 

of the top, fill up with silver sand, and 

water with a fine rose to settle it. Then 

dibble in the cuttings all round, within 

one inch of the rim, leaving about half 

an inch of the cutting above the sand. 

Place the pot on a shelf in the front of 

the green-house, keep the sand con- 

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I 

T. tricoloruin.—Mr. Falconer, gardener 

to A. Palmer, Esq., of Cheam, stantly moist, taking care that the cut 

enters fully into its cultivation. He linf^s are always erect. In the course 

says that—" the soil best suited to it is of two months many of them will throw 

a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, with up shoots from under the sand. The 

a small portion of soot; this mixture to pot should then be removed to a shady 

be exposed to the influence of the sun situation out of doors. When the stems 

from May until time to plant the tubers, decay, do not disturb the sand, but 

About the latter end of June, or as soon water sparingly. In October let them 

as the decay of the stem and ripening be placed in the green-house, when all 

of the seed show that the circulation of that have made small tubers will grow. 

the sap has ceased, turn out the tubers It is from these plants the best cuttings 

from the pots, and having carefully re- are obtained in the spring. In the folmoved 

the soil, put the tubers in flower 

pans upon a shelf in a dry room. About 

the beginning of September they produce 

their new stems; let them remain 

until they have lengthened from twelve 

to fifteen inches. Having well drained 

a No. 12 pot, fill it up with the compost 

to within four inches of the top, then 

place the tuber in the centre of the pot, 

and coil the stem or stems around, carefully 

filling up with the compost until 

about two inches of the stem are left 

above the soil. After potting, place the 

pots on a stage out of doors, there to 

remain till the middle of October, they 

are then removed to the front of a cool 

green-house, exposed to as much light 

and air as can be given to them. With 

respect to watering, keep them rather 

moist than otherwise: when out of doors 

they are freely exposed to rain. The 

lowing May, turn the whole ball out of 

the pot, in a warm situation in the open 

ground. After they have finished their 

growth, take them up and sift the ball 

through a fine sieve, carefully picking 

out the tubers. They are then treated 

in all respects as the older tubers, and 

will make fine flowering plants the following 

spring. The seeds before sowing 

should be soaked in milk and water 

twenty-four hours, and the outer shell 

carefully removed ; they will under this 

treatment grow much sooner and with 

greater certainty. They should remain 

in the seed pot until after they have 

formed a tuber. A small stick can be 

placed against each plant, to which it 

will climb, and it serves to indicate the 

place of the tuber when the stem is 

dead. Many seeds will remain twelve 

months before vegetating." — Card. 

3ariy flower-buds should be picked off Chron. 

until the space allotted is covered, the T. moritzianum requires very similar 

object being to have the greatest quan- treatment. Dr. Lindley directs that 

tity of bloom atone time. When ne- —" After this plant has bloomed, water 

I cessarv, in their early growth, they may should be gradually withheld from it, 

be stopped to give a supply of laterals, and the pot containing the tubers should 

At all times they should have plenty of be stored away in some dry situation, 

air and light, more especially after they until the season for starting it into 

show their flower-buds, for the joints growth returns. The tubers should then 

will be shorter, and consequently the be repotted and placed in a gentle heat." 

flowers more close together. When in — Gard. Chron. 

bloom, care must be taken to shade T. majus is the Nasturtium of our 

from the midday sun, which \»ill pro- gardens. " The flowers and young 

long their season of plenty: take off leaves are frequently eaten in salads; 

the weak laterals that are not likely to they have a warm taste, like the cornflower, 

where about two inches long ; . mon Cress, hence the name of âsturif 

with a heel so much the better. Any tiitm. The flowers are also used as a 

time from February till May fill the pot garnish to dishes. The berries are 

half full of crocksj then w I'th a mixture gathered green and pickled, in which

— 

TRO 606 TRU 

state, they form an excellent substitute 

for capers. 

" It should be planted on a warm 

border in April, having soaked the seed 

in warm water for twelve hours. The 

usual mode of planting, is in hills three 

feet apart each way, four seeds in a 

hill ; two strong plants are sufficient to 

remain ; 

when they commence running, 

place brush around them to climb on. 

When the berries attain full growth, 

but whilst yet tender, they are plucked 

with the foot stalk attached, and pre- 

is past in summer; planting bulbs in 

patches or little clumps about the borders, 

as also for digging small patches 

in the borders, for sowing hardy annual 

flower seeds ; likewise for filling mould 

into small pots, stirring the surface of 

the earth in pots, and fresh earthing 

them when necessary. And such a 

trowel is likewise very convenient for 

pointing over or stirring the ground between 

rows of small close-placed plants 

jn beds or borders ; are made between 

about twelve inches long in the plate, 

and six broad, narrowing gradually to 

the bottom, the other six or eight inches 

in the plate, and four inches broad, 

narrowing considerably towards the bottom, 

to introduce between small plants. 

TROXIMON. Two species. Hardy 


soil. 

TRUE PARSLEY. Apium Petrosolinvm. 

— 

latter cultivates the Piedmont Truffle, 

and his process is this :—He either employs 

the soil where the truffle is found, 

or he prepares an artificial soil of seven 

parts good garden earth; two, well 

pulverized clayey soil ; and one, oak 

sawdust—intimately mixed. Decayed 

oak or beech leaves would be better 

probably than the sawdust. If the natural 

soil was used, he trenched it two 

feet, removing all the large stones, and 

adding oak sawdust, if necessary, and 

about one- tenth ofpowdered snail shells, 

served in vinegar." Rural Register. 

TROWEL. This implement, made of 

if the soil was too stiff. 

" Choosing an aspect rather exposed 

iron from twelve to six inches long in to the north than the south, where no 

the plate, and half as broad, hollowed reflected rays could fall upon it, with 

like a scoop, and fixed on a short handle every precaution to insure its being 

to hold with one hand, is convenient in 

removing small plants, with a ball or 

lump of earth about their roots, lifting 

thoroughly soaked with pure rain-water, 

and after waiting a day or two till it 

was in a proper state of moisture, he 

bulbous flower roots after the flowering made rows half a foot deep, and in 

these, at six inches distance, he placed 

good and sound truffles, each of them 

being surrounded with two or three 

handfuls of oak sawdust, taking care to 

mark the rows accurately. Ridges were 

then made over each row, to prevent 

the truffles being injured by too abundant 

moisture. The bed was then left 

till the following autumn, with no other 

precaution than, in dry weather, to take 

care that it did not become too dry. 

The result, we are informed, was an 

abundant harvest, every year, from October 

to January." Gard. Chron. 

Bradley, writing, in 1726, of the cultivation 

that 

of the truffle in England, says 

— 

" The truffle may be easily cultivated 

where there are woods or coppices of 

oak or hazel, and where the soil is not 

too stifle, or inclining to chalk. The soil 

where they are most found is a reddish 

sandy loam ; this will then be the best 

for our purpose, especially if it has lain 

; 

I 

TRUE SERVICE. Pyrm Sorbus. 

TRUFFLE. Tufeer mng-rea^wm. Pied- long uncultivated. When we are thus 

montese Truffle ; T. Borchii, Italy ; T. provided with the proper soil, we must 

moschatum, Musk Truffle, near Bath be sure to let it lie undisturbed till we 

T. cibarium. Common Truffle, England. are ready to plant, which will be in the 

But besides the tubers there are other] months of October, November, and De- 

cember, if the weather be open; for 

edible fungi known as trufiles, viz., I Hi/drohoUtes 

tulasnei, Spye Park, Wilts ; then the truffles are to be found in their 

Mclngomster Broomeianus, Red Truf- ' full ripeness, and then, likewise, one 

f3e, near Bath. may find them in a state of putrefaction, 

These edible fungi have not yet been which is the time when the seeds are 

prepared for vegetation. It is in the 

cultivated in England, though the Prus- : 

' gians have succeeded in making them a 

last state that one ought to gather trufgarden 

tenant, and Comte de Borch has fles for planting, or at least they should 

been equally successful in Italy. The be i in perfect ripeness.

— 

— 

TRU 607 TU L 

"The proper soil, and these rotten i 

j 

j 

i 

; 

[ 

| 

^ 

, 

, 

, 

j 

! 

[ 

' 

; 

' 

; 

; 

I 

stalks united at one common centre, 

truffles, being found, we may begin our 

work as follows:—Open a spot of 

and thus spring from the root or branch 

on one stem, as in the auricula, polyanground, 

of a convenient space, and thus, and cowslip. See Pip. 

take out the earth about eight inches TUBE FLOWER. Clerodendron sideep, 

and screen it, that it maybe as phonanthus. 

fine as possible ; then lay about two or TUBER eibarium, the well known 

three inches thick of this fine earth at truffle. It grows under ground, in light 

the bottom ofthe trench or open ground, dry soils. 

and upon it lay some of the overripe TUBEROSE. Polyanthes tubcrosa. 

truffles, about a foot and a half distance Dr. Lindley says that, 

from one another ; and, as soon as pos- " To tlower the tuberose in the open 

sible, prepare a thin mud, made of the air the bulbs should be started in a 

screened earth and water, well stirred moderately warm frame, and planted 

and mixed together, and pour it on the out towards the end of May, in a sunny 

truffles till the open ground is quite sheltered border. The bottom of the 

filled up. By this means, in a few hours, border should consist principally of well 

the ground will be as closely settled decomposed manure, and should be 

about the truffles as if it had never been covered, to the depth of six inches, with 

dug or disturbed at all, and you may light sandy loam, in which the bulbs 

expect a good crop in due time. You should be planted. Success, in this 

must, however, take care to choose case, will depend greatly upon the seayour 

spots of ground in woods or cop- son, and upon having good bulbs, which 

pices, or such places as are shaded with should be planted just as they are re 

trees. Their favorite tree is the oak, or ceived. When grown in pots the same 

the ilex or evergreen oak, as the elm is soil should be used, the plants should be 

the favourite ofthe Morille. 

" Notwithstanding these statements, 

kept near the glass, and they should receive 

a liberal supply of water when 

it is quite certain that, at present, the 

art of cultivating the truffle is not known 

growing." Card. Chron. 

TUCKERMANIA maritima. Hardy 

in England; and it will remain unknown, herbaceous perennial. Division. Sandy 

probably, until we have discovered how 

its spawn can be prepared, as for cultiloam. 

TULBAGHIA. Five species. Greenvating 

the mushroom.'- Card. Chron. house bulbous perennials. Offsets or 

Mr. Gower says he recommended an 

old trutfle-hunter " to bury, at the pro- 


TULIP A. Twenty-four species. 

per depth, some of his trutfles that were Hardy bulbous perennials. Offsets. Rich 

in a state of decay and unfit for the 

table, under one of the unproductive 

trees sutlicient in stature and in umbrageous 

development. At the beginning 

of next winter, when his visit was repeated, 

he sought for Mr. G., and told 

him, with great satisfaction, that the 

scheme had answered ; for he had found 

two or three pounds of excellent truffles 

— 

— 

loam and sand. 

TULIP. Tulipa Gesneriane. From 

this species are descended our innumerable 

garden varieties. Of these it is 

needless to do more than ofl'er a selection 

; and the most judgmatical is the 

following, by Mr. Slater, florist, of Cheltenham 

Hill, near INIanchester. 

The first class contains all that are 

beneath the hitherto barren tree. By worthy of a place in any stand of twelve 

following this example, proprietors of or twenty-four varieties, and possess 

trees adapted to truffles, and where the every requisite of a fine tulip. In the 

proper trees have been planted, may, in second the varieties have either fine 

a short period, do that which a lapse of forms, but tinged stamens, or else have 

years, unassisted, would not effect. 

" Of all trees the cedar of Lebanon is 

rather long cups and pure bottoms and 

stamen. Those in the third class are 

the most favourable to the growth of the such as deserve a place in any collec- 

Gard. Chron. \ tion, but are not calculated for a south- 

truffle." 

TRUMPET FLOWER. Bignonia. era stage. 

TRUSS is the florist's name for what 

botanists call an umbel of flowers, a dis- 

fikst class. 

tinctive title for that mode of inflores- Rose. — Aglaia; Amelia; Bacchus, 

cence where several flowers have their alias Atlas, and Rose Baccu ; Carnuse

TUL 608 TUL 

de Craix ; Catalina, alias Ponceau tres zio, alias Abercrombie, Captain White j ; 

Blanc, and Cerise Blanche ; Cerise & Strong's Admiral White, and Strong's 

| 

belle forme ; Galatea (Slater's) ; Tri- Admiral Black ; Shakspeare, alias Gar- 

| 

omphe Royale, alias Heroine, La Belle rick and Edmund Kean ; Strong's King. 

Nannette, and La Cherie; Madame Ves- j 

third class. 

| 

' 

! 

tris, alias Clarke's Clio, and Goldham's | 

Princess Sophia ofGJoucester; Ponceau Roses.—Admiral Kingsbergen ; Alextres 

blanc (Dutch); Queen of Hearts andre Ic Roi ; Camilhis ; Claudiana ; 

(Franklin's); Rose Brillant. 

Comte deVergennes; Duchess of Cla- 

Byblomens.—Anacreon (Slater's); Birence ; Emily ; Fleur de Dame ; Grand 

jou des Amateurs ; Byzantium (Lau- Roi de France; Incomparable Hebe, 

rence's); Camarine; Eveque d'Amboise; 

Holmes' King; Invincible (Franklin's); 

alias Iphigenia and Rose Hebe ; Lady 

Wilmot; La Vandyke; Lavinia (Clarke's); 

Mentor, aZia* Reine de Sheba; Musa- Lilas en Cerise; Maria (Goldham's) 

dora ; Pandora ; Roi de Siam, alias Aca- Mary Ann (Lawrence's) ; Rose Monty, 

pulco ; Salvator Rosa; Violet Cook; Rose Bianca,Rose Quarto, Rose Primo 

Violet Sovereign ; Violet Quarto, alias bien du Noir, and Rose Unique ; Sarah 

Violet Alexander; Violet Brun; Zenobi;i (Lawrence's) ; Strong's Daphne, very 

(Slater's). 

Bizarres.—Catafalque (Old Dutch) 

Charbonnier; Curion (Slater's); Duke 

of Hamilton (Slater's) ; Fabius (Laurence's) 

; Glencoe ; lago (Laurence's) ; 

Marcellus ; Napoleon (Walker's) ; Polyphemus, 

alias Goldham's Albion, Ulysses, 

and Nourri Effendi. 

SECOND CLASS. 

Roses.— Brulante Eclatante; Catharine; 

Cerise Royal, oZ/as Manteau Ducal, 

Ponceau Brilliant, and Moore's Rose ; 

Elizabeth Jeffries ; Lady Crewe ; Lady 

Middleton ; Lac ; Manon ; Mason's Ma- 

; 

Pre- 

Pourpre ; Davy's Queen Charlotte ; Due 

de Bourdeaux ; General Barneveld ; ImperatrixFlorum; 

Incomparable Daphne; 

Incomparable, (Rowbottom's, alias 

Haigh's ;) Lancashire Hero (Buckley's); 

Lord Denbigh; Lord of the Isle (Slater's); 

Lewold; Louis XVI.; Ne plus 

Thalia (Clarke's); Violet Sovereign. 

Bizarres.—Charles X., alias Waterloo, 

Bartlett's Platoff, La Conquerante, 

Gabel's Glory, Royal Sovereign, and 

Duke of Lancaster; Catafalque Surpasse; 

Carter's Leopold; Donzelli, alias Wells' 

like if not the same as La Vandyke; 

Thalestris; Vesta; Walworth, aZZas Glory 

of Walworth, and Glaphyra. 

Byblomens. — Alexander Magnus, 

alias Alcon and Grand Marvel ; Angelina; 

Bagnel, called also Black Bagnel 

Baluruc ; Black Tabbart; Catharina ; 

Chef d'cBUvre ; Competitor; Czarine ; 

Ely's Queen Victoria; Fair Flora 

(Buckley's); Glory (Buckley's); Grotius; 

Imperatrice de Maroc, alias Lady 

of the Lake, and Valerius Publicola ; 

Imperatrice des Romaines, alias Duchesse 

de Modena; Incomparable Premier 

Noble, alias Grand Czidt; La belle 

Narene; La Mere Bruin Incomparable; 

Laurence's Friend ; Nectar ; Passe 

tilda, alias Strong's French Rose ; 

tiosa, alias Thunderbolt; Queen Boadicea 

; Rose Camuse. 

Byblomens.—Ambassador, alias Atlas 

and Rose Baccu ; Bailleu van Menvede ; 

Bienfait Incomparable; Beauty (Buck- 

Reine d'Egypt; Patty (Lawrence's); 

Queen of Beauties Queen Charlotte ; 

; 

Reid's Sir John Moore ; Reine d'Hongrie 

; Reine des Tulips; Roscius; Suley's); 

Buckley's No. 46; Cleopatra; 

Comte de Provence ; David, a/(as David 

perbeen Noir, alias Lysander Noir; 

Transparent Noir; Washington, alias 

Rodney; Violet h belle forme, Violet 

Imperial, Violet Pompeuse, Violet Rougeatre, 

Violet Triumphant, and Violet 

Wallers. 

Bizarres. — Bolivar (Lawrence's) 

Carlo Doici; Catafalque Superieure 

Duke of Wellington ; Emperor of Aus- 

Ultra; Prince Elie Queen Victoria 

; 

(Wilmer's); Rubens ; Sir E. Knatchbull; 

tria ; Jubilee (Rider's) ; Sir Sidney 

Smith, alias Magnum Bonum, Trebisonde, 

Demetrius, and Franklin's 

Washington ; Osiris ; Prince Albert 

j 

| Florists 

Lord Brougham ; Leonatus Posthumus; 

Lord Milton ; Lord Lilford ; Leonardo flowers, may not be understood by all 

da Vinci; Optimus (Hutton's),aZZas Sur- readers, they are here defined, 

passe Optimus; Richard Cobden ; San- 

— 

(Groom's). Gard. Chron. 

It will be observed, that tulips are 

divided into different classes, and as 

the characteristics of these, as well as 

some other terms applicable to these 

call tulips seedZZng^s until they 

;

T U L 609 TU L 

have bloomed; after this those pre- should commence at the hottnm ofeach 

served on account of their good form petal, the deepest marking being on the 

and habit, as well as the offsets they top, and equal in every one. The 

produce, are called breeders. After flamed flower should likewise possess 

some years tiie petals of these become this feather; with a rich beam up the 

striped, and they are then said to be rib of each petal, branching off oa 

broken. If the striping is good, they either side, touching the feather, and at 

are said to have a good strain ; if it be the same time preserving sufficient of 

inferior, they are described as having the ground colour to show it to advan- 

a bad strain. A rectified tulip is synonymous 

with a tulip havinga good strain. 

tage. A riame without a feather, in 

general, presents a star-like appearance, 

which, though not so correct as 

! 

A feathered tulip has a dark-coloured 

edge round its petals, gradually becom- the other, is still beautiful. The stem 

ing lighter on the margin next the cen- should be elastic, neither too tall nor 

tre of the petal ; the feathering is said short for the size of the flower, and sufto 

be /(g-Af, if narrow ; Aearj/, if broad ; 

a.nd irregu/nr, if lis inner edge has a 

ficiently strong 

without support. 

to keep itself erect 

The edge of the petals 

broken outline. should be 

A ^'7mc(f tulip is one that has a dark- width near 

unbroken, their greatest 

the top, which would prepointed 

spot, somewhat in shape like vent all quartering (a term which in 

the flame of a candle, in the centre of reality means dividing in four), whereas 

each |)otal. the tulip parts into six, and it would 

Sometimes a tulip is both feathered be better in Mr. Groom's opinion if 

and flamed. 

A Bizard tulip has a yellow ground, 

and coloured marks on its petals. 

sextalizijig, or some more proper term 

were substituted—Card. Cliron. 

Soil and Situation.—The best soil is 

A Byblomen is white, marked with formed of good turfy loam from a pas- 

black, lilac, or purple. 

A Rose is white, with marks of crimson, 

pink, or scarlet. 

Characteristics of Excellence. — A 

tulip, however coloured, should be 

composed of six petals, three outer and 

ture. Some very old cow-dung, say 

two years old, and road scrapings, in 

the proportions of three or four barrowfuls 

of the loam to one of the others. 

The best aspect is south-west ; the beds 

should be upon an 0|)en space, eight 

three inner, which should be alternate, yards at least from any wall, to avoid 

and lie close to each other; broad and the reflection of ihe sun. The soil 

round on the top, quite smooth, and of should be free from maniirp, rich, and 

sutticient width to allow the edges to 

lie over each other when fully expanded. 

They should be firm in texture, 

rendered light by well working it. 

— 

Gard. Chron. 

Propigation.— By Seed.—Xn excel- 

having a slight swell towards the lower 

part of the midrib of the petal, which 

lent French authority gives these direc- 

tions :—"When the ripeness of the 

will enable it to retain its shape; this tulip seed, where the flower has bloomin 

a fully expanded flower should be ed in a full exposure, is indicated by 

semi-globular, the stalk being inserted the opening of the capsule, it is cut off 

in the pole, which should be a little a few inches below the head, and placed 

depressed. The petals should be level in a very dry situation, in order to inon 

the top, the inner three of the same sure its perfect maturity. This being 

height as the outer; the latter should : 

accomplished, the seeds are taken out, 

not be bent back, as is the case in and should be sown, about the middle of 

some flowers. The colour of the October, in a bed of well prepared earth, 

ground should be pure and rich, the which has been passed through a coarse 

base of the petals without stain, and sieve, and covered about the eighth of 

the yellow ground should possess the an inch in depth with soil of a fine and 

same intensity of colour on the outer as light texture, which will allow the free 

on the inner side of the flower. In the 

tliree principal classes, namely, roses, 

vegetation of the seeds without in- 

crusting or becoming hard. The beds 

bizards, and byblomens, the colours must be protected from sharp frosts by 

should be brilliant, and well defined, covering them with leaves or with mats, 

In Mr. Groom's opinion, the feathered and likewise kept perfectly free from 

flower is most preferable; the feathers weeds. | If these necessary prccautiont 

38

— 

TUL 610 TUL 

are attended to, the tulips will come account of their different heights, called 

first row, second row, third row, or 

j 

; 

' 

up towards the end of February. From 

the size of a small pea in the first year, row flowers ; the first row being 

the roots will increase considerably 

' 

1 

I 

fourth 

nearest the sides, and the fourth row 

during the two following seasons, and being in the middle; of course, both 

each time when the leaves fade, I sides being alike. There are but four 

spread over my seedlings about an inch heights recognised. Although we have 

in thickness of similarly prepared soil said a bed should consist of seven rows, 

to that with which the seed was cover- to make the matter plain to those who 

ed, being satisfied, that from the loss of have not grown a bed of tulips, every 

time and the greater extent of land they seven which cross the bed is called a 

occupy by taking them up in the row; and among tulip growers, wher- 

second year and replanting them, it is ever they speak of a row, they mean 

the better plan to allow them to remain the row of seven which crosses a bed, 

till they have made their third growth. all these sevens being numbered from 

" I do not take up mine until that 1 to 50, as distinct rows, or up to the 

time, and in a few days afterwards I full number, whatever it may be. Tu- 

replant them about two or three inches lips should be always planted six inches 

in depth, and about three inches apart apart every way, consequently a bed of 

from each other, in a well prepared twenty-five feet would take fifty rows 

bed. Lastly, in every succeeding of seven each. The tulips required will 

year, I set them in fresh soil, being be 50 fourth-row flowers, 100 third row, 

convinced that they attain their full (there being two rows alike of the other 

size much sooner when treated in this heights) 100 second row, and 100 first; 

manner, especially if sand has been and each of these ought to comprise, 

mixed with it, or lime rubbish, which as nearly as may be, one-third of each 

has been enriched with good rotten 

manure or vegetable soil." — Card. 

Chron. 

By Offsets.—The same practical horticulturist 

observes, that 

class. 

