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LIBRARY OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY 

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o 

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT 

OF 

BRITISH PLANTS, 

ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIONS TO EACH OTHER, 

AS POINTED OUT BY 

JUSSIEU, DE CANDOLLE, BROWN, &c. 

INCLUDING 

THOSE CULTIVATED FOR USE; 

WITH 

AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 

IN WHICH THE TERMS NEWLY INTRODUCED ARE EXPLAINED; 

ILLUSTHATED BY TIGURES. 

BY 

SAMUEL FREDERICK GRAY, 

Lecturer on Botany, the Materia Medica, and Pharmaceutic Chemistry. 

VOL. L 

LONDON: 

PRINTED FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, 

PATERNOSTER-ROW. 

1821. 

^^n- ; ' .X'M, 

A,

?" r r, JY-rr-, >7, 

" Was every fauUcring tongue of man. 

Almighty Father, silent in thy praise. 

Thy works themselves would raise a general voice, 

Ev'n in the depths of solitary woods. 

By human foot untrod ; proclaim thy power. 

And to the choir celestial Thee resound, 

Th' eternal Cause, Support, and End of all." 

Thomson.—Summer. 

C. Baldwin, Printer, A\ 

Npw Bri.lrp-r.frpft. London. ^^ ./^ 

0^-

TO 

THE MOST REVEREND 

CHARLES, 

BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE, 

LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, 

PRIMATE OF ALL ENGLAND, AND METROPOLITAN, 

THIS WORK 

IS DEDICATED BY 

HIS grace's 

MOST DEVOTED AND HUMBLE SERVANT, 

THE AUTHOR.

" Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; 

they toil not, neither do they spin : and yet I say unto 

you, that even Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed 

like one of these." 

Jesus in Matthew.

PREFACE. 

A VARIETY of methods have been adopted by authors 

for the arrangement of plants, in order that the knowledge 

mankind possesses of them may be more readily communi- 

cated to students in botany. The ancient authors consi- 

dered only the uses of plants, and arranged them accord- 

ingly into timber or fruit trees, corn, pulse, culinary and 

medicinal plants, those used for dyeing, for garlands, for 

spinning or other mechanical purposes, and the like; while, 

as a kind of supplementary knowledge, those whose pro- 

perties rendered them deleterious to man himself or to the 

animals bred or domesticated by him were considered under 

the title of poisons; and those which impeded the growth 

of the plants cultivated by him were arranged under the 

general name of weeds ; while the great mass of vegetables, 

to which neither usefulness nor harm could be attributed, 

were slighted, and indeed entirely neglected, unless any of 

them presented a phenomenon that struck forcibly on the 

attention, as the apparently sensitive property of the mimosa, 

or the water-dropping faculty of the nepenthes distillatoria. 

Succeeding authors have been more philosophically inclined, 

and have wished to bestow an equal degree of attention 

upon all the productions of the Almighty Creator, to the 

end that those now esteemed as useless may be pointed out 

for future investigation. The botanists of this school have 

given us general or local catalogues of plants, arranged 

either in the alphabetic order of their names, or according 

to the periodical time of their flowering, or partly from the 

whole period of their growth in the open air and partly 

from the contrivances they require to produce an artificial

yi PREFACE. 

temperature similar to that of their native climates. None 

of these arrangements, however, afford any means by which 

a student, in possession of a plant unknown to him, can 

discover its situation in the catalogue : and, of course, he 

is necessitated to have recourse for this purpose to the 

instruction of a living master, who may not always be at 

hand. 

With the view, therefore, of enabling a solitary student 

to refer an unknown plant to its congeners, Lobel discarded 

every other consideration than the structure of plants, par- 

ticularly of their flowers, that being the period when they 

principally attract our attention. On this foundation, he 

investigated the natural affinities of plants to each other, 

and arranged those known to him in between forty and 

fift}'^ families, beginning with the grasses ; and gave a list 

of those beionorinCT to each familv, but without determining 

any common character by which the plants of each family 

may be known; leaving this decision, in respect to the 

plants not noticed by him, to the intelligence and acumen 

of the student. Csesalpinus, Ray, Tournefort, Hermann, 

Boerhaave, and other authors, who were trained in the 

schools of logic and of the mathematics, have endeavoured 

to supply this deficiency, and to exhibit the marks or 

characters by which the several natural families may be 

recognized, and have further attempted to arrange these 

families in a regular series, so that the student, instead of 

relying upon his own conceptions of the affinity of a plant 

with those known to him, may, from a consideration of its 

structure when in a perfect state, refer it to its proper 

family, and ascertain its name if already known, or have, 

in the other case, a well grounded assurance that it has not 

hitherto been described or named by authors. 

The first scientific botanists, in consequence of their 

attempts to employ none but very obvious characters, could 

only attain their end by using a multiplicity of them, and 

this necessitated an intricate arrangfement. Succecdinij- 

authors attempted simpler methods, by choosing a few par-

PREFACE. Vll 

ticular organs, common to the greater part of plants ; and 

collecting together, in classes and subdivisions, the several 

plants which agreed in respect to the structure or number 

of these chosen organs, vidthout any regard to the affinity a 

more accurate observation of the whole structure of the 

plant might develope. Of these mere artificial methods, 

as they are termed, Rivinus, professor at Leipzig, was the 

introducer, and he took his primary divisions from the 

regularity or irregularity of the corolla, or what is commonly 

called the bloom, and the number of parts into 

which it is cut, and subdivided each of these primary 

divisions in a uniform manner, according to the nature of 

the fruit. In this system he was followed by Hebenstreit, 

Knaut, Ludwig, and Ruppius. The botanists of this school 

considered the method of Rivinus in its proper light, as 

being merely a ready means of determining the family, or 

what is now called the genus, to which any plant belongs 

and, therefore, contented themselves with following it up 

to that point, leaving the further knowledge of plants to be 

sought for in the authors who have arranged their works 

by the natural affinities of plants, or other considerations. 

The want of the power of locomotion, by which plants 

are most evidently distinguished from the generality of 

animals, and the consequent inability of approaching 

each other, if the organs of reproduction were seated in 

distinct individuals and the analogy of animal generation 

strictly observed, while, at the same time, they are, from 

the same immobility, liable to a variety of accidents, which 

animals elude by the power of changing their place, 

rendered necessary the adoption of peculiar contrivances 

to preserve and multiply the species in which some analogy 

may be observed with those of animals, more apparent 

however than real. 

The prurient mind of Linnseus, so visibly exhibited in 

his mode of describing bivalve shells, was struck by the 

great difference between animals and vegetables in this 

respect; and he immediately applied himself to arrange 

;

Vlll 

PREFACE. 

plants by those organs that appear to be analogous in their 

functions to the sexual organs of animals. Assuming the 

flowering of plants to be what he poetically terms their 

nuptials, he likened each separate flower to a bridal cham- 

ber, and formed his primary divisions from the number of 

the male organs present in each flower, and his subdivisions 

were formed from the number of the female organs which 

were also present in the same chamber: the Omniscient 

Creator having lessened the chances of failure arising from 

the immobility of plants b}' multiplying the points of union, 

and increasing the number of the organs, especially of the 

male. As Linnseus considered not only the number of 

these organs, but in many cases their situation, connection, 

and proportion, he has departed from the simplicity which 

ought to form the basis of an artificial system and was so 

strictly observed by Rivinus, and has rendered his system 

as intricate as some of those who endeavoured to place 

kindred plants together. His successor in the chair at 

Upsal, Thunberg, has therefore endeavoured to simplify 

his method, but with considerable opposition. While 

Ludwig, in the second edition of his Genera, and Hill, 

along with the primary divisions of Rivinus taken from the 

corolla employed those of Linnaeus for their subdivisions, 

but have not met with any followers. 

The novelty of the Linnaean method, the distinction of 

the species being always taken from the variations to be 

observed in the plant itself, together with the industry of 

Linnseus and his followers in extending his catalogue, and 

forming, as it were, a new science, that of the nomenclature 

of plants, instead of the old botany, which, as we have said, 

principally devoted itself to the uses of plants, all contributed 

to give an eclat to his system, and to extend its influence 

beyond its proper limits. So that instead of being taught 

to use this method only as a finder, or as an index to the 

authors who wrote on the natural history of plants, the 

student was led to believe that this was the only arrangement 

that ough£ to be adopted in all works that treat of

PREFACE. IX 

plants : and there have not been wanting authors who have 

even written works upon gardening, or the materia medica, 

arranged on the Linnasan system.* This undue extension 

of the sexual method is contrary even to the declared 

opinion of Linnseus himself, who expressly says, he con- 

sidered it only as a temporary substitute until the natural 

method, or that which considers the mutual affinities of 

plants, be so far improved as to admit of a clue being ap- 

plied to it, by which the student may investigate the place 

of a plant in the method without any other help. 

* Thus the LinEEean botanists committed the same error as the gram- 

marians and the philologers have frequently done in the composition of 

diction.iries, vocabularies, and etymologicons, from not considering the 

different uses of the various methods. Some interpreting dictionaries are 

arranged by roots, as those of Scapula, Mair, Salmon, and for most of the 

Oriental languages, to the great hindrance of the young student} while, 

on the other hand, Gesner, Johnson, the Delia Crusca, and the French 

Academy, have given us critical dictionaries, in the alphabetical order of 

the words, and have thus deprived themselves of the great help they might 

have deduced from the method of the roots, or the vocabulary form. 

If these authors had reflected upon the subject, instead of blindly follow- 

ing the track of some preceding author, who had perhaps a different object 

in view, they would certainly have discovered that, for interpreting an 

unknown language into a known, the alphabetic order either of the initial 

or terminal letters was indeed the most proper, because the letters of the 

word arc, by hypothesis, the only guide. Whether the initial letters, as 

used in most cases, or the terminal, as adopted in the Coptic dictionaries, 

be the most proper, may admit of some dispute, the latter has the advantage 

of exhibiting the sense attached to the various terminations more clearly 

than the former. When the words of a known language are used to find 

the corresponding words in one that is unknown, the vocabulary form has 

the advantage of bringing together all those words that would denote nearly 

similar ideas. Whether this form, or tiie alphabetic order be adopted, this 

is the proper part of a double interpreting dictionary, to produce examples 

from the classic writers in the less known tongue, as authority for tlie use 

of those words; and not, as was absurdly done by Ainsworth, in the 

unknown—known part, since, in reading a foreign work, the context 

will enable the reader to choose the proper signification if the word be 

ambiguous; whereas, in writing a foreign language, we have occasion for 

examples to guide us in our choice of nearly synonymous words. The 

utility of the method of roots, for a critical dictionary, and the difficulty of 

using one on this plan for interpretation, is surely self-evident.

X 

TREFACE. 

Linnseus, considering only the external appearance of 

the flower and fruit, despaired of finding this clue; but the 

favourers of the older arrangements have bestowed so much 

attention in examining the internal organization of plants, 

particularly of the fruit and seed, and various organs, which 

were neglected by the Linnsean nomenclators, that this 

desirable point is now attained. The present work exhibits 

the results of the latest investigations into the mutual 

affinities of plants; and the synopsis of the subdivisions 

attached to the several divisions furnishes a clue which will 

enable a student to trace the connexion of the several parts, 

and their dependence upon each other. When the author 

considered the great pains which had been taken with many 

of the families, and especially with those, which, from their 

not plainly exhibiting the sexual organs, were huddled 

together by Linnaeus in his twenty-fourth class, which 

contains probably far more plants than all his other 

twenty-three classes put together; and that there had not 

yet appeared in this country any detailed account of these 

researches, he was led to engage in preparing this system 

for the use of the English students of this delightful species 

of knowledge. 

An essential difference exists between the mere deter- 

mination of the name of plants, and the study of their 

affinities to each other. The nomenclature of plants re- 

tjuires the study of so many only of their organs, and such 

a slight consideration of these as may suffice to determine 

the difference that may exist betwixt any two plants that 

might otherwise be confounded. The scientific study of 

their affinities requires, on the contrary, the whole of their 

organization to be kept in view, and the changes it may 

undergo during their natural life ; hence there arises a 

necessity for a more accurate discrimination of the various 

forms of their organs than is required for the nomenclature 

only. The botanists of the natural school have, therefore, 

been led to invent a far greater number of terms than were 

introduced into use when Linneeus wrote hi& Philosophia

PllEFACE. XI 

Botanica. Whatever opinion may be entertained of the 

necessity of increasing the number of substantives to denote 

the several organs, and their principal variations, instead 

of using the old substantives with the addition of appropriate 

adjectives to limit their signification, yet as these new sub- 

stantives are used by the greatest part of modern authors, 

and have not yet been explained in our language, there 

appeared a necessity of prefixing an introduction to botany, 

principally for the purpose of giving a connected view of 

the anatomy of vegetables, according to the latest views of 

Mirbel, De Candolle, and other eminent botanists. The 

figures annexed to this part of the work have been very 

carefully selected, with a view of comprising as much 

information as possible in a small compass. 

In consequence of the addition of this introduction, this 

work contains all that is necessary for the student of English 

botany, unless he is desirous of verifying his first steps in 

the science by a reference to the figures of plants. The 

very high price of Sowerby's English Botany, which is 

seldom to be procured for less than fifty guineas, rendering 

it inaccessible to the generality of students, it has been 

judged preferable to refer to Gerarde's Herbal as edited 

by Johnson, and the Theatre of Parkinson, either of which 

may be purchased at a very moderate price; and their 

figures, although only wood cuts, will give a good idea of 

the plants. Some may prefer the figures of those parts 

only which characterize the genera, and of these the 

cheapest is Tournefort's Institutiones Rei herbarise, whose 

genera in general correspond with those of Ray. But 

these helps desert the student when he attempts the study 

of the plants which were called by the ancient botanists, 

on account of their not bearing flowers, imperfect plants 

and by Linnaeus, because he could not detect in them the 

presence of the sexual organs, which his preconceived 

opinion required to be present in all plants, cryptogamia, 

that is to say, secret marriages. Should the student en- 

deavour to penetrate this, the higher botany, and wish for 

;

Xii 

PREFACE. 

the help of figures, he will require either the Historia 

Muscorum of Dillenius, the Hydrophyta Danica of Lyng- 

bye, the System der Pilze und Schwamm of Esenbeck, or 

Sowerby's English Fuugi, according to his peculiar views. 

With the view of assisting those students who have been 

accustomed to use the Linnaean mode of investigating plants, 

there is prefixed to the second volume, which contains the 

perfect, or phenogamous, plants, an analytical guide to the 

families, according to the number of the sexual organs. 

It remains then only to say a few words respecting the 

index. In general, the Latin generic names only have 

been quoted, but when a genus contains a great number of 

species, as agaricus, lichen, conferva, rosa, jmicus, and some 

others, the trivial names are referred to, or the second word 

of the specific difference, if the plant had no name given to 

it by the old botanists. In a few cases, when the second 

word was an adjective, agreeing not with the genei'ic name, 

but with a following substantive, this adjective is omitted, 

and the governing substantive inserted, as bryum perangustis 

crebrioribus foliis, &c. of Dillenius in Raii Synopsis, is 

referred to in the index under Bryum foliis. 

As to English names, a considerable number of new ones 

have, for the sake of system, been given to the genera of 

plants; in forming the majority of which, the form and 

fashion of our ancient names have been as closely adhered 

to as was possible ; but, in some instances, Anglicized Latin 

names are used : these, however, ought to be regarded as 

only temporary. In regard to the manner in which compound 

English names are inserted in an index, a considerable 

diffei'ence is observable in authors. Some few insert them 

as they are spoken, as plough mans' spike nard under P, 

evening prim rose under E. Other authors seem to consider 

spike nard and prim rose as generic names, and place them 

under S and P. Some carelessly insert them without any- 

regular rule, so that a person is frequently obliged to search 

for all the words of which a name is composed before he 

finds the reference. To avoid ihis, a general rule has been

PREFACE. Xiii 

laid down, and they are inserted under their last word, 

even when the composition is not apparent at first sight, 

as tur-nep, the nep which is round as if turned in a lathe, 

so pars-nep, that which from its size requires to be chopped 

or divided into parts to fit it for eating, as schoolboys are 

said to parse their lessons, when they divide them gram- 

matically. Pars-ley is, by an error only referred to under 

ley. It signifies an herb to be chopped, alluding to its use 

in sauces and stuffing. The ley being only another spell- 

ing of lea, grass, as in the song 

— 

Over the water and over the lea 

but, in parsley, is used for herb, as Virgil, on the contrary, 

uses herba for grass : 

— 

In molli consedimus herba. Buc. 3, 55, 

An index of the authors mentioned in the Introduction, 

and a very copious index of the botanical terms, are sub- 

joined to the first volume. It was at first intended to omit 

the references to those terms which are self-evident to an 

English reader, but, upon considering that foreigners might 

have occasion to ascertain their meaning, they have been 

inserted, omitting however those English terms which vary 

but slightly in their termination from the corresponding 

Latin terms. 

I have now to return my thanks for the kind assistance 

1 have received, and particularly to A. B. Lambert, R.A. 

Salisbury, and A. H. Haworth, Esqrs. Messrs. E. and J. 

Bennett, and Mr. Deer. The death of Sir Joseph Banks, 

during the printing, has, to my great regret, prevented me 

from a similar acknowledgement, as a slight return for 

the many advantages I have received from the use of his 

Library and Herbarium : and has also been a cause of great 

delay, in being obliged to wait the arrival of another copy 

of Esenbeck's work from German}^, that tiiose interesting 

plants the fungi might be arranged according to the latest 

improvements. 

;

Principio, genus herbarum, vlridemque nitorein. 

Terra dedit circumcoUeis ; camposque per omneis 

Florida fulserunt viridanti prata colore 

Arboribusque datum est variis exinde per auras 

Crescundi magnum immissis certamen habenis. 

Ut pluma atque pilei primum, setaeque, creantur 

Quadrupednm membris, et corpore pennipotentum ; 

Sic nova turn tellus herbas, virgultaque, primum 

Substulit ; inde loci mortalia corda creavit, 

Multa, modis multis, varia ratioue, coorta. 

Lucretius, V. 781—790. 

:

THE GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS, 

According to their mutual relations, with the nitmher of 

PLANTS CELLULOS2E. 

1 A. Pl„ CELL. APHYLLEjE. 

I. HydropJiytcc, 

A. i, Vagiiiaria t 

2. Oscillatoria 5 

3. Ihiniida 3 

4. Eliâ 9 

5. Rivularia 4 

6. Scytonema 5 

B. 1. Gifaidia 2 

C. 8, Lemania 2 

D. 9. Brjopsis 1 

10, Vaiichcria IS 

11. Codiiiin 2 

E. 12. Fragillaria 3 

13. Biddulphia 3 

14, Diatorria 4 

F. 15. Zygnema 2 

16. Conjngata 7 

n. Choaspis 1 

18. Agardhia 1 

19. Serpeiitiiiaria 2 

O, 20. Hydrodictyon 1 

IL 21. Chaetophora I 

22. Leathesia 1 

23. Myriodactylon 2 

24. DraparnaldJa 2 

23. Conferva ....53 

2. ThalassinphytcE. 

A. 26. Mesogloja .'. . , 1 

27. Bulbochffite 1 

28. Ectocarpus G 

29. Callithamnion ..17 

30. Ceramium.... 3 

31. Griffitsia. 3 

32. Borrichius.. 1 

33. Batrachospermum 2 

B. 34. CladostephuB 3 

35. Spliacelaria 5 

36. EUisius 2 

37. Hutchinsia 17 

3S^ Vertebrata. 1 

species in each genus. 

C. 39. Jatiia . . 2 

40. Corallina 3 

D. 41. Zonaria ............... . 2 

42. Dictyota 2 

43. Diciyoptcris I 

E. 44. Aspcrococcus I 

45. Ulva ...12 

46. Scytosiplion 9 

47. Palmella 2 

48. Meiietia 4 

49. Olivia 6 

F. 30. Cariodorus.,. 1 

51. JN'ostoc 1 

G. 52. Alcyoniditim 1 

53. Ephidatia i 

54. Spongilla 2 

H. .55. Tuplia 13 

56. Scypha 9 

57. Spono;ia.., .14 

38. Tethya 3 

I. 39. Delesseria.. 3 

60. Odonthalia 1 

61. Sp'naerococcus 15 

62. Gigartina 18 

63. Gaslridium 16 

K. 64. Fasciata 2 

65. Laminaria 4 

66. Phasgonon 2 

67. Chorda , 2 

68. Chordaria i 

69. Sporochnus 2 

70. Desmarestia 2 

71. Lichina 2 

72. Himanthalia ..... 1 

73. Cervina I 

74. Fucus ... 3 

75. Halidrys 3 

76. Mackaia... 6 

77. Baccalaria .......... 2 

78. Siliquaria I 

79. Furcellaria I 

3. Homothalamtce. 

A. 80. PlacyiUhium ...,.,,... 1

, . 

XVI GENERA. 

81. Enchylium 11 

82. Scytenium 1 

S3. Mallotium 2 

84. L.ithagrium 4 

85. Leptogium 3 

86. Polychidiiim 6 

B. 87. Usnea 3 

C. 88. Cornicularia 6 

89. Ramalina 4 

90. Alectoria 3 

4. Cenothalamcce 

A. 91. Stereocaiilon 2 

92. Isidiutn 4 

93. BiEomvces 3 

B. 94. Ceranfa . 1 

95. Cladonia 6 

96. Helopodium 2 

97. Schasmaria 1 

98. Scyjjhophora 17 

99. Pycoothelia 1 

C. 100. Eveniia 1 

D. 101. Roccella 3 

102. Nephroma 2 

103. Peltidea 8 

104. Solorina 2 

105. Siicta 8 

106. Cetraria 6 

107. Borrera 7 

108. Phjscia 2 

109. Parmelia 31 

E. 110. Psoroma 8 

111. Placodium 9 

119. Rinodina 35 

113. Urceolaria 9 

114. Lepidoma 11 

115. Lecidea 58 

F. 116. Gyrophoia 9 

G. in. Arthonia 5 

118. Spiloma 8 

H. 119. Acoliura 3 

120. Phacotrum 11 

121. Strongylium 3 

5. IdiothalamecE 

A. 129. Sphserophoron S 

123. Rhizomorpha H 

B. 124. Variolaria 9 

C. 125. Pyreiiula 3 

126. Tlieloirema 3 

127. Porina 2 

D. 128. Lejophlea 4 

129. Lithocia 6 

130. Inoderina... 2 

131. Endocarpon 13 

E. 132, Graphis.' 8 

13.'5. Alvxoria 2 

134. Hysterina 12 

6. Sarcothalantece. 

A. 135. Adidlum 1 

136. Tlypoderma 6 

137. Hysterium S 

B. 138. Xylaria 6 

139. Hypoxylon 5 

140. Periplierostoma 16 

141. Poronia 1 

142. Nemania , 21 

143. Cucurbitaria 4 

144. Engizostoma 6 

145. Circinostoma 6 

146. Exormatostoma 10 

147. Astoma 21 

148. Sphaeiia 36 

C. 149. Thelebolus 1 

D. 150. Nemaspora 5 

7. ProtomycecB. 

A. 151. Roestelia 5 

152. jEcidiura 21 

153. Ustilago 3 

154. Uredo 10 

155. Albugo 3 

156. Ccetnurus 5 

157. Dicseoma 9 

158. Pnccinia 5 

159. Podisoma 1 

B. 160. Eiisidiura 3 

161. Stilbospora 2 

C. 162. Xyloma 5 

D. 163. Gymnosporangium 1 

E. 164, jEgerita 1 

165. Fusarium I 

F. 166. Tubercularia 2 

8. Nematomyce

F. 193. Thamnidiura I 

194. Mucor 5 

195. Ascophora 2 

196. I'ilobolus I 

G. 197. Ceratium 1 

198, Isaria 3 

199. Coremiura 2 

200 Cephalotricbum 1 

H. 201. Stilbum 3 

9. Gasteromi/ceeB, 

A. 202. Eurotium 1 

203. ^tlialiiiin 1 

204. Lignidium 1 

20.x Spumaria 1 

206. SlroiigyliEm I 

207. Lycogala 4 

B. 208. Mymtheciura 1 

209. Dichosporuin 1 

210. Licca 2 

211. D.rinodium 2 

C. 212. Didvmium 3 

213. Diderma 1 

214. Cioiiiiiin 6 

215. Physarum 7 

216. Leangium 2 

217. Leocarpiis 2 

D. 218. Trichia 8 

219. Aicyria 5 

E. 220. Cribaria -.. 3 

221. Dictvdium 2 

F. 222. Stemonitis 4 

G. 223. Crateriiim 3 

224. Pyxidiutn 1 

H. 225. Onygena... 1 

I. 226. Sphserobolus 1 

K. 227. Scleriiderma 4 

228. llypogaeum 1 

229. Bovista 3 

230. Lycoperdon 7 

231. Geastruin 6 

232. PolyBtoma 1 

L, 23.3, Tulostoma 1 

M.234. PolyaHgium 1 

N. 235. Gyathus 4 

10. SarcotheceieE. 

A. 236. Erysibe 10 

237. Thanatopliy turn 1 

23S. Sclerotium 9 

B. 239. Tuber 3 

C 240. Tremella 1 

241, Gyraiia 12 

242. Coryne 2 

11, Hymenothec€(B, 

A, 243. Amanita 8 

244. Vaginata 3 

245. Lepiota 8 

246. Gymnopus 36 

247. Omphalia ... dS 

VOL. I. 

GENERA. xvii 

248. Pleiiropu9 5 

249. Crcpidopus,,,. 5 

250. Apus 2 

251. Resiipinatus 1 

B. 252. Russula 4 

253, Mycena 17 

254, Micrompliale 8 

255, Lactaiius 12 

C. 256. Pratella 5 

257. Cortinaria 15 

258. Piunuliis 10 

259. Coprinus 16 

D. 260. Asterophora 1 

E. 261. Mevulius 1 

262. Caiuharellus 3 

263. Corniola g 

264. Serpula , 1 

265. Gomphus « 1 

F. 266. Dffidalea 5 

G. 267. Poria 5 

268. Boletus 17 

269. Grifola 6 

270. Coltiicia 3 

271. Striglia 1 

272. Albatrellos 2 

273. Polypor.Hs 1 

H. 274. Suillus 1 

275. PinuEûs 1 

276. Leccinuin 10 

277. Fistulina 1 

I. 278. Sistotrcina 2 

279. Cerrena 1 

280. Xylodon 2 

K. 281. Hydnum | 

282. Dentiniim 2 

283. AuriscaJpium^.. .« 1 

284. Steccherinum 3 

285. Odontia ,.„ 2 

286. Ilericiuin . .. .. , ] 

L. 287. Craferella I 

288. Stereum 5 

289. Corticium i 

290. Merisma 2 

M.291. Corynoides 4 

292. Ramaria 8 

293. Clavaria 12 

N. 294. Geoglossum 9 

295. Mitrula 2 

296. Leotia 2 

297. Helotiiim 3 

298. Relhanum 1 

O, 299, Morchella 4 

300. Helvella 3 

301, Spatbularia 1 

P. 302. Stictis,, 3 

303. Patellaria 5 

304. Peziza 14 

305. Octospora 8 

306. Scodellina 10 

307. Calycina 3 

308. Dasyscyplius ,.^ 6 

b

XV lU GENERA. 

309. Macroscyphns 8 

310. Hvmenoscyphus 9 

Q. 311. Ascobolus... 1 

12. LytothececB. 

312. Batarrea 1 

313. Ithvphallus 1 

314. Phallus 2 

1 B. Pl. cell, folios^. 

13. Hepatkce, 

A. 315. Riccia 5 

B. 316. Targionia I 

317. Sphaerocarpus .\ 1 

C. 318. Anthoceros 3 

D. 319. Marchantia 2 

320. Strozzius 2 

321. Cyathophora 1 

322. Staurophora — 1 

E. 323. Riccardius 3 

324. Paliavicinius 2 

325. Herverus 2 

326. Papa 1 

327. Blasia 1 

328. Maurocenius 1 

329. Salviatus 3 

330. Pandulphinlus 4 

331. Marcbesinus 1 

332. Cavendishia 2 

333. Martinellius 9 

334. Mylius 4 

335. Nardius 3 

336. Jnngermannia 39 

337. Bazzanius — 1 

338. Scalins 1 

3S9. Cesius 1 

340, Herbertus i 

341. Lippius 1 

342. Kantius 1 

14. Musci. 

343. Andraea 4 

344. Spagnum 4 

345. Phascum 11 

346. Schistostega 1 

347. Anictangium 2 

348. Gymnostomum 14 

349. Dipliyscium 1 

350. Tetraphis 2 

351. Splachnum 7 

352. Conostomum 1 

353. Polytrichum 9 

354. Cinclidotus 1 

355. Tortula U 

356. Eiicalypta 3 

367. Grimmia 7 

358. Pterogonitim 3 

359. Weissia IS 

360. Dicranum 24 

361. Trichostomum 9 

362. Leucodon 1 

363. Didyinodon 8 

364. Funaria 3 

365. Zvgodon 1 

366. oVthotrichum 10 

367. Neckcra 2 

368. Anomodon 8 

369. Daltonia 2 

370. Fontinalis 3 

-371. Buxbaumia 1 

372. Bartramia 6 

373. Hookeria 2 

374. Hypnum 60 

375. Bryum 25

2. PLANT.E ENDOGENiE. 

2 A. Pl. end. CRYPT0GAM.5E. 

1. Filices. 

A. I. Osmundp. 1 

2. Ceterach 1 

B. 3. Polypodium,. 4 

C. 4. Aspidinm 10 

5. Cyclopteris 2 

6. Athyrium 4 

I). 7. Aspleniuua 8 

E. 8. Scoiopendriuin 1 

F. 9, Blechnum 1 

10. Stegania 1 

G. H. Pteris 1 

12, Adiantum 1 

H, 13. Woodsia 1 

14. Tricbomanes 1 

15. Hymenophylliim 1 

I. 16. Bostrichiiita 3 

K. 17. Opliioglossiim I 

2. Lycopodiaceee. 

18. Lycopodiiiiii 5 

19. Bernhardia 2 

20. Isoetes 1 

3. Marsileaceee. 

21. Pilularia 1 

4. EquisetacecE. 

22. Equisetum 7 

5. Charades. 

23. Chara 5 

2 B. Pl. end. phenogam.^;. 

6. Fluviatiles. 

24. Zannichellia 2 

25. Ruppia 1 

26. Potamogiton 14 

27. Zostera I 

7. Aroidea:, 

28. Arum.... 1 

7*. Lemnadea. 

2S*.Lemna 4 

8. Typhacea, 

29. Sparganinni 2 

SO. Platanaria 1 

31. Tyjfha 3 

9. Cyperace

XX 

91. Agraulus ,...3 

92. Achnatherium 1 

93. Calamagrostis 2 

94. Gastridium I 

95. Polypogon 2 

96. Lagurus ^ 

G. 97. Stipa I 

'H- 98. Milium ^ 

99. Milora 1 

100. Digitaria 2 

101. Setaria 3 

102. Echinocliloa 1 

1 1 . 

Restiaceee. 

103. Eriocaiilon I 

12. Junceee. 

GENERAi 

104. Acorus 

105. Juncus 

' 

23 

106. Luzula 

"^ 

107. Abaraa ^ 

IS. ColcMcacece 

108. Tofieldia 1 

109. Colchicum I 

14. Liliace(E, 

110. Tulipa * 1 

111. Fritillaria 1 

15. Asphodtkae. 

A. 112. 

B. 113. 

114. 

PhalangiuHi 

Muscaii 

Hyacinthus 

| 

J 

» 

C. 115. Honorius * 

116. Scilla 

117. OrnithogaUim 

118. Gagea 

D. 119. Moly 

^ 

^ 

} 

* 

120. 

121. 

Allium 

Cepa 

^ 

* 

16. Asparageee. 

122. Asparagus 

, 17. SmilacecB. 

123. Paris... 

124. Convallaria 

125. Polygonatum 

\ 

* 

3 

126. Ruscus 

1 

. 

1 

18. Tamacete, 

127. Tamus 1 

19, Amaryllidete, 

128. Narcissus 2 

129. Ajax 2 

130. Leucojum 1 

131. Galanthus 1 

20. Iride

3. PLANT.E EXOGENiE. 

3 A. Pl. ex. monochlautdeje. 

I. Abietidem, 

\. Pinus I 

2. Abies 2 

3. Larix 1 

2. CupressidecB. 

4. Jtiiriperus 2 

3^ TasidecE. 

5. Taxus 1 

4. SaUciniB, 

€. Salix 57 

7. Populus 4 

5. Belulidea, 

8. Betula 2 

^. Alnus 1 

6, Corylideee, 

10. Carpin'.is 1 

11. Corylus,. 1 

12. Quercus 3 

13. Fagus 1 

14. Castanea 1 

7. Myricee. 

15. Myrica ^ 1 

7*. EmpetridetJB. 

15*. Empetrura I 

8. UlmacecB. 

16. Ultnus t 5 

9. Uriicacea:. 

17. Lupulus I 

18. Urtica 3 

19. Parietaria.. 1 

20. Cannabis 1 

? 21. Xanthium 1 

10. EupJiorbiacece. 

A. 22. Galarlicens 4 

23. Esula 6 

24. Characias 2 

25. Chamaesyce 1 

B. 2§. Mercurialis 2 

27. Buxus 1 

II. Arislolochice. 

28. Aristolochise 1 

29. Asarum ..^ 1 

12. SantalacecB. 

30. Thesium. , ^ I 

GENERA. XXI 

13. Eleagnea. 

31. Hippophae 1 

14. Thymelee. 

32. Daphne 3 

15. Polygones. 

A. 33. Bistorta 2 

34. Persicaria 9 

35. Polygonum 1 

36. Fagopyriim 3 

B. 37. Lapathum U 

38. Acetosa 3 

39. Oxyria 1 

16. Chenopodecc. 

40. Blitum 1 

41. Beta 2 

42. Spinachia 2 

43. Atijplex 7 

44. Chenopodium 14 

45. Salicorniu 4 

46. Salsola I 

17. Amaranlhidece. 

47. Amaranthus 1 

3 B. Pl. ex. COROLLIFLORiE. 

18. Plantaginidece. 

48. Plantago 3 

49. Arnoglossum 6 

50. Asterogeum 1 

19. Liltorellideet, 

51. Littorella i 

20. Siaticince, 

52. Statice l 

53. Limonium 2 

21. Primulacee. 

54. Centunculus 1 

55. Anagallis 2 

56. Irasekia 1 

57. Lysimachia 2 

58. Naumburgia i 

59. Numularia l 

60. Hottouia 1 

61. Trientalis 1 

62. Primula 4 

63. Cyclamen l 

63*.Samolus 1 

63»*.Glaux 1 

22. Rhinanthuceee, 

A. 64. Veronica gi 

65. Sibthorpia ,.. l 

66. Euphrasia l 

67. Odontites l 

6b, Bartbiu g

XXll GENERA.

161. Arbutus 1 

162. Uva ursi 2 

B. 163. ChamJEcistus 1 

165. Pyrola 4 

166. Moneses I 

C. 167. Hypopitys ." 

1 

37. VacdnecB, 

168. Vaccinium 2 

169. Vitis-Ida;a 1 

170. Oxycoccus 1 

38. Campanulacece. 

A. 171. Campanula 9 

172. Legousia 2 

173. Phyteuma 1 

174. Jasione 1 

B. 175. Lobelia 2 

39. Composites. 

A. 176. Lapsana 1 

177. Arnoseris 1 

178. Chondrilla 1 

179. Prenanthes 1 

ISO. Lactuca 4 

181. Sonchus 4 

182. Hieracium 18 

183. Crepis 2 

184. Barkhausia 1 

185. Taraxacum 2 

186. Achyrophorus 2 

187. Hypochaeris 1 

188. Thrica 2 

189. Virea 4 

190. Picris 1 

191. Helminthia 1 

192. Tragopoffon 2 

193. Cichorium 2 

B. 194. Ouopordum 1 

195. Arctium 2 

196. Serratula 1 

197. Silybum 1 

198. Carduus 3 

199. Cirsium 8 

200. Bennettia 1 

201. Carlina 1 

202. Cyanus 1 

203. Phrygia 3 

204. Jacea 1 

205. Hippophfflstum 1 

206. Polyacantha 1 

207. Leucantha 1 

C. 208. Calendula 1 

209. Helianthus 1 

210. Bidens 2 

211. Tanacetum 1 

212. Artemisia , 6 

213. Absinthium 1 

214. Diotis 1 

215. Chrysanthemum I 

GENERA. XXIU 

216. Leucanthemum 1 

217. Pyrethrura 2 

218. Matricaria 1 

219. Chamomilla 1 

220. Bellis 1 

221. ChamEemelum 2 

222. Maruta 1 

223. Anthemis.. 2 

224. Achillea 4 

225. Antennaria 2 

226. Gnaphalium 5 

227. Filago 4 

228. Conyza I 

229. Pulicaria 2 

230. Inula 1 

231. Eritheis 1 

232. Eurybia 1 

233. Solidago 1 

234. Erigeron 1 

235. Trimorpha 3 

236. Chrysocoma 1 

237. Doronicum 1 

238. Cineraria 3 

239. Senecio 9 

240. Tussilago 1 

241. Petasites 1 

242. Eupatorium 1 

40. Dipsaceee. 

243. Dipsacus 2 

244. Galedragon 1 

245. Succisa 1 

246. Columbaria 1 

247. Scabiosa 1 

41. Valerianecs. 

248. Valeriana 4 

249. Centranthus 1 

250. Valerianella 2 

42. RubiacecB. 

251. Sherardia 1 

252. Asperula 2 

2.53. Galium 14 

254. Rubia 2 

43. Caprifoliacece. 

A. 255. Linnsa I 

256, Xylosteon 1 

257. Periclymeuum 2 

B. 258. "Viburnum 1 

259. Opulus 1 

260. Sarabucus 2 

C. 261, Cornus 2 

262. Hedera 1 

44, Loranthidece. 

264. Viscuin 1 

I 265. Adoxa 1

XXIV GENERA. 

45. Umbellifera, 

266. Daucus 2 

267. Sanicula 1 

268. Torilis 3 

269. Caucaiis 

270. Turgenia 

271. Cerefoliutn 

272. Aiiilnijcus 

273. Scandix 

274. Myrihis 

275. Cliasropliyllum 

276. Diepanophjllum .... 

277. Slum 

278. lljdrocotjle , 

279. Cicuta , 

280. Phellandrium 

281. CE.mnthe 

282. Ixliiiiopiiora 

283. Crithmiim , 

284. Pimpinella 

285. Triiiia 

286. vEthiisa 

287. Ctiiiium 

2.S8. Biinium 

280. iEgopodiiun 

290. Carum 

291. RIeuin 

292. Liguiiiciim 

293. Pseiidospermum 

294. Libanotis... 

295. Thysselinmn 

296. Iniperatoria 

297. Aiifêlica 

298. Archangelica 

209. Spondvlium 

300. Tordyiimn 

301. Coriandriira 

302. PeucedanuHi 

303. Pastinaca 

304. Silaus 

305. Petroselinuin 

306. Apiiim 

307. Foeniciiliwn 

308. Smyrnium 

309. Bupleuruin 

310. Agostana 2 

311. Eiyngium 2 

46. SaxifragecB, 

312. Robertsonia .. 6 

313. Ilydatica 1 

314. Mibcopetalum 1 

315. Kinsstoiria 1 

316. Saxifraga 25 

317. Clirysospleiiiuin 2 

47. Crassulaceff'. 

318. Umbilicus 2 

319. TLllaea 1 

320- iiciluui ..li> 

321. Seinpeivivura .. . .. .«. 1 

48. Puitulacetn. 

322. Monlia 1 

49. ParonychidetE, 

A. 323. Scleranthus.... 2 

324. Adenarimn I 

B. 325. Illccebrum I 

3'26. Corrigiola 1 

327. Herni'aria 2 

328. Polycarpon I 

C. 3-^9. Larbrea 1 

50. GrossularidT, 

330. Ribes 5 

51. Cucurbitaceer. 

331. Bryonia 1 

332. Cucumis 2 

333. Cucurbita 1 

52. Salicaria. 

aS4. Lydiruin 2 

335. Portula 1 

53. Tumavidnte. 

336. Taaiarix 1 

54. Ceratophylleo!. 

337. Ceiatophyllmn 2 

55. IlaloragctF. 

338. Callitriche 2 

339. Hippuris I 

340. Myriophyllum 2 

56. Onagrariic. 

A. 341. Circaea 3 

B. 342. CEjiothera 1 

343- Chaiiiaeiierioa 1 

344. Epilobium 7 

57. Pomaceee, 

345. Pyrns ^ 

346. Crataegus 2 

347. Mespilus 3 

58. Rosacea. 

348. Rosa 26 

59. jdgrimoniaceee. 

349. Polerium... 1 

350. Sanguisorba 1 

351. Alchetnilla 4 

352. Agrimonia 1 

60, Dryadees. 

353. Dry as I 

354. Cuuin 3 

355. bibbaldia 1

356. Potentnia 14 

357. Fragaria 2 

3b8. Rubus 8 

61. Ulmari(E. 

359* Spiraea 3 

62. DrupacecB. 

360. Cerasus 3 

361. Pronas 3 

63. LeguminoscB. 

A. 369. Ulex 2 

3Q3. Genista 4 

364. Ononis 1 

365. Anthyllis I 

B. 366. Trifolium ....17 

367. Melilotus 1 

368. Medicago 6 

369. Trigonella 1 

370. Lotus 3 

371. Glycyrrhiza 1 

C. 372. Oxytropus 2 

373. Astragalus 2 

D. 374. Latiiyrus 7 

375. Pisum.... ... . 2 

376. Orobus 4 

377. Vicia 12 

E. 378. Ornithopos 1 

379. Hippocrepis 1 

380. Onobrychis 1 

64. Celastrines. 

381. Staphylea 1 

382. Evonymus 1 

3S2*.Ilex 1 

65. Rhamnece. 

383. Rhamnus 2 

3 D. Pl. ex. THAtAMIFLORjB. 

66. Geranieai 

A. 384. Erodium 4 

385. Geranium 13 

B. 386. Tmpatiens 1 

C. 387. Oxalis. 3 

67. Hypericinece. 

388. AndrosiEmutn 1 

389. Hypericum 10 

68. AcerineeB. 

390. Acer... 2 

69. Tiliaceee. 

391. Tilia 2 

70. MalvacetE. 

392. Malva 3 

393. Ahh«a 2 

VOL. T» 

GENERA. XXV 

394. Lavatera i 

71. LinetB. 

395. Linum 5 

72. CaryophylletB. 

A. 396. Saponaria I 

397. Diantlius 3 

398. CucubalUs 3 

399. Silene 8 

400. Lychnis 6 

B. 401. Biiffonia 1 

402. Willisellus 1 

403. Sagina ... 3 

404. Spergula ;...... 5 

405. Cherleria 1 

406. Arenaria., 5 

407. Alsinella 3 

408. Holosteum 1 

409. Sleliaria 16 

410. Moenchia ,... 1 

73. Cistinea. 

411. Helianthemum .... i,... t 

74. Frankeniacets. 

412. Frankenia ........... . 2 

75. Droseracece. 

413. Drosera 3 

76. ResedacecB. 

414. Reseda 2 

77. PolygdUce. 

415. Polygala 2 

78. fiolaeeee. 

416. Viola 7 

79i Parnassice^ 

417. Parnassia 1 

80. Cruciferce. 

A. 418. Cardamine 7 

419. Arabis 6 

420. Turritis 1 

421. Barbarea 2 

422. Nasturtium .. i 4 

423. Sisymbrium^ -. 3 

424. Erysimum ; 3 

425. Cheiranthus..i 1 

426. Matthiola 2 

427. Hesperis 1 

B. 428. Brassica . . i 5 

429. Sinapis.i. 5 

C. 430. Raphanus 1 

431. Raphanistrum 2 

D. 432. Cakile. ;.;... .-• 1 

433. Crambe .••• 1 

E. 434. Coronopus S 

€

XXVI GExVERA. 

F. 435. Isatis 1 

G. 436. Vella 1 

437. Thlaspi 4 

438. Nasturtiolum 1 

439. Teesdalia 1 

440. Iberis 1 

441. Lepidium 5 

442. Cochlearia 4 

443. Subularia 1 

444. Draba 5 

445. Camelina 1 

446. Alyssum 1 

81. Fumarideee. 

447. Fumaria 3 

448. Corydalis 3 

82. Papaveracets. 

449. Chelidonium 2 

450. Glaucium 3 

451. Cerastites 3 

452. Papaver 2 

83. Nymphacece. 

453. Nuphar 2 

. 

454. Nymphaea 1 

84. BerberidecB, 

455. Berberis .... I 

456. Epimedium 1 

85. RanunculacecB. 

A . 457. Actaea 1 

458. Paeonia 2 

B. 459. Consolida 1 

460. Aquilegia 1 

461. Helleborus 2 

462. Trollius „... 1 

463. Caltha 3 

C. 464. Ficaria 1 

465. Ranunculus 13 

466. Batrachium 5 

467. Myosurus 1 

D. 468. Adonis 2 

469. Anemonantliaea 3 

470. 

47 1 

Pulsatilla I 

Thalictnim 4 

E. 472. Clematis ,,... ,. \

XXVll 

TOTAL NUMBERS. 

Fam. Gen. Spec. 

Cellulosae 14 375 1936 

Endogenae 26 166 47T 

Exogenas 86 474 1218 

126 1015 3631

XXV 111 

" Call the vale?, and bid tlieih lutiier cast 

Their bells, and Oow'rets of a thousand hues, 

Ye valleys low, where the mild whispers use 

Of shades, aud wanfoa winds, and gushing brooks; 

On whose fresh lap, the swart star sparely looks, 

Throw hither all your quaint enamelled eyes. 

That on the green turf suck the honied showers. 

And purple all the ground with vernal flowers."

INTRODUCTION 

TO 

BOTANY. 

I. On the Use of Botany. 

X HE use and pleasure of studying botany have been so" 

long acknowledged, that it may seem perfectly superfluous 

to discourse upon that subject ; but a slight sketch of the 

use and pleasure accruing by this study is here given, in 

order to convince those students, who have not yet reflected 

upon the subject, that in bestowing their time, their labour, 

or their money, upon the acquirement of this science, they 

will not court an ungrateful mistress, but one who will 

amply reward them for the pains they take in acquiring 

her. 

The greater part of those who study botany, are personsof 

the medical profession, and of course the use of botany 

in medicine is the first to be considered. It will therefore 

be necessary, before any further progress is made, to advert 

to the great difference between practising in large cities 

and sea-port towns on the one hand, and in country villages 

on the other. To the former merchants resort, and 

the warehouses are filled with the choicest drugs of foreign 

regions ; the poverty induced by the vicissitudes of commerce 

requires alleviation from the charity ot the rich, hos- 

pitals and dispensaries arise, and become medical schools. 

The time of the practitioners being fully occupied by the 

denseness of the population, they find it more convenient 

to use the drugs in the warehouses, than to collect themselves 

the indigenous productions of the surrounding country 

; hence they regard with indifference whether the drug 

be native or foreign, and this indifference, or rather preference 

for foreign drugs, passes of course into the pharmacopoeias 

published in those cities. 

VOL. I, B

2 IMTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

But these commercial ideas have less force in the country. 

There the practitioner has more time on his hands ; in his 

rounds to visit his patients, he can collect the herbs pro- 

fusely scattered in his path, and although his education at 

the hospitals in town naturally influences him in his choice, 

yet if prudence has any share in his character, he must be 

struck with the impropriety of neglecting the resources 

freely offered by nature to his possession for purchased ones. 

It is a favourite axiom with botanical physicians that where 

nature produces diseases, there she also produces the remedies 

for them, and they adduce in proof of this dogma, the 

growth of scurvy grass, and other antiscorbutic plants in 

those cold climates where scurvy reigns as an epidemic ; of 

pepper and other spices in hot countries where the stomach 

is liable to torpor, and requires an extraordinary stimulus to 

promote its healthy action ; as also of calamus aromaticus 

in those humid situations which are liable to intermittent 

fevers; and of sarsaparilla and guiacum in the regions, supposed 

to be the native seats of the venereal lues, and where, 

according to a Spanish traveller, d'Aranda, in his account 

of South America, it is a sporadic disease. Without absolutely 

professing a dogma, which has much appearance of 

truth in it, there can be no doubt but that the remedies necessary 

for most of the diseases that afflict human nature 

may be found at the country practitioner's own door, or 

very near at hand. That he may be enabled however to 

make use of them, it is necessary he should know them well, 

the more especially as many plants are so much alike, that 

it requires attention directed to proper characteristics to 

distinguish them. Now botany is that science which enables 

us to distinguish plants from one another, to assign to them 

their proper names, and to declare their several uses; 

without which last part, although too often neglected by 

the general botanist, it would be a barren study. 

Another part of medicine, in which the use of botany 

is evident, too frequently happens, in consequence of the 

similitude of plants to one another, so that those ignorant 

of the means of distinguishing them are led to use a plant 

of such powerful action on the human frame as to kill, or 

very violently affect, the unfortunate person who has mistaken 

it for some nutriraental vegetable, especially foreign- 

ers, who use a greater variety of vegetables than ourselves. 

