BRITISH LICHENS

BRITISH LICHENS

A MONOGRAPH 

OF THE 

BRITISH LICHENS 

A DESCRIPTIVE' CATALOGUE 

OF THE SPECIES IN THE 

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, BRITISH MUSEillI 

PART II 

SEOOND EDITION REVISED 

BY 

ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH, F.L.S. 

ILONDON: 

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE 

BRITISH MUSEUJ\'l 

SOLD .I.T 

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PRESS; AND WHELDON & WESLEY, LTD., LONDON; ALSO BY 

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1926 

(All rights reserved)

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY 

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PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 

THE long interval in time between the pUblication of Parts I. 

and II. of the Monograph of British Lichens has been caused by 

the continued ill-health and ultimate death of the Rev. James 

Crombie, the author of Part I. Mr. Crombie had determined, 

and partly arranged, a number of specimens, and had also begun 

to prepare descriptions of the genera and species for Part II., 

when the work was finally interrupted by his death in 1906. 

His collections, together with his MSS., were generously presented 

to the Trustees of the British Museum by Mrs. Crombie, and I 

was fortunately able to arrange with Miss Annie Lorrain Smith to 

continue thc work. In the preparation of Part II. Miss Smith 

has followed the form and arrangement adopted in Part 1., except 

where dIVergence seemed absolutely necessary. 

A. B. RENDLE. 

DEPART3JENT OF BOTANY, 

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), 

CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, S.W. 

February 1911.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION 

THE preparation of the new edition has given opportunity for 

revision and for the incorporation of the large amount of material 

received at the Museum since the publication of the first edition 

in 1911. These additions include the herbarium of J. R. Martindale, 

a set of Dr. James Stirton's lichens, and some of the later 

issues of the Rev. W. Johnson's exsiccataJ. 

Some of the families included in the Appendix to Part 1. have 

now been incorporated in Part II. 

A classified list of species of Microfungi recorded by British 

authors as Lichens has been added; and an Appendix including 

emendations and additions to Part I. (1918) brings the whole 

work up to date. 

A. B. RENDLE. 

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, 

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), 

CROMWELL ROAn, LONDON, S.W. 

January 1926. 

vi

NOTE TO FIRST EDITION 

IN the preparation of Part II. of the Monograph of British Lichens 

I have incorporated, as far as possible, the work previously done 

by Mr. Crombie, and the classification adopted follows, for the 

most part, the main lines of that projected by him in the first 

volume. Any discrepancies between the sequence of orders and 

genera and that outlined in the Synopsis in Part I. are explained 

where they arise. The" Natural Orders" under which the 

genera are classified correspond with tho " Families" recognised 

by A. Zahlbruckner in Engler and Prantl's "Pfianzenfamilien." In 

Mr. Crombie's Synopsis the" Families" represent the first grade 

of division of the Lichens and are subdivided into series, tribes 

and genera. In Part II. the term" Natural Order" has been 

employed to avoid confusion, and, at the same time, to bring the 

Monograph into line with recent systematic methods. 

According to modern views, more importance is assigned to 

the microscopic structure of the fruit than was allowed by 

Nylander and Crombie in their scheme of classification. The 

systematic value of the form, colour and septation of the spores 

had, however, already been recognised by Massalongo and other 

continental Lichenologists, and by Mudd in our own country. 

I wish to acknowledge my great indebtedness to the Staff of 

the Botanical Department of the British Museum with whom I 

have been associated during the course of the work and whose 

assistance has been most fully given, and to Dr. A. Zahlbruckner, 

of Vienna, who has kindly advised me on some points of nomenclature. 

I have to thank Mr. A. W. Dennis, who brought to me 

the first specimens of Gongylia viridis, collected by 1\1r. B. W. J. 

Starling. For further new or rare specimens I am indebted to 

the Rev. D. Lillie, the Rev. W. Johnson, and the Rev. H. P. 

Reader, and to Messrs. E. M. Holmes, J. A. Martindale, J. A. 

vii

viii NOTE TO SECOND EDITION 

Wheldon and A. Wilson. I wish also to thank Mr. P. Highley 

for the care he has shown in making the drawings for the plates 

which have been expressly prepared for this work. 

ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH. 

NOTE TO SECOND EDITION 

THERE have been no fundamental changes in the new edition. 

Some alteration in the grouping of species, especially in the genus 

Lecidea, has been made: the plan of the small Handbook * in 

giving leading importance to the internal structure and colouring 

of the apothecium has been followed, ana:should aid in the identification 

of species. 

Generous help has been given by :Miss M. C. Knowles, 

Messrs. D. A. Jones, H. H. Knight, J. Menzies, R. Paulson, Rev. 

P. G. 1\1. Rhodes and Dr. W. Watson in sending specimens as 

well as new records of species or localities and in pointing out 

omissions in the text of the previous edition or errors in placenames. 

Their assistance has been invaluable and has been much 

appreciated. I have also to thank Dr. A. H. Magnusson for notes 

of his work on Acarosporae, and my colleagues in the Botanical 

Department for freely given advice on critical points. 

ANNIE LORRAIN SMITH . 

• A Handbook of British Lichens, !by Annie Lorrain Smith, F.L.S. 

Published by the Trustees of the British Museum, 1921. Price 6/6.

CYCLOCARPINEiE C

4 CYCLOCAl'INEAll GYALECT 

Var. dolichospora B. de Lesd. Lich. Dunk. Suppl. 116 (1914). 

Thallus thin. Apothecia smaller and more superficial than in the 

species; spores larger, up to 35 f.L long, 11 f.L thick. 

I am indebted to Dr. Watson for drawing my attention to this 

variety. Mr. Knight states that it is the common form in W. England 

and has also been observed in the Isle of Wight. 

Hab. On Limestone.-B.lIf. Birdlip and Cirencester, Gloucester· 

shire. 

§ ii. EUGYALECTA A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. 

i. 1*, 126 (1905). Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecial margin 

typically entire; spores 3- or more-septate or muriform. 

2. G. cupularis Schmr. Enum. 94 (1850).-Thallus effuse, very 

thin, continuous, subleprose, whitish or pale-greyish, partly 

immersed (K -, CaCl -). Apotheeia moderate, superficial and 

prominent; epithecium impressed, concave, flesh-coloured or 

yellowish-red, the margin thickish, entire or at times radiatostriate, 

whitish; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, 

not well discrete; spores ellipsoid, 3- then multi-septate and 

muriform, 15-17 f.L long, 7-9 f.L thick (or up to 25 !.t X 12 !.t); 

hymenial gelatine slightly bluish then wine-red with iodine. 

.Mudd Man. 166 and passim, t. 3. f. 59; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 33, 

t. 13. f. 1. Lichen cupularis Ehrh. Beitr. iv. 45 (1789); Dicks. 

Crypt. {asc. ii. 18; With. Arr. cd. 3, iv. 22 (excl. hab. ,. on 

trees "). Lichen marmoreus With. l.c. (1796) (excL hab. "on 

trees ") ; Engl. Bot. t. 739. Lecidea cupularis Ach. Meth. 56 

(IB03); Carroll in Nat. Hist. Rev. vi. 525; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 

62; Leight. Lich. Fl. 352; cd. 3, 381. L. marmorea Ach. Syn. 

46 (1814); Hook. 1U Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 184 (1833); Hook. Fl. 

Scot. ii. 40 (excl. hab. "on trees"); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 473; 

Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 129 (exel. hab. " on trees "). 

Exsicc. BohI. n. 33, pI.; Leight. n. 122; Mudd n. 139; Cromb. 

n. 76; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 186; Johns. n. 329. 

As in the preceding species. the thallus penetrates the rock to a 

depth of 310 f.L or more. The numerous but not crowded apothecia 

are almost closed at first, but become open with the margin frequently 

radiate·rugose except in muscicolous specimens. 

Hab. On rocks, chiefly ealcareous, and on mortar of walls, rarely 

on schistose rocks or overspreading mosses, in maritime, upland, and 

subalpine localities.-Di.str. General and usually plentiful, where it 

oocurs, in mQst parts of Great Britain; apparently rarer in N. and S. 

Ireland, as 0.180 in the Channel Islands.-B . .M. Rozel, Jersey; Kymyal 

Cliff, near Penzance, Cornwall; J3athampton Downs, Somerset; Hall. 

ing Hill, near Lewes, Sussex; Breda Hill, Leicestershire; Whltecliffe 

Rocks, near Ludlow, and Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, Shropshire; Bllsdale 

and Guisboro' Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Staveley 

and Mallerstang, Westmorland; Lamplugh, Cumberland; Island of 

Lismore and Appin House, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and

GYALECTA OYALECTACElE 5 

Craig Tulloch. Perthshire; Cuchullin Hills, Isle of Skye; Craig Ouie 

and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Grogans Glen and Colin Glen, 

near Belfast, Antrim; Ballaghbeama Gap, Kerry; Ballynahineh and 

near Erriff, Connemara, Galway. 

Var. marmorea Boist. Nouv. Fl. Lich. Fr. pt. 2,178 (1902). 

Distinguished from the species by the entire margin and by the 

habitat.-W. G. Travis, Lanc. Nat. iii. 82 (1910). 

Recorded on decayed moss. The condition of the margin scems 

to be merely a growth phase that occurs in plants on lImestone as well 

as in those on mosses. 

Hab. On mosses on mortar of an old limestone wall at Downham, 

Lancashire. 

3. G. foveolaris Schoor. Enum. 94: (1850).-Thallus effuse, 

granulose or subleprose, whitish or greyiflh-white (K -, CaCI-). 

Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, numerous, scattered, 

urceolate, flesh- or pale-rose-coloured, the margin thin, entire or 

subcrenulate, paler; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses not 

well discrete; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 18-21 (J. long, 

6-7 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid with iodine. 

Urceolaria foveolaris Ach. Meth. 14:9 (1803). Lecidea foveolaris 

Ny!. in Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. 119 (1857); Carroll in Journ. Bot. 

iv. 23 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 62; Leight. Lich. Fl. 334; 

ed. 3, 359. 

Resembles Gyalecta rubra in the form of apothecia and spores, but 

differs in the absence of an outer thalline margin. 

Hab. Incrusting decayed mosses on the ground in subalpine and 

alpine regions.-Dtstr. Sparingly in Yorkshire and on the Grampmns. 

Seotland.-B. ltf. Teesdale, Durham; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers and 

Killin, Perthshire; Morrone, Bracmar, Abcrdeenshire. 

4. G. geoica Ach. Lich. Univ. 31 (181O).-Thallus effuse, 

thin, subpulverulent, greyish (K -, Ca01-). Apotheeia minute, 

urceolate, more or less immersed, pale yellowish-flesh-coloured, 

the margin entire, persistent, whitish; hypothecium pale; paraphyses 

somewhat coherent, clavate at the apices; spores oblong 

or ellipsoid, 3-septate, usually 12-15 (J.long, 6-7 (J. thick; hymenial 

gelatin; bluish then sordid-violet with iodine.-G. Wahlenbergiana 

Aeh. Syn. 9 (1814:); Leight. Angioc. Lich. t. 13. f. 2. G. foveolaris 

Mudd Man. 167 (1861) (non Schoor.). Lichen geoicus Wahlenb. 

in Vet. Ak. Handl. 142, t. 4. f. 5 (1806). Lecidea geoica Ny!. in 

Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. 119 (1857); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 62; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 333; cd. 3, 359. 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 123. 

Closely related to the preceding. with which at times it has been 

confounded, but differs in the much smaller fructification and the 

shortcr spores. The disc of the numerous, at times aggregate, apothecia 

often collapses in age, so that. as in other plants of this section, they 

appear whitish from the colour of thl' h,Ypothecium.

6 CYCLOCARPINElE GYALECTA 

Hab. On calcareous soil among rocks and on wall· tops in upland 

rarely mantime situations.-Distr. Very local in England and the 

Highlands of Scotland.-B. JJf. Cromer, Norfolk; Stiperstones and 

Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; 

Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, 

A berdeenshire. 

5. G. rubra MassaI. Ric. Lich. Crost. 146 (1852).-Thallus 

effuse, thin, powdery or granulose, whitish, the hypothallus 

whitish, scarcely visible (K -). Apothecia moderate in size 

(rarely up to 1·5 mm. across), at first closed then open and 

concave, the disc rosy-red or reddish flesh-coloured, sometimes 

slightly pruinose, the outer margin prominent, persistent, crenulate; 

paraphyses stoutish, septate, clavate and red at the tips; 

spores oblong-ellIpsoid, 3-septate, 15-23 fJ. long, 5-8 fJ. thick. 

Mudd Man. 166, t. 3, fig. 58. Patellarw rubra Hoffm. PI. Lich. 

i. 81, t. 17, fig. 2 (1790). Parmelia rubra Ach. Meth. Lieh. 170 

(1803); Leight. Angioc. Lich. 86, t. 14, fig. 1. Lecanora rubra 

Ach. Lich. Univ. 389 (1810); Hook. FI. Scot. ii. 49 & in Sm. 

Engl. Fl. v. 190; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 58 & Monogr. i. 457; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 230; ed. 3, 222. Lichen Ulmi Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2218 

(1810). Rinodina rubra S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 457 (1821). 

Phialopsis rubra Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 170 (1855); Mudd 

Man. 165. 

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 168; Leight. n. 236; Mudd n. 138. 

Forming a thin widely effuse scurf on the substratum of bark or 

m(Jss. The apothecia are numerous and prominent and well marked 

by the white crenulate margin and the rose·red disc. 

Though classified by various lichcnologists under Lecanora, the 

structure of the thallus (with Trentepohha gonidia), and of the apothecia, 

agree with the Gyalectre. 

Hab. On old trunks of trees-oaks or elms, and on mosses on 

walls, &c.-Distr. Local or rare in S .. W. and N. England and in the 

Scottish Highlands.-B. lIf. Beedmg Priory, Sussex; Wigmore Castle, 

Herefordshire; Craig.y·Rhiw, near Oswestry, Shropshire; near 

Rievaulx, Bilsdale and Greta Bridge, Yorkshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair 

Athole, Perthshirc. '" 

'" "Phialopsis livida Mudd Man. 166 (1861).-Thallus effuse, 

thinnish, subtartareous, granulose.verrucose, becoming somewhat 

leprose, white. Apothecia small, not numerous, scattered, sessile, 

the disc dull· or bluish· black, slightly concave then plane, the margin 

thickish, smooth, polished, white; hypothecium dark·red, grumous; 

spores ellipsOld-oblong, irregularly 4-celIed." Specimen not seen. 

Mudd has stated that" this species somewhat resembles Lecanora. 

(Aspicilia) verrycosa in its mode of expansion and outward appearance. 

It may be known by the colour of its hypothecium, stout 

paraphyses and by the internal organization of its spores." In the 

absence of specimens it IS advisable to leave it where Mudd placed itnext 

to " Phialopsis rubra." Carroll (Journ. Bot. vi. 100, 1868) has 

suggested that this may be a state of Biatorma pulverea, but the spores 

are different. 

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, Killarney, Kerry.

GYALECTA GYALECTACElE 9 

tate, 58-80 (.L long, 3-4 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish 

with iodine.-Lichen corneus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 20, t. 31. f. 3 

(1796) (non herb.); Eng!. Bot. t. 965; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 86, 

t. xiv. f. 4. Lecidea carneola Ach. Lich. Univ. 194, t. 2. f. 7 (1810); 

Ny!. Lich. Scand. 191; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 472; Carroll in 

Journ. Bot. vi. 100 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 63; Leight. Lich. 

F!. 34; ed. 3, 367. L. cornea Hook. in Sm. Eng!. F!. v. 183 

(1833); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 128. Bacidia carneola 

Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 186 (1855); Mudd Man. ] 82. The 

description and fig. of Withering correspond with this plant, 

though the specimens in his herbarium belong to a different 

species, Biatorina Griffitlni Massa!. (cf. Grevillea xii. 59). 

Exsicc. J.Jeight. n. 117 ; Johns. n. 330. 

This species has been placed under the genus Pachyphiale Lonnr. 

by various lichenologists. It is well characterized by the form, septa· 

tion and size of the spores, which readily distinguish it from all the 

allied species. The apothecia, somewhat scattered. are semitransparent, 

and become in age less concave, with the margin darker. At 

times the whole plant is more or less infested by a reddish Trentepohlia. 

A plant corresponding WIth this in the form and septation of the 

spores is Lecidea chrysophrxa Ny!. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 

438 (1856); but this is doubtfully British. 

Hab. On smooth bark of trees in wooded maritime and upland 

districts.-Distr. Somewhat rare in England and Wales; rare in S.W. 

Ireland; not seen from Scotland or the Channel Islands.-B. M. 

Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Lustleigh, 

Devon; Ashdown Forest, Tilgate, and Eridgo Park, Sussex; near Colesborne, 

Gloucestershire; Twycross, Leicestershire; Barmouth, lVferioneth; 

Trefriw, Gam and Gwdir, DenbIghshire; Haughmond HIll, Shropshire; 

Egglestono and Teesdale, Durham; Levens Park, Westmorland; 

Keswick, Cumberland; Dinis, Killarney, Kerry. 

11. G. corticola A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, sordidgreenish 

(K -, CaCI -), often evanescent. Apothecia minute, 

concav.e, at length slightly prominent, pale-red or somewhat 

brick-red, the margin subconcolorous; paraphyses slender; 

hypothecium colourless: spores 24-32 in the ascus, fusiform, 

3-7-septate, 16-34 (.L long, 5-7 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine palebluish 

with iodine.-Pachyphiale corticola Lonnr. in Flora xli. 

612 (1858). Lecidea congruella Nyl. Lich. Scand. 191 (1861); 

Cromb. in Grevlllea xxii. 8. 

Externally somewhat similar to G. truncigena, but distinct in the 

number, septation and form of the spores. In the single British 

specimen gathered, which is only sparingly fertile, the thallus is but 

little visible (fide Crombie). 

Hab. On trunk of pine in wooded mountainous district. Recorded 

by Crombie from Craig Calliach Killin, Perthshire. 

o § iii. MICROPIIIALE Wain. Lich. Bresil. ii. 70 (1890). Algal 

cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia with entire proper margin; spores 

I-septate, similar to spores of Biatorina, under which genus the 

species were formerly classified (see ed. I, 13).

LECIDEA LECIDEACElE 11 

An inconspicuous plant, the thallus bcing often scarcely yisible; 

the apothecia, though abundant, are very minute. Occasionally 

they are congested and almost whitish (f. leucostigma Leight. Lich. Fl. 

ed. 3, 314, recorded on elm). 

Hab. On the trunks of old firs in maritime and upland districts. 

Distr. Somewhat local in Great Britain and Ireland, rare in the 

Channel Islands.-B. lIf. Rozel, Jersey; Ulting. Hadleigh Woods; 

Stanstead, Mount Fitchet and Hockley Woods, Essex; Wakehurst, 

Midhurst and Woolstonbury, SUBsex; Brockenhurst and near Stoney 

Cross, New Forest, Hants; Sapperton, Gloucestershlre; near Newmarket, 

Cambridgeshire; Twycross and GopsaU, Leicestershire; 

Wclshpool, Montgomery-shire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Shrewsbnry, 

Shelton and Llanforda, Shropshire; Costessey, near Norwich, 

Norfolk; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Craggy Park, Stayeley, 

and KIrkby Lonsdale; Westmorland; Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Falloch 

and Bl'n Lawers, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; near Cork; 

Glenstele, Tipperary; near Limerick, Clare. 

Family XXI. LECIDEACElE. 

Thallus minutely squamulose or crustaceous, sometimes 

obsolete. Algal cells Protococcacero. Apothecia discoid or patellate 

with proper margin only; spores usually 8 in the ascus, rarely 

fewer or more, simple or variously septate, colourless or coloured. 

Spermogones immersed, spermatia elongate, ellipsoid, cylindrical 

or arcuate. 

The yicw held by carly writers that the form of tho spores is of 

generic importancc has been revived by recent lichenologists. The 

genem have been arranged according to spore-characters as follows :- 

Spores colourless. 

Spores simple. 

S (rarely more or fewer) in the ascus 

Many in the ascus ....................... . 

Spores septate. 

I-septate ................................... . 

3- or more-septate, fusiform .......... .. 

Pluri-septate, elongate, acicular ........ . 

Spores brown, septate. 

I-septatc ................................... . 

3-septate (parasitic) ...................... .. 

Spores colourless or becoming brown, septate. 

S in the ascus: 

Muriform (sometimes 1-3-septate in 

specics 1) ............................... .. 

1 in the ascus: 

Elongate, pluri.septatc, largc ........... . 

MUflform, large ............................. . 

73. Lecidea. 

74. Biatorella. 

75. Biatorina. 

76. Bilimbia. 

77. Bacidia. 

7S. Buellia. 

79. Leciographa. 

SO. Rhizocarpon. 

SI. Bombyliospora. 

S2. Lopadium. 

73. LECIDEA Ach. Meth. 32 (1803); emend. Th. Fries Lich. 

Scand. 410 (1874). 

Thallus squamulose or crustaceous, pulverulent, granular, 

continuous or areolatc, sometimes evanescent; hypothallus per-

12 CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA 

sis tent or indistinct. Algal cells. Protococcaceoo. Apothecia 

either light-coloured to dark-brown and biatorine, or black and 

lecideine, the proper margin often obliterated; spores usually 

eight in the ascus, ellipsoid or oblong, simple, colourless; hymenial 

gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with spermatia 

acicular, straight, rarely arcuate, or shortly cylindrical. 

This extensive genus has been grouped under four sections. The 

spores are colourless and simple or rarely faintly I·septate; the asci 

are 8· or more- sometimes 6-spored, excepting in the section Mycoblast'us, 

whieh contains one species with a 1- or 2-spored ascus. The term 

biatorine, from Biatora. has been applied to those apothecia that are 

lighter in colour and soft in texture, while lecideine signifies the dark 

almost black fruits that are carbonaceous and hard, and that belong 

more particularly to the EulecideaJ. There is, however, no clear 

line of demarcatlOn, as the colour and form of the fruits change with 

age. The genus is very well represented in our islands, where a 

considerable number of species seem to be endemic. The chemical 

reactions, which have been given as far as possible, will be found to 

be useful in distinguishing plants WhICh otherwise might readily be 

confounded. The species have been grouped in four sections distinguished 

by thalline or apothecial characters. In the first three 

sections occur variable species that might be listed in either of the 

other two. 

Thallus distinctly squamulose .. , ...... § i. PSORA (1-16). 

Thallus variously crustaceous. 

Ascus 8-spored. 

Apothecia lighter in colour ...... § i1. DIATORA (17-82). 

Apothecia dark and carbonaceous § iii. EULECIDEA (83-209). 

Ascus 1- or 2-spored. 

Apothecia dark ..................... § iv. MYCOBLASTUS (210, Il). 

§ i. PSORA Haller Hist. Stirp. Helv. iii. 93 (1768) et auctt., 

pro parte. (PI. 4.) Thallus gquamulose; spores 8 in the ascus. 

Spermogones with simple sterigmata and straight spermatia. 

1. L. )urida Ach. Meth. 77 (1803) & Syn. 51 (1814).-Thallus 

imbricate, appressed, dull- or dark-brown (K -, CaCI-); the 

squamules orbicular, rigid, sinuate-Iobed, dark beneath. Apothecia 

superficial on the squamules, adnate, plane, brownishblack, 

the margin obtuse, slightly flexuose, becoming convex 

. and immarginate; hypothecium thick, dark-brown; paraphyses 

stout, coherent, reddish-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid 

or oblong-ellipsoid, 13-15 [J. long, 5-7 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine 

slightly bluish then wine-red with iodinc.-Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 

40; Carroll in Nat. Rist. Rev. vi. 525; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 64; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 252; ed. 3, 244. Lichen luridus Sw. in Nov. 

Act. Upsal. iv. 247 (1784); Dicks. Crypt. fasc. ii. 20; With. 

Arr. ed. 3, iv. 28; Engl. Bot. t. 1329. Lepidoma luridum S. F. 

Gray Nat. Arr. i. 460 (1821). Psora lurida DC. Fl. FJ;. ii. 370 

(1805); Mudd Man. 170. Lichenoides pulmonarius saxatilis 

viridis l etc' l Dill. lIist, 1\11,1sc. 228 1 t. 30. f. 134 (1741).

Lt

LECI:DEA LECtDEACElE 17 

what rare in England, but plentiful where it occurs.-lJ. .Jf. Henham, 

Suffolk; Hampstead and near Hendon, MIddlesex; Keston, Kent; 

near Reigate. Surrey; Ardingly (saxicolous), Sussex; New Forest, 

Hants; TotterIdge and near Elstree, Herts; Hoe Street, Walthamstow, 

Gosfield Hall and Brentwood, Essex; near Ampthill, Bedfordshire; 

Twycross, Leicestershue; Hay Park, Herefordsp.ue; near Worcester 

and LIttle Malvern, Worcestcrshire; Harboro' Magna, ViTarwickshire; 

Haughmond Hill, the W rekin and Church Stretton, Shropshire; 

Westerdale and Stagdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. 

Var. myrmecina Ny!. Lich. Scand. 243 (1861).-Thallus with 

the squamules tawny- or chestnut-brown. Apothecia naked. 

-Lectdea scalans var. myrmecina Ach. Meth. 78 (1803). 

Differs merely in the colour of the thallus and in the constantly 

naked apothecm. In the single BrItIsh speCImen, which is only very 

sparingly fertile, the squamules are nearly erect. 

Hab. On a decorticated stump of an old oak in a wooded upland 

sItuation.-B. M. Bramble HIll, New Forest, Hants. 

10. L. acutula Ny!. in Flora lxix. 100 (1886).-Thallus effuse, 

thm, granular-squamulose, greyish-green or greyish-brown (K -), 

the squamules minute, subimbncate, somewhat convex and 

difform. Apothecia small, thin, black, margmed, often angulose 

and subplicate, the margin thin, somewhat acute; paraphyses 

subdiscrete; epithecium and hypothecium olive-brownish-black; 

penthecium dark (K + obsoletely purplish); spores fusiform, 

12-15 !l. long, 2·5-3·5 !l. thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged but 

the aSCI wine-reddish with iodme. 

DIstinguished from L. ostreata by the closely packed gibbous 

squamules. 

Hab. On bark of pine in upland situations.-B . .Jf. Penrith Beacon, 

Cumberland. (SpeCImen also receIved from Bouly de Lesdains, N. 

France.) 

11. L. decipiens Ach. Meth. 80 (1803).-Thallus indeterminate, 

squamulose, appressed, reddish or pale-flesh-coloured, white 

beneath; the squamules more or less scattered, subflexllose or 

subcrenate, and often whItish at the margins (K -, CaCl -). 

Apothecia marginal, adnate, plane or convex, blackish, the 

margin thin, entire, at length evanescent; hypothecium palebrown; 

paraphyses concrete, brown towards the apices; spores 

ovoid or ellipsoid, 12-16 !l. long, 5-6 !l. thick; hymenial gelatine 

bluish with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 76; Leight. Lich. F!. 

249; ed. 3, 240; Hook. F!. Scot. ii. 41. Lichen decipiens Ehrh. 

in Hedw. Stirp. Crypt. ii. 7 (1789); Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. 21; 

With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 26; Eng!. Bot. t. 870. Lepidoma decipiens 

S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 462 (1821). Psora decipiens Hook. in 

Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 193 (1833); Mudd Man. 171. 


An earlier designation, Lichen pezizoides, had been given to this 

lichen by Swartz (N. Act. Ups. iv. 247 (1784)), but that name had 

IT C

20 CYCLOCARPINEllE Ll!lClDEA 

age, may be broken up and warted-granular in the centre_ The 

apothecia, usually somewhat scattered, are occasionally confluent 

and difform. 

Hab. On peaty and gravelly soil, very rarely on naked schIstose 

boulders in mountainous regions.-Distr. Only in N. England, Wales 

and on tho Grampians, Scotland; not certainly found in Ireland, 

though roported from Wicklow.-B. JJf. Cader Jdns and Hhinog Fach, 

Merioneth ; Snowdon, CarnarvonshIrc; Farndale Moor , Yorkshire; 

Staveley Head, Westmorland; Teesdale, Durham; Ben Cruachan, 

Argyll; Ben Lawers, near Loch ErICht and CraIg Calliach, Perthshire; 

Lochnagar, Ben-naboord and Bcn Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; 

Ben Nevis, Invernessshire. 

§ ii. BIATORA Fr. in Vet. Ak. Handl. ] 822, 263; NyI. in 

Mem. Soc. Sci. Cherb. ii. 182 (1855). (PI. 5.) 

Thallus very variable, at times almost obsolete. Apothecia 

plane or convex, brightly coloured, biatorine, partly or very 

rarely entirely black; asci usually 8-spored; spores simple, 

colourless. Spermogoncs with simple rarely septate sterigmata 

and straight very rarely arcuate spermatia. 

As distinguished from the following Sect. Eulecidea, the apothecia 

in Sect. Biatora are lighter in colour, especially in the early stages; 

in many of the species they become dark with age. The colour of the 

epithecium, rarely dark-brown, is never quite black. The species have 

been grouped as far as possible in related series, but a final arrangement 

except on artificial hnes IS, as yet, impracticable. 

17. L. clnnabarina Sommed. in Vet. Ak. Handl. 115 (1823). 

-Thallus eHuse, thIll, smooth or leprose-granulose, whitish 

(K + yellowish, CaCI-). Apothecia adnate or appressed, somewhat 

plane and obtusely margined, then convex and immargin 

ate, cinnabarine-reddish; paraphyses coherent; epithecium 

reddish (K + rose-coloured) ; hypothecium colourless; spores 

oblong or fusiform, small, 8-12 (.J. long, 2-3 (.J. thick; hymenial 

gelatine, especially the asci, bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in 

Grevillea xxii. 9. 

A very distmot species. readily distinguished by the oolour of the 

apothccia. The thallus, whICh may spread extensively, is sprinkled 

with whItish, pulvinate'soreilla. It is one of our rarest lichens, only 

two fertile British specimens havmg been gathered, though the sterile 

thallus may not be uncommon in the distrICt cited. 

flab. On the smooth bark of old stunted birches in a wooded 

mountainous region.-B. M. Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire 

(tho only British locality). 

18. L .. lucida 'Ach. Meth. 74 (1803).-ThalluB eHuse, thin, 

leprose, rarely granulose, yellow, citrine-yellow or yellowish-green 

(K -, CaCl-). Apothecia minute, scattered, plane or convex, 

very thinly margined or immarginate, pale lemon-yellow; spores 

oblong-ovoid or narrowly obovate, simple, colourless, minute, 

4-6 (.J. long, 2-2,5 (.J. thick; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses 

stoutish, coherent: epithecium granulose; hymenial gelatine

LECIDEA LECIDEACElE . 21 

bluish then wine-red witli iodine.-S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 475; 

Hook. Fl. Scot. il. 40 & In Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 185; Mudd Man. 

193; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 65; Leight. Lich. Fl. 258; ed. 3, 254. 

Lichen lucidus Ach. Pro dr. 39 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1550. 

EXSlCC. Johns. n. 331; Larb. Crnsar. n. 36; Lich. Rb. n. 306; 

Leight. n. 385. 

Easily recognized among the allied species by the colour of tho 

thallus and of the apothecia. When sterile, as is very frequently tho 

case in this country, the thallus has a superfiCIal resemblance to that 

of Goniocybe furfuracea, for which it might be mistaken. The bright 

colour is due to the presence of rhizocarpic acid III the thallus. When 

ligmcolous it is var. thewtea Ach. in Vet. Ak. Hand!. 1808, 270; 

Cromb. in Grevillea i. 172; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 255; and when 

terricolous and herbicolous it is var. jI satura Ach. (fide Th. Fries Lich. 

Scand. 432 (1874). These, however, are mere states, both of which 

seem to be very rare in Great Britain. The apothecia are usually 

somewhat scattered. Frequently the host of Galicium arenanum. 

Hab. On shady rocks and walls, seldom on decaying trunks of 

trees and grasses on the ground, in lowland and upland situations. 

Distr. General and not uncommon in England, rare in Scotland and 

the Channel Islands; not seen fertile in Ireland (fide Carroll).-B. M. 

Rozel, Jetsey; Guernsey; Ightham, Kent; Dawlish and near Chagford, 

Devon; Trellick, Monmouthshire; Knigh tsford Bridge, W orcestershire; 

Llanderfel, near Bala, Cader Idris and Barmouth, Merioneth; 

Oswestry, Shropshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near 

Staveley, Kendal, Westmorland; Keswick, Cumberland; New Galloway. 

Kirkcudbright; Glen Creran, Argyll; Craigforth, near Stirling; Falls 

of Tummel and Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Killarney, 

Kerry. 

19. L. clavulifera Nyl. in Flora Iii. 294 (1869) & lxiv. 539 

(1881).-Thallus effuse, thin, granulate or subleprose, the granules 

often somewhat scattered, white, greyish-green or yellowishgreen 

(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia minute, convex, immarginate, 

sordid-ochraceous or testaceous-red, blackish or black; paraphyses 

coherent; epithecium and hypothecium pale; spores 

oblong or clavate, very minute, 4-6 fL long, 1 fL thick; hymenial 

gelatine bluish then tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. in 

Grevillea vi. 115; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 255. 

A variable plant as to the colour of the thallus and apothecia; 

it is, however, well characterized by the minute, clavate spores. '1'he 

gonidia are small and minutely clustered. In Lapland, where it was 

originally gathered, it is corticolous. In our saxicolous specimens the 

thallus IS very thin and more or less scattered. The apothecia are 

numerous and constantly convex. 

llab. On shady rocks and stones of walls in an upland situation. 

-B. ]}f. Near CIifden, Connemara, Galway. 

Form subviridicans Nyl. in Flora Ix. 463 (1877).-ThalluB 

greenish. Apothecia and spores as in the species.-Cromb. in 

Grevillea vi. 115; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 255 (errore suOviridans). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 29.


line. The apothecia are more or less scattered, becoming somewhat 

difform in age. 

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland 

districts.-Distr. Not uncommon in most parts of England, rare m 

N. Wales, Ireland, and the Channel Islands; not seen from Scotland. 

-B . .JJ1. Rozel, Island of Jersey; Ickworth, Suffolk; Epping Forest 

and Hadleigh Woods, Essex; Shere, Surrey; W.rotham, Kent; Clayton, 

Withyham, Henfield, Wakehurst Park. Tilgate and St. Leonard's 

Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Torquay, Lustleigh and near 

Kingskerswell, Devon; Downton, WIlts; Oakley Park, near Cuencester, 

Gloucestershire; near the Lodge, Herefordshire; Crowle Road, near 

Worcester and Ledbury, Worcestershire; Garn Dingle, Denbighshire; 

Aston, Warwickshire; Royston Hill, The Wrekm, Gobowen, and 

Buildwas, Shropshire; Easby Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near 

Bishop Auckland, Durham; Antrim; Castle Bernard Park and near 

Riverstown, Cork; Glandarry Wood and Dugort, Achill Island; Deer 

Park, Killarney, Kerry; near Belfast, Antrim. 

22. L. ijenrica Larb. ex Nyl. in Flora Ix. 563 (1877).-Thallus 

white, tartareous, thickish, contmuous, smooth, slightly rimulose 

(K + yellow, CaCI + yellow). Apothecia pale-yellow-fleshcoloured, 

scattered, sessile, plane or convex, with an obtuse 

margin or almost immarginate; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses 

distinct, stout, colourless at the apices; spores 4, 6 or 8 in 

the ascus, ellipsoid or fusiform-ellipsoid, 15-20 p.long, 6-7 p. thick; 

hymenial gelatine blue then yellowish, the asci violet-yellow, with 

iodine. Spermatia arcuate, 18-22 p. long, ·5 p. thick.-Cromb. in 

Grevillea vi, 111; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 298. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 171. 

A specimen from New Galloway agrees with the above except that 

the apothecia are crowded and sublobate and the spores smaller 

(12 I-' x 61-'), but they are somewhat immature. 

IIab. On rocks in shady localities. B. M. New Galloway, Kircudbright; 

ravine near Kylemore, Connemara, Galway. 

23. L. phreops Nyl. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. iv. 

5 (1858).-Thallus tartareous, determinate, thickish, smooth, 

continuous, irregularly rimulose, white or greyish-white 

(K + yellowish, CI1Cl-); hypothallus whitish. Apothecia small, 

innate, angulose, plane, immarginate, brown or reddish-brown; 

paraphyses slender, crowded, slightly reddish; °hypothecium 

reddish; spores fusiform-ellipsoid, 9-17 p. long, 5-6 p. thIck; 

hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.-Salw. in Trans. Bot. 

Soc. Edin. vii. 554; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 65; Leight. Lich. Fl. 296. 

Lecanora phmops Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 287 (1874); Leight. Lich. 

Fl. ed. 3, 181. 

Exswc. Larb. Licp. Hb. n. 17. 

Frequently classified under Lecanora sect. Aspicilia near to L. 

lacustris, which It resembles in the innate apothecia and in the smooth 

\haI1us largely due, as in L. lacustris, to the habitat. From the general 

habIt and structure it agrees more nearly with the Biatoras. The

28 OYCLOCARPINE2E LECIDEA 

in the colour (persistent) of the apothecia and of the epithecium, and 

in the shorter spores. In one of the two specimens seen the thallus is 

determinate and small, with the apothecia sparingly present; and in 

the other it is diffuse and scarcely visible, with the apothecia more 

frequent. 

Hub. On deoomposed quartzose rocks in a mountainous distriot.- 

B. M. Delphi, Connemara, Galway (recorded also from Howth, near 

Dublin). 

29. L. granulosa' Ach. Meth. 65 (1803).-Thallus efiuse, 

thinnish, granulose or leprose, whitish or glaucous-grey (K + 

yellowish, CaCI + reddish). Apothecia moderate in size, 

appressed, plane or convex, variable in colour, brick-red, paleor 

livid-brown, or blackish, the margin thin, entire or flexuose, 

pale, at length obliterated; hypothecium colourless or palegreenish-yellow; 

paraphyses coherent, thickish and brownish at 

the apices; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 9-16 p. long, 4-7 p. thick; 

hymenial gelatine slightly bluish then reddish or sordid-violet 

with iodine.-L. decolorans Floerke in Berl. Mag. iii. 193 (1809); 

S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 470 (1821); Mudd Man. 197 ; Cromb. Lien. 

Brit. 66; Leight. Lich. Fl. 261; ed. 3, 258; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 

29 (incl. var. granulosa); L. quadricolor Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. 

v.182 (1833); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.128. Lichengranulosus 

Ehrh. Crypt. Exs. n. 145 (1785). L. quadricolor Dicks. Crypt. 

fasc. iii. 15, t. ix. f. 3 (1793); Engl. Bot. t. 1185; With. Arr. ed. 3, 

iv. 24 (1796). Verrucaria granulosa Hofim. PI. Lich. ii. 21, t. 

30, f. 3 (1794) & Deutschl. Fl. ii. 177 (1795). 

Exsicc. Leight. nos. 59, 352; Mudd n. 165; Larb. Lich. 

Rb. n. 140. 

Well oharacterized by the variously coloured apothecia, the different 

tints being apparently due to age; these, however, are not always 

present in the same specimen, some plants being merely unicolorous. 

On bare moorlands it often spreads extensively, and when sterile and 

associated with species of Cladonia might be taken for their basal 

crust. When lignicolous the thallus is thinner and usually more 

pulverulent. The not unfrequent spermogones have the sterigmata 

simple, short, with straight spermatia 5-6 I-' long, scarcely 1 I-' thick. 

Crombie (Grevillea vii. 142 (1879)) has suggested that Lecanorafarinaria 

Borr. Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2727 (1832) is synonymous with this species, 

but an examination of the specimens quoted scarcely bears out his 

statement. 

Hab. On peaty ground, not unfrequently on stumps of dead firs, 

rarely incrusting mosses, from upland to alpine situations.-Distr. 

General and cOly-mon in Great Britain, no doubt also in Ireland, very 

abundant on the Grampians; not seen from the Channel Islands. 

B. M. Epping Forest, Essex; Ightham, Kent; New Forest, Hants; 

Dartmoor, Devon; North Wootton Common, Norfolk; near Buxton, 

Derbyshire; Lickey Hills, Worcestershire; Cader Idris, Merioneth; 

Long Mynd, Arcoll Hill, and Stiperstones Hill, Shropshire; Parkgate, 

Cheshire; Guisboro' Moor and Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Egglestone, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; Pentland Hills, 

near Edinbmgh l Aohosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll j Cockhill, Callander,

ao CYdLOC.ARPINElE LECIDEA 

the apices; spores ellipsoid, minute, 7-9 [J. long, 3·5-4·5 [J. thick; 

hymenial gelatine pale-bluish then tawny-reddIsh with iodine. 

Mudd Man. 196; Leight. Lich. Fl. 260;- ed. 3, 256. L. decolorans 

subsp. flexuosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. 66 (1870). Biatora flexuosa 

Fr. in Vet. Ak. Hand!. 1822, 268 (nomen) & Sched. erit. viii. 11 

(1826). 

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 80; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 341. 

The thallus in some of the spebimens resembles that of Leca'IWra 

conizfEa, with whlCh it might be confused in a sterile c(Jlldition. It 

differs from the precedmg species in the more finely granulose crust, 

in the constantly darker apothecia and in thc much smaller spores. 

British specimens seen are well fertile. 

Hab. On old pales and stumps of trees, chiefly larch, in upland 

wooded districts.-Distr. Rather local, though plentiful where it 

occurs, in Great Britain; not seen from Ireland.-B . .1If. Near UlIa· 

combe, Bovey Tracey, Devon; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Haughmond 

Hill, Shropshire, near Llanwrtyd; Lounsdale, Cleveland, York· 

shire; Teesdale, Durham; Staveley, Westmorland; Glen Falloch, 

Graig CaIIiach, and Achmore, Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells Woods, 

near Aberdeen. 

Form reruginosa Leight. Lich. Fl. 260 (1871); ed. 3, 256. 

Thallus leprose-pulverulent, dark verdigris-green; otherwise as in 

the species.-Lecidea mruginosa Borr. in Engl. Bot. Sup pI. t. 2682 

(1831); Rook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 181. L.jlexuosa var. (3 roruginosa 

Mudd Man. 197 (1861). 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 406; Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 65, 66; Johns. n. 

442. 

Differs merely in the darker thalline granules becoming dissolved 

into an reruginose powder. It often occurs sterile and might then be 

taken for the Lepraria form of some othcr species. 

Hab. On old pales and on the bark of old trees in upland wooded 

situations.-Disir. Not uncommon throughout England; rare in S. 

Ireland; not seen from Scotland.-B. M. Highbeech, Epping Forest, 

and Chelmsford, Essex; near MIll Hill, Middlesex; Leith Hill, Surrey; 

Bolney, Ardingly, Cuckfield and Henfield, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New 

Forest, Hants; Ullacom be, near Bovey Tracey, Devon; near Virginia 

Water, Berks; Harboro' Magna, Warwickshire; Babraham Park, 

Cambridgeshire; North Wootton:Norfolk; Goyt Bridge, near Buxton, 

Derbyshire; Twyeross, Leicestershire; Battenhall, Worcestershire; 

Morda, Oswestry, Shropshire; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Staveley, Westmorland; Whitehaven, Cumberland. 

31. L. viridescens Ach. Meth. 62 (1803).-Thallus effuse, thin, 

minutely granulose-Ieprose, pale-greenish (Kf + yellowish, 

K(CaCI) + crimson). Apothecia minute, almost sessile, subconvex, 

subimmarginate, opaque, brownish- or dull-black, within 

dark or whitish; hypothecium and hymenium, pale or yellowish; 

paraphyses slender, subconcrete, brown 'at the apices; spores 

ellipsoid, 10-13 [J.long, 4-6 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with 

iodine.-Mudd Man. 196; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 67; Leight_ Lich. 

FI. 264; cd. 3, 262. Lichen vin'descens Schrad. SpiciI. 88 (1794).


Hab. On decayed mosses upon the ground and on boulders in alpinc 

situations.-Distr. Extremely local and scarce, having been gathered 

only very sparingly in N. England on two of the Grampians, and in the 

west of Scotland.-B. JJI. Mardalo, Westmorland, near Killin; above 

Loch·na·Gat and near the summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire; near the 

summit of Ben·naboorcl, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Aviemore, 

Invernessshire. 

Subsp. minor Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. 

n. ser. xlii. 335 (1873).-Thallus thin or very thin, smoothish or 

minutely granulose, whitish or pale-greenish. Apotheeia subminute, 

pale brick-red to brown; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 10-20 [Jlong, 

4-6 [J. thiek-L. vernalis f. minor Nyl. op. cit. v. 145 (1866); 

Cromb. Lieh. Brit. 68; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 259. L. conglomerata 

Mudd Man. 194 (1861); Leight. Lich. Fl. 260; ed. 3,257. 

L. subvemalis Stirton in Grevillea iii. 33 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. 

ed. 3, 308. Lichen conglomeratns Heyder ex Hoffm. Deutsch!. Fl. 

ii. 174 (1795). 

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 172; Leight. n. 151; Mudd n. 162 (see Ny!. 

in Flora xlvi. 78, as L. vernalis f. corticalis). 

Distinguished from the species by the less developed thallus which 

at times is subevanescent, by the smaller apothecia and spores and by 

the different substratum. The apothecia are often several conglomerate, 

and may become dark. brown. 

L. subvernalis as described by Stirton agrees in microscopic 

characters, but the apothecia, he states, from pale yellow become 

bluish or brownish· black. The specimen (from Grantown) has not 

been found in his herbarium. 

Hab. On the bark of trees in upland wooded districts.-Distr. Seen 

from only a few localities in England and the S. Grampians, Scotland. 

B. jJf. Oswestry, Shropshire; Bathford Hill, Somerset; Rodmarton, 

Gloucestershire; Yarmouth, Norfolk; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Broad· 

was, Worcestershire; Airyholme Wood and Cliffrig, Cleveland and 

Ingleby, Yorkshire; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Airds, Appin, 

Argyll. 

39. L. meiocarpa Ny!. in Flora lix. 577 (1876).-Thalluf! 

effuse, very thin, granulose-Ieprose, greyish or greenish-white, 

often subevaneseent (K -, CaCI-). ApotheCla minute, convex, 

immarginate, pale-yellow, yellow-testaceous or reddish; paraphyses 

colourless at the apices; hypotheeium pale; spores oblong. 

7-11 [J- long, 3-4 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine, 

-Cromb. III Grevillea xxii. 10. L. anomaZa var. y minuta Sehrer. 

SpiciI. 170 (1833) pro parte. L. rninuta Cromb. Lich. Brit. 68 pro 

parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. 266; ed. 3, 264 pro parte. L. effusa Mudd 

Man. 195 (1861), (non Sm. Eng!. Bot.). 

A rather inconspicuous plant, resembling a diminutive state of 

L. vernalis subsp. minor, but differing in the smaller apothecia and 

spores. The apothecia are numerous, at times somewhat crowded, 

becoming reddish· black in age. Lecidea minuta var. sarcopisioides, 

considered as a variety of L. meiocarpa has been referred to Lecanora 

sarcopisioides. See Monogr. i. 295.


Distinguished from others in this group by the smooth, subdeterminate 

thallus, and by the spores which are thick-walled and very 

distinct. 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-Distr. Seen from only a few localities 

m S. and W. England and Ireland.-B. lIf. Tregawn, Withiel and near 

Penzance, Cornwall; Bovey Tracey, Hustyn's Wood and Torquay, 

Devon; Copse below the \Vych, Gloucestershire; Dolgelly, Merioneth; 

Castle Bernard Park, Cork; Mangerton, Killarney and Blackwater 

Bridge, Iterry; near Ballmasloe, Galway; Mount Shannon, Limerick; 

Killaloc, Clare; Achlll Island. 

, 

53. L. rufofusca Ny!. in Flora Iii. 409 (1869).-Thallus effuse, 

whitish-yellow or brownish, thicklsh, forming a granulose crust, 

wIth a whitish hypothallus. Apothecia small, dark-red dishbrown, 

plane and marginate, becoming convex and immarginate ; 

hypothecium yellow; paraphyses concrete; epithecium yellowishbrown; 

spores ellipsoid-oblong, 10-15 flo long, 5-6·5 flo thick; 

hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Flora 

ed. 3, 266. Biatora rufofusca Anzi Catal. Lich. Sondr. 76 (1860). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. lO2. 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-B. },t. Near Kylemore, Connemara, 

and Ballyna,hinch, Galway. 

54. L. ochrococca Ny!. in Ocfvers. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1860, 297 

&. Lich. Scand. 206.-Thallus effuse, thin, granulose, yellowochraceous; 

the granules small, firm, contiguous or subdispersed 

(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia small or moderate in size, sessile, plane, 

at length convex, reddish or rusty-brown, the margin obtuse or 

indistmct, paler; hypothecium pale; paraphyses concrete; spores 

ol-jlong-fuaiform, 7-10 flo long, 3-4 flo thick; hymenial gelatine 

bluish then, expecially the asci, wine-red with iodine.-l\Iudd Man. 

194; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. 261; ed. 3, 257. 

Well distinguished from all allied species by the colours of the 

thallus and of the apothecia. It occurs elsewhere only in Norway. 

The thallus is occasionally evanescent, when the apothecla appear on 

darkencd parts of the substratum. Our British specimens are well 

fertile. 

Hab. On tho trunks of pine trees in upland tracts of mountainous 

regions.-Distr. Very local and scarce in the W. Highlands of Scotland. 

--B. III. Inverouran, Argyll; Glen Falloch, Ben Lawers, and Black 

Wood of Rannoch, Perthshire; Dinish, KIllarney, Kerry. 

55. L. symmictella Ny!. in Flora Ii. 163 (1868).-Thallus 

obsolete, developed withm the bark (hypophlceodal). Apothecm 

very small, adnate-sessile, convex, immarginate, at first waxyyellow, 

then livid, somewhat shming; paraphyses colourless; 

epithecium granulose, yellowish; hypothecium colourless; spores 

oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, 4-6 flo long, 1·5-2·5 flo thick; hymenial 

gelatine bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 10. 

Agyrium c(1}sium Fr. Syst. Myoo1. ii. 231 (1823).

42 OYCLOCARl'INE.iE LECIDEA 

Resembles an ecrustaceous state of Lecanora symrnicta Ach., but 

from the character of the apothecia belongs to·this sectIon of Lecidea. 

Though no distinct thallus is visIble, yet, _as observed by Th. Fries 

(Lich. Scand. 433), gonidial groups are always present among the fibres 

of the substratum, especially in the neighbourhood of the apothecia. 

Hab. On a decorticated fir tree in a mountainous region.-B. M. 

Glen Derry, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

56. L. cuprea Sommerf. SuppI. FI. Lapp. 165 (1826). 

Thallus effuse, thickish, rimose-granulate, unequal, whitish (K -, 

CaCI-). Apothecia adnate, convex, immarginate, red-ochraceous 

or sub£erruginous, within brown (the hymenium paler); hypothecium 

pale then dull-brown; paraphyses concrete ·tawny or 

brownish; spores elongate- or ellipsoid-oblong, 9-21 (1. long, 3-6 (1. 

thick; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish then wine-red with 

iodine.-Cromb. LICh. Brit. 68 pro parte & in Grevillea xxii. 10; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 273 pro parte; ed. 3, 273 pro parte. 

;Resembles L. vernalis, but differs in the more developed thallus 

and the characters given of the apothecia. These are at tImes conglomerate 

and difform. 

Hab. On the fl;round in alpine situations.-Distr. Very local and 

scarce.-B. ]}f. Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Ben Avon, Braemar, 

A berdeenshrre. 

57. L. Berengeriana Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 433 (1874). 

Thallus effuse, thickish, granulose, continuous or· diffract-rimose, 

the granules small, whitish or greenish-grey (K -, CaCI -). 

Apothecia submoderate, adnate, at first plane with thin, darker 

margin, at length convex, immarginate and somewhat difform, 

brown to dark; hypothecium brown; paraphyses colourless, 

capitate-incrassate and yellow to brown at the apices; spores 

oblong or ovoid, 10-18 (1. long, 4-6 [l. thick; hymenial gelatine winered 

with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. p. 10; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

ed. 3, 273. L. cuprea Bubsp. Berengeriana Cromb. LICh. Brit. 69 

(1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 273; ed. 3, 273 (1879), as var. Biatora 

Berengeriana Massal. Ric. Lich. 128, f. 254 (1852). 

Closely related to the preceding, differing chiefly in the colour of the 

apothecia, the character of the paraphyses and the form of the spores. 

Hab. On the ground at hIgh altitudes in mountainous districts, 

very rare.-B. ]Jf. Ben Lawers and Mael Graedha, Perthshrre; Bennaboord, 

Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

Var. lecanodes Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 10 (1893). 

-Apothecia circumscissed, with a whltish epithalline margin. 

-L. cupretJormis var. lecanodes Nyl. ex Stirton in Grevillea ii. 

71 (1873). L. cuprea var. lecanorles Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 273 

(1879). L. Berengeriana var. perileuctza Nyl. ex Cromb. in 

Journ. Bot. xx. 275 (1882). 

Well characterized by the thalline circle round the apothecia. The 

other characters are entirely as in the following, though the paraphyses 

are occasionally nearly simple.


the S. Grampians, Scotland, and N. lreland.-B. ]JI. Cader ldris, 

Merioneth; Ben Lawers, Pcrthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; 

Invermoriston, lnvernessshirc; Armagh; near Belfast, Antrim; 

Doughruagh Mt., Galway; Dunkerron, Kerry. 

60. L. fuscorubens Nyl. ex Salw. in Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc. vii. 

551 (1863).-Thallus effuse, very thin, smooth, sordid-greyish 

or yellowish (K -, CaCI - ) ; often obsolete. Apothecia 

small, sessile, plane, marginate, then convcx and immarginate, 

brownish or black, reddish-brown when moist; hypothecium 

thick, brown; epithecium pale-reddish; spores ellipsoId, 10-14 (.L 

long, 5-9 (.L thick; hymemal gelatine bluish then wine-red with 

iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 68 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. 300 

pro parte; ed. 3,310. L. ochracea Wedd. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. 

Cherb. xvii. 369 (1873); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. 141 (1875); 

Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 251. L. subochracea Nyl. Lich. Env. 

Paris Suppl. 5 (1897). Biatom fuscorubens Nyl. in Bot. Not. 

1853, 183 pro parte. B. ochracea Hepp Flecht. Europ. n. 263 

(1851). 

L. fuscorubens was considered by Nylander as possibly a variety or 

subspecies of L. sanguineotra (Lich. Env. Paris, 79). It differs in the 

absence of the purple hymeuial granules and in other characters. 

Th. Fries (Lich. Scand. 440) has rightly judged L. ochracea to be 

synonymous. They differ only in the occasional yellowness of the 

very thin thallus of the latter. As in other calcicolous lichens, the 

thallus is not always visible, being evidently immersed in the rock 

(L. ochracea f. ecrustacea Larb. in Leight. l. c.). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 64, 137; Johns. n. 336. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks and flints in maritime and upland districts. 

-Distr. Common on oolitic rocks and Silurian limestone in W. England; 

here and there in the British Isles probably overlooked.-Downs, 

Lewes and Hastings, Sussex; Portland, Dorset; Staple Fitzpaine, 

Somerset; near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; Epping Forest, Essex; 

Dolgelly, Merioneth; Colwyn Bay, Denbigh; Kentmere, Levens Park 

and Cunswick Scar, W Qstmorland; Barrowmouth, Cumberland; Ben 

Lawers, Perthshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin, .Argyll; near Cork. 

61. L. immersa Ach. Meth. 34 (1803).-Thallus effuse, very 

thin, leprose, white or greyish-white, mostly immersed (K-, 

CaCI -). Apothecia medium-sized, immersed in depressions or 

pits (foveolate), plane, blackish, cresio-pruinose or naked, within 

greyish in the middle, the margin thin, evanescent; paraphyses 

concrete; epithecium and hypothecium more or less brownish; 

spores ellipsoid or sub ellipsoid, 12-18 (.L long, 7-10 (.L thick; 

hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with iodine.-S. F. Gray 

Nat. Arr. i. 467; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 179; Tayl. in Mackay 

Fl. Hib. ii. 125. L. calcivora Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bard. ser. 3, 

i. 381 (1856); Mudd Man. 203; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 81; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 300; ed. 3, 310. lAchen immersus Web. Spicil. Fl. 

Goett. 188 (1778) pro parte; Engl. Bot. t. 193; With. Arr. ed. 3, 

iv. 6 pro parte. L. calm'l'orus Ehrh. Crypt. Exs. n. 244 (1793). 

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 49 (plate); Leight. n. 94; Cromb. 11. 184.


The thallus is very rarely visible, being almost always immersed 

in the substratum to a dcpth of at least 8 mm., when It is mdicated by 

more or less scattered gonidia and hyphro immersed in the rock. The 

apothecia when young resemblc those of Verrucaria immersa, with 

which it is then apt to be ·confounded. Under the apothecia, the 

pits (fossulae), as stated by Nylander, present minute confused 

colourless thalline cellules. Occasionally the thallus is intersected by 

black hypothallic hnes (f. intercmcta Cromb. ms.). Bouly de Lesdam 

(Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. Iii. 615, 1905) gives spore-length as 16--21 fL' 

rarely 24 fL. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks and cretaceous stones m marItime and 

upland tracts.-Distr. Here and there in England and N. Wales, rare 

in the Highlands of Scotland and in S.E. Ireland.-B. ]}f. Shere, 

Surrey; above Anstey's Cove, Torquay, and Elburton, near Plymouth, 

Devon; Horton Down, Kent; Weston-super-Mare and Bathampton, 

and near Bath, Somerset; Cunning Dale, and Deep Dale (f. intercincta), 

near Bmrton, Derbyshire; Eglwyseg rocks, ncar Llangollen, Denbighshire; 

Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire; Craig-y-Rhlw, Oswestry 

and LIanymynach, Shropshire; near Thirsk, Yorkshire; Teesdale, 

Durham; Levens Park and Cunswick Scar, Westmorland; Lamplugh, 

Cumberland; Island of Lismore, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; 

Middleton, Cork; Dromoland, Clare; Glenarm, Antrim. 

62. L. Metzleri Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 478 (1874).-Thallus 

effuse, thin, whitish or greyish-white, usually obliterated (K-, 

CaCI -). Apothecia small, innate in pits (foveolate), becoming 

slightly prominent, blackish, naked, plane and thinly margined, 

at length convex, immarginate; paraphyses conglutinate, darkbrown 

at the apices; hypothecium pale-brownish; spores broadly 

oblong, 18-28 fL long, 6-12 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine blUlsh 

then tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 311. 

Biatora Metzlen Koerb. Parel·g. Lich. 162 (1860). 

Very similar to the preceding, for which it might readily be taken. 

It differs, however, externally in the apothecia being smaller, less 

deeply imbedded, dark-purplish when moistened, constantly epruinose; 

and internally by the much larger spores. A closely allied plant is 

L. chondrodes (Massal.) Nyl., recorded as .British by Leighton (Lich. 

Fl. ed. 3, 253), but Leighton's specimen belongs to the present species. 

Hab. On cretaceous stones and calcareous rocks in maritime and 

upland tracts.-Distr. Only Ii very few localities in S. England and 

S. Wales.-B. ]}f. The DownS. Lewes, Poyning, Beeding and Seddlescomb, 

Sussex; Shere, Surrey; Yatton, Somerset; Giltar Point, Tenby, 

Pembrokeshire; Breedon Hill, Worcestershire; Levens Park, ",Yestmorland. 

63. L. cyclisca Malbr. in Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Rouen xvii. 131 

(1881).-Thallus thick, cartilaginous, subdeterminate,' unequal, 

glaucous-cinerequs- or white-furfuraceous. Apothecia minute, 

blackish-brown, plane, immarginate, reddish when moistened 

and becoming convex; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses 

indistinct, reddish-brown upwards; spores ellipsoid-oblong, with 

a thick epispore, large, 16-20 fL long, 9-10 fL thick.-Biatora cyclisca 

Massal. Symm. Lich. 40 (1855).

LECIDEA LECIDEACE.iE 47 

Somewhat like L. leptostigma, but very distinctive on account of the 

large spores and the thick uneven thallus, which becomes pitted after 

the disappearance of the apothecia. The apothecia are orlginally 

descrIbed as Irregularly grouped in small circles, a character not well 

marked in our specimen. 

Hab. On limestone.-B. lrf. Bathampton Downs, Wiltshire. 

64. L. Bauschiana A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, filmy or furfuraceous, 

pale-tawny. Apothecia minute, convex, yellowishbrown 

to dark-brown or black; hypothecium brownish-yellow or 

colourless in thin section; paraphyses conglutinate, the epithecium 

colourless or brownish; spores ellipsoid, minute, 8 1.1. long, 

4 1.1. thick or smaller.-L. dilutiuscula Nyl. in Flora lix. 308 (1876); 

Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, 256 (187n). Biatora' Bauschiana Koerb. 

Parerg. Lich. 157 (186), fide N yl. Lich. Env. Paris, 93 (1896). 

In the preVIOUS edItion this species had been associated with L. 

sylvicola var. indigula. Some of the specimens determined as L. 

dilutiuscula are now included here. The thallus and apothecia closely 

resemble those of L. sylvicola. 

Hab. On schistose rocks.-Distr. Rare in S. England.-B. ltl. Near 

Ditcham Cove and ncar Buckfastleigh, S. Devon. 

65. L. rusticula Nyl. in Flora xlix. 371 (1866).-Thallus 

effuse, granulate, the granules depressed-convex, sub crenate , 

smooth, glaucous-white (K + yellowish, CaCI + yellow). Apothe 

cia minute, somewhat plane, margined, black, the margin 

entire, at length obliterated; paraphyses concrete; epithecium 

vaguely brownish; hypothecium brown; spores ellipsoid, 10-15 1.1. 

long, 5-8 1.1. thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue then sordidyellowish 

with iodine.-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. xix. 407 

(1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. Lich. Fl. 271; ed. 3, 272. 

Considered by Nylander to be related to L. expansa, but the 

character of the apothecia indicates its pOSItion in Sect. Biatora. These 

are at first concave with an obtuse margin. In the small specimen 

seen they are few and scattered. Spermogones have not been detected. 

Hab. On quartzose rocks in mountainous districts.-Distr. FQund 

only very sparingly in N. Wales and N.W. Ireland (Salrock Road, 

Connemara, Galway fide Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 l. c.).-B. jJl. Giant's 

Pebbles, Cader Idris, Merioneth. 

66. L. rusticella Nyl. in Flora lxi. 245 (1878).-Thallus effuse, 

thin, subleprose, whitish-ochraceous (Ie + reddish, CaCI -). 

Apothecia minute, convex, immarginate, black, opaque, dark, 

within; paraphyses concrete; epithecium and hypothecium 

brown or brownish; spores sub oblong, 6-9 1.1. long, 2'5-3'5 1.1. thick; 

hymenial gelatine bluish then tawny-wine-red with iodine. 

Cromb. in Grevillea vii. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 252. 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 504. 

Comparable with L. rusticula, but distinct in the character of the 

thallus and in the smaller spores. The colour of the thallus, which 

:Nylander, l. c., says may be normally greyish, is evidently dUll to 

suffusion by peroxide of iron. The apothecia are rather scattered.


Hub. On schistose ferrugmous stones of a wall m upland situations. 

-E. 111. Herdhouse Fell, Cumberland; Tullywhee Bridge, Connemara., 

Galway (also reported from ElIersgill, Teesdale, Durham). 

67. L. Iiveseens Leight. in Grevillea iv. 78 (l875).-Thallus 

white, granulose or granulate-verrucose (K -, CaCI + palereddish), 

the granules scattered and dispersed on a black predominating 

hypothallus. Apothecia scattered, sessile on the 

hypothallus, round or angular-difform, concave with a thick 

black prominent entire or flexuose margin, the disc of a pale grey 

colour; hypothecium blackish-brown; paraphyses thick, brown 

at the apices; spores linear-oblong, minute, 7-8 [L long, 3 [L thick. 

Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 276. 

Hab. On rocks.-B. M. Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway (the 

only locality). 

68. L. antrophiIa Larb. ex Leight. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, 

i. 242, t. xxxiiI. figs. 10 & 11 (1878).-Thallus yellowish-green, 

thin, effuse, pulverulent-furfuraceous (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia 

yellowish-red, small, scattered, sessile, excessively convex and 

prominent, with only a pale narrow margin when wetted; 

hypothecium thick, dark yellowish-red; paraphyses indistinct, 

colourless; spores linear or linear-oblong, minute, 9 [L long, 2·5 [L 

thick; hymenial gelatine pale-blue with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. 

ed. 3,252. 

Hab. On the interior of caves.-B . . M. Mwellan near Kylemore, 

Galway (the only locality). 

69. L. pieiIa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 251 (1879).-Thallus 

dirty yellowish-white, thin, effuse, furfuraceous. Apothecia 

black, sessile, plane or hemispherical, confluent, marginate, when 

wet transparent pale-brown; hypothecium black; paraphyses 

thickish, coherent; spores minute oblong, 9 [L long, 2-3 [L thick. 

Biatora picila Massal. Misc. Lich. 38 (1856). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 264. 

The spores in the British specimens are larger than the size given by 

Massalongo, measuring up to 12 [L long; in the specimens examined from 

Craig Tulloch and Twelve Pins, they are mostly simple but occasionally 

I.septate. 

Hab. On rocks in upland regions.-Distr. Somewhat local and 

rare in the Scottish HIghlands and S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Craig 

Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth shire ; Derryclare and Twelve Pins, 

Connemara, Galway. 

70. L. indigula Nyl. in Flora Ix. 563 (1877).-Thallus effuse, 

thin, continuous, :mgulose, whitish, often scarcely visible (K-, 

CaCI -). Apothecia small, subprominent, plane, thinly 

margined, blackish; paraphyses slender, colourless at the apices; 

hypothecium reddish, the upper subhymenial portion thick, 

blackish-brown; spores ellipsoid, 13-16 [L long, 6-7 [L thick; 

hymenial gelatine pale-bluish then wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. 

in Grevillea vi. 112; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 307.

LECIDEA LECIDEACEJE 49 

Considered by Nylander to be related to L. sangllineoatra, but 

separated by the internal characters of the apothecium. In the single 

small specimen seen, the apothecia are numerous, 8ubminute, at length 

convex and immarginate. 

Hab. On schistose stones of a wall in a mountainous district.- 

B. M. Glencorbot, near Kylemore, Galway (the only localIty). 

71. L. botryiza Nyl. ex Stirton in Grevillea ii. 71 (1873). 

Thallus effuse, thin, minutely areolate-rimulose or as if minutely 

appressed-squamulose, greenish-white (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia 

small, superficial, somewhat prominent, convex, simple or 

conglomerate and verrucose, brown; paraphyses coherent; 

epithecium colourless; hypothecium brown; spores ellipsoid, 

6-9 fL long, 3'5--4'5 fL thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-red 

with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 247. 

Closely allIed to L. botryocarpa Nyl., which does not occur in Great 

Britain, externally agreeing with it in the thallus and apothecia. When 

conglomerate, the hypothecia are confluent in one common brown 

hypothecium in each glomerule of the apothecia. Specimen not seen. 

Hab. On schistose rocks in a mountainous district.-Distr. 

Extremely local and scarce On the S. Grampians, Scotland (Ben 

Voirlich, Perthshrre). 

72. L. semipallens Nyl. in Flora lix. 234 (1876).-Thallus effuse, 

thin, rimulose, sordid-whitish, whitish or glaucous (K + yellowish, 

CaCl-). Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, pale or livid; 

epithecium and hypothecium colourless; spores minute, ellipsoid, 

6-9 fL long, 3'5--4'5 fL thIck; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-red 

with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea v. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

298. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 68 . 

. An inconspicuous plant; the apothecia are more or less scattered, 

One of the speCImens seen is tinged with peroxide of iron. 

Hab. On quartzose and schistose rocks in streams.-Distr. Found 

only in W. !reland.-B. M. Near Kylemore, Lough Inagh and Twelve 

Pms, Connemara, Galway. 

73. L. ealliearpa Larb. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 266 (1879). 

Thallus pale-whitish sulphur-coloured, pulverulent granular, 

effuse (K -, CaCI + reddish). Apothecia pallid, flesh-coloured, 

minute, clustered or scattered, convex; hypothecium colourless; 

paraphyses coherent, apices colourless; spores not seen. 

Specimen not seen. 

Very similar to the preceding, except in the thalline reaction. The 

absence of spores makes idenhficatlOn almost impossible. 

Hab. On damp perpendicular rocks at Glencorbot, near Kylemore, 


74. L. polio des NyI. in Flora lviii. 10 (1875).-Thallus blackishor 

greenish-grey, thin, opaque, wrinkled-granulate. Apothecia 

n E

LECIDEA LECIDEACEJE 51 

78. L. antiloga Stirton in Scott. Nat. iv. 164 (1877).-Thallus 

nearly evanescent. Apothecia black, minute, adnate, plane with 

a thickish margin; hypothecium colourless, darker upwards; 

paraphyses indistinct, but clavate and greenish-black at the tips; 

spores globose, minute, 4-5'5 flo in diameter; hymenial gelatine 

blue then dark violet with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 309. 

A very distinct species. The thallus is reduced to scattered hyphoo 

and gonidia among the superficial rather loose fibres of the wood. 

Hab. On decorticated wood.-B. 111. Road to Loch-an-Eilan, 

A viemore, Inverness-shIre. 

79. L. geophana Ny!. Lich. Scand. 212 (1861).-Thallus thin, 

greenish or greyish, indistinct, consisting of a confused layer of 

hyphm and algm. Apothecia minute, plane or convex, about 

'250 mm. in dIameter, immarginate, dark-brown; hypothecium 

narrow, brownish-red; epithecium brownish-red; paraphyses 

few, slender, conglutinate, scarcely visible; asci oblong-clavate, 

about 75 flo long, 12 flo wide, 12-18-spored; spores globose or 

slightly irregular in size and form, with a distinct epispore, 

6-8 flo in diameter; hymenial gelatine blue then sordid-wine-red 

with iodine.-L. pleiospora A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. 352 (1911). 

Classified by Nylander as allied to L. granulosa. It is placed here 

with other species that have globose spores. L. pleiospora has been 

included under L. geophana, as the only real difference between the 

two species is the halonate character of tho spores in L. pleiospora, and 

that character is probably a stage of development. There is also 

some difference in locality, most specimens of L. geophana occurring 

in northern or alpine regions, but that also seems insufficient to 

•. eparate the species. 

Hab. On argillaceous or sandy soil. Distr. Generally in northern 

regions, but found also in southern localities.-B. ])[. Ashey Down, 

near Ryde, I. of Wight; Little Bowden, Northamptonshire; Sanddunes, 

Freshfield, north Lancashire; on tableland, S. of Glen Callater, 

Aberdeenshire. 

80. L. calpodes Stirton in Trans. Glasg. Soc. Field Nat. 1875, 

a9.-Thallus dark-grey, cracked-areolate, the areolm somewhat 

convex, contiguous, or dispersed. Apothecia black, minute, 

numerous, innate-sessile, concave, suburceolate, acutely margined, 

b ·coming plane; hypothecium brown or pallid brown, thin; 

paraphyses irregular, indistinct, branching, brownish at the apices; 

spores ellipsoid, or almost globose, 7-9 flo long, 6-7 (1. thick; 

hymenial gelatine slightly blue then wine-red with iodine. 

Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 288. Specimen not seen. 

Hab. On rocks. Collected by Dr. Stirton at Killiecrankie, 

Perthshire. 

a1. L. rubidula Ny!. in Flora lxvii. 214 (1884).-Thallus effuse, 

scarcely visible. Apothecia small, subglobose, ferruginous red; 

hypothecium not dark; paraphyses slender, not well discrete;


epithecium tawny-ochraceous (K + purplish) ; asci saccate, 

spores globose 6-7 f1. diam.; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish 

then tawny-wine-red with iodine. Specimen not seen. 

A well-marked species, somewhat resembling Biatorella ochrophora. 