" There should be a few over of each 

to guard against accident. The parties 

who supply the tulips should not only 

send the names attached to each, but 

The side bulbs always reproduce their classes also, 

flowers identically with those from! " Mark a space twenty-five feet long 

which they derived their origin. Their and four feet broad, and lying as near 

period of blooming varies according to as may be convenient north flnd south, 

Dig this clean out to the depth of three 

i 

! 

1 

| 

j 

| 

| 

' 

their size; it occasionally happens in 

the first year, but sometimes it is six or feet. 

seven years before they flower. During " If the soil at the bottom is sour or 

August the bed must be prepared for wet, make a drain from the bottom to 

thetr reception ; and in September they the nearest place at which the water 

must be planted from two to four inches can escape ; this drain should be made 

apart, according to their size. Should by cutting a trench even with the bottheir 

planting be deferred till Novem- torn of the bed all the way to the prober, 

it is very possible that many of the posed outlet, half filling it with large^ 

smaller ones will shrivel and perish, stones, broken pots, or (for want

TUL 

" If the bottom be wet and sour, aiui 

you have drained it as before denoted, 

let there be a good six inches of brick 

rubbish, or broken flower pots, or both, 

put at the bottom, and about six inches 

of the common garden soil upon them. 

" The pit for the bed bciris; now prepared 

tor filliiifT, spread dry cow-duns, 

six inches thick, at the bottom; let it 

be trodden down, and throw maiden 

loam, as already described as the top 

spit of a meadow, with the turl' rotted 

in it; fill up the bed to eight inches 

above the surface, drive down at each 

corner of the bed a stake, to mark the 

exact size the bed should be, that is, 

the two end stakes four feet from each 

other, and from one end to the other 

twenty-five feet; and let these stakes 

stand exactly square, one foot above 

tlie surface of the path, and perfectly 

level. 

" If you design to have the sides 

boarded, which saves much trouble, 

your best way is to let the carpenter 

adjust the boards very nicely as to level, 

to let them go down at least six inches 

below the surlace of the garden or path, 

and stand eiL'lit inches above it ; he must 

then provide a three-inch width, to fit 

on and take otf at pleasure, because it 

is of the greatest service in planting. 

The most simple way of planning this 

is with bolts ; the boarding should be 

an inch thick, staples should be placsd 

both in the fixed and in the moveable 

board, opposite each other, at proper 

distances. 

" The whole should be covered from 

heavy falls both of rain and snow ; and 

from the moment the bulbs are in the 

ground, have none but genial showers, 

and not much rain of any sort. We 

would never see the bed dry, but should 

be quite as unwilling to see it too wet." 

— Gnrd. and Pract. Ftor. 

Should very severe frosts occur during 

the winter, cover the bed all over 

a few inches thick with sawdust, which, 

ifdry, the frost never penetrates. When 

the frost is over, take away the sawdust, 

and sift a little fresh soil over the surface 

of the bed. 

S'lade.—Tulips cannot be grown more 

advantageously than in two beds, arranged 

and sheltered according to the 

plan of which the following is an end 

view. But wlielher grown in two beds 

or in one, lii'jhest in the centre, as before 

mentioned. The edges of the beds 

should be supported by deal planking 

two inches thick, and painted green, 

surmounted by a wire trellis, thirty 

inches high, coloured similarly, and 

supporting arches of wire to bear a 

canvtis covering, when shade is required. 

These wire arches fit into 

sockets in the upper rail of the trellis, 

and the canvas cover is fastened to 

them by strings, as in the case of a tent 

beilstead. 

The wire trellis will preserve the 

plants from boisterous winds during all 

periods of the growth, and the whole 

will be found to be the most efficient 

shelter, at a moderate expense that 

combines elegance with utility. The 

first fortnight of the month of November 

is the best season for planting. A 

hole should be made with a trowel, not 

with a dibble, a little sand be j)laced 

beneath and over each bulb, and a small 

hillock marks on the surface its place. 

The only after culture required is a 

frequent hoeing of the suriace of the 

bed ; and as the flowers fall, to cut off 

the seed pod. 

Taking up the Bulbs.—This must be 

done as soon as the leaves in early 

autumn become yellow. Mr. Cilcnny 

says 

— 

" If you have room and convenience, 

put them into boxes, with all their skins 

and roots, and place the drawers singly 

in an airy dry covered place out of the 

sun. In a few days they will harden, 

the skins will come off easy, and the 

root break away without damaging the 

bulb. Should any in taking up be Ibund 

with moist or mildewed skins, which is 

not unfre(]uently the case, they should 

nevertheless be let alone a day or two; 

the removal of the skins, stalks, and 

roots is accompanied with much less 

risk. It is not uncommon for part of 

the top to come away with the roots, if 

the latter is broken off at the time of 

taking up in temporary boxes at first, 

so that as they are cleared of their 

skins and roots, they may be laid away

— — 

— 

TUL 612 TUR 

in their own drawers perfectly clean, or May, though it will grow at almost 

which is not easily done if they are any time of the year, even if there is 

taken out to clean and returned to the occasion to lay it in summer, and dry 

same place, because there will be grit weather succeed : for although it will 

and mould not easily got rid of. Tulips open at the joints, and turn brown, as 

when put away, should have air, with- if dead, yet, after the first rain it will 

out heat, or much frost; an outhouse of close again, and resume its verdure. 

any kind isbetterthan a dwelling-house. The turf for this use is cut with an 

There should be a vacancy between all iron instrument called a turfing iron, 

the drawers, and the case all round 

should have wire panel sides, back and 

observing to cut the pieces all an equal 

width, length, and thickness—the pro- 

front." Gard. and Pract. Flor. 

TULIP TREE. Liriodendron. 

TUP A. Six species. Half-hardy 

per size is a foot wide, a yard long, and 

about an inch thick ; they should be 

first marked by line, the proper width, 

herbaceous perennials. Division and length, and depth with a racer or miter. 

seed. Light, rich, or peaty soil. 

TURF may be obtained either by 

Racing them first longwise a foot wide, 

then across in yard lengths; then pro- 

sowing grass seeds, or laying turf obtained 

from a common or down ; and if 

the latter mode can be adopted, it is 

ceed to cut them up, having particular 

regard to cut them level, and equal in 

thickness, otherwise it will be impossi- 

the best, as the turf is obtained at once, ble to lay them level. As you cut, a 

and more regular than can be under the man or boy should roll each turf up 

best circumstances from seed. 

close and tight, the grass side inwards, 

All the preparation of the soil re- and pile them up by tens, especially if 

quired is to dig it level, a spade deep, they are cut by the hundred. They are 

provided the subsoil is open, otherwise to be laid regular, turf and turf, unroll- 

to have a good drainage effected (see ing them as you lay them, joining them 

Draining); to have all large stones re- up quite close edge to edge, making 

moved from the surface, and to have it good all deficiency of broken parts as 

brought to a perfect level, by repeated you go on ; and as soon as laid, it should 

rollings, and filling up the hollows be well beaten with broad heavy wood- 

when necessary, as indicated by the en beaters, being flat pieces of elm or 

level. The surface being then loosened oak plank, two inches thick, fifteen or 

by raking, is ready for the seed or turf. 

By Seed.— " Never use that from a 

eighteen inches long, and a iiiot broad, 

having a long handle fixed slanting in 

haystack, for it will have mixed with it the middle of the upper side ; and with 

the seeds of weeds ; but buy of respect- these, beat the grass regularly all over, 

able seedsmen, as much as you require. and then roll it vvell with a heavy roller, 

For this purpose the best are Poa pra- observing the beating and rolling should 

tensis, green or spear grass; Poa com- be repeated in moist weather. 

pressor, blue grass; Anthoiayithum odo- "If very dry hot weather succeeds, 

ratum, sweet scented vernal grass: so as to occasion the turf to shrink and 

either of the above, mixed with a small open at the joints, a good watering will 

proportion of white clover, will form a 

permanent and pleasing sward. 

" Sow evenly, and rake well in, and 

roll. When the grasses come up, the 

be of much advantage." Abercromhie. 

By Inoculation.—If turf is scarce, cut 

turves into pieces, about three inches 

square, and plant these, green side uji, 

ground should be carefully gone over, 

and cleared of all weeds and spurious 

pretty thickly over the space intended 

for the lawn. Boat them down into the 

grasses, as they appear. Strict attention 

to this will do much to ensure the 

soil, and water freely, roll frequently, 

and water also in dry weather. The 

future excellence of the lawn. During turf will soon be as close, and the sward 

the first season after sowing, the grass 

may be mown three or four times, but 

not in hot dry weather; and afterwards, 

the oftener it is rolled and mown the 

better." Gard. Chron. — Gard. and 

as perfect, as if the ground had been 

entirely turved. 

TURF ASHES. See Ashes. 

These, which are the basis of charred 

turf, now becoming so usual a manure, 

are, according to M. Sprengel, thus 

constituted : 

Prac. Flor. 

By Turf.—The season for laying turf 

is any time from September till April 

— 

— 

Silica 93.10

— 

TUR 613 TUR 

Alumina 1.35 

Oxide of iron 1.73 

manganese . . . 0.32 

Lime 0.62 

Magnesia 0.33 

Potash, combined with sulphuric 

acid 0.38 

Comtnon salt 0.08 

Sulphuric acid, combined with 

potash and lime .... 1.70 

Phosphoric acid, combined 

with lime and magnesia . 0.39 

' 

which point the iron is slightly bent 

longitudinally to admit the thickness of 

wood underneath, and give a proper 

inclination to the handle. The instrument 

serves both as a grass rake and a 

daisy rake, and has the advantage over 

the daisy rakes in common use, of being 

easier cleaned, from the wideness of 

the interstices between the 

Card. Mag. 

TURNER A. Eleven 

teeth. 

species. 

TURF TOOLS are the liacer or Rut- 

Stove annuals, biennials, and evergreen 

shrubs J". /r/on//?o;-ft is an herbaceous 

ter, for cutting the edges of turf after it perennial; and T. racemosa a hardy an 

has been laid, and for cutting tlie out nual. Seeds, and the shrubby kinds by 

lines of the turves when first obtained. cuttings. Rich soil. 

It is a thin sharp edged implement, TURNIP. Brassica rapa. " The 

somewhat rcsemblin a cheese-cutter, turnip 

fixed to a handle about four feet Ion 

Fig. 173 

The Turfing Inm is f(ir raising or 

peeling off the turves from the soil. It 

lias an arrow-headed flat blade, with an 

angular handle, thus : 

Fig. 174 

^ 

— 

is a biennial plant, growing 

in a wild state in some parts of England, 

but better known as an inhabitant 

of the garden and farm. There 

are an immense variety: to cultivate 

all is not so desirable as to plant 

such as are tlie more valuable. Those 

which we deem best for family use are 

the Early Dutch and Red Top, for autumn 

and early winter supply. The 

Yellow Aberdeen, Golden Maltese, 

Ruta Baga (or Swedish), are not so much 

esteemed in the autumn, but remain 

firm and solid until late in the spring, 

(when most other kinds have become 

pithy,) and are then fine. The Large 

Globe, and Norfolk Turnip, and the 

Ruta Baga, are principally cultivated 

for cattle. 

*' The main sowings of all the kinds 

recommended for family use, are made 

in the vicinity of Philadelphia from 

about the middle of August to the first 

of September. If sown earlier they are 

A Turf or Daisy Rake consists of a ^?^ ^" piece of thin plate iron, cut into teeth, 

with two slips of ash, or other tough 

wood, between which it is firmly riveted 

to form a back, and keep it from 

bending. When put together, the back 

is an inch and a quarter thick. The 

wood is beveled to nothing, half an inch 

above the interstices of the teeth, at 

'^"'^ ''"^'3' flavoured," and 

'*^'l'^^'' 

sown later do not generally attain 

'J 

'"*' growth. The Ruta Baga, Globe and 

^°^ô^^ require more time to perfect 

'''*""^^'''^^! ^""^ therefore about - 

month earlier. The more rapidly the 

root is produced the more tender and 

well flavoured it will be. Those which 

are intended for the spring supply should 

be topped very closely, else when the 

weather becomes mild, the crown will 

start, and the root soon gets pithy and 

unfit for use. 

" Spring sowings seldom answer a 

good purpose : the Early Dutch and 

Red Top are, however, best. 

" Should a long continued drought 

prevail at the time recommended for 

sowing in the autuoin, some difficulty

— 

T U R 614 TUS 

| 

may he experienced in getting the seed moved, and, in other respects, be treat- 

! 

to vegetate, (unless it be small patches ed as turnips in preparing them for 

in the garden, which can be shaded and 

watered.) The only resource is, to Varieties. — Of the turnip-cnhbace, 

make several sowings in freshly dug or which is so named on account of the 

ploughed ground. 

round fleshy protuberance that is form- 

" If the seed has lain long, say two ed at the upper end of the stem, there 

or three weeks, without vegetating, are four varieties: 

should a shower come, the safer plan 

will be to re-plough or harrow the 

ground, and make a fresh sowing. 

" Frequently the 

1. White turnip-cabbage. 

2. Purple turnip-cabbage. 

3. Fringed turnip-cabbage. 

4. Dwarf early turnip-cabbage. 

Of the turnip-rooted cabbage, which 

' fly' proves very 

destructive, preying upon the young 

plants when in so early a stage that 1 

they can scarcely be seen without close 

inspection. To counteract them it has 

| 

' 

j 

is distinguished from the above by its 

root having the protuberance near the 

origin of the stem, there are two varie- 

been recommended to soak the seed in 

ties, the white and the red. 

sulphur water—an ounce of sulphur to 

a pint of water. A mixture of quicklime, 

ashes, and soot, sprinkled over; 

them, is frequently effectual. I 

« The crop may be put in either broad 

cast, or in drills, raking the seed well 

in. The latter plan is the better, and 

if sown on very dry ground during hot 

weather, it is safer to roll the land immediately 

afterw;ird. Observe, the land 

cannot be too rich for this crop; old sod, 

or newly cleared land, produces the 

largest and finest flavoured roots." 

very small quantity of each is in request 

— 

Sowing.—They are propagated by 

seed, which may be sown broadcast or 

in drills, at monthly intervals, in small 

quantities, from the commencement of 

April until the end of June. 

Planting.—The best mode is to sow 

thin, in drills two feet and a half apart, 

and allow the plants to remain where 

sown, the plants being thinned to a 

similar distance apart; or, if sown 

broadcast, to allow them to remain in 

the seed-bed until of sufficient size to 


To obtain Seed, some of the most perfect 

roots of those which will withstand 

the winter may remain where grown; 

or they may be transplanted in February 

or March. 

The plants must stand a foot apart 

each way ; be carefully freed of weeds, 

and especial care taken to keep away 

birds, as they are particularly voracious 

of the seed of this, and of all other species 

of brassica. When ripe in July or 

August, the stalks are cut; and when 

perfectly dry, the seed beaten out and 

stored. No two varieties must be allowed 

to grow together. 

Manures.—The best manure for tur- 

be removed into rows, at similar distances, 

for production, rather than, as 

is the practice of some gardeners, to 

transplant them, when an inch or two 

in height, in a shady border, in rows 

three inches apart each way, to be 

thence removed as above stated. 

Water must be given every night after 

nips is stable dung; and next in their 

order, guano, super-phosphate of lime, 

soot, and salt. 

For the injuries to which the turnip 

is liable, see Athalia, Ambury, and 

Black Fly. 

Turnip-cabbage {Brassica napo-brassica), 

and turnip-rooted cabbage (B. 

caulo-rapa). These species of brassica 

are but little cultivated, and, at most, a 

a removal until the plants are again 

established ; and afterwards, in dry 

weather, occasionally as may appear 

necessary. 

Earth may be drawn up to the stem 

of the turnip-cabbage as to other species 

of brassica; but the bulb of the turniprooted 

must not be covered with the 

mould. For directions to obtain seed, 

&c., see Brocoli, Turnip, &c. 

TURNIP-FLY. See Black Fly. 

TURNSOLE. Heliotropium. 

TURPENTINE. Silphium terebinthaceum. 

TURPENTINE MOTH. See Tortrix 

resinella. 

TURPENTINE TREE. Pistaciaterebinthus. 

TURR.ffiA. Five species. Stove 

evergreen trees. Cuttings. Loam, peat, 

Thebulbs.forwhichtheyarecultivated, and sand. 

TUSSILAGO. Twelve species. 

must have their thick outer skin re- 1

TWA 615 VAN 

Hardy or half-hardy herbaceous peren- ' 

nials. Division. Common soil 

TWAYBLAD?. Listera. 

TWKKDIA. Two species, 

deciduous twiners. Cuttings or seeds. 


TYLOPHORA. Three species. 

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings. 


TYPOGRAPHER BARK BEETLE. 

See Bostrichus, 

TYTONIA natans. Stove aquatic 

annual. Seeds. Rich loamy soil, in 

water. 

ULCER. See Canker. 

Hardy I 

U L E X . Furze. Four species. 

Hardy evergreen shrubs. U. Eiiropcea 

bleaching powder (chloride of lime), 

there will be no offensive smell. CJypsum 

mixed with urine, or a little oil of 

vitriol 

poured into it, adds to its utility 

as a manure. Sulph:iie of iron, in the 

proportion of seven pounds to every 

hundred of urine, prevents the escape 

of ammonia during putrefaction. 

UROPETALON. Six species. Halfhardy 

and green-house bulbous perennials. 

Offsets and seeds. Loam and 

leaf-mould. 

UTRICULARIA. Hooded Milfoil. 

Three species. Hardy aquatic perennials. 

Division. Water. 

UVARIA. Six species. Stove evergreen 

shrubs; U. zeylanica, a twiner. 

Ripe cuttings. Sandy loam and peat. 

' 

' 

is increased by young cuttings, and all 

by seeds. Common light soil. 

UVULARIA. Six species. Hardy 

ULiMUS. Elm. Thirteen species 

,,g~j,_:,P^g^yV-"g„„i;;j^;'l)7;fJo„/Ligh't 

. 

. and many varieties. Hardy deciduous > 

sandy soil. 

trees. Lavers or grafts. Common soil. 

VACCINIUM. Whortleberry. Thirty- 

U. integrifolia is a stove evergreen 

two species and some varieties. Chiefly 

tree. The Wych elm (L' montana) is 

hardy deciduous shrubs; V. caracasa- 

also propagated bv seed ripened here. num and V.meridionale are stove ever- 

UMBILICUS. Four species. Hardy 

greens ; and a few are liardy and half- 

and half-hardy herbaceous perennials. 

hardy evergreen trailers. Layers, 

Offsets, cuttings, and seeds. Loam, 

seeds, and the stove species cuttings : 


sandy peat. 

UMBRELLA TREE. Hibiscus gui- VALERI.\NA. Valerian. Nineteen 

necnsis. 

species. Hardy herbaceous perennials, 

UMBRELLA WORT. Oxybaphus. 

except V. capensis, which belongs to 

UNC.^RIA. Two species. Stove 

the green-house, and V. sisymbrifolia, 

evergreen climbers. Cuttings. Peat 

is a hardy biennial. Division. Loam, 

and loam. 

peat, and sand, for the natives of warna 

UNDER-GROUND ONION. SeePo- 

climates, and common soil for the 

tato Onion. 

hardy species. 

UNONA. Ten species. Stove evergreen 

shrubs, trees, and climbers. Ripe VALERIANELLA. Three species. 

cuttings. Light turfy loam. 


URANI.\. speciosa. Stove herbace- VALLARIS pergulana. Stove everous 

perennial. Newly imported seeds. green twiner. Cuttings. Sandy loam 


well watered. 

It requires to be and peat. 

VALLESIA. Two species. Stove 

URARI.\. Six species. Stove and evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Sandy 

green-house evergreen shrubs, except loam and peat. 

U. lagoc(phala, a stove herbaceous pe- VALLISNERIA spiralis. Greenrennial. 

Seeds or young cuttings, house aquatic perennial. Seeds. Wa- 

Loain, peat, and sand. 

URHDO. See Burberry and Mildew. VALLOTA purpurea, and its variety. 

IRINE. See Dung. The urine of Green-house bulbous perennial. Off- 

all animals is excellent as a manure; 

but it must be given only to plants 

whilst growing, and in a diluted state. 

C)ne of the most fertilizing of liquid 

manures is composed ofcabbage-leaves, 

sets. Peat and sand. 

VANDA. Five species. Stove 

epiphytes. Division. Wood, and some 

of the stronger kinds, sphagnum and 

potsherds. 

and other vegetable refuse, putrefied in VAXDELLI.'V. Four species. Stove 

the urine from a house or stable, and ! annuals, except V. Iiirsuta, which is 

diluted with three times its quantity of] hardv. Seeds. Sandy loam. 

water when applied. If mixed with! VjVNGUERI.^. Three species. Stove

— 

evergreen shrubs 

and peat. 

VAN 

Cuttings. 

Loam 

VANILLA. Three species. V. bicolor, 

a stove epiphyte, increased by 

division, and growing on wood. The 

otlier two increase by cuttings. Moss 

and turfy peat 

616 VER 

I shrub. 

VEPRLS ohovata. Stove evergreen 

Cuttings. Peat, loam, and 

sand. 

VERATUM. Six "Species. Hardy 


seeds. Rich soil. 

VERBASCUM. Sixty-four species. 

VAR'IEGATION is the colour of Chielly hardy biennials, and a few 

leaves diflerent from green, such as herbaceous perennials. V. spinosum is 

"the silvery and golden margins, and a half-hardy evergreen shrub; V. havarieties 

of spots, which are common morrhoidale, and V. pinnatifidum, are 

• 

among garden plants, as in myrtle, green-house biennials. Seeds; the pesage, 

ivy, holly, the Agave Americana, rennials by division. Common soil. 

Seiupcrvivuni arboreum, and many of, VERBENA. Vervain. Thirty-two 

the Pelavfôniic. These spots are not species. Hardy, half-hardy and greendiseases, 

ibr the whole plant has all the house herbaceous perennials, and hardy 

signs of being in a perfectly healthy and half-hardy annuals and biennials. 

state. But neither are they effects ofj These latter increase by seed, the pe 

a law of nature, like the spots of OrcA/s rennials by cuttings. Light loam. 

7naculata, and the red-coloured leaves 

of Caladitim bicolor and Amaranthus 

Choice Varieties are 

Scarlet. — V. Atrosanguinea; V. 

tricolor, inasmuch as they are not continued 

by propagation by seed. Such 

Boule de Feu. 

Orange Scarlet. — V. formosa ele- 

discoloured spots are incapable of performing 

the usual function of leaves, 

gans Gladiator. 

; 

White.—Princess Royal; Monarch; 

namely, the exhalation of oxygen 

gas." Decandolle. 

Yet this variegation does not render 

the plant more tender; for the variegated 

holly and ivy are as hardy as 

those with leaves entirely green. 

V AS CO A. Two species. Greenhouse 



VEGf:TABLE MANURES. See 

Alba magna. 

Purple.—V. Stewartii ; Emma. 

Reddish Purple.— V. rubra; V. purpurea 

; Renown ; V. rubescens. 

Ruby.— Defiance ; RuIjv. 

Rose.— Bridesmaid Wood's Princess 

; 

Royal; Beauty Supreme Teucriodes 

; ; 

Rosea ; Rose d- Amour. 

Green Manures, Ashes, Manures. 

VEGETABLE MARROW. 

Gourd. 

See 

VELEZIA rigida. Hardy annual. 


V E L L A Pseudo - cytisus. Cress 

Rocket. Green-house evergreen shrub. 

Young cuttings. Common soil. 

VELLEJA. Three species. Greenliouse 

herbaceous perennials. Division 

or seeds. Loam, peat, and sand. 

VELTHEIMIA. Three species. 

Green-house bulbous perennials. Off- 

sets. Light loamy soil. 

VENTILATION. See Stove. 

VENUS'S COMB. Scandix pecten- 

— 

Mulberry.—Mulberry. 

Cream.—V. lutescens. 

Lilac.—Messenger; Giant. 

Propagation. — By Seed. — Sow towards 

the end of February in shallowpans, 

to be placed in a gentle heat. 