Yet even among us, the instances are not rare in which 

hemlock has been mistaken for parsley, the roots of wild

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 3 

cicely, or cow-weed, for parsneps, dog's mercury for a 

spinage-herb, the berries of nightshade for esculent ones, 

and more especially the deleterious mushrooms for those 

that are eatable with some deg?fee of safety, for, in truth, 

all are to be held as of doubtful salubrity. Now the skilful 

botanist, who can determine from the remains of what has 

been taken the cause of the symptoms, has an evident advantage 

in respect to the mode of treating his patient, over 

one who is ignorant of the cause, and must therefore prescribe 

at random. And if the practitioner can thus save 

one fellow-creature from the grave, and restore him to his 

friends, far more a dear relative, a cherished companion, 

this alone would amply repay him for the study of this 

science. And it is on this account, that the Society of 

Apothecaries of London, to whom the legislation have 

lately committed the examination of persons intending to 

practise as apothecaries, have given public notice, that they 

expect the applicants for a license to be competent in medical 

botany. 

As to the economical or general use of botany, although 

it be of course more varied than the medical, less need be 

said about it. Our houses are principally built and furnished 

from the vegetable kingdom of nature; and this is 

also the case with ships and other vessels : plants furnish 

us with a very considerable part of our clothing; thia 

clothing, and the ornamental drapery of our houses, is 

dyed of various colours by different vegetables. Hence 

the study of that science which exhibits these various uses 

cannot but be instructive to all. 

The diet of mankind is, in the warmer regions of the 

earth, almost entirely vegetable; as the climate becomes 

colder, more and more animal food is taken, until in the 

cold regions of the North, man becomes nearly a carnivorous 

animal. But vegetables are never entirely disused 

by him ; hence a knowledge of them is of universal use, 

nid'e especially ,to travellers, who may thus instruct a whole 

nation in the use of plants abundantly produced in their 

country, yet either disregarded by them, or even considered 

as deleterious, although in fact one of the agreeable 

luxuries of the table: nor is this an idle supposition. The 

embassy sent from Bengal to Thibet observed in their route 

the strawberry growing plentifully in the woods ; on desiring 

their conductors to gather some, they were informed 

that it was a poisonous berry : this naturally enough produced 

some hesitation, lest they might be deceived by a 

B 2

4 JtNTHODUCTION TO HOTANY. 

mere resemblance of that delicious fruit ; but, upon investigation 

of tiie botanical characters of the flower, its identity 

was confirmed, and the natives were highly pleased to have 

their supposed poisonous J»erry shown to be one of the 

most pleasant and wholesome fruits. 

But the most striking use of botany is when famine is 

apprehended ; for although direct experiments may enable 

a person to discover what plants are wholesome and nu- 

tritive from those which are not, yet these experiments require 

time when none, particularly in cases of shipwreck, 

can be spared, and from the greater number of poisonous, 

or, at least, medicinal plants of very violent operation, the 

experiments would, if not guided by botanical analogies, 

be highly dangerous, and inevitably fatal in many cases. 

But by knowing the botanical characters of those families 

of plants which abound in edible fruits, or are remarkable 

for any other dietetic articles, considerable advantages will 

be gained, and unknown articles may be freely used with 

little apprehension of danger. This is a species of knowledge 

less cultivated in the British islands than it ought to 

be, especially considering the maritime situation which 

leads so many of their inhabitants to embrace a seafaring 

life, and become exposed to the dangers of shipwreck upon 

uninhabited coasts ; and where the dauntless energetic 

spirit of our youth impels so many to engage in distant 

expeditions, and the unfortunate issue of some of these 

expeditions, for what mortal can always command success, 

plunges them into distressful circumstances in a foreign and 

perhaps inhospitable country. 

Another use, if I may so express myself, is the contemplation 

of the beauties of nature ; and in this respect 

botany yields to no other branch of human knowledge, 

and in one respect surpasses most in that, while wealth 

may exhibit its splendour in collecting living plants, yet 

the study is also compatible with the most humble fortunes, 

and may be'made to beguile the tedious hours of convalescence, 

while it need not confine the sufferer to his room, 

but will even entice him forth to breathe the dewy incense 

of the morn. Few are the studies that require so little 

apparatus, or less trouble to produce a collection, which 

will lie in a small compass, and will aiford an agreeable 

exhibition to friends and visitors.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

2. The Rise and Progress of Botany, part'tcularly iw England. 

The modern botanists, who, are overwhelmed with the 

continually increasing number of new plants offered to their 

view, and the necessity of learning the ever-varying nomenclature, 

are accused, perhaps with some justice, of 

paying less attention to the uses of plants than they ought 

and, on the other hand, the ancients seem to have had no 

other idea of botany than as being the knowledge of the 

grains, pulse, potherbs, &c. of use in domestic economy, 

or of those plants which chance, or experiments made in 

the great hierarchal colleges of Persia or Egypt, had shown 

to be of use in the cure of the sick and hurt; for it appears 

by the Greek authors, whose writings have survived 

the barbarism which took place in Europe on the subversion 

of the Western Empire by the northern nations, 

that it was the intention of the early Greek writers, in their 

botanical works, rather to relate the uses or culture of 

plants, than to describe them so that posterity might be 

enabled to recognize them whenever they were met with. 

Hippocrates the Coan, the venerable father of medicine, 

the lineal descendant of that Esculapius whom the gratitude 

of mankind had raised to divine honours, is the oldest 

author we possess, being born about four hundred and fifty 

years before Christ. Those who are versed in the history 

of medicine, well know the valuable use he made of the 

cases recorded in the temples of his ancestor, which were 

the public hospitals of antiquity, especially in respect to 

the prognosis of diseases. He has mentioned, in his theiapeutic 

writings, the uses of about two hundred and forty 

plants; and he would have merited still more the thanks 

of mankind, if he had carefully described them, so that 

we might be certain of the species of plants which he intended 

by those names,—This task he seems to have left 

to Cratevas, of whose knowledge in botany he makes the 

most honourable mention. The loss of the works of Cratevas 

is much to be deplored, as they probably contained 

the description, or at least place of growth, of the plants 

mentioned by Hippocrates. 

The expansion of the human intellect which took place 

in consequence of the freedom of opinion that was allowed 

in Athens, under the mild but firm government of Pisis- 

tratus, by which the factious demagogues and the priest 

©f that city were restrained from persecuting every man 

;

6 


whose abilities were superior to their own, caused that city 

to become the focus of literature and science; and the 

writings produced in that short space of time still remain 

the noblest monuments of the powers of the human mind, 

for they have commanded the admiration of succeeding 

ages, and left nothing for future writers to do but to imi- 

tate, as far as is possible, their excellencies. In the schools 

which were then established, that of the peripatetics, whose 

founder was Aristotle, was the one that, cultivating natural 

history, of course merits most notice in a history of botany. 

Aristotle, the son of a perfumer, who were in those days 

the dispensers of compound medicines prescribed by lay 

practitioners, had, from his well-merited reputation, beei^ 

and, on his 

raised to be the tutor of Alexander the Great ; 

pupil becoming possessed of the treasures collected by the 

Persian monarch, he formed the project, among other vast 

schemes of literary renown, of writing a complete history 

of natural substances from actual observation, or the relation 

of the numerous collectors which his influence over 

his former pupil enabled him to employ; and took the 

zoological and meteorological parts under his ov/n immediate 

care ; and his History of Animals, although little regarded 

in the schools engaged in teaching the elements of 

knowledge, is a splendid monument of his abilities. 

The mineralogical and botanical part of this general 

history of nature was entrusted to his pupil Theophrastus, 

who also succeeded to the professorial chair in the public 

school. A work of Theophrastus on minerals, and two on 

plants, have, 

descended to 

after a very narrow escape from oblivion, 

our times. He treats his subject generally 

in a philosophical manner. In his book on the causes of 

plants, he considered the propagation, culture, qualities, 

and uses of plants in general ; but very few are described 

by him in a particular manner, as he supposes the reader 

to be either acquainted with them, or to be informed by 

a master. In his larger work, entitled, the History of 

Plants, he mentions about five hundred plants, and begins 

with the organization, generation, and propagation of 

vegetables. In the third and fourth books he goes on to 

treat largely upon trees ; then follows his observations 

upon timber and choice of it. The sixth book is on shrubs, 

thorny plants, roses, and other ornamental plants usually 

cultivated in gardens. In the seventh he treats upon 

kitchen- garden plants, and those that grow wild. In the 

eighth upon grain of difierenl kiiid^, upon which he is very


copious. The ninth and last book is upon gumsj exudations, 

and the me3,ns of obtaining them. It is much to 

be lamented, that neither Aristotle nor Theophrastus, 

whose mental abilities were of the first order, perceived the 

advantages that would accrue from a detailed description 

of natural substances, by which a student deprived of the 

viva voce instruction of a master might be enabled to recoîse 

them. 

The next author that occurs is Dioscorides. As a physician, 

the object of Dioscorides being only the materia 

medica, he discusses each article used by medical practi- 

tioners in a separate chapter, and comprises the whole in 

five books ; in which, although the order is not very exactly 

kept, the vegetables are treated of as they are aromatic, 

alimentary, and medicinal. For the precedence of the 

aromatics two reasons may be given : one, the usual preference 

given to objects of luxury above those of use ; and 

the other, that the perfumers were the apothecaries of 

ancient times, and naturally affected those substances which 

formed the principal articles of their trade, especially when 

we consider the much greater use of perfumed oils and 

ointments by the ancients than by the moderns. His descriptions 

are chiefly respecting the colour, size, mode of 

growing as compared with other plants then well known, 

and therefore left undescribed. Thus he says : Hyssopus 

is well known to all ; and then having compared origanum 

to hyssop, he compares centaurium minus, tragoriganum, 

serpillum, marum, polycnemon, Symphytum petrgeum, 

ageratum, papaver erraticum, to origanum ; so that the 

knowledge of all these plants are made to depend upon that 

of hyssop. In like manner ocimum is made a type for the 

knowledge of the first sort of calamintha, acinum, ocimoides, 

crinum, solanuin, mercurialis, and heliotropium; 

although by the lapse of years, the ocimum of Dioscorides 

is now become uncertain, and of course the knowledge of 

the other plants is rendered unattainable. 

Although Columella and Cato among the Romans wrote 

on Husbandry, yet none of their works can be said to be 

botanical. Pliny the elder, who commanded the Roman 

fleet stationed in the Bay of Naples, and who perished in 

the year of Christ 71, in an attempt to explore an eruption 

of Mount Vesuvius, is the only author of that nation whose 

writings can be said to belong to the scope of our work. 

In his Flistorla Mundi, a vast encyclopaedia, scarcely less 

varied than the world itself, he has treated from the 12th

V IJNTRODUCnON TO BOTANY. 

to the 27th book upon plants, as well philosophically as 

historically, medically, economically, magically, &c. A 

great part of his work is nearly the same as Dioscorides, 

who, however, is never quoted by name, and therefore, 

considering the candour with which Pliny names the writers 

from whom his book was extracted, there is reason to 

think that Dioscorides and Pliny wrote about the same 

time, and both made use of the same author, either Sextius 

Niger, or Diodorus, or Julius Bassus, but more probably, 

as it would appear from certain passages in Dioscorides, 

of Niger. Pliny, however, was a mere compiler, and 

Tvhatever knowledge of plants he might have acquired in 

his walks in the physic garden of Antonius Castor, it is 

certain that none of it appears in his work, which exhibits 

only a collection of memorandums badly translated from 

the Greek, in which, for want of critical and botanical 

knowledge, numerous mistakes are evident. The design 

of the work was grand, but far too vast to be accomplished 

by any one man, and especially by one immerged in public 

business. The order in which he has disposed his subjects 

is very confused. The great value of Pliny's work, therefore, 

consists in his having preserved to us the remains of 

ancient knowledge on the subject, and especially the application 

of it to the arts of life in those remote times, so 

that he may be considered as the historian of ancient botany 

; and to his indefatigable industry we owe the names 

of several hundred substances not mentioned by those other 

ancient writers whose works have been preserved ; although 

it must be confessed, that much of this knowledge is of httle 

use, as the substances denoted by those names are un^ 

known for want of descrijitions. 

The next writer that occurs is Apulejus. This author, 

who lived in the second century, was born at Madura in 

Africa, which was then a kind of university. He afterwards 

studied at Carthage and Athens, and for some time applied 

himself to the profession of the law in Rome; but marrying 

a rich widow, he retired from ilie bar, and wholly gave 

himself up to philosophy and the practice of physic. He 

is well known as the author of " The Golden Ass" one of 

the few works of amusement, or what is called light reading, 

that have descended to us from the ancients. But the 

work which entitles him to our notice is his book, De 

Herbis, sive de Nominibus et Virtutibus Herbarum. In 

this work he gives the synonyuis of l.'Ô medicinal herbs in 

(^reekj Latin, Egyptian, Punic, Celtic, Daciafl, and of


some in the oriental languages, which he had acquired in 

his travels. After these names he adds a short description 

of the plant, the place of growth, and the properties of 

it. Some of the critics have supposed that this work is 

supposititious, and written long after his time. Johnson, 

wlio edited the second edition of Gerarde's Herbal, imagined 

it was the translation of a work written by some physician 

of Constantinople in the eighth century, but Fabricius 

thinks this conjecture is not probable ; indeed internal evidence 

seems against it. Apulejus was a heathen priest, 

well read in his religion, and much attached to it, as well 

by natural inclination as from the persecutions he suffered 

from the Christian relations of his wife, who accused him 

of magic, and of obtaining her hand and fortune by sorcer}^; 

now the work is filled with those modes of exhibiting 

remedies, which, although only intended by the practitioner 

to aid their operation by the power of fancy, are usually 

considered by others as superstitious, and even magical. 

Galen, who was born about 133 years after Christ, was 

contemporary with Apulejus, and became so celebrated as 

a physician and medical writer, as to have entirely ruled in 

the schools of medicine, to the exclusion of almost every 

other author. His industry in acquiring a knowledge of 

the materia medica, including medical botany, was very 

great, as he sailed to Lemnos to investigate the terra 

Lemnia in its native bed, to Cyprus to visit the mines and 

collect cadmia, pompholyx, diphryges, chalcanthum, and 

other minerals; as also to Cilicia, Phoenicia, Crete, and 

Egypt. His writings are as remarkable for their diffuse 

style, and his continual digressions, as those of Pliny are 

for their conciseness ; and it is not easy to say which is 

the most tiresome to the reader, or requires the steadiest 

attention to peruse. Galen principally treats of plants in 

the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of his work. On 

Simples, in which he mentions the uses of about 450 medical 

plants. He also occasionally treats of several others 

in different parts of his works. It was his great object to 

account for their effects from the second and third qualities, 

as they were called ; that is to say, from the degree of their 

dryness or moisture, and heat and coldness, of each of which 

he distinguishes four degrees. In his introduction, he 

writes against those authors who had attempted to describe 

plants, and thinks the knowledge of them is better acquired 

by tradition. When we consider the great authority which 

the writings of Galen bore ip the schools of medicine for

10 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 

SO many centuries, we need not wonder at the loss of these 

writers thus branded as nearly useless. 

The Greek writers, Oribasius, Aetius, Egineta, who succeeded 

Galen, were such servile copiers of him, that they 

merit not notice. At length, after the lapse of a few cen- 

turies, the Arabs, inspired by the zeal of a new religion, 

burst from their sandy deserts, and over-run the west of 

Asia, the north of Africa, and south of Europe. As soon 

as they h^d formed regular establishments, they began to 

attend to the sciences, and translated the most popular 

Gi'eek authors. 

In this they differed from the later Greeks, that being 

devoid of that superstitious veneration which the Greeks 

possessed for the writers of their golden age of literature, 

they did not confine themselves to the knowledge that had 

been delivered by those writers, but added much of their 

own. To them physicians were indebted for the introduction 

into practice of berberries, camphire, cloves, wallflower, 

cassia fistula, galangais, hyssop, kerraes, lavender, 

mace, manna, Persian manna, mezereon, myrobalans, nutmegs, 

nymphaea, rhubarb, opium, sugar, gum sandarac, 

red Sanders, sebestens, senna, tamarinds, hops, and zedoary. 

Though some of these medical plants have fallen into desuetude, 

others still remain, and form some of the principal 

instruments of physicians to this day. Among these 

Arab v/riters Serapio stands pre-eminent, although Rhazis, 

Avicena, Actuarius (who wrote in Greek), and Mesne, 

must not be forgotten ; and it may be also mentioned, to 

the honour of the Arabs, that it is to them we are indebted, 

if not for the invention, yet for the introduction of chemical 

medicines into practice, so that we may easily estimate 

the great improvements of vv'hich they were the introducers. 

The writings of Galen, and of his Greek and Arabian 

disciples, were the only ones taught in the medical schools 

of Europe, through the medium of wretched translations, 

from the seventh to the fifteenth century. As to those 

parts of natural history, not comprised in the multifarious 

materia medica of this period, the knowledge of them was 

at the lowest ebb. What little was known was a mixture 

of extracts from Pliny, and the relations of travellers who 

endeavoured to give a wonderful cast to the most common 

appearances; who explained the mercantile names of articles 

by some fancied etymology, and then invented a tale to 

support the interpretation. In short, in the natural his- 

torians of this lung period, as Hildeguard, Sylvaticus,


Glanville, and others now almost forgotten, the mixture of 

truth and falsehood is at least in equal parts, as the authors 

wrote down whatever they found in others, without exer- 

cising any critical acumen to distinguish the truth. 

A book under the name of Macer's Herbal seems also 

to have been common in England before the invention of 

printing. Ovid praises the poetry of Macer, a medical 

writer on hei'bs; but as it is impossible he could mean the 

barbarous leonine verses in v/hich this book, De Naturis, 

Qualitatibus, et Virtutibus Herbarum, are written, it is 

generally allowed to be a pseudonjTuous work, and accordingly 

it is ascribed by some to Odo, or Odobonus, said to 

have been a Frencli physician. It was translated into 

English by Mr. John Lelamar, the master of Hertford 

School, who lived about the year 1373- At the first invention 

of printing two editions of it were published, and 

it is surprising that so paltry a work, which treats only of 

88 plants, should have been translated or commented upon 

by the great Dr. Linacre, one of the medical ornaments of 

the reign of Hênry the Eighth, and v.'ho obtained from 

that monarch the establishment of the College of Physicians. 

While these inferior works engrossed the public attention, 

the writings of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny, 

the true fathers of natural history, and in particular of 

botany, were utterly neglected, and indeed scarcely known. 

It was not until 14-68, or the year after, that Pliny's 

History of Nature was first printed ; and from this autlior 

Isidore and Platearius was speedily compiled, a German 

work with the title of The Book of Nature, which treats 

of animals and plants; of which latter 176 kinds are noticed, 

and many of them figured. This work is supposed 

by Seguier to be the first book on plants with v.ood-cuts: 

was published between the years J 475 and 1478. 

it 

As the Greek language was but little understood in 

Western Europe, till the conquest of Constantinople by a 

people of a different religion drove the Greeks into Italy 

and as this emigration was speedily followed by the invention 

of printing, the learned emigrants, who were obliged 

to exert themselves to maintain their fornier station in society, 

endeavoured to render the Greek authors fashionable 

in the West. 

Of the Greek naturalists, Dioscorides was the first 

printed, with a Latin translation by Barbarus, a Venetian nobleman, 

who died at the early age of 29. This work-^wab 

;

12 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

brought out in HTS, and was followed in 1483 by an edition 

of Theophrastus, with a Latin translation by Theodore 

Gaza, a Greek emigrant, which is still esteemed the best. 

The translation of Dioscorides by Matthiolus, first printed 

in 1554, supplanted that by Barbaras, and run through 

seventeen editions, 32,000 copies being said to be sold before 

the year 1561 ; but the edition of Caspar Bauhin, in 1598, 

is now esteemed the best. 

The publication of these fathers of botany was followed 

by that of a host of commentanes upon them, whose authors 

endeavoured to find the plants of Syria and Egyjjt 

in Germany, foi-getful of the difference of climate ; and 

thus, instead of dilucidating the author, they merely mislead 

their followers. Even now, after the labours of Rauwolf^ 

who travelled in Syria, Babylon, and Egypt, in the 

sixteenth century; of Tournefort, who travelled also in 

Greece, Crete, &c.; and of Sir James Edward Smith; it 

does not appear, that of the 700 medical plants mentioned 

by Dioscorides, more than 400 can be said to be properly 

ascertained. 

These translations of the ancients were followed in 1484, 

at which time Richard the Third reigned here, by a famojfjs 

herbal, printed at Mentz, imder the title of Herbarium 

; and this was followed the next year by the Ortus 

[i. e. Hortus] Sanitatis, ascribed to Cuba, a physician, 

first of Augsburgh, and afterwards of Frankfort. The 

wood-cuts with which they are adorned, or rather disfigured, 

are rude, and seldom have much resemblance of 

the thing which they profess to illustrate. 

Although printing was introduced into England in the 

reign of Henry the Seventh, yet no works on botany, in 

the English language, were produced in his reign, although 

hunting and angling had occupied the labours of the press. 

It was not indeed till 1516, the seventh of Henry the 

Eighth, that the Grete Herbal, with cuts, appeared. This 

book was very popular, and went through several editions. 

There is no author's name to it, but it was probably made 

up from the French translation of the Hortus Sanitatis, 

with some alterations and additions. It mentions more 

than 400 vegetables, or their products, and of these about 

150 are English, but they are no ways distinguished from 

the exotics. The cuts are smaller than those of the ELortus, 

but equally rude and inaccurate. 

While the mere English reader was obliged to content 

himself with this miserable compilation, Otho Brunst'el and


Others were studying botany practically in the fields, and 

endeavouring, as we already said, to reconcile the plants 

of Germany to the descriptions of Dioscorides. Brunsfel's 

work was published in 1530, and Cordus, another writer 

on the same subject, in 1535. The learned Gesner bestowed 

part of his attention upon botany, and first proposed to 

denominate all plants which have the same flower and fruit, 

however different they may be in other respects, by the 

same common name; or, in modern language, to found 

the genera upon the fructification alone. The plants of 

Germany were, however, still further examined by Leonard 

Fuchs, a physician, and professor at Tubingen. His 

History of Plants is adorned with 510 of the most beautiful 

and correct outlines that have ever been cut in wood. 

The draughtsmen employed were Hemy Fullraaurer and 

Albert Meyer, and the wood-engraver was Vitus Rudolph 

Speckle ; all whose portraits, in half-lengths, are given at 

the end of the work, as Fuchs', in full length, ornaments 

the back of the title. The author had good reason to be 

proud of his artists. His great error was lit applying the 

names of Dioscorides to the plants of Northern Europe; 

nor was he less an admirer of Hippocrates and Galen, 

whose medical writings he vigorously defended against all 

opposers. 

Although the Great Herbal was the only botanical work 

published in England during the reign of the eighth 

Harry, much attention was given to agriculture and 

kitchen-gardening. One of the judges (Fitzherbert) did 

not disdain to write on Husbandry. A committee of privy 

council, the prototype of our present Board of Agriculture, 

was appointed to obtain statistical accounts of the kingdom, 

Anne of Cleves, when transformed by act of Parliament 

from the wife into the sister of Henry, endeavoured , 

to forget the slights of the monarch in the cultivation of 

vegetables. And it is probable, that some of the kitchengardenei's 

at Chelsea are the descendants of the Flemish 

gardeners, whom her real brother sent over to manage her 

garden there. 

The reign of Edward the Sixth was distinguished by 

the publication of Turner's New Herbal; in which the 

alphabetical arrangement of former authors was still followed. 

Turner was born at Morpeth in Northumberland, 

and educated at Cambridge, about 1538. Fie complains 

much of the ignorance of natural history that then prevailed 

in England, even in the universities. " Being then,"


he says, " a student of Pembroke Hall, where I could 

learn never one Greke, neither Latin, nor English name, 

even among the physicians, of any herbe or tree, such 

was the ignorance at that time ; and as yet there was no 

English Herbal, but one" (the great Herbal just mentioned) 

" all full of unlearned cacographies, and falsely 

naming of herbs." He went into holy orders, and was a 

celebrated preacher as well as a physician, and lived for 

some time in Germany, where his fondness for botany led 

him to have a botanic garden at Weissenberg ; and also 

iji Italy, where he procured the foundation of a public 

botanic garden to be attached to the university of Bologna. 

-After which he returned to England, and being made 

Dean of Wells, divided his time between that place and 

his house in Crutched Friars, London. He had a botanic 

garden not only at Wells, but also at Kew. His attainments 

in science were not confined to Botany alone, but 

extended to the knowledge of birds and fishes, in which 

respects he assisted his friend Gesner in his Historia Animalium, 

and also paid attention to mineral waters, of 

which he published a small tract, annexed to his Herbal 

to say nothing of his numerous religious books, and his 

collation and correction of the Bible. 

The complete edition of Turner's Herbal, which was 

originally published in three parts, was printed at Cologne 

in 1568, embellished with upwards of 400 figures, which 

had been used for the octavo edition of Fuchs ; and about 

90 new figures, making in all 502. In the Dedication he 

mentions his contemporary botanists of England, viz. Dr. 

Clement, Dr. Merdy, Owen Wooton, and Mr. Falconer, 

who appears to have had a hortus siccus of foreign as well 

as English plants. Turner was the introducer of lucerne 

into England, by the name of horned clover ; and 

throughout the whole of his Llerbal he appears to have 

exhibited uncommon diligence and great erudition, and 

fully to deserve the character of an original writer. Our 

English herbalists, Gerarde, Johnson, and Parkinson, do 

not appear to have been sufficiently just to his merits; but 

Ray was very sensible of his worth, styling him a man of 

solid erudition and judgment. 

Botany was also pursued at the same time in Germany 

by Tragus, who published in 1552; and in the next year 

Dodoens, a Fleming, began to publish his Flerbal, which 

was the first in which the alphabetical lists of plants were 

exchanged for some gross arrangement. In the present 

8 

;


case, the plants were divided into six books : the first, a 

farrago of very dissimilar plants in alphabetical order : the 

second, flowers and umbelliferous plants : the third, medi- 

cinal roots, purgative plants, climbers, poisonous plants, 

ferns, mosses, fungi : the fourth, grain, pulse, grasses, water 

and marsh plants: the fifth, edibles, gourds, esculent 

roots, oiera, thistles, and spinose plants : the sixth and 

last, shrubs and trees. Certes a most confused arrangement, 

but it showed the value of bringing the history of 

plants which resembled each other near together. 

Soon after the accession of Elizabeth, Dr. William Bullein 

published his " Bulwark of Defence against all Sick- 

nesse, Soarnesse, and Wouiides that doe daily assaulte 

Mankinde." He was, like Turner, a clergyman as well as 

a physician. Notwithstanding his high reputation, he 

underwent much prosecution from the brother of Sir 

Thomas Hilton, who accused him of murdering that gentleman, 

who had been the patron of Bullein, and who had 

died of a malignant fever. ' Although his innocence was 

fully manifested, his prosecutor arrested him for a debt due 

to the deceased, and flung him into prison, where he wrote 

a great part of his medical v^ritings. In one of the parts 

of this collection of his writings he enumerates the virtues 

of British simples, partly from preceding writers, and partly 

from his own experience. On one point he is very patriotic, 

and he vindicates the fertility and climate of England 

with much ardour. 

Contemporary with Turner and Bullein was Dr. Thomas 

Penny, who was not only a botanist of repute, but was one 

of the first Englishmen who studied entomologjr. He published 

no works of his own, but he furnished Gesner, 

Clusius, and Caraerarius, with many communications re- 

lating to English botany ; and his papers, which he left 

to Turner and Mouffet, formed the basis of the Theatrum 

Insectorum of the latter. 

Lobel, although a Fleming, passed the greater part of 

his life in England, where he was afterwards appointed 

botanist to King James the First. He published, conjointly 

with Pena, the first edition of his Adversaria, in 

1570, which afterwards underwent several improvements. 

In this work, the arrangement proposed by Dodonjeus 

was much improved, and an attempt made to form a natural 

arrangement in forty-four tribes ; at the head of each 

of which is given a list of the plants belonging to it. He 

begins with the grasses, of which he describes a number of

16 IXTRODUCTIOK TO BOTANT, 

new species : to each species he adds the Greek, G'^rraan^ 

Dutch, French, and Enghsh name; the description, which 

is frequently obscure and insufficient ; the time of flowering, 

and the places in England where some of the rarer 

plants are to be found. To these are annexed figures. As 

Lobel had carefully studied the ancients, and had spent 

much time in practical botany, exploring France, Switzerland, 

part of Germany and Italy, and various parts of 

England, the Adversaria is a work of much merit, and 

abounds with a deal of curious information. In 1576 he 

published " Obserrationes, sive Stirpium Historite, cui 

annexum est Adversariorum Volumen," with M-SG figures. 

Some additions were afterwards made to these figures, and 

they were printed separately in music quarto, with an index 

in seven languages, which rendered them a popular book • 

for many years. Lobel mentions several English botanists,. 

as Edward Saint Loo, Esq. of Somersetshire ; Mr. Nas- 

myth, a surgeon; Mr. De Franqueville, a merchant, particularly 

fond of flowers ; Mr.- Hugh Morgan, apothecary 

to Queen Elizabeth ; and Mr. Wm. Coys, of Essex. All 

the three last had good gardens ; that of Mr. Coys was 

well stored with exotic plants; and under his care, in 160'1', 

the yucca first flowered in England. Lobel's daughter 

married a Mr. James Coel, of Highgate, and, from the 

frequent mention that Lobel makes of that place in his 

last work, the " Illustrationes," it is probable that he 

spent the evening of his life with his son-in-law. 

Hitherto only the appearance of plants, as they appeared 

to a common observer, or their uses, or some equally unscientific 

arrangement, had been followed, but, in 1583, 

Cassalpinus, an Italian physician, published his book De 

Tlaniis, in which he laid down the basis of a philosophical 

division of them, according to their fruit and seed, and 

which has been since extended and corrected by Ray, 

Hermann, Boerhaave, and Gsertner. This system of Cae- 

salpinus, although the first scientific one, is still valuable, 

and merits attention. A few years after the publicatioi? 

of Csesalpinus's work, namely in 1597, was published the 

first edition of Gerarde's Herbal. This work is in the 

main a translation of Dodoneeus. Gerarde, although the 

Master of the Chirurgeons' Company, was not sufficiently 

versed in Latin to make this translation himself, and 

thereof altered a manuscript translation of one Dr. Priest, 

which the latter had intended to publish, but died before 

he accomplished his purpose; and his papers falling into


the hands of Gerarde, they were transposed from Dodonseus's 

arrangement of his subject into that of Lobell, and 

published by Gerarde without any acknowledgement of 

Dr. Priest's labour in the translation; indeed he speaks 

in his Preface of Dr. Priest's translation as having perished, 

although both Lobell and Johnson affirm that he used it 

himself with no other alteration than the above-mentioned 

change of order in disposing the chapters, and some additions. 

For the embellishment of the work, the publisher 

procured from the Continent the wood-blocks that had 

been used in the pi'inting of Dodonscus, Lobell, and Clusius. 

Lobell was extremely angry at Gerarde having adopted 

his method, at which we may be surprised, since it undoubtedly 

may be considered at this time of day as an 

acknowledgement of his superiority over the order, if order 

it can be called, of DodouEeus; perhaps the real cause 

of Lobell's anger was, that Gerai'de's work being in 

English, had a preferable sale to that of his own works in 

Latin, and might thus injure his purse, however the complaisance 

of Gerarde might flatter his self-love. 

The reign of James the First seems not to have been 

favourable to botanical studies, as no works of any consequence 

were published in his reign in England ; but Basil 

Besler, an apothecary at Norimberg, published the Hortus 

Eystettensis, or account of the plants in the bishop's 

garden there, with 1083 figures on copper, digested according 

to the order of their flowering ; a superb work for 

the time. And in 1623 Caspar Bauhin, professor of anatomy 

and medicine at Basil, published his invaluable Pinax, 

the labour of forty years, in which he collected the various 

names which all the preceding authors had given to the 

thenknow'n plants; so that this work has ever since formed 

a repertory, by which, on knowing the name, that any 

one old author has given to a plant, we are enabled, without 

any trouble, to discover it in the works of other writers 

and this book is of course indispensable in a botanical library 

of any extent. 

Two authors distinguish the unfortunate reign of the 

first Charles, namely, Johnson and Parkinson. Johnson 

was a physician, but, during the civil wars, he became a 

lieutenant-colonel on the king's side, and died of the 

wounds he received in a sally from Basing-house. His 

first botanical publication was the " Iter Cantianum, or a 

Journey into Kent in Search of Plants." Then followed 

his Hst of the plants growing upon Hampstead Heath, 

VOL. I. 

c 

;


which has ever been one of the favourite resorts of the 

London botanists. His great work was a new edition of 

Gerarde's Herbal, with numerous additional articles, by 

which it included in all 2850 plants, with 2730 figures. 

As this work included foreign plants as well as native ones, 

he published, in the next year, his " Mercurius Botanicus," 

which exhibited a list of the plants he found in a 

botanical excursion to the west of England ; so that he 

was the first author who began to distinguish the native 

plants from the others. 

Parkinson published his " Paradisus," or Flower and 

Fruit Garden, in 1629, a work which shows, that at this 

time the gardens of our forefathers were far better stocked 

than we imagine. His profession of an apothecary, or, as 

it is now called, that of a chemist and druggist, taking up 

much of his time, and the time necessary for cutting a new 

set of figures, delayed the publication of his general history, 

or Theatre of Plants, which is more extensive than 

those of Gerarde or Johnson, as it contains 3800 plants, 

with 278G figures. The descriptions are new, and the 

whole has a true botanical cast, whereas both G^^rarde and 

Johnson were intended more for mere medical use. 

The reign of the second Charles was extremely favourable 

to the knowledge of plants. Gardening and planting 

were in high vogue, and among the authors in this department 

Evelyn stands pre-eminent: in 1658 he published his 

French Gardener; in 1664 his Sylva, or Treatise on 

Forest-trees, to which his Kalendarium Hortense, the first 

specimen of this kind, was annexed as an appendix ; and 

in a fourth edition he also added Pomona, or a Treatise on 

Fruit-trees; in 1675 his Terra, or a Philosophical Discourse 

on Earth. But this reign is still more remarkable 

for the attention paid to British botany. In 1650 Dr. How 

made llie first attempt to give, in his Phytologia, a complete 

list of the British plants, of which he enumerated 

1220. A still larger list was afterwards given by Dr. Merrett, 

in his Pinax, published in 1667; a very useful work, 

which included not only 14-00 British plants, but also 

mentioned the animals and minerals then known to be 

produced in these islands. Three years afterwards the 

celebrated Ray, who had already entered upon his career 

of natural history, by publishing, in 1660, his Catalogus 

Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium, extended his 

Catalogue to a general one of the British islands, and 

eniunerated only 1050 species, rejecting many of those 

8


mentioned by How and Merrett, as being either mfere varieties, 

or foreign plants, unjustly called British. 

Ray gave a new character to botany, and by his illustrating 

every part of natural history, has left behind him 

a series of works which has rendered his name equally dur-^ 

able with the science and the Latin language. He merits 

therefore peculiar notice, particularly as his life shows that 

riches are not necessary to acquire the highest honours in 

science, since his own origin was of the most, humble description. 

He was born in 1628 at Black Notley, near 

Braintree in Essex, where his father was a blacksmith, and, 

as usual in the country, probably a farrier* Being instructed 

in Latin in the grammar-school of Braintree, he 

went to Cambridge when 16 years of age. At 21 he was 

there chosen minor-fellow of Trinity College ; at 23 was 

made Greek lecturer ; at 25 mathematical lecturer ; and at 

27 humanity reader. These early appointments show the 

opinion his fellow-collegians entertained of his abilities. 

No establishment for the study of natural history was then 

formed at Cambridge, although Oxford already possessed 

a botanic garden. Mr. Ray, therefore, collectecl a few of 

his associates, and formed a small society for this purpose. 

In December, 1660, being then 32, he entered the church 

but in September, 1662, on refusing to subscribe an opinion, 

that an act of parliament could render an oath not 

binding upon those who had taken it, he was superseded 

in his college appointments, and deprived of all hope of 

church preferment. One of his fellow-students, Mr. Willoughby, 

took him several journeys, engaged him as tutor 

to his children, and upon his death left his MSS. upon 

birds and fishes, as also his two sons to his care, with an 

annuity of 60/. a year. The small patrimony he received 

from his father he settled, at his marriage, upon his wife, 

by whom he had four daughters, three of whom survived 

him. He died 17th January, 1706, at his native place 

(to which he retired some years after Mr. Willoughby's 

death), in the same humble state as he began life. 

Besides his two Catalogues already mentioned, he published 

at different times, 

A Catalogue of Plants observed in his travels. 

A new Method of Plants. 

A History of Plants, in three large volumes, folio, in 

which upwards of 17,000 plants are enumerated, and the 

greatest part accurately described. 

- 

c 2 

;


A Methodical Synopsis of British Plants, of which he 

gave himself two editions, and a third was published after 

his death by Dr. Diilenius. 

An emendated Method of Plants, concerning which I 

shall hereafter speak more at large. 

A controversial tract respecting the two contemporary 

systems of Rivinus and Tournefort. 

A Synopsis of Quadrupeds and Serpents. 

A Method of Insects. 

These works are all in Latin, by which means they are 

unfortunately less known in their own country than they 

are on tlie Continent: and to this list may be added. 

The editing of Willoughby's History of Birds, in Latin 

and also translating and publishing it in English. 

The editing of Willoughby's History of Fishes, in 

Latin. 

He left in manuscript an unfinished Historia Insectorum, 

which was published by Dr. Derham, who, after a 

long trouble, succeeded in obtaining from the bookseller 

in whose hands they had been lodged, Ray's Synopsis 

Avium, and his Synopsis Piscium ; both which Derham 

published. To this list might be added several philological, 

moral, and theological works; a volume of Travels, and two 

volumes of his Correspondence, which Derham and Scott 

have given to the world : but enough has been said to 

prove his indefatigable industry. 

To prosecute the history of botany since the time of 

Ray, in the same ample manner as I have dwelt upon 

the infancy of it, which is always the most interesting portion 

of the history of any science, would take up too 

much time. The remainder, therefore, can only be sketched 

by a hasty outline. 

In 1677 Dr. Plott gave the first natural history of a 

small local district, by publishing his Oxfordshire, which 

was succeeded two years afterwards by his Staifordshire 

these still remain very favourable specimens of this species 

of literature, and have not been exceeded. 

Sir Hans Sloane, Petiver apothecary to the Charter- 

House, and the elder Martyn Professor of Botany at 

Cambridge, were the principal disciples of Ray in this 

country. The French botanists mostly followed Tournefort, 

and the Germans Rivinus, or some of the modifications 

of his systematic arrangement, until a new adventurer 

appeared in the world of science^ who was destined to eiFect 

; :


a great cliange in botany, and who disputed the palm of 

victory with the celebrated Haller. What man, either of 

letters or science, has not heard of Haller? In poetry, 

devotion, anatomy, physiology, botany, literary history, he 

had few equals, perhaps no superior. In respect to botany, 

he was a follower of Ray, upon whom he bestows the 

highest praise, and attempted to render his arrangement 

still more natural than it is, using the simpler method of 

Ruppius as a finder, in consequence of the abstruseness of 

his own system. Unfortunately his labours were confined 

to the plants of Switzerland, while his competitor embraced 

the whole extent of nature, and each edition of his Catalogue 

was printed upon an expensive scale, in two elegant 

folio volumes, which rendered their circulation very confined, 

while his edition of Ruppius did not display the characters 

of the genera: otherwise the superiority of his own 

system, and the easiness of Ruppius's as an auxiliary, 

would have smothered the Linnsean botany in its birth. 

Hitherto the names of plants had remained nearly stationary'-, 

and if any alteration was attempted the name 

quoted by Caspar Bauhin, in his Pinax, was annexed as the 

common repertory of botanists. The uses also of plants 

had never been neglected. Another point Avas to use the 

words of the language, whether of the Latin or the vulgar 

tongue, in their usual signification. To these Ray had 

added a fourth, namely that to excite inquiry, he gave 

lists of such plants as were only imperfectly known to him. 

LinnaBus violated these old rules by degrees, as his systematic 

arrangement of plants became more and more in 

use. He changed the names of plants with the utmost 

unconcern ; he neglected almost entirely the detail of the 

uses ; and as to the language, he scrupled not to change 

the terms used in describing plants, and to affix new signi- 

fications to well-known words. Another peculiarity in 

Linnasus's writings is, that he does not give any lists of 

those natural substances of which he had only an imperfect 

knowledge: so that a person is apt to suppose them more 

perfect than they really are. 

Let it not however be thought, that some very great improvements 

were not introduced by him, particularly in 

the typographical execution of his works. His taking the 

characters of the families, from the same parts, although 

carried by him to excess, as being extended to the whole 

grand division, now called phenogamous plants, instead of 

being changed in each class according to circumstances, is 

6


a great improvement. His distinction of the species being 

formed from characters visible in the plants themselves, 

instead of the place vi^here found, their size compared with 

others, or their use, is a still greater improvement, li'we 

compare his manner of printing the synoptic tables of 

the genera, prefixed to each class, with the tables of Ray, 

or Knaut, the superiority of his method will be evident. 

The same superiority exists in the manner of printing the 

few descriptions he has published. By always observing 

the same order in treating of the several parts, breaking 

the description into short paragraphs, and using a different 

type for the leading word of the several divisions of a 

paragraph, the eye of a person accustomed to his works 

glances immediately to the information that is required. 

These real improvements, added to the industry which 

he manifested in publishing the successive improvements 

of his system, and the cheapness of his works, in which 

the expense of figures was avoided, brought his system 

into vogue, particularly in Germany and England, it being 

a striking feature in the national characters of their inha- 

bitants to prefer the works of foreigners to those of their 

countrymen. 

In France, however, although he was followed by many, 

yet the greater national pride prevalent there forbade them 

to discard their own Tournefort to oblivion. Linnajus had 

pronounced tlie discovery of the natural arrangement of 

plants, as attempted by Ray, to be nearly hopeless; but the 

French botanists did not so easily despair ; Adanson, Bernard 

Jussieu, his nephew Anthony Jussieu the present 

professor at Paris, Lamarcke, and still more lately De 

CandoUe, the present professor at Geneva, have again attempted 

this task, and have certainly carried it to a degree 

of perfection, as may be seen in this work, in vvhich the 

plants of the British islands are arranged according to the 

latest improvements of these celebrated botanists. 

The authors since Ray may seem, perhaps, to be passed 

over in too rapid a manner ; but when we consider, that 

since his time the uses of vegetables have been almost entirely 

neglected, and that the Linnean school has principally 

supplied us with authors who have new arranged, 

and new named okl things; so that they have plunged us 

again into tlie same chaos, from which we were rescued by 

C. Bauhin in his Pinax, the notice taken of these name- 

setters and rangers, as Hooke would emjjhatically call 

them, is fully sufficient for their merit. A few demand

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANV. 23 

pur thanks, particularly those who have investigated the 

imperfect or cryptogamous plants, as Micheli, the liverworts 

and fungi ; Persoon, Link, and Esenbeck, the fungi ; 

Dillenius and Hedwig, the mosses ; Geertner, the fruit of 

plants. Of living British authors I purposely abstain from 

any mention, or I would bestow the proper meed of praise 

upon R. Brown, R. A. Salisbury, Goodenough, Dillwyn, 

Turner, and many other successful investigators of nature. 

Having thus brought the history of botany to the present 

time, the following chronological epitome will exhibit 

a clear view of its progress since the invention of printing, 

and also a succinct list of the principal authors, and particularly 

of those relative to English Botany, or the estabUshment 

of the natural system, in the order of their 

publication. 

Edward IV. 

1468. Pliny first printed. 

1471. Crescentius. Opus ruralium Commodorum. First 

dated edition. 

1475. Buch der Natur printed. First wood-cuts of natural 

history. 

1477. ^milius Macer. DeVirtutibusHerbarum. Printed, 

1478. Dioscorides translated and printed. 

1483. Theophrastus translated and printed. 

Edav.V. and Rich. III. 

1484. Herbarium, published at Mentz, 

Henry VII. 

1485. Printing introduced into England by Caxton. 

Cuba? Ortus Sanitatis. 

Henry VIIL 

1516. Great Herbal. Latin names alphabetical. The Jirst 

English herlal. 

1528. Lucius Apulejus. DeVirtutibusHerbarum. Printed 

with Galen's works. 

1530. Brunsfels. Herbarium. Restores practical Botany in 

Europe. 

1534. Judge Fitzherbert. Husbandry. 

J 535. Valerius Cordus. Dispensatorium. First piiarma-^ 

copceia. 

1541. Gesner. Historia Plantarum. Proposes genera hy 

the fructification.


1542. Fuchs. Historia Plantarum. 516 fig. outlines only, 

but beautiful. 

Edward VI. 

1548. Matthiolus. Comraentarii in Dioscoridem. 

1551. Turner. New Herbal. 

1552. Tragus. De Stirpibus. 567 figures. 

Serapio. De Simplicium Historia. Printed. 

Dodoens. Frugum Historia. 

Elizabeth. 

J 560. Miraldi. Secretorum Enchiridion. 

1562. BuUeyn. Castle of Defense against Sicknesse. 

Dr. Fenny, jirst British entomologist. 

1568. Turner. Herbal, Completed, with figures from 

the small editions of Fuchs. 

1570. Lobel and Pena. Adversaria. The first arrangement 

of plants. 

1578. Lyte. Herbal. A translation of Dodonseus. 1050 

plants. 

1583. Dodoens. Herbal, completed and all the parts 

published together with 1305 figures. 

1585. Csesalpinus. De Plantis. The Jirst strict logical 

system. 

Newton. Herbal to the Bible. 

1588. Tabernasmontanus. Kraeuterbuch, begun. 

1592. Columna. Phytobasanos. 

1594. Mountain. Gardeners' Labyrinth. Thefi,rst English 

hook on Gardening P 

1597. Gerarde. Herbal. 

1599. Imperati. Historia Naturalis. 

1600. Schwenckfeld. Stirpium, &c. Silesiaa Catalogus. 

TheJirst Flora of any country. 

1601. Clusius. Rariorum Plantarum Historia. This author 

is highly esteemedfor the purity of his Latin. 

James I. 

1605. Clusius. Exoticorum Libri decern. 

Lobel. Adversariorum altera pars. 

1611. Clusius. Curae posteriores. 

J612. Besler. Hortus Eystettensis. 1083 figures on copper. 

The first superb work in botany. 

1616. Columna. Ecphrasis. 

1620. C. Bauhin. Prodromus Theatri Botanici. 1st edit.


1623. C. Bauhin. Pinax Theatri Botanici, 1st edit. An 

immense collection of synonyms. 

Chaules I. 

1629. Johnson. Iter Cantianum. The first account of a 

herborisation in England. 

Parkinson. Paradisus terrestris. Thefirst catalogue 

of common garden plants. 

1652. Johnson. Ericetum Hampstediense. The first catalogue 

of a small lotanizing ground. 

1633. Gerarde's Herbal. 2850 plants. 

1634. Mercurius Botanicus. The first sepa- 

ration of British plants from foreign ones. 

164'3. Parkinson. Theatre of Botany. 3800 plants, with 

new figures, cut in England. 

164-8. Bobart. Hortus Oxoniensis. Thefirst catalogue of 

a British botanic garden. 

MarcgrafF. Historia Brasilise. 

Charles II. 

1650. How. Phytologia. 1220 plants. Thefirst attempt 

at a complete list of British plants. 

J. Bauhin. Historia Plantarum. 

1652. Culpeper. The English Physician. 1st edition. 

1655. Lobel. Stirpium lllustrationes, a How. 

1656. Cole. The Art of Simpling. 

Tradescant. Museum. The first catalogue of an 

English collection. 

1658. Browne. Hortus Oxoniensis. 

1659. Lovell. Pambotanologia. 1st edition. 

1660. Ray. Catalogus Plantarum Cantabrigensis. 626 

plants. Thefirst work by Ray. 

1664. Evelyn. Sylva, with Kalendarium Hortense. The 

first Gardener^s Calendar. 

Turner. British Physician. 

1665. Lovell. Pambotanologia. 2d edition. 

1667. Merrett. Pinax Rerum Britannicarum. 1400 plants. 

Willisell mentioned hy Merrett as an active collector. 

1669. Morison. Hortus Blesensis. 

1670. Ray. Catalogus Plantarum Anglise. 1050 plants. 

Grew. Anatomy of vegetables begun. 

1672. Morison. Plantse umbelliferas. Thefirst monograph, 

1673. Ray. Catalogus Stirpium externarum. 

1675. Malpighi. Anatome Plantarum.


1677. Plot. Oxfordshire. The first natural history of an 

English county, 

1678. Van Rheede. Hortus Malabaricus begun. 

1679. Plot. Staffordshire. 

Evelyn. Terra. 

1680. Morison. Historia Plantarum. Tom. ii. The first 

general history in a systematic order, and with 

copper-plate figures. Note, The first volume on 

trees still in manuscript. 

1682. Wheeler's Journey into Gi'eece. An attempt to in- 

vestigate the plants of the ancients in their native 

soil. 

Ray. Methodus nova Plantarum. 

Dr. Tancred Robinson mentioned by Roy. 

168i'. Sibbald. Scotland. 