Nylander observes that the hymenium and hypothecium contain 

parietin, though in less degree tha,n the epitheclUm. Originally found 

III Behring's Straits, it has since been detected sparingly III YorkshIre 

(fide Nyl. Lich. Labuan et Singapore, 44 (1891». 

Hab. On calcareous rocks in a hilly dlstrict.-Distr. Only in N. 

England. 

82. L. leptostigma Nyl. in Flora Ii. 344 (1868).-Thallus subdeterminate, 

somewhat thick, scarcely cracked, greyish-white 

(K -, CaCI -). Apothecia small, innate, thin, gregarious, 

brownish-black; paraphyses thickened upwards, sordid-yellow 

towards the apices; hypothecium pale yellowish; asci cylindrical, 

spores globose or globose-ellipsoid, uniseriate in the ascus, 5-9 f1. in 

diameter; hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine.-Cromb. 

in J ourn. Bot. vii. 49 (1869), & Lich. Brit. 76; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

356; ed.· 3, 385. 

The thallus and apfJthecia are somewhat similar to L. cyclisca, but 

is distinguished by the form of the spores. Nylander has stated that 

the thallus in all probabilIty is not proper, and in that case it might 

be classified as parasItic. The apotheCla are numerous and crowded. 

Hab. On a mica-schistose boulder in a subalpine situation.-B. M. 

Near Loch-na-gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

§ iii. EULECIDEA Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. n. ser. v. 

157 (1866). PI. 6. Thallus crustaceous, very variable, at times 

evanescent or absent. Apothecia mostly carbonaceous (lecideine), 

plane or convex, black or brownish-black; asci usually 8-spored; 

spores simple, rarely faintly I-septate, colourless or sometimes 

with a brownish tinge. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and 

straight or rarely arcuate spermatia. 

There is no clear line of demarcation between the two sections 

Biatora and Eulecidea, though in general the difference is easily recognized: 

in the latter the apothecia are distinguished by their darker and 

more carbonaceous character; occasionally, however, they are at some 

stage of development lighter in colour and rather soft. One very 

striking character is the darker colour of the tips of the paraphyses 

(epIthecium). The species grow, WIth few exceptions, on rocks, stones 

or earth, and are very abundant in upland or alpine regions. 

Species of Eulecldea are arranged here in two groups according 

to the colour of the hypothecium. 

1. (83-133). Hypothecium colourless or yellowish or pale 

brownish. (See also L. aglma and L. armeniaca.) 

83. L. sporadiza Stirton in Grevillea iii. 33 (1874).-Thallus 

yellow or greenish-yellow, granulate, the granules often con-

LECIDEA LECIDEACE2E 53 

glomerate or pulverulent (K + yellow, CaCI + orange-red). 

Apothecia black, sessile, small or medium-sized, plane, marginate; 

hypothecium colourless; paraphyses few, irregular, indIStinct, 

vaguely dark at the apices; spores ellipsoid, small, 6-7 fL long, 

4-6 I'- thick; hymenial gelatine pale-blue then sordid with 

iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 266. 

Considered by Stirton to be allied to L. neglecta. Its affinity seems 

rather with the L. parasema group. In the specimen (from Rb. Stirton) 

m the British Museum herbarium the granules are conglomerate 

and almost subsquamulose. The asci are about 35 fL long, 7 fL wide; 

the paraphyses, as shown on the application of potash, are slender, 

septate, branched at the tips, and end in chains of mmute globose 

cells. 

Hab. On old worked wood.-B. 111. Glen Loehay, Killin, Perthshire. 

Recorded by Stirton also from Grantown, Inverness-shire. 

84. L. dubia Turn. & Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 

176 (1833).-Thallus effuse subleprose, pale-yellowish-green, 

extremely pulverulent or almost smooth and minutely areolate 

(K + yellow, CaCI + orange-red). Apothecia black, usually 

numerous, scattered or confluent, subsessile, plane, becoming 

convex and immarginate, the disc smooth or granular; hypothecium 

brownish; paraphyses distinct, dark-bluish-green at the 

apices, the colour extendmg downwards: spores ellipsoid, 12-14 fL 

long, 5-7 I'- thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Tayl. 

in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 120; Leight. Lie-h. Fl. 263; ed. 3, 260. 

lichen dubius Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2547 (1814). 

Euicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 143 (as Lichen leproides); Boh!. n. 

H2 (douhtful). 

Closely allt(,d to L. parasema. It differs from that speCIes in the 

powdery thallus and in the somewhat smaller spores. The type specimen 

was renamed by Nylander L. parasema var. jlavens, and another specimen 

in the Sowerby herbarium was Similarly labelled by Crombie. 

Our specimens form a well· connected series m which thc surface of the 

thallus varIeS from bring almost smooth to completely powdery. 

They also differ from L. parasema in the larger and more crowded 

apoth('eia, and from var. fiavens m the rather denser powdery thallus. 

Hab. On old palmgs.-Dist. Local and not uncommon in the S. 

of England, extending as far north as Cambridgeshrre.-B.lIl. Near 

p, ·nzance, Cornwall; Penshurst, Kent; near Isfield, Sussex; Shere, 

Burrey; Ulting and Chalk End, Essex; Hinchley, Middlesex; Great 

Comberton, Worcestcrshrre; Oakmgton, Cambridgeshire; Overton near 

Ludlow, Shropshire. 

85. L. parasema Ach. l\Ieth. Lich. 35 (1803) pro parte; Ny!. 

in Bot. Not. 1852, 175 & Lich. Scand. 217 pro parte.-Thallus 

determinate or subdeterminate, thin or thinnish, granulose or 

rather smooth, whitish or grey-coloured (K + yellowish, CaCI -, 

K (CaCI) + orange-red); hypothaUus black, at times limIting the 

thallus. Apothecia small, uf,ually numerous and crowded, at

LECIDEA LECIDEACEiE 55 

internally whitish, and the hypothecium almost colourless. 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 77; Leight. Lich. Fl. 270; ed. 3, 269. 

Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on soil.-Distr. Rare in the 

southern counties of England and in E. and N. Scotland, not recorded 

from the Channel Islands or from Ireland.-B. lIf. Ilsham Valley, 

Torquay, Devon; New Forest, Hants; 'Vindsor Great Park, Berks; 

Portlethen, Forfarshire; Glen Girnac, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Applecross 

House, Ross-shire. 

Var. elreochroma Ach. Meth. 36 (1803) pro parte; Nyl. Lich. 

Scand. 217.-Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thin, yellowish, 

yellowish-grey or olivaceous. Apothecia black, livid-black, or 

partly dark-reddish or dark-bluish-green; hypothecium pale or 

yellowish-brown.-Mudd Man. 200; Cromb. Lich. Brit_ 77; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 270; ed. 3, 269. L. elwochroma Tayl. in Mackay, 

Fl. Hib. ii. 119 (1836). L. enteroleuca Ach. Lich. Univ. 177 (1810). 

L. parasema var. enteroleuca Nyl. Lich. Scand. 217 (1861) pro 

parte (corticolous), Mudd Man. 201; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 77. 

Lichen parasemus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1450 (1805) pro parte. 

Lichenoides leprosum, &c., Dill. Hist. Muse. l. c. pro parte. 

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 181; Leight. nos. 126, 327, 328, 332 (as 

L. scabrosa); Mudd nos. 169, 170; Baxt. Stirp. Crypt. Ox. n. 

19; Bohl. n. 45; J ohus. n. 345. 

Distinguished from the type by the dIfferently coloured thin thallus, 

which at first sight would almost seem to render It specifically distinct. 

The apothecia are usually smaller I

56 CYCLOCARrINElE LECIDEA 

dark-bluish-green or almost black at the. tips; spores ellipsoid, 

10-18 [.Llong, 5-9 [.L thick.-L. scabrosa 'J.'ay!. in Mackay F!. Rib. ii. 

122 (1836) (non Ach.), fide Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 24 (1866). 

L. parasema var. latypea Ny!. Lich. Scand. 217 (1861); Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 77; Leight. Lich. Fl. 269; ed. 3, 270 (inc!. var. 

monticola). L. conwps Mudd Man. 201 (1861), (non Wablenb.). 

L. continuior Nyl. in Flora Ix. 463 (excl. var.) (877); Leight. 

Lich. F!. ed. 3, 277. 

Exswc. Larb. Rb. n. 103. 

Differs from L. parasema in habitat, in the thicker granular thallus, 

which is either conglomerate or broken up and scattered, and in the 

somewhat darker hypothecium. The apothecia are plane and scattered 

or sometimes subconfluent with the margin evanescent. I have not 

seen specimens of L. continuior; Nylander says it differs only In the 

rather flat rimose-areolate thallus and the more rapId reaction with 

hypochlorite of lime. 

Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime and upland 

distrIets.-Distr. Somewhat general throughout Great Britain.-B. M. 

Islands of Alderney and Sark; Hommet Basnet and Vale Castle, 

Guernsey; Mount Orgueil Castle, Jersey; Bole Head, and near 

Plymouth, Devon; Gerrans, and near Penzance, Cornwall; Beeleigh, 

near Maldon and Ulting, Essex; Langbaurghrigg, and near Ayton, 

Cleveland, Yorkshire; Aberdovey, Merioneth; Isle of Man; Barcaldine, 

Argyll; Nigg and Portlethen, Kincardineshire; SybIl Head, Kerry; 

Dawros ClIffs, near Kylemore, and near Letterfrack, Connemara, 

Galway; Lambay Island, Dublin; Borris, Carlow; Clare Island, 

Mayo. 

Form latypiza A. L. Sm.-Thallus subcinereous, effuse (K + 

yellow, CaCI - ).-L. parascma subsp. latypiza Ny!. in Bull. Soc. 

Linn. Norm. set. 2, vi. 310 (1872); var. latypea f. latypiza Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 270 (1879). 

Differs from the type in the colour reaction and in the somewhat 

greyer more effuse thallus. 

Hab. On rocks.-B. M. Twelve Pins, Connemara, Galway (the only 

BrItish locality). • 

87. L. protrusa Schoor. Spicil. 201 (1833) (non Fries). 

Thallus effuse pale sulphur-coloured, thickish, granular-verrucose, 

the granules contiguous and areolate or scattered, sometimes 

Borediate (K + yellow, CaCI + orange-red). Apothecia black, 

numerous, often confluent, innate-sessile, plane then convex, the 

thin smooth entire margin eventually obliterated; hypothecium 

reddish-brown; paraphyses loosely coherent, blackish-green at 

the tips; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 11-20 (J. long, 7-8 [.L thick; 

hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.-Mudd Man. 207; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 271; cd. 3, 270. L. sea bra Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. 

ii. 121 (1836). L. enterochlora Tayl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. 271; 

ed. 3, 271. . 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 299; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 67; Johns. n. 378.

58 CYCLOCARPINE;E LECIDEA 

Differs from L. latypea in the reaction with CaCI, in the much 

thinner, more furfuraceous thallus, and in the usually almost colourless 

hypothecium. Acharius' species L. enteroleuca (Lieh. Univ. 177 (1810» 

grows on trees and is included under L. parasema var. elceochroma. 

Nylander has drawn a distinction between L. goniophila and L. entero· 

[euca in that the spermatia of the former are straight, while those of 

L. enteroleuca are arcuate 20-30 [J. X 1 [J.. (See Lich. Env. Paris, 90 

(1896». 

Hab. On rocks mostly siliceous and on stones.-Distr. Frequent in 

all parts of the British Isles.-B. M. St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight; 

Ardingly Rocks, St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; illtihg, Essex; Llmpley 

Stoke, Wilts; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Llandyssll, Cardigans hire ; 

Knighton, Radnorshire; near Oswestry and Tong Priory, Shropshire; 

Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire; 

Shawswell, Gloucestershire; Ayton, Cleveland Dent, and near Battersby, 

Yorkshire; Mallerstrang, Staveley and ncar Plumgarths, Westmor. 

land; Barnard Castle, Teesdale, Durham; near Berwick; Lamplugh, 

Cockermouth, Cumberland; Glen Tilt, Craig Calhach and Cralg Tulloch, 

Blair Athole, Perthshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; neat Kylemore, Conne. 

mara and Lough Cooter, Galway; Clare Island, Mayo. 

Var. acervata Mudd Man. 202 (1861).-Thallus effuse, 

greyish-white, granular, the granules becoming more or less 

pulverulent and greenish-yellow. Apothecia small, aggregated 

into clusters of 4 to 20, at first plane and marginate, becoming 

convex and immarginate; paraphyses lax, black at the tips. 

Exsico. Mudd n. 173. 

Bab. On rocks and stones in mountainous districts.-B. M. Fre· 

quent at Highcliff, Cleveland, Yorkshire (the only locality). 

89. L. inserena Ny!. in Flora, Iii. 84 (1869).-Thallus thickish, 

cinereous, glaucous grey, rimose-areolate or areolate-granulose, 

the areolal plane, often occurring as scattered granules on a black 

hypothallus. Apothecia black, plane or slightly convex; hypothecium 

colourless, with an opaque white stratum in the lower 

portion; paraphyses indistinct, bluish-black at the tips; spores 

ellipsoid, oblong, 14-17 [J. long, 6-8 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine 

sordid-blue, the asci becoming violet-coloured with iodine. 

Cromb. in Journ. Linn. 80£. (Bot.) xv. 487 (187]) & Lich. Brit. 85; 

Leight. Lich FJ. 278; ed. 3, 280. 

Resembling somewhat tumid forms of L. griseoatra, but well clis· 

tinguished by the colourless hypotheciulll. 

Hab. On granite rocks.-Distr. Very rare 011 the Grampians, 

Scotland.-B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshrre; Craig auio and Morrone, 

13raemar, Aberdeenshire. 

90. L. vitidans Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 271 (1879).-Thallus 

effuse, thin, minutely granulose, yellowish-green or sordidgreenish 

(Kf + yellowish, CaCI - K(CaCI) + orange-red); hypothallus 

evanescent. Apothecia small, innate-sessile, at first 

plane, and thickly margined, at length convex and Bubmarginate,

LEClDEA LEClDEACElE 59 

black, sometimes greenish-suffused; hypothecium yellowish; 

paraphyses subdiscrete, dark-greenish above; spores ellipsoidoblong, 

small, 9-12 !LIang, 6-8 !L thick; hymenial gelatine lJIuish 

with iodine.-L. sabuletorum var. viridans Flot. in Flora xi. 697 

(1828). Lecidella vin'dans Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 242 (1855). 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 331; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 307. 

Flotow points out that the apothecia, when moistened, appear 

paler and transparent (owing to the pale hypothecium), surrounded by 

a dark ring. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, Wales and 

central England.-B. lJI. Between Rozel and Boulay Bay, Jersey; 

Lyth Hill, Shropshire. 

91. L. Ieucophrea Ny1. in Flora 1iii. 35 (1870)"-Thal1us 'indeterminate, 

thinnish, verrucose-areolate, the areolre more or 

less convex, greyish (K - or yellowish, CaCl -); hypothallus 

black. Apothecia small, adnate or appressed, plane and thinly 

margined, reddish-brown, dark-purplish or livid-black, within 

whitish, the margin often paler, at length excluded; hypothecium 

pale; paraphyses brown or dark-brown at the apices; spores 

ellipsoid, 9-14 !Llong, 4-8 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish, 

the asci tawny-wine-coloured, with iodine.-Lecanora leucophma 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 51 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 194; cd. 3, 178 

(incl. var. conglobata); var. conglobata Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. 

134 (1873). Biatora leucophaJa Floerke ex Koerb. Syst. Lich. 

Germ. 194 (1855). Lecanora leucophmiza Nyl. in Flora lvii. 308 

(1874); Leight. Lieh. Fl. ed. 3, 178. 

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 63. 

Nylander l.c. has stated that Lecanora leucophceiza differs from 

Lecidea leucopha!a in the reaction with iodine; in the former the asci 

alone being affected by the stain, and also in the thallus bccoming 

slightly yellow with K. 

Sometimes the thallus is more massive and scattered, with the 

apothecia convex, dIfform and tuberculatc; it is then var. cong[obata 

Cromb. The apothecia are occasionally crowded to_gether. 

Hab. On subalpine rocks.-Distr. Plentiful where it occurs in the 

hilly districts of Wales, N. England, Scotland and W. lreland.-B. lJI. 

Cader ldris, near Llyn Aran, Dolgclly, Barmouth and Aran Mawddwy, 

Menoneth: Snowdon and Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire; Blakeney, 

Norfolk; High Force, Teesdale and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Hoed Screcs, Crow Fell and Black Lot, Westmorland; Portlethen, 

Kincardineshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Ben Lawers, ncar Loch 

Voil and Bcn.y-gloe, Perthshirc; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; 

lIIorrone and Craig Ouie, Bracmar, Abcrdeenshire; near Kylcmore and 

near Lough Mask, Connemara, Galway. 

92. L. leucophreoides Ny!. in Flora liii. 35 (1870).-Thallus 

areolate-granulose, the areolro smooth, plane or somewhat rounded, 

greyish-white (K + yellow, then orange-red); hypothallus black. 

at times limiting the thallus. Apotheeia black, or brownishblack, 

somewhat plane, becoming immarginate; hypothecium

LE0IDEA r,ECIDEACElE 61 

or somewhat largo, adnato, at nrst plane and thinly margined, 

at length convex and immarginate, brownish-black or black; 

hypothecium colourless; paraphyses concrete, somewhat 

fuliginous at the apices; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 15-18 {L long, 

5-7 flo thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid with iodine. 

Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. 135 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 297. 

The species has been found in mountainous regions of Southern and 

Northern Europe. The apothecia in the British Museum specimen have 

a dense white layer immediately beneath the hymenium and lower 

down a dark-brown hypothecium which is absent in the continental 

specimens. The species is retained here but the plants from Braemar 

might rather be included under L.fuscoatra. The spermatia in L. cenea 

are long, acicular and arcuate (fide Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 457). 

Hab. On a mica· schist boulder in a mountainous region.-B. lJI. 

Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the only locallty). 

96. L. nigroglomerata Leight. Lieh. Fl. 252 (1871}.-ThailuB 

effuse, subareolate, minutely squamulose, the squamules smooth 

and shining, crenulate, glaucous-white, very small, and crowded 

round the groups of apothecia (K + yellow, CaCl + yellow), 

hypothallus black, little visible. Apothecia black, moderato in 

size, crowded and deformed, shining, plane or convex, with a 

thickish slIghtly paler margin; hypothecium colourless, lateral 

walls thin, dusky-blackish, often continuous under the hypothecium 

as a thin dusky line; paraphyses coherent, greenishblack 

at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 11-15 flo long, 6--8 {L thick; 

hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid-yellow with iodine.-Cromb. 

in Journ. Bot. ix. 179 (1871). Lecanora mgroglomerata Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 179 (1879). 


Externally this species has a general resemblance to L. auriculata 

var. diducens, but is sufficiently distinguished by the subsquamulose 

dispersed thallus and the colourless hypothecium. 

Hab. On quartzose stones in bare alpine places.-B. lJI. Summit 

of Cairn Gowar, Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only locality). 

97. L. scotinodes Ny!. in Flora lvi. 295 (1873}.-Thallus subdeterminate, 

thinnish, unequal, areolate-rimose, dark-greyish. 

Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, black, hypothecium 

colourless; paraphyses moderate, dark-blue at the incrassate 

apices; epithecium K + pale-violet; spores oblong, simple or 

occasionally I-septate, 14-18 {L long, 5-6 flo thick; hymenial 

gelatine bluish then tawny-wine-coloured or reddish with iodine. 

Cromb. in Grevillea ii. 90; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 332. 

Allied to L. scotina, a plant of Bavaria, but differs in the esquamulose 

thallus, the convex: apothecia, the larger spores and other 

characters given. The numerous apothecia are occasionally somewhat 

crowded.

64 CYCLOCARPINEJE LECIDEA 

The plant recorded by Salwey was collected by him on rocks at 

Jerbourg, Gucrnsey, and was determined by Nylander. The species 

has a very wide European distribution. 

Hab. On rocks, mostly alpine. Distr. Rare in the British Is1es.- 

B. Jll. Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

104. L. prominula Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. 2687, fig. ]a 

(1831).-Thallus pale tawny-brown, thin, minutcly granular 

(K + yellow, CaCl + yellow). Apotheeia black, small, numerous, 

crowded, sessile, plane, with an obtuse entire margin; hypothecium 

colourless or yellowish-brown, the lateral excipulum 

blackish-brown; paraphyses rather lax, pale, dark-brown at the 

apices; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 11-15 [L long, 6-9 [L thick; 

hymenial gelatine blue then dirty-violet with iodine.-Hook. in 

Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 175; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 119; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 259; ed. 3, 255. 

Scarcely to be distinguished outwarclly from L. crustulata, but 

differing m the lighter. coloured hypotheclUm, and the colour reaction 

of the thallus, whICh, however, is not constant. 

llab. On calcareous rocks and fimts.-Distr. Not common in S. and 

Central England.-B. JJf. Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Matlock, Derbyshire; 

·Westmorland. 

105. L. instratula Nyl. in Flora lxi. 242 (1878).-Thallus 

dark-grey, thin, smooth, plane, minutely cracked-areolate, with a 

black hypo thallus. Apothecia minute, black, innate and immarginate; 

hypothecium colourless; paraphyses distinct but very 

coherent, the epithecium blackISh-green; asci ventriform; 

spores ellipsoid, 8-11 [Llong, 4-5 Po thick.-B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc. 

Bot. Fr. liv. 444, 1907; Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. i. 152 (1912); 

A.L.Sm. Monogr. Lich. i. 470 (1918). Specimen not seen. 

The description is taken from Nylander and from B. de Lesdain. 

Nylander describes the apothecium as "dark withm" and places it 

near to L. jU8coatra. B. de Lesdain gives the internal characters as 

above, which indicate affinity with L. lapiczda. 

lIab. On granite rocks. Collected by D. Lillie at Camster Cairns, 

Caithness. 

106. L. marginata Schrer. Enum. 115 (1850).-Thallus 

tartareous, light-grey or -yellowish or -brown, thickish, crackedareolate, 

determinate, with a black hypothallus (K + yellow). 

Apothecia black, sessile, plane or tumid with a prominent flexuose 

margin, at length immarginate; hypothecium pale; paraphyses 

coherent, dark olive-green at the tIps; spores ellipsoid, 10-15 [L 

long, 5-7 [L thick; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.-Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 83; Leight. Lich. FI. 284; ed. 3, 289. 

llab. On alpine rocks, rare. Collected on Ben Lawers by Admiral 

Jones (18G8).

LECIDEA LECIDElACEM Gil 

107. L. lapicida Ach. Moth. 37 (1803) pro partc.-Thallus 

tal'tareous, thin, cracked-areolate, the areolro plane, light- or 

ash-grey (K - or + y, then red; medulla I + blue). Apothecia 

appressed or adnate, plane or slightly concave with a thin 

prominent margin; hypothecium pale or brownish; paraphyses 

loosely coherent, blue-greemsh-black or dark-brown at the 

apices; spores ellipsoid, 9-13 fL long, 4-6 fl' thick; hymenial 

gelatine blue then sordid with iodine.-Mudd Man. 209 pro parte; 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 81 pro parte (excl. vars.); Leight. Lich. Fl. 

284 (exel. vars.); ed. 3, 289 (excl. var.). L. polycarpa Floerke ex 

Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 149 (1826); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 82; 

LClght. Lich. Fl. 283; ed. 3, 288. Lichen lapiC'tda Ach. Lich. Suec. 

Prodr. 61 (1798). 

Exswc. Johns. n. 350. 

Th. Fries (Lich. Scand. 491, 493) places L. polyoarpa under L. 

pantherina, of which he regards L. lapiCtda as a subspecies. The only 

dIfference between the two is in the reaction with potash: in L. polyoarpa 

the reaction varies from yellow to yellow followed by red, while 

in L. lapicida there is usually no colour-reaction. Fries further states 

that some specimens of Zapicida give no reaction in one part of the 

thallus, while III another they tmge red. The reactIOn of our specimens 

varies from a faint yellow to CrImson. . 

Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks.-Distr. Found chiefly in 

mountainous regions.-B. ]Jf. Cader Idris, Merioneth; Llyn Geironydd, 

Trefriw; Nant Francon and Llanberis, Carnarvonshll'e; Malvern Hills, 

Worcestershire; Red Screes, Reston Scar, and Pugh Crag, Westmorland; 

Dent Hill, Cumberland; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, 

AberdeenshIre; coast of Kincardineshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shue; 

Clare Island, Mayo. 

Var declinans Nyl. Lich. Scand. 226 (1861).-Similar to the 

type but with a darker hypothecium and nearly ecrustaceOUB 

thallus (K + yellow, then red).-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. 

ser. 3, xix. 403 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 81. L. polycarpa var. 

declinans Leight. Lich. Fl. 284 (1871); ed. 3, 289. L. declinans 

Nyl. in Flora IXI. 243 (1878). 


Hab. On rocks in mountainous regions.-B. ]Jf. Ennerdale, Cumberland; 

two doubtful specimens without spores from Ben Lawers, Perthshire, 

and Braemar, Aberdeenshll'e, collected and named by Carroll. 

108. L. lithophila Ach. Syn. 14 (1814).-Thallus tartareous, 

whitish or ashy-grey, thin, cracked-areolate, the areolre plane 

(K -, CaCI -) ; hypo thallus black. Apothecia numerous, 

moderate in SIze or small, scattered or aggregate and angular, 

plane, brownish-black, velvety and soft, almost black-pruinose 

with a thin prominent flexuose margin; hypothecium colourless 

or pale; paraphyses slender, loosely coherent, sometimes with a 

greenish tinge, clavate, and blackish-brown at the tips (NO a + roseviolet); 

spores ellipsoid, 9-15 fL long, 5-6 fL thick; hymenial 

IT F

68 CYCLOCAHPINElE LECIDEA 

112. L. mesotropoides NyI. in Flora Iv. 359 (1872).-Thallus 

subdeterminate, moderate, verrucose-areolate, grcyish, the areolw 

convex (K + yellowish, CaCl -, medulla 1-). Apothecla 

small, prominent, blackish, at first plane and thmly margined, 

then convex and immarginate; paraphyses slender, more or less 

coherent; hypotheeium colourless; spores ellipsoid, 9-11 fI. long, 

6-7 fI. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in 

Grevillea i. 69; Leight. Lich. FL ed. 3, 282. 

Distinguished from L. mesotropa by the thalline reactions, the 

thinner apothecia and the shorter spores. The two BrItish specimens 

are well fertile. The spermogones, here and there vislble, have the 

spermatia 7-10 (.I. long, scarcely 1 (.I. thICk. 

Hab. On calcareous and schistose stones of a wall in an upland 

situation.-B. IH. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshrre (the only 

locality). 

113. L. mesotropiza Nyl. in Flora lvi. 20 (1873).-Thallus 

indeterminate, moderate, verrucose-rugulose, whitish (K + deep 

yellow, CaCI -). Apothecia small or sub moderate, more or leSB 

crowded, adnate, black, at first plane and thinly margined, at 

length convex, immarginate, sometimes slightly pruinose, bluishgrey 

within; paraphyses not very discrete; epithecium darkgreeniRh-blue; 

hypothecium colourless; spores ellipsoid, 11-12 (.I. 

long, 7 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, the asci violet, with 

iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea i. 142; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 275. 

Externally very similar to the preceding, from which it differs 

chiefly in the whitish verrucose thallus and the bluish epithecium. 

Hab. On schistose stones of a wall in an upland district.-B. 111. 

Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen (the only locality). 

114. L. aggregatula Nyl. in Flora lxvi. 101 (1883).-Thallus 

thickish, indetermmate, minutely granulate, the granules aggregate, 

grouped in areolw, whitish or greyish-white (K -, CaCI -). 

Apothecia small, adnate, plane, subrugulose, at times more or less 

congregate, blackish or brownish-black; hypothecium colourless; 

paraphyses slender, somewhat clavate and brown at the apices; 

spores oblong, 11-15 (.I. long; 5--6 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, 

then tawny wine-coloured with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea 

xii. 90. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 338 (as LecanoJ"a aggl'egatula). 

Considered by Nylander as allied to L. leucophwa. The thallus is 

overrun by a blue-green alga. The spermogones have the spermatia 

arcuate, 14-18 t+ long, ·5 (.I. thick. 

Hab. On rocks.-B. Ill. Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. 

115. L. subkochiana Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. 179 (1871). 

Thallus crustaceous, smooth, whitish or greyish, determinate, 

cracked-areolate, the areolw plane, contiguous (K + yellowish, 

then red, CaCI -). Apothecia black, numerous, innate or sessile

LECIDEA LECIDEACEA!: 71 

8 ..... 11 [L long, 6-8 [L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, the apices of 

the asci at length wine-red, with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 79; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 281; ed. 3, 285. L. rivulosa var. Kochiana Mudd 

Man. 199. Biatora rivulosa var. Kochiana Fr. Lich. Eur. 272 

(1831).. Lecanora mammilhfera Stirt. in Trans. Glasg. Soc. Field 

Nat. 1875, 85; A. L. Sm. Monogr. i. 309 (1918). 

Differs from the preceding mainly in the absence of intersecting 

hypothalline lines, in the darker innate immarginate apothecia, and 

the more globose spores. It is rather a variable plant, according to 

the habitat, but presents only the followmg well-marked variety. Tho 

apothecia, which are even with the thallus, are in a very young state 

thinly margined, but the margin is speedily evanescent. 

Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous regions.-Distr. Only 

here and there in Great Britain; not seen from Ireland or the Channel 

Islands.-B. M. Trellick, Monmouthshire; Cader Idris, Merioneth; 

Pen· y-gwryd, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Y strad·ffn, Carmarthenshire; 

Llanyrtyd, Breconshire; Kildale and near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Eskdale, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Craig 

Rossie, The Ochils, and Ben-y-Gloe, Perthshire; Upper Glen Dee and 

Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. 

Var. Iygrea Leight. Lich. Fl. 282 (1871).-Thallus dark, 

umber-brownish-coloured, effuse, continuous, smooth, slightly 

cracked-areolate. Apothecia smaller than in the species.-Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 286. Lecidea lygcea Ach. Syn. 34 (1814) (excl. vars. 

pel1dna, etc.). 

Distinguished by the thinner and smoother thallus and by the 

minute apothecia. Occasionally the thallus is intersected and limited 

by the dark hypothallus and the apothecia are rather larger. 

Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous regions.-Distr. 

Somewhat rare in the Channel Islands, Wales, the Grampians of Scotland 

and W. Ireland; not recorded from England.-B. M. Boulay Bay, 

Jersey; Sark; Dolgelly, Barmouth and Cader Idris, Merionoth; 

Beddgelert and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Crianlarich, Perthshirc; 

Doughruagh Mt. and Letterfrack, Galway. 

119. L. mollis Nyl. Lich. Scand. 223 (1861).-Thallus determinate, 

minutely cracked-areolate, slightly furfuraceous on the 

surface, greyish or pale-brownish-grey (K -, CaCI-); hypothallus 

blackish, limiting the thallus. Apothecia rather small, 

superficial, with thickish entire margin, black or brownish-black, 

whitish within; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses stoutish, 

loosely coherent, thicker and blackish at the apices; spores 

shortly ellipsoid or subglobose, 7-9 [Llong, 5 ..... 6 [L thick; hymenial 

gelatine pale-bluish, the asci at length wine-coloured, with iodine. 

-Leight. Lich. Fl. 277 pro parte; ed. 3, 280 pro parte. L. 

rivulosa val'. molUs Wahlenb. FI. Lapp. 472 (1812). 

Differs from L. rivulosa in thalline characters. Th. Fries (Lich. 

Scand. 45) describes the paraphyses as brown or black at tho apices. 

In our specimen they are blackish-green. •

72 QYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA 

Hab. On quartzose rocks.-B. ]f. Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire_ 

120. L. pammicta Stirton in Grevillea iii. 34 (1874).-Thallus, 

whitish or greyish, thick, cracked-areolate, the areolro minutely 

papillose (K + yellow, then orange-red). Apothecla black, sessile, 

plane, or somewhat convex wIth an undulate sometimes paler 

margin, the disc almost constantly gyrose-plicate; hypothecium 

colourless; paraphyses stout, coherent, with blackish clavate 

apices; spores ellipsoid, 8-10 fL long, 5-6 fL thick.-Leight. Lich. 

Fl. ed. 3, 283. 

Collected by Dr. Stirton on Ben Arthur (The Cobbler), Argyll, and 

considered by him to be allied to L. mollis or L. tessellata, but distinguished 

by the chemical reaction of the thallus and other characters. 

Hab. On rocks.-B . .lIf. Ben Arthur, Argyll. 

121. L. interludens Nyl. in Flora liii. 35 (1870).-Thallus 

determinate, thin, cracked-areolate, whitish or greyish-white 

. (K + tawny-yellow, CaCl -); the areolro plane, minutely 

rugulose; hypothallus blackish. Apothecia superficial, somewhat 

convex, black, immarginate, or often plane with a very thin 

white epithalline margin, colourless within; paraphyses clavate 

and brownish at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 10-12 fL long, 6-8 fL 

thick; hymenial gelatine blUIsh, the asci wine- or violet-reddish, 

with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 485 (1871); Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 287; ed. 3, 292. 

Near L. mollis, but distinguished by the firmer whiter thallus, the 

positive reaction with K, and especially by the form of the larger spores. 

The thallus is distinctly lImited, and also here and there intersected 

by the hypothallus. The two specimens gathered are well fertile. The 

not uncommon spermogones have the spermatia somewhat short. 

Hab. On'a'quartzose boulder in a subalpine.locality.-B. M. Morrone, 

Braemar, Aberdeenshrre (the only localIty). 

122. L. restricta Stirton in Trans. Glasg. Soc. Field Nat. 1875, 

88.-Thallus blackish-grey, wrinkled, thin. Apothecia black, 

adnate, small, plane, obtusely margined; hypothecium colourless; 

paraphyses distinct, filif6rm, the epithecium brownish; asci 

saccate; spores ellipsoid, 13-17 fL long, 8-10 fL thick; hymenial 

gelatine blue, then yellowish with iodme.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 

3,298. 

The specimen in Rb. Stirton was too small for examination. 

Hab. On rocks, Blair Athole, Perthshire. 

123. L. coriaceIIa Nyl. in Flora lxv. 454 (1882).-Thallus 

effuse, thinnish or moderate, somewhat smooth, leathery, imbedded 

in the rock, blackish-grey (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia 

sub moderate, innate, opaque, immarginate, blackish; hypotlwcium 

colourless; paraphyses moderate, the epithecium brown;

71 CYCLOCARPINEiE LECIDEA 

rimose-areolate or areolate-gmnulose, blackish, rarely palegreyish 

or lead-coloured, the areolm .more or less tumid, crowded 

or dispersed (K T yellowish, OaOI-, K(OaOI) + yellow then 

rose-red, quickly disappearing), medulla I + reddish); hypothallus 

thin, black, limitmg the thallus. Apothecia small, 

subinnate, at length partly prominent, at first depressed, then 

plane, at times convex, black, the margin thin, entire or obsolete; 

hypothecium thin, nearly colourless or brownish; paraphyses 

discrete, bluish-black at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 10-17 l-L long, 

6-8 (L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid, the asci tawnywine-red, 

with iodine.-L. tenebrosa Flot. ex Nyl. in Act. Soc. 

Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 373 (1856); Mudd Man. 204; Oromb. Lich. 

Brit. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. 281; ed. 3, 283.-L. endocyanea Stirt. 

in Scott. Nat. iv. 165 (1877); A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. 17 (1911). 

Verrucaria griseoatra Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. 182 (1795). 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 188 (in some sets); Oromb. n. 185. 

From its appearance this has sometimes been placed in Lecanora, 

near L. cinerea. The thallus IS occasionall,,- partly limited by the hypothallus, 

which is in young plants radiating. It has been noted by 

Zahlbruckner that a small portion of the thallus placed on a slide gives 

the reaction K(CaCI) as stated above (Bot. Abt. k. k. Nat. Hist. Mus. 

(Wien) xv. n. 2, ISO (1902). In our specimens the apothecia are usually 

numerous and not unfrequently abortive. The asci are cylindricalclavate, 

somewhat lax, and WIth the paraphyses separate readily from 

the hypothecium. The spermogones, rarely present, have the spermatia 

short, straight, bacillar, 6-9 l-L long, about I (L thick (fide Th. M. 

Fries Lich. Scand. 541). 

Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.-Distr. 

Local, though plentIful where it occurs in the Channel Islands, N. 

England and Wales, among the Grampians, Scotland; apparently 

rare in S.E. Ireland.-B. M. NOlrmont, Jersey; Sark; Malvern HIlls, 

Worcestershire; Abdon Burf, Shropshire; Cader Idris, Barmouth, 

and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Cwm Idwall, Nant Francon, Carnarvonshrre; 

\Vindermere, Westmorland; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Achosragan Hill, 

Appin, Argyll; Crianlarich, Craig Tulloch, Ben Lawers, and Ben-ygloe, 

Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Glen Callater and 

Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; Ben 

More, 1. of Mull; near Cork. 

, 

128. L. athrocarpa Ach. Meth. 41 (1803).-Thallus indeterminate, 

flattened, areolate-diffract, subopaque, greyish- or 

brownish-black (K -, OaOI-, medulla I + bluish); hypothallus 

black, only here and there visible. Apothecia adnate, 

plane, at length slIghtly convex, thinly margined, often subangulose, 

bla,ck; hypothecium colourless or brownish; paraphyses 

slender, soft, somewhat irregular; epithecium brownish; spores 

ellipsoid, 18-20 (L long, 9-1] [J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, 

then partly wine-red with iodine.-L. atrofuscescens Nyl. in Flora 

xlIx. 371 (1866); Oromb. Lich. Brit. 83; Leight. Lich. Fl. 286; 

cd. 3, 292. Lwhen athrocarpus Ach. Prodr. Lich. Suec. (179R)'

LECIDEA LECIDEACEJE 

Intermediate between J-. fuscoatra and L. griseoatra, but readily 

distinguished from these and the allied species by the larger' spores .. 

The thallus generally spreads somewhat extensively over the substratum, 

though at times interruptedly when associated with other 

lichens. In our specimens the apothecia are numerous, crowded but 

distinct, and usually angulose. The spermogones, here ani! there 

visible, have the spermatia bacillar, 7-9 [J- long, 1 [J- thick (fide Nyl. in 

Flora lxx. 134 (1887». 

Hab. On rocks and boulders, schistose and greenstone, in upland 

situations.-Distr. Seen only from two localIties in Scotland.-B. 111. 

King's Park, Stirling; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

129. L. confusula Ny!. in Flora Iv. 360 (1872).-Thallus 

thinnish, indeterminate, granulate or granulate-conglomerate, the 

glomcrules thin, scattered, olive-grey or greyish-brown (K-, 

CaCI -). Apothecia small, adnate, convex, immarginate, black; 

hypothecium colourless; paraphyses conglutinate; epithecium 

yellowish-brown; spores ellipsoid, 7-11 [J- long, 4-5 [J- thick; 

hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.--Cromb. in Grevillea i. 

61; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 266. 

Hab. On micaceous rocks or on walls.-B. ]}1. Craig Tulloch, Blair 

Athole, Perthshire (the only localIty). 

130. L. nigrificans Ny!. in Flora lix. 307 (1876).-Thallus 

indeterminate, effuse, thin, rugulose, areolate-cracked, opaque, 

blackish, internally green (K -). Apothecia small, subprominent, 

plane, slightly margined, black, the margin at times 

bluish-grey-pruinose; hypotheeium colourless; paraphyses 

distinct, moderate; the epithecium blackish-blue-green; spores 

ellipsoid, 11-12 [J- long, 6-7 [J- thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red 

with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea v. 27; Leight. Lieh. Fl. ed. 

3,292. 

Distinguished from L. confusula by the darker thallus and by the 

apothecial characters. 

Hab. On a schistose rock in a maritime district.-B. 111. Killery Bay, 

Connemara, Galway (the only locality). 

131. L. asperella Stirton in .Trans. Glasg. Soc. Field Nat. 

1875, 87.-Thallus black, thickish, granular, furfuraceous, 

cracked-areolate, determinate. Apothecia black, small, adnate, 

plane, the margin thin, shining; hypothecium colourless, 

sub tended by a brownish-black eXClpulum; paraphyses not very 

distinct, the apices clavate, bluish; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 7-10 [Jlong, 

4-5 [J- thick; hymenial gelatine intensely and persistently 

blue with iodine_-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 283. 

. Our portion of Stirton's specimen is too minute for examination. 

ThE! species was regarded by Stirton as close to L. furvella, but the 

colourless hypothecium is a sufficiently distinguishing character and 

placcs it in thIS group. 

Hab. On rocks.-B. ]}f. Ben-y.gloe, Perthshire.

LECIDEA LECIDEACELE 77 

In the Br;tish specimens the thallus is either rather scattered (form 

dispersa Arnold III Flora h. 35 (1868)), or more commonly scarcely 

visible. The apothecia are rather variable, being frequently, as 

Schrerer says, minute and several aggregate with a common exciple. 

TIns, as in other cases, is owing to the growth of young fruit upon 

the old. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks in hIlly and mountainous districts. 

Distr. Seen from only a few locahties III W. and Central England, N. 

Wales and the Grampians, Scotland.-B.ll:l. Bathampton Downs, 

Somerset; Black Dale, near Buxton, Derbyshire; Lyn Cae, Cader 

Idris, Merioneth; Cunswick Scar, Whitbarrow and Mallerstang, West· 

morland; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Blair 

Athole, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

135. L. subumbonella Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxx. 409 

(1883).-Thallus effuse, thinnish, unequal, white, subopaque 

(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia minute or subminute, somewhat 

plane, margined, umbonate in the centre, black, opaque; hypothecium 

thickish, brown; paraphyses sub coherent, pale-brown 

at the apices; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 16-22 [! long, 7-9 [l. thick; 

hymenial gelatine bluish, the asci at length tawny-wine-red, 

with lOdine.-L. subumbonata Nyl. in Flora lix. 236 (1876), non 

in Flora Iv. 358 (1872); Cromb. in Grevillea v. 28; Leight. Lich. 

Fl. ed. 3, 306. 

Exs!cc. Johns. n. 42\). 

Tho apothecia, frequent in the specimens from Ireland, often appear 

as if divided into several hymenia. The spermogones, sparmgly 

present, have the spermatia cylindrical, or fusiform-cylindrical, 4-7 [l. 

long, 0·8 [l. thick. Johnson's speClmen from Cumberland has a somewhat 

thicker areolate thallus, and the apothecia arc occasionally 

aggregate. 

Hab. On mica-schist rocks in upland situations.-B. M. Wastdale, 

Cumberland; near Letterfrack, Connemara, Galway. 

136. L. contortula Stirton in Scott. Nat. iv. 167 (1877). 

Thallus pale or leaden-grey, thickish, somewhat wrinkled, rimoseareolate 

(K -, CaCI -). Apothecia black, adnate, rather large, 

plane or somewhat convex, umbonate or gyrose-plicate, with a 

thlCk margin; hypothecium brownIsh-black, brownish upwards; 

paraphyses distinct, brown at the apices; spores oblong or fusiform 

oblong, 15-21 [l. long, 6-7'5 fL broad, hymenial gelatine blue 

then wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 307. 

Stirton considered his species as allied to L. 81lbumbonella, but in 

L. contortula the paraphyses are slender and distmct and bright 

olivaceous-green to brown at the apices. The gyrose character as in 

L. jurana is due to the inclusion of several small apothecia of varying 

stages of development within a rather flexuose common exciple_ 

Johnson's specimen from Bywell is more akin to L. contigua var. 

platycarpa. 

Hub. On rocks.-B. M. Near Salen, I. of Mull, Argyll.


continuous and fiat or sometimrs l50nvex and somewhat tumid 

(K -, CaCl -); hypothalllls black. Apothecia seated on the 

thallus, varying in size, '5 mm. to 2 mm. wide, plane or convex, 

somewhat rough, the margin thick obtuse, prominent, or generally 

almost opliterated; hypothecium thick, blackish-brown; paraphyses 

slender, subcoherent, dark- or olivaceous-brown at the 

apices; spores ellipsoid, large, 16-27 (J. long, 8-13 (J. thick; 

hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red with iodme.-l\Iudd Man. 

209 (excl. syn.); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 80 (excl. vars. crustulata and 

speirea); Leight. Lieh. FJ. 292; cd. 3, 299 (exel. forms meiospora 

and aggerata). Verrucafia contigua RoHm. Deutsehl. Fl. ii. 184 

(1795). 

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 381 (f. limitata), 380; Leight. nos. 155, 

156, 357; Mudd n. 180 (as L. conjluens). 

The thallus and apothecia of this lichen vary considerably in 

appearance, giving rise to a large number of varieties which have been 

described by Leighton as forms. They arc all distinguished by the 

constant characters of the apothecium, its thick dark· coloured hypothecium 

and somewhat large ellipsoid spores. When the thallus is 

bmited and intersected by the hypothallus, it is f. lirnitata Leight. 

(Lich. Fl. 292; ed. 3, 299); when it occurs in round somewhat furfuraceous 

patches with rather small apothecia, it is f. leprosa LeIght. 

(ll. c.). Another series of forms have a thick well-developed thallus 

and occasionally very large apothecia; var. nobilis Fr. (I. c. 301, f. 

nobilis Leight. ll. c.) is characterized by having the thallus thick, 

tartareouB, areolate and turgid; while f. Hoffrnanni Leight. (ll. c.) is 

lighter in colour and less turgid with larger apothecia. In var. notabilia 

Ny!. (in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn n. ser. i. 241 (1859», (f. notabilis 

Leight. 1. c. ed. 3, 302), the thallus is whitish and unequally minutely 

granulose, the granules dispersed or sometimes in small clusters (acervulate), 

resembling the thallus of Stereocaulon condensatum. Leighton 

describes a further evidently rare form as f. pustulata (1. c. 302), which 

is yellowish-grey, limited by the black hypothallus, and areolate, the 

areoloo plane with central sorediate protuberances; some of these are 

enlarged into orbicular, rather flat tubercles, in which are embedded 

a conglomeration of minute marginate black apothecia. 

Hab. On rocks in maritime or hilly regions.-Distr. Common 

throughout Great Britam and Ireland.-B . .IJf. Endellion and Roscoila, 

Cornwall (f. lirtntata); Crown, East Down, Dartmoor, Devon; Leith 

Hill, Surrey; Charnwood Forest, Leicester; near Mal vern, Worcester; 

Caer Caradoc, Haughmond Hill (I. leprosa), and near Ludlow, Shropshire; 

near Monmouth; Aran Mawddwy, Llyn Aran, Cader Idris, 

and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Carnedd Dafydd, Nant Ffrancon, Beddgelert, 

and Capel Curig, Carnarvon; Roughton, Lincoln; Ayton, 

Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Staveley, Croggs Bridge, 

Red Soreos, Langdale, Mardale, and Pugh Crag, Westmorland; near 

Whitehaven and St. Bees, Cumberland; Westwater, FOliar; Lochlillo-gat, 

Ben Lawers, Killin, near Crieff, Glen Lochay, Craig Calliach, 

and Ben-y-gloe, Perthshire; Barcaldine, Lorne, Achosragan Hill, 

Appin and Island of Lismore, Argyll; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; 

Brandon Mt., Kerry; near Cork; Lettermore and Kylemore, 

Connemara, Galway; Slievemore Mt., Achili Island, Mayo.

82 CYCLOCARPINElE LEctDla 

141. L. percontigua Ny!. in .Florl!- lxv. 457 (1882).-Thallus 

unequally granulate-areolate, ashy-grey (K + yellow then red). 

Apothecia large, umbonate, otherwise, as in L. contigua.-L. 

cont1gua var. percontlgua A. L. Sm. Monogr. Part Ii. 68 (1911). 


As a number of specimens have been added to the herbarium in 

recent years in all of which the thalline reaction with potash is very 

pronounced, it has seemed advisable to give the plant specific ranIr 

as first published by Nylander. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distj·. Rare in Wales, more abundant in N. 

England.-B. JJ1. Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Reston Scar and Staveley, 

Northumberland; Barrowmouth, Whitehaven, Cum berland. 

142. L. petrosa Arn. in Flora Ii. 36 (1868).-Thallus whitish, 

hluish- or yellowish-white, thinly cracked-areolate or almost 

obsolete (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia sessile or adnate, solitary 

or two or three together, at first plane with a prominent margin, 

brownish-black; hypothecium brownish or reddish-black; paraphyses 

stoutish, conglutinate, the hymenium faintly blue-green 

or coerulescent, the epithecium dark, purplish-bluish- or greenishbrown; 

spores ellipsoid, 16-3Q !J. long, 9-13 p. thick; hymenial 

gelatine blue with iodine. 

Distinguished by the pervading blue colour internally of the 

apothecium which becomes violet on the application of potash. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Di8tr. Chiefly in hilly or mountainous 

regions.-B. M. Malham, Yorkshire; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire. 

143. L. mersata Stirton in Scott. Nat. v. 218 (1880).-TballuB 

pallid or bluish-white, sometimes faintly reddish, rather thin, 

almost continuous, smooth, here and there slightly crackedareolate 

(K -, CaCI -). Apotheeia adnate, black, rather large, 

plane, narrowly marginate becoming convex; hypothecium 

thick, brownish-black; paraphyses discrete, slender slightly 

clavate, clear greenish-blue at the tips; spores ellipsoid or fusiform-ellipsoid, 

22-36 1J. long, 8-11 p. thick; hymenial gelatine 

blue, the asci yellowish with iodine. 

Nearly allied to L. petro8a but differing in the substratum ahd in 

tho form of the thallus, &0. These differences might possibly be due 

to the submerged habitat. Stirton considered it as near to L. cyanothalama 

Ny!. (Flora Iv. 358 (1872) from the Faroe Islands. 

Hab. On granitic submerged rooks.-B . .lIf. Looh Rannach, Perthshire. 

144. L. sorediza Ny!. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. set. 2, vi. 

292 (1872).-l'hallus determinate, smooth, areolate-rimulose, 

crowdedly p,oredil)se, greyish; the soredia thin, plane, rotundatr 

(K. -. CaCl- medulla I - or + bluish); hypothallus blackish.


Apothecia large or submoderate. plane, margined, black, bluishgrey-pruinose; 

hypothecium brownish-black; paraphyses 

moderate or thickish; epithecium brownish; spores fusiformellipsoid, 

15-22 !.I. long, 7-9 (1. thick; hymonial gelatine, as also 

the asci, bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. 141 

(1875); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 305. 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 181; Johns. n. 349. 

Differs from L. contigua in the peculiar soredia, the thicker paraphyses, 

and the reaction with iodine ; Johnson gives the thalline reaction 

as CaCI + yellowish in his specimen. The hypothallus limits the 

thallus and is occasionally elsewhere visible. In the British specimens 

the apothecia are usually somewhat scattered. The spermogones have 

the spermatia straight, 6-8 (1. long (fide Ny!. Lich. Pyr. Or. Obs. Nov. 63 

(1891)). 

Hab. On rocks, gneissic and schistose, in upland hilly situations. 

Distr. Widely distributed and frequent in W. and N. England, N. Wales, 

and the S. Grampians, Scotland.-B. M. Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; 

Dolgelly, Merioncth; Dent and Langbaurghrigg, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; Reston Scar, Westmorland; Keswick, Cumberland; The 

Trossachs, Perthshire. 

Form depauperata Cromb. ms.-Thallus thin, nearly esoridiose, 

greyish or glaucous-white. the areolre dispersed; hypothallus 

predominating. 

Probably only a less developed state with a few very small soredia 

here and there visible. The apothecia are but little pruinose. It 

seoms to connect the type with form esorediza Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. 

Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. 454 (1878). 

Hab. On calcareous rocks in a mountainous district.-B. 1JI. 

Twelve Pins, Connemara, Galway; Clare Island, Mayo. 

145. L. tenebrans Nyl. in Flora lix. 309 (1876). Thallus determinate, 

continuous, rimulose, leaden-greyish or dark-Ioadencoloured 

(K -, CaCI -, medulla partly I + bluish); hypothallus 

black. Apothecia moderate in size, plane and tllinly margined, 

then convex and immarginate, black; hypotheeium thick, 

brownish-black; paraphyses slender, greenish-black at the 

apices; • spores ellipsoid, 18-24 (1. long, 10-13 (1. thick; hymonial 

gelatine and asci persistently deep-blue with iodine.-Cromb. 

in Grevillea v. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,·303. 

Perhaps, as Nylander says, only a subspecies of L. contigua, differing 

chiefly in the dark colour of the thallus and in the reaction of the 

hymerual gelatine. In the two specimens seen the apothecia are here 

and there several confluent. 

Hab. On schistose rocks in a mountainous region.-B. M. Summit 

of Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway (the only locality). 

146. L. albocrerulescens Ach. Meth. 52 (1803).-Thallus Bubdeterminate, 

thickish, smooth, continuous or at length cracked,

LECIDEA LECIDEAOElE 87 

parte; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FJ. 175; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. 

ii. 118 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 80 (excl. var.); LeIght. Lich. 

Fl. 295; ed. 3, 303-4 (incJ. forms lwv2.qata and rimoso-a,·eolata). 

L. contigua var. confluerls Mudd Man. 210 (1861) pro parte. 

Lichen confluens Weber Spicil. Fl. Goett. 180, t. 2 (1778), With. 

Arr. ed. 3, iv. 8 (exd. vars.); Eng!. Bot. t. 1964. 

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 182; Johns. nos. 382, 383, 384. 

Differs from L. contigua in the frequently confluent apothecia, 

the chemical reaction of the medulla, and the much smaller spores. 

Where the apothecia are complicate by exceSSIve lateral pressure and 

reticulate from the combined prominent margms it is f. complicata 

Leight. (Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 304), represented in the British Museum by two 

specimens from Cader Idris, Merioneth, and from Morrone, Braemar, 

Aberdeenshire. In f. steriza Leight. (l. c.) the thallus is evanescent; 

in f. minor Leight. (l. c.) the apothecia are minute, plane or convex, 

and more or less confluent. 

Hab. On rocks and stone walls.-Distr. Common in mountainous 

districts, rare in S. England.-B. M. Neal' St. Austell, Cornwall; 

Ardingly Rocks and Arundel, Sussex; Vlting, Essex; Cader Idrls, 

Merioneth; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale and near Darlmgton, 

Durham; Kentmere, 'Vestmorland; Ennerdale, Cumberland; Gullane 

Links, Haddmgton; West Water, File; Sidlaw Hills and Baldovan, 

Forfarshire; Ben Chalun, Ben More, Ben Lawers, Cairn Gowar, Blair 

Athole and near "Killin, Perthshire; Achosragan HIll, Appin, Argyll; 

Ben Nevis, Inverness·shire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

Form oxydata Leight. Lich. FJ. ed. 3, 304.-Thallus rustyred 

or yellowish. Apothecia confluent or scattered. 


Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Somewhat rare in mountainous districts.- 

B. lJ!. Beddgelert, Merioneth; Herdhouse Fell, Cumberland; Achosragan 

Hill, Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, 

A berdeenshire. 

152. L. cinerascens A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate or snbeffuse, 

cracked-areolate, whitish or glaucous-white (K -, CaCI -, 

medulla I + bluish); hypothallus whitish, at times limiting the 

thallus. Apothecia submoderate, at first innate, plane, with 

whitish-suffused pseudothalline margin, at length convex, prominent 

and immarginate, black, naked or slightly pruinose; 

hypothecium thick, blackish; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, 

dark-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 10-15 !L long, 5-7 !L 

thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Lecidea speirea 

Ach. Meth. 52 (1803); in Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808, 263; Cromb. 

in Grevillea xii. 57. L. contigua var. speirea Cromb. Lich. Brit. 

80. Lichen speireus Ach. Prodr. 59 (1798). Lichen cinerascens 

With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 8 (1796); Cromb. in Grevillea xii. 57 (1883). 

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 121 pl.; Johns. ll. 386. 

Distinct from the preceding in the whitish hypothallus and in the 

pseudo-Iecanorine apothecia, which are usually scattered ano 80htar:y

L1WID1!lA LECIDEACElE 

164. L. tabidula Nyl. in Flora lxii. 357 (1879).-Thallus effuse, 

scattered, thin or very thin, unequal, blackish (K -, CaCI -). 

ApotheCla minute, plane, slightly margined, often aggregate, 

black; hypothecium and perithecium dark-brown (or reddIshbrown 

in thin section); paraphyses not well discrete, the 

epithecmm sordid-bluish-black; spores ellipsoid, 11-16 !L long, 

6-7 !L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then tawny-wine-coloured 

with iodme.-Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 112. 

The thallus is but little visible and appears only in £he immediate 

vicinity of the fructifications wInch generally occur in scattered small 

groups. It is near to L. deparcula but dIffers in the larger spores and 

other characters. Spermogones are here and there present with 

slightly arcuate spermatia 12-14 fl. long, ·5 !L thick, though their 

identity with the species, as in other instances, IS uncertain. 

Hab. On quartzose stones in an alpine situation.-B. M. Summit of 

Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only record). 

165. L. polyantha Tayl. ex Leight. Lich. F1. ed. 3, 252 (1879). 

-Thallus yellowish-brown, tartareous, thin, plane, rimulose, 

areolate, (K + yellow, CaCI + orange-yellow). ApotheCla black, 

small, sessile, with a prominent entire margin; hypothecium 

thick, reddish-brown; paraphyses distinct, pale at the tips; 

spores ellIpsoid, 11-12 fl. Jong, 7 !J. thick (or smaller); hymenial 

gelatine blue, the asci brown, with iodine. 

On examination of the type specimen at Kew it was found that the 

epithecium was blue-green or faintly blackIsh, the parapllyses slender 

and very lax. 

'Hab. On sandstone.-Di8Ir. Rare in S. England and Wales. 

166. L. contIguella Ny!. in Flora lvi. 295 (1873).-Thallus 

determinate, thinly areolate-rimose, whitish (K -, CaCI-, 

medulla I -); hypothallus black, limiting the thallus. Apothe 

cia moderate, adnate, plane, marginate, black; hypothecium 

dark-brown; paraphyses slender, almost distinct; epithecium 

bluish-black; spores oblong, 11-15 fl. long, 4'5-5'5 !J. thick; 

hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-reddish with iodine.-Cromb. 

in Grevillea ii. 90 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 296. 

Resembles L. laclea Floerke, but is distinguished by the absence of 

any thalline reactions. The apothecia are often crowded and angulose, 

wIth the margin more or less flexuose. The spcrmogones, rarely 

present in the specimens gathered, have the spermatia bacillar, about 

7 fl. long, 1 [L thick. 

Hab. On a felspathic boulder in an alpine locality.-B. M. Morrone, 

Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the only locality). 

167. L. auriculata Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 213 (1860).-Thallus 

whitish, ashy-grey or brownish, cracked-areolate sometimes 

evanescent (K -, CaCI -). Apothecia appressed or adnate, at 

first plane then more or less convex, with the centre somewhat


parte; ed. 3, 243, pro parce. Rhizocarpon armeniacum DC. Fl. 

:I!'r. ii. 366 (1805). . 

Readily distinguished by the turgid b.rightly coloured thallus and by 

the thaJline reactions. The two varieties, according to Nylander, grow 

together with intermediate states on the mountains of Dauphine. 

Hab. On siliceous rocks.-B. ],1. Craig-na-Lochan, Breadalbane, 

Perthshire (specimen from Stirton herbarium). 

Var. aglreoides Nyl. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. vii. 401 (1863). 

Thallus normally yellow or pale-ochroleucous, the areolre usually 

rugose. Apothecia convex; spores 9-13 (J.long, 4'5-5'5 (J. thick. 

-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 83. 

Nylander (in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. ser. 2, vi. 278 (1872)) has more 

recently suggested that this is only a state in which the thallus remains 

longer of a paler colour, though at length in the herbarium it becomes 

concolorous with that of the type. In the single British specimen the 

areolm are somewhat'scattered, with the hypothallus very conspicuous. 

Hab. On a granitoid boulder in an alpine situation.-B. M. Near 

the summit of Craig Calliach. Perthshire (the only locality). 

Var. lutescens Ny!. l. c.-Thallus smoothish, pale-ochroleucous 

or whitish, subopaque. Apothecia at length superficial, 

somewhat convex; spores as in the preceding variety. -Psora 

spectabilis var. lutescens Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. 66 (1860). 

Characterized by the paler thallus which apparently does not 

become reddish in the herbarIUm. Nylander says that it often has 

the aspect of L. marginata Schmr., but differs from that in the internal 

colour of the apothecia. The single BrItish specimen is well fertile, 

both apothecia and spermogones being frequent. 

Hab. On a schistose rock in an alpine locality.-B. M. Near the 

summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

176. L. fuscoatra Ach. Meth. 44 (1803) pro parte.--..Thallus 

determmate, arcolate, the areolre plane or slightly convex;brown, 

chestnut-brown or copper-coloured, somewhat shining (K-, 

CaCI + reddish, medulla I -) ; hypothallus black, usually 

limiting the thallus. Apothecia moderate in size, black, 

appressed, at first plan'e and thinly margined, becoming often 

convex and immargmate; hypothccium dark-brown; paraphyses 

coherent, blackish at the apices; spores ellipsoid, or oblongellipsoid, 

10-16 (J.long, 5-7 [L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then 

violet-wine-coloured with iodine.-Hook. FI. Scot. ii. 37; S. F. 

Gray Nat. Arr. i. 463; Hook. in Sm. Eng!. F!. 174; Tay!. in Mackay 

FI. Hib. ii. 117; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 83; Leight. Lich. FI. 287; 

ed. 3, 293; 'var. gibba Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 475 (1812); f. gibba 

Leight. ll.c.; f. dendritica Cromb. Lich. Brit. 83 (1870). L. 

fumosa Ach. Meth. 41 (1803); Hook. F!. Scot. ii. 37; S. F. Gray 

Nat. Arr. i. 463 (excl. syn.); Mudd Man. 211. L. cechumena 

Ach. Moth. 42 (1803); Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 175. Mchen


Nab. On rocks and boulders, very rarely on brick walls, from 

maritime to subalpine tracts.-Distr. Here and there in Great Britain; 

rare in W. Ireland; not found with certainty in the Channel Islands. 

B. III. Near Hastings, Sussex; Crown Hill, Devon; near Monmouth; 

Dolgelly, Merioneth; Lyth Hill. Shropshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, 

and Langbaurghrigg, Yorkshire; Durham; near Hexham. Northumber. 

land; Black Lot, ncar Brandon and Pugh Crag, Westmorland; Ennerdale 

and near Penrith, Cumberland; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; 

Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Letter Hill, Connemara, Galway. 

Var. Mosigii Nyl. Lich. Scand. 230 (1861).-ThalluB chestnutor 

greyish-brown, smoothish. Apothecia moderate or somewhat 

large, innate, plane, thinly margined, pruinose, the margin often 

flexuose and naked.-f. Mosigii Leight. Lich. Fl. 288; ed. 3, 294; 

f. deusta Leight. Lich. Fl. 289; ed. 3, l. c. L.fumosa var. Mosigii 

Ach. Lich. Univ. 157 (1810); val'. deusta Mudd Man. 211 (1861) 

(non Fries). 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 450; Leight. n. 240 pro parte. 

Dlffers chiefly in the pruinoso apothecia which arc either somewhat 

scattered or crowded and at times contiuent. The thallus is limited 

by the hypothallus, which is also occasionally more or less visible 

between the areollE. 

Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime and mountainous 

districts.-Distr. Only here and there in Great Britain; rare in S. 

and W. Ireland (Connemara, Galway, fide Leight.); not found with 

certainty in the Channel Islands.-B. M. Roughton, Cornwall; N. 

Derbyshire; Dolgelly, Merionoth; The Wrekin, Shropshire; near 

Llanwrtyd, Breconshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Penrith, 

Cumberland; Achosmgan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Perthshire; 

near Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; 

ncar Bantry, Cork 

177. L. nigrogrisea Ny!. in Flora lxii. 357 (1879).-Thallus 

indeterminate, moderate or thinnish, granulate-areolate, greyish; 

the areolre subconvex, somewhat shining (K -, OaOI -, medulla 

I -). Apothecia at first plane and thinly margined, then somewhat 

convex and almost immarginate, black; hypothecium 

brown; epithecium and perithecium blackish; spores ellipsoidoblong, 

7 -11 [L)ong, 4-5'[1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, the asci 

at length tawny-wine-coloured, with iodine.-Oromb. in Grevillea 

viii. 113. 

Distinguished from all states of L. jU8coatra by the absence of any 

thalline reactions and by the smaller spores. In the specimen aeen, the 

apothecia are somewhat crowded. The spermogones, occasionally 

present, have the spermatia straight, 6-8 [1. long, 6 !J. thick. 

Hab. On a mica-schist wall in an upland district.-B. M. Craig 

Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the_only locality). 

178. L. macula Tay!. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 115 (1836); N yl. 

in Flora lxii. 361 (1879).-Thallus determinate, thin, areolaterimose, 

smooth, the areolre minute, concave, then somewhat plane,


more or less scattered, pale- or olive-greyish (K -, CaCI -) ; 

hypo thallus very thin, black. Apothecia minute, innate, plane, 

margined, black, the margin slightly prominent; hypothecium 

brown; paraphyses concrete; epithecium bluish-brown; spores 

minute, oblong-ellipsoid, 6--8 [L long, 3-4 (.L thick; hymenial 

gelatine pale-bluish then tawny with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. 

Bot. xx. 275 (1882). L. perustu1a Ny!. 1. c. 221; Cromb. in 

GreviIIea viii. 29. L. nitida Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 295, pro parte 

(non Schoor.). 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 278 (as L. juscoatra var.). 

Resembles a diminutive state of L. jU8coatra, but differs in the 

absence of any thalline reactions and the much smaller spores. The 

numerous inconspicuous apotheeia occasionally have the margins paler. 

The predominant black hypo thallus gives a very dark appearance. 

Ilab. On siliceous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. 

Dilltr. Only a few localities in Wales and W. Ireland, probably overlooked 

elsewhere.-B. M. Barmouth, Merioneth; lJanberis, Carnarvonshire; 

Dunkerron, Kerry; Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway. 

179. L. endomelaena Leight. in Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) ser. 

2, i. 239, t. 32, figs. 13 & 14 (1878).-Thallus pale-greyish-green, 

opaque, granular, the granules large, scattered or aggregate, 

convex, composed of minute conglomerate convex roundish Ot· 

sublobate subfurfuraceous squamules (K + pale-yellow, CaCI + 

pale-yellow). Apothecia violet-black, rather large, innate-sessile, 

at first plane with a thickish margin, then convex and immarginate, 

slightly pruinose; hypothecium very thick, brownish-black, with 

a paler brown stratum below; paraphyses coherent, brown at 

the apices; spores elongate-cylindrical, small, 11-12 (.L long, 4-5 (.L 

thick or rather larger; hymenial gelatine palish-blue-violet with 

iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 247. 

Hab. On stone walls in upland districts.-B. M. Moel-y-gest, neal 

Tremadoc, C'arnarvonshire. 

18u. L. fuHginosa 'ray!. in Mackay FJ. Hib_ ii. 131 (1836). 

Thallus dark-brown or reddish, granular-squamulose, conglomerate 

(K -, CaCI -), with a blackish-brown byssoid hypothallus. 

Apotheria black, small, solitary or aggregate, somewhat 

convex, with a thin disappearing margin; hypothecium thick, 

brownish-black; paraphyses coherent, yellowish-brown, and 

brownish- or bluish-black at the apices; spores ellipsoid, smail, 

8-10 [J. long, 4-6 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine, especially the asci, 

bluish with iodine.-Mudd Man. 208; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 77; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 255; cd. 3, 247. L. conjusa Ny!. Lich. Scand. 

216 (1861). 


The thallus is somewhat variable, as the squamulose granules may 

be either congested or scattered. The hypothallus is mainly composed

LEOIDEA LECIDEACElE 103 

brownish-black; paraphyses few, slender, irregular; spores 

oblong, 13 !L long, 6-7 !L thick; hymenial gelatine pale-blue then 

dark-wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 278. 

Hab. On turfy earth. Collected by Dr. Stirton near Garve, Rossshire. 

184. L. mullensis Stirton in Scott. Nat. iv. 166 (1877). 

Thallus dark or blackish-grey, areolate-warted, cracked, formed 

of erect columellm, either connate or dispersed (K + yellow, 

medulla + yellow then ferruginous-red). Apothecia black, subinnate, 

small, plane, acutely margined, the margin often fiexuose 

or undulate; hypothecium thickish, brown or brownish-black; 

paraphyses irregular, indistinct, black at the apices; spores 

ellipsoid, 6-9 !L long, 4-6 !L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then 

wine-red with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 288. 

Hab. On rocks.-B. II!. Ben More, Island of Mull. 

185. L. callista Stirton in Grevillea iii. 34 (1874).-'I.'hallus 

dark-brownish-black, granular, the granules dispersed or conglomerate. 

Apothecia black, small, bluish-grey pruinose, sessile, 

crowded, often contiguous, the margin prominent, infiexed; hypothecium 

brownish-black, thin; paraphyses rather indistinct, 

thickish, clavate, and brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid or 

cylindrical, small, 12-14 !L long, -3 !L thick; hymenial gelatine 

intensely blue or almost black with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 

3,276. 

Hab. On rocks. Collected by Dr. Stirton near Grantown, Invernessshiro. 

186. L. furvella Nyl. in Mudd Man. 207 (1861).-Thallus 

effuse, thickish, granulose-furfuraceous, areolate-diffract, darkolive-brown 

or blackish, opaque (K -, CaCI-); hypothallus 

blackish. Apothecia small, appressed, plane, wrinkled, margined, 

black, the margin thin, fiexuose, persistent; paraphyses coherent, 

bluish- or brownish-black at the apices; hypothecium dark-brown; 

spores ellipsoid, 11-16 !L long, 6-9 !L thick; hymenial gelatine 

bluish then wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 272; ed. 3, 272. L. furvu1a Nyl. in Flora xlix. 418 

(1866); Cromb. 1. c.; Leight. ll. c. 

A well-marked species, having much the appearance of Pannularia 

nigra. The soft somewhat iSldioid thallus is loosely adherent to the 

substratum. Tho more or less scattered apothecia are usually as if 

plieate, though hore and there quito regular. 

Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in mountainous regions.-Distr. 

Local, though not \mfrequent where It occurs, among the Grampians, 

Scotland.-B. JJ1. Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Glen Fonder and Ben 

Vrackie, Perthshire; Morrone and Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.


187. L. subfurva Ny!. in Flora Iv. 360 (1872).-Thallus 

indeterminate minutely furfuraceous and deeply cracked-areolate, 

brownish-black or greyish-brown (K -, CaCI -); hypo thallus 

black, scarcely visible. Apothecia small, plane, thin wrinkled, 

often angulose with a thin persistent margin, brownish-black; 

hypothecium dark-brown; paraphyses indistinct, irregularly 

coherent, the epithecium dark-greenish blue, the colour penetrating 

downwards; spores broadly ellipsoid, 11-12 fL long, 9 fL 

thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Cromb. in 

Grevillea i. 61; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 250. 

The thallus resembles that of L. furvella, but it differs in the smaller 

spores and in the colour of the epithecium. In some of the specimens 

examined the paraphyses are brown upwards. The thallus spreads 

extensively, but the apothecia are few and mostly developed towards the 

centre. 

Hab. On micaceous rocks and walls in upland situations.-Dislr. 

Local though plentiful where it occurs among the Central Grampians, 

Scotland.-B. M. Craig Tulloch and Glen Fender, Blair Athole, by 

Loch Earn and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

188. L. insularis Ny!. in Bot. Not. 1852, 177.-Thallus 

determinate, verrucose-unequal, areolate-difIract, moderately 

thick; the areolm verrucose-plicate, somewhat shining, brownishgrey 

or tawny-brown (K + yellow, CaCI-) ; hypothallus blackish. 

Apothecia small, appressed, plane, black, margined, the margin 

thin, prominent, flexuose; hypothecium brownish-black; paraphyses 

concrete, dark-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 

10-12 fL long, 5-6 fL thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordidviolet 

with iodine.-L. intumescens Ny!. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. 

sk 3, i. 373 (1856); Mudd Man. 205, t. 3, f. 76; Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 85; Leight. Lich. F!. 254; ed. 3, 246. L. badia var. 

intumcscens Flot. Lich. SIles. n. 175 (1830). 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 161; Mudd n. 174. 