The seedlings may be planted out in 

summer in a warm part of the garden, 

where they will flower in the autumn. 

By Cuttings.— In the last week of 

August or first week of September, 

take cuttings from laterals not in bloom. 

Pot them in sixties, filled firmly with 

sandy loam and leaf mould; water and 

plunge in a hot-bed, temperature not 

more than 4.3^, under a hand-glass, 

shading from sunshine, and when rooted 

pinch off their tops. 

>neris. By Layers.—Verbenas in the open 

I 

VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. Lioncea mus- < borders are readily propagated by pegcipula. 

ging down the laterals in September in 

VENUS'S HAIR. Adiantum capillis pots filled with earth and sunk into the 

veneris. 

bed near the plants. The layers will 

VENUS-S LOOKING-GLASS Spe-\ be rooted in about six weeks, when they 

cularia speculum. 

lay be separated from the parent 

VENUS'S NAVELWORT. Ompha plant. Put them into a gentle heat, 

lodes. 

repot them, and keep through the

— 

V ER 617 VIN 

winter in a cold frame, giving very V'ERXOXIA. Fifteen species. Ilardv 

little water during that season. 

General Culture.— Mr. G. Fielder, 

green-house and stove herbaceous perennials, 

and stove evergreen shrubs, 

gardener to \V. Ifrisco, Esq., of Hast- I', linearis is a stove annual. Seeds 

ings, says that six plants of a kind are and young cuttings, and the herbaceous 

usually enough to obtain cuttings and kinds bv division. Light rich soil. 

' 

layers from for bedding out. His mode VER'ONIC.V. Speedwell. Onehun- 

of proceeding is as follows:— 

dred and twenty-five species. Cl)iellv 

" In the first or second vvcek in Jidy hardy herbaceous perennials. Some 

strike in sixty pots as many cuttings of are deciduous trees and trailers, and a 

the ditferent kinds as required tor filling 

the beds in the following year, 

about six pots of a sort being usually 

sufficient. Early ia .\ugust, tlie pots 

being filled with roots, prepare as many 

boxes, two feet square sorts, filling one- 

few evergreen shrubs and creepers. 

The green-house shrubs increase by 

cuttings. Tho hardy annuals by seeds. 

The herbaceous by division. Common 

^ 

I 

soil suits them all. 

VERVAIN. See Verbena. 

third of each box with broken tiles, VESICARIA. Nine species. Hardy 

and the rest witli one part sand, one and half-hardy annuals, biennials, her- 

leaf-mould, and two parts good rich baceous perennials, and evergreen 

loam. Plant in them at equal distances shrubs. Seeds. Sandy loam, 

apart, and the 

down they soon 

shoots being pegged \V.STl.\ lycioides. Green-house de- 

take root all over the ciduous shrub. Cuttings. Peat and 

box, and form one mass. Place in a 

cold frame during the winter, and the 

oain. 

VII30RGIA. Two species. Green- 

lights thrown otf except in wet or frosty house 

weather. Early in the spring they begin tings. 

evergreen shrubs. Youn 

Sandy loam and peat, 

cut 

to make young shoots, which pot in sixty VIBURNUM. Twenty-seven species 

pots and strike in a cucumber frame ; and some varieties. Hardy deciduous 

these will be ready to plant out by the and evergreen shrubs; a very few be- 

end of April, at which time the boxes 

are turned out, one side being removed 

and the mass planted in the centre of 

a bed. The bed is then filled up with 

the young plants from the sixty pots ; 

those out of the boxes, being oldest 

long to the stove and green-house, and 

one or two are lialf-hardy. Layers or 

cuttings. Peat and loam; V. opulus ia 

the Guelder Rose. 

VICIA. Vetch. Seventy-seven species. 

Chiefly hardy annuals and climb- 

and strongest, take the lead and keep ing annuals or deciduous climbers. 

it."' Gard. Chron. 

In Pots.—Some of these trained over 

a trellis should alwavs be on the creenhouse. 

All the particular attention 

Seeds : and the few perennial kinds by 

division and seeds. Common soil 

VIEUSSEUXIA. Eleven species. 

Green-house bulbous perennials. V 

required is that they should be kept glaucopis is half-hardy. Offsets or 

regularly shifted into pots of a larger 

size as they require it, and should be 

seeds. Peat, loam, and sand, 

VIGNA globea. Hardy training an- 

where they receive the full benefit of VIGUIERA. Two species. Stove 

the sun and air Any free rich soil herbaceous perennials. Cuttings. Sandy 

will suit them. 

Such are the directions for its culture 


VILLARSIA. Ten species. Hardy, 

as given in the I^nglish edition of this half-hardy, green-house and stove 

work. In the United States the climate aquatic and herbaceous perennials. Diis 

more favourable for the Verbena, and 

when turned out in an open border 

vision or seed. Peat and sand; and 

the perennial, or marshy kinds, in 

early in summer, the only care requisite i pots placed in water 

seems to be lest it take entire posses- V1LM0RINI.\ multijlora. Stove 

sion of the garden. 

VERHESIN.\. Eightspecies. Greenhouse 

and hardy herbaceous perennials 

evergreen shrub. Seeds and cuttings. 

Loam, peat, and sand 

VIMINARI.V. Two species. Green- 

V. boswallia is a green-house annual, house evergreen shrubs, Cuttings. 

and V.atriplicifolia a.n evergreen shrub. Light loam and peat 

Division. Light rich soil 

VINC.V. Periwinkle. Three spe-

— 

VIN 618 VI 

cies and several varieties. Hardy 

evergreen trailers. Division. Common 

soil. 

VINE. Vitis vinifera. See Grape 

Vine. 

VINE BOWER. Clematis Viticella. 

VINE LEEK. Allium ampeloprasum. 

VIOLA. Violet. Ninety-nine species. 

Chiefly hardy herbaceous perennials, 

annuals, deciduous and evergreen 

trailers, a few are half-hardy, and a 

few others belong to the green-house. 

The herbaceous kinds increase by division 

or seeds : the shrubs by cuttings. 

The annuals by seeds. Loam, peat, or 

leaf-mould, and sand suits them best. 

VIOLET. Viola odorata. 

Varieties.—The best are Neapolitan, 

Russian and Neapolitan Violets.— 

There are two double varieties of the 

Russian, the purple and the white. At 

the close of autumn, in a rich yet light 

soil, some year-old plants of each variety 

should be planted, some in a border 

which is exposed to the full meridian 

sun; some in a border which only receives 

its morning rays; and a third 

quantity in pots on a north border. The 

only attention they require is to keep 

them free from weeds, and to remove 

all runners as they appear. These will 

bloom in succession from March until 

the end of May; and if those in pots in 

the north border are prevented from 

blooming by having their flower-buds 

picked off as they appear until late in 

May, and are then plunged in the 

j 

: 

| 

! 

1 

double pale blue; Russian, h[\ie; Tree border which enjoys the morning sun, 

Violet, semi-double, blue, stem eighteen they will, if carefully watered and atinches 

high. Double Blue; Whiter tended, bloom in June and early in July. 

Pink. 

The double purple may be most suc- 

Soil.—All the varieties prefer a light cessfully cultivated in this way. For 

rich soil on a well drained subsoil. forcing, Mr. Ayres directs some year- 

Stable manure makes them too luxuriold plants of the Neapolitan varieties 

ant; and when they require the addi- to be taken up after having done flowertion 

of a fertilizer, none is so beneficial ing, and planted in a light rich border, 

as leaf-mould, or the bottom of an old a foot apart each way, care being taken 

wood stack. 

Propagation. — By Division, &c. 

to remove all runners, but to injure the 

roots as little as possible. A copious 

They all multiply by parting the roots, watering is to be given at the time of 

and by their side shoots rooting in the 

earth. They may be parted or slipped 

planting ; they should be shaded through 

the summer, and all runners removed 

in spring, summer, or autumn, as soon as they appear. In September, the 

as they have done flowering, in moist 

weather. Each plant may be slipped 

or divided into several slips, not too 

Neapolitans with good balls of earth 

are to be placed in forty-eight or thirtytwo 

size pots, and removed into a gentle 

small; and planted either at once to hot-bed, and protected by a frame. If 

remain, or the weakest may be planted air be admitted freely and the heat be 

in nursery beds; and in either method kept up very gently, these may be 

each slip will soon increase into a large brought to bloom in February. Another 

tuft, and flower abundantly the next mode of making the Neapolitan violet 

year. bloom during the winter is to plant some 

of the runners at the end of April, in 

By Seed.—Sow it either soon after it ' 

is ripe, or early in the spring, in a bed small pots filled chiefly with leaf-mould, 

or border of light earth, and raked in ; watering them until rooted, and then 

and when the plants are come up an moving them to a cold shaded place, as 

' inch or two high in summer, prick them the north side of a wall—the colder the 

out in a shady border to grow till Oc better. In October bring them under 

tober, and then plant out to remain. the sunny side of the green-house, or 

Pink Violets. — The best time to into an empty frame to be closed at 

plant them is in September, but they night, and then move them the second 

should be planted in a dry situation. week in December into a sunny window 

and not fully exposed to the sun at any or green-house. They will bloom in 

part of the day. The principal points January, and for some months after, by 

to attend to are, never to disturb them having a proper succession, 

^ by clearing or digging about them, Dr. Lindley says— " To have Russian 

and always to plant them in a shaded violets in flower during winter, you 

j 

place. must treat them in the following man-

— 

V I 619 W H A 

ner: as soon as they have done flowering, 

about March, sift a little light soil 

over them, and encourage their growth 

as much as possible, to obtain early 

strong rooted runners Troni the old 

plants, which if properly managed will 

VIOLET TIILASPI. Clypeola Ion 

Tlifaspi. 

VluRNA. Clematis viornn. 

VIPF:R-S BUGLOSS. Eclnum. 

VIPKIl-S CRASS. See Scorzonern. 

VIKGIHA. Six species. (ireen- 

be about the end of May. Transplant house evergreen shrubs, except T. ?i/?ca. 

the young runners into a nursery-bed in 

a rather shaded but not confined situation. 

The soil should be fresh sandy 

loam and peat, with a small portion of 

leaf-mould, but by no means made rich 

with dung, as that causes the plants to 

a hardy deciduous tree. Young cuttings. 


VIRGIXL\N CREEPER. Ampelopsis 

hcdcracca. 

VIRGLVIAX POKE. Phytolacca decandra. 

, 

\ 

' 

grow too vigorously. About the begin- VIRGLX'S BOWER. Clematis Viti- 

' ning of August prepare a place for their ceUa. 

final reception, old cucumber or VISCARIA. Three species. Hardy 

melon bed will do wel taking away annuals. Seeds. Common soi" 

the soil from the frame, and tilling the V I S C U JNI album. The Mistletoe. 

place with a mixture of good loam and Parasite, increased by putting the ber- 

sandy peat, adding about one quarter of 

well rotted cow-dung to it, well water 

the whole, and let it remain for a few^ 

days to settle. After this remove the 

young plants from the nursery-bed with 

good balls, and plant t!iem in rows 

ries on trees alter cutting the bark. See 

Mistletoe. 

VISML\. Three species. Stove 

evergreen o shrubs. YoungDO cuttinss. 


V I T E X. Twelve species. Stove, 

aliout six or nine inches apart each w'ay, 

and afterwards place the liglits on ("or 

few days until the plants recover the 

green-house and hardy evergreen shrubs 

and trees. Cuttings. Loam and peat, 

and the hardy kinds of common soil. 

shift. They will afterwards require no VITIS. Eleven species and some 

further trouble except watering and varieties. ILirdy deciduous or stove 

keeping free from slugs and weeds, 

which must be attended to. When the 

evergreen climbers. 

common grapevine: 

V. vinifera is the 

seed, cuttings or 

weather becomes cold in the autumn, layers. Strong rich soil. See Grape 

the lights 

night, and 

must be put on during the Vine. 

i 

in rough wet weather; and V1TTARL\. Two species. Ferns. 

finally the violets must be well protected Stove herbaceous perennials. Division 

from frost during winter, by covering or seeds. Loam and peat. 

them at all times when the weather will VOANDZELV subterranea. Stove 

permit, to prevent their damping ofT. 

Treated in this way, they will then 

creeping annual. Seeds. Rich mould. 

VOLKAMERIA aculeata. A stove 

flower freely from December to Febru- evergreen shrub, and V. japonica, a 

ary. They may also be potted and green-house evergreen tree. Cuttings. 

cultivated in the same manner, and 

when in flower may be planted in the 


VOUAPA bifolia. Stove evergreen 

green-house; but they will not bloom shrub. Ripe cuttings. Sandy loam and 

during the winter, if exposed to the in- peat. 

clemency of the weather, or if in a damp VOYR.l rosea. Stove herbaceous 

situation." Gard. Chron. 

perennial. Seeds. Sandy loam and 

Water should only be applied to them 

when they really want it, and then it 

peat. 

VRESIA psittacina. Stove epiphyte. 

should be given freely, and early in the 

morning, so that the plants may have 

Suckers. Leaf-mould and potsherds. 

WACHENDORFIA. Eight species. 

plenty of time to dry before the frame Green-house bulbous perennials. OfTis 

closed. 

• sets or seeds. Sandy loam and peat. 

Tree Violet.—This requires to be pot- WAHLENBERGIA. Four species. 

ted in a mixture of peat and sandy 

loam, and requires no further attention 

All hardy; W. grandijlora, an 

aceous perennial ; W. repeiis, an 

herbever- 

than to be kept in a shady part of a green creeper; the other two are an- 

I 

green-house ; supplying it plentifully Duals. Division and seeds. Loam and 

with water and air. 

peat.

— 

W A L 620 W AL 

WALDSTEINIA geoides. Hardy 

herbaceous perennial. Division or 


WALKERA. Two species. Stove 

evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. Sandy 


will bloom in the spring, and the best 

may be then selected. Watering in 

very dry weather, lengthens the duration 

of their bloom. Saltpetre one 

ounce to the gallon, given once in ten 

days, heightens their colour and vigour. 

WALKS. See Gravel. It may be Cuttinsrs.—The double varieties are 

observed here, that of whatever material thus propagated. When the old plants 

I 

! are 

! water 

i duce 

a walk is composed, that it is essential 

to have it well under-drained, and for 

this purpose an understratum offlints or 

Card. Chron. 

WALL CRESS. Ardbis. 

WALL-FLOWER or STOCK-GIL- 

LIFLOWER. Cheiranthus. 

C. arboreits. Shrubby W. F. Yellow. 

June. 

C. cheiri. Common W. F. Yellow, 

crimson, brown. June. 

C.firmus. Permanent W, F. Yellow. 

July. 

C. Unifolius. Flax-leaved W. F. Purple. 

July. 

C. scopariiis White, yellow, and 

purple. June. 

C. semperflorens. 

F. White. July. 

done blooming, cut off their heads ; 

i 

; 

I 

j 

; 

] 

| 

them freely, and they will pro- 

brick-bats, twelve inches deep, is not 

shoots along with their entire stem; 

these when from four to six inches long, 

too much. Walks so founded, are never must be cut off close to the stem, and 

vet or soft. Coal ashes, or which is be planted in a light rich shady border, 

still better, fresh tan, makes a pleasant under a hand-glass; watering occasionwinter 

walk, particularly on tenacious 

soils, as it never adheres to the shoes 

ally until rooted. 

Soil.—A light rich loam, mixed with 

eitlier during rain or after frost; half! a little lime rubbish, suits it best. See 

an inch I think is sufficient. It likewise 

makes a soft and pleasant summer walk 

Stock 

WALLICHIA. Two species. Stove 

and from its loose nature, is readily palms. Seeds Strong rich soil and a 

cleared from weeds. If not wanted strong heat. 

during summer, it may readily be swept WALLS are usually built in panels, 

clean otT after a few dry days. It is in- from fifteen to thirty feet in length, one 

valuable for covering walks or footpaths brick thick, with pillars for the sake of 

in the kitchen garden, when there is adding to their strength, at these specimuch 

wheeling of manure or soil, to be fied distances; the foundation a brick 

done during frost, which is too often and a half thick. The plan of jNIr. Silobliged 

to be suspended at\er ten or|verlock, of Chichester, is worthy of 

eleven o'clock, when there is clear sun- adoption, since if well constructed, it is 

shine, from the ground getting soft and equally durable, and saves one-third of 

clammy. With a covering of tan, the the expense. Walls so constructed are 

operation may be continued throughout stated to become dry after rain, much 

the day, and even during wet weather. more rapidly than a solid wall of the 

If the tan remain permanently, it will 

require renewing every two years. 

same or any other thickness, and there 

appears not a shadow of a reason why 

it should not ripen fruit equally well. 

He forms the wall hollow, nine inches 

in breadth, by placing the bricks edgewise 

so as to form two facings, they are 

laid in good mortar, and the joints care- 

Everblooming W. 

fully finished. They are placed alternately 

with their fices and ends to the 

outsides, so that every second brick is 

a tie, and in each succeeding course, a 

brick with its end outwards is placed 

on the centre of one laid lengthwise on 

either side. The top of the wall must 

be covered with a coping of stone or 

bricks, projecting two inches. It is 

strengthened at every twenty feet, by 

piers of fourteen inch-work, built in the 

\ 

Besides these species and varieties, same manner, with bricks laid on edge, 

there are many German Wall-flowers The mode of constructing the piers, 

imported, mostly semi-double, and well obviating the disadvantages arising from 

j 

i 

worthy of culture for their peculiar CO- training branches round their sharp 

lours and habits. angles, which often causes them to 

i 

Sowing is best done in June, the gum, recommended by the Rev. T.Culseedlings 

to be transplanted into nur- luni, of Bury St. Edmonds, is to have 

sery beds when three inches high. They their corners bevelled. He also advises

— 

— 

W AL 621 W A L 

the copings to project much further darkness of its colour, if a proper screen 

than they are usually made to do, even 

as much as twelve inches ; but his reabe 

then employed. 

Gard. 

Johnson's Princ. of 

soning refers more immediately to the Inclined or Sloping Walls have been 

manaizement of wall fruit. 

recommended, but have alwavs failed 

It is a practice sanctioned by econo- in practice. It is quite true that they 

my, to build the wall half brick thick, receive the sun's rays at a favourable 

on a nine inch foundation, and to com- angle, but they retain wet, and become 

pensate for its want of strength, a so much colder by radiation at night 

waved form is given. Both the small- than perpendicular walls, that they are 

ncss of its substance and its form, are found to be unfavourable to the ripenfound, 

however, to be inimical to the 

ripening of fruit. 

In every instance a wall should never 

ing of fruit, 

" The F/ucd-u-all or Ilot-iral!,'" says 

Mr. Loudon, " is generally built entirebe 

lower than eight feet. The thickly of brick, though where stone is 

ness usually varies with the height of abundant and more economical, the 

the wall, being nine inches, if it is not 

liigher than eight feet; thirteen and a 

back or north side may be of that raa- 

tcrial. A flued wall may be termed a 

half inches, if above eight and under hollow wall, in which the vacuity is 

fourteen feet; and eighteen inches, thrown into compartments, to facilitate 

from fourteen up to twenty feet. 

the circulation of smoke and heat, from 

Fruit trees will succeed quite as well the base or surlace of the ground, to 

against a stone wall as against a brick within one or two feet of the coping. 

one, although the former is neither so Such walls are generally arranged with 

neat in appearance, nor can the trees hooks inserted under the coping, to adbe 

trained in such a regular form upon mit of fastening some description of 

it as npon the latter. The lastdisadvantage 

may be in a great measure remcprotecting 

covers, and sometimes for 

temporary glass frames. A length of 

died by having a wooden or wire trellis forty feet, and from ten to tifleen high, 

affixed to it. Gard. Chron. may be heated by one fire, the furnace 

If it be desirable that the roots of the of which, being placed one or two feet 

trees should benefit by the pasturage 

outside the wall, it is very common to 

below the surlace of the ground, the 

first course or flue will commence one 

build it upon an arched foundation. toot above it, and be two feet six inches. 

' 

' 

Colour has very considerable influence or three feet high, and the second, third, 

over a body's power of absorbing heat, and fourth courses, narrower as they 

If a thermometer on a hot summer's ascend. The thickness of that side of 

day, be exposed to the sun, it will indi- the flue, next the south or preferable 

cate a temperature of about 100°; but if side, should for the first course, be four 

the bulb be blackened with Indian ink inciies or brick and bed, and for the 

or the smoke of a candle, it will rise other courses, it were desirable to have 

from ten to twenty degrees higher, bricks cast in a smaller mould : say for 

The reason for this is tli;it the polished the second course three, for the third 

surface of the glass reflects some of the two and three (juarters, and for the 

sun's rays, but the blackened surlace fourth two and a half inches in breadth, 

absorbs them all. Blue absorbs all but 

the blue rays—red all but the red 

This will give an opportunity of bevel- 

ng the wall, and the bricks being all of 

green and yellow all but those of their 

own name—and white reflects all the 

rays. The lightest coloured rays are 

the same thickness, though of difl'erent 

widths, the external appearance will be 

everywhere the same." Enr. Gard. 

the most heating, therefore light co- Mr. Paxton has the following excelloured 

walls, but especially white, are lent observations upon Conservative 

the worst for fruit trees. The ther- Walls, or walls so constructed as to 

mometer against a wall rendered black shelter trees trained against them from 

by coal tar, rises 5^ higher in the sun- winds, and other natural modes of 

shine, than the same instrument sus- rapidly lowering the temperature: 

pendcd against a red brick structure of " In forming a conservative wall, it is 

the samii thickness; nor will it cool necessary that it should have a south or 

lower at 

power is 

night, though its 

increased by the 

radiating a south-western aspect. It is also desi- 

| 

increased' rable, in order to give it an ornamental 

— 

— 

—

W A L 622 W AL 

appearance, that there should be prominent 

parts at certain intervals, or that 

the wliole should be divided into recesses 

and projections. The latter, by 

being of limited dimensions, would 

serve for the display of the more hardy 

plant, and also afford additional shelter 

to the remaining portions. If, moreover, 

the whole be surmounted by an 

appropriate coping, its beauty will be 

greatly enhanced. 

"Much has been said of the conservative 

wall at Chatsworth, the leading 

characteristics of which are a practical 

illustration of the opinions now advanced—large 

retiring compartments, 

covered with a neat trellis, and relieved 

by occasional small stone projections or 

piers ; and as the wall stands on a steep 

slope, each of the piers is raised considerably 

higher than the one below it, 

thus constituting as it were a series of 

very broad ascending steps on the top. 

" The advantage of having a slight 

wooden trellis against the wall, instead 

of fastening the plants to it in the usual 

way, need scarcely be pointed out. 

Independently of its superior appearance, 

which is a point too frequently 

neglected in such matters, the greater 

ease with which the branches can be 

attached to it, and removed or altered 

at any time, is quite sufficient to give it 

the preference, while the destruction 

and defacement of the wall consequent 

on the use of nails, and the injury they 

often occasion to the shoots of the 

plants, give a value to any system by 

which they can be discarded. The 

extra expense of the trellis is too trifling 

to be regarded. 

" It has been found, in attempting to 

grow exotics against open walls, that 

whatever tends to preserve the border 

in which they are planted comparatively 

dry, during the winter, does more towards 

sheltering them from the frost 

than extensive protection of any other 

kind. 

" As the fluids of plants are, for the 

most part, imbibed through the roots, 

and as the heat of vegetable bodies 

escapes mainly in proportion to the 

fluids they contain, protection to the 

medium in which they grow is perhaps 

even more necessary than to the stems 

and branches. It will therefore be seen, 

that the portion of the border where the 

roots lie must be covered, and that, if 

the canvas or other protection actually 

given to the wall does not extend over 

the border, a coating ofdry litter should 

he spread over it, as soon as severe 

weather commences, and be retained 

on it until the spring. 

"The wall is composed of alternate 

prominent and retiring compartments. 

Each of the former includes two stone 

pillars, which stand out a little beyond 

all the remainder, and are to be left uncovered 

; while, between these, is a 

division, over which is extended a trellis 

for supporting the hardiest sorts of 

climbers and those that demand no protection. 

