Australasian Mycologis - First Year Biology

Volume 24 (2) 

ISSN 1441-5526 

Australasian Mycologis

AUSTRALASIAN MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY 

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President: Wieland Meyer, Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Westmead Hospital, ICPMR, CIDM, Level 3, 

Room 3114A, Darcy Road, Westmead, N.S.W. 2145, Australia. Ph.: 02 9845 6895/7792. Email: 

w.meyer@usyd.edu.au 

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Councillor: Dee Carter, Division of Microbiology (G08), School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, 

University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia. Email: dee.carter@staff.usyd.edu.au 

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Yarra, Victoria, Australia, 3141 Email: teresa.lebel@rbg.vic.gov.au 

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Australasian Mycological Society's logo designed by Katrina Syme. 

Volumes 1-14 (2) published as the Australian Mycological Newsletter (ISSN 1322 1396); volumes 14 (3)- 

17(4) published as the Australasian Mycological Newsletter (ISSN 1329-4377). 

AUSTRALASIAN MYCOLOGIST 

Editorial Board: 

Managing editors: 

Cheryl Grgurinovic* & Jack Simpson 

Editorial Committee: 

Kevin Hyde 

Wieland Meyer 

John Walker 

The Australasian Mycologist is published three times a year by the Australasian Mycological Society. 

This issue was published on 7 October September 2005. © Australasian Mycological Society, Inc. 2005. 

The opinions expressed in the Australasian Mycologist are not necessarily those of the editors or publisher, and 

they do not accept responsibility for any information or advice contained herein. 

*correspondence and manuscripts relating to the Australasian Mycologist should be sent to: 

Dr Cheryl Grgurinovic, 15 Sprent Street, Narrabundah, A.C.T. 2604, Australia. 

Australasian Mycological Society (ABN 86 738 494 713). 

Cover image: Myriostoma coliforme © F. Taeker.

1 & 3 

B.J. Rees , F. Taeker 2 

& R.G. Coveny 3 

1. School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, SYDNEY 

2052, N.S.W. Australia. 

2. Department of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, SYDNEY 2006, N.S.W. Australia. 

3. National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, 

New South Wales, Australia 2001. 

Abstract 

Myriostoma coliforme, widespread but not frequently encountered in most continents, is regarded 

as probably extinct in Britain from where it was first described. The species has been included in a 

list of 33 threatened fungal species proposed for protection under the Bern Convention. It has been 

observed over a period of 25 years at several locations near Sydney in the central coastal region in 

New South Wales, but its distribution in Australia is not fully explored. A morphological species 

description and field photograph of a collection of the species from the Royal Botanic Gardens, 

Sydney is given to assist with mapping the distribution of the species in Australia. 

B.J. Rees, F. Taeker & R.G. Coveny (2005). Myriostoma coliforme in Australia. Australasian Mycologist 24 (2): 

25-28. 

Introduction 

Fungi that produce basidiospores within an enclosed 

fruitbody at maturity, the angiocarpic fungi, were 

traditionally grouped together in the Friesian subclass 

'Gasteromycetes'. Susequent studies have 

shown that this class of fungi is made up of so varied 

a group of individuals with such different origins, 

that they can no longer be usefully thought of as one 

all embracing assemblage on the basis of a single 

character. They have gradually been reclassified 

over the years into several orders based on features 

they share with each other and with other families of 

fungi. One of the new orders arrived at, for species 

growing above ground, was the Lycoperdales, 

established by the New Zealand mycologist 

G.H.Cunningham (1944) to encompass those 

species in which the gleba (spore-bearing tissue) is 

pulverulent, with a copious capillitium (a network of 

hyphae in which the spores are supported). 

Prominent among the families now retained within 

the order Lycoperdales are the Geastraceae Corda 

(the earthstars) and the Lycoperdaceae Chevall. (the 

puffballs). The two families differ from each other 

in the persistence of the exoperidium, which is well 

developed and persistent in the Geastraceae, and thin 

and often inconspicuous in the Lycoperdaceae. The 

mode of dehiscence of the spores and the 

microscopic structure of the capillitium are also 

important characters for differentiating between the 

two families (Pegler et al. 1995). 

In the Geastraceae, the endoperidial body is usually 

borne on a single stalk above the splitting 

exoperidium as in Geastrum (Pers.) Pers., but in 

Myriostoma Desv., there are often many stalks 

supporting the endoperidium and many pores in the 

surface through which spores may escape, resulting 

in a structure which resembles a 'pepper-pot' resting 

on spreading "leaves" ( Plate 1). This species was 

first described as Lycoperdon coliforme from 

England by Withering (1776), but has not been 

recorded from there since 1880. Its rarity has 

resulted in its inclusion in 'red lists' of rare and 

endangered species from several European countries 

and it has been listed as one of 33 threatened species 

proposed for protection under the Bern Convention 

(Bohlin 2004). 

Young (1982), first published the only record of the 

species in Australia from New South Wales, but 

recently stated (2005) that the material examined 

was from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney and 

that it may now be extinct in Australia. May et al. 

(2003) list no other records from mainland Australia. 

Although Myriostoma coliforme (With. : Pers.) 

Corda may therefore be regarded as rare in 

Australia, it has been reported widely from many 

n

countries including Brazil (Sunhede 1989) and South 

Africa (Dyer 1948, Sunhede 1989) from the 

Southern Hemisphere. It is described in detail here 

to assist with the mapping of possible rare and 

endangered species in Australia, and its distribution 

may provide evidence as to whether the species is 

native to Australia or localized to an area where it 

may have been introduced with exotic plant material 

and from where it is slowly expanding. 

Materials and Methods 

Tissue was examined by bright field microscopy in 

5% W/V KOH, with the later addition of 1% W/V 

Congo Red for contrast as described previously 

(Rees et al. 2001). Colour description numbers for 

features of the fruitbody follow Kornerup & 

Wanscher (1981). Preparations were also examined 

in Melzer's Iodine to determine colour change in 

iodine. Measures for spore sizes do not include spore 

ornamentation, but as spore ornamentation is so 

distinctive a feature in Myriostoma coliforme, 

figures have also been provided which include 

ornamentation. Spore size range is given for 20 

spores. 

Results 

Myriostoma coliforme (With. : Pers.) Corda, in 

Anleit. Stud. Mykol. 81 (1842). 

Lycoperdon coliforme With, in Bot. arr. veg. Gr. 

Brit. Ed. 1,2: 783 (1776). 

Geastrum coliforme (With.) Pers. in Synops. Meth. 

Fung. 131 (1801). 

Myriostoma anglicum Desv., J. Bot. (Morot) 2: 104 

(1809). 

Geaster columnatum Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Sir. 3, 

5: 161 (1846). 

The 'Pepper Pot'. 

Basidiomata 40-55 mm wide, epigeous, consisting 

of an outer exoperidium splitting unevenly into 9-11 

lacerated rays recurving at the tips, mounted on a 

short pedicel (1-2 mm) with cottony, white, basal 

mycelium. The rays have three layers, an outer, pale 

ochraceous, mycelial layer tending to crack in 

places, revealing the middle fibrous layer consisting 

of densely packed, hyaline, hyphae (1.0-2.5 um) 

wide. The uppermost cellular, pseudoparenchymatous 

layer is pale beige initially, 

becoming more yellow to brown with age. It tends to 

wear away in places, leaving dark brown, 

pulverulent patches, which contain thick-walled, 

overlapping, spherical cells, 25-30 um in diameter, 

forming a cellular, pigmented layer (Fig. 1C). 

Surmounting the rays, on laterally flattened, short, 

cream stalks 3^1 mm high which tend to fuse near 

the top, is the flattened, globose to oval 

endoperidium, 20-30 mm wide with a punctate, 

shiny, gun-metal grey-brown surface broken by one 

to six stomata which have fimbriate margins. The 

greyish brown glebal contents are hairy, containing 

several columellae, continuous with the flattened 

stalks at the base of the endoperidium. Attached to 

the columellae and the peridial walls, are aseptate, 

thick-walled, unbranched, yellow-brown, capillitial 

threads 3.6-6.0 um wide with tapering ends (Fig. 

IB). The columellae are not connected to the 

stomata, but terminate at various points in the glebal 

mass some distance from the stomata. Basidiospores 

(20) 3.9-4.8 x 3.9-4.8 um excluding ornamentation, 

5.4-7.0 x 5.4-7.0 um including conspicuous, 

irregular, flaring ornamentation up to 2 um high 

(Fig. 1 A), are globose to marginally subglobose, 

yellow-brown, and exhibit no reaction in Melzer's 

Iodine. Basidia and clamp connections were not 

observed. Hyphae of the endoperidial wall (2.6- 

4.0 um wide) are aseptate and pigmented, except at 

the margins of the stomata, where there are densely 

packed, hyaline, thin-walled, narrow hyphae, 1.0— 

2.6 um in width, similar to the fibrous layer of the 

exoperidium, accompanied by small spherical to 

oval cells (Fig. ID). These structures may be the 

remains of the pseudoparenchymatous, exoperidial 

layer from which they detached as the basidiome 

expanded. 

Habit and habitat: In the Sydney region, 

Myriostoma coliforme occurs in groups on sandy 

soil in association with a range of plants in well 

mulched, but well-drained, urban garden plots with a 

sunny aspect, close to marine foreshores. 

Material examined: Sydney. Royal Botanic Gardens, 

on leaf litter on garden beds, R.G. Coveny, 3.vi.l978 

(F172); 27.vi.1980 (R.G.Coveny 61); 13.iv. 1981 

(R.G.Coveny 49); 25.iii.1982 (R.G.Coveny 1982); on 

soil under Ficus virens Aiton., Bed 29, F. Taeker, 

24.V.1985, (UNSW 85/478); Bed 16, on soil under 

Ficus virens, R. Coveny, 18.viii.2003, (UNSW 

03/23). 

Plate 1 (top right). Myriostoma coliforme (UNSW 

85/478) with numerous stomatal openings. 

Photography F. Taeker. 

Figure 1 (bottom right). Myriostoma coliforme 

(UNSW 03/23). A. Basidiospores. B. Capillitial 

threads with tapering ends. C. Cells from the 

pseudoparenchymatous layer of the exoperidium. D. 

Cells from the single stomatal opening in the smallest 

fruitbody. Scale 1 mm = 0.5 um for A, 2.0 um for B 

and 1 um for C. and D.

The size, number of stomata and number of rays in 

the exoperidium of the collections examined, fall 

within the very variable range for collections of the 

species described by Sunhede (1989) in which 

specimens up to 14.5 cm diameter, with one to 68 

stomata and generally 6 to 8 rays have been 

observed. One of the Australian collections 

examined possessed a single stoma with remnants 

of the inner exoperidial layer still attached. Spore 

size range (including height of ornamentation) also 

conforms to that of exotic collections. Some spore 

size variation may be present in South African 

collections, but this was not observed in Australian 

material. 

Discussion 

The presence of numerous stalks and stomatal 

openings distinguishes Myriostoma coliformae 

from Geastrum species and has earned the species 

the appropriate common name of the 'pepper-pot'. 

Myriostoma is a monotypic genus with a 

cosmopolitan distribution, including North and 

South America and South Africa (Dyer 1948). 

Although it was originally described from England 

(Withering 1776), and has not been observed in the 

United Kingdom since 1880, it is widespread in the 

Channel Islands and many countries in continental 

Europe (Pegler et al. 1995) and in India (Sunhede 

1989). 

Its distribution in Australia seems restricted to the 

central coast of New South Wales from the 

George's River area (Wood pers. comm.) to the 

Newcastle region (0'Sullivan pers. comm.) where 

it has been reported from nature strips and gardens 

with exotic plants close to harbour foreshores. 

Collections from the Sydney region prefer well 

mulched, but well drained slopes facing north, 

while those from the Northern Hemisphere prefer 

similar conditions on south facing slopes (Sunhede 

1989). The species seems to be limited to the 

central New South Wales coast on present 

indications, but may either be a cosmopolitan 

species with a world wide natural distribution or 

confined to urban areas having been imported with 

exotic plant material. 

References 

Bohlin, A. (2004). 33 threatened fungi in Europe. 

Mycological Research 108 (1), 1—4. 

Cunningham, G.H. (1944). The Gasteromycetes of 

Australia and New Zealand. John Mclndoe, 

Dunedin. 

Dyer, R.A. (ed.) (1948). A Record of contributions 

from the National Herbarium Union of South 

Africa Pretoria 4 (III), 473-810. Government 

Printer, Pretoria. 

Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978). Methuen 

Handbook of Color. 3rd edition. English 

translation. Eyre Methuen, London. 

May, T.W., Shingles, S. & Jones, R.H. (2003). 

Fungi of Australia Vol. 2B. ABRS, Canberra & 

CSIRO, Melbourne. 

Pegler, D.M., La?ss0e, T. & Spooner, B.M. (1995). 

British Puffballs, Earthballs and Stinkhorns. 

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

Rees, B.J. & Strid, A. (2001). Relationships 

between Australian and Northern Hemisphere 

Gymnopilus species I. New species and common 

misconceptions regarding earlier names. 

Australasian Mycologist 20 (1), 29^18. 

Sunhede, S. (1989). Geastraceae 

(Basidiomycotina). Synopsis Fungorum 1. 

Fungiflora, Oslo. 

Withering, W. (1776) A Botanical Arrangement of 

all the Vegetables growing in Great Britain Vol. 