1685. Glen. A herbarium of' 600 plants, ivith this date, men- 

tiojied by Dr. Pulteney as being still iii existence. 

Abercrombie. Ars explorandi medicas Plantarum 

Facultates ex solo Sapore. 

James II. 

1686. P-ay, Historia Plantarum. Tom. i. 

1688. Knaut. Plantse Hailenses. 

Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. ii._ 16,000 plants 

in systematic order. 

Fasciculus Stirpium post Catalogum observatarum. 

William III. 

1689. Magnol. Prodromus Historire Plantarum. 

1690. Ray. Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. First 

edition. 1050 plants. 

Doody and Lawsoii mentioned by Ray. 

Rivinus. Introductio in Rem herbariam. 

Plantte monopetalae irrcgulares. 

1691. Plantse tetrapetalse irregulares. 

Plukenet. Phytographia. 

1692. Glen. A herbarium of 660 plants, ivith this date, 

mentioned by Dr. Fulteney as still remaining, 

Petiver. Museum. 

1693. Ray- Synopsis Quadrupedvm. 

Dale. Pharmacologia. First edition. 

^ Sherard, noiv known. 

1694'. Tournefort. Elemens de la Botanique. 

Peachy. Compleat Herbal.


1696. Ray Synopsis. Second edition. 

Sloaiie. Catalogus Plantarum Jamaicse. 

Plukenet. Almagestum. 

1699. Morison. Historia. Tom. iii. a Bobart. 

Rivinus. Plantae pentapetalce irregulares. 

Llhwyd. Lithophylacium Britannicum. 

1700. Plukenet. Almagesti Mantissa. 

Leigh. Lancashire, 

Anne. 

1702. Petiver. Gazophylacium. 

1703. Ray. Metliodus emendata. 

Plumier. Nova Genera Plantarum. 

170'k Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. iii. 11,300 plants. 

1705. Pkikenet. Amaltheum. 

Plumier, Fougeres de I'Amerique. 

1707- Sloane. History of Jamaica. 

1708. Lecaan. Advice to the Army, o?i the Spanish a?id 

Portuguese plants. 

170.9. Robinson. Westmoreland. 

1710. Ray. Historia Insectorum. 

Dr. Richardo'tiy Mr. Brewer, and Mr, Harrison, mentioned 

by Ray. 

Johren. Hodegus Botanicus. The first attempt at 

an analytical method of plants. 

Boerhaave. Index Plantarum Lugduno-Batavorum, 

1711- Salmon. Botanologia, or English Herbal. 

1712. Morton. Northamptonshire. 

1713. Ray. Synopsis Avium et Piscium. 

Petiver. Figures to Ray's British Plants. 

Bradley, now known. 

George L 

1716. Knaut (Fiiius). Methodus Plantarum Genuina. 

Bradley. Succulent Plants. 

1717. Tournefoi't. Listitutiones, a Jussieu. 

1718. Ruppius. Flora Jenensis. First edition. 

Blair. Botanick Essays. 

1719. Scheuchzer. Agrostographia Helvetica. 

Dillenius. Catalogus Plantarum circa Gissam. 

1720. Magnol. Novus Caracter Plantarum. Contains 

his calycine method. 

1721. Knowles. Materia Medica Botanica, in Latiti 

verses. 

2*7

28 


1723. Blair. Pharmaco-botanologia. Begun. 

1724. Ray. Synopsis. Third edition. A Dillenio. 

1725. Sloane. Jamaica. Vol. ii. 

Douglas. Amaryllis, or Guerjisey Lily. 

1726. Martyn. Plantee officinales. 

Ruppius. Hora Jenensis aucta. 

George II. 

1727. Threlkeld. Synopsis S'drpium Hibernicarum. 

Boerhaave. Historia Plantarum in Horto Lugduno-Bativorum- 

Martyn. Methodus Plantarum Cantabrigensium. 

Hales. Vegetable Statics. 

1 728. Knowlton arid Miller begun to be known. 

Bradley. Dictionarium Botanicum. 

Ksempt'er. History of Japan, translated. 

1729. Micheli. Nova Plantarum Genera. 

1730. Hebenstreit. Definitiones Plantarum. The genera 

ofRiviniis. 

Catesby. Carolina. 

Miller. Gardeners' Dictionary. First edition. 

1732. Dillenius. Hortus Elthamensis. 

Tournefort. History of Plants, translated by Mar- 

tyn. 

Linnseus. Florula Lapponica. 

1735. Systema Naturae. First edition. 

1736. -* Came to England. 

Fundamenta Botanica. 

Bibliotheca Botanica. 

• Musa ClifFortiana. 

1737. 

• 

Flora Lapponica. First edition. 

Genera Plantarum. First edition, 

'— Critica Botanica. 

Hortus ClifFortianus. 

Blackstone. Harefield Plants. 

Dale. Pharmacologia. Second edition. 

Blackwell. Herbal. 

Ludwig. Definitiones Plantarum. First edition. 

1738. Deering. Nottingham Plants. 

1740. Van Royen. Florae Leydensis Prodromus. Contains 

his System, and is said to have been written 

by Linncmis. 

1741. Dillenius. Historia Muscorum. 

Linnceus made Professor at Upsal.


174-2. Haller Enumeratio Stirpium Helveticarum. 

174;4!. Wilson. Synopsis of British Plants. Vol. i. A 

translation of Ray's Synopsis, slightly alteredfrom 

Tournefort. 

1745. Linnasus. Flora Suecica. 

Needham. Microscopical Discoveries. 

Parsons. Theatre of Seeds. 

Ruppius. Flora Jenensis, a Hallero. 

1746. Blackstone. Specimen Botanicum. Contains the 

1747. 

1748. 

habitats of rare British plants. 

Short. Medicina Britannica. 

Heister. Systema Plantarum. A near approach to 

the present natural system ; hut the trees separated 

from the herbs. 

1749. Linnaeus. Materia Medica. First edition. 

Amoenitates Academicae. First edition 

begun. 

1750. Ehret and Trew. Centuriae. Begun. 

Hughes. Barbadoes. 

1751. Fulham-garden very full of plants. 

Linnaeus. Philosophia Botanica. First edition. 

Forster. Flora Americae Septentrionalis. 

Sauvages. Methodus Foliorum. 

1 752. Sir Hans Sloane died. 

Newton. Compleat Herbal. 

1753. Linnaeus. Species Plantarum. First edition. 

Alston. Tyrocinium. 

1755. Miller. Figures to his Dictionary. Begun. 

Ellis. History of the Corallines. 

1756. Browne. Jamaica. 

Sheldrake. Herbal. 

1757. Kniphoff". Herbarium vivum. Begun and carried 

on to J 2 centuries. First publication of dried 

specimens. 

1758. Borlase. Cornwall. 

1759. Stillingfleet. Miscellaneous tracts. 

B. Jussieu arranges the garden at Trianon. Foundation 

of the present natural system. 

George IIL 

1 760. Solander to England. 

Lee, Introduction to Botany. First edition. 

Flora Danica. Begun by Oeder. 

1761. Schaeffer. Fungi. Begun.

30 


1762. Hudson. Flora Anglica. First edition. 

Martyn. Herbationes Cantabrigenses. 

1763. Lyons. Plantse Cantabrigenses. 

Adanson. Families des Plantes. 

1764. Oeder. Elementa Botanica. 

Berkenhout. Botanical Lexicon. 

1766. Crantz. Institutiones Rei Herbariae. 

1767. Catesby. Hortus Europag Americanus. 

Present taste of planting. 

1768. Gmelin. Historia Fucorum. 

Hill. Hortus Kewensis. 

Haller. Historia Stirpiura Helveticarum. 

Miller. Gardener's Dictionary, 8th edition, allerecl 

to the Linnean system. 

1769. Wallis. Northumberland. 

Haller. Nomenclator Stirpium Llelveticarum. 

Plukenet. Opera. 

Hill. Herbarium Britannicum. 

1770. Alston. Materia Medica. 

Berkenhout. Outlines. Vol. ii. Vegetables, 

Weis. Plantse cryptogamicse Gottingensis. 

Milne. Botanical Dictionary. 

1771. Necker. Methodus Muscorum. 

Weston. Universal Botanist. 

Warner. Woodford Plants. 

Milne. Institutes of Botany. 

1772. Cook's Second Voyage began. 

Haller. Bibliotheca Botanica. 

1774. Cullum. Specimen Florae Anglicse. Left imperfect. 

Curtis. London plants. 

Hill. Vegetable System. The largest tvork on bo- 

tany, 26 vols, folio ; left wijhmhed in 1775. 

1775. Forskahl. Flora iEgyptiaco-Arabica. 

Weston. English Flora. 

Jenkinson. British Plants. 

Rose. Elements of Botany. 

1776. Builiard. Flora Parisiensis. Begun. 

Coon's Third, or last Voyage, begun. 

Withering, Botanical Arrangement. First edition, 

1777. Curtis. Flora Lofidinensis. Begun. 

Linnaeus's System of Botany illustrated, 

Lightfoot. Flora Scotica. Begun. 

Robson. British Flora. 

Jacob. Feversham Plants. 

'

NTRODUCTION TO EOTANY« SI 

1778. Boutcher. Forest-trees. 

Hudson. Flora Anglica. Second edition. 

Lamarck. Flore Fran9oise. First edition. 

Walcot. Flora Britannica. 

1779. Giseke. Index Linneanus in Plukenetum et Dillenium. 

1780. BuUiard. Herbier de la France. Begun. 

Weston. Supplement to English Flora. 

1781. Lestiboadois. Botanographie Belgique. First edi- 

tion. Recomonended by De Candolle to students. 

Linnaeus Filius. Supplementum Plantarum. 

Methodus Muscorum illustrata. 

Pulteney. Review of Linnseus's Writings. 

1782. Bergius. Materia Medica ex Regno vegetabili. 

Broughton. Enchiridion. 

1783. Batsch. Elenchus Fungorum. Begun. 

Lamarck. Encyclopedia Methodique, Botanique, 

Begun. 

1784". BuUiard. Plantes veneneuses. 

Forster. Additions to Warner's Woodford Plants. 

Hoffmann. Enumeratio Lichenum. 

L'Heritier. Stii-pes novee. Begun. 

Pallas. Flora Rossica. Begun. 

Jones. Religious Use of Botanical Philosophy. 

1785. Bolton. Filices Britannicee. Begun. 

Rosseau. Letters on Botany, translated by Martyn. 

Cavanilles. .Monadelphia. Begun. 

Dickson. Plantas cryptogamicse Britannicae. Begun. 

Hoffmann. Historia Salicum. 

Relham. Flora Cantabrigensis. Begun. 

1787. Curtis. Botanical Magazine. Begun. 

R.W. D. Principia Botanica, Newark. 

Happe. Botanica Pharmaceutica. Begun. 

Withering. Botanical Arrangement. Second edition 

by Stokes. 

Hedwig. Descriptio Muscorum frondosorum. 

Begun. 

Hoffmann. Vegetabilia cryptogamica. Begun, 

Linneeus. Families of Plants, translated by the 

Litchfield Society. 

L'Heritier. Geranologia. Begun. 

1788. Bolton. Funguses about Llalifax. Begun, 

Gaertner. De Fructibus et Semiuibus Plantarum. 

Tom. i. 

Roth. Flora Germanica, Beeuii.


1789. CuUen. Materia Medica. 

Smith. Icones Plantarum. 

Jussieu. Genera Plantarum, secundum Ordines 

naturales. 

Aiton. Hortus Kewensis. 'First edition. 

Leers. Flora Herborniensis. 

Donovan. On the minute Parts of Plants. 

1790. Pulteney. Progress of Botany in England. 

Bolton. Filices Britannicee. Part ii. 

Curtis. Brompton Garden. First edition. 

Sowerby and Smith. English Botany. Begun. 

Allen. Exotic Plants at Kew. Begun. 

Swayne. Gramina pascua. 

Donovan. Botanical Review. 

Lamarck. Illustrations des Genres. Begun. 

Loureiro. Flora Cochin-chinensis. 

Necker. Elementa Botanica. 

Tode. Fungi Mecklenburgenses. 

Woodville. Medical Botany. Begun. 

1791. Cavanilles. Plantae Hispanicae. Begun. 

Transactions of the Linnsean Society. Begun. 

Darwin. Botanic Garden. 

R. A. Salisbur3^ Icones Stirpium. 

Gsertner. De Fructibus, &c, Plantarum. Tom. ii. 

Schkuhr. Botanisches Handbuch. Begun. 

1792. Linnseus. Ordines naturales, a Giseke. 

Collectio Epistolarum. 

Martyn. Flora Rustica. Begun. 

Saunders. Introduction to Botany. 

Trattinick. Flora Austriacse sicca. Begun. 

1793. Coyte. Ipswich Garden. 

Milne and Gordon. Indigenous Botany. Left im- 

perfect. 

Martyn. Language of Botany. 

Murray. Apparatus Medicaminum. 

Paulet. Traite de Champignons. 

Rousseau. Lettres sur la Botanique. ' 

1794. Goodenough. British Species of Carex. 

Haworth. Mesembryanthemum, 

Meyrick. Miscellaneous Botany. 

Sibthorp. Flora Oxonienses. 

Wade. Plantae Dublinenses. 

1795. Roxburgh. Coromandel Plants. Vol. i. 

Stackhouse. Nereis Britannica. 

Vellev. Marine Plants of England.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. S3 

1796. Donn. Hortus Cantabrigiensis. First edition. 

Withering. Botanical Arrangement. 3d edit. 4 vols. 

Gmelin. Systema Naturae. 

Martyn. Language of Botany. 

Persoon. Observadones mycologicse. 

R. A. Salisbury. Prodromus Horti Chapel Allerton. 

Sowerby. Fungi. Begun. 

1797. Bridel. Muscologia. Part I. 

Freeman. Select British Plants. No. I. 

Andrews. Botanists' Repository. Begun. 

Lambert. Genus Cinchona. 

Miller. Gardeners' Dictionary, by Martyn. Begun. 

Persoon. Tentamen Dispositionis Fungorum. 

Roth. Catalecta Botanica. Begun. 

Willdenow. Species Plantarum. Begun. 

1798. Abbot. Flora Bedfordiensis. 

Sole. Menthse Britannicse. 

Dryander. Catalogue of Sir Joseph Banks' Library. 

Acharius. Lichenographise Suecicse Prodromus. 

Bulliard. Champignons de la France, 

Symons. Synopsis Plantarum Britannicarum. 

Thompson. Botany displayed. 

Roxburgh. Coromandel Plants. Vol. ii. 

Ruir and Pavon. Flora Peruviana et Chilensis. 

Begun. 

1799. Sims. Botanical Magazine. Begun. 

Hull. British Flora. First edition. 

Lady C. Murray. Bx'itish Garden. 

Hunter. Analogy between vegetable and animal 

Parturition. 

1800. St. Pierre. Etudes de la Nature. 

Hull. Elements of Botany. 

Smith. Flora Britannica. Tom. i. et ii. 

Compendium. First edition. 

1801. Forster. Plants about Tunbridge Wells. 

Hedwig. Species Muscorum, a Schwaegricheni 

Persoon. Synopsis Fungorum. 

1802. Dillwyn. British Confervae. Begun, 

Redoute. Les Liliacees. Begun. 

Schkuhr. Carex. 

Trattinick. Genera Plantarum Methodo naturali 

disposita. 

Turner. Synopsis of British Fuci. 

Historia Fucorum. Begun. 

VOL. I. D

3i 


1803. Schkuhr. Manuale Botanicum, a Schwsegrichen. 

Acharius. Methodus Lichenum. 

Dubois. Plantes d'Orleans. 

- Haworth. Miscellanea naturalia. 

Vaucher. Conferves d'Eau douce. 

Kerner. 

Begun. 

Genera Plantarum Iconibus illustrata. 

Lambert. Pinus. 

Mirbel. Histoire des Plantes, d'apres Jussieu. 

1804. Brotero. Flora Lusitanica. 

Wade. Plants of Ireland. 

Gaudin. Etrennes de Flora. No. I. Carex. 

Knox. Gramina Britannica. 

Smith. Flora Britannica. Tom. iii. 

Turner. Muscologia Hibernica. 

Trattinick. Fungi Austriaci cera expressi. 

Thunberg. Flora Japonica. 

-1805. Rudge. Icones Plantarum Guianoe. Begun. 

Winch. Botanists' Guide through Northumberland 

and Durham. Vol. i. 

R. A. Salisbury. Paradisus Londinensis. Begun. 

Turner and Weston. Botanists' Guide through 

England. 

Persoon. Synopsis Plantarum. The most numerous 

collection of plienogamous species hitherto published, 

Sims and Koenig. Annals of Botany. Begun. 

Palisot de Beauvois. jEtheogames, seu Musci et 

Lycopodia. 

De Candolle and Lamarcke. Flore Francolse. 

Willdenow. Principles of Botany, translated. 

Geertner. Supplementum Carpologise. 

GeofFroy de St. Hilaire. Families Naturelles. 

' Plantes de la France. 

1806. 

Begun. 

De Candolle and Lamarcke. Synopsis Florae Gal- 

licee. 

Lois. Flora Gallica. 

Sibthorp and Smith. Flora Graeca. Begun. 

Barbier. Pharmacologia. 

Smith. Introduction to Botany. 

R. A. Salisbury. The generic Characters in the 

English Botany (by Sir J. E. Smith), collated 

with those of Linneeus. 

Swartz. Synopsis Filicum, 

' 

.


*1807. Humboldt. Geographie des Plantes. 

1808. and Bonpland. Plantes Equinoxiales. 

Begun. 

Galpine. Compend. of British Botany. 

Richsrd. Analyse du Fruit. 

White. Indigenous Grasses of Ireland. 

Hull. British Flora. Second Edition. Vol. i. 

1809. Knight. Horticultural Essays. Begun. Proteae. 

Bonpland. Melastoraa. 

Freeman. British Plants. No. II. 

1810. Acharius. . Lichenographia. 

Bodard. Cours de Botanique medicale. 

Brown. Prodromus Florgs N. Hollandias. 

Mougeot and Nestler. Stirpes cryptogamicse Vogeso-Rbaenanae. 

Begun. 

1811. Lejeune. Flore de Spa. Begun. 

Persoon. Novee Lichenum Species. 

Schw^grichen. Supplementum Muscorum. 

Gaudin. Agrostographia Helvetica. 

1812. Palisot de Beauvois. Agrostographie. 

Haworth. Synopsis Plantarum succulentarum. 

1813. 

Hooker. British Jungermannise. Begun. 

De CandoUe. Thôrie de la Botanique. First 

edition. 

Davis. Welsh Botanology. 

Hoskert. Flora Glottiana, i. e. Glasgow Plants. 

Hooker. Pomona Londinensis. 

Sprengel. Introduction to cryptogamous Plants, 

translated. 

Tupper. On the Probability of Sensation in Vege- 

tables. 

Dunal. Solanuni. 

Bonpland. Jardin de Malmaison, Begun. 

1814. Brown. Botany of Terra Australis. 

Knight. Pomona Herefordiensis. 

1815. Hooker. Flora Londinensis. Begun. 

Mirbel. Elemens de Botanique. 

Seringe. Saules de la Suisse. 

Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Nova Plantarum 

Genera et Species. Begun. 

1816. Keith. System of Physiological Botany. 

Forster. Flora Tunbridgensis. 

Lamouroux. Polypiers coralligenes flexibles. 

3817. Agardh. Synopsis Algarum. 

D 2

— 

36 INTIIODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

1817. Purton. Midland Flora 

Ordeyno. Flora Nottinghamiensis. 

Nees von Esenbeck. Fungi. 

Redoute. Les Roses. 

1818. Hooker and Taylor. Muscologia Britannica. 

De Candolle. Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale. 

Begun. 

1819. De Candolle. Theorie de la Botanique. Second 

edition. 

Richard. Fruits and Seeds, translated by Lindley. 

Lingbye. Tentamen Hydrophytologiae Danicse. 

Haworth. Appendix to Succulents, &c. 

Scot and Jameson. Herbarium Edinense. 

Bridel. Supplem. Muscorum recentium. 

1820. Lindley. Roses. 

3. Explanation of the Terms used in Botany. 

Plants, vegetables, Plantar, vegetahilia ; in composition 

phytosj— botanoS)— hotane. 

1. Species. 

Tree, Arbor, in composition 

— 

dendron. A plant with a 

single woody stem, growing at least three times as high as 

a man. 

Small tree, ylrbuscula, A tree which does not grow 

above five times as high as a man. 

Shrub, Frutex, Arbustum, Fruticulus. A plant with a 

woody stem, not growing three times as high as a man, 

and branched very near the ground. 

Bush, DumuSf Dimietum. A low shrub much branched 

at the bottom. 

Under shrub, Suffrutex. A woody plant, without buds, 

which is not an arm's length in height. 

' Herb, Herba. A plant widi a soft stalk of *lhe same 

consistence as leaves, 

part above ground. 

and renewed every year, at least the 

2. Containing Farts. 

Elementary parts, Organa elenientaria, Partes similares. 

Small parts, common to the whole vegetable, and appearing 

to be the organic elements of which the vegetable is composed.


Membranous texture, Contexius, Complexus memhranaceus* 

A tissue of membranes united together, either cellular or 

vascular. 

Cellular texture, Complexus celluloszis, Tela cellulosa, Com- 

pleocus utriailaris, A membranous tissue composed of cells, 

which do not communicate with each other, and resemble 

soap-suds. PI. 1. fig. 5. c, d. 

Cells, pores, vesicles, bladders, Cellules, Utriculi. The 

void spaces in the cellular texture. They vary in respect to 

their sides, a, or form, b. 

a. 1. Simple cells, Cellulce simplices. The sides trans- 

parent. 

a. 2. Dotted cells, porous cells, Cellulce pundatce. The 

sides have opake dots, like glands, which are probably 

pores. PI. 1. fig. 5. e, h, 1. 

a. 3. Streaked cells, Cellulce Imeatce. The sides have 

transverse streaks, of a glandular appearance, which are 

probably slits. PI. 1. fig. 5. g. h. 

b. 1. Regular cells, Cellulce re oulares, Contexius globu- 

laris. Tela vesicularis. Cells exhibit a hexagonal section in 

every direction ; forming the principal mass of the parenchyme. 

PI. 1. fig. 5. d. 

b. 2. Tubular cells, Cellulce elongatce. C. tuhdoscB, Tuhi 

parvi, Utriculi Jibrosi, Complexus cellulosus lignosus, Tela 

elongatn, Tela alveolaria. Long cells, closed at each end 

forming the wood and ribs of plants. PI. 1. fig. 5. g. 

b. 3. Necklace cells, Cellulce mojiiliformes, Cellulce precatorice, 

Vasa rnoniliformia, Vasa precatoria, Vasa vermiculuria, 

Vasa intercepta. Oval cells, dotted, separated from one 

another by partitions, resembling the beads of a necklace; 

forming the knots and joints of plants, and their roots. 

They are intermediate between cells and vessels, and may 

be referred to either. 

Vessels, Vasa, Tuhi. Void spaces in the membranous texture, 

open at their extremities : they differ in use, as they 

convey the sap, a. or other fluids, b. c. 

a. Sap vessels, Vasa lymphaiica, Lymphceductus, Vasa 

pncumalica. These are either 

a. 1 . Dotted vessels, Vasa punctata, Vasa porosa. PL I 

fig. 5. h. 

a. 2. Streaked vessels, Vasa liveata, Tracliece spurice, 

Vasa Jissa, Vasa scalaria, Vasa annularia. These differ 

from cells only by their length. 

a. 3. Air vessels, Spiral vessels, Vasa spiralia, Trachece^ 

Vasa pneumato-chymifera, Pnemnaiophorac Tubes com- 

: 

. ;


posed of an elastic membrane rolled up like the spring of 

a bell into a cylinder, abundant in young shoots ; supposed 

to convey air. PL 1. fig. 5. i. 

a. 4. Mixed vessels, Fasa mixta. Tubes of a mixed 

nature, in some parts dotted, in others streaked or spiral. 

b. Vasa adducentia spiralia^ Pasa chymifera, Fasa hydro- 

Sera. The spiral thread forming the air vessels; consiered 

by Hedwig as a distinct species of vessels itself. 

c. Proper vessels, Fasa propria, Receptacula sued proprii. 

Cavities dispersed in the cellular texture, closed on all 

sides, and filled with some peculiar juice. 

c. 1. Bladdery reservoirs, Receptacula vesiculosa^ Glandular 

vesiculares. Spherical bladders, usually Contain essential 

oils, dispersed in the parenchyma of the leaves, or 

bark. .Myrtus communis. Citrus Aurantium. 

c. 2. Blind reservoirs, Receptacula cceciformiai Fitter. 

Short tubes, filled with essential oils, as in the bark of the 

seeds of umbelliferous plants. 

c. 3. Milk vessels, Turpentine vessels, Receptacula tu- 

hulosa, Fasa propria solitaria. Single tubes in the cellular 

texture, filled with a milky, or turpentine juice. 

c. 4. Fascicular reservoirs, Receptacula fascicularia, Fasa 

propria fascicularia. Bundles of small parallel tubular 

cells, filled with a peculiar juice ; as in the bark of apo- 

cineae. 

c. 5. Accidental reservoirs, Receptacula' accidentalia. 

Accidental cavities, into which the juices formed in other 

parts has filtrated : in the coniferae the turpentine frequently 

bursts its own vessels, and penetrates the pith and sap- 

vessels. 

Tubular openings. Open spaces of the pith, LacuuO!, 

Cavitates aerece, Fasa pneumatica, Receptacula aerea accidentalia. 

Cavities filled with air, frequently found in the 

cellular texture, formed by rupture or absorption. 

1. Irregular, L. irregulares. Found in the middle of the 

fleshy parts of plants. PI. 1. fig. 5. k. 

'2. Fistular, L.fistuloscB. Occupy the centre of the stalk, 

and render it hollow like a flute. Gramineae. 

3. Regular, L. regulnres. Occupy the centre of the stem 

of water plants, the cells being disposed in a regular order. 

Scirpus. 

4. Cellular, L. cellulares. Large cavities, of which the 

sides are themselves composed of cellular texture. Sparganium.

INTRODUCTION" TO BOTANY. 39 

Fibre, Fihra. A collection of vessels and tubular cells 

fastened together, so that they can be detached from the 

surrounding cellular texture in long threads; their principal 

use is to direct the flow of the juices, PI. 1. fig. 5. e. 

Nerves, Nervi. Fibres visible on the external surface of 

the plant or its leaves. 

Fleshy parts, Parenchyma. A pulpy substance, formed 

of soft cellular texture ; common in leaves and fruits. 

Cuticle, Skin, Epiderma, Epidermis, Cuticula. The fine 

membrane, usually transparent, which covers the whole 

surface of the plant. 

Vasa exlialantia. The lines separating the fleshy part 

from which the cuticle has been removed into hexagonal 

spaces. 

Articulation, Articidatio, Junchira. A part in which, 

at a determinate period, the plant may be separated into 

two or more pieces, without much violence. 

Joint, Articulus. The interval between two articulations. 

Cicatrix, Cicatricula. The mark remaining at the articulation 

after a joint has been detached. 

Knot, Nodus, Geniculum. The swelling of the texture 

of the plant, forming a protuberant ring. Grasses. Pinks. 

Internodium. The space between two knots. 

Nodosity, Nodositas. A concretion formed by vegetation, 

and occasioning a sv/elling, or tumour, as in the 

leaves of whtit are called Junci articulati. 

Pores, Fori. Very small openings, in the membranous 

texture, visible by the microscope. 

Insensible pores. Fori inco?ispicui, Fori cellulares. Pores 

supposed to exist, although invisible, and to be the organs 

of insensible perspiration. 

Cortical pores. Fori corticales, Stomatia, GlandidcB corticales. 

Fori elongati, Fori magni, Fori evaporatorii. Fori 

epidermidis, Glandulce miliares, Glandidce epidermoidales. 

Oval pores, very visible with a lens, on the surface of the 

fleshy parts which are above ground : appear to be the 

organs of exhalation, and perhaps of the inhalation of 

watery vapour, but do not admit the passage of coloured 

fluids. 

Spongiolcc. Organs like a sponge, capable of taking up 

coloured fluids, although no pores can be observed with 

the highest magnifying powers. Lemna, Pandanus, Stigmata 

of flowers. 

Glands, Glandulce, in composition — aden, — adenos. 

Organs for the purpose of secreting peculiar liquids, and


tubercles resembling these oi-gans, althougli they do not 

really secrete any liquid. 

1. Cellular glands, GlandulcB celhdares, Glnndulce excretoricB. 

Formed of cellular texture without any communi- 

cation with vessels. Nectaries of flowers. 

2. Vascular glands, Glandulae vascidares, Gl. secreforit, 

Gl. urceolares. Formed of cellular texture, traversed by 

vessels. Ovary of the cobaea. Tubercles on the petiole of 

drupaceee. 

Hairs, Pi//, Villi. Small, tender, hairlike appendages, 

composed of one or more cells projecting from the texture 

of the plant. 

1. Glanduliferous hairs. Pill glanduliferi. Supportingglands 

on their tip. Cicer arietinum, Croton penicillatum. 

2. Excretory hairs, Pili excretorii. Placed on glands 

serving as excretory ducts. Urtica urens, Malpighia urens. 

3. Pili lymphatici. Not connected with any gland; seem 

mere organs of evaporation. 

Organic parts. Paries organicxE, Organa composiia, Organa. 

Parts composed of the former; and generally visible. 

1. Organs of vegetation, Organa nutritiva. Necessary to 

the growth and life of the individual, as the root, stem, 

bud, and leaf. 

2. Organs of reproduction, Organa reproductiva. Necessary 

for the reproduction of the individual, or life of 

the species, as the flower, fruit, seeds, buds, &(*. 

Organs of fructification, Organa Jrvclijicationis. Organs 

of reproduction by means of fecundation ; as the flower, 

fruit, seed. 

Organs of germination, Organa germinationis. Organs 

as germens, gongyli, 

of reproduction without fecundation ; 

propagines, and conidia. 

3. Accessory organs, Organa accessoria. Not found in 

all plants, seated upon the other organs, as thorns, prickles, 

cirri. 

3. Contained Juices. 

Sap, Alimonia, Humor, Lijtnpha. A watery liquid newly 

absorbed, and not yet much changed by vegetation. 

Caynhium. The mucilaginous juice, already changed, 

traversing the membranous texture, from which the new 

parts are formed; is perhaps a liquid gum. 

Juice, Succus. Any liquid that can be pressed out of a 

plant : they vary in different plants.


'Nectar. Juices secreted by glands placed upon the organs 

of fructification. 

Glaucous bloom, Pollen glancum. Pruina. A substance 

like wax, upon certain leaves and fruits, to preserve them 

from moisture. 

Milk, Lac. An emulsive liquid, usually white and opake. 

4. Pace. 

Primitive, PlantcB primigenia;. Species originally created, 

and not formed by crossing from others. 

Mule, hyhides. Species not originally created, but 

formed by the pollen of one species being absorbed by the 

female organ of another species. Veronica hybrida, Primula 

cortusoides, Delphinium hybridum, Sorbus hybrida. 

5. Consistence. 

Spumescent, Plantcc spumescentcs. Like a scum. Spumaria 

Mucilago. 

Gelatinous, gelatinoscR. Like jelly. Tremella. 

YxxngowS', fungos(E. Solid, elastic, soft. Boletus igniarius. 

Corky, suherosce. Solid, elastic, hard. Many Fungi. 

Fleshy, carnosce. Thick, juicy, but firm. Tuber cibarium. 

Memb)'anous, memlranacece, memhranosce. In a thin 

flake, flexible, rather juicy. Many ulvse and fuci. 

Leathery,* 

Many fuci. 

coriacece. Tough, flexible, rather thick. 

Horny, cornefE. Dry, 

transparent. Many fuci. 

hard, compact, flexible, semi- 

Crustaceous, cn/stacece. Dry, hard, friable, in form of 

a crust. Lepraria, Variolaria. 

Filamentous, jilameniosce. In long, slender threads, 

either simple or branched. Conferva. 

Herbaceous, herhacece. Stem and branches do not form 

a solid wood, but perish after a few months' vegetation, 

and are covered with a bark, usually green, of the same 

consistence as the leaves. 

Woody, lignoscB. Stem and branches at first weak like 

herbs, 

years. 

but form a solid wood, and vegetate for several 

Succulent, succulenicB. Thick, juicy, with much cellular 

texture, and few fibres. Sedum, Sempervivum leciorum. 

yi\\k.y,lnctescentes. Containing a milky juice. Euphorbia, 

Lactuca virosa, Sonchus.

42 

. 

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 

6. Duration. 

Once-fruiting, Plantcs monocarpiece. 

once in their lite. 

Bearing fruit only 

1 Ephemeral, epheynercE^ fugaces. Lasting only a few 

days, or even hours. Tremella, many fungi. 

2. Annual, annucB, Lasting near a whole summer. 

Hordeum. 

3. Biennial, liennes. Producing leaves only the first 

year, and flowers and fruit in the succeeding. Verbascum 

decurrens, CEnothera biennis. 

4. Slow growing, perennes. Being several years before 

they flower, and dying soon after. Agave. 

Many-fruiting, polycarpicce. Bearing fruit several times 

during their life. 

1. Perennial, perennes, restihilia, rhizocarpiece. Dying 

clown to the ground every year, and in the following producing 

new flowering stems. Aster. 

2. Arborescent, caulocarpiece, fruticosce. The stem itself 

lasts during the life of the plant. Trees, shrubs. 

7. Mode of production. 

Seed-bearing, Plantce seminiferce. Bearing seeds. Most 

plants. 

Gongyliferous, gongyliferce. Bearing gongyles or spores. 

Mosses, Algas. 

Stool-bearing, Stoloniferce. Throwing out stools, siolones, 

which take root. Pilosella. 

Runner-bearing, viticulosce. Throwing out runners, 

vilicidce, sarmenia, or flagella, which, take root from space 

to space. 

Shoot-bearing, s?ircidifh-ce. Throwing out shoots, sur- 

culi, from the crown of the root, which may be separated, 

and will then produce a new plant. Oliva europsea. 

PropacuUfercB. Throwing out a shoot terminating by a 

leaf-bud, which, when separated from the original plant, 

will grow. Sempervivum. ? 

Bulbous, h'llhoscE. Furnished with a bulb, under ground, 

throwing up leaves and a stem. Lilium, Tulipa, AUium, 

Cepa. 

Bulbilliferous, hulhillifercp, sobolij'ercp. Producing small 

bulbs, lulbilli, propagines, bacilli, soholes, sautellce, on the 

axillae of their branches, or leaves, or elsewhere, above 

ground. Criniun bulbifcrum. Allium. 

3


51 Wild, sylvestres, agrestes. Growing without the assistance 

of man. 

Cultivated, sativce. Sown, or planted by man. 

8. Mode of Growth. * 

Stemless, PlantcB acaules. Growing without any stem. 

Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis. 

Stalked, 

plants. 

caulescerdes. Growing with a stem. Most 

% Outside-growing, exogeva-. Growing by their bark, 

and in arborescent plants depositing layers of woods internally. 

Inside-growing, e?idngence. Growing by their summit 

only, not increasing in diameter, the outside being the 

older. 

9. Repetition offlowering. 

Once bearing, Plantce unifei-ce. Bearing flowers once a 

year only. Most plants. 

Twice flowering, lifercB. Bearing flowers twice a year. 

Monthly, multifercB. Flowering several times in a year, 

as in some roses. 

10. Position of certain Parts. 

Root-flowering, Plantce rhizanthce. The flower growing 

on the root. 

Stem-fruiting, caulocarpce. The fruit growing on the 

stem. 

Calicosiemones. The stamens growing on the calyx. 

Gynandrous, gynandrce. The stamen growing on the 

pistil. 

Calyx-flowering, calyciflorce. The corolla growing on 

the calyx. 

Thalamiflora. The corolla growing on the receptacle. 

11. Sex. 

Neuter, Plantce neiiircs, agenico, agamae, gynfncicB. In 

which sexual organs have not been discovered. Fungi, 

lichens. 

Cryptogamous, cryptogames. The sexual organs diflicult 

to be discovered from their small size, their form, or situa- 

tion. Mosses. * 

Phenogamous, phcpnogamce. The sexual organs very 

distinct and visible. Lily, Rose.


% Unisexual, unisexuales. Having the organs of one 

sex only, on the same root. 

Male, masculce^ idiogynce. Having the male organs only 

on the same roo^. 

Female, yemm«. Having the female organs only on the 

same root. 

Bisexual, hisexuahi. Having the organs of both the 

sexes on tlie same root. 

Androgynous, androgynoi. Having male and female organs 

on the same root, but not in the same flowers. Morus, 

Betula, Pinus, Cucumber. 

Hermaphrodite, kermaphroditcB. Having male and female 

organs not only on the same root, but also in the 

same flowers. The generality of plants. 

Polygamous, polygamci'. Having on the same root some 

flowers with the organs of both sexes, and others with those 

of only one. 

Necessarily polygamous, polygamce necessaricE. Having 

on the same root imperfect hermaphrodite flowers which 

are barren from a defect in their female organs, and feniale 

flowers which are the only fruitful ones. 

Superfluously polygamous, polygamce superflua. Plaving 

on the same root perfect hermaphrodite flowers, and also 

fruitful female flowers. 

Uselessly polygamous, polygamcefrustanecE. Having on 

the same root perfect fruitful, fruitful hermaphrodite flowers, 

and imperfect or barren females. 

% Monoicous, monoicce. All the roots of the same species 

are alike in respect to the sex of the flowers. 

Dioicous, dioiccB. Having in the same species two kinds 

of roots, which differ in I'cgard to the sex of their flowers. 

Trioicous, trioiccB. Having in the same species three 

kinds of roots, which differ in regard to the sex of their 

flowers. Ceratonia, Ficus. 

12. Cotyledom. 

Acotyledon, JPlantce acoiyledonecB. Without any cotyledons. 

Fungi, Lichens. 

Monocotyledon, monocolyledonea. With only one cotyledon. 

Grasses, Palms, Liliaceoe, Orchideae. 

Dicotyledon, dicotyledouece. With two cotyledons. Labiatae, 

Rasiunculacea?, Gruciferae, Leguminosee. 

Polycotyledon, polycolyledonecF. Y/ith many cotyledons, 

|?*inus5 Abies, Ceratophyllum.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 4S 

^ Dermollast(E. The cotyledon formed -of a membrane 

that bursts irregularly. Fungi ? 

NemohlastcB. The cotyledon threadshape. Mosses, 

Ferns. 

Plexeollastce. The cotyledons come out of the ground 

in two lobes, which change to leaves different from the 

common leaves. ^ 

Geohlast(E. The cotyledons remain under ground. Pensj, 

Grasses. 

1. Rhizohlastce. The embrio throws out a root. 

2. Arhizoblastm. The embrio has no root. Parasitic 

plants. 

Sph(Erohlast(E. The cotj^ledons do not divide into two 

pieces, but come out of the ground like small balls with 

footstalks. Juncus bufouius. 

13. Surface. 

Smooth, Planice leves. Without any inequalities:. 

Funiaria vulgaris, Adoxa Moschatellina. 

Bald-, glahrcE. Without any downiness. Ruscus aucu- 

leatus, Opulus palustris. 

Polished, levigatce. Bald and smooth. Veronica fontinalis, 

Valeriana rubra. 

Shining, luc'/dcB. Polished and reflecting light like po-> 

lished metal, or a varnished substance. Arum maculatum, 

Chenopodium raurale. 

' Rough, aspercB. Rubia tinctorum. Galium uncinatum. 

Nipply, papulosis.. Having round protuberances, filled 

with a fluid. Mesembryanthemum papulosum. 

Glutinous, sticky, glut'niosm^ viscosce. Covered with a 

substance sticking to the fingers. Hyoscyamus niger, 

Silene Anglica. 

Powdery, pulverulentce. Covered with a dust which 

comes off easily. Primula farinosa. 

Glaucous, glaucce. The dust with which they are covered 

is of a sea-green colour. Chlora perfoiiata, Fumaria 

oflicinalis, Crambe maritima. 

Downy, puhescentes. With short, soft hairs, not very 

close. Galium verum, Circse Lutetiana, Althasa officinalis. 

Velvety, iwlutincB. With soft, close, short hairs, of an 

equal length. Digitalis purpurea. 

Hairy, piloses. With scattered, long, soft hairs. Hyoscyamus 

niger, Githago segetum, Hieracium Pilosella. 

Villous, villoscs. With nuniserous soft hairs. Veronica 

officinalis, Geranium pratense. Lychnis dioica. 

2


Silky, sericece. With long, soft, brilliant hairs, lying 

flat. Absinthium vulgare. 

Woolly, lanatcE. With long hair, lying flat, and more 

or less clotted, like coarse cloth. 

Clothlike, nappy, tomenloscR. With close hairs, more or 

less matted, like fine cloth. 

Hispid, hispidcB, hispidosce. With rough hair. 

Hispidulous, hispidulce. With hair rather rough. 

Hirsute, hirsidcB, hiriuoscPf hirtce. With rough, pricking 

hair. Borago officinalis. 

Strigose, strigosce. With stiff^ long hair, swelled at 

their root. 

Echinate, echinatcp, spinettosce. With points, spinellce^ 

stronger, thicker, and harder than hairs. Dipsacus fuUonum, 

D. laciniatus. 

Prickly, acideutcE. With woody points adhering only to 

the bark, and easily broke ofl'. Rosa. 

Thorny, spinosce. With points growing out of the wood 

of the plant. Ulex Europseus, Prunus spinosa. 

14. Stations. 

Land, Plantce terrestres, ierranece. 

Sand, arenaricB, sahulosce. Psamma arenaria, Ulex. 

Rock, saxatiles, rupestres, petroscB. Sedum. 

Gravel, glareoscB. Aira flexuosa. 

Wall, ruderales. On walls and ruins. Chenopodium 

murale, Urtica dioica, Parietaria officinalis. 

Cavern, cavernari(E. In caves and mines. Byssus, 

Boletus. 

Clay, argilloscE. 

Chalk, cretacecF. Hippocrepis comosa, Caucalis daucoides, 

orchideae. 

Granitic, graniticcB. 

Slate, sclmtoscE. 

Limestone, calcarece. 

Garden, hortenses. Lamium amplexicaule, Galium uncinatum, 

Al&ine media. These are usually called Weeds. 

Vineyard, vineales. Aristolochia infesta. 

Eield, agrestes. Growing in ai'able land. Chrysanthemum 

segetum, Githago segetum. 

Fallow land, arvenses. Growing in fallowed fields. Melampyrum 

arvense, Aphanes arvensis, Acetosa repens. 

Meadow, pratenses. Growing in grass-land. Trifoliura 

pratense, Ranunculus acris.


Woodland, sylvaticcB, nemoroscR. Anemone nemorosa, 

Paris quadrifolia, Adoxa moschatelJina. 

Shady, umhrosce. Most woodland plants. 

Open ground, campestres, apricce. 

Draba verna, Echium vulgare. 

Artemisia campestris, 

Hill, collina. Dianthus collinus. Daphne collina. 

Mountain, mo?itan(F, alpesires. Valeriana montana. 

Alpine, alpince. Bartsia alpina, Thalictrum alpinum. 

Snow, glaciales, nivales. Growing among the snow and 

ice of high mountains. Gentiana nivalis. 

Cold country, frigidce, hyperhorecB. Growing only in 

cold countries. Linnsea borealis, Saxifi-aga Groenlan- 

dica. 

Salt, salincB, salscE. Growing in soils impregnated with 

salt, or Glauber's salt. Salicornia, Salsola. 

Freshwater shore, litturales, riparice. Eupatorium cannabinum, 

Scutellaria, Lythrura. 

Saltwater shore, marithnce. Glaux maritima, Limonium 

commune. Hippophae rhamnoides. 

% Water, aquatiae. As the following 

Sea, marince. Fucus, Ulva, Zostera marina. 

Lake, lacustres. Isoetes Pilularia, Scirpus lacustris. 

Spring, f&ntinales. Veronica Beccabunga, Sisymbrium 

Nasturtium. 

River, fluviatiles^ fluviales. Potamogeton, Platanaria 

natans. 

. Sunken, siilmergce, demerscp, immersce. Growing under 

water. Conferva îgagropila, Myriophyllum spicatum. 

Emerging, emerscB. Rising above the surface of the 

water in which they grow. Hottonia palustris, Myriophyllum 

verticillatum. 

Floating, jiuitanles. Rooted in the ground, but the 

leaves, 8tc. floating, Potamogeton lucens. 

Swimming, natantes. Not rooted in the ground, but 

floating freely. Lemna. 

Marsh, palustres, paludosce. In marshes and still waters. 

Chara, Phellandrium divaricatum, Menyanthes. 

Bog, uliginosce. Vaccinium uliginosum, Pinguicula. 

Moss, torfacece. In peat mosses. Sphagnum palustre. 

% Amphibious, amphihice. Growing indifferent on land 

or in water. Cicuta virosa, Apium graveolens. 

f Parasitic, epiphytcR. Growing upon other plants. 

False parasitic, pseudo-pnrasit,ic(B, Not hurting the plant 

en which they grow. Mosses- 

:

4S INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

True parasitic, parasiticce. Growing at the expense of 

the plant on which the}? fix themselves. 

1. On the root, epirhizce. Orobanche, Hypopithys 

lutea. 

2. On the bark, cortkales. Many lichens. 

S. On the wood, epixylonece . Most hypoxylese. 

4. On leaves, epiplnjUcB. Uredo, jEcidium, Puccina. 

% Subterranean, suhterranece. Growing under the ground. 

Tuber cibarium. 

% Growing on dead animals, epizoaricB. 

15. Country. 

Native, indigence. Natural to the soil on which they 

grow, whether wild or cultivated. 

Foreign, exoticce. Brought from foreign countries. 

16. Fertility. 

Fertile, plmitcR fertiles. Producing fruits ; Female, Hermaphrodite, 

and polygamous plants. 

Barren, steriles. Not producing fruit ; Male an^ neuter 

plants. 

ROOT. 

Radix,—rhizos. That part of the plant, which is usually 

luried in the earth, and absorbs the nutriment of the plant. 

1. Species. 

Root, Radix. A root of the common sort, and of a large 

size. 

Rootlet, Radicula. A smaller root th^n common. 

Radicelle, Radicella. The new roots when first emitted 

in germination. 

2. Parts. 

Main root. Radix, Descensus, Truncus subterraneus. The 

part next the stem, not yet divided into radicles. 

Radicles, RadiculcE. The ramifications from the maia 

root. 

Head of the root. Caput radicis. The part which touches 

an herbaceous stem. 

Extremity of the root, Caudex radicis. That part of a 

main root not branched, which is further from the stem. 

Fibres, FibrillcE. The fine hair-like extremities of the 

radicles. PI. 2; fia;. 1. c. c; 11. d.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 4© 

Root stigmata, Stigmata radicis, S[iongiolcB radicales^ 

OroB radicum. Spongioles at the end of the root; very 

visible in lemna and pandanus. 

Tuber, Tuherculum. A thick, solid part, usually filled 

with feculse, placed either upon the root, as in turneps, 

earthnuts, filipendula, or on those lower branches of the 

stem which are subterraneous and rootlike, as in the po- 

tatoe. 

Exostosis. A tuber of a woody consistence, not containing 

feculae. Cyperus disticha. 

yimpullce. Hollow globular bodies found on the roots 

of some "svater plants. Utricularia. 

3. Situation. 

Subterraneous, Radix sulterranea. Most roots. 

Exposed, aeria. Growing upon some part exposed to 

the air. Viscum. 

Aquatic, aquatica. Growing in the water. Lemna, 

Utricularia, Trapa natans. 

4. Suhsta72ce. 

Woody, Radix Ugnosa. All trees, shrubs, and undershrubs. 

Fleshy, carnosa. Thick, juicy, mostly formed of cellular 

texture. Iris palustris. Beta vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, 

5. Form. 

Threadshape, Radix Jiliformis. Lemna. 

Fibrous, Jihrosa. The threads being of some thickness. 

Cepa es.culenta. Ranunculus flammeus. 

^Thongshape, Jiagellijorviis. Long, supple, slender. 

Arenaria maritima, Carduus arvensis. 

Cordshape, funiliformis. Of thick fibres like ropes. 

Palms, Pandanus, Dracena. 

Spindleshape,yz/.si/br7?iz,s'. Simple, long, swelled out in 

the middle, and small at each end. Raphanus sativus. 

Turnep shape, napijhrmis. Simple, globular. Brassica 

macrorhiza. 

Conical, conica. Gradually decreasing from top to bottom, 

Daucus vulgaris. 

Cylindrical, teres. Dictamnus albus. 

Roundish, suhrotunda. Bunium majus, B. minus. 

Tuberous, tuberosa. In thick fleshy masses. Cyclamen, 

Solanum tuberosum, Bryonia dioica. 

VOL. I. E


Scrotiformj scroiiformis, testiculata. Formed of two 

roundish lumps connected together. Orchis maculata, 

O. mihtaris. PL 2. fig. 1. 

1. The old tuber, Tuherculum senior. That part of the 

^crotiform root which supported the stem of the former 

year. PI. 2, fig. 1, d. 

2. The new tuber, Tuherculum jimior. That part of the 

scrotiform root which would have supported the stem of 

•the next year. PI. 2, fig. 1, b. 