" The recesses are capable of being 

covered in cold weather with glazed 

sashes, which can be placed out of sight 

in a moment, whenever it is safe to remove 

them, by sliding them hiphind the 

other divisions. In these recesses the 

tenderest green-house plants may be 

cultivated, and trained against a trellis. 

" Thus are combined a handsome 

architectural elevation, and the means 

of having some of the finest exotic plants 

exposed in summer, without danger, 

and in a condition incomparably more 

healthy and attractive than they ever 

attain in the green-house. 

" If glazed sashes are too expensive, 

canvas, or other screens, can be readily 

substituted ; but, in that case, the j)lants 

will suffer from being kept in darkness 

during the winter. Where it is thought 

preferable, another set of rails, on the 

outside of those for the sashes, can be 

prepared, to carry some kind of covering 

in rigorous weather. Where this is 

done, the necessity tor fire heat will be 

trifling ; in fact it might be entirely dis- 

pensed with." 

Botany. 

— 

Paxton^s Magazine of 

PLANTS FOR A CONSERVATIVE WALL. 

Abutilon striatum ; 

Acacia angustifolia, 

armata, cultiformis, dealbata, decurrens, 

juniperina, lancelota, longissima, 

lunata, and mucronata. 

Bignonia capreolata, grandiflora, and 

tweediana; Billardiera longiflora; 

Bossia;a linophylla and scolopendrium 

; Brachysema hybridum and 

undulatum ; Brugmansia sanguinea 

and suaveolens; Budleya Lindleyana. 

Camellia Japonica; Ceanothus azureus; 

Ceratonia siliqua ; Clematis azurea 

grandiflora, and sieboldi ; Correa 

bicolor, Harrisii, Lindleyana, and 

pulchella.

— 

Diplacus pumiceus. 

W AL 623 W A L 

" Tlie shoot to be grafted must be 

Edwardsia graiidiHora and microphylla; cut above the place where a yoiiiig 

Erythrina crysta-galli ; Eutaxia inyrti- shoot is pushing; this shoot must be 

folia. 

preserved, and the scion must be placed 

Grcvillea rosmarinifolia. 

opposite to it, being fitted in the man- 

Hibbcrtia volubilis. 

Jiisininuni granditlorum, and umbellaner 

of whip-grafling, care being taken 

that the inner barks coincide. When 

tuin. 

the buds of the scion begin to swell, the 

Keiinedya lilacina, longiracemosa, and point of the shoot left opposite on tlie 

ovata. 

Lagerstra;mia indica; Linum trigyniura. 

stock must be pinched ; and when the 

gralt has tully burst into leat', and is 

JMalva creeana ; Maneltia bicolor; Marianthus 

cjeruleo-punctatus ; Mimosa 

consequently in a condition to appro- 

priate the whole of the sap, the shoot 

prostrata. 

Olea fragrans. 

Passillora alata, cxrulea, cajrulea race- 

mosa, and inayani ; 

Plumbago capen- 

sis ; Polygala cordifolia and grandiflora; 

Punica granatum. 

Rhodocliiton volubile. 

— 

on the stock may be then dispensed 

with. 

" The scions should be taken ofT in 

March, and their ends laid in the ground 

till required tor use, as above men- 

tioned." Gard. Chron. 

Soil.—It prefers a deep loam, though 

will succeed on all light moderately 

| it ISchinus niolle; Siphocampyllus bicolor 

; Sollya heteropliylla and liniaris ; fertile soils, provided they are well 

, 

) 

: 

1 

Swainsonia coronilla;folia. 

drained. 

Tacsonia mollissima and pinnatistipula. Flanlin^. — Walnut trees should 

W.VLNUT, EiVGLlSH. Julians regia. never be planted nearer to each other 

Varieties.—Common Duck Nut ; Ha- than sixty feet. They require no 

tif; Higlitlyer; Double; Tardif; York- pruning. 

shire. Of these Highflyer and Yorkshire Preserving the Fruit.—It is ripe in 

are best. London Hart. Sac. Catalogue. 

Propagation by Seed.—Sow in drills 

October, and should be allowed to hang 

upon the tree until the outer covering 

twelve inches apart and two inches and begins to crack. In this state, when 

a half deep, and the nuts six inches the tree is shaken, many of the walnuts 

apart. This may be done in October, as they fall will roll out of the husk. 

or the nuts preserved in dry sand until These should be gathered into a basket, 

February. They will come up the same separate from those that retain their 

spring, and, by the end of summer, the covering ; the latter should be laid aside 

young plants will be half a foot or more for a few days, until the husks burst, 

high, which, after having two years' and they can be taken out with ease. 

growth in the seed-bed, plant out in the The great object is to prevent them 

nursery. Previously, when taken up, from becoming mouldy; they should, 

shorten their tap roots ; but preserve therefore, be wiped clean and dry, and 

their tops entire, and plant them in laid on a shelf, in a dry place, where 

rows two feet and a half asunder, and they can have a free current of air, until 

about eighteen inches distant in each all tendency to mouldiness is overcome. 

row. Here thev are to remain a few Great care must, however, be taken that 

years, training them with single stems, they are not over dried, for that will 

; 

\ 

till five or six teet high, then transplant cause shriveling. When sufficiently 

them where they are to remain. dry they should be put into boxes ia 

Those intended principally as timber layers, alternately with bran, fine dry 

trees, as well as to bear fruit, should be sand, or shreds of cloth, and 

always planted out for good when from use in a cool dry situation. 

kept fi>r 

By this 

four to live feet high ; or, if the nuts 

were planted at once where the trees 

means they will retain their moisture 

and flavour, and the film will with ease 

peel oir. Gard. Cliron. 

Talcing the Fruit.—There is an ungallant 

distich which says 

are designed to remain, without transplanting, 

they would assume a quicker 

and stronger growth. 

By Grafting.—Mr. Knight first succeeded 

in this operation, and the following 

directions accord with his 

mode : 

— 

'•A woman, spaniel, and walnut tree, 

The limier are, ilie more well thrash'd they 

be.-' 

But in the third instance most certainly

— 

W A L 624 WAT 

' 

j 

Liebig, from actual experiment on a 

be literally gatliered or sliaken from the large scale, states that both rain and 

tree, for none other bleeds more freely snow contain ammonia; and its importif 

wounded : and no result of practice ance appears from the fact that if there 

or suggestion of science can point out be only one-fourth of a grain in each 

why the walnut tree, contrary to all pint of water, the annual deposition 

others, is benefited by having its from the atmosphere would be more 

branches bruised and broken. 

than sufficient, on half an acre of 

WALNUT, BLACK. Juglans nigra. round, to give all the nitrogen con- 

WARDL^N CASE. See Glass Case.\ tained in the vegetable albumen of 150 

WAR.IJEA cynnea Stove. 

cwt. of beet root. Rain water also con- 

WARTWORT Euphorbia hclio- tains a peculiar substance, analogous to 

sropia. 

WASPS should be sedulously destroyed 

during April, May, and June, 

for all appearing in these months are 

the extractive matter and gluten of 

plants, though differing from them 

chemically. To this substance, Dr. 

Daubeny has given the name of pyr- 

queens, and the foundresses of nests. rhine. Traces of salts and oxides have 

Their favourite resort at that season is also been found in rain water, but, 

the laurel, for the sake of the honey compared with all other naturally pro- 

secreted by the midribs of its leaves. duced, it is so pure, and so abounds 

They may then be caught in the hooped with the gases beneficial to plants, that 

gauze net of the entomologist. In Au- none other can equal it for their service. 

gust, wasps' nests should he destroyed, That obtained from ponds or springs, 

and spirit of turpentine is the best agent invariably contains matters offensive or 

that can be employed for the purpose, deleterious to plants. That known as 

The mode of using it when the nest is hard water, containing an excess of 

in the earth has been thus detailed. Put salts of lime or magnesia, is invariably 

soi.,e of the turpentine into a large bot- prejudicial, and pond water is scarcely 

tle, shaking it about until the whole less so. If it be stagnant, and loaded 

of the inside is wetted by it; then fix with vegetable extract, it is even worse 

the neck of the bottle in the nesfs en- than hard spring water ; for it then contrance, 

and place over it a large flowerpot. 

By replenishing the bottle with 

turpentine once or twice, the whole of 

tains carburetted hydrogen and other 

matters noxious to vegetables. These 

last named waters, if obliged to be emthe 

wasjis will be destroyed by the ployed to tender plants, should have a 

fumes. Gard. Chron. i pint of the ammoniacal water of the 

If the nest be in a place where the gas works, mixed thoroughly with every 

bottle cannot be employed, the spirit! sixty gallons, an hour or two before 

they are used. 

Mr. Paxton justly observes that 

" watering outdoor crops is frequently 

recommended during continued dry 

weather; but it should be avoided as 

long as possible, as the benefit of arti- 

it is " a vulgnr error." Walnuts should i 

may be injected by a syringe, and the 

fume retained by covering up the nest's 

mouth. 

WATER being an essential application 

to the seed, as well as to the growing 

plant, the source from whence it 

comes is by no means immaterial. The 

best for the gardener's purpose is rain 

water, preserved in tanks sunk in the 

earth, and rendered tight either by puddling 

or bricks covered with Parker's 

ficial watering is but temporary, and it 

has the effect of exciting the roots, 

thereby rendering them more liable to 

suffer when the water has evaporated. 

When, in a case of emergency, it be- 

cement. To keep these tanks replen- comes necessary to water, it should be 

ished,guttersshould run round the eaves given morning and evening, more 

of every structure in the garden, and abundantly than is usually done, and 

communicate with them. Every hun- never discontinued after its commencedred 

cubic inches of rain water, conment, until a change in the weather 

tains more than four cubic inches of air, renders it no longer necessary. Disof 

which more than half are carbonic crimination should be used in selecting 

acid gas, and the remainder nitrogen proper objects for watering; for it is 

and oxygen in the proportion of sixty- no uncommon occurrence to see small 

two of the former to thirty-eight of the basins of soil formed round the stems 

iast named. of fruit trees, on walls and other per-

— 

WAT 625 WAT 

manent plants, into which several pans ten or a dozen times, the ground will 

of water are poured daily during become thoroughly soaked. With 

drought. This must be useless or near- annuals, verbenas, and other grouping 

' 

, 

I 

j 

ly so, as the roots which would take up plants, I have found this a most e.vcelthe 

water, for the benefit of the plants, lent method. In connection with the 

will form a circle at a considerable dis- watering of strawberries, a radical imtance 

from the stem. Seed beds, or provement is required; for although 

plants which can be regularly and tho- gardeners are prettly liberal with the 

roughly watered, as radishes, lettuce, limpid fluids over the heads of the 

and salading, will be much benefited,! plants, they are not good conservators 

butartificial wateringoutofdoors, in the , of the quality of the fruit. It is true, 

manner it is usually applied, is of little by copious watering, both the size and 

service; and in the case of strawber- quantity of , the fruit is much increased ; 

ries, and similar crops, mulching with ; but it is equally true that if water is 

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straw, grass, or some such contrivance, used over the plants after the fruit is 

which will prevent tlie rapid evapora- half grown, the latter will be much detion 

of moisture from the soil, is much teriorated in quality. We all know 

preferable." Card. Chron. that strawberries in a wet season are 

Mr. S. Taylor, of Stoke Ferry, in the never so high flavoured as they are in a 

Gardeners' Magazine for 1840, recom- dry one, and what is the reason ? Why, 

mends the use of bottles with two small because there is a superabundance of 

holes in the sides near the bottom, for aqueous matter in the fruit; and so it 

watering plants. The bottles are buried is with the plants copiously watered 

to the neck, near the roots of the flower overhead in dry seasons. In truth, it 

which requires watering, and after may be laid down as a rule, if fine fla- 

being filled and corked, the water is voured fruit be a desideratum, water 

allowed gradually to exude through the ought never to come in contact with it 

holes. "This," says that good horticulturist, 

Mr. W. P. Ayres, " though 

after the saccharine or maturing assimilation 

commences. Hence in water- 

undoubtedly an ingenious method, is ing strawberries, let it be poured from 

objectionable, because the roots of the the spout of the watering pot upon the 

plants are liable to be injured in plung- soil, but on no account is it to touch 

I 

i 

[ 

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I 

ing the bottles, and that it would require the fruit; or, what will be better, fork the 

so many of them, where copious water- ground over between the plants, give it a 

ing was necessary. A better plan is to good soaking, to at least the depth of a 

take moderate sized flower-pots, and foot, and cover it two or three inches 

having placed an inch or two of rough deep with clean straw. This will both 

gravel in the bottom of each, to place prevent the evaporation of moisture. 

them round the plant to be watered, and the radiation of terrestrial heat; 

and fill with water, which as it perco- and as the straw, from its colour and 

lates gradually through the gravel, will non-conducting qualities, will reflect 

soak into the ground. For plants such instead of absorbing the heat, the fruit, 

as standard roses, rhododendrons, &c., being subjected to increased tempera- 

closely turfed over on lawns, or for any ture, will, in consequence, be improved 

thing in a sloping situation, this is a in flavour. If water is required after 

most excellent plan, as the pots filled the straw is placed on the beds, let it 

with water may be placed at night, and be applied through pots, placed one 

, 

removed the next morning, so as not to foot apart, as recommended above for 

become an eyesore. Watering plants 

in flower beds is at all times a difficult 

matter, because if the borders are sufplants 

on a lawn." Gard. Chron. 

I agree with those who recommend 

" sunrise as the best time for the waterficiently 

full of soil to give them a coning of exposed plants. Evaporation no 

vex form, which they always ought to doubt will then go on freely; but the 

have, the water runs to the sides of the atmosphere is beginning to get warmer, 

borders as fast as it is poured on. In 

such cases it will be found advisable to 

perforate the beds asthickly as possible, 

without injuring the roots, to the depth 

and the sun's rays to exert tlieir coun- 

teracting influence. The darkened sur- 

face—that very condition which made 

the soil throw otT its heat more readily 

of six or eight inches, with a stick one during the night, causes itto imbibe tho 

inch in 

40 

diameter, and by filling these heat of the sun's rajs by day with in- 

—

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— 

WAT 626 WAT 

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creased facility, so that you thus have WATER CRESS. Nasturtium of- 

the greatest amount of the fostering ficinale. 

agencies of heat and moisture for the Varieties. — Small brown - leaved, 

growth of plants. When evening again hardiest; Large brown-leaved, best for 

comes round, the surface moisture has deep water; Green-leaved, easiest cul- 

been dried up, and its colour again rentivated. London Hart. Soc. Trans. 

dered of a lighter shade ; there is con- Planting in Water. — On this we 

sequently little diminution of tempera- have the following good directions in 

ture beyond surrounding objects, either the Bon Jardinier. The depth of the 

from evaporation or radiation of heat. trenches in which they are grown being 

Gard. Chron. 

entirely dependent upon that of the 

Although an excess of water applied springs by which they are supplied 

to the roots of plants is injurious to with water, the former are so prepared 

them, yet all of them are benefited by that, as nearly as possible, a regular 

a due supply of that liquid, and the depth of three or four inches can be 

su])ply has to be regulated by the kept up. These trenches are three 

amount oftheir daily transpiration. The yards broad, and eighty-seven yards 

gardener knows that this differs in every long, and whenever one is to be plantspecies, 

and during different seasons, ed, the bottom is made quite firm and 

For instance, in a dry hot day, a sun- slightly sloping, so that the water which 

flower three feet and a half high trans- flows in at one end may run out at the 

pired 1 lib. 4 oz., being seventeen times other. If the bottom of the trench is 

sufficiently moist, a small body of 

more than the human body; during a 1 not 

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Lot dry night, 3 oz.; during a dewy water is allowed to enter to soften it. 

night there was no transpiration, and The cresses are then taken and divided 

during a rainy night the plant absorbed into small sets or cuttings, with roots 

3 oz. Therefore, the gardener finds it attached to them ; and these are thrown 

best to apply water during dry weather over the bottom of the trench at the 

| 

early in the morning, just before the distance of three or four inches from 

chief demand occurs, which is from six each other. The cress soon attaches 

A.M., till two in the afternoon; and itself to the damp earth; in three or 

during moist weather he refrains from four days the shoots straighten and bethe 

application entirely. Then again gin to strike root. At the end of fivR 

the gardener keeps his agaves and other or six days, a slight dressing of well 

fleshy-leaved plants in a dry stove, for decomposed cow-dung is spread over 

they transpire but sparingly in propor- all the plants, and this is pressed down 

tion to their mass, and require watering by means of a heavy board, to which a 

but seldom, and then abundantly; for long handle is obliquely fixed. The 

they take up, as in their native silicious water is then raised to the depth of 

habitats, a large supply, and retain it| two or three inches, and never higher, 

pertinaciously in defiance of the long- Each trench is thus replanted annually, 

protracted droughts to which they are and furnishes twelve crops during the 

exposed. In the same species I have season. In the summer the cresses are 

always found varieties transpire abun- gathered every fifteen or twenty days, 

dantly and require a large supply of but less frequently during winter : care 

water in proportion to the extent of is taken that at each gathering at least 

' their transpiring surface. Thus the a third part of the bed is left untouched, 

broad-leaved fuchsias and pelargoniums so that neither the roots may be ex- 

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transpire from two to three times as hausted, nor the succeeding gathering 

much as those varieties which have delayed. After every cutting, a little 

smaller and less abundant foliage. 1 decayed cow-dung, in the proportion 

Excessive moisture induces that over of two large barrowfuls to each trench, 

succulency, which is ever attended by is spread over the naked plants, and 

weakness, unnatural growth, and early this is beaten down by means of the 

decay. Such plants more than any rammer above mentioned. After the 

others are sufferers by sudden vicissi- ' water cresses have been thus treated 

tudes in the hygrometric state of the for a twelvemonth, the manure forms a 

atmosphere, and are still more fatally tolerably thick layer at the bottom o{ 

isited, if exposed to low reductions of; the trench, and tends to raise its level. 

temperature." Princ. of Gard. To restore it to its original level, all 

—

WAT 627 WAT 

the refuse ehouKl he thrown out upon so formed as to give the water thrnun 

the borders which separate the trenches 

from each other. These borders may 

from them the nearest resemblance to 

a gentle shower of rain, which renders 

be planted with artichokes, cabbages, 

or cauliflowers, which will here attain 

a great size. Cress-grounds should always 

be at a distance from trees, on 

account of the leaves, which otherwise 

drive amongst the plants, and require 

much time to pick out. There are 

two weeds which, even in the cleanest 

cress-grounds, can scarcely be kept 

under; these are the Duckweed and 

Zannichellia palustris, which both multiply 

so quickly, that unless carefully 

rooted out, they do great injury to the 

cresses. The Zannichellia may be 

kept under by careful hand-weeding, 

and the Duckweed by raising the water, 

so as to make it float above the 

cress plants, when it may be skimmed 

off. 

Planting in Borders.—This must be 

done in September and in a moist shady 

border. Plant slips, and the only cultivation 

necessary is to dig the earth 

fine, to draw a slight trench with a hoe, 

to fill this with water until it becomes 

a mud, to cover it about an inch deep 

with drift sand, and then to stick in the 

slips about six inches apart, watering 

them until established. The sand keeps 

the plants clean. They will be ready 

for gathering from in a very few weeks, 

and the shoots should be invariably cut 

and not picked. They are not so mild 

flavoured as those grown in water, but 

then they are free from aquatic insects, 

&c. 

WATERFALL. See Cascade. 

WATER GERMANDER. Teucrium 

Scordium. 

WATERING ENGINE. See Engine. 

WATERING POTS. These should 

have roses pierced with very fine holes 

the diameter of those usually used is 

too large. Long-spouted watering pots 

are required for watering plants in pots 

upon shelves. French watering pots 

have zigzag bends in the spout to break 

from the plant the force of the water. 

Shelf watering pots are small and flatbodied 

for giving water to plants overhead, 

and near the glass in green-houses ' 

or stoves. 

" The accompanying engraving is of 

a watering pot from Mr. G. Thompson, 

390 Oxford Street, who states that its 

superiority consists in the roses being 

; 

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— 

it peculiarly suitable for watering seedlings 

or other tender plants. As the 

brass joints which connect the roses to 

the spout are made water-tight, there 

is no danger of its returning outside, to 

Fig. 176. 

the annoyance of the person using it: 

a is the spout to which the roses are 

screwed ; b, the box to contain either 

spout out of use; c and d, the holes in 

which the joints are placed ; e, a largo 

rose for watering flower beds; /, a 

smaller rose for watering plants in 

pots." Gard. Chron. 

Another watering pot is the following, 

and suggested by Mr. Williamson. 

"No. 1 represents the original, 

which differs from a common watering 

pot in having its tube inserted in a 

horizontal position, with a brass valve 

near the point, through which passes a 

brass wire or rod, held in its proper 

position by two strong transverse pieces 

of wire, perforated in the centre, and 

Fig. 177. 

connected with a crank or lever, between 

the lower part of which and 

the side of the pot is a steel spring, 

which propels the piston and shuts the 

valve. From the top of the Jever is

— 

WAT 628 W E A 

fixed a brass rod, which is kept in its , 

— 

or the left : by drawing up the 

: 

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hand 

place by a collar brazed to the side of spring 6 with the forefinger, the valve 

the pot. In raising, the rod is pressed is raised by means of the connecting rod 

by the finger. No. 2 represents the im- 5, and consequently the water flows 

provements, which consist in a double into the tubes 1 and 2; as soon as the 

lever, acting like the key of a flute. finger is removed from the spring, the 

Instead of the steel spring at the end valve falls, and the water is stopped. 

of the lever, a spiral one of brass wire The spring is fixed on the under side of 

IS fi.xed within the point of the tube, the handle, and nearly all inclosed in 

ammediately before the valve, which it that part made to fit the hand. Fig 2 

shuts; at the other end of the tube is a represents the bottom of the can ; the 

convex rose of copper, to prevent dirt, dotted line showing the size of the 

&c., passing into the tube, through the valve; 1 shows the point at which the 

centre of which passes the rod in con- water flows into the tubes." Card. 

nexion with the lever and the valve. 

No. 3 differs from the preceding only 

Chron. 

WATER LEMON. Passiflora lauri- 

in having a movable curved tube attached 

to the pipe, at the top of which 

is a very fine rose about an inch in 

folia. 

WATER LILY. Nymphea. 

WATER MELON. Cucumis Citruidiameter. 

From the length of tube 

( about twenty inches) the pressure of 

•water is considerable, when the pot 

held in an inclined position, producing 

Z"S, var 

WATER PLANTS. See Aquarium. 

WATER PURSLANE. Peplis. 

WATER VINE. Tetracera potatoa 

light shower admirably suited to small ria 

seeds." Gard. Chron. 

WATER VIOLET. Hottonia. 

A third invention is Mr. Saul's, and, W A T S N I A . Fifteen species. 

he says, " it can be constructed at a Green-house bulbous perennials. Off- 

very little more expense than those in sets or seeds. Sandy loam and peat. 

general use. In the annexed sketch, WAYFARING TREE. Viburnum 

Fig. 1 represents a section of the can ; 

1 1 are removeable tubes, having roses 

on their upper ends, while the lower 

Lantana. 