2, Birmingham. 

Young, A.M. (1982). Common Australian Fungi. 

UNSW Press, Sydney. 

Young, A.M.'(2005). A Field Guide to the Fungi of 

Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney.

RUSTS, SMUT? THEIR ALLIES O PJJRMA 

introduction 

A molecular phylogenetic classification of fungi is 

the goal of mycology today. An overview of the 

current status of heterobasidiomycete taxonomy is 

presented as an introduction to the rusts, smuts, and 

their allies in Burma. From a molecular phylogenetic 

perspective, Swann & Taylor (1995a, b) and Swann 

et al. (2001) introduced changes in the taxonomy of 

rust fungi at suprageneric levels. Recent 

comprehensive, molecular phylogenetic studies by 

Maier et al. (2003) and Wingfield et al. (2004) infer 

that many morphology/host-based taxonomic 

relationships within the rusts are inaccurate and in 

need of revision and realignment. 

A complete, molecular phylogenetic classificatory 

system for all rust fungi is not available. For this 

reason and for the purpose of this account, Cummins 

& Hiratsuka (2003) is followed for the treatment of 

rusts under order Uredinales. Urediniomycetous 

smut fungus belonging to genus Microbotryum is 

disposed in class Urediniomycetes under the order 

Microbotryales. So is the ally Septobasidium under 

its own order Septobasidiales. A comprehensive 

classification system supported by sequence data is 

available and outlined by Sampaio & Bauer (2003) 

for the smuts. 

This is one of several contributions to the 

morphologic and taxonomic knowledge of the rust 

and smut fungi of Burma together with their allies. 

The study was conducted in Burma and abroad 

during the 1970s. Its scope is mainly the plains of 

Central Burma, and its source, both cultivated and 

wild plants thereof. The specimens collected and 

studied were reposited and accessioned at the 

herbaria: IMI, PUR and LAM. The study is complete 

Maung Mya Thaung 

5482 Los Robles, La Verne, CA 91750-1643, USA. 

Abstract 

Records and traditional taxonomic information are provided with notes for: 129 taxa of rusts in 24 

genera and 9 families/2 groups, 6 taxa of their allies in 2 genera and 2 families, and 39 taxa of smuts in 

14 genera and 7 families collected from Burma. Collections are held in Herbaria DVII, PUR, and LAM. 

M.M. Thaung (2005). Rusts, smuts and their allies in Burma. Australasian Mycologist 24 (2): 29^16. 

after review of the work by staff at these herbaria. 

This report is an updated and annotated inventory 

and a host index incorporating the earlier literature 

(Butler & Bisby 1931, Couch 1938, Cummins 1971, 

Rhind & Seth 1945, Thaung 1973, 1974, 1976, 

1977). 

Materials and Methods 

Specimens studied are listed under each species. Sori 

on substrates were sectioned for slide study. 

Spores for examination were mounted in clear 

lactophenol, glycerine-alcohol or chloral hydrate 

solution, warmed gently to expel trapped air and to 

speed up clearing action, and examined immediately. 

Over 10 spores were measured to obtain a median of 

size in range with lower and upper limits enclosed in 

brackets. 

Herbarium codes are taken on-line from Index 

Herbariorum database (http://sciweb.nybg.org 

/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp), author 

abbreviations for plant names from IPNI database 

(http ://www. ipni.org/ipni/query_ipni .html) 

standardized according to the Brummitt & Powell 

rules of 1992, and for fungus names from Index 

Fungorum database (http://www.indexfungorum.org/ 

Names/Names.asp). After each author citation, the 

year of publication is given if available. Roman 

numerals [O, I, II, III] assigned by Herb. PUR to rust 

specimens in its repository appear within 

parentheses after the years when so designated and 

available. Legend is as follows: O (pycnia), I (aecia), 

II (uredinia), III (telia). Herb. MI and LAM 

apparently do not use such notation as a routine. To 

facilitate reference to earlier records and to assist

any future revisit or revision, names mentioned in 

older literature are retained, if any, as synonyms 

with (=) identical sign in front enclosed in brackets. 

Notes are sometimes supplied on specimens or their 

fungal parasites. Classification is based on Cummins 

& Hiratsuka (2003) for the rusts, and follows Bauer 

and Oberwinkler (Sampaio & Bauer 2003) and 

Vanky (2002, 2004) for the smuts and their allies. 

Taxa are enumerated in alphabetical and hierarchical 

order. 

Taxonomy 

Species determined and/or recorded as 

present in Burma 

Class UREDINIOMYCETES Swann & Taylor 

Order UREDINALES Arthur 

Family CHACONIACEAE Cummins & Y. Hirats. 

1983 

1. Achrotelium ichnocarpi Syd. 1928 [II, III] on 

leaves of Ichnocarpus sp.; Myitnge, 14-X-1971 

(PUR N3865). Note: Teliospores are smaller. 

2. Chaconia butleri (Syd. & P. Syd.) Mains 1938 

[II] on leaves of Jasminum auriculatum Vahl; 

Maymyo, l-x-1971 (IMI 164841), (PUR 

F19624). 

3. Hemileia holarrhenae Syd. & P. Syd. 1914 on 

leaves of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.; 

Myitkyina, 26-xii-1971 (IMI 164836), (PUR 

F19620), 28-xii-1972 (LAM 2201946). 

4. Hemileia randiicola Thaung 1976 on leaves of 

Randia sp. (aff. dumetorum Lam.); North of 

Kyaukchaw en route Maymyo, 21-ii-1974 (IMI 

185232, holotype). 

5. Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome 1869 on 

leaves of Coffea arabica L.; Maymyo, 1971 

(PUR F19619); Sinthawt village, east of Yezin, 

25-viii-1977 (LAM 220218a); Leiktho (Rhind & 

Seth 1945). Note: Hyperparasite Verticillium 

hemileiae Bouriquet 1946 (LAM 220218b) is 

also present. 

6. Maravalia echinulata (Niessl ex Rabenh.) Y. Ono 

1984 (= Scopella echinulata (Niessl) Mains 

1939) [II] on leaves of Madhuca longifolia 

Macbride; Mandalay, 20-iii-1971 (IMI 155991), 

27-X-1971 (IMI 161589); Madhuca latifolia 

Macbride; Mandalay, 28-xi-1974 (LAM 

220082). Note: Numerous fine paraphyses 

mainly clavate at the tips. 

7. Maravalia gentilis (Syd.) Y. Ono 1984 (= 

Scopella gentilis (Syd.) Mundk. & Thirum. 

1950) [II] on leaves of Sideroxylon sp.; 

Mandalay, l-x-1971 (PUR F19589), 30-X-1977 

(LAM 220943). Note: Germ pores tend to be 

higher than typical and first recorded on this 

host genus. 

8. Maravalia mimusops (Cooke) Y. Ono 1984 (= 

Scopella mimusops (Cooke) Cummins 1950) [II] 

on leaves of Mimusops elengi L.; Burma (LAM 

220452). Compare with Maravalia aulica (Syd.) 

Y. Ono 1984. 

9. Olivea colebrookiana Thirum. & Yadav 1955 [II] 

on leaves of a member (Vernacular name: Ponmagyi) 

of Labiatae; Fftonbo Farm, S.S.S., 12-ii- 

1973 (IMI 173536). Uredo colebrookiae Barclay 

— the uredinial stage of Olivea colebrookiana. 

Note: Uredinia subepidermal, erumpent, with 

peripheral incurved clavate paraphyses; 

urediniospores globoid or ovoid, pale yellow, 

echinulate, (16-) 19-22 (-26) x 16-17 um. 

10. Olivea tectonae (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.) 

Thirum. 1949 [II, III] on leaves of Tectona 

grandis L. f.; Kyaukpadaung, 25-xii-1977 (LAM 

220454); (Rhind & Seth 1945). Uredo tectonae 

Racib. 1900 — the uredinial stage of Olivea 

tectonae. 

Family COLEOSPORIACEAE Dietel 1900 

1. Coleosporium tussilaginis (Pers.) Berk. 1860 (= 

Coleosporium campanulae Cooke 1865) on 

leaves of Pinus insularis Endl.; Haka, Chin 

Hills, 3-V-1972 (IMI 166371). Concerning the 

nomenclature of this species see Laundon 

(1967). 

Family MELAMPSORACEAE Dietel 1897 

1. Melampsora euphorbiae (C. Schub.) Castagne 

1843 on leaves of Euphorbia geniculata Ortega; 

Maymyo, 15-V-1971 (IMI 157605), 17-xii-1975 

(IMI 199753, LAM 220043); E. rottiana 

Spreng; Tadau, l-iv-1972 (IMI 166362), 11-ii- 

1973 (LAM 220216); Myaung, 2-iii-1973 (IMI 

173547). Synonymy: Uredo euphorbiae 

(C. Schub.) Castagne. Based on host, this taxon 

could possibly be Melampsora euphorbiaegeniculatae 

F. Kern & Thurst. 1944. Note: 

Urediniospores 16-24 x 13-18 urn ; walls 2- 

3 um ; paraphyses capitate 19—24 x 16-22 um. 

2. Melampsora ricini E.A. Noronha 1952 (formerly 

as Melampsora euphorbiae (C. Schub.) 

Castagne) on leaves of Ricinus communis L.; 

Bassein, l-iv-1973 (IMI 175718). 

Family PHAKOPSORACEAE (Arthur) 

Cummins & Y. Hirats. 1983 

1. Cerotelium alienum (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) 

Arthur 1925 on leaves of Spondias Ipinnata 

Kurz; Monywa, 2-U1978 (LAM 220566). 

2. Cerotelium desmium Arthur 1925 on leaves of 

Gossypium sp.; Allanmyo (Rhind & Seth 1945).

3. Cerotelium fici (E.J. Butler) Arthur 1917 [II] on 

leaves of Ficus carica L., Mandalay, 29-vi-1972 

(IMI 167181); Hlegu, 14-H-1980 (LAM 

220886), (Rhind & Seth 1945); Ficus infectoria 

Roxb., Gangaw, 21-xii-1977 (LAM 220565); 

Ficus palmata Forssk., Mandalay and Maymyo 

(Rhind & Seth 1945). The name Uredo fici 

Castagne is uredinial and cannot be used as the 

basionym for a telial rust. 

4. Crossopsora zizyphi (Syd., P. Syd. & EJ. Butler) 

Syd. & P. Syd. 1918 on leaves of Ziziphus 

rugosa Lam.; Maymyo, 16-ii-1974 (IMI 

182568). 

5. Dasturella bambusina Mundk. & Khesw. 1943 

on leaves of Bambusa sp.; Anisakhan near 

Maymyo, 2-V-1971 (IMI 160359); Syriam, 14iv-1972 

(LAM 220081). 

6. Dasturella divina (Syd.) Mundk. & Khesw. 1943 

on leaves of Dendrocalamus brandisii Kurz; 

Namalut Farm near Shweyawn, S.S.S., 12-ii- 

1973 (IMI 180204); Dendrocalamus strictus 

Nees, Kyaukchaw near Mandalay, 14-1-1975 

(IMI 192814a). Note: Carvalho et al. (2001) 

proposed Aecidium thaungii A.A. Carvalho, 

J.F. Hennen & M.B. Figueiredo 2001 to replace 

Aecidium randiicola Thaung 1976, a latter 

homonym of A. randicola Speg. 1925, named 

for the [0, I] stage of Dasturella divina q.v. on 

leaves and fruits of Randia aff. dumetorum Lam. 

from Kyaukchaw, east of Mandalay, collected 

on 7-ix-1974 (IMI 189040, holotype). 

7. Phakopsora dioscoreae Thaung 1974 [II, III] on 

leaves of Dioscorea burmanica Prain & 

Burkhill; Yankin Hill, Mandalay, 8-iv-1972 

(IMI 169370, holotype), (PUR F18333); 

Dioscorea sp., Kyaikhtiyo Range, 23-xi-1975 

(LAM 220044). 

8. Phakopsora euvitis Y. Ono 2000 [II, III] (= 

Physopella ampelopsidis (Dietel & P. Syd.) 

Cummins & Ramachar. 1958) on leaves of Vitis 

labrusca L. and Vitis vinifera L.; Mandalay, 12viii-1969 

(IMI 142054); on leaves of Vitis spp., 

Mandalay, 1971 (PUR 66790); 5-X-1977 (LAM 

220327), (Ono 2000). 

9. Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. 1914 [II] 

on leaves of Erythrina sp.; Mandalay, 29-vi- 

1972 (IMI 167183), 19-X-1973 (PUR F19617), 

Pyinmana, 30-xii-1977 (LAM 220914); 

Pachyrhizus angulatus Rich, Myitkyina, 24-xii- 

1977 (LAM 220323); Glycine max Merrill.; 

Myitkyina, l-i-1972 (PUR F18672), Paukmyo, 

9-i-1977 (LAM 220558), (Ono et al. 1992). 

Uredo erythrinae Henn. 1908 — the uredinial 

stage of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. 

10. Phakopsora phyllanthi Dietel 1910 [II, III] on 

leaves of Phyllanthus nanus Hook, f.; Mandalay, 

23-iii-1971 (IMI 155990), l-xii-1971 (PUR 

F89683); Phyllanthus distichus Miill. Arg.; 

Mandalay, 1971 (PUR F89684), 22-xi-1975 

(LAM 220076), (Rhind & Seth 1945). See also 

Kernkampella emblicae (Syd. & P. Syd.) 