Handed, palmaia. Tuberous, flat, divided by a few 

slight slits so as to resemble an open hand. Orchis maculata, 

Satyrium nigrum. 

Fingered, digitata. Tuberous, divided by deep slits so 

as to resemble fingers. Dioscorea alternifolia. 

Grumose, grurnosa. Tuberous, and resembling a col- 

lection of small seeds. Neottia abortiva. PI. 2, fig. 3. 

Knotty, ?2odosa, monUiformh. Composed of tubercles, or 

knots connected together in strings. Avena elatior nodosa. 

PL 2. fig. 5. 

¥\\\pend\AQ.Y,Jilipenduia. In threads having tubercles at 

their ends. 

Jointed, articulata. Appearing as if composed of several 

joints. Gratiola officinalis. PL2. fig. 4. 

Kneed, gemculata. Jointed and bent at each joint. 

Gratiola officinalis. 

Bent, conioria. Bent in various directions. Bistorta 

major. 

Truncated, bitten, iruncata, prcrrnorsa. Appearing as 

if the end was bitten off. Scabiosa succisa, Leontodon autumnale. 

PL 2. fiijj. 7. 

6. Divuion. 

Simple, Radix simplex. Carota vulgaris, Brassica macrorhiza. 

Branchy, ramosa. Subdivided into radicles. Most trees 

and shrubs. 

Fasciculate, fasciculata. Divided to the head into several 

long fleshy parts, connected together in a bundle. Asphodelus 

ramosus. PL 2. fig. 9. 

Capillary, capillaris. Composed of many fine threads. 

Anthoxanthum odoratum, and most grasses. 

Comose, comosa. Garnished with numerous capillary 

ramifications. Rhododendron, Erica.


7. Surface. 

Seal-like, Radix sigillata. Having at certain distances 

scars resembling- impressions of seals, these being the places 

where herbaceous stems have formerly grown. Polygonatum 

vulgare. PI. % fig. 11, b. 

Bladdery, utriculosa. Having small bladders which 

appear to serve the purposes of leaves. Utricularia. 

Scaly, squamosa. These scales are abortive leaves. 

Lathrsea squamosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 2, fig. 10. 

Toothed, dentata. Furnished with appendages like 

teeth, which are abortive leaves. Cardamine amara, Adoxa^ 

Dentaria pentaphylla. 

8. Duraiio72. 

Annual, Radix annua. Dying with the year. 

Biennial, biennis. Lasting a second year. 

Perennial, perennis. Lasting more than two years. 

9. Growth. 

Perpendicular, Radix perpendicularis. The principal 

root growing right down into the ground. Daucus, Fraxinus, 

Quercus. 

Horizontal, horizontalis. Growing level with the ground. 

Iris, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 2, fig. 4. 

Creeping, repens. Growing horizontally, but sending 

off shoots and stalks. Mentha, Achillea millefolia. PI. 2, 

fig. 4 ; pi. 8, fig. 9. 

Progressive, progrediens. Extending itself one way, and 

dying away in another part. Polygonatum vulgare, Bistorta 

major, Anemone nemorosa, Allium nutans. PI. 2, 

fig. 2, 4, 11. 

Sucker-bearing, stolojiifera. GEnanthe fistulosa, Fragaria. 

Bulb-bearing, hdbifera. Having a bulb, or onion, at 

the top. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus. PI. 2, fig. 8 ; pi. 3, 

fig. 1, 2, 3, 4. 

Sprouting, iuriojiifera. Bearing eyes or asparagi. Aspa-^ 

ragus officinalis, Solanura tuberosum. Pi, 2, fig. 2, 

E 2


STEM. 

Caulis. Truncus ascendens, AdscensuS;,—caulon. The 

support of those parts of the vegetable ivhich usually appear 

above ground, and bear the flowers and fruit. 

1. Species. 

Trunk, Truncus. That part of a tree which is naked, 

and without branches. 

Head, Cymus. That part of a tree where the stem is 

divided into branches, 

Straw, Culmus. The cyhndrical, usually hollow, stem 

of a grass, with solid knots at certain distances. Triticum, 

Avena. 

Reed, Calamus. A simple stem, more or less hollow, 

without knots. Juncus. 

Root-sucker, Surculus. A branch springing from the 

root, capable of being separated, and of becoming a new 

individual. Rosa. 

Stool, Stolo. A branch from the head of the root, bending 

down, taking root, and emitting leaves here and there. 

Pilosella. 

Runner, Flagellum, Safmentum, Viticula. A naked 

branch lying on the ground, taking root with a tuft of 

leaves at certain distances. Fragaria vesca. 

Offset, Propaculmn. A runner terminated by a leaf-bud 

capable of taking root when separg,ted. Sedum, Sempervivum. 

Rhizoma. Caudex desce?idens. A subterraneous, or su- 

perficial shoot, which emits radicles. Iris, Filices. 

Base of the bulb. Lecus. The flat plate of a bulb, 

throwing out radicles beneath, and from its upper surface 

the leaves and flowers. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus. 

Bulbo-tuher. Comhus. A solid tuber placed on the 

neck of the plant, and frequently covered with the base of 

the leaves. PL 2, fig. 8. Crocus sativus. 

Crown, Caudex. The part of an annual stem that remains 

attached to a perennial root, and throws up the 

next season a fresh stem. 

2. Internal Parts. 

Pith, Medulla. The fine cellular texture, usually white, 

contained in a cylindrical cavity in the centre of the stem 

of dicotyledon plants, and seeming to nourish the young 

shoots. PI, 1, fig. 2, i to k.


Medullary canal, Canalis medullaris. The cylindrical 

cavity containing the pith. 

Medullary sheath, Vagina medullaris. The internal rank 

of fibres immediately next to the pith. 

Medullary rays. Silver grain. Radii. Productiones. In- 

sertiones meduUares. Vertical flakes, similar to the pith, 

pushed out towards the circumference; appearing, in a 

transverse section of a stem, like the spokes of a wheel. 

PI. 1, fig. 2, e. It is in the direction of these rays that 

wood, however hard, may be easily riven. 

Ligneous portion. Corpus ligneum. Lignea portio. The 

part of a stem between the pith and the bark, by which the 

juices pass from the root to the leaves. PL 1, fig. 2, b to i. 

In monocotyledon plants it composes the whole of the 

stem. PI. 1, fig. 4, a to d. 

Wood, heart. Lignum, — xylon. That part of the 

ligneous portion of a stem which has acquired its utmost 

hardness : in dicotyledon plants it forms the centre of the 

stem, in monocotyledon plants the circumference. 

Alhurnum, Alhurna. That part of the ligneous portion 

of a stem which has not acquired its utmost hardness, and 

is generally of a paler colour than the rest. 

Woody layers. Spurious grain. Strata lignea. Involucra 

lignea. Zones formed round the pith or centre of 

a stem, appearing in a transverse section like concentric 

circles, usually supposed to denote the growth of each successive 

summer that the plant has existed. PI . 1 , fig. 2, b, g, h. 

Bark, Cortex, — derma. A part of the stem (and root) 

of dicotyledon plants, which encloses the woody portion, 

separating easily at certain seasons, or by maceration, and 

through which the juices of the plant do not pass in going 

from the root-sponges to the leaves. PI. 1, fig. 2, a, b. 

Cortical layers. Strata corlicalia. The layers, or con- 

centric circles to be observed in the bark. PI. 1, fig. 2, 

a, b, c, d. 

Inner bark. Bast. Liber. The internal cortical layers, 

which may be easily separated from the others. PI. 1, 

fig. 2, b to d. 

Corky substance, Stratum cellulosus, Complexus cellulosuSf 

Parenchyma. A layer of cellular tissue, lying on the out- 

side of the cortical layers, and in some plants very thick. 

Epidermis, Epiderma. A membrane which covers every 

part of the plant as well as the stem.


3. Duration. 

Annual, Caulis annuus. From annual roots, and those 

biennials which do not throw np the stem till the second 

year. 

Perennial, perennis. The stem of trees, shrubs, and 

undershrubs. 

4. Consistence. 

Woody, Caulis ligneus. Lasting many years, forming a 

solid wood. 

Herbaceous, herlaceus. Of a softer nature. 

Succulent, succulentus. Orobanche major, Sempervivum 

tectorum. 

Pithy, medullar is. Filled with pith. Helianthus annuus, 

Sambucus humilis. 

Spongy, spangiosus. Filled with a compressible, elastic 

tissue, which retains moisture like a sponge. Typha lati- 

folia, Zea Maya, Hypericum elodes. 

Solid, plemis, solidus. Having no internal cavity. Zea 

Mays, Orchis maculata, Saccharum officinale. 

Yio\\o\y , fistulosus. Having in its middle, a cavity, either 

continued uninterrupted through the whole length, or 

parted in cells by midriffs. Equisetum, Gramineee, Orchis 

latifolia. Sonchus arvensis. 

5. Form. 

Cylindrical, Caulis cylindricus, teres. Long, the transverse 

section being circular; nearly the same size throughout 

the greatest part of its length. Chenopodium spinacifolium, 

Abies, Stramonium foetidum. 

Lengthened, virgatus. Long, straight-lined, and weak 

growing narrower from the bottom to the top. Campanula 

esculenta, Reseda salicifolia. Althaea officinalis. 

Flagelliform, Jlagelliformis. Thin, and supple like a 

thong. Vinca major. Clematis Vitalba, Rubus saxatilis. 

Melon-shaped, melonijbrmis. Cactus Melocactus, Euphorbia 

cucumerina. 

Compressed, compressus. Flattened on two opposite 

sides, Poa compressa, Cactus Opuntia. 

Two-edged, anceps. Compressed with two sharp edges 

like a dagger. Androssemum officinale. 

Leaf-like, phylloideus. Flattened and herbaceous like 

leaves. Cactus Phyllanthus, Platylobium scolopendrium. 

Obtuse-angled, ohtusb ajigulatus. When it has angles 

ivhich are obtuse. Salvia pratensis, Melissa officinalis. 

;


Acute-angled, acutb angulaius. When it has angles 

which are acute. Hypericum quadrangulare, Lathyrus 

pratensis. 

Three-sided, Irigonus. When it has three faces, and of 

course three corners, Carex acuta, Scirpus sylvaticus. 

Four-sided, tetragonus. When it has four sides. Mentha 

sativa, Lamium album, and other labiateae. 

Five-sided, pentagonus. Cactus pentagonus. 

Six-sided, hexagonus. Cactus hexagonus. 

Three-cornered, triangularis. 

Four-cornered, quadrangularis : and so onwards. 

Three-edged, triqueler. 

Four-edged, tetraqueter : and so onwards. 

Angular, angulosus. When the angles are not, or can 

not be counted. Polygonatum vulgare, Solanum nigrum, 

Achillea millefolia. 

jointed, articulatus. Formed of joints connected endways 

"with each other, with or without knots. Fucus articulatus, 

Equisetum, Viscum album, Graminese. 

Knotted, nodosus. Having swellings or knots at certain 

distances. Many of the gramineae, Persicaria acris. 

Kneed, geniculatus. Jointed and bent at each joint. 

Alopecurus geniculatus, Geranium sanguineum, Stellaria 

media, Spergula arvensis. 

Stipiform, stipiformis. Stem of a dicotyledon plant, 

growing like those of palm-trees ; with a bunch of leaves 

at top, and bearing the marks where the old leaves have 

fallen off. Statice fasciculata, Brassica oleracea capitata. 

6. Strength and thickness. 

Stiff, Caulis rigidus, stricius, rigens. Straight, not easily 

bent, although it be slender. Bistorta major. Bupleurum 

rotundifolium. 

Brittle, fragilis. Stiff, and breaking as soon as it is attempted 

to be bent. Sonchus oleraceus. Geranium Robertianum. 

Sarmentose, sarmentosus. Woody, and climbing or 

rampant. Hedera communis, Vitis vinifera, Rubus fru- 

ticosus. 

Weak, delilis. Too feeble to keep upright. Irasekia 

alpina. Geranium lucidum, Sedum dasyphyllum. 

Slender, gracilis. Long in comparison with its thick- 

ness. Orchis maculata, Stellaria holostea. 

Threadshaped, Jiliformis. Zanichella palustris, Hydrocotyle 

vulgaris. 

Hairlike, capillnris. Eleocharis acicularis. 

' 

55

S§ 


7. Number. 

Single, Caidis unlciis. When the root produces only 

one stern. 

Many, multiplex. When the root piôduces several 

stems. 

8. Composition. 

Very simple, Canlis simplicissimus. When it has no 

branches whatever, Fritiliaria tessellata, Bistorta major. 

Orobanche major. 

Simple, simplex. Without any large branches, but with 

some weak ones only. Verbascum decurrens, Swertia 

perennis. 

Branchy, ramosus. Divided into branches. 

Very branchy, ramosissimus. Cucubalus bacciferus, 

Uiex Europseus. 

Shrubby, decomposlius. Branched from near the root, 

so as to have scarcely any main stem. Ulex Europseus. 

Two-forked, dlchotomus. Divided and subdivided into 

two parts at each division. Stramonium foetidum, Viscum 

album. 

Three-forked, triciiotomus. Divided and subdivided into 

three parts at each division. Mirabilis Jalapa. 

Continued, integer. Growing up from the root to the 

top of the plant like an axis from which the branches 

spring out. Abies excelsa, Abies pectinata. 

9. Direction of the main Stem. 

Upright, Caulis verticalis, perpendicular is, erectus. Growing 

perpendicular to the horizon. Mentha sylvestris, Androsffimum 

officinale. Abies. 

Oblique, oUiqims. Growing sloping to the horizon. 

Poa annua. 

Curved, curvatiis, arcuatus. Forming a curve. 

Inclined, inclinatus. Growing in a very marked curve, 

bending to the ground. 

Nodding, nutans^ cernuus. The top inclining to the 

ground. Polygonatum vulgare, Cedrus. 

Ascending, ascendens. Forming a curve, bending up 

towards the sky. Veronica spicata, Trifolium pratense, 

Circsea alpina. 

Procumbent, procunilens, prostratus, immifusiis. Spread 

upon the ground, and not striking root. Polygonum aviculare, 

I-lerniaria hirsuta, lllecebrum verticillata, Arenaria 

rubra. Uva-ursi buxifolia.


Creeping, repens, reptans. Spread upon the ground, and 

striking root in it. Veronica officinalis. Glechoma he- 

deracea, Potentilla reptans. ' 

Climijing, scandens. Incapable of keeping itself upright 

without support, but I'aising itself by laying hold of other 

bodies. 

a. by its own twisting. Cuscuta minor, Fagopynim carinatum, 

Convolvulus sepium. 

b. by tendrils. Vitis vinifera, Pisum. 

c. by holdfasts. Hedera communis. 

d. by the twisting of the leaf-stalks. Clematis Viticella. 

Twining from left to right, voluhilis s'mistrorsum. Lupulus 

communis, Tamus communis. 

Twining from right to left, voluhilis dextrorsum. Convolvulus 

sepium, Phaseolus vulgaris. 

F\e'^no%e,flexuosys. Bent in various irregular directions. 

Aristolochia, Serpentaria, Solidago flexicaulis. 

Tortuous, tortiLosus. Bent many times in different directions. 

Cuscuta minor, Cakile maritima. 

Straight, reciilineics, rectus. Without any bending. 

Lilium album, Rumex aquaticus, Verbascus decurrens. 

10. Clothing and appendages. 

Leafed, Caulisfoliatus. Furnished with leaves. 

Leafless, aphyllus. Without leaves. Cassytha major. 

Scaly, squamosus. Furnished with leaves like scales. 

Orobanche major. Neottia abortiva. 

Sheathed, vaginatus. Clothed with sheaths formed by 

the bottom part of leaves. Graminese. 

Stipuled, stipulatus. Furnished with stipules. Vicia 

sativa, Lathyrus aphyllus. 

Winged, alatus. Furnished lengthways with membranous 

or leafy expansions. Verbascum decurrens, Symphytum 

officinale, Lathyrus latifolius, Onopordum vulgare. 

Carduus palustris. 

Tendrilled, cirriferus. Furnished with tendrils. Vitis, 

Bryonia dioica. 

Rooting, radicans. Throwing out roots by which it fixes 

itself. Hedera communis, Bignonia radicans. 

Naked, nudus. Without leaves, scales or tendrils. Teesdalia 

irregularis. 

Bulbiferous, hulbiferus. Throwing out bulbilli which 

fall off and take root. Cardamine bulbifera. 

11. Surface. 

Smooth, Caulis IcBvis. Tamus communis, Carduus ar- 

vensis, Fagus sylvatica.

58 


Bald, glaher. Illecebruin verticillatum, Vinca major, 

Cuscuta. Oenanthe fistulosa. Imperatoria major. 

Smoothened, Icevigatus. Geranium lucidum. 

Shining, lucidus. Lysimachia nemorum. 

Powdery, pidvendentas. Covered with a powder produced 

by itself. Primula farinosa. 

Glaucous, glnucus. The dust is of a sea-green colour. 

Oenanthe fistulosa, Angelica sylvestris, Cucubalus in- 

flatus. 

Dotted, punctatus. Sprinkled with dots, either sunk in, 

or projecting, or only spots of colour. Hypericum perforatum. 

Spotted, maculatus, maatlosus. Marked with spots. 

Phlox maculata, Conium maculatum. 

Rough, asper, scaler. Equisetum hyemale, Melampyrum 

arvense, Jasione montana, Sphondylium vulgare, 

Lychnis plumaria. 

Warty, verrucosus. With small callous excrescences. 

Evonymous verrucosus. 

Tubercular, iuherculatus. With small protuberances. 

Genista pilosa, Malpighia tuberculata. 

Streaked, str'ialus. With small raised lines lengthways. 

Aristolochia infesta, Acetosa pratensis. Erysimum cor-^ 

difolium. Orobus tuberosus. 

Grooved, sulcatus. Grooved lengthways. Chara hispida, 

Equisetum hyemale, Lampsana communis, Conium 

maculatum. 

Wrinkled, rimosus. Ulmus campestris, Castanea vesca. 

Corky, suherosns. Covered with a bark of the nature of 

cork. Quercus Suber, Ulmus suberosa. 

12. Villosity. 

Downy, Caulis puhescens. Orobanche major. Digitalis 

purpurea, Ornithopus perpusillus, Sempervivum tectorum, 

Saxifraga granulata. 

"'^ 

Velvetty, velutinus. Cotyledon coccinea. 

Hairy, pilosus. Clinopodium vulgare, Ranunculus acris, 

Erodium cicutarium, Agrimonia vulgaris. 

Villous, villosus. 

mintha vulgaris. 

Veronica montana, V. agrestis, Cala- 

Silky, sericeus. Protea argentea, Aster sericeus. 

Woolly, lanatus. Stachys Germanica, Marrubium vulgare, 

Carlina vulgaris. a 

Tomentose, tomentosus. Verbascum decurrens, Gera^ 

nium rotundifolium.


Hispid, hispidus, Mrsutus, hirtus. Galeopsis nodosus, 

Scabiosa arvensis, Sinapis arvensis, Geranium dissectum. 

Spinose, spinel tosus, eclmialus. Dipsacus fullonum. 

13. Armature. 

Prickly, Caulis aculeatus. Arms affixed to the bark, 

Rosa rubiginosa, R. centifolia, Rubus fruticosus. 

Thorny, spinosus. Arms affixed to the wood. Genista 

Anglica. 

Branches. 

First branches, Ramus. First divisions of the stem. 

Second branches, branchlets, twigs, Hamuli. First divisions 

of the branches. 

Third branches, small twigs^ RarmmcuU. Second divisions 

of the branches. 

1. Attachment. 

Alternate, Rami alterni. Shooting out singly in different 

directions at nearly equal distances. Alcea rosea, Rhamnus 

catharticus. 

One rowed, secundi. 

Algae varise. 

Shooting out on one side only. 

l^wo-rowed, disticlii. Ranged in two opposite rows. 

Ulmus vulgaris, Abies Canadensis. 

Opposite, • oppositi. Growing in pairs from opposite 

points. Fraxinus, tEscuIus Hippocastanum. 

Crossing, decussati. Growing in pairs which cross each 

other at right angles. Syringa vulgaris, Acer major. 

Whorled, verticillati. Placed in circles round the main 

stem. Equisetum fluviatile, Abies pectinata, Pinus syl- 

vestre. 

Scattered, sparsi. Placed without any determinate order. 

Usually owing to abortion. 

2. Direction. 

Erect, Rami erecti. Growing almost perpendicular to 

the horizon. Salsola fruticosa, Euphrasia officinalis, Populus 

fastigiata. 

Closed, appressi. Converging very close to the main 

stem. Genista tinctoria, Populus fastigiata. 

Inflected, inirqflexi, inciirvi. Anastatica Hierunchita, &c. 

Open, patentes, patuli. Forming with the main stem 

an angle of about 45°. Galium vulgare, Erysimum offi- 

cinale.

60 

INTBODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Very open, patentissimi. Growing at right angles with 

the stem. Asparagus officinalis, Arctium major, Pyrus 

sylvestris. 

Divergent, divergentes. Very open and verticillate. 

Abies. 

Arm-like, hrachiati. Very open and crossing each other 

in pairs. Melampyrum cristatum, Hypericum crispum. 

Divaricated, divaricati. Very open and growing in many 

different directions. Rumex pulcher, Teucrium fruticans, 

Cichorium sylvestre. Ranunculus hederaceus. 

Diffused, diffusi. Growing without any order. Campanula 

hederacea, Fumaria officinalis, Geranium dissectum. 

Bent outwards, rejiexi^ recurvati. Bent with the convexity 

upwards. Equisetum sylvaticum, Larix Europsea. 

Hanging, pendidi. Falling below its origin perpendicu- 

larly towards the earth. Salix Babylonica, Betula alba, 

Fraxinus excelsior pendula. 

Bent back, retroflect'i, refracti. Bent back upon themselves. 

Rumex pulcher. Dulcamara flexuosa. 

Thorn-ended, Spinescens. Ending in a thorn instead of 

a bud. Ononis arvensis, Hippophae littoralis. 

OUTLINE OF THE RAMIFICATIONS. 

Rounded, Ramificatio suhrotunda. Malus communis. 

Flat-topped, corymhoso, fastigiata Linnaeus. When the 

ramifications end all at the same height from the ground. 

Dodartia Orientalis, Pinus Pinea. 

Pyramidal, pyramidalis. Spread horizontally, and growing 

smaller as they approach the top. Abies pectinata. 

Fastigiate, fastigiata Mirbell. All the branches growing 

close to the stem, and their divisions pointing to the sky. 

Populus fastigiata, Quercus fastigiata. 

LEAF SCAR. 

Cicatricula. A mark left on the stem by the jointed 

leaves, when they fall off. 

REMAINS OF LEAVES. 

ReliquicB foliormn. Ramenfa. The remains of leaves 

which remain attached to the stem, after the death of the 

principal part. 

CUSHION. 

Pulvinus. A small protuberance, frequently found under 

the leaf scar.


PROJECTURES. 

ProjecturcB. Small rising edges, which beginning at the 

setting on of a leaf, are prolonged upwards and downwards. 

lieguminossB. 

LEAAÊS. 

Folium, in composition —phyllum. Expanded organs 

generalhj attached to the stem, flat, green, horizontal, formed 

for inihibing and exhaling different fluids. 

1. Situation. 

Seed, Folia seminalia. Placed immediately below the 

plumule, formed of the cotyledons which rise above ground. 

Raphanus sativus. 

Root, radicalia, fundi. Growing from the top of the 

root. Alisma major, Taraxacum officinale, Drosera ro- 

tundifolia. PL 8, fig. 5, e. 

Stem, caulinaria, caulina. Growing on the stem. 

Branch, ramealia, ramea. Growing on the branches. 

Joint, articular es. Growing from the knots or joints of 

the stem or its branches. Gramineae, Dianthus. 

Inferaxillary, inferaxillaria. 

Tilia, Aster Chinensis. 

Growing under the branch. 

Flower, floralia. Growing at the bottom of flowers, 

and not differing from the other leaves. Periclymenum 

perfoliatum. These are not to be confounded with hractece. 

2. Disposition. 

In whirls, Folia verticilkita, stellata. More than two 

leaves growing at the same height on the stem. Hippuris, 

Asperuia odorata, Spergula avvensis. PI. 6, fig. 6. 

By threes, terna. Forming a whirl of three leaves. 

Lysimachia vulgaris, Verbera triphylla. 

By fours, quaterna. Valantia cruciata, Rubia tinctorum. 

By fives, quina. Myriophyllum verticillatum, Galium 

Witheringii. 

By sixes, sena. Galium uliginosum. 

By eights, octona. Asperuia odorata. PI. 6, fig. 6. 

% Opposite, opposita. Two by two, on opposite sides of the 

stem. Veronica officinalis, Labiatse, Gentianeae. PI. 6, fio-, 8. 

Crossed, decussates. Opposite, the pairs placed near together, 

and crossing each other. Hypericum quadrangu- 

lare, Euphorbia Lathy ris.

62 


Alternate, alterna. One by one by spaces along the 

stem. Graminese, Acetosa vulgaris, Hesperis matronalis, 

Rosa, P3'rus. 

Spirally, spiralia. Alternate in two, three, or more parallel 

series round the stem. Abies Picea, Lycopodium 

abietiforme. 

Orderless, scattered, sparsa. Growing without any regular 

order. Antirrhinum majus, Hedera communis, Reseda 

salicifolia. 

Two-ranked, disticha. With their points of attachment, 

and tbeir direction on two opposite sides. Ulraus cani- 

pestris. 

% Distant, remota. Placed at a greater distance from one 

another than usual. 

Crowded, approximaia, conferta. Placed at a less distance 

from one another than usual. Daphne sempervirens. 

Tile-like, imhricata. One covering another like the tiles 

of a house. Saxifraga oppositifolia, Sedum acre, S. rupestre. 

Roselike, rosaceous, roselata. Alternate, numerous, 

crowded, and diverging, so as to appear like a double rose. 

Sempervivum tectorum, Saxifraga pyramidalis. 

Crowning, coronantia. Roselike, and terminating the 

stem or its divisions. Palmae, Filices arborese, Oarica 

Papaya. 

^ In hunAle'^, fasciculata. Several leaves from the same 

point. Berberis vulgaris, Larix. 

Twin, gemmaia, Una. In bundles of two leaves each. 

Galanthus nivalis, Atropa lethalis, Pinus sylvestris, P. ma- 

ritima. 

In bundles of three, ler7ia. Pinus Tseda, P. palustris. 

In bundles of five, quina. Pinus Strobus, P. Cembro, 


Squatted, Folia sessilia. Growing without any footstalk. 

Mentha sylvestris, Androssemum officinale. Genista, Telephium. 

Decurrent, decurrentia. Sessile, and the lower part of 

the leaf extended along the stem. Symphytum officinale, 

Carduus lanceolata. PI. 6, fig. 11. 

Embracing, amplexicaidia. Embracing the stalk, by an 

enlargement of their base. Silybum Marise, Papaver soniniferum. 

PI. 6, fig. 7.


Perfoliated, perfoUata. Having the disk pierced by the 

stem. Bupleurura perfoliatum. PJ. 6, fig. 10. 

Grown together, connala^ coadnata. Opposite or whirled 

leaves sessile and conjoined together by their lower part. 

Dipsacus fullonum, Saponaria officinalis, Lychnis plumaria, 

Periclynienum perfoKatum. PI. 6, fig. 8. 

Sheathing, vaginantia. The base enveloping the stem 

like a sheath. Orchis latifolia. 

4. Direction. 

Reversed, Folia deviata, ohliqua, adversa. When the 

upper surface of the leaf is not turned from the ground. 

Lactuca virosa, Allium obliquum. 

% One-rowed, unilateralia, seainda. When they' grow 

all on one side. Convallaria multiflora. 

Two-sided, hilatercdia. When they grow on two opposite 

sides. Taxus baccata, Abies taxifolia. 

f Adpressed, appressa. When the face of the leaf is 

applied close to the stem. Buchnera gesnerioides. 

Erect, erecta. Forming an acute angle with the utmost 

part of the stem. Typha latifolia, Sagittaria, Pinus syl- 

"vestris. 

Inflected, injlexa, i?icurva. Bent inwardly, Araucaria 

excelsa, &c. 

Open, patentiu, patula. Forming an angle of about 

45 deg. with the upper part of the stem. Veronica fontinalis. 

Antirrhinum vulgare. 

Very open, patenlissima. Forming an angle of about 

90 deg. with the stem. Glechoma hederacea, Cucubalus 

bacciferus, Androsfemum vulgare. 

Reflected, rejiexa, recurva. Bent down towards the 

ground. Bryum pellucidum, Pulicaria uliginosa. 

Hanging, dependentia, demissa. Growing down perpendicular 

to the ground. Laureola sempervirens. Convolvulus 

sepium. 

Lying down, humifusa. Growing flat on the ground. 

Bellis perennis. 

^y Floating, natans. Lying flat on the water. Potamogeton 

natans, Nympheea alba, Nuphar luteum. 

Sunken, submersa, demersa. Growing in the water. 

Hottonia palustris. 

Emergent, emersa. Rising by their footstalk above the 

water. Sagittaria sagittifolia, Alisma major.

. 

64f INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

5. Substance. 

Herbaceous, Polia herlacea. Green and soft. Spinacliia 

oleracea. 

Membranous, memhranacea, memlrafiosa. Soft, supple, 

very thin. Most plants. 

Paper-like, papyracea. Thin, dry, may be bent like 

paper. Dracaena terminalis. 

Scarious, scariosa. Thin, dry, semitransparent. Potamogiton 

crispum. 

Soft, moll'ia. Althaea officinalis. 

Leathery, coriacea. Viscum album. 

Stiff, rigida. Arundo arenaria, Ruscus aculeatus, Pinus 

sylvestris. 

Fleshy, carnosa. Thick, and formed of a cellular tissue 

resembling the 

tectorum 

pulp of an apple. Lemna, Sempervivura 

Succulent, succulenta, siiccosa. Thick, and formed of a 

cellular tissue resembling the pulp of a plum. Sedum reflexum, 

S. dasyphyllum. 

^ Hollow, cava. Having an internal cavity. Cepa esculenta. 

Pitchershaped, utricidaria. Hollo^y and bellied out 

like a pitcher. Aldrovanda. 

Bilocular, bilocularia. Hollow and divided into two 

parts by a partition. Lobelia Dortmanna. 

Many-locular, loculosa. Hollow and divided into several 

parts by partitions. Juncus articulatus, &c. 

6. Formation. 

Tetiolean, Folia peiiolanea. Formed from footstalks. 

Mimosa suaveolens, Mimosae of New Holland. 

Ramean, rcLmeanea. Formed from branches. Ruscus 

aculeatus. 

7. Production, 

Flowerbearing, Folia Jlorifera. Producing flowers. 

Lemna, Xylophylla falcata. PI. 8, fig. 3. 

Rooting, 7-adicantia. Producing roots. Asplenium rhizophyllum. 

Thornbearing, spinifera. Producing thorns. Solanum 

Pyracantha. 

Proliferous, prolifera. Producing other leaves. Lemna.


8. Figure. 

Round, Folia orhicularia. Outline resembling a circle. 

Hydrocotyle vulgaris. 

Rounded, subrotunda^ rotundata. Approaching to a 

round figure. Lysimachia repens, Mentha rotundifolia, 

Marrubium vulgare, Corylus sylvestris. 

Oblong, ohlonga. Longer than broad, the ends being 

rounded. Carlina vulgaris. Inula dysenterica. 

Elliptic, elliptica Mirbel, ovalia Linnaeus, once and a 

half or twice as long as broad, with rounded ends equal to 

each other. Convallaria majalis, Hieracium repens. 

Oval, ovalia Mirbel, ovata Linnaeus. Resembling elliptic 

leaves, the lower end larger than the other. Hernaria 

glabra, Vinca major, Alsine media, Androsaemum vulgare. 

Reverse oval, obovalia. Resembling elliptic leaves, but the 

upper end larger than the other. Samolus Valerandi, Vitis 

Idaea punctifolia. 

Parabolic, paraholica. Oblong, diminishing insensibly 

to its end, which is obtuse. Amaranlhus minor. 

Wedgelike, cunearia. Enlarging from the base to the 

end, which is very obtuse, or eventruncated. Galarhoeus 

helioscopius. 

Fanshaped, JlaleUiformia. Wedgelike, rounded at the 

top. Salisburia aspleniifolia. 

Lanceshaped, la?iceolala. Longer than broad ; diminishing 

each way from the middle. Daphne florida, Plantago 

lanceolata, Salix alba. 

Spatulashaped, spathulata. Drawn in at the bottom, 

broad and round at the top. Bellis perennis, Silene parviflora, 

Montia fontana. 

Three-corneredj iriangularia. The face has three straight 

sides. Atriplex hortensis, Betula alba, Chenopodiura 

urbicum. 

Four-cornered, quadrangular ia. The face has four 

straight sides. Trapa natans. 

Rhombic, rhomlea. The leaf is four-sided, the opposite 

ones being parallel. Hibiscus rhombifolius. 

Trapezoid, trapezoidea. The leaf is four-sided; the opposite 

sides, or at least two of them, are not parallel. Populus 

nigra. 

Scalelike, squamiformia. Partly embracing the stem, 

short and broad, like a scale. Orobanche major. 

^ Long, elongata. Long and narrow ; to which belong 

the five following ones. 

VOL. I. F


Linear, linearia. Long, not above one twelfth of an 

inch broad; with the sides parallel, from bottom to top. 

Lolium perenne, Taxus baccata, Juncus bufonius, Poa annua. 

Ribband, fascialia^ graminea. Like linear leaves, but 

much larger. Typha latifolia. 

Awlshape, suhuluta. Linear at the bottom, but becoming 

narrower by degrees, and ending in a point. Ulex Europseus, 

Juniperus communis. 

Hairlike, capillaria. Very fine, and very flexible, resembling 

hairs. Asparagus tenuifolius. 

Needlelike, acerosa, acicularia, selacea. Long, fine, stiff, 

and sharp, resembling bristles or needles. Asparagus 

aculifolius, Juniperus communis. 

^y Dissimilar, dissimilia. Of different figures on the same 

plant. Quercus nigra, Broussenetia papyrifera, Dorstenia 

arifolia, Boehmeria, Ludia heterophylla. 

9. Form or Substance. 

Cylindrical, Folia cylindrica, teretia. Long, and like a 

rod. Sedum album, Cepa tenuifolia. 

Half-cylindrical, hemicylindricu, liemicylindraceu^ semicyl'mdrica. 

Long, one face being flat, the other convex. 

Isoetes, Pinus sylvestris, Typha angustifolia. 

V\peY\ke,Jistulosa. Cylindrical and hollow. Cepa esculenta, 

Allium oleraceum. 

Compressed, compressa. Flattened sideways, so that they 

are much thicker than broad. Mesembryanthemum dolabriforme. 

Very much compressed, compressissima. So much flattened 

sideways, that the sides appear like faces. Iris, many 

lycopodia. 

Swordshape, ensiformia, gladiata. Rather thick in the 

middle, sharp-edged, and narrower from their bottom to 

their point. Iris, and many irideae. 

Sabreshape, acinaciformia. Fleshy, and flattened so as 

to have two edges, one thick and blunt, the other sharp, 

bent backwards. Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme. 

Adzeshape, dolabrij'ormia. I*'leshy, nearly cylindric at 

bottom, flat at top with two edges, the one straight and 

thick, the other circular, broad, and cutting. Mesembryanthemum 

dolabriforme. 

Tongue-shape, Unguiformia. Fleshy, long, convex below, 

blunt at top. Sempervivum tectorum.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. '67 

Gibbous, oihhosa. Fleshy and raised up in a hunch upon 

both surfaces. Crassula Cotyledon, Sedum dasyphyllum, 

S. Anglicum. 

Deltoid, deltoidea. Short, narrow at the two ends, having 

three faces. Mesembryanthemum deltoides. 

Three- sided, triqueira, irigona. Long, prismatic, having 

three faces. Butomus umbellatus, Asphodelus luteus. 

Four-sided, tetragona. Long, prismatic with four faces. 

Gladiolus tristis. 

10. Bottom. 

Heartshape, Folia cordiformio, cordata. Longer than 

broad, parted at bottom into two lobes. Tamnus communis. 

Erysimum cordifolium, Tilia Europaea, Nymphaea. 

Oblique heartshape, ohliqua cordata. Heartshaped, with 

the point on one side. Begonia obliqua. 

Kidneyshape, reniformia, renaria. Rounded and divided 

into two broad obtuse lobes. Asarum Europseum, Glechoma 

hederacea. 

Halfmoonshape, semilunata, licnata. Rounded and divided 

into two narrow lobes. Hydrocotyle lunata. 

Arrowshape, sagittata. Bottom lengthened into two 

sharp-pointed lobes, not or but little spread out. Sagittaria 

sagittifolia, Fagopyrum esculentum. 

Halbert-shape, hastata. Bottom prolonged into two 

lobes spread out wide apart. Arum maculatum, Elatine 

hastata. 

If Unequal at bottom, hasi incegualia. Bottom lengthened 

more on one side than the other. Stramonium foetidum, 

Ulmus campestris. 

Narrowed at bottom, basi attenuata. Becoming narrow 

at bottom. Polygonum aviculare, Hieracium sylvaticum, 

Chenopodium. 

n. Point. 

Sharp, Folia acuta. The two edges forming an acHtG 

angle. Epilobium angustifolium, E. hirsutum, Scrophularia 

nodosa. 

Pointed, acuminata. The two edges change their direction 

when they approach each other, and are prolonged 

beyond the place where they would otherwise meet. Cornus 

mascula, Corylus sylvestris, Cerasus racemosa. 

Cuspidated, cuspidata. Long, narrowing by degrees, 

ending in a sharp hard point resembling awlshape leaves, 

but much larger. Bromelia Ananas. 

r 2

68 INTllODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Dagger-pointed, mucronata. Finishing in a narrow 

point. Seinpervivum tectorum, Amaranthus minor. 

Hooked, unciiiata. Ending in a crooked point or hook, 

Mesembryanthemum uncinatum. 

Obtuse, ohtusa. Rounded at top. Berberis vulgaris, 

Corrigiola littoralis. 

Bluntly notched, retusa. Ending in a'blunt notch. Vitis- 

Idaea punctifolia, Amaz*anthus lividus. 

Notched, nicked, emarginata. Ending in a sharp notch. 

Asarum Europaeum, Buxus sempervirens. PL 5, fig. ] 5. 

Truncated, truncata. Ending abruptly by a transverse 

line. Aloe retusa. 

Bitten, prcsmorsa. Ending as if bittfen by the teeth. 

Caryota ui'ens. 

Three-toothed, tridentata. Ending in three teeth. Saxifraga 

tridentata. Genista tridentata. 

Five-toothed, quinquedentata. Hydrocotyle tridentata, 

Saxifraga ascendens. 

Reverse-heartshape, olcordata^ ohcordiformia. Oblong 

and parted at the end into two rounded lobes. Leaflets of 

Oxalis vulgaris. 

% Circinated, circinata^ apice cirrosa. Lengthened out at 

the end into a long point rolled upon itself. Gloriosa 

superba. 

Ascidiated, ascidiata. Ending in a hollow vase, ascidium, 

covered with a moveable cover. Nepenthes distillatoria, 

N. phyllamphora. 

12. Contour, 

Not in the least notched. Folia integerrima. The edge 

being without the least incision whatever. Lysimachia repens, 

Periclymenum vulgare, Androsaemum vulgare. 

Crenate, crenaia. The edge cut into small rounded 

parts. Chamsedrys palustris, Betonica officinalis, Marru-^ 

bium vulgare, Glechoma hederacea, Caltha palustris, Populus 

tremula. 

Doubly crenate, duplicato-crenata. The crenules of the 

edge crenulated also. Chrysosplenium alternifolium. 

Reversely crenate, obcrenata. The edge cut into sharp 

points, separated by rounded sinuses. Theophrastus Ame- 

ricana. 

Serrate, serrata. The edge cut into teeth, serratur


Evonymus Europaeus, Acer Pseudoplatanus, Viburnum 

Lantana. 

Doubly 

PI. 6, ^g. 2. 

serrate, duplicalo-serrate. The serratures of 

which are also serrate themselves. Ribes rubrum, Ulmus 

campestris, Corylus Avellana. 

Toothed, dentata. The edge cut into teeth, which do 

not incline either to the tip or bottom of the leaf. Tussilago 

vulgaris, Senecio vulgaris, Erysimum cordifoHum, 

Sinapis alba. 

Denticulated, dendculala,! When the teeth or serratures 

Serrulated, serrulata. J are extremely small. Lactuca 

virosa, Circaga Lutetiana, Inula dysenterica, Senecio Doria. 

Gnawed, erosa. The edge cut into small unequal parts, 

as if eaten by an insect. Senecio Doria, Sinapis alba. 

Sinuated, sinuatu. The edge cut into rounded jags, separated 

by sinuses also rounded. Stramonium fcetidum, 

Carduus natans, 

PL 4, fig. 8. 

Quercus longseva, Onopordium vulgare. 

Violon-shaped, panduriformia. Oblong, with a rounded 

sinus on each side. Rumex pulcher, Convolvulus pandu- 

ratus. PI. 4, fig. 9. 

Repand, sinuolata^ repanda. When the sinuses are very 

shallow. Solanum nigrum, Inula dysenteria, Chrysople- . 

nium oppositifolium, Alnus glutinosus. 

Angulous, angulosa. The edge having several angular 

jags, whose number is indeterminable. Stramonium fcetidum, 

Tussilago vulgare, Chelidonium glaucum, Ficaria 

verna. PI. 6, fig. 7. 

Five-angled, qiun(]ue-angulata. Pelargonium peltatum, 

&c. 

Seven-angled, septem-angidata. Hibiscus Abelmoschus, 

&c. 

Fringed, ciliata. Bordered with straight hairs like eyelashes. 

Juncus pilosus, Sempervivum tectorum, Eremocallis 

glomerata. PI. 4, fig. 9. 

13. Edge. 

Callous, margtne calloso. Covered with small hard tumours. 

Saxifraga Cotyledon. 

Gristly, cartiiagineo. Plard, elastic, and of some other 

colour than green. Vitis Idaea punctifolia. PI. 4, fig- 6. 

Thorny, spinoso. Armed with hard prickles. Agave 

Americana, Carduus lanceolatus, Silybum Mariae, Cariina 

vulgaris. PI. 6, fig. 9.

70;= INTRODUCTION TO B0TANY. , 

Rolled up, revoluio. Rosmarinus officinalis, Andromeda 

polifolia, Oxycoccus palustris, Eremocallis glomerata. 

14. Incisions. 

Cut, Folia incisa Mirbel, lohata De Candolle. With 

deep incisions on the edges, the size and form being left 

undetermined. 

Jaffffed, lacimata. The incisions irregular. 

Feather-cut, pinnatiasa. Incisions disposed sideways 

like the feathers of a quill. 

Lyrate, lyrata. Feather-cut leaves, the side lobes being 

much smaller than the end one. Barbarea prsecox, Brassica 

Eruca, Geum urbanum, Raphanistrum vulgare. PI. 4, 

% 10. 

Runcinate, runcinata. Feather- cut leaves, the side lobes 

sharp-pointed and bent towards the stem like a hook^ 

Taraxacum officinale, Sonchus arvensis, S. oleraceus, Prenanthes 

muralis, Hypochseris radicata. PI. 4, fig. 11. 

Eared, auriculaia. Having two small lobes at their base. 

Salvia officinalis. 

*\ Lobed, lohala Mirbel, partita De Candolle. The 

incisions penetrating more than halfway into the face of 

the leaf, but not reaching the middle rib so as to separate 

the parenchyme of the leaf into segments. 

Two-lobed, biloha, bilobata. Bauhinia porrecta. 

Three-lobed, triloba. Anemone hepatica, Opulus pa- 

lustris, Ribes alpinum. P1.6, fig. 18. 

Five-lobed, cjuinqueloba. Veronica hedersefolia, Cymbalaria 

hederacea, Acer majus, Bryonia officinalis, Ribes 

rubrum. PI. 5, fig. 6. 

Seven-lobed, septemloba. Malva sylvestris. 

Nine-lobed, novemloba. Alchemilla vulgaris, A. hybrida. 

Many-lobed, multiloba, &c. 

II Split, j?i5a. Cut leaves like the lobed, but the incisions 

are straight. 

Two-cut, bifida. 

Three-cut, 

monogyna. 

trifida. Chamaedrys officinalis, Mespilus 

Four-cut, qiiadrifida. 

Feather-cut, pinnatifida Mirbel, pinnatipartita De Candolle. 

Divided sideways into shallower or deeper lobes, 

the parenchyme of the leaf not being interrupted by 

the divisions. Polypodiura vulgare, Silybum Mariae, Coronopus 

coadunatus. PI. 4, fig. 13.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY; 71 

Pedately cut, pedatifida. Cut into two lobes, and each 

of these divided into segments on the side next the division*i.j 

Helleborus niger, H. foetidus. PI. 5, fig. I. 

Combhke, pect'mata. Feather-cut leaves, the lobes being 

straight and placed parallelly like the teeth of a comb. 

Lavandula dentata, Achillea pectinata. 

1[ Parted, partita Mirbel, secta De Candolle. Side 

incisions penetrating to the middle rib of the leaf the parenchyme 

being interrupted by the division ; and the longitudinal 

incisions beyond two-thirds of the face. 

Two-partedj Upartita. Divided into two, by a very deep 

longitudinal incision. Bidens tripartita, Passiflora incarnata. 

Five-parted, qu'wque-partita. Iporaea quinque-loba. 

Many-parted, multi-par tit a.. Consolida regalis, Trollius 

Europaeus. 

Palmate, palmata. Many-parted leaves, with longitudinal 

divisions like fingers. Ipomsea quinque-loba, Passi- 

flora caerulea. PI. 5, fig. 7. 

Forked, dichotoma. Ceratophyllum demersum. 

Feather-parted, pennatiparlita Mirbel, pinnatisectiis De 

Candolle. Cut sideways to the middle rib of the leaf, the 

parenchyme being interrupted by the divisions. Valeriana 

Sibirica, Polypodium unitum. 

Twice feather-cut, Bipennaticisa. The segments of the 

leaf cut again in a similar manner. 

Twice feather-parted, Bipennatipartita 

Thrice feather-cut, Tripiennaticisa. 

ments cut again in a similar manner. 

The secondary seg- 

15. Composition. 

Compound. Folia composita. Footstalk not divided, 

but bearing several leaflets. 

One leafletted, unifoliata. A jointed footstalk bearing 

only one leaflet. Citrus Aurantium, Rosa simplicifolia, 

Hedysarum vespertilionis, &c. Analogy, and the joint 

of the footstalk, causes these to be considered as compound 

leaves. 

Fingered, digitaia, palmata De Candolle. Leaflets terminating 

the common footstalk, like fingers, instead of 

being placed on the side. 

Two-fingered, bidigitata, digitata-bifoUolata, hinata Linnaeus. 

No example known. Zygophyllum Fabago, quoted 

by Linnaeus, is one-paired. 

.

72 


Three fingered, tridigitata, digitata trjjoliolaia, ternata 

Linnaeus. Menyanthes trifoliata, Oxalis vulgaris, PI. 5, 

fig. 9. 

Four-fingered, quadridigitaia, digitata qiiadrifoliolata. 

Marsilia quad rife lia. 

Five-Hngered, qiiinqjiedigilata, qidnata Linnaeus. Po- 

tentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosa, Lupinus albus. 

Seven-fingered, 5ep/e;72G?/o'z7a/a. ^sculus Hippocastanum. 

PI. 5, fig. 8. 

Nine-fingered, novemdigitata. Sterculia foetida. 

Many-fingered, multidigitata. Lupinus varius. 

Vertebral, vertebrata Mirbel, lomentacea De Candolle, 

Leaflets narrowed at distances, and at each narrowing there 

is a joint. Cussonia spicata, Citrus Aurantium. PI. 5, 

fig. 10. 

Pinnate, pinnata. Leaflets disposed upon two sides of a 

foostalk. 

Three-leafletted, trifoliolata. Dolichos, Hedysarum gyrans. 

PI. 5, fig. 13. 

Paired, cofijugata, opposite-pinnala. Leaflets in pairs. 

One-paired, Unijuga, corijugata Linnseus. One pair 

only of leaflets. 

L. sylvestris. 

Zygophyllum Fabago, Lathyrus pratensis, 

Two-paired, hijiiga. Mimosa nodosa. 

Three-paired, trijuga. Orobus tuberosus, Vicia lathry- 

roides. 

Four-paired, quadrijuga. Cassia longisiliqua. 

Five-paired, quinqiujuga. Cassia occidentalis. 

Many-paired, muUijuga. Orobus sylvaticus, Vicia multi- 

flora. Pi.4., fig. 15. 

Alternately disposed, foliolis altervatim positis. Leaflets 

alternate, instead of being opposite and in pairs. Potentilla 

rupestris. 

Abruptly terminated, ahrnple pinnnta, ahrupte terrn'mata, 

pari-pinnata. Leaflets in pairs, without an odd leaflet, or 

tendril, at the end of the footstalk. Orobus tuberosus. 

Ph4, fig. 15. 