Distinguished by the manner and place of growth. With us it 

always forms small, orbicular, insulated patches on the thallus of 

Lecanora (glaucoma) sordida, usually limIted by the hypothallus. As 

noted by Mudd, though not strictly a paraSIte, It at length destroys the 

thallus of the plant upon which it grows. In the specimens seen the 

apothecia are numerous and crowded. 

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland hilly districts.-Dislr. 

Only here and there sparingly III Great Britain; not seen from Ireland 

or the Channel Islands.-B. lIf. Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Gimlet 

Rock, Pwllheli, and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; 

Lounsdale and Clifi'rigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Portlethen, 

Kincardineshire. . 

189. L. submoestula Ny!. in Flora lix. 235 (1876).-Thallus 

effuse, minutely granular, crowded or subdispersed, brownish-grey 

(K -, CaCl -). Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, black, 

often several-connate; hypothecium thick, dark-reddish-brown;

LECIDEA LECIDEACEiE 105 

paraphyses indistinct, the epithecium greenish-black, the colour 

penetrating into the narrow hymenium; spores ellIpsoid, small, 

6-10 (.I. long, 3·5 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then tawnywine-coloured 

with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea v. 26; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 268. 

Considered by Nylander to be near to L. moestula, but the epithecial 

colOUrIng indicates the sect. Euleculea. 

The specim.ens from Ireland are overrun by a blue.green alga 

(Stigonema sp.). In the Cornwall specimen (from Hb. Martmdale) 

determined by E. 'V. Holmes, there is no alga present and the scattered 

granules have flattened and developed into small scattered whitish-grey 

areolffi. 

Hab. On dry arenaceous rocks in maritime districts.-B. M. 

Grayley, Cornwall; road to Westport, Kylemore, Connemara, Galway. 

190. L. alienata Nyl. in Flora lxii. 362 (1879).-Thallus effuse, 

somewhat granular or leprose, unequal, thin, scattered, greyishyellow 

JKf + yellowish, K(CaCI) + pale-tawny-reddish). Apothe 

cia minute, prominent, thinly margined, glomerulose-connate, 

black; hypothecium blackish; paraphyses moderate, palebluish 

at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 12-15 (.I. long, 7-8 (.I. thick; 

hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the asci bluish then tawny 

with iodine.-Lithographa Larbalestierii Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

394 (1879). 


From its graphideine aspect referred by Leighton to Lithographa. 

The fructification constitutes irregular, scattered glomerules, each of 

which is composed of 12 or more apothecia. The gomdla are cithcr 

simple or subglomerulose. Spermogones not seon. 

Hab. On moist schistose rooks.-B. M. Kylemorc Lake, Galway. 

191. L. advertens Nyl. in :Flora xlIx. 419 (1866).-Thallus 

indeterminate, thin, subfurfuraceous, byssoid, olive-black (K-, 

CaCI -). Apothecia minute, at length somewhat convex and 

immarginate, black; paraphyses concrete; hypothecium black 

or brownish-black; epithecium sordid-bluish; spores ellipsoid, 

11-14 (.I. long, 7-9 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. 

-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. SE'r. 3, xix. 408 (1867) & Lich. 

Fl. 255; ed. 3, 251; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 86. 

Associated with blue-green algrn, and has the aspect externally of 

Spilonema revertens. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and subalpine tracts.lJistr. 

Found only in Wales and N.W. Ireland.-B.1J1. GIl tar Point, 

Tenby, Pembrokeshire. 

192. L. segregans Nyl. in. Flora xlix. 372 (1866).-ThaIIus 

indeterminate, verrucose-granular, whitish or greyish-white, the 

granules more or less segregate, or here and there confluent; 

hypothallus blackish, usually little visible. Apothecia small,


subplane, immarginate, at length convex, often aggregateconfluent 

and then rather small, black; hypothecium brown; 

paraphyses not well discrcte, spores oblong, 10-13 !Llong, 3'5-4'5 !L 

thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish then tawny-wine-coloured 

with iodine.-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xix. 332 

(1867) & Lich. Fl. 282; ed. 3, 286; Cromb. Lich. lJrit. 92. 


Nylander placcs this near L. melancheima Tuck.; its position is, 

however, uncertain. 

Hab. On a mica-schist rock.-Distr. Ben Lawcrs, Perthshire. 

193. L. neglecta Ny!. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. iv. 

233 (1859) & Lich. Scand. 244.-Thallus subdeterminate, thinly 

granulose, greyish-white or leaden-greyish, the granules minute, 

sub confluent in patches (K + yellow, CaCl -). Apothecia 

minute, superficial, somewhat plane, black, opaque, the margin 

obtuse, at length evanescent; paraphyses dark-brownish at the 

apices; hypothecium brownish or dark; spores oblong or fusiformoblong, 

8-11 [l- long, 3-4 !L thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged or 

only sordid-yellow with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiIi. 141 



A very distinct and rather peculiar spccics, which in a sterile 

condition might readily be taken for a rudimentary condition of a 

Stereocaulon. The thallus, normally orbicular, becomes, through the 

confluence of several, more or less effuse. Apothecia rare. 

Hab. Incrusting mosses (spccies of Grimmia and Aruireaa) on boulders 

in subalpine districts.-Distr. Local and scarce on the S. Grampians, 

Scotland, and in N. England.-B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

194. L. obsoleta Ny!. in Flora xlviii. 604 (1865).-Thallus not 

visible. Apothecia minute, opaque, black, concolorous within, 

the margin obtuse or indistinct; paraphyses discrete, the apices 

8ubclavate, thickened, nearly colourless; hypothecium sordidbrownish; 

spores oblong, sometimes obsoletely septate, 9-11 [llong, 

3 [l- thick; hym'enial gelatine scarcely tinged with iodine. 

Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xvii. 350 (1866) & Lich. Fl. 

299; I'd. 3, 309; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 92. Specimen not seen. 

Differs from the preceding in the absence of a proper thallus and 

in the character of the paraphyses. 

Hab. On cretaceous soil in an upland situation.-Distr. The Downs, 

near Lewes, Sussex. 

195. L. pedatula Ny!. in Flora lix. 236 (1876).-Thallus 

effuse, thin, granulose, whitish (K + yellow). Apothecia minute, 

somewhat convex, stipitate, immarginate, black; hymenium in 

thin section bluish, the epithecium darker; hypothecium stipitiform, 

reddish; spores not seen fully developed; hymenial

108 . CYCLOCARPINElE LECIDEA 

epithecium and hymenium dark-greenish-blue; spores ellipsoid, 

9-13 [L long, 4'5-5'5 [L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then 

violet-red with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. 107 (1869) 

& Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. LlCh. Fl. 267, ed. 3, 265. 

In the single known specimen the apothecia are numerous and 

approxmlate, though not crowded. 

Hab. On a boulder in a subalpine locality.-B. M. Near thc summit 

of Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the only locality). 

198. L. meJaphana Nyl. in Flora Iii. 83 (1869).-'l'hal1us 

subeffuse, thin, opaque, somewhat diffract, unequal, blackish 

(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, black; 

paraphyses somewhat lax, slightly clavate; epithec,ium (and the 

hymenium abdve) bluish-green; hypothecium thickish, brown 

beneath; spores oblong, 11-19 [L long, 4'5-5'5 [L thick; hymenial 

gelatine bluish then partly VIOlet-coloured with iodine.-Cromb. 

in Journ. Bot. vii. 107 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. Lich. FJ. 

297; ed. 3, 306. 

Intimately related to L. aphanotdes, from which it IS distinguished 

by the darker colour of the hypothecium and by the longer spores. 

The single specimen, which is only sparingly fertIle, was associated 

with Lecanora smaragdula f. stnoptca and with Lecidea contiyua var. 

flavicunda, the latter of which it partIally overruns. 

Hab. On a granitic boulder in upland tracts of mountainous 

districts.--B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthslnre; Craig Guic. Braemar, Abcl'dcenshlre. 

199. L. expansa Nyl. ex Mudd Man. 208 (1861).-'l'hallwl 

effuse, thin, furfuraceous, continuous or nmulose, black or sordidgreyish 

(K -, CaCI-). Apothecia minute, sessile, plane, margined, 

black, the margin thin, smooth; hypothecium dark-brown; 

paraphyses concrete, blackish-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 

minute, 7-10 [L long, 3'5---4 [L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish 

with iodine.-L. dispansa Nyl. in Flora xlIx. 87 (1866); Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 84; Leight. Lich. Fl. 256; ed. 3, 248. 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 186; Mudd n. 176; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 222. 

The thallus when black and lIttle developed forms mk·like stains 

on the substratum. The apothecia, though very numerous, are scattered 

and solitary. The very minute spermogones are frequent, with 

cylindrICal or su bellipsoid spermatia, 3--4 [L long, 1·5 [L thick. 

Hab. On rocks and flmt stones in maritime and upland situations. 

--Dislr. Only here and there in England and Wales, Ireland and the 

Channcl Islands; not secn from Scotland.-B. M. Rozel, Jersey; 

Lydd Beach,- Kent; Langford, Essex; Blue Anchor, Somerset; 

Thetford, Norfolk; Bewdley, Worcestershire; Stiperstones, Shropshire; 

near Battersby and Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, 

Durham; Glencorbot, Connemara, Galway. 

Subsp. demarginata Nyl. in Flora lxi. 245 (1878).-'l'hallus 

very thin, subleprose, whitish or greyish. Apothecia convex,


black, somewhat convex, iinmarginate, dispersed or conglomerate 

in dense orbicular groups; hypothecium dark-brown; paraphyses 

coherent, dark-brown towards the apices; spores linear-oblong, 

12-17 !1. long, 3-6 11. thick; hymeriial gelatine and asci blue then 

\Vine-red with iodine.-L. symphorella Nyl. in Flora lxiii. 35 (1870); 

Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. 99 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 301; ed. 3, 

286. L. amphfJtera Leight. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. 179 

(1871) & Lich. Fl. 283; ed. 3, 287. 


Hab. On granitic and sandstone rocks.-Distr. Rare in mountainous 

places, N. Scotland.-B. JJf. Dan Hill, Westmorland; Ben 

Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Ben-y-Gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Canlochan, 

Forfarshire; Morrone, Braemar and Hill of Ardo, Aberdeenshire; 

Sligo Mountains. 

203. L. commaculans Ny!. in Flora Ii. 476 (1868) -Thallus 

effuse, thin, opaque, subareolate, the areolal scattered, depressed, 

greyish- or brownish-black (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia sub moderate , 

slightly convex, scarcely margined, black; hypothecium thickish, 

reddish-brown, the colour passing into the hymenium; paraphyses 

concrete; epithecium blackish; spores oblong, 8-11 !1. long, 

3-4 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.-Cromb. in 

J ourn. Bot. vii. 106 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 93; Leight. Lich. Fl. 282 ; 

ed. 3, 287. 

Considered by Nylander to approach L. kajanita (Lich. Scand. 245), 

a Scandinavian plant, but differs in the form of the spores and especially 

in the colour of the hypothecium. From L. expansa Nyl. it is separated 

by the hypothecium and also by the larger immarginate apothecia. 

The spermogones here and there visible have the spermatia cylindrical, 

straight, O-ll !1. long, 1 !1. thick. 

Hab_ On a felspathic boulder, and quartzose stones in an alpine 

situation.-B. M. Summit of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

PARARITIC ON OTHER LICHENS, OFTEN CLASSIFIED 

,WITH FUNGI. 

204. L. vitellinaria Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1852, 177.-Thallus 

absent. Apothecia sessile, minute, concave, at length plane, 

margined black, the margin slightly prominent, shining; hypothecium 

thin brownish; paraphyses conglutinate, greenish-black 

at the apices; spores ellipsoid with a thick outer wall, 10-12 !1. 

long, 6!1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then violet with iodine. 

Mudd Man. 212, t. 3, f. 77; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 78; Leight. Lich. 

Fl. 355; ed. 3, 384. 


In structure the apothecia are very similar to Lecidea parasema 

(Nyl. Lich. Scand. 218). Recently it has been classified by Rehm as 

a fungus under Nesolechia (Rabenh. Krypt. Fl. iii. 319 (1896)). 

Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Candelariella vitellina,' recorded 

more rarely on Lecidea lactea. On rocks in upland situations.-Distr.

112 CYCLOCARPINEJE LECIDEA 

(Buellia) parmeliarum, (Jxcept that tho paraphyses are neither 

thickened nor darker-coloured at their apices. The spores are 

colourless, or present, in a few instances, a faint tinge of yellow, 

and the reactIOn on the hymenial gelatine by means of iodine 

shows a deep vinous red without any preceding cool'ulescent 

tints, instead of being negative as in L. parmeliarum. This 

lichen bears the same relationship to L. parmeliarum that L. 

solorinaria does to L. oxyspora."-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 388. 


Crombie (Journ. Bot. xii. 148 (1874)) suggests that this may be 

Biatorina Wallrothii, but thIs is denied by Stuton (Grevillea ill. 25). 

Hab. Parasitic on Solonna bispora. Collected by Dr. Stirton on 

Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

209. L. insita Stirton in Scott. Nat. 1879, 17.-Thallus none. 

Apothecia black, small, convex, immarginate, generally nearly 

spherical, internally rufescent; hypothecium reddish or reddishblack; 

paraphyses distinct, slender, filiform, reddish or almost 

colourless at the apices; spores 12-16 in the somewhat clavate 

ascus, spherical; hymenial gelatine intense-blue then deep-wine-red 

with iodine.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 545. Evidently allied, as 

Stirton suggests, to L. geophana. 

Hab, Parasitic on Peltigera aphthosa. Collected by Dr. Stirton at 

Craig-na-Lochan, Scotland. 

§ iv. MYCOBLASTus Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 479 (1874); Norm. 

in Nyt. Mag. Nat. vii. 250 (1852) as genus. (PI. 7.) 

Thallus crustaceous. Spores usually 1, rarely 2 or 3 in the 

ascus; spermogones with simple sterigmata and straight 

spermatia. Mycoblastus is frequently classified as a genus. 

210. L. sanguinaria Ach. Meth. 39 (1803) & Lich. Univ. 170. 

Thallus effuse, moderate or thickish, granulose-unequal or 

granulose-concrescent, greyish-white or whitish (K + yellow, 

CaCI -); medulla blood-red beneath the apothecia (K + crimson). 

Apothecia adnate, moderate or somewhat large, convex, immarginate, 

black, greyish within; paraphyses concrete, dark-bluish 

at the apices; hyp(')thecium thin, pale or slightly dark; spores 

solitary, very large, with a broad epispore, 70-100 !Llong, 28-38 !L 

thick; hymenial gelatine, especially the asci, deep-blue with 

iodine.-Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 37; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 464; 

Hook. in Sm. Engi. Fl. v. 177; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 120; 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 93; Leight. Lich. Fl. 265; ed. 3, 262. Lichen 

sanguinarius L. Sp. PI. 1140 (1753) (excI. syn. Dill.); Huds. FI. 

Angl. 442 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. 803 pro parte; Engl. 

Bot. t. 155; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 6. Megalospora sanguinaria 

Massal. Ric. Lich. 106, fig. 211 (1852); Mudd Man. 213, t. 4, f. 79. 

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 46; Leight. n. 307; Mudd n. 184; Cromb. 

n.94.

114 CYCLOCARPINEiE LECIDEA 

L. affinis var. melina. Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. 149 (1874). 

Lichenoides tartareum tinctorwrn candidum, tuberculis atris Dill. 

Rist. Musc. 128 t. 18, fig. 8 (174] ).. Megalospora melina Krempelh. 

cx Nyl. I. c. 

Closely related to the preceding, of which, but for the 2-spored asci 

and the smaller spores, it might be regarded as only a form (see Ny!. 

in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. n. ser. v. 166 (1866)). 

Hab. On the trunks of firs in mountainous districts.-Distr. Very 

local and rare in N. Wales and the S. GrampJans, Scotland.-B. M. 

Cader Idris, l\,[erioneth; Glyder. Carnarvonshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

Var. endorhoda Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 479 (1874).-The thallus 

similar to the species, but within continuously, or here and there, 

reddish.- Subsp. subsanguinaj·ia Stirton in Scott. Nat. v. 218 

(1880). A.L.Sm. Monogr. Brit. Lich. i. 471 (1918). 

Stilton based his subspecies on the presence of the red colouring 

in the thallus apart from the apothecia, a character already noted by 

Th. Fries (tom. cit. 480). Stirton states that there is no reaction with 

K, but that is a variable character. 

Hab. On bark.-B. JJf. Kinloch Rannoch, Perthshire. 

211. L. fucata Stirton in Scott. Nat. 1879, 16.-Thallus 

cinereous, granulose or evanescent. Apothecia black, round or 

oblong or somewhat irregular, convex and immarginate internally, 

entirely of an intense-violet colour, scarcely changed by iodine 

(K + blue-greenish); hypothecium colourless; paraphyses distinct, 

thickish, irregular; spores 1-3 in the ascus, ellipsbid or 

oblong-ellipsoid, the epispore thick and pellucid, 32-48 !'- long, 

15-22 !'- thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 545. 

Tbe beautiful violet colour of the thecium internally is very pronounced. 

The spores have a tendency to become brown, probably 

by degeneration. 

Hab. On decorticated wood in an upland district.-B.],f. Near 

Tyndrum, Perthshire. 

74. BIATORELLA De Not. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. 192 (1846); 

Massal. Ric. LlCh. 130 (1852) emend. (PI. 8.) 

Thallus crustaceous, effuse or definite, rarely almost obsolete. 

Algal cells Protococcaceae. Apothecia light-coloured or dark and 

carbonaceous, with proper margin only; asci many-spored, the 

spores minute, simple, colourless, oblong or spherical. Spermogones 

with ovoid or shortly cylindrical spermatia. 

By Ii printer's error, whlCh is pointed out by Massalongo, l. c., the 

genus was publIshed as 8-spored instead of

116 CYCLOCARPINE}E BIATORELLA 

(b) Spores globose. 

3. B. ochrophora Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 399 (1874).-ThaUus 

effuse, very thin, occurring in patches (K -, CaCI -), or usually 

obsolete. Apothecia small, convex, at length subglobose, immarginate, 

yellowish-pruinose, sordidly pale within; paraphyses 

slender, discrete, often irregular; hypothecium colourless; epithecium 

minutely granulose, yellow-ochraceous (K + rose-violet); 

spores spherical, 3'5-4'5 [L in diameter; hymenial gelatine bluish 

with iodine.-Lecidea ochrophora Nyl. in Flora xlviii. 355 (1865); 

Carroll in Journ. Bot. vii. 100 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 75; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 354; ed. 3, 383. 

Distinguished amongst its allies by the ochraceous-pulverulent 

apothecia, which are at times several aggregate; when the powdery 

surface is rubbed off they become brown. 

Hab. Spreading over decayed mosses on trunks of trees in maritime 

and upland districts.-Distr. Very local and rare in the Channel 

Islands, Wales and S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Rozcl, Jersey; Harlech, 

Mcrioneth; Dinish, Killarney, Kerry. 

4. B. moriformis Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 401 (1874).-Thallus 

effuse, thinnish or thin, granulose-Ieprose, greyish or brownishgrey 

(K + yellow, CaCI + red), often evanescent. Apothecia 

submoderate or small, sessile, somewhat plane or convex, immarginate, 

blackish or brownish-black, greyish within; paraphyses 

very slender, indistinct, the epithecium reruginous-green or darkbrownish 

olive; hypotheeium colourless; asci tumid; spores 

globose, minute, 2'5-3'5 [L in diameter; hymenial gelatine deepblue 

then dark with iodiae.-B. resinm var. rubicundlllm :Mudd 

Man. 191 (1861). Arthom'a morifo1'1nis Ach. Syn. 5 (1814). 

Lecidea tant111a Nyl. III Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 363 (1856); 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 76; Leight. Lich. Fl. 354; ed. 3, 382. L. 

improvisa Nyl. in Not. SaUsle. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. iv. 233 (1859); 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 76. 

Exsicc. Leight. nos. 408, 411 (as Lecidea tantilla). 

The thallus, greyish-green when moist, varies somewhat in thickness, 

and is often either almost absent or obliterated by other lichens 

associated with it; it usually spreads extensively over the substratum, 

especially when subevanescent. The apothecia are numerous, scattered 

or approximate, unequal, sometimes two together; when moistened, 

or when the plant grows in shady situations, they are reddish-brown. 

Hab. On old palings in lowland and upland tracts.-Distr. Somewhat 

plentiful throughout England, rare in Wales, not recorded from 

Scotland or· Ireland.-B. M. Penshurst, Kent; Reigate, Surrey; 

Mill Hill, Middlesex; near Baunton and near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; 

Spetchley, Whittington and Hindlip, Worcestershire; Stableford, 

Port Hill, near Shrewsbury, Neescliff, Wellington, Upton Magna 

and Bomere Pool, Shropshire; Nannau, Dolgelly, l'I'Ierioneth; near 

Hedcar and Stokes!ey, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

120 CYCLOCARPINElE BIATORELLA 

Lamy found this form abundant on the granitic stones of old 

buildings, and remarks on the regular well-opened epruinose apothecia. 

It is often difficult to distinguish it from the species. 

Hab. On rocks chiefly calcareous, rarely siliceous and on mortar 

of walls in upland regions.-Distr. Widely distributed but rather rare 

in the British Is1es.-B. JI. Near Bovey Tracey, Devon; Egerton and 

Scvenoaks, Kent; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; 

Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, 

Perthshire; Applecross, Rossshire. 

Var. albocincta A. L. Sm.-Thallus immersed. ApMhecia 

thinly prulllose or naked, with a white pruinose pseudo-margin. 

Lecanora pruinosa var. albocincta Cromb. Monogr. i. 488 (1894). 

I 

Hab. On the mortar of a wall in an upland district.-B. M. Mathon, 

Malvern Hills, Worcestershire (the only record). 

10. B. hypophrea A, L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thickish, unequally 

granulate, greyish- or dull yellowish-green (K -). Apothecia 

rather omall, plane, dark-red or blackish, the proper margin 

unequal or subcrenulate, becoming excluded; hypothecium pale 

or brownish; paraphyses rather stout, thickly septate, variously 

widened at the yellowish-brown apices; spores many, oblong, 

5-6 !1. long, 1'5 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red 

or tawny with iodine.-Lecanora hypophma Ny!. in Flora hii. 34 

(1870); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. 97 (1870) & Monogr. i. 489; 

Leight. Lich. F!. 186; cd. 3, 172. 

Differs from B. privi(Jna, with which it is closely allied, in the 

presence of the superficial thallus and in the somewhat dIfferent spores; 

the paraphyses are exactly ahkc. 

Hab. On granitic stones of a wall.-B. Jll. Old Machar Cathedral, 

Aberdeen (the only record). 

11. B. flava A. L. Sm. ex Johns. in Naturalist 1917, 88. 

Thallus effuse, thickish, unequally granulate-cracked or scattered 

'and furfuraceous, dull ochraceous-brown (IC -). Apothecia 

rather small (about '5 mm. in diam.), sessile or subinnate, sometimes 

circumscissed, plane or rarely convex, dark reddish-brown 

or black, the thallme margin indIstinct or disappearing; hypothecium 

and hymenium colourless; paraphyses slender, conglutinate 

above, flexuose, sparsely septate except near the tips which 

are slightly clavate and bright-brown; spores many, minute, 

oblong-ellipsoid, about 3 fL long, 1-2 !1. t]liek; hymenial gelatine 

perRistently btue with iodIne.-Lecanora privigna var.flara Johns. 

in litt. 


The thallus is not unlIke that of B. hypophrea, but in the internal 

structure it differs from that species as also from B. privigna. 

Hab. On limestone in a quarry.-B. M. Near Langdon Beck, 

Teesdale, Durham.

BIATORELLA LECIDEACElE 121 

Thallus not evident. 

12. B. clavus Th. lrr. Lich. Scand. 409 (1874).-Thallus very 

reduced, occasionally a few granules only visible below the 

apothecia. Apothecia large, often aggregate, attached at· a 

central point, sometimes several connate III a common attachment, 

concave then plane, dark-reddish or almost black, with a 

prominent proper margin which is persistent and crenulate; 

hypothecium thin, blackish-brown; paraphyses conglutinate, 

stoutish, septate, scarcely widened at the tips, the epithecium 

dark-brown; spores many, oblong-ellipsoid 4-5 !L long, about 

2 !J. thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.-Patellaria 

clavus DC. If!. Fr. ii. 34.8 (1805). Lecidea eucarpa Nyl. in Bot. 

Not. 1853, 163. Lecanora eucarpa Nyl. in Not. SaUsk. Faun. & 

Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. viii. (1871); Cromb. in Grevillea xix. 58 

(1891) & Monogr. i. 488. L. glattcocarpa f. eucarpa Leight. I .. ieh. 

Fl. 183 (187]); ed. 3, 168. Cathisinia concinna Stil't. in Scott. 

Nat. iii. 307 (1888). 

Distinguished by the large apotheeia with rugose margins. 

Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime districts or by inland waters. 

-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands and in Seilry, and among the 

Scottish Grampians.-B. JJ1. West Coast of Guernsey; St. Mary's, 

Scilly; Loch Rannoch, Perthshire. 

13. B. privigna A. L. Sm.-Thallus indistinct or obsolete. 

Apothecia moderate in size, generally congregate, rounded or 

angular from pressure, the disc plane, reddish when moist, 

blackish when dry, brick-red under the outer black crust, the 

margin prominent, persistent, generally entire; hypothecium 

pale-coloured; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, thickly septate, 

reddish-brown upwards; spores many, minutely ellipsoid, 3-4 !J. 

long, 1'5 !L thick; hymenial gelatine blue then dull-greenish 01' 

tawny with iodine.-Lwhen simplex Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2152 (two 

right-hand figs.) (1810) (non Dav.). Lecidea privigna Ach. Meth. 

Lich. 49 (1803); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 184. Endocarpon 

smaragdulum var. privigna Leight. Angioc. JJich. 16 (1851). 

Lecanom fuscata var. lJnvigna Cl'omb. Lich. Brit. 56 (1870). 

L. squamulosa f. privzgna Leight. Lich. Fl. 185; cd. 3, 170. L. 

privigna Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. ser. 2, vi. 288 (1872); 

Cromb. Monogr. i. 489. 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 277; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 254. 

Distinguished from B. clavus especially by the smaller apothecia 

and by tho pale colour of the hypothecium. 

Hab. On arenaceous and granitic roeks in maritime and upland 

districts.-Distr. Rare but widely distributed in the British Isles. 

B . .1JI. Alderney; St. Brelade's, Jersey; Shanklin, I. of WIght; BywelI, 

Northumberland; Bay of Nigg, Kinoardineshire; Woodside, near 

Aberdeen.

126 CYCLOCARPINEA

BIATORINA LECIDEAOElE 127 

Hab. On mica·schist rocks ncar tho sea.-B. JJI. Doughruagh Mts., 

Letterbeg and Letterfrack, Connemara, Galway. 

Var. gIaucocarnea A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate, rugulose 

or subleprose, cracked-areolate, glaucous-green. Apothecia paleflesh-coloured 

or livid, sometimes slIghtly pruinose, the margin 

somewhat paler, at length evanescent.-LtC'!dea glaucocarnea 

Nyl. in Flora Ix. 459 (1877). L. c((Jsiolepra Nyl. op. czt. lxiv. 532 

(1881); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. 275 (1882). Lecanora glaucocamea 

Nyl. in Flora Ix. 562 (1877); Leight. Licll. Fl. ed. 3, 221. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 135, 336 (as Lecanora albariella 

f. caesia). 

The apothecia, as in the species, are extremely minute and look as 

if seated on small pale cushions of the thallus, though in the variety 

the thalline growth tends to disappear. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare III the Channel Islands and W. Ireland. 

-B. M. Eperquerie, Sark; Glendalough, Connemara, Galway. 

8. B. littorella A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, rimulose, 

glaucous-green. Apothecia small, plane, sub marginate , paleyellow, 

becoming deeper yellow; paraphyses slender; epithecium 

and hypothecium colourless; spores oblong, 8-12 !Llong, 3·5-4·5 !L 

thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with ioiline. 

Lecidea littorella Ny!. in Flora Ix. 229 (1877); Cromb. in Grevillea 

vi. 19; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 339. 

Differs from the preceding in the brighter coloured apothecia and 

in the constantly smaller spores. 

Hab. On schistose rocks.-B. JJI. Penzance, Cornwall; Quantock 

Hills, Somerset; Foynes, Limerick; Lough Inagh, Connemara, 

Galway. 

9. B. pilularis Koerb. Parerg. Lich.136 (1860).-Thallus effuse, 

thin, finely granular, greyish-white or greenish (K -,CaCI-). 

Apothecia adnate, convex or almost globose, immarginate, 

yellowish-flesh-coloured or brick-reddish; hypothecium colourless; 

paraphyses coherent, apices colourless; spores ellipsoid, I-septate 

or sometimes simple, 11-17 !Llong, 5-6 !L thick; hymenial gelatine 

bluish then violet or wine-reddish with iodine.-Lecidea vernalis 

Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 127 (1836) (non Ach.). L. vernalis f. 

subdztplex Ny!. Lich. Seand. 201 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 68; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 262; ed. 3, 259. L. pilularis Leight. Lich. Fl. 

I'd. 3, 341 (1879). L. subduplex Ny!. Lich. Fret. Behr. 50 (1888). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 231, 270 . 

. , Characterized by the bright prominent sometimes almost spherical 

apothecia whICh have caused it to be confused with Bilimbia SphlEToides 

Koerh. The apothecia arc numerous and vary in size; at times they 

arE' crowded and rather small. Lichen pilularis Dav. (Trans. Linn. Soc. 

iI. 283, t. 28, fig. 2 (1794)) from Bodowen Park, Anglesea, is quoted 

in With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 7: the specimen from the same locality has been

132 CYCLOCARPINEJE BIATORINA 

Var. byssacea A. L. Sm.-Thallus ·minutely granular, dirtygreenish. 

Apothecia dark; paraphyses dark at the tips.-Biatora 

byssacea Zwackh. in Flora xlv. 510 (1862). Lecidea er/Jsiboides f. 

sordidescens Nyl. ex Norrlin III Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. 

n. ser. viiI. 188 (1871); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 72; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

323; ed. 3, 343. Biatol'ina prasiniza f. byssacea Arnold Lich. Fl. 

Munich, 24 (1897). 

Differs from the species in the darker colour of the apothecia and 

of the paraphyses. 

Hab. On old decorticated trees in mpist pll'Ces.-B. M. Lyndhurst, 

New Forest, Hants; Ravenscar, Westmorland. 

18. B. globulosa Koerh. Syst. Lich. Germ. 191 (1855). 

Thallus effuse, very thin, granulose-pulverulent, whitish (K -, 

CaCl -), often evanescent. Apothecia small, adnate, convex, 

immarginate, blackish or leaden-black, greJlsh within; paraphyses 

concrete; epithecium blackish; hypotbecium pale or 

slightly sordld above; spores oblong or fusiform-oblong, simple 

or thinly I-septate, 9-14 [J. long, 2-4 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine 

bluish then dark-wine-red with lOdine.-Lecidea globttlosa Floerke 

Deutsche Lich. lief. 10, 1 (1821); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 256 

(1867); Cromb. LlCh. Brit. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. 319; ed. 3, 334-. 

L. ano11lala Nyl. Lich. Scund. 202 (non Ach.); Leight. Lich. Fl. 

318; cd. 3, 337. Biatora anomala Fr. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1822, 

266. Btlimbia anomala Mudd Man. 187 (1861) pro parte. 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 155 (pro parte). 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-Distr. Uncommon throughout the 

British Isles.-B. M. Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshlre; Glenear, Kerry. 

19. B. spodiza A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin, subopaque, 

minutely granulate, dark-greyish or inspersed wlth minute 

greyish-green granules (K(CaCl) + deep-red). Apothecia small, 

somewhat convex, immarginate, livid-greyish or pale-livid; 

hypotheeium colourless; epithecium sordid; paraphyses not 

well discrete; spores oblong, at times somewhat curved, 

occasionally obsoletelY'or spuriously I-septate, 11-17 [J. long, 

2'5-3·5 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.-Lecidea 

spodiza Ny!. in Flora lvii. 9 (1874); Cromb. in Grevillea ii. 140; 


Closely allied to the following. In the original locality the thallus 

spread extensively over the substratum, but was only hNe and there 

fertile; the apothecia in the specimens are somewhat scattered. 

Hab. On an old fir paling in a wooded upland district.-B. ]f. 

Fmlarig, Killin, Perthshire (the only locality). 

20. B. synothea Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 144 (1860) (excl. var. 

chalybwa).-Thallus effuse, thin, mirtutely granulose, greyishgreen 

or whitish (K -, CaCI-), at times nearly evanescent. 

Apothecia small, adnate or appressed, convex, Bubimmarginate,

13G CYCLOCARPINElE BIATORINA 

• 

Surrey; St. Leonard's Forest, Ardingly Rock8. near Parham. ncar 

Petworth, near Eastham, Cuckfield, Hayward's Heath and Wiggonbolt 

Common, Sussex; Lyndhurst, Kew Forest, Hants; Tunbridge Wells. 

Kent; Lewknor, Oxfordshire; near Raider Du, Radnorshire; Dolymelynen 

and Nannau, Dolgelly, Merioneth; Eaysdale, Cleycland, 

Yorkshire; Ravenscar and near Levens, Westmorland; New Galloway. 

Kirkcudbnghtshlre; Ormidale, Kyles of Eute; Riverstown, Cork; 

Dunkerron, Kerry. 

Var. commutata Mudd l. c.-Thallus granulose-Ieprose or 

subpulverulent, greenish-grey. Apothecia as in the species. 

LecanOl'a commutata Ach. Lich. Umv. 352 (1810). Lecidea lAghtfootii 

var. commutata Schrer. Enum. 138 (1850); Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 65; f. commutata Leight. Lich. Fl. 319; ed. 3, 334. 

Might perhaps be regarded as merely an old conditIOn, characterIzed 

by the thallus becoming dissolved and pulverulent throughout. 

Transition states to the type are not wanting, and In otherWise typical 

specimens the granules are here and therc deliquescent. Schrorer 

describes the apothecia as being also carneous or reddish-brown, 

colours not visible in his own specimen nor in ours; they are blackish 

and sometimes slightly umbonate. 

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on olel palings, in marItime 

and upland tracts.-Distr. Rare in S. England, S. Ireland, and the 

Channel Islands.-B. M. Patrimonie, Jersey; near Parham, Sussex; 

Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; 

Killaloe, Clare; Cahirlogue, near Glenmire, and Agharda, Cork. 

24. B. atropurpurea Massal. RlC. Lich. 135, fig. 265 (1852). 

-Thallus effuse, thin, granulose-Ieprose, greenish-grey (Ie-, 

CaCl-). Apothecia small, appressed or adnate, plane, thinly 

margined, purplIsh- or brownish-black; paraphyses discretl:', 

brownish at the apices; hypothecium pale; spores Bubellipsoid, 

11-15 f.l. long, 5-7 f.l. thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish thE:'n 

deep-wine-red with iodine.-Mudd Man. 178. Lecidea sphwl'oides 

var. atropurpurea Schrer. Spicil. 165 (1833). L. atropurpurea 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 64 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 324; ed. 3, 338. 

L. atropurpu1'ascens Nyl. in Flora lvi. 294 (1873); Leight. LlCh. Fl. 

ed. 3, 338. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 151; Johns. n. 338. 

Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded maritime and upland 

districts.-Distr. Only a few localities in S. England, Wales, and 

W. Ireland; not seen from Scotland.-B. JJ1. Rozel, Jersey; St. 

Leonard's Forest and Chillington, Sussex; New Forest, Rants; near 

Exeter and Cockmgton, Devon; Selhurst, Surrey; Stanstead Park, 

Essex; Garth, DolgeUy, Merioneth; Gwydir Woods, Bettws·y.Coed, 

Denbighshire; Calder Abbey Grounds, Cumberland; Glenbower Wood, 

Cork; Turk l\1t., Dinish, Cromaglown and Glengariff, Kerry; Lough 

Inagh, Connemara, Galway. 

25. B. intermixta A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate, thin, 

subgranulose-rugulose, greyish or greyish-green (K + yellow, 

CaCI -). Apothecia moderate, plane or somewhat convex,

BIATORINA LECIDEACElE 14.3 

Living on other Lichens. 

Most of the following species have been classified under 

Scutula, a genus of Discomycetes by Rehm, Zopf and finally by 

Vouaux in Bull. Soc. 1\1ycol. Fr. xxix. 419 (1913). They are 

retained here, as the fructification is lichenoid in character. It 

is doubtful if they are truly parasitic. 

37. B. supernula A. L. Sm.-Thallus absent. Apothecia 

small, plane, and thinly margined, at length convex, immarginate, 

black; hypothecium bluish-black, brick-red above; paraphyses 

moderate or rather thick, bluish-black at the clavate apices; 

spores oblong-oviform, 9-'-14 f1. long, 4-5 f1. thick; hymenial 

gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Lecidea supernula Nyl. in Flora lix. 

574 (1876); Cromb. in Grevillea v. 107; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

389. 

\ 

An athalline plant very simIlar in the form of the Arthonia-like 

spores to the Biatorinia 8ubviriais. The apothecia are nnmerous and 

usually several (3-6, rarely 8) aggregate. 

Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Lecanora calcarea var. Hoffmanni 

in a maritime tract.-B. 1J1. Island of Lismore, Argyll (the only 

locality). 

38. B. episema A. L. Sm.-Thallus absent. Apothecia small, 

black, aggregate or solitary, plane or rarely convex, marginate, 

the margin obtuse, entIre; hypothecium brown; paraphyses 

distinct, blackish at the tips of the clavate apices; spores ellipsoid 

or elongate-oblong, typically I-septate, rarely 1-3-septate, 10-18 

f1. long, 4-5 f1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-rcd with 

iodine.-Lecidea episema Nyl. III Bot. Not. 1853, 161; Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 78; LeIght. Lich. Fl. 356; ed. 3, 385. 

Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Lecanora calcarea.-Distr. Somewhat 

rare though widely distnbuted in the British Isll's.-B. 1J1. Ncar 

Yatton, Somerset; Barnsley Park and Cirencester, Gloucestershire; 

Aran Mawddwy, Merioneth; Trefnw and Great Orme's Hcad, Carnarvonshire; 

I. of Lismore, Argyll; CraIg Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; 

Cong, Lough Corrib and near Ballinakill, Galway. 

39. B. cristata A. L. Sm.-No proper thallus. Apothecia 

black, very minute, solitary, or clustered, or in narrow flexuose 

lines, concave, the margin thick and obtuse; hypothecium black, 

carbonaceous; spores linear-oblong, minute, faintly I-septate, 

6-8 (.I. long, 2-3 (.I. thick.-Lecidea cristata Leight. Lich. Fl. 356 

(1871); ed. 3, 385. Specimen not seen. 

Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Lecanora subcarnea.-Distr. Rare, 

recorded only from Wales (Barmouth, Merioneth). 

40. B. stereocaulorum Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 188 (1860).- 

Thallus absent. Apothecia parasitic, small, plane, at length 

convex, immarginate, black, blackish or pale, dark within;

146 CYGLOCARPINElE BILIMBIA 

St. Aubin's H!trbour, Jersey; Port Gorey, Sark; I. of Wight; TOl'quay 

and Bolt Head, Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Bathampton Hill, 

Somerset; Shoreham and Tillington; Sussex; Lechlade and Hempstead, 

Gloucestel'shire; Barrnouth, Merioneth; Trcfriw, Carnarvonshire; 

Oswcstry, Llanymynech Hill and Llanforda, Shropshire; Tenby, 

Pembrokeshire; Anglesea; near Yarmouth, Norfolk; near Roseberry 

and Ayton. Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; 'Vhitbarrow, 

Reston Hall and near Barton, Northumberland; Whitehaven, Cumberland; 

near Appin House, Argyll; Craig Tulloch and Ben Lawers, 

Perthshire; Cra.lg Guie, Braemar, Aberdccnshirc; Cloghan near 

Kylemore, Connemara, Galway; Castlebar, Mayo. 

3. B. carbonacea Jatta Syll. Lich. Ital. 403 (1900).-Thallus 

brownish-black, suborbicular, rather thick, formed of minute 

convex entIre or crenate wrinkled squamules, sometimes crackedareolatc. 

.i\pothecia small, black, solitary or aggregate, sessile 

with a prominent margin, becoming immarginate; hypothecium 

thick, reddish-black; paraphyses distinct, brownish or greenishblack 

at the clavate apices; spores linear-oblong, straight or 

curved, 3-septate, 15-22 !J. long, 4 !J. thick.-Toninia carbonacea 

Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. 68 (1860). Lecidea aromalica subsp. 

carbonacea Cromb. I.ich. Brit. 78 (1870). L. carbonacea Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 331 (1871); cd. 3, 351. 

Differs from B. aronwtica in the form and colour of the thallus, 

and in the darker·coloured epithecium. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in mountainous regions in N. England. 

N. Scotland and 'V. Ireland.-B. lJI. Orton Scar, Cunswick Scar and 

Haverbrack, 'Vestmorland; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Achosragan 

Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig Quie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

4. B_ squamulosa A. L. Sm.-Thallus subdeterminate, thick 

or thinnish, squamulose, appressed, pale- or tawny-brown; 

squamules small, subimbricate, angular, crenate at the margins 

(K -, CaCl-). Apothecia small, innate-sessile, at first plane' 

and thinly margined, then convex and immarginate, black; 

paraphyses slender, bluish-black at the slightly clavate apices; 

hypothecium thick, reddish-black; spores fusiform-cylindrical, 

3-septate, 15-18 IJ. long, 4-5 !J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish 

then tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Tomnia squamulosa Mudd 

Man. 174 (1861). Lecidea squamulosa Deakin ex Mudd 1. c.; 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 79; Leight. Lich. FL 331; ed. 3, 353. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 181 (as Lecidea al'omatica). 

Found originally by Salwey and partly described without name in 

Trans. Penzance Nat. Hist. Soc. 1853, 144, where he says that in 

age the squamules become flat, noncrenate, and lighter in colour. 

The numerous apothecia are either solitary or several congregate. 

Hab. On rocks, walls, and the Boil in crevices, in maritime rarely 

upland hilly districts.-Distr. Rather local in England, rare in N.E. 

Scotland. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.-B. M. Port Gorey, Sark; 

above Anstey's Cov!', Torquay, and near Kingsbridg!', Devon; near

BILIMBIA LECIDEACElE 153 

Var. alborubella A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, or 

evanescent, whitIsh or greenish-white (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia 

small, convex, immarginate, yellow- or reddish-flesh-coloured; 

epithecium and hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, 

cIa vate at the apices; spores linear- or fusiform-oblong, 3-septate, 

thinner than in the speCIes, 14-21 !.I. long, 2 !.I. thick; hymenial 

gelatine tawny-wine-reddish with iodine.-Lecidea alborubella 

Nyl. III Flora lxii. 205 (1879); Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 28. 

Nylander observes that while the thalline gonidla aro normal. 

then} are sometimes present hymenial gonidia consisting of cylindrical 

erect gonidia, not verifiable in our specimens. In the two specimens 

seen, which are very sparingly fertile, the thallus IS little viSible, being 

for the most part overrun by a Lepraria. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks in a cave in a maritime locahty.-B. 11[. 

Derryclare, Connemara, Galway (the only locality). 

Subsp. chlorotropoides A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, 

subleprose, greenish (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia minute, margined, 

reddish-yellow, the margin usually darker; perithecium 

violet in thin section; hypothecium often pale-violet; paraphyses 

sub discrete, clavate at the apices; spores fusiformoblong, 

1-3-septate, 14-20 !.I. long, 2-3 !.I. thick; hymenial gelatine 

blUIsh, the asci wine-red with iodine.-Leczdea chlorotropoides 

Nyl. in Flora Ix. 567 (1877); Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 112; Leight. 

LlCh. ]'l. ed. 3, 346. 

Subsimilar to the speCies, but differs in the colour of the apothecia 

and III that of the eXCIpulum and hypothecium. In our specimen 

collected by Larbalestier the few apothecia are oehraceous or somewhat 

reddish· yellow and immarginate. The spores are narrow and become 

3.septate when mature. One of the two specimens from Kylemore is 

associated with mlllute patches of a bright purple alga, which may 

explain thc sometimes pale. violet colour of the hypothecium. 

Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in a maritimc district.-B. 111. 

Kylemore, Connemara, Galway (the only locality). 

17. B. herbidula A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thinnish, subleprose, 

rimulose or rimulose-diffract, opaque, yellowish-green 

(K + yellowish, CaCI -). ApotheCla minute, plane or somewhat 

convex, pale-reddish, pale within, the margin thin, darker; 

paraphyses not well discrete; epithecium and hypothecium 

colourless; spores fusiform, 1-3-septate, 11-18 !.I. long, 2·5 !.I. 

thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.-Leczdea he1bidula 

Nyl. in Flora Ix. 563 (1877); Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 112; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 357. 

A doubtful species perhaps referable to B. cuprea. Nylander has 

deSCrIbed the thallus as having the characters of Gongrosira Kuetz. with 

subchroolepoid filaments containing numerous large rotundate greenish 

granules. Our specimen evidently consists of, or IS overrun by a dense 

layer of cells of some alga; I have been unable to find any apotheCia.

154 CYCLOOARPINElE nILUIBIA 

Hab. On a schistose rock in a maritime district.-B.M. Kylemore, 

Connemara, Galway (the only locality). 

18. B. byssoboliza A. L. Sm.-Thallus indeterminate, very 

thin, continuous, opaque, greenish or greyish-green. Apothecia 

small, somewhat prominent, yellow-flesh-coloured, the margin 

paler, at length undulate or scarcely distinct, with a white, 

pubescent base; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, 

discrete, colourless; spores fusiform, 3-5-septate, 23-27 fL long, 

3-4 fL thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish then tawny-winecoloured 

with iodine.-Lecidea byssoboliza Ny!. in Flora lxii. 

206 (1879); Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 58. 

Exsicc. Larh. Lich. Rb. n. 267. 

Readily recognized by the pubescence at the base of the apothecia. 

The specimen seen is only sparingly fertile. 

Hab. In damp recesses of rocks and walls in a maritime district.- 

B. M. Killery Bay, Connemara, Galway (the only locality). 

19. B. hemipolioides A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin or very 

thin, rugulose, subopaque, greyish-green. Apothecia small, 

sessile, convex, immarginate, leaden-coloured or partly pale, 

epithecium and hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, not 

well discrete, much branched; spores fusiform-oblong, usually 

somewhat curved, 3-septate. 12-18 fL long, 4'5 fL thick; hymenial 

gelatine bluish then, especially the asci, tawny-wine-red with 

ibdine.-Lecidea hemipolioides Ny!. in Flora lvi. 294 (1873); 

Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. 148 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

356. Exsicc. Larb. Lieh. lIb. n. 347. 

llab. On rocks.-B. M. Rozel, .Tersey (the only loealIty). 

20. B. lubens A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thinnish, granulose, 

greyish-glaucous. Apothecia small, subplane, then convex and 

immarginate, pale-flesh-coloured or dull-brown; hypothecium 

brownish; paraphyses coherent, colourless; spores very variable, 

5-9-septate, 28-50 [I. long,,7-11 [I. thick; hymenial gelatine deepblue 

with iodine.-Lecidea sabuletorum subsp. lubens Ny!. in 

Flora lvii. 311 (1874). L. lubens Cromb. in Grevillea iii. 23 


Distinguished from L. sabule/orum by the lighter. coloured apotheeia 

and by the larger spores. 

llab. On trunks of trees.-B. M. Shere, Surrey. 

(b) Apothecia dark-coloured, or becoming dark. 

21. B. Nitschkeana Lahm in Rabenh. Exs. no. 583 (1861). 

Thallus effuse, thm, leprose or granulose, greyish-green or greenishyellow 

(K -, CaCl--), often nearly evanescent. Apotheria

BILIMBIA 159 

25. B. mel rena Arnold in Flora xlviii. 596 (1865).-Thallus 

effuse, very thin, leprose-granulose, or sometimes gelatinous, 

sordid-greenish, greyish or brownish-black (K -, CaCI-), often 

evanescent. Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, black; 

hypothecium brownish-red or purplish-black; paraphyses concrete, 

violet- or bluish-black at the apices, the colour often 

penetrating downwards; spores linear-oblong, 3-septate, 14--22 f1. 

long, 4-6 f1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then dark-violet with 

iodme.-B. m111iarta var. melro)1a Mudd Man. 188 (1861). B. 

ilyophora Wheld. & Wils. in Journ. Bot. liii. Suppl. 63 (1915). 

Lecidea maZrona Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1853, 182; Carroll in Journ. 

Bot. v. 256 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 71; Leight. Lich. Fl. 329; 

eJ. 3,353. L. 1'ZyoplIOra Stirt. in Scott. Nat. v. 220 (1880). 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 169; Johns. n. 376. 

Readily distinguished by the very dark thallus and apotheCla. 

Hab. On turfy ground, occasionally on dead wood, in upland dis· 

tricts.-Distr. Apparently very local in England, Wales and Ireland; 

common on the Grampians, Scotland; not seen from the Channel 

Islands.-B. M. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; above Abergwesyn, 

Breconshire; Cader Idris, Merioneth; Ingleby Moor, Clev!'land, 

Yorkshire; Eskdale, Cumberland; Achosragan Hill, Appm, 

Argyll; Ben Lawers, Rannoch, and at base of Ben-y-Gloe, Pertbshue; 

Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Howth, Dublin; Croghan, 

Killarney, Kerry. 

26. B. leucoblephara Arnold in Flora lxvii. 574 (1884). 

Thallus determinate or sub effuse, thin, opaque, greyish- or 

greyish-green (K + yellow, CaCl-). Apothecia small, plane, 

margmed, brownish-black or black, blackish within, the margin 

white; hypothecium brownish-black; paraphyses concrete; 

spores fusiform-oblong, 3-septate, colourless, 10-19 [J. long, 4-6 f1. 

thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then violet-coloured with iodine. 

Lec!dea leucoblephara Nyl. in Ann. Sci. Nat, ser. 4, xix. 338 

(1863); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 35]; Cromb. in Grevillea XXIi. 

57. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. without number. 

Easlly.recognized by the whIte pubescence encirclmg the apothccia. 

Hab. On rocks (found on the Continent on furze, heather, etc.).- 

B. M. Near Kylemore, Conncmara, Galway. 

27. B. rhexoblephara A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin, greyish 

or dirty-white (K -, CaCI-), often little visible. Apothecia 

rather small, black, urceolate, then plane, with a thickish prominent 

deeply-crenate margin; hypothecium thick, black, darkbrown 

in thin section; hymenium whitish; paraphyses brown, 

somewhat thick and septate at the apices; spores oblong- or 

fusiform-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 17-21 [J. long, 6-7 f1. thick; hymenial 

gelatine bluish WIth iodine.-Lecidea rhexoblephara Nyl. in :Mem. 

Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherh. v. 337 (1857) & in Ofvers. K. Vet. Akad.

BILlMBlA tECIDElACEJE 161 

or wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria tmchona Ach. Meth. SuppI. 

16 (1803); Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. 2647. f. 1. Lectdea traclwna 

Nyl. in Flora xlvii. 620 (1864); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 71; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 329; ed. 3, 351. 

Exswc. Larb. Cffisar. n. 80. 

In our specimens the thallus is sordid-greenish: Borrer notes its 

resemblance to a Leprana. Apothecia and spermogones are frequent; 

when the latter only are present the plant resembles superficially a 

VerrllcU1'ia. Wainio (Lwh. Fenn. ii. 232, 1922) states that B. trachona 

grows in shady places or in caves. 

Hab. On rocks III maritime localities.-Dislr. Hare in the Channel 

Islands, S.W. England, and S.W. Ircland.-B . .l'tl. The Warren, Noirmont, 

,Tersey; Dixcarl Bay, Sark; ncar Penzance, Cornwall; Turk 

l\'[t., KIllarney, Kerry. 

31. B. chlorococca Grrowe ex Th. Fries Lich. Scand. 

380 (1874).-Thallus thin, furfuraceous or granulose, dullyellowish-green. 

ApotheCla reddish-brown or black, minute, 

adnate, convex, immarginate; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses 

gelatinous, distinct, dull-olive-green or pale at the tips; 

spores fusiform, straight or curved, 3-7-septate, 22-38 (J. long. 

3-5 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine blue then dull-wme-Fed with iodme. 

-Biatora hypnophila var. cltlorococca Grmwe in Ofvers. K. Vet. 

Akad. Forh. 1862, 473. Lccldea chlorococca Stiz. in Nov. Act. 

Acad. Leop.-Carol. xxxiv. 2, 24 (1868). 

Val'. hilarior Th. Fr. & Hult. LICh. Scand. 380 (1874). 

Apothecia reddish or reddish-brown; paraphyses pale at the tips 

otherwise as in the specIes, which has not been found ill Britalll. 


H abo On trees.-B. .l'tI. l\Iickieham, Surrey; Chl1rnwood Forest, 

Leiccstershire; Tinnahinch, Carlow. 

32. B. subturgidula A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, 

greenish-white or obsolete. Apothecia small, scattered, convex, 

Immarginate, dark-brown or pale-leaden-coloured; hypothecmm 

brown, whitish in uppcr layer; paraphyses concrete; epithecium 

white or yellowish-whitc; spores oblong, 8-14 (J. long, 3-4 (J. 

thick; hymemal gelatine blUIsh then often tawny-yellow with 

iodine.-Lccldea subturgidula Nyl. III Flora Ii. 343 (1868); Cromb. 

in J ourn. Bot. vito 48 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 72; Leight. hch. Fl. 

324; ed. 3, 344. 

According to Nylander allIed to L. apocll1wella, a Fmland species, 

but dlffers in the larger spores and the colour of the hypothecium. 

Hab. On old stumps of holly.-B. M. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, 

Rants. 

33. B. deducta A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, very thin, leprose, 

dispersed, greenish (K -, CaCl-), scarcely visible. Apothecia 

subminute, blackish, somewhat plane, and thinly margined, then 

IT M

162 .CYCLOCARl'tNElE BILtMBIA 

convex and immarginate, reddish in thin section, hypothecium 

darker in the middle; paraphyses indistinct; spores elhpsoid or 

oblong, 3-septatc, colourlcss, brownish in the mass, 10-13 [J. long, 

3'5-4'5 [J. thIck; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-reddish 

wIth iodine.-Lecidea deducta NyL in Flora hi. 410 (1869); Cromb. 

in Journ. Bot. viI. 233 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 72; Leight. Lich. FL 

328; ed. 3, 349. 

Distinguished from the preceding chiefly by the darker apothecia 

and by mternal charactcrs. Tho proper thallus, often obscured by a 

foreign gelatmous thallus, IS sparmgly present in the specimens gathered. 

Hab. On old stumps of holly.-B. M. Near Brockenhurst, New 

Forest, Rants. 

77. BACIDIA De Not. in Giorn. Bot. ItaL Ann. 2, I. i. 189 (1846) 

emend.; Th. Fries Lich. Arct. 179 (1860). ScoliclOSp01''U1n 

MassaL Ric. Lich. 104 (1852); Mudd Man. 185. Raphiospom 

MassaL Alc. Gen. Lich. 11 (1853); Mudd Man. 186. (PI. 11.) 

Thallus effuse, minutely squamulose or crustaceous. Algal cells 

Protococcacere. Apothecia brightly coloured or dark, sometimes 

carbonaceous (Raphwspora), immarginate or with proper margin 

only; asci usually 8-spored; spores elongate, colourless, pluriseptate, 

straight, sometimes spirally-curved (Scoliciosporum). 

The genus Bacidia, as here understood, includes not only those 

forms of Lecideacere with acicular straight spores, but also Scolicio. 

sporum in which the spores are spirally curved, and Raphiospora 

WhICh has been considered by some authors distinct on account of 

the carbonaceous outer wall of the apothecium. Tho colour of the 

apothecia is variable, but refers generally to the earlier growth stages. 

Thallus more Of Zeos squamulose. 

1. B. pulvinata Mudd Man. 185 (1861).-Thallus indetel'mmate, 

thickish, pulvinate, granulose-squamulose, the squamules 

minute, congrcgate in subconvex tufts, pale-greemsh-brown or 

cream-coloured (K + yellow, CaCI -) ; hypothallus thickish, 

black. Apothecia small, at first concave then plane, with thIck 

obtuse margin, at length convex and immarginate, black; hypothecium 

thIck, dark-redd'ish-brown (K + blackish); paraphyses 

slender, conglutinate; epithecium deep-yellow; spores acicular 

or slightly clavate, straight or somewhat curved, 3-7-septate, 

20-38 [J. long, 3-5 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine, especially the 

asci, bluish then wine-red with iodine.-Lectdea pulmnata Tayl. 

in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 123 (1836); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 75; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 345; ed. 3, 372. 

Characterized by the peculiar thallus which grows in small 

scatt.ered tumid roundish or difform pulvinate masses. The apothecia 

are not numerous m the spoclmens seen. 

Hab. Overspreading decayed mosses on turfy soil in mountainous 

distncts.-Distr. Rare in Wales, S.W. and N.W. Ireland.-B. M.

164 CYCLOCARPINElE DACIDIA 

Sussex; Ilear Ringwood, Rants; Oldbury and ncar Alfrick, \Vorcestershire; 

Dunkerron, Kerry_ 

4. B_ Iuteola Mudd Man. 183, t. 3, f. 68 (1861) pro parte. 

Thallus effuse, thin, leprose-granulose, greyish or greyish-green 

(Kf + yellowish, CaCl-), at times nearly obsolete. Apothecia 

moderate, sessile, naked, at first concave, becoming plane and 

obtusely margined, at length convex or subglobose, the margm 

excluded, yellow-reddish or reddish-flesh-coloured; hypothecium 

pale-yellowish; paraphyses slender, loosely coherent; epithecium 

not distinct; spores acicular, pluri-septate (the septa at length 

16), 45-90 [.L long, 3-4·5 IJ. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish thcn 

dark-wine-red or violet with iodine.-B. rubella Massal. Ric. 

Lich. 118 (1852); Mudd Man. 182, t. 3, f. 68 (excl. vars.). Lichen 

lutereus Gmelin Syst. Nat. ii. 1359 (1791) 1 L. luteolus Schrad. 

Spicil. Fl. Germ. 85 (1794). L. vernalis With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 14 

(1796) (non L., non Hoffm.); Engl. Bot. t. 845. Verrucaria 

rubella Hoflm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. 174 (1795). Lecidea luteola Ach. 

Meth. 60 (1803) (excl. vars.); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 472; Tayl. 

in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 126; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 73. L. vernalis 

Ach. Meth. 68 (1803); S. F. Gray tom. cit. 470; Hook. in Sm. 

Eng. Fl. v. 183 pro parte. L. rubella Schoor. Spicil. 168 (1836); 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 341; ed. 3, 369 (excl. syn. Lichen porriginosus); 

Cromb. in Grevillca xxii. 58. 

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 91; Leight. n. 92; Cromb. n. 86; Larb. 

Lich. Hb. n. 184 ; Johns. n. 374. 

Lichen lutereu8 Gmelin is quoted by Aeharius (Prod. Lich. Suee. 

42 (1798)), as It synonym, but this identification is uncertain. Tho 

species-name vernalis, based on Lichen vernalis Lightf. (Fl. Soot. ii. 

805 (1777)) has been adopted by some authors; but Lightfoot's plant 

is identical, in part, with Placodium jerrugineum (Pt. i. 221). 

Dichen rubellu8 Ehrh. docs not rank, being only a 1Wmen nudum. 

Tho apothecia are usually abundant and scattered, but sometimes 

there are soveral aggregate with the margin irregular and sublobatc. 

Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly elms, in wooded maritime and 

upland situations.-Distr. General and common in most parts of 

England, raro in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and tho Channel Islands. 

-B. 1JI. PatrlmoinQ, Jersey; Guernsey; Vlting, Broomfield, Gosfield 

Rail, Quondon and Epping Forest, Essex; Clulstone Park, Kent; 

Middleton, Lavington Park, Chanctonbury and Glynde, Sussex; 

Hingwood and Lyndhurst, New Forest, lIants; Ilsham, Torquay, 

Devon; Kynanco, Coverack, ncar tho Lizard, St. Judy and near 

Penzanee, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; near Bourtonon-'Vat,or. 

Clrencester, Clifton and Chesterton, Gloucestcrshiro; Banbury, 

Oxfordshiro; near Cambridge; near Yarmouth, Norfolk; Gopsail, 

Leicestershire; Broadwas and near North Malvern, W orcestershire ; 

Aberdovey, Merioneth; Oswestry and Shelton Rough, near Shrewsbury, 

Shropshire; Kildalo and Newton Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Teesdale, Durham; Cumberland; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Craiglockart, 

near Edinburgh; Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Tervoe and Carrigogunnel, 

near Limerick; Shane's Castle, Antrim; Connemara, Galway.

BAOIDIA LECIDEACEJE 165 

Var. porriginosa A. L. Sm.-Thallus as III the type. Apothecia 

reddish-flesh-coloured, the margin white-suffused, at 

length convex and immarginate; spores 3-7 -septate, 48-62 (.t 

long, 3-3'5 (.t thick.-Lichen porriginosus Turn. in Trans. Linn. 

Soc. viii. 94, t. 8, f. 4 (1807). Lecidea luteola var. porriginosa 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 73 (1870). L. rubella var. pom'ginosa Cromb. 

in Grevillea xxii. 58 (1893). 

Distinguished by the white marginal pruina, ultimately evanescent, 

which gives the apothecia much the aspect of those of B. rosella. 

Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly elms, in maritime and upland 

tracts.-Distr. Seen from only a few localities in E. and S. England 

and S. Wales.-B. M. Near the Lizard, Cornwall; near Beeding 

Windmill and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Brockenhurst, Hants; Llandrindod, 

Radnorshire; Yarmouth, Norfolk. 

5. B. acerina Arn. in Flora xlv. 391 (1862).-Thallus thinnish, 

coarsely granular, yellowish- or greenish-white. Apothecia 

prominent, at first concave with a thick rounded margin, becoming 

plane or sometimes subconvex, flesh-red, then chestnutbrown 

to blackish; excipulum colourless or rose-coloured; 

hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, coherent, more or 

lcss violet-blue or violet-red at the apices according to the colour 

of the apothecium; spores acute at each end, straight or spirally 

curved, up to 15-septate, 50-80 (.t long, 2,5-3,5 (.t thick.-Lecidea 

luteola var. acerina Ach. Meth. 60 (1803). L. acerina Nyl. in 

Flora Iv. 356 (1872); Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 58. 

Included by Crombio in his list of British Lichens. Thoro is no 

British specimen in the Museum, and I know of no record. 

flab. On bark ohiefly of pine, moro raroly of oak. Originally found 

on Acer by Parsoon and sent by him to Acharius. 

6. B. phacodes Kocrb. Parerg. Lich. 130 (1860).-Thallus 

cffuse, thin, leprose-granulose, greenish or whitish. Apothecia 

small, sessile, whitIsh or pale, becoming darker rcd or reddish 

rose, at first almost plane with paler margin, then convex, immarginate; 

hypothecium colourless; paraphyses concrete, colourless, 

pale-yellowish at the apices; spores very thinly acicular, 

faintly 3-15-septate, 27--40 (.t long, 2 (.t thick; hymenial gelatine 

bluish then wine-rod with iodinc.-B. albescens Zwackh in Flora 

xlv. 495 (1862). Lecidea luteola var. chlorottca Ach. Lich. Univ. 

196 (1810). L. arceutina f. chlorotica Cromb. Lich. Brit. 73 

(1870). L. phacodes Leight. Lich. Fl. 343 (187l); ed. 3, 363 

(incl. f. chlorotica). L. chlorotica Nyl. ex Norrl. in Medd. Sallsk. 

Faun. & Fl. Fenn. i. 31 (1876); Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 21; f. 

albescens Hepp ex Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 546 (1879). 

Exst·cc. Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 108, 183, 351 (as Lecidea Nylal1deriana, 

nomen nudum (1881 )), & Lich. Cantab. n. 32; Cromb. n. 

173.

166 CYCLOCARPINEJE BACIDIA 

Leighton (1. c.) records f. 'chlorotica on Thymus, Ulex, Oalluna, 

and Ulmus. According to Zahlbruckner, .Pyrenothea furcella, which is 

occasionally present, is the spermogonial form, with spermatia 6·5 f.t 

long, 1·5-2 (J. thick. . 

Hab. On trunks of trees, birch, ash, maple, etc., also on leather, in 

maritime and upland wooded situations.-Distr. Not uncommon in England 

and S. and W. Ireland, rare in S. Wales and the Channel Islands, not 

recorded from Scotland.-B. M. St. Ann Port, Jersey; Newlyn Cliff, 

Penzance, Cornwall; Shanklin, I. of Wight; near Bovey Tracey, 

Devon; New Forest, Hants; Glynde, Sussex; Maidstone, Kent; 

Ultmg and Gosfield Hall, Essex; WImp ole Park and near Newmarket, 

CambridgeshIre; near Brandon, Suffolk; Deerhurst, GloucestorshIre; 

near Worcester; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershrre; Fort 

HIll, FIshguard, Pem brokeshire ; near Yarm, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Leven's Park, Westmorland; Dunscombe's Wood, Cork; Tervoe and 

Castleconnel, Limerick; Dinish, Killarney, Kerry. 

7. B. fuscorubella Am. in Flora liv. 55 (1871).-Thallus 

effuse, thin, dark-grey or whitish. Apothecia brown (containing 

Bacidia-brown), sessile or adnate, large, at first plane and thinly 

margined, then convex and immarginate; hypothecium brownishyellow 

(K + carmine-red); paraphyses slender, loosely coherent, 

yellowish at the apices; spores straight, rather stout, attenuate 

towards the base, 4-16-septate, 60-75 f.t long, 3-5 f.t thick; 

hymenial gelatme deep-purple-violet with iodine.-Verrucarw 

fuscorubella Roffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. 175 (1795). Lecidea fuscorubella 

Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 58 (1893). 

A rare lichen. Arnold gives as the chief distinction between it 

and allied lichens the reaction of the hypothecium with potash, probably 

indicating the presence of parietin. 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-Dist. Rare in S. and Central England. 

--B. M. Near Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants; Malvern. Worcestershire. 

8. B. herb arum Am. in Flora xlviii. 596 (1865).-Thallus 

effuse, very thin, granulose, greyish-white (K - , CaCI-), often 

obsolete. ApotheCla moderate in size, sessile, at first promment 

and almost closed, with a shining margin, at length convex and 

immarginate, reddish or 'dark-red; hypothecium brownish- or 

reddish-yellow; paraphyses coherent, slightly clavate at the 

apices; epithecium colourless; spores acicular, straight or somewhat 

flexuose, narrower at the apICes, 3-5- or usually 5-7-septate, 

38-56 f.t long, 1-2 f.t thick; hymenial gelatine blue then sordidwine-red 

with iodine.-Secoltga herbarum Stiz. in Acad. Cres. 

Leop. Nov. AC,t. xxx. 3, 46 (1863). Lectdea herbarum Cromb. in 

Joum. Bot. xii. 148 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 372. 

Ilzsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 350. 

Stizenberger considered this plant to be intermediate between 

B. effusa or B. fuscorubella and B. muscorum, agreemg with the 

latter ill habitat and colour of the older apothecia, but approaching

BACIDIA LECIDEACEJE 167 

more nearly to B. effusa in the form and size of the spores. Tho 

thallus varies from being very granular and contiguous to dispersed, 

scanty, or obsolete . 

• Hab. Incrusting decaying mosses on granitic rocks in maritime 

tracts.-Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands.-B. JJI. Near 

Rozel, Jersey; Port Gorey and the Eperquerie, Sark. 

9. B. effusa Arn. in Flora xli. 505 (1858).-Thallus effuse, 

thin, crustaceous, scurfy, yellowish-green or whitish, sometimes 

scarcely visible. Apothecia rather small, scattered or sometimes 

several aggregate, at first plane with a thickish margin, 

then convex and immarginate, pale-yellowish-flesh-coloured, 

sometimes becoming reddish-brown or almost black; hypothecium 

colourless; paraphyses slender, sub discrete, colourless, 

the epithecium sometimes thinly brownish; spores narrowly 

clavate, straight or slightly curved, pluri-septate, usually about 

45 f1. long, 1-2 f1. thick, sometimes shorter or sometimes longer; 

hymenial gelatine and asci blue with iodine.-L1·chen effusus 

Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1863, two upper figures (1808). Biatora effusa 

var. intermedia Hepp ex Stiz. in Acad. Coos. Leop. Nov. Act. 

xxx. 3, 42, t. 2, f. 17 (1863). Lectdea effusa LeIght. Lich. Fl. 

343 (1871) (excl. vars.); ed. 3, 370 (excl. vars); Cromb. in 

Grevillea xxii. 58 (incl. var. intermedw, excl. vars. arce1ttina and 

hypnG3a). L. intermedia Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 368 (1879). 

Exswc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 233; Lich. Coosar. n. 74. 

Resembles B. arceutina in the character of the thallus and tho 

long, narrow spores, but differs in the constantly lighter coloured 

apothecia, which in some specimens become brOWnIsh. 

Hab. On trees, leather, etc.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, 

England, Wales and Ireland; not recorded from Scotland.-B. lYI. New 

Forest, Hltnts; Somerton, Somerset; Stowell Park, Gloucestershire; 

Penmaenmawr, Carnarvonshire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Westport, Mayo; Lough Feagh, Connemara, Galway. 

Form hemipolia A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, whitish-grey, 

smooth. Apothecia convex, semiglobose, partly pale-brownish, 

partly livid; epithecium yellowish; otherWIse as in the species. 

-Lecidea arceutina f. hemipolia Nyl. in Flora In. 413 (1869) 

nomen. 

Characterized by tho colour of tho epithecium and of tho constantly 

convex apothecia. 

Hab. On the bark of trees m maritime districts in S. England.- 

B. lYI. Near Lymington, Hants. 

10. B. Iatebricola Wheld. & Trav. in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 

xliii. 127 (1915).-Thallus greenish-yellow, granular-Ieprose, 

effuse (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia rare, mmute, at first fleshcoloured, 

then lIvid, blackish when old; hypothccium almost 

colourless; paraphyses clavate, colourless, WIth colourless epi-

DAClDIA LEClDEACElE 169 

spreads over the stone, and the apothecm are crowded in one small 

group. The spores are famtly but quite distmctly pluri-septate, and 

the slender arcuate spermatia measure up to 50 (J. long, ·8 (J. thick. 

Hab. On mica-schist rocks.-B . . M. Mweelan, Connemara, Galway 

(in a stream); Lough Tay, WlCklow (submerged in summer). 

14. B. carneoalbens A. L. Sm.-Thallus greenish-glaucous, 

thin, effuse, granulose (K + yellow, CaCI + red). Apothecia 

pale-flesh-coloured, sometimes becoming partly dark-coloured, 

convex, immarginate; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses 

concrete, colourless at the apices; spores elongate-fusiform, 

3-7 -septate, 23-27 (J. long, 2,5-3,5 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine 

tawny-wine-red with iodine, especially the asci which are at first 

blue at the tips.-Lecidea carneoalbens Nyl. in Flora lix. 307 

(1876); Cromb. in Grevilloa v. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 365. 

Near to B. inundata, but differs in the lighter-coloured apothecia 

and in the form of the spores, which are straight and slightly narrower 

at one end. The paraphyses are yellow in the mass. 

Hab. On water-washed rocks in a maritime district.-B. JJ/. Killery 

Bay, Connemara, Galway (the only locality). 

15. B. scopulicola A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, granularverrucose, 

unequal, greyish- or brownish-green. Apothecia small, 

at first plane and obtusely margined, then convex and immarginate, 

brownish-flesh-coloured; epithecium colourless; hypothecium 

colourless (the subhymenial layer tawny-brownish); 

paraphyses slender; spores acicular, thinly or obsoletely 3-5septate, 

32-44 (J. long, 2 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then 

tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Lemdea scopulicola Nyl. in Flora 

lvii. 312 (1874); Cromb. in Grevillea iii. 23; Leight. Lich. FI. 

ed. 3, 368. 