G.F. Laundon 1975 on Phyllanthus emblica L., 

and Aecidium phyllanthi Henn. 1892 on 

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. 

11. Phakopsora zizyphi-vulgaris Dietel 1910 on 

leaves of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.; Mandalay, 4-iv- 

1971 (IMI 156314), (PUR F19616), (Rhind & 

Seth 1945). 

A. 'Phakopsora' sp. [II, III] on an unknown shrub; 

Rangoon (Mount Pleasant Road at Chinchaung 

Avenue), 27-xii-1975 (IMI 191505), (LAM 

220576). 

B. 'Phakopsora' sp. on Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) 

C.E. Hubb. (Vernacular name: Tha-mun-myet); 

Mount Popa, 17-ix-1972 (IMI 170091). Note: 

Fungal material immature. 

Family PHRAGMIDIACEAE Corda 1837 

1. Phragmidium burmanicum Syd. & P. Syd. 1912 

[III] on leaves of Rubus lasiocarpus Sm.; 

Maymyo, 28-i-1974 (IMI 182566), (Rhind & 

Seth 1945); Loilem, S.S.S., 31-xii-1977 (LAM 

220448); Rubus moluccanus L., Maymyo, 28-ii- 

1972 (PUR F19615). 

2. Phragmidium Ibutleri Syd. & P. Syd. 1906 on 

leaves of Rosa sp.; Taunggyi, S.S.S., 16-iv-1971 

(IMI 157613). 

A. 'Phragmidium' sp. on leaves of Averrhoa 

carambola L.; Taunggok, Arakan State, 28-xii- 

1977 (LAM 220885). Note: Aeciospores in 

chains, 11-13 x 11 um; uredospores subglobose 

to obovoid with ?two germ pores — one on each 

side of subapical area, brown, 29.5 * 18.5 um; 

teliospores made up of 7 cells, with hyaline 

sheath, obtuse at the apex without appendix, 25 

x 11 um (including sheath which is 1-3.5 um 

thick); pedicel not seen. 

Family PUCCINIACEAE Chevall. 1826 

1. Puccinia abutili Berk. & Broome 1873 [III] on 

leaves of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet; 

Mandalay, 30-X-1971 (PUR F19614). 

2. Puccinia allii F. Rudolphi 1829 on leaves of 

Allium sativum L.; Pindaya, S.S.S., l-x-1972 

(IMI 179289). 

3. Puccinia arachidis Speg. 1884 [II, III] on leaves 

of Arachis hypogaea L.; Kyondo near 

Kawkareik, 15-V-1971 (IMI 157604); Mandalay, 

1971 (PUR F19612), 12-i-1978 (LAM 220563). 

4. Puccinia arundinellae Barclay 1889 on leaves of 

Arundinella sp.; Maymyo (Rhind & Seth 1945), 

(Cummins 1971).

5. Puccinia belamcandae Dietel 1907 on leaves of 

Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC; Taunggyi, 

S.S.S., 29-xii-1972 (IMI 172879), (PUR 

F19611) Note: Uredospores 28-32 x 24-28 um; 

walls 2.5-4 um. 

6. Puccinia butleri Syd. & P. Syd. 1906 [II, III] on 

leaves of Launaea aspleniifolia DC; 

Shangalekyun near Amarapura, 1971 (PUR 

F19610), 25-1-1972 (IMI 164835), 27-ii-1972 

(LAM 220110). 

7. Puccinia canaliculata (Schwein.) Lagerh. 1894 

[III] on leaves of Cyperus sp.; Kanbalu, l-x- 

1971 (IMI 160960); Cyperus difformis L., 

Mandalay, 7-xii-1971 (IMI 163020); Cyperus 

esculentus L., Khin-u, l-xi-1972 (IMI 171328a), 

(PUR F19609); Cyperus liria L., Rangoon, 19viii-1972 

(DVII 169366). Note: Hyperparasite 

Tuberculina persicina (Ditmar) Sacc. 1881 

(DVII 171328b) is also present, with Eudarluca 

australis Speg. 1908 on the Rangoon specimen. 

8. Puccinia chrysopogonis {as 'chrysopogf} 

Barclay 1889 (= Puccinia. burmanica Syd., 

P. Syd. & E.J. Butler 1912) on Themeda 

quadrivalis O. Ktze and T. triandra Forssk. (= 

Anthistiria imberbis Retz); Maymyo, 0-i-1908 

(Butler No 1532), (Rhind & Seth 1945), 

(Cummins 1971). 

9. Puccinia congesta Berk. & Broome 1871 (= 

Puccinia solmsii Henn. 1899) [III] micro on 

leaves of Polygonum tomentosum Willd.; 

Mindat, 15-V-1971 (IMI 157606), Aungban, 

S.S.S., 8-vii-1977 (LAM 220145); Polygonum 

chinense L., Maymyo, 20-ix-1971 (PUR 

F19600), Rangoon, 2-i-1974 (IMI 181639), 

(PUR F19601); Polygonum spp., Maymyo 

(Rhind & Seth 1945). 

10. Puccinia cynodontis Delacr. ex Desm. 1859 on 

leaves of Cynodon dactylon Pers.; Khin-u, 29xii-1972 

(IMI 172459). 

11. Puccinia duthiae Ellis & Tracy 1897 on leaves 

of Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf.; 

Mandalay, 18-xi-1971 (LAM 220891); 

Bothriochloa pertusa (Willd.) A. Camus, Myar 

Village near Meiktila, 24-xii-1979 (LAM 

220893). 

12. Puccinia fimbristylidis Arthur 1906 [II] on 

Fimbristylis complanata Link; Mandalay, 7-xii- 

1971 (IMI 163018); Fimbristylis littoralis 

Gaudich, Rangoon, 4-xi-1972 (IMI 169368). 

13. Puccinia graminis Pers. 1794 on leaves, culms 

and glumes of Triticum aestivum L.; Mandalay, 

10-xii-1978 (LAM 220078), (Rhind & Seth 

1945). 

14. Puccinia helianthi Schwein. 1822 on leaves of 

Helianthus annum L.; Mandalay, 1971 (PUR 

F19606); Indaw, 29-vi-1972 (IMI 167184). 

Note: Urediniospores (20-) 22-28 x (20-) 22- 

24 (-28) um; pedicel 44 x 6 urn. 

15. Puccinia heterospora Berk. & M.A.Curtis 1868 

[III] on leaves of Abutilon indicum (L) Sweet; 

Mandalay, 19-ix-1971 (IMI 160356); 30-X-1971 

(PURF19608), 10-xii-1973 (LAM 220217). 

16. Puccinia hieracii (Rohl.) Mart. 1817 on leaves of 

Cichorium intybus L.; Maing-yin near Taunggyi, 

S.S.S., ll-ii-1973 (IMI 177236), (PURF19607). 

17. Puccinia inayati Syd. 1907 on leaves of Launaea 

nudicaulis Hook, f.; Lower Burma (Rhind & 

Seth 1945). 

18. Puccinia kuehnii (W. Kriiger) E.J. Butler 1914 

on leaves of Saccharum spontaneum L.; Bassein 

(Rhind & Seth 1945), (Cummins 1971). 

19. Puccinia leucadis P. Syd. & Syd. 1902 on leaves 

of Leucas sp ; Aungban, S.S.S., 27-xii-1979 

(LAM 220888). 

20. Puccinia levis (Sacc. & Bizz.) Magn. 1891 (= 

Puccinia paspali Tracy & Earle 1895) on leaves 

of Paspalum (Panicum) sanguinale Lam., 

Bassein (Butler & Bisby 1931). 

21. Puccinia levis Sacc. & Bizz. var. panicisanguinalis 

(Rangel) Ramachar & Cummins 

1965 [II] on leaves of Eriochloa procera 

C.E. Hubb.; Mandalay, 17-xii-1969 (PUR 

F18104). 

22. Puccinia makenensis Cummins 1941 on leaves 

of Blepharis boerhaviaefolia Pers.; Mandalay, 

25-X-1975 (IMI 199735), (LAM 220042). 

23. Puccinia menthae Pers. 1801 on leaves of 

Mentha piperita L.; Heho, S.S.S., 8-vii-1977 

(LAM 220144). 

24. Puccinia microspora Dietel 1905 [II, III] on 

leaves of Imperata exaltata Brongn.; Pyinmana, 

1971 (PUR F19604); Imperata cylindrica (L.) 

Beauv.; Rangoon, 18-vii-1979 (LAM 220559a). 

Teliospores from Pyinmana collection are larger. 

Note: Hyperparasite Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) 

O. Erikss. 1966 is also present in both 

collections. 

25. Puccinia miyoshiana Dietel 1899 (= Puccinia 

kozukensis Dietel 1902) on leaves of 

Andropogon micranthus Kunth; Maymyo (Rhind 

& Seth 1945); Capillipedium parviflorum Stapf; 

Maymyo, 26-ii-1972 at PUR. 

26. Puccinia mussonii McAlpine 1906 (= Puccinia 

ruelliae Syd. & P. Syd. 1902) on a member of 

Acanthaceae; Kyaukchaw near Mandalay, 12-xi- 

1974 (IMI. 190430). Under the present code 

(ICBN 2000), P. ruelliae cannot be used for this 

fungus as it is a later homonym of P. ruelliae 

(Berk. & Broome) Lagerh. 1985, based on the 

uredinial Uredo ruelliae Berk. & Broome; the 

Lagerheim name cannot be used for a telial rust.

27. Puccinia nakanishikii Dietel 1904 [II] on leaves 

of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf; Yawnshwe, 

S.S.S., 8-viii-1971 (PUR F19603), l-x-1971 

(IMI 160466); Shwebo, 25-1-1978 (LAM 

220321). 

28. Puccinia orientalis (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) 

Arthur & Cummins 1936 on leaves of grass 

(probably Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy); 

Thandaung near Toungoo, l-x-1977 (LAM 

220892). 

29. Puccinia pappiana Syd. & P. Syd. 1911 on 

leaves of Hackelochloa sp.; Mount Popa, 17-ix- 

1972 (IMI 170090). 

30. Puccinia phragmitis (Schumach.) Korn 1876 on 

leaves of Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex 

Steud.; Paleik, 20-xii-1973 (LAM 220164). 

31. Puccinia prainiana Barclay 1889 on leaves of 

Smilax macrophylla Roxb.; Popa, l-i-1972 (IMI 

172460); Bassein, 26-xii-1977 (LAM 220322); 

Smilax sp., Bilin (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

32. Puccinia purpurea Cooke 1876 [II, III] on leaves 

of Sorghum sp.; Taungtha, 20-xii-1977 (LAM 

220329); Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden, 

Sorghum halepense Pers., Sorghum roxburghii 

Stapf; Mandalay (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

33. Puccinia pusilla Syd. & P. Syd. 1906 on 

Capillipedium glaucopsis Stapf, C. parviflorum 

(R. Br.) Stapf (= Andropogon micranthus Kunth) 

(Cummins 1971). 

34. Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desm. 1857 (= 

Puccinia triticina Erikss. 1899) [I] on leaves of 

Cordia dichotoma Forst. f.; Shan State, 10-viii- 

1971 (IMI 157603), 26-iv-1975 (IMI 194469), 6i-1975 

(LAM 220078); [II, III] on leaves of 

Triticum aestivum L.; Yezin, Pyinmana, 26-xii- 

1977 (LAM 220561); Upper Burma (Rhind & 

Seth 1945). Note: Aeciospores 18.5-22 x 22 urn, 

walls 2—3 um thick, smaller than those of 

Aecidium morobeanum Cummins 1941. 

35. Puccinia romagnoliana Maire & Sacc. 1903 on 

leaves of Cyperus rotundus L.; Mandalay, 20-i- 

1978 (LAM 220450; 220451); Cyperus spp., 

Hmawbi (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

36. Puccinia rufipes Dietel 1902 on leaves of 

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv; Mandalay, 1-vi- 

1972 (IMI 169369); Moulmein (Rhind & Seth 

1945). 

37. Puccinia scirpi DC. 1805 [II, III] on leaves of 

Scirpus articulatus L., Bassein. [I] reported on 

leaves of Limnanthemum sp. (Butler & Bisby 

1931); 5. grossus L., Gadetkwin village near 

Myaungmya, 14-xii-1977 (LAM 220966). 

38. Puccinia sorghi Schwein. 1832 on leaves of Zea 

mays L.; Salin, 28-ii-1972 (PUR F19597); 

Myitkyina, 18-vi-1980 (LAM 220936); 

Amarapura (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

39. Puccinia striiformis Westend. 1854 (= Puccinia 

glumarum Erikss. & Henning) on leaves, culms 

and glumes of Triticum aestivum L.; Mandalay 

(Rhind & Seth 1945), Aungban, S.S.S., 27-xii- 

1979 (LAM 220889). 

40. Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barthol. 1897 on 

Paspalum spp.; Rangoon, 20-iv-1972 (IMI 

166348a), 17-ix-1974 (PUR F19596). Note: 

Hyperparasite Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) O. Erikss. 

1966 (IMI 166348b) is also present. 

41. Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barthol. var. indica 

Ramachar & Cummins 1965 (= Puccinia insolita 

Syd.) on leaves of Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. 

f.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Myingyan, 16-1-1978 

(LAM 220564); for a discussion on th evarieties 

of this fungu see Cummins (1971). 