With an odd leaflet, yb//oZo imparl, impari-pinnuta. Pinnate, 

terminated by an odd leaflet. Asplenium saxatile, 

Fraxinus excelsior, Cardamine impatiens, Erodium cicuta- 

Tium, Rosa. PI. 4, fig. 14. 

Terminated by a tendril, cirrho terminalo. Pinnate, terminated 

by tendrils instead of an odd leaflet. Fumaria 

claviculata, Vicia, Pisum sativum, Lathyrus odoratus.


Interruptedly pinnate, foliolis interruptis, interrupte pin- 

nata. Leaflets alternately large and small. Solanum tuberosum, 

Agrimonia vulgaris, Spiraea odorata, Sp. vul- 

garis, Potentilla anserina. PI. 4, fig. 14. 

Decreasingly. pinnate, foliolis decrescentilus. Leaflets 

diminishing in size as they approach the top. PI. 4, fig. 17. 

Decursively pinnate, foliolis decursiuis, decursive pinnata. 

Footstalk winged by the prolongation of the bottom of the 

leaflets. Melianthus major. 

% Twice compounded, decomposita. Second degree of 

composition; the common footstalk divided into secondary 

ones. 

Fingered-pinnate, digitato-phmataj conjugato-pinnata. 

Secondary footstalks, arising from the end of the common 

footstalk. 

Two-fingered-pinnate, lidigiiato-pimiata. Secondary 

footstalks, two in number. Mimosa purpurea. PI. 5, 

fig. 14. 

Bigeminate, ligeminata, hicojijugata. Two secondary 

footstalks, each of which have one pair of leaves. Mimosa 

Unguis cati. PI. 5, fig. 12. 

Trigeminate, tergimifia, tergeminaia. Two secondary 

footstalks, each of which have one pair of leaves, and a 

third pair of leaves is borne at the parting of the two secondary 

footstalks. Mimosa tergimina. 

Three-fingered pinnate, tridigitalo-pkinata, iernato-pin- 

nata. The common footstalk has three secondary footstalks 

from its tip, all of which have leaflets attached on 

their sides. Hoffmanseffsia. 

Four-fingered pinnate, quadndigitato-pinnata. Mimosa 

pudica. 

Many-fingered pinnate, muUidigitato-pinnala. 

Bipinnate, hipimmta^ duplicato-pinnata. The secondary 

footstalks, to the sides of which the leaflets are attached, are 

placed on the sides not the tip of the main footstalk. Carum 

officinale, Fumaria officinalis. PI. 4, fig. 16. 

Biternate, hiiernata, dupUcato-ternate. The common 

footstalk is parted into three secondary footstalks, each of 

which has leaflets. Fumaria bulbosa, Cicuta virosa, Imperatoria 

major. 

Pedate, pedata. The common footstalk is parted at top 

into two diverging branches, bearing leaflets on that side 

only which is next the fork. PI. 5, fig. 2. 

*^ Thrice compounded, supra-decomposita. Third degree

74* INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

of composition : the primaiy footstalk divided into secondary 

footstalks, and those into third-rank footstalks. 

Triternate, trUernata. The primary footstalk divided! 

into three, and each of these into three others; all the nine? 

bearing three leaflets each. Epimedium Îpinum, Crithmum 

maritimum,. Smyrnium vulgare, Acteea spicata. PI. 6, 

Tripinnate, tripinnata. The common footstalk has on 

its sides secondary footstalks, and these have also on their 

sides third-rank footstalks, to the sides of which leaflets are 

attached. Daucus vulgaris, Phellandrium aquaticum, Thalictrum 

minus. 

The leaflets of compound leaves admit most of the 

characters of simple leaves. 

16. Expansion. 

Flat, Folia plana. Most plants. 

Convex, convexa. The upper face convex, the lower' 

concave. Ocymum Basilicum raajus. 

Concave, concava. The upper face concave, the lower 

convex, Drosera rotundifolia, tjmbilicus pendulinus, Saxifraga 

oppositifolia. 

Grooved, channelled, canaliculata. Long, with a hollow 

channel throughout their whole length. Lygeum Spartum, 

Salsola decumbens, Pinus sylvestris. 

Keeled, caritiata^ Grooved, with a projection on the 

under surface the whole length, like the keel of a vessel. 

Sparganium erectum, Tragopogon pratense, Stellaria ho- 

lostea. Narcissus biflorus, Ajax fenestralis. 

Folded, plicata. Having sevei'al folds lengthways. Veratrum 

album, Altheea officinalis, Malva sylvestris. 

Puckered, crispa. Wrinkled irregularly over the whole 

surface. Rumex crispus, Mentha crispa, Malva crispa, 

Hypericum crispum. 

BuUate, hullata. With the upper surface raised up in 

bubblelike or conical tubercles, which are hollowed on the 

under side. Lamium Orvalla, Ocymum Basilicum majus. 

PI. 6, fig. 2. 

Wrinkled, riigosa. With the veins sunk in a little, so 

as to form a number of wrinkles. Salvia officinalis, Scorodonia 

solitaria, Marrubium vulgare. 

Waved, undulala. The edge rising and falling alternately 

in roundish folds like waves. Persicaria acris, Bis- 

torta major, Jasione montana, Inula pulicaria.

. tinosa, 

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANT. 7* 

Capped, cucuUata. Rolled up lengthways like a cornet. 

Geranium cueullatum, Plantago maxima. 

1 7. Nervature. 

Ribbed, Folia nervata, nervosa. With one or more ribs. 

Linum perenne, Plantago media, P. lanceolata, Opulus 

palustris. 

One-ribbed, uninervia, uninervaia. With only one rib. 

Linum perenne. 

Three-ribbed, trinervia. With three ribs extended 

lengthways the leaf, from the base. Saponaria officinalis,. 

Linum usitatissimum. PI. 5, fig. 16. 

Five-ribbed, quinquenarvia. With five ribs, lengthways 

the leaf, from the base. Gentiana lutea. 

Seven-ribbed, septem-nervia. Alisma major. 

Nine-ribbed, novem-nervia. Melastoma grandiflora. 

Many-ribbed, multinervia. Cypripedium ferrugineum. 

PI. 4, fig. 2. 

Triple-ribbed, triplinervia. The rib is tripled, throwing 

out two side-branches a little above the base of the leaves. 

Melastoma multiflora. PI. 6, fig. 3. 

Quintuple-ribbed, qumtupli-nervia. With four side 

branches. Melastoma discolor. 

Multiple-ribbed, multipli-nervia. With many side 

branches. Hydrogeton fenestralis. PI. 5, fig. 15. 

^ Straight-ribbed, rect'mervia^ penninervia. Ribs running 

in a straight line. Alnus glutinosa, Cutanea vesca, Carpinus 

ulmoides. PI. 4, fig. 4. 

Curve-ribbed, curvijiervia, converginervia. Ribs describe 

a curve. Plantago media. PL 5, fig. 15; PI. 4, fig. 2. 

Parallel-ribbed, parallelinervia. Ribs keep at an equal 

distance from one another. Crataegus alpina, Alnus glu- 

Castanea vesca, Carpinus ulmoides. 

Diverging-ribbed, diverginervia. Ribs spread out as they 

go from base to tip. Opulus palustris, Alchimilla vulgaris. 

P1.6, fig. 16. 

Star-ribbed, stelUnervia, peltinerv'ia. Ribs run from the 

middle of the leaf to the circumference. Hydrocotyle vul- 

garis, Ricinus communis. PI. 6, fig. 9. 

% Nervato-veined, nervato-venosa. Ribs divided several 

times, and divided into veins. Tropaeolum majus. 

Ribless, innervia. The ribs being enveloped with parenchyme 

do not appear externally, and the leaves are 

considered as being without ribsj Sempervivum tectorum.


% Veined, venosa. With veins appearing on the surface 

of the leaf. Androsaemum officinale, Lithospfermum offici- 

nale, Vitis Idaea punctifolia. 

Parallel, paralleli-venosa. Musa Sapientum. 

Diverging-veined, divergi-venosa. Salisburia asplenii- 

folia. 

Reticulate-veined, reikulaio-vejiosa. The veins anastomosing 

in all parts. Stachys Germanica, Uva-ursi buxi- 

folia, Salix aurlta, Salix reticulata. 

Veinless, avenia. Limonium commune, Lithospermum 

arvense, Arenaria maritima. 

18. Ribs or veins. 

Straight, iiarvis vel venis reclis. Ribs or veins running 

in a straight line. Betula. Castanea vesca. 

Curved, curvi5,,convergentibus. Running in a curve line 

so as to meet at each end. Piantago media. 

Featherlike, pez/rtaZ/^. A main rib throwing out branches 

on each side, which keep parallel to one another. Castanea 

vesca. 

Footlike, pedatis. Two main ribs throwing out branches 

on the side next to each other. Helleborus fcetidus. PI. 5, 

fig. 1. 

Handlike, pnlmatis. Several main ribs thrown out from 

the insertion of the leaf, and tending to the circumference. 

Vitis vinifera. 

Shieldlike, peltatis, siellatis. Several main ribs thrown 

out from the insertion of the petiole, in the disk of the 

leaf. Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PI. 6, fig. 9. 

Netted, relicidalis. Ribs and veins anastomosing in all 

parts. Stachys Germanica, Uva-ursi buxilolia, Salix aurita. 

19. Surface. 

Pierced, Folia pertnsa. Pierced with large holes irregularly 

distributed, Menispermum fenestratum. 

Fretted, cancellala. Having no parenchyme, but only 

nerves and veins which anastomose and form an open network. 

Hydrogeton fenestralis. PI. 5, fig. 15. 

Furrowed, sulcata. Digitalis ferruginea, Asphodelus 

luteus. •• 

Streaked, striata. Scirpus maritimus. 

Even, Icevia. Convallaria majalis, Nymphsea. 

Smooth, glabra. Tamnus communis, Androseemum 

officinale, Linum usitatissimum, Reseda salicifolia, Acer 

Pseudo-platan us.


Shining, liicida, nitida, splendentia. Tamnus communis, 

Vitis Idsea punctifolia, Silybum Mariae, Hedera communis, 

Prunus Lauro-cerasus, Ficaria ranunculoides. 

Dotted, punctata. Anagallis Phoenicea, Thymus campestris, 

Calamintha vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum. 

Rough, scdhra, aspcra. Lithospermum officinale, Jasione 

montana, Ulmus campestris, Tordylium maximum. 

Papulous, papulosa. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. 

Papillous, warty, papulosa, verrucosa. The surface covered 

with round firm eminences. 

Glutinous, viscous, glutinosa, viscosa. Nicotiana gluti- 

nosa, Inula viscosa. 

20. Villosity. 

Downy, Folia puhescentia. Cynoglossum officinale, Althaea 

officinalis. Geranium molle, Circaea Lutetiana. 

Velvetty, velulina. Cotyledon coccinea. 

Hairy, pilosa. Scorodonia solitaria. Antirrhinum spurium, 

Daucus vulgaris. 

Villous, villosa. Valantia cruciata, Epilobium hirsutum. 

Silky, sericea. Potentilla anserina. 

Woolly, lanaia. Stachys Germanica, Verbascum decurrens. 

Cottony, tomentosa. Geranium rotundifolium, Onopordum 

acanthium. 

Floccy, Jloccosa. Covered with hair matted together, 

which come off' in small lumps. Verbascum floccosum. 

Hispid, hispida. Galeopsis nodosa, Pulmonaria offi- 

cinalis, Borrago officinalis, Lycopsis arvensis. 

Spinellose, spinellosa, echinata. Helminthia echioides. 

21. Colour. 

Green, Folia viridia. As in most leaves. 

Coloured, colorata. Of another colour than green. 

Atriplex hortensis rubra. 

Glaucous, glauca. Brassica oleracea, Stellaria holostea, 

Arenaria rubra, Sedum dasyphyllum. 

Spotted, maculata. Orchis mascula, Persicaria maculosa, 

Pulmonaria officinalis, Hieracium murorum. 

Variegated, variegata. Amaranthus tricolor, Silybum 

Mariae. 

Banded, yajcioô. Phalaris arundinacea picta. 

Differently coloured, discoloria. The two faces of the leaf 

are of different colours. Cymbalaria hederacea, Lemna 

polyrrhiza, Oxalis purpurea.

178 ' INTRODUCTION 

TO BOTANY. 

Zoned, zonata. Having coloured bands disposed round 

a central point. Geranium zonale. 

22. Petiolaiion. 

Nearly sessile, subsessilia. The footstalk of the leaf very 

short. Epilobium angustifolium, Buxus sempervirens. 

Footstalked, petiolata. The footstalk very distinct. 

Pyrus, and most plants. PL 6, fig. 9. 

Peltate, peltata. The leaf attached to the leafstalk by 

its lower surface, and not by its edge. Tropaeolum majus, 

Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PI. G, fig. 9. 

23. Duration. 

Fugacious, Folia fugacia^ caduca. Falling soon .after 

their first appearance. Cactus Opuntia. 

Annual, decidua, annua. Falling off in autumn. Pyrus, 

j^sculus, and most plants which are natives of temperate 

climates. 

Evergreen, persistentia, sewpervirentia, perennia. Keeping 

on the plant for more than a year. Daphne sempervirens, 

Vinca major, V. minor, Uva-ursi buxifolia, Hedera communis, 

Pinus, Taxus. 

24-. Time of appearance. 

Anticipating the flowers. Folia proteranthea. Coming 

out before the flowers appear. Most plants. 

Accompanying the flowers, synanthea. Coming out at 

the same time as the flowers. 

Succeeding the flowers, hysteranthea. Coming out after 

the flowers have begun to appear. Amygdalus communis, 

Tussilago vulgaris. 

25. Disposition duririg sleep. 

Connivent, somno conniventia. Simple leaves, opposite, 

turned up at night, and applied against the stem by the 

upper face. Atriplex hortensis. 

Including, inchidentia. Simple leaves, alternate and applied 

against the stem. Sida Abutilon. 

Surrounding, circumsepientia. Rolled inwards, and surrounding 

the young shoots. Malva Peruviana. 

Sheltering, munientia. Bowing towards the earth, and 

forming a shelter above the lower flowers. Impatiens pa- 

lustris. 

Conduplicant, conduplicantia. Opposite and brought up 

so as to be applied to each other by their upper surface.


Cradling, involventia. The leaflets of a trifoliolated leaf 

bend their tops towards each other so as to form a cradle 

which hides the flowers. Lotus ornithopodioides. 

Diverging, divergenlia. The leaflets of a trifoliolated leaf 

rise up and come near each other by their base, but further 

separated by their tips. Melilotus. 

Hanging, dependentia. The leaflets of a compound leaf 

fall below their footstalk, and turn their tip to the ground. 

Oxalis. 

Turning, invertentia. The leaflets turn half round on 

their footstalk, so that the upper face of the leaflets is turned 

where the lower face was, and vice versa. Cassia. 

Tiling, imhricantia. The leaflets, directing their tips 

towards the top of the leaf, apply themselves to the footstalk, 

and cover one another. Mimosa pudica. 

Bent back, retrorsa. The leaflets, directing their tips to 

the base of the leaf, apply themselves to the footstalk, and 

cover one another. Galega Caribaea. 

LEAFSTALK. 

Petiole, Petiolus. The support of the leaf, connecting it with 

the stem, or root. 

Simple, Petiolus simplex. Without any division or joint, 

Pyrus. 

Compound, compositus. Divided into petiolules or partial 

footstalks, which bear the leaflets. Epimedium alpinmn. 

PL 6, fig. 1; Ph4, fig. 16. 

^Jointed, articulatus. Appearing as if formed of pieces 

connected together lengthways, by having at its point of 

attachment, or at the places where it is divided, a swelling, 

or contraction, or a change of direction, of colour, or of 

substance. Rodinia Pseudo-acacia, Gleditsia. PI. 4, fig. 16". 

Jointless, inarticulatus. Without any joint. Umbelli- 

ferse. 

^ Primary, common, primarius, communis. Common to 

several leaflets, or to several secondary leafstalks. Pha- 

seolus. PI. 4, fig. 15 and 16 ; PI. 6, fig. 1. 

Secondary, secundarius. First division of the primary 

leafstalk. 

Partial, proper, partial, proprius. Prcculiar to one leaflet. 

•[[ Two-forked, dichotomus. Divided and subdivided into 

secondary, &c. leafstalks by being split each time into two.

80 


Three-forked, tricholomus. Divided and subdivided into 

secondarj', &c. leafstalks by being split eacii time into 

three. Epimedium alpinum. PI. 6, fig. 1 

*[ Tendril-bearing, cirriferus. Bearing tendrils. Smilax 

horrida. PL 8, fig. 2. 

Tendril-like, cirriformis. Twining like a tendril. Fumaria 

capreolata. Clematis orientalis. PI. 6, fig. 14. 

Stipuled, stipidifenis. Leafstalk, or the primary leaf- 

stalk, if compound, furnished at the bottom with stipules. 

Rosa, Ononis, Mespilus Germanica, Oxalis corniculata. 

Stipellated, slipellaii. Secondary, &c. leafstalks furnished 

at their base with small stipules. 

Gland-bearing, glanduliferus. Furnished with glands. 

Opulus palustris, Prunus. 

Margined, winged, marginatus, alatus. Furnished with 

expansions on the sides. Pisum Ochrus, Citrus Aurantium. 

Sheathing, vaginans. Forming a sheath round the 

stem or scape. Gramineae, Cyperacese, Umbelliferee. PI. 4, 

fig. 1. 

Convolute, convolulus. Resembling a lamina rolled 

round the stalk. Gramineae. 

Tubular, iuhulatus. Forming a tube sheathing the stem. 

Cyperaceae. 

Inflated, inflatus. Hollow and swelling. Trapa natans. 

Locular, loculosus. Hollow and divided by partitions. 

Eryngiura corniculatum. 

Thorned, spinescens. Ending in a thorn. Robinia 

Halodendron. 

Beside these characters, it is necessary to attend to the 

form of the leafstalk, whether cylindrical, clubshape, 

grooved, compressed, depressed ; to its length compared 

with that of the leaf; and to its length in respect to our 

common measures. 

LIGULE. 

Ligula, Collare. A memhranous appendage surmounting 

the sheathing petiole, at the junction between the sheath 

and the blade of the leaf. 

Uncut, Ligula integra. Poa pratensis. 

CXehf fissa. Phleum crinitum. 

Torn, lacera. Milium lentigerum. 

Fringed, ciliata. Holcus lanatus. 

Truncated, truncata. Avena fatua. 

Acuminated, acuminata. Phalaris paradoxa. 

Scalelike, squamiformis. Poa arenosa. PI. 4, fig. 1. 

.


STIPULE. 

Stipula. A leqflike appendage accompanying the proper 

leaves of the plant. 

1 . Attachment to the plant. 

Cauline, Stip^dce caulinares. Attached to the stem rather 

than to the leaves, Rubiacea?, Malvaceee, Lathyrus 

aphyllus, Alnus glutinosa. 

Araplexicaul, a?nplexicaules. Embracing the stem. Cardamine 

impatiens, Morus, Ficus. 

Sheathing, vaginantes, tubuloscc. Forming a tube round 

the stem. Polygoneas, Alchemilla vulgaris. 

Hypocrateritbrm, hypocraleriformes. Forming a tube 

round the stem, terminating at top by an enlarged flat 

Polygonum orientale, Platanus. 

rim. 

Int'eraxillary, inferaxillares. Attached to the stem below 

the leaves. Berberis, Ribes spinosum. 

Intermediate, intermedice. Growing upon the stem between 

opposite leaves. CofFea. In the rubiaceae they 

unite with the leaves in forming a whirl, 

really abortive leaves. 

and appear to be 

Lateral, laterales. Placed on the stem on each side of 

the base of the leafstalk. 

glutinosa. 

Tilia, many leguminosae, Alnus 

Ambiguous, amhiguce. Attached nearly equally to the 

stem and to the leaves. Polygonese, Lotus siliquosus. 

^ Petiolar, petiolares. 

Mespilus, Ononis. 

Attached on the leafstalk. Rosa, 

Marginal, marginales, adnatcp. Attached along the sides 

of the leafstalk. Rosa canina. Piper nigrum, Nymphaea. 

Detached, 

base only. 

solutce. Attached to the leafstalk by their 

Anterior, anferiores, intrafoliacecB. Joined at their base 

only to the anterior part of the leafstalk, free at their upper 

part, and so forming a lamina placed between the stem and 

the leafstalk. Melianthus, Trifolium pratense, Illecebrum 

verticillatum, Arenaria rubra. 

Petiolular, petiolulares. Growing at the base of the 

leaflets of a compound leaf, upon the petiolules. Dolichos. 

P1.5, fig. 13. 

2. JSlumber. 

Single, Stipulce solitarice. A single stipule to each leaf. 

Berberis. In ruscus the solitar}^ stipule appears to be an 

TOL. I. G

82: INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

abortive leaf, and the apparent leaf in reality a metamorphosed 

branch. 

Twin, gemince. 'Pwo stipules to each leaf. Almost all 

plants that have stipules. 

3. Connexion. 

Distinct, Stipules distinctcB. Separated from one another 

throughout their whole length. Almost every plant that 

has stipules. 

Conjoined, connate, connatcB. Joined one fo the other. 

Melianthus, Humulus. 

4. Nature. 

Leaflike, StipulcB foliacece. Resembling leaves in colour 

and consistence. Agrimonia vulgaris, Lathyrus aphyllus>, 

Lotus corniculatus. 

Membranaceous, memhranacece. Polygonum amphibium, 

Herniaria glabra, Corrigiola. 

Scarious, scarioscE. Thin, dry, semitransparent. Polygonum 

aviculare, Illecebrum verticillatum, Erodium cicutarium, 

Potentilla fruticosa. 

Spinescent, spinescentes. Becoming spines, or thorns. 

Berberis vulgaris, Ribes spinosum. PI. 6, fig. 16. 

Very small, minutcB. Gleditsia triacanthos, Ceratonia 

Siliqua. 

5. Figure. 

Rounded, Stipulce subrotundce. Spiraea odorata. 

Oval, ovales. Erodium cicutarium, Trifolium pratense, 

Astragalus glycyphyllos. 

Semioval, semiovales. Trifolium procumbens, Medicago 

sativa. 

Rather heartshaped, sulcordiformes, suhcordalce. Geranium 

inquinans, Lotus tetragonolobus. 

Obliquely heartshaped, ohlique-cordatcE. Pisum sativum. 

Half-heartshaped, semi-cordiformes. Mespilus Pyracantha. 

Kidneyshape, renaria, reniformes. Salix capraea. 

Halfmooned, lunatcB, se7ni-lunaice. Agrimonia vulgaris, 

Mespilus digyna, Crataegus Crus galli. 

Sagittate, sagittatcs. Galea officinalis. 

Semi-sagittate, semi-sagittatce. Vicia multiflora, Vicia 

sativa, Lathyrus odoratus, Lathyrus annuus, Lathyrus 

sylvestris, Orobus vernus.


Lanceolate, lanceolatcs. Viola odorata, Hippocrepis 

comosa. 

Linear, lineares. Pyrus sylvestris, Pyrus communis, 

Trifolium arvense. 

Awlshape, suhulalce. Rubus Idaeus, Lathyrus Nissolia, 

Cytisus Laburnum. 

Bristlelike, setacece. Populus tremula. 

Edge and incisions. 

Uncut, Stipules integrce. Polygonum amphibiura, La^ 

thyrus aphyllus, Trifolium procumbens. 

Toothed, dentatce. Mespilus digyna, Medicago polymorpha, 

Pisum sativum, Vicia sativa. 

Pinnatifid, pinnatifidce. Viola tricolor, Viola grandi- 

flora. 

Jagged, laciniatce. Medicago orbicularis, Medicago 

coronata. 

Torn, lacerce. Illecebrum verticillatum, Arenaria rubra. 

Fringed, ciLiatce. Persicaria maculosa, Cardamine impatlens, 

Trifolium procumbens. 

Duration. 

Fugacious, ywâce^. Falling off before the leaves. Tilia, 

Gleditsia, Ficus Carica. 

Deciduous, caducce, deciduce. Falling with the leaves. 

Most plants. 

Remaining, persistentes. Remain after the falling of the 

leaves. Coccoloba pubescens. 

The stipules may also have the other characters of the 

leaves, of which they are in fact a species. 

Sheath. 

Vagina. A portion of certain leaves, surrounding the 

stem, and considered by some botanists as a kind of pe- 

tiole. 

Not cut. Vagina integra. Forming a perfect tube. Cyperaceae. 

Slit, Jissa. Slit down lengthways. Gramineae. 

OCREA. 

A membranous sheath, not completely surrounding the 

stem. Polygonese. Some look upon it as a stipule. 

G 2

84 introduction to botany. 

Reticulum. 

A fibrous sheath at the base of the leaves of the palmae. 

Pericladium. 

A hollow part of the base of the leaves which surrounds 

the branches or peduncles. Umbeiliferae. 

Phyllodium. 

A greatly expanded petiole of compounded or deeply 

cut leaves, which assumes the appearance of a real leaf. 

Sunk leaves of the Alismacese, Bupleurum, Batrachium. 

Some botanists call these, petiolaneous leaves, folia petiolanea. 

Support. 

Stipes, Peridroma, Rachls. The petiole of a fern, dif- 

fering from the proper petiole, as bearing the fructification 

as well as the leaf, or leaflets. 

Stipelle. 

Stipella. A kind of stipule placed at the base of the 

leaflets on the common petiole. Phaseolus. 

Hypophyllium. 

A small sheath, representing the true leaf, having 

branches at the axillee similar to leaves. Asparagi. 

Vaginelle. 

Vaginella. A small membranaceous sheath, embracing 

the base of bundles of leaves. Pinus, Larix. 

Auricle. 

Auricula, Amphigaster. A kind of stipule accompanying 

the leaves of the jungermanniae. 

Vesicles. 

Vesicula. A hollow enclosed part, full of air, found on 

the leaves, Fuci; or in the petiole, Trapa natans. 

Goblet. 

Ascidium, Vasculum. A kind of cup formed either by the 

leaf being rolled up and the edges soldered together, Sarracenia 

; or by the concavity of the leaf itself, Cephalotus 

or by a peculiar hollowing out of the extremity of the main 

rib, Nepenthes. 

;

introduction to botany. 85 

Cover. 

Operculum. A moveable leaflike expansion, which covers 

the goblec. Sarracenia, Nepenthes. 

BUTTONS. 

Gemmae. The rudiments ofyoung shoots, either naked or 

surrounded ivith peculiar coverings. 

Species. 

Bulb, Bulhus. Thick, placed on the roots. Liliacese, 

Asphodelese. 

Bulbille, Bulhillus. Small, growing on different parts, 

above the ground, falling off' and taking root. Lilium 

bulbiferum. 

Bud, Gemma. Growing on the stem or its branches, 

not falling off", but expanding itself on the place. Most 

trees in temperate and cold climates. 

Eye, Turio. Growing oh the root, smaller than the 

bulb. Arum Italicum, Asparagus officinalis, Solanum tuberosum. 

Sobole, Soboles, Bacillus. Growing in the pericarpium, 

instead of seeds. Crinum Asiaticum. 

Bulb. 

Tuberose, Bulhus tuherosus, soUdus. Uniform in its 

texture, without concentric coats or scales. Colchicum 

autumnale, Crocus, Gladiolus, Fumaria bulbosa. 

Coated, tunicaius. Enveloped with coats. Fumaria 

bulbosa. 

Scaly, squamosus, imhricatus. Composed of straight 

scales or tiles overlaying one another. Lilium, Saxifraga 

gi'anulata. 

Formed of coats, tunicosus. Composed entirely of fleshy 

coats, one surrounding the other. Cepa esculenta. 

IF Aggregated, composilus, aggregatus. Composed of 

several cloves, or bulbuli, Allium sativum. 

Bulbille and Sobole. 

Scaly, Bulhillus squamosus. Lilium bulbiferum. 

Solid, tuherosus, solidus. Crinum Asiaticum. 

% Axillary, axillaris. Growing at the setting on of the 

leaves. Lilium bulbiferum. 

Pericarpial, pericarpialis. Growing in the pericarpium. 

in the place of seeds. Crinum Asiaticum.

fIS 

nraHOBUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Floralis, Jloralis. Growing in the place of the flowers. 

Allium arenarium, A. carinatum. 

Bud and Turio. 

.Naked, GermncB nudce. Without any perule. Hippophae 

littoralis. 

Perulated, perulatce. Covered with a perule. Daphne, 

Syringa, Malui, Ficus, Pinus. 

•y External, exienicE. Appearing above the surface as 

soon as it begins to be formed. Daphne, Fraxinus, Pyrus, 

PL 3, fig. 5 and 6. 

Internal, internee. Hidden in the stem until it is developed. 

Du'caea, Robinia Pseudo-acacia. 

f[ Simple, simplices. Exhibiting the rudiments of only 

one branch. Fraxinus, Ficus, Alnus, Carpinus. 

Composite, compositce. Containing under a single perule, 

the rudiments of several branches, distinct even before 

their shooting. Pinus maritima. 

^ Leaf-bearing, yb/ii/er^z'. Producing a shoot of leaves 

only. Terminal bud of daphne florida, Populus, Alnus. 

Flower-beariug, Jloriferce. Producing flowers only. 

Daphne florida, Populus. 

Slixed, mixla, foliiflorifercB. Producing both leaves and 

flowers. Sjrringa. PI. 3, fig. 5. 

^ Sessile, sessiles. Growing upon the stem without any 

footstalk. 

Pedicelled, pedicellafce. Growing upon a small excrescence 

or support. Alnus communis. 

Perule. 

Ferula, The cover of a bud. 

Simple, Ferula Integrn. Formed of one piece, and 

therefore torn when the bud shoots. Persicaria and other 

polygon eae. 

Scaly, squamosa. Daphne, Syringa, Malus. 

Petiolane, petiolanea. Formed of enlarged and abortive 

leaf-stalks. Juglans, 

Stipulane, stipulanea. Formed of stipules. Persicaria, 

Carpinus, Ficus. 

Vernation. 

Vernutio, Disposition of the leaves, 8cc. in the bud. 

Revolute, Vernatio revoluta, revolutiva. The two edges 

of the leaves rolled to the outside. Persicaria maculosa, 

Carduus, Tussilago. PL 3, fig. 10 and 20.

iNTROtJUCTlON TO BOTANY. ^SY 

Involute, involute, involutiva. The two edges rolled to 

the inside. Periclymenum perfoliatum, Viola, Pyrus, 

Populus. PI. 3, fig. 9, 18 and 19. 

Convolute, convoluta, convolutiva. The leaves rolled on 

one only of their edges. Aster, Solidago, Berberis. PI. 3, 

fig. 8 and 16. 

Bent, curvativa. The leaves being very large the rolling 

up is but slight. 

Circinate, circ'maia, circinalia. Rolled up on their main 

rib from the tip to the base. The ferns. 

Conduplicate, condupl'icata, condiipUcativa. Rolled up 

lengthways, and placed side by side. Tilia, Rosa, Cerasus, 

Corylus, Quercus. PI. 3, fig. 11. 

Riding over one another, equitaritia, equitatiua, amplexa. 

One leaf folded lengthways receives into its folding another 

leaf folded in the same manner. Carex, Poa, Hem^rocallis. 

Iris. PI. 3, fig, 12, 17, and 21. 

Mutually riding, se invicem equitaniia, semi-amplexa, ol- 

voluta. One leaf folded lengthways receives into the fold 

only the half of a leaf folded in the same manner. Salvia, 

Marrubium, Saponaria, Lychnis. PI, 3, fig. 14. 

Opposite, 

Two leaves 

se invicem spectantia, imhricativa, imhricata. 

opposite to each other, and slightly folded 

lengthways touch one another's edges. Syringa, Ligustrum. 

PI. 3, fig. 13. 

Folded, plicata, pUcativa. Folded in small folds lengthways 

like a fan that is shut up. Opulus palustris, Acer, 

Vitis, Althaea, Crataegus, Alnus glutinosa. PI. 3, fig. 15. 

Inflected, inflexa, replicaliva, reclinata. Folded from tip 

to base. Cyclamen, Aconitum, Anemone Hepatica, Pul- 

satilla vulgaris. 

Applied together, adpressa. Faces of the leaves flat, and 

close to each other. Amaryllis. > 

' GLANDS. 

Gland ulse. Organs of secretion. 

Miliary, Glanclulce miliares. Visible by the microscope. 

Leaves of the grasses, larix, pinus, and almost all the parts 

of plants which are exposed to the air. 

Bladdery, vesiculares. Leaves, calices, corollae, pistils, 

fruits, cotyledons of most aurantiaceae. 

Globular, globulares. Anthers of cardiaca. 

Utricular, utriculares, Mesembryanthemura crystaliinum.

88 


Papillary, papillares. Satureja hortensis, Horminum 

Pyreniacum. 

Cupshape, cyatliiformis. Leafstalks of amygdalus Per- 

sica, Cerasus hortensis, Ricinus. 

5[ Sessiles, sessiles. Mimosa Julibrissin. 

Footstalked, pedicellatce. Rosa, Amygdalus, Croton pe- 

nicillatum. 

5f Stem, cmdinares. Upon the stem. 

Leafstalk, petiolares. Opulus palustris. 

Leaf,yb/wre,y. Pinguicula, Drosera, Amygdalus. 

Stipular, stipulares. Prunus Armeniaca. 

Calycine, calycina. Malpighia. 

Corolla, epipetalece. Delphinium, Berberis. 

Staminal, epistammales. Geranium, Dictamnus albus. 

HAIRS. 

Pili. Threadlike organs growmg upon different parts of a 

plant, and appearing to be excretory ducts. 

Simple, Pili simplices. Without branches, Borrago, 

Urtica dioica. 

Awlshape, suhiilati. Borrago laxiflora. 

Headed, capitati. Swelled to a head at their top. Dictamnus 

albus. 

Nailshape, claviformes. Swelling into a club from the 

base to the summit. Dictamnus albus. 

Jointed, articulati. Marked at certain distances by lines 

in rings, which mark the places of internal partitions. 

Brunella ovata, Lychnis Chalcedonicus. 

Beadlike, momliforynes. Jointed, with the joints narrowed. 

Miral)ilis Jalapa. 

Pointed, miicronati. Having a very small fine point at 

top. Dictamnus albus. 

Two-foiked, hij'urcati. Ending in a fork of two teeth. 

Three-forked, trifurcati. Ending in three teeth. 

Branchy, ramosi. Lavendula Spica, Turritis verna. 

Starred, siellati. Producing simple branches which diverge 

from a common centre. Althsea officinalis. 

Bottle-brush like, aspergilUJbrmes. Producing simple 

branches disposed round a common axis. Marrubium 

peregrinum. 

Two-pointed, li-aaiminati. With two points tending 

opposite ways, and appearing fixed by their middle. Lupulus 

communis.


Dotted, punctati. Brunella ovata, Lychnis Chalcedonies. 

Gland-bearing, glanduliferi. Rosa maxima, Croton penicillatum. 

These are identical with footstalked glands. 

Perforated, perj'orati. Perforated at top. Urtica dioica. 

Based, busilati. Raised upon cellular nipples. Lupulus 

communis, Urtica dioica. 

Sessile, squat, sessiles. 

pighia. 

Growing on a flat surface. Mal- 

^ Cobweblike, arnchnoides. Long and crossed like a 

spider's web. Sempervivum arachnoides. 

Flock-like, ôcco>jf. Resembling flocks of wool. Verbascum 

floccosum, Solanuni marginatum. 

In rows, seriales. The stalk-hairs of veronica bibarbata, 

and of alsine. 

Perpendicular, perpendictdares, patenti. Growing upright. 

Geranium Pyreniacum, Hieracium aurantiacum, 

Crepis foetida. 

Ascending, ascevdentes. Directed towards the top of the 

part on which they grow. Cerastites macrocephala. 

Descending, turned backwards, descendentes, reflexi. 

Directed towards the bottom of the part on which they 

grow. Bromus dumetorum, Veronica spicata, Geranium 

dissectum. 

Appressed, appressi. Applied close to the part on which 

they grow, throughout their whole length. Malpighia, 

Stem hairs of cerastites macrocephala. 

ARMS. 

Arma. IVbody excrescences, sharp-pointed, attached on 

various parts of the plant. 

1. Species. s 

Prickles, Aculei. Adhering to the bark only of the plant. 

Rosa, Rubus. PI. 6. fig. 17. 

Spines, thorns, Spince. Adhering to the internal tissue 

or wood of the plant. Prunus, Ribes spinosum. 

2. Situalion, 

Stem, Acidei fvel spince) caulini. Growing on the stem. 

Cactus, Gleditsia ferox, Rosa, Rubus. 

Terminal, terminales. Growing at the end of the 

branches. Elaeagnus. 

Leaf, foUures. Growing on the leaves. Solanum Melongena, 

Silybum Marise.

90 


Leafstalk, j&e/io/are5. Growing on the leafstalks. Chamaerops 

humilis. 

Axillary, axillares. Growing at the setting on of the 

leaves. Citrus Medica, Celastrus multiflorus. 

Infraxillary, inferaxillares. Growing below tlie setting 

on of the leaves. Ribes spinosum. PI. 6, fig. 16. 

Superaxillary, superaxillares. Growing above the setting 

on of the leaves. Gleditsia triacanthos. PL 4, fig. 16. 

Involucral, involucmles. Growing on the involucrum. 

Silybum Marise, Centaurea benedicta. 

Pericarpial, pericarpiales. Growing on the pericarp. 

Allamanda cathartica. 

3. Origin. 

Stipulean, Aculei stipideani. Growing near the leaves, 

and appearing to arise from stipules changed. Berberis, 

Ribes spinosum. Paliurus aculeatus. 

Petiolean, petioleani. Arising from leafstalks changed 

into arms. Mimosa verticillata. 

FoWolean, Jhlioleani. Arising from leaves changed into 

arras. Chamasrops humilis. 

Ramean, rameani. Arising from branches changed into 

arms. Prunus spinosi, Elaeagnus angustifolia. 

4. Direction. 

Bent upwards, Aculei infiexi. Bent and pointing to the 

upper part of the stem, or branch. 

cineraria. 

Rosa muscosa. Mimosa 

Bent downwards, reflexi. Bent and pointing to the 

lower part of the stem, or branch. 

rubiginosa, R. canina. 

5. Form. 

Rubus fruticosus, Rosa 

Awlshape, Aculei siihulali. Rosa villosa, Robinia 

Pseudo-acacia. 

Bristlelike, setacei. Very slender, Rosa spinosissima. 

Conical, conici. Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis. 

^ Straight, reciilinei, recti. Rosa spinosissima. 

Bent, curvi. Rosa muscosa, R. rubiginosa. 

6. Simplicity. 

Simple, Aculei simplices. Cactus, Celastrus. 

Branched, ramosi. Gleditsia horrida. 

Two-parted, bipartiti. 

Three-parted, tripartiti. Berberis vulgaris, Ribes syl- 

vestris. PI. 6, fig. 16.


Many-parted, multipartiti. Divided to the base. 

Feather-cut, pinnatifidi. Disposed on two opposite sides* 

Carduus. Centaurea. 

7. Number. 

Single, Aculei solltarii. Insulated from one another. 

Euphorbia cucumerina. 

Bundled, fascicidati. Several coming out from the 

same point. Cactus cylindricus, C. heptagonus, G. Peruvianus. 

TENDRILS. 

Cirri, Capreoli, Claviculi. Threadlike appendages twisting 

round other sulsta?ices, ly means of ivkich the plants are 

supported and raised above the ground. 

1. Situation. 

Axillar}?^, Cirri axillarii. Growing in the setting on of 

the leaves. Passiflora. 

Opposite to the leaves, Oppositifolii. Vitis vinif^ra. 

PI. 6, fig. 18. 

2. Origin. 

Petiolean, Cirri petioleani,petiolares. Resulting from the 

change of a leafstalk. Fumaria vesicaria, Pisum sativum, 

Lathyrus latifolius. PI. 4, fig. 17; PL 6, fig. 14. 

Leaf, foliares. The leaf itself is lengthened, and forms 

a twining appendage. Methonica superba. 

Stipulean, stipuleani. Resulting from the change of 

a stipule. Smilax horrida, S. herbacea. PI. 8, fig. 2 a. 

Leaf-rib, nervales. The main rib of the leaves lengthened 

into twining appendages. Nepenthes. 

Pedunculean, pedunmleani. Resulting from the change 

of a flower-stalk. Vitis vinifera, Passiflora. PI. 6, fig. 18. 

Corolla, corollares. The petals lengthened into twining 

appendages. Strophanthes. 

3. Simplicity. 

Simple, Cirri simplices. Single undivided threads. Lathyrus 

Aphaca, Vicia lathyroides, Bryonia officinalis. 

Two-cut, bifidi. Divided in two branches. Vitis, Ervum 

tetraspermum. PI. 6, fig. 18. 

Three-cut, trifidi. Bignonia Unguis cati. 

Many-cut, rmdtifidi, ramosus. Vicia multiflora, Cobea 

scandens. PI. 4, fig. 1 7.

92 

ixtroductioji' to botant. 

Suckers. 

Haustoria. Tubercles placed on the stem, fastening it 

to another plant, and also serving to extract nourishment 

from the supporting plant. Cuscuta. 

Holdfasts. 

Fulcra, Tubercles serving to fasten a plant to other 

bodies, but not organized so as to extract nourishment from 

the support. Hedera communis, Fucus. 

FLOWER. 

Flas, in composition. —anthos. A temporary part of a 

veseiable, in which the fecicvdation of the ovuhs take place 

and which consists essentially of the sexual organs. 

1. Situation, 

Root, Florei radicales. Proceeding from the crown of 

the root. Colchicum autumnale, Primula, Bellis, Sarracenia 

purpurea. PI. 8, fig. 5, b. 

Stem, caulinares. Proceeding from the stem. Cuscuta, 

Vicia sativa. 

Branch, rameales. Upon the branches. Daphne florida, 

Cucubalus bacciferus, Pvrus. 

Terminal, terminahs. From the tip of the stem and 

branches. Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Eremocallis glomerata, 

Pasiinaca. 

Iêaf.foliares. Up>on the leaves. Xylophylla montana, 

Ruscus aculeatus. PI. S, fig. 3. 

Petiolar. petiol/ires. Upon the footstalks of the leaves. 

Hibiscus moschatus. 

Axillary, axUlares. From the axiUce, or angles made by 

the leaves with the stem or branches. Polygonatum vulgare, 

Veronica lontinalis, Chamardrys officinalis, Stramonium 

foetidum, Vinca, Spartium scoparium, Vicia sativa. 

Extra-axillary, extra-axillares, laierales. Growing on 

the outside of the axillae. Sjolanum nigrum, Physalis, 

Capsicum. 

Super-axillary, superaxillares. Growing above the axillse 

of the leaves. Boragineee. 

Opposite to the leaves, cppositifolii. Growing from a 

point diametrically opposite to the setting on of the leaf. 

Dulcamara flexuosa, Sium nodiflorum, Tordylium maximum, 

Phellandrium divaricatum, Batrachium heterophyl- 

Kun, Erodium cicutarium, Vitis vinifera. 

j


Interposed, inlerpositivl, intrafoliacei. Growing between 

a pair of opposite leaves, and alternately with them. Stellaria 

aquatica, Arenaria lateriflora, Asclepias Syriaca. 

By the side of the leaves, laterifoLii. Growing on the 

sides of leaves which are not opposite. Solanum Bonariense, 

Atropa physaloides. 


Peduncled, Flores pedunculati. Borne on a peduncle. 

Cerasus. PI. 8. fig. 2, 5, 6. 

Sessile, sessiles. Not having any peduncle. Daphne 

florida, Salsola decumbens, Erythi'eea vulgaris, Cactus 

Opuntia. 


Alternate, Flores alterni. Not placed opposite to each 

other. Vinca, Passiflora. 

Opposite, oppositi. Placed opposite to each other. Numniularia 

repens, Bugula arvensis. 

Scattered, sparsi. Daphne florida. 

One-rowed, unilaterales. All placed on one side of the 

peduncle or support. Digitalis purpurea, Scorodonia so- 

litaria. 

Facing one way, secundi. When they not only come out 

on one side only of the support, but also all face one way. 

- Polygonatum vulgare. 

Two-rowed, distichi. When they grow in two rows op- 

posite to each other. Triticum monococcum, T. Spelta, 

Zeocriton distichon. 

Four-rowed, tetrastichi. When they grow in four 

rows, two rows on one side of the support, and two on the 

other. Hordeura tetrastichum. 

Six-rowed, liexastichi. In six rows. Hordeuni hexastichum. 

Spiral, spirales. Disposed in a spiral line round the 

support. Neottia. 

i. Position. 

Upright, Flores erecti. Directing themselves to the sky. 

Colchicum, Crocus, Vinca minor, Ericala verna, Thalictrum 

flavum. 

Drooping, nodding, cernui, mdantes. Inclining to the 

earth. Galanthus^ nivalis, Fritillaria tessellata, C}-pripedium 

ferrugineura, Linncea borcalis, Viola odorata^ Geum 

rivale.

9.4 

INTRODUCTIot TO BOTANY. 

Hanging down, penduli. Hanging perpendicularly towards 

the ground. Impatiens palustris. 

5. Numler. 

Unique, Flos uniais. Only one flower on the plant. 

Tulipa Gesneriana, Narcissus majalis, Sarracenia purpurea. 

Single, Flores solitarii. Flowers many, but only one in 

a place. Stramonium foetidum, Vinca, Vicia lutea. 

y» By twos, linaii, bini geminaii. Flowers many, growing 

only two together in a place. Chamaedrys palustris. 

By threes, iernali. Flowers many, growing three together. 

Chamasdrys officinalis, C. laciniata. 

Aggregated, aggregati, congesli. Collected into a bundle. 

Polygonum aviculare, Trientalis Europsea, Cuscuta minor, 

Malva vulgaris, Buxus sempervirens, Ulmus campestris. 

Compound, composiil. Several flowers borne on the 

same peduncle in a regular manner. Salix, Graminese, 

Labiatae, Umbelliferse, Compositse. ^ 

6. Perfection. 

Complete, perfect, Flores completi, perfedi. Composed 

of the organs of both sexes, with two covers, the outer 

usually green, herblike, the inner of a finer texture, and 

coloured. Viola, Rosa canina. PI. 9, fig. 10, 12; PL 10, 

fig. 15. 

Incomplete, incompleti. Wanting either the organs of 

one or both sexes, or one or both of the covers. Hyacinthus. 

Narcissus, Galanthus, Crocus, Lupulus communis, 

Cannabis sativa, Cucumis sativus. 

^ Regular, regulares. When they may be divided from 

the centre, in three or more parts perfectly alike in all re- 

spects. Tulipa. PL 9, fig. 9. 

Uniform, uniformes. When they may be divided by a 

longitudinal section into two parts perfectly alike. La- 

biatee, Cruciformes. PL 10, fig. 8. 

Irregular, difformes, irregulares. When they cannot be 

mentally divided into two or more parts perfectly alike. 

7. Sex. 

Hermaphrodite, Flores hermaphroditi. Containing the 

organs of both the sexes. Lilium, Tulipa, Dianthus, and 

most plants. PL 8, fig. 4; PL 9, fig, 7, 9, 12; PL 10, 

fi^. 1, 2, 5, 13, 15.


Male hermaphrodites, hermaphroditi masculi. Appaiênt 

hermaphrodite flowers, in which, However, the female organs 

are too imperfect to perform their proper office. 

Musa Paradisiaca. 

Female hermaphrodites, hermaphroditi fcemmei. Apparent 

hermaphrodite flowers, in which, however, the male 

organs are too imperfect to perform their proper office. 

Musa Paradisiaca. 

Unisexual, unisexuales. Some of the flowers containing 

the organ of the male sex only, and others that of the 

female. Lupulus communis. Cannabis sativa, Cucumis 

sativus. 

Male, masculi. The flowers which contain the male 

organs only. 

Female, ycEmiwei. 

organs only. 

The flowers which contain the female 

Neuter, neutri, agami. Flowers in which the sexual organs 

have disappeared, or become too imperfect to perform 

their office, in consequence of monstrosity, Opulus palustris, 

Hortensia, Saccharum officinale. 

^ Fruitful, fertiles. Flowers which are succeeded by 

seeds. This includes the hermaphrodite, female hermaphrodite, 

and female flowers. 

Barren, steriles. Flowers which are not succeeded by 

seeds. This includes the male, male hermaphrodite and 

neuter flowers. 

8. Stamens. 

One-stamened, Flores monandri. Having only one anther 

in each flower. Hippuris, Salicornia, Valeriana rubra. 

Two-stamened, diandri. Having two anthers in each 

flower. Jasminum, Syringa, Olea, Veronica. 

Three-stamened, triandri. Having three anthers in each 

flower. Most cyperacese, most gramineae. Iris, Gladiolus. 

Four-stamened, tetrandri. Plantagineae, Labiatse, most 

rubiacese. PI. 9, fig. J 7. 

Five-stamened, pentundri. Most plants. PI. 9, fig. 12; 

pL 10, fig. 17. 

Six-stamened, hexandri. Asparagi, Liliaceae, Asphodelesej, 

Narcissus, Cruciferae. 

Seven- stamen ed^ heptandri. Trientalis, jEscuIus Hippocastanum, 

Saururus. 

Eight-stamened, octandri. Fagopyrum esculentum, Ericinee, 

Acer, Epilobium. 