WEATHER. The gardener, even 

more than the farmer, is dependent upon 

ends slide over the tube 2, fixed into the weather for opportunity to insert and 

the can ; 3 is a valve placed over this to remove the plants under his care. I 

tube, made of strong leather, and hav- shall, therefore, give him all the proging 

a small block of wood on the top nostics which appear worthy of attention. 

like those in common pumps, the bottom 

of the can being wood, the valve is j 

screwed on it, as shown at 4, in such a 

Fig. 17S. 

manner as to be easily taken off, when 

it requires to be repaired. The rod 5 

)3 connected with the valve 3, and the 

spring 6; when used, the can may be | .23 The'wA'^w/ng-'jt'inV the 

held by the handle, either in the right 

: : ; 

1. The hollow winds begin to blow, 

2. The clouds look black, the glass is low; 

3. The soot falls down, the spaniels sleep, 

4. And spiders from their cobwebs peep ; 

5. Last night the su)i went pale to bed ; 

6. The mooii in hales hid her head. 

7. The boding shepherd heaves a sigh, 

'. For see. a. rainbow spans the sky ; 

9 The icalls are damp, the ditches smell, 

lit. Closed is the pink-eyed pimperriell 

11. Kark 1 how 

the chairs and tables crack, 

\i. Old Hetty's joints are on the rack; 

13. Loud quack the ducks. \he peacocks cry, 

14. The distant hills are looking nigh; 

15. How restless are the snorting 5!{)">!f, 

16. The husyfies disturb the kine ; 

17. Low o'erthe grass the sivallow wings, 

IS. The cricket, too. how sharp he sings 

19. Puss on the hearth, wilh velvet paws, 

Sits wiping o"er her whisker'd jaws 

20. Through the clear stream the fishes rise, 

And nimbly catch th" incautious flies; 

21. The glow-worms, numerous and bright, 

Illumed the dewy dell last night; 

22. At night the squalid toad was seen 

Hopping and crawling o'er the green ; 

And in the rapid eddy plays;

VV E A 629 W E A 

24. The/rog" has changed his yellow vest, 

And in a russet coat is drest 

25. Thougli June, the air is cold yet still 

; 

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26. The blackbird's mellow voice is shrill j 

27. My dog. so alter'il is his taste, 

Quits mutton bones, on grass to feast 

29. And see yon rooks, how odd their flight. 

They imitate the gliding kite. 

And seem precipitate to tall, 

As il'they felt the piercing hall; 

'Twill surely rain, I see, with sorrow. 

Our jaunt cannot take place to-morrow. 

In the foregoing rhymes, attributed to 

Dr. Jenner, are comprised nearly all the 

natural phenomena which predicate approacliing 

rain, and most of them are 

sustained by our more scienced knowledge. 

Thus the wind, when rain is ap- 

has been observed by Linnxus, adds 

Sir J. E. Smith, that flowers lose this 

fine sensibility, either after the anthers 

have performed their otBce, or when 

deprived of them artificially; nor do I 

doubt the fact. I have had reason to 

think that, during a long continuance of 

wet, the Anagnllis is sometimes exhausted 

; and it is evident that very sudden 

thunder showers oftener take such 

flowers by surprise, the previous state 

of the atmosphere not having been such 

as to give them due warning. 

The cracking of furniture is the necessary 

consequence of the dry woody 

fibre expanding when exposed to moister 

air. Distant objects appear nearer 

when rain is at hand, because the air is 

rarer at such times, and objects always 

[ 

, 

^ 

proaching, causes more moaning and 

whistling sounds in passing through the appear distinct in proportion to the 

crevices and crannies of our houses, on rarity of the gaseous medium through 

the same principle that all other gases, which they are viewed. Sivallou-s fly 

in pro|)ortion as they are more or less low at such times, probably for two rea- 

heated, or more or less dry, cause sons : insects are then more busy near 

louder or lower sounds in passing the earth's surface, and the rarity of 

through the orifices of small tubes. 

Soot falls because it absorbs more 

the atmosphere renders flying more laborious 

in proportion to the height to 

moisture from the air as rain approaches, 

and becoming heavier breaks away from 

which a bird soars. The changed habits 

of animals at the approach of rain, are 

its slender attachment to the chimney's 

walls. A halo round the moon is caused 

perhaps to be accounted for by the altered 

state of the atmospheric pressure, 

by the rays of its light passing through and of the air's electricity causing a 

moisture precipitated from the air, and change of sensations which warns them 

the larger the halo, the nearer is such by past experience that the season of 

precipitated moisture to the earth, and discomfort or of pleasure, as their na- 

consequently the rain is at hand. 

ture may be, is coming upon them. 

Walls become damp from the same These natural phenomena combined 

cause that soot falls, when rain is ap- with a careful attention to the indicaproaching, 

namely, because the moist- tions of the Barometer, are much less 

ure in the air is more abundant, and in erring guides than tables founded upon 

a state of mixture with it more easily the moon's changes. It is impossible, 

in the present imperfect state of our 

separable. Walls that thus become | 

damp, contain chloride of calcium, or 

other salts which are deliquescent, that 

meteorological knowledge, to say that 

the moon has no influence upon the 

is, absorb moisture from the air. Ditches 

smell in rainy weather, because all 

odours are conveyed with more facility 

weather, but it is next to certain that 

other influences are much more power- 

ful and controlling. The same moon 

by damp than by dry air. Not only rises and sets and changes in Hindoodoes 

the pimpernell(/in(igaZ/« ari'sns/s) stan as in England, yet in that climate, 

close its flowers when exposed to damp its wet and hot and cold seasons, its 

air, but those of many other plants are northeast and southwest monsoons ar- 

, 

similarly sensitive. Co;jro/i-«/usarfens?s rive with a changeless regularity and 

I 

(field Hindweed), Anagallis arreTisiS, intensity that demonstrate the moon's 

Calendula pluvialis, Arenaria rubra \ influence there has no paramount con- 

(purple Sandwort), Stellaria media 

(Chickweed or Stitchwort), and many The facts established by Mr. Forster 

others, are well known to shut up their and other acute observers of the baflowers 

against the approach of rain ; rometer, appear to be these:— 1. Not 

whence the Anagallis has been called the great height or depression of the 

j 

" the Poor Man's Weather Glass." It! mercury is so much to be regarded as 

40*

— 

WE A 630 WE A 

whether it continues to rise or decline. 

2. If the mercury falls when the wind 

blows nearly from due south, rain is 

approaching. 3. If it falls in hot weather, 

there will be thunder. 4. If it 

rises in winter, frost is nigh ; and if, the 

frost continuing, it still rises, there will 

be snow. 5. If it falls much during 

frost, a thaw will set in. 6. A change 

taking place immediately after the mercury 

rises or falls, rarely endures. 7. 

If the mercury continues to rise during 

wet weather, or to fall during fine weather, 

a permanent change will come. 

I am indebted to Mr. W. H. White, 

6. The barometer at all seasons of the 

year will fall very low and very rapidly 

on the approach of a storm of 

wind without rain ; on the approach 

of an earthquake too, though it be 

four or five hundred miles off"! 

7. If the barometer fall with an easterly 

or northeast wind, rain will follow. 

8. If the crown of the mercury in the 

tube be convex, it indicates a rising 

will take place ; if concave, it will 

soon fall. 

These are a few of the changes peculiar 

to England. The operating causes 

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i 

of the oscillations involve one of the 

one of the intelligent Secretaries of the most interesting inquiries belonging to 

Meteorological Society, for the follow- meteorology. Electricity is the grand 

ing observations: 

mover of the barometric column. Many 

other rules might be gathered from the 

BAROMETRIC FLUCTUATIONS. restlessness of animals, the flights of 

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1. The barometer in calm serene wea- birds, and the gambols of fishes; all 

ther generally ranges pretty high, indicating by their motions that there is 

rather above thirty inches ; if the a change taking place in the electrical 

fluctuations daily are very small, but condition of the atmosphere. 

still rather getting higher, a fine series 

of days or weeks may be expect- NATURAL APPEARANCES. 

ed. 

1. In winter, a red sky at sunrise indi- 

2. When the barometer is below twenty-nine 

inches, and the clouds discates 

the speedy approach of rain. 

2. In summer, the same appearance deperse 

with but little wind, it will become 

stationary for a day or two, till 

the electrical equilibrium of the air 

be destroyed : if it then rise, expect 

notes refreshing showers. 

3. Squalls of wind generally follow 

these appearances:— " It will be foul 

weather to-day, for the sky is red and 

fair weather; if it fall, expect a storm lowering." Matt. xvi. 3. 

of wind accompanied with rain or 4. Small patches of white clouds, like 

hail, according to the season. 

flocks of sheep at rest, indicate con- 

3. When the barometer ranges between tinued fine weather. 

29 and 29. CO, if the clouds hang low 

and float before a west or southwest 

wind, almost every cloud will deposit 

its contents, especially if passing over 

5. Large mountainous (or Jupiterian) 

clouds, called cumulo stratus, produce 

sudden showers in spring and 

autumn, and hail-storms in summer 

an elevation, a wood, and sometimes 

a river. In all cases the hygrometer 

should be considered : if the air be 

dry and the barometer fall, wind will 

follow; if the air be saturated with 

moisture, rain or sleet, according to 

and winter. 

6. When large clouds diminish in size, 

fine weather will follow ; if they increase, 

rain or snow. 

7. Rainbows denote frequent showers. 

Spiders generally alter their webs 

season. 

once in twenty-four hours; and a rule 

4. When the thermometer ranges in has been deduced from this, whereby 

summer between 70" and 80°, and to foretell the coming change. If they 

the barometer falls rapidly and exten- thus alter their web between six and 

sively, thunder will follow with hail seven in the evening, there will be a 

or heavy rain. 

fine night; if in the morning, a fine 

5. In winter, when the thermometer day; if they work during rain, expect 

ranges below freezing, and a low fine weather; and the more active and 

barometer begins to rise, expect busy the spider is, the finer will be the 

snow to follow; but if the thermo- weather. If spiders' webs (gossamer) fly 

meter rise and the barometer fall in the autumn, with a south wind, expect 

during frosty weather, a thaw will an east wind and fine weather. If gar- 

den spiders break ofi" and destroy their 

quickly follow. i

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W E A 631 WEE 

webs, and creep away, expect continued 

rain and showery weatiier. 

The Leech also possesses the peculiar 

property of indicating approaching 

— 

depositing the rain arc opposite to the 

sun,—thus in the morning the bow is in 

tlie west, and in the evening it is in the 

east; and, as the rains in this country 

are usually brought by westerly winds. 

i 

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1 

changes of the weather in a most enii- 

nent degree. In fair and frosty weather a bow in that quarter indicates that the 

it remains motionless and rolled up in a rain is coming towards the spectator; 

spiral form at the bottom of the vessel ; whereas a bow in the east indicates that 

previously to rain or snow, it will creep rain is passing aw-ay.' " Salmonia. 

to the top, where, should the rain be fVind.— Mr. Christensen says, that 

heavy, or of long continuance, it will the wind changing to any point of the 

remain for a considerable time; if tri- compass between e.s.e. and n.n.w. 

fling, it will descend. Should the rain causes the mercury to rise; and a 

or snow be accompanied with wind, it change to any point between w. and s. 

will dart about with great velocity, and causes it to be depressed, 

seldom cease its evolutions until it WEEDS should be warred upon unblows 

hard. If a storm of thunder or remittingly by the gardener, for not only 

lightning be approaching, it will be ex- does their presence detract from that 

ceedingly agitated, and express its feel-! neatness which should be the all-per 

ings in violent convulsive starts at the 

top of the glass. These animal move- 

vading characteristic of the garden, but 

every weed robs the soil of a portion of 

ments are all induced, probably, by the nutriment which should be devoted 

sensations in the animal occasioned by 

changes in the atmospheric electricity. 

to the crops. 

To destroy them, the hoes and weed- 

Rain may be Expected—When the 

sounds of distant waterfalls, &c., are 

distinctly heard—When the sun rises 

pale and sparkling—When the sun rises 

amidst ruddy clouds—When the sun 

sets behind a dark cloud—When there 

is no dew after heat in summer—When 

there is much hoar frost in winter 

When mists rest on the mountain tops 

—When snails and frogs beset your 

evening walk—When gnats bite vigorously—When 

animals are unusually 

restless. 

irig irons should be unremittingly at 

work. Neither should weeds be allowed 

to remain where cut down, but 

should be gathered together, and mixed 

with saline matters, to convert them 

into most valuable fertilizers. Never 

burn them. No weed will endure being 

continually cut down, and when cut 

down, it should be carried to a common 

heap, and a peck of common salt, and 

a gallon of gas ammoniacal liquor, 

mixed with every barrow load. The 

whole speedily becomes a saponaceous 

mass ; all seeds in it are destroyed ; and 

Fair Weather may be Expected it is rendered one of the best fertilizers 

-When none of the signs of rain just 

given occur—When the sun sets red 

and cloudless—When the moon's horns 

are sharp—When the stars shine brightly—When 

smoke rises easily—When 

moths and beetles appear in numbers. 

Clouds.—" When it is evening, ye 

say. It will be fair weather, for the sky 

the gardener can command. 

WEEDING TOOLS. See Hoe. 

Fig. 179. 

Be- 

is 'red." {Matt. xvi. 2.) "And this 

observation of nineteen centuries past 

is explained by the optical fact, that dry 

air refracts more of the red rays of light, 

than when it is moist; and as dry air 

is not perfectly transparent, those rays 

are reflected in the horizon."—Dari/'s 

Salmon in. 

Rainbow.—" When this is seen in the 

morning, it betokens rain ; but if in the 

evening, fair weather; and Sir H. Davy 

thus explains this phenomenon :— ' The 

bow can be seen only when the clouds

WEE 632 WIR 

sides spuds, weeding pincers, and hoes, 

there are several implements invented 

for eradicating the deeper-rooting 

weeds. Such are Hall's Land Crab 

(Fig. 179), Dockspuds and the Guernsey 

Weeding Prong (Fig. ISO). 

WEEVIL. See Anthonomus and 

Otiorhyncus. 

WEIGHTS. 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 

16 Drachms, 1 ounce. 

16 Ounces,

W I R 633 W OR 

of which the ravages are so great oc- 

1 

casionally upon our corn crops. 

E. sputator. Spring beetle. The 

larva or wire-worm of this is particularly 

destructive to the lettuce and carrot. 

, 

of which they are fonder than they are 

of the roots of those flowers. Potatoes, 

with a string tied round them to mark 

where they are, and to facilitate their 

being taken out of the soil in which 

The following general description of, they are buried ; and carrots siinilarly 

the click beetles and their larvae, is thrust into the earth where the wire- 

1 

j 

| 

given by Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, in the I worm is ravaging, are successful lures. 

Farmers'' Encyclopedia :— The vermin prefers these, buries itself 

" Click beetles are readily known by in them, and may be easily removed, 

having the sternum produced behind in The roots of the white mustard also are 

a strong sîne fitted to enter a groove said to drive the wire-worm away from 

in the abdomen, situated between the the soil on which it is grown." Brit. 

intermediate pair of legs. 

these parts suddenly into 

By bringing 

contact, the 

Farm. JMag. 

Mr. Glenny says, " that Mr. May, 

insects are 

height into 

enabled to spring to some 

the air, and thus recover 

nurseryman, Tottenham, plants the 

common daisy round his principal beds, 

their natural position when they happen finding the wire-worm prefer it to the 

to fall on their backs, which they fre- carrot."' Gard. Gazette. 

quently do when dropping from plants And Mr. Oram, Edmonton, says "that 

to the ground. A special provision of, the double daisy is employed by one of 

this kind is rendered necessary in con-; his friends, who, in one summer, from 

sequence of the shortness and weakness a row of daisies three hundred feet 

of their legs. long? I'as taken 2,000 wire-worms." 

"The wire- worms have a long, Card. C/iron. 

slender, and cylindrical body, covered WISK MEN'S BANANA TREE, 

by a hard crust, which has obtained for Musa Hapientum. 

them the above name. They are com- WISTARIA. Two species. Hardy 

posed of twelve segments, fitting closely deciduous climbers. Layers, and also 

to each other; and are provided with cuttings. Light rich soil. IV. sinensis 

six conical scaly feet, placed in pairs on requires the shelter of a wall, and to be 

j 

the three segments next the head. The pruned about the beginning of March ; 

latter is furnished with short antenna' cut the leading shoots about half-way 

palpi, and two strong mandibles or 

jaws. 

" To remove the wire-worm from a 

soil, no mode is known but frequently 

back, and spur the others in rather short. 

WITCH HAZEL. Hamamelis. 

WITHERINGIA. Seven species. 

Stove and green-house evergreen shrubs 

herbaceous perennials. W. pur- 

digging it and picking them out, as their and j 

yellow colour renders them easily de-Uiurea is tuberous rooted; IV phyllantha 

. 

tected. To prevent their attack upon a a green-house annual. Cuttings or 

crop, mix a little spirit of tar, or a larger 

quantity of gas lirne, with the soil. It 

seeds. Light rich soil, 

WITSENIA. Three species. Green- 

— 


\ 

j 

; 

has been stated that growing white Oftseta 

mustard drives 

certainly worth 

them away, and it is 

the trial. To entrap 

house 

or seeds. Sandy peat, 

WOLF'S BANE. Aconitum luputhem, 

and tempt them away from a crop 

they have attacked, bury potatoes in the 

linum. 

" 

WOOD ASHES. See Ashes. 

soil near the crop ; and if each potato 

has a stick thrust through it, this serves 

as a handle by which it may be taken 

up, and the wire worms which have 

penetrated it be destroyed. To decoy 

them from beds of anemones, ranunculuses, 

&c., it is said to be a successful 

plan to grow round the beds an edging 

— 

— , 

WOODBINE. Caprifolium Periclymenum. 

WOOD LEOPARD MOTH. See 

Bomhyi. 

WOODLICE. See Oniscus. 

WOODROOF. Asperula. 

WOOD SORREL. Oxalis. 

WOOLLEN RAGS. See Animal 

of daisies, for the roots of which they Matters. 

have a decided preference. WORKING is a gardener's term for 

" If a crop be attacked, as the pansy the practice of grafting. " To work" 

or carnation, our only resource is to! upon a stock is to graft or bud it. 

bury in the soil other vegetable matters, ' WORMS are beneficial in all the

WOR 634 XIP 

; 

| 

' 

i 

! 

j 

I 

j 

i 

: 

! 

I 

j 

j 

: 

i 

! 

i 

j 

[ 

compartments of the garden, acting as ed and thinned to six inches asunder 

a kind of underdrainers, by their bur- and those taken away pricked at a like 

rowings. To keep them from coming distance ; water being given if the wea- 

near the surface of lawns, it may be ther is at all dry. The slips and cut- 

sprinkled with salt at the rate of live tings are planted in a shady border, 

bushels per acre, three times a year, in about eight inches apart, and water 

spring, summer, and autumn. The given regularly every evening until they 

most speedy destruction is brought upon have taken root. 

them by dissolving two ounces of corro- The only cultivation required is to 

sive sublimate in every forty gallons of, clear away the decayed stalks in auwater, 

and applying this profusely on tumn, and to keep them constantly clear 

the grass infested. The worms come of weeds by frequent hoeings. To 

to the surface and may be destroyed by obtain seed no further care is required 

thousands. The sublimate is a virulent than to gather the stems as they ripen 

poison. Lime-water always must be an in autumn. The Roman seldom peruncertain 

application, because even if 

the lime be fresh from the kiln, there is 

fects its seed. 

WOUNDWORT. Anthyllis vulnera- 

never any certainty of its being perfectly 

calcined, and every particle 

which remains combined with carbonic 

ria. 

WOUNDS. See Extravasafed Sap. 

WRIGHTIA. Four species. Stove 

acid, is still chalk, and insoluble. The evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings. 

strength of lime water is consequently 

never uniform. 

Worms should not be allowed to remain 

in garden pots, for they puddle 

the soil in so confined a space. 

WORMIA dentata. Stove evergreen 


WULFENIA carinthiaca. Hardy 

herbaceous perennial. Division or 

seeds. Light rich soil. 

WURMBEA. Four species. Greenhouse 

and half-hardy bulbous peren- 

tree. Ripe cuttings, with the leaves on. 

Light loam, or loam and peat. 

WORMWOODS. Artemisia. These 

are perennial rooted bitter aromatics, 

nials. Offsets. Sandy peat and loam. 

WYCH ELM. Ultnus montana. 

XANTHORIZA apiifolia. Hardy 

evergreen shrub. Suckers. Common 

and cultivated solely for medicinal purposes. 

Common wormwood {Artemisia 

absinthium) ; Sea-wormwood (A. maritima) 

; Roman wormwood {A. Fontica) ; 

Santonicum, or Tartarian wormwood 

{A. Santonica). 

Soil.—The soil best suited to them is 

soil. 

XANTHORRHÂ. Six species. 

Green-house evergreen shrubs, or herbaceous 

perennials. Offsets. Loam and 

peat. 

XANTHOSIA rotundifolia. Greenhouse 

evergreen shrub. Cuttings or 

one that is dry, light, and poor, other- seeds. Loam, peat, and sand. 

wise they grow luxuriantly, and are de- XANTHOXYLUM. Fourteen spefective 

in their medicinal qualities, as cies. Stove and green-house evergreen 

well as in their power to withstand the and hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. 

rigour of the winter. Any situation will Ripe cuttings. Common soil. 

suit the common and sea wormwoods, XERANTHEMUM. Three species. 

that is open and unconfined, but the Hardy annuals. Seeds. 

exotic species require to be sheltered XEROPHYLLUM. 


Four species. 

from the severe aspects. In a severe Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division 

winter, the Tartarian can only be pre- or seeds. Peaty soil. 

served under a frame. The sea worm- XIMENESIA. Five species. Hardy 

wood seldom flourishes, from the want annuals and biennials, and green-house 

of a genial soil ; the application of salt herbaceous j perennials. Seeds. Corn- 

would undoubtedly be beneficial. mon soil. 

Propagation.—They are all \ propa- XIMENIA. 

gated by seed, as well as slips and cut- evergreen trees 

tings, the first of which may be I sown in peat. 

March or April ; and the latter planted [ 

XIPHIDIUM. 

herbaceous ; during June, July, and beginning of 

August. The seed is sown thinly broadcast 

; and when the plants arrive at a 

height of two or three inches, are weed- 


Cuttings. Loam and 


perennials. Division. Loam, 


XIPHOPTERIS. Two species. One 

a stove, the other a green-house peren- 

;

— 

X YL 

635 Z YG 

! 

\ 

j 

' 

nial. Division or seeds. Loam and ZIERIA. Ten species. Green-house 

peat. 

XYLOMELUM pyriforme. Greenliouse 

evergreen tree. Ripe cuttings. 


XYLOPHYLLA. Eleven species. 

Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripe cuttings. 


evergreen shrubs. Young cuttings. Sandy 


ZIGADENLS. Five species. Hardy 


seeds. Peaty moist soil. 

ZILLA. Two species. Half-hardy 

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings. Light rich 

XYLOPLA.. Three species. 


Stove 

Loam 

soil. 

ZIXZIBER. Ginger. Thirteen spe- 

and peat. 

YELLOW SULTAN. Centaurea suacies. 

Stove herbaceous perennials, 

except Z. miega, which belongs to the 

veolens. 

YELLOW-TAILED MOTH. See 

green-house. 

and sand. 

Division. Loam, peat, 

Bombyi. 

YEW TREE. Taxus. 

YUCCA. Adam's Needle. Thirteen 

ZINNL\. Eight species. Hardy annuals. 

Seeds. Rich mould, or common 

soil. 

species. Hardy, stove, and green-house ZIZIA. Three species. Hardy herbevergreen 

shrubs, and a few hardy herbaceous perennials Division or seeds. 

aceous perennials. Y. pendula, a vari- Moist soil, 

ety of Y. aloifolia, is a hardy deciduous ZIZIPHORA. Seven species. Hardy 

tree. Suckers. Light rich soil. annuals, Z. acmo/des a hardy deciduous 

" Cut the flower-stem off Yucca glori- trailer, and the others half-hardy everosa 

directly it has done flowering, and 

take away all the suckers, except two 

or three of the strongest. Then remove 

green shrubs. The latter increase by 

cuttings, the former by seeds. Common 

soil. 

a little of the soil round the bottom of ZIZYPHUS. Lotus. Fourteen spethe 

plant, and replace it with a dressing cies. Stove, green-house, hardy, and 

of equal parts of sandy loam and cow- half-hardy evergreen, and a few hardy 

dung." Card. Chron. deciduous shrubs. The stove and green- 

ZAMIA. Twenty-one species. Stove house kinds increase by ripe cuttings, 

or green-house herbaceous perennials, and succeed in loam, peat, and sand; 

Suckers. Light sandy soil. the hardy kinds by ripe cuttings or lay- 

ZEBRA PLANT. Calathea zebrina. ers, and require a rich soil. 