42. Puccinia thwaitesii Berk. 1873 [III] on leaves of 

Adhatoda (Justicia) spp.; Mandalay, 1971 (PUR 

F19595), 16-ix-1971 (IMI 160360); Adhatoda 

vasica Nees, Rangoon, 30-111-1973 (IMI 

182566), 30-1-1975 (IMI 191504), (PUR 

F19578), Mandalay, 5-H-1974 (LAM 220080); 

Adhatoda decussata Nees, Rangoon, 30-i-1975 

(IMI 191503); Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.; 

Burma (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

43. Puccinia versicolor Dietel and Holw. 1897 on 

leaves of Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv.; 

Maymyo (Rhind & Seth 1945), 28-H-1972 (PUR 

F19593). 

A. 'Puccinia' sp. on IBlumealConyza sp. 

(Vernacular name: Phom-ma-thein plant); 

Namsan, Loilem District, S.S.S., l-xi-1972 (IMI 

171325). Note: This Puccinia sp. has 

characteristic evenly thickened telial walls and 

the pedicels extend to great lengths. It does not 

correspond to P. oaxacana Dietel. & Holw. 1901 

or P. conyzae Henn. 1896. 

B. 'Puccinia' sp. [II] on Ipomaea bona-nox Burm. f, 

Myitnge, 00-i-1972 (IMI 163861). Note: See also 

Aecidium kaernbachii Henn. 1892 on the same 

host species. 

C. 'Puccinia' sp. on Clerodendron sp., Pyinmana, 

13-xii-1977 (LAM 220424); Gyobingauk, 18-xii- 

1977 (LAM 220978). Note: Teliospores are 

smooth unlike other Puccinia spp. hitherto 

recorded on Clerodendron. Other rusts on 

Clerodendron are: Cerotelium peregrinum 

(Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Arthur 1917 and 

Aecidium clerodendri Henn. 1892, both from 

India.

1. Uromyces acori T.S. Ramakr. & Rangaswami 

1948 [II] on leaves of Acorus calamus L.; 

Mandalay, 15-V-1971 (IMI 157602), 15-X-1974 

(LAM 220079). 

2. Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. 

appendiculatus 05/98 on leaves of Dolichos 

lablab L. and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.; 

Amarapura (Rhind & Seth 1945), Myingyan and 

Mandalay (Butler & Bisby 1931); Vigna catiang 

Walp.; Labutta, 20-xii-1977 (LAM 220356b); 

Myitkyina, 12-viii-1972 (LAM 220883); 

Henzada, 6-xii-1977 (LAM 220455); Hlegu, 14ii-1980 

(LAM 220882). 

3. Uromyces archerianus Arthur & Fromme 1915 

[II] on leaves of a grass (= Chloris Ibarbata 

Sw.); Mandalay, l-x-1971 (IMI 160459). 

4. Uromyces ciceris-arietini Jacz. in Boyer & Jacz. 

1894 on leaves of Cicer arietinum L.; Butalin, 

15-iii-1973 (IMI 177235), (PURF19584). 

5. Uromyces clignyi Pat. & Har. 1900 (= Uromyces 

andropogonis-annulati Syd., P. Syd. & 

E.J. Butler 1907) on leaves of Andropogon 

annulatus Forssk., Bassein (Butler & Bisby 

1931), Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus; 

Mandalay, 17-xii-1969 (PUR F18101), Myar 

village near Meiktila, 24-xii-1979 (LAM 

220893); Dichanthium annulatum Stapf; 

Mandalay, 18-xi-1971 (LAM 220891); 

Dichanthium caricosum A. Camus; 17-xii-1969 

(PUR F18100); Heteropogon contortus (L.) 

Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult; Botanical Garden, 

Maymyo, 7-X-1974 (IMI 190431). 

6. Uromyces combreti Thaung 1974 [I, III] on leaves 

of Combretum sp.; Mount Popa, 17-ix-1972 

(IMI 170089, holotype), (PUR F18323); 

Combretum apetalum Wall., Mandalay, 10-xi- 

1973 (IMI 187233). 

7. Uromyces commelinae Cooke 1888 on leaves of 

Commelina bengalensis L.; Mandalay (Rhind & 

Seth 1945); Commelina nudiflora L.; Mandalay, 

30-ix-1971 (LAM 220109), l-x-1971 (Evil 

160458), 17-X-1971 (PURF19583). 

8. Uromyces decoratus Syd. & P. Syd. 1907 on 

leaves and stems of Crotalaria juncea L.; Yezin 

near Pyinmana, 15-V-1979 (LAM 220453); 

Amarapura (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

9. Uromyces linearis Berk. & Broome 1875 on 

leaves of Panicum repens L.; Mandalay, 7-xii- 

1971 (IMI 163017), 17-ii-1972 (PUR F19582), 


10. Uromyces mucunae Rabenh. 1878 on leaves of 

Mucuna Adanson; Mandalay, 10-xii-1974 

(LAM 220884); Maymyo (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

11. Uromyces peckianus Farl. 1883 [I] on leaves of 

Chenopodium album L.; Mandalay, 3-ii-1972 

(LAM 220881). Note: Aecidium chenopodiifruticosi 

DC. is also reported on this host genus. 

12. Uromyces pisi-sativi (Pers.) Liro 1908 on fruits 

of Pisum sativum L.; Taunggyi, S.S.S., 4-1-1973 

(IMI 173548b). 

13. Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino 1906 [II] on 

leaves of Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gardner & 

Hubb.; Kyaukchaw near Mandalay, 12-xi-1974 

(IMI 190432a). Note: Hyperparasite Eudarluca 

caricis (Fr.) O. Erikss. (IMI 190432b) is also 

present. 

14. Uromyces schoenanthi Syd. & P. Syd. 1906 (= 

Uromyces apludae Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler 

1907) on leaves of Apluda aristata L., Bassein 

(Butler & Bisby 1931). 

15. Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) J. Schrot. var. 

viciae-fabae 1875 (= Uromyces fabae (Pers.) de 

Bary 1879) on leaves of Lens esculenta Moench; 

Aungban, S.S.S., 12-ii-1973 (IMI 173535), 

(PUR F19579), Pisum arvense L. and Pisum 

sativum L.; Maymyo (Rhind & Seth 1945); 

Vicia faba L.; Taunggyi, S.S.S., 27-xii-1979 

(LAM 220903). Note: A Uredo stage specimen 

on leaves of a wild legume, probably a Vicia sp.; 

Rangoon, 28-vii-1975 (IMI 197656) bears 

conspicuous paraphyses no present in. 

Uromyces viciae-fabae 

A. 'Uromyces' sp. on ITrichosanthes palmata 

Roxb./IAlsomitra sarcophylla M. Roem.; 

Sagaing, 26-xii-1977 (LAM 220446); 

Mandalay, 4-xii-1978 (IMI 179768). Note: 

Teliospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 

smooth, 125-165 (-175) um long including the 

appendix, 100-115 (-125) um wide, appendix 

15-35 um high and 40-50 um wide, wall 12.5 

um thick, pedicel hyaline, tapering, 25-35 um 

wide and up to 130 um long. Urediniospores 

echinulate, pale yellow, subglobose to globose 

or broadly ellipsoid, 125 x 125-140 um, 

generally with basal pores. Probably different 

from Uromyces yakushimensis Hirats. f. & 

Katsuki 1952 on a Trichosanthes sp. in Japan. 

Host needs to be checked first. 

B. 'Uromyces' sp. on leaves of Cyperus sp., 

Pyinmana, 8-iii-1971 (IMI 155751b), 

undetermined. 

Family PUCCINIASTRACEAE Gaumann ex 

Leppik 1972 

1. Pucciniastrum castaneae Dietel 1902 on leaves 

of Castanopsis javanica A. DC; Maymyo 

(Rhind & Seth 1945).

Family RAVENELIACEAE (Arthur) Leppik 1972 

1. Hapalophragmium Iderridis Syd. & P. Syd. 1901 

on leaves of Derris sp., probably D. scandens 

Benth., Kwungyangon, 30-xii-1977 (LAM 

220887). Note: Uredinia hypophyllous; 

urediniospores pale to medium brown, 

subglobose to globose, sessile, boldly spiny, 22- 

29.5 um in diam.). Of Cerotelium (macrocyclic) 

and Hapalophragmium (autoecious) species 

reported on Derris species, this rust probably 

belongs in the latter. 

2. Hapalophragmium ponderosum Syd., P. Syd. & 

E.J. Butler 1912 on twigs of Acacia leucophloea 

Willd.; Mandalay, 18-ii-1972 (PUR 19621 & 

19615a), (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

3. Kernkampella emblicae (Syd. & P. Syd.) 

G.F. Laundon 1975 (= Ravenelia emblicae Syd. 

& P. Syd. 1906) on leaves of Phyllanthus 

emblica L.; Maymyo, 29-vi-1972 (IMI 167179), 


1945). 

4. Ravenelia burmanica Thaung 1975 [II, III] on 

leaves of Acacia concinna DC; Mandalay, 28ii-1972 

(IMI 167180, holotype). 

5. Ravenelia clemensiae Syd. 1928 [II, III] on 

leaves of Acacia procera Willd.; Kyaukchaw 

near Mandalay; 20-iii-1971 (IMI 155997), 14xii-1971 

(LAM 220562), Kyaukme, 1971 (PUR 

F19591). 

A. 'Ravenelia' sp. on leaves of Millettia sp. 

(Vernacular name: Thinwin); Sedawgalay near 

Mandalay, 29-vi-1972 (IMI 167178); 12-ii-1972 

(PUR 89406). Note: Ravenelia millettiae Hirats. 

f. & Hashioka 1934 is originally reported on 

Millettia reticulata Benth. from 

Formosa/Taiwan (not Japan) by Japanese 

mycologists (Petrak 1932-35). 

6. Sphaerophragmium acaciae (Cooke) Magnus 

1891 on leaves of Acacia kalkora G. Don; 

Mandalay, 28-1-1972 (IMI 163863), 8-xi-1973 

(LAM 220077); Acacia lebbeck Willd., Myitnge 

(Rhind & Seth 1945); Acacia concinna DC, 

Anisakhan near Maymyo, 20-1-1974 (IMI 

182579b). 

Family UROPYXIDACEAE (Arthur) Cummins & 

Y. Hirats. 1983 

1. Newinia heterophragmatis Thaung 1973 

(formerly as 'heterophragmae') on leaves of 

Heterophragma sulfureum Kurz; Sedawgale 

near Mandalay, 2-V-1971 (PUR F18215, 

holotype), (IMI 177254); Yezin, l-xii-1977 

(LAM 221026). Note: This genus also belongs 

in Phragmidiaceae based on spermogonia type 7 

(Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003). 

2. Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae (Pers.) Dietel var. 

discolor (Fuckel) Dunegan 1938 (= Tranzschelia 

discolor (Fuckel) Tranzschel & M.A. Litv. 

1939) on leaves of Prunus armeniaca L.; 

Taunggyi, S.S.S., 12-ii-1973 (IMI 17357); 

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch; Mandalay, 23-iii- 

1971 (IMI 155993), (PUR F19587), Maymyo, 


1945). 

GENERA OF UNCERTAIN AFFINITIES 

1. Masseeella flueggeae Syd. 1928 on leaves of 

Flueggea microcarpa Blume; Padu (Rhind & 

Seth 1945). 

2. Masseeella narasimhanii Thirum. 1943 [O, I, II, 

III] on leaves of Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir; 

Kyaukchaw near Mandalay, 27-X-1971 (IMI 

161588); Mandalay, 7-xii-1971 (IMI 163019); 

Flueggea sp.; Rangoon, 10-xii-1979 (LAM 

220785a). Note: Hyperparasite Verticillium sp. 

(LAM 220785b) is also present. 

ANAMORPH GENERA OF RUST FUNGI 

1. Aecidium abscendens Arthur 1915 on leaves of 

1 Gardenia!Randia sp., Kyaukchaw near 

Mandalay, 14-X-1974 (IMI 189040). 

2. Aecidium argyreiae Berk. & Broome 1875 on 

leaves of Argyreia wallichii Choisy; Myitnge, 

14-X-1971. 

3 Aecidium artabotrydis Thaung 1977 on leaves of 

Artabotrys sp.; Thondong village near Maymyo, 

18-V-1975 (IMI 194468, holotype), (LAM 

220041). 

4. Aecidium cassiae Bres. 1891 on Cassia tora L., 

Rangoon, 30-i-1975 at PUR. 

5. Aecidium justiciae Henn. 1907 on leaves of 

Lepidagathis spinosa Wight ex Nees; Mandalay, 

25-xi-1971 (IMI 162857). 

6. Aecidium kaernbachii Henn. 1892 on leaves of 

Ipomaea bona-nox Burm. f.; Myitnge, 24-ii- 

1972; Ipomaea sp.; Mandlay, 29-vi-1972 (IMI 

167182); Pyinmana, 28-xii-1977 (LAM 220890). 

7. Aecidium mori Barclay 1907 on leaves of Morus 

alba L.; Myitkyina, 24-xii-1977 (LAM 220325); 

Maymyo (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

8. Aecidium spissum Syd. & P. Syd. 1912 on leaves 

of Zanthoxylum sp., Myitkyina, 28-xii-1977 

(LAM 220578), Maymyo (Rhind & Seth 1945).

A. 'Aecidium' sp. on leaves of bamboo; Duttawchaik 

near Maymyo, 27-iii-1972 (IMI 166350b). 