Nine-stamened, etineandri. Butomus, Laurus, Rheum 

Rhaponticum.


Ten-stamen ed, decandri. Many caryophyliege, most le- 

gutninosae. PI. 10, fig. 5. 

Dodecandrous, dodecandri. Having not less than twelve, , 

nor more than nineteen anthers in each flower. Reseda, 

Sempervivum, Lythrum spicatum. 

Icosandrous, kosandri. Having twenty stamens, at least, 

inserted on the sides of the calyx. Rosaceae, Pomacese. 

Polyandrous, polyavdri. Having twenty stamens, at 

least, not attached to the sides of the calyx, but at the bottom, 

under the ovary. Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae. PI. 10, 

fig. 15. 

^ Gynandrous, gyimndri. When the male organs are 

seated on some part of the female. Orchidese, Aristolochia. 

% Isostemones. The stamens equal in number to the petals, 

or lobes of the corolla. Umbelliferae. PI. 10, fig. 17. 

Anisostemones. The stamens not equal in number to the 

petals, or lobes of the corolla. 

Meiostetnones. The stamens fewer than the petals, or 

lobes of the corolla. Veronica. 

Dyplostemojies. The stamens twice as many as the petals. 

Sedum, Caryophyllese. 

Polystemones. The stamens much more numerous than 

the petals. Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae. 

% Didynamous, didynami. Two of the stamens longer 

than the others. Labiatae. 

Tetradynamous, tetradyjiami. Four of the stamens 

longer than the others. Cruciferse. PI. 10, fig. 1. 

% Symphyostemones. Stamens soldered together. 

Monadelphous, monadelphi, cylindrohasiostemones. Filaments 

soldered together in a tube. Malvaceae, Jatropha. 

PI. 11, fig. 14. 

Diadelphous, diadelphi. Filaments in two divisions. 

Fumaria, most leguminosae, but in the latter one of the filaments 

remains separate. PI. 10, fig. 9. 

Polyadelphous, polyadelphi. Filaments soldered together 

in three or more bundles. Hypericum. PI. 10, fig. 1.5. 

Syngenesious, syngejies't^ symphytantheri, cylindrantheriy 

synantheri. Anthers soldered together. Compositse, 

Viola. 

Eleutherantheri. Anthers not soldered together. Most 

simple flowers. 

9. Pistils. 

One-styled, Flares monogyni. When each flower has 

only one style. Cruciferae, Lilium.


Two-Styled, digyni. When each flower has only two 

styles. Most gramineee. 

Three-styled, trigyiii. When each flower has only three 

styles. Dianthus. 

Four-styled, tetragyni. Potamogeton. 

Five-styled, pentagyni. Silene. 

Six-styled, hexagyni. Damasonium. 

Seven-styled, heptagyni. Septas. 

Twelve-styled, dodecagyni. Sempervivum. 

Many-styled, polygynL Anemone, Alisma. 

10. Multiplication. 

Flores multiplicati. Flowers which have more petals 

than is natural to them in a wild state. 

Double, duplicati. The petals are twice, thrice, or four 

times as many as are natural. 

Full, pleni. The petals are in very great number, and 

the stamens are wanting. Ranunculus Asiaticus flore 

pleno. 

Semidouble, multiplicati MirbelL The number of the 

petals is increased, but part of the stamens still remain. 

Hyacinthus orientalis flore duplicato. Ranunculus Asiaticus 

flore duplicato. Rosa. 

% Petaloid, petaloidei. Becoming double by the change 

of part or all the sexual organs into petals. 

Multiplied, multiplicati De Candolle. Becoming double 

by the increase in number of the parts of the corolla, or of 

tne sexual organs changed into petals. 

Changed, permutati. The abortion of the oi'gans of one 

or both sexes produces a remarkable change in the form or 

dimension of the floral covers. 

% Calycinarii. Petals increased by the parts of the calyx 

being changed into them. 

Corollarii. Petals increased in number. 

Staminarii. Stamens changed into petals. y 

Pistillarii. Pistills changed into petals. 

Perigoniarii. Perigonium changed into petals, or the 

calyx changed into petals, and the petals themselves mul- 

tiplied. 

Androgytiarii. Sexual organs changed into petals without 

any alteration in the floral covers. 

Corniculate, corniculati, antherogeni. Anthers changed 

into hornshape petals. Aquilegia vulgaris corniculata. 

Semis taminarii. Part of the stamens changed into petals. 

VOL. I. H


Hemigoriiarii. Part of the organs of both the sexes 

changed into petals. 

Andropetalani. Petals increased in number, and the 

stamens changed into petals ; the pistil remaining unchanged. 

Olopetalarii. The floral coverings changed either entirely 

or in part, and the stamens and pistils changed into petals 

or petaloid lobes. 

Agynarii. The floral covers and changed stamens form 

the entire flower, the pistil being wanting. 

ylnandriani. The multiplied floral covers and pistils 

form the entire flower, the stamens being wanting. 

^ Bractearii. Changed flowers in which the change has 

taken place in the bracteae. 

Calycinarii. Flowers changed in respect to the calyx. 

Corollarii. Flowers changed in respect to the corolla. 

Perigoniarii. Flowers changed in respect to the perigonium, 

or single floral cover. 

% LiguliferL Compound flowers whose tubular flowrets 

are changed into ligulate flowrets. Aster Chinensis flore 

pleno. 

Tubiferi. Compound flowers whose ligulate flowrets are 

changed into tubular flowrets. Aster Chinensis flore pleno. 

•f[ Hen and chicken, childing, proUferi. When another 

flower, or a leaf-bud grows out of the centre of a flower. 

Anemone, Dianthus, Rosa, Bel lis. 

1 1 . Efivelopes. 

Naked, Flores nudi. Having neither calyx nor corolla. 

Arum maculatum, Fraxinus excelsior. 

Perimithei. Having a calyx or corolla, or both. Liliaceffi, 

Labiatae, Boraginese, Cruciferai, Carophyllese. P1.9,fig. 12. 

Petaloid, petaloidei, corollalU bracteati. Having a corolla, 

and consequently a calyx. Primulaceae, Boragineae, Ca-t 

ryophylleae. PL 9, fig. 10, 12, 13, 14 and 15. 

Apetalous, stamineous, apetali, staminei. Not having 

any corolla. Juncese, Polygonese. 

^ Glumaceous, glumacei. Sexual organs enclosed in 

glumes instead of a calyx or corolla. Graminete. PI. 11, 

fig. 12 to 19. 

Bracteated, bracteati. Sexual organs accompanied with 

bracteas. 

and 6. 

Origanum, Convolvulus sepium. PI, 7, fig. 5


Spathaceous, spathati, spathacei. -Sexual organs accompanied 

with a spatlie. Arum maculatum, Calla, Palmse, 

Narcissus. PL 7, fig. 12. 

Involucrated, invoLucrati. Sexual organs accompanied 

with an involucrum. Daucus vulgaris. Anemone, Ammi 

majus. PL 7, fig. 1. 

Cupped, cupulati. Sexual organs accompanied with a 

cupula. Cupressideae, Corylideae. 

12. Time of fiowering. 

Springtide, vernal, Flores vernales, verni. Flowering in 

the spring of the year, that is in England, in April and 

May. Primula veris, Draba verna. 

Summer, estiuales. Flowering in summer, that is, June, 

July, and August. Most plants. 

Autumnal, autumnales. Flowering in autumn, that is, 

September and October. Crocus serotinus, Colchicum 

autumnale. 

Winter, Jujlerni, hyhernales, hiemales. Flowering in 

winter, that is, from the beginning of November to the end 

of March. Galanthus nivalis, Helleborus niger. 

5[ Early, precoces. Flowering earlier than those of the 

same division. Daphne florida, Cornus mascula. 

Late, serotini. Flowering later than other plants of the 

same division. 

13. Opening and shitting. 

Meteoric, Flores meteorici. Influenced by the weather 

which accelerates or retards their opening or shutting. 

Calendula pluvialis, Oxalis versicolor, Sonchus Sibiricus, 

Anagallis Phoenicia. 

Equinoctial, equinoxiales. Opening and shutting at 

certain hours. 

Ephemeral, ephemeri. Remaining open a few hours 

only, and then either fall offj or close never more to open 

again. Convolvulus purpureus, Cistus, Cactus grandi- 

florus. 

Periodical, periodici. Opening and shutting for several 

days successively. Ornithogalum umbellatuxn, Mesembryanthema. 

Day, diurni. Open and shut in the course of the day. 

Anagallis arvensis. Calendula arvensis, Cistus. 

Morning, matutini. Opening in the morning. Cichorium 

sylvestre, Leontodon officinale, Nymphsea alba. 

H 2


Noon, meridiani. Not opening until the middle of the 

day. Meserabryanthemum crystallinum, M. nodiflorum. 

Night, nocturni. Open late in the evening, and close 

again in the morning. Mirabilis Jalapa, Geranium triste, 

Silene noctiflora. 

l-l-. Parts of ajiower. 

Sexual organs, Gejiitalia, — gonoi. The parts of the 

flower appropriated to the reproduction of the species; 

which include the pistil, stamens, and gymnostemium, and 

are essential to die very being of a flower. 

Pistil, Pointal, Pistilliim, — gyne, — gynos. The female 

organ of the plant, seated in the centre of the flower, and 

most commonly single. PI. 9, fig. 7, b; pi. 10, fig. 1, a, b 

5, d; 6, e; 9, c; 17, a. 

Chive, Stamen^ — stemon. The male organ of the plant 

surrounding the pistil, and most commonly five in number. 

PI. 9, fig. 7, c; pi. 10, fig. 1, c; 5, c ; 6, d ; 9, a, b. 

Gymnostemium, Colimina. An organ found only in some 

few plants, and formed by a union of the male and female 

organs, into a single columnar mass. Orchideoe. PI. 12, 

fig. 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. 

Floral integuments. Covers of the sexual organs, Tegumenta, 

Integumenta Jioralia, Perigynandra. The parts of 

the flower which cover and defend the sexual organs, at 

least while young ; usually two, but one or even both are 

wanting'in some plants : they comprise the corolla, calyx, 

and perigonium. 

Bloom, Blossom, Corolla, Auleiim, Perigy?ia?idra interior. 

The internal integument when there are two ; it is usually 

of a fine texture and gay colour, does not remain and adhere 

to the fruit, and is inserted on the receptacle either 

conjointly with the stamens, or at the same point. PI. 9, 

fig. 10, 11, 12; pL 10, fig. 5, b; 8, b, c, d; 13, 14, 15, 17. 

Empalement, Flower-cup, Calyx, Thalamus, Perianthium, 

Perigynandra exterior. The external integument when 

there are two ; it is usually of a coarse texture and green 

colour ; it frequently remains after the flowering is over, 

and adheres to the fruit, and is always perfectly distinct 

from the stamens. PI. 9, fig. 10; 12 a; 13; pi. 10, 

fig. 8 a; 15. 

Perigonium De Candolle, Perianthium Mirbel, Brown, 

Calyx Jussieu. The integument of a flower when there is 

but one, whatever may be its appearance. Convallaria, 

Lilium, Flyacinthus, Tulipa, Aristolochia, Daphne semper- 

;


virens, Juncus : but Link and others with more propriety 

restrict the term perigonium to those single integuments of 

flowers whose appearance renders it doubtful whether they 

ought to be considered either as a calyx or corolla, or as 

a union of the two soldered together, the inner surface 

having the characters of a corolla, and the outer of a calyx 

and as to the others, they consider them either as calyces 

or corollas, according to circumstances. 

Receptacle of the flower, Seat of the flower, Receptaculumjioris^ 

Sedes flor'is, Toms,—cl'mium,—thalammn. That 

part of the flower on which the sexual organs and corolla 

are placed, and which is surrounded by the calyx ; being 

an enlargement of the peduncle. PI. 10, fig. 4 e; 6f; 

pi. 11, fig. 12 a. 

Nectary, Nectarium. Glandular organs which in some 

flowers are situated on the receptacle, or base of the pistil, 

and secrete peculiar juices. Menyanthes nymphoides, Scrophularia 

sambucifolia, Scutellaria alpina. PI. 11, fig. 5, 

4, 12 b. 

^ Flowret, Floscidus. A small flower considered as part 

of a larger compound flower. Umbelliferss, Compositse. 

15. Modes of Composition, 

In catkins, amentaceous, Flores amentacei, in julos collecti. 

Disposed on bracte^ on a common axis. Betula, 

Salix, Pinus, Quercus. PI. 7, fig. 5 and 6; pi. 10, fig J 8. 

Spiked, spicati. Sessile on a common axis. Triticum, 

Chenopodium spinacifolium, Plantago. PL 7, fig. 3 ; pi. 8, 

Bunched, in bunches, racemosi. On single-flowered pedicells 

upon a common axis. Ribes rubrum, Cerasus racemosa, 

Borago officinalis. PI. 8, fig. 6. 

In panicles, paniculate, paniadaii, jubaii. On branched 

pedicells upon a common axis. Avena sativa, Juncus acu- 

tus. PI. 8, fig. 7. 

In thyrses, in thyrsos coUecii. In a close, oval panicle. 

Syringa vulgaris. PI. 7, fig. 4. 

Irregularly ^mbelled, corymbose, corymhosi. In umbels 

whose peduncles are irregularly branched. Achillea mille- 

folia, Cardamine pratensis, Iberis umbellata. PI. 7, fig. 2. 

Cymose, cymosi. In umbels whose peduncles are branched 

twice, and irregularly. Sambucus niger, S. humilis, Cornus 

sanguinea. PL 7, fig. 8. 

:


In bundles, fasciculate, fasciculati. Grouped together 

very close, and nearly of the same height. Dianthus bar- 

batus, D. Carthusianum . PI. 7, fig. 10. 

In umbels, umbellated, umbellati. On peduncles divided 

once or twice, the branches of each division being of equal 

length. Umbelliferse. PI. 7, fig. 1 and 9. 

In vehiiis, verticillate, verticilla ti. Attached in a ring 

round their support. Hippuris vulgaris, Myriophyllum 

verticillatum^DamasoniumDalechampii, Lapathum aureum, 

lUecebrum verticillatum. PL 8, fig. 4. 

In half whirls, semivertidUatl. 

pratensis, Lapathum acutum. 

In a half ring. Acetosa 

In heads, in cnpihdos collect!. Collected into a dense 

round head. Cephalanthus, Jasione montana. PI. 7, fig. 7. 

In glomerules, in glomerulos collecti. In small heads, 

placed along the stem, or uniting together to form a larger 

head, Blitum capitatum. 

In calathides, compositi, in calathides collecti. Sessile, in 

a flat or hemispherical head. Compositse. PI. 9, fig. ] 9. 

f Flosculous,ô5a//o5i. In calathides, the corollae of all 

the flowers being tubular. Carduus, Centaurium. 

Semiflosculous, semiflosculosi, pleni. In calathides, the 

corollse of all the flowers being ligulate. Leontodon, 

Hieracium. 

Radiated, radiati. In calathides, the corollse of the 

centre flowers being tubular, and those of the circumference 

ligulate, Aster, Helianthus. Or although tubular yet 

larger. Scabiosa. Also in umbels, cymes or cor^mbi, 

the flowers towards the circumference being enlarged, 

Caucalis, Heracleum, Coriandrum, Iberis. 

Flower-bud, 

Alahastrum, The flower previous to its full opening. 

Disposition of its contents. 

Simple, ^stivatio I^mnseus, PrefoHat io K'lchard, simplex. 

When the integuments of the future flower £W'e all disposed 

in a uniform manner. 

Compound, composita. When the calyx is disposed differently 

from the corolla, or the external divisions of the 

perigonium from the internal. Dianthus, Tradescantia 

Virginica.


% Valvular, valvariSf valvata. When the petals, or other 

parts, only touch each other at their edges. Compositse, 

Araliaceae. 

Induplicativa. When the petals, or other parts, only 

touch other, and are then folded inwards. Clematides 

viticellae. 

Twisted, olvoluta, contoria. When the petals, &c. are 

placed obliquely, and cover one another spirally. Dianthus, 

Apocynise. 

Alternate, alternaia, alternativa. When the petals, &c. 

are placed in two or more rows, so that each petal of the 

exterior rows cover two halves of the petals of the interior 

rows opposite to them. Liliacese. 

Quincuncial, quincuncialis. When there are five pieces, 

two interior, two exterior, and a fifth, one side of which 

covers the interior pieces, and the other side is covered by 

the exterior. Calyces of rosee and dianthi. 

Covei-ing, vexillaris. When one of the pieces, folded 

inwardly on the middle rib, encloses all the others which 

are placed opposite to each other. Leguminosas. 

Snail-like, cochlearis. When one of the pieces, being 

larger than the rest, and bent in a curve, covers all the rest. 

Aconitum, many labiatse. 

Tiled, imbricata, imbricativa. When the pieces are in 

diverse series, and the exterior series being smaller than 

the interior, cover them only at the base. Involucra of 

many of the compositee, petals of double peionies. 

Calycular, calycularis. The pieces being in two series, 

the external covers only the base of the internal. Involucra 

of the seneciones. 

Enveloping, convolutiva. When each exterior piece in 

succession is bent so as to cover all the pieces within it. 

Petals of cheiranthus, and of many other cruciferse. 

Rumpled, plicativa. The pieces are folded, or rumpled 

up without any apparent order. Corollse of the papaveraceae, 

Cistus, Punica. 

These are the principal variations that have been hitherto 

noticed, but the study of the flower-bud is still in its infancy, 

although of great use in ascertaining the natural 

affinity of plants.

I04f INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

SUPPORTERS OF THE FLOWER. 

Fulcra floris. Distinguished from the stem and its branches 

by not bearing any leaves like those of the other parts of 

the plant. 

Species. 

Scape, Scapus. A supporter of the flower arising immediately 

from the crown of the root, and appearing like a 

naked stem. Plantago, Hyacinthus, Tulipa, Cepa. PI. 8, 

fig. 5 c. 

Flower-stalk, Peduncle, Pedimcidi/s, — pes, — podos, 

— piis. A supporter of the flower growing out of the stem, 

or its divisions. Most plants, all trees. PI. 8, fig. 2. 

Spadix. A supporter accompanied with a spathe. 

Arum maculatum. Calla ^thiopica. PI. 7, fig. 12 c. 

y^nthurus. Long peduncles bearing flowers in bundles. 

Receptacle of the flower, Clinanthe. Receptaculum floris, 

Clinanthium, Phoranthium, Thalamus, Amphantium. The 

enlarged tip of a peduncle, supporting several sessile 

flowers. Compositae, Dipsaceae, Dorstenia, Ficus. 

Rachis, Axis, Receptaculum filforme. An elongation of 

the supporter bearing several flowers, either sessile, or 

upon pedicells. Graminese. PI. 8, fig. 1 , 6 and 7. 

Pedicell, pedicellus. The last divisions of a branched 

support, to which the flowers are attached. 

Scape. 

Simple, Scapus simplex. Plantago lanceolata. Taraxacum 

officinale, Hieracium repens, Statice pulchellum. PI. 8, 

fig. 5 c. 

Branched, ramosus. Limonium vulgare, Alisma major. 

% Intrafoliaceous, ijitrafoliaceus. Growing among the 

root-leaves. Hyacinthus, Plantago, Taraxacum officinale, 

Bellis perennis. 

Extrafoliaceous, extrafoliaceus. Springing from a different 

point than the root-leaves. Convallaria majalis, 

Limodorum purpureum. 

^ Cylindrical, cylindricus. Hyacinthus nutans, Tulipa, 

Butomus umbellatus, Taraxacum officinale, Bellis perennis. 

Half-cylindrical, hemicylindricus. Flat on one side, convex 

on the other. Convallaria majalis, Hyacinthus Orientalis. 

Allium ursinum. 

Compressed, compressus. Pancratium declinatum, Ama- 

ryllis longifolia.

. Two-edged, 

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. lOS 

anceps. Ajax fenestralis, Narcissus majalis, 

Leucojum vernum. 

Cornered, angulosus. Triglochin palustre, Allium ur- 

sinuni. 

Three-sided, trigonus. Alisma major, Sagittaria aquatica. 

Vipejyjistulosiis. Cepa esculenta. Taraxacum oflicinale. 

Bellied, veniricosus. Swelled out in one part of its 

length. Cepa esculenta. 

% Scaly, squamosiLS. Clothed with scales, or rudiments 

of leaves. Tussilago vulgaris, Petasites vulgaris. 

Sheathed, vaginatus. Enveloped among leaves, or clothed 

with a sheathing petiole. Musa Paradisiaca. 

51 One-flowered, ''zmj/?07-z^^. Ajax fenestralis. Cyclamen. 

PL 8, fig. 5. 

Many-flowered, multifionis. Hyacinthus nutans, Butomus 

umbellatus. Primula elatior. 

Peduncle. 

Cylindrical, Pedunculus cylindricus. Statice pulchellum, 

Atropa lethalis, Ranunculus acris. 

Grooved, sulcatus. Ranunculus repens, R. bulbosus. 

Threadlike, fdiformis. 

cinea. 

Vicia tetrasperma, Fuchsia coc- 

Hairlike, capillaris. 

dens tenella. 

Elatine hastata, Erica vagans, Bi- 

Cornered, angulalus. Paris quadrifolia, Ranunculus 

bulbosus, Vicia multiflora. 

Three-sided, trigonus. Loranthus Stelis. ^ 

Four-sided, teirngonus. Convolvulus sepium. 

Kneed, geniciilahis. Pelargonium. 

Thicker at top, apice incrassatus. Convolvulus arvensis, 

Solanum Melongena, Tragopogon porrifolium, Arnoseris 

pusilla. ' 

Much thinner at bottom, apice attenuatus. Hieracium 

paniculatum. 

^ Stiff, rigidvs, stridus. Tropaeolum majus. 

Weak, dehilis. Ribes oxyacanthoides. 

Nodding, nutans. The end inclining to the ground. 

Atropa lethalis, Aquilegia vulgaris, Ribes spinosum. 

Hanging down, pendulus. Inclining perpendicular to 

the ground. Cytisus Laburnum, Ribes rubrum. 

Turned, backed, refractus, retrqflectus. Changing its direction 

suddenly, as if bent by force. Stellaria aquatica, 

Spergula arvensis.


Spiral, heliacal, spiralis, heliacalis. Bent round like a bell- 

spring. Vallisneria spiralis foeminea. PL 8, fig. 5 b. 

%_ Very long, longissimus. When its length is very great, 

compared with that of the plant. Vallisneria spiralis 

foeminea, Stellaria holostsea, Geranium sanguineum, Anthemis 

montana. 

Very short, hrev'issimiis. Vallisneria spiralis mascula, 

Stramonium fostidum, Cuscuta minor, Galium rubrum, 

Ulmus campestris. 

^ Simple, imdivided, simplex. Asarum, Vallisneria, 

Viola canina. 

Compound, coniposi/us, Umbelliferse, Cerasus racemosa. 

PI. 7, fig. 1, '2, 4, 8 ; pi. 8, fig. 2, 6 and 7- 

Two-forked, dichotomus. Divided and subdivided into 

two partial peduncles, or pedicells. Dianthus carj'ophylleus, 

Cucubalus inflatus, 

Europaeus. 

Stellaria holostea, Evonymus 

5[ One -flowered, uniflorus. Asarum, Atropa lethalis, 

Glaucium luteum, Papaver somniferam. 

Two-flowered, hifiorus. With two flowers on each peduncle 

or pedicell. Geranium phaeum, G. pratense. 

Three-flowered, trijiorus. Convolvulus farinosus. 

Spadix. 

Simple, Spadix simplex. Arum, Calla. PI. 7, fig. 11 

and 12. 

Branched, ramosus. Phoenix dactylifera. 

^ Cylindrical, cyliiidricus. Calla ^thiopica. 

Spherical, sphcEricus. Pothos. 

Eggshaped, ovoideus. Artocarpus incisa. 

CUibshape, claviformis. Arum maculatum, A. Italicum. 

Compressed, compressus. Zostera marina. 

Straplike, linearis. Zostera marina. 

^ Fleshy, carnosus. Arum maculatum, Calla ^thiopica. 

^pey, ^slidosiis. Arum J3racunculus. 

51 Naked at top, aplce nuaiis. Ai'um maculatum, Calla 

iEthiopica. PL 7, fig. 11 and 12. 

Clinanthe. 

Flat, Clinanthium plamim. Matricaria vulgaris, Achillea 

millefolia, A. sylvestris, Dorstenia. 

Concave, concavimi. Ambora. 

Convex, cmivexum. Carthamus tinctorius, Erigeron 

Canadenscj Leucaullieniam vulgare.


Conical, conicum. Bellis perennis, Chamaemelum arvense, 

Helenium quadridentatum. 

% i)otted, punctatum. Marked, after the fruit has separated, 

with points, which distinguish the places where the 

fruit was attached. Taraxacum officinale, Leucanthemum 

vulgare, Inula grandiflora, Senecio vulgaris, Bellis perennis. 

Pitted, scrohicidatum. Covered with small holes in 

which the flowers are lodged. Erigeron Canadense, Antennaria 

montana, Tussilago vulgaris. 

Honeycombed, favosum^ alveolatum. Hollowed out in 

angular, regular pits, like those of a honeycomb. Crepis 

tectorum, Barkhausia foetida, Onopordum vulgare, Dor- 

stenia. 

% Villous, villosum. Andryala, Lagasca mollis. 

Hairy, piiosum. Absinthium vulgare. 

Bristly, setosum. Covered with long, straight bracteae, 

or setae. Carduus, Centaurea, Carthamus, Arctium majus, 

Maruta foetida. 

Chaffy, paleaceum. Covered with membranaceous or 

scarious bracteae, or chaflPs. Bidens tripartita, Anthemis 

arvenis, A. tinctoria, Achillea sylvestris, A. millefolia, 

Scabiosa. 

Tubercled, tuberculatum. Gnaphalium luteo-album, 

Filago filiformis, F. vulgaris, Conyza squarrosa. 

Nippled, papillous, papillosum. Inula grandiflora, Puli- 

caria uliginosa.^ 

Naked, nudum. Taraxacum officinale, Hyoseris minima, 

Artemisia vulgaris. 

Axis. 

Simple, Axis simplex. Plantago, Trasus sylvaticus, 

T. chlorostachyos. 

Branched, ramosus. Dactylis glomerata, Alisma major. 

*f[ Straight, rectus. Triglochin palustre, Plantago. 

'Qent^ flexuosus. Bromus dumetorum, Dactylis glomerata, 

Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne. 

5[ Cylindrical, cylindricus. Zea Mays foeminea. 

Threadlike,j^/i/brmi5. Carex sylvatica, Phleuni pratense. 

Hairlike, capillaris. Briza media, B. maxima, Apera 

effiisa. 

Three-sided, trigonus. Alisma major. 

Four-sided, tetragonus. Salvia pratensis, S. verticillata. 

Spearshape, lanceolatus. Cycas. 

Compressed, compressus. Cycas.


Jointed, articidatus. Composed of joints, placed end to 

end. Triticum, Secale, Hordeum, Lolium, j*]gilops. 

Vertebrated, vertehratus. Jointed, and the joints easily 

separating from one another when the seed is ripe. iEgilops 

ovata. 

Toothed, dentatus. Jointed, the joints bearing alternately 

^ to the right and left, and leaving between each a shelf on 

which the flowers are affixed. Triticum, Lolium„ 

% Membranaceous, memhranaceus. Paspalum membranaceum. 

Fleshy, carnosiis. Bromelia, Ananas, Musa. 

COMPOUND FLOWERS. 

1. Catkin. 

Amentum, Catulus, Julus, Nucamentum. The Jiowers home 

vpon bractece luhich are themselves horns upon an axis. 

Male, Amentum masculiim. Having only male flowers. 

Betula, Taxus, Corylus. 

YemsAey fcemineum. Betula, Taxus, Corylus. 

^ Simple, simplex. The flowerbearing bractese are borne 

immediately on the axis. Populus, Salix. PI. 7, fig. 5 and 6. 

Compound, compositimi. The flowerbearing bractese are 

borne upon short branches springing from the axis. Juglans 

regia. 

% Single, soUtarium. Betula alba, Cedrus, Larix, Salix, 

Capraea. 

Grouped together, agglomeratum. Male flowers of pinus 

sylvestris, P. maritima. 

% Globular, sphserical, glohosum, sphcBricumf glohdosum. 

Platanus, Male flowers of taxus communis. 

Eggshape, ovoideum, ovatum. Female flowers of larix, 

cedrus, alnus glutinosa, salix caprsea. 

Cylindrical, cylindricum. Male flowers of fagus sylva- 

tica, corylus sylvestris, betula alba, juglans regia. 

^ Slender, gracile. Male flowers of fagus pumila, salix 

alba. 

Thick, crassum. Male flowers of juglans regia, salix 

capreea. 

Growing narrower, attenuatum. Diminishing in thickness 

towards the end. Castanea vesca. 

% Compact, compactum. Axis covered with flowers quite 

close to each other. Betula, Platanus, Salix capraea. 

6

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANV. 109 

Interrupted, interruptum. Flowers formed into groups 

at a distance from each other along the axis. Quercus 

longaeva, Q. Cerris, Q. fastigiata. 

^ Upright, erectum. Salix triandra, S. capraea, S. prunifolia, 

Pinus, Abies, Cedrus. 

Drooping, pendiihtm. Betula alba, Populus, Corylus. 

Pi. 7, fig. 5. 

5[ Naked, nudum. Flowers attached immediately upon 

the axis, and not accompanied with bracteae. Quercus, 

Castanea vesca.—These are in strict language spikes, but 

their analogy to other plants obliges botanists to consider 

them as naked catkins. 

Spike. 

Spica, — stachys. The sessile, or nearly sessile, Jiowers are 

home immediately upon an axis. 

Male, Spica mascula. Carex pilulifera, Trasus chlorostachyos. 

YemiAei fceminea. The same plants. 

^ Simple, simplex. The axis having no branches. 

Plantago, Orobanche, Verbascum decurrens, Heliotropiuni 

Indicum, Hyoscyamus niger, Phyteuma spicata. 

Branched, compound, composita, ramosa. The axis is 

divided into branches, and these branches entirely covered 

with sessile or nearly sessile flowers. Chenopodium spinacifolium, 

Heliotropiuni Europseum, Sempervivum tectorum. 

Spikeletted, spiculata. Composed of several small spikes, 

sessile or nearly so, and pressed close to the axis. Carex 

divulsa, C. muricata, Lolium perenne. PI. 8, fig. 1. 

Paniculated, paniculata. The branches of the axis disposed 

like a panicle. Verbena officinalis, V. triphylla, 

Mentha rotundifolia, M. viridis. 

Fingerlike, digitain. Axis divided to the bottom into 

several branches, not afterwards divided. Trasus digitatus, 

Andropogon Ischasmum, Chlora scoparia, Heliotropium 

Indicum^ 

% Terminal, terminalis. Triglochin, Musa, Persicaria 

amphibia, Bistorta major, Lavandula Tragi, Verbascum 

decurrens, Hyosâmus niger, Fumaria lutea. Reseda lutea, 

Agrimonia vulgaris. 

Nearly terminal, suhapicilaris. When the top of the 

stem, or scape, without any branches or leaves, is prolonged 

a little beyond the spike. Acorus aromaticus. 

Axillary, axillaris. Melilotus officinalis.

110 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANl'. 

Opposite to the leaves, oppositifolia, Fumaria officinalis. 

•7 Cylindrical, cyUndrica. Trasus pendulus, Typha, 

Female flowers of zea mays, Loroglossum hircinum, Bistorta 

major, Verbascum decmrens. 

Eggshape, ovoidea. Luzula campestris, Persicaria amphibia, 

Poterium minus, Trifolium pratense. 

Oblong, ol-longa. Luzula spicata. 

Slender, gracilis. Listera ovata, Persicaria acris. 

Threadlike, ^/f/br;«f 5. Verbena officinalis, V. triphylla. 

Thick, cidssa. T}-pha latifblia. Female flowers of zea 

mays, Orobanche major. 

Four-cornered, quadrmisularis. Melampyrum cristatura. 

Compressed, compressa. Flattened on the sides. Triticum 

cristatum. 

^ Loose, open, laxa. Platanthera bifolia, Melampyrum 

arvense, Fumaria officinalis. 

Close, compact, compacta. The flowers pressed close 

towards each other, and hiding the axis entirely. Typha 

latifolia, Trasus pendulus. Orchis maculata, Persicaria 

amphibia, Bistorta major, Plantago media, Mentha sylves- 

tris, Phyteuma spicata, Trifolium arvense^ Melilotus offi- 

cinalis. 

Interrupted, interrupta. Flowers placed on the axis in 

groups, or whirls at some distance from each other. Potamogeton 

compressum, Daraasonium Dalechampii, Lavandula 

Tragi, Mentha rotundifolia, Lythrum spicatum. 

With flowers in whirls, verticilliflora. Composed of 

flowers in whirls. Lythru'm spicatum, Mentha rotundifolia, 

Myriophyllum spicatum. 

1. Whirls distant, vertidUis dhtantihus, v. remotis. At a 

good distance from one another. Rumex palustris, Pulegium 

aromaticum. 

2. Whirls slightly distant, verticillis approximatis, v. remotiusculis. 

At a small distance from one another. Mentha 

viridis. 

3. WTiirls crowded, verticillis confertis. Not sensibly 

distinct one from another. Rumex maritimus, Mentha 

sylvestris. 

Rolled up, circinalls. Rolled up on itsdf. Heliotropium 

Europaeum, Hyoscyamus niger. PI. 7) ng. 3. 

% Leafy, foliata. Rhinanthus glaber, Odontites rubra, 

Hyoscyamus niger, Orontium arvense. 

Crowned, cornosa. Terminated at top by leaves, or large 

bracteae. Salvia Horrainum, Lavandula Staechas, Euchomis 

regia, Bromelia Ananas. 

5

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. HI 

Bracteated, Iracteata. Orchidese, Melampyvum cristatum, 

M. arvense, Lavandula. 

Spathed, spatliata. Vallisneria spiralis foemina. Arum, 

Calla. 

Involucrated, i7ivolucrata. Having an invoiucrum at 

bottom. Brunella vulgaris. 

Upright, erecta. Triticum, Triglocliin palustre, Per- 

*f[ 

sicaria amphibia, Bistorta major, Lavandula Tragi, Reseda 

lutea. 

Hanging, pendula. Trasus pendulus, Musa, Hura cre- 

pitans. 

Besides these distinctions, there are also to be considered, 

the number of the spikes, their disposition relative to each 

other, and the insertion of the flowers in each spike. 

Spikelets. 

Spiculae, Locustae. The small spikes which are the divishm 

of a compound spike, or panicle. PL 8, fig. 1. 

These admit most of the distinctions of the simple spike. 

Raceme. 

Bunch, Racemus, — botrys. The flowers are home upon 

pedicells, which are generally single-flowered, and these 

again upon an axis. 

Simple, Racemus simplex. The axis having no branches. 

Actea spicata, Cerasus racemosa. PI. 8, fig. 6. 

Branched, ramosus. The axis branched. Fagopjruni 

esculentuu). Borrago oflicinalis, Acer campestre. 

^ Upright, erectus. Acer campestre, Scrofularia nodosa, 

S. aquatica, S. scorodonifolia. 

Hanging, pendulus. Berberis vulgaris, Cerasus racemosa, 

Acer majus. PI. 8, fig. 6. 

% Axillary, axillaris. Acer majus, Cerasus raceraosus, 

Orobus sylvaticus. PI. 8, fig, 6. 

Opposite to the leaves, oppositifoUus. Herniaria glabra^ 

Phytolacca. 

There must alsoibe noticed, the number of the racemeSj 

and their position in respect to one another.


Panicle. 

Panicula, Juba. The flowers are home upon peduncles which 

are variously branched, and seated upon an axis. 

Terminal, Panicula terminalis. 

Arbutus serratifolia. 

Bromus, Juncus acutus, 

Not quite terminal, subapicularis, lateralis. 

glomeratus, J. effusus. 

Juncus con- 

Axillary, axillaris. Nepeta melisssefolia. 

^ Very much branched, ramosissima. A great number 

of ramifications on the axis. 

Lapathum obtusifolium. 

Juncus effusus, J. sylvaticus, 

(^pen, loose, laxa, effusa. The secondary, third, &c. 

peduncles are long, flexible, distant from one another, and 

inclined at the tip. Bromus arvensis, Avena sativa, A. fatua, 

Yucca gloriosa. Pi. 8, fig. 7. 

Divaricated, divaricata. Ramifications separate from 

one another in every direction. Juncus pilosus, J. sylvaticus, 

Prenanthes muralis, Gypsophila paniculata. 

Spread open, palula. Secondary peduncles very open, 

but not inclined. Prenanthes muralis. 

Pyramidal, pyramidalis. Becoming smaller, from the 

base to the top. Yucca, Agave. 

Closed, coarclala. Ramifications upright and pressed 

close to the axis. 

montanum. 

Achnatherium lanceolatum, Hypericum 

Jueafyifoliata. Ramifications intermingled with leaves. 

Rumex oppositifoiius, Rheum undulatum. 

Thyrse. 

Thyrsus. A panicle of floivers very closely compacted^ so 

as to form an oval head. — Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrum 

vulgare, Vitis vinifera, tEscuIus Hippocastanum. 

CORYMBE. 

Irregular umbell, Cor^'mbus. The flowers are home \ipo7i 

secondary peduncles, which, although springing from differeiit 

points of the main peduncle, are themselves of such 

different lengths as to raise the flowers nearly on a level. 

Simple, Corymhus simplex. The pedicells springing immediately 

from the main peduncle. Scilia bifolia, Ledum^ 

Cardamine.


Branched, ramosus. The main peduncle divided into 

secondary and third peduncles. Achillaea crithmifolia. 

PI. 7, fig. 2. 

^ Close, coarctatus. The peduncles are brought close to 

each other. Achillea millefolia, Sedum triphyllum, Mespilus 

monogyna, Crataegus terminalis, Pyrus aucuparia. 

Loose, laxus. The peduncles are far apart from one 

another. Ornithogalum umbellatum. 

% Regular, regularis. The peduncles are so proportioned 

that all the flowers are on a regular height, either flat or 

convex. Achillea millefolia. PL 7, fig. 2. 

Irregular, irregularis. The peduncles are of such different 

length, that the flowers are of an irregular height. 

Many of the radiated compositee. 

The loose and irregular corymbi degenerate into panicles. 

The simple corymbi are only depressed racemes ; in 

many of the cruciferse the original corymbus lengthens out 

into a raceme. 

MUSCARIUM. 

A corymbus of flowers not all on the same level.—Eupatorium. 

Cyme. 

Cyma. The main peduncle throivs out secondary peduncles 

frorii one and the same point, and these separate again into 

pedicels which spring from differe7it parts of the secondary 

peduncles, and raise the, flowers nearly to the same height.— 

Sambucus, Cornus, Erythrêa vulgaris, Nerium Oleander. 

The variations of it are nearly the same with those of 

the corymbus. 

Bundle. 

Fasciculus. The flowers are upright, grouped parallelly 

together very close, and are all nearly of the same height.— 

Dianthus barbatus, D. Carthusianorum. 

The variations are but slight, and easily made out by 

analogy. 

Umbel. 

Umbella. The flowers are home upon peduncles springing 

from the same point, the hranches leing of an equal length. 

Simple, Umbella simplex. The peduncle only once divided 

into rays. Butomus umbellatus. PI. 7, fig. 9. 

VOL. I. I

114; 


Compound, composita. The rays of the peduncles are 

again subdivided. Daucus vulgaris, Pastinaca, Ammi and 

many other umbelliferEe. PI. 7, fig. 1. 

51 Naked, ?mda. Without any involucra at the base of 

the rays. Solanum nigrum, Pimpinella major. 

Involucrated, involucrata. With involucra. Daucus 

vulgaris. 

Spathed, spathata. Proceeding from a spathe. Allium. 

51 Rounded, sphcBrica. Forming a spherical head of 

flowers. Allium Itetum. Cepa esculenta. 

Convex, convexa. Forming a rounded surface. Asclepias 

Syriaca, Daucus hispida. 

Fiat, plana. Forming a flat surface. Sphondylium vulgare, 

Fceniculum vulgare, Imperatoria major. 

Concave, concava. Forming a concave surface. Daucus 

vulgare v^îen in fruit. 

^ Loose, laxa. The peduncles at some distance from 

each other. Athamanta latifolia. 

Close, conrctata, densa. The peduncles very near each 

other. Cepa vulgaris, Daucus vulgaris, Hydrocotyle vul- 

garis. 

% Few-rayed, pauciradiata, depaiiperata. Having only a 

few rays. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Scandix vulgaris. 

Proliferous, prolifera. If one or more of the peduncles 

of a simple umbel throw out; one or more umbellules. Hydrocotyle 

vulgaris. 

^ Like-flowered, uniform, simlUflora. All the flowers 

alike, Sium verticillatum, Imperatoria major. 

Unlike-flowered, radiant, dlversijiora, radians. The 

flowers in the centre regular, and those in the circumference 

irregular, the outside petals being larger than those 

towards the centre. Tordylium officinale, Co'riandrum 

sativum. 

Umbellule. 

Umbellula. A small partial umbel, being part of a large 

umlel, andformed by the secondary rays.—Daucus vulgaris, 

and many other umbellifer£e. PI. 7, fig. 1. 

BoUgUET. 

Sertulum. A simple umbel in which the peduncle is only 

Qltce divided into rays.—Buttomus umbellatus. PI. 8, fig. 2.

INTllODUCTION TO BOTANV. 115 

Head. 

Capltulum, Glomus, Glomerulus, Corymbus Pliny, Caput 

florum,— cephalum. Flowers collected into a ball, and 

so close together that at a distance they might he taken 

for a single Jloiver. 

Naked, Capitulum nudum. Cephalanthus. 

Involucrated, involucratum, Gomphrena globosa, Jasione 

montana. PI. 7, fig. 7. 

Compound Flower. 

Calathide, Flos compositus absolute compositus, Anthodium, 

Cephaknthium, Calathidis. Sessile fioivers, or 

oiearly sessile, upon a clinanthe, surrounded ly an involucrum. 

Radiated, Calathidis radiata. Having tubular flowrets 

in tlie centre, and ligulate flowers at the circumference. 

Calendula, Helianthus, Bellis, Chrysanthemum. 

Yloscnlous, Jlosadosa. All the flowrets tubular, both in 

the centre and the circumference, Carduus, Centaurea, 

Cynara. 

Semiflosculous, semijlosculosa, ligulata. All the flowrets 

ligulate. Taraxacum officinale, Lactuca, Sonchus. 

% Open, aperta. The involucrum open, so that all the 

flowrets are visible. Carlina, Hieracium, Helianthus and 

the other compositae, Scabiosa, Dorstenia. 

Half open, semi-aperta. The involucrum brought partly 

over the flowers so as to hide them in some degree. Ambora. 

Closed, clausa. The involucrum brought entirely over 

the flowers, so as to leave only a very small opening, and 

thus hiding them entirely. Ficus. 

51 One-flowered, uniflora. Echinops. This is considered 

as a compound flower from the analogy of its other parts 

to those of compound flowers in general. 

Few-flowered, paucijiora. Knautia. 

Many-flowered, multiflora. Helianthus annuus, Euphorbia, 

Ficus, Dorstenia. 

Disk, Discus. The flowrets composing the central part 

of a compound flower. 

Rays, Radii. The flowrets composing the circumference 

of a compound flower. 

I 2

116 


BRACTE^. 

Leaf-like organs accompanying the Jloivers. 

Floral Leaf. 

Bractca. Leaf-like organs, placed near the- flowers^ and 

frequently very slightly diferingfrom the common leaves. 

Rounded, Bractea suhrotunda. Salix viminalis. 

HLeartshape, cordiformis, cordata. Melampyruni cristatum, 

Salvia pratensis, S. bicolor, Lactuca virosa. 

Spearshape, lanceolala. Orchis morio, O. mascula, 

Orobanclie major, Melampyrnm arvense, Mentha rotundi- 

folia, Ribes alpina. 

Awlshape, suhidata. Cephalanthera ensifolia. 

Bristlelike, setacea, Mentha viridis. 

Keeled, carinata. Goraphrena globosa. 

Fringed, ciliata. Mentha viridis, Calamintha vulgaris, 

Brunella vulgaris, Carpinus ulmoides. 

Thornlike, spi?iesce?is. Salsola decumbens. 

Palmate, pahnata. Fumaria bulbosa, Anthyllis vulne- 

raria. 

Fealher-cut, pinnatifda. Melampyrum vulgatum. 

QovcvhlWie, pectinata. Melampyrum cristatum, 

^[ Crowning, coronans. Forming a crown above the 

flowers. Fritillaria imperialis, Eucomis regia. 

Coloured, colorata. Melampyrimi cristatum, Salvia nemorosa. 

Flower-bearing, j?orj/fc'7'a. Bearing the flowers. Populus, 

Corylus, Salix, Larix, Cupressus. PL 7? fig. 6. 

Bracteole. 

Bracteolfe. Smcdler floral leaves attached to the divisions oj 

an assemhlaoe of floivers. 

' 

Tuft. 

Coma. An assemblage of floral leaves crouming the tip of 

some spikes or racemes.— Salvia Horminum. 

Spathe. 

Spatha, Calopodium, Valva. A leaflike organ, ivhich at 

frst envelopes the flowers, hut afterivards opens and lets 

them escape. 

Common, Spatha comynimis, Encipsing several flowers.. 

Arum, Phoei]ix.


General, generalis. Enclosing several flowers, each furnished 

with its particular spathille. 

Particular, propria. Enclosed in a larger spathe. 

% Hoodlikcj ciLCulUforrnis, convoluta. Rolled up like a 

cornet. Arum. PI. 7, %. 12. 

One-leafed, monop/iylla, imivalvis. Formed only of one 

piece. Arura, Calla, Phoenix, Chamserops. 

Tyvo-leayed,'diph2/lla, hivaluis. Formed of two pieces. 

Allium olerace'um, A. carinatum. 

Many-leaved, polyphylla. Caryota, Corypha. 

^ Tearing, ruptUis. Tearing instead of opening regtilarl}'. 

Ajax fenestralis, Narcissus majalis. 

*|T Two-flowered, bijiora. Narcissus biflorus. 

Many-flowered, miililflora. Arum, Calla, Narcissus Jonquilla, 

N. Tazetta. 

% Blossom-like, petaloidea. Soft and coloured like a 

blossom. Calla ^thiopica. 

Leaf-like, herbaceous, ^b/iccea, herhacea. Similar in substance 

and colour to leaves. Gladiolus communis. 

Membranaceous, viemhranacea. Allium. 

Woody, lisy'nnsa. Having the consistence and structure 

of wood. Phoenix dactylifera. 

% 'Fuga.ciows^ fIIgax, caduca. Falling off soon after it 

opens. Allium Isetum. 

Lasting, persistens. 

Arum Calla. 

Continuing until 

Spathilles., 

the fruit is ripe. 

Spathillse. Smaller spathes enclosed hi a larger one. 

Involucrum. 

Livolucrum. A collar of one or more hractecB placed under 

ihejiower. 

Single-flowered, Involucrum unifiorum. Placed under 

only one flower. Anemonanthea nemorosa. 

Many-flowered, multifiorum, commune. Placed under 

several flowers. Umbelliferse, Compositae, Euphorbia, 

Ficus. 

^ Umbel-flowered, umlelliferum. Surrounding the bottom 

of an umbel. Androsace, many Umbelli ferae. 

General, generals. Surrounding the bottom of a compound 

umbel. Daucus vulgaris, Tordylium ofiicinale. 

Particular, proprium. Surrounding the bottom of an. 

umbellule. Daucus vulgaris, Amrai majus.


Halved, dhnldiatum. Only surrounding one half of the 

peduncle. Petroselinum vulgare. 

Turned back, reflexam. Turnnig over from the top to 

the bottom. Meum Athamanticum. 

^ Calathide-flowered, calathidijiorum. Sûrrounding a 

clinanthe and resembling a basket. Compositse. 

Globular, globulosum, glohosum. Achillsea sambucina, 

Centaurea nigra. 

Pitchershape, urceolatum. Swollen at bottom, contracted 

at top, and dilated at its orifice like the calyx of a 

rose. Crepis biennis, Cirsium palustre. 

Reverse topshape, olturhlnatum. Swollen and rounded 

at bottom, growing narrow to the top, Carthamus tinc- 

torius. 

» 

Bellshape, campanulatiim. Lampsana lyrata, Chrysocoma 

Coma aurea. 

Hemispherical, hemisphericum. Like a bason, Matri- 

caria vulgaris, Anthemis tinctoria. 

Egglike, ovoideum. 

garis, Tagetes patula. 

Cirsium lanceolatum, Artemisia vul- 

Reverse conical, olconicum. Growing narrower from 

the bottom to the top. Aster fruticosus, Anthemis clavata. 

Cylindrical, cylindr

*" 


Scarious, scariosum. The bracteas that form the involucrum 

are thin, dry, semitransparent. Xeranthemum, 

Gnaphalium Staschas, G. dioichum. 

Squarrose, squarrosum. Composed of stiff bracteae, close 

together, the upper part bent back. Cnicus cernuus, Carduus 

pycnocephalus, Cynara Cardunculus. 

Spinous, spinosum. The bracteag are armed with spines. 