Distinguished from the preceding species by the more developed 

thallus and longer spores. 

Hab. On soil on maritime rooks in S. England.-B. JJI. Rosemodris 

Cliff, Penzanoe, Cornwall (the only locality). 

16. B. inundata Koerb. Syst. J.Jich. Germ. 187 (1855). 

Thallus effuse, granulose or rimose-areolate, greenish (K -, 

CaCl-). Apothecia minute, subinnate-sessile, at first concave 

and thinly margined, at length convex and immarginate, palebrown, 

leaden-coloured, dark-red or finally blackish; hypothecium 

pale; paraphyses coherent, colourless at the apices; 

spores straight or curved, clongate, attenuate at the apices, 

3-7- (or more}-septate, 34-50 (J. long, 1'5-2·5 (J. thick; hymeuial 

gelatine bluish then wine-red or violet with iodine.-B. luteola 

var. mundata Mudd Man. 183 (1861). Biatora inundata Fr. in 

Vet. Acad. Handl. 1822, 270. Lecidea inundata Nyl. in Flora 

lviii. 106 (1875); Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 58, L. arceutina Nyl.

170 CYCLOCARPINElE BACIDIA 

f. inundata Cromb. Lich. Brit. 73 (1870). L. effusa var. inundata 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 344 (1871); ed. 3, 371. 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 149. 

The thallus, occasionally little developed, varies somewhat in 

thickness, and when dry is often tawny-greenish. It is usually well 

fertile; the apothecia are very variable in colour in dIfferent specimens; 

the spores are often curved to an S-shape. The spermogones 

are frequent with curved spermatia, 2·5--3 (.I. long, ·6 (.I. thick. 

Hab. On rocks and boulders, at times inundated, in maritime and 

upland tracts, also on moist wood.-Distr. Seen only from a few 

localities in Great Britain and Ireland; no doubt often overlookcd. 

B. M. Malpas, near Truro, and Mt. Edgecumbe, Cornwall; Fishguard 

Harbour, Pembrokeshire; near Ayton and Airyholme Wood, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; 

ncar Ballachulish, Argyll; Glen Lochay, KIllin, Perthshire; Glen 

Callater, Braemar, Aberdcenshire; Killery Bay and Lettermore, 


Subsp. allecta A. L. Sm.-Apothecia white-flesh-coloured; 

spores acicular, thin, 56-70 (.I. long, 1 (J. thick; otherwise as in 

the species.-Lecidea inundata subsp. allecta Ny!. in Flora Ix. 567 

(1877); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. 275 (1882) & in Grevillea xxii. 

58. Specimen not seen. 

Characterized by the paler colour of the apothccia and the thinner, 

longer acicular spores. Spermatia as in the species. 

Hab. On siliceous rocks in a maritime district.-Distr. Local and 

scarce in W. Ireland (Kylemore, Galway). 

(b) Apothecia dark-coloured. 

17. B. caligans A. L. Sm.-Thallus indeterminate, thinnish, 

rugose, deeply cracked, fuliginous-black (K -, CaCI). Apothecia 

small, plane, obtusely margined, blackish; hypothecium colourless 

(the perithecium somewhat brownish above); paraphyses 

concrete, colourless at the apices; spores thinly acicular, indistinctly 

septate, 30-35 (.I. long, 1·5 (.I. thick; hymenial gelatine 

wine-reddish with iodine.-Lecidea caligans Ny!. in Flora lvii. 

10 (1874); Cromb. in Gr,evillea ii. 140 & xxii. 58; Leight. Lich. 

ed. 3, 283, 371. 

Closely resemblmg B. inundata. The dark colour of the thallus 

is due to the' presence of blue-green algae. 

Hab. On rocks in a maritime district.-B. M. Island of Alderney 

(the only locality.) 

18. B. egenula Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 363 (1874}.-Thallus 

very thinly granulose, greyish (Kf + yellowish), nearly obsolete. 

Apothecia small, plane, obtusely margined, at first brown then 

blackish or dark-brown, the margin thickish, at length evanescent; 

hypothecium brownish; paraphyses loosely coherent, clavatecapitate 

and colourless at the apices, the epithecium brown;

llACIDIA LECIDEACElE 175 

Thetford Warren, Norfolk; ShiffnaI, Shropshire; Whitman's Hill, near 

Malvern, Worcestershire; Dolgelly, McrlOneth; Hedcar, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; Freshfield, Lancashire; East Allendale, Northumberland; 

Wmdcrmcre, Westmorland; Appin and Ballachuhsh, Argyll; Glen 

Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Blarney, Cork; Croghan, KIllarney, 

Kerry. 

Var. atriseda Wheld. & Trav. in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xliii. 

129 (1915).-Thallus effuse, granulose, the granules bright green 

when moist, cinereous when dry, scattered over a black hypothallus. 

Apothecia solitary or aggregate, at first pale-tawny, becommg 

black, with a thin margm, becoming convex, immarginate and 

difform. Hypothecium reddish-brown; hymenium brownish, 

the epithecium blackish; spores straight or slightly curved, 

acute at one end or sometimes with an appendage at each end, 

30-39 fL long, 2·3 fL thick.-A. L. Sm. Monogr. i. 471 (1918). 


Forming patches which appear blackish owing to the dark hypothallus. 

It dIffers from the species in colour and habItat, and in the 

spore appendages, which, however, suggest germmation. 

Hab. Associated with Oladonia pyxidata on decaymg mosses and 

thin moist humus on bare low Salix repens dunes. (Formby, Lancashire, 

Oct. 1907 and Jan. 1914). 

25. B. atrosanguinea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 354 (1874). 

Thallus effuse, thin or thickish, verrucose, pale or whitish (K-, 

CaCl -), often little visible. Apothecia small, plane, thinly 

margined, black or blackish; paraphyses thickish, often bluish 

at the apices; hypothecium purple- or reddish-brown; epithecium 

aeruginous-black; spores acicular, 3-7-septate, 22-44 fL long, 

2,5-3'5 fL thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with 

iodine.-Biatora atrosanguinea Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 286 (1857). 

Lectdea subincompta Ny!. in Flora xlviii. 147 (1865); Cromb. in 

Grevillea xxii. 59. 

Classified by some recent writers as B. affinis. There is no specimen 

in our British collection, but it has probably been ovorlooked, as it is 

common"'on the continent. B. mcmnpta var. atrosangumea Mudd Man. 

184 may be a synonym, but a specimen in the herbarIUm so named by 

hIm is Identical with B. incompta. 

Hab. On the bark of trees. 

Subsp. oribata A. L. Sm.-Thallus thinly subgranuloseverrucose, 

greyish-brown. Spores 3-5-septate, 23-40 fL long, 

3-4 fL thick; otherwise as in the species.-Lecidea oribata Ny!. 

in Flora lvii. 16 (1874); ;Leight. LlCh. Fl. ed. 3, 372. L. 8ubincompta 

subsp. oribata Cromb. in Grevillea ii. 141 (1874) & xxii. 

59. 

Apparently, as Nylander himself says, only a subspecies differing 

ChICHy in the more developed thallus and the rather smaller spores 

and in the habitat.

BAOtDIA LECIDEACElE 177 

thick.-Patellaria Laurocerasi Duby in DC. Bot. Gall. 653 (1830). 

Lectdea endoleuca f. Laurocerasi Nyl. in Flora xlvIi. 620 (1864); 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 74. 

Perhaps rather a state than a dlstmct form, differing in the lIghtercoloured 

apothecia, whICh are rather scattered III t,he two British 

specimens, and are obtusely margined only in a very young conditIOn. 

Nylander (l. c.) gives the larger spore Sizes, usually they are about 

65 !.Llong. 

Hab. On ash and elm in maritime and upland districts.-Dislr. 

Rare in S. England and the Channel Islands.-B. ]',1. Quenvais, Jersey; 

near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants. 

28. B. umbrina Branth & Rostr. in Bot. Tidsskr. Iii. 235 

(1869).-Thallus sub effuse, thin, granulose-Ieprose or subareolate, 

dark-greyish, dark-green, blackish or yellowish (K -, CaCI -), 

sometimes subobsolete. Apothecia small, sessile, plane and 

thinly margined, at length convex, immarginate, brownish or 

blackish; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses coherent, olivebrown 

or dark-greenish-blue at the subclavate apices; spores 

vermiform-cylmdrical, spirally curved, 3-5-pluri-septate, 20-40 !.L 

long, 2·5-3·5 !.L thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red 

or vIOlet with iodine.-Lecidea umbrina Ach. Lich. Univ. 183 

(l81O); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 255 (1867); Leight. Lich. Fl. 

ed. 3, 359; f. vermifera Ny!. Lich. Scand. 210 (1861). L. peltdna 

Ach. tom. Ctt. 158; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 74; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

344. L. holomeZmna Floerke ex Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 256 (1827) 

pro parte. L. vermifera Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1853, 98; Salw. in 

Trans. Penz. Nat. Rist. Soc. 1853, 143. L. holomelmna subsp. 

vermifera Cromb. Lich. Brit. 91 (1871). Scoliciosporum venniferum 

Mudd Man. 185 (1861). 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 158; Mudd n. 153; Johns. n. 342. 

Easily recognized by the spirally-curved spores, which are usually 

pluriseptate, though sometimes apparently simple. The thallus covers 

the substratum with a thin minutely broken crust. The apothecia are 

numerous. Leighton's f. leptomera (E. c.) (Lecidea leptomera Sommerf. 

SuppI. FI. Lapp. 161 (1826)) has a somewhat lighter thallus. Crombie 

cites as Lectdea holomelrena (Biatora holomelrena Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 

12 (1853)), a species that from its two-celled spores belongs to the genus 

Biatorina. , 

Hab. On rocks and stones, more rarely on old palings.-Distr. 

General and common throughout the British Isles.-B. M. Boulay 

Bay, Jersey; Launceston, Cornwall; Shoreham, Shermanbury and 

Wisborough Green, Sussex; Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; Barmouth, 

Merioneth; near Oswestry, Sutton, near Shrewsbury, Stlperstones and 

Lyth Hill, Shropshire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Snowdon and Trefriw. 

Carnarvonshire; Buxton. Derbyshire; near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

High Force, Teesdale, Durham; Glen Helen, 1. of Man; Kendal, 

Westmorland; As by, Cum berland; near Portlethen, Kincardineshire; 

Canlochan, Forfarshue; Ben Lawers, Glen Fender and Craig Tulloch, 

mau Athole, Perthshire; Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Abcrdeenshire; 

II N

nUELLIA LECIDEACEJE 183 

Silloth, Cumberland; Port Grcenaugh, I. of Man; Kinloch Rannoch, 

Perthshire; Clare Island, Mayo. 

5. B. occulta Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 186 (1860).-Thallus 

greyish-yellow, effuse, thin, minutely cracked-areolate, the areolm 

somewhat convex (K + yellow, CaCl-); hypothallus black. 

Apothecia minute, blackish-brown, adnate and margined by the 

thallus, becoming convex, the proper margin more or less visible; 

hypothecium yellowish; paraphyses indistinct, dark-brown and 

clavate at the tips; spores ellipSOId, 14-17 !1. long, 7-8!1. thick. 

-Lecidea occulta Leight. in Grevillea i. 58, t. 4, f. 6 (1872), & 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 325. L. leucoclinella Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. 

Bot. ix. 179 (1871) & xi. 135 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. 310; ed. 

3,325. 

Exsicc: Leight. n. 217 pro parte. 

Differs from the preceding in the colour of the thallus, which is 

thinner and often somewhat scattered. Crombie (l. c.) included 

Leighton's Exsicc. n. 189 (L. verT11culosa) under L. leucoclinella, but 

the British Museum specimen is a form of Rhizocarpon confervoides. 

The specimens in the herbarium were collected by Leighton except the 

one from Ayton determined by Mudd as B. verruculosa. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in Central England and Wales.- 

B. M. Lyth Hill, Shropshire; Bottws-y.Coed, Carnarvonshire; near 

Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. 

6. B. discolor Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 185 (1860).-Thallus palegreyish-brown, 

thin, tartareous, minutely cracked-areolate or 

almost continuous, the areolm plane (K + yellow, CaCI + yellow), 

limited by a more or less conspicuous dark-brown hypothallus. 

Apothecia blackish-brown, minute, numerous, adnate or submnate, 

plane with a thickish persistent margin; hypothecium 

colourless; paraphyses distinct, dark-brown at the apices; spores 

ellipsoid, almost colourless, then dark-brown, the large guttulm 

of the cells connected by a tube, 19-21 !1. long, 10-11 !1. thick. 

Lecidea discolor Hepp Flecht. Eur. nos. 319 & 320 (1857); Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 325. 


Hab. On rocks and stones.-Distr. Somewhat rare in S. and N. 

England and S. Iroland.-B. M. Sussex Downs; Sunny Brow and 

near High Reston, Sta veley, Westmorland; sea· banks between 

Whitehaven and St. Bees, Cumberland. 

7. B. interpolata A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate, greyishbrown, 

minutely squamulose-areolate, the areolm minute, appressed, 

mostly dispersed ona dense black hypothallus. Apothecia 

black, small, adnate, plane, marginate; hypothecium colourless; 

paraphyses slender not well discrete, the apices clavate-capitate, 

brownish-black; spores ellipsoid, greenish or dark-brown, the 

large guttulm of the cells sometimes connected by a tube, about

BUELLIA . LECIDEACEA> 187 

brown or black; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, dark-amberbrown 

at the tips, forming a reddish-brown epithecium; hypothecium 

(especially above) reddish-brown; spores ellipsoid, 

reddish-brown, 14-17 fL long, 6-8 fL thick; hymenial gelatine 

bluish then wine-red with iodine.-Lecidea prmcavenda NyL in 

Flora Iii. 411 (1869); Cromb. in J ourn. Bot. vii. 232 (1869) & 

Lich. Brit. 88; Leight. Lich. FL 309; ed. 3, 323. 

Distinguished by the biatorine character of the apothecia and by 

the reddish colour internally. In the single specimen gathered, the 

thallus and apothecia are sparingly present, and are interspersed with 

a sphffiriaceous fungus. 

Hab. On a decaying holly.-B M. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, 

Hants. 

13. B. rethelea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 604 (1874).-Thallus 

eff.use, thin or thickish, minutely cracked-areolate, greyish or 

brownish-grey (K + yellow then red, CaCI - ); hypothallus 

black. Apothecia minute, innate, concave or almost plane, with 

l1 thin prominent margin; hypothecium brownish or dark-brown; 

paraphyses coherent, dark-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 

usually constricted at the septum, dark-brown, 10-15 fL long, 

6-8 fL thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.-B. 

badioatra var. atroalbella Mudd Man. 214 (1861). Gyalecta 

cethalea Ach. Lich. Dniv. 669 (1810). Lecidea atroalba var. 

atroalbella NyL Ob3. Syn. Lich. Holm. 6 (1853). L. atroalbella 

Leight. Lich. FL 310 (1871); ed. 3, 324. L. mthalea Stiz. in 

Jahresber. St. GalL Nat. Ges. 456 (1882); Cromb. in Journ. 

Bot. xx. 275 (1882). 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 185 (as B. coracina); Leight. n. 184 (as 

Lecidea atroalba var. atroalbella); Johns. n. 510. 

The thallus is typically very thin, the areolffi being contiguous or 

dispersed on a black hypothallus; when more developed the areolffi 

are more compact and deeply cracked. 

Hab. On quartzose and schistose rocks.-Distr. Rather rare in 

maritime and upland districts.-.B M. Shanklin, I. of Wight; Lyth 

Hill and near Church Stretton, Shropshire; Easby, Lounsdale and 

Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Warton Crag, Lancashire; Staveley, 

Westmorland; Barrowmouth, Cumberland; I. of Lismore, Barc. 

aldine, Appm, and Saddell, Carradale, Argyll; Lough Feagh, Conne. 

mara, Galway; Achill Island, Mayo. 

14. B. succedens A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin, granulate, 

unequal, or subareolate, whitish. Apothecia submoderate, margined, 

brownish-black; paraphyses moderate, jointed, thickened 

and brownish at the apices; hypothecium brown or reddishbrown; 

spores ellipsoid, simple or I-septate, blackish, 11-14 fL 

long, 4'5-5'5 fL thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red 

with iodine.-Lecidea succedens NyL in Flora xlix. 372 (1866); 

Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xix. 332 (1867) & Lich.

188 .CYCLOCARPINEJE BUELLIA 

Fl. 308; ed. 3, 322; Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 258 (1867); Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 89. Specimen not seen. 

Closely allied with L. secedens NyI.-, a corticolous species of N.W. 

France. 

Hab. On a mica-schist rock on one of the S. Grampians (Ben 

Lawers, Perthshire). 

15. B. verruculosa Mudd Man. 215 (1861) (excl. var. spuria). 

-Thallus effuse, minutely cracked-areolate, the areolre scattered 

or contiguous, plane or slightly convex, smooth, yellowish-green 

(K -, CaCl + orange-red, medulla I - ); hypothallus blackish, 

often little visible. Apothecia black, minute, innate, almost 

plane, thinly margined, becoming convex and immarginate; 

hypothecium dull-brown; paraphyses coherent, brown at the 

clavate apices; spores oblong, sometimes slightly constricted at 

the septum, brown, 12-16 [.L long, 6-9 [.L thick; hymenial gelatine 

deep-blue with iodine.-B. ocellata Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 224 

(1855). Lichen verruculosus Borr. in Engl. Bot. t. 2317 (1812). 

Lecidea verruculosa Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 174 

(1833); Leight. Lich. Fl. 303; ed. 3, 315. L. ocellata Floerke 

ex Flot. in Flora xi. 691 (1828); Cromb. in J ourn. Bot. vii. 108 

(1869) & LlCh. Brit. 93. L. kaleida Tayl. in Lond. Joum. Bot. 

vi. 150 (1847). L. lecanorina Salw. in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. 

vii. 552 (1863) t " 


Differs from B. spuria in the colour of the thallus ari9- in the larger 

spores. The hypothecium in both these species is t1)rown in thick 

section, but paler in thm section. The areolre are 66casionally sub· 

squamulose. - , 

Hab. On rocks and flints.-Distr. Somewhat rare in maritime and 

upland regions.-B. M. Lydd Beach, Kent; Carlton Bank, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; Muggleswick Hill, Durham; Staveley, Westmorland; 

Lamplugh, Cumberland; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; near 

Cork; Blackwater Bridge, Lough Caragh and Dunkerron, Kerry. 

Subsp. prreponens A. L. Sm.-Thallus determinate, wartedareolate 

or thinly granular, yellowish-green. Apothecia small, 

subinnate, uneven, Immarginate; spores 15-17 [.L long, 8-10 [.L 

thick.-Lecidea ocellata subsp. prmponens Nyl. in Flora Ii. 347 

(1868); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. 108 (1869) & Lich. Brit. 94. 

L. verruculosa var. prmponens Leight. Lich. Fl. 304; ed 3, 316. 

Hab. On rocks in maritime regions.-B. M. Portlethen and near 

Cove and Nigg, Kincardinshire (the only localities). 

16. B. saxatilis Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 228 (1855). 

Thallus thickish, unequal, cracked, faintly yellowish-white or 

greyish (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia black, minute, scattered, 

innate, then sessIle, plane, the margin entire, sometImes prominent; 

hypotheciUJll blackish-brown i paraphyses sub coherent,

194 CYOLOCARPINElE BUELLIA 

26. B. lyperiza A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish or blackish-grey, 

thin, smooth, continuous, obscurely hmited (K -, CaCl -). 

Apothecia black, plane or slightly convex, rather large, margin 

obtuse; hypothecmm dark-brownish, grumous; paraphyses distinct, 

slender, often septate, branched above; spores dark-brown, 

ellipsoid, sometimes 3-4-nucleate, rather large, 16-22 (.L long, 

9-12 (.L thick; hymenial gelatme intensely-blue with iodine. 

Lecidea lyperiza Stirton in Grevillea iii. 35 (1874); Leight. Lich. 

Fl. ed. 3, 323 (1879) (sphalm. hypenza). 

Hab. On smooth bark of trees. Collected by Dr. Stirton near 

Killin, Perth. 

27. B. coniops Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 231 (1860).-Thallus 

determinate, warted-granulose, unequal, moderate, greyish-brown 

or greyish-ferruginous, the granules small, crenate, at length 

conglomerate (K -, CaCI-); hypothallus blackish, often hmit 

,ing the thallus. Apothecia subminute, plane, adnate-appressed, 

black or brownish-black, margined, the margin prominent, thin, 

entire; hypothecium brown; paraphyses coherent, brown at 

the thickened apices; spores ellipsoid, obtuse, shghtly constricted 

in the middle, blackish-brown,' 12-17 (.L long, 8-9 (.L thick; 

hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Leddea coniops Wahlenb. 

in Ach. Meth. SuppI. 8 (1803); Cromb. Lich. Brit: 88; 


EX8icc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 344 (as Lecidea myriocarpa var. 

alepta). 

Often confounded by authors with Lecidea latypea. It at first 

forms small circular patches on the substratum, limited by a radiatmg 

hypothaJlus, which subsequently becoine confluent, with the hypothallus 

evanescent. The British specimens gathered are well fertile. 

Hab. On schistose rocks in mantime or upland dlstricts.-B. M. 

Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; near Cove, Kmcardineshire; Clare 

Island, Mayo. 

28. B. atrata Mudd Man. 215 (1861).-Thallus greyish or 

usually greyish-black, rather thick, cracked-areolate, the areolro 

small, smooth, plane or convex (K + yellow then red); hypothallus 

black. Apothecia black, innate or appressed, becommg 

superficial, plane or convex, the margin thm, entIre, disappearing; 

hypothecium thick, dark-brown; paraphyses somewhat lax, darkblUlsh-green 

or almost black at the apices; spores dark-brown, 

ellipsoid, 11-17 (.L long, 6-10 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine deepblue 

with iodine.-B. coracina Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 224 

(1855); Mudd Man. 214. Verrucaria coracina RoHm. Deutschl. 

Fl. ii. 183 (1795)? Lichen atratu8 Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2335 (1811). 

Lecidea at rata Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. 174 (1833) (non Ach . . fide 

Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 607). L. coracina Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. 

Bard. ser. 3, i. 372 (1856) (non Ach. vel pro minore parte, fide Th.

BUELLIA LECIDEACElE 195 

Fr. Lich. Scand. 607); Cromb. Lich. BrIt. 86; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

307; ed. 3, 321. 

EXSlCC. Cromb. n. 92. 

Easlly recognized by the very dark colour of the thallus and 

apothecia. The specimens collected by Mudd and named by him 

B. coractna are includcd under B. a3thalea. They have a lightercoloured 

thallus and light-brown hypothecium. Hoffmann's plant is 

doubtful; he cites as a synonym DlCkson's Lwhen atrocmereus, which 

is a species of Rmodina. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Somewhat rare in subalpine districts of 

England, Scotland and Ireland.-B. M. Canlochan, Forfarslnre; 

Morrone, Braemar, Aberdecnshire; Glen Spean,.Inverness-shire. 

Var. brunnea A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. 179 (1911).-Thallus 

formed of small browmsh areohc contIguous or somewhat scattered 

on a black, predommant, radiating hypothallus (K -, CaCI-). 

Apothecia black, convex, with a thm unequal margin, sometimes 

several aggregate; hypothecium thICk, black; paraphyses easily 

separating from the hypothecium and browmsh at the base, 

subdlscrete, clavate and dark-greenish-blue or almost black at 

the tIpS; spores rounded-oblong, becoming dark-brown, 12-15 [L 

long, 8 [L thIck; hymemal gelatine deep-blue with iodine. 

Outwardly resembling Lecidea atrobrunnea Schffir., a continental 

species. It differs from the species in the lighter, morc dispersed 

thallus and in the absence of any thallme reaction. 

Hab. On a granitlC boulder.-B. M. Summit of Craig Calliach, 

Perthshire. 

29. B. scabrosa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 227 (1855). 

Thallus determmate, appressed, thin, areolate or areolate-granular, 

citrine or yellow-greenish (K + yellow, CaCI-), hypothallus 

obsolete. ApotheCla small, appresscd, somewhat convex, 

at length immarginate, black, slightly seabrid; hypothecium 

black; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, dull-greenish in the 

mass, the epithecium black; spores ellipsoid, brown, 12-18 [Llong, 

6-8("[L thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-red with iodine. 

Lec!dea scabrosa Ach. Meth. 48 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 

466 pro parte; Hook. m Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 178; Tayl. m Mackay 

Fl. Hib. ii. 122; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 93; Leight. Lich. Fl. 304; 

ed. 3, 316; Lichen scabrosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1878 (1808). 

Exstcc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 146. 

Has much the general aspect of more developed states of Bacidia 

(lavomrescens, of which It was subsequently regarded by Achanus as 

a variety. Apart, howevcr, from other characters, it differs in the 

anatomical structure of the apothecia. In the BritIsh specimens the 

thallus usually forms small orbicular patches. The apothecia are 

numerous, often aggregate and confluent, arranged as it were in 

circles. 

Hab. On the ground, rarely encrusting mosses on rocks in mountamous 

districts, generally assocIated wlth Ba30myces rufus.-Distr.

198 CYCLOCARPINEAl: RUELLIA 

hymenial gelatine deep-blue with iodine.-Lecidea deludens Nyl. 

i n Flora lvi. 296 (1873); Cromb. in Grevillea ii. 90; Leight. Lich. 

Fl. ed. 3, 323. 

The apothecia usually scattered, are occasionally 2-3-confluent, 

the margin then being obliterated. 

Hab. On quartzose stones in an alpine situation.-B. M. Summit 

of Cairn Gowar, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only locality). 

34. B. confervoides Krempelh. Lich.-Fl. Bay. 200 (1861). 

-Thallus effuse, greyish or browmsh, thin, tartareous, areolate, 

the areolre small, contiguous 01' scattered, plane or slightly convex 

(medulla I + blue); hypothallus blackish. Apothecia small, 

black, innate, sessile, plane, indistinctly marginate; hypothecium 

blackish-brown; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, slightly 

clavate, and blackish-brown at the apices; spores ellipsoid, at 

first colourless, becoming brown, with a hyaline epispore, 21-30 (L 

long, 8-14 (L thIck.-Lecidea atroalbicans Nyl. in Flora IVIii. 363 

(1875); Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 328. 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 511; Larb. Lich. Rb. without a number (as 

Lecidea atro-albicans). 

Distinguished by the smooth thallus, by the prominent hypothallus, 

and also by the amyloid character of the medullary hyphm. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rather rare in our western counties.- 

B. M. Bangor, Carnarvonshire; Douglas Bay and Port Soderick, Isle 

of Man; Barcaldine, Argyll; Kinloch-Rannoch, Perthshire; Loch 

Linnhe, Inverness-shire; Cloghan, Copnemara, Galway. 

35. B. badioatra Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 223 (1855). 

Thallus determinate, thickish, areolate or cracked-areolate, the 

areolre plane, brownish or dark-brown (Ie -, CaCI-, medulla 

1-); hypothallus blackish. Apothecia innate, plane, thinly 

margined, black; hypothecium dark-brown; paraphyses 

coherent or lax, purplish or reddish-brown at the slightly clavate 

apices; epithecium blackish (K + purplish-violet); spores 

ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, often slightly constricted in the 

middle, brown or at length blackish-brown, with a thin hyaline 

epIspore, 26-36 (L long, 12-18 (L thick; hymenial gelatine deepblue 

with iodine.-Mudd Man. 214, t. 4, f. 81. Lecidea badwatra 

Floerke ex Spreng. Neu. Entdeck. ii. 95 (1821); Schrer. Enum. 

lll; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 86; Leight. Lich. Fl. 306; ed. 3, 318. 

The thallus is scarcely if at all affected by K or by CaCI. The 

spores rarely reach the extreme size recorded, usually they measure 

about 26 (L X 14 (L. 

Hab. On alpine schistose rocks.-Distr. Rare in N. Wales, on the 

Grampians, Scotland, and S. W. Ireland.-B. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth; 

Loch-na-gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshiro; Killarney, Kerry. 

Var. atrobadia A. L. Sm.-Differs from the species in the 

more scatt(;lred thallus and in the more marked rll-diating hypo-

BUELLIA LECIDEACElE 201 

athalline and smaller, in the darker epithecium and hypothecium, as 

also in the number of the rather thicker spores. The apothecia are 

usually somewhat scattered. 

Hab. On the thallus of Pertusaria WUlfenii var. rupicola and P. 

sulphurea III mountainous distncts.-Distr. Only a few localities in 

N. Wales, the S. Gramplans, Scotland and W. Ireland.-B. JJI. Llanbedrog, 

near Pwllheh, Merioneth; The Trossachs, Perthshire; Achos· 

ragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; near Kylemore and Doughruagh Mt., 

Connemara. 

79. LECIOGRAPHA MassaI. Gen. Lich. 14 (1854.). Dacty1ospora 

Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 271 (1855); Mudd Man. 223. 

(PI. 13.) 

Thallus none. Apothecia parasitic on the thallus of other 

lichens, immersed then superficial, discoid black and carbonaceous; 

hypothecium dark-coloured; spores 8 in the ascus, 

oblong-ellipsoid or oblong-fusiform, 3-septate, brown. 

1. L. parasitica MassaI. 1. c. & Symm. Lich. 66 (1855). 

Apothecia small, sessile, at first somewhat concave, then plane, 

margined, black, the margin thin, entire, prominent, slightly 

shining; hypothecium dark-reddish-brown; paraphyses conglutinate, 

thicker and reddIsh-brown at the tips; spores oblongcylindrical, 

3-septate, brown, 9-15 f1. long, 3·5-4·5 f1. thick; 

hymenial gelatine deep-blue WIth iodine.-Lecidea parasitica 

Floerke Deutsch. Lich. 6, 3 (1819); Cromb. Lich. Brit: 94; 

Leight. Lich. FI. 357; ed. 3, 387. L. inspersa TuI. in Ann. 

Sci. Nat. seI. 3, xvii. 118 (1852). L. Zwackhii Cromb. in Journ. 

Bot. xiv. 362 (1876) 1 Dactylospora inspersa Mudd Man. 224, 

t. 4, fig. 85 (1861). 

EXSlCC. Leight. n. 183; Larb. Lich. Cresar. n. 86. 

When corticolous not to be confounded with Trachylia stigonella, 

to whicll it bears considerable resemblance in its habits and external 

appearance, but from which it is separated by the spores. The 

apothecia are either scattered or often aggregate. 

Hab. On the thallus of Lecanora parella and Pertusaria communis 

in mantime and upland situations.-Disir. General and not uncommon 

in England; apparently rare in the Channel Islands, Wales and 

S. Ireland; not seen from Scotland.-B. M. La Moye, Island of 

Jersey; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Totnes, Lydford, and 

near Newton Bushell, Devon; TIIgate, Sussex; Chedworth Woods, 

Gloucestershire; near Twycross, Leicestershire; Hale End and near 

the Ragged Stone, Malvern, Worcestershlre; Harboro' Magna, 

WarwIckshire; Barmouth and near Nannau, Dolgelly, Merioneth; 

Aber, Carnarvonshire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Brown's 

Dem€,sne, Riverstown, Cork; Muckross, Killarney, Kerry. 

Var. parellaria A. L. Sm.-Paraphyses usually darker at the 

tips; spores remaining longer I-septate, sometimes also 2- or 

3-septate.-Leddea parellana NyI. in Flora lix. 239 (1876); 

Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. 362 (1876); Leight. in Trans. Linn.

RHIZOCARPON LECIDEACEAi: 211 

Leight. and f. coarctata Leight. (l. c. 379) the apothecia are more concave 

and at times circumscissed; in the latter the thallus is also diffuse 

or scattered. The spermogones are not uncommon, the spermatia 

rod-shaped, 6 [J. long, ·6 [.L thick. 

Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcareous, more rarely schistose and 

arenaceous.-Distr. Frequent m mantime and upland regions. 

B. M. Wadebridge, Cornwall; near Beeding and Sullmgton Heath and 

Graffham Down, Sussex; Ullacombe, Dartmoor, Devon; Leith Hill, 

Surrey; Wickwar, Gloucestershire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; 

near Ledbury, Herefordshire; Oswestry, Shropshire; Charnwood 

Forest, Lercestershlre; near Llandovery, Carmarthenshire; Cader 

Idris and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Capel Cung, Carnarvonshire; Llangollen, 

Denbighshlre; I. of Anglesea; Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

near Brigsteer and near Kendal and Shap, Westmorland; St. Bees 

and Alston, Cumberland; S. Queensferry, Linhthgow; Pentland Hills, 

near Edinburgh; near Balmerino, Fife; Baldovan, Forfarshlre; Glen 

Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Killarney. Kerry; Devil's Glen, Wicklow. 

Var. excentricum A. L. Sm. (non Boist. Nouv. Fl. Lich. pt. 2, 

240 (1902)).-Thallus whitish, effuse, less developed than in the 

species, sometimes almost evanescent. Apothecia numerous, 

scattered irregularly over the thallus, rarely in indistinct lines, 

sometimes innate and circumscissed as in the species.-Lectdea 

petrwa var. excentrica Ach. :Meth. 37 (1803); subsp. excentrica 

Nyl. Lich. Scand. 234; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 87. L. concentrica 

var. excentrica Leight. Lich. Fl. 350 (1871). L. excentrica Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 379 (1879). . 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 457; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 75; Mudd n. 194 

(as Diplotomma calcareum). 

Retained as a variety of the preceding but distinguished only by 

the more irregularly placed apothecia. Leighton notes a difference 

in the "albo-suffused" margins of the apothecia in the species, but 

that is not a constant character. 

Hab. On calcareous or arenaceous rocks.-Distr. Somewhat rare 

throughout the British Isles.-B. M. Jersey; Broomfield, Essex; 

Builth. Breconshire; Llanymynech, Shropshire; Dolgelly and Cader 

Idris, Merioneth; Carlton Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 'Whitehaven, 

Cumberland; Aehosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Morrone, Braemar, 

A berdcenshire. 

10. Rh. confervoides DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 366 (1805) emend. 

(non Massal.).-Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, often in small 

patches, greyish-white or -brown, finely areolate, the areolro 

contiguous or dispersed, convex or depressed, on a thin black 

spreading often fimbriate hypothallus. Apothecia numerous, 

moderate in size, black, innate-sessile, plane, with a thin margin; 

hypothecium thlck, brownish-black; paraphyses lax, involved 

in mucilage, slender and thickly septate, clavate and greenishbrown 

at the tips; spores oblong, ovate or ellipsoid; at first 

colourless, becoming dark-coloured, often halonl\te, irregularly 

munform, 20-38 [.L long, 10-17 [J. thick; hymenial gelatine blue

218 OYOLOOARPINEJE LOPADIUM 

glutinate, blackish at the apices; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong, 

often narrowed at one or the other end, 22-40 (J. long, 10-18 (J. 

thick; hymenial gelatine deep bluish with iodine.-L. 80ciale 

Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 174 (1860). Biatora 80cialis Hepp ex 

Koerb. 1. c. Lecidea fecunda Ny!. ex Stiz. Lich. Helv. 171 

(1882); Cromb. in Grevillea xxii. 59 (non Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

374, fide Cromb. ms.). L. socialis Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. 

275 (1882). 

Crombie in ms. notes has rejected Leighton's description and thc 

spccimen collected near the Wl'ekin, Shropshire. I have not seen 

the specimen. 

Hab. On dead mosses among rocks in an alpine loeality.-Distr. 

Very scarce on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland.-B. M. Summit 

of Craig Calliach, Perthshire. 

Subseries III. GRAPHIDINElE. 

Thallus shrubby or crustaceous, sometimes developed under 

the bark (hypophlmodal), often little visible or wanting. Algal 

cells (gonidia) Chlorophycem (Trentepohlia or rarely Palmellacem). 

Apothecia roundish or irregular (ardellm), or linear (lirellm), 

immarginate or with a proper margin only. 

The Graphidinem are distinguished generally by the presence 

of chrysogonidia (Trentepohlia) in the thallus, and by the form 

of the apothecia. There are six families represented in the 

British Isles :- 

Thallus crustaceous, corticate on upper 

surface............ ......... ........... ..... XXII. DmINACElE. 

Thallus fruticose, strap·shaped or round· 

ish, corticate on both surfaces..... XXIII. ROCOELLACElE. 

Thallus crustaceous, not corticate. 

Apothecia irregularly roundish, 

usually marginate............ ......... XXIV. LECANACTIDACEM. 

Apothecia irregularly roundish, linear 

or stoll ate, immarginate............... XXV. ARTRONIACElE. 

Apothecia linear, marginate............ XXVI. GRAPHIDACElE. 

Apothecia aggregate in stroma·lIke 

portions of the thallus ................. XXVII. CRIODECTONACElE. 

Family XXII. DIRINACElE. 

Thallus- crustaceous, attached by hyphre, corticate on the 

upper surface, the cortex of closely packed upright hyphal 

branches disposed at right angles to the surface (fastigiate). 

Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia discoid or somewhat elongate, 

with proper and thalline margins; hypothecium and disc 

dark-coloured; spores elongate, septate. Spermogones with 

simple sterigmata and acicular bent aerogenous spermatia.

DIRINA DIRINACEJE 219 

A small family represented in the British Isles by a single genus 

and speCIes. It IS classified under Graphidinero on account both of 

thalline and apotheeial characters, and is nearly allied to Roccellacero, 

as was pointed out by Crombie in Monogr. i. 491 (1894). 

Spores fusiform, 3.septate .. colourless ............ 83. Dirina. 

83. DIRINA Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 244 (1825). (PI. 17.) 

Thallus crustaceous, continuous or cracked. Apothecia 

discoid or somewhat irregular or elongate, subimmersed in the 

areolro or superficial, with a distinct thalline margin; hypothecium 

thickish, black; spores 8 in the ascus, elongate-fusiform, 

4-8-septate, colourless. 

A maritime genus of few spccies but of wide distribution in warm 

of subtropical regions. 

1. D. repanda Fr. l. c.; NyI. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. eherb. 

ii. 313 (1854).-Thallus determinate and subeffigurate, thick, 

continuous or areolate, generally unequal and coarsely wartedgranulate, 

greyish-white with a soft farinose surface and a white 

hypothallus (Kf + yellow, CaCI + rose-red). Apothecia moderate 

in size (up to 2 mm. across), at first closed then plane, black, 

covered generally with a white pruina, the thalline margin thick, 

obtuse, more or less infiexed; hypothecium thick, black; paraphyses 

simple, slightly widened or irregular upwards; spores 

fusiform, often slightly bent, 3-septate, generally about 22 !L 

long, 5 !L thick, but sometimes smaller or larger; hymenial 

gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. 178 

(1871) & Monogr. i. 491, fig. 69; Leight. Lich. FI. 235; ed. 3, 

226. Parmelia repanda Fr. Lich. Eur. 177 (1831). 


A Mediterranean plant chiefly. The apothecia are often crowded 

and become difform, with the margin flexuose. Spermogones are 

abundant. 

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.-Di8tr. Rare in the Channel 

Islands, S.W. England and N. Wales.-B. M. La Coupe and Rozel, 

Jersey; Portland Island, Dorset; Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshiro. 

Family XXIII. ROCCELLACEJE. 

Thallus mostly fruticose, of strap-shaped or rounded branching 

fronds, attached to the substratum by a basal sheath, corticate, 

with a central medulla generally of loosely interwoven hyphre. 

Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia discoid or somewhat elongate, 

usually with proper and thalline margins; spores 8 in the 

ascus, colourless or rarely brownish, .elongate, septate. Spermoganes 

with simple or sparingly branched sterigmata and straight 

or curved aerogenous spermatia.

LECANACTIS LECAN ACTIDACElE 223 

Moccas Court and Brampton Bryan Park, Herefordshlre; Norton, 

Worcestershire; Bradgate Park, Leiccstershue; Harboro' Magna 

and Packington Park, Warwickshire; Nannau, Dolgelly, Merioneth ; 

Abdon and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Ickworth, Suffolk; Nottmghamshirc; 

Derbyshire; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Castle Bernard 

Park, Bandon, Cork; Derryquin, Kerry; Adare Abbey, LimerIck. 

Var. saxicola A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish-green, thin, furfuraceous. 

Apothecia black, sessile, greenish-pruinose or naked, 

otherwise as in the species. Schismatomma premneum var. saxicolum 

Mudd Man. 222 (1861). Lecidea premnea f. saxicola 

Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 365 (1879). 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 185; Mudd n. 198; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 73. 

Differing mainly in the habitat. Leighton distinguishes two 

other saxicolous forms: teichoycna and crenatula (Lecidea premnea 

f. tcichoyena Nyl. ex Leight. l. c., and i. crenatula Ny!. ex Leight. l. c.), 

both with Bcanty or evanescent thallus, the apothecia naked, the 

margin somewhat crenulate or flexuose in the latter. 

Hab. On rocks, walls, &c.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, 

England and W. Il'eland.-B. 111. La Moye, Jersey; Ventnor, I. of 

Wight; Nesscliffe, Shropshire; Airyholme Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Doughruagh Mt., Kylemore, Connemara, Galway. 

2. L. abietina Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 276 (1855).-Thallus 

white or greyish-white, effuse, thin, furfuraceous (K -, CaCl-). 

Apothecia moderate in size or larger, sessile, with a thickish, 

prominent margin, black, but thickly whitish- or pale-yellowishpruinose; 

hypothecium black; paraphyses slender, conglutinate; 

epithecium brownish; spores acicular-fusiform, 3-septate, 35-40 (.L 

long, 4-6 (.L thiek; hymenial gelatine slIghtly bluish then wine-red 

with iodinc.-Lichen abietinus Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. xvi. 

139, t. 5, f. 7 (1795). Sphwria leucocephala Pers. Syn. Fung. 

Add. xxvii. (1801) (spermogoniiferous). Verrucaria leucocephala 

Ach. Meth. 116 (1803); Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2642, f. 2 

Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 152; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 90. 

Pyrenothea leucocephala Fr. Lich. Eur. 450 (1831); Leight. 

Angioc. Lich. 65, t. 28, ff. 1 & 2. Lecidea abietina Ach. Meth. 

54 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 468; Hook. in Sm. Engl. F!. 

v. 179; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 90; Leight. Lich. Fl. 330; ed. 3, 

354. Schismatomma abtetinum Massa!. RlC. Lich. 56, f. 102 

(1852); Mudd Man. 223. 

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 115 (as Verlucaria leucocephala); Leight 

nos. 163 & 164; Mudd n. 200; Johns. n. 344. 

Differs from the preceding in the dense whitish pnnna covering 

more especially the apothecul.. The spermogones (Sphrona leucocephala) 

which have rather large spermatla (12-16 (.L long, 3--4 !L thick), 

are sometimes alone present, and resemble small whitish.grey globules. 

Leighton (Angioc. Lich. 66 & 67, t. 28, ff. 6 & 7) describes two somewhat 

similar forms: Pyrenothea rudis (Exsicc. n. 102 as P. vermicelliferal 

and P. aphanes (Verrucana rudis Borr. Eng). Bot. Supp). t. 2637,

230 GRAPHIDlNElE ARTHONIA 

Well distinguished by tho form and septatIOn of the spores and 

also frequently by tho red coloration, whIch is more or less apparent 

on thallus or apothecia, becoming more pronounced in var. kermesma 

and disappearmg in vars. pruinata and anerythren. The thallus is 

usually suborbwular in outline and often limited by a rather broad 

dark line. Salwey (Penzance Nat. Hist. Soc. 1853, 142) notes that 

species of " Spiloma" are rare in moist localities. 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-Dislr. Frequent in England and 

Ireland.-B. .JI. S. Devon; Hassock's Gate, Crawley; Fairlight. 

Hurstpierpoint, Glynde, and Baleombo, Sussex; Reigate, Surrey; 

Oakley Park, Cirencoster, Gloucestorshuo; Menstre, Lyndhurst and 

Malley, New Forest, Rants; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Forden. near 

Welshpool, Montgomeryshire; Pateham, W orccstershire ; Chffrigg 

and ncar Stokesley, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, \Vestmor· 

land; l\fuckross Demesne and Deer Park, Killarney, Kerry; Adare 

and near Limerick; Glenstale, Tipperary; Dromoland, Clare; Bally. 

edmond Glen, Cork; Louisburgh, Mayo. 

Var. astroidea Mudd Man. 250 (1861), emend.-Thallua usually 

thin, smooth or minutely cracked, whitish or tinged with purple. 

Apothecia subimmersed, depressed, confluent in radiate or 

stellate groups, naked or often vermilion-powdered at the margins. 

-Coniocarpon cinnabarinum var. astroideum Leight. in Ann. 

Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 445 (1854) pro parte. Arthonia 

cinnabarina var. anerythrea f. astroidea Leight. Lich. F!. 400 

(1871); ed. 3, 423; var. kermesina f. marginata Leight. ll. c. pro 

parte; var. opegraphina Leight. in Grevillea i. 59, t. 4, f. 7 (1872) 

& Lich. Fl: ed. 3, 423. A. radwta var. opegraphina Ach. Lich. 

Univ. 669 (1810). A. astroidea var. opegraphina Ach. Syn. 6 

(1814); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 103; var. epipastoides Leight. n. c. 

(non Ny!.). 

Exsicc. Mudd nos. 233 (as var. marginata), 234. 

Perhaps only a growth form. The narrow edge of bright red 

granules round the ardell:e is very striking 1Il nearly all the specimens. 

Hab. On trees.-Distr. Somewhat rare in Rand N. England and 

S. lreland.-B. ]',f. WithICI and St. Breock, Cornwall; New Forest, 

Hants; Oakley Park, Cirenceflter, Glouccstershire; Trefriw, Carnarvon· 

shIre; Airyholme and Ayton, Cleveland, YorkshIre. 

Form cuspidans A. L. Sm.-Thallus as in the variety. 

Apothecia elongate, slender, the ends pointed, scarcely tinged 

with red; spores rather smaller, 16-19 [.I. long, 5-7 [.I. thick. 

Arthonia einnabarina f. cuspidans Ny!. in Flora lix. 310 (1876); 

Cromb. in Grevillea v. 30; Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 423. 

Exstcc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 235. 

Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. and W. lreland.-B. ]',f. Cromaglown, 

Killarney and Glencar, Kerry; Doughruagh l\'[t. and Derryclare, 


Var. kermesina A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish or tinged red or 

purple. Apothecia usually convex, powdery, more or less

232 GRAPHIDINEJE ARTHONIA 

Distinguished by the round promment apothecia without any 

pruina. . 

Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. England and in S. and W. 

Ireland.-B. lIf. Near Becky Falls, Devon; near Lyndhurst, New 

Forest, Hants; Castle Bernard and Crosshaven, Cork; Glencar and 

Turk Mt , Killarney, Kerry; Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway. 

5. A. astroidestera Nyl. in Flora IviI. 13 (IS74).-Thallus 

white or cream-coloured, thin, smooth. Apothecia dark-brown, 

innate, slender, elongate, radiate or stellate; spores 3-5-septate 

(usually 4-septate), colourless, 21-26 !.I. long, 7-S !.I. thick; 

hymenial gelatine blue WIth iodine.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. 

149 (IS74); Leight. Lich. Fl. eu. 3, 424. -;.4. punctiformis Mudd 

Man. 247 (1861) pro parte (non Ach.) A. armorzcana Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 103 (1870) (non Nyl.); LeIght. Lich. Fl. 401. 

The specimens collectcd by Larbalestier and Crombie, now in the 

British Museum, have 4-celled spores, the upper cell bemg larger than 

the others, and resembling the spores of A. gregaria," the apothecia 

ar.e partly whIte-suffused, and have not the red-colourmg matter 

usually to be found in that species. Mudd descrIbes the spores of his 

A. punctiformM as 3-septate, the upper cell largest. 

Hnb_ On holly or heech.-Dtstr. Rare in S. England and S. Ireland. 

-B. lIf. Lyndhurst and Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants. 

6. A. elegans Ach. Lich. Umv. 135, t. 1, fig. 1 (ISlO) emend. ; 

Almquist in K. Svensk. Vet_-Akad. Handl. XVIi. n. 6, 19. 

Thallus whitish, thin. Apothecia dark reddIsh-brown, ochraceous-pruinose, 

roundish or somewhat difform (K + crimson); 

spores obovate, 3-septate, upper cell largest, 15-1S !.I. long, 7-S !.I. 

thIck.-A. ochracea Duf. in Journ. Phys. lxxxvii. 205 (ISIS); 

Carroll in Journ. Bot. in. 291 (IS65); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 102; 

LeIght. Lich. Fl. 394; ed. 3, 41S. 

DIffers from A. gregaria in the apothccia and m the smaller spores. 

Almquist fails to note that the spores as figured by Massalongo (Comocarpon 

ochraceum Ric. Lich. 47, f. 83) have the upper cell largest, as in 

A. gregaria," in the speCImen from Glencar they correspond with 

Massalongo's figure, and measure 15-17 !.I. long and 3-6 !.I. thICk. 

Hab. On trecs.-Distr. Rare in Wales and S. Ireland.-B. M. 

Glencar, Kerry. ' 

§ ii. EUARTHONIA A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Nat. 

Pflanzenf. i. 1*, 90 (1903). 

Algal cells Trentepohlw. Apothecia blackish; spores 1- or 

more-septate. 

Spores I-septate. 

7. A. asperseila Leight. in Grevillea i. 60, t. 4, f. 4 (IS72). 

-Thallus in patches, effuse, pale yellowish. Apothecia very 

minute, scattered, punctiform, linear, angular, sometimes confluent, 

blackish-brown, hymenium K -; spores obovate, colourless, 

I-septate, 11-15 !.I. long, 5-6 !.I. broad.-Lmght. Lich. Fl. ed.

ARTHONIA ARTHONIACEJE 235 

14. A. dcndritica A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish or greyish, 

effuse, tartareous, rather thick in places, smooth. Apothecia 

black, innate, roundish or somewhat elongate and irregularly 

radiate, contiguous and confluent or solitary, plane, internally 

pale; asci pyriform; spores obovate, or clavate, colourless, 2-4septate, 

upper cell largest, 17-22 {.I. long, 5-7 !J. thick.-Stigmatidium 

dendntwum Leight. in Journ. Bot. xiIi. 257, t. 166 (1875) & 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 413. 


Resembles Enterographa in the character of the thallus, but is 

separated from that genus by the character of the apothecia and by the 

form and structure of asci and spores. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Very rare in W. Ireland.-B. JJf. Tully and 

Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway (the only localities). 

15. A. ilicina Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 105 (1836). 

Thallus cream-coloured, thin, smooth, shining, limited by a 

brownish border varying in width. Apothecia small, scattered, 

subimmersed, irregularly round or oblong, blackish-brown, plane; 

spores colourless or pale yellow, obovate-clavate, 6-septate, the 

upper cell largest, 21-36 {.I. long, 9-12 !J. thick; hymenial gelatine 

blue, the asci yellowish or wine-red, with iodine.-Leight. In 

Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 441, t. 8, f. 36 (1854) & Lich. 

Fl. 401; ed. 3, 425; Mudd Man. 248; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 102. 

A. ilicinella Nyl. in Flora 1.179 (1867); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 

259 (1867); Cromb. l. c.; Leight. Lich. Fl. ll. c. A. subexcedens 

Nyl. in Flora lxii. 221 (1879); Cromb. in Grcvillea viii. 29. 

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 196; Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 154, 277 (as 

A. subexcedens). 

Hab. On holly.-Distr. Rare in S. England and in S. and W. 

lreland.-B. ]}f. Withiel, Cornwall; Ivybridge, Devon; New Forest, 

Hants; Eridge Park, Essex; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Glenbower 

'Vood, Cork; near Derrycurrihy, Cromaglown, Eagle'S Nest, Cloghan 

and Tore Mt., Killarney, Kerry; Ballynahinch, Lough Inagh and Kylemore, 


Spores 3-5-septate, cells equal in size. 

16. A. cascarillre Leight. Lich. Fl. 394 (1871); ed. 3, 418. 

Thallus pallid-glaucous, thin. Apothecia blackish, minute, 

simple, plane, oblong, or linear-oblong or irregularly difform by 

confluence; spores elongate, colourless, 4-5-septate, 18 fL long, 

6 fL thlCk.-Comocarpon cascarillce Fee ESB. Crypt. 99, t. 15, f. 

4 (1824) & Suppl. 94, t. 42, f. 3 (1837). Specimen not seen. 

Hab. On bark.-Distr. Reported from Glencar, Kerry and Kylemore, 

Connemara, Galway, though Leighton (ll. c..) questions the 

ldentity of these plants. Those he examined had spores 3-septate, 

wlth a large upper cell. Fee's figure represents 4.septate spores, the 

cells equal in size. A specimen from Johnson marked A. cascarzllre does

236 GRAPHIDlNE1E ARTHONIA 

not differ from A. radwta. The. Irish'specimens determined by 

Nylander (fide Leighton) bad spores measuring 18 [1. X 6 [1.. 

17. A. pruinata Steudel Nomencl. Bot. 267 (1824}.-Thallus 

broadly effused, tartareous, thin whitish or pale-yellow, cracked 

and uneven, somewhat pulverulent (K + yellow, CaCI + rosecoloured). 

Apothecia brownish or lead-coloured, appressed, 

irregularly roundish or oblong, plane or slightly convex, rough, 

white-pruinosc; spores linear-obovate, colourless, usually 4-, 

rarely 3- or 5-septate, the cells equal in size, 14-20 (J. long, 6-8 [1. 

thick; hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red with iodine.-A. 

pruinosa Ach. Lich. Umv. 147, t. 1, £. 3 (181O); S. F. Gray Nat. 

Arr. i. 480; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 103; Leight. Lich. Fl. 400; ed. 3, 

424. A. impolzta Borr. in Engl. Bot. SuppI. t. 2692, f. I (1831); 

Rook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 143; TayI. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 

104; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat: Rist. ser. 2, xlii. 440, t. 8, f. 35 

(1854); Mudd Man. 248. Patellaria pruinata Pers. in Ust. Ann. 

Bot. vIi. 28 (1794). Verruca ria impolita Hoffm. DeutschI. Fl. ii. 

172 (1795). Lichen impolitus Ehrh. Crypt. n. 274 (1793) nomen. 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 131; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 114. 

Hab. On old oaks, ivy, elm, yew and old tlmber.-Distr. Frequent 

in England, recorded also from Wales and Ircland.-B. M. Castle 

Hornock, Penzance, Cornwall; Lustlmgh, Devon; Stoke St. Mary, 

Somerset; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Shere, Surrey; HurstplCrpoint, 

Sussex; Ulting and Epping Forest, Essex; near Oaksey, WIlts; 

Twyeross, Leicestershire; Hay Wood, Herefordshire; Battenhall, 

Worcestershire; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshue; Llanrwst, Denbighshire; 

Oswestry, Shropshire; Ickworth Park, Suffolk; Kildale, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; BIShop Auckland, Durham; Tralee, Kerry; Adare, 

Limerick. 

18. A. radiata Ach. Lich. Univ. 144 (1810) (incl. vars.). 

Thallus developed under the bark, forming whitish or greyish 

determinate patchcs, sometimes with a dark outline. Apothecia 

small, dark-brown, ,rough, innate, clustered in substellate or 

radiate groups, pale within, the epithecium dark-brown; spores 

linear-clavate, 3-septate, rounded at the ends, the cells equal in 

size, colourless, sometimes with a clear epispore, 12-20 (.L long, 

4-6 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine blue then violet, the asci and 

spores wine-red, with iodme. A. astroidea Ach. in Schrad. Neu. 

Journ. Bot. i. 3,17, t. 4, f. 4 (1806) & Syn. 6 (1814) (excl. var. 

anastomosans); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 36; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 

479; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 438, t. 8, f. 32 

(1854) & Lich. Fl. 396; ed. 3, 419; Mudd Man. 246 (mel. var. 

anastomosans (non Ach.)); Cromb. Lich. BrIt. 103 pro partc. 

Opegrapha radiata Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. 29 (1794). O. 

astroidea Aeh. Meth. 25 (1803); Engl. Bot. t. 1847. Lichen 

astroites Ach. Lich. Suec. Pro dr. 24 (1798). 

Exsicc. Baxt. Stlrp. Crypt. Oxon. n. 22; Bohl. n. 51 (as

240 GRAPHIDINEAJ: ARTHONIA 

23. A. Lilliei B. ue Lesd. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. lvii. 34 (1910). 

-Thallus blackish, leprose, very slight. Apothecia black, 

minute, about '1-'2 mm. in diam., round, persistently plane; 

hypothecium colourless; hymenium colourless or pale-brown; 

paraphyses closely coherent, the apices free and capitate, the 

epithecium olivaceous; asci ventricose; spores 8 in the ascus, 

colourless, oblong or ellipsoid, I-septate, scarcely constricted, the 

cells equal, 10-12 (.L long, 4-5 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red 

with iodine.-Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. i. 153 (1912); A. L. Sm. 

Monogr. i. 481 (1918). Specimen not seen. 

Somow hat dIfficult to place in tho lack of information as to the 

gonidia; it seems to agree with § Lecideopsis rather than WIth § Euarthoma. 

Hab. On siliceous rocks. Collected by D. Lillie at Achastle, 

Caithness. 

Spores 3-4-septate. 

24. A. paralia Nyl. in Flora Ix. 565 (1877).-Thallus darkgreyish 

or reddish-brown, thin, rather smooth. Apothecia 

dark-brown, roundish, nearly plane; colourless within; spores 

elongate-ovate, subconstricted in the middle, 3-4-septate, 18-22 (.L 

long, 7 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red WIth iodine. 

Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 114; LeIght. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 421. 


Hab. On maritime rocks.-B. lIf. Cleghan, Connemara, Galway 

(the only locality). 

25. A. myriocarpella Nyl. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, xx. 238 

(1863).-Thallus pale-ashy-grey, efiuse, thin, subareolate or 

subpulverulent, sometimes evanescent. Apothecia minute, 

brownish-black, roundish, plane or convex, blackish within; 

spores oblong-ovoid, colourless, 3-septate, 10-12 (.L long, 3-4 (.L 

thick.-Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 292 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 

104; Leight. Lich. Fl. 394; ed. 3, 418. Specimen not seen. 

llab. On mica· schist rocks, collected at Aviemore, Inverness·shire, 

Parasitic 01! other Lichens. 

26. A. varians Ny!. Lich. Scand. 260 (1861).-Thallus none. 

Apothecia dull-black, rounded, scattered or confiuent, plane or 

somewhat convex, roughish, internally pale-brown; spores 

oblong, usually 3-, sometimes 1- or 2-septate, colourless, 12-18 (.L 

long, 6-8 (.L thick; hymenial gelatine usually blue then wine-red 

with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 104; Leight. Lich. Fl. 402; 

ed. 3, 426. A. glaucomaria Ny!. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. 

iv. 98 (1856); Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xviii. 330 

(1856); Carroll in Nat. Rist. Rev. vi. 532 (1859). A. parasemoides 

Ny!. 1. c. and in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. eherb. ii. 330 (1854); Mudd 

Man.251. Lichen varians DaVIes in Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) ii. 284,

LITHOGRAPHA GRAPHIDACEAi: 243 

The more distinctly elongate apothecia. which have a well-developed 

proper margin, distmguish Graphidacern from the two preceding 

families. It is represented in Bntam by the following genera :- 

Thallus with Palmella gonidia; apothecia oblong or ovoid_ 

Spores simple, colourless_ 

Hymenium simple_ 

Apothecia carbonaceous .. __ . __ '-" 89. Lithographa. 

;, not carbonaceous ... 90. Xylographa. 

Hymemum compound ....... , .. , ., . 91. Ptychographa. 

Spores I-septate, brown ... __ .. '" .............. 92. Encephalographa. 

Thallus with Trentepohha gonidJa; apothecia elongate or roundIsh. 

Spores I-septate, colourless or brown ..... 93. Melaspilea. 

Spores 3-pluri-septate. 

Apothecia superficial. 

Spores colourless.. ... . ........... 94. Opegrapha. 

Apothecia immersed. 

Spores colourless.. ... ... ...... ... .. 95. Graphis. 

Spores brown ........... , .......... 96. Phmographis. 

Spores munform. __ . __ .. .-................. __ ... 97. Graphina. 

89. LITHOGRAPHA Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, 

i. 393 (1856). (PI. 23.) 

Thallus crustaceous, sometimes evanescent. Algal cells 

Palmella. Apothecia shortly elongate, lirelliform, carbonaceous, 

the disc usually narrow, the margins prominent, inflexed; hypothecium 

usually dark-coloured; paraphyses very rarely discrete; 

asci clavate, 8- or many-spored; spores simple, colourless. 

1. L. tesserata Nyl. tom. cit. 441 & Lich. Scand. 290. 

Thallus thickish, verrucose-areolate or areolate-rimose, greyish, 

pale-greyish-brown or whitish (K + yellow then reddish, 

CaCl-). Apothecia moderate in size, rather prominent, shortly 

lirelliform, obtuse, simple or at times divided, black, the margin 

somewhat shining; disc narrow; paraphyses irregular or indistinct; 

hypothecium thick, blackish-brown; spores 8 in the ascus, 

oblong or ellipsoid, 8-15 f1. long, 5--8 f1. thick; hymenial gelatine 

pale-bluish then tawny-wine-red with iodine.-Mudd Man. 

225, t. 4, fig. 87; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 95; Leight. Lich. FI. 360; 

ed. 3, 393. Opegrapha tesserata DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 313 (1805); 

Borr. Engl. Bot. SuppI. t. 2632, f. 2; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. 

v. 146; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 88, t. 5, f. 1 

(1854). 


The thalline areolrn are either contiguous or somewhat scattered, 

the black hypothallus being more or less visible. The apothecia, 

variable in form, are either solitary or crowded and congested. 

Hab. On rocks from upland to alpine situations in mountainous 

regIOns. Distr. With certamty only in N. Wales, N. England, on the 

Grampians, and in the N.W. HIghlands of Scotland.-B. JJf. Near 

Llyn Aran and Cader ,,[dris, Menoneth; Ystrad-ffin, Carmarthenshire;

244 GRAPHIDINEJE LTTHOGRAPHA 

Capel Curig, Cwm Clyd, Nant Frangcon, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; 

near StaveJey, Kendal, W'estmorJand; lIolwick Scar, Teesdale, 

Durham; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; summit of Morrone, Braemar, 

Aberdeenshire; Hills of Applecross, Ross:shire. 

2. L. flexella A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzen£. 

i. 1*, 93 (1903).-Thallus effuse, thin, whitish, or nearly 

obsolete (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia superficial, minute, black, 

oblong or angular, the disc narrow and slit-like or irregularly 

dilated; hypothecium brown or blackish-brown; paraphyses not 

well discrete, dark at the apices; spores 8 in the ascus, ovoid or 

ellipsoid, minute, 4-6 !L long, 2-3 !L thick; hymenial gelatine 

bluish then sordid-wine-red with iodine.-Limboria flexella Ach. 

in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1815, 258. Xylographa flexella Fr. Summa 

Veg. Scand. 372 (1849); Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 

128 (1857); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. 362 (1876); Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 392. 

An aberrant species, allied to Xylographa, but with a dark carbonaceous 

hypothecium. 

Hab. On stumps of felled trees.-B. M. Oakley Park, near Cirencester, 

Gloucestershire. 

3. L. Andrewii Stirton in Scott. Nat. 1878, 300.-Thallus 

indeterminate, thickish, subareolate, white or greyish-white 

(K -, CaCl-). Apothecia small, sessile or innate-sessile, 

roundish or oblong, simple or rarely divided, the margins prominent, 

black, the epithecium becoming applanate; hypothecium 

brownish; paraphyses slender, discrete; spores ellipsoid or subglobose 

8-9 !L long, 5-6 !L thick, with a distinct epispore; hymenial 

gelatine not tinged, the asci tawny-yellow, with iodme.-Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 394. 

The apothecia in the single specimen scen are crowded; Stirton 

states that they are albo·velate in a young state. 

Hab. On a granitic rock in an upland hilly district.-B. M. Cairn 

Edward, New Galloway, Kircudbrightshlfe (the only locality). 

4. L. dendrographa Nyl. in Flora xlvii. 488 (1864).-Thallus 

effuse, very thin, greyish (K -, CaCl-), subevanescent. Apothecia 

erumpent, linear, oblong or elliptical, simple or slightly dividedfurcate, 

black, concolorous withm; epithecium narrow, becoming 

applanate; paraphyses slender, irregular, not well discrete; 

h.ypothecium brownish-black; ascus many-spored; spores 

ellipsoid, 5-8 p. long, 3-4 !L thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red 

with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 95; Leight. Lich. Fl. 361; ed. 

3,393. 

In the British specimens the thallus is usually but little visible, 

and becomes at length quite obsolete. The arothecia are numerous 

and crowded, though at times somewhat scattered. 'Vhen these are

LITHOGRAPHA GRAPHIDACE.iE 245 

simple the plant has ,cry much the external aspect of a Hysterium. 

Zahlbruckner 1. c. considers that species wIth many· spored asC! should 

be classified under Biatorella. 

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland tracts. 

Distr. Rathcr local and scarce in S. and S. W. England.-B. M. Colrinick 

Park, Cornwall; near Sidmouth, Cockmgton, near Torquay and the 

Dart, Devon; Swanage, Dorset; WhItefield, I. of Wight; New Forest, 

Rants. 

5. L. petrrea Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 393 

(1856).-Thallus obsolete. Apothecia linear, simple, black, 

slightly shining, gregarious, often somewhat flexuose; margins 

tumid; disc narrow; hypothecium thick, black; paraphyses 

very slender, somewhat branched; ascus many-spored; spores 

very minute, 3-4 ,_. long, 1 ,_. thick; hymemal gelatine palebluish, 

then. wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 95; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 360; ed. 3, 393. Opegrapha petraJu Dur. Expl. 

Sci. Alger. 278 (1846) (excl. syn.) (non Ach.). 

Exsicc. Larb. Cresar. n. 40. 

Not to be confounded wIth Bwtorella simplex, to states of which 

it bears consIderable resemblance, but differs in the lirelliform, congregate 

apothecia and the black hypothecium. The thallus is indicated 

merely by a rudImentary dark hypo thallus. 

Hab. On rocks, in maritime dlstricts.-Di61r. Found only in tho 

Channel Islands and W. Ireland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere. 

-B. M. Le Fret, Noirmont and La Moye, Jersey; near Kylemol'e and 

Lettel'more, Galway. 

90. XYLOGRAPHA Fr. Summa Veg. Scand. 372 (1849) pro 

parte; Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. 187 (1855); Massee 

Fungus-Flora iv. 64 (as fungus). (Stletis § Xylographa Fr. Syst. 

1\1yc. ii. 197 (1823) emend.) (Pl. 24.) 

Thallus developed under the bark (hypophlreodal). Algal 

cells Palmella. Apothecia innate or erumpent, lirelliform, not 

carbonaceous, roundish-oblong or irregular; the disc plane or 

concave; hypothecium usually pale; paraphyses slender; spores 

8 in the ascus, simple, colourless; spermogones with simple 

sterigmata and acicular curved spermatia. 

Differs from Lithor;rapha in the plane or concave apothecia and in 

the colourless or pale hypothecium. 

1. X. parallela Fr. Summa Vcg. Scand. 372 (1849).-Thallus 

forming elongate whitish spots or httle visible (Ie -, CaCl-). 

Apothecia innate, erumpent, black, narrowly linear, straight, 

developed in parallel rows, at first concave with slightly elevated 

margin, becoming plane and immarginate; hypothecium colourless; 

paraphyses discrete, brownish at the apices; spores ellipsoid, 

11-16 fJ. long, 5-7 fJ. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then vlOletcoloured 

with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 95; Leight. Lich. Fl.

XYLOGRAPHA GRAPHIDACElE 247 

Hab. On the bark of an old larch tree, near its base, in an upland 

mountainous region.-B. JJ1. Ben Lawers, Perthshire (the only locahty). 

3. X. spilomatica Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 639 (1874).-Thallus 

effuse, greyish-white, thinnish, with numerous yellowish-green 

soredia (K -, CaCI -). Apotaecia erumpent, subminute, 

innate, sessile, roundish or difform, plane, reddish or sordidyellowish-red, 

thmly margined; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses 

slender, subdiscrete, pale-brownish at the apices; spores 

ellipsoid, 8-12 !1. long, 4-6 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then 

violet with iodine.-Agyrium spilomaticum Anzi in Comm. Soc. 

Critt. Ital. ii. 20 (1864). 

The soredIate thallus, which, as noticed by Th. Fries, is often 

.stenle, apart from the other diagnostic characters, readIly identifies 

the plant. The apothecia, sparingly visible in the British specimen, 

are eIther solitary or conglomerate, and in the latter case more or less 

corrugate. 

Hab. On a deeorticated fir tree in an upland mountainous district. 

-B. JJ1. Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshlre. 

91. PTYCHOGRAPHA NyI. in Flora lVli. 315 (1874). (PI. 25.) 

Thallus effuse. Algal cells Palmella. Apothecia elongate, 

compound, with 2 to 4 parallel hymenia; margins prominent, 

incurved; hypothecium black, carbonaceous; spores 8 in the 

ascus, simple, colourless. 

DIstinguished from all other genera of the family by the compound 

hymenia. 

P. xylographoides Nyl. l. c.-Thallus effuse, in thin greyishwhite 

spots or nearly obsolete (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia 

slightly prominent, plane above, margined, black, concolorous 

within; epithecium longitudinally 1- or 3-plicate, subincolorous; 

hypothecium and perithecium black; spores ellipsoid, 11-14 !1. 

long, 6-7 !1. thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine. 

Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. 257, t. 150 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. 

ed. 3, 392. 

Exswc. Cromb. n. 192. 

MIght at first sight be taken for XyloYlapha parallela, which it 

closely resembles in the parallel grouping of the apothecia. It is, 

however, separated by the peculiar character of the hymenia. 

Hab. On a decorticated trunk of Pyru8 Au,cllparia in a subalpine 

mountainous distnct.-B. lYi. Craig Calliach, KIllm, Perthshire (the 

Qnly locality). 

92. ENCEPHALOGRAPHA ]\fassal. Geneac. Lich. 13 (1854). 

Melanospora Mudd ]\fan. 226 (1861). (PI. 26.) 

Thallus effuse, crustaceous. Algal cells Palmella. Apothecia 

sessile, usually in groups, elongate, roundish or angular, simple or 

branched; disc usually narrow; hypothecium carbonaceous,

250 GRAPHIDINElE 1IlELASPILEA 

5. M. amota Nyl. in Flora 1. 178 (1867).-Thallus effuse, 

whitish or scarcely visible. Apothecia black, innate, moderate 

in size, roundish or angular; margiJ;ls thin, uneven; hypothecium 

thin, dark-brown; paraphyses slender, very few; epithecium 

brownish or yellowish-brown; spores 4 to 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid-ovoid, 

I-septate, constricted in the middle, colourless or 

faintly brownish, 16-22 {lo long, 7-10 {lo thick; hymenial gelatine 

and asci slightly and evanescently blue with iodine.-Carroll 

in Journ. Bot. v. 259 (1867); Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 

ser. 3, xx. 256 (1867) & Lich. Fl. 404; ed. 3, 436; Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 105. 

Distinguished by the rather large apothecia, the almost colourless 

spores and the almost entIre absence of paraphyses. The apothecla 

are scattered or sometImes several congregate and are often circumscissed. 

. 

Hab. On the branches of old trees, chiefly oak.-Distr. Very local 

III S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Turk Mt .. DIllish, Muckross, Cromaglown 

and near Derrycumhy, Killarney, Kerry. 

6. M. constrictella A. L. Sm. Thallus whitish, thin. Apothecia 

black, simple, sometimes aggregate, internally pallidbrown; 

perithecium lateral; dISC broad, concave or flattened; 

paraphyses crowded, irregular, not well distinct, brown at the 

apices; hypothecium colourless; spores obovoid, colourless, 

I-septate, constricted, 12-17 {lo long, 4·5-6·5 {lo thick; hymenial 

gelatine untinged with iodine.-Opegrapha constrictella Stirton 

in Scott. Nat. iv. 29 (1877); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 396. 

The specimen from Ben Brecht in the Stirton herbarIum bears 

the note" came (nearly certainly) from New Zealand or Australia." 