B. 'Aecidium' sp. on Butea monosperma Kuntze 

(Vernacular name: Pauk-Pin); Gangaw, l-x- 

1971 (IMI 166363). Note: In poor condition and 

possibly mixed with a Phyllachora sp. 

C. 'Aecidium' sp. on leaves of Marsdenia volubilis 

Cooke; Bhamo, 20-iv-1974 (IMI 191501). Note: 

The aeciospores are much larger than those 

described for Aecidium marsdeniae Syd. 1937 

and Aecidium marsdeniae T.S. Ramakr. & 

K. Ramakr. 1949. 

1. Uredo argyreiae Petch 1922 on leaves of 

Argyreia wallichii Choisy; Myitnge, 28-1-1972 

(IMI 163862). 

2. Uredo artocarpi Berk. & Broome 1873 on leaves 

of Artocarpus incisus (Thunb.) L. f; Rangoon, 

29-X-1979 (LAM 220665a); Artocarpus integer 

Merr., Maymyo, 4-iv-1971 (IMI 156312); 

Namsan, S.S.S. (LAM 220326). Note: 

Hyperparasite Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) O. Erikss. 

(LAM 220665b) and Cylindrocarpon sp. are 

also present. 

3. Uredo cajani Syd. & P. Syd. 1906 on leaves- of 

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.; Tatkon (Rhind & 

Seth 1945). 

4. Uredo cassiae-glaucae Syd. & P. Syd. 1903 

species on leaves of Cassia glauca Lam.; 

Butalin, 12-xii-1977 (LAM 220447). 

5. Uredo formosana (Syd. & P. Syd.) F.L. Tai 1979 

(= Ravenelia formosana Syd. & P. Syd. 1914) 

[II] on leaves of Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.; 

Rangoon, 3-xii-1973 (DVII 185231). Note: [II] 

stage corresponds fairly closely with that of 

R. formosana, the name based only on uredinia 

with no description of telia. 

6. Uredo fuirenae Henn. 1899 on leaves of Fuirena 

glomerata Lam.; Bassein (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

7. Uredo hygrophilicola G.F. Laundon & Ponnappa 

1966 on leaves of Hygrophila phlomoides Nees; 

Yankin, Rangoon, l-i-1974 (IMI 181638), (PUR 

F19586). 

8. Uredo hyperici-hookeriani Thaung 1976 on 

leaves of Hypericum hookeriana Wight & Arn.; 

Maymyo, 12-ii-1974 (IMI 185176, holotype). 

Note: Uredinia are those of & Melampsora. 

9. Uredo ignava Arthur 1919 on leaves oiBambusa 

vulgaris Schrad.; Rangoon Zoo, 19-viii-1972 

(EV1I 169365a). Note: Acremonium sp. (IMI 

169365b) is present. 

10. Uredo pithecellobii (as 'pithecolobii' ) Henn. 

1895 on leaves of Pithecellobium bigeminum 

Benth.; Mudon, 30-xii-1972 (IMI 169367); 

Rangoon, 3 l-xii-1973. Uredo pithecolobii 

Racib. 1900 is a later homonym of this name. 

11. Uredo socotrae Syd. & P. Syd. 1903 [I, II] on 

leaves of Cassia tora L.; Rangoon, 30-1-1975 

(IMI 191502). 

A. 'Uredo'' sp. on leaves of Apium graveolens L.; 

Mandalay, 1971. Note: Not Puccinia apii or 

other Puccinia on Apium and should be 

compared to Uredo apii (Desm.) anon. ined. 

B. 'Uredo' sp. on leaves of IChloris barbata Sw.; 

Mandalay, 20-X-1971. 

C. 'Uredo' sp. on leaves of Combretum apetalum 

Wall; Mandalay, 10-xi-1973 (IMI 187233). 

Note: This specimen does not correspond 

closely with Uredo longaensis Henn. 1903, 

Uredocombreticola Doidge 1939, Uredo 

combreti F. Kern & Thurst. 1944, or Cerotelium 

combreti Cummins 1952 as it has smaller 

uredospores. 

D. 'Uredo' spp. on leaves of two different Cyperus 

spp.; Rangoon, 28-i-1972 (IMI 163859, 

163860); Cyperus iria L.; Rangoon, ll-ix-1972 

(IMI 169366a). Hyperparasite Eudarluca 

caricis (Fr.) O. Erikss. (IMI 169366b) is also 

present. Note: See also earlier entry under 

Uromyces spp. on Cyperus for a possibility of 

Stage II and III. 

Order MICROBOTRYALES Bauer & 

Oberwinkler 

Family MICROBOTRYACEAE Moore 

1. Microbotryum tenuisporum (Cif.) Vanky 1998 (= 

Ustilago utriculosa (Nees) Unger) in ovaries of 

Polygonum lanigerum R. Br. (= Persicaria 

lapathifolia (L.) Gray); In-lay, S.S.S., 12-ii-1973 

(IMI 173534); Polygonum tomentosum Willd. (= 

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray):- Mindat, 28iv-1972 

(IMI 166364), Taungtaman-In, 31-v- 

1971 (IMI 157835), Rangoon (Rhind & Seth 

1945). Note: Specimen (IMI 166364) bears 

brain-like smut galls of Microbotryum on the 

stem. 

Order SEPTOBASIDIALES Couch ex Donk 

Family SEPTOBASIDIACEAE Maire 

1. Septobasidium pachydermum Couch 1938 on 

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees, about 3 feet 

above the ground; Mawkmai, Burma in teak and 

bamboo forests (elevation 3000 ft), collected by 

W.A. Robertson, January, 1911 (Couch 1938); 

on bamboo, East of Yezin, 10-vi-1977 (LAM 

220143). Note: Effuse to compact, black growth 

of fungal tissue on the outside of the culm of

standing bamboo usually near and around the 

nodes at first. 

2. Septobasidium pilosum Boedijn & B.A. Steinm. 

1930 on Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston; Tavoy, 

17-iv-1973 (IMI 188956), 29-xii-1973 (IMI 

177248). Note: In general, the colony characters 

appear to match the descriptions of this fungus 

species though the collected specimens were 

sterile. 

3. Septobasidium pteruloides (Mont.) Pat. 1925 on 

bamboo, East of Yezin, 16-vi-1977 (LAM 

220142). Note: It appears as a forest of sterile, 

erect, brown, septate hyphae inside the hollow 

of the bamboo stalk through insect-punctures, 

thus matching the descriptions of this fungus 

species. 

A. 'Septobasidium' sp. on scale insects on stems of 

Mangifera indica L., Thayagon monastery, west 

of Yezin, 15-ix-1977 (LAM 220198). This 

fungus has coiled haustoria and elongate, septate 

bodies (?gemmae sensu Couch (1938) arising 

direct from the hyphae. These bodies are spindleshaped, 

3-7 septate in the middle with thick, 

hyaline or clear transverse walls, hyaline 

throughout or extremely pale greenish or 

yellowish in the middle, large, 52.5 x 4.7 um. 

Information on colour of the colony is missing, 

otherwise, the presence of elongate, manyseptate 

bodies and coiled haustoria suggest the 

probability of its being Septobasidium 

rhabarbarinum (Mont.) Bres. 1916. 

B. 'Septobasidium' sp. associated with scale insects 

on leaves/stems/twigs of:- Acacia concinna DC, 

Rangoon, 6-X-1977 (LAM 220774); Citrus 

aurantium L. and Citrus decumana L., 

Myitkyina, 28-X-1972 (IMI 171322a and IMI 

171321a); Citrus medica L. var. acida (Roxb.) 

Hook, f., Rangoon, 22-iv-1977 (LAM 220010); 

Durio zibethinus Murr. ; Moulmein, 4-ii-1978 

(LAM 220320); Eugenia/Syzygium spp., Mergui, 

12-X-1971 (IMI 161262a), 25-xi-1971 (IMI 

162851); Feronia elephantum Correa, Pyinmana, 

7-xii-1976 (LAM 220118); Limonia acidissima 

L., Pyinmana, 27-ix-1977 (LAM 220197); 

Mangifera indica L.: Pyinmana, 10-ix-1977 

(LAM 220316), 24-ix-1977 (LAM 220425); 

Rangoon, 14-H-1978 (LAM 220317); Moras 

lalba L., Pyinmana, 26-ix-1977 (LAM 220319); 

Polyalthia longifolia (Soon.) Hook. f. & 

Thomson; Rangoon, 20-i-1975 (IMI 191517), 4viii-1977 

(LAM 220119); Pyrus malus L., 

Pyinmana, 26-ix-1977 (LAM 220318). Note: 

Septobasidium forms a black felt in symbiotic or 

parasitic association with scale insects on plant 

parts. Other fungi may also be present in the 

colony. As no basidia bearing basidiospores are 

present, it is not possible to identify these 

collections to species level. 

Class USTILAGINOMYCETES Bauer, 

Oberwinkler & Vanky 

Order UROCYSTALES Bauer & Oberwinkler 

Family DOASSANSIOPSACEAE Begerow, 

Bauer & Oberwinkler 

1. Doassansiopsis nymphaeae (Syd. & P. Syd.) 

Thirum. 1947 in petioles of Nymphaea stellata 

Willd., Bassein (Butler & Bisby 1931). 

Order GEORGEFISCHERIALES Bauer, 

Begerow & Oberwinkler 

Family EBALLISTRACEAE R. Bauer, 

Begerow, A. Nagler & Oberw. 

1. Eballistra brachiariae (Viegas) R. Bauer, 

Begerow, A. Nagler & Oberw. 2001 (= 

Melanotaenium brachiariae Viegas 1944) on 

leaves of Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy; 

Mandalay, 25-ix-1972 (IMI 170072a). 

2. Eballistra oryzae (Syd. & P. Syd.) R. Bauer, 

Begerow, A. Nagler & Oberw. 2001 (= 

Entyloma oryzae Syd. & P. Syd. 1914) on leaves 

and leaf sheaths of Oryza sativa L.; Hmawbi and 

Mandalay (Rhind & Seth, 1945). 

Order USTILA GIN ALES Clinton emend. Bauer 

& Oberwinkler 

Family USTILAGINACEAE L. Tulasne & 

C. Tulasne emend. Bauer & Oberwinkler 

1. Cintractia axicola (Berk.) Cornu 1883 in the 

peduncles of Fimbristylis complanata Link; 

Mandalay, 19-ix-1971 (IMI 160352); 

Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich; Mandalay, 8-ix- 

1971 (LAM 220894); Fimbristylis dichotoma 

(L.) Vahl; Mandalay (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

2. Cintractia limitata G.P. Clinton 1904 in the 

peduncles of Cyperus tegetum Roxb.; Mandalay, 

3-vi-1972 (IMI 167202). 

3. Cintractia minor (Clinton) H.S. Jacks. 1920 in the 

peduncles of Cyperus iria L.; Mandalay, 26-ii- 

1972 (LAM 220895). 

4. Farysia thuemenii (A.A. Fisch. Waldh.) Nannf. 

1959 (= Farysia olivacea (DC.) Syd. & P. Syd. 

1919) on a member of Cyperaceae; Mindat, 28iv-1972 

(IMI 166365) 

5. Macalpinomyces bursa (Berk.) Vanky 2002 (= 

Ustilago bursa Berk, in ovaries of Anthistiria

larundinacea Roxb. (= Themeda arundinacea 

(Roxb.) Ridley), Bassein (Butler & Bisby 1931). 

6. Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum Hirschh. 1941 

in inflorescences and leaves of Polygonum sp.; 

Taunggyi, S.S.S., 27-X-1971 (IMI 161570), 

Yawnshwe, S.S.S., 30-xii-1974 (LAM 220456). 

7. Moesziomyces bullatus (J. Schrot.) Vanky 1977 

(= Moesziomyces penicillariae (Bref.) Vanky 

1977 = Tolyposporium penicillariae Bref. 1895) 

in ovaries of Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) 

Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Falam, Chin Hills, 18-vii- 

1973 (IMI 188963). 

8. Sporisorium andropogonis (Opiz.) Vanky 1985 (= 

Sphacelotheca bothriochloa-intermediae 

(Padwick) Naras. 1956) in ovaries of 

Bothriochloa species, Maymyo, 27-X-1971 (IMI 

161571). Note: Spores on the specimen are much 

larger. 

9. Sporisorium andropogonis-annulati (Bref.) 

S.R.Wang & Piepenbring 2002 (= 

Sphacelotheca andropogonis-annulati (Bref.) 

Zundel) in ovaries of Dichanthium annulatum 

Stapf, Mandalay (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

10. Sporisorium arundinellae (Bref.) Vanky 2004 (= 

Ustilago arundinellae Bref. 1895 in 

inflorescences of Arundinella setosa Trin., 

Burma (Butler & Bisby 1931). 

11. Sporisorium destruens (Schltdl.) Vanky 1985 (= 

Sphacelotheca desWuens (Schltdl.) J.A. Steven. 

& Aar. G. Johnson 1944 in ovaries of Panicum 

miliaceum L.; Mandalay. Note: Spores light 

reddish brown, broadly ovate to spherical, 

smooth, 8-12 * 8-14 um, wall 1-2 um thick. 

12. Sporisorium flagellatum (Syd., P. Syd. & 

E.J. Butler) Vanky 1997 (= Ustilago burmanica 

Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) in ovaries of 

Ischaemum sp. (= I. timorense Kunth); Kya-in 

(Rhind & Seth 1945, Vanky 2004). 