Hippophaestum vulgare, Silybum Marias, Onopordum vul- 

gare. 

Burlike, fish-hooked, lappaceum, hamosum. The bracteas 

bend down at the tip like a fish-hook. Arctium. 

Involucelle. 

Involucellum. The Iractece that are attached to umhellules, 

or the partial divisions of compound flowers that have an 

mvolucrum attached to the whole assemhlage. 

Calycule. 

Calyculus. An involucrum that is attached to a single 

flower, and adheres hy its base to the true calyx. 

Collar. 

Collare. The involucrum of an umlel when composed of a 

single row of bractece, placed in a whirl. 

Pericline. 

Common calyx, Periclinium, Calyx communis, Perigynandra 

communis, Periphorantium. The involucrum of' a 

true compound flower, surrounding the clinanthe. Composite.—The 

same as the involucrum calathidiflorum, mentioned 

in the preceding page. 

CUPULE. 

Cupula. An envelope containing the female flowers, never 

perfectly closed, and remaining attached to the fruit. 

One-flowered, Cupula uniflora. Ephedra, Taxus baccata, 

Pinus, Abies, Larix, Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuya, 

Corylus. 

Two-flowered, biflora. Fagus sylvatica. 

Three-flowered, triflora. Castanea vesca. 

% Double, duplex. The inner woody, one-flowered ; the 

exterior succulent, one or two-flowered, at first only a 

slight embossment, but grows larger, and assumes the form 

of a berry. Taxus baccata.

120 


The principal distinctions of the cupule must be taken 

from its appearance in the fruit. 

In general the cupule is very different from the common 

leaves, but there is a regular series of changes from the 

cupule of the corylus avellana, which resembles two leaves 

united together by their edges, through the quercus composed 

of small scales or bracteae soldered together by their 

lower part, and scarcely differing from some involucrums, 

and the ephedra, in which the sheaths at each joint are 

evidently opposite leaves soldered together, approaching 

near the fruit, and composing a series of cupules set one 

within another; and so on to the cupule of pinus,' abies, &c. 

Glume. 

Bale, Calyx, External glume, Gluma, Calyx, Gluma exterior, 

Gluma calycinalis, Tegmen, Lepicena. The ex- 

ternal common involucnim of the Jiowers of the grasses, 

situated at the bottom of the locusta. 

Cupule-like, Gluma cupuUformis. Having the appearance 

of a cupule. Alopecurus agrestis. 

Involucrated, involucrata. Surrounded by an involucrum. 

Cynosurus cristatus. 

5[ One-flowered, unifiora. Alopecurus agrestis, Oryza 

sativa, Hordeum, Zeocriton. 

Two-flowered, Uflora. 

natus, Aira caryophyllea. 

Panicum, Holcus mollis, H. la- 

Three-flowered, trifiora. Antlioxanthum odoratum. 

Many-flowered, mult'ifiora. Briza, Cynosurus, Festuca 

fluitans, Lolium, Avena, Bromus, Secale. 

% Longer than the glumelle, glumeUd longlor. Avena 

fatua, A. sterilis, Achnatherium lanceolatum. 

Shorter than the glumelle, glumelld Irevior. Bromus 

arvensis, Secale cereale. 

% One-spathelled, unispatheUata, nnipaleacea. Formed 

of only one spathelle. Eleocharis palustris. 

Two-spathelled, bispathellafa, bipaleacea. Formed of 

two spathelles. Bromus, Triticum, Avena, Secale. 

Spathelles. 

Valves, Glumes, Chafls, Spathellse, Valvulee, Glumse, 

Paleee. The pieces that compose the glume. 

Opposite, Spathellce oppositce. Two pieces, attached 

opposite each other at the same height. Triticum, Secale, 

^gilops. PI. 12, fig. 12.


Conjointed, connatoB, coadiinatcB, coa.dna(cE, coal'UcB. Two 

pieces, attached opposite to each other, and joined by 

their edges. Alopecurus pratensis, A. agrestis, A. bulbosus. 

One-sided, unilaterales. Attached side by side, on one 

side only of the axis, at the same height. Hordeum. 

Alternate, alternw. When the two spathelles are attached 

on opposite sides of the axis, but with one rather 

higher than the other. Agrostis canina, Phleum, Phalaris, 

Briza, Melica, Bromus, Avena. PI. 12, fig. 14. 

^ Similar, similares. When both the upper and lower 

spathelles are alike. 

Dissimilar, diss'unilares. When the spathelles are dif- 

ferent. Bromus, Vulpia, Festuca. 

^ Equal, cequales. Spathelles of equal length. Triticura, 

Secale, Hordeum, Phalaris. 

Unequal, inequales. Arrhenatberum elatius, Panicura, 

Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lolium temulentura. 

\ Herbaceous, herhacece. Milium effusum. 

Membranaceous, me77ibranace


% Awned, aristatcB. Furnished with awns. Secale. 

Unarmed, 7mUiccB. Without awn, or point. Briza* 

Glumelle. 

Stragule, Corolla, Interior glume, Glumella, Stragula, 

Gluma interior, Glum a corollina, Perigonium. The in- 

ter7ial particular involucrum of the flowers of the grasses, 

similar in structure to the glumes, hut peculiar to each 

flower, and situated next the sexual organs. 

One-spathelluled, Glumella unispathellaia, unipaleacea. 

Composed of one piece only. Agraulis caninus, Alopecurus. 

PI. 12, fig. 13, 14, and 19. 

Two-spathelluled, lispathellulata, hipaleacea. Composed 

of two pieces. Broraus, Avena, Secale, Briza. 

Spathellules. 

Valves, Spathelles, Chaffs, Spathellulffi, Valvulae, Spathellse, 

Glum^, PaleaB. The pieces that compose the glumelle. 

Similar, Spathellidce similares. When both spathellules 

are alike. 

Dissimilar, disshnilares. When the lower spathellule is 

different from the upper. 

% Two-rowed, distichce. Briza, Bromus. 

Tiled, imbricates. Briza, Bromus. 

Conjoined, connatce, coadnutcE, coalitcz. Alopecurus 

agrestis, A. pratensis, A. bulbosus. 

Rounded, sulrotundce. Briza. 

Oval, ovules, Melica nutans. 

Lanceolate, lanceolate^. Bromus, Avena. 

Truncated, trmicatcs. Phleum. 

Concave, concava. Briza, Melica nutans. 

Compressed, compressce. Oryza sativa. 

Boatlike, navicidares. 

Phalaris Canariensis. 

Triticum sestivum, Secale cereale^ 

Uncut, integrce. Briza, 

^ Membranaceous, memhranacece. Melica 41tissima. 

Leatherlike, coriacece. Olyra pauciflora, Stipa. 

'R\hhcdL,nervatce, nervosce. Secale cereale. PI. 12, fig. 12, 

Two-teethed, bidentatcE. Agraulis caninus, Bromus ar- 

vensis, Achnatherium lanceolatum, Aira caryophyllea. 

Four-teethed, quadridentatcE. Achnatherium lanceolatum. 

^ Pointed, mucrojiatce. Uniola.


Awned, aristatce. Alopecurus, Apera effusa, Agraulus 

caninus, Holcus, Avena, Hordeumj Triticum, Secale, 

Bromus. PI. 12, fig. 14 and 17. 

Awns. 

Aristae, — athera. A stiff hair, or threadlike point, inserted 

on the spathelles and spathelhdes, and not appearing 

to he the continuation of a rib or nerve, hut arising sud- 

denly from the hack or end. 

Straight, Aristce rectilinece, rectce. 

Kneed, geniculatcB. Bent in the middle, Avena. 

Twisted, torsce. Avena, Agraulus caninus. PI. 12, fig. 14 

and 17. 

Jointed, ariiculatie. Stipa. 

Featherlike, phcmosce. Stipa pennata. 

^ From the tip, apiculares. From the tip of the glumes. 

Below the tip, suhapiculares. PL 12, fig. 16. 

Dorsal, dorsales. From the back of the glumes. Avena, 

Agraulus caninus. PI. 12, fig. 17. 

From the base, hasilares. 

^ Persistent, persistentes. Avena. 

Falling off^ caducce. Stipa. 

Bristles. 

Setse, — chaeta. A stiff hairlike point, inserted on the spathelles 

and spathellides, heing a visihle continuation and 

elongation of a rih or nerve. PI. 12, fig. 12. 

The bristle admits the same distinction as the awn, and 

has been generally confounded under the same name. 

LODICULE. 

Nectary, Glumelle, Corolla, Lodicula, Glumellula, Glumella. 

An involucriimformed of very small petaloid scales 

attached to the receptacle of the graminecB with the sexual 

organs, and surrounded hy the glumelle. 

One-paleolated, Lodicula unipaleolata. Composed of a 

single paleole. 

Two-paleolated, hipaleolata. Of two paleoles. Avena, 

Bromus, Triticum, Secale. PI. 12, fig. 15. 

Three-paleolated, tripaleolata. Of three paleoles. Rambusia 

arundinacea.

i24< INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Paleoles. 

Scales, Paleolas, Squamae. The pieces that compose the 

lodiciile. 

Eggshape, PaleolcE ovatcB. Secale cereale, Triticum. 

gestivum, PI. 12, fig. 15. 

T 1 7 

Lianceolate, lanceolatce. Bambusa arundinacese. 

Awlshape, suhulata. Arrbenatherum elatius, Miliuin 

eiFusuni. 

Truncated, iruncaice. Melica nutans. 

Bunched, gibbosce. Brachypodium pinnatum. 

*f[ Velvety, vlUosce. Elynius giganteus. 

Fringed, ciliata. Secale cereale, Triticum sestivum. 

The bristles that accompany the ovary of some cyperaceiB, 

PI. 12, fig. 13, and the inflated nectary of others, 

PI. 12, fig. 18, which afterwards covers the akenium, are 

considered by some botanists as lodicules. 

CALYX. 

Empalement, Flower-cup, Perianthium, Perigynandra exterior, 

Thalamus. The outer- cover of the flower, defending 

the blossom f there he any, and the sexual organs; or 

a coarse, green, single cover. 

1. Coynposition. 

Gamo-sepaled, one-leafed, Calyx ononosepahis, gamosepa- 

Ins, monophyllus. Formed of one piece, however deeply it 

may be divided. Labiata?, Hyoscyamus, Dianthus, Cucu- 

lâlus, Leguminosas. PL 9, fig. 12, 13, 14, and 15; pi. 10, 

fig- 7, 8, 11, and 14. 

Two-sepaled, two-leaved, disepalus, diphyllus. Composed 

of two pieces. Papaver, Fumaria, Impatiens pa- 

lustris. 

Three-sepaled, three-leaved, trisepalus^ triphyllus. Tradescantia, 

Ficaria. 

Four-sepaled, four-leaved, tetrasepalus, tetraphyllus. 

Cruciferse, Epimedium, Sagina. 

Five sepaled, five-leaved, pentasepalus, pentaphyllus. 

Six-sepaled, six-leaved, hexasepalus, hexaphyllus. Ber- 

beris vulgaris. 

Many-sepaled, many-leaved, polysepalus, polyphyllus. 

All calyces that are adherent to the ovary, or which 

support the corolla or stamens, or which accompany a ga-


mopetaloLis corolla, are gamosepalous, and of course persistent. 

It is very rare that a calyx which is not gamosepalous 

is persistent. 

2. Regularity. 

Regular, Calyx regularis. When all its parts as taken 

from the centre of the flower are perfectly alike. Cucubalus, 

Adonis, Androsasmum, Tormentilla. 

Irregular, irregularis. When the several parts are not 

all alike. Salvia, Delphinium, Tropaeolum. 

3. Form. 

Tubular, Calyx tululatus. In form of a tube. 

Pipelike, tuhulosus. The tube very long, and narrow at 

top. Primula, Stramonium, Nepeta longiflora, Silene, 

Dianthus. 

Conical, conicus. In form of a cone. Stachys coccinea, 

and manylabiatsB. 

Topshape, pearsliape, turlinatus. Conical, but slightly 

contracted towards the orifice. Spireea trifoliata. 

S\\oWen, ijijiatus. Membranous and dilated like a bladder. 

Rhinanthus glaber, Cucubalus infiatus, Anthyllis 

leguminosa. 

Pitchershape, urceolatusy ventricosus. Swollen in the 

middle, contracted towards the top, the limb spread out. 

Hyoscyamus niger, Rosa. 

Cupshape, cupularis. Very short and quite open. Citrus 

Medica, Verbena glomerata. 

Cylindrical, cylindricus. Forming a pipe which is nearly 

equal throughout its whole length. Dianthus. 

Clubshape, claviformis, clavaius. Tubular, long, and 

swollen at top. Silene latifolia. 

Bellshape, campanulatus. Hollow, and becoming more 

and more open from its bottom to the top. Statice pulchella, 

Melittis grandiflora, Cucubalus bacciferus. 

Compressed, coinpressus. Large, and flat as if squeezed 

sideways. Rhinanthus glaber^ Pedicularia palustris 

Prismatic, prismaticus. Having longitudinal angles and 

flat sm'faces. Stramonium foetidiim, Pulmonaria officinalis. 

Angular, angiuosus. Having longitudinal angles. Pedicularia 

sylvatica, Silene latifolia. 

Ribbed, costaius. With raised ribs. Pedicularia pa- 

lustris. Thymus campestris. Lychnis segetum, Silene conica, 

S. nutans, S. quinquevulnera. 

S


Furrowed, sulcatus. Calamintha vulgaris. 

Spurred, calcaratus. Having a hollow elongation, resembling 

the spur of a cock. Delphinium, Tropaeolum. 

Two-lipped, hilahiatus. With two principal divisions, 

one above, the other below ; not quite equal, and open so 

as to resemble two lips. Salvia, and many other labiatae. 

Calyculate, calycidatus. Having a calycule, or involucrum 

resembling a second calyx. Calluna sagittsefolia, 

Limisea borealis. 

4. LimJj and edge. 

Not cut, Calyx 'integer. Having neither teeth nor lobes, 

used indefinitely in opposition to toothed or lobed. 

Truncated, truncatus. Appearing as if cut off across. 

Fissilia. 

Torn, erosus. Edge uneven, as if bitten by some insect. 

Chenopodium spinacifolium. 

Crenated, crenatus. Guarea trichilioides. 

Toothed, dentatus. With slight angular cuts. 

Tine toothed, dentlcukUus. With very slight angular 

cuts. 

Three-toothed, tridentatus. Triphasia, Cneorum. 

Four-toothed, quadridentatus. Ligustrum, Cornus. 

Five-toothed, quinquedentatiis. Stachys and many other 

labiat£e. Coriandrum, Dianthus, Cucubalus, Silene. 

Divided, incisus, divisus. Split, lobed, or parted, used 

in opposition to not cut. 

^ Cut, Jissus. Divided, the incisions reaching to the middle 

of the length of the calyx ; the divisions being narrow. 

Two-cut, blfidus. Divided into two divisions. Utricularis, 

Pedicularia palustris, Verbena nodiflora. 

Three-cut, trrfidus. 

Four-cut, quadrifidus. Rhinanthus, Reseda salicifolia. 

Five-cut, quinquefidus. Hyoscyamus niger, Cucubalus 

bacciferus, Rosa. 

Six-cut, seocfidus. 

Eight-cut, oclojidus. Tormentilla. 

Ten-cut, decemfidus. Potentilla, Fragaria. 

Twelve-cut, duodecemfidus. Peplis. 

^ Lobed, hiatus. Divided into cuts, ^xxt the divisions 

ar& broad. 

Two-lobed, hilohatus. 

Three-lobed, trilobatus, &c. 

5F Parted, partitus. Divided, and the incisions reaching 

nearly to the bottom.


Two-parted, lipart'itus. Orobanche. 

Three-parted, tripartitus. Alisma major^ Sagittaria 

aquatica. 

Four-parted, quadripartiius. Veronica officinalis, Erythalia 

campestris. 

Five-parted, quinquepartiius. Digitalis speciosa, Orontium 

majus, Borrago officinalis. 

Many-parted, pUiripartitus. The number of divisions 

not being required to be exactly expressed, or being really 

indefinite. 

5. Length, in relation to the corolla. 

Long, Calyx corolla lo7igior. Longer than the corolla. 

Lychnis segetum, Stellaria media, Arenaria rubra, A. te- 

nuifolia. 

Equal, corolla equalis. Stellaria. vulgata. 

Short, coroUdbrevior. Shorter than the corolla, Dianthus, 

Stellaria arvensis. 


Adherent, Calyx adherens. United throughout its v^^hole 

length to the ovary. Compositae, Myrtus, Agrimonia, 

Pyrus. 

Superior, superus. United to the ovary, but with the 

limb free. Punica granatum. 

Semi-adherent, semi-adlierens, semi-inferus. The calyx 

adhering to the ovary only part of its length. Limosella 

aquatica. 

Not adherent, free, inadherenSj liler, inferus. The calyx 

totally detached from the ovary. Labiates, Caryophyllese, 

Fragaria, Rubus, Rosa. 

7. Colour. 

Coloured, Calyx coloratus. Of some other colour than 

green. Tropaeolum, Andromeda polifolia, Fuchsia, Punica 

Granatum. 

Blossomlike, petaloideus. Aquilegia. 

Doubtful, ambiguus. Appearing like a calyx externally, 

and like a corolla internally. Grewia. 

8. Duration. ^ 

Fugacious, Calyxfugax, caducus. Falling off as soon as 

the flower opens. Papaver, Epimedium. 

Deciduous, deciduus. Falling off after the fecundation 

of the ovules, at the same time with the corolla, Actsea 

spicata, Chelidonium majus, Cruciferse, Berberis.


Persisting, persistans. Remaining after the flowering is 

over. Anagallis, Rhinanthus, Labiatse, Hyoscyamus niger, 

Boragineee, Convolvulus, Androsasmuni officinale, Cucubalus 

bacciferus, Saxifraga, Rubus. 

Withering, marcescens. Persisting, but withering and 

becoming dry. Anagallis, Rhinanthus, Rubus. 

Enlarging, acrescens. Persisting, and continuing to 

grow and increase in size along with the fruit. Physalis 

Alkekengi/ Fissilia disparilis, Heisteria coccinea. 

Induvial, induvialis. Persisting and enclosing the fruit. 

Physalis, Rosa. 

Se PALES. 

Leaves, Sepala, PliylU, Foliul'i calycini. The distinct segments 

into which the calyx is divided. 

Upright, Sepala erccta. Parallel to the axis of the 

flower. Primula, Nicotiana, Erythrsa vulgaris, Cheiranthus, 

Silene, Dianthus. 

Contiguous, contigua, conniventia lateraliter, clausa. 

Placed side by side, without any considerable intervals. 

Raphanus, Cheiranthus. 

Imbricated, imhricata. Covering one another by their 

edges. Convolvulus, Thea. 

Connivent, comiiventia. Converging together at top. 

Trollius Europteus. 

Diverging, spreading, pateiitia, paiula, divergentia. Separating 

from one another, and placed nearly parallel to 

the base of the flower. Bbrrago officinalis, Hydrophyllum, 

Reseda, Adonis, Nigella, Ptanunculus acris, R. repens. 

Lychnis segetum, Saxifraga aizoides. 

Turned back, reflected, reflexa, dejlecta. Turned over 

outwards, so as to show their internal surface. Ranunculus 

bulbosus, R. flammea, Andrososmum officinale, CEnothera 

biennis, Cerasus hortensis. 

Rolled over, revoluta. Turned over, and rolled up. 

Proteaceas. 

Rolled inwardly, involtita. Valeriana rubra. 

% Equal, cEgualia. All of one size. Primula, Borrago 

officinalis, Adonis, Ranunculus, Nigella. 

Unequal, inequalia. Of different sizes, Salvia, Erythralia 

camp€stris, Androsaemum officinale, Tormentilla, Poten- 

tilla. 

The lobes, segments, and teeth, admit of similar distinc- 

tions to the sepales.

introductio:n to botany. 129 

COROLLA. 

Blossom, Bloom, Auleum, Perigynandra interior. The 

wtenial integument of the sexual orgajis, when there are 

two ; or a fine and coloured single integument of the same 

texture as the stamens, and either inserted along with 

them on the receptacle, or hearing them itself. 

1. Insertion. 

Hypogynous, Corolla hypogyna. Growing out from 

telow the ovary, whether the ovary be sessile. Cheiranthus, 

Cruciferse; or seated on a gynophore, Dianthus, 

Silene, Cucubalus, and other caryophylleee, Cleome. PI. 10, 

fig. 4,6. 

Perigynous, perigyna. Growing out from the internal 

surface of the calyx. Campanulaceae, Salicaria, Rosaceae. 

Epigynous, epigyna. Growing from tlie top of the ovary. 

Compositae, Caprifoliaceae, Rubiacess, Umbelliferae. 

2. Structure, 

Polypetalous, Corolla polypetala. Composed of several 

separate pieces, or petals. Umbelliferae, Cruciferae, Caryophylleae, 

Saxifragese, Rosacea^, Pomaceae, Dryadeae, Leguminosae. 

Gamopetalous, monopetalous, Corolla gamopetala, monopetala. 

Composed of only one piece, surrounding the 

sexual organs on every side, the several divisions or petals 

being soldered together. Labiatae, Borragineae, Apocyneae, 

Compositas. PI. 9, fig. 10, 11, 1:^, 13, 14, 15,20,21. 

II Regular, regularis. Borrago, Convolvulus, Aquilegia, 

Cruciferse, Carophylleae, Rosaceae, Dryadeae, Pomaceae. 

Irregular, irregularis. Labiatae, most leguminosae. 

3. Compositioji 

Two-petaled, Corolla dipetala. Formed of two pieces. 

Circaea. 

Three-petaled, tripetala. Formed ofthree pieces. Alisma, 

Sagittaria. 

Four-petaled, tetrapetala. Of four pieces. Cruciferae, 

Chelidonium. 

Five-petaled, pentapetala. Umbelliferae, Adonis, Ranunculus, 

Caryophyllese, Rosa. 

Six-petaled, hexapetala. Berberis, Anona. 

Eight-petaled, actopetala. Nigella Hispanica. 

VOL. I. K 

.

130 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. . 

^ One-petaled, movopetala, unipetala. A single petal 

not entirely surrounding the sexual organs, as in the gamopetalous 

corollse. Amorpha. 

4. Form. 

Crosslike, Corolla cruciformis. Regular and composed 

of four petals with long claws, and the expansion open, 

disposed in a cross. Cruciferse. 

Roselike, rosacea, roselata. Regular and composed of 

three, four, or five petals, with short claws, and diverging 

from one another. Rosacese, Dryadeae, Chelidonium, 

Papaver. 

Clovegilliflowerlike, caryophyllata. Regular and composed 

of five petals, the claws being very long, but surrounded 

and hidden by the calyx. Dianthus, Silene. 

Butterflylike, papilionacea. Composed of five petals, of 

three different forms and sizes, and to which peculiar 

names have been assigned. Leffuminosae. 

1. The standard, Vexillum. The large wide petal, 

usually turned back, that overtops the others. 

2. The two wings. Alee, Talarce. The two side petals. 

3. The keel. Carina, Scaphium,— tropis. Formed of the 

two lowermost petals usually turned up at their tip, and 

either touching each other, or soldered together. 

Irregularly many petaled, polypetala anomala. Composed 

of irregular petals, but not buttei'flylike. Aconitum, 

Delphinium, Tropaeolum, Viola. 

Tubulate, tuhulaia. Monopetalous, regular, with a tube. 

Many labiatse. 

Tubulous, luhdosa. Monopetalous, regular, with a tube 

longer than the diameter of the tube. Hamelia, Spigelia 

Marylandica. 

Bellshape, campanulata, campaniformis. Monopetalous, 

regular, in form of a bell. Atropa lethalis, Pneumonanthe 

vulgaris, Vitis-Ideea punctifolia, Campanula urticifolia. 

Globular, globosa, glohidosa. Andromeda polifolia. 

Eggshape, ovata. Arbutus, Eremocallis glomerata, 

Menziesia polifolia. 

Pitchershape, urceolata. Vaccinium montanum. 

Clubshaped, clavijormis, clavata. Erica pinea, E. cerinthoides. 

Funnelshape, infundihuliformis. Neriura Oleander, Nicotiana 

Tabacum.


Oldfashion-salvershape, hypocrateriformis. The tube 

long, the limb regular and spread out flat, or nearly so. 

Vincî, Phlox, Ericala verna. 

Gobletshape, cyathifqrmis. Tube long, slightly dilated 

at top, the limb regular and upright. Symphytum tuberosum. 

Wheel-like, rotata. Tube very short, limb regular, 

open, flat, with broad divisions. Borrago oflicinalis, Verbascum 

decurrens, Ph3'salis Alkekengi. 

Starlike, stellata. Tube very short, limb regular, open, 

flat, with pointed divisions. Galium verum, Valantia cru- 

ciata. 

^ One-lipped, unUauiatn. Monopetalous, irregular, tlie 

lower part of the limb prolonged beyond the rest. Acanthus. 

Scooplike, ligidata. One-lipped, the lip very long and 

straight. Taraxacum officinale, Helianthus, and many 

other compositae. 

Two-lipped, lilahiata. The limb split on the sides into 

two lips, of different forms. Labiatoe, Rhinanthus, Pedi- 

cularis. 

Gaping, ringens. The two lips being placed apart resemble 

the throat of an animal. Salvia officinalis, Lamium 

album, Dracocephalum, Stachys. 

Masklike, personata. The two lips are closed b}' an internal 

projection of the throat of the flower, called the palate, 

palatium. Orontium majus, Antirrhinum vulgare. 

Some include under this 

various anomalous forms. 

irregular monopetalous corollse of 

Turned over, resiip'mata. Two-lipped, and appearing at 

the first view, as if the lips had changed their usual places. 

Ocymum Basilicum, Plectranthus punctatus. 

5. Appendages. 

Appendiculated, Corolla appendicidala. Having an 

elongation or additional part, more than the ordinary form 

of petals, either at the base, Hypericum iEgypliacum, or 

at the summit, Silene. 

Hooked, undnata. With an appendage like a hook, 

placed at the top of the petals. Heisteria coccinea, Ximenia 

aculeata. 

Glanduliferous, glandidifera. With glands. Statice monopetala, 

Ranunculus, Berberis. 

k2 

—

13fi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

6. Colour. 

Red, Corolla rubra. Rosa Damascena, DIanthus Caryophyllus 

ruber. 

Reddish violet, ruhro-violacea. Ly thrum spicatum, Ce- 

losia cristata. 

Violet, violacea. Aconitum Napellus, Campanula Car- 

patbica. 

Bluish-violet, cceruleo-violacea. Convolvulus tricolor, 

Cyanus vulgaris, Cineraria amelloides. 

Blue, ccerulea. Pneumonanthe vulgaris. Delphinium 

grandiflorum. 

Bluish-green, ccBruleo-vindis. 

Green, viridis. 

Greenish-yellow, viridi-lutea. Hedera communis, Acer 

majus, Silene parviflora. 

Yellow, lutea. Ranunculus longifolius. 

Yellowish-orange, luteo-aurantiaca. Calendula officinalis. 

Orange, aurantiaca. Tropaeolum majus. 

Reddish-orange, riilro-aurantiaca. Salvia coccinea, Papaver 

erraticum. 

% White, alba. Parnassia palustris. 

7. Duration. 

Persisting, withering. Corolla pers'istenSf mnrcescens. 

Lasting after the fecundation of the ovules, but in a withered 

state. Trientalis Europaea, Erica, Campanula, 

Corrigiola, Trifolium pi'ocumbens, Cucumis. 

Passing away, decidua, transiloria. Falling soon after 

the fecundation of the ovules. The generality of flowers. 

Fugacious, fugax, caduca. Falling off" as soon as the 

flower is completely open, or even befoi*e. Actaea, Thalictrum, 

Chelidonium corniculatum, Glaucium violaceum, 

Cerastites macrocephala, Peplis Portula. 

Betals. 

Peiala. The several pieces into which the corolla is 

divided. 

1. Posilion. 

Opposite, Petala opposltiva, calyci opposita. Placed before 

the divisions of the calyx. Berberis, Epimedium. 

Interposed, alternate, i?ite7-posifiva, calyci alterna. Alternating 

with the divisions of the calyx. Cruciferse, Rosa, 

and most plants.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ISS 


Clawed, Petala unguiculata. Attached to the other 

parts of the flower by a long claw. Cheiranthus and other 

cruciferjE, Dianthus and other caryophyllese, Statice pulchellum. 

Sessile, sessilia. The claw very short. Vitis, Elatine, 

Gypsophila. 

3. Direction. 

Bent inwards, Petala injlexa. Curved towards the centre 

of the flower. Astrantia major. 

Involute, involuta. Bent and rolled from the top towards 

the centre of the flower. Ancthum graveolens. 

Upright, erecta. Placed parallel to the axis of the flower. 

Geum, Hermannia. 

Incumbent sideways, lateraUter incumheniia. Covering 

the sides of one another. Oxalis versicolor, Hermannia. 

Open, spreading, palcnfia. At right angles with the 

axis of the flower. Rosa, Fragaria, Geum urbanum. 

Bent back, rejlexa. Turned over from the centre of the 

flower. Ai'alia arborea. 

One-sided, unilateralia. Inclining to one side of the 

flower. Cleome. 

Ascending, ascendentia. Inclining to the top of the 

flower. Cleome. 

4. Form. 

Roundish, Petala suhrolnnda. Silene latifolia, Ranunculus 

bulbosus, Potentilla fruticosa, Fragaria vesca. 

Oval, ovalia. Statice pulchellum, Linum usitatissimum. 

Elliptic, elUpticuin. Saxifraga decipiens. 

Lanceolate, lanceolata. Hypericum montanum, Saxifraga 

sarmentosa. 

Linear, I'mearia. Fraxinus Ornus, Chionanthus, Hamamelis 

Virginiana. 

Spatulashape, spathulata. Dictamnus albus, Cleome 

pentaphylla. 

Wedgeshape, cunearia. Linum Austriacum. 

Heartshape, cord/formia, obcordiformia. Heartshape, 

the notch being at top. Parnassia palustris, Geranium 

Pyreniacum, Cerastium arvense, Stellaria holostea, CEnothera 

odorata. 

Concave, concava. Parnassia, Tilia Europsea, Ruta 

graveolens. 

Boatshape, navkiilaria. Cookia punctata.

1S4. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Helmetshape, galeiformia. Hollow, arched, and open 

in front. Aconitum. 

Cornetshape, cuculUformia. In the form of a cone. Delphinium, 

Aquilegia. 

Spurred, calcarata. Prolonged at bottom in a hollow 

point, like the spur of a fowl. Viola. 

Two-lipped, h'dahiata. Tubular with a limb having two 

lips, Nigella, Helleborus, Isopyrum. 

Mis-shapen, difformia. Irregular, and not to be compared 

to any known form. Epimedium. 

Unequal, incequalia. Different, either in form, or size, 

or in both. Anona, Viola, Pisum, and other leguminosae. 

Conjoined, coadunata. Joined and soldered together by 

their edges, but so feebly that they may be separated without 

any visible tear in the texture. Statice monopetala, 

Fissilia disparilis. This junction is sometimes by their 

tips, Vitis; or their base, Oxycoccus palustris. 

^ Radiating, radiantia. The petals next the circumference 

of an assemblage of flowers larger than those next 

the centre. Tordylium. 

5. Edge. 

Wavy, 

strasmia. 

Petala undulata. Geranium phaeum, Lager- 

Gnawed, erosa. Glaucium luteum, Frankenia Isevis. 

Crenated, crenata. 

tatissimum. 

Dianthus Caryophyllus, Linum usi- 

Toothed, dentata. Dianthus barbatus, D. capitatus, 

Silene Lusitanica. 

YringQA, fimhriata. Cucubalus fimbriatus. 

Lashed, ciliata. Edged with fine jags or hairs like the 

eyelashes. Tropaeolum, Ruta. 

Notched, emarginata. Cheiranthus sinuatus. Geranium 

sanguineum, G. dissectum, Agrosterama coronaria, Dianthus 

prolifer, Rosa rubiginosa. 

6. Divisio?!, 

Jagged, Petala lacin'mta. Cut into slips. Reseda, Dianthus 

plumarius. 

Two-cut, bifida. Draba verna, Cucubalus inflatus, 

Lychnis vespertina, L. diurna, Silene conica. 

Three-cut, trifida. Hypecoum procumbens. 

Four-cut, quadrifida. Lychnis plumaria. 

Two-parted, hipartita. Silene nutans, Stellaria aquatica, 

S. media.


Lacinule. 

Lacinuln. A small claw or appendage to the petals. 

Uncut, Lacinula Integra. Astrantia, Sanicula. 

Bent, wflexa. CEnanthe. 

Hooked, uncinata. 

Straight, recta. 

Torilis, Sphondylium. 

Oblique, ohliqua. Chserophjdlum. 

Linear, linearis. Bulbocastanum. 

Linear pointed, linearis acuta, ^thusa tenuifolia. 

Linear blunt, linearis obtusa. ^thusa elata. 

Furrowed, sulcata. Tragium. 

Notched, emarginata. Cnidium. 

Streaked, striata. Selinum. 

Channelled, canaliculata. Sanicula. 

Waved, undulata. Athamanta. 

Dilated, dilata. Athamanta. 

Narrowed, angustata. Pimpinella minor. 

Awlshape, subulata. CEnanthe. 

Long, longa. 

Sanicula. 

As long as the petals themselves. Astrantia, 

Crenulated, crenulala. Peucedanum. 

Wavy-crenulated, undulaio-crenulata. Heracleum. 

Apiculate, apiculata. With a point. Heracleum. 

Toothed, denticulata, Astrantia, Sanicula. 

Blunt, obtusa. Conium, Apium. 

Three-pointed, tricuspidata. Astrantia. 

Tube. 

Tulm. The lower part of a gamopetalous corolla. 

PI. 8, fig. 4. 

Straight, Tubus rectilineus, rectus. Not having any 

curvature. Vinca, Hamelia. 

Cylindrical, cylindricus. Mirabilis Jalapa. 

Threadlike, gracilis, filiformis. Plumbago rosea. 

Bellied, ventricosus, injlatus. Erica inflata, E. ventricosa. 

Clubshape, clavifctrmis, clavatus. Spigelia Marylandica. 

Pi'ismatic, prismaticus. Hamelia. 

With an internal appendage, intern^ appendiculatus. 

Furnished with an appendage (nectary, Linnaeus) in the 

interior part of it. Hydrophyllum, Lithospermum tenuifolium, 

Cuscuta. 

^ Bent, curvatics, ai-ataius, curvus. Martynia, Nepeta 

longiflora.


Compressed, compressus. Many of the labiatse. Justicia 

quadrifida. 

Punched, glhlnis, gihhosus. Having externally a kind of 

bunch, hollow like a pocket on the inside. Orontium majus, 

Valeriana Cornucopiee, Martynia. 

Spurred, calcaratus. Having a hollow elongation like 

the spur of a fowl. Valeriana rubra, Linaria. PL 9, 

fig. 11a. 

Spht, Jissus. The tube is split down lengthways, sothat 

it may be spread out flat without tearing. Goodenia, 

Lobelia. 

Throat. 

Faux. The orifice of the tube. 

Circular, Faux clrcularis. Phlox, Mirabilis. 

Cornered, aiigulata. Having a determined number of 

angles. Vinca rosea. 

Dilated, dllaiata. Larger than the tube itself. Mirabilia 

Jalapa, Nicotiana Tabacum. PI. 9, fig. 12 and 13. 

Contracted, contracta. Smaller than the tube. Verbena 

officinalis, Scrofularia lutea, Vinca rosea. 

Obstructed, ohsiructa. Furnished with hairs, Ijishes,. 

glands, or other appendages that block up the entrance.- 

Verbena multifida, Erythalia pulchella. 

Villous, villosa. Obstructed by hairs. Verbena multifida. 

Thymus. 

Lashed, ciliala. Obstructed by stiff hairs like the eye- 

Krythalia pulchella, E. campestris. 

Bunched, gihhifem. Obstructed by bunches; the throat, 

being enlarged and dilated in some parts, rises up in 

bunches which are hoUov,', and open beneath. Lycopsi& 

' lashes. 

arvensis, Cynoglossum officinale, Borrago, Anchusa. PI. 9, 

fig. 10 a. " 

Horned, corniculifera. Obstructed by hollow horns^ 

open beneath, like the bunches just mentioned. Symphytum 

tuberosum. 

Flakey, lamelUfera. Furnished with lamellar appendages. 

Nerium Oleander. 

Naked, nuda. Without any hairs, bristles, bunches, 

or the like. Nicotiana Tabacum, Cerinthe major, Phlox. 

Palate. 

Palatium. An internal swellino- of the throat, bein^j the 

two lips of a masklike flower.—Orontium majus, Linaria.

introduction to botany. 

Crown. 

" 

137 

Cup^ Corona. A cuplike appendage, placed on the throat 

of the flower.— Silene, Narcissus. 

Orbiculus. 

A circular swelling of the base of the corolla, surrounding 

the sexual organs.— Stapelia. 

Limb. 

Tuimhus. The upper expanded part of a gamopetalou? 

corolla. 

Folded, Limhus plicatiis. In regular folds like a fan. 

Convolvulus, Pneumonanthe vulgaris. 

Twisted, tortus^ contortiis. The divisions of the limb 

are cut obliquely, and cover one another, before the opening 

of the flower, by twining round the axis of the flower. 

Nerium Oleander, Vinca, and other Apocyneee. 

Upright, erectus. Parallel to the axis of the flower. 

Hydrophyllum, Cynoglossum officinale, Cerinthc. 

Spreading, patens. Forming a right angle with the 

tube. Verbena multifida, Anchusa Italica, Nerium Oleander, 

Chironia, Centaurium. 

Turned back, rejiexiis. Turned over outwardly. Cyclamen, 

Dulcamara flexuosa, Asclepias, Oxycoccus palustris. 

Revolute, revolutus. Rolled over outwardly. Cestrum 

cauliflorum, C. fastigiatum, C. odontospermum. 

Upper Lip. i 

Lahlum superlus. The upper division of a two-lipped 

gamopetalous corolla. 

Spread forward. Labium superius porrectiim. Carried 

out in the fore-part, in the same direction as the tube. 

Monarda, Phlomis Leonurus, Galeopsis nodosa. 

Ascending', ascendens. Following at first the direction 

of the tube, and then rising up. Nepeta longlflora, Stachys 

annua, Betonica officinalis. PI. 9, fig. 13. 

Turned back, reflectum. Turned over on the tube. 

Plectranthus punctatus. PI. 9, fig. 15. 

Turned in, injieclum. Turned inwards on the lower lip. 

Brunella. 

S\ck\e\\ke,falcatum. Bent like a reaping-hook. Salvia 

bicolor. S. pratensis.


Arched,fornicai'iim, galeatum. Bent and hollowed within, 

Pedicularia palustris, Phlomis, Lamium, Galeopsis. 

Compressed, compressum. Folded in two lengthways, 

and flattened sideways. Rhinanthus, Pedicularia palustris. 

Many salvias, Many phlomides, Trichostema. 

Flat, planum. Melittis grandiflora. 

Uncut, integrum. Molucella loevis. 

Notched, emarginatum. Lycopus. 

S\)\\\., fissum. Euphrasia officinalis, Salvia bicolor, Nepeta 

longiflora. 

Parted, partitum. Divided to the very orifice of the 

tube. TeucriuiT), Lobelia Cardinalis. L. syphilitica. 

Lower Lip. 

Lahium inferius. The lower division of a two-lipped 

gamopetalous corolla. 

Longer than the upper, Lahium inferius superiore longius, 

Molucella Igevis, Phlomis Zeylanica. 

Shorter than the upper, inferiore brevius. Phlomis Leonurus. 

Prolonged, porrecium. Melampyrum vulgatum, Salvia 

bjcolor, Molucca laevis. 

Fallen down, demissum. Eriostomum Germanicum. 

PI. 9, fig. 13. 

Turned back, rejiexum. Turned over backwards upon 

the tube. Chelone barbata. 

Turned in, infiexum. Bent inwards towards the orifice 

of the tube. Plectranthus punctatus. PI. 9, fig, 15. 

PERIGONIUM. 

Perianthium, Calyx. The integument of a jiower when there 

is but one, and its appeara?ice renders it doubtful whether 

it ought to be esteemed a calyx or a corolla. 

This admits all the various distinctions of both calyx 

and corolla. 

Galea. 

The upper hollow part of the perigonium of the orchideae. 

Lip. 

Lahellum. The lower spread out part of the perigonium 

of the orchidese; which is sometimes divided into two dissimilar 

parts. 

Epichilium. The upper part of the labellum.


Hypochilimn. The lower part of the labellum. 

Spur, Calcar. A hollow spur formed by an elongation 

of the labellum. 

Perule. 

Perula. A hollow part, often resembling a spur, formed 

of two elongated and soldered sepales. Orchideae. 

STAMENS. 

Chives, Attire, Stamina,—stemon. The male organ of the 

plant, usually placed next within the corolla^ and immediately 

surrounding the pistill. 

1. Origin. 

Hypogynous, Stami?ia hypogyna, receplaculo inserta. 

Exserted from the receptacle, either below the ovarj', or 

even with its bottom. Graminese, Cruciferse, Ranuncu- 

laceae. 

Perigynous, perigyna, calyci inserta. Exserted from the 

internal surface of the floral integument, above the part 

where it is detached from the ovary. Thymeleae, Rosaceae, 

LeguminosaB, Myrtacese. 

Epigynous, epigyna, pistillo inserta. Exserted from the 

pistill itself. Arislolochia, UmbelliferEe. 

% Immediate, immediata. Exserted from the receptacle, 

calyx, or pistill. Cruciferse, Rosaceae, Umbelliferse. 

Mediate, mediata, epipetala. Exserted from the co- 

rolla, and therefore judged to have the same insertion in 

respect to the ovary as the corolla itself. Labiatae, Campanulaceae, 

Compositse. 

2. Number. 

Definite, Stamina definita. The number constant and 

not exceeding twelve. 1 Hippuris, 2 Syringa, 3 Iris, 

4 Plantago, 5 Lonicera, 6 Lilium, 7 iEsculus, 8 Fuchsia, 

9 Butomus, 10 Saxifraga, II not yet discovered, 12 Ha- 

lesia. 

Indefinite, indejinita. More than twelve, and not usually 

counted, or constant. Papaver^ Ranunculus, Rosa. 

3. Connexion. 

Distinct, Stamina distincta, discreta. Not united together 

either by their filaments, or their anthers. Lilium, Ranunculus.

140 INTKODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Conjoined, coalita, connata. United together, either by 

their filaments or their anthers. Malvaceae, Compositae. 

% Adelphous, adelphica, adelpka. The filaments united 

together into an androphore. 

Monadelphoup, monadelpha. Having a single androphore 

in a flower, carrying several anthers. Malvaceae, 

Meliacese. 

Diadelphous, diadelpha. Two androphores in each 

flower, each carrying several anthers. Fumaria, Monniera. 

— But Linnaeus has applied this term to the leguminosae^ 

in which nine of the stamens have their filaments united 

into an androphore, and the tenth is distinct. PL JO, 

fig. 9, a, b. 

Triadelphous, iriadelpha. Three androphores, each carrying 

several anthers. Hypericum ^gyptiacum. PI. 10, 

%. 15. 

Pentadelphous, pentadelpha. Five androphores. Melaleuca 

hypericifolia. 

Polyadelphous, polyadelpha. Several androphores. Me- 

laleuca. 

% Syngenesous, syfigenesa, syngenesica. Several stamens 

ioined by their anthers. Most compositse, Lobelia, Viola. 

PI. 11, fig. 27. 

4. Proportion. 

'Equal, SlamiJia ceqi/alia. All of the same length. Butomns, 

Lilium, Borrago, Ledum, Tribulus. 

Unequal, 'inceqiialia. Some longer than the others, 

Labialse, Crucifer^, Oxalis, Lychnis, Silene, Gypsophila. 

Didynamous, didynama. Four in number, two longer 

than the other two. Labiatse. 

Tetradynamous, tetradynama. Six in number, of which 

four are longer than the others. Cruciferae. PI. 10, fig. 1. 


Oppositive, Stami?ia oppositiva, peta lis opposita. Placed 

opposite to the lobes of the corolla, or of the perigonium. 

Lilium, Morus, Urtica, Statice, Primulaceae, Loranthese, 

Vitis. 

Interpositive, interpositiva, petalis alterna. Placed between 

the divisions of a corolla, Boragineae, Umbelliferae ; 

or of a simple perigonium, Elaeagnus. 

^ Distant, distanlia. Lycopus. 

Close, approximata. Touching the sides of one another. 

Solanum, Borrago.


Coherent, coherentia. Fastened to one another, either 

by crossed hairs, or by a glue. Lycopersicon esculentum, 

Calluna sagittaefolia, Viola. 

Crowded, conferta. Numerous and squeezed close together. 

Agglomerated, agglomerata. Collected together into a 

ball. Anona triloba. 

Tiled-like, imhricatu. Disposed in rows, one covering 

another like the tiles of a roof. Liriodendrum tulipifera. 

Magnolia. 

In stages, serialia. Disposed in stages of circular rows. 

Daphne, Passerina. 

6. Lengthy in relation to the floral integuments. 

Exserted, Stamina exserta. Coming out beyond the 

orifice of the floral integuments. Plantago, Mentha, 

Lycium Europseum, Scabiosa, Fuchsia. PL 9, fig. 12. 

Included, inclusa, non exserta. Shut up in the floral integuments, 

and not appearing outwardly. Jasminum, 

Syringa, Verbena officinalis, Leguminoste. PI. 1 0, fig. 8. 

7. Direction. 

Bent inwards. Stamina inflexa. The top bent in towards 

the centre of the flower. Salvia, Dictamnus, Gypsophila 

fastigiata. 

Upright, erecta. Keeping of itself in the direction of 

the axis of the flower. 

fig. 5. 

Tulipa, Lilium, Nicotiana. PI. 10, 

Spreading, patentia. Standing horizontally in respect to 

the base of the flower. Pyrola minor, Hedera communis. 

Bent back, reflexa. Bent outwards. Urtica, Parietaria. 

Hanging down, pendentia. Hanging downwards through 

weakness. Gramineee, Clerodendrum infortunatum. 

Sidelying, wiilateralia. Hanging on one side. Pyrola 

rotundifolia. Salvia, Amaryllis formosissima. 

Ascending, ascendentia. Rising towards the upper part 

of the flower. 

biatae. 

Salvia, Teucrium, Phlomis, and most la- 

Declining, decumlentia, decUnata. Inclining towards the 

lower part of the flower. Amaryllis formosissima, Hemerocallis 

fulva, iEsculus Hippocastanum, Dictamnus albus.


8. Abortion. 

Antherless, inantherata, castrata. The filaments being 

without anthers. Many filaments of sparmannia Africana, 

two filaments of gratiola officinalis, and the greater part of 

the orchideas. 

Merely rudimental, rudimentaria. So very imperfect, 

and so small, that it is only by analogy that their nature 

can be determined. Orchideas, Salvia, CoUinsonia Canadensis. 

9. Parts. 

Anther, Summit, Anthera, Capiiulum, Theca, Capsida^ 

Apex, Testiculus, Testis, Spermatocystidium. The upper 

part of the stamen usually at the top of it, and containing 

the fecundating powder, in two distinct cells. PL 11, 

fig. 15, 16, 19, and 20. 

Cells, Lociili, TheccB. The two cells that contain the 

fecundating powder. PL 11, fig. 20. 

Lobes, Lohi. The cells when they are perfectly distinct 

and at some small distance from each other. 

Connective, Connectmnn, Filameiiium Link. A fleshy 

part that connects the lobes; or that part of a jointed filament 

which is immediately next the anther. 

Basillary appendages, Set(P. Small threads formed by 

the elongation of the cells in their lower part. 

Fecundating powder. Pollen. The powder contained in 

the cells of the anthers, and which is composed of globules. 

Globules, Uiriculi. Small bladders appearing like dust, 

forming the substance of the pollen. 

Fovilla. The fine substance, imperceptible to the naked 

eye, which the pollen discharges on the moist surface of the 

stigma. 

Filament, Thread, Filamenta, Pedicidiis, Capillamentum, 

St'ipellus,— nema. The footstalk raising the anther from 

the receptacle or corolla. 

Androphore, A/idrophora, Columna, Fasciculus, — adelphia. 

Filaments soldered together in one or more bundles. 

Antherbearing joint, Articulus antlieriferus. That part 

of a jointed filament that is next to but below the anther. 

Terminal appendage, Appendix terminalis. That part 

of a jointed filament that is above the anther.

•introduction to botany. 143 

Flat, Filamentiim planum . 

Filament. 

1. Form. 

Allium fragrans, Kcempferia, 

Fissilia, Heisteria coccinea, Hermannia denudata. 

Petal-like, petaliforme. Broad, thin, flexible and coloured 

like a blossom. Kcempferia, Maranta arundinacea, 

Calothamnus. 

Two-edged, sword-edged, anceps. Canna Indica. 

Awlshape, siibulatum. Tulipa, Butomus, Acer majus. 

Wedgeshape, cuveiforme. Thalictrum petaloideum. 

Nailshape, claviforme, clavatum. Thalictrum atro-pur- 

pureum 

. 

Cylindrical, cylindricinn. The generality of plants. 