The published deSCrIption agrees with the anatomical characters; 

the epithecium becomes blue with potash; the asci have thickened 

tips. 

Hab. On old bark.-B. JJf. Ben Brecht, Argyll. 

7. M. proximella Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. &. Fl. 

Fenn. forh. xiii. 342 (1873).-Thallus effuse, whitish, developed 

under the bark or evanescent. Apothecia small, black, roundish, 

obtusely margined; disc plane, somewhat wrinkled; hypothecium 

colourless or sordid; spores ovoid, becoming brown, I-septate, 

17-21 {lolong, 7-10 \L thick; hymenial gelatine brownish and then 

wine-red WIth iodine.-Lecidea proxLmella Nyl. in Herb. Mus. 

Fenn. 90 (1859) nomen. Arthonia proximella Nyl. Lich. Scand. 

262 (1861); Leight. in Grevillea i. 60, t. 4, f. 3 & Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

417. . 

Somewhat resemblmg Arthonia patellillata but dIffering in the 

character of the spores. 

Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly oak and holly III wooded upland 

districts.-Distr. Only a few localIties in S. and W. England, but

OPEGRAPHA GRAPHIDACEJE 253 

to O. herpetica, but with straight spermatia, 4-5 f.I. long, 1 f.I. thiok, a 

character I have been unable to verify in any of our BrItish speCImens. 

Hab. On trees.-Distr. Not uncommon in England and Wales.- 

B. M. \Vhitestaunton, Somerset; Cirencester, Gloucestershlre; Chalkney 

Woods, WhIte Colne, Hadleigh Woods, Vlting, Hatfield Peverel 

and Epping Forest. Essex; Patcham, near Worcester; Gopsan Wood, 

Leicestershire; Suffolk; Ingle by, YorkshIre. 

Form arthonoidea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 397 (1879). 

Thallus as in the preceding variety. Apothecia suborbicular, 

innate, immarginate, plane.-Opegrapha rufescehs var. arthonoidea 

Schoor. Spicil. 328 (1836). 

-Hab. On ash trees.-Distr. Rare in England.-B. M. Chalford, 

Gloucestel'shire. 

Var. subocellata Ach. Syn. 73 (1814).-Thallus somewhat 

pulverulent. Apothecia small, oblong, simple or substellate, 

embedded in the thallus and surrounded by a white margin. 

Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 206, t. 5, fig. 12 (1854) 

&. Lich. Fl. 374; ed. 3, 396; Mudd Man. 234; Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 99. 


Regarded by Nylander as a variety of O. l·u!escens. It IS easily 

recognIzed by the spurIOUS whIte margin of the apothecia. The 

spermatia III our British specimens so far as observed are minute and 

somewhat OVOId, 3 f.I. long and 1-2 f.I. thICk. 

Hab. On trees.-Dislr. Frequent in N. and S. England, rare in 

Wales, the Channel Islands, and Ireland.-B. M. Near Exeter and 

near B_ecky Falls, Devon; New Forest, Hants; near Bath, Somerset: 

Tilgate, near Clayton, near Glynde and Balcombe, Sussex; Epping 

Forest, Essex; Airyholme Wood, Easby Wood, and Cliffngg, Cleveland, 

YorkshIre; Killarney, Kerry. 

2. O. contexta Stirton in Grevillea iii. 35 (1874).-Thallus 

reddish-buff-coloured, thin, limited by the brown hypothallus. 

Apothecia small, black, flattened, roundish, usually aggregate, 

the disc gyrose-plicate; hypothecium blackish-brown; paraphyses 

indistinct; spores fusiform, blunt at the apices, 3-septate, colourless, 

17-25 f.I. long, 4·5 f.I. thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 403. 


Perhaps only a form of the preceding. 

Hab. On elm, near Grantown, Inverness-shire. 

3. O. atra Pel's. in Vst. Ann. Bot. vii. 30 (1794).-Thallus 

thin, forming white or yellowish patches, sometimes limited. 

Apothecia black, numerous, lying in all directions or subparallel, 

linear, usually simple, flexuose; disc slit-like, narrow, uniform, 

the margins thick, elevated, wavy; hypothecium dark, reddish 

upward; spores obovate-fusiform, 3- or rarely 4-septate, colour-

256 GRAPHIDINEJE OPEGRAPHA 

occasionally 4-septate, 17-23 II. long, 5-7 !L thick; spermogones 

with rod-shaped spermatia, 4-6 II. long, 2 II. thick.-Hook. in Sm. 

Engl. Fl. v. 145 (excl. syn.). O. hcrbarum Mont. in Arch. 

Bot. 302, t. 15, f. 1 (1833) 1 0: atm f. herbarum Leight. Lich. Fl. 

377; ed. 3, 399. O. Turneri Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 

2, xiii. 202, t. 5, f. 10 (1854) & Lich. Fl. 378; ed. 3, 400; Mudd 

Man. 231; Cromb. in Grevillea i. 173. O. atrorimalis Nyl. in 

Flora xlvii. 488 (1864); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 98. 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 462; Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 76, 109. 

Forming a transItion between O. alra and O. varia. The apothecia 

are stouter than in O. alra, and the spores broader and with a more 

distinct epispore, somewhat like those of O. varia m appearance, though 

smaller and usually 3-septate. 

Hab. On trccs, occasionally on palings.-Distr. Somewhat frequent 

in England, rarer m Scotland and Ireland, not recorded from the 

Channel Islands.-B. M. Lustleigh, Devon: near Lyndhurst, New 

Forest, Hants; Circncester, Gloucestershire; near Lewes, near Steyning, 

Stanmer Park, Glynde, Beeding, Ardingly and Wakehurst, Sussex; 

Ulting, Hockley and Hadleigh Woods, and Epping Forest, Essex; 

Cader Idris, Merioneth; Malvern, Worcestershlre; Babraham and 

Madingley Park, Cambridgeshire; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Thwaite 

St. George, Suffolk; Easby, Kildale, Ayton and Clifirigg, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; High Force, Teesdale, Durham; Lowthcr Park. Westmorland; 

Barcaldine, Argyll; Riverstown, Cork; Old Dromore, Killarney, 

Kerry; Glenarm, Antrim. 

Form Iutescens B. de Lesd. Lich. Dunk. Suppl. 134 (1914). 

Apothecia powdered greenish-yellow; spores 3-septate 18-22 !L 

long, 6-8 !L thick. (The pruina appears also on the thallus.) 

Hab. On bark.-B. M. On holly, Wivelscombe, Somerset. Comm. 

W. Watson. 

6. O. prosiliens Stirton in Grevillea iii. 36 (1874).-Thallus 

white or whitish, thin. Apothecia black, prominent, ovate or 

oblong; disc narrow; margins rounded and prominent; spores 

fusiform-ellipsoid, colourless, 3-septate, with a colourless epispore, 

20-28 II. long, 6-7 !L thick; spermogones with rod-like spermatia 

4-6 !L long.-Leight. !-ich. Fl. ed. 3, 403. Specimen not seen. 

Evidently ¥ery close to O. betubna, but with longer spores. 

Hab. On dead decorticated trees; near Grantown, Inverness-shire. 

7. O. saxicola Ach. Syn. 71 (814).-Thallus effuse, greyish 

or greenish, or rusty-brown or dark, thin, scurfy. Apothecia 

scattered, oblong or ovate, long or short, variously branched or 

difformed' and angular; disc slit-like more or less expanded; 

margins tmp.id, rounded, incurved; asci slightly thickened at 

the apex, broadly clavate; spores ellipsoid or elongate-clavate, 

colourless, becoming brownish, 3-septate, 16-18 [.L long or somewhat 

longer, 6-7 II. thick; spermogones with rod-like spermatia

OPEGRAP!IA (jRAP!IIDACE2E 257 

4 [1. long; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 98; Leight. Lich. Fl. 378 pro parte; ed. 3, 401 pro 

parte. O. rupestris Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. xi. 20 (1794) 1 ; Leight. 

in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 91 (1854); Mudd Man. 228 

pro parte. 


The species is closely allicd to O. alra and to O. betulina. In the 

specimen from Dinish the apothecia, as III O. alra, are occasionally 

invadcd by the yellow granules of some crustaccous PI1Jcodium. 

Hab. On sihccous or calcareous rocks.-Dislr. Somewhat rare in 

thc Channel Islands, N. England, Wales, N. Scotland, and S.W. 

Jrl'land.-B. ]if. Rozel and Boulay Bay, Jersey; Newton, Cleveland, 

Y orkshirc ; Nan tgwynant, Snowdon, Trefrnv and Lland udno, Carnarvon· 

shiro, Port Greenaugh, 1. of Man; Carnforth, Lancashire; Levcns, 

Westmorland; Thurso, Sutherland; Cloghan and Dinish, Killarney, 

Kerry; Achill lsI., Mayo. 

Var. DecandoHei Stiz. in Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Carol. xxxii. 

4, 26, t. 2, fig. 2 q-z (1865).-Thallus somewhat thicker than 

in the species, seldom absent, yellowish-green or greyish. Apothecm 

prominent, massed in small groups, or growing singly, 

linear-oblong or ovate, usually simple, obtuse at the extremities; 

spores elongate, rounded at the ends, 21-24 !J. long, 5 !J. thick. 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 98; Leight. Lich. Fl. 379; ed. 3, 401. O. 

saxatilis DC. Fl. Fr. ii. 312 (1805) (non Leight.). O. saxigena 

Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 259 (1836); Leight. in Ann. Mag. 

Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 93 (1854). O. rupestris var. saxigena Mudd 

Man. 229 (1861). 


Accordmg to Bachmann (Nov. Act. Acad. Lcop.-Carol. av. 41 

(1920)) the hyphro of the lIchcn on limestone have been traced to a dcpth 

of about 2 mm. 

Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcarcous.-Di8tr. Not common in the 

Channel Islands, N. England, Wales, Scotland and S. and W. Ireland. 

-B. M. Island of Sark; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Cader 

Idns, Barmouth, lIIenoneth; Snowdon and Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire; 

West Water, FIf('sliire; Appin, Argyll; Dunkerron, Killarney, 

Kerry; Kilkee, Clare; Lettermore and Kylemore, Connemara, Galway; 

Lough Dan, WlCklow. 

Form clarescens A. L. Sm. Differs from the variety in the 

more continuous greenish-white thallus and in the more regularly 

scattered short apothecia.-O. saxigena f. clarescens Nyl. in 

Flora lxii. 224 (1879); Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 30 (1879). 

Exsicc. Larb. LlCh. Rb. n. 79. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in W. Scotland and W. lreland.- 

B. M. Isle of LIsmore, Argyll; Twelve Pms and Kylemore, Connemara, 

Galway. 

Var. Persoonii Stiz. tom. cit. 30, t. 2, f. 2, p and !T.-Thallus 

thin, whitish or greyish. Apothecia oblong, small, often deformed; 

IT S

OPEGRAPIIA QRAPHIDACElE 259 

elongate or angular; disc bluish-pruinosc; margins thin, prominent, 

persistent; hypothecium thick, black; paraphyses thickish, 

shortly branched above and somewhat conglutinate; spores 

colourless, oblong-fusiform, 3-septate, 15-17 fL long, 3-4 (J. 

thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. 380; ed. 3, 403 & in Grevillea ii. 171, 

t. 26, f. 2 (1874). 

Apt to be confused with Lecanactis Dillemana, but with a much 

thicker thallus, and more graphideinc apothccla. The reaction with 

CaCI on our speCimens is very faint. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, S. England and 

W. Scotland.-B. M. Near Rozel, Jersey; Walls of Old Nunnery, 

Alderney; Lynton and Lynmouth, Devon; I. of Portland, Dorset; 

l\flllport, I. of Cumbrae. 

10. O. nothiza Nyl. in Flora lxxx. 13 (1880).-Thallus greyish, 

thin and firm, cracked into small areolm on a blackish almost 

obsolete hypothallus. Apothecia black, oblong, roundish or 

angular; disc plane, usually bluish-pruinose; margins thin, 

prominent, disappearing; hypothecium thick, brownish-black; 

paraphyses thickish, shortly branched above and somewhat 

conglutinate; spores oblong, 3-septatr, colourless, 15-17 (J. long, 

3-4 (J. thick.-Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 113 & in Journ. Bot. xx. 

276 (1882). O. varia f. notha (saxicolous). Leight. J_Jich. Fl. 

381; ed. 3, 404 (see Larb. exswc. n. 317). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 317 & Lich. Cmsar. n. 91. 

Perhaps only a growth form of the prcceding, which it strongly 

resembles, dIffering chiefly in the thin grey areolato thallus and the 

less distinctly pruinose apothecia. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands.-B. M. 

La Coupe, East Coast, Jersey; Moulm Huet Bay, Sark. 

11. O. calcarea Turn. in Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1790 (1807); Ach. 

Lich. Univ. 250 (1810).-Thallus white or yellowish, tartareous, 

sometimes very thin and pulverulent. Apothecia lmear-elongate, 

black, simple, curved, flexuose and wavy, usually conglomerate 

in small crowded swards, sometimes scattered, shining; disc 

slit-like, rather open; paraphyses crowded, slender, subdiscrete; 

asci broadly clavate with a thick wall at the tip; spores somewhat 

clavate, colourless, sometimes becoming brownish, 3-septate, 

14-19 fL long, 4-6 (J. thick.-O. saxatilis Fr. Lich. Eur. 366 (1831), 

pro parte (non DC.); Rook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 145 pro parte; 

Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 106. O. Chevallieri Leight. in Ann. 

Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, Xlii. 90, t. 5, f. 4 (1854) (excl. syn.); Mudd 

Man. 228 (excl. syn.). O. atra var. calcarea Stiz. in Nov. Act. 

Acad. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. 4, 18, t. 1, f. 5, a-d (1865); Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 98; var. Chevallieri Stiz. l. c. 20, t. 1, f. 5, t-z; Cromb. l. c. 

O. saxicola var. Chevallieri Leight. Lich. Fl. 379; ed. 3, 402. 

Hysterina calcarea S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 505 (1821).

260 GRAPIDDINEjE OPEGRAPRA 

Exsicc. Leight. nos. 67, 242; M_udd n. 203; Larb. Lich. Rb. 

n.275. 

Differs from O. confluens in the ·white and usually more developed 

thallus, the more crowded lirellre, the conglutinate paraphyses and the 

thick apex of the ascus. 

Hab. On rocks mostly calcareous or arenaceous, rarely on clay 

Boil.-Distr. General throughout the Channel Islands and England, 

rarer in Scotland and Ireland.-B. M. St. Ouen's Bay, Jcrsey; Bodmin, 

Cornwall; Kingsbridge and Torquay, Dovon; Ventnor, I. of Wight; 

Ardmgly, HastiI2gs and Keymer Church, Sussex; ncar Cirencester, 

Gloucestershire; Bathampton, Somerset; Hereford; Lcigh Court, 

Worcestershire; Yarmouth, Norfolk; Giltar Point, Tenby. Pembrokeshire; 

Aberdovey, MerlOneth; Holyhead, Anglesea; Great Orme's 

Head, Carnarvon; CastcIl-Dinas·Bran, Denblghshirc; Parson Drove, 

Cambridgeshire; ColIingham, Ayton and Roseberry, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; Arnbarrow, Westmorland; North Berwick; Bay of Nigg, 

Kincardineshuc; Thul'so, Sutherland; Kilbarl'ick Church, ncar 

Dublin; Ross and Kilkee, Clare; Glenarm, Antrim; Louisburgh and 

Achill Isl., Mayo. 

Form heteromorpha A. L. Sm.-Thallus almost obsolete. 

Apothecia more scattered than in the species and the groups 

smaller, rather large and prominent, simple or sometimes branched; 

internal structure similar.-Opegrapha utra val'. Chevallieri f. 

heteromorpha Stiz. tom. cit. 21, t. 1, f. 5, a-to O. atra f. helemmorpha 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 98 (1870). O. saxicola val'. Ohevallieri 

f. heterornorpha Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 402. 


Hab. On maritime rocks.-Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, 

S. England, E. and W. Scotland and S. and W. Ireland.-B. M. Port 

Moulin, Sark; Noirmont, Jersey; Wembury. Devon, Aberdovoy, 

Merionoth; 1. of Man; Arnside, Westmorland; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire; 

near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire; Barcaldme, Argyll; 

Old Head of Kinsale, and RosteIlan, Cork; Twelve Pins and KIIlary, 


12. O. contluens Stiz. in Flora xlviii. 75 (1865).-Thallus 

greyish-green, effuse, thin or wanting. Apothecia usually 

grouped in little masses, rarely solitary and scattered; sessile 

simple, rather thick, cylindrical, straight or curved and contorted; 

disc slit-like, becoming somewhat open, the margins rounded, 

inflexed, becoming acute; paraphyses discrete, slightly swollen 

and brown at the tips; spores colourless, elongate-ovate, 3-septate, 

16-24 (J.long, 4-6 (J. thick.-Cromb. Lich. Brit. 99; Leight. Lich. 

Fl. 378; ed. 3, 40l. 


Differs f'rom the preceding in the almost constant absence of 

thallus, the grouping of the lirellro, the more lax character of the paraphyses 

and the thinner walled asci at the tips. 

Hab. On roeks.-Distr. Rather rare throughout the British Isles. 

-D. M. I. of Wight, near Cirencestcr, Gloucestcrshire; Aberdovey,

OPEGRAPIIA GRAPHIDACElE 261 

Merioneth; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Peel, 1. of Man; Aehosragan, 

Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, 

Perthshire; 1. of Unst, Shetland; Dinish Island, Killarney, Kerry; 

Lettermore, Connemam, Galway_ 

13.· O. xanthodes Nyl. in Flora lxi. 245 (1878).-Thallus 

yellow or yellowish-grey, thin, rather smooth, cracked into mmute 

areolre. Apothecia minute, oblong, black with a narrow dISC; 

hypothecium black; paraphyses upright, crowded; spores 

fusIform-oblong, 3- sometimes 4-septate, colourless, 15-18 IL long, 

5-6 IL thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine; spermatia 

straight, 4 IL long, 1 IL thick.-Cromb. in Grevillea vii. 97; 


Well characterized by the areolate thallus and the mmute scattered 

apothecia. 

Hab. On rocks.-B. M. Kylemore, Connemara, Galway (the only 

locality). 

Spores 5-7 -septate. 

14. O. paraxanthodes Nyl. in Flora lxii. 357 (1879).-Thallus 

pale-yellow or pale-greenish, thin, minutely cracked-areolate. 

Apothecia minute, oblong or linear-oblong, disc slit-like; spores 

fusiform-oblong, 5- (sometimes 4-) septate, 23-25 /.l. long, 8-9 /.l. 

thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-reddish with iodine; 

spermatia straight, 5-7 /.l. long, '6 IL thick.-Cromb. in Grevillea 

viii. 113 (1880). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. without number. 

Similar to O. xanthodes, but distinguished by the larger spores. 

Hab. On shady calcareous rocks.-B. M. Near Tintern, Monmouthshire 

(comm. H. H. Knight); Achnanure, Galway. 

15. O. varia Pers. in Vst. Ann. Bot. vii. 30 (1794).-Thallus 

effuse, whitish, pulverulent, thin. Apothecia prominent, black, 

sessile, roundish-oblong, elliptical, or elongate, often attenuate 

at each end; the margins prominent, rather thin and inflexed 

or often disappearing; the disc forming a narrow slit or dilated 

and plane, sometimes almost convex; hypothecium dark-brown; 

paraphyses slender, wavy and branched, involved above in a 

brown mucilage; spores irregularly ovate-fusiform, usually 

5-septate, colourless or becoming brownish, rather large, 20-30 IL 

long, 7-9 IL thick.-Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 145 (excl. syn. O. 

1ichenoides & O. notha); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 106 (excl. 

syn. Engl. Bot. t. 1890 & O. notha); Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. 

Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 94, t. 5, f. 9 (1854) (incl. vars. pu1icaris Fr. 

Lich. Eur. 364 (1831), diaplwra Fr. 1. C. 365, tigrina Schrer. Enum. 

157 (1850) & tridens Schrer. tom. cit. 158) & Lich. Fl. 381; ed. 3, 

404 (incl. ff. pu1icaris, diaphora, tigrina and tridens); Mudd Man., 

229 (incl. vars. pu1icaris, signata (Fr. 1. c.), tigrina f. tridens Mudd, 

& diaphora); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 97 pro parte. O. diaphora

OPEGRAPHA GRAPHIDACE.IE 263 

margins often obliterated, otherwise as in the species.-Leight. 

in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 95 (1854); Mudd Man. 230; 

f. notha Cromb. Lich. Brit. 97 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 381 

(lignicolous); ed. 3, 404. Lwhen nothus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 

19 (1798). Opegrapha notha Ach. Meth. 17 (1803) pro parte; 

Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1890; Grev. Fl. Edin. 352. Alyxoria rwtha 

S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 504 (1821). 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 463; Leight. n. 66. 

Connected WIth the species by mtermediate forms, but generally 

distinguished by the broader and more rounded apothecia. 

Hab. On trees; t'ltrely on old paIings.-Distr. Coextensive with 

the species.-B. .Jf. Lustleigh, Devon; near Bartley Lodge, New 

Forest, Hants; MIllhiIl, MIddlesex; Eppmg Forest and UItmg, Essex; 

Fishguard, Pembrokeshire; Malvern and TIbberton, Worcestershire; 

Bardon HilI, LeIcestershire; Montford BridgC', near Shrewsbury and 

Llanyblodwell, Shropshire; Llangollen, DenbighshIre; near Yarmouth. 

Norfolk; Bilsdale, Ayton and near GUlsbrough, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Levens and Lowther Park, Westmorland; Teesdale, Durham; Killin, 

Perthshire; Muckross Demesne, Killarney, Kerry; Rostellan, near 

Cork; Adare and near Limerick; near BallinakIll, Connemara, Galway. 

Var. rimalis Fr. Lich. Eur. 365 (1831).-Apothecia short 

or elongate, simple, straight or flexuose, narrow; disc narrow; 

margins elevated, inflexed; spores usually 5- sometimes 4-septate. 

-Mudd Man. 231 pro parte; subsp. nmalts Cromb. Lich. Brit. 

D7 (1870); f. nmalis Leight. Lich. Fl. 383 (1871); ed. 3, 406; 

O. rimalis Ach. Lich. Univ. 260 (1810); Carroll in Nat. Rist. 

Rev. vi. 531 (1859). O. varia f. herbicola Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

406 (1879). O. diaphora var. herbicola Nyl. in Flora Ix. 463 (1877). 


Some of the lirelloo as in var. lutescens are yellowish·pruinose. 

liuh. On trees, shrubs or ferns; rarely on wood.-Distr. Common 

and coextensive with the species.-B. M. Withiel, Cornwall; Crawley, 

Sussex; Epping Forest and Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex; Dolgclly, 

Merioneth; Gopsall, Lcicestershire; Krldale and AIryholme Wood. 

Cleveland, Yorkshire; Malvern, WorcestershIre; Ben Lawers and 

Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Carrigogunnel, Limerick; 

Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway. 

16. O. vulgata Ach. Meth. 20 (1803).-Thallus effuse, membranaceous, 

smooth or cracked and scaly, sometimes pulverulent, 

greyish-white or brownish. Apothecia prominent, scattered or 

crowded, varying in size, short and roundIsh or oblong, or elongate, 

slender, linear, sometimes bent and wavy, occasionally branched; 

disc narrow, uniform; margins round, inflexed; hypothecium 

dark-brown, paraphyses slender, branched above; epithecium 

brown; spores colourless, elongate, narrowly fusiform, 5-7 -septate 

(rarely 9-septate ?), 15-29 !l. long, 2-4 !l. thick, usually about, 

25-27 !1. long, 3 !l. thick; spermogones with curved slender 

spermatia, 14-16 !l. long or shorter, 1 !l. thick.-Eng). Bot. t

264 GRAPHIDINEAi} OPEGRAPHA 

1811; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. 43 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 145; Grev. Fl. 

Edin. 352; Tayl. in Mackay FI: Rib. ii. 106; Leight. in Ann. 

Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 207, t. 5, f. 13a (excl. fl. lithYl'ga and 

steriza, incl. var. stenocal'pa Leight. 1. c. 209, f. 13, la (1854}) & 

Lieh. Fl. 383; ed. 3, 406 (incl. f. stenocal'pa); Mudd Man. 232 

(inel. vars. stenocal'pa Leight. & dubia Mudd); Cromb. Lieh. 

Brit. 99 (exel. f. hthYl'ga). O. stenocarpa Aeh. Lich. Univ. 257 

(181O) pro parte. O. amplwtem Nyl. in Flora xlix. 374 (1866); 

Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xix. 406 (1867) & Lich. Fl. 

386; ed. 3, 410; Cromb. Lieh. Brit. 99. O. devulgata Nyl. in 

Flora lxii. 358 (1879); Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 113. Lichen 

vulgatus Aeh. Lieh. Suee. Pro dr. 21 (1798) (exel. syn.). Hystel'ina 

vulgata Gray Nat. Arr. i. 506 (1821). 

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 127; Leight. nos. 194, 312 (as O. dubia 

Leight.), 381; Mudd n. 211; Larb. Lieh. Hb. 110; Johns. n. 464. 

Distmguished from the preccding species by the form of the spores, 

which show consIderable variation III length and septation according 

to the stage of development. The apothecia vary greatly in size, being 

sometImes very long and numerous (f. stenocarpa), though usually both 

short and long frUIts occur on the same speCImen. The thallus, usually 

brownish-green, is greYIsh and continuous when it occurs on pmes 

(0. amphotera Ny!.). (See Verrucaria niveoatra, p. 322, for spermogones.) 

Hab. On the bark of trees; rarely on wood.-Distr. Frequent in 

the Channel Islands, England and Ireland; somewhat rare in Scotland, 

though probably overlooked.-B. M. Rozel Manor, Jersey; Wlthiel 

and near Penzance, Cornwall; Torquay, Devon; New Forest, Hants; 

Woolsenbury. Saddlescomb, Mount Harry, Hayward's Heath, Wivelsfield, 

Charlton Forest and near Plumpton, Sussex; Brasted, Kent; 

Northampton; Twycross, Leicestershire; Suffolk; Sutton, Haughmond 

Hill and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Mundon, Chalkney 

Woods, Hadleigh Woods, Vlting and Eppmg Forest, Essex; Worces- 

. terahire; Coltlshall and Yarmouth, Norfolk; Madingley Park, Cambridgeshire; 

Easby Wood and Ayton, Cleveland, YorkshIre; Monmouth; 

Dolgelly, Merioneth; Trafriw, Gwydir Woods, Bettws-y-Coed and 

Bryn Maelgwyn, Carnarvonshlre; 1. of Man; Levens Park, Westmorland; 

Eskdale, Cumberland; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Killin and near 

Callander, Perthshire; Deer Park, Castle martyr and near Cork, Blackwater 

Bridge, Dimsh, Tore Mt., Deer Park and Derrycumhy, Killarney, 

and Glenear, Kerry; 'Castleconnel and Carrigogunnel, Limenck. 

Val'. siderella Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 131 

(1857) & in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 405 (1856).-Thallus 

usually smooth. Apothecia narrow, often slightly flattened, 

growing in more or less radiate-stellate groups; spermogones 

with shorter slightly-bent or straight spermatia 3-6 fL long, 

1 fL thick.-Mudd Man. 233. Val'. subsidel'ella Nyl. Lich. Scand. 

255 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 99; f. subsidel'ella Leight. Lich. 

Fl. 385 (1871); ed. 3, 407. O. hapaleoides Nyl. in Flora Iii. 296 

(1869) 1 Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. 135 (1873); Leight. Lieh. Fl. 

ed. 3, 408. Lichen siderellus Aeh. Lieh. Suee. Pro dr. 24 (1798) 1 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 212; Larb. Lieh. Rb. n. 78 (as O. hapaleoides).

OPEGRAPHA GRAPHIDACEJE 265 

Hab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Somewhat rare throughout Great 

Britain.-B. M. Ncar Lustleigh, Devon; near Brockenhurst, New 

Forest, Rants; Hawbridge, Somerset; near Lewes, near Poynings 

Springs, Beeding and Blatchmgton, Sussex; Theydon, Broomfield and 

Bocking, Essex; Alfrick and Norton, and near Claines, Worcestershire; 

Dolgelly, Merioneth; Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Nannau, Dolgelly, 

Merioneth; I. of Man; Barcaldine, Argyll; Kenmore, Perthshire; 

Carrigaloe, near Cork, Muekross Demesne, Killarney, Kerry; Dough. 

ruagh Mt., Glendalough and Kylemore, Connemara, Galway. 

17. O. areniseda Nyl. in Flora lviii. 446 (1875}.-Thallus 

scarcely visible. Apothecia black, linear, very long, massed 

in small heaps; disc narrow; hypothecium blackish-brown; 

paraphyses slender, branched, conglutinate; spores colourless, 

fusiform, 3-5-septate, up to 30 {L long, 4-6 {L thick; spermogones 

heaped in small groups, with straight spermatia, 3·5-4·5 {L long, 

1 {L thick.-Cromb. in Journ. Bot. XIV. 362 (1876); Leight. Lich. 

Fl. ed. 3, 406. O. actophda Nyl. in Flora lxiii. 13 (1880); Cromb. 

in Grevillea viii. 113 & in Journ. Bot. xx. 276 (1882). 

Nylander gives spore measurements as 14-16 {L long; when fully 

developed, however, they mpasure from 20-30 {L in length, and are 

usually 5·septate. 

Hab. On sandy soil and old wood.-Distr. Very rare in the Channel 

Islands (Jersey).-B. M. On sandy soil: Noirmont and Belcroute Bay; 

on decayed rafters: St. John's, Jersey; 1. of Man. 

18. O. zonata Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 279 (1855).-Thallus 

reddish or reddish-brown, thin, subtartareous, smoothish, with 

numerous yellowish-white soredia, often liJ:l!ited and intersected 

by raised blackish lines formed by the hypothallus. Apothecia 

small, brownish-black, scattered, shortly oblong or round, the 

margins elevated, often resembling the perithecium of a Verrucaria,. 

hypothecium subtended by a thinnish black line, colourless 

or brownish; paraphyses conglutinate; spores elongate-fusiform, 

5-septate, 16-22 {L long, 3-4 {L thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

408. Verrucaria horistica Leight. Lich. Fl. 451 (1871); ed. 3, 482 

& in Grevillea i. 60, t. 4, f. 1. 


Well characterized by the presence of soredia, and usually by the 

numerous, prominent, mtersecting black lines. The spores vary from 

3· to 5.septate, sometImes on the same specimen, though usually only 

one or the other number of septa are present. 

Hab. On rocks.-Dislr. Rare in the Channel Islands, N. Wales 

and N. England.-B. 41. Port Gorey, Sark; Boulay Bay, Jersey; 

Cader Idris, MerlOneth; Llyn Cowlyd, near Capel Curig, Bettws-y. 

Coed and Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; above Scroggs Bridge, Staveley, 

Oxenholme and Ravensborough Crag, Westmorland; near Basspn· 

thwaite, Cumberland; Glendalough, Wicklow. 

19. O. cresariensis Ny!. in Flora Ii. 477 (1868).-Thallus 

whIte, indeterminate, thin, often only slightly developed.

266 . GRAPHIDINEJE OPEGItAPHA 

Apothecia prominent, cylindrical, simple, subftexuose about 1 mm. 

in length; disc slit-lIke; paraphyses conglutinate; hypothecium 

and epithecium dark-brown or blackish; spores oblong-fusiform, 

colourless, 5-septate, 17-21 (J. long, 4 1'- thick.-Oromb. Lich. 

Brit. 99; LeIght. Lich. Fl. 383; ed. 3, 406. 


Hab. On quartzose rocks.-Dislr. Rare in the Channel Islands 

and S. England.-B. M. Sark; near Rozel, La Coupe, Noirmont and 

L'Etacq ( ?), Jersey; the Lizard and PentIre, St. Minver, Cornwall. 

20. O. lithyrga Ach. Lich. Univ. 247 (1810) pro parte & 

Syn. 72 (1814) (inc!. var . .steriza).-Thallus greenish-grey, darkcoloured, 

or whitish, sometimes wanting. Apothecia roundish, 

elongate-ovoid or usually elongate and slender, simple or sometimes 

divided, rarely stellately arranged or in groups; disc 

narrow; margins incurved; paraphyses slender, distinct, not 

discrete; spores narrow, fusiform, colourless, 5-7-septate, 20- 

28 [10 long, 3, rarely 4-5 (J. thick; spermogones with straight Or 

slightly-bent spermatia, 4-5 (J. long, 1 [10 thick.-O. vulgata var. 

lithyrga Nyl. Lich. Scand. 255 (1861); f. lithyrga Stiz. in Nov. 

Act. Acad. Leop.-OaroI. xxxii. 4, 7, t. 1, f. 2 (1865); Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 99; Leight. Lich. Fl. 385; ed. 3, 408; f. steriza 

Leight. ll. c. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. nos. 318,354 & Lich. Cresar. n. 42, 43? 

Distinguished by the usually slender thread-like apothecia and by 

the narrow spores resembling those of O. vulgata. 

Hab. On rocks.-Dislr. Rare in the Channel Islands, Central 

England and S. and W. Ireland.-B. M. St. Brelade's Bay and Noirmont, 

Jersey; Cloghan, Killarney, Kerry. 

21. O. lithyrgodes Nyl. in Flora lviii. 106 (1875).-Thallus 

greyish-brown, thin, continuous. Apothecia minute, scattered, 

shining-black, sessile, oblong or linear-oblong; disc narrow; 

margins thickish, round, inflexed; spores elongate, fusiform, 

3-7-septate,32 (J. l

268 GRAPIDDINEAll OPEGRAPHA 

The specimen in the Crombie herbarium was collected at Holmwood. 

Surrey. 

Hub. On old oaks.-Dislr. Rather rare in the Channel Islands and 

England.-B. ]rIo Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Glynde. 

Danny, Hurstpierpoint, Parham Park, Sussex; Holmwood and 

Shere, Surrey; Thorndon Hall, Gosfield Hall, and Epping Forest, 

Hamault Forest, Essex; Penshurst, Kent; Windsor Forest, Berks; 

Ickworth Park and Dennington Park, Suffolk; Sherwood Forest, 

Nottinghamshlre; Purton, Wiltshire; Packington Park, Warwickshire; 

Donnington Park, Leicestershlro; Haughmolld Hill, Shropshire; 

Hoggarts Wood, Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. 

24. O. prosodea Ach. Meth. 22 (1803}.-Thallus effuse, 

thickish, membranaceous, dull-pallid-brownish. Apothecia 

prominent, stout, subcylindrical, somewhat shining, straIght; 

disc narrow; margins elevated, connivent; paraphyses distinct; 

spores elongate-fusiform, colourless, up to 17 -septate, about 

50-60 (J. or more long, 6 (J. thick; spermogones rod-shaped 5-6 (J. 

long, ·7 (J. thick.-NyI. in Prodr. FI. N. Gran. 568; Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 99; Leight. Lich. FI. 387; ed. 3, 410. 

Exsicc. Larb. Cresar. n. 92. 

Hub. On bark of trees.-Distr. Rare in Chann('l Islands and S. 

England.-B. M. Ann Port and St. Peter's Valley, Jersey; near 

Penzance, Cornwall; Newton Bushell, Devon; New Forest, Hants; 

Shere, Surroy. 

25. O. viridis Pers. ex Ach. Meth. 22 (1803}.-Thallus paleyellowish 

or brownish, thin, somewhat vaguely limited. Apothecia 

innate or sessile, oblong or linear, rounded, straight or 

curved mostly simple; disc narrow, uniform, the margins rounded, 

inflexed; spores elongate-acicular or narrowly fusiform, up to 

15-septate, colourless, 40-80 (J. long, 6-7 f1. thick; spermogones 

with arcuate spermatia 14-16 (J. long, 5 (J. thick.-Carroll in 

Journ. Bot. vi. 100 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 100; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 387; cd. 3, 410. O. siderella Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. 

Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 209, t. 6, f. 14 (1854) (non Ach.1). O. rubella 

Mudd Man. 233"t. 4, f. 90 (1861) (non Pers.1). 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 213 (as O. rubella). 

Distinguished from the preceding by the thinner thallus and tho 

smaller and more slender apothecia. 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-Dtstr. Rare in the Channel Islands, 

England, Wales and Ireland.-B. M. Near St. Martin's Church, 

Jersey; near Penzance, Cornwall; Ullacombe, near Bovey Tracey, 

Devon; near Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants; near Glynde, Sussex; 

Shere, Surrey; Epping Forest, Essex; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Trefriw, 

Carnarvon; Hoggart's Wood, Ingle by, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Castle 

Bernard Park, Cork; Tore Mt. and Dmlsh, Killarney. 

Form taxicola Cromb. Lich. Brit. 100 (1870}.-Differs from 

the species in the slightly pulverulcnt thallus and in the more

GRA!'lIIS GRAPHIDACEJE 275 

Jersey; Tregawn, Withiel, Cornwall; Now Forest, Hants; UIlacombe 

and Lustleigh, Devon; Codham Hall, Hockley Woods, Tolleshunt 

d'Arcy and LIttle Waltham, Essex; near Worcester; Capel Curig, 

Carnarvonshire. 

Form eiongata Malbr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxxi. 98 (1884). 

-Thallus grey; lirellru elongate, prominent; spores 40-70 !L 

long, 8-10 !L thick.-Graphis elongata Arn. in Flora lxiii. 568 

(1880). 

Distinguished by the long lireJIre and by the larger spores. 

IJab. On·bark.-B. M. Near Oxford (collected by Dr. A. H. Church, 

May, 1924). 

96. PHlEOGRAPHIS Muel!. Arg. in Flora lxv. 336 (1882). 

Hymenodecton Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 279 

(1854). Chiographa Leight. tom. cit. 388. (P!. 30.) 

Thallus crustaceous, thin, superficial or developed under the 

bark (hypophIUlodal). Algal cells Trentepohlta. Apothecia 

(hrellw) elongate, rarely roundish, immersed then erumpent, 

simple or branched; disc narrow and slit-like or expanded; 

proper margins prominent or disappearing; hypothecium colourless 

or dark-coloured; asci clavate or elongate, usually 8-spored; 

spores brown, or colourless then brown, elongate, pluriseptate. 

Mueller's arrangement of Graphts and the allIed genera has been 

followed in order to avoid confusion. Earlier generic names, WIth 

undoubted claims to conSIderatIOn, have been rejected as bdng too 

vague or too restrIcted in definition. Tlte two genera IJymenodeclon 

and ChiorJrapha were forml'd by Leighton to mark the dIfference in 

the fOlmatwn of the outer carbonaceous wall of the apothccmm: in 

the former tho wall is continuous brnrath the base as a thin dark layrr; 

in tho latter it is developed only at. the sides (dimIdIate), and the 

colourlcss hypotheeium rests on the substratum. More recently 

Lmghton and CromblO included all the species under Graphis. 

1. Ph. inusta Muel!. Arg. in Flora lxv. 383 (1882).-Thallus 

greyish or whitish-yellow, thin, membranaceous, smooth or 

wrmkled (K. + y, then red). Apothecia black, immersed, usually 

rather short and broad, obtuse at the ends, simple or branched; 

proper margins very narrow, with a thin thallOld border; disc 

plane, naked or pruinose; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses 

slender, brownish at the slightly clavate tIpS; spores elongatelinear, 

becoming dark-brown, 5-7-septate, 28-38 !.I. long, 9 !.I. 

thick.-Opegrapha scripta Sm. Eng!. Bot. t. 1813 (1807) (non 

Ach.). Graphts tnusta Ach. Syn. 85 (1814); Mudd Man. 240 

(inc!. var. vera); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 97; Leight. Lich. F!. 368; 

ed. 3, 431 (inc!. f. vera). G. Smithii Leight. m Ann. Mag. Nat. 

Rist. ser. 2, xiii. 278, t. 6, f. 22 (1854) (inc!. var. vera). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Crusar. n. 89. 

In tho typical form descnbed by Acharius (f. vera Leight.) the 

thallus IS sometImes surrounded by a dark line; the apothecia are 

short and stellately arranged in crowdod or scattered .groups. It is

276 G itAPIi:mINElE PttJEOGRAl>ttIS 

.. 

distinguished from other British members of the genus by the dis· 

tmetly dimidlate apotheem, the· carbonaceous walls being developed 

at the sidcs only. 

Hab. On the bark of various trees.-Distr. Rather rare in the 

Channel Islands, S. and Central England, and S. and W. Ireland, not 

yet recorded from Scotland.-B. M. Beaumont, St. Lawrence, Jersey; 

Withiel, Cornwall; Chudleigh, Lustleigh and near Lidford, Devon; 

ncar Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; 

Epping Forest, Hockley Woods, Hadleigh Woods, and Gosfield Hall, 

Essex; Hollybush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire; Glenbower Wood, 

Cork; Clonmel, Tipperary; Louisburgh, Mayo. 

Form divaricata A. L. Sm.-Thallus similar to that of the 

species. Apothecia more elongate and scattered, occasionally 

branching at right angles.-Graphis Smithii vars. elongata and 

divaricata Leight. in Ann. & Mag. tom. mt. 279. G. inusta vars. 

elongata and divaricata Mudd Man. 240 (1861); if. elongata and 

divaricata Leight. Lich. FI. 369; ed. 3, 432. 


Differs chiefly in the more elongate apothecia which are often acute 

at the ends. 

Hab. On the bark of various trees.-Distr. Rare in S., E. and N. 

England.-B. M. Hurst, Balcombe and Newtimber Downs, Sussex; 

Gosfield Hall and Codham Hall, Bockmg, Essex; Asby, Cumberland. 

Var. macularis A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish, usually forming 

rather large determinate spots on the bark. Apothecia short, 

rarely furcate, straight or curved, densely scattered over the 

thallus.-Graphis Smithii vars. macularis and simpliciuscula 

Leight. in Ann. & Mag. tom. cit. 279. G. inusta vars. macularis . 

and simpliciuscula Mudd Man. 240 (1861); if. macularis and 

simpliciuscula Leight. Lich. FI. 369; ed. 3, 432. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Coosar. n. 90; Leight. n. 285. 

JIab. On the bark of varIOUS trees.-Distr. More frequent than 

the species in the same localitIes and also in Wales.-B. M. Rozel, 

.Jersey; Withiel, Cornwall; Torquay and Bovey Tracey, Dcvon; 

I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard's Forest and Glynde, 

Sussex; Penshurst, Kent; Braydon Forest, Wilts; Epping Forest, 

Hadleigh Woods, Codham Hall, Messmg, and Barking. Essex; Malvern. 

Worcestershire; near Barmouth, Merioneth; Bettws·y·Coed, Car· 

narvonshire; Glenmire and near Cork; Killarney, Kerry; Loughcooter, 

Galway. 

2. Ph. dendritica Muell. Arg. in Flora lxv. 382 (1882). 

Thallus white or greyish, thin or rather thick, more or less 

wrinkled (K + yellow, then red). Apothecia somewhat variable, 

long or short, acute at the ends, or almost round, brownish-black, 

immersed, scattered, curved or straight and sparingly branched 

towards the centre of the thallus, usually branched and radiating 

at the Clrcumference; disc rather broad and flat, pruinose, with

PHlEOGRAPHIS GRAPHlDACElE 277 

thin margins, the thallus forming a white pseudo margin ; perithecial 

wall contmuous as a dark line under the base; paraphyses 

closely conglutinate, inspersed with small granules, slightly 

swollen and brown at the tips; spores elongate, colourless, then 

brown, 7-8-septate, 42-48 {1. long, 9-12 {1. thick.---Opegrapha 

dendr1tica Ach. Meth. 31, t. 1, f. 10 (1803); Engl. Bot. t. 1756; 

Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 147; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 106. 

Graphis dendritica Ach. Lich. Univ. 271 (1810). S. F. Gray Nat. 

Arr. i. 503; Mudd Man. 241; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 97; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 367; ed. 3, 431 (incl. fl. Smithii and acuta). Hymenoclecton 

dendr1twum Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, xiIi. 

387, t. 7, f. 23 (1854) (inc!. vars. Smtthii & acuta). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Coosar. n. 41; Carroll Lich. Rib. n. 11. 

Well differentiated by the whitish well· developed thallus and tho 

dendroid branchmg of the lirellre. Among the forms distinguished by 

Leighton, f. Sm2thii is marked by the more deeply.immersed apothecll1 

whICh branch at an obtuse angle, in this respect differmg from f. acula 

in which the angle is acute. Usually the carbonaceous waJI is thinly 

developed at the base of the apothecium, but in some forms it is thicker, 

and occasionally there is a gap, observable in section with the mICro· 

scope, causing the apotheeium to appear semidimidiate. 

lIab. On trees.-Distr. In wooded regions, chiefly in S. England 

and S. Ireland.-B. M. Guernscy; Rozel, Jersey; Hustyn Wood, 

Bodmin, Cornwall; Carisbrookc, and near Shanklin, I. of Wight; 

Totnes, Torquay, near Becky Falls, Ivy BrIdge and UIIacombe, Devon; 

Southton Common, Som('rset; Stoney Cross, near Bartley Lodge, 

Brockenhurst, and near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Minety, 

Wilts; Ardingly, St. Leonard's, TunbrIdge Wells, Tilgate, Danny, 

Charlton, near BrIghton, and Buckhurst Park, Sussex; near Penshurst, 

Kent; Shere, Surrey; Llttle Waltham, Pod's Wood, Messmg and 

Epping Forest, Essex; Craigforda, Shropshile; ncar Malvern, Wor· 

cestcrshire; near Dolgelly, Merioneth; Castle Bernard Park, Bandon, 

lUverstown and Rostellan, Cork; KIllarney, Kerry. 

Form obtusa A. L. Sm.-Apothecia rounded and obtuse at 

the ends, frequently furcate or sparingly branched, almost 

superficial, the thalloidal margin almost disappearing.-Hymenodecton 

dendriticum var. obtusa Leight. tom. cit. 388. Graphis 

dendntwa f. obtusa Leight. Lich. Fl. 368; ed. 3, 43l. 

A distinctlve form owing to the rather crowded and short blunt 

superfiCIal lircllre. Leighton notes branchmg at an obtuse angle as 

characterIstIC, but the branches form qUlte as frequently a right angle 

with the main apothecium. 

Ilab. On trees.-Distr. Rather rare, but coextensive with tho 

species.-B. M. Torquay and near I1sington, Devon; New Forest, 

Bants; Kemble, Wilts; Castle Bernard, Cork; Cromaglown, Killarney, 

Kerry. 

3. Ph. Lyellii A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i. 1*, 

99 (1905).-Thallus thin, membranaceous, smooth, pale-olive 

or rather dark (K + yellowish or yellow then red). Apothecia

280 G RAPHIDINElE GRAPHINA 

simple or branched, disc narrow or dilated and often whitishpruinose, 

tapering towards the ends.-Opegrapha pulverulenta Sm. 

Eng!. Bot. t. 1754 (1807) 1 (excl syn.) (non Pers.). Graphis scripta 

vars. flexuosa and dwaricata Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. 

ser. 2, xiii. 265, 266 (1854). G. pulverulenta Leight. tom. cit. 

268, t. 6, f. 18. G. sophistica ff. flexuosa and divaricata, and var. 

pulverulenta Leight. Lich. F!. 371 (1871); ed. 3, 434; var. 

dendriticoides Leight. l. c. 435 (1879). Stenographa anguina 

vars. jlexuosa and pulverulenta Mudd Man. 236 (1861). 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 471; Leight. n. 18 (as Graphis scripta var. 

jlexllosa), n. 19 pro parte (as G. scnpta var. divancata), n. 20 (as 

G. pttlverulenta),. Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 236. 

Differs from the species, more partICularly III the character of the 

thallus, wInch IS often very pulverulent. The apothecia are usually 

narrow, as in the species, but frequently become dilated and pruinose. 

Smith's figure of Opegrapha pulverulenta in Eng!. Bot. closely resembles 

the outward aspect of the plant, but I have been unable to find a 

specimen III his herb anum to verIfy the internal structure. 

Hab. On twes III wooded reglOns.-Dislr. Somewhat frequent in 

the S. of England and in S. and W. Ireland, rarer in N. England and 

Wales, eVIdently not yet found in Scotland.-B. 111. Lyndhurst. New 

Forest, and 1. of Wight, Hants; Mldhurst, Tllgate, Ardlllgly and 

Balcombe, Suss!.'f'; Hadleigh and Hockley Woods, Messmg, Stansted 

Mountfitchet and Epping Forest, Essex; Gloddaeth, near Conway and 

Gwydir Woods, Bettws.y-Cocd, Carnarvonshlre; Holly Park. near 

Stokesay, Shropshire; Newton Wood and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

WhItehaven, Cumberland; Crosshaven, Cork; Castleconnel, Limerick; 

K.illaloe, Clare; KIllarney, Kerry; near Clifden, Connemara, Galway; 

Malaranny, Achill, Mayo. 

2. Gr. inustula A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, white, slightly 

warted and wrinkled, subdeterminate (K + orange-yellow). 

Apothecia immersed, thinly scattered, short, obtuse, simple or 

branched; disc broad, plane, whltish-pruinose, proper margins 

thin, elevated; hypothecium colourless, the apothecial walls 

lateral only; paraphyses slender, sub discrete ; epithecium 

blackish-brown; spores muriform, colourless, 35-48 [l- long, 

12-20 [l- thick.-Graphis inusttda Ny!. in Flora Ix. 566 (1877); 

Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 114; Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 3, 435. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rb. without a number. 

DIffers from the preceding spccies in the flat short pruinose apo· 

the cia which somewhat resemble those of Phroograph!8 inusla. 

Hab. On holly.-B. lIr Westport, Mayo. 

3. Gr:Ruiziana Muel!. Arg. in Flora lxiii. 20 (1880).-Thallus 

greyish-cream-coloured, thin, smooth, determmate or effuse, 

sometimes limited by a black line. Apothecia black, prominent, 

sessile or slightly immersed at the base, linear-oblong, rather short, 

straight or subflexuose; usually simple; disc narrow, sometimes 

slightly dilated; proper margins tumid, connivent; hypotheciu

2B8 PYRENOcARpEJIi:. CORlSclUM 

among the Grampians, Scotland and in Ireland.-B. lIf. Guernsey; 

Helmen Tor, Cornwall; Ardingly Rocks, Tunbridge Wells and Maresfield, 

Sussex; Esher, Surrey; Hmigershall Rocks, Kent; Oswestry, 

Shropshire; Barmouth, Arran Penllyn and Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; 

Aber, Carnedd Dafydd, and Sychnant near Conway, Carnarvonshire; 

Black Edge near Buxton, Derbyshire; Broughton Bank and Ingleby 

Moor, Cleveland, Y orkslure; Teesdale, Durham; Ben Ledi and Ben 

Lawers, Perthshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Doneraile Mt., Cork; 

Mangerton, Kerry; Connemara, Galway. 

103. PYRENIDIUM NyI. in Flora xlviii. 210 (1865). (PI. 37.) 

Thallus minute upright (frutlCose) rismg from a crustaceous 

base, with a distinct plectenchymatous cortex. Algal cells 

Nostoc. Perithecia, innate opening by a pore; spores oblongellipsoid, 

brownish, septate. 

An interesting and unique lichen, being the only example of fruticose 

growth among the blue-green Pyrenocarpere. CrombIe has suggested 

that the fruits mar be parasitic fungi; unfortunately the specimens in 

the British Museum herbarium are sterile. There is no record of any 

recent collection of the plant. The figures of the fructification on 

PI. 37 are taken from Crombie's Monograph. 

P. actinellum NyI. l. c.-Thallus adnate and crustaceous at 

the base, or sward-like with minute upright or semi-prostrate 

branching fronds which are somewhat nodulose, but generally 

cylindrical, dark olive-brown in colour; cortex distinct, one cell 

thick; gonidia in short chains or in groups scattered through the 

medulla. Perithecia "minute, scarcely promment, almost 

entirely mnate, the pyrenium entirely black"; spores 4 in the 

ascus (as figured) "3-septate, browmsh, 20-24 [J. long, 8-9 [J. 

thick."-Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 286 (1865); Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 10 & Monogr. i. 81, fig. 21 (1894); Leight. Lich. Fl. 36; 

ed. 3, 37. 

Hab. On cretaceous and calcareous pebbles in moist maritime and 

upland districts.-Rare m S. and S.W. England.-B. M. Anstey's Cove, 

Torquay, Devon; ncar Brighton, Susscx; Bexley HIll, Kent; Shere, 

Surrcy. 

104. OBRYZUM Wallr. Naturg. Flecht. i. 253 (182(5) emend.; 

Nyl. in Flora Iv. 353 (1872). (PI. 38.) 

Thallus none. Perithecia minute, globose, parasitIc, Immerscd 

in the tissue of the host-plant or almost superfiCIal, opemng above 

by a pore; spores 8 in the ascus, fUSIform, SImple or septate, 

colourless. 

Described at first as homogeneous with the thallus on which the 

species grow (Collemacere); its parasitic nature was determmed by 

Nylander (l. c.). Vouaux has placed both species of ObT?JZum under 

the fungus genus Sphrorulina (Bull. Soc. MycoI. France xxix. 36, 37, 

Ull3).

290 PYRE NOCARP:gA

DERMA'l'OCAll.PO:N DERMATOCARPACElE! 291 

Var. leptophyllum Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Fl. Tirol. 503 (1902). 

-Thallus small, peltate, solitary or of several lobes, greyish or 

dark-brown, the under surface dark-coloured.-Lichen leptophyllus 

Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 141 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2012, 

f. 2. Endocarpon leptophyllum Ach. Meth. 127 (1803); S. F. 

Gray Nat. Arr. i. 501; Rook. Fl. Scot. ii. 44 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. 

v. 157 pro parte; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 99; Leight. Angioc. 

Lich. 12, t. 2, f. 2. E. miniatum var. leptophyllum Wahlenb. Fl. 

Suec. 875 (1826); Mudd Man. 266; Cromb. Lich. BrIt. 107; 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 4lO; ed. 3, 44-2. 

Distinguished from the species by the small size of the thallus 

(3-10, rarely -23 mm. across). Vairuo in his Lich. Fenn. 1. 16 (HJ21) 

has made this variety a species, D. meiophyllum, although he states 

that it seems to pass into D. miniatum. 

Hab. On moist rocks.-Distr. Rare in subalpine or hilly regions, 

in N. England, Wales, N. Scotland and S.W. Ireland.-B.M. Aberedw, 

Radnorshire; Bala Lake and Llyn Bodlyn, Merioneth; Cumberland; 

Loch·na-gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire; 

Killarney Woods, Kerry. 

Var. complicatum Th. Fr. l. c. Thallus asc('nding, composed 

of numerous densely mespitose lobes'- imbricate and complicate, 

with the under surface darker than in the species.-Dill. l. c. 

f. 127 A. Lichen minwtus var. complicatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. 

858 (1777) pro parte. L. cornplicatus Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal. 

iv. 251 (1784). L. amphibius With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 66 (1796). 

L. mintatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 593 lower fig. (1799). Endocarpon 

complicatum Ach. Meth. 128 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 501 ; 

Rook. Fl. Scot. ii. 44; Grev. Fl. Edin. 329. E. miniatttm var. 

complwatum Wahlenb. l. c.; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 98; 

Rook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 156; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 11, t. 2, f. 1 

& Lich. Fl. 410; ed. 3, 442; Mudd Man. 265; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 

107. Exsicc. Leight. n. 167; Mudd n. 256; Larb. Lich. Rb. n. 158. 

Hab. On damp rocks, exposed to spray or occasionally inundated. 

-Distr. Somewhat frequent throughout the British Isles.-B. lIf. 

L'Etacq, Jersey; Petit-Bot Bay, Guernsey; St. Minver and near 

Penzance, Cornwall; Dartmoor Tors, Devon; Ebbor Gorge, Somerset; 

ncar Cirencester, St. Vincent's Rocks and ncar Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; 

Barmouth, Merioneth; near LIanberis, Carnarvonshire; Puffin 

Island; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Falcon Clmts, Teesdale, Durham; 

Craiglockhart near Edinburgh; Bowling, Dumbarton; Kinnoull Hill, 

Glen Lochay, Killin, Ben Lawers and Kenmore, Perthshirc; 1. of 

Lismore, Argyll; Fort Wilham and Invcrmoriston, Inverness-shire; 

Craig Guic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Connor Cliffs, Dingle, Killarney, 

Kerry; Glencorbot and Dawros River, Connemara, Galway. 

Form decipiens A. L. Sm. Lobes of the thallus ascending, 

smallcr than in var. complicatum and morc compact, more or less 

involute and crowded in the centre, spreading at the periphery.-

ENDOCARPON DERMATOCARPACE.iE 297 

thick - Verrucaria Hookeri Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. t. 2622, fig. 

2 (1830); Hook. in Sm. EngI. FI. v. 155; Leight. AnglOc. Lich. 

64, 77, t. 27, fig. 5. Lecidea Hoolceri Schoor. Enum. 102 (1850); 

Cromb. Lich. Bnt. 88; Leight. Lich. FI. 309; ed. 3, 322. 


Considerable confusion of views has arisen as to the structure 

and systematIc position of Borrer's plant, the perithecia having more 

recently been described as fungi parasitic on the thallus of Lecidea 

Hookeri, the latter having 2-celled brown spores. There is no record of 

L. Hookeri in Britain other than the specimens bearing the perithecia 

of Dacampta, and in that respect the continental specimens examined 

agree with the British. The 2-celled brown spores are occasionally 

present along with the more developed muriform ones. The thallus 

becomes dlLrk-brown in the lower parts, passing into brown fungal 

hyphUl (the hypothallus of the lichen), and from this lower stratum the 

perithecia are developed; they are true perithecia when first formcd, 

but tcnd to widen out or collapse above to an almost lecideinc form 

as described by SchUlrer. Further investigation and more accurate 

observations of fresh material are necessary to determine the existence 

of two plants, and the fungal or symbiotic character of the penthecium. 

Hab. On earth on alpine rocks.-B . .RI. Plentiful on the summit of 

Ben Lawers. 

108. ENDOCARPON Hedw. Descr. Adumbr. l\Iusc. frond. 

ii. 56 (1788); emend. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 257 (1860); A. Zahlbr. 

in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i. 1*, 61 (1903). (PI. 42.) 

Thallus squamulose, or almost crustaceous, corticatcd on both 

surfaces or only on the upper surface, sometimes rhizinose 

beneath. Algal cells Protococcaceoo. Peri the cia simple, immersed 

in the thallus, globose or ovate, with a more or less prominent 

ostiole and with hymenial gonidia; paraphyses mucilaginous, disappearing; 

asci 1-6-, usually 2-spored; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 

muriform, at first colourless, becoming dark-brown. 

First published as a genus by Hedwig with E. pllsillum as the 

type; it was finally emended by A. Zahlbruckner to include only 

those forms that have a squamulose thallus with muriform spores 

and hymenial gonidia; these green algal cells are produced in loose 

filaments or masses alongside of the asci and paraphyses, and are 

ejected from the perithecium with the mature spores. 

Erulocarpon rugosum Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 258 (1856) is 

indeterminable. Leighton Angioc. Lich. 15, pointed outIts resemblance 

to Pertusana rather than to Endocarpon .. 

1. E. pusillum Hedw. 1. C. t. 20A, figs. 1-8.-Thallus 

squamulose, greyish- or reddish-brown, the squamules scattered 

or crowded, small, closely ad nate to the substratum, the margins 

slightly raised and crenate. Peri the cia minute, black, with a 

prominent black ostiole; hymenial gonidia small, in lines parallel 

with the asci or in masses; spores 2 in the ascus, oblong, becoming 

brown, slightly constricted in the middle, muriform, and multi-

306 PYRENOCARPElE VERRl1CARIA 

immersion: in that case V. hYu'1"ela would rank as a variety or growth 

form of the previously described plant. b 

Hab. On rocks and stones usually in streams.-Distr. In upland 

districts, rare in N. England, the Grampians, Scotland, and S. and 

W. Ireland.-B. lIJ. River Ithon, Llandrindod, Radnorshire; Airy. 

holme Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Cork; 

Blackwater Bridge, Killarney, Kerry. 

14. V. degenerascens Nyl. ex Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 200, nomen. 

Thallus dark-brown, moderately thick, subdeterminate, mucilaginous 

when moist, continuous, then irregularly cracked, not 

distinctly areolate. Perithecia minute, semi-immersed, slightly 

depressed round the prominent ostiole; perithecial wall black, 

entire, thick above, continued beneath the base by a thinner 

layer; spores somewhat oblong, narrower at one end, 17- rarely 

20 flo long, 5-7 flo thick. 


Differing from the two preceding species in the drier habitat, in 

the smooth superficially cracked thallus and in the smaller spores. 

[Jab. On rocks.-B. M. Ben-y-Gloe, Perthshlre; Island on Lough 

Feagh, Connemara, Galway. 

15. V. margacea Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 465 (1812).-Thallus 

olive- or greyish-brown, thin, smooth, somewhat shining, continuous, 

effuse or determinate. Perithecia moderate in size, 

immersed in the thallus, becoming emergent, opening by a pore, 

the perithecial wall dimidiate, or thinly developed under the base; 

,spores ellipsoid or oblong, rather large, 24-35 flo long, 10-16 flo 

thICk or rather larger; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine. 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. III (excl. vars.); Leight. Lich. Fl. 416; 

ed. 3, 446 (excl. vars.). V. subme1·sa Borr. in Sm. Engl. Bot. 

Suppl. t. 2768 (1833). V. Letghtonii Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 95 

(1853); Mudd Man. 287 pro parte. Thelotrema margacea Wahlenb. 

ex Ach. Meth. Suppl. 30 (1803). 

On moist rocks often about the margins of streams.-Disl1". Rather 

rare throughout the British Isles.-B. ]1,1. Trefriw Falls, Bettws.y. 

Coed, Carnarvonshire; Dan HIll and Staveley, Westmorland; Craig 

Tulloch, Blair Athole and Ben Lawers, Perthshlre; Morrone, Braemar, 

Aberdeenshire; near Balllllhasslg, Cork; Caher Mt., Kerry. 

16. V. latebrosa Kmrb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 349 (1855). 

Thallus reddish-grey, effuse, thin, faintly areolate. Pcrithecia 

moderate in size, somewhat shining black, sessile more or less 

covered at the base by the thallus; perithecial wall dlmidiate; 

spores usually 8 in the ascus, large, ellipsoid, becoming slightly 

brownish, 30-35 flo long, 12-15 flo thick.-Leight. Lich. Fl. cd. 3, 

448. 


Nearly allied to the preceding but with a less gelatinous thallus 

and more emergent perithecia.

310 PYRENOCARPElE VERRUCARIA 

21. V. ochrostoma Mudd Man. 290 (1861). - Thallus 

thickish, crustaceous, warted and wrinkled, cracked-areolate, 

varying in colour from dusky-cream or grey to olive, brownishblack 

or umber. Perithecia immersed, then partly emergent, 

black (brownish at an early stage); perithecial wall thin, entire; 

spores oblong or elliptical, 18-22 flo long, 10 [I. thick.-Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 1l1; Leight. Lich. Fl. 424; ed. 3, 454. Sagedia 

ochrostoma Borr. ex Leight. Angioc. Lich. 23, t. 7, fig. 4 (1851). 

Very similar in the appearance of the thallus to some states of the 

preceding, of which it is perhaps only a form. The perithecia are 

browlllsh when young. 

Hab. On mortar and rocks.-B. JJf. Near Henfield, Sussex; 

Llanbedr, Merioneth. 

22. V. maerostoma DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 319 (1805).-Thallus 

tawny-brownish, cartilaginous, rather thick, cracked-areolate, the 

areoire subsquamulose or raised into irregular warts. .Perithecia 

black, rather large, immersed in the areoIre, with more or less 

prominent ostioles; perithecial wall black, thick above, spreading 

at the base with a thinner layer underneath; spores ellipsoid, 

rather large, 25-35 flo long, 12-15 or -20 flo thick.-Leight. Angioc. 

Lich. 48, t. 21, fig. 4 & Lich. Fl. 423; ed. 3, 454 (spore measurements 

too small). V. nigrescens var. macrostoma Ny!. in Mem. 

Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. 192 (1855); Mudd Man. 289; Cromb. 

Lich. Brit. 1l0. 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 278; Larb. Lich. Cresar. n. 97 & Lich. Rb. 

239 (as Verrucaria incrustans Nyl. nomen nudum, 1880). 

Distinguished from allied BI!ecies by the Bubsquamulose brown 

thallus. Not unlike Dermatocarpon macrocarpon, which should perhaps 

be included here, though the spore sizes of that species are larger and 

the thallus more distinctly squamulose. Here also is included Verrttcaria 

incruslan8: the thallus is of swollen olivaceous warts when moist, 

darker when dry; the perithecia immersed, entire; spores oblongovoid, 

23-30 flo long, 15-20 flo thick, but imperfectly developed. The 

specimen came recently into the possessIOn of the British Museum 

with the Martindale herbarium. It was found in the interstices of 

old walls 'at Thetford, Norfolk. 

Hab. On walls and mortar.-Distr. Not common in the Chan"ucl 

Islands, S.W. and N. England, rare in Scotland and Ireland.-B. llf. 

Alderney; St. Aubin's and St. Brelade'S, Jersey; near Penzance, 

Cornwall; near Torquay, Devon; Falmer, Climping and Danny, 

Sussex; Stratton and Cowcombe Wood, Gloucestershire; near Shrews· 

bury, Shropshire; Worcester; Harlech Castle, MeriQneth; near 

Guisboro', Cleveland, Yorkshire; Thetford, Norfolk; Middleton, Cork. 

Form aphanostoma Shackleton & Hebden in Naturalist 

1892, 17.-Differs from the species in the smaller ostioles and 

in the somewhat larger spores, 26-36 IJ. long, 16-20 flo thick. 

Hab. On mortar, wall-tops and sandstone.-B. M. MaIsis, CrosshillB, 

near Keighley, Yorkshire.

VERRUOARIA VERRUOARIAOEJE 311 

23. V. thrombioides Massal. Mem. Lich. 144 (1853).-Thallus 

brownish-red, cartilaginous, shining, becoming cracked-areolate, 

effuse. Perithecia large, black, immersed, the apex projecting, 

depressed; penthecial wall thick and black, dimIdiate, with a 

thin black layer beneath the base; spores broadly oblong or 

oblong-ellipsoid, rather large, 24-30 f.L long, 14-16 f.L thick or 

rather larger. Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 452.-Lithoicea thrombioides 

Baglietto ex Massal. Symm. Lich. 89 (1855). 

Leighton records a specimen collected by W. Joshua in Cowcombo 

Wood, Gloucestershire, but the one in the British Museum that bears 

that label is identieal with V. macrostoma. 

Hab. On walls.-Distr. W. England (Cowcombe Wood, Gloucester· 

shire), fide Leighton. 

24. V. aquilella Nyl. in Flora lix. 237 (1876).-Thallus reddishbrown, 

minutely areolate or areolate·granulate, thin. Perithecia 

almost superficial; perithecial wall black, dimidiate; spores 

ellipsoid, sImple, 18-22 f.L long, 7-9 f.L thick.-Cromb. in Journ. 

Bot. xiv. 362 (1876) & in Grevillea v. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

451. 

The specimens of this and the following species in the British 

Muscum were collected at the same time and place as the type speci. 

mens sent to Nylander and agree outwardly with the descnptions givon, 

but the spores, though at first simple, become finally 1· or more.septate. 

Hab. On micaceous rocks.-B. ]JI. Lough Feagh, Connemam (the 

only locality). 

25. V. fuscp-cinerascens Nyl. in Flora lix. 310 (1876). 

Thallus greyish-brown, cracked-areolatc, unequal, thin. Perithecia 

black, semi-immersed; perithecial wall entirely black; 

spores oblong, 22-27 f.L long, 8-10 f.L thick.-Cromb. in Grevillea 

v. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 451. 

The specimen from the Martindale herbarium agrees with the 

description given by Nylander. 

Hab. On mioaceous rocks.-B. 111. Bowness, Westmorland; Dawros 

River, Connemara, Galway? 

Thallus crustaceous or cartilaginous, continuous or cracked-areolate, 

determinate. 

26. V. nigrescens Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. xiv. 36 (1795). 

Thallus brown or nearly black, tartareous, cracked-areolate, or 

uneven, thin or thickish, determinate, with a black hypothallus. 

Perithecia of a medium size, immersed, then more or less projecting, 

usually numerous; perithecial wall entire, thick above, 

spreading at the base, with a thinner layer below; spores oblong, 

15-24 f.L long, 5-9 f.L thick or occasionally larger; hymenial 

gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. 155; 

Leight. Angioc. Lich. 62, t. 27, fig. 1 & Lich. Fl. 420; ed. 3,

VERRUCARIA VERRUCARIACElE 313 

determinate. Perithecia immersed in the thallus, becoming 

emergent and prominent; perithecial wall black or brownishblack; 

spores ellipsoid, narrower at the ends, 18-24 !J. long, 

10-12 !J. thick-Yo margacea var. cataleptoides Nyl. in Act. Soc. 

Linn. Bord. ser 3, i. 428 (1856). 

Hab. On rocks, granitic or schistose. 

Form ferruginosa Lamy Catal. Lich. 160 (1880).-Thallus 

bright ochraceous-red, cracked-areolate; spores 18 !J. long, 

8 !J. thick-Shackleton & Hebden in Naturalist, 1892, 17. V. 

margacea var. cataleptoides f. ferrugmosa Nyl. in Maine et Loire 

Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 26 (1868). 

The specimen from Yorkshire had spores 19-23 t.t long, 9-11 t.t thick. 

Hab. On lim('stone crags.-B. lrI. Malham, Yorkshire. 

29. v. coerulea DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 318 (1805); Schmr. Enum. 

216 (1850).-Thallus bluish-lead-coloured, greyish or greyishbrown, 

rather thick, determinate, faintly cracked-areolate. 

Perithecia black, small, semi-immersed, scarcely prominent, 

slightly depressed at the ostiole; perithecial wall thick, entire; 

spores ellipsoid or oblong, 14-19 !J. long, 4-7 t.t thick; hymenial 

gelatine wine-red with iodine.-V. plumbea Ach. Lich. Univ. 

285 (1810); Hook in Sm. Eng!. FI. v. 153 (1833); Tay!. in 

Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 91; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 45, t. 19, fig. 5 & 

Lich. Fl. 421; ed. 3, 452; Deakin in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 

2, xiii. 36, t. 3, fig. 8 (1854); Mudd Man. 288 (incl. var. cineracea); 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 111. Lichen coeruleus Ramond ex DC. 1. c. 

L. plurnbosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2540 (1814). Lithocia p1urnbea 

S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 497 (1821). 

EX8tCC. Mudd n. 275 (as V. p1umbea var. cineracea). 

The thickish, sometimes orbicular thallus is limited and occasionally 

intersected by the dark-coloured hypothallus. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Distr. Uncommon in 'V. and N. 

England, W. Scotland and in S. and w. Ireland.-B. M. Hazleton, 

Gloucestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Rievaulx and Newton 

Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Whitbarrow and Arnside, Westmorland; 

Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; I. of Lismore, Argyll; Kenmare, Kerry; 

Dromoland, Clare. 

30. v. murina Leight. Angioc. Lich. 44, t. 19, fig. 3 (1851). 

Thallus mouse-grey or brownish, thin, effuse, continuous and 

slightly pulverulent or occurring in spots and determinate. 

Perithecia small, numerous, semi-immersed, prominent; perithecial 

wall thickish, black, entire; spores ellipsoid, 18-24 !J. long, 

6-12 !J. thIck-Mudd Man. 291; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 115; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 425; ed. 3, 455. V. myrwcarpa Hepp Flecht. Eur. 

n. 430 (1857); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. 362 (1876); Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 456. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 160 (as V. myriocarpa).

VERRUCARIA VERRUCARIACEJE 321 

Distinguished by the fissured apex of the perithecia, on account 

of which it has been placed by some authors in a separate genus, 

Ltmboria. 