13. Sporisorium furcatum (Syd., P. Syd. & 

E.J. Butler) Vanky 2004 (= Sorosporium 

furcatum Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler 1912) in 

ovaries of Ischaemum aristatum L.; Insein 


14. Sporisorium pseudanthistiriae (Syd., P. Syd. & 

E.J. Butler) Vanky 1997 (= Sorosporium 

pseudoanthistiriae Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) in 

the spikes of Pseudanthistiria hispida Hook, f., 

Bassein (Butler & Bisby 1931). 

15. Sporisorium reilianum (J.G. Ktihn) Langdon & 

Fullerton 1978 (= Sphacelotheca reiliana 

(J.G. Kuhn) G.P. Clinton 1902) in inflorescence 

of Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden and 

Sorghum roxburghii Stapf; Tatkon (Rhind & 

Seth 1945). 

16. Sporisorium scitamineum (Syd.) M. Piepenbr., 

M. Stoll & Oberw. 2002 (= Ustilago scitaminea 

Syd. 1924) in culms and terminal shoots of 

Saccharum officinarum L.; Pyinmana, l-xii-1977 

(LAM 220458), (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

17. Sporisorium sorghi Ehrenb. ex Link 1825 (= 

Sphacelotheca sorghi (Ehrenb. ex Link) 

G.P. Clinton 1902) in ovaries of Sorghum 

vulgare Pers. Kyaukpadaung, 25-xii-1977 

(LAM 220459); Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) 

Snowden and Sorghum roxburghii Stapf; 

Mandalay (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

18. Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr. 1890 in ovaries of 

Avena sativa L., Yawnshwe (Butler & Bisby 

1931). 

19. Ustilago cynodontis (Pass.) Henn. 1893 in 

inflorescence of Cynodon dactylon Pers.; 

Kyaukse, 7-xii-1977 (LAM 220423); Mandalay 


20. Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. 1889 (= Ustilago 

kolleri Willie 1893) in ovaries of Avena sativa 

L.; Taunggyi, S.S.S. (Rhind & Seth 1945, as 

Ustilago kolleri Wille 1893). 

21. Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda 1842 in 

inflorescences, leaves, and culms of Zea mays 

L., Shangalekyun near Mandalay. 

22. Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Kellerm. & Swingle 

1890 in inflorescences of Hordeum vulgare L., 

Maymyo. 

23. Ustilago trichophora (Link) Korn. 1877 (= 

Ustilago crus-galli Tracy & Earle) forming galls 

at the nodes of Echinochloa stagnina Beauv., 

Mandalay, 12-viii-1969 (IMI 142056); 4-i-1971 

(LAM 220457). 

24. Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr. 1890 in 

inflorescences of Triticum aestivum L.; Upper 

Burma (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

A. 'Ustilago' sp. in ovaries of unknown grass; 

Kywetnapha near Mandalay, l-xi-1972 (IMI 

171326). 

25. Yenia esculenta (Henn.) Liou 1949 (= Ustilago 

esculenta Henn. 1895) in culms and terminal 

shoots of Zizania aquatica L.; Bassein, 9-ix- 

1976 (IMI 206797; LAM 220040). Note: 

Infected culms and terminal shoots are culinary 

delicacies. Ustilaginospores olive-brown, 

subglobose to globose, usually 7.5 um in 

diameter, occasionally 10 x 7.5 um, with dense 

granular contents; epispore smooth, 1.25 um 

thick. 

Order TILLETIALES Kreisel ex Bauer & 

Oberwinkler

Family TILLETIACEAE L. & C. Tullasne 

emend. Bauer & Oberwinkler 

1. Tilletia ahmadiana Pavgi & Mundk. 1948 in 

ovaries of Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze.; Taungtha, 

16-vii-1971 (IMI 160362). 

2. Tilletia horrida Takahashi 1896 (as Tilletia 

barclayana (Bref.) Sacc. & P. Syd. 1899) in 

ovaries of Oryza sativa L.; Hmawbi and 

Mandalay (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

Order ENTYLOMATALES Bauer & Oberwinkler 

Family ENTYLOMATACEAE Bauer & 

Oberwinkler 

1. Entyloma dahliae Syd. & P. Syd. 1912 on leaves 

of Dahlia sp; Taunggyi, S.S.S., 29-xii-1971 

(IMI 170071). 

2. Entyloma eugeniarum Cooke & Massee on 

leaves of Eugenia Itetragona Wight; Maymyo 


3. Entyloma fuscum J. Schrot. 1877 on leaves of 

Papaver rhoeas L.; Taunggyi, S.S.S., 10-ii-1973 

(IMI 173546). 

A. 'Entyloma' sp. on leaves of an unknown grass; 

Kyaikhtiyo Range, 23-xi-1975 (LAM 220039). 

Order EXOBASIDIALES Hennings emend. 

Bauer & Oberwinkler 

Family EXOBASIDIACEAE Hennings 

1. Exobasidium vexans Massee 1898 on leaves of 

Camellia sinensis Kuntze; Toungoo Hills (Rhind 

& Seth 1945). 

Family GRAPHIOLACEAE Fischer 

1. Graphiola applanata Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler 

1907 on leaves of Phoenix sylvestris Roxb., 

Mandalay, 21-xii-1975 (LAM 220071) 

2. Graphiola borassi Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler 

1907 on leaves of Borassus flabellifer L.: 

Mandalay, 31-V-1971 (IMI 157829); 

Kyaukpadaung, 20-ix-1973 (LAM 220072); 

Sagaing, 30-xii-1971 at LAM; Kyaukse (Rhind 

& Seth 1945); Corypha elata Roxb.; Meiktila, 5iv-1973 

(LAM 220900). 

3. Graphiola phoenicis (Moug.) Poit. 1824 on 

leaves of Calamus arborescens Griff; 

Pyinmana, l-i-1973 (IMI 172877d); Phoenix 

paludosa Roxb., Mount Popa, 17-ix-1972 (IMI 

170073a); (Rhind & Seth 1945). 

Results 

Records and results of the study listed above are 

organized in tables 1 and 2 to present the totals, 

frequency of generic representation of the families, 

and the relative size of the families in terms of these 

frequencies. An inventory is thus obtained of fungi 

containing 113 specific and 16 nonspecific taxa of 

rusts in 24 genera and 9 families/2 groups; 37 

specific and 2 nonspecific taxa of smuts in 14 genera 

and 7 families; and 4 specific and 2 nonspecific taxa 

of their allies in 2 genera and 2 families. 

Discussion 

With few exceptions, these fungi are from the more 

accessible parts of the country in lowland interior 

Burma. Specimens are lacking from difficult, 

outlying, rugged, rainy areas bordering Indo- 

Himalaya, Sino-Tibet, Indo-China, Thai-Malaya, 

Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. 

The report therefore does not convey the full gamut 

of morphologic and taxonomic diversity, density, 

and distribution relative to this group of fungi. Their 

demographics and dynamics will change once these 

land and sea border areas are thoroughly and 

extensively explored. 

The genera Achrotelium and Newinia provide 

examples of host-parasite relationships and 

distributions among rusts. Achrotelium ichnocarpi 

first reported by the Sydows in 1928 from a host 

plant of Ichnocarpus species in the Philippines was 

also collected from the same host genus in central 

Burma in 1971. Newinia first encountered in Burma 

in 1973 on a member of Bignoniaceae was later 

found in neighboring Thailand and far-away Nigeria 

in Africa on the same host family (Cummins & 

Hiratsuka 2003). Hence, many of the fungi listed 

from the surrounding countries are expected to be 

found in Burma eventually once its mycoflora is 

investigated. 

Newinia is a dual and parallel member of both 

Phragmidiaceae and Uropyxidaceae for it can be 

ascribed to the former on spermogonia type 7, and to 

the latter on teliospores (Cummins & Hiratsuka 

2003). Newinia thus illustrates a problem with 

morphology-based taxonomic parameters for 

delimitating suprageneric ranks. It is listed twice 

hereinbefore though counted once under 

Uropyxidaceae for the results.

40 Australasian Mycologist 24 (2) 2005 

Table 1(A). Representation frequency distributions of genera of rusts/allies across their families. 

Genera 

Families 

Chaconi Coleosp Melampsor Microbotry Phakops Phragmi Puccinia Total 

aceae oraceae aceae aceae oraceae diaceae ceae = Z 

1. Achrotelium 1 1 

2. Aecidium 

3. Cerotelium 3 3 

4. Chaconia 1 1 

5. Coleosporium 1 1 

6. Crossopsora 1 1 

7. Dasturella 2 2 

8. Hapalophragmium 

9. Hemileia 3 3 

10. Kernkampella 

11. Maravalia 3 3 

12. Masseeella 

13. Melampsora 2 2 

14. Microbotryum 1 1 

15. Newinia * 

16. Olivea 2 2 

17. Phakopsora 5+ '2' 7 

18. Phragmidium 2 + 'l' 3 

19. Puccinia 42 + '3' 45 

20. Pucciniastrum 

21. Ravenelia 

22. Septobasidium 

23. Sphaerophragmium 

24. Tranzschelia 

25. Uredo 

26. Uromyces 15 + '2' 17 

Total = I 10 1 2 1 11+ '2' 2 + 'l' 57 + '5' 92 

Note: ' ' - enclose undetermined spp.; * signifies entry (not counted) on spermogonia type 7. 

Table 1(B). Representation frequency distributions of genera of rusts/allies across their families. 

Genera 

1. Achrotelium 

Pucciniastr 

aceae 

Raveneli 

aceae 

Families 

Uropyxida 

ceae 

Uncertain 

Affinities 

Anamorph 

Rusts 

Septobasidia 

ceae 

2. Aecidium 8+ '3' 11 

3. Cerotelium 

4. Chaconia 

5. Coleosporium 1 

6. Crossopsora i 

7. Dasturella 

8. Hapalophragmium 2 2 

9. Hemileia I 

10. Kernkampella 1 ; 1 

11. Maravalia j 

j 

! 

Total 

= 1

Genera 

Pucciniastr 

aceae 

Raveneli 

aceae 

Uropyxida 

ceae 

Uncertain 

Affinities 

Anamorph 

Rusts 

Septobasidia 

ceae 

12. Masseeella 2 2 

13. Melampsora 

14. Microbotryum 

15. Newinia 1 1 

16. 0//Vea 

17. Phakopsora 

18. Phragmidium 

19. Puccinia 

20. Pucciniastrum 1 1 

21. Ravenelia 2+T 3 

22. Septobasidium 3+ '2' 5 

23. Sphaerophragmium 1 1 

24. Tranzschelia 1 1 

25. Uredo 11 + '4' 15 

26. Uromyces 

Total =1 1 6+'l' 2 2 19 + '7' 3+ '2' 43 

Note: • enclose undetermined spp. 

Table 2. Representation frequency distributions of genera of smuts across their families 

Genera 

Doassansi 

opsaceae 

Eballistr 

aceae 

Families 

Entylomat : Exobasi 

aceae i diaceae 

i 

Graphiol 

aceae 

Tilleti 

aceae 

Ustilagin 

aceae 

1. Cintractia 3 3 

2. Doassansiopsis 1 1 

3. Eballistra 2 2 

4. Entyloma 3 + T 4 

5. Exobasidium 1 1 

6. Farysia 1 1 

7. Graphiola 3 3 

8. Macalpinomyces 1 1 

9. Melanopsichium 1 1 

10. Moesziomyces 1 1 

11.. Sporisorium 10 10 

12. 77//etfa 2 2 

13. Ustilago 7 + 'l' 8 

14. Yen/a 1 1 

Total = I 1 2 3 + 'l' 1 3 2 25+ '1' 39 

Note: ' ' - enclose undetermined spp. 

Host Index 

Abutilon [Malvaceae] A. indicum (L.) Sweet — 

Puccinia abutili, Puccinia heterospora. 

Acacia [Leguminosae] A. concinna DC. — 

Ravenelia burmanica, Septobasidium spp. 

Total 

= 1 

Total = J_ 

associated with scale insects, Sphaerophragmium 

acaciae; A. farnesiana (L.) Willd. — Uredo 

formosana; A. kalkora G. Don — 

Sphaerophragmium acaciae; A. lebbeck Willd. 

— Sphaerophragmium acaciae; A. leucophloea

Willd. — Hapalophragmium ponderosum; 

A.procera Willd. — Ravenelia clemensiae. 

Acanthaceae sp. — Puccinia mussonii. 

Acorus [Acoraceae] A. calamus L. — Uromyces 

acori. 

Adhatoda [Acanthaceae] A. sp. — Puccinia 

thwaitesii; A. decussata Nees — Puccinia 

thwaitesii; A. vasica Nees — Puccinia thwaitesii. 

Allium [Alliaceae] A. sativum L. — Puccinia allii. 

Andropogon [Gramineae] A. annulatus Forssk. — 

Uromyces clignyi (= Uromyces andropogonisannulati); 

A. micranthus Kunth — Puccinia 

miyoshiana (= Puccinia kozukensis). 

Anthistiria [Gramineae] A. larundinacea Roxb. — 

Macalpinomyces bursa (= Ustilago bursa). 

Apium [Umbelliferae] A. graveolens L. — Uredo sp. 

Apluda [Gramineae] A. aristata L. — Uromyces 

schoenanthi (= Uromyces apludae). 