ZEPHYRANTHES. Eleven species. ZORNL\. Seven species. Stove an- 

Green-house and half-hardy bulbous pe- nuals and green-house herbaceous perennials, 

and a few hardy and half-hardy rennials. Seeds. Peat and loam, 

herbaceous perennials. Off^sets. Turfy ZYGOPETALUM. Six species. Stove 

loam, peat, and sand. orchids. Division. Peat and potsherds. 

ZEXMEÎA tagetijlora. Half-hardy ZYGOPHYLLUiAL Thirteen species, 

herbaceous perennial. Seeds. Com- Green-house and stove evergreen shrubs, 

mon soil. Cuttings. Loam, peat, and sand. Z. 

ZICHYA. Three species. Green- prostratum is a trailer ; Z. simplex, a 

house evergreen twiners. Young cut- half hardy annual ; and Z./a6ag:o is in- 

tings. Sandy loam and peat. creased by seeds only. 

THE END.

— 

LEA & BLANCHARD'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 1 

LYNCH'S DEAD SEA. 

CONDENSED AND CHEAPER EDITION. NOW READY. 

NARRATIVE OF ThTu. S. EXPEDITION 

TO THE DEAD SEA AND RIVER JORDAN. 

BY W. F. LYNCH, U.S.N., 

Coinmaiider of the Expedition. 

New and condensed edition, with a Map, from actnal Surveys. 

In one neat royal 12mo. volume, extra cloth. 

The universal curiosity excited by the interesting narrative of this 

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In its present form, therefore, afforded at about one-third 

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When, however, he fairly "gets under weigh," every page possesses interest, and 

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and his explorations of the mysterious sea, upon which the curse of the Almighty 

visibly rests. His privations, toils, and dangers were numerous, but were rewarded 

by success where all others had failed. He has contributed materially to our knowledije 

of scriptural Gt-ography, particularly in his charts of the Jordan and Dead Sea, 

which he fully explored. If our readers ^vish to know all he has done, they must 

procure and read his book ; we cannot "ive even an outline of it. We can only add 

that the publishers have done their full duty in their department, and the maps and 

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*

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ALSO, 

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The approbation bestowed upon ihis work by the press has been universal. From 

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One of the most valuable books of the season, and certainly one of ihe most entertaining 

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'I'he fascinating letters of Mr. Wirt, one of the most brilliant and agreeable men of 

the day, in themselves furnish a rich fund of instruction and enjoyment.— Rich}n'/i Inq. 

This work has been looked for with much inierest by the public, and will not disappoint 

the high expectations justly based upon the well-known talents of the author, 

and the abundant materials let't by the distingui->hed orator and jurist, to which he has 

had free access. Baltimore American. 

The style is at once vigorous and fascinating, and the interest of the most absorbing 

charBCier.— Philadeliihia fnquinr 

Mr. Kennedy is one of the very finest of American writers. He never touches a 

subject thai he does not adorn— and it is fortunate for the memory of Mr. Wirt that the 

history of his life has fallen into such hands. The publishers have performed iliejr 

task m excellent style. 'I he paper and the type are good, and the whole getting up is 

admirable. Rich-)noHd Whi^. 

Mr. Kennedy has indeed given us tw'o delightful and instructive volumes. No 

part of what he has thus lirought together could have been omitted without detriment 

to the perfect picture of the great man who held for twelve years the important office 

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letters, and speeches, are elucidatory threads that guide the reader to a better 

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a letter from John Adams is given in the second. N. Y. Cmnmercial Advertiser. 

Mr. Kennedy has made a couple of very interesting voluines. He has not disappointed 

the expeciat ons of those who know his powers, and had enjoyed the spirit, 

grace, and humor of his previous writings. He has properly adopted the plan of 

making Mr. Wirt speak for himself, wheneverthis was possible. We have accordingly, 

a large body of his letters, showing him in every possible attitude, during almost 

every period of his life, and always m a manner lo satisty us of the equal goodness of 

his heart and the clear manliness of his intellect. The lawyer, in particular will be 

apt lo peruse these pages with a sensible sympathy. They illustrate the progress of 

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LEA & BLANCHARD'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

JOHNSTON'S PHYSICAIi ATLAS. 

THE PHYSICAL ATLAS 

OF NATURAL PHENOMENA. 

FOK THE USE OF COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND FAMILIES. 

BY ALEXANDER KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R. G.S., F. G. S. 

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GKOLOGY. 

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4. Illustration of the Glacier System of 

the Alps. (Moat Blanc.) 

5. Phenomena ol Volcanic Action. 

Palffioiuologieal anil Geological Map of 

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HYDROGRAPHY. 

1. Physical Chart of the Atlantic Ocean, 

a. Physical Chan of the Indian Ocean. 

3 Physical Chart of the Pacific Ocean or 

Great Sea. 

4 Tidal Chan of the British Peas. 

5 The River Systems of Europe and 

Afia. 

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Tidal Chart of the World. 

LIST OF PLATES. 

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of Air. 

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2. Geographical Distribution of the Cuiti 

vaied Plants used as Food. 

.3. Geographical Distribution of Quadrumana, 

Edentata, Marsupialia, and 

Pachyderinala. 

4. Geographical Distribution of Carnivora. 

5. Geographical Distribution of Rodenlia 

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7 Geographical Diplribution of Reptiles 

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9. Ethnographic Map of Great Britain 

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— 

— — 

4 LEA & BLANCHARD'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

JOHNSTON'S PHYSICAL ATLAS— (Continued.) 

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the imagination is called on to fasten and associate with the maps. The enterprise 

and fine taste of the American publishers will, we hope, be rewarded by an extensive 

sale of this most admirable work. No school-room and no family should be without 

the Physical Atlas. 

In the hands of a judicious teacher, or head of a family, information of the most 

varied nature in all deparlmeiils of science and natural history can be introduced and 

commented on, in reference to its geographical bearing, while the materials of the 

text and the Atlas may be commented on to any desired extent. Such works give 

attractiveness to knowledge, and stimulate to energy the mind of the young; while in 

the beauty, harmony, and intermediate reactions of nature thus exhibited, the facilities 

of imagination and judgment find room for equal exercise and renewed delight. 

It is the lively picture and representation of our planet. New York Literary World, 

March 9,1850. 

The book before us is, in short, a graphic encyclopasdia of the sciences— an atlas 

of human knowledge done into maps. It exemplifies the truth which it expresses 

that he who runs may read. The Thermal Laws of Leslie it enunciates by a bent line 

running across a map of Europe; the abstract researches of Gauss it embodies in a 

k\v parallel curves winding over a section of the globe; a formula of Laplace it 

melts down to a little path of mezzotint shadow ; a problem of the transcendental analysis, 

which covers pages with definite integrals, it makes plain to the eye by a little 

stippling and hatching on a given degree "of longitude! All possible relations of 

time and space, heal and cold, wet and dry. frost and snow, volcano and storm, current 

and tide, plant and beast, race and religion, attraction and repulsion, glacier and 

avalanche, fossil and mammoth, river and mountain, mine and forest, air and cloud, 

and sea and shy—all in the earth, and under the earth, and on the earth, and above 

the earth, that the heart of man has conceived or his head understood— are brought together 

by a marvellous microcosm, and planted on these little sheets of paper— thus 

making themselves clear to every eye. In short, we have a summary of all the crossquestions 

of Nature (or twenty centuries— and all the answers of Nature herself set 

down and speaking to us voluminous system rfans u« wioi Mr. Johnston 

is well known as a geographer of great accuracy and research; and it is certain that 

this work will add to his reputation; for it is beautifully engraved, and accompanied 

with explanatory and tabular letterpress of great value. 

London Athenaum. 

—


SOMERVILLE'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

New Edition, much improved. Now Ready. 

PHYSICAL "GEOGEAPHY. 

BY MARY SOMERVILLE, 

AUTHOR OF "the CONNECTION OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES," ETC. ETC. 

SECOND AMERICAN EDITION, 

Prom the Second and Revised Iiondon Edition. 

WITH AMERICAN NOTES, GLOSSARY, &C. 

In one neat royal 12mo. volume, extra cloth, of over 500 pages. 

The great successs of this work, ami its introduction into many of the higher schools 

and academies, have induced the publishers to prepare a new and much improved 

editioii. In addition to the corrections and improvements of the author bestowed on 

the work in its passage through the press a second time in London, notes liave been 

introduced to adapt it more fully to the physical geography of this country ; and a 

comprehensive glossary has been added, rendering the volume more particularly 

suited to educational purposes. The amount of these additions inay be understood 

from the fact, that not only has the size of the page been increased, but the volume 

itself enlarged l)y over one hundred and fifty pages. At the same time, the price 

has not been increased. 

Whde reading this work, we could not help thinking how interesting, as well as 

useful, geography as a branch of education might be made in our schools. In many of 

them however, this i.« not accomplished. It is to be hoped that this defect will be 

remedied ; and thai in all our educational institutions Geography will soon be taught 

in the proper way. .Mrs. Somerville's work may, in this respect, be pointed to as a 

model.— Tail's Edinburgh Magazine. 

Our praise comes lagging in the rear, and is well-nigh superfluous. But we are 

anxious to recommend to our youth the enlarged method of s'udying geography which 

her present work demonstrates to be as captivating as it is instructive. Nowhere, 

except in her own previous work, "The Connection of the Physical Sciences," is there 

lobe found so large a store of well-selected information so lucidly set forth. In surveying 

and grouptng together whatever has been seen by the eyesof others, or detected 

by their laborious investigations, she is not surpassed by any one. We have no 

obscurities other than what the imperfect slate of science iiseK involves her in ; no 

dissertations which are felt to interrupt or delay. She strings her beads distinct and 

close together. With quiet perspicacity she seizes at once whatever is most interesting 

and most captivating in her subject. Therefore it is we are for the book ; and we 

hold such presents as Mrs. Somerville has bestowed upon the public, to be of incalcu- 

lable value, disseminating more sound information than all the literary and scientific 

institutions will accomplish in a whole cycle of their existence. BlacktooodCa Mag. 

HERVEY'S COURT OF GEORGE II. 

MEMOIRS OF THE REIGnIf GEORGE THE SECOND, 

From his Accession to the Dcatii of (liiecii Caroline. 

BY JOHN LORD IIERVEY. 

EDITED, FROM THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT, AT ICKWORTH, 

By the Right Hon. JOHN WILSON CROKER, LL. D., F. R. S., &c. 

In two handsome volumes, royal 12mo., extra cloth. 

PARDOE'S FRANCIS THE FIRST.—Now Ready. 

THE COURT AND REIGnTf FRANCIS THE FIRST, 

KING OF FRANCE. 

BY MISS rAIlHUK, 

author of " LOUIS THE FOURTEENTH," " CITY OF THE SULTAN," &C. &C. 

In two very neat volumes, royal 12mo., extra cloth. 

—


HERSCHEL'S OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY.—JVotc JJ

— 


PAGET'S TRAVELS IN HtTNGARY-Jnst Ready. 

HlJlTGARi: A:\1> ~TKAA !?iYL.\ A]\IA : 

WITH REMARKS ON THEIR CONDITION, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND 

KCONOMICAL. 

BY JOHN PAGET, ESQ. 

In two neat volumes, royal 12mo., extra cloth. 

"AVe must now luni aside lo make a short excursion inlo Hiiiigarj'. with Mr. Paeet 

for our guide. It would not he well possible to choose a better, for he never suffer* 

our interest lo Hap:, and appears to have made himself accurately acquainted, not 

only with the localities and traditions of ihe country, but with its whole history and 

instiiutions, which presents fo many points of nnaloijy to those of Kiigland. as really 

to invest the subject with a new and peculiar interest for an I'^nglishman."— Quarttr/y 

Review. 

Bîmn'S WEST IJi^DIES.—JVow Ueadtj. 

IMPRESSIONS AND EXPERIENCES 

OFfTHE Wli!*!' 1M)IF.J< AM) XOU III A.>IERICA IX 1849. 

BY ROBERT BAIRD, A. M. 

In one neat volume, royal 12mo., e.\tra cloth. 

'We have here ;i new instalment, iioi of Hriti'-h prejudice and ujrumhling. common 

to iransatlaiitic tourists who pass a few months in the country, but a lair, judicious, 

malter-of fact book by a Scottish gentleman who makes the pilgrimage ol a considerable 

poriioii 01 ihe wesiern world in pursuit o( healih, and in a frame of mind, we 

may add, well adapted to its recovery. There is no illness or dyspepsia in Mr Baird'8 

speculailoiis. He has a eocid legal digestion of every fact or sentiment which comes 

before him.'— iV. Y Lit. YVorld. 

• A mo*t faiihful and allractive description of the countries which the author has 

visiied— formins altogether a tourist's note-book and traveler's guide of the very best 

class.' —John Bull. 

• riie narrative embraces topics of absorbing interest at the present day." Liver- 

pool Mail. 

• .Mr Baird wields a delicate and graceful pencil, and touches lishtly and cheerily 

on the salient and light reflecting poinisof the varied and magnificent scenery he 

wanders over or floats amidst." Gla^sow Citizen. 

NEW AMERICAN WORK ON SHOOTING—Nearly Ready. 

NOTES ON SHOOTING; OR HINTS TO SPORTSMEN. 

COMPULSING 

The Habits of the Game Birds and Wild Fowl of Norlli America; 

The Dog, the Gun, and the Field. 

BY E. J. LEWIS, M.D., 

Editor of Youatl on the Dog,' &o. 

In one handsome volume, royal 12mo. 

HISTORY OF THE HUGUE'MOTS—A NEW EDITION, 

CO.NTINUEI) TO THE PRESENT Tl.ME. 

}iY W. S. BROWNLXG. 

In one large octavo volume, extra cloth. 

"One of the most interesting and valuable conlribulions lo modern history."— Genlleman^s 

Magazine. 

RUSH'S 

MEMORANDA OF A RESIDENCE AT THE COURT OF LONDON. 

In one large and handsome octavo volume, extra cloth. 

THE BOY'S TRr.:\SURY OF SPORTS, PASTIMES, AND RECREATIONS. 

WITH rOUR HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS. 

In one very neat volume, royal ISmo., crimson extra cloth. 

—

— 

— 


MACFARLANE'S TURKEY—Now Ready. 

TURKEY AND~1tS DESTINY; 

THE RESULT OF JOURNEYS MADE IN 1P47 AND1S4S TO EXAMINE INTO 

THE STATE OF THAT COUNTRY. 

BY CHARLES MACFARLANE, ESQ., 

Author of "Constantinople in le2S " 

In two neat volumes, royal 12mo., extra cloth. 

"The author of this work has made valualile coiitril)uiions to the Western world's 

knowledge of the people and customs of the East, and none of more value than this. 

He is a close observer, an acute thinker, and master of a pleasant, lively style. AVe 

have seen no picture of Turkey, as it is, and of its future destiny, that approaches 

these volumes in minuteness of detail, blended with philosophical comprehensiveness. 

Every one interested in the present position and future destiny of the Turkish government—should 

read Mr. Macfarlane's volumes." N. Y. Com. Advertiser. 

SIX MONTHS IN THE GOLD MINES—Now Ready. 

SIX MONTHS INYhE GOLD MINES. 

FROM A JOURNAL OF A THREE YEARS' RESIDENCE IN Ui'PER AND 

LOWER CALIFORNIA DURING 1S47, lfc48, AND 1&49. 

BY E. GOULD BUFFUM, ESQ., 

Lieut. First Regiment New York Volunteers. 

In one well printed royal 12mo. vol., paper, price 50 cents, or extra cloth. 

"To those who intend visiling California this book is invaluable, and the general 

reader will find it, in some respects, as fascinating and interesting as a work of fiction."—iV. 

r. Herald. 

FLETCHER'S NINE-VTIH—Now Ready. 

NOTES FROM NINEVEH, 

And Travels in Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Syria. 

BY THE REV. J. P. FLETCHER. 

In one neat royal 12mo. volume, extra cloth. 

"Well written, and deeply interesting." Xortk American. 

"One of the best books of travels thai we have taken up for a long time." Boston 

Evening Gazette. 

"The narratives of these excursions are deeply interesting." N.Y. Com. Advertiser. 

"Full of new and stirring interest." Saturday Post. 

CARPENTER ON ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS- Just Ready. 

A prize" ESSAY 

ON THE USE OF ALCOHOLIC LiaUORS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 

BY W. B. CARPENTER, M.D., F.R.S., 

Author of ''Principles of Human Physiology," &c. 

In one neat volume, royal 12mo. 

A prize of one hundred guineas having been ollered in London for the best essay 

on the above subject, that sum has been awarded to Dr. Carpenter for the present 

work by the adjudicators. Dr. John Forbes. Dr. G. L. Roupell, and Dr. W. A.Guy. 

A treatise on a subject of such universal interest by so distinguished a physiologist 

and teacher as Dr. Carpenter cannot fail to attract general attention, and be productive 

of much benefit. 

WALPOLE'S LETTERS. 

In six handsome octavo volumes, extra cloth. 

Four volumes containing the General Correspondence, and two the 

Suppressed Letters to Sir Horace Mann. 

WALPOLE'S MEMOIRS OF THE REIGN OF KING GEORGE THE THIRD. 

In two handsome octavo volumes. 

— 

— 

—

— 

LEA & BLA^JCHAKD'S NKVV PLBLICATIONS. 9 

Now Complete.—STRICKLAND'S QUEENS OF ENGLAND. 

NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION. 

LIVES OF THE @UEENS OF ENGLAND, 

FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST. 

WITH ANECDOTES OF THEIR COURTS, 

Now First Published from Official Records, and other Authentic Documents, Private 

as well as Public. 

NEW EDITION, %VITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 

BY AGNES STRICKLAND. 

In six volumes crown octavo, extra crimson cloth, or half morocco, printed 

on fine paper and large type. 

In this edition, Volume One contains Vols. 1, 2 and 3 of the 12mo. edition 

Volume Two contains Vols. 4 and 5; Volume Three contains Vols. 6 and 7 

Volume Four contains Vols. 8 and 9 ; Volume Five contains Vols. 10 and 11 

and Volume Six contains Vol. 12. The whole forming a very handsome series, 

suitable for presents, prizes, &c. 

Tlie puljlisliers have great pleasure in presenting to the public this work in a 

complete Ibrm. During the long period m whieli it has lieen issuing from the press, 

it has assumed the character ol"a standard work ; and. as occupying ground hitherto 

untouched, as embodying numerous historical facts hilheno unnoticed, and as containing 

vivid sketches of the character and manners of the times, with anecdotes, 

documents, &c. &c., it presents numerous claims on the nltenlion of both the student 

of history and desultory reader. 

Those who have been waiting its completion can now obtain it, forming a handsome 

set, twelve volumes in six, in various styles of binding. 

A few copies still on hand of the Duodecimo Edition. Vol. I.—Contains 

Matilda of Flanders, Matilda of Scotland, Adelicia of Louvaine, Matilda of 

Boulogne, and Eleanor of A(]uitaine. Vol. II.— Berengaria of Navarre, Isabella 

of Angoiileme, Eleanor of Provence, Eleanor of Castile, Marguerite of 

France, Isabella of France, Philippa of Hainault, and Anne of Bohemia. 

Vol. III.— Isabella of Valois, Joanna of Navarre, Katharine of Valois, Margaret 

of Anjou, Elizabeth Woodville, and Ann of Warwick. Vol. IV.— Elizabeth 

ofYorU, Katharine of Arragon, .\nne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, 

and Katharine Howard. Vol. V.— Katharine Parr and Queen Mary. Vol. VI. 

—Queen Elizabeth. Vol. VII.—Queen Elizabeth (continued), and Anne of 

Denmark. Vol. VIII.— Henrietta Maria and Catharine of Braganza. Vol. IX. 

—Mary of Modena. Vol. X.—Mary of Modena (continued), and Mary II. 

Vol. XI.—Mary II. (continued), and Queen Anno. Vol. XII.—Queen Anne 

(concluded). 

Any volume sold separately, or the whole to match in neat green cloth. 

These volumes have the fascination of a romance united to the integrity of history. 

Times. 

A most valuable and entertaining work.— Chronicle. 

This interesting and well-wriiien work, in which the severe truth of history lakes 

almost llie wildness of romance, will constitute a valuable addition to our biographical 

liieraiure.— Morning Htrabl. 

A valuable contribution to hisiorical knowledge, to young persons especially. It 

contains a mass of every kind of historical matter of interest, which industry and re 

source could collect. We have derived much entertainment and instruction from 

the work. Athetirr.um 

The execution of this work is equal to the conception. Great pains have been 

taken lo make it both inlere^ling and valuable.— Lit- ran/ Gazelle. 

A cliarmiiig work— full of interest, at once st-rious ami pleasing — Monsieur Giiizot. 

A most charming biographical memoir. We conclude by expressing our uiuiualificd 

opinion, that we know of no more valuable coniribulion lo modern tiisiory than 

this ninth volume of .Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens.—Morning Herald. 

*2 

—

10 LEA & BLANCHARD-S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

NEW WORK BY MISS KAVANAGH—Now Ready. 

WOMAN IN FRANCS 

IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

BY JULIA KAVANAGH, 

Author of " Madeleine, a Tale of Auvergne." 

In one neat vol., royal 12mo , extra cloth. 

In treating other sulijeels of her gallery—as for instance those widely different personages, 

IVIcllle. Aiss6 and Madame Roland— Miss Kavanagh puts forth a pathelic 

power which gives depth and repose to a book that in other hands might have become 

wearying from its unmitigated sparkle. 

The critic dealing with such an encyclopedia of coquetries, amours, vicissitudes, 

sflffV rings, and repentances as the history of" Woman in France" must necessarily 

be, is fain to content himself with offering merely a general character like the above. 

Such is the fascination of the subject— such is the fullness of maiter— such is iis affluence 

of sugseslion— that every page tempts him to stop for a gossip or for speculation 

of modes and morals. 

Which among us will ever be tired of reading about the Women of France ? especially 

when they are marshaled so agreeably and discreetly as in the pages before 

us.— 37ie Athenauni. 

ERMAN'S SIBERIA.—Now Ready. 

TRAVELsTn SIBERIA. 

INCLUDING EXOURSIONS NORTHWARD, 

Down the Obi to the Polar Circle, and Southward to the Chinese Frontier. 

BY ADOLPH ERMAN. 

Translated frovi the German, by WILLIAM DESBOROUGH COOLEY. 

In two large vols., royal 12mo., extra cloth. 

Much interest attaches to this work as the only complete and authentic account 

w-hich we possess of the vast territories extending from the Ural Mountains !o Behring's 

Straits, of which less is known, than perhaps of any other densely inhabited 

portion of the globe. Dr. Erman devoted several years to these researches, and has 

embodied in these volumes a large amount of curious and novel information. 

Lately Issued—INGERSOLL'S NEW WORK. 

HISTORICAI. SKETCH OF THE SECOÔ TTAR 

BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND GREAT BRITAIN. 

DECLARED BY ACT OF CONGRESS THE 18th OF .lUNE, 1SI2. AND CON- 

CLUDED BY PEACE THE 15lh OF FEBRUARY, ISio. 

BY CHARLES J. INGERSOLL. 

EMBRACING THE EVENTS OF 1814. 

In one well-printed Svo. vol., of 318 pages, double columns, paper covers. 

FRANCE UNDER LOUIS PHILIPPE. 

The History of Ten Years, 1830-1840; or, France nnder Lonis Philippe. 

BY LOUIS BLANC, 

Secretary of the Provisional Government of 1S4S. 

TRANSLATED BY WALTER K. KELLY. 

In two handsome crown Svo. volumes, extra cloth, or six parts, paper, at fifty cents. 

HISTORY OF THE FRENCH RimUTION OF 1789. 