The distinguishing character of the species-the fissured apex of 

the perithecium-has been associated with DeCandolIe's V. calciseda 

by British authors with the exception of Taylor. The fissuring was 

first distinctly indicated in Fries Lich. Eur. as a character of the new 

genus and species Limboria sphinctrina. The specific name sphinctrina 

has now been generally adopted. V. calcfseda has been retained as a 

species emended by Stemer (Verh. K. K. ZooL-bot. Gesell. Wien. lxi. 

36 (1911)), with a thaIIine structure similar to V_ sphinctrina but the 

perithecia without fissures, and classified by some authors as a variety 

of V. rupestris. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Distr. Rather common in S. and 

N. England, rare in Scotland, S. and S.W. Ireland.-B. lIf. Torquay, 

Devonshire; LandsIip, I. of Wight; near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; 

Llanymynech, Shropshire; Laleston near Bridge-end, GIamorganshire; 

Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire; Buxton, Derbyshire; Bilsdale, 

Yorkshire; Levens and Cunswick Scar, \Vestmorland; Morrone, 

Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Cork; Dunkerron and Killarney, Kerry. 

Doubtful or parasitic species. 

47. V. Harrimanni Ach. Lich. Univ. 284 (181O).-Thallus 

effuse, tartareous, smooth, mouse-coloured, determinate. Perithecia 

minute, black, immersed in the substratum, globose, 

dimidiate, depressed round the emerging ostiole; spores ovoid, 

very minute.-Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 153; Leight. Angioc. 

Lich. 63, t. 19, fig. 4; Deakin in Ann. Mag. Nat. llist. ser. 2, xiii. 

38, t. 3, fig. 9 (1854). Ltehen Harrimanm Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2539 

(1814). Lithocia Harrimanni S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 497 (1821). 


A doubtful species. Considered by Hepp (Flecht. Eur. n. 691) to 

be synonymous with V. hiascens, the spermogoniferous form of V. 

Hochstetteri, which has not been recorded for the Bntish Isles, though 

probably to be found. The minute spores indicate the spcrmogonial 

character of the perithecia, though Deakin (1. c.) states that asci are 

present. 

Hab. On hard grey calcareous rocks (Torquay, Devonshire; Durham). 

48. V. pulposa Leight. Lich. Fl. 427 (1871).-Thallus chroolepoid 

or evanescent. Perithecia blackish, subglobose, pulpose, 

polished, prominent; epithecium indistinct; perithecial wall 

dimidiate, blackish; spores numerous, fuscous, oblong or irregularly 

globose, simple; paraphyses very short, crowded; hymenial 

gelatine untinged with iodine.-Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 3, 457. 


An aberrant and imperfectly described species, probably a fungus. 

Hab. On old rails near Shrewsbury, Shropshire. 

49. V. elachistophora Ny!. in Flora lxi. 246 (1878).-Thallus 

white, unequal, cracked (perhaps not proper). Penthecia 

II Y

322 PYRENOCARPElE VERRUCARIA 

(parasitic 1) black, partly emergent" slightly depressed above; 

perithecial wall black, entire; spores 8 in the ascus, oblongellipsoid, 

colourless, simple (or sometimes spuriously I-septate), 

7-8 fl.long, 3·5 f.I. thick; paraphyses moderate; hymenial gelatine 

not tinged with iodine.-Cromb. in Grevillea vii. 98; Leight. 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 454. Specimen not seen. 

ThE' presence of paraphyses would exclude this speciea from the 

genus, but it requires further investigation. 

Hab. On quartzose rocks. Kylemore, Connemara, Galway, the 

only locality. 

50. V. conturmatula Nyl. in Flora lxii. 222 (I879).-Thallus 

indicated by greyish spots. Perithecia small, black, depressed, 

subconfluent; perithecial wall dimidiate; spores 8 in the ascus, 

ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid (sometimes obsoletely I-septate), 

11-14 fl. long, 5-6 fl. thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with 

icf.line.-Cromb. in Grevillea viii. 29 (1879). - 

Nylander considers that the species is possibly parasitic. The 

specimen in the herbarium of the British Museum is too small and 

scanty for examination. Larbalestier states that only two small 

specimens were met with. 

Hab. On quartzose rocks in a stream associated with Lecanora 

laclistris.-B. M. Near Glencorbet, Connemara, Galway. 

I mperfect Species. 

V. niveoatra Borr. in Eng!. Bot. Supp!. t. 2637, fig. 1 (1830); 

Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 151. and V. mollis Tay!. in Mackay Fl. 

Hib. ii. 97 (1836) recorded respectively as Pyrenothea niveoatra 

Leight. Angioc. Lich. 67, t. 29, fig. 1, and P. mollis Leight. l. c. 

t. 29, fig. 2, are the spermogonial condition of other lichens. 

V. niveoatra has been determined by Nylander (Lich. Env. Paris, 

108 (1896)), as the spermogonial state of Opegrapha cinerea, a 

species not otherwise recorded in the British Isles. It has arcuate 

spermatia measuring 12-16 fl. long, 1 !J. thick, and in this respect 

alone differs from p. vulgata, in which the spermatia are 14-16 fl. 

long, '5 fl.. thick (fide Ny!. l. c.); the two species are probably 

identical. A specimen of V. mollis from Craig Mt., Kerry, has 

been determined by Nylander as the spermogonial state of 

an Opographa. 

V. Iithina Tay!. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 92 (1836) (non Ach.) on 

rocks from Dernquin, Kerry, has been determined as Pyrenathea 

lithina Leight. Angioc. Lich. 68, t. 29, fig. 3. P. lulea Leight. 

1. c. t. 29, fig. 4, collected on trees at Gopsal, Leicestershire, and 

P. sulplturea Leight. tom. cit. 69, t. 29, fig. 5, on sandstone rocks, 

Niton, I. of Wight, are also, judging from the descriptions and 

figures, spermogonial states of hchens not determined. :For other 

" Verrucariw" see" Microfungi recorded as British Lichens."

THELIDIUM VERRUCARIACE..-E 325 


Apt to be confused with Thelidium Auruntii on account of the 

thin light.coloured thallus and the pitting of the substratum. The 

spore characters rccorded Are both smaller and larger than the size 

given by Leighton; but the 2·celled spores and the pitted substratum 

are charactenstic of all the forms. Watson (in litt.) reports this species 

as frequent on carboniferous limestone. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Distr. In upland regions.-B. M. 

Hailey Wood and Tetbury near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Bwlebgwyn, 

near 'Wrexham, Denbighshire; Bilsdale, Yorkshire; Heversham 

Head, Westmorland; :l\forrone, Braemar, Aberdcenshire; Dunkerron, 

Kerry; White Park Bay, Antrim. 

5. Th. viride A. Zahlbr. eatal. Lich. Univ. i. 135 (1922). 

Thallus crustaceous, thin, greyish-green, brighter green when 

moist and sometimes gelatinous, effuse, With a whitIsh hypothallus. 

Perithecia small, scattered, black, hemispherical, prominent, at 

length depressed, the ostiole poriform; perithecial wall dimidiate; 

paraphyses mucilaginous, disappearing; asci ellipsoid-ovoid, 

about 70 [L long, 25-30 [L thick; spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid, 

rather blunt at the ends, with colourless or brownish granular 

contents, I-septate, 22-33 [L long, 9-14 [L thick.-Tlt. Nylanderi 

Lonnr. in Oefvers. Kgl.-Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockholm, 1858, 284 

(1859); A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. 298 (1911). Verrucaria viridis 

Deakin in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hlst. ser. 2, xiii. 36, t. 3, f. 7, 1854; 

Sagedia Nylanderi Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 440 (1857). 

Not always easy to distinguish from Th. cataractarum, but the 

habItat is drier, and the spores more definitely I·septate. 

Hab. On sandstone or oolite rocks.-B. 1.1. Torquay, Devon; 

Mickleham, Surrey ; West Hatch, Somerset; Coweombe 'Wood, 

Chalford, Gloucestershire; Sligo. 

6. Th. terrestre Wats. in Journ. Bot. Iv. 107, fig. B. (1917). 

Thallus thin, effuse, crustaceous or leprose, green or darker. 

Perithecia minute, black, scattered, semi-immersed, at length 

more or less sessile; perithecial wall dimidiate, the outer wall 

dark-brown, inner pale-brown, ostiole minute, not depressed; 

ostiolar filaments few or none; paraphyses disappearing or 

absent; asci clavate; spores colourless or greyish, granular, 

ellipsoid, one end usually narrower, I-septate, slightly constrICted 

in the middle, 16-28 [Llong, 7-11 [L thick. 

Allied to Th. viride. Watson considers it to be near to Th. Zwackhii 

MassaI. a saxicolous and soil species of Central and S. Europe, the 

spores of which are large!; and 1.3·septate. 

Hab. On soil of hedge.bank among mosses.-B. M. Cheddon 

Fitzpaine, Somerset. 

Spores mostly 3-septate. 

7. Th. cataractarum Lonnr. in Oefvers Kgl Vet.-Akad. 

Stockholm, 1858, 284 (1859).-Thallus greyish-green, effuse,

POL YBLASTIA VERR UCARIACE.'E 329 

It has seemed advisable to retain this species under Polyblastia, 

though Zahlbruckner has made it the type of his new genus, Agonimia, 

and has classified it near to Endocarpon, to which he considers it to bear 

the same relation as Polyblastia to Staurothele. 

Hab. OIl. mosses usually in upland regions.-B. M. Trull, near 

Taunton, Somerset (W. Watson); Aviemore, Inverness·shire; Assynt, 

Sutherland (H. H. Knight). 

Thallus crustaceous. 


2. P. intercedens Lannr. in Flora xli. 631 (1858).-Thallus 

greyish or dark-brownish, tartareous, thin, continuous or faintly 

cracked, effuse, or determined by a black line, sometimes obsolete. 

Perithecia moderate in size, black, prominent, immersed at the 

base, subhemispherical, usually somewhat depressed round the 

poriform ostiole; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses none; 

spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, rarely pale-brownish, ellipsoid, 

muriform, the cells numerous, irregular, 24-42 (L long, 15-21 (L 

thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria 

intercedens Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 137 (1857) and 

in Maine et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 33 (1858); Carroll in Journ. 

Bot. iii. 292 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 114; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

454:; ed. 3, 487. 

Very variable in appearance according to the form of development. 

In some specimens the perithecia are strongly umbilicate and are 

comparable with those of l'errucaria Dufourii or Thelidium papulare; 

in others the ostiole is scarcely visible. 

Hab. On schistose, arenaccous and calcareous rocks.-Distr. Rare 

in mountainous regions in Scotland and N. England, but also rccorded 

from S. England.-B. lJI. Buxton, Derbyshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

3. P. spurcella A. L. Sm.-Very similar to the preceding, 

except for the thinner, obscurely smoky thallus; spores colourless, 

muriform, 22-25 (L long, 11-14 (L thick.-Verrucaria spurcellu Nyl. 

ex Shackleton & Hebden in Naturalist. 1892, 17. 

Hab. Limestone walls. B. lJ1. Malham, Gordale, Yorkshire. 

4. P. fuscoargillacea Anzi in Comm. Soc. Critt Ital. ii. 1, 26 

(1864).-Thallus brownish- or whitish-grey, thin, effuse, minutely 

cracked-areolate, becoming farinose. Perithecia black, small, 

numerous, often crowded, sessile, hemispherical, the base only 

immersed, the ostiole poriform; perithecial wall dimidiate; 

paraphyses disappearing; spores 6 to 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid, 

colourless or faintly yellowish, muriform, 18-28 (L long, 11-16 (L 

thick; hymenial gelatine reddish with iodine.-Verrucana 

fuscoargillacea Cromb. in J ourn. Bot. ix. 179 (1871); Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 455; ed. 3, 487.

330 PYRENOCARPElE POL YBLASTIA 

Hab. On rocks, mostly culcureous.-Dislr. Rure in W. England, 

N. Scotland und W. Irelund.-B. M. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, 

Perthshire. 

, 

Spores colourless becoming brownish. 

5. P. Schraderi A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish-white, thin, 

tartareous and somewhat farinose. Perithecia black, globose, 

deeply immersed and leaving pits in the rock, the ostiole only 

slightly emerging; perithecial wall entire; spores 8 in the ascus 

ellipsoid, muriform, usually 3-septate with an irregular longitudinal 

division, colourless, becoming brownish, about 40-45 (1. 

long, 12-17 (1. thick.-Lichen Schraderi Sm. Eng!. Bot. t. 1711 

(1807) (non Ach.). Lithocia Schraderi S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. 

497 (1821). Verrucaria Schraderi Winch Bot. Guide Northumberland 

and Durham, 44 (1805). 

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 9, pI.? (as Verrucaria rupestris). 

The perithecia are thickly scattered over the stone and tend to 

grow in concentric lines, u churacter distinctive of Bohler's plate. There 

are also present on the surface of the stone small groups of Verrucaria 

Dufourii, probably the" male scattered warts" of Smlth's description. 

Hab. On chalk or calcareous stones.-Distr. Rather rare in limestone 

districts.-B. IJf. Sussex (specimen collected by W. Borrer); Crickley 

Hill, near Chcltenham, Gloucestershire; Dovedale, Derbyshire; near 

Aviemore, Inverness·shire; Lough Gill, Sligo. 

6. P. deminuta Am. in Flora xliv. 264 (1861).-Thallus 

greyish-white, thin, tartareous. Perithecia globose, minute, black, 

entirely immersed, leaving pits in the rock, the ostiole slightly 

prominent; perithecial wall entire; asci ventricose (ca. 70-85 (1. by 

45 (1.); paraphyses none; spores 8, colourless then brown, ellipsoid 

or broadly oblong, muriform, and with a mucilaginous epispore, 

22-30 (1. long, 9-16 mm. thick.-Verruca ria deminuta Cromb. in 

Joum. Bot. xiv. 363 (1876); Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, 491 (errore 

diminuta). 

This and the preceding are the only British species of Polyblastia 

that form perithecial pits (foveolate) in the substratum. 

Hab. On moist rpcks.-B. M. Near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; 

Moryliton Fell, Yorkshire; Recess Road, Connemara, Galway; Lough 

Gill, Sligo ( ?). 

7. P. inumbrata A. L. Sm.-Thallus dark-brownish or greyish, 

thin, effuse, unequal or dispersed. Perithecia moderate in size, 

semi-immersed, the ostiole projecting, generally with a m nut(' 

papilla; perithecial wall thick, black, entire; paraphyses mucilaginous, 

disappearing; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid. 

light-yellowish-brown, muriform, large, 33-62 (1. long, 17-32 (1. 

thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria 

inumbrata Ny!. in Flora xlvii. 355 (1864); Carroll in Joum. Bot. 

iii. 292 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Bnt. 114; LLight. Lich. FI. 460; 

ed. 3, 492.

POL YBLASTIA VERRUCARIACELE 331 

Nylander describes the spores as colourless. but in the authentic 

specimens examined they are a clear light-brown with very distinct 

1-3 well-marked transverse septa and muriform with small cells. 

Hab. On schistose and arenaceous rocks.-B. M. Ben Lawers and 

Craig-na-Lochan ( ?). Perthshire. 

8. P. subviridicans A. L. Sm.-Thallus pale-greenish, thin, 

continuous and wrinkled. Perithecia black, embedded in large 

thalline tubercles, the ostiole papillate, small, depressed; perithecial 

wall dimidiate; paraphyses none; spores 2 or 4 in the 

ascus, oblong, colourless, muriform, large, 46-70!L long, 24-30 !L 

thick.-Verrucaria subviridicans Nyl. in Flora Ix. 566 (1877); 

Cromb. in Grevillea vi. 114 (1878); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 488. 


Considered by Nylander to be very like the preceding, of which it 

may be a subspecies. He also states that the thallus contains bluegreen 

algal (gonimiose); that may however be acridental, and due to 

the moist habitat. 

Hab. On stones in torrents.-Dist. Rare in 'V. Ireland, near 

Kylemore, Connemara, Galway. 

9. P. subinumbrata A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish-brown, very 

thin or subevanescent. Perithecia immersed in brownish thalline 

warts; perithecial wall black, entire; spores similar to those of 

P. inumbrata but smaller, 22-30 !L long, 15-18 !L thick.-Verrucaria 

subinumbrata Nyl. in Flora Ixi. 246 (1878); Cromb. in 

Grevillea vii. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 492. 

Perhaps only a subspecies of P. inumbrala (Ny]'l. c.). The specimen 

in the herbarium of the British Museum collected by Larbalestier at 

the same locality is a form of P. scotinospora with small, very dark, 

muriform spores. 

llab. On schistose rocks, Kylemore, Connemarn, Galway (the only 

locality). 

10. P. Sendtneri Krempelh. in Flora xxxviii. 67 (1855). 

Thallus whitish-grey, cartilaginous, incrusting, granular, unequal. 

Perithecia black, minute, globose, semi-immersed, the ostiole 

depressed; perithecial wall entire; paraphyses mucilaginous, 

disappearing; spores 8 in the ascus, almost colourless or pa lidbrownish, 

ovoid, muriform, 15-30 !L long, 9-15 !L thick; hymenial 

gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria Sendtneri Nyl. in 

Maine et Loire. Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 33 (1858); Carroll in Journ. 

Bot. iii. 292 (1865); Leight. Lich. Fl. 4.59; ed. 3, 490. 

The colour of the spores seems to vary a great deal, some authors 

describing them as brownish, in the specimens examined they are 

almost colourless. 

llab. On mossy earth in alpine regions.-B. M. Ben Lawers, Perth· 

shire. 

11. P. gelatinosa Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 262 (1860) & in Kgl. 

Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. vii. 2, 49 (1867).-Thallus thinnish,

332 PYRENOCARPEA!: POL YBLASTIA 

effuse, somewhat gelatinous, _ dark-brownish or blackish. Perithecia 

moderate in size, semi-immersed, somewhat prominent, the 

ostiole slightly depressed; perithecial wall entire; paraphyses 

m.ucilaginous, disappearing, ostiolar filaments numerous, distinct; 

asci saccate-clavate; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid, palebrownish 

or almost colourless, muriform, 30-45 !-L long, 12-24 !-L 

thick.-Verrucaria gelatinosa Ach. Lich. Univ. 283 (1810) (non 

Nyl. in Maine et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 21 (1858)). V. nigrata 

NyI. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 430 (1856); Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. llO; Leight. Lich. FI. 456; ed. 3, 489. Sphmromphale 

nigrata Mudd Man. 282 (1861). 

Leighton has described the spores as dark-brown, but Nylander 

includes the species in a section with colourless spores. In the specimens 

examined they are colourless or slightly brownish. Nylander's 

Verrltcaria gelatinosa is Polyblastia helvetica, not recorded in Britain. 

Hab. On mossy earth in alpine places.-B. M. Ben Luwers (the 

only British locality). 

12. P. mortensis Wats. in Journ. Bot. Iv. 108, fig. B. (1917). 

Thallus thin, crustaceous, minutely granulose, effuse, continuous, 

greyish or greenish-grey or olivaceous, sometimes darker or 

evanescent, not gelatinous when moist. Perithecia small or 

moderate, semi-immersed with the upper third emergent, convex, 

shining; perithecial wall black, thin and brown at the base; 

ostiole slightly depressed; penphyses few.or none; asci clavate, 

somewhat inflated; paraphyses few or none, mucilaginous; spores 

oblong, colourless, becoming brownish, muriform, with 7-14 

transverse rows of small cells, 40-50 !-L long, 16-20 !-L thick.- 

A. L. Sm. Monogr. i. 483 (1918). 

Near to P. gelatinosa, but differs in the lighter-coloured non-gelatinous 

thallus. 

Hab. On soil of walls or on mortar, often on decaying mosses such as 

Tortula muralis.-D!str. Near the sea.-B. M. Morte, Devon (Dec. 

1!H3). 

Spores becoming darle-brown. 

13. P. theleodes Th. Fr. in KgI. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. 

Handl. vii. n. 2, 48 (1867).-Thallus greyish-white, thickish, 

wrinkled-areolatc, with thicker wart-like protuberances, sometimes 

almost disappearing. Perithecia partly enclosed in the 

warts or superficial, large, hemispherical with a slight depression 

round the ostiole; perithecial wall black, entire, thicker over the 

top; paraphyses disappearing; spores 8 in the ascus, broadly 

ellipsoid, very large, colourless, then dark-brown, munform, 

variable, 60-84 !-L long, 24-45 !-L thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red 

with iodine.-Verrucaria theleodes Sommerf. SuppI. Fl. Lapp. 

140 (1826); Cromb. Lich. Brit. llO; Leight. Lich. Fl. 457; ed. 

3, 489 (incI. f. verrucoso-areolata). V. verrucoso-areolata NyI. in 

Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 438 (1856) & in Maine et Loire

POL YBLASTJA VERRUCARIACElE 333 

Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 34 (1858); Carroll in Journ. Bot. ii. 292 (1865). 

V. subpyrenophora Leight. Lich. Fl. 454; ed. 3, 486. Lecanora 

atm var. verrucoso-areolata Schoor. Enum. 73 (1850). Sphwromphale 

verrucosa-areolata Mudd Man. 282, t. 5, fig. 119 (1861). 

The thallus varies considerably in thickness; sometimes the peritbecia 

are sessile and the thallus scarcely visible. There is a distinct 

thin blackish wall at the base of the perithecia, the upper portion 

being much thicker and easIly breaking away. The spores are often 

smaller than the size recorded, occasionally not longer than 50 (.I.. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rather rare in alpine districts of the British 

Isles.-B . .JJf. Cwm Idwal, Cwm Cywion and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; 

MaIIerstang, 'Westmorland; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Achosragan Hill, 

Appin, Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, 

Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glendalough (shores of Lower Lake), 

Wicklow. 

Form inundata Th. Fr. in Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsala, 

Vol. extraord. n. 8, 11 (1877).-Thallus thin, smooth, somewhat 

gelatinous. Perithecia semi-immersed in the thallus.-Verrucaria 

theleodes var. inundata Nyl. ex Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866); 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 110; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 490 (note). 

Hab. On moist rocks._Distr. Rare in Wales and in S.W. Ireland.- 

B. M. Inlet to Llyn Idwal, Carnarvonsbire (W. Watson); BaIIagbbeama, 

Kerry. 

14. P. scotinospora Hellb. in Vet. Akad. Forh. 1865, 478. 

Thallus whitish or greyish-brown, warted-areolate, sometimes 

almost obsolete. Perithecia rather large, sessile, prominent, 

somewhat depressed round the ostiole; perithecial wall incurved 

at the base and almost entire; paraphyses disappearing; spores 

8 in the ascus, ellipsoid, irregular, muriform, brown, 26-40 (.I. 

long, 13-21 (.I. thick or larger.-Verrucaria scotinospora Nyl. Lich. 

Scand. 270 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 110; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

453; ed. 3, 485. Sphwromphale scotinospora Mudd Man. 282 

(1861). 

Zahlbruckncr in his Catal. Lich. Univ. has classified this species as 

P. me.laspora (Verrucaria melas]Jora Tayl. in Joul'n. Bot. vi. 153 (1847)). 

Taylor's specimen is recorded from Carig l\It., Kerry, "on wet mural 

rocks." There is no specimen in the British Museum nor at Kew. 

Hab. On schistose rocks.-Distr. Rare in alpine regions.-B. M. 

Cwm Clwyd, Denbighshire; Breadalbane, Ben Lawers, Ben·y.Gloe, 

Blair Athole, and Tyndrum, Perthshire; Kylemore, Connemara, 

Galway. 

15. P. Henscheliana L'onnr. in Floca xli. 631 (1858).-Thallus 

greyish or dark-brownish, thin, continuous or somewhat cracked. 

Perithecia rather large, subglobose or hemispherical, the base 

immersed in the thallus, with a black prominent ostiole; perithecial 

wall black, almost dimidiate; paraphyses disappearing; spores

POLYBLASTIA VERRUCARIACElE 335 

Hab. On decaying mosses and humus (P. (Jothica); on larch-poles 

(V. pituphloia).--Dtstr. Shrewsbury, Shropshire. 

18. P. peitophora A. L. Sm.-Thallus squamulose, the 

squamules thin, green, smooth, either approximate or scattered. 

Perithecia black, large, prominent; perithecial wall dimidlate; 

paraphyses few, filiform, interspersed with oily granules; ostlOlar 

filaments (periphyses) numerous; spores 8 in the ascus, darkbrown, 

ellipsoid, muriform, rather large, 35-48 (.L long, 20-30 (.L 

thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucariu 

p8ltophora Stirton in GreviIlea iii. 37 (1874); Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 

3, 486. Specimen not seen. 

Should possibly be placed next to P. tnstlcula on p. 329. 

Hab. On earth, Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

113. THROMBIUM Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ. 1, 287 (1831); 

emend. Massa!. Ric. Lich. 156 (1852). Inoderma S. F. Gray 

Nat. Arr. i. 498 (1821) pro parte. Verruca ria subgen. Inoderma 

Ach. Lich. Univ. 294 (1810). (P!. 47.) 

Thallus crustae eo us, uniform, membranaceous, mucilaginous, 

thin, sometimes developed within the substratum or altogether 

wanting. Algal cells Protococcacero. Perithecia simple, immersed 

in the thallus or superficial, the outer wall of a carbonaceous 

or horny structure, light or dark-coloured, opening by a poriform 

ostiole; paraphyses slender, branched, persistent; asci 4-8spored; 

spores ellipsoid, simple, colourless or brownish. 

The only British genus of simple-spored Verrucariacero with persistent 

paraphyses. Acharius's subgenus lnoderma represented species 

of Verrucaria with a somewhat soft thallus. S. P. Gray raised it to 

generic rank and included in it two British species, 1. epigwa and 

1. byssacea, the latter of doubtful position, based on Sphwria byssacea 

Weig. Obs. Bot. 42, t. 2, f. 9 (1772) which Nylander considered to be the 

spermogonial form of Arthonia pruinosa (pruinata) (Flora xxxviii. 297 

(1855)). Almquist describes it as Arthonia byssacea (K. Svensk. 

Vet.·Akad. Hand!. xvii. n. 6, 25 (1880)), while Arnold (Flora Ixvii.594 

(1884)) referred it to Lecanactes byssacea, synonymous with Almquist's 

species. 

1. Thr. lretevirens A. L. Sm.-Thallus forming a broadly 

effused rather thick inseparable film, smooth, even, rather 

gelatinous, bright olive-green, the lobed margin paler and yellowish; 

gonidia protococcoid, globose, 12-15 (.L in diameter. Perithecia 

minute, crowded, globose, entire, black, completely immersed 

in the thallus, with a minute black ring round the ostiole; 

asci clavate; spores ellipsoid, simple, colourless, 11-12 (.L long, 

6 (.L thick; paraphyses scanty, slender, cylindrical; spermogones 

immersed, mixed with the perithecia, with filiform straight 

sterigmata and simple cylindrical straight spermatia, 8-9 (.L long, 

2 (.L thick.-Verrucaria Z(lJtevirens Massee in J ourn. Bot. xxx. 193, 

t. 324, figs. 1-9 (1892).

338 PYRENOCARPElE MICROGLlENA 

2. M. isidioides A. L. Sm.-Thallus yellowish-brown, smooth, 

crustaceous-cartilaginous, or subsquamulose, rather thick, 

areolate, the areolm crowded, convex. Perithecia immersed in 

the areolm, minute; perithecial wall brownish below, darker 

upwards, dark-brown towards the ostiole; paraphyses slender, 

persistent, conglutinate; spores 8 in the ascus (or fewer), ellipsoidfusiform, 

colourless, then becoming brown, muriform, rather 

large, 30-46 {J. long, 12-16 {J. thick.-Verrucaria isidioides Borr. 

in Eng!. Bot. Supp!. t. 2622, fig. 1 (1830); Carroll in Journ. Bot. 

iv. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 117; Leight. Lich. F!. 454; 

ed. 3, 486. Pertusaria z'sidioides Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 160 

(1833). Porina isidioides Tay!. in Mackay F!. HIb. ii. 102 (1836). 

Endocarpon isidioides Leight. Angioc. Lich. 20, t. 6, fig. 4 (1851). 

Dermatocarpon isidioides Mudd Man. 270 (1861). 

Hab. On rocks.-B. lIf. Glengariff near Bantry, Cork (the only 

locality). 

3. M. corrosa Am. in Verh. Zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien xxvii. 

555 (1877) and in Flora lxviii. 155 (1885).-Thallus whitish or dirtywhite, 

warted or granular and dispersed or obsolete. Perithecia 

minute, black, embedded in the swollen thalline warts (when 

present), the upper part protruding; perithecial wall dImidiate; 

paraphyses distinct, slender, loosely coherent; asci subcylindrical ; 

spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid-fusiform, colourless, becoming 

muriform, 18-22 {J. long, 7-11 {J. thick.-Var. nericiensis A. L. 

Sm. Monogr. ii. 309 (1911). Microglama nericiensis Hellb. 

Nerikes Laffiora, 123 (1871). Limboria corrosa Koerb. Syst. Lich. 

Germ. 376 (1885). 

The specimens from Wales and Scotland were collected by H. B. 

Holl, and called by him Verrucaria dispersa. The thallus is broken 

up into the small scattered warts that form the bases of the perithecia; 

the spores are at first simple, then finally septate and muriform. 

J1ab. On rocks in alpine regions.-Distr. Rare in N. Wales and 

the Scottish Grampians.-B . .111. Cader Idris, Merioneth; Ben Lawers, 

Perthshire; Lough Nahanagan, Wicklow (1\1. C. Knowles). 

4. M. nuda WhaId. & Trav. in .Tourn. Linn. Soc. xliii. 132 

(1915).-Thallus obsolete or reduced to a few cinereous granules 

at the base of the perithecia. Perithecia minute, black, superficial, 

dimidiate, with a distinct somewhat depressed ostiole; 

paraphyses_ subpersistent, visible until the spores are fully formed, 

branched, slender; asci cylindrical; spores 8 in the ascus, irregularly 

arranged, 2-3-septate, becoming sparingly and irregularly 

septate 'longitudinally, the cells unequal, colourless or palegreenish, 

oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends, 14-22 {J. long, 

6-9 {J. thick.-A. L. Sm. Monogr. Brit. Lieh. i. 484 (1918). 

First recorded on half-buried gritstone pebbles in glacial drift on 

the banks of the Ribble at Chatburn (March, 1913). It is very near to 

1Yl. corrosa.

MlCROGL.

342 PYRENOCARPElE STAUROTHELE 

rupifraga Massa!. Symm. Lich. 100 (1855). Verrucaria umbrina 

var. calcarea Ny!. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. 426 (1856); 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. L09. V. rupifraga Ny!. ex Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 109 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 456; ed. 3, 488. V. terebrata 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 456 (1871); ed. 3,488. Sph(J3romphale terebrata 

Mudd Man. 281 (1861). 

Sometimes the perithecia are so immersed as to be visible merely 

as minute black points in the stone. The spores are divided into 

small cells without any definite transverse septa. The hymenial 

gonidia are roundish. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks.-Distr. Rare in W. England, N. Scotland 

and W. Ireland.-B. M. Sapperton, Gloucestershire; Berwig, 

near 'Vrexham, Denbighshire; Cunswick Scar, Westmorland; Craig 

Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Assynt, Sutherland; Kylemore, 


Family XXXI. PYRENULACElE. 

Thallus crustaceous, superficial or developed within the substratum, 

not corticated. Algal cells Trentepohlia. Perithecia 

simple, globose or semi-globose, more or less immersed, opening 

by a pore at the apex (ostiole). Spermogones small, globose or 

ovoid, with simple or sparingly branched sterigmata and spermatia 

produced apically. 

Distinguished by the yellowish filamentous gonidia (Trentepohlia). 

and also by the almost constantly persistent paraphyses. There are 

nine genera represented in the British Islands :- 

Perithecia scattered. 

Paraphyses branched. entangled or wanting. 

Asci cylindrical, spores uniseriate. 

Spores I-septate ..................... 117. Acrocordia. 

Asci clavate or ovate. spores more or less 

massed. 


Spores elongate - fusiform, 1-5septate 

.............................. lIS. Arthopyrenia. 

Spores elongate - acicular, multiseptate 

.............................. lI9. Leptorhaphis. 

Spores brown. 

Spores 1-5-septate .................. 120. Microthelia. 

Paraphyses unbranched, distinct. 

Spores colourless, S in the ascus. 

Spores I-pluri-septate ............... 121. Parina. 

Spores muriform ..................... 122. Clathroporina. 

Spores colourless, many in the ascus. 

Spores 1-3-septate .................. 123. Thelopsis. 

Spores brown. 

Spores 1-5-septate with short cells 124. Pyrenula. 

Perithecia often united. 

Sp,?rcs brown, muriform ............ 125. Anthracotheaium.

344 PYRENOCARPEJE ACROCORDIA 

2. A. biformis Am. in Flora xliy. 537 (1861).-Thallus effuse, 

white or whitish-grey, thin, somewhat pulverulent, somet.imes 

slightly cracked or wrinkled. Perithecia numerous, small, semiimmersed, 

prominent, the ostiole at first a minute pore becoming 

widened and torn; perithecial wall incurved, thin under the base; 

paraphyses slender, numerous; spores obliquely uniseriate, 

sometimes almost biseriate, ellipsoid, I-septate, colourless, 12-16 fL 

long, 5-7 fL thick.-Vcrrucart"a biformis Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. 

n. 2617, fig. 1 (1829); Hook. in Sm. Eng!. Fl. v. 150; Tay!. in 

Mackay Fl. Hlb. ii. 89; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 37, t. 16, f. 2 & 

Lich. Fl. 439; ed. 3, 468; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 119. Thelidium 

biformis Mudd Man. 297 (1861). 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 473; Leight. n. 100; Mudd n. 286. 

Nearly allied to the preceding, but differing in the more numerous 

smaller apothecia and smaller spores, which are often unequally 

2·celled and tapering towards the base. The perithecial wall is 

described by Leighton and Mudd as entire, but although black and 

thick over the upper surface, it is brown below, the perithecium being 

seated on the substratum. 

Hab. On trunks of trees.-Distr. Somewhat common throughout 

England, Wales and Ireland, not reported from Scotland.-B. M. 

Torquay, Devon; St. Leonard's Forest, 'Voolsenbury, Clayton and 

Poynings, Sussex; Hadleigh Woods, Springfield, Hatfield Peverel and 

Walthamstow, Essex; Shere, Surrey; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Yoxall, 

Staffordshire; Shelton Rough near Shrewsbury, Shropshlre; Harlech, 

Merioneth; Bettws.y·Coed, Carnarvonshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

1. of Man; Keswick, Cumberland; Taymouth Castle, and 

Killiecrankie, Perthshire; Fort Augustus, Inverness·shire; Tullagreen, 

Cork; ArdtulJy and Dromore, near Dunkerron and near Killarney, 

Kcrry; Clonmel, Tipperary; Adare and Castleconnel, Limerick; 

Kylemore and Renvyle, Conncmara, Galway; Westport, Mayo. 

Var. conformis A. L. Sm.-Similar to the species, but differing 

in the more distinctly dimidiate perithecial wall, and occasionally 

in the biguttulate contents of the spore-cells.-Verrucaria conformis 

Ny!. in Flora xlvii. 357 (1864); Carroll in Journ. Bot. 

vi. 101 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 119; Leight. Lich. Fl. 430; ed. 

3,463. , 

EX8icc. Larb. Lich. Rb. (without number). 

}Jab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Rare in Channel Islands, W. Scotland, 

Wales and S. and W. Ireland.-B. AI. Jersey; Inverary, Argyll; 

Ballynahinch, Galway. 

3. A. epipolrea A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish or whitish, sometimes 

tiqged with rose, tartareous or powdery, very thin, finely 

areolate at the centre, penetrating the rock to 550 (J., sometimes 

seemingly obsolete. Perithecia dull-brownish-black, sometimes 

partly pruinose, rather large but mixed with smaller, conical or 

hemispherical, slightly immersed, spreading at the base, the 

ostiole papillate, shining; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphysrs 

numerous, slender; asci cylindrical; spores oblong or broadly

ACROCORDIA PYRENULACEiE 345 

ellipsoid, I-septate, 15-28 fI. long, 7-11 fI. thick.-Verrucaria 

eptpolma Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. t. 2647, fig. 3 (1830) (non Ach.); 

Rook. in Sm. EngI. Fl. v. 154; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. RIb. ii. 92; 

Leight. Angioc. Lich. 61, t. 26, fig. 2. V. conoidea Fr. Lich. Eur. 

432 (1831); Cramb. Lich. Brit. 118; Leight. Lich. Fl. 430; ed. 

3, 460. Sagedia calcarea Deakin in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 2, 

xill. 39, t. 4, f. 12 (1854). Theltdium conoideum Mudd Man. 

296 (1861). 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 474; Leight. n. 31; Mudd n. 284; Larb. 

Lich. Rb. n. 118 . .. 

The tinge of rose in the thallus is due, according to Bachmann, to the 

presence of a sterile parasitic fungus (Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-Carol. 

Deutsch. Acad. Nat.-forseh. Halle CV. n. i. 32 (1919)). 

The specific name conoidea is retained by Zahlbruckner (Catal. 

Lich. Univ. 321 (1922». It is based on Verrllcaria conoidea Fr., but 

that is antedated by the citation from Engl. Bot. Suppl., the published 

plate being dated 1830. 

Hab. On calcareous (or arenaceous) rocks.-Distr. Rather common 

throughout England, Wales and Ireland, rare in Scotland.-B. M. 

Shanklin, 1. of \Vight; Torquay, Devon; Hyde, Gloucestershire; 

Leigh Woods, Clifton, Somerset; Lll1nymynech and Llanorda, Oswestry, 

Shropshire; near Monmouth; Carig Cennen, Carmarthcnshire; 

Harlech, Merioneth; Beddgelert and Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire; 

Youlgreave and Buxton, Derbyshire; Llangollen and Minera 

near Wrexham, Denbighshire; Inglestone and Ingleby, tleveland, Yorkshire; 

Levens, \Vestmorland; Alston, Cumberland; near Cork; Derryquin, 

Kerry; Ballinakill, Connemara, Galway. 

4. A. Salweii A. L. Sm.-Thallus white or greyish, thin, tartareous, 

powdery or nearly obsolete. Perithecia black, rather 

large, prominent, almost globose, slightly immersed or almost 

entirely sessile, somewhat wrinkled, the ostiole poriform; perithecial 

wall thick, black, entire; paraphyses numerous, slender, 

distinct; asci cylindrical; spores oblong or broadly ellipsoid, 

I-septate, 21-23 fl.long, 8-11 fI. thick.-Verrucana gemmata subsp. 

Salweii Leight. ex Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. set. 3, i. 435 

(1856). V. Salweii Leight. ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. 118 (1870); 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 439; ed. 3, 469. Thelidium Salweii Mudd Man. 

296 (1861). 

Closely allied to the preceding, but differing in the entire perithecial 

wall and the non-papillate ostiole. 

Hab. On calcareous or arenaceous rocks and mortar of walls. 

Distr. Rare in S. and W. England and in S. and W. Ireland.-B. M. 

Near Taunton, Somerset; near Hurstpierpoint, Sheffield Park and 

Danny, Sussex; Oswestry, Shropshire; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Harlech Castle, Mcrioneth; Glanmire, Cork. 

5. A. monensis Wheld. in Lanc. Nat. viii. 196, pI. 3 (1915). 

Thallus greyish-white, thiJ?, tartareous, pulverulent, or nearly 

obsolete, when it consists of a few granules round the base of the

350 PYRENOOARPEAil ARTHOPYRENIA 

Easily distinguished from the preceding three species by the larger 

spreading perithecia, and usually _ by the darker thallus. Arnold 

(Flora lxviii. 159 (1868)) quotes Leight. Exsicc. n. 29 a,s A. jallax, 

but the specimen in the British Museum is A. analepta. The spores 

usually about 22 [L X 7 [L, may be much larger (30 [L X 10 [L). 

Hab. On the amooth bark of trees.-Distr. Not uncommon in 

Engla,nd, rare in S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Rants.; 

Hadleigh Woods, l\fark's Hall, Ulting a,nd Hoe Street, Essex; Haughmond 

Hill, Shropshire; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Bettws-y-Coed, 

Carnarvonshire; Newton Wood and Hoggart's Wood, Ingleby, Ayton 

and CHffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Levens Park, 'Vestmorland; 

Lamplugh, Cumberland; Cromaglown, Killarney. 

6. A. fallax Arn. in Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. xxiii. 505 

(1873) (excl. syn.) & in Flora lxviii. 159 (1885).-Thallus effuse, 

developed under the bark which it colours light or dark-brown. 

Perithecia moderate in size, hemispherical, semi-immersed, 

spreading at the base, often ringed by a darker circle of the 

thallus; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses distinct, few or 

numerous, free; asci clavate-oblong; spores colourless, ellipsoid 

or oblong, I-septate, slightly constricted in the middle, the lower 

cell usually smaller, 16-24 [L long, 6-9 [L thick, spermogones with 

rod-like spermatia, 10 [L long, 1 [L thick.-A. epidermidis var. 

fallax Mudd Man. 303, t. 5, fig. 126 (1861). Lichen analeptus Sm. 

Engl. Bot. t. 1848 (1808). Verrucaria epidermidis var. fallax 

Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1852, 178; var. analepta f. fallax Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 119 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 432; ed. 3, 464. V. analeptella 

Nyl. in Flora. Iv. 363 (1872) e descript.; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 

464. Exsicc. Bohl. n. 66 (as Verrucaria cinerea); Johns. n. 477; 

Mudd n. 292. 

Characterized by the distinct paraphyses, but in form and appearance 

very similar to the preceding, of which it may be only a variety 

or growth form. V. analeptella has been included here, as Nylander 

says it differs from V. analepta only in the possession of distinct 

paraphyses; there is no specimen of it at the British Museum. 

Nylander (l. c.) gives &ayedia Cl!nea in Anzi Lich. Min. rar. n. 395 as a 

synonym, but that plant has been identified by him in MS. as 

Verrucaria grisea. 

llab. On the smooth bark of trees.-Distr. Common throughout 

England, rare in Scotland and S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Newlyn Cliff, 

Cornwall; Torquay and Lustleigh Cleeve, Devon; Buckland and 

Cl1stlc Nerocke, Somerset; Pease Cottl1ge Gate, New Timber Wood, 

Hayward's Reath and St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Writtle, Essex; 

Cradley, Herefordshire; Savernake, Wilts; Chedworth, Gloucestershire; 

near Malvern, Worcestershire; N esscliff, Shropshire; Rarlech, 

Merioneth; Denbigh; Ayton, Ingleby and Hob Hole, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; Staveley, 

Westmorland; Ashgill Alston, Cumberland; near Perth; Altnaharra, 

Sutherland; near Macroom and Muckross, Cork; Cloghan and Kenmare, 

Kerry; Castle bar, Mayo.

ARTHOPYRENIA PYRENULACElE 351 

7. A. stigmatella A. L. Sm. (non Massal.).-Thallus smooth, 

greyish or brownish, effuse, thin. Perithecia black, small, 

varying in size, often a mere point, semi-immersed and hemispherical 

or more emergent and somewhat convex; perithecial 

wall dimidiate; paraphyses usually indistinct; asci, elongateelliptical; 

spores colourless, elongate-oblong, usually tapering at 

one or both ends, often becoming brownish, large, I-septate, 

27-40 [J. long, 7-10 [J. thick.-Lichen stigmatellus Sm. Engl. Bot. 

t. 1891 (1808) (non Ach.). Lejophlea stigmatella S. F. Gray Nat. 

Arr. i. 496 (1823). Verrucaria cinerea Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. 149 

(1833) (non Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii. 28, t. 3, fig. 6A (1794»; Tayl. in 

Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. 88; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 3D, t. 17, fig. 2 & 

Lich. Fl. 433; ed. 3, 464. V. antecellens Nyl. in Flora xlix. 86 

(1866); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 260 (1867); Cromb. Brit. Lich. 

119 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. 435; ed. 3, 465 & in Grevillea i. 60, t. 4, fig. 2. 

V. epidermidis var. cinerea Mudd Man. 304 (1861); Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 119. 

EXS1·CC. Leight. n. 343; l\fudd n. 295 (both specimens 

imperfectly developed); Carroll Lich. Rib. n. 32. 

Easily recognized by the large I-septate spores, and usually by the 

mixture of larger and smaller perithecia and spermogones dotted over 

the thallus. In the absence of authentic information as to Lichen 

stigmalellu8 Ach., the specimen in Sowerby's herbarium has been taken 

as the type. Verruca ria antecellens (authentic specimen in Davies' 

herbarium) agrees with A. stigmatellus in outward and internal characters. 

The thallus is perhaps less grey than in our specimens of Verrucaria 

cinerea,' that species is also otherwise identical. 

Hab. On the barK of trees, chiefly holly.-Distr. Not uncommon 

in S. England. Rare in N. England, Wales and Scotland, common in 

S. and W. Ireland.-B. ],1. Withiel and St. Breock, Cornwall; Ivy 

Bridge, Devon; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Pease Pottage Gate, 

Tilgate and St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Shere, Surrey; Leckhampton, 

Gloucestershire; DolgelIy, l\Ierioneth; Bettws-y-Coed, 

Carnarvonshire; Ingle by, Newton and Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; 

Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire; Glenbower, Glanmire, Crosshaven, 

Castle Bernard and Castlemartyr, Cork; Cloghan, Tore Mt., Cromaglown, 

Loch Inchiquin, Dinish, Killarney, Old Dromore and Glencar, 

Kerry; Loughcooter, Galway. 

8. A. analeptoides A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish-grey, thin, effuse. 

Perithecia black, moderate in size, hemispherical, semi-immersed 

and slightly spreading at the base, or small, emergent and subglobose; 

perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses numerous, septate, 

lax or coherent; asci ventricose-elongate; spores elongate, fusiformclavate, 

I-septate, the cells with several guttulru and spuriously 

3-5-septate, colourless or slightly tinged yellowish, 23-37 [J. long, 

6-7 {.L thick.-Verl'ucaria analeptoides Nyl. in Flora 1. 180 (1867) 

(non Bagl. & Carest.). V. analeptiza Ny!. in Op. cit. lvi. 300 

(1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 464. V. antecellens var. analeptoides 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 119 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 435. V.

352 . PYRENOCARPElE ARTHOPYRENIA 

elongat1lla Nyl. in Flora Ii. 164 (1868). V. punctiformis f. 

elongatula Leight. Lich. Fl. 434; ed. 3, 466; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 

120. 

Not to be confused with A. liUbmicans, the spores of which are 

4·guttulate but finally 3·septate. It differs from A. stigmatella, with 

which it has been associated, in the greyer more superficial thallus, 

in the narrower guttulate spores which are massed in the ascus and 

in the presence of paraphyses. Nylander gives the size of the spores 

at 36-50 (J. long, 7-10 (J. thick, but these measurements are not borne 

out by an examination of Carroll's specimens. 

Hab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Rare in S.W. Ireland.-B. M. 

Dinish and Torc Mt., Killarney, Kerry; Loughcooter, Galway. 

9. A. byssacea A. L. Sm.-Thallus filmy, whitish, thin, effuse. 

Peri the cia minute, black, globose, semi-immersed; perithecial 

wall curving inward, dimidiate; paraphyses numerous, branched, 

free; asci elongate-clavate, about 70 !-tlong, 17 (J. wide; spores 8 in 

the ascus, fusiform, I-septate( 1), colourless, 15 (J. long, 4 (J. thick. 

- Verrucaria byssacea Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Rib. ii. 89 (1836) .(non 

Ach. fide Leight. Angioc. Lich. 38). 

Leighton suggests (t. c.) that Taylor's species is identical with 

Acrocordta biformis, but the minute perithecia and the structure of 

asci and spores are entirely distinct. There is only one small specimen 

in the herbarium of the British Museum collected by Dr. Taylor; the 

spores are somewhat imperfectly developed, but so far as can be 

determined they are I.septate. 

Hab. On barks of trees, oak and elm.-B. M. Presumably Kerry. 

(Ex Herb. Salwey.) 

Growing on trees,- thallus dark-coloured,- spores I-septate. 

10. A. Laburni Arn. in Flora xliv. 537 (1861); Sydow Flecht. 

Deutschl. 295 (1887).-Thallus thin, smooth, brown or brownishblack, 

forming dark spots on the bark. Peri the cia minute, 

hemispherical, semi-immersed, black and shining; perithecial 

wall dimidiate; paraphyses indistinct, disappearing-; asci 

rather swollen, narrower upwards; spores oblong-linear, I-septate, 

scarcely constricted, the' cells almost equal, sometimes with two 

or more guttulal; 20-25 (J. long, 4-5 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine 

yellow with iodine.-A. FU'l11ago Mudd Man. 302 (1861) (non 

Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 370 (1855)). Verrucaria Laburni 

Leight. Lich. Fl. 435 (1871); ed. 3, 465 .. 


Easily confused with A. rhyponta; it differs in the narrower, 

2·celled spores. 

Hab. On laburnum and other trees.-Distr. Rare throughout the 

British Isles.-B. }rI. Near Whitestaunton, Somerset; Cirencester, 

GIoucestershire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Trefriw, Carnarvon· 

shire; Aberfeldy, Pcrthshire. •

ARTHOPYRENIA PYRENULACE.al: 353 

11. A. microspila Koerb. Parel'g. Lich. 392 (1865).-Thallus 

forming dull black filmy or roughish spots on the bark. Perithe 

cia minute, black, prominent, hemispherical, slightly papillose 

above; perithecial wall entire with a thin wall under the base; 

paraphyses indistinct or disappearing; spores colourless, linearoblong, 

I-septate, rather small, 13-17 [.L long, 3-5 [.L thick, or 

sometimes a httle longer.-A. rhyponta Mudd Man. 303 (1861) 

(non Massal.). Verruca ria rhyponta Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. n. 

2597, fig. 2 (1829) (non Ach.); Rook. in Sm. Eng1. F1. v. 150 

(exc1. syn. Ach.); Tay1. in Mackay F1. RIb. ii. 89; LeIght. Angioc. 

Lich. 37, t. 16, fig. 1; var. rhypontella Ny1. in Flora 1. 374 (1867); 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 120. V. capnodes Ny1. in Flora 1. 330 (1867); 

Carroll in Journ. 'Bot. v. 259 (1867); Lindsay in Quart. Journ. 

Microsc. Sci. ix. 351 (1869); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 120; Leight. Lich. 

Fl. 438; ed. 3, 468; val'. rhypontella Leight. Lich. F1. 439 (1871); 

ed. 3, 468. 

The brown coloration is due partly or wholly to a brown fungus 

mycelium. Confused with A. rhyponta, but dIffers in the more felted 

thallus, the form and size of the spores and the habitat, it being often 

found growing on the thallus of Graphis sp. It has been classified by 

Vouaux and others as a fungus. Pharcidta microspila Wint. (Bull. 

Soc. Mycol. Fr. xxviii. 247 (1912)). It is, however, a lichenoid species. 

Hab. On bark, associated with, or growing over, Graphis sp. 

Distr. Rare in S. and N. England and S. Ireland.-B. lIf. Sussex; 

Castle Bernard Park, Cork; Armagh; Castle bar, Mayo. 

12. A. Taylori Mudd Man. 302 (1861).-Thallus dark-brown, 

thin, forming irregular determinate spots. Perithecia black, 

minute, numerous, globose-conical, immersed at the base, the 

ostiole minutely papillate; perithecial wall entire, black; paraphyses 

free, slender; asci elongate-clavate; spores colourless, 

fusiform, I-septate, constricted, the cells usually with two or 

more guttulre, 25-30 [.L long, 4-5 [.L thick; hymenial gelatine yellow, 

the spores brown with iodine.-Verrucaria Taylori Carroll ex Ny1. 

in Maine et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 82 (1858); Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 120; Leight. Lich. F1. 438; ed. 3, 467. 

Exsicc. Carroll Lich. Rib n. 29. 

Hab. On trees, chiefly ash or oak.-Distr. Rare in S.W. England. 

Not uncommon in S. and S.W. Ireland.-B. III. Torquay, Devon; 

Glenbower Wood, Dunscombes Wood, Castle Bernard Park and 

RosteIlan, Cork; Dinish, Killarney and Valentia Island, Kerry; Clare 

Glen, Tipperary. 

13. A. aphorisasa A. L. Sm.-Thallus indicated by brownishblack 

detached well-defined spots. Perithecia black, almost 

innate and hemispherical, many being congregated in each spot; 

perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses numerous, branching, indistinct; 

spores 4 to 8 in the ascus, colourless, at length brown, 

oblong, I-septate, 20-28 [.L long, 5-7 [.L thick; hymenial gelatine 

II A A

356 PYRENOCARPEA': ARTHOPYRENIA 

Paraf3£tic and doubtf-ul species; spores I-septate. 

20. A. allogena Arn. in Flora liii. 484 (1870).-Thallus wanting. 

Perithecia black, hemispherical;. perithccial wall dimidlate; 

paraphyses indistinct; sporcs oblong or slightly clavate-oblong, 

colourless, I-septate, one cell slightly thicker, 23-37 IL long, 7-9 IL 

thick.-Verrucaria allogena Ny!. in Flora xlviii. 357 (1865); 

Leight. Lich. F!. 461; ed. 3, 492. V. epidermidis var. allogena 

Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 120. 

Retainod in this genus on acoount of the dimidiate apothecium, a 

strongly lichenological character. The spores are very like those of 

A. epidermidis, of which Nylander thought it might possibly be a 

variety. 

Hab. Parasitio on the thallus of Rhizocarpon petrCEUtn var. excentricum.-B. 

111. Ben Lawers, Perthshire (the only locality). 

21. A. (?) colIeta A. L. Sm.-Thallus black, thin, co·ntinuous. 

Perithecia black, small, diameter ,1-·2 mm. in diameter, spherical 

at times almost aggregate; perithecial wall entire; spores 8 in the 

ascus, colourless, fusIform, often constricted at the middle, 

I-septate, large, 32-45 IL long, 10-13 IL thick; paraphyses very 

indistinct; hymenial gelatine within the asci wine-red with iodinc. 

the rest untinted.-Verrucaria colleta Stirton in Grevillea iii. 37 

(1874); Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 3, 468. Specimen not seen. 

Stirton states that the '. gonidia are seen interspersed, having, in 

many instanoes, a dIameter from 16-20 IL, but It is questionable whether 

they belong to the thallus of this lichen." An aberrant species, possibly 

a pyrenomyoetous fungus. • 

Hab. On Gymnomitrium concinnatum on Ben Lawers. 

1I1aritime species growing 01, rocks by the sea; spores 

1- (rarely 3-) septate. 

22. A. litoralis B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France liii. 585 

(1906).-Thallus eyanescent. Perithecia minute, black, scattered, 

prominent, or semi-immersed; perithecial wall thick, subentire; 

paraphyses rather scanty, distinct; asci cyhndrical or slightly 

swollen in the middle; :;pores oblong-ovate, colourless, I-septate, 

the upper cell sometimcs thIcker, 12-19 IL long or longer (up to 

24 IL), 5-7 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine brown with iodine. 

Verrucaria lztorahs Tayl. ex Leight. Angioc. Lich. 46, t. 20, fig. 2 

(1851), & Lich. F!. 440; ed. 3, 470 (non V. lttloralis Tay!. in 

Rook. Journ. Bot. vi. 154 (1847)); Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 

293 (1865); Cromb. LlCh. Brit. 120. V. consequens Nyl. in Flora 

xlvii. 357 (1864) (fide Wedd. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. xix. 

306 (1875)); Jones in Proc. Nat. Rist. Soc. Dublin iv. i. 149 

(1864). V. sublttoralis Leight. LlCh. Fl. 435 (1871); ed. 3, 461. 

Arnold has published Arthopyrenia littoralis in Ber. Bayr. Bot. 

Ges. i. Anhang 120 (18!)1), based on Verrucaria littoralis Tayl. which


is doubtfully identical with Verrucaria microspora. There is no record 

of a specific name" littoralis" in Taylor's FL Hib. 91-92, as quoted by 

Arnold; the species there recorded V. muralis is, however, quoted by 

Leighton under V. litoralis. 

Hab. On shells or on rocks by the sea.-Dislr. Rare in S. England, 

Wales and S.E. and N. Ireland.-B. ]Jl. Penzance, Cornwall; between 

Seaton and Beer and Mudstone Bay, Brixham, Devon; Goodwick 

Bay, Fishguard, 1\'Ianorbeer and Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Robin Hood's 

Bay, Yorkshire; Ballinahassig, Cork; Glenarm, Antrim. 

23. A. foveolata A. L. Sm. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 43 (1911). 

Thallus thin, faintly yellOWIsh-green or evanescent. Perithecia 

minute, black, almost completely immersed, leaving distinct 

small pits in the substratum; pcrithecial wall subentire, black 

above, brown below; paraphyses very scanty or wanting, not 

mucilaginous; asci cylindrical-clavate, 70-80 f1. long, 17 f1. thick, 

8-spored; spores I-septate, colourless, oblong-ovate, thinner at 

the ends, 15-18 mm. long, 6-7 f1. thick. 

Very near the preceding species in habitat and form of spores, but 

differing in size and degree of immersion of perithecia and in the less 

distinct paraphyses. 

Hab. On shells by the sea-shore.-B. ill. Plymouth, Devon; Robin 

Hood's Bay, Yorkshire (collected by 1\'Ir. E. 1\1. Holmes). 

24. A. leptotera Arn. in Flora liii. 485 (1870).-Thallus darkolivaceous-grecn, 

somewhat gelatinous, smooth or cracked in 

drying, subdcterminate. Perithecia black, minute, subinnate; 

perithecial wall dimidlate; paraphyses breaking up or obsolete; 

asci oblong, ovate; spores oblong-clavate, I-septate, the upper 

cell rather thicker, colourless, 16-18 !1.long, 5 !1. thick.-Verrucaria 

leptotera Nyl. in Flora xlviii. 212 (1865). 

Distinguished from A. litoralis by the sub gelatinous thallus and 

immersed apothecia. M. C. Knowles in Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. 

XIV. 140 (1913) notes the minute dimidiatc perithecia thickly scattered 

on the surface, and the narrow spores of an almost uniform width, 

in the species found by her associated with Verrucaria aquatilis on rocks 

over which fresh water frequently flows; she records it also on rocks 

associated with Lichina pygmrea and Verrucarta striatula. 

Hab. On maritime rocks with a fairly wide range.-Distr. Rare in 

the Channel Islands, S. England and E. Ireland.-B. ]Jl. Greve-au 

Lalll;,on, Jersey; Mudstone Bay, Devon; Clevedon, Somerset; 

Talsarnau, Menoneth; Lough Gill, Sligo. 

25. A. balodytes Am. Lichenenflora :Munchen in Ber. Bayr. 

Bot. Gcs. i. Anhang 1891, 121; Olivo Exp. Syst. Lich. France ii. 

2, 261 (1901).-Thallus olivaceous-brown or blackish, thin, 

continuous or sparsely cracked, somewhat gelatinous. Perithecia 

very small, black, slightly prominent, becoming impressed above, 

numerous and somewhat congregate, intermixed with spcrmo· 

gones; perithecial wall dimldiate; paraphyses few, slonder,


Hab. On maritime rocks.-Dislr. Rare on the coast of S.W. England 

and Wales, and E. Scotland.-B. M. Manorbecr Bay, North Cliff and 

Giltar Points, Tenby, Pembrokeshire. 

27. A. viridula A. L. Sm.-Thallus effuse, thin, greenisholive, 

tartareous, smooth or slightly cracked. Peri the cia 

immersed, hemispherical, emerging, the ostlOle umbilicate; 

perithecial wall dimidlate, spreading and incurved at the base; 

spores colourless, linear-oblong, I-septate, 17-19 (..I. long, 6-7 (..I. 

thick.-L'lChen mridulus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2455 (1812) pro parte 

and under t. 2623, f. 2, text. Verrucana elanna Borr. in Sm. 

Eng!. Bot. under t. 2455, fig. 2 (1812); Hook. III Sm. Eng!. Fl. 

v. 152 pro parte; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 63, t. 27, fig. 2 & Lich. Fl. 

436; ed. 3, 462. Thelidium elwinum Mudd Man. 296 (1861). 


Perhaps identical with A. halizoa, to which the drawing in English 

Botany bears a strong resemblance. 

Hab. On maritime slaty rocks.-Distr. Rare on the W. coast of 

Wales and 'V. Ireland. 

28. A. marina A. L. Sm.-Thallus dark-olive-green, subgelatinous, 

smooth, determinate, with a black line at the circumference. 

Penthecia minute, black, immersed in the thallus, the 

ostiole rather flat or shghtly depressed; penthecial wall entIre, 

black; paraphyses none, sporLs 8 in the ascus, minute, ellipsoirloblong, 

colourless, I-septate, becoming 3-septate at maturity, 

9-14 fL long, 3-5 fL thlCk.-Sagedia marina Deakin in Ann. & 

Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. 40, t. 4, fig. 13 (1854). Verrucana 

marina Leight. Lich. Fl. 446 (1871); ed. 3, 477; Massee in Journ. 

Bot. xxx. 193, t. 324, fig. 8 (1892). 

SImilar to A. leptotera in appearance of thallus and perithecia, 

but differing in the structure and size of the spores. Weddell's Verrucarta 

leptotera var. marmorans (Mem. Soc. Scl. Nat. Cherb. xix. 309 

(1875)) is probably identical with A. marina. 

Hab. On maritime rocks below high tide.-Distr. Rare in the 

Channel Islands, S. England and E. and W. Scotland.-B. IlL Greve· 

au-Langan, Jersey; Torquay, Devon. 

Growing on trees,- spores 3-septate. 

29. A. rhyponta Massal. Ric. Lich. 166 (1852).-Thallus 

thin, subeffuse, dark-brown or blackish, forming dark-coloured 

spots on the bark. Perithecia minute, hemispherical, scmiimmersed, 

black; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses almost 

obsolete; spores colourless or becoming shghtly browmsh, llllearoblong, 

3-scptate, 18-22 fL long, 4-5 fL thick; hymenial gelatine 

red or yellow-brown with iodine.-Verrucaria rhyponta Ach. 

Lich. Univ. 282 (1810); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 120; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

411; ed. 3, 471.

360 PYRENOCARPElE ARTHOPYRENIA 

Often confused with A. microspila, owing to the dark-coloured 

thallus which in both occurs in rather small patches. 

Hab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Very rare throughout the British 

Isles.-B. 111. Curland near Taunton, Somerset; St. Leonard's Forest, 

Sussex; Airyholm, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Killin, Perthshire. 

30. A. Cerasi Massal. Ric. Lich. 167 (1852).-Thallus greyish 

or brownish, thin, morc or less shining, subdeterminate. Pedthecia 

very small, more or less elliptical, numerous, black, shining; 

perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses breaking up, entangled 

upwards, often becoming almost obsolete; spores colourless, 

elongate-oblong, generally rather narrow, blunt at the ends, 

3-septate, 15-25 11. long, 4-8 11. thick.-Verrucaria Cerasi Aeh. 

Meth. 119 (1803); Leight. Lich. Fl. 441; ed. 3, 471. 

Distinguished by the shining thallus and the elliptical perithecia, 

a character that is sometimes rather obscure. The spores in the 

Somerset specimen are for a long time I-septate. 

Hab. On the bark of cherry and other trees.-Distr. Rare in S. 

and S.W. England.-B. ]}I. Castle Neroche, near Taunton, Somerset; 

Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. 

31. A. grisea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 369 (1855).-Thallus 

effuse, thin, yellowish- or reddish-brown, rather shining. Perithccia 

scattered, minute ('35 mm. diam.), hemispherical, immersed, 

. the small poriform ostiole emerging; perithecial wall dimidiate; 

asci obovoid-cylindrical, about 55 11. long, 17-20 f1. wide; paraphyses 

few, stoutish, entangled; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong-clavate, 

1- then 3-septate, round at the ends, almost breaking up into 

halves, 20-22 11. long or rather longer, 5-6 11. thick.-A. Crombiei 

A. L. Sm. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 43 (19] 1) & Monogr. Lich. ii. 328 

(1911); Verrucaria epidermidis var. grisea Schleich. ex Schrer. 

Spicil. 56 (1826). 

Differs from A. submicans in the form of the spores and the presence 

of paraphyses. Owmg to a misunderstandmg of the spores of 

Verrucaria grisea, the above was described as a new species, A. 

Crombiei. 

Hab. On bark of trceS (alder).-B. M. Banks of the Garry, Blair 

Athole, Perthshire. 

32. A. submicans Arn. in Verh. KK Zool.-Bot. Ges. xxiii. 

530 (1873).-Thallus yellowish or paie-reddish-brown, thin, 

effuse. Perithecia numerous, small, hemispherical, shining, black, 

the ostiole minutely poriform; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses 

very' scanty or none; asci obclavate, rather short; spores 

8 in the ascus, linear-oblong or slightly clavate, 4-guttulate, 1then 

3-septate, colourless, sometimes becoming brownish, 16-2511. 

long, 4-6 11. thick.-Verrucaria submicans Nyl. in Flora Iv. 363 

(1872); emend. Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 471 (1879). 

The spores originally described by Nylander as 2-celled only,


remain so for a long time, the presence of the large guttul::e also tends 

to obscure the additional septa. 

Hab. On smooth trees.-Distr. Rare in S. and N. England, Wales, 

W. Scotland and Ireland.-B. JJ1. Bosnieves, Cornwall; Lyndhurst, 

New Forest, Hants; Torquay, Devon; Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire; 

Ingleby and Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Arrochar, Dumbartonshire; 

near l\'[uckross, Killarney and Dromore, Kerry; Saintfield, 

Down. 

Growi'ng on trees,. spores 3-7 -septate. 

33. A. platypyrenia Arn. in Flora liii. 485 (1870).-Thallus 

effuse, thin, faintly brownish-yellow. PentheCla black, immersed 

at first, hemispherical-depressed, the ostiole a very minute pore; 

perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses branched, soft and 

irregular or indIstinct; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 3-5-septate 

(rarely 7 -septate), the central cells largest, colourless, sometimes 

becoming smoky-brown when old, 23-30 {1. long, 9-11 {1. thick. 

Verrucaria platypyrenia Nyl. m Flora xlviIi. 358 (1865); Leight. 

Lich. Fl. 450; ed. 3, 481. V. eptdermidis var. platypyrenia 

Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 119 (1870). 

Distinguished by the flattened perithecia and by the peculiar spore 

characters. 

Hab. On bark of ivy and other trees.-Distr. Rare in S. and S.W. 

Ircland.-B. M. Ballyedmond, Enniskean and Glenbower, Cork; 

Old Dromorc, Kerry. 

34. A. chlorococca A. L. Sm.-Thallus green, thickish, subsquamulose-granular. 

Peri the cia minute, black, innate, convex 

or depressed above, the ostiole a minute pore; perithecial wall 

black, thin, scarcely visible under the base; asci ellipsoid rather 

short; paraphyses slender, mUCIlaginous, dIsappearing; spores 8 

in the ascus, colourless or faintly yellowish, broadly fusiform, 

obtuse at the apices, 5-7-septate, 30-37 {1. long, 4-5 {1. thick. 

Verrucaria chlorococca Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 484 (1879) emend. 

Hab. On mossy bark of tree.-B. JJ1. Stokenchurch, Chiltern Hills, 

Oxfordshire (the only locality). 

35. A. desistens A. L. Sm.-Thallus scanty. Perithecia 

minute, black, prominent, the upper part convex; perithecial 

wall entire; paraphyses none; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, 

fuslform, 3-5-septate, 11-16 {1. long, 3-4 !L thick; hymenial 

gelatine wine-red with iodine.-Verrucaria desistens Nyl. in Flora 

1. 180 (1867); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 260 (1867); Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 122; Leight. Lich. FI. 450; ed. 3, 481. Specimen not seen. 

Hab. On old trees -Distr. Rare in S.W. Ireland (Tore Mt., 

Killarney, Kerry). 

119. LEPTORHAPHIS Koerb. Syst. Lie_h. Germ. 371 (1855). 

(PI. 53.) 

Thallus, crustaceous, thin, usually developed within the bark.

362 PYRENOCARPElE LEPTORHAPHIS 

Perithecia simple, globose or semi-globose, black, innate-sessile; 

ostiole poriform; paraphyses persistent, branched and entangled; 

asci cylindrical, 4-S-spored; spores acicular-fusiform, straight or 

bent, I-pluri-septate, colourless. Spermogones globose or ovoid, 

with rod-like spermatia. 

Similar to Arthopyrenta, but with acicular spores. 

1. L. epidermidis Th. Fr. Lieh. Arct. 273 (1860).-Thallus 

very thin, cream-coloured or greyish, effuse, smooth. Peri the cia 

ellIptical-hemispherical, bursting the bark, black and somewhat 

shining; perithecial wall dimidiatc, spreading at the base; 

paraphyses rather indistinct; spores 8 in the ascus, more or less 

curved, 1-5-septate, 20-37 f/. long, 3-4 f/. thick.-L'lChen epldermidis 

Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 16 (1798). Verrucaria epldermldts 

Ach. Meth. 118 (1803); Winch Bot. GUlde ii. 44 (1807)? var. 

albtsstma Ach. Lich. Univ. 276 (1810). V. oxyspora NyI. III Bot. 

Not. 1852, 179; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 121. V. albissima Nyl. Lich. 

Scand. 282 (1861); Leight. Lich. Fl. 449, ed. 3, 481. Arthopyrenia 

oxyspora :Mudd Man. 306 (1861). 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 478; Mudd n. 299. 

Hab. On bark of buch.-Di8tr. Rare throughout England, Scot· 

land and S. and ·W. Ireland.-B. lIf. Pease Pottage Gate, Sussex; 

Thorndon Hall near Brentwood, Essex; DolgelIy, .M:erioneth; Haggart's 

Wood, Ingleby, Cleveland; Crummock Lake Side, Cumberland; 

Swanston Wood, Edinburgh; Glen Falloch, Perthshire; Morrone, 

Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Killarney, Kerry. 

2. L. Carrollii A. L. Sm. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 43 (1911). 

Thallus crustaceous, thin, brownish. Penthecia minute, black, 

scattered, hemispherical, immersed at the base, opening by a 

small pore; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses slender, 

branched and entangled; asci elongate-cylmdrical, about 90-100 

!J.long, 10 flo thick; spores 8, parallel in the ascus, slender, aCICular, 

llldistinctly multi-septate, 50-80 IJ. long, 1-2 flo thick, straIght or 

variously bent. 

Distinguished by the long slender spores. The peritheeia are 

rather few and scattered. 

Di8tr. On bark of trces.-B. lIf. Glenbower, Cork (the only locality). 

120. MICROTHELIA Koe1'b. Syst. Lich. Germ. 372 (1855); 

emend. Massal. Misc. Lich. 57 (1856). (PI. 54.) 

Thallus crustaceous, superficial or developed within the substratum, 

not corticated. Perithecia small, superficial or semiimmersed, 

semi-globose; paraphyses branched, entangled, sometimes 

mucilaginous and disappearing; asci cylIndrical-clavate or 

pyriform, 2-8-spored; spores ovate or elongate-fusiform, usually 

I-septate, rarely 3-5-septate, brown. Spermogones globose 

minute, with short rod-like spermatia.

MICROTHELIA PYRENULACEJE 363 

1. M. micula Flot. ex Koerb. Lich. Syst. Germ. 373 (1855). 

-Thallus pale-whltish-brown, thin, smooth, effuse. Perithecia 

minute, black, hemispherical, semi-immersed; perithecial wall 

dimidlate; spores 8 in the ascus, dark-brown, oblong, I-septate, 

slightly constricted, the upper cell rather larger, 15-25 Il. long, 

5-7 Il. thick (usually about 17 Il. long, 5 Il. thick).-Verrucarla 

Lyelhi Leight. Angioc. Lich. 42, t. 18, fig. 3 (1851) 1 V. cinerella 

Flot. ex Ny!. in Mame et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 60 (1858) & 

Lich. Scand. 281 (non Nyl. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, iii. 174 (1855) ); 

Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 293 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 121; 


The species Verrucaria cinerella Ny!. (Ann. Sci. Nat. 1. c.) is a 

Chilian plant, and has faintly coloured largc spores, measuring 32-36 Il. 

long, IIIl. thick; the characters of the British specimens agree with those 

republished by Nylander in Lich. Scand. 1. c. 

Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. and W. England, more frequent 

in S. and W. Ireland, not recorded from Scotland.-B. 111. Ivybridge, 

Devon; Sapperton, Glouccstershlre; Glengariff, Cork; Torc Mt., 

Cloghan, Mangcrton and Dmish, Killarney, Lough Inchiquin, Glencar 

and Old Dromore, Kerry. 

Var. megaspora B. de Lesdain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France liii. 

688 (1906).-Slmilar to the species but with larger spores, 23-36 Il. 

long, 9-13 Il. thick.-Verrucari.!L cmerella var. megaspora N}':l. in 

Flora Ii. 348 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 121 & in Journ. Linn. 

Soc. xi. 490 (1871); Leight. ll. c. Specimen not seen. 

Hab. On trees.-Dislr. Rare in S. England, and in Wales, recorded 

from New Forest, Hants; Trefriw, Carnarvonshire. 

2. M. atomaria Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 373 (1855).-Thallus 

thin, greyish. Perithecia minute, hemispherical, semi-immersed, 

somewhat shining; spores ellipsoid-oblong, I-septate, dark-brown, 

small, 12-14 Il. long, 4-6 Il. thlCk.-.u·chen atomanU8 Ach. Lich. 

Suec. Prodr. 16 (1798) 1 Verrucaria atomaria DC. Fl. Franc. ii. 

313 (1805); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 467. 

Hab. On bark of hazel, &c.-Dislr. Rare in 'V. Ireland, Kylemore, 


3. M. dispora A. L. Sm. in Journ. Bot. xlix. 44, t. 510, fig. 8 

(1911).-Thallus greyish-white, pulverulent, very thm or disappearing. 

PerI the CIa minute, 150-200 Il. III diameter, almost 

globose, shining, black, semi-immersed or almost superficial, or 

leaving shallow pits in the substratum; perithecial wall black, 

rather soft, almost entire; paraphyses slender, branched and 

entangled; asci elongate-clavate, somewhat thickened at the 

apex, 65 Il. long, 15 Il. thick, 2-spored; spores oblong, blunt or 

tapering at one or both ends, I-septate constrIcted, brown, 25-35 Il. 

long, 10-12 Il. thick.

364 PYRENOCARPElE MICROTHELIA 

The specimens in the British Museum were collected by W. Joshua 

and labelled by him A. saxicola var. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks.-B. M. Sapperton, GIoucestershire. 

Form octospora Wats. in Journ. Bot. lxiii. (1925).-Similar 

to the species, but with 8 spores in the ascus. 

Hab. On calcareous rocks, Cheltenham (H. H. Knight). 

4. M. exerrans A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, blackish, scattered. 

Perithecia minute, black; perithecial waH entire; spores 8 in the 

ascus, blackish, oblong, I-septate, 10-15 {L long, 3-5 {L thick; 

hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodme.-Endococcus exerrans 

Ny!. in Flora lxii. 360 (1879); Cromb. in GreviHea viii. 114 (1880). 

Distinguished by the narrow spores. Nylander notes the rather 

thick colourless chroolepoid gonidia with cells 18-23 [1. thick. 

Hab. On quartzose stones.-B. M. Ben-y-GIoe, Blair Athole, 

Pcrthshire. 

5. M. dissepta A. L. Sm.-Thallus whitish-grey, sometimes 

faintly yellowish, tartareous, thm, slightly cracked-areolate, subdeterminate 

(probably not proper). Perithecia black, numerous, 

somewhat prominent, the upper part convex, the ostiole a minute 

pore; perithecial wall entire, paraphyses indistinct; spores 8 in 

the ascus, eUipsoid, brown, 3-septate, 18-22 {Llong, 7-10 [1. thick; 

hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine.-Verrucaria dissepta 

NyI. in Flora lix. 576 (1876); Cromb. in Grevil1ea v. 107 (1877); 

Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, 480. 

Nylander (l. c.) suggests that possibly the perithecia may be 

parasitic on the thallus of some other lichen. The specimen from 

Achill lsI. is on Rhizocarpon conJervotdes. 

lIab. On mica-schist rocks.-Dis!r. W. Ireland.-B. M. Dooega 

Road, Achill lsI., Mayo. 

121. PORINA Ach. Lich. Dniv. 60 (1810) pro parte, emend. 

MueH. Arg. in Flora lxvi. 320 (1883).-Segestrella Fr. Lich. Eur. 

460 (1831) (Segestria tom. Cit. 429); Mudd Man. 283. (PI. 55.) 

Thallus variously crustaceous, not corticated, sometimes 

developed within the substratum. Peri the cia simple, superficial 

or semi-immersed; perithecial wall light-coloured, becoming 

darker towards the ostiole, entirely dark-coloured, entire or 

dimidiate; paraphyses persistent, sImple; asci elongate, 6--8spored; 

spores elongate-fusiform or clavate, colourless, 2- to multiseptate, 

rarely wIth longItudinal septa. Spermogones small, 

globose wIth simple or branched sterigmata and rod-hke or 

elongate-fusiform spermatia. 

Distinguished from Arlhopyrenia by the character of the paraphyses 

and spores. The texture of the peritheClal wall is also more 

variable; it is usually softer iu texture, and in some species waxy and 

light-coloured (Segestrella).

366 P.YRENOCARPElE PORINA 

3. P. leptalea A. L. Sm.':_Thallus thin, greyish, effuse or 

brownish and subdeterminate. Peri the cia minute, hemispherical, 

almost superficial, reddish, shining, _becoming darker especially 

round the ostiole; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses slender, 

distinct; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, 3-septate, 16-23 !-L long, 

3--5 !-L thick.-Bzatora leptalea Dur. & Mont. Fl. d' Alg. i. 268 (1849). 

Verrllcaria lectissima f. leptalea Nyl. in Mame & Loire Mem. Soc. 

Acad. iv. 38 (1858); subsp. lepta lea Cromb. Lieh. Brit. 117; 

var.leptalea LeIght. Lich. Fl. 443; ed. 3, 475. V.leptaleellaNyl. 

in Flora lix. 237 (1876); Cromb. in Grevillea v. 29; Leight. Lich. 

Fl. ed. 3, 480 pro parte. 

EXS7CC. Larb. Lich. Rb. without number. 

V. leplaleella was given specific rank by Nylander on account of its 

narrower spores; they resemble, when mature, those of P. leplalea. 

Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. England, Wales, and S. and W. 

Ireland.-B. JJl. Llanbedr, Merioneth; near Crosshaven and Glenbower, 

Cork; McCarthy's Island, Dinish and Eagle's Nest, Killarney, 

Kerry; Delphi, Killary Bay, Connemara, Galway. 

4. P. succina A. L. Sm.-Thallus dark-brownish, thin, effuse. 

Perithecia numerous, large, amber-coloured throughout, hemispherical-conical 

with a papIllate ostiole; perithecial wall dimidlate, 

spreading at the base; paraphyses slender, dIstinct; asci 

linear-clavate; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, fusiform, 7 -septate, 

large, 46 fJ. long, 5--8 fJ. thick.-Verruearia sueeina Leight. in 

Grevillea iv. 78 (1875) & in Trans. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) ser. 2, i. 145, 

t. 22, figs. 8-12 (1876); Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 483; Cromb. in Journ. 

Bot. xiv. 363 (1876). 

Considered by Leighton to be closely allIed to P. jaginea, but its 

affinity is rather with P. lectissima, from which it differs dueHy in the 

larger perithecia and spores. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in S. and S.W. Ireland.-B . . M. Blackwater, 

Wexford. 

5. P. globosa A. L. Sm.-Thallus greyish-greenish, thin, 

unequal, continuous. Perithecla rather large, yellowish or 

yellow flesh-coloured, subglobose; spores 8 in the ascus, broadly 

fusiform, with a thick efJispore, 7 -septate, 50-70 fJ. long, 10-14 [L 

thick; spores tinged tawny-yellow with iodme.-Verrucaria 

globosa Tayl. ex Nyl. in Flora lxvi. 534 (188_3); Cromb. in Grevillea 

xii. 91 (1884). 

The species was overlooked in the previous edition, as it occurs on 

the same specimen as Porina BUcGina, which alone was tested. Nylander 

has noted that the thallus often covers the fructifications which 

Crombie (l. 15.) has described as "pertusarioid"; they are more like a 

closed Gyalecta, in which genus the IlChen would rank as a new species; 

but without more evidence it seems best to leave it, where Nylander 

placed it, in the Pyrenocarpero. 

11ab. On rocks.-Distr. Rare in S. Ireland.-B. M. Blackwater, 

Wexford (the only locality).

PORINA PYRENULACEiE 367 

Perithecia dark-coloured; spores 3-septate. 

6. P. carpinea A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzen£' i. 1*, 

66 (1903).-Thallus thin, developed within the bark, grey, olive, 

or dark-brown, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, effuse or determinate. 

Peri the cia small, black, shining, sessile and subglobose; 

peritheclal wall dImidiate; paraphyses numerous, slender, 

involved III mucus but distinct, not branched; asci elongatecylindrical 

or -clavate, spores fusiform, 3-septate, colourless, 

usually 16-20 !L long, 4-6 !L thick, sometImes longer and slIghtly 

thicker.-Verrucaria carpinea Pers. ex Ach. Meth. 120 (1803); 

Winch. Fl. North. & Durh. 85 (1831). V. fusiforrnis Leight. 

Angioc. Lich. 42, t. 18, fig. 2 (1851). V. chlorotica f. carpmea 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 116 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. 445; ed. 3, 473. 

Artlwpyrenia macularis var. fusiformis Mudd Man. 301 (1861). 

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 82 (as Verrucarw olivacea); Leight. n. 99; 

Mudd n. 289; Carroll Lich. Rib. n. 34. 

Similar to P. chlorotica in the form and contents of the perithecia, 

but differing in habitat and in the strueture of the thallus. There 

has been considerable confusion between this plant and Verrucaria 

olivacea Borr.: the latter has longer multiseptate spores (see p. 370). 

Nab. On bark of trees.-Distr. Frequent in the Channel Islands, 

England, and S., W. and Central Ireland, very rare in Scotland. 

B. JJf. Torquay, Devon; Crawley, Sussex; Ulting, Essex; near Norton 

and Shrawly \Vood, \Vorcester; Shelton Rough, near Shrewsbury, and 

Church Stretton, ShropshIre; Gwydir Woods, Bettws.y.Coed and 

Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; Ayton, Sowerdale and Cliffrigg, Cleveland, 

YorkshIre; near Harlech, Merioneth; near Wrexham, Denbighshire; 

Matlock Tor, Derbyshire; near Perth; Castle Bernard, Enniskean, 

Crosshaven and Tullagreen, Cork; Glenear and Killarney, Kerry; 

Killaloe, Clare; Mamturk Mts. and Dawros Bridge, Connemara, 

Galway; Armagh; Louisburgh and Achill lsI., Mayo. 

7. P. amnis A. Zahlbr. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. Ii. 277 (1901). 

-Thallus whitish-grey or brownish, effuse, smooth or wrinkled. 

Perithecia black, minute, hemispherical, semi-immersed, becoming 

prominent; perithecial wall dimidiatc; paraphyses distmct, 

slcnder, loose; asci small, elongate-cylindrical, slightly swollen 

in the middle; spores 6-8 III the ascus, colourless, cylindricalfusiform, 

3-septate, 14-21 !L long, 3--4 !L thick.-Sagedw affinis 

Massal. Mem. Lich. 138, t. 25, fig. 169 (1853). Verrucaria affinis 

Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. 362 (1876), Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 

3,472. 


Closely related to the preceding, but with more distinct paraphyses 

and wLh smaller asci and spores, the latter being often rather blunt 

at the ends. 

Nab. On bark of trees, holly, birch, &c.-Distr. Rare in W. Ireland. 

-B. M. Doughruagh Mt., Loughcooter, Letterfrack and Kylemore. 

Connemara, Galway.

370 PYRENOCARPEJE PORINA 

Perithecia dark-coloured; spores 3-7- (rarely more-) septate. 

11. P. olivacea A. L. Sm.-'l'hallus effuse, thin, continuous 

or becoming slightly cracked, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, 

dull olive-brown. Perithecia hemispherical, small, numerous, 

prominent, immersed at the base, black; perithecial wall dimidiate; 

paraphyses stoutish, free; asci cylindrical-clavate; spores 

elongate-clavate, 3-7 -septate, colourless, 27-40 fL long, 4-5 fL 

thick.-Verrucaria olivacea Pers. in Vst. Ann. Bot. vii. 28, t. 3, 

fig. 6 (1794) 1 Borr. in Sm. EngI. Bot. Sup pI. t. 2597, fig. 1 (1829); 

Hook. in Sm. EngI. Fl. v. 150; TayI. in Mackay Fl. Hib. Ii. 89; 

Leight. Angioc. Lich. 42, t. 18, f. 1 & Lich. Fl. 452; ed. 3, 483; 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 117. Arthopyrenia ohvacea Mudd Man. 301 

(1861). 

Exsicc. BohI. n. 82; Leight. n. 199; Mudd n. 290. 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-Distr. Rather rare throughout England 

and Wales and S. and W. Ireland, not recorded from the Channel 

Islands nor from Scotland.-B . .ill. Duncton and Henfield, Sussex; 

Shere, Surrey; Silbertswold, Kent; near Cirencester and Stowell Park, 

Gloucestershlre; Matlock Tor, Derbyshire; Gwydir Woods, Bettws.y 

Coed, Carnarvonshire; Easby Wood and Sowerdale, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; Levens, Westmorland; Tullagreen and Ballyedmond, 

Cork, Muckross, Killarney, Kerry; Killaloe, Clare; Loughcooter, 

Galway. 

12. P. faginea Arn. in Flora lxviii. 166 (1885).-Thallus 

whitish or crcam-coloured, thin, effuse. Perithecia black, 

minute, semi-immersed, hemispherical; perithecial wall dimidiate ; 

paraphyses crowded, distinct; spores broadly lanceolate-fusiform, 

colourless, usually 5-7- (rarely more-) septate; 30-37 fL long (or 

longer), 3-8 fL thick.-Sagedia faginea (sub Segestria) Schrer. 

Enum. 208 (1850). S. lactea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 366 (1855). 

Verrucaria lactea Leight. Lich. FI 452; ed. 3, 483. 

, 

Hab. On trees.-Distr. Rare in S. England (Sussex). 

13. P. ieptospora A. L. Sm.-Thallus very thin, brown. 

Perithecia minute, black, hemispherical, the base immersed; the 

ostiole a minute papilla, perithecial wall entire, or thin under 

the base; paraphyses scanty, distinct; asci cylindrical, slightly 

narrower upwards, about 90 fL long, 10-12 fL thick; spores 8 in 

the ascus, colourless, elongate-fusiform, 8- or more-septate, 

45-55 fL long, 3-4 fL thick.-Verrucana leptospora Nyl. in Flora 

xlvii. 487 (1864) & Ii. 164 (1868); Carroll in Journ. Bot. 

vi. 101 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 117; Leight. Lich. FI. 452; 

ed. 3, 484. 

Outwardly very similar to P. olivacea, but differing in the entire 

perithecium and in the character of the spores. 

Hab. On bark of holly.-B. M. Dinish, Killarney, Kerry.

CLATHROPORINA PYRENULACElE 373 

1. CI. calcarea Wats. in Journ. Bot. lxiii. 131 (1925}.-Thallus 

thin or thickIsh, whitish, usually with a reddish tinge, or orangered 

with minute darker areas, effuse or subdeterminate, pulverulent 

(1-), with Trentepohlia gonidia, 6-10 [.l broad. Perithecia 

minute, almost globose, immersed at the base, pale yellow or 

becoming greyer and darker when old, with ostioles usually 

depressed; wall yellow, with rectangular cells; pamphyses 

Clafnroporina calcarea Wats.-A, Plant on rock with pcrithecia. 

B, Vertical section of perithecium. C, Section of thallus with gonidia. 

D, Ascus and paraphyses. E, Spores. - 

numerous, long, slender, hyaline, non-septate; spores 6 to 8 III 

the ascus, massed or almost uniseriate, broadly fusIform pointed 

at the ends, 54-75 [.l long, 1O-l5 [.l thick, 15- or more-septate 

when mature and muriform; hymenial gelatine slightly greenishblue, 

then tawny-reddish wlth iodine. 

An extremely interesting lichen, easily overlooked, as the thallus 

at first sight seems to be sterile, or some undeveloped soredial stage. 

The reddish colour tends to dIsappear in the herbarium. We are 

indebted to H. H. Knight for both speCImens. 

Hab. On oolitic walls and on other calcareous rocks.-B. lJI. Winch. 

combe, Somerset; Dovedale, Derbyshire (the only records).

374 PYRENOCARPElE CLATHROPORINA 

2. CI. Larbalestierii A. L. Sm.-Thallus thin, brownish, 

mucilaginous when wet, cracked, wrinkled and scattered when 

dry. Perithecia black above and shining immersed in the thallus, 

conical, the ostiole protruding, perithecial wall colourless at the 

base; paraphyses slender, numerous; asci oblong-cylindrical, 

8-spored; spores oblong-fusiform, pointed at the ends, colourless, 

murifoI'm, with many transverse septa (12 or 13) and one or more 

longitudinal divisions, about 50-55 fl. long, 8-10 fl. thick. 

MwrogllBna Larbalestierii A. L. Sm. Monogr. Brit. Lich. ii. 310 

1911). 

As noted above, the thallus has been found to contain Trentepohlia 

gonidia. It is evidently very near to 01. calcarea, but different in 

colour and habitat. The spores were colourless when first examined, 

but in the microscopic section they have taken up a brownish colour. 

Collected by Larbalestier and labelled by him Verruca ria erratica. 

Hab. On rocks in a stream.-B. ]f. Twelve Pins, Connemara, 

Galway. 

123. THELOPSIS Ny!. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. 

194 (1855); emend. A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenf. 

i. 1 *, 67 (1903). (PI. 56.) 

Thallus crustaceous, not corticated, thin or scarcely visible. 

Peri the cia surrounded by the thallus, becoming promment and 

superficial, or immersed m the thallus; peritheeial wall soft, lightcoloured 

or dark; paraphyses slender, persistent, unbranched, 

free; asci many-spored; spores ellipsoid or elongate, usually 1--3septate, 

rarely simple, colourless. 

Differs from all other genera of the Family in the many-spored 

asci. 

1. Th. rubella Nyl. tom. cit. 194 & 202.-Thallus indistinct, 

greyish, or obsolete. Perithecia pale-reddish, spherical, 

prominent, with a distinct poriform ostiole; perithecial wall 

colourless in lower portion; asci with 100 or more spores; 

paraphyses slender, septate; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 10-17 fl. 

long, 5-8 fl. thick; hymemal gelatine wine-red with iodine. 

Carroll in Journ. Bot: vi. 10l (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 123. 

JTerrucaria rubella Leight. Lich. Fl. 442 (1871); ed. 3, 472. 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-Distr. Rare in Central Scotland and 

S.W. Ireland.-B. M. Lanrick Castle, ncar Doune, Pcrthshire; Dinish, 

Killarney. Kerry. 

2. Th. melathelia Nyl. in Flora xlvii. 358 (1864).-Thallus 

almost obsolete. Perithecia black, prominent, somewhat 

wrinkled and irregular; perithecial waH blackish or reddish, 

entire; ·paraphyses slender, distinct; spores many in the ascus, 

ellipsoid or oblong, 3-septate, 14-18 f.l.long, 4-7 [.t thick; hymenial 

gelatine blue, then dark-violet, with iodine.-Carroll in Journ.

PYRENULA PYRE NULACElE 375 

Bot. iii. 293 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 123. Verruca ria melathelia 

Leight. Lich. FI. 447; ed. 3, 478. 

Hab. Incrusting mosses on the ground.-Distr. Rare in mountainous 

regions.-B. 1JI. Above Loch-na-gat, Ben Lawers and Craig 

Calliach, Perthshire. 

124. PYRENULA Ach_ Lich. Univ. 64 (1810); emend. Massa1. 

Ric. Lich. 162 (1852); Mudd Man. 298. (PI. 57.) 

Thallus crustaceous, superficial or developed within the 

substratum, not corticated. Perithecia simple, variously globose, 

with poriform or shghtly beaked ostiole; paraphyses slender, 

distinct; asci 8-spored; spores elongate, 2-5-septate, the cells 

variously lentiform or angular in shape, brown. Spermogones 

with branched sterigmata and slender bent acrogenous spermatia. 

Distinguished from M icrothelia, which also has brown septate 

spores, not only "by the unbranched paraphyses, but also by the form 

of the spores. It is largely a tropical or Bubtropical genus, and only a 

few species occur in Europe. 

P. nitida Ach. Syn. Lich. 125 (1814).-Thallus yellowisholive 

or greyish-brown, waxy, continuous, smooth, somewhat 

shining, sometimes traversed and intersected by blackish lines. 

Perithecia rather large, black, globose-hemispherical, immersed 

in or veiled by the thallus, the ostiole more or less protruding, 

depressed and umbilicate; perithecial wall entire, black; paraphyses 

distinct; sporcs ellIpsoid-oblong, 3-septate, brown, each 

cell with an angular oil-drop, 20-27 !klong, 7-10 fI. thick; hymenial 

gelatine not tinged with iodine; spermogones borne on the 

limiting hypothallus.-Mudd Man. 298. SphCl'ria m·tida Weigel 

Obs. Bot. 45, t. 2, fig. 14 (1772); Dicks. P.lant. Crypt. Brit. 1, 23; 

With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. 393; Sow. EngI. Fungi, n. 275. Verrucaria 

nitida Schrad. Journ. Bot. i. 79 (1801); Wmch. Bot. Guide ii, 45 

(1807); Grev. FI. Edin. 353; Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. t. 2607, 

fig. 1; Hook. in Sm. EngI. FI. v. 149; TayI. in Mackay FI. Hib. 

ii. 87; Leight. Angioc. Lich. 35, t. 15, fig. 3 & Lich. FI. 447; ed. 

3, 478; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 118. V. glabmta Carroll in Journ. 

Bot. iii. 293 (1865) (non Ach.); Gromb. LlCh. Brit. 118 pro parte; 

Leight. Lich. FI. 448; ed. 3, 479. 

Exsicc. Larh. Lich. Cresar, n. 48; Leight. n. 27; BohI. n. 106. 

The thallus is often punctuated by clear white dots, a growth 

character not always present. The specimens of "V. glabrata" 

collected by Carroll all bclong to this species; they differ only in the 

absence of the white dots on the thallus. 

Hab. On the bark of trees.-Dislr. Frequent in the Channel Islands, 

England and Wales, somewhat rare in Scotland and Ireland.-B. 1JI. 

Jersey; Sark; Boconnoc and Withiel, Cornwall; near Plymouth, near 

Totnes and Torquay, Devon; I. of Wight; Dorset; New Forest, 

Hants; Arundel Park and Henfield, Sussex; Leigh Woods, Bristol, 

Somerset; Epping Forest, Gosfield Hall Woods, Vlting, Massing and

376 PYRENOCARPEJE PYRENULA 

Great Braxted, Essex; Church Stretton, Shropshire; Harlech and 

DolgeUy, Menoneth; Gloddaeth near Con.way and Bettws-y-Coed, 

Carnarvonshire; Thirsk, Kildale, Cleveland and Bilsdale, Yorkshire; 

Largo, Ayrshire; Aehosragan Hill and Barealdine, Argyll; Glen 

Falloeh, Perthshire; Loehinver, Sutherland; Ballyedmond, Cork; 

Derrycunihy, Cromaglown, Tore Mts. and Glenear, Killarney; 

Lough Inehiquin, Kerry; Glenstale, Tipperary; Tully, Connemara, 

Galway; Belelare and Westport, Mayo; Tinnahineh, Carlow. 

Form. eJreodes A. L. Sm.-Thallus dark blackish or purplishbrown, 

resemblIng a dIffuse dark oily stain.-Verrucarw mtida, 

f. eZmodes Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, 479. 

Hab. On old laurel and other trees.-Distr. Rare in N. Wales. 

B .. M. Bettws.y.Coed, Carnarvonshire. 

Var. nitidella Schaer. Enum. 212 (1850).-Thallus thin, 

yellowish or brownish. Perithecia smaller than in the species, 

entirely immersed or more or less uncovered, the ostiole a small 

pore not always visible; spores similar to those of the species. 

Mudd Man. 299 (1861). Var. dermatodes Mudd 1. c. Verrucarta 

dermatodes Borr. in EngI. Bot. SuppI. t. 2607, fig. 2 (1829); Rook. 

in Sm. Engl. FI. v. 149; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Rib. ii. 87; Salw. 

in Trans. Penz. Nat. Rist. Soc., 1853, 141. V. nit!da var. dermalodes 

Leight. Angioc. Lich. 36, t. 15, fig. 4 (1851). V. mtida var. 

nitidella Floerke Deutsche Lich. i. 9 (1815); NyI. in Maine et 

Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 46 (1858); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 118; 

Leight. Lich. FI. 448; cd. 3, 479. V. achroopora NyI. in Flora 1. 

179 (1867). V. glabratula Nyl. tom. cit. 330. V. glabrata var. 

glabratula Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. 260 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 

118; var. dermatodes Leight. Lich. FI. 449 (1871); ed. 3, 480. 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Cresar. n. 99 & Lich. Rb. n. 359; Leight. 

n. 28; Baxt. Stirp. Crypt n. 73. 

The perithecia are somewhat more persistently immersed than in 

the species; the smaller size in extreme forms represents almost a 

specific divergence from the type, but in many specimens individual 

perithecia become larger or are more emergent. 

Hab. On smooth bark of trees.-Distr. Almost coextensive but rarer 

than the species; not recorood from Scotland.-B. M. Jersey; Sark; 

Withiel, Cornwall; Becky Falls, Ullacombe, and Berry Castle, Totnes, 

Devon; Studland, Dorset; Chalford, Gloueestershire; Wakehurst. and 

Hastings, Sussex; Bagley 'Voods, Berks; Gloddaeth, Conway, Carnarvonshire; 

Bolton Woods, Lancashire; Kildale and Ayton, Cleveland, 

Yorkshire; Derrycunihy and Torc Mts., Cromaglown, Cloghan 

and Muckross Demesne, Killarney, Kerry; Dunfanaghy, Donegal; 

Saintfield, Down. 

125. ANTHRACOTHECIUM Hampe ex Massal. in Att. 1st. 

Veneto ser. 3, V. 330 (1860); A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl 

Pflanzenf. i. 1 *, 68 (1903). (PI. 58.) 

Thallus erustaceous, superficial or developed within the 

substratum. Perithecia simple, scattered or coherent, more or

378 . PYRENOCARPEJE THELOCARPON 

one enclosing a perithecium. Perithecia almost globose, completely 

enclosed or opening abovc by a pore; perithecial wall 

colourless, slightly developed; paraphyses slender, simple or 

branched or wanting; asci elongate, clavate or ventricose-fusiform, 

many-spored; spores minute, colourless, simple or pseudoseptate. 

Spermogones unknown. 

Species of Thelocarpon are evidently of raro occurrence, but owing 

to their minute size they are probably overlooked. There have been 

no records in recent years. 

1. Th. Laureri Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. 191 

(1855) & in Flora xlviii. 261 (1865).-Thallus confined to minute 

scattered or aggregate verrucm, yellowish-green. Perithecla 

minute, enclosed in the verrucm, soft, globose, citrine- or greenishyellow, 

the ostiole slightly depressed and inconspicuous; perithecial 

wall colourlcss; paraphyses scanty, slender, branched, 

shorter than the asci; asci flask-shaped, broad in the middle, 

narrower upwards, about 100 fJ.long, 12 fJ. thick; spores minute, 

colourless, oblong, obsoletely guttulate at each end, 2·5-4 fJ. long, 

1,5-2 fJ. thick; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, the asci palebluish, 

with iodine.-Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xiv. 

401, t. 9, fl. 1-5 (1864) & Lich. Fl. 407; ed. 3, 439; Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 106. Sphmrops1s Laureri Flot. in Bot. Zeit. v. 65 (1847). 

Exsicc. Leight. n. 351; Larb. Lich. Rh. n. 357. 

Hab. On old rails and on burnt ground.-Distr. Rare and scarce 

in Central England.-B. lIf. Middletown and Arkoll Hill, Shropshire. 

2. Th. intermediellum Nyl. in Flora xlviii. 261 (1865). 

Thallus forming small verrucm, yellowish-green. Perithecia 

minute, globose, enclosed in the verrucm, depressed at the ostiole ; 

paraphyses absent; asci broad towards the middle, tapering 

upwards; spores minute, oblong, guttulate at each end, 3·5-5 fJ. 

long, 2 fJ. thick; hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-red, the asci 

faintly bluish, with iodine.-Phillips in Grevillea Ii. 125, t. 21 

(1874); Leight. Lich. F!. ed. 3, 439. 

Distinguished from J;he preceding species by the somewhat large 

size of the perithecia and the absence of paraphyses. I have given 

the size of the spores as recorded by PhIllips, but in the specimens 

examined they are constantly small, measuring about 2-3 fJ. long, 1'5-2 fJ. 

thick. Nylander calls attention to the penphyses, fasciculate filaments 

which occur near the ostiole and replace the paraphyses. 

Hab. On rotten wood and old leather.-B. 1II. Near Shrewsbury, 

Shropshire; 

3. Th. superellum Ny!. in Flora xlviIi. 261 (1865).-Thallus in 

scattered verrucaJ, greemsh-yellow. Perithecia small, globose, 

the ostiole subconical; paraphyses very abundant, straight, 

slender and thread-lIke; asci tapering upwards; spores ellipsoid, 

9-12 !I. long, 4-4·5 fJ. thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged, the

THEf,.OCARrON TRYPETHELIACElE 379 

asci bright-blue, with iodine.-Leight. in Grevillea iii. 116 & 

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 440; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. 142 (1875). 

Externally not unlike the two preceding species though the perithecia 

are slightly larger and not depressed above. The paraphyses 

are markedly dissimilar, and the spores larger. 

Hab. On earth and decaying hepatics, rare.-B. JJI. Trefriw, 

Carnarvon. 

4. Th. epithallinum Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, 

xviii. 24 (1866); Nyl. in Flora xlix. 420 (1866).-Thallus in 

scattered verrucro, yellowish-green. Perithecia minute, globose; 

paraphyses stouter than in the preceding species, rather short 

and unbranched; asci elongate, linear-cylindrical; spores oblong 

or cylmdrical-oblong, 6-7 !Llong, 2-2,5 !L thick; hymenial gelatine 

not tinged, the asci tawny-reddish, with iodine.-Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 107; Leight. Lich. Fl. 4.07; ed. 3, 439. Specimen not seen. 

Allied to the Lapland species, Th. epibolum Nyl. l. C., but differing 

in the slightly larger spores and stouter paraphyses. Leighton referred 

to it in Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist. ser. 3, xiv. 402 (1864), but did not then 

discriminate between it and Th. Laureri. 

Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of B(JJomyces rufUS in an upland hilly 

district (Stiperstones RIll, Shropshire). 

Family XXXIII. TRYPETHELIACElE. 

Thallus crustaceous, not corticated, superficial or developed 

under the bark (hypophlceodal), sometimes almost obsolete. Algal 

cells (gonidw) l'rentepohlia. Perithecia united in a stroma, each 

with a separate ostiole; spores 2-S in the ascus, septate, colourless 

or brown. 

The Family is well represented in tropical and subtropical regions; 

there is only one British genus. 

127. MELANOTHECA Fee Ess. Crypt. Suppl. 70 (1837); 

emend. Nyl. in Maine et Loire Mem. Soc. Acad. iv. 69 (1858). 

(PI. 60.) 

Thallus forming spots on the substratum or scarcely visible. 

Perithecia several confluent in a stroma, the inner dividing walls 

more or less distinct, the upper common wall black; paraphyses 

present, confused or distinct; asci usually 8-spored; spores 

elongate, I-many-septate, colourless or coloured. 

Mueller Argau (in Engl. Bot. Jabrb. vi. 376 (1885» has limiteu 

the genus to include only species wlth coloured spores. As here 

understood it includes species with spores either colourless or coloured. 

Species with coloured spores have been classified under Tomasellia. 

JJ/ elanotheca and Tomasellia are mainly tropical genera. 

1. M. gelatinosa Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 140, 

145 (1857), emend.-Thallus forming pale or brown spots on the

JIIYCOPORUM MYCOPORACEl.E 381 

and I-multi-pseudo-scptatc, 60-115 v- long, 1-2 v- thick.-Cromb. 

in Journ. Bot. xiv. 363 (1876); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 499. 

Verrucaria myriospora Leight. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, i. 145, 

t. 22, figs. 1-3 (1876). 

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Rh. n. 60. 

Distinguished by the smaller stromata and by the acicular, colourless 

spores. 

Hab. On holly.-B. M. Kylemore, Connemara, Galway (the only 

locality). 

Family XXXIV. MYCOPORACElE. 

Thallus crustaceous not corticated, superficial or developed 

within the bark (hypophlc£odal). Algal cells Palmella or Trentepohlta. 

Perithecia compound, several united in a common outer 

dark-coloured wall (peridiwn), but with separate ostioles; spores 

6--8 in the ascus, variously septate, colourless or coloured. 

A small Family represented in Great Britain by two genera ; 

Algal cells Palmella........................ 128. Mycoporum. 

Algal cells Trentepohlia ............... 129. Mycoporellum. 

128. MYCOPORUM Flot. ex Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. 

Cherb. iil. 186 (1855). (PI. 6l.) 

Thallus thin or obsolete. Algal cells Palmella. Perithecia 

compound with a dark-coloured outer wall (peridium) , the 

different hymenia not distinctly separated; asci elongate or 

pyriform-ellipsoid; paraphyses entangled or disappearing; spores 

6--8 in the ascus, colourless or becoming dark-coloured, variously 

septate or muriform. 

The generic name Derma!ina Almq. m K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. 

Hand!. xvii. n. 6, 8, note (1880) has been substitutcd by Zahlbruckner 

(Catal. Lich. Univ. i. 547 (1922». The established name lllycoporum 

has been retamed here, on account of long usage and also of Its 

association with llIycoporellum. 

l. M. Quercus Muell. Arg. in Flora lxv. 402 (1882).-Thallus 

very thin, indicated by a pale spot, or obsolete. Perithecia 

2-{i-compound; the outer peridium small, black, nodulose with 

the ostlOles of the enclosed perithecia; pcnthecial walls dark 

below, indistinct laterally; paraphyses crushed, almost disappearmg; 

asci broadly ellipsoid; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong, 

3-5-septate with 1 or 2 longitudinal divisions, colourless, becoming 

brOWnIsh, 15-18 v- long, 5--8 v- thick.-lIf. miserrimum Nyl. in 

Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. 145 (1857); Carroll in Journ. Bot. 

iii. 292 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 106; Leight. Lich. Fl. 406, 

485; ed. 3, 438. A. L. Sm. Monogr. Lich. Part. ii. 349. Arthopyrenia 

Quercus MassaI. Ric. Lich. 169, fig. 337 (1852). Dermatina 

Quercus Zahlbr. tom Ctt. 551. 

Exsicc. Mudd n. 231 (as Arthonia punctiformts).

386 PYRENOMYCETES 

(1829). Endocarpon psoromoides Hook. in Sm. Eng!. F!. v. 157 

(1833); Leight. Angioc. Lich. 13; Mudd Man. 267. 

Pharcidia 1 dubiella A. L. Sm. Monogr. Lich. ii. 344 (1911). 

Verrucaria dubiella Ny!. in Flora xlviii. 356 (1865); Carroll in 

Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 115; Leight. Lich. 

F!. 446; cd. 3, 477. 

Ph. epicymatia Wint.; in Rabenh. Krypt. F!. I. 2, 342 (1885); 

Vouaux tom. cit. 227.-Ph. congesta Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 470 

(1865); Linds. in Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. n. ser. ix. 343 (1869). 

Listed as a microlichen by Lindsay. 

Ph. innatula Vouaux tom. cit. 244.-Verrucaria innata Ny!. 

in Flora xlviii. 358 (1865); Linds. tom. cit. 353; Leight. Lich. 

F!. 462; ed. 3, 494. V. innatula Hue Add. 301 (1886-1888). 

Ph. Crombii Sacco & D. Sacco Syll. xvii. 468 (1905).-Endocarpon 

Crombii Mudd Brit. Clad. 36 (1865). Cromb. in Journ. 

Bot. vii. 233 (1869); Linds. tom. cit. 351. 

Ph. aggregata Vouaux op. cit. xxviii. 252 (1912).-Thelidium 

aggregatum Mudd Man. 298 (1861); Jones in Proc. Nat. Hist. 

Soc. Dublin iv. 137 (1865); Linds. tom. cit. 346. 

Ph. superposita Sacco & D. Sacco tom. cit. 649; Vouaux tom. 

cit. 248.-Verrucaria superposita Ny!.; Lind. tom. cit. 350. 

Recorded as Thelidium superpositum (see p. 328). 

Ph. microspila Wint. in Rabenh. Krypt. F!. I. 2,346 (1885); 

Vouaux tom. cit. 247.-Recorded as Arthopyrenia microspzla (see 

p. 353). 

Ph. allogena Sacco & D. Sacco tom. cit. 648; Vouaux tom. cit. 

244.-Verrucana allogena Ny!.; Linds. tom. cit. 350. Recorded 

as Arthopyrenia allogena (see p. 356). 

? Ph. consociata A. L. Sm.-Verrucaria consociata Ny!. ex 

Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. 293 (1885). A very minute, unsatisfactory 

plant, "apparently parasitic on an alien thallus. The 

spores are I-septate and broader at on'e end." 

Sphrorulina endococcoidea Sacco & D. Sacco tom. 02'/. 695; 

Vouaux op. cit. xxix. 35 (1913).-Verrucaria endococcoidea Ny!. 

in Flora xlviii. 356 (1865); Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. 25 (1866); 

Linds. in Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci. n. ser. ix. 351 (1869); 

Cromb. Lich. Brit. 116i Leight. J,ich. F!. 461; ed. 3, 493. 

Under this genus Vouaux (tom. cit. 36, 37) has placed the species of 

Obr'lJzllm, O. cornic1l1atum and O. dolichoteron (see p. 289). 

Muellerella polyspora Hepp ex Mueller in Mem. Soc. Phys. 

Hist. Nat. Geneve xvi. 420; A. L. Sm. Monogr. Lich. il. 345 

(exc!. syn. !5ndococcus haplotellus, &c.). 

This species has been considered distinet from the following on 

account of the perithecia being lighter coloured at maturity. 

M. haplotella Arn. in Flora lvii. 155 (1874).-Endococcus 

haplotellus Ny!. in Flora!. 180 (1867); Carroll in Journ. Bot. vi.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA 

P. 122. Under Biatorella simplex delete citation Exsicc. 

Johns. n. 419 (transferred to Acarospora veronensis, p. 401). 

P. 165, line 5: read Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 94, t. 8, f. 4 (1804.), 

instead of viii. (1807). 

P. 356. Under maritime species, before n. 22, insert the 

following :- 

Arthopyrenia gyalectoidea Knowles, sp. nov. Thallus pallidus 

vel stato humido flavo-brunneus. Perithecia numerosa, minuta, 

immersa, madore flavo-brunnea; pyrenio dimidiato; paraphyses 

graciles, ramosre; sporre 4-8nao in ascis 0 blongis, 0 blongo-ovoidere, 

I-septatro, 12-15 !L long, 5 !L thick. 

Thallus light-coloured, light-yellow-brown when moist, algal 

cells yellow (Trentepohlia). Perithecia minute (about ·2 mm. 

wide), thickly scattered on the surface, deeply immersed, yellowbrown 

when moist; perithecial wall dimidiate; paraphyses 

slender, branched; asci 58-70!L long, 12-15!L wide, often bent at 

the base; spores usually 4, but sometimes 8 in ascus, I-septate, 

oblong-ovoid, 12-15 !L long, 5 !L thick, lower cell tapering; 

hymenial gelatine tawny-red with iodine. 

Distinguished by tho brown perithecia; in tho dry state they are 

sunk below the orifices, giving the lichen a gyalectoid appearance; with 

moisture they swell up and fill t,he cavities, the yellow. brown tops of the 

perithecia becoming level with tho well-markod rims of the orifices. 

Hab. Growing in little hollows on the surface of fiat limestone rocks 

(white chalk with flint). Distr. Between neap tides, near tho Harbour, 

Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, associated with Vcrrucaria mucosa and Arthopyrenia 

halodytcs.-B. M. Ballycastle, Antrim. 

391

APPENDIX TO PART I 

TUE genera and species described below are emendations or 

addItions to Part I (published in 1918). Their place in the text 

is indicated. 

Family I. CALICIACElE. 

After Stenocybe byssacea, p. 20, add :- 

Stenocybe bryophila Wats. in Journ. Bot. lxiii. 130 (1925). 

Thallus little evident, obsolete or none proper. Apothecia 

stalked, 1-1·5 mm. long, dark or greyish, often with a bluish 

tinge, somewhat shining, especIally at margin of disc'; capitulum 

clavate-truncate, with the margin of the disc inflexed; paraphyses 

not very evident, sometimes showing as more or less entangled 

hyaline filaments; ascus cylindrical, about 350 tJ. long, 25 tJ. wide, 

narrowed at base, bluish with iodine; spores 8 in the ascus, darkbrown, 

obliquely I-seriate, 3-septate with paler and smaller endcells, 

35-40 tJ.long, 12-15 tJ. thick; asci and paraphyses bluish with 

iodine. 

IIab. On stems of Hepatics on rocks or trees.-B. M. Cwm-y-glo, 

Llanbcris (on rocks, W. 'Watson), Cennant l\fawr, Nantygwrhyd, 

Snowdonia (on alder, D. A. Jones), Carnarvonshire. 

Family IV. PYRENOPSIDACElE. 

After Psorotichia pyrenopsoides, p. 42, add :- 

Psorotichia lugubris Dal. Tor. & Sarnth Flecht. Tirol. 592 

(1902); A. L. Sm. MQnogr. i. 487.-Thallus indeterminate, 

thickish, minutely squamulose, granulose-concrete, breaking up 

into crumb-like portions, brownish or chocolate-grey (K-, 

CaCI-); hypothallus black. Apothecia generally scattered, 

small or submoderate, superficial, plane, margined, black, the 

margin thickish, prominent, entire, occasionally subflexuose, 

persistent; paraphyses slender, very loosely coherent, thickened 

at the apices,. the epithecium dark-green; hypothecium blackishbrown; 

spores spherical or subspherical, halonate, 8-9 tJ. diam. 

(or 12-15 tJ. X 9-12 tJ.); hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. 

Lecidea lugubris Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 143 (1826), pro parte; 

Nyl. in Bot. Not. 176 (1852); Linds. in Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci. 

v. 177, t. 11 (1857); Cromb. Lich. Brit. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. 

31)2

APPENDIX 393 

255; ed. 3, 246; A. L. Sm. Monogr. i. 16. Schmreria lugubns 

Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 232 (1855); Mudd Man. 213, t. 4, f. 78. 

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 91; Mudd n. 183. 

The species was doubtfully included under Lecidea, but the gonidlll. 

(GlaJocapsa sp.) place it in Pyrenopsidacem. The thallus, which 

usually spreads extensively, is composed of minute crowded sublobulate 

squamules; these are larger, planer and more scattered when 

the plant is muscicolous. Spermogones, not often visible, are punctiform, 

black, with short cylindrical straight spermatia. 

Hab. On rocks and boulders, granitic and schistose, rarely incrusting 

mosses in mountainous districts.-Distr. N. Wales, N. England and 

among the Grampians, Scotland.-B. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth; Ayton, 

Kildale Moor, Cleveland and Cronkley Scar, Yorkshire; High Force, 

Teesdale, Durham; Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch and Glen Fender, Blair 

Athole, Perthshire; Morrone Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

Var. lugubrior A. L. Sm.-Thallus more or less minutely 

granular, effuse, not squamulose, dark-greyish or -brownish on a 

black hypothallus. Apothecia scattered, black, small, with a thick 

tumid margin; spores uniseriate in the ascus, with a very thick 

border almost cuboid at first from compression, about 12 (J. III 

diameter. Lecidea lugubris var. lugubrior A. L. Sm. Monogr. 

Lich. ii.17 (1911). 

The specimens in the British Museum were collected from one 

locality. One of them Nylander had recoglllzed as distinct from, 

though closely allied to, the species, and had given it (in MS.) the 

specific name adopted for the variety. 

Hab. On the schistose stones of an old wall.-B. JJf. Glen Fender, 

Blair Athole, Perthshire. 

Family XIII. LECANORACElE. 

After Lecanora polytropa, p. 301, add :- 

L. actophila Wedd. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. xix. 268 

(1875).-Thallus rather thin, squamulose-areolate, the areolro 

small scattered or generally contiguous and subeffigurate at the 

circumference, pale greenish-grey (K -, CaCl-). Apothecia 

rather rare, small (less than t mm. in diam.), sessile on the thallus, 

the disc black with a stoutish grey thalline margin; hypothecium 

colourless; paraphyses conglutinate, dull-blue at the tips; spores 

ellipsoid, 8-14 (J. long, 5-6 (J. thick; hymenial gelatine blue with 

iodine ( 1). 

Considered by Weddell to be allied to L. polytropa. He and others 

describe a greenish-black hyp(}thallus, which is not present in our 

specimen. The latter was collected by D. A. Jones and P. G. M. Rhodes 

(July 1025) and sent to T. Hebden, who identified it as the above; it is 

new to the British Flora. The reaction with iodine has not proved 

satisfactory. 

Hab. On rocks on shore near high-water mark.-B. M. Llandanwg, 

Merioneth.

394 APPENDIX 

Acarospora, p. 333.-A monograph of the genus Acarospora 

has recently been published by A. H. Magnusson in Goteb. K. 

Vet.-och Vitt.-Samh. Handl. xxviii. 2, 1-149, 3 pIs. (1924). A 

continuation of this work appeared in Svensk. Bot. Tidsk. xviii. 

329-342 (1924). We owe cordial thanks to Dr. Magnusson for 

giving us the results of his examination of the British Museum 

specimens during a visit to London in 1925. He has found 

changes in nomenclature-and in some instances in determination 

-to be necessary, and has delimited a number of species not 

hitherto recognized by British lichenologists. 

Thc rcsults of his work, so far as they affect the British Lichen 

Flora, are as follows :- 

Instead of Acarospora squamulosa Th. Fr. (p. 333), read ;- 

Acarospora macrospora Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 88 (1860). 

Magnusson rejects the generally accepted A. squarnulosa, which 

was based on Schrader's Lichen squarnulosus, as that lichen has, 

according to Arnold (Flora lxiii. 378 (1880)), a distinctly red 

reaction with OaOl. The more recent citations by Acharius and 

others only partly belong to that plant, hence the adoption of 

Myriospora macrospora (K -, OaOI -) Hepp Exs. 58 (1855) as the 

type specimen. Schrader's L. squarnulosus with the positive 

o reaction belongs doubtfully to A. peliocypha (see p. 338). 

Form albomarginata has been identified as var. incusa Magn. 

-A. castanea f. incusa Koerb. Parerg. 59 (1859). 

A. glaucocarpa (p. 334). 

Var. depauperata.-Magnusson distinguishes three forms in 

this variety: (1) f. depauperata Koerb.-thallus almost obsolete, 

apothecial margin thick and more brightly coloured than the disc; 

(2) f. sarcogynoides (Wain.) ,-thallus obsolete, the apothecia with a 

reddish margin, though passing over to f. depauperata; and (3) 

f. melaniza (Nyl.),-thallus obsolete and apothecia pruinose. 

A. smaragdula (p. 336). 

The chemical reaction of this species has unfortunately been 

given in British text-books as K -, OaOI -; it is now limited to 

specimens that react Ie + red or reddish; a reaction recorded by 

Magnusson only in this species, in A. Lesdainii and in A. subnifula. 

He notes also that the under side is pale, thus separating off A. 

subrufula, in which the under side is dark. He considers it as 

probably a nitro phIlo us species growing freely where dust 

accumulates. 

A. smaragdula var. sinopica (p. 337). 

This variety is treated by Magnusson as a species, A. sinopica 

Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 156 (1855) (excl. var. smaragdula).-A 

very distinctive plant owing to the infiltration of the thallus by 

ferric oxide. The areolre are as a rule more contiguous than in

APPENDIX 395 

A. smaragdula and somctimcs placodioid-lobate at the circumference. 

There is no chemical reaction with K or with CaCl, 

thus differing from A. s1naragdula. 

A. Lcsdainii (p. 334). 

The thallus of this species as originally described gave the 

reaction K + red. Magnusson in his Key to species contrasts it 

WIth A. s1naragdula (K + red) thus :- 

Thallus thin, plane, K + red. Apothecia rcgular ... A. smaragdula 

Thallus thick, uneven, K - or yellowish. Apothecia irregular 

A. Lesdainii 

There is some misapprehension in Magnusson's description, 

as Harmand based it on the reaction, K + red. It is, however, 

distinct in "the thinner flattened areolro with small irregular 

apothccia " (Magnusson in litt.). 

A. scyphulifera Wain. Lich. Pitlekai in Ark. Bot. viii. n. 4, 147 

(1909).-Thallus thin rimulose or areolate, the areolre round or 

angulose, dispersed or more or less contiguous, forming a thin crust, 

varying in colour from pale reddish-brown to testaceous or pale 

and dirty ferruginous, firmly attached to the stonc (K -, CaCI -), 

the under surface often darkened by particles from the stone. 

Apothecia numerous, single or few in each arcola, the disc darkbrown, 

concave, ·2-·4 mm. broad with a thick dark-brown margin; 

asci 75 flo long, 13-15 flo wide; paraphyses coherent; rather slendcr, 

not capitate; spores 2-3·5 flo long, 1·5 flo thick; hymenium 125- 

150 flo high, yellowish-brown above, blue then wine-red with iodine. 

-Magn. in Goteb. K. V ct.-och Vitt.-Samh. Hand!. xxviii. 2, 57 

(1924). 

Magnusson notes that the apothecium forms a Hattened cup, 

mostly superficial on the thallus. 

IJab. On mica· schist rock.-B. l'rI. Foxdale, I. of Man. Magnusson 

has considered that this specimen collected by J. Hunter is probably the 

above species. It had been included under A. Ulaucocarpa, but dIffers 

in the hymenium, which in A. ulaucocarpa is only 65-75 po high and is 

persistently blue with iodine. 

A. verruciformis Magn. tom. cit. 58.-Thallus brown, subsquamulose-areolate, 

the areolre semi-globose or verrucose, 

loosely adherent, 1-3 mm. broad, dark-brown in the centre, the 

margins light brown, mostly dispersed, some contiguous or conglomerate 

in the cracks of the stone (K -, CaCI -). Apothecia 

one or two in each arcola, ·2-·4 mn1. Wide, round, immersed, 

blackish-brown With a dark-brown to blackish margin, and 

concave or plane disc; paraphyses coherent, slender; spores 

3-4 flo long, 1·5 flo thick; hymenium 120-200 flo high, somewhat 

brownish-yellow, brownish upward, intensely dark-blue with 

iodine. 

Similar to A. smaraudula in the scattered partly light-coloured 

squamules, but differs in the absence of chemical reaction and in the

396 APPENDIX 

somewhat high hymenium, which in A. smaragdula is 125-150 JL or 

sometimes 175 JL high. Our specimen was classified by Crombie under 

Lecanora discreta. 

Hab. On rocks, and evidently a nitrophilous speeies.-B. j[. 

Teesdale, Durham. 

Instead of A. percrenoides (p. 335), read-A. ccrvina Massal. Ric. 

Lich. 28 (1852). 

Magnusson emphasizes the upturned white lower surface giving a 

white margin to the squamllles. Apothecia rather rare in our specimen 

from Yatton, more abundant in A. cervina f. percaJna Magn. from 

Teesdale, are usually minute or up to 1-2 mm. broad; the hymenium 

65-75 JL high, dark-blue with iodine. 

'Ve have two specimens belonging to this species-both included 

under A. percrenoides. Magnusson has distinguished the one from 

Teesdale (in Mudd's herbarium) as f. percrona. 

·A. fuscata (p. 335). 

Magnusson distinguishes seven forms of this species, two of 

which are represented in the BritIsh Museum :-f. jlavescens from 

Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, with paler yellow or yellowbrown 

squamules; and f. macra, in which the thalline areolal are 

dispersed and thlll. Under the latter form he places Lecanora 

discreta Johns. Exs. 151, and the following specimens, transferred 

from A. smaragdula: near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near 

Hexham, Northumberland; King's Park, Stirling. These arc 

all distinguished by the reaction CaCI + red, a character of A. 

juscata, and not detected (fide Magnusson) in any other British 

species, except A. peliocypha. 

A. peliscyphoides (p. 336). 

Magnusson tom. mi. 97 quotes A. peliscyphoides Oliv. as. a 

synonym of A. pelwcypha. Our specimen, from Portlethen, 

Kincardine, has the thallus as described, though of a deeper red 

colour. Magnusson has labelled it as a pachythalline form of 

A.juscata, and not A. pelwcypha. 

After A. fuscata (l. c.) add :- 

Acarospora opaca Magn. in Svensk. Bot. Tidsk. XVlll. 

337 (1924).-Thallus areolate, obscurely brown, opaque, the 

areolal dispersed or some contiguous, usually angulose, separated 

by cracks, dark reddish-brown, rather plane and even, with the 

margin more or less free from the stone (K -, CaCI -), the lower 

surface blackish. Apothecia minute, numerous, impressed or level 

with the thallus, more or less concolorous with the thallus, 2-5 in 

each areola, round, immarginate; hypothecium more or less 

distinctly yellowish; hymenium colourless 90-110 (.I. high, pale 

blue with iodine; paraphyses discrete more or less distinctly 

capitate, the epithecium brownish-yellow; asci about 50-60 (.I. long, 

15 (.I. wide; spores numerous, ellipsoid 3-4 (.I. long, 1·5 (.I. thick.

APPENDIX 397 

" Pycnidia " minute, not rare, the conidia punctiform 1 J1. long, 

0·7 J1. thick. 

Evidently scarcely differing from A. fuscata, the original specimen 

was included by M. C. Knowles under that species (Sci. Proc. Roy. 

Dublin Soc. xiv. 131, (1913)). According to Magnusson it differs from 

A. fuscata in the absence of C reaction, the opaque, not lobate and 

dark areolro, and in the shape of the apothecia. The hymenium in 

A. fuscata is 70-100 p. high. 

JJab. On slaty siliceous rock, on the shore.-B. M. Llandanwg and 

Y. Fegli Vawr, near Barmouth,)lrferioneth (the latter specimen named as 

above by Magnusson is Leighton's Lecanora admissa Ny!., and was 

included with A. discreta (Monogr. i. 338-339)); Howth, Dublin (the 

type locality). 

After A. fuseata (p. 335) add :- 

A. badiofusea Th. Fries Lich. Arct. 90 (1860).-Thallus 

verrucose-areolate, grey- or dark-reddish-brown, the areolro 

·5-1·5 mm. wide or larger, ·3-·75 mm. thick, somewhat slimy or 

opaque, scattered or more or less contiguous or rarely almost 

coherent, sometimes slightly wrinkled, the margin and under side 

usually dark (K -, CaCI-). Apothecia few, or seldom 

abundant, concave with steep margins, finally superficial or 

elevated, round or angulose by pressure ·4-1·5 mm. wide, the 

disc pale reddish-brown or reddish-black, becoming plane or 

finally convex and rough, the thalline margin distinct, or disappearing; 

paraphyses distinct, stout, the tips brownish and 

slightly swollen; asci and spores not always well developed; 

spores 3-4 !L long, 1·5-2 !L thick; hymenium 60-75 !L high, blue, 

the upper 10 !.l. yellowish-brown, with iodine.-Lecanora badiofusca 

Nyl. Herb. Mus. Fenn. 110 (1859) & Lich. Scand. 174. 

Magnusson (in litt.) remarks on the one apothecium in our specimen 

(labelled Lecanora admissa), which is about 4 mm. broad and irregularly 

sublobate. 

JJab. On schistose or granitic stone.-B. JJ1. Ben Lawers, Perthshire. 

A. Normanii Magnusson in Goteb. Ie. Vet.-och Vitt.-Samh. 

Handl. xxviii. 2, 118 (1924).-Thallus areolate, dark reddishbrown, 

the areolre dispersed or a few contiguous, opaque, ·5-1·5 

mm. broad, ·5-·7 mm. thick, round or angulose by pressure and 

separated by deep cracks (Ie -, CaCI -). Apothecia numerous, 

1-5 in each areola, at first impressed, punctiform, then dilated, 

the disc concave or plane, dark-brown, slightly wrinkled when 

old, with a thin disappearing margin; paraphyses coherent, 

stoutish (ca. 2·5 !L thick), not capitate; spores 3-5 !L long, 1·5-2 !L 

thick; hymenium 75-100 !L (or 120 !L) high, reddish-brown 

upwards, dirty wine-red to greenish-blue with iodine. 

Considered by Magnusson to be near to A. veronensis or to A. 

badiofusca var. on account of the colour, etc., but differing in the type 

of cortex, which consists in the higher layer of upright hyphro. The

APPENDIX 399 

scattered or contiguous, roundish or often variously angulose, 

somewhat smooth, beneath white (K -, OaCl), the cortex 

amorphous, but surmounted by brown capitate hyphre. Apothecia 

roundish or oblong, one or sometimes 2-3 in thc areolro, 

,15-·2 mm. wide, at first immersed then becoming plane with a 

thin thalline margin, thc disc plane, smooth; paraphyses rather 

coherent, sub capitate, fuscate; spores oblong, 3-4: !1. long, 1-1·5 !1. 

thick; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine. 

The original specimen occurrcd on slate on the sand-dunes, :Malo. 

In the specimen from·Essex (which was included under A. smaragdula), 

the hymenium is rather high (about 200 1-'). Magnusson (in Zitt.) 

considers that A. jusca is nearly akin to A. smaragdula and to A. 

Lesdainii, perhaps only a variety of either of them. 

Another darker specimen on the same mount from Beeleigh, Essex. 

he has noted as "uncertain and belonging to the rujescens group. 

possibly a new species." The hymenium is not so high (about 80 p.) but 

the capitate brown paraphyses are very marked. 

Hab. On siliceous stones.-B. M. Near railway bridge, Langford, 

Essex. 

A. requatuJa Magnusson in Goteb. K. Vet.-och Vitt.-Samh. 

Hand!. xxviii. 2, 128 (1924).-Thallus continuous, crackedareolate, 

thin or rather thick, dark-reddish-brown, surface on the 

whole even, but areolre uneven as if composed of minute squamules 

(K -, CaCI -). Apothecia small, one (or few?) in each areola 

·2-·5 mm. wide, slightly impressed, becoming plane, concolorous 

with the thallus, with an inconspicuous margin; hypothecium 

dark-yellowish; paraphyses coherent, slender, the tips wider and 

brown (3-4 p. wide); asci abundant; spores 3-4 !1. long, 1'5-2 !1. 

thick; hymenium 100-125 !1. high, blue or, in thin section, red 

with iodine. 

Our specimens had both been determined as Lecanora rujescens, and 

were included under A. smaragdula, from which they differ in the 

absence of K reaction and in the flattened continuous thallus. 

Hab. On siliceous rocks.-B. ],1. DolgeUy, Merioneth; Appin, 

Argyll. 

A. Muddii Magnusson in Medd. Goteb. Bot. Triidgard ii. 

72 (1925). 

" Areolro towards the centre globulose-verrucose, very unequal 

in size and shape, somewhat widely affixed to the substratum. 

Cortical cell-lumina large, 3-6 p. wide, cortical and medullary 

hyphre with thin walls. Apothecia 1 to 3 in each areola, impressed, 

the disc ,1-,3 mm. wide without a thalline margin; 

hymenium 115-125 !1. high, blue or reddish with iodine; paraphyses 

brownish-capitate; spores somewhat broadly ellipsoid, 

3-4 !1.long, 1·5-1·7 !1. thick (perhaps not well developed)." 

This species has so far only been found in Britain: the specimens 

were regarded by Mudd as A. cervina var. rujescens, and the difference 

between them and other Acarosporre was discovered by Dr. Magnusson 

and publishcd in a paper entitled" New or Misunderstood European

400 APPENDIX 

Lichens. "We are indebted' to the author for an early intimation of 

this publication. 

"A. lffuddii seems to be nearly related to A. cequatula, but is 

separated through the unevenly verrucose thallus and the sunk apo· 

thecia." The above description has been kindly sent by A. H. Mag· 

nusson. The specimens had been classified in our herbarium under 

A. smaragdula. Tho species was discovered by Magnusson on his 

recent vIsit to London. 

Hab. On arenaceous rocks.-B. lff. Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. 

A. discreta (p. 338).-Under this species was included Lecanora 

admissa Nyl.; one sI?ecimen bearing that name has been 

transferred by Magnusson to hIS new species A. opaca, q. v. The 

specimens listed under A. discreta have now been included under 

an earlier name A. veronensis by Magnusson, who considers also 

that the species differs from A. adnnssa, as the apotheeia in the 

latter, at first impressed, become plane and usually rise above the 

surface, while in A. veronensis they are deeply impressed and 

without distinct margm. 

A. veronensis MassaL Ric. Lich. 29 (1852).-Thallus chestnutbrown 

or dark reddish-brown, the areolal thin or turgid, often 

scattered or a few contiguous, pallid beneath, round or by pressure 

somewhat angulose (K -, CaCI -). Apothecia numerous, 

sometimes single or several in each areola, round or elongate, 

deeply impressed, mostly without a dIstinct margin, generally 

·15-·2 mm. (rarely ·4-·5 mm.) wide, the disc generally concolorous 

with the thallus; hymenium 65-75 (- 100) fl- high, 

wine-red with iodine; paraphyses coherent, slender, the tips 

swollen, 3 fl- wide, yellowish-brown; spores 3-4 fl- long, 1·5 11thick.-Magn. 

tom. cit. 129. 

Exsicc. Johns. n. 419 (as Lecanora simplex f. herpes, and 

included under Biatorella simplex). 

Magnusson, as stated, has replaced A. discreta by A. veronensis. 

He finds that it grows in places rich in nitrogen near the road or houses 

or on stones whCl;o birds usually sit. 

Hab. On stones.-B.lff. St. Bees, Cumberland; The Khoil, Ballater, 

Braemar, Aberdeenshire. 

A. rufescens Magnusson tom. cit. 134 (excl. syn. Engl. Bot.) 

Thallus usually contiguous, rather thin, pale reddish-brown, 

areolate, the areolm 0·5-1 mm. broad, round or angulose by 

pressure (K -, CaCI -), lower SIde pale. Apothecia mostly 

single or few in each areola, round, with usually concave disc, 

darker than the prominent obtuse thalline margin. The internal 

structure ,resembles that of A. veronensis.-Sagedia rufescens 

(Turn.) in Ach. Lich. Univ. 329 (1810). Lecidea rufescens Borr. 

in EngL Bot. SuppI. 2657 (1831). 

This species has been considered (p. 337) to be synonymous with 

A. smaragdula. There are two speCImens in the British herbarium 

from Turner, collected at Gorleston, Suffolk; the one in the Salwey

APPENDIX 401 

Herbarium is labelled by Salwey Urceolaria rufescens as well as Sauedia 

and Lecidea rufescens E.B. 2657. It had been referred to Nylander and 

bears in his handwriting Lecanora rufescens (Ach.). That specimen is 

the one considered by Magnusson as the type of Acarospora rufescens, 

with no reaction from CaCl. 

The second Turner specimen, also from Gorleston, labelled Sauedia 

rufescens, is from the Sowerby Herbarium. It is evidently the specimen 

which Borrer publIshed as Lecidea rujescens (Engl. Bot. 2657). It gives 

the reaction CaCI + red and otherwIse agrees with A. fuscata. 

Family XV. THELOTREMACElE. 

After Thelotrema (p. 380) add :- 

58a. CONOTREMA Tuck. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. i. 217 (1882). 

(PI. 63.) 

Thallus crustaceous, membranaceous, uniform; algal cells 

Protococcacere. Apothecia urceolate, immersed, truncate-conoid, 

at first closed then open, becoming plane, proper margin black, 

thalline margin thin, soon disappearing; spores long, cylindical, 

colourless, multiseptate. Spermogones with simple sterigmata 

and oblong straight spermatia. 

This genus is classified in Thelotremacero on account of the 

urceolate, double·walled apothecium. The spores are very distinctive. 

1. C. urceolata Tuck. l. c.-Thallus glaucous, white or greyish, 

smooth, becoming wrinkled or cracked, membranaceous, limited 

bJ; a black line. Apothecia small, black, urceolate, becoming 

sessile and prominent, whitish-prumose or naked, with a thick, 

elevated margin; hypothecium blackish; paraphyses slender, lax, 

branched above, colourless; spores 8 in the ascus, elongatecylindrical, 

maggot-like, somewhat arcuate, 30-40-septate, 100- 

160 (.L long, 3-5 (.L thick.-Lecidea urceolata Ach. Lich. Univ. 671 

(1810); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. 141 (1875); Leight. Lich. FI. 

ed. 3, 361. 

Hab. On the bark of rather smooth trees.-Distr. Rare, only 

recorded from W. Scotland.-B. M. Airds, Appin, Argyll. 

2. C. hornalotropa A. L. Sm.-Thallus white, smooth, very 

thin, sub determinate. Apothecia black, moderate, urceolate, 

becoming plane, prominent, with a thick elevated margin; 

hypothecium thin, blackish; paraphyses slender, lax, branched 

above, colourless; epithecium dusky, subrugose; spores 8 in tIle 

ascus, colourless, elongate-cylindrical, multiseptate, the septa at 

slightly irregular intervals, 130-140 (.L long, 45-50 (.L thick. 

Lecidea homalotropa Ny!. in Flora!' 329 (1867); Cromb. Lich. 

Brit. 90; Leight. Lich. F!. 337; cd. 3, 361. 

VK'Y closely resembles the preceding, but differs slightly in the 

apothecia, which are generally plane, larger and somewhat rugose. 

Hab. On the bark of old aAh trcflA.-Distr. Local and rare in 

S.W. Ireland.-B. lIf. Between Killarney and Kenmare, and on 

Eagle's Island, Lake of Killarney, Kerry. 

II DD

402 APPENDIX 

Family XV A. CHRYSOTHRICACEJE. 

Crocynia (p. 385). 

The genus Orocynia is widely distributed, but is seldom found 

in fruiting condition. Hitherto the only fertile species known was 

O. gossypina Nyl. from the West Indies. In a Monographia 

Orocyniarum begun by Abbe Hue, and now completed and 

published by Dr. Bouly de Lesdain (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1924, 

311-402), a second fertile specimen, O. antecellens Hue, is recorded 

from the Auvergne in Central France, where it was collected by 

B. de Lesdain on the trunk of an old chestnut tree. 

In the monograph 115 mostly new species and many varieties 

and forms are diagnosed at great length by Hue or by B. de 

Lesdain, a few of them previously recorded as Lepra or I epraria 

spp. Among these, 8 species and 3 varieties are described from 

Great Britain, from specimens sent by lichenologists in this 

country. Only one species, O. lanuginosa, had previously been 

distinguished. It would be extremely difficult to recognize 

species from the published descriptions, but the method of 

classification as outlined by B. de Lesdain is here given, and the 

position in the synopsis of our species indicated. In the 

preliminary key the species are arranged thus :- 

I. Hyphre entirely white. 

A.-Gonidia protococcoidea. 

Hyphre anastomosing. 

" not anastomosing. 

B.-Gonidia cystococcoidea. 



C.-Gonidia chroolepoidea. 



D .-Gonidia pleuroeoccoidea. 


II. Lower hyphre coloured. 


Hyphro anastomosing. 


B.-Gonidia cystococcoidea. 

Hyphro anastomosing. 


C.-Gonidia chroolepoidea. 

H)phre anastomosing. 


In. Hyphre above the gonidia forming a kind of cortex. 


Hyphre anastomosing.

APPENDIX 403 

In view of much modern work on green algre and on lichen gonidia, 

we are at once in a difficulty as to the distinction between the algal 

groups cited. The leading characteristics of the 'British species or 

varieties are noted, with distribution and collectors as given in the text; 

they have been placed by Lesdain according to the key as follows :- 

1. A. Hyphoo anastomosing. 

C. fragilis B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 330.-Thallus whitish or 

greyish, fragile, vaguely and minutely squamulose, the hyphre 

with obscure red corpuscles. 

(Red corpuscles on Crocynia hyphre have been noted clsewhere liS of 

animal origin.) 

Hab. On decayed mosses or rocks.-Dislr. Clapham, Yorkshire; 

near Cramond, Corstol'phine and Liberton, Midlothian (MacAndrew). 

C. rigidula B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 331.-Thallus whitish not 

fragile, crustaceous, covering the mosses (Ie + yellowish). 

Hab. On decayed mosses on rocks.-Dislr. Pitlochry, Perthshire 

(MacAndrew). 

C. Andrewii B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 332.-Thallus greyish, soft, 

very fragile, spongy, occurring in small scattered granules, or 

concrescent and sinuate at the circumference. 

Hab. On mosses.-Dis/r. Gisburn, Yorkshire (MacAndrew). 

C. mollissima B. de Lesd. 1. c.-Thallus dull-white soft, very 

fragile, spongy, crustaceous broadly expanded, mostly continuous, 

sinuate at the circumference. 

Hab. Among mosses on calcareous rocks.-Distr. Clapham Craven, 

Yorkshire (Rebden). 

Hyphoo not anastomosing. 

C. tephra Hue tom. cit. MI.-Thallus ashy-grey soft, fragile 

in solitary granules or a few united, indeterminate. 

Hab. On mosses or walls.-Distr. Balerno, Midlothian (l\IacAndrew). 

II. A. Hyphro anastomising. 

C. lanuginosa (p. 385) val'. inactiva B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 356. 

The authors recognize six varieties and one form of this, hitherto, the 

only British species. Lcsdain remarks, howf>ver, that var. inacliva is 

of small importance as the reaction K-, is variable. 

llab. On decayed mosses.-Dis!r. Pitlochry, Perthshire (Mac. 

Andrew). 

f. stricta B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 339.-The meshes formed by 

the hyphal very narrow. 

Hab. On living mosses.-Di8tr. Invcrmoidart, Argyll (l\lacvicar). 

Var. albescens B. de Lesd. tom. cit. 362.-Thallus white. 

Hab. On rocks.-Distr. Aberfoyle, Perthshire (MllcAndrcw).

GLOSSARY 

ABRADED (Lat abrado, to rub away), rubbed or scraped off. 

ACERVULATE (Lat. acervlUI, a heap), heaped Up-ACERVULI. 

ACICULAR (Lat. acus, a needle), slender, needle·shaped. 

ACUMINATE (Lat. acumen, a point), coming gradually to a point. 

ADNATE (Lat. adnascor, to grow to), adhering to anything. 

ADPRESSED (Lat. ad, to, pre88lU1, kept under), lying flat. 

ADSPERSED (Lat. adspersu8), scattered. 

,ERUGINOSE (Lat mrugo, the rust of brass), blue.green colour of verdigris. 

AFFIXED, fixed to or upon. 

AGGLUTINATE (Lat. agglutino, to glue on to), glued together. 

AGGREGATE (Lat. augregatlUl, assembled), crowdcd, not confluent 

ALEcTomoID, like the genus Alectona. 

ALGOID, similar to algro. 

AMPHITlIECImr (Gr. amphi, around, theke, a case), the thallino margin of 

the apothecium, cl. thalloid exciple. 

AMYLACEOUS (Gr. amylon, fine flour), starchy. 

ANAPIIYSES (Gr ana, up, phusis, growth), peculiar stmigmatoid filamcnts 

ill the apothecium of li.'phebew. 

ApICULATE (Lat. apex, the end or point), terminating in a smll,!l point. 

ApICULUS (Lat , a little point), a sharp, short point. 

ApOTHECIUM (Gr. apo, up, theke, a case) open disc·shaped fructification. 

ApPENDICULATE (Lat ), With small appendages 

ApPLANATE (Lat. ad, to, planatu8, made flat), flattened or horizontally 

expanded. 

ApPRESSED, cl. adpressed. 