Arachis [Fabaceae] A. hypogaea L. — Puccinia 

arachidis. 

Argyreia [Convolvulaceae] A. wallichii Choisy — 

Aecidium argyreiae, Uredo argyreiae. 

Artabotrys [Annonaceae] A. sp. — Aecidium 

artabotrydis. 

Artocarpus [Moraceae] A. incisus (Thunb.) L. f. — 

Uredo artocarpi; A. integer Merr. — Uredo 

artocarpi. 

Arundinella [Gramineae] A. sp. — Puccinia 

arundinellae, A. setosa Trin. — Sporisorium 

arundinellae (= Ustilago arundinellae). 

Avena [Gramineae] A. sativa L. — Ustilago avenae, 

Ustilago hordei (= Ustilago kolleri). 

Averrhoa [Oxalidaceae] A. carambola L. — 

Phragmidium sp. 

Bamboo [Gramineae] — Aecidium sp., 

Septobasidium ptendoides. 

Bambusa [Gramineae] B. sp. — Dasturella 

bambusina, B. vulgaris Schrad. — Uredo ignava. 

Belamcanda [Iridaceae] B. chinensis [DC] — 

Puccinia belamcandae. 

Blepharis [Acanthaceae] B. boerhaviaefolia Pers. — 

Puccinia makenensis. 

BlumealConyza [Compositae] IB. sp. (Vernacular 

name: Phom-ma-thein plant) — Puccinia sp. 

Borassus [Palmae] B. flabellifer L. — Graphiola 

borassi. 

Bothriochloa [Gramineae] B. sp. — Sporisorium 

andropogonis (= Sphacelotheca bothriochloaintermediae); 

B. pertusa (Willd.) A. Camus — 

Puccinia duthiae, Uromyces clignyi (= Uromyces 

andropogonis-annulati). 

Brachiaria [Gramineae] B. reptans (L.) Gardner & 

Hubb. — Uromyces setariae-italicae. 

Butea [Leguminose] B. monosperma Kuntze 

(Vernacular name: Pauk-Pin) — Aecidium sp. 

Cajanus [Fabaceae] C. cajan (L.) Millsp. — Uredo 

cajani. 

Calamus [Palmae] C. arborescens Griff. — 

Graphiola phoenicis. 

Camellia [Theaceae] C. sinensis Kuntze — 

Exobasidium vexans. 

Capillipedium [Gramineae] C. glaucopsis Stapf — 

Puccinia pusilla; C. parviflorum Stapf — 

Puccinia miyoshiana (= Puccinia kozukensis). 

Capillipedium [Poaceae] C. parviflorum (R. Br.) 

Stapf — Puccinia pusilla. 

Cassia [Caesalpiniaceae] C. glauca Lam. — Uredo 

cassiae-glaucae; C. tora L. — Aecidium 

abscendens, Uredo socotrae. 

Castanopsis [Fagaceae] C. javanica A. DC. — 

Pucciniastrum castaneae. 

Chenopodium [Chenopodiaceae] C. album L. — 

Uromyces peckianus. 

Cicer [Leguminosae] C. arietinum L. — Uromyces 

ciceris-arietini. 

Cichorium [Compositae] C. intybus L. — Puccinia 

hieracii. 

Citrus [Rutaceae] C. aurantium L. — Septobasidium 

spp. associated with scale insects, C. decumana 

L. — Septobasidium spp. associated with scale 

insects, C. medica L. var. acida — Septobasidium 

spp. associated with scale insects. 

Clerodendron [Verbenaceae] C. sp. — Puccinia sp. 

Coffea [Rubiaceae] C. arabica L. — Hemileia 

vastatrix. 

Combretum [Combretaceae] C. sp. — Uromyces 

combreti; C. apetalum Wall. — Uredo sp., 

Uromyces combreti. 

Commelina [Commelinaceae] C. bengalensis L. — 

Uromyces commelinae; C. nudiflora L. — 

Uromyces commelinae. 

Cordia [Boraginaceae] C. dichotoma G. Forst. — 

Aecidium sp., Puccinia recondita (= Puccinia 

triticina). 

Corypha [Palmae] C. elata Roxb. — Graphiola 

borassi. 

Crotalaria [Fabaceae] C. juncea L. — Uromyces 

decoratus. 

Cucurbitaceae — ITrichosanthes palmata 

Roxb./lAlsomitra sarcophylla M. Roem. — 

Uromyces sp. 

Cymbopogon [Gramineae] C. citratus Stapf. — 

Puccinia nakanishikii.

Cynodon [Gramineae] C. dactylon Pers. — Puccinia 

cynodontis, Ustilago cynodontis. 

Cyperaceae — Farysia thuemenii = Farysia olivacea. 

Cyperus [Cyperaceae] C. sp. — Puccinia 

canaliculata, Uredo sp., Uromyces sp.; 

C. difformis L. — Puccinia canaliculata; 

C. esculentus L. — Puccinia canaliculata; 

C. liria L. — Cintractia minor, Puccinia 

canalicidata, Uredo sp.; C. rotundus L. — 

Puccinia romagnoliana; C. tegetum Roxb. — 

Cintractia limitata. 

Dahlia [Asteraceae] D. sp. — Entyloma dahliae. 

Dendrocalamus [Gramineae] D. brandisii Kurz — 

Dasturella divina; D. strictus Nees — Dasturella 

divina, Septobasidium pachydermum. 

Derris [Leguminosae] D. Iscandens Benth. — 

Hapalophragmium Iderridis. 

Dichanthium [Gramineae] D. annulatum Stapf — 

Puccinia duthiae, Sporisorium andropogonisannulati 

(= Sphacelotheca andropogonisannulati), 

Uromyces clignyi (= Uromyces 

andropogonis-annulati); D. caricosum A. Camus 

— Uromyces clignyi (= Uromyces andropogonisannulati). 

Dioscorea [Dioscoreaceae] D. sp. — Phakopsora 

dioscoreae; D. burmanica Prain & Burkhill, 

Phakopsora dioscoreae. 

Dolichos [Fabaceae] D. lablab L. — Uromyces 

appendiculatus var. appendiculatus. 

Durio [Bombacaceae/Malvaceae] D. zibethinus 

Murr. — Septobasidium spp. associated with 

scale insects. 

Echinochloa [Gramineae] E. stagnina Beauv. — 

Ustilago trichophora (= Ustilago crus-galli). 

Eriochloa [Gramineae] E. procera C.E. Hubb. — 

Puccinia levis wax.panici-sanguinalis. 

Erythrina [Fabaceae] E. sp. — Phakopsora 

pachyrhizi, Uredo erythrinae. 

Eugenia [Myrtaceae] E. ?tetragona Wight — 

Entyloma eugeniarum. 

Eulaliopsis [Gramineae] E. binata (Retz.) 

C.E. Hubb. — Phakopsora sp. 

Euphorbia [Euphorbiaceae] E. geniculata Ortega — 

Melampsora euphorbiae; E. rottiana Spreng. — 

Melampsora euphorbiae. 

Feronia [Rutaceae] F. elephantum Correa — 

Septobasidium spp. associated with scale insects. 

Ficus [Moraceae] F. carica L. — Cerotelium fici; 

F. infectoria Roxb. — Cerotelium fici; 

F. palmata Forssk. — Cerotelium fici. 

Fimbristylis [Cyperaceae] F. complanata Link — 

Cintractia axicola, Puccinia fimbristylidis; 

F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl — Cintractia axicola, 

F. littoralis Gaudich — Cintractia axicola, 

Puccinia fimbristylidis. 

Flueggea [Euphorbiaceae] F. sp. — Masseeella 

flueggeae, Masseeella narasimhanii; 

F. microcarpa Blume — Masseeella flueggeae. 

Fuirena [Cyperaceae] F. glomerata Lam. — Uredo 

fuirenae. 

Glycine [Leguminosae] G. max Merrill. — 

Phakopsora pachyrhizi. 

Gossypium [Malvaceae] G. sp. — Cerotelium 

desmium. 

Grass [Gramineae] — Entyloma sp., Uredo sp., 

Uromyces archerianus, Ustilago sp. in ovaries. 

Hackelochloa [Gramineae] H. sp. — Puccinia 

pappiana. 

Helianthus [Asteraceae] H. annuus L. — Puccinia 

helianthi. 

Heterophragma [Bignoniaceae] H. sulfureum Kurz 

— Newinia heterophragmatis (formerly as 

'heterophragmae'). 

Heteropogon [Poaceae] H. contortus (L.) Roem. & 

Schult. — Puccinia versicolor, Uromyces clignyi 

(= Uromyces andropogonis-annulati). 

Holarrhena [Apocyanaceae] H. antidysenterica 

Wall. — Hemileia holarrhenae. 

Hordeum [Gramineae] H. vulgare L. — Ustilago 

nuda. 

Hygrophila [Acanthaceae] H. phlomoides Nees — 

Uredo hygrophilicola. 

Hypericum [Guttiferae] H. hookeriana Wight & 

Arn. — Uredo hyperici-hookeriani. 

Ichnocarpus [Apocyanaceae] I. sp. — Achrotelium 

ichnocarpi. 

Imperata [Gramineae] I. exaltata Brongn. — 

Puccinia microspora. 

Imperata [Poaceae] I. cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. — 

Puccinia microspora, Puccinia rufipes. 

Ipomaea [Convolvulaceae] I. sp. — Aecidium 

kaernbachii; I. bona-nox Burm. f. — Aecidium 

kaernbachii, Puccinia sp. 

Ischaemum [Gramineae] I. sp. — Sporisorium 

flagellatum (= Ustilago burmanica); I. aristatum

L. — Sporisorium furcatum (= Sorosporium 

furcatum). 

Jasminum [Oleaceae] J. auriculatum Vahl — 

Chaconia butleri. 

Justicia [Acanthaceae] J. gendarussa Burm. f. — 

Puccinia thwaitesii. 

Labiatae sp. — Olivea colebrookiana. 

Launaea [Compositae] L. aspleniifolia Hook. f. — 

Puccinia butleri; L. nudicaulis Hook. f. — 

Puccinia inayati. 

Lens [Leguminosae] L. esculenta Moench — 

Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae 

(s Uromyces fabae). 

Lepidagathis [Acanthaceae] L. spinosa Wight ex 

Nees — Aecidium justiciae. 

Leucas [Labiatae] L. sp. — Puccinia leucadis. 

Limnanthemum [Gentianaceae/Menyanthaceae] 

L. sp. — Puccinia scirpi I. 

Limonia [Rutaceae] L. acidissima L. — 

Septobasidium spp. associated with scale insects. 

Madhuca [Sapotaceae] M. latifolia Macbride — 

Maravalia echinulata (= Scopella echinulata); 

M. longifolia Macbride — Maravalia echinulata 

(= Scopella echinulata). 

Mangifera [Anacardiaceae] M. indica L. — 

Septobasidium sp. probably Septobasidium 

rhabarbarinum. 

Marsdenia [Asclepiadaceae] M. volubilis Cooke — 

Aecidium sp. 

Mentha [Labiatae] M. piperita L. — Puccinia 

menthae. 

Millettia [Leguminosae] M. sp. (Vernacular name: 

Thinwin) — Ravenelia sp. 

Mimusops [Sapotaceae] M. elengi L. — Maravalia 

mimusops (= Scopella mimusops). 

Morus [Moraceae] M. alba L. — Aecidium mori, 

Septobasidium sp. associated with scale insects. 

Mucuna [Fabaceae] M. sp. — Uromyces mucunae. 

Nymphaea [Nymphaeaceae] N. stellata Willd. — 

Doassansiopsis nymphaeae. 

Oryza [Gramineae] O. sativa L. — Eballistra oryzae 

(= Entyloma oryzae), Tilletia horrida. 

Ottochloa [Gramineae] O. nodosa (Kunth) Dandy — 

Eballistra brachiariae (= Melanotaenium 

brachiariae); Puccinia orientalis. 

Pachyrhizus [Fabaceae] P. angulatus Rich — 

Phakopsora pachyrhizi. 

Panicum [Poaceae] P. miliaceum L. — Sporisorium 

destruens (= Sphacelotheca destruens); P. repens 

L. — Uromyces linearis. 

Papaver [Papaveraceae] P. rhoeas L. — Entyloma 

fuscum. 

Paspalum [Gramineae] P. sp — Puccinia substriata; 

P. sanguinale Lam. — Puccinia levis (= Puccinia 

paspali). 

Pennisetum [Gramineae] P. typhoides (Burm. f.) 

Stapf & C.E. Hubb. — Moesziomyces bullatus 

(= Moesziomyces penicillariae = Tolyposporium 

penicillariae), Puccinia substriata var. indica 

(= Puccinia insolita). 

Perotis [Poaceae] P. indica (L.) Kuntze — Tilletia 

ahmadiana. 

Phoenix [Palmae] P. paludosa Roxb. — Graphiola 

phoenicis; P. sylvestris Roxb. — Graphiola 

applanata. 

Phragmites [Gramineae] P. karka (Retz.) Trin. ex 

Steud. — Puccinia phragmitis. 

Phyllanthus [Euphorbiaceae] P. distichus Mtill. 

Arg. — Phakopsora phyllanthi; P. emblica L. — 

Kernkampella emblicae (= Ravenelia emblicae); 

P. nanus Hook. f. — Phakopsora phyllanthi; 

P. reticulatus Poir — Aecidium phyllanthi, 

Masseeella narasimhanii. 