BY LOUIS BLANC, 

Author of " France under Lonis Philippe," &c 

THAN'- .i"ED FROM THE FRENCH, 

one volume, crown octavo.

LEA" & BLANCH ARD'S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 11 

THE "WAR IN HUNGARY. Now Ready. 

MEMOIRS OF AN~HUNGARIAN LADY. 

BY THERESA rULSZKY. 

WITH AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 

BY FRANCIS PULSZKY. 

In one neat volume, royal 13mo., extra cloth. 

We need hardly inform our readers that the authoress of this work is the accomplished 

wife of the gentleman who was originally accredited to the Enalish Cabinet 

by the Provisional Government of Hungary. The private Interest attaching to the 

recital of events which have become so famous, would ensure a wide popularity for 

Madame Pulszky's book. But we should very ninch underestimate its value if we so 

limned our praise. The Memoirs, indeed, contain sketches of social life which are 

worthy of a place by the side of Madame de Slahl de Launay and Madame Campan. 

But lliey are also rich in political and topographical information of the first character. 

Madame Pulszky was in the habit of direct intercourse with the foremost and most 

distinguished of the Hungarian generals and statesmen, and has given a complete 

summary of the political events in Hungary, from the arrival of the Hungarian Deputation 

in 1S4>?, to the treason of General Georgy on the 13lh of August, 1S49 M. Pulszky 

has also prefixed a valuable introduction, which gives the most complete History 

of Hungary that has ever issued from the English press.— Globe. 

TAL.es AflfD STORIES FROM HISTORY. 

BY AGNES STRICKLAND, 

Author of " Lives of the Queens of England." etc. 

In one handsome royal 18mo. volume, crimson extra cloth, vi-iih illustrations. 

THE SFGAR PLANTER'S MAIMTAE. 

BEING A TREATISE ON THE ART OF OBTAINING SUGAR FROM THE CANE. 

BY W. J. EVANS, M. D. 

In one neat volume, small Svo., 2CS pages, with wood-cuts and two plates, 

THEORY OF LIFE. 

BY S. T. COLERIDGE. In one sinal) volume, 12mo. 

POEMS, 

BY ELLIS, CURRER, AND ACTON BELL, 

Authors of "Jane Eyre." &c. 

In one vol., royal 18mo. 

EASTER]\ LIFE, PRESENT AXD PAST. 

BY HARRIET MARTINEAU. 

In one large and handsome volume, crown octavo. 

HOUiÊHOT^D EDIJCATIOIV. 

BY HARRIET MARTINEAU. 

In one handsome vol., royal 12mo. 

laiRABEAIJ, A Life History. 

In one neat volume, royal I'Jrno. 

A TREATISE ON ASTRONOI^ V. 

CY SIR JOHN F, W. HEPvSCIlEI.. F. R. S., &c. 

WITH NUMEROUS IT.ATES AND WOOD-CUTS. 

A NEW EDITION, WITH A PREFACE AND A SERIES OF QUESTIONS, 

BY S. O. WALKER. 

In one volume. l'.iino


MAGNIFICENT PRESENTATION WORK. 

IRISH MELODIES. 

BY THOMAS MOORE, Esq. 

WITH NOTES AND BIOGRAPHICAL PREFACES. 

IliLUSTRATED "WITH BEAUTIFUL STEEL. PliATES, 

ENGRAVED UNDER THE IMMEDIATE SUPERINTENDENCE OF MR. EDWARD FINDEN. 

In one large imperial quarto volume of 174 pages, handsomely bound in extra 

cloth, with gilt edges. Beautifully printed on superior paper. 

Nora Cretna, ... - 

LIST OF PLATKS. 

Painted by VV. P. Frith, Engr'd by E. Finden. 

Rich AND Rare WERE THE Gems SHE Wore, '' EvEi.EEN, " 

Love's Young Dream, - - - - " 

Lesbia, " 

Kathleen and St. Kevin, - - - " 

The Hamlet's Pride, - - - - " 

Laughing Eyes. " 

The Mountain Sprite, ... " 

The Desmond's Love, - - - . " 

W.Fisher, 

R. T. Bott, 

A.Derby, 

W. P. Frith, 

E. Hawkes, 

W. Room, 

W. P. Frith, 

F. Wood, 

F. Crowley, 

" 

" 

" 

" 

" 

" 

" 

" 

" 

W H. Mote. 

E. Finden. 

E. Finden. 

W. Holl. 

W. Holl. 

W.Edwards. 

E. Finden. 

E. Finden. 

W. Edwards. 

The care which has been exercised in every portion of this volume, both as to its 

mechanical and anistical execuiion, renders it in all respects well worthy of the 

"Irish Melodies." In illustrations, type, printing, paper, and binding, it is equal to 

anything that has as yet appeared in this country ; and, as a work whose attraction is 

not confined to a single season, it should command the attention of the public. 

Now Ready.—MACKAY'S TRAVELS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

THE WESTERjV l¥OR"iLD; 

OR, TRAVELS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

EXHIBITING THEM IN THEIR LATEST DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, 

AND INDUSTRIAL. 

INCLUDING A CHAPTER ON CALIFORNIA. 

BY ALEXANDER MACKAY, Esq. 

FROM THE SECOND AND ENLARGED LONDON EDITION. 

In two very neat vols., royal 12mo. 

READINGS FOR THE YOUNG. 

FROM THE WORKS OF SIR WALTER SCOTT. 

WITH NUMEROUS AND BEAUTIFUL PLATES. 

In two very handsome vols., royal ISnio., crimson cloth 

DOMBEY AND SON, COMPLETE. 

BY CHARLES DICKENS. 

Ill one large octavo vol. of 320 doulile-columned pages, with 16 plates, price £0 cents. 

ALSO, AN EDITION ON FINE PAPER, WITH 40 PLATES, EXTRA CLOTH. 

DICKENS'S DAVID COPPERFIELD. 

PUBr,ISHL\G IN NU.MBERS, WITH PLATES, PRICE 5 CKNTS EACH. 

Uniform with Lea & Blanchard's complete edition of Dickens's Novels and Tales. 

ALSO, 

Part I of the Cheap Edition, 

TO BE COMPLETE IN TWO PARTS. 

Price 25 Cents each.


LIBRARY OF ILLUSTRATED SCIENTIFIC WORKS. 

UNDKR THIS TITLE LI'.A & HLANCHARD ARE PUBLISHING 

A SERIES OF BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED AYORKS, 

ON VARIOUS BRANCHES OF SCIENCE, 

By the most distinguished men in their respective departments. 

Printed in the handsomest style, and embellished in tlie most efficient manner. 

ICT" No expense has been or will be spared to render this series worthy of the support 

of the scientific public, and at the same lime one of tlie handsomest specimens of 

typographical and artistic execution which lias appeared in tins country. 

Spechnens of the Engravings and style of Uievohime^ may be hail on application lo the 

publishers. 

MULLER'S PHYSIOS—LATELY ISSUED. 

P R I N Cl P L E S 

OF 

PHYSICS AND METEOROLOGY. 

BY PROFESSOR J. MULLER, M. D. 

EDITED, WITH ADDITIONS, BY R. EGLESFELD GRIFFITH, M. D. 

In one large and handsome octavo volume, with 550 wood-cuts, and two 

colored plates. 

This is a large, elegant, and most admirable volume— thefirst of a series of scientific 

books now passing throuph the press in London, and which cannot fail to commend 

themselves to the favor of all who lake any interest in the prO!

— 

— 


— 

Jjihrary of Illustrated Scientific Works.— Continued. 

KNAPP'S CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. 

T E C H Nl) L G Y; 

OR, CKEMISTRY APPLIED TO THE ARTS AND TO MANUFACTURES 

BY DR. F. KNAPP, 

Professor at the University of Giessen. 

Edited, with nitmerous Notes and Additions, by 

DR. EDMUND RONALDS, and DR. THOMAS RICHARDSON. 

First American Edition, with Notes and Additions, 

BY PROFESSOR WALTER R, JOHNSON. 

In two handsome octavo volumes, pritited and illustrated in the highest style of art. 

Volume One, lately published, with two hundred and fourteen large wood engravings. 

Volume Two, now ready, with two hundred and fifty wood engravings. 

One of the best works of modern times. New York Commercial. 

We think it will prove the most popular, as it is decidedly the best of the series. 

Written by one who has for many years studied both theoretically and practically the 

processes which he describes, the descriptions are precise, and conveyed in a simple 

unpretending style, so that they are easily understood, while they are sufficiently 

full in detail to include within them everything necessary to the entire comprehension 

of the operations. The work is also carefully brought down to include the most 

recent improvements introduced upon the continent of Europe, and thus gives us full 

descriptions of processes to which reference is frequently made in other vv-orks, while 

many ofthem are, we believe, now for the first time presented in a complete state to 

the English reader. Franklin Institute Journal. 

WEISBACH'S MECHANICS. 

PRINCIPLES OF "the MECHANICS 

OF MACHINERY AND ENGINEERING. 

By PRorEssoR JULIUS WEISBACH. 

TRANSLATED AND EDITED 

BY PROFESSOR GORDON, OF GLASGOW. 

First American Edition, with Additions, 

By Prof. WALTER R. JOHNSON. 

In two Octavo Volumes, heautifidly printed. 

Volume One, with five hundred and fifty illustrations, just issued. 

Volume Two, with three hundred and thirty illustrations, now ready. 

This work is one of the most interesting to mathematicians that has been laid before 

us for some time ; and we may safely term it a scientific gem.— The Builder 

The most valuable contribution to practical science that has yet appeared in this 

country. Athenanun. 

Ill every way worthy of being recommended to our readers —Franklin Institute 

Journal. 

From Charles H. Haswell, Esq., Engineer in Chief. U. S. N. 

The design of the author in supplying the instructor with a guide for teaching, and 

the student with an auxiliary for the acquirement of the science of mechanics, has, 

in my opinion, been attained in a most successful manner. The illu*tralions, in the 

fullness of their construction, and in typographical execution, are without a parallel. 

It will aiford me much pleasure to recommend its use by the members of the profession 

with wliicli I am coiinecled.


SCHMITZ & ZUMPT'^ CLASSICAL SERIES. 

VOLUME I. 

C. JUIÎI CAESARIS 

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LVTRODUCTIO:^ TO THE LATLV GRAMMAR. 

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The neatness, cheapness, and accuracy of this series, together with its 

skillful adaptation to the wants both of teachers and students, have secured 

for it the almost universal approbation of those to whom it has been submitted. 

From among the very numerous testimonials which the publishers have received, 

they beg to submit the following

1« LEA & BLANCHARD-S NEW PUBLICATIONS. 

Schititts and XutnpVa Classical Series.— Continued. 

From Prof. Roche, Transylvania University, Lexington. Ky., March 31, 1849. 

Whatever influence my poîlioii may give me shall be most cheerfully employed in 

bringing iiuo general use In ihe Wesl these very valualile works. I trust that you 

will prosecute to a close the proposed series, and that the execution ot" those thai remain 

to complete a Latin Curriculum may be as neat and in all respects as unexceptionable 

as that of those already published. 

From Prof. John Wilson, Prep. Dep. Dickinson College, Carli.tle, Dec. 8. 1S4S. 

I have examined the three volumes with considerable care, and can give tliem my 

unqualified approbation. The plan is judicious, and the execution worthy of all praise. 

The notes comprise all that a student needs, and all that he should have; and their 

position at the foot of the page is just what it should be. 

From Peof. E. E. Wilet, Emory and Henry College, Va. Nov. 30, 1849. 

From the cursory examination given them, I must say that I have beeit highly srratifled. 

Such a series as you propose giving to the public is certainly a great dt-sideratum. 

Our classical text-books have heretofore been rendered entirely loo expensive, 

by the costly dresses in which they have appeared, and by the extensive di.«play of 

notes appended ; many of whch. though learned, are of little worth to the student in 

elucidating the text. It will afford me pleasure to introduce into my department such 

books of your series as may be in our course. 

From S. H. Taylor, Esq., Andover, Mass., Oct 30, 1848. 

The notes seern to me very accurate, and are not so numerous as to do for the student 

what he ought to do for himself. I can with safely, therefore, recommend it to 

my pupils. 

From. Prof. M. M. Campbell, Principal of the Grammar School. Indiana University, 

Nov. 6, 1>43. 

I like the plan of your series. I feel sure it will succeed, and thus displace some of 

the learned lumber of our schools. The notes, short, plain, and apposite, are placed 

where they ought to be, and furnish the learner just about help enough. 

From Philip Lindslet, D. D., Pres. of the University of Nashville, Nov. 27, 1848. 

The classical series, edited by Drs. Sclimitz and Zumpt. has already acquired a 

high and well-merited repulation on both sides of the Atlantic. I have carefully examined 

your editions of Ctesar and Virgil. I think them admirable text-books lor 

schools, and preferable to all others. I shall avail myself of every suitable occasion 

to recommend them. 

From B. Sanford, Esq., Bridgewnter. Mass., Jan. 17, 1849. 

I have examined, with considerable care, boih the Cfesar and the Virgil, and am 

much pleased with the plan and execution of the series thus lar. I am particularly 

gratified with the propriety and judgment displayed by the editors in the preparation 

of the notes ; avoiding, as I think, the prolixity and profuseness of some of our classical 

works, and, al the same time, the barrenness and deficiency of others giving a 

; 

body of annotations better suited to aid the teacher in imparting a knowledge of the 

language, than is to be found in any edition heretofore in use. , 

From Prof. Sturgess, Hanover College, Indiana, Dec. 30, 184S. 

The mere name of the eilitors is a sufficient and most ample guarantee of the accuracy 

of the text, the judicious choice of various readings, and ihe conformity of those 

adopted to the latest investigations of MSS., and the results of the most enlighiened 

criticism. The notes I have not examined very carefully, except those of the Viryil. 

They are admirable, extremely condensed, and conveying a great deal of most valuable 

criticism in the briefest possible way. They are particularly valuable for their 

fEslheli"al remarks, and the frequent references to parallel passages in Ihe same author. 

The preliminary life is excellent, and of great value to the student. The S illusi 

appears lo be of the same general character, and the noles to lurnish just such 

help as the diligent student really needs. I think that in bringing out such a course 

at a cheap rate you are conferring a great boon on the country, and additional honor 

on your press, already so distinguished tor the value of its issues.

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SHAW'S ENGLISH LITERATURE. 

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A valuable and very interesting volume, which for various merits will gradually 

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Supplies a want long and severely fe\l.— Southern Literary Ciazette. 

Traces our literary history with remarkable zest, fairness, and intelligence. 

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POETICAL REMAINS 

OF THE LATE 

XiTTCRETZiV KIILB.1A DAVIDSON*. 

COLLECTED AND ARRANGED BY HER MOTHER, WITH A BIOGRAPHY BY 

Miss SEDGWICK. 

A. NEW EDITION, REVISED. 

SELECTIONS FROM THE 

WRITINGS OF MRS. MARGARET M. DAVIDSON, 

THE MOTHER OF LUCRETIA ASD MARGARET. 

WITH A PREFACE BY MISS SEDGWICK, 

rhe above three works are done up to mutch in a ueat duudeciiiio form, faiicj paper, pnce RCVf 

eentg each ; or in extra cluth. 

THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS, 

WITH ILLUSTll.\TIVE POETRY; TO WHICH ARE NOW ADDED THE 

CALENDAR OF FLOWERS, AND THE DIAL OF FLOWERS. 

SEVENTH AMERICAN, FROM THE NINTH LONDON EDITION. 

Revised by the Editor of the " Forget-Me-Not." 

In one very neat 18mo. volume, extra crimson cloth, gilt. With six colored Plates. 

CAMPBELL'S POETICAL WORKS, 

THE ONLY COMPLETE AMERICAN EDITION, 

WITH A MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR BY IRVING, AND AN 

ESSAY ON HIS GENIUS BY JEFFREY. 

In one beautiful crown octavo volume, extra cloth, or calf gilt : 

with a Portrait and 12 Plates. 

KEBLE'S CHRISTIAN YEAR, 

EDITED BY THE RIGHT REV. BISHOP DOANE. 

Miniature Edition, in 32mo., extra cloth, with niuminated Title. 

RELIGIO MEDICI, AND ITS SEQUEL, CHRISTIAN MORALS, 

BY SIR THOMAS BROWNE, KT., 

WITH RESEMBLANT PASSAGES FROM COWPER'S TASK. 

In one neat ]2nno. volume. 

HEMANS'S COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS, 

IN SEVE.N VOLUMES, ROYAL 12mO., PAPER OR CLOTH. 

ROGERS'S POEMS, 

ILLUSTRATED, 

IN ONE IMPERIAL OCTAVO VOLUME, EXTKA CLOTH OR WHITB CALF.

— 


SMALL BOOKS ON GREAT SUBJECTS. 

A SERIES OF WORKS 

WHICH DESKRVE THE ATTENTION OF THE PUBLIC, FROM THE VARIETY AND 

IMPORTANCE OF THEIR SUBJECTS, AND THE CONCISENESS AND 

STRENGTH WITH WHICH THEY ARE WRITTEN. 

They form a neat 18mo. series, in paper, or strongly done up in three neat volumes, extra cloth. 

THERE ARE ALREADY PUBLISHED, 

No. I.—PHILOSOPI-nCAL THEORIES AND PHILOSOPHICAL EXPERIENCE. 

2.—ON THE CONNEXION liETWEEN PITi'SIOLOGY AND INTELLECTUAL SCIENCE. 

3.—ON MAN'S POWER OVER HIMSELF, TO PREVENT OR CONTROL INSANITY. 

4.—AN INTRODUCTION TO PRACTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, WITH REFER- 

ENCES TO THE WORKS OF DA\n', BRANDE, LIEKIG, Ac. 

5.—A BRIEF VIEW OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY UP TO THE AGE OF PERICLES. 

6.—GREEK PHILOSOPHY FROM THE AGE OF SOCRATES TO THE COMING OF 

CHRIST. 

7.—CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE AND PRACTICE IN THE SECOND CENTURV. 

8.—AN EXPOSITION OF VULGAR AND COMMON ERRORS, ADAPTED TO THE YEAR 

OF GRACE MDCCCXLV. 

9.—AN INTRODUCTION TO VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, WITH REFERENCES TO 

THE WORKS OF DE CANDOLLE, LINDLEY,

LEA AND BLANCHARDS PUBLICATIONS. 

POPULAR SCIENCE. 

PHILOSOPHY IN SPORT, M.VDE SCIENCE IN EAFxNEST, 

BEING AN ATTEMPT TO ILLUSTRATE THE FIRST PRIN 

CIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, BY THE 

AID OF THE POPULAR TOYS AND 

SPORTS OF YOUTH. 

FRO.M THE SIXTB AND GREATLY IMFKOVED LONDON EniTION. 

In one very neat royal I8mo. volume, with nearly one hundred illustrations on wood. 

Fine extra crimson cloth. 

" Messrs. Lea & Blanchard have issued, in a beautiful manner, a handsome book, called ' Philosophy 

in Sport, made Science in Earnest.' Thus is an adniinihle attempt to illustrate the first principles 

— 


POP ULAR SCIE NCE. 

KIRBY AND SPENCERS ENTOiViOLOGY, FOR POPULAR USE. 

AN INTaODITCTION TO EX^TOIAOZiOGV 

With Plates, Plain or Colorea. 

BY WILLIAM KIRBY, M.A.,F.R.S., AND WILLIAM SPENCE, ESQ., F.R.S. 

FROM THE 8IXTH LONDON EDITION, WHICH WAS CORRECTED AND CONSIDEBAELY ENLARGED. 

In one large octavo volume, extra cloth. 

"We have been greatly interested in ninninff over the pages of this treatise. There is scarcely in 

the wide range of natural science, a more interesting or instructive study than that of insecls'or 

' 

one than is calculated to excite more curiosity or wonder. 

' 

" The popular form of letters is a

LEA AND BLAiNCllARD'S PUBLICATIONS. 

YOUATT ON THE PIG. 

THS FIG; 

A TREATISE ON THE BREEDS, MANAGEMENT, FEEDING, 

AND MEDICAL TREATMENT OF SWINE, 

WITH DIRECTIONS FOR SALTI.VG rORK, AND CURING BACON AND HAMS. 

BY WILLIAM YOUATT, V. S. 

Author of •' The Horse," ''The Do?," " Cattle," " Sheep," ic, 4c. 

ILLCSTBATED Vmil EKGRAVINGS DRAWS FROM UFE DY WILUAM UARVEY. 

In one liandsome duodecimo volume, extra cloth, or in neat paper cover, price 50 cents. 

This work, on a subject comparatively nejleclcd, must prove of much use to fanners, especially 

in this country, where the Pig is an animal of more importance than elsewhere. No work has 

hitherto appeared treatiii? fully of the various breeds of swine, their diseases and cure, breeding, 

fattening, tec., and the preparation of bacon, salt pork, hams, Ac, while the name of the author of 

"The Horse," "The Cattle Doctor," &.C., is sufficient authority for all he may state. To render it 

more accessible to those whom it particularly interests, the publishers have prepared copies la 

neat illustrated paper covers, suitable for transnussion by mail ; and wliich will be sent through 

the post-office on the receipt of fifty cents, free of postage. 

CLATER AND YOUATT'S CATTLE DOCTOR. 

EVERY MAN HIS OWN CATTLE DOCTOR: 

CONTAINING THE CAUSES. SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF ALL 

DISEASES INCIDENT TO OXEN, SHEEP AND SWINE; 

AND A SKETCU OF THE 

ANATO.IIY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF NEAT CATTLE. 

BY FRANCIS CLATER. 

EDITED, REVISED AND ALMOST RE-WRITTEN, BT 

WILLIAM YOUATT, AUTHOR OF "THE HORSE." 

WITH NUMEROVS ADDITIONS, 

EMBRACING AN ESSAY ON THE USE OF OXEN AXD THE IMPROVEMENT IN THK 

BREED OF SHEEP, 

B7 J. S. SKINNER. 

WITH NCMEROCS CUTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

In one 12nio. volume, cloth. 

" As its title would import, it is a most valuable work, and should be in the hands of every American 

farmer; and we feel proud in saj-ine, that the value of the work has been greatly enhanced 

oy the contributions of Mr. Skinner. Clater and Youalt are names treasured by the farming com- 

munilies of Europe as household-gods ; nor does that of Skinner deserve to be less esteemed in 

America." 

— 

American Farmer. 

CLATER'S FARRIER. 

EVERY MAN HIS OWN FARRIER: 

CONTAINING THE CAUSES, SY.MPTOM.S, AND MOST APPROVED METHODS OF CURB 

OF THE niSEASKS OF HORSES. 

BIT TKANOZS CZiATER, 

Author of " Ever)- .Man his own Cattle Doctor," 

AND HIS SON, JOHN CLATER. 

FIRST AMERICAN FROM THE TWKNTY-EIGHTH LONDON EDITION. 

WITH NOTES AND ADnlTIOSg, 

B T J. S. SKIITZTBR. 

Jn one I'Jino. voluini', clotU.

LEA AND BLANCIIARD'S PUBLICATIONS. 

YOUATT AND SKINNER'S 

STAfÔARD WORK ON THE HORSE. 

THE HORSE. 

BY WILLIAM YOUATT. 

A NEW EDITION, WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. 

TOGETHER WITH A. 

G-ENZinAI. H2STORY OP THE HOHSE; 

A DISSERTATION ON 

THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE; 

HOW TRAINED AND JOCKEYED. 

AN ACCOUNT OF HIS REMARKABLE PERFORMANCES; 

AND 

AN ESSiVV OIT THE ASS .A.I^'D THE MULE, 

BY J. S. SKINNER. 

Assistant Post-Master-General, and Editor of the Turf Register. 

This edition of Youatt's well-known and standard work on the Management, 

Diseases, and Treatment of the Horse, has already obtained such a 

wide circulation throughout the country, that the Publishers need say nothing 

to attract to it the attention and confidence of all who keep Horses or 

are interested in their improvement. 