ARACHNOID (Gr. arachne, a spider), like a spIder's web. 

ARCUATE (Lat arcus, a bow), bent hke a bow, curved. 

ARDELLlE (Gr. ardo, to sprinkle), spot-hke apothecia of Arthoniac(m. 

AREOLA (Lat. area, a space), a small space marked out on the surface of 

crustaceous hchcns. 

ARTIIONIOID, applied to apothecia like those of the genus Arthonia. 

ARTlInOSTERIGMA (Gr arthron, a Joint, sterigma, a prop), soptate sterigmata. 

ARTICULATE (Lat. artIculus, a joint), septate. 

Ascus (Gr asko8, a wine skID), an enlarged cell in which the spores alO 

developed, usually the terminal end of a hypha. 

ASCYPHOUS (Gr a, WIthout, skupho8, a cup), without scyphi, q t'. 

ASPERSED, cl adspersed. 

AXIL (Lat. aXIlla, the arm-pit), the angle bctween the axis and any organ 

ansing from it. 

AXIS (Lat., an axle), the central strand of tissue or main stalk lOund which 

the organs are developed. 

BACILLAR (Lat. bacillum, a staff), rod- or club-shaped. 

BADIO-, BADIOUS (Lat.), chestnut-bro\m. 

BlEOMYCETOID, like the genus Bwomyces. 

BIATORINE, with soft or waxy apothcoia, oftcn brightly coloured, without 

a thalline margin, as in BlUtora. 

BIFID (Lat. bis, twice, {indo, fldi, findere, to cut), divided in two. 

!O&

406 GLOSSARY 

BILOCULAR (Lat. bi-, bi8-, twice, loculus, a compartment), having two cells. 

BISERIATE (Lat. bi, twice, series, a succession), m two rows. 

BOTRYOSE (Gr. botms, a bunch of grapes), branched like a cluster of 

grapes. 

BULLATE (Lat. bulla, a bubble), blistered or puckered. 

BYSSINE, BYSSOID (Lat., byssus, fine flax), hke the old genus BY88U8, slender 

and thread-like. 

CAlSIOUS (Lat ), bluish-grey. 

CAlSPITOSE (Lat. CaJ8pes, a sod), growing in tufts. 

CANALICULATE (Lat. canaliculus, a small channel), "ith longitudinal channel 

or furrow. 

CANCELLATE (Lat ), latticed. 

, CAPILLARY (Lat. capillus, a hair), slender and hair-lIke. 

CAPITATE (Lat. caput, head), formed into or havmg a hcad 

CAPITULUM, fructification of Oaliciei, a globose apical apothecium. 

CARBONACEOUS (Lat. carbo, charcoal), blnck, like charcoal. 

CARlOSE, CARIOUS (Lat.), rotten, decayed. 

CARlOSO-CANCELLATE, becoming latticed by decay. 

CARNEOUS (Lat. caro, camis, flesh), flesh-coloured. 

CARTILAGINOUS (Lat. gristly), hard and tough like a cartilage or sinew. 

CEPIIALODIA (gr. kephale, a head), abnormal developments upon or within 

the lichen-thallus, usually inducing irregular outgrowths whICh contain 

blue-green (rarely bright-green) alg::e. 

CEPHALODINE, forming a head or cephalodlUm. 

CERANOID (Gr. keras, a horn, eid08, lIke), having horn-like branches. 

CERVINE (Lat ceruus, a stag), dark-tawny m colour. 

ClUNK, crack or cleft in the thallus, cf rima. 

CUONDROID (Or chondros, cartilage), hard and tough, like cartilage, applied 

to a closely compact medulla, WIth the hyphre arranged longitudinally 

and cohering to form a solId axis. 

CHROOLEPOID, hke the genus Ohroolepis (Trentepol:lia), with yellow gonidia. 

CIIRYSOGONIDIA (Gr. ChryS08, gold, gon08, offspring), yellow-coloured algal 

cells belonging to the genus 'l'rentepohlia. 

CILIUM (Lat., an eyelash), marginal hair on thallus or fruits-CILIATE. 

CINNABARINE (Or kinnabari, a red pIgment), scarlet-coloured. 

CrnCUlIlCISS (Lat.), having a circular fissure. 

CITRlNE (Lat. citrus), greenish 'Or lemon-yellow 

CLAVATE (Lat clavus, a club), club-shaped, enlarging upwards. 

COARCTATE (Lat. coarctatu8, strangled), constricted 

COLLICULOSE (Lat. colliculu8, a little hill), covered WIth little round elevations 

COMPLANATE (Lat complanatus, levelled), flattened, compressed 

COMPLICATE (Lat ), folded together. 

CONCATENATE (Lat. con, together, calena, a cham), joined together lIke the 

lmks of a chain 

CONcEPTAcr,E (Lat. conceptaculum, a receptacle), a cavity "ithin which 

reproductive cells are produced. 

CONCOLOROUS, simIlar m colour 

CONCRESCENT (Lat concresco, to grow together), growing together. 

CONCRETE (Lat concntus, grown together), closely adhenng. 

CONGLOMERATE (Lat. con, together, glomus, a bail), clustered. 

CONOLU1'INATE (Lilt conglutino, to glue), glued together 

CONNATE (Lat. connatu8, born at the same tIme), growmg together. 

CONNIVENT (Lat connivens, winking), coming into contact, converging. 

CONSTIPATE (Lat ), crowded together. 

CONTIGUOUS (Lat. contiguus, adjoining), the separate parts of the thallus 

touchmg and contInUOUS 

CONTINUOl'S, having an unbrokon surfaco. 

CONVOLUTE' (Lat ), rolled round. 

COIIALLOID (Lat, corallum, coral), of a coral-like strUQtlJI'I),

GLOSSARY 

CORIACEOUS (Lat. corium, leather), leathery. 

CORNEOUS (Lat. cornu, a horn), horny. 

CORNICULATE, CORNUTE, horn-shaped. 

CORONATE (Lat. corona, a crown), formed like a crown. 

CORRUGATE (Lat.), wrmkled, rough with wrinkles 

407 

CORTEX (Lat, bark or rind), the outer layer of the thallus-CORTICAL, 

CORTICATE. 

CORTICOLOUS (Lat. cortex, the bark, colo, to inhabit), living on the bark 

of trees. 

CORYMBOSE (Gr. korumbos, a cluster of fruit or flowers), arranged in 

clusters. 

COSTATE (Lat. costa, a rib), rIbbed. 

CRENATE, CRENULATE (Lat crena, a notch), scalloped or with rounded 

notches on the margin. 

CRISPATE (Lat. crispU8, curled), curled and twisted. 

CmsTATE (Lat. crista, a crest or tenninal tuft), crested. 

CRUSTACEOUS (Lat crU8ta, rind or shell), hard, thin, brittle; applied to 

a closely adhering thallus without cortical layers. 

CUCULLATE (Lat. cucullus, a hood), hooded or hood-shaped. 

CuPULAR (Lat. cupula, a little cup), cup-shaped-CuPuLE. 

CYATHOID (Gr. kuathos, a wine cup, eidos, like), cup-shaped. 

CYLINDRICAL (Gr. kulindros, a cylinder), elongate and circular in crosssection. 

CYPHELLA (Gr. kuphella, the hollows of the ears), a minute cup-like hollow 

on the under-surface of the thallus of Stictei--CYPIIELLATE. 

DACTYLINE, DACTYLOID (Gr. dactylos, a finger), spreading lIke fingers 

DECOLORATE (Lat.), colourless. 

DECUMBENT (Lat., reclining), reclining, but ascending at the apex. 

DECUSSATE (Lat. decU8S0, to divide crosswise), of the thallus divided and 

crossed by dark lines. 

DEIIISCENT (Lat. dehi8co, to split open), mptured or split open. 

DENDRITIC, DENDROID (Gr. dendron, a tree), havmg a branched appearance. 

DENIGRATE (Lat.), blackened. 

DENTATE (Lat. dens, a tooth), toothed at the margin. 

DENUDATE (Lat.), stripped, made bare or naked. 

DEPAUPERATE (Lat.), impoverished as if starved. 

DEPLANATE (Lilt.), flattened or expanded. 

DETERMINATE (Lat., bounded), with a definite outline. 

DICHOTOMOUS (Gr. dichotomeo, to cut in two), forked 

DIFFORM (Lat. dis, apart, forma, shape), of unusual form. 

DIFFRACT (Lat., broken), broken into areolro. 

DILACERATE (Lat.), torn asunder. 

DIMIDIATE (Lat. dimidiatu8, halved), I1pplied to the perithecial wall when 

it covers only the upper half of the pcrithecium. 

DIffiCIOUS (Gr. dis, two, oikos, a house), having the male and female organs 

on different individuals. 

DIRINEAN, similar to the genus Dirina. 

DISCOID (Gr. disko8, a quoit, eidos, like) disc-like. 

DISCOLOROUS, of a dIfferent colour 

DISCRETE (Lat. discretus), separate and distinct. 

DISSECTED (Lat. dt8SectU8, cut up), deeply divided. 

DrsTIClIouS (Gr. disticho8, of two rows), dISposed in two rows. 

DIVARICATE (Lat., spread asunder), spreading in opposite directions. 

E, Latin prefix, usually signifying without, as epruinose, esquamulose, 

efoliolose. 

EFFIGURATE (Lat. e, out of, fiuura, a figure), having a distinct form or 

figure. 

EFFUSE (Lat. effu8us, poured out), spread out in an indeterminate way.

408 GLOSSARY 

ELLIPTICAL, ELLIPSOID, shaped like an ellipse; oblong with rounded ends. 

EMARGINATE (Lat emargino, to deprive of its edge), having a notch cut out. 

ENDEMIC (Gr. en, m, demos, a country alstrict), confined to a given region 

ENDOCARPOID, applied to perithecia which are sunk in the substauce of tho 

thallus, as m Endocarpon. 

EPIPHLO!!ODAL (Gr. epi, upon, phloio8, bark), applied to the thallus when 

growing on the outside of the bark 

EPISPORE (Gr. api, upon, spora, seed), the outer spore.coat. 

EPITIIALLINE, applied to a spuriously thallme apothecial margin. 

EPITIIECIUM (Gr. epi, upon, theke, a caso), the layer covering the thecmm 

or hymenium. 

ERODED, EROSE (Lat. er08U8, gnawed), as though bitten or gnawed. 

ERUMPENT (Lat. e, out of, rumpere, to break), Immersed then bursting 

outwards. 

EUGONIDIA (Gr eu, well, gonos, offspring), bright.green gonidla (GhlarophyceaJ). 

EVERNIIFORM, like the genus Evernia (with a strap-shaped thallus) 

EXASPERATE (Ll1t. exaspero, to mako rough), rough with hard projecting 

points. 

EXCIPLE, EXCIl'ULUM (Lat. excipula, a basin), term used for the hypothe 

Clum or for that part of the thallus in whICh the frUit is embedded 

(receptacle), or for the tIssue surroundmg the fruIt. 

EXPLANATE (Lat. explanatus), spread out 

FARINACEOUS, FARINOSE (Lat. farina, meal), with 11 mealy surface. 

FASCICULATE (Lat. fasci8, a bundle), growing in a close bundle or cluster 

FASTIGIATE (Lat fastigium, a slope or gable), with branches parallel, clustered 

and erect, sometimes dccrel1sing in height outwards lIke the 

gable of a house. 

FATISCENT (Lat fatt8co, to open in chinks), cracked or falling apart. 

FAVEOLlE, FaVEOLATE (Lat favus, a honeycomb), honey-combed. 

FERRUGINOUS (Lat. ferrum, Iron), rust-coloured. 

FIBRILLlE (Lat. (ibm, a fino thread), mmute fibre-like branches-FIDRIL 

LOSE. 

FILAIIIENTS (Lat. filum, a thread), thread-lIke constituents of the thallus- 

FILAMENTOUS, FILIFORM. 

FurBRIATE (Lat.), frmged. 

FlSTULOSE (Lat fistula, a pipe), hollow. 

FLACCID (Lat. flaccidus), flabby, limp. 

FLEXUOSE, FLEXUOUS (Lat flexu8, bent), wavy. 

FOLIACEOUS (Lat folium, a leaf), fll1t and leaf-like. 

FOLIOLOSE (Ll1t folium, a leaf), consistmg of minute lobes. 

FORNICATE (Ll1t , arched), of the thallme apices, arched and hood-like. 

FOVEOLATE (Lat fovea, lL smallJ,it), pitted 

FRUTICOSE, FnuTlCULosE (Lat. rutex, a shrub), having the thallus attl1ched 

by a single basl11 pomt, cylmdrical, filamentous or strap-shaped. 

FucolD (Gr phukos, seaweed, e,dos, lIke), resemblmg seaweed. 

FULIGINOUS (Lat. fuligo, soot), brown verging on black, soot-coloured. 

FURCATE (Lat ), forked 

FURCELLATE (Lat furcula, a lIttle fork), minutely forked. 

FURFURACEOUS (Lat furfur, bran), scurfy. 

Fuscous (Ll1t. fU8cu8, dark), of a dmgy-brown colour 

FusIFomqLl1t. fU8u8, 11 spmdle, forma, shape), long and tapering towards 

each end-FusoID. 

GElIlINATE (Ll1t gemini, twins), in pairs. 

GENICULATE (Lat. genu, the knee), bent lIke the knee. 

GIBBOUS (Lat gibbus, a hump), with hump-like swellings 

GLADROUS (Ll1t alaber, without hair), with a hairless surface. 

GLAUCOUS (Gr. glaukos, bluish-grey), sea-green or greyish· blue like the 

bloom on a plum or cabbage.

414 GLOSSARY 

TERIIIINAL (Lat. terminare, to limit), on the end of a stalk or branch. 

TERRICOLOUS (Lat terra, the earth, colo, to mhabit), living on soil. 

TESSELLATE (Lat. tessella, a small square piece of stone), resembling a 

tessellated pavement. - 

TESTACEOUS (Lat. testa, a brick or tile), brick-red. 

THALAIIIIUM (Gr thalamos, a bed-chamber), layer of tissue in tho apothecium, 

consisting of paraphyses and periphyses 

TIIALLINE IIIARGIN, an apothccial margm formed of and usually coloured 

like the thallus, cf amphitheclUm. 

THALLOID EXCIPLE, thalloid margin of the apotheclUm. 

THALLUS (Gr. thallo8, a sprout), vegetative part of the lichen-plant. 

THECA (Gr. theke, a case), an enlarged cell containing spores, cf. ascus. 

THECIFEROUS (Gr. theke, a case, Lat fero, to carry), bearmg the asci. 

THECIUM (Gr. theke, a case), the layer of tissue in the apothecium consisting 

of asci and paraphyses, cf. hymenium. 

THELOTREMOID, having apothecia lIke those of the genus Thelotrema. 

THYRSOID (Lat. thyrsus, the bacchic staff, Gr. eulos, like), With crowded, 

dichotomous branching. 

Tm!ENTOSE (Lat. tomentum, a stuffing for cushions), densely covered with 

down-hke hairs. 

TOIlULOSE (Lat. torus, muscle), cylindric, With swollen portions at successive 

intervals. 

TRABECULOSE (Lat. trabecula, a little beam), applied to reticulating fibrils. 

TRICIlOTOlllOUSLY (Gr. triche, in a three-fold manner, tome, a cutting), 

branching in a three-fold manner. 

TRIVIAL (Lat. trwialts, common), the specific name. 

TRUNCATE (Lat.), endmg abruptly, as If cut off. 

TUBERCLE (Lat. tuber, a tumor), a small excrescence or wart-TuBERCU 

LATE, TUBERCULOSE. 

TUBULIFORIII (Lat. tubulus, a small pipe), applied to a thallus of round 

pipe-lIke filaments. 

TUMID (Lat.), inflated, swollen. 

TUNICATED (Lat. tunica, a garment), having a coat or covering. 

TURDINATE (Lat turbo, a whipping-top), shaped like a top. 

TURGID (Lat. turgidus, inflated), swollen. 

UMBER, UMBRINE (Lat.), the colour of umber, a dull-brown. 

UMDILICATE (Lat. umbilicus, the navel), navel-like, depressed in the centre 

UMBILICATELY, applied to a thallus centrICally affixed to the matrix. 

UIIIBO, UMBONATE (Lat. umbo, any convex elevatIOn), bearing an umbo in 

the centre. 

UNDULA'l'E (Lat. 'linda, a wave), with a wavy margin. 

UNISERlATE (Lat. 'linus, one, series, a succession), in one row. 

URCEOLATE (Lat. urceU8, a pitcher), pitcher-like, hollow and contracted 

at the mouth. 

VARIOLARIOID (Lat. variola, the pustule of small-pox), with powdery or 

granular tubercles hke tho supposed fructificatIOn of the old genus 

Variola ria-V ARIOLOSFJ. 

VENTRICOSE (Lat. venter, the belly), swollen or inflated. 

VERIIIICULAR (Lat. vermlCulus, a lIttle worm), worm-shaped. 

VERRUCA (Lat., a wart), the granular wart-hke part of the thallus. 

VERRUCARIOID, fructification Similar to that of the genus Verrucaria. 

VERSICOLOROUS (Lat,·verso, to tum often, color, colour), changing colour. 

VERTICIL (Lat. vertex, a whirl), a whorl, circular arrangement of parts 

round an axil-VERTICILLATE. 

VESICULOSE (Lat vesicula, a bladder), as if composed of small bladders. 

VILLOSE (Lat. vilht8, a shaggy hair), bearing long hairs. 

VITELLINE (Lat. vitellus, the yolk of an egg), egg-yellow. 

ZEORINE, as in Zeora, in which the apothecium had a double margin.

abietina Koerb. (Leeanaetis), 25, 223 

abietina Aeh. (Lecidea), 222, 223 

abietina Mudd (Graphis vaT.), 272 

abietinum Massal. (Schismatomma), 

223 

abietinus Sm. (Lichen), 222 

abietinus Ach. (Lichen), 223 

ABROTHALLUS De Not., 180 

ACAROSPORA Massal., 394 

aeerina Arn. (Bacidia), 165 

aeeTina Nyl. (Lecidea), 165 

acerina Aeh. (Lecidea var.), 165 

acerini Mudd (Arthopyrenia 8ubvar.), 

349 

ncervata Mudd (Lecidea var.), 58 

allervatum A. L. Sm. (Discothecium), 

387 

INDEX 

(Synonyms are Indicated by .talieR.) 

advel'tens Nyl. (Leciden), 105 

omea Dufour (Lecidea), 60 

roquatula Mngnusson (Acllrospora), 

399 

wruginosa Borr. (Lecidea), 30 

wruginosa Mudd (Lecidea var.), 30 

roruginosa Leight. (Lecidea f.), 30 

restivalis Ohl. (LeCldea), 34 

rethalea Th. Fr. (Buolha), 187 

wthalea Aeh. (Oyalecta), 187 

wthalea Stiz. (Lecidea), 187 

rothioboln Wahlenb. (Verruearia), 307 

wthiobola Nyl. (Verrucnria var.), 307 

affinis A. Zahlbr. (Porina), 367 

affinis Schaer. (Lecidea), 113 

affinis Massal. (Sagedia), 367 

affinis Cromb. (Verrucaria), 367 

acervatum Stirt. (Lophothelium, 384. affinis Nyl. (Leeidea var.), 113 

387 aggerata Mudd (Lecidea), 107 

achroopora Nyl. (Verrucaria), 376 aggregata Vouaux (Phareidia), 386 

ACROCORDIA Massal., 343 

aggregata Aeh. (Porina), 282 

aerotella A. L. Sm. (Verruearia var.), aggregata Fr. (Sagedia), 282 

307 aggregatula Nyl. (Leeidea) 68, 

acrotella Acb. (Verrucaria), 307 aggregatula (Lecanora), 68 

acrotella S. F. Gray (Lithocia var.), aggregatum Mudd (Thelidium), 386 

307 

nglroa Sommerf. (Leciden), 96 

acrotella Leight. (VerTucaria t'ar.), 307 aglreoidcs Nyl. (Leciden var.), 98 

acrotellus Sm. (Lichen), 307 

alabastrina Aeh. (Lecidea), 163 

aetinellum Nyl. (Pyronidium), 288 nlabastrites Nyl. (Lecidea), 150 

aetophila Wedd. (Leeanom), 393 alabnstritcB A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia var.), 

actophila Nyl. (Opegrapha), 265 

150 

acuta (Graphis ,.),277 

alba A. Zahlbr. (Arthopyrenia), 343 

aoutula Nyl. (Leciden), 17 

alba Sehmd. (Verrucaria), 343 

addubitans A. L. Sm. (Pleospora 1), albesccn8 Zwaokh (Baeidia), 165 

389 

albeseons B. do Lead. (Croeynia var.), 

addubitans Wheld. & Wils. (Poly. 403 

blastia), 328, 389 

albescens Hepp (Lecidea f.), 165 

addubitans Stirt. ( Verrucaria), 328, albida Tayl. (Syncesia), 285 

389 

albidoenrneo. A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia), 152 

admissa Nyl. (Lecanora), 397, 400 albidocarnea Nyl. (Lecidea), 152 

advenula A. L. Sm. (Buellia), 200 albidum Leight. (Chiodeeton), 284 

advenula Leight. (Lecidea), 200 albidum Mudd (Chiodecton var.), 285 

advenula Nyl. (Verrucaria), 388 albis8ima Nyl. (Verrucaria), 362 

415

aphorisasa A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrcnia), 

353 

aphoTi .. asa Stirt. (V eTrucaTia), 354 

apoTetica Cromb. (Lecidea vaT.). 31 

applanata LeIght. (Lecidea), 1!J7 

applanata Fr. (Lecidea vaT.), 1!J7 

aquaticum A. Zahlbr. (Dermato. 

carpon), 292 

aquaticum Schaer. (Endocarpon var.), 

292 

aquaticus Weiss (Lichen), 292 

aquatHis lIIudd (Verrucaria), 301, 304 

aquatilis Cromb. (Verrucaria var.), 

304 

aquilella Ny!. (Verrucaria), 311 

arnctina ·Wahlellb. (Verrucaria), 300 

arceutilla Brallth & Rostr. (Bacidia), 

171 

arceutina Ny!. (Lecidea), 169, 171 

arceutina Ach. (Lecidea var.), 171 

arctica Sommerf. (Lecidea), 62 

arenarium Ny!. (Cahcium), 21 

arellicola A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), 180 

arenicola A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrenia), 

354 

arenicola LE)ight. (Lecidea), 180 

arenicola Mudd (Raphiospora), 180 

arenicola Leight. (VeTrucaTia), 354 

arenicola Ny!. (Leddea var.), 180 

arenmeda A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrcllia), 

355 

arelliseda Ny!. (Opegrapha), 265 

areolata Carroll (Lectdea), !J7 

argllospila A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrellia), 

354 

argllospila Ny!. (Magmopsis), 351 

argllosptla Ny!. (Ver,TucaTia), 354 

armemaca Fr. (Lecidea), !J7 

armeniacum DC. (Rhizocarpon), 98 

armoricana Cromb. (Arthonia), 232 

Arnoldi Krempelh. (Bmtorilla), 125 

Arnoldi Ny!. (Lecidea), 126 

aromatica .latta (Blhmbia), 145 

aromatiCll Ach. (Lecidea), 145 

aTomatica Massa!. (Toninia), 145 

aromatica Tay!. (Lecidea vaT.), 145 

aromaticus Turn. (Lichen), 145 

arridens Ny!. (LeCldea), 27 

ARTHONIA Ach. 227 

arthonioides A. L. Sm. (Arthollia), 234 

arthonioides Ach. Lectdea),234 

II 

INDEX 417 

artholloidea Leight. (Opegrapha var.), 

255 

arthonoidea Schaer. (Opegrapha var.), 

253 

artholloidea Leight. (Opegrapha f.), 

253 

ARTHOPYRENIA Massa!., 346 

ARTHOTHELIUM Massa!., 242 

ascaridlella A. L. Sm. (Bamdia), 178 

ascaTidiella Ny!. (Leciiea), 178 

asema Ny!. (Lecidea), 92 

aspera Tay!. (VerrucaTia), 300 

asperclla StIrtoll (Lccidea), 75 

aspersa Leight. (Arthollia), 234. 

aspersella Leight. (Arthoma), 232 

asserculorum Ach. (Lemdea), 4.0 

assimihs Th. Fr. (Lecidea), 62 

astToidea Ach. (Arthollia), 231l 

astToidea Ach. (Opegrapha), 236 

astroidea Mudd (Arthoma var.), 230 

astroidea Leight. (Arthonia f.), 230 

astroldestera Ny!. (Arthollia), 232 

astroideum Leight. (Comocarpon vaT.), 

230 

astTottes Ach. (Lichen), 236 

athallina Muell. Arg (KaTschia), 389 

athallma A. L. Sm. (Buellia f.), 196 

athallina Ny!. (Lecideaf.), 1!J6 

athroa Ach. (Lecidea vaT.), 205 

athrocarpa Ach. (Lecidea), 74 

athrocaTpa Mudd (Aspicilia), 7!J 

athTocaTpu8 Ach (Lichen), 74 

athTocaTpus Sm. (Lichen), 7!J 

atom ana Koerb. (MlCrothelia), 363 

atomaTia DC. (VerrucaTia), 363 

atomaTia Mudd (ATthop'JTenla vaT.), 

346, 347, 348 

atomaTiu8 Ach. (Lichen), 348, 363 

atra Pers. (Opegrapha), 253 

atrata Mudd (BueJlia), 1!J4 

atTata Hook. (Lecidea), 1!J4 

aiTatus Sm. (Lichen), 194 

atncolor Stirt. (Opegrapha), 255 

atriseda Wheld. & 'frav. (Bacidia 

var),175 

atroalba Th. Fr. (Buellia), 1!J9 

atToalba Ach. (Lecldea), 1!J!J 

atToalbella Leight. (Lecidea), 187 

atroalbella Mudd (Buellia vaT.), 187 

atroalbella Ny!. (Lecidea vaT.), 187 

atroalbicans Ny!. (Lecidea), 198 

EE

cwsium Fr. (A!lyrium), 41 

C(lJSiU8 Dicks. (Lichen), 89 

calcarea. Wats. (Clathroporina), 373 

calcarea Turn. (Opegrapha), 259 

calcarea S. F. Gray (Hyslerina), 259 

calcarea Lcight. (Lecidea), 205 

calcarea Deakin (Saqedia), 345 

calcarea Fr. (Lecidea var.), 81 

calcarea Stiz. (Opegrapha var.), 259 

calcarea Nyl. (Verrucaria var.), 342 

calcarea Nyl. (Lecidea n, 209 

calcaroum Th. Fr. (Rhizocarpon), 209 

calcareum Koerb. (Diplotomma), 210, 

211 

calcareus Ny!. (Endococcus), 387 

calcaricola Mudd (lIIicrothelia), 387 

calcaricola Leight. (Verrucaria), 387 

calcaricolum Vouaux (DiscotherlUm), 

387 

calcaricolum Arn. (Ticothecium), 387 

ealcariu8 Weis (Lichen), 209 

caleiseda DC. (Verrucaria), 320 

calcwora Nyl. (Lecidea), 45 

calcivoru8 Ehrh. (Lichen), 45 

cl1ligans A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), 170 

caligans Ny!. (Lecidea), 170 

callicarpa Larb. (Lecidea), 49 

callisto. Stirt. (Lecidea), 103 

calpodes Stirt. (Lecidea), 51 

cambnco. Wheld. (Bilimbia), 149 

campestris Th. Fr. (Biatorella), 115 

cl1ndida Jatto. (Bil1torina), 124 

candida Ach. (Lecidea), 124 

candidum S. F. Gray (Lepidoma), 124 

eandidum Mudd (Sehismatomma), 202 

eandidum Ml1ssa!. (Thalloidima), 124 

eandidum Mudd (Sehismalomma var.), 

225 

eandidus Wcber (Lichen), 124 

candidus Sm. (Lichen), 149, 224 

canella Ny!. (l'errucaria), 315 

canello. A. L. Sm. (Verrucaria Bubsp.), 

315 

canescens De Not. (Buellia), 180 

canescens Massa!. (Dzplolcia), 181 

canescens Ach. (Lecidea), 181 

canescens S. F. Gray (Lepidoma), 

181 

canescen8 Dicks. (Lichen), 181 

canescens DC. (Placodium), 181 

eapnodes Nyl. (VerTltearia), 353 

INDEX 419 

caradocensis A. L. Sm. (Bilirubia), Hi, 

144 

caradocensis Leight. (Leeidea), 145 

caradoce'(!sis Mudd (Psora), 15, 145 

carbonl1cen Jatta (BIIimbia), 146 

carbonacea Leight. (Leeidea), 146 

carbonacea Anzi (Toninia), 14.6 

carbonacea Cromb. (Leeidea 8UOSp.), 

146 

carneoalbens A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), 109 

carneoalbens Ny!. (Lecidea), 169 

carneoglauca A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), IGS 

carneoglauca Ny!. (Lecidea), 168 

carneola Koerh. (Baeidia), I) 

carneola Ach. (Leeidea), 9 

carneolutea Boistel (Gyalecta), 8 

earneolulea Mudd (Lecania), 8 

carneolutea, Ach. (Lecanora), 8 

carneolutea Ny!. (Leeidea), 8 

carneolutea Turn. (Parmelia), 8 

earneolutea S. F. Gray (Rinodina), 8 

earneoluteus Sm. (Lwhen), 8 

carpinea A. Zahlbr. (Porina), 367 

earpinea Pers. ( Verrucaria), 367 

carpinea Cromb. (Ven:uearia j.), 367, 

368 

Carrollil A. L. Sm. (Leptorhaphis), 302 

Garrollii Mudd (SphCllrompltale), 337 

Garrollii Ny!. (Verrucaria), 337 

cartilaginea Carroll (Verrllcarza), 295 

cartllaginea Ny). (Verruearia !'ar.), 

295 

cartilagineum A. L. Sm. (Dcrmatocarpon 

var.), 21)5 

cascanIlro Leight. (Arthonia), 235 

casearillCll Fee (Goniocarpon), 235 

cataleptoides Ny!. (Verrucaril1), 312, 

313 

cataractarum Lonnr. (Thehdmm), 325 

cataractarum Hepp (Sagedw), 326 

calaractarum Cromb. (Vel'rucaria), 326 

cechllmena Tayl. (Lecidea), 71) 

ceeltumena Ach. (Leeidea), 1)8 

eeeltumenus Sm. (Lichen), 09 

CerMI l\[assa!. (Arthopyrenia), 360 

Gerasi Ach. (Graphz..), 273 

Gerasi Pers. (Opegrapha), 273 

Gerasi Ach. (T'errucaria), 360 

eerebrina Massa!. (Encephalographa), 

248 

eereorina Leight. (Litltographa), 248

424 INDEX 

dispersa Duf. (Arlhonia), 242 

dispersa Sehrad. (Opegrapha), 233 

di8persa DC. (Opegrapha), 242 

dispersum Mudd (Arthothehum), 242 

dlsporn A. L. Sm. (Mierothelia), 363 

dissepta A. L. Sm. (Mierotheha), 364 

dissepta Ny!. (Verrucaria), 364 

distinctum Th. Fr. (Rhizoearpon), 213 

divancala Leight. (Graphis var.), 272, 

276, 280 

divaricata l\Iudd (Graphis var.), 276 

divaricata Mudd (Stenographa var.), 

270 

divaricata A. L. Sm. (Phruographis f.), 

276 

doliehospora B. do Lesd. (Gyalecta 

var.),4 

dolichotera Leight. (Verrucaria), 280 

dqlichoteron Ny!. (Obryzum), 289, 386 

dolomitica Massa!. (Verrueana), 319 

dolomiticum Massa!. (Amphorzdium), 

310 

dolosa A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 140 

dolo8US Sm. (Lichen), 140 

dubia Turn. & Borr. (Leeidea), 53 

dubla Leight. (Opegrapha); 264 

dubia Mudd (Arthonta var.), 231 

dubia Mudd (Opegrapha var.), 264 

dubiella A. L. Sm. (Pharcidia ?), 386 

dubiella Ny!. (Verrucarla), 386 

dubiuB Sm. (Lichen), 53 

Dujourel Ach. (Lecidea), 156 

Dujourel Cromb. (Lecidea wr.), 156 

Dufourii DC. (Verruearia), 316 

Dufourii Borr. (Verrucaria), 324 

cbborensis Wats. (Staurothcle), 341 

ebenea Dlllw. (Conjerva), 1 

cbeneum A. L. Sm. (Camogonium" 1, 

2 

ebeneus Ag. (Chroolepus), 1 

ebeneus Thwaites (Gystocoleus), I 

effusa Am. (Bacidia), 167 

efjusa Mudd (Lecidea), 35 

effusa Leight. (Lecidea), 167 

effusus Sm. (Lichen), 10, 167 

egenula Th. Fr. (Baeidia), 170 

egenula Ny!. (Lecidea), 171 

Ehrhartiana Mudd (Biatorina), 128 

Ehrhartlana Ach. (Lecidea), 129 

Ehrhartianus Ach. (Lichen), 129 

elaborala Leight. (Platygramma), 283 

elaehlstophora Ny!. (Verrueana), 321 

elacistu' Aeh. (Parmelia), 25 

elacista Cromb. (Lecidea yar.), 25 

elacista Mudd (Lecanora mr.), 25 

elreina Borr. (Verrucaria), 359 

elreinum Mudd (Thelldiwn), 351) 

elreochroma Tay!. (Lecidea), 55 

elwoehroma Aeh. (Lecidea var.), 55 

elwodes A. L. Sm. (Pyrenula f.), 376 

clreodes Leight. (Verrucaria f.), 376 

clreomelrena Massa!. (Lithoicea), 305 

elreomelrena Massa!. (Verrucaria), 305 

elegans Aeh. (Arthonia), 232 

elegans Ach. (GraphIs), 260 

elegans Leight. (Aulacographa), 270 

degans Borr. (Opegrapha), 270 

elegans Borr. (Opographa var.), 252 

elegans LeIght. (OpegraphaJ.), 252 

elliptioa Ny!. (Xylographa f.), 246 

elongata Am. (Graphis), 275 

elongata LeIght. (Graphis var.), 276 

elongata Mudd (Graphis var.), 276 

elongata l\Ialbr. (Graphis f.), 275, 276 

elongatula Ny!. (Verrucaria), 352 

elongalula LeIght. (Verrucaria f.), 348, 

352 

emphysa Stirt. (Lecidea), 228 

ENCEPHALOGRAPHA Massa!', 247 

cnciItlca Nyl. (Lecidea), 109 

endocarpicola Vouaux (Mycobilimbia), 

389 

endocarpicola Lmds. (Lecidea), 380 

ENDOCARPON Hedw., 207 

endocarpon With. (Lichen), 298 

endococcoidca Sace. & D. Sacco 

(Sphrorulina), 386 

endococcoidea Ny!. (Verrucaria), 386 

endocyanea Stirt. (Lecidea), 74 

endoleuca Ny!. (Lecidea), 176 

endomelwna Leight. (Leeidea), 101 

endopella Cromb. (Lecidea), 39 

endopella Cromb. (LeCldea var), 3D 

endorhoda Th. Fr. (Lecidea var.), 114 

enterochlora Tay!. (Lecidea), 56 

ENTEROGRAPHA Fee, 281 

enteroleuca Ach. (Lecidea), 55 

enteroleuca Leight. (Lecidea), 54, 57 

enteroleuca Ny!. (Lecidea var.), 55, 57 

eplblastematiea A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 

144

epiblastematica Wallr. (Peziza), 144 

epicymatia Wint. (Pharcidia), 386 

epidermidis Mudd (Arthopyrenia), 346 

,epidermidis Th. Fr. (Leptorhaphls), 

362 . 

epidermidis Ach. (Lichen), 362 

eptdermidis Fr. (Verrucaria), 346 

epidermidis Leight. (Verrucaria), 348 

epidermidis Ach. (Verrucaria), 362 

epig::ca 'fuckerm. (Buellia), 181 

epigrea S. F. Gray (Inoderma), 336 

epigrea Schaer. (Lecidea), 182 

eptgrea Pers. (SphCllria), 336 

epigrea Ach. (Verrucaria), 336 

epig::coides A. L. Sm. (Porina), 369 

epigreoides Ny!. (Verruearia), 369 

epigmum Wallr. (Thrombium), 336 

epigreus Pers. (Lichen), 182 

cpimarta Ny!. (Lecidea), 33 

eptpasta Mudd (Arlhonia), 238 

epipasta S. F. Gray (Hysterina), 238 

epipasta Hook. (OpegTapha), 237,238 

epipasta Ny!. (Arthonia vaT.), 238 

epipastoides A. L. Sm. (Arthonia var.), 

237 

epipastoides Leight. (Arthonia var.), 

230 

epipastoides Ny!. (Arthonia var.), 238 

eptpastus Ach. (LtChen), 233 

epiphorbia Vouaux (Conida), 390 

epiphorbia Stirt. (Lecidea), Ill, 390 

epiphylla Wheld. & Trav. (Bacidia), 

172 

epipola>B A. L. Sm. (Acrocordia),.344 

epipolrea Borr. (Verruoorta), 345 

epipolia Ach. (Lecidea), 205 

epipolia Schaer. (Leeidea vaT.), 205 

epipohum A. L. Sm. (Rhizocarpon 

var.),205 

epipolium Mudd (Diplolomma var.), 205 

epipolius Ach. (Lichen), 205 

epipoIytropa Ber!. & Vog!. (DidymeIIa),389 

epipolytropa Wint. (Didymosphreria), 

380 

epipolytropa Gromb. (Verrucaria), 380 

epipolytropum Mudd (Thelidzum), 380 

episema A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 143 

episema Ny!. (Lectdea), 143 

epithallinum Leight. (TheIocarpon), 

379,388 

INDEX 425 

erratiea Leight. (J' erruearia), 388 

erraticum MassaI. (Tieothecium), 388 

erraticus Ny!. (Endococcus), 388 

erubescens Stirt. (Lecidea), 181 

erubesccns Koerb. (Biatorina yar.), 

138 

erubcs cens A. L. Sm. (BueIIia var.), 

181 

erubescens FIot. (Zeora var.), 138 

erysiboda Tay!. (J'errucaria), 365 

erysiboda Leight. (VerrueaTla t'ar.), 

307,365 

erysiboides Th. Fr. (Biatorina), 131 

erysiboides Ny!. (Lecidea), 131 

eseharoides Ehrh. (Ltehen), 29 

escharoides Schaer. (Lecidea var.), 

29 

eseharoides Mudd (Lee idea var ), 29 

eucarpa Ny!. (Lecanora), 121 

eucarpa Ny!. (Leeidea), 121 

eucarpa Leight. (Lecanora /.), 121 

euploca Dorr. (T' errucaria), 203 

euplocum Ach. (Endoearpon), 202 

eupIocum A. L. Sm. (Dermatocarpon 

var.), 292 

euploeum lIIudd (Endocarpon var.), 293 

euplocum WahIenb. (Endocarpon vaT.), 

293 

cuploeu8 Ach. (Lichen), 292 

eutypa Leight. (Graphis vaT.), 274 

exanthematica Fr. (GyaIecta), 3 

exanthemattca Ny!. (Leddea), 3 

exanthematica Fr. (Petractis), 3 

exanthematica S. F. Gray (Thelotrema), 

3 

exanthematieu8 Sm. (Lichen), 3 

excelsa A. L. Sm. (Buellm), 189 

excentrica Leight. (Lecidea), 211 

exeentrica Ny!. (Lecidea subsp.), 211 

excentrica Ach. (Lecidea mr.), 211 

excentricum A. L. Sm. (Rhizocarpon 

var.), 211, 356 

excipienda Cromb. (Arthonia), 233 

excipienda Ny!. (Arthonia subsp.), 233 

exerrans A. L. Sm. (l\1icrotheIia), 364 

exerrans Ny!. (Endocoeeua), 364 

exigua Ny!. (Lecanora), 226 

exiguum Ny!. (Endocarpon), 204 

exiguum Leight. (Endocarpon f.), 294 

exoriens A. L. Sm. (Phroospora), 388 

exoriens StIrt. (Endococcu8), 384, 388

INDEX 

lretevirens Ny!. (Normandina), 287 

lretevirens Borr. (Verrllcaria), 287 

latevirens Macsee (Verrltcaria), 335 

lrevata Ach. (Verrucaria), 305 

lavata Leight. ( Verrucaria), 305 

lrevigata Nyl. (Lecidea), 24 

lapicida Ach. (Lecidea), 65 

lapicida Ach. (Lichen), 65 

lapidicola Branth & Rostr. (Arthonia), 

239 

lapidicola Tayl. (Lecidea), 239 

Larbalestierii A: L. Sm. (Clathro. 

porina), 374 

J_arbalestierJi A. L. Sm. (Micro. 

glmna),374 

Larbalestierii J..eight. (Liihographu), 

105 

Larbalestierii Leight. (Verrucaria), 387 

1l1ricicota Ny!. (Xylographa), 246 

latebricola Wheld. & Trav. (Bacidia), 

167 

latebrosa.Koerb. (Verfucaria), 306 

latens Tay!. (Lecidea), 107 

latypea Ach. (Lecidea), 55 

lutypea Nyl. (Lecidea var.), 56 

lutypiza Nyl. (Lecidea subsp.), 56 

Jatypizl1 A. L. Sm. (Lecidel1 f.), 56 

latypodes Nyl. (Leczdea), 91 

Laureri Nyl. (Thelocarpon), 378 

Laureri Hepp (Catillaria), 137 

Laureri Leight. (Lecidea), 137 

Laureri Flot. (SpluEropsis), 378 

Laurocera.si Duby (Patellaria), 177 

Laurocerasi A. L. Sm. (Bacidm f.), 176 

LaUrOCeriMi Ny!. (Lecidea f.), 177 

lavala Cromb. (Leddeaf.), 214 

lavatu.m Mudd (Rhizocarpon var.), 214 

LECANACTIS Eschw., 222 

lecanodes Ny!. (Lecidea var.), 42 

lecanodes Leight. (I,ecidea vaT.), 42 

lecanodes Ny!. (Lecidea vaT.), 42 

lecanorina Salw. (Lecidea), 188 

lecanorinum Floerko (Rhlzocarpon 

var.).208 

LECIDEA Ach., II 

LECIOGRAPHA Massal., 201 

lectissima A. Zahlbr. (Porina), 365 

lectissima Mudd (Segestrella), 365 

lecl'issima Fr. (8egestTia), 365 

lectissima Ny!. (Vcrrucaria), 365 

Leightoniana Larb. (Leddea), 171 

431 

Leightonii Cromb. (Opegrapha), 266 

Leightonii Deakin (Verru.caria), 182 

I,eightonii Hepp (Verrucaria), 306 

leiotea Nyl. (Lecidea), 76 

I,EJOPHLEA S. F. Gray, 346 

lenticularis Koerb. (Biatorina), 137 

lentioularis Ach. (Lecidea), 137 

lenticularis Flot. tZeora), 137 

lentiginosa A. Zahlbr. (Jlfelaspdea), 

248 

lentiginosa Lyell (Opegrapha), 248 

lentiginosa Mudd (Stictographa), 248 

lentiginosula A. L. Sm. (Melaspdea), 

249 

lent.gino8ula Nyl. (Opegrapha), 249 

leptalea A. L. Sm. (Porina), 366 

leptalea Dur. & Mont. (Biatora), 366 

lepta lea Cromb. (Verrucari!t 8ubsp), 

366 

leptalea Leight. (Verrucaria var.), 3uO 

lepta lea Nyl. (Verrucaria f.), 366 

leptaleella Nyl. (Verrucaria), 366 

leptocline Koerb. (Buellia), 190 

leptocline Flot. (Lecidea), 190 

leptoclinoides Steiner (Buellia), 190 

leptoclinoides Nyl. (Lecideu), 190 

leptophyllU1n Ach. (Endocarpon), 291 

leptophyllum Dill. 'I'or. & Sarnth. 

(Dermatocarpon var.), 291 

leplophyllum Wahlenb. (Endocarpon 

var.),291 

leptophyllu, Ach. (Lichen), 291 

leptophyllu8 Sm. (Lichen), 293 

LEPTORHAPHIS Koerb., 3(iI 

leptospora A. L. Sm. (Porina), 370 

leptospora Nyl. (VeTrucaria), 370 

leptostigma Ny!. (Lecidea), 52 

leptotera Arn. (Arthopyrenia), 357 

leptoiera Ny!. (Verrucaria), 301, 357 

Lesdainii Harm. (Acarospora), 3!l5 

leucoblephara Arn. (Bilimbia), 159 

leucoblephara Ny!. (Lecidea), 159 

leucocephala Fr. (Pyrenothea), 223 

le'Ucocephala Pers. (Sphreriu), 223 

le'Ucocephala Ach. {Verruca ria), 25, 223 

leucoclinella Ny!. (Lecidea), 183 

Jeucophrea A. L. Sm. (Bilimbla), 147 

leucophrea Ny!. (Lecidca), 59 

le'Ucophl£a Floerke (Biatora), 59 

leucophlJJa Cromb. (Lecanora), 59 

leucophlJJiza Nyl. (Lecanora), 59

Morio Fr. (Leddea), U8 

7nortarii Leight. ( V (rrucaria), 309 

mortensis Wats. (Polyblastia), 332 

l\losigii Ny!. (Lecidea var), 100 

JJIoyigii Ach. (Lecidea var.), 100 

JJIouqeotii Hcpp (Lecidea), J!)O 

lIfougeotii Th. Fr. (Buellia var.), 190 

mucosa Stirt. (Lecidea), 38 

mucosa Wahlenb. (Vcrrucaria), 300 

mucosula Wedd. (Verrucaria var.), 301 

1I1uddii lIIagnusson (Acarospora), 399 

mullensis Stirt. (Lecidea), 103 

muralis Ach. (Vertucaria), 317 

7nuralis Tay!. (Verrucaria), 304 

muralis Borr. (Verrucaria), 340 

muralis Ny!. (Verrucaria subsp.), 317 

muralis Mudd (Verrucaria t·ar.), 317 

murina Leight. (Verrucaria), 313 

muscorum Mudd (Bacidia), 174 

muscorum Leight. (Biatora), 155 

muscorum Ach. (Lecidea), 174 

muscorum Linn. fi!. (Liclten), 44 

muscorU7n Weber (Lichen), 174 

muscorum Cromb. (Leeidea subsp.), 174 

muscorum Naeg. (Lecidea var.), 193 

mutabilis Fee (Lecidea), 40 

mutabilis Borr. (Verrucaria), 316 

lIIYCOPORELLUlIl A. Zahlbr., 382 

MYCOMRUlII Flot., 381 

myriocarpa lIludd (Buellia), 184 

myriocarpa Ny!. (Lecidea), 185 

myriocarpa DC. (Patellaria), 185 

myriocarpa Hepp (Verrucaria), 313 

myriocarpella Ny!. (Arthonia), 240 

myriocarpeZla Johns. (Artltonia), 234 

myriospora Leight. (Verrucaria), 381 

myrmecina Nyl. (Lecidea var.), 17 

mYT7necina Ach. (Lecidea vaT.), 17 

myrticola Fee (Chiodecton), 285 

Nregelii Anzi (Bilimbia);150 

NageZti Hepp (Biatora), 151 

Nagelii Stiz. (Lecidea), 151 

neglecta Ny!. (Leddea), 106 

neglecta Deakin (Verrucaria), 312 

neottizans Zopf (Leptosphreria), 389 

neottizans Leight. (Verrucaria), 389 

nericiensis Hellb. (JJIicroglana), 338 

nericiensis A. L. Sm (JJ!icroglama mr.) 

338 

NESOLECHIA Massa!., 389 

INDEX 435 

nigra Huds. (Byssus), 2 

nigrata Mudd (Sphwromphale), 332 

nigrata Nyl. (Verrucaria), 332 

nigrata A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia f.), 158 

nigrata Ny!. (Lecidea /.), 158 

mgrata L£'ight. (Opegraplla f.), 251 

nigrata Leigh t. ( Verruca ria /.), 305 

nigrescens Pers. (Verrucaria), 311 

nigrescens Ach. (Pyrenula), 312 

nigricans Am. (Biatorina f.), 138 

nigricans Leight. (Lecidea j.), 138 

nigrificans Ny!. (Lecidea), 75 

nigntella A. L. Sm. (Polyblastia), 334 

nigritella Ny!. (Verrucaria), 334 

nigritula Mudd (Buellia), 186 

mgritula Ny!. (Lecidea), 186 

l1igroclavata Ny!. (Lecidea), 38 

mgroclavata Cromb. (Lecidea subsp.), 

38 

niyroclavata Ny!. (Lecidea var.), 38 

nigroglomerata Leight. (Lecidea), 61 

nigroglomerata Leight. (Lecanora), 61 

nigrogrisea Ny!. (Lecidea), 100 

nimbosa Sm. (Opegrapha), 255 

nitescens Leight. (Lecidea), 85 

nitescens Mudd (Arthopyrenia), 346 

nitescens Salwey ( Verruca ria ), 347 

nite.scen8 Cromb. (Verrucaria var.), 347 

nitida Ach. (Pyrenula), 375 

nitida Leight. (Lecidea), 101 

nitida Weigel (Spliaria), 375 

nitida Schrad. (Verrucaria), 375 

nitidella Schaer. (Pyrenula var.), 376 

nitidella Floerke (Verrucaria var.), 376 

Nitschkeana Lahm (Bilimbia), 154 

Nitscltkeana Stiz. (Lecidea), 155 

niveoatra Borr. (Verrucaria), 322 

niveoatra Leight. (Pyrenothea), 322 

NORMANDINA Ny!., 295 

Normanii Magnusson (Acarospora), 

397 

nolha S. F. Gray (Alyxoria), 263 

notlta, Ach. (Opeyraplia), 261, 203 

notha Fr. (Opegrapha var.), 262 

notha Leight. (Opegrapha f.), 259 

notlla Cromb. (Opegrapha/.), 263 

nothiza Ny!. (Opegrapha), 259 

nothu8 Ach. (Lichen), 263 

nuda Wheld. & Trav. (Microglama), 

338 

nuda A. L. Sm. (Biatorella f.), 119

iNDEX 

parallela Schaer. (Opegrapha mr.), 270 

parallela Leight. (Graphis f.), 270 

parallela Leight. (Opegrapha f.), 254 

parallelu8 Ach. (Lichen), 246 

parasema Ach. (LeCldea), 53 

parascmoldcs Ny!. (Arthonia), 240 

parasemus Ach. (Lichen), 54 

parasemu8 Sm. (Lichen), 55 

parasitlca Massa!. (Leciographa), 201, 

390 

parasitica Floerke (Lecidea), 201 

paras,ticus Sm. (Lichen), 199 

paraxanthodes Ny). (Opegrapha), 261 

parella Ach. (Leeanora), 202 

parellaria A. L. Sm. (Leciographa), 

201 

parellaria Ny!. (Lec,dea), 201 

parissima Ny!. (Lecidea), 133 

parOleliarum Vouaux (Abrothallus), 

390 

Parmeharum Olivo (Buelha), 199, 390 

Parmeliarum SomOlerf. (Lecidea), 199 

partioularis A. L. Sm. (Buellia), 200 

particularis Ny!. (Lecidea), 200 

parva Deakin (\' errucaria), 320 

. patellulata Ny!. (Arthonia), 239 

Patersoni Stirt. pfelaspilea), 248 

patula Leight. (Verrueana), 317 

paucula Ny!. (Lecidea), 50 

pedatula Ny!. (Leoidea), lOG 

pelidna Ach. (Lecidea), 177 

pehdniza Ny!. (Leeidea), 178 

pehdniza Leight (Lee,deaj.), 178 

pehsoyphoides OlIvo (Acarospora), 396 

peloolita Ny!. (Verrucaria), 314 

peltigerea Th. Fr. (Arthonia), 2-11 

peltophora A. L. Sm. (Polyblastia), 

335 

peltophora Stirt. (Verrucaria), 335 

percoonOldes Flag. (Acarospora), 39G 

percontIgua Ny!. (LeCldea), 82 

pereont'gua A. L. Sm. (Lecidea rar.), 

82 

penclea Ny). (Platygrapha), 226 

pericleus Ach. (L,ehen), 226 

perileuciza Ny!. (Leeidea vaT.),42 

peripherica Mudd (Mlcrothella), 388 

pertpherwa Tay!. (Verrucaria), 388 

periphericus CroOlb. (Endococcus), 388 

periplaca Ny!. (Lecidea), 73 

perluta Ny!. (Lecidea), 203 

437 

perlutum A. Zahlbr. (Rhizocarpon), 

203 

perminuta Deakin (Verrucaria), 3G8 

perobscura Nyl (Leeidea),33 

perpallescens Ny!. (Leeidea 8ubsp.), 148 

perpallescens A. L.8m. (Btlimbia var.), 

148 

peTpusilla LeIght. (Verrucaria), 387 

perpusillum Arn. (Ticothecium), 387 

perpusillus Ny!. (Endococcus), 387 

pers,cina Koerb. (Sagedia), 369 

persicina A. L. Sm. (Porina var.), 369 

pers'cina Nyl ( Verruca ria n, 369 

persimtlis Ny!. (Lecidea), 202 

Persoonii Ach. (Ltchen), 258 

Persoonil Stiz. (Opegrapha var.), 257 

pertenuis Leight. (Verrucarta), 369 

perustula Ny!. (Lecidea), 101 

petrroa Ny!. (Lithographa), 245 

petrcea Ach. (Lee,dea), 210 

pelrrea Tay!. (Lwdea), 212 

petrrea Dur. (Opegrapha), 245 

petrooum De!. (Chiodeeton), 285 

petroouOl Massal. (RhIzocarpon), 210 

petrreum Koerb. (Rhizocarpon), 212 

petrreus WuHen. (Lichen), 210 

petrina Ny!. (Graphis), 271 

petrosa Arn. (teCldea), 82 

pezizo,dea Ach. (Leemea), 217 

peztzoides 8w. (Lichen), 17 

pezlzoideum Koerb. (Lopadium), 217 

phacodes Koerb. (Bacidm), 165 

phacodes Leight. (Lec,dea), 165 

phreenterodes Ny!. (Lecidea), 84 

PHAWGRAPHIS Muell. Arg, 275 

phooops Ny!. (Lecidea), 23 

phreops Th. Fr. (Lecanora), 23 

PIIARCIDIA Sacc., 328 

phycopsis Ach. (Roceel/a), 220 

phycopsis Mudd (Roccella var.), 220 

phylltscina Ny!. (Lccidea), GO 

phylliscoearpa Ny!. (Ltcidea), 04 

phyllodisca StIrt. (Leculca), 60 

picila Leight. (LecIdea), 48 

picila !\Iassa!. (Bia/ora), 48 

pilatl Koerb. (Lemdea), 69 

pilulans Kocrb. (Biatorina), 127 

pilularis LeIght. (Lecidea), 127 

pilularis Dav. (L,ehen), 127 

pineti Koerb. (Arthoma), 228 

pineti Ach. (Lccldea), 10

438 INDEX 

pineti Schrad. (Lichen), 10 

pineti Leight. (Arthonia var.), 22!J 

pinguicula Massal. (Verrucaria), 3-14 

pinicola Th. Fr. (Biatorella), 117 

pinicola Borr. (Lecidea), 185, 186 

pinicola Ach. (Lichen), 185 

pinicola Sm. (Lichen), 186 

pinicola Massal. (Sarcoayne), 117 

pinicola Leight. (Lecidea J.), 185 

pithyophill1 Nyl. (Lecidea var.), 30 

pithyophila Sommerf. (Lecidea vaT.), 

30 

pituphloia Leight. (Verrucaria), 334 

plana Nyl. (Lecidea), 66 

plana Lahm (Lecidella), 66 

platycarpa Fr. (Lecidea var.), 81 

platycarpa Ach. (Leeidea), 81 

PLATYGRAJIlIIA Leight., 281 

PLATYGRAPHA Nyl , 225 

platypyrenia Am. (Arthopyrenia), 361 

platypyrenia Nyl. (Verrucaria), 361 

platypyrenia Carroll (Verruearia var.), 

361 

pleiospora A. L. Sm. (Lecidea), 51 

plicatile A. L. Sm. (Rhizocarpon), 214 

plicatili8 Leight. (Lecidea), 215 

plumbea S. F. Gray (Lithocia), 313 

plumbea Ach. (Verrucaria), 313 

plumbina Anzi (Leciographa), 202 

plumbo8u8 Sm. (Lichen), 313 

poliwna Ny!. (Lee idea subsp.), 173 

polirenl1 Am. (Bacidia var.), 173 

poliodes Ny!. (Lecidea), 40 

polospora. A. L. Sm. (Buelha), 184 

polospora Leight. (Lecidea), 184 

polyantha Tayl. (Lecidea), 03 

POLYBLASTIA Massal., 328 • 

polycarpa Floerke (Lecidea), 65 

polysita A. L. Sm. (Bacidia), 163 

polys ita Stirt. (Lecidea), 163 

polyspora Hepp (Muellerella), 386 

polystieta Borr. (Verruearia), 314 

polysticta Larb. (Verrucaria), 315 

polystietum Borr.·(Endocarpon), 315 

polytheeium Hook. (Endoearpon var.), 

315 

populorum Massa!. (Diplolomma), 205 

poplllorum Mudd (Diplotomma '/)ar.), 

204 

populorum Leight. (LecideaJ.), 204 

PORINA Ach., 364 

porriginosa A. L. Sm. (Bacidia var.), 

165 

porriainosa Cromb. (Lecidea vaT.), 165 

porriginosus Turn. (Lichen), 165 

postuma Ny1. (Lecidea), 213 

postumum Th. Fr. (Rhizocarpon), 212 

prrecaycnda A. L. Sm. (BuelIia), 186 

prrecat'enda Ny!. (Lecidea), 187 

prroponens A. L. Sm. (Buellia subap.), 

188 

prreponenIJ Ny!. (Lecidea sllbsp.), 188 

prreponens Leight. (Lecidea !"aT.), 188 

prrorimata Ny!. (Leciden), 27 

prasina Syd. (Biatorina), 131 

prasina Schaer. (Lecidea), 31, 131 

prasina Fr. (lilicarea), 131 

prasiniza Nyl. (Leeidea), 131 

prasinoides Olivo (BaCldia), 168 

prasinoides Nyl. (Lecidea), 168 

prasinolepis Th. Fr. (Lecidea), 36 

prasinolepis Ny!. (Lecidea 8ubsp.), 36 

prasinorufa Ny!. (Leddea subsp.), 31 

premnea A. L. Sm. (Biatorina), 134 

premnea Weddell (Lecanactis), 222 

premnea Leight. (Biatora), 176 

premnea Fr. (Lecidea), 134 

premnea Ach. (Leeidea), 222 

premneoides A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia), 160 

premneoidee Ny!. (Leeidea), 160 

premnellm Mudd (Schismatomma). 222 

privigna A. L. Sm. (BiatorelIa), 121 

priviana Ny!. (Lecanora). 121 

priviana Ach. (Leddea), 121 

primgna S. F. Gray (Rinodina), 122 

privigna Leight. (Endocarpon mr.), 

121 

privigna Cromb. (Leeanora var.), 121 

proiata Ny!. (Lecidea vaT.), 190 

prominula Borr. (Lecidea), 64 

prominula Nyl. (Verrucaria), 303 

prominula Borr. (Lecidea). 85 

promiscens Ny!. (Lecidea), 88 

prosiliens Stirt. (Opegrapha), 256 

prosodel1 Ach. (Opegrapha), 268 

prostratula Stirt. (Lecidea), 16 

protrusa Schaer. (Lecldea), 56 

proximella Ny!. (Melaspilea), 250 

proximella Ny!. (Arthonia), 250 

proximeila Ny!. (Leeidea), 250 

pruinata Steudel (Arthonia), 23G 

pruinata Pers. (Patellaria), 234

440 INDEX 

RACODIUM Pers., 2 

radiata Aeh. (Arthonia), 236 

radiala Pers. (Opegrapha), 236 

radiala Leight. (Graphis var.), 274, 279 

radiata lIIudd (8tenographa var.), 279 

radiata A. I,. Sm. (Graphma f.), 279 

ramifieans Ny!. (Graphis), 271 

RAPHlO8PORA Massal, In2 

recensa Stirt. (Lecidea), 70 

recta Humb. (Opegraphal, 273 

recta Mudd (Graphis var.), 273 

recta Fr (Opegrapha vaT.), 273 

recta Ny!. (Graphi .• f.), 272 

regularis Koerb. (8arcoflyne), lUI 

relicta Stirt. (Lecidea), 102 

repanda Fr. (Dmlm). 219 

repanda Fr. (Parmeita), 219 

reSlnre Th. Fr. (BiatoreUIl), 117 

rNinre Fr. (Lectdea), Il7 

resin,re Fr. (Peziza), I I7 

restricta Stut. (Lecidea), 72 

rhexoblephara A. L. Sm. (Bilimbia), 

159 

rhe:roblephara Nyl. (Lecidea), 159 

rhizobola Ny!. (Lecidea), 14 

RHIZOCARPON Ramond, 203 

rhodosticta Tay!. (Verrucaria), 304 

rhyparocarpa Ny!. (Lecideaf.), 138 

rhypodiza A. L. Sm. (Biatorma), 138 

rhypodiza Ny!. (Lfcidea), 138 

rhyponta Massa!. (Arthopyrenia), 359 

rhyponta Mudd (Arthopyrenia), 353 

rhyponla Borr. (V errucaria), 353 

rhyponla Aeh. (Verrucaria), 359 

rhyponlella Leight. (Verrucaria var.), 

353 

rhypontclla Ny!. (Verrucaria var.), 353 

ngidula B. de. Lesd (Crocyma),403 

rimalis Ach. (Opegrapha ), 263 

rimalis Cromb. (Oppgrapha 8ubsp 1, 263 

nmahs Fr. (Opegrapha var.), 263 

rimatll Ny!. (Platygrapha), 226 

rimalum Flat. (Schismalomma var.), 

226 

rimosa Leight. (Lecidea), 210 

nmosieola Zopf (Ph:eospora), 388 

rimosicola Mudd (llticrothelia), 388 

rimosirola Leight. (Verrucaria), 388 

rimosicolum Am. (Ticolhecium), 388 

rimosus Dicks. (Lichen), 209 

rivulosa Ach. (Lecidea), 69 

rivulo8us Sm. (Lichen), 70 

ROCCELLA DC., 220 

Roccplla Dicks. (Lichen), 220 

roridulum '[h. Fr. (Rhizocarpon 

subsp ), ?14 

rosacea Mudd (Arthonia mr.), 231 

rosella De Not. (Bacidla), IIl3 

rosella Ach. (Lecidea), 163 

rosellus Pers. (T.when), 163 

rubelht Ny!. (Thelopsls), 374 

rubella Massa!. (Baculza), 164 

rubella Schaer. (Lecidea), 1 fl4 

rubrlla Pers. (Opegrapha), 252 

rubella Mudd (Opegrapha), 268 

rubella Hoffm. (Verrucaria), 164 

rubella Leight. (Verrucaria), 374 

rubella Leight. (Opegrapha /.), 252 

rubellu8 Ach. (Liche"l), 252 

rubescens Th. Fr. (Rhizocarpon), 215 

rubicundulre lIIudd (Biatorella var.), 

Il6 

rubida Chev. (Opegrapha), 252 

rubida Mudd (Opegrapha var.), 252 

rubidula Ny!. (Lecidea), 51 

rubiformis Wahlenb. (Lecidea), 13 

rubi/ormis Wahlcnb. (Breomyces), 14 

rubl/ormis S. F. Gray (Lepidoma), 14 

Tuln/ormid Sm. (Lichen), 14 

Tublformi9 Hook. (Psora), 14 

Tubtformis Cromb. (Leczdea var.), 14 

Tubiginosa Tay!. (Verrucaria), 365 

rubra Massa!. (Gyalecta), 6 

rubra Ach. (Lpeanora), 6 

rubra Ach. (Parmelia), 6 

rubra Hoffm. (Patellana), 6 

rubra Koerb. (Phialopsis), 6 

rubra S. F. Gray (Rmodina), Il 

ruderalis Ny!. (Arthonia), 239 

ruderum DC. (Verrucuria), 318 

ruderum Ny!. (Verrucaria var.), 218 

rufescens Magn. (Acarospora), 400 

ru/escens Ach. (EndocIJrprm), 293 

rn/escens Borr. (Lecidea), 400 

Tu/e8cens Pers. (Opegrapha), 252 

Tu/escens Ach. (Sagedia), 400 

TU/escens Mudd (OpegrapJ.,a l'ar.), 252 

rufofusca Ny!. (LeCldeal, 41 

ru/o/u8ca Anzi (Biatora), 41 

Tu/ovirescens Tay!. (Endocarpon), 398 

ru/ovirescens Lelght.(Endocarpon vaT.), 

39S

viridescens Hook. (Lecidea), 155 

viridescens Schrad. (Lichen), 30 

v1Tidescens Sm. (Lichen), 155 

viridiatra Schaer. (Lecidea) 60 

viridiatra Stenh. (Biatora), 60 

viridiatra Floerko (Lecidea), 209 

viridialra Leight. (Leculea var.), 209 

viridiatrum Koerb. (Rhizocarpon), 209 

viridis A. L. Sm. (Gongylia), 337 

viridis Pers. (Opegrapha), 268 

viridis Ny!. (Normandina), 287 

viridis Deakin (Verrucaria), 325 

viridula A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrenia), 359 

viridula Ach. (Verrucaria), 309 

viridula Fr. (Sayedia), 309 

viridula Mudd (Leculea var.), 29 

viridula A. L. Sm. (Lecidea i.), 29 

viridulum Schrad. (Endoearpon), 309 

viridulu8 Sm. (Lichen), 359 

vitellina Muell.Arg. (Candelariella), lIO 

vitellinaria Ny!. (Lecidea), 110, 389 

vulgaris Breb. (Botrydina), 383 

INDEX 4047 

(Published 27th February, 1926.) 

vulgata Ach. (Opegrapha), 263 

vulgata Gray (Hysterina), 264 

vulyatus Ach. (Lichen), 264 

lVahlenbcryiana Ach. (Gyalecta), 5 

WoJlrothii Flocrkc (Lecidca), 19 

!Vallrothii Ny!. (Lecidea), 144 

lVallrothii Tu!. (Scutula), 144 

Weberi Ach. (Endocarpon), 292 

Weberi Ach. (Lichen), 292 

Whichcotii Larb. (Verrucaria), 301 

JVjt[Jenii Mudd (Lecidea), 62 

xanthococca Sommerf. (Lccidca), 109 

xanthodes Ny!. (Opegrapha), 261 

XYLOGRAPHA Fr., 245 

xylogrnphoidcs Ny!. (Ptychographa), 

247 

zonata KoeTb. (Opegrnpha), 265 

Zwackllii Cromb. (Lecidea), 201 

Zwackllii Massal. (Thelidium), 325

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN l!Y 

1l1l.: nARD CLAY &, BONS, IJUlITND, 

llVSO AY, SUFFOLK.

a b x 25 

CCENOGONIUM EBENE'GM A. L. Sm. 

a. Plant on atone. b. Portion 0: tha.llus. c. Fila.ments o{ tha.llus. 

PL.ATE 1

•

I 

RACODI(JM RUPEST.RE Pers. 

a. Plant on rock. b. P ortion of thallus. c. Filaments of thallus. 

PLATE 2

a 

d x 50 

GYALEOTA UUPULARIB Bohrer . 

b x 8 

c 

\ 

x 1200 

. Plant on rock. b. Portion of t.!Jallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of 

tha.llus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. 

f. Spores. 

PLATE 3

a 

x 700 

a. Plant. 

thallus. 

d 

f 

/ 

r 

\ 

) 

/' 

I X 1200 

c 

x 500 

LECIDEA (PSORA) LURIDA Acb. 

b. Portion 01 thallus ancl apothocia. c. Vertical section of 

{Z. Vedical section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. 

/. Spores. 

PLATE 4

•

c 

LIWIDJ£A (MYCOBLASTL'S) SANGUINARIA Ach. 

a. Plant. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of 

thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. e. Ascus with spore 

and paraphyses. 

PLATE 7

e 

x 600 

a 

f 

(700 c 

x 600 

BUELLIA lHYHIOCARPA Mudel 

PLATE 12 

I 

x 20 

a. I'ln,llL 011 wood. b. Portioll of Umllml and aputlwciu.. c. Vertica.l seetion of 

thallus. d. VerLieal HccLioJI of Ilopotheuiulil. I'. Asclis .wrl paral'hYHis. 

f. Spores.

•

d x 40 

x :WOO 

f 

x 500 x 500 

ROCCELLA l!'UCIFORM:IS DC. 

c 

b 

x 10 

a. Plant from rook. b. Portioll of plant with apothccia. c. 'l'ra.nsverse 

section of frond. cl. Vertical scctiolJ of apothecium. 

e. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spore. 

PLATE 18

a 

/ 

/ 

d x 35 

LECANACTlS PRbDINEA Wedd. 

c 

b 

PLATE 19 

a. Plant on bark. b. Portiou of tha.llus and apotu t:ia.. c. Vertical section of 

thallus. d. Vertica.l section .)f apothecia. e. Ascus and J!u.raphyslfl. 

f. Spores.

(I /:, 1 

x 100 

r 

\ 

I 

\ 

( ,; 1.1 I \ f 

x 600 

e 

x 1000 

PLATE 28 

OPE 

GRAPHA ATRA Pers. . Vertical section. 

. f thallus aud apo 

theCla 

. 

c. 

and pa.raphysis. 

. 

a. Plant on ba.rdk. Ve;tioal b Portion seotion 0 of apot h e oia . e. Asous 

of tha.llus. . j. Spore.

(1) , 

\ 

. I 

I 

! /1 

\\ I 

x 100 d 

\\ \ 

/ 

I B 

\ 

i 

\\ \ 

x 500 

f 

x 1000 

G RAPHIS ELEG AN S Ach. 

c 

PLATE 29 

a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertioal 8(lotion 

of thallus. d. Vertioal section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. 

/. Spore.

· "

•

- , 

x 800 

c 

x 600 

ENDOCAltPON PUSILLU:lI Hedw. 

PLATE 42 

Q,. Whole plant on soil. b. Portion of thallus and perithecia. c. \' ertical 

section of thallus. d. Vertical section of peritbecium nnd 8pet'lllogollium. 

e. Ascus and bymeuial gunidia. f. Spure. g. tlterigmata and spermatia. 

x 25

•

a 

d x 100 

, 

I ,', , 

e 

b 

x 550 

SARCOPYTIENIA Gll3BA Nyl. 

f 

, 

\x 1100 \ 

I 

I 

\ 

!J 

a. Plant on rock. b. Portioll of plant. c. \'ertical section of thallus. 

d. Vertical sectio11 of peritbecium. e. Ascus. J. Spores. 

PLAn: 44

x ]31') 

. ' 

• 

e - / 

x 600 

I 

....__r-' 

POLYBLASTIA THELEODES Th. ]'r. 

f 

PLATE 46 

J 

-..:...-b 

x 10 

x 35 

a. Whole pla.nt. b. PortioD of thallus and perithecia. c. Vertica.l section of 

thallus. d. Vertical seotion of perithecium. e. Ascus and para.physis. 

f. Spore. 

I , 

i 

)

a 

.I I 

\ 

:.,1 ) ./ 

(.,; ) 

CiJ 

.,:;, 

((j 

./' ,,' 

u 

-----..._-.b 

y_ 

x 600 x 600 

S'rAURO'rI-IELE UlI1BltlNUM A. L. Sm. 

PLATE 50 

l_.,( 

Ci 

\,._ 

.:.r._ __ 

x 25 

...... ,I :;...' 

"'_ ., , ... ,1 

" '- ) 

a. Whole plant. U. Portion of thallus and perithecia. c. Vertical section of 

thallus. d. Yertical secLi011 of perithecium. e. Ascus and hymenial gonidia. 

j . i-3pore. 

I

) .. 

r 

1 

. f

e 

\ \ x 600 

A I 

x 1200 

POIU.NA OLIVACl

•

, "

BRITISH LICHENS

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