Pinus [Pinaceae] P. insularis Endl. — Coleosporium 

tussilaginis (= Coleosporium campanulae). 

Pisum [Leguminosae] P. arvense L. — Uromyces 

viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae; P. sativum L. — 

Uromyces pisi-sativi, Uromyces viciae-fabae var. 

viciae-fabae. 

Pithecellobium [Leguminosae] P. bigeminum 

Benth. — Uredopithecellobii (as 'pithecolobW). 

Polyalthia [Annonaceae] P. longifolia (Soon.) 

Hook. f. & Thomson — Septobasidium sp. 

associated with scale insects, and Aschersonia 

sp. 

Polygonum [Polygonaceae] P. sp. — 

Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum, Puccinia 

congesta (= Puccinia solmsii); P. chinense L. — 

Puccinia congesta; P. lanigerum R. Br. — 

Microbotryum tenuisporum (= Ustilago 

utriculosa); P. tomentosum Willd. — 

Microbotryum tenuisporum, Puccinia congesta. 

Prunus [Rosaceae] armaniaca L. — Tranzschelia 

pruni-spinosae var. discolor (= Tranzschelia 

discolor); P. persica (L.) Batsch — Tranzschelia 

pruni-spinosae var. discolor (= Tranzschelia 

discolor). 

Pseudanthistiria [Gramineae] P. hispida Hook. f. — 

Sporisorium pseudanthistiriae (= Sorosporium 

pseudoanthistiriae).

Pyrus [Rosaceae] P. malus L. — Septobasidium sp. 

associated with scale insects. 

Randia [Rubiaceae] R. aff. dumetorum Lam. — 

Aecidium thaungii, Hemileia randiicola. 

Ricinus [Euphorbiaceae] R. communis L. — 

Melampsora ricini (= Melampsora euphorbiae). 

Rosa [Rosaceae] R. sp. — Phragmidium Ibutleri. 

Rubiaceae — 1 Gardenia!Randia sp. — Aecidium 

abscendens. 

Rubus [Rosaceae] R. lasiocarpus Sm. — 

Phragmidium burmanicum; R. .moluccanus L. — 

Phragmidium burmanicum. 

Saccharum [Gramineae] S. officinarum L. — 

Sporisorium scitamineum (= Ustilago 

scitaminea); S. spontaneum L. — Puccinia 

kuehnii. 

Scirpus [Cyperaceae] S. articulatus L. — Puccinia 

scirpi II, III; S. grossus L. f. — Puccinia scirpi II, 

III. 

Sideroxylon [Sapotaceae] S. sp. — Maravalia 

gentilis (= Scopella gentilis). 

Smilax [Smilaceae] S. sp. — Puccinia prainiana; 

S. macrophylla Roxb. — Puccinia prainiana. 

Sorghum [Gramineae] S. sp. — Puccinia purpurea; 

S. dochna (Forssk.) Snowden — Puccinia 

purpurea, Sporisorium reilianum 

(= Sphacelotheca reiliana), Sporisorium sorghi 

(= Sphacelotheca sorghi); S. halepense Pers. — 

Puccinia purpurea; S. roxburghii Stapf — 

Puccinia purpurea, Sporisorium reilianum, 

Sporisorium sorghi; S. vulgare Pers. — 

Sporisorium sorghi. 

Spondias [Anacardiaceae] S. Ipinnata Kurz — 

Cerotelium alienum. 

Syzygium [Myrtaceae] S. Ijambos (L.) Alston — 

Septobasidium pilosum. 

Tectona [Verbenaceae] T. grandis L. f. — Olivea 

tectonae, Uredo tectonae. 

Themeda [Gramineae] T. quadrivalis O. Ktze — 

Puccinia chrysopogoni; T. triandra Forssk. — 

Puccinia chrysopogonis {as 'chrysopogf}(= 

Puccinia. burmanica). 

Triticum [Gramineae] T. aestivum L. — Puccinia 

graminis, Puccinia recondita (= Puccinia 

triticina), Puccinia striiformis (= Puccinia 

glumarum), Ustilago tritici. 

Vicia [Fabaceae] V. sp. — Uredo sp.; V. faba L. — 

Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae. 

Vigna [Leguminosae] V. catiang Walp. — Uromyces 

appendiculatus var. appendiculatus, 

V. unguiculata Walp. — Uromyces 

appendiculatus var. appendiculatus. 

Vitis [Vitaceae] V. sp. — Phakopsora euvitis (= 

Physopella ampelopsidis); V. labrusca L. — 

Phakopsora euvitis; V. vinifera L. — Phakopsora 

euvitis. 

Zanthoxylum [Rutaceae] Z. sp. — Aecidium spissum. 

Zea [Gramineae] Z. mays L. — Puccinia sorghi, 

Ustilago maydis. 

Zizania [Poaceae] Z. aquatica L. — Yenia esculenta 

(= Ustilago esculenta). 

Ziziphus [Rhamnaceae] Z. jujuba Mill. — 

Phakopsora zizyphi-vulgaris; Z. rugosa Lam. — 

Crossopsora zizyphi. 

Acknowledgements 

I am grateful to the Director and the mycologist staff 

of the then Commonwealth Mycological Institute, 

Kew, U.K., and Professors G.B. Cummins and Joe 

F. Hennen, formerly of Purdue University, West 

Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. for checking, confirming, 

correcting, and commenting on the identifications 

submitted for opinion and accession in their 

herbaria. 

I also gratefully acknowledge the kind assistance 

and encouragement from Dr Don R. Reynolds. 

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Plant Pathology 33,

Neville E.M. (Nev) Walters, who worked as 

mycologist/timber pathologist/timber preserver with 

CSIRO Division of Forest Products, has died, aged 

88. 

Despite completing a law course and articling for 

five years, Nev's heart was not in that type of work. 

So he resigned and found a job teaching English to 

adults in Germany. This was in 1938. When he got 

to Germany, he found that the Germans had 

created a false exchange rate, which resulted in my 

salary being cut in half, and ... they took much of 

the rest in tax'. He had insufficient funds to pay for 

lodging and basic requirements. To survive he 

learned to identify and supplement his meagre 

rations with mushrooms collected in the Black 

VALE NEV WALTERS 

Forest. 'They kept me alive with a bit to spare.' This 

was the start of his love affair with the fungi. 

He escaped Germany after the borders were sealed 

in 1939 and served in the British Army. Because of 

less than perfect eyesight, he was assigned to the 

much-loathed Pay Corps—ironically in view of his 

eyesight being essential for his critical examination 

of macroscopic and microscopic features of fungi. 

After escaping by ship as Singapore was falling to 

the Japanese Army, he was taken to Fremantle. 

During three weeks shore leave in Melbourne he met 

his future wife, Jean. The war kept them apart until 

1946 when he returned to Jean and enrolled for a 

science degree in botany at the University of 

Melbourne.

Plate 2. Nev examining Amanita muscaria. Printed 

with permission of Leader Community Newspapers. 

After graduating in 1950 and being hired by CSIRO, 

he returned to England to work for one year at the 

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the 

Commonwealth Mycological Institute. One impetus 

for the study leave was to learn the Badcock 

technique for encouraging basidiomycetes to fruit. 

Upon his return to Melbourne, he began his work 

with CSIRO Division of Forest Products in the field 

of timber preservation research. He started with a 

tiny number of culture collections and eventually 

established a collection of fungal specimens which 

was described, by Roy Wattling of the Edinburgh 

Botanic Gardens, as an internationally significant 

collection of wood inhabiting and wood destroying 

fungi. The fungal herbarium and culture collections 

were a labour of love for Nev who was allocated a 

maximum of 20% of his time to deal with these 

collections. For many years, the herbarium 

collection (about 5,000 specimens representing 832 

named species in 204 genera) was stored in cabinets 

over DFP offices in a space Nev referred to as his 

'mycelium' (a play on 'my ceiling'). The culture 

collection of some 2,100 cultures was one of the 

largest most diverse collections of wood-inhabiting 

fungi in the world. When, in 1999, changes at 

CSIRO threatened the long-term viability of the 

collections, I ensured that the majority of the 

herbarium material would be protected by expediting 

its transfer to the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. 

The culture collection was transferred to Ensis (a 

joint venture between CSIRO Forestry and Forest 

Products and Forest Research Australasia Ltd). 

Nev did pioneering research in a number of areas 

including studies of cooling tower fungi, natural 

durability, and centre rot/heart rot fungi. Foremost 

would be his studies with Serpula lacrymans, a 

species that he postulated was imported into 

Australia on ships, became established in the port 

area and radiated to other parts of Melbourne and 

Victoria. Europeans did not expect that S. lacrymans 

would cause any significant problems in Australia. 

However, Nev showed that, while weatherboard 

homes were unaffected, brick and stone houses, if 

poorly ventilated in the subfloor, were susceptible to 

considerable attack. The sense of humour of this 

Baptist can be seen in his observation that Serpula 

discriminated on religious grounds—discriminated 

against Anglicans. He recorded the fungus attacking 

more Anglican churches than Roman Catholic 

churches. He believed that the difference was due to 

the Catholic churches having more activity during 

the week and hence more ventilation and drier 

timber than was found in the other denomination's 

facilities. 

Although competent, enthusiastic and full of ideas, 

he was not encouraged to publish. His list of 

publications is sparse, but contains some influential 

works. His 'Australian House Fungi' was widely 

quoted and reprinted several times. He had a few 

papers, mostly taxonomic in nature, in the 

Transactions of the British Mycological Society 

(TBMS), but most articles were in the Forest 

Products Newsletter (FPN). A list of most of his 

publications follows the text. 

Nev retired from CSIRO in 1977. For the next 25 

years he dedicated himself to his expanding family 

and to local schools as a Christian religious 

education teacher. Numerous letters from 

appreciative students and parents attest to his 

influence. As befitting his Welsh heritage, Nev 

loved to sing. He was a long term choir member and 

had significant roles in local Gilbert and Sullivan 

productions. 

Nev spent a lot of time in the Scout movement. He 

was a Scout Master, Senior Scout Master and Rover 

Leader in the UK, India and Australia. All his scouts 

would remember practical talks on nature, botany 

and fungi. 

In the 1960s, he built a beach house on telephone 

poles (well protected against termites and fungi) 

which incorporated a home made solar hot water 

heater that is still in service today.

Each year his local newspaper would advertise field 

walks to be conducted by Nev around Blackburn 

Lake Reserve in Melbourne. Throngs who learned of 

the wonders the botanical and fungal worlds 

attended these nature walks. One of the newspaper 

pictures promoting the activity is included in this 

article (Plate 2). 

Nev died 13 April 2004. His wife Jean, four sons 

and nine grandchildren survive him. 

Publications 

Walters, N.E.M. (1953). Wood-destroying fungi. 

Wildlife and Outdoors 17 (5), 425^130. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1958). Poria healeyi sp. nov. The 

causal fungus of yellow straw rot in jarrah 

(Eucalyptus marginata Sm.). Transactions of the 

British Mycological Society 42, 95-98. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1960). Decay in timber. Forest 

Products Newsletter 260, 1-4. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1961). Soft rot in timbers: Part 1. 

Forest Products Newsletter 273, 1-3. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1964). The fungus herbarium. 

Forest Products Newsletter 304,6-8. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1967). Definite record of 

Fomitopsis annosus in Australia. Nature 213 

(5075), 532. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1969). Two new species of 

Phellinus from Australia. Transactions of the 

British Mycological Society 52 (3), 499-502. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1970). Current results from 

cooling tower tests. Forest Products Newsletter 

374, 1-3. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1972). Case histories of the dry rot 

fungus Serpula lacrymans Gray. Forest Products 

Newsletter 387, 4-7. 

Walters, N.E.M. (1973). Australian House Fungi. 

CSIRO Division of Building Research, Forest 

Products Technical Notes 13, 1-39. 

Walters, N.E.M & Da Costa, E.W.B. (1973). Decay 

and discolouration in old and new structures. 16th 

Forest Products Research Conference, Contributed 

Papers, Topic 3/37. 

Marks, G.C., Fuhrer, B.A. & Walters, N.E.M. 

(1982). Tree Diseases in Victoria. Forests 

Commission Victoria Handbook 1, 1-149. 

Thornton, J.D., Walters, N.E.M. & Saunders, I.W. 

(1983). An in-ground natural durability field test 

of Australian timbers and exotic reference species. 

I. Progress report after more than 10 years' 

exposure. Material und Organismen 18, 27^-9. 

Acknowledgements 

Thanks to John Walters for providing information 

about Neville Walters' life outside of CSIRO and 

Plate 2. Plate 1 was taken by CSIRO photographer 

Wal Hastie and is published with permission of Judy 

Creffield and CSIRO. 

Gary Johnson 

Forest & Wood Products Research & Development 

Corporation 

Melbourne, Australia.

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8 th 

International Mycological Congress, Cairns, Queensland 2006 

http://www.sapmea.asn.au/conventions/imc8 

Australasian Mycologist issue 24 (2): 2005 

CONTENTS 

Research papers 

B.J. Rees, F. Taeker & R. 

Myriostoma coliform 

Maung Mya Thaung 

Rusts, smuts and their allies in 

Obituary 

Vale Nev Walt 

Fungi Down Unde 

Call for papers 

Sustaining membe

Australasian Mycologis - First Year Biology

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