" In introducins this very neat edition of Youatt's well-known book, on ' The Horse,' to our 

readers, it is not necessary, even if we had time, to say anythins to convmne them of its worth ; it 

has been highly spoken of, by those most capable of appreciating its nients, and its appearance 

under the patronage of the 'Society for the DilTusion of Useful Knowledge,' with Lord Brougham 

at its head, affords a full guaranty for its high ch.aracter. The book is a very valuable one, and we 

endorse the recommendation of tlie editor, that every man who owns the ' hair of a horse,' should 

have it at his elbow, to be consulted like a family physician, ' for mitigating the disorders, and prolonging 

the life of the most interesting and useful of all domestic animals.' " 

Fanner's Cabinet. 

" This celebrated work has been completely revised, and much of it almost entirely re-written 

by its able author, who, from being a practical veterinary surgeon, and withal a great lover and 

excellent judge of the animal, is particularly well qualified to write the history of the noblest of 

quadrupeds. Messrs. Lea and Blanchard of Philadelpliia have repnWished the above work, omitting 

a few of the first pages, and have supplied their place with matter quite as valuable, and perhaps 

more interesting to the reader in this country ; it being nearly 100 page.i of a general history of t'ne 

horse, a dissertation on the American trotting horse, how trained and jockeyed, an account of his 

remarkable performances, and an essay on the Ass and Mule, by J. S. Skinner, Esq., Assistant Post- 

-na-ster-General, and late editor of the Turf Register and American Fanner. Mr. Skinner is one 

of our most pleasing writers, and has been fiimiljar with the subiect of the horse from childhood, 

and we need not add that he has ac(iuittcd himself well of the task. He also takes up the import- 

ant subject, to the American breeder, of the Ass. and tlie Mule. This he tn-ats at length and con 

amnre. The Philadelphia edition of the Horse isa handsome octavo, wilh niHiieni"S wood-cut.s."— 

Amiriran Aiiriadhinst. 

—


HAWKER AND P ORTER ON SHOOTING. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN 

IN ALL THAT RELATES TO GUNS AND SHOOTING. 

BY LIEtJT. OOL. P. HA-WKER. 

FROM THE F.NLAROED AND IMrROVF.D NINTH LONDON EDITION, 

TO WHICH IS ADDED THE HUNTING AND SHOOTING OF NORTH AMERICA, WITH 

DESCRIPTIONS OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS, CAREFULLY COLLATED 

FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES. 

BY W. T. PORTER, E S a* 

EDITOR OF THE N. Y. SPIRIT OF THE TIMES. 

In one large octavo volume, rich extra cloth, with nuincroiis Illiisfrationg. 

" Here is a bonk, a hnnil-hnok, or ralher a text-liook—one that C(>ntain.s the whole routine of the 

8cienr«. It is the Pnnier, tlic I.exiron, and the Homer. Everytlim? is here, from the minutest 

portion of a Run-lock, to a tlend Buffalo. The sportsman who reads lliis book understandinRly, may 

pass an examination. He will know the sricnce, and may ewe advice to others. Every sportsman, 

and sportsmen are plentiful, should own this work. U should be a " vade mecuni." He slioukl 

be examined on its contents, and estimated by bis abilities to answer. We have not been without 

treatises on the art, but hitherto they have not descended into all the minutiie of equipments and 

qiialiticatiiins to proceed to the completion. This work supplies deficiencies, and completes the 

sportsman's library." 

— 

U. S. Gazelle. 

" ' No man in the country that we wot of is so well calculated as our friend of the Spirit' for the 

task he has undertaken, and the result of his laboura liius been that he has turned out a work which 

should be in the hands of every man in the huid who owns a double-barrelled gun."— N. O. Picayune. 

" A volume snlendidly printed and bound, and embellished vrHh numerous beautiful engravings, 

which will doubtless be in KTi'at demand. No sportsman, indeed, oui;lit to be withmit it, while the 

general reader will find iu its pages a fund of curious and useful infurniation." Richmond Whig. 

^yîrATT~oir"TMriE"^DO^ 

THE DOG, 

BY WILLIAM YOUATT, 

Author of " The Horse," &c. 

WITH NUMEROUS AND BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS. 

EDITED BY E. J. LEWIS, M. D. &c. &c. 

In one beautifully printed volume, crown octavo. 

LIST OF PLATES. 

Head of Bloodhound—Ancient Greyhounds-The Thibet Dos—The Dineo, or New Holland Do?— 

The Danish or Dalmatian Dog-The Hare Indian Dog—The Grevhound—The Grecian Greyhound 

—Blenheims and Cockers— The Wafer Spaniel—The Poodle—The Alpine Spaniel or Bernardme 

Dog—The Newfoundland Dog—The Esquimaux Dog—The English Sheep Dog—The Scotch Sheep 

Dog—The Beagle—The Harrier—The Foxhound—Plan of Goodwood Kennel—The Southern 

Hound—The Setter—The Pointer—The Bull Dog—The Jlastilf—The Terrier—Skeleton of the 

Dog—Teeth of the Dog at seven different ages. 

" Mr. Youatt's work is invaluable to the student of canine history; it is full of entertaining anJ 

instructive matter for the general reader. To the sportsman it coininends itself by the large amount 

of useful information in reference to his pecuhar pursuits wliich it embodies—information which 

he cannot find elsewliere in so convenient and accessible a form, and with so reUable an authority 

to entitle it to his consideration. The modest preface which Dr. Lewis has made to the American 

edition of this work scarcely does justice to the additional value he has imparted to it; and the 

publishers are entitled to great credit for the handsome manner in wluch tliey have got it up." 

riorlh American. 

THE SFORTSlMi^ZT'S I.IBR.A.RV, 

OR HINTS ON HUNTERS, HUNTING, HOUNDS, SHOOTING, GAME, DOGS, GUNS, 

FISHING, COURSING, ic, &c. 

BY JOHN MILLS, ESQ., 

Author of " The Old English Gentleman," ic. 

In one well printed royal duodecimo volume, e.\tra cloth. 

STi).BZKT. 

THE DOG .A-ISTD THE SFORTSIO; AIT, 

EMBUACI.Nf; THE USES, liRKEDlNG. TRAINING, DISEASES, ETC., OF DOGS, AND AN 

ACinUNT OF THE IHKFEUENT KINDS oK G.VME. WITH THEIR llAlilTS. 

Also, Hints to SliooterSf with various useful Rcciiics, &c«j Ac< 

BY J. S. SKIN NCR. 

Wilh Plates In one very neat 12nin roliime. 'rtra rluth. 

— 

—

— 


FRANCATELLI'S MO DERN FRENCH COOKERY. 

THE MODERN COOK, 

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE CULINARY ART, IN ALL ITS BRANCHE^S, ADAPTED AS 

WELL FOR -THE LARGEST ESTABLfSHMENTS AS FOR THE USE 

OF PRIVATE FAMILIES. 

BY CHARLES ELME FRANCATELLI, 

Pupil of tlie celebrated Careme, and late Maitre D'Hotel and Chief Cook to her Majesty the Queen. 

In one large octavo volume, extra cloth, with numerous illustratioiis. 

" It appears to he the book of books on cookery, hem? a most comprehensive treatise on that art 

preservative and cousen-ative. The work comprises, in one lai;;e and elegant octavo volume, 1+47 

recipes for cooking dishes and desserts, with numerous dlustrations ; also bills of fare and directions 

for dinners for every month in the year, fur companies of si.\ persons to twenty-eight. Nat. 

Intelligencer. 

" The ladies who read our Magazine, will thank us for Calling attention to this great work on the 

noble science of cooking, in whicli everybody, who has any taste, feels a deep and abiding mlerest. 

Francatelli is the Plato, the Sliakspeare, or the Napoleon of his departnienl; or perhaps the La 

Place, for his performance bears the same relaiion to ordinary cook hooks that the Mecanique 

Celeste does to DaboU's Anthmetio. It is a large octavo, pidl'usely illustrated, and contains everytlimg 

on the pliilosophy of making dinners, suppers, etc., that is worth knowing.— Gro/iam's Magazine. 

MISS ACT ON'S CoTkTryT 

MODERS? COOKER'S- IN ,A.IjIi ITS BRilKCHIIS, 

REDUCED TO A SYSTEM OF EASY PRACTICE. FOR THE USE OF PRIVATE FAMILIES. 

IN A SERIES OF PRACTICAL RECEIPTS, ALL OK WHICH ARE GIVEN 

WITH THE MOST MINUTE EX.VCTNESS. 

BY ELIZA ACTON. 

WITH NUMEROUS WOOD-CUT ILLUSTRATIONS. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED, A TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

THE WHOLE REVISED AND PREPARED FOR AMERICAN HOUSEKEEPERS. 

BY MRS. SARAH J. HALE. 

From the Second London Edition. In one large I2mo. volume. 

"Miss Ehza Acton may congratulate herself on having composed a work of great utility, and one 

that is speedily finding its way to every 'dresser' in the kinsdom. Her Cookery-book is unquestionably 

the most valuable compendium of the art that has yet been published. It strongly inculcates 

economical principles, and points out how good tlungs may be concocted without that reckless 

extravagance which good cooks have been wont to miagine the best evidence tliey caji give of 

skill in their profession." London Morning Post. 

PLAIN AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR COOKING AND HOUSEKEEPING. 

WITH UPTWARDS OP SEVEN HUNDRED RECEIPTS, 

Consisting of DiiecUoiis for the Choice of Meat and Poultry, Prejiarations for Cooking; Maldng of 

Broths and Souiis ; Boiling, Roasting, Baking and Frying of .Meats, Fish, &c. ; Seasonings, 

Colorings, Cooking Vegetables; Pi eparin? Salads ; Clarifying; Making of Pastry, 

Puddings, Gruels, Gravies, Garnishes, Aic,


JOHNSON AND LANDRETH ON FRUIT, KITCHEN, 

AND FLOW ER GA RDENING. 

A DICTIONARY OF MODERN GARDENING, 

BY GEORGE WILLIAM JOHNSON, ESQ. 

Author of llio " Principles of Practioal Gardening," " The Gardener's Almanac," ic. 

WITU ONE HONORED AND EIGHTY WOOD-CCTS. 

EDITED, WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS, BY DAVID LANT>RETH, OF PHIUVDEI.PHIA. 

In one large royal duodecmio volume, extra cloth, of nearly Sii Hundred and Fifty 

double columned Pages. 

This edition has been greatly altered from the onginal. Many articles of little interest to Americans 

h.-ive been curuiiled or wholly omitted, and much m:\\ mailer, with numerous illuslniliiins, 

added especially wilh respect to the variutirs of fruit wluilj ..v|K-iifiic.> has shown to be pecuharly 

adapted to our climate. Still, the eilitnr admits that he has only fullcwed in the path so admirably 

nrirkcd out by Mr J..lms.)ii, to whorn llie rliicf iiirrit of llie wuik bilungs. It lias been an object 

with the editor aiul [lublislicis to iiic-rcase its popular oharacler, tberrby adapting it to the larger 

class of iiortirulninil nailers in this ruuiitry. and they trust it will prove what they have desired It 

to be ail t;ncyrloi);i'dia of tlardeiimg, if not of Rural Alfairs, so condensed and ut such a price as to 

be wilhin reach of nearly all whom those subjects interest. 

" This is a useful compendium of all that description of information which is valuable to the 

modem gardener. It quotes largely from the best standard authors, journals, and tran.saclions of 

societies- and the labours of the American editor have fitted it for the United States, by judicious 

additions and omissions. The volume is abundantly illustrated with hgures in the text, cmbraiaiig 

a judicious selection of those varieties of fruits which experience has shown to be well suited to the 

United Slates.— SilliTnan's Journal. 

" This is the most val liable work we have ever seen on the subject of gardening and no man ; 


taste who can devote even a quarter of an acre to horticulture ought to be without it. Indeed ladies 

who merely cultivate flowers mthin-doors, will find this book an excellent and conveuient 

counsellor It contains one hundred and eighty wood-cut lUustrations, which give a distinct idea 

. 

of the fruits and garden-arrangements they are intended to represent. 

" Johnson's Dictionan' of Gardening, edited by Landreth, is handsomely pnnted. well-bound, ami 

gold at a price wluch puts it witliin the reach of all who would be hkcly to buy it."— Evergreen. 

THE COM PLETE FLORIST. 

A KlANTJI^Jj OF GARlJENIWa, 

CONTAINING PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION FOR THE MANA.JEMENT OF GREENIIOUSE 

PLANTS, AND FOR THE CULTIVATION OF THE SllKUliliEKY-1 HE t LOWER 

GARlJEN, AND THE LAWN-WrrH DESCKIPTIO.NS OF THOSE PLANTS> 

AND TREES MOST WORTHV OF CULTURE IN EACH 

DEPARTMENT. 

"WITH ADDITIONS AND AKIEN D IVIE N T S, 

ADAPTED TO THE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

In one small volume. Price only Twenty-five Cents. 

THE COMPLETE KITC HEN A ND FRUIT GARDENER. 

A SELECT MANUAL OF KITCHEN GARDENING, 

AND THE CULTURE OF FRUITS, 

CONTAINING FAMILIAR niRECTIONS FOR THE MOST APPROVED PRACTICE IN EACH 

DEPAR'IMENT, DESCRIPTIONS OF MANY VALUABLE FRUITS, AND A 

CALEND.VR OF WORK TO BE PERFOKilED EACH 

MONTH IN THE YEAR. 

THE WHOLE ADAPTED TO THE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

In one small volume, paper. Price only Twenty-five Cents. 

LANDRETITS RURAL REGISTER AND ALIVIANAC, FOR 1848, 

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. 

STILL ON HAND, 

A FE'W COPIES OF THE REGISTER FOR 1847, 

WITH OVER ONE HUNDRED WOOD-CUTS. 

This work has 1.W large 12mo. pages, double columns. Though published annually, and containing 

an almanac, the principal part of the matter is of permanent iiUhty to the horticulturist and 

6imier.

— 


HUMAN HEALTH: 

OR, THE rNFLUENCE OF ATJIOSPHERE AND LOCALITY, CHANGE OF AIR AND 

CLLMATE, SEASONS, FOOD, CLOTHING, BATHING, MINERAL SPRINGS, 

EXERCISE, SLEEP, CORPOREAL AND MENTAL PUiU 

SUITS, ic, Ac, ON HEALTHY MAN, 

CONSTITUTING ELEMENTS OF HYGIENE. 

BY ROBLEY DUNGLISON, M. D., &c., &c. 

In one octavo volume. 

*^* Persons in the pursuit of health, as well as those who desire to retain 

it, would do well to examine this work. The author states the work has 

been prepared "to enable the general reader to understand the nature of 

the actions of various influences on human health, and assist him in adopting 

such means as may tend to its preservation: hence the author has 

avoided introducing technicalities, except where they appeared to him indispensable." 

REMARKS ON THE INFLUENCE OF MENTAL EXCITEMENT, 

AND MENTAL CULTIVATION UPON HEALTH. 

B7 A. BRXGHAIVI, IVI.D. 

Third edition ; 

one volume, 18mo. 

A TREATISE ON 

COBITS, BUITIOZTS, THZ! DISEASES OF THS XTiiII.S, 

AND THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE FEET. 

BY LEWIS DURLACHER, 

BCBOEON CHIEOPODIST TO THE a U E E IT. 

In one duodecimo volume, cloth. 

BHIDGS'WJVTSR TREATISES. 

The whole complete in 7 vols. 8vo., various bindings, 

C0PiTAi:


SCHOOL BOOKS. 

BIRD'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 

NEARLY READY. 

ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, 

BEING AN EXPERIMENTAL INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES. 

ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER THREE HUNDRED WOOD-CUTS. 

BY GOLDING BIRD, M.D., 

Assistant Pliysician to Guy's HospitaL 

FROM THE THIRD LONDON EDITION. 

In one neat volume. 

"By the appearance of Dr. BinVs work, the student has now all that he can desire in one nent, 

concise, and wellnlmestfd volume. The elements of natunil philosnphy are explained in very simple 

lang:uage, and illustrated by numerous wood-cuts." Medical Gazette. 

ARNOTT'S PHYSICS. 

ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS; OR, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, 

GENERAL AND MEDICAL. 

WRITTEN FOR UNIVERSAL USE, IN PLAIN, OR NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE. 

BY NIELL ARNOTT, IVr.D. 

A NEW EDITION, BY ISAAC HAYS, M. D. 

Complete in one octavo volume, with nearly two hundred wood-cuts. 

This standard work has been Ion? and favourably known as one of the best popular exposition* 

of the interestin? science it treats of. It is extensively used in many of the first semmaries. 

ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL 

BY GEORGE FO WNE S, Ph. D., 

Chemical Lecturer in the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, ' of all the different processes and forms of apjianiius. TliouKh strictly 

scientific, it is wTitten with great clearness and simplicity of style, renderins it easy to be compre- 

"lended bv those who are commencing the sludv. 

It may be hiul well bound in leather, or neatly done up in strong cloth. Its low price places it 

within the reach of all. 

BREWSTER'S OPTICS. 

HJaHiaiiNTS OF OPTICS, 

BY SIR DAVID liRKWSTER. 

WITH NOTES AND ADIIITIONS, BY A. D. HACHE, LL.D. 

Superintendent of the Coast Survey, Ac 

In one volume, 12iiio.. with nuiiicroiis wnoil cut* 

—


SCHOOL BOOKS. 

BOLMAR'S FRENCH SERIES. 

New editions of the following works, by A. Bolmar, forming, in connection 

with "Bolmar's Levizac," a complete series for the acquisition of 

the French language. 

A SELECTION OF ONE HUNDRED PERRIN'S FABLES, 

ACCOMPANIED BY A KEY, 

Containing the text, a literal and free translation, arranged in such a manner as to 

point out the difference between the French and English idiom, &;c., in 1 vol., 12mo. 

A COLLECTION OF COLLOQUIAL PHRASES, 

ON EVERY TOPIC NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN CONVERSATION, 

Arranged under different heads, with numerous remarks on tlie peculiar pronunciation 

and uses of various words; the whole so disposed as considerably to facilitate the 

acquisition of a correct pronunciation of the French, in 1 vol., 18mo. 

LES AVENTURES DE TELEMAQUE PAR FENELON, 

In 1 vol., 12mo., accompanied by a Key to the first eight books, in 1 vol., ]2mo., containing, 

like the Fables, the te.xt, a literal and free translation, intended as a sequel 

to the Fables. Either volume sold separately. 

ALL THE FRENCH VERBS, 

Both regular and irregular, in a small volume. 

nvTiFurRTTimTc^ 

NEARLY READY. 

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS AND METEOROLOGY. 

BY J. MULLER, 

Professor of Physics at tlie University of Frieburg. 

ILLUSTRATED WITH NEAELY nVE HUNDRED AND FIFTY ENGRAVINOS ON WOOD, AND TWC 

COLORED PLATES. 

In one octavo volume. 

This Edition is improved by the addition of various articles, and will be found in 

every respect brought up to the time of publication. 

" The Physics of Muller is a work, superb, complete, unique : the grreatest want known to English 

Science could not have boeii better supplied. The work is of surpassing interest. The value 

of this contribution to the scientific records of this country may be duly estimated by the fact, that 

the rust of the original drawing ajid en^'ravings alone has exceeded the sum of 2iJ00i!." Lancet, 

March, iai7. 

BlmFfs7¥c^^ 

Am iiTI..A.S OF A.NCJ.-E-NT GSOGR AFHT, 

BY SAMUEL BUTLER, U.D., 

Late Lord Bishop of Litchfield, 

CONTAININO TWENTY-ONE COLOURED MAPS, AND A COMPLETE ACCENTOATED INDEX. 

In one octavo volume, half-bound. 

BUTLER'S AN CIENT GEOGRAPHY. 

GSOGRAFHIiV CX.ASSIC.A., 

©R, T''E APPLICATION OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY TO THE CLASSICS 

BY SAMUEL BUTLER, D.D., F.R.S. 

REVISED BY HIS SON. 

FIFTH AMERICAN, FKO.M TilF, LAST LONDON EDITION, 

WITH QUESTIONS ON THE MAPS, 3Y JOHN FROST. 

In one duodecimo volume, half-bound, to match the Atlas. 

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HILLIARD ON REAL ESTATE. 

NOW READY. 

THE AlWTERICAN LAI^ OP REAL PROPERTY. 

SECOND EDITION, REVISED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED. 

BY FRANCIS HILLIARD, 

COUNSELLOR AT LAW. 

In two larje octavo volumes, beautifully printed, and bound in best law sheep. 

This book is designed as a substitute for Cruise s Digest, occupying the 

bame ground in American law which that work has long covered in the 

hngiish law. It embraces all that portion of the English Law of Real 

Estlite which has any applicability in this country; and at the same time it 

embodies the statutory provisions and adjudged cases of all the States upon 

the same subject ; thereby constituting a complete elementarv treatise for 

American students and practitioners. The plan of the work is such as to 

render it equally valuable in all the States, embracing, as it does, the peculiar 

modifications of the law alike in Massachusetts and MissorKi, New 

York and Mississiffi. In this edition, the statutes and decisions subsequent 

to the former one, which are very numerous, have all been incorporated, 

thus making it one-third larger than the original work, and bringing 

the view of the law upon the subject treated quite down to the present time. 

The book is recommended in the highest terms by distinguished jtirists of 

different Stales, as will be seen by the subjoined extracts. 

" The work before us supplies this deficiency in a highly satisfactory manner. It is beyond all 

question the best work of the kind that we now hare, and although we doubt whether this or any 

other work will be likely to supplant Cruise's Digest, we do not hesitate to say, that of the two, 

this IS the more valuable to the Amencan lawyer. We congratulate the author upon the successftil 

accomplishment of the arduous task he undertook, in reducing the vast body of the Amencan 

Law of Real Property to ' portable size.' and we do not doubt that his labours will be duly appreciated 

by the profession." Laa Reprnler, Aug., IStS. 

Judge Story sa>-s :— " I think the work a very valuable addition to our present stock of juridical 

Utcrature. It embraces all that part of Mr. Cruise's Digest which is most useful to Amencan law- 

yers. But its hieher value is, that it presents in a concise, but dear and exact form, the substanca 

of .American Law on the same subject, i know no work that ice possess, whose practical uttjitf is 

Wielf to be so extensirelr feU." " The wonder is, that the author has been able to bring so gret a 

mass into so condensed a text, at once comprehensive and lucid." 

Chancellor Kent saj-s of the work (Commentaries, vol ii, pt 635, note, 5th edition) :— " It is a work 

of great labour and intnnsic value." 

Hon. Rufus Choate savs :— " Mr. Hilliani's work has been for three or four years in use, and 1 

think that Mr. Justice Story and Chancellor Kent express the general opinion of the Massachuretti 

Bar." 

Professor Grecnleaf says :— " 1 had already found the first edition a very convenient book of refe- 

rence, and do not doubt, from the appearance of the second, that it is greatly improved." 

Professor J. H Towiusi^ml. of Vale College, says :— 

'• I Iravi- ticrn acquainted for several years with the first edition of Mr. Hilliard's Treatise, and 

have formed a very favoarahle opmion »f it 1 have nodi»il>t the second e- In rpcmmend it as I may h-n-e opportunity. I 

know of ii.i other work on the sn'tiecl of Real Estate, so c .raprebeiisive and so wcil adapted to lh« 

(tale of ikc I:i« ill tlll^ i->iuutrj-."


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Of the Inner Temple, Barrister at Iâw. 

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In tliis treatise upon the most constantly and frequently administered 

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RICORU ON VENEREAL, new edition, 

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BRODIES LECTURES ON SURGERY. 

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DURLACHER ON CORNS, BUNIONS, 

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DUNGLISON ON HUMAN HEALTH, 

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MAN'S POWER OVER HIMSELF TO 

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DUNGLISON'S MEDICAL STUDENT, 

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TAYLORS MEDICAL JURISPRU- 

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TAYLORS MANUAL OP TOXICO- 

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A NEW WORK ON GOURTS-MARTIAL 

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