Threadlike, capillare. Gram.inese, Plantago. 

% Knobbed, iorulosum, nodosum. With swellings at a 

small distance from one another. Sparmannia Africana. 

Crenate, crenatum. Marked on the internal edge with 

"wrinkles lying across, and forming creases. 

Kneed, geniculatum. Bent like a knee or elbow joint. 

Mahernia pinsata. 

Appendixed, appendiculatum. Having an appendage, 

which does not seem to belong to the filament, but to be 

an extraneous addition. Borrago, Zygophyllum. 

Spiral, spirale, tortum. Bent like a bellspring. Hirtella. 

2. Base. 

Enlarged, Filamentum dilatatum. Ornithogalum pallidum, 

Campanula, Geranium pratense, Tamarix Gallica. 

Arched, fornicatum. Enlarged and concave. Asphodelus. 

Campanula. 

3. Tip. 

Sharp, Filamentum acutum. Lilium, Tulipa, Scutellaria 

alpina, Ternstromia. 

Blunt, ol'tusum. Anona triloba. 

Headed, capitatum. Swelled into a head. Dianella, 

Cephalotus. 

Notched, emarg'inatum. Having a re-entering angle at 

the tip. AUiumlsetum. 

Two-forked, hifurcatum. Brunella, Crambe- 

Three-pointed, tridentaium, tricuspidatmn. Allium porraceum. 

Prominent, prominens. Lengthened out beyond the an- 

ther. Paris quadrifolia, Anona triloba, Ternstromia el- 

liptica.


4. Surface. 

Velvetty, Filamentum villosum. Laiirus Persea, Gual- 

teria. 

Bearded, larlatum. Hairy in some parts and not in 

others. Anthericum, Anagallis, Verbascum. 

Glandbearing, glanduliferum. Dictamnus albus. 

5. Motion, 

Elastic, Filamentwn elasticuyn. Springs back again after 

it has been forcibly bent. 

Irrital)le, irritahile. Moving at the moment of fecundation 

without any apparent mechanical force. Berberis, 

Iluta, Parnassia. 

Androphore. 

Simple, Androphoriim simplex,. In a single body without 

any branches whatever. 

Divided, divisum. Parted into several filaments at top. 

Hypericum ^gyptiacum, Melaleuca. PI. 10, fig. 15; pi. 11, 

fig. 14. 

Branched, ramosum. Divided and subdivided. Ricinus. 

PI. 11,%. 16. 

Solid, solidum. In a solid mass. Hura crepitans, 

Stylidium. 

Thick, crassum. Hura crepitans. 

Slender, gracile. Typha. 

Cylindrical, cylindricum. Stylidium, Xylophylla, Hura 

crepitans. 

Pillarlike, columnare. Rising upright in the centre of 

the flower like a small column. 

Tubular, tuhidosum. Malvaceae. PI. 10, fig. 13. 

Split, Jissum. Tubular, and split lengthways. Most 

leguminosse. PI. 10, fig. 9, a; fig. 12. 

Sheathing, vaginalis. Tubular, and forming a sheath 

round the pistill. Malvaceae. PI. 10, fig. 13. 

Ringlike, annulare. Anacardium occidentale. 

Blossomlike, corolliforme. Gomphrena globosa, Guarea 

trichilioides. 

Crenate, crenatum. Crenated on its edge. Gomphrena 

globosa. 

Hoodlike, cucuUiferum. Furnished with appendages in 

form of hoods. Asclepias.


Anther. 


Sessile, A7ithera sessilis. Without any filament or androphore. 

Aristolochia, Grevillea. 

Adnata, adnata. Annexed to the filament throughout 

its whole extent, and consequently without any particular 

connective. Asarum, Soldanella, Podophyllum peltatum. 

Ranunculus. PI. 11, fig. 18. 

Jointed, articulata. The union of the filament and anther 

having some change of form, colour, shape, or other 

visible mark. Salvia, Scutellaria. 

51 Lateral, lateralis. Fastened on one side of the filament. 

Canna Indica. 

Terminal, termmalis. Fastened to the end of the filament. 

Cyperacese, Datura, Raphanus, Cleome. 

^ Base-fixed, basifixa. Attached by one end, which is 

looked upon as the base of the anther. Iridese, Compositae. 

Middle-fixed, medifixa. Attached by the middle. Lilium. 

^ Immoveable, immobilis. So solidly attached to the 

filament that it cannot be moved without injury. Compositae, 

Limnanthes peltata. 

Moveable, mohilis. Attached by a single point which 

acts like a hinge. Lilium, Limodorum. 

Turning, vacillans, versatilis. Long, fastened by its 

middle, and moveable. Lilium, Tulipa, Amaryllis. 

^ Opening inwards, adversa, antica, introrsa. The suture 

of its 

plants. 

valves turned to the centre of the flowers. Most 

Opening outwards, inversa, postica, extrorsa. The suture 

of its valves turned towards the circumference. Iridese, 

Cucumis. Most ranunculaceae. 

2. Direction. 

Upright, Anthera erecta. Long, fastened by its base, 

and holding itself parallel to the axis of the flower. Tulipa, 

Solanum, Compositae. 

Lying alon^, incumlens. Fastened by its middle, so that 

its lower half is close to the filament. Amaryllis formo- 

sissima, Hypopitys lutea. 

Flat, horizontalis. Lying across the filament. Lilium. 

VOL. I.


3. Form, 

Globular, Anthera globulosa. Mercurialis, Juniperus. 

Mis-shapen, difforynis. Of an irregular x)r singular form. 

Justicia hyssopifolia, Commelina tuberosa. 

Twin, didyma. With two rounded lobes united by a 

small point. Chenopodiura, Spinacia, Mercurialis, Euphorbia. 

Egg-like, ovoidea. Fuchsia. 

Oblong, ohlonga. Ledum, Lilium, Sparganium erectum. 

Lanceolate, lanceolata. Cerinthe major. 

Linear, linearis. Campanula. 

Awlshape, siilulata. Borrago officinalis. 

Thxevn[\\ke,filiJormis. Ternstromia. 

Arrowheadlike, sagittata. Crocus, Limnanthes peltata. 

Heartshape, cordiformis, cordata. Ocymum basilicum. 

Kidneyshape, reniformis. Glechoma hederacea, Lavan- 

dula, Digitalis. 

Shielded, peltata. Broad, and fastened to the filament 

by its centre. 

Compressed, compressa. Flattened sideways. Iris. 

Four-cornered, iefragona. Tulipa. 

^ Straight, recta, rectilinea. Without any windings. Tulipa, 

Borrago. 

Bent, arcuata. Trollius Europseus. 

Twisted, torsa. Bent in a spiral form. Erythrsca vul- 

garis. 

Winding, sinuosa. 

Cucurbita. 

Long, linear, and zig-zag. Cucumis, 

H Truncated, truncata. 

cut off. 

Appearing as if its top had been 

Pointed, acuta. Borrago, Cerinthe. 

Two-cut, bifida. Having a fork at 

Many gramineae, Sparganium erectum. 

one or both ends- 

Two-horned, hicornis. Having two diverging horns 

formed by its pointed lobes. 

num, Pyrola, Many ericae. 

Arbutus, Vaccinium monta- 

Four-horned, quadricornis. Gualteria procumbens. 

Appendixed,appe;2c?fc2//a/a. 

collina, Inula grandiflora. 

Nerium Oleander, Centaurea 

Awned, aristata. Furnished with appendages like awns. 

Euphrasia officinalis, Vaccinium uliginosum, Andromeda 

polifolia. 

Crested, cristaia. Furnished with appendages like crests. 

Erica triflora, E. comosa. PI. 11 , fig. 2 1 

.


Tailed, caudata. Furnished with appendages like a tail. 

Steehelina. 

Opercular, opercularia, operculiformis. Shutting up, like 

a lid, the cavity in which the pollen is contained. Serapias, 

Neottia, Limodorum. 

4. Proportion. 

Shorter than the filament, Anthera JUamento hrevior 

Lilium, Fuchsia. 

As long as the filament, Jilamenti longitudine. Hermannia 

denudata. 

Longer than the filament, Jilamenio longior. Cerinthe 

major. 

•jf Unlike, Antherce diss'imiles. .Different in the same 

flower. Cassia. 

5. Surfaces. 

Smooth, Anthera Icevis. The greatest part of flowers. 

Bald, glabra. Orobanche major. 

Downy, puhescens. Digitalis ferruginea. 

Shaggy, hispida, hirta. Lathrsea simplex. 

Fringed, ciliata. Orobanche minor, Brunella, Lavandula, 

Galeopsis segetum. 

Bearded, barhata. Having a tuft of hairs in some peculiar 

part. Pedicularis, Acanthium, Carpinus. 

Glanduliferous, glandidifera. Having glands. Cardiaca 

vulgaris, Marrubium Hispanicum, Molucella levis. 

6. Lobes. 

One-lobed, Anthera uniloha. Pinus, Larix, Cupressus, 

Juniperus, Thuya.— In pinus, larix, abies, the anthers appear 

to be two-lobed, because, as they are fixed two together 

upon scales that appear like filaments, they resemble the 

two lobes of a single anther; but their analogy to other 

plants show that they are two single distinct anthers. 

Two-lobed, biloba. The generality of plants. PI. 11, 

fig. 15, 19 and 20. 

Many-lobed, multiloba. Taxus. 

7. Cells. 

One- celled, Anthera unilocularis. Cycas, Larix, Cupressus, 

Juniperus, Thuya. 

Two-celled, bilocularis. Orchis, Ephedra. 

Four-celled, quadrilocularis. Most plants. 

Many-celled, multiloadaris. Taxus. 

L 2

148 


^ Fertile, fertiUs, fecunda. Containing pollen. Most 

plants. 

Barren, sterilis. Kot containing pollen. Five stamens 

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ]49 

Diverging, divergentes. When they are nearer together 

at one end than at the other. Digitalis. 

Distant, remoti. Kept at a distance from one another, 

either by the filament. Begonia dichotoma ; or by the connective, 

Salvia, Melissa grandiflora. 

Two-sided, lilaterales. Separated from one another bybeing 

placed on different sides of the filament. Koempferia, 

Begonia dichotoma, or of the filament, Tradescantia 

Virginica. 

5[ Alike, similes. Not differing from one another. Most 

flowers. 

Unlike, dissimiles. Most salviae. 

Connective. 

Long, Connectivum extensum. Of a notable length. 

Salvia, Melastoma. 

Loose, taxum. Separating the lobes so that they do not 

touch. Melissa grandiflora. 

Contracted, corUractum. Very short, and the lobes close 

together. Lilium. 

None, nullum. The anther being inserted immediately 

upon the filament, or some part of the flower. Gramineae, 

Aristolochia, Acetosa pratensis. 

Pollen. 

Powdery, Pollen pulvendentum. Composed of many 

distinct utricles, like a fine dust. 

^ Elastic, elasticum. Lengthens when pulled, and contracts 

itself again. Orchis, Limodorum. 

Horny, corneum. 

Asclepias. 

In a hard mass, flexible like horn. 

Grumous, grumosum, granulatum. Composed of many 

corpuscles united together, and placed on a receptacle 

these corpuscles, attached to an axis, are squeezed together 

so as to form an ovoid mass, parted in two by a longitudinal 

groove. Orchis, Ophrys, Satyrium. PL 12, fig. 9 and 10. 

Lobed, lohaium. The pollen mass is divided into several 

lobes. Limodorum. 

Synstigmatic, synstigmaticum. The pollen mass is terminated 

below by a thread having at its end a corpuscle 

which adheres to the stigma. Many orchidese and ascle- 

piadeee. 

^ Sea-green, glaucum. Some irides. 

Whitish, albidum. Actaea spicata. Salvia formosa. 

Yellowish, âye^cewJ. Impatiens palustris. 

;


Yellow. ôi7^m. Lilium album. 

Sulphur-colour, sulphureum. Pinus. 

Orange-colour, aurantiacum. Lilium croceum. 

Blue, ccEruleum. Epilobium angustifolium. 

Utricles. 

Agglutinated, Utr'icitli agglut'mati. Connected together 

by a moist humour. Serapias. 

Tied, ligati. Attached by threads. Azalea viscosa, 

CEnothera. 

% Smooth, IcEves. Asphodelus fistulosus, Vicia hirsuta. 

Shaggy, hispidi. Covered with fine points. Malva mi- 

niata, Cucurbita esculenta. 

Thorny, miiricuti. Covered with points, strong in proportion 

to their size. Hibiscus Syriacus. 

% Globular, sphcerici. Phleum nodosum, Malva miniata. 

Hibiscus Syriacus, Cucurbita esculenta. 

Egglike, ovoidei. Impatiens Balsamina. 

Oblong, ohtoncri. Anethum segetum. 

Nearly cylindrical, sulcyUndrici. Cerinthe major. 

Kidneyshape, reniformes. Commelina tuberosa. 

Angular, angulati. Tropaeolum majus. 

Three-lobed, trilohi. Serapias longifolia. 

Four-lobed, qiindriloli. Azalea viscosa. 

Twelve-sided, dodecaedri. Geropogon. 

Twenty-sided, icosaedri. Tragopogon. 

Exhausted Anther. 

Anthera deflorata. The state of its cells after the emission 

of the pollen. 

PISTILL. 

Pointal, Pistillum, — gyne, — gynos. The female organ of 

the plant, placed in the centre of the flower. 

Parts. 

Ovary, Germen, Ovarium. The lower part of the pistill> 

containing the ovules. PI. II, fig. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 12. 

Ovules, Ovula, Ova, The rudiments of future plants, 

not yet impregnated. PI. 11, fig. 4. 

Podogyne, Podogynium. A narrow pedicell, on which 

the ovarium is sometimes placed. Papaver, Robinia. 

Gynohasis. The bottom part of the style, when it is 

swelled, and distinguishable from the other. PI. 11, fig. 2.


Style, SiyluSf Tuba, Vagina. An elongation of the 

ovavy supporting the stigma. PI. 11, fig. 2, 6, 7, and 9. 

Collectors, Colleciores. Branches of the style, or hairs, 

serving to irritate the anthers, cause them to discharge the 

pollen, and at the same time to collect it. 

Summit, Siigina. The part of the pistill which is spread 

out, generally on the top of the style, to receive the fecundating 

powder of the anthers. PL 11, fig, 2, 6, 7, 8,9, 

and 10. 

Cornua. The branches of the stigma. 

Siyliscus, Chorda pistillaris, Vasa adducentia aurce seminalis. 

Fibrelike vessels passing from the stigma to the 

ovules. PI. 11, fig. 4. 

Ovary. 

Single, Ovarium unicum. Convolvuli, Cruciferae, Papa- 

veracese. PI. 11, fig. 6 and 7. 

Manifold, multiplex. Several in the same flower. , La- 

biatae, Ranunculacese. PI. 11, fig. 2 and 3. 

% Free, calici inadherens, liberum, superum. Not having 

any adhesion to the calyx or perigonium ; being attached 

to the flower by its bottom only. Lilium, Labiatse, Cruci- 

ferse, Papaveracese, Ranunculacese, Leguminosse. PI. 10, 

fig. 1 and 4. 

Semi-adherent, scmi-adherens. Connected to the calyx 

or perigonium at bottom, but not in its upper part. 

fraga granulata, S. casrulea. 

Saxi- 

Adherent, adherens, inferum. Enveloped within the calyx, 

or perigonium, only the limb of the calyx surmounting 

the whole. Narcisseae, Iridese, Rubiacese, Caprifoliacese, 

Umbelliferse. 

% Raised, sullatum. Placed on a gynophore, or narrowed 

into a podogyne. 

minosse. 

Most caryophyllese, many legu- 

Sessile, sessile. Having neither gynophore nor podogyne. 

Lilium, Prunus, Saururus. 

% One- celled, uniloculare. The interior cavity not divided 

by any partition. 

Juglans. 

Anagallis, Dianthus, Amygdalus, 

Celled, pluriloculare. The interior cavity divided into 

two or more cells. Lilium, Rhododendron. 

^ Two-celled, hiloculare. Divided internally into two 

cells, either by a general partition, Cheiranthus, or two 

partial ones, Syringa, Ruellia.


Half-two-celled, sul-liloadare. With partitions that do 

not entirely join, but leave a small interval between them. 

Three-celled, triloculare. Lilium, Tulipa, Convolvulus, 

Euphorbia, 

Four-celled, quadriloadare. 

Many-celled, midtiloculare. Citrus Medica, Cassia fistula. 

Gaping at top, h'ndcum. Open at top while the plant 

is in flower. Parnassia, Reseda, Datisca. 

' 

51 One-styled, monostyhim. Having only one style. 

Convolvulus, Cynoglossum, Prunus, Rosa. 

Two-styled, 

Gypsophila. 

distylum, Apium, Dianthus, Saponaria, 

Three-styled, tristylum. Acetosa scutata, A. pratensis, 

Hypericum 

PL 11, fig. 6. 

perforatum, Silene, Cucubalus, Arenaria. 

Four-styled, teirasiylum. Spinacia. 

Five-styled, pentastylum. Statice pulchellum, Lychnis, 

Agrostemma, Cerastium, Spergula, Linum. 

Many-styled, polystylum. Phytolacca, Illicium. 

Style-less, acephahun. Not having any styles. Labiatae, 

Ochnaceffi. 

The form of the ovary admits most of the distinctions 

of the pericarpium. 

The number of the cells, and the number or position of 

the ovules, are not the same in the ovary as in the ripe 

fruit, on account of the abortions that take place. 

Style. 

Single, Stylus unicus. When there is only one style to 

one ovary, Lilium, Centaurea, Compositse, Citrus; or to 

many ovaries, Labiatse, Boragineae, Apocynese. 

Many, multiplex. Many styles upon a single ovary. 

Phytolacca. 

None, mdhis. Paeonia, Crambe maritima. 

^ Terminal, terminalis. On the geometric summit of 

the ovary, which in this case is also the organic summit. 

Liliacese, Apocynece, CruciferEe. 

Lateral, lateralis. When the organic summit on which 

the style is placed is on the side in respect to the geometric 

summit. Thymeleee, Rosaceee. 

Basilary, basilaris. The organic summit on which the 

style is placed is confounded with the base, and consequently 

opposite to the geometric summit. Artocarpus 

incisa, Hirtella Peruviana.


Receptacular, receptacularis. Placed upon the receptacle 

instead of the ovary. Borrago officinalis, Anchusa, Symphytum. 

Gynophorian, gynophorianus. Growing out of a prominent 

receptacle or gynophore. Scutellaria, Gomphia. 

% Very long, hngissimus. In respect to the ovary. Zea 

Mays, Tamarindus. PI. 11, fig. 9. 

Very short, hrevissimus* Asarum, Aristolochia. 

Included, incliisus, nun exsertus. Not appearing above 

the opening of the floral integuments. Narcissus, Verbena, 

Syringa. 

Exserted, exserted. 

_ 

Rising above 

, 

^ 

the opening of the 

floral integuments. Salvia bicolor, Centranthus marinus, 

Fuchsia. PI. 8, fig. 4 ; pL 9, fig. 9. 

5[ Cylindrical, cylindriaLs, teres. Cynoglossum linifolium, 

Hypopitys lutea. 

Hair-like, capillaris. Cucubalus bacciferus. 

j^/j/brrww. Vicia tetrasperma, Helesia te- 

, Thread-like, 

traptera. 

Awlshape, sululatus. Slender, and growing narrower 

from the base to the tip, which ends in a point. Allium 

album. 

Three-sided, trigonus. Lilium bulbiferum, L. croceum, 

Ornithogalum luteum, Pisuni. 

Swordshape, ensiformis, Canna. 

Cliibshape, claviformis, clavatus. Leucojum eestivum. 

Conical, conicus. Lecythis. 

Topshape, turhinatus. Viola Rothomagensis. 

Pipey, tuhulosus. Long an^l hollow along its whole 

length. Lilium. 

Funnelshape, wfundiluliformis. Hura crepitans. 

Petal-like, petaliformis. Thin and coloured like a blossom. 

Iris. 

5[ Bald, glaler. Lilium. 

Velvetty, villosus. Statice pulchella, Echium vulgare. 

Bearded, larlaius. Salvia formosa. 

, •[[ Upright, verticalis. Relative to the ovary. Lilium, 

Nicotiana, Vinca rosea. 

Straight, rectilineus, rectus. Without any bending. Lilium, 

Nicotiana, Convolvulus inflatus, Vinca rosea. 

Bowed, arcuata, Amaryllis, Pisum, Phaseolus. 

Ascending, ascendens. Departing in an irregular flower 

from the axis, and growing up towards the top. Salvia, 

Lamium, Scutellaria alpina, Teucrium.


Declining, decl'uiatus. Growing clown towards the lower 

side of the flower. Hemerocallis fulva, Amai^llis, jEscuIus 

Hippocastanum, Dictamnus albus. 

Spiral, spiralis. Bent in a spiral form. Glycine. 

Bent inwards, hijiexus^ incurvus. Bent towards the 

centre of the flower. Grevillea, Vicia tetrasperma. 

. Bent outwards, reflexus. Bent from the centre of the 

flower. 

Kneed, geniculaius. Bent suddenly, so as 'to form an 

angle, more or less acute. Geum urbanum. 

^ Simple, simplex. Without any division whatever. 

Cepa esculenta. 

Cat, ^ssus. Divided lengthways in the upper part. 

Two-cut, lifidus. Salicornia. 

Three-cut, trifidus. Gladiolus communis, Ixia Chinensis, 

Iris. 

Five-cut, quinqitefidus. Hibiscus. 

Many cut, mi/lltfidus. Lavatera, Malva. 

Parted, partilus. Divided more than halfway down. 

Two-parted, hipartilus. Limeum, Casuarina. 

Three-parted, tripartihiSy &c. 

Two-forked, dichotomus. Forked, and each branch 

forked again. Cordia, Varronia. 

^ Falling ofi^, caducus. Withering as soon as the fecundation 

is effected, and leaving no vestige on the fruit. 

Scilla, Prunus, Amygdalus. 

Persisting, persistens. Not falling off as soon as the fecundation 

is effected. Ornithogalum, Anagallis, Pulsatilla 

vulgaris. Geranium, Cruciferje, Buxus. 

Increasing, accrescens. Persisting, and continuing to 

enlarge. Pulsatilla vulgaris, Clematis, Geum. 

Stigma. 

Single, Stigma unicmn. Only one stigma to each style. 

Primula, Raphanus, Cleome. 

Double, duplex. Two stigmas to each style. Triticum, 

Convolvulus sepium, Dianthus. 

Triple, triplex. Iris, Gladiolus, Ixia, Crocus, Rheum 

Lapathum, Silene. 

Quintuple, quintuplex. Hibiscus, Campanula aurea. 

Sextuple, sextuplex. Aristolochia infesta. 

Multiple, fnulliplex. Empetrum, Nigella Hispanicum, 

Lavatera Malva. 

if Terminal, lerminale. Placed at the end of the style. 

Lilium, Tulipa, Mirabilis Jalapa, Vinca.


Lateral, lateralis. Placed on the side of the style or 

ovan^, Platanaria natans, Ranunculacese, Caryophyllse, 

Platanus. 

Opposed, adversum. Turned from the centre, and facing 

the circumference of the flower. Cucurbitaceae. 

Facing inwards, inuersum. Several in each flower, turned 

to the centre. Ranunculacese, Saxifragese. 

Anterior, anterius. In an irregular flower, facing ihe 

fore part of the floral integuments. Orchideae. 

Sessile, sessile, Cleome, Parnassia. 

^ Fleshy, carnosiim. Thick, strong, and juicy. Lilium. 

Blossomlike, petalifoime. Having the appearance of a. 

petal. Iris, 

^ Globular, glohosum. Mirabilis Jalappa, Primula, 

Hottonia, Linnsea, Limosella. 

Headed, capitatum. Thick, more or less rounded. 

Atropa lethalis, Vinca. 

Hemispherical, hemisphericum. Hyoscyamus aureus, 

Tournefortia mutabilis. Hibiscus Syriacus. 

Conical, coiiicuin. Heliotropium. 

Egglike, ovoideum. Genipa. 

Clubshape, clavatum^ clav'iforme . Jasione montana. 

Cinchona, Epilobium tetragonum. 

Arrowhead-like, sagittahim. Thalictrum elatum. 

Lineal', lineare. Sparganium erectum, Campanula,^ 

Dianthus, Silene. 

Awlshape, suhulatum. Hippuris vulgaris, Tripsacum 

dactyloides, Castanea vesca. 

ThxeaAWke^Jiliforme, capillare. Zea Mays, Casuarina. 

Angular, angulosum. Muntingia. 

Three-cornered, trigonum^ triquetrum. Tulipa sylvestris, 

Aibuca major, Peganum. 

Four-cornered, tetragonum. Ludwigia. 

Five-cornered, pentagonum. 

Dilated, dilatatmn. Spreading out in a plate from the 

centre to the circumference. Rumex scutatus, Orobanche 

major, Hura crepitans. 

Orbicular, orhioulare. Round and flat. Berberis, Lythrum 

spicatum. 

Bucklershape, peltatum. Fixed upon the ovary or style 

by its centre, and spread out into a large surface. Sibthorpia 

Europeea, Arbutus Unedo, Pyrola minor, Stapelia, 

Sarracenia, Hypopitys lutea.

156 


Radiated, radiatum. Base enlarged into a buckler, limb 

forming rays. 

phssa. 

Papaver somniferum, P. erraticum, >^ym- 

Starlike, stellatum. Cut into lobes like a star. Asarum, 

Pyrola uniflora, Garcinia. 

Umbilicated, umUlicatuni. Having a depression in the 

centre. Hura crepitans. 

Funnelshape, infundihuliforme. Koempferia longa. 

Perforated, perforatum. Pierced with a hole in the 

middle. Lilium, Viola Rothomagensis. 

Folded, plicatum. Limnanthes plicata. 

^ Hooked, uncinaium, hamatum. Bent at the end like 

a hook. Verbena glomerata, Colutea. 

Pointed, acutum. Leucojum aestivum, Salix viminalis. 

Blunted, ohiusum. Allium porraceum, Tulipa sylvestris, 

Physalis Alkekengi, Andromeda, Brassica, Crambe Tar- 

tarica. 

Truncated, truncatum. Maranta. 

Nicked, emarginatum. Butoraus umbellatus, Lathraea 

simplex, Jasione montana, Cheiranthus fruticulosus, Circaea. 

Halfmoonlike, semilunatzim, hmahim, lumdatum. Fumaria 

lutea. 

^ Toothed, dentatum. Hura crepitans. 

Fine-toothed, denticulatum. Fumaria sempervirens. 

Crenated, crenatum, crenulatum. With rounded cuts. 

Crocus sativus, Pyrola. 

Frino-ed, ciliated. Furnished with fine hairs on the 

edge. Acetosa scutata, Sanguisorba media. 

% Simple, simplex. Not divided. Pedicularia palustris, 

Borrago officinalis, Centranthus marinus. 

Divided, divisum. Divided more or less deeply. 

Jagged, laciniatiim. Xylophylla. 

Two-cut, hijidum. Most labiatoe, Compositse, Salix alba. 

Three-cut, 

Cneorura. 

trifidum. Narcissus, Phlox, Poleraonium, 

Four-cut, 

ropaeum. 

quadrifidum. Plumbago, Heliotropium Eu- 

Many-cut, multifidum. Crocus multifidus, Turnera. 

Two-lobed, hilohatum. Divided into two large segments. 

Glaucium luteum, Scrofularia sambucifolia. 

Three-lobed, triLohatum. Lilium, Tulipa, Campanula. 

Four-lobed, 

spicatum. 

quadrilohatum. Parnassia, Chamasnerion 

Five-lobed, quinquelolatum. Moneses grandiflora, Mat- 

thiola sinuata.


Parted, partiUim. When it is difficult to determine 

whether the stigma be cut or lobed. 

^ Two-flaked, hilamellatum. Composed of two flakes. 

Gratiola, Iris. 

Sheathing, vaginans. Composed of two flakes, one 

sheathing the other. Sideritis. 

^ With a ring of hairs, annido villoso instructum. Lobelia. 

With a glandular ring, annulo glanduloso instructum. 

Tournefortia mutabilis. 

With a membranaceous border, limlo memhranaceo instructum. 

Vinca rosea. 

With a membranaceous pitcher, urceolo memhranaceo instructum-. 

Scsevola. 

% Upright, erectum. Long, and in the direction of the 

axis of the flower. Statice pulchella. 

Oblique, ohliquum. Not in the direction of the axis. 

Actsea. 

Twisted, torturn. Bent like a corkscrew, or twisted 

pillar. Nigella Hispanica, Begonia. 

Bent inwards, injiexum. Maranta, Goodenia. 

Revolute, turned outwards, rejiexum, recurvum. Bent 

towards the circumference of the flower. Many campanulse, 

Acer majus, Chamaenerion spicatum. 

•[f Bald, glalrum. Castanea vesca. 

Velvety, velutinum. Glaucium luteum, Hyoscyamus 

aureus. 

Downy, puhescens. Acer majus, Platanus. 

Villous, villosiim. Tripsacum, Gramineae, Myriophyllum 

spicatum. 

Hairpencil-like, penicilliforme. Covered with hairs collected 

together like a painter's brush. Triglochin marl* 

timum, Oxyria rotundifolia. 

Bottlebrushlike, aspergilliforme. Hairs disposed in 

whirls round an axis, like a bottlebrush, holywater sprinkle, 

or gunbrush. Arundo vallatoria. Many other gramineae. 

Feathery, plumosum. Hairs placed along the sides like 

the vanes of a feather. Avena elati6r, and many other 

graminese. PL 1 1, fig. 7. 

Granular, granulosum. Covered with small nipplelike 

rains. Mirabilis Jalapa, Convolvulus inflatus, 

f 

tosa-Sinensis, H. Syriacus. 

Hibiscus 

Viscous, viscosum. Nicotiana fruticosa. 

Furrowed, sulcatum. Salix rosea, Musa.


The colour of the stis;ma ouoht also to be observed. 

It IS sometimes difficult to distinguish between the style 

and the stigma, especially when the stigma is lateral as in 

colutea. 

GYNOSTEMIUM. 

Column, Columna, Pistillum antheriferum. A sexual organ 

formed hy the union of those of the two sexes into one columnar 

mass. PI. 12, fig. 2, S, 4, 6, and 8. 

Parts. 

Filaments, Synema. The part that appears to support 

the male organs. 

Stigma, Gynizus. The moist and viscous surface of the 

female organ. PL 12, fig. 2 a; 4- b ; 6 c; 8 d. 

Rosiellum. An elongation of the stigma above the 

gynizus, frequently covering it. PJ. 12, fig. 6 e. 

Caudicle, Caudicula. The pedicell, or solid filament, 

that carries the pollen masses. PI. 12, fig. 1 b ; 5 a. 

Retinacle, Retinaculum. The globular, viscous body to 

which the caudicles are attached, and by which the pollen 

masses are connected together. PI. 12, fig. la; 5 b. 

Clmandrum. The cavity in the upper part of the gymnostemium 

above or behind the gynizus, in which the anthers 

or pollen masses are lodged. PI. 12, fig. 2, e; 4 f 

Locellus. The particular cavity in which each anther or 

pollen mass is lodged. PI. 12, fig. 2 e. 

Pollen mass, Anther Linnaeus, Massa pollinica, Anthera, 

The whole mass of pollen, or naked anther. PI. 12. 

fig. 1 c, d ; 2 e ; 4 f. 

Massula. The two separate pieces of which each pollen 

mass is composed in some genera. PL 12, fig. 9 and 10. 

Septulum. The division between the two locelli. PL 12, 

fig. 2 f ; 4 g. 

Proscolla. The glandular swelling at the top or middle 

of the rostellum, secreting a viscous humour, which enables 

the pollen masses to slide down, when the clinandrium 

opens. PL 12, fig. 2 c; 5 b. 

Staminodium. Appendages which appear to be abortive 

anthers. PI. 12, fig.2 d; 3 e; 4 e; 6 f g. 

Bursicle, Bursiada. The end of the rostellum forming 

a hollow in which the retinacle nestles. PL 12, fig. 2b; 4 a. 

As this construction is found only in the orchideas, it is 

needless to mention the several variations ; the principal 

.


ones will occur in the explanation of the twelfth plate. 

The Orchidece are the 2 1 st family of the second series, and 

are described in vol. ii. p. 197 to 215. 

RECEPTACLE OF THE FLOWER. 

Receptaculum, Torus, Sedes floris. Thalamus, Discus, — 

thalamum— clinium. The expanded point of the peduncle 

from which the several parts of the flower arise. 

Contracted, Receptacidum contractum. The dimension 

being small.—The limits of the receptacle are the points 

from whence the corolla arises, if there is one, or the 

sexual organs, if there is not any corolla. 

Dilated, dilatatum, latum. Potentilla. 

Flat, planum. Potentilla. 

Hollow, cavum. Rosa. 

Convex, convexum. Rubus. 

Prominent, with a gynophore, prominens, gynophoratum. 

Having a prominent projection, or gynophore. Cleome, 

Reseda, Dianthus, Silene. 

Gynophore. 

Carpophore, Gynophorum, Carpophorum. A prominency 

arisingfrom the receptacle^ supporting the pistill. 

One-styled, Gynophorum monosiylum. Supporting a 

single ovary. Cleome, Dianthus, Silene. 

Many-styled, polystylum. Myosurus, Ranunculus, Gomphia 

nitida. 

Stamen-bearing, staminiferum. Supporting the stamens 

also. Thalictrum, Cleome pentaphylla, Silene, Passiflora. 

Blossom-bearing, corolliferum. Supporting the petals 

also. Dianthus, Silene. 

^ Conical, conicum. 

Cylindrical, cylindricum. 

Hemispherical, hemisphericum. 

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the gynophore 

and the nectary. 

Disk. 

Discus. A protuberance on the receptacle of the flower, 

from whence the petals and stamens arise. Rhamnus, 

—

160 


GONOPHORE. 

Gonophorum. An elongation of the receptacle of the 

flower, from whence the stamens and pistills arise. Annonacese, 

Magnoliaceae. 

Anthophore. 

Anthophorum. An elongation of the receptacle of the 

flower, arising from the bottom of the calyx, and throwing 

out by the petals, stamens, and pistills. Caryophylleae, 

especially in Silene. 

: 

Thecaphore. 

Thecaphorum, Basigynium. A gynophore from whence 

only one ovary arises. Phaca, Cleome. 

POLYPHORE. 

Polypliorum. A gynophore from whence several ovaries 

arise. Fragaria. 

NECTARY. 

Nectarium. A glandular organ, situated upon the receptacle 

ofthejiower, distilling peculiar juices. 

Position. 

On the receptacle, Nectarium epiclinum. To which belong 

the following variations 

Gynobasic, gynohasicum. Growing under the ovary, 

and not extending beyond it. Labiatse, Ruta, Cneorum 

tricoccum. 

Epigynophoric, epigynophoricum. Placed under the 

ovary, on the top of the gynophore. Cucubalus. 

Contracted, contractum. Under the ovary, and not 

wider than it. Aurantiacese, Cneorum tricoccum. 

Marginal, marginans. Broader than the base of the 

ovary. Menyanthes, Boraginese, Rhamnus. PI. 1 1 . fig. 5. 

Adherent, adherens. The edge extends along the surface 

of the ovary, and is united with it throughout its whole 

extent. Lyciura, Physalis Alkekengi, Convolvulus—sometimes 

this nectary can only be distinguished from the ovary 

by its diiferent colour, and glandular appearance. 

Half-adherent, semi-adherens. The edge adheres only 

to the bottom of the ovary, and is free at the upper part. 

Melampyrum, Scrofularia. 

Free, liherum. The edge not connected with the ovary. 

Menyanthes.


One-sided, urdlateral. Attached to one side only of the 

ovary. Melampyrum arvense, Saxifraga sarmentosa. 

Peristomic, peristomicum. Spread over the receptacle, 

as far as the place from whence the stamens arise. S^pin- 

deae, Myrtese, Rosaceae, Leguminosse. — This nectary is 

found only in flowers whose calyces are gamosepalous and 

stamens perigynous, or in those which have only a single 

floral integument of one piece; and seems to push the 

stamens towards the opening of the calyx or perigonium. 

Periandric, periandricum. Placed round the stamens. 

Xylophylla raontana. — Found only in monadelphous 

flowers. 

Peripetalic, peripetaliim. Surrounding the corolla. Chironia 

frutescens. 

^ Epigynous, epigynum. Placed upon the ovary. 

Cornus, Rubiaceae, Umbelliferae, Cucurbita esculenta. 

Crowning, coronans. Forming a crown upon the ovary. 

Compositse, Astrantia.—When this nectary is situated on 

the junction of the ovary with the calyx, it is difficult to 

distinguish it from a peristomic nectary. Campanula. 

Expanding, expansum. Extended upon the top of the 

ovary. Saxifraga hypnoides. 

2. Form. 

Gynophore-like, Nectarium gynophoro'ideum. Rising up 

the ovary, like a gynophore. Creorum tricoccum, Zygophyllum 

Morgsana, Corchorus hirsutus.—This is usually 

of a closer and more glandular texture than a true gynophore. 

Disk-like, discoideum, disciforme. Flat, orbicular, and 

serving as a basis for the ovary to rest upon. Gratiola 

officinalis. 

Ringlike, annular'mm. In form of a ring. Scrofularia 

sambucifolia, Cestrum, Polemonium vulgare, Chironia 

frutescens, Passiflora caerulea. PI. 11, fig. 4. 

Sack-like, sacelliforme. Forming a purse in which the 

ovary is placed until it is fully grown. Balanites .^gyp- 

tiaca. 

Scale-like, sqiiamiforme. In the form of a scale. Gre- 

villea. 

Bunched, gihhosum. Swelled out upon one side. Salvia. 

Beaked, rostratum. Lengthened out in a beak upon 

one side. Scutellaria. PI. 11, fig. 12. 

Fine-toothed, denticulatiim. The edge divided into small 

teeth. Datura, Tatula. 

VOL. I. M


Sinuated, sinuatum. Cut into sinuses, the divisions not 

being very deep. Cobea scandens. 

Lobed, lohatum. Cuts very deep. 

Two-lobed, hilohatum. 

Three-lobed, trilobatum. And so forth. 

3. Duration. 

Persisting, Nectarmm persistens. Remaining after the 

ripening of the fruit. Cobea scandens. 

Vanishing, evanescens. Becoming smaller as the fruit 

ripens, and disappearing at last. Saxifraga hypnoides. 

Nectariferous Flakes. 

LamincB nectarifero', Glandulcp nectariferce. Small 

rounded flakes, performing the office of nectaries. Cotyledon 

and some other crassulacess, Crambe, Biscutella and 

other cruciferae, Hypericum jEgyptiacum, Xylophylla 

montana, Jatropha pandursefolia.—Tilia alba. 

APPENDAGES TO THE FLOWER. 

Nectaria Linnceus, Appendicula florum. All those anomalous 

integuments or organs, not included in the heforementioned 

parts ; some of ivhieh appear to he abortive organs j 

others to he destinedfor the secretion of peculiar Juices ; and 

a third set to he formedfor the sake of variety, and of affording 

means to distinguish the several races and families of 

vegetables ; so that a polylheist ivlio should consider the work 

creation to he performed by subordinate agents, under the 

of 

inspectio?! of The Supreme, might reasonably infer them to he 

mint marksfor each agent to recog?iize his ow?i handywork. 

Spur, Calcar, Froductum, Nectarotheca,—cenlhrum. A 

hornlike or tubular projection of one of the floral integu- 

ments ; as of the calyx, Balsamine ; of the corolla, Linaria 

or of the perigonium, Orchidese: it generally contains a 

nectariferous gland. 

Bunch, Gibbositas. A very short and obtuse spur. 

Cornet, Hood, Helmet, Cornu, Capulum, Galea. Broad 

spurs resembling the articles mentioned. 

Perapetalum, Nectarilyma. Any appendages attached 

to the corolla or its petals. - Menyanthes. 

Peraphyllum. Any appendages attached to the calyx^ 

or to the perigonium. Soda. 

Scutellaria j 

;


Crown, Cup, Corona, Scyphus, Paracorolla. A kind of 

corolla placed within the real corolla, or corollalike perigonium. 

Narcissus. 

Parapetala. Apparent petals seated within the true petals. 

Helleborus.—They appear to be abortive stamens. 

Parastades. Barren filaments, composed of cells in 

divers rows, situated between the petals and the stamens. 

Passiflora, Sparmannia. 

Nectaristigmata. Coloured spots at the base of the 

petals. Papaver. 

Scales, Sc/uamce. Small appendages to flowers. 

Periphyllia, Appendices. Scales surrounding the ovary. 

Gramineae. 

LamellcB. Scales, or petal-like appendages upon the 

corolla. Silene, Nerium, Oleander. 

Parastyli, Prospliyses. Abortive or imperfect pistills, 

mixed with the perfect ones. 

Paracarpium. An abortive or imperfect ovary ; or that 

part of a male floWer where the ovary would be placed, if 

it were hermaphrodite. 

Parastamina. Abortive stamina, or parts which resemble 

stamina, but do not perform their office. 

Perisponim. Filaments surrounding the ovary. Cype- 

raceaea. 

Lepisma. A membranaceous or slightly fleshy scale at 

the base of the ovary. Pseonia, Aquilegia vulgaris : these 

appear to be in some cases abortive stamens, in others expansions 

of the receptacle, which latter sometimes entirely 

surround the ovary. Paeonia Moutan papaveracea. 

Sarcoma. A fleshy part, of various shape, either surrounding 

the ovary, or placed near it. Cobaea. 

Urceohis, Perigynium. A small cartilaginous, or membranaceous 

bladder, surrounding the ovary, and open at 

top, to let the style pass through. Carex. Some call this 

a nectary, although it does not secrete a nectareous juice; 

others a corolla, although it is seated within the stamens 

others a capsule, although it is no part of the pistill or 

fruit ; others a lodicule. 

Hood, Siylotegium. A hollowing out of the united filaments 

of the stamens, covering the ovary like a hood. 

Asclepiadeee. 

Saccus, Corona, Stylotegium. Filaments of the stamens 

united together. Stapelia. 

Horns, Cornua. The hornlike appendages by which 

the stylotegium is terminated. Stapelia. 

m2 

;

y^4^ 

' INTRODUCTION 

TO BOTANY. 

Beak, Rostrum. Cornu clavatum. The upright points 

of the horns. Stapelia. 

Wing, Ala, Appendix. A compressed appendage on the 

back of the stylotegium. Stapelia. 

Tongues, Lingulce. Appendages from the bottom of th^ 

stylotegium, alternating with the horns, and resting upon 

the corolla. Stapelia. 

Shield, Scutum. A circular disk surrounding the stylotegium. 

Stapelia. 

FRUIT. 

Fructus,—carpon. The ovary arrived at its maturity. 

Ge?ieral Distinctions. 

Simple, Fructus simplex. Coming from a single ovary. 

Ceraaus. 

Compound, compositus, multiplex. Arising from several 

ovaries, all belonging to the same flower. Rubus. 

Aggregated, aggregatus. Arising from several ovaries 

originally belonging to different flowers. Morus. 

5[ Autocarpicus. Growing without adhering to any organs, 

or being covered by them. 

Heterocarpicus. Conjoined to other parts that alter its 

appearance. 

Pseudocarpiais. Hidden by the surrounding parts, which 

appear to constitute the fruit itself. 

^ Gymnocarpicus. Naked, without any cover. Cerasus. 

Angiocarpicus. Enclosed in a cover, either a cupule, Quercus 

; aggregated bractese, Pinus, Larix ; or an involucrum, 

Compositae. 

Carpelle, Carpellum, Chorion, The separate parts of a 

compound fruit ai'ising from each ovary. 

Carpidium. The separate fruits, in an aggregated fruit, 

that arise from each flower. 

Pericarp, Pericarpium, Conceptaadum seminum. That 

part of the fruit that contains the seeds. 

InduvicB, Induvice florales, Folliculi. Parts of the flowers 

that remain and accompany the pericarp.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. l6B 

PSEUDOSPERMIC FRUITS. 

Naked seeds, Fructus pseudospermi, Fructus carcerulares, 

Semina nuda. Simple fruits, not opening of themselves 

when ripe, co?itaini?ig only a single seed, or at most 

lut Jew, and having the pericarp so exactly joined to the 

seed) that the latter appears to have only its own covers. 

Cariopsis. 

Seed, Grain, Cerio, Cerium. F^-uit simple, dry, one" 

seeded, with the pericarp strictly united to the proper covers 

of the seed. Graminese. PL IS, fig. 1, 2 and 3. 

Globular, Cariopsis glolulosa. Panicum Italicum. 

Roundish, suhroiunda. Zea Mays, Holcus succulentus. 

Oblong, ohlo7iga. Triticum, 

Grooved, canaliculata. Hollowed out in a groove, 

Triticum, Secale, Avena, Hordeum. 

^ Beaked, rostrata. Having a kind of beak or point at 

top, the remains of the style. Phleum pratense. 

Two-beaked, hirostrata. Having two points or beaks at 

top. Briza, Ehrharta panicea. 

% Enveloped, induviata, glumelld tecta. Enveloped in a 

persistent glumelle. Oryza sativa. 

Naked, nuda. Zea Mays. 

Akenium. 

Seed, Achsena, Achenium, Akena, Acenium, Cypsela. 

Fruit simple, one-seeded, usually dry, the pericarp more or 

less intimately united with the proper covers of the seed, and 

with the tube of the calyx. Compositse. PI. 13, fig. 4, 5, 6. 

Egglike, Akenium ovoideum. Balliera. 

Reverse egglike, ohovoideum. In form of an egg, the 

small end being the basis. Hippophsestum vulgare, Ono-^ 

pordum vulgare, Polymnia. 

Topshape, turUnatum. Galardia, Agriphyllum, Galinsaga 

triloba. 

Three-sided, trigonum. Baltimora. 

Compressed, compressum. Flattened sideways. Careopsis^ 

Zinnia, Silphium, Bellis. 

Bent, curvatum. Tragopogon pratense. Calendula. 

Angular, angulatum. Sigesbeckia. 

"Winged, alatum. Having a thin, broad edge. Achillea 

millefolia, Ximenesia encelioides.


•[ Drupe-like, drupeolatum. Having a succulent sarcocarp 

resembling that of a drupeole, Clibadium. 

^ Pappous. papposujn, lam/gi?i0ium. The edge of the 

top having hairs or bristles, the remains of the limb of the 

calyx. Taraxacum vulgare, Lactuca, Carduus, Senecio, 

Inula, Aster. 

Awned at the tip, apice aristatum. Having awlshape 

awns at the tip. Coreopsis, Bidens. 

Two-horned, licorne. Having two hornlike points at 

top. Silphium. 

Chafiv' at the tip, ap'ice paleaceum. Having at top small 

scales or chaffs, not sufficiently numerous to form a pappus. 

Helianthus. 

Two-chaffed, hipaleaceum. 

Three- chaffed, tr'ipaleaceiim. 

Fringed at the tip, apice ciliata. With hairs like eyelashes. 

Echinops. 

Margined at top, apice marginalum. Having a membranous 

ring round the edge of the tip. Cotula, Tanacetura 

Matricaria vulgaris, Anthemis tinctoria, Pyrethrum 

inodorum. 

Notched at top, apice emarginntum. Silphium Encelia. 

Narrow-necked, colliferum. Narrowed at top, and surrounded 

by a pappus. Taraxacum. 

Bald., unarmed, calvum, niuticum. Having neither pappus 

nor any other remains of the calyx. Lapsana communis, 

Hippophasstum vulgare, Tanacetum, Artemisia, 

Anthemis, Leucanthemum vulgare. 

The calyx sometimes forms a double crown of two different 

kinds. 

Collum. 

Stipes, Pedilis. The narrow elongated tip of the akenium, 

destined to support the pappus. 

Pappus. 

Lanugo. The liml of the abortive calyx that surmounts 

the akeniujn in many plants. PL 13, fig. 5. 

Sessile, Pappus sessilis. When the limb of the calyx 

which forms the pappus is not contracted at bottom. 

Hieracium, Sonchus, Centaurea, Carduus, Senecio, Erigeron 

Cineraria. PI. 13, fig. 5.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 16^ 

Pedicelled, pedilalus, stipiiatus. When the pappus is 

placed upon an ovary that is contracted and drawn out 

into a pedile or stipes. Taraxacum vulgare, Tragopogon, 

Lactuca. 

Simple, simplex, pilosits, pilaris. The hairs which form 

the pappus appear to the naked eye to have neither teeth 

nor branches. Lactuca, Sonchus, Centaurea, Erigeron, 

Senecio. 

Feathery, plumosus, ramosus. The hairs having other 

hairs upon them. Taraxacum vulgare, Achyrophorus ra- 

dicatus, Urospermum picroides. 

Silky, sericeus. Composed of soft, brilliant hairs, like 

silk. Lactuca, Sonchus. 

Bristly, setosus. Composed of stiff hairs like hog's 

bristles. Hyoseris hedypnois, Arctium major. 

Chaff-like, paleaceus. Composed of small narrow chaffs, 

Cyanus vulgaris, Phrygia nigra, Bidens tripartita. 

Equal, cequalis. All the hairs are of equal length. Most 

Pappi- 

. . 

Unequal, mcequalis. 

, . 

Some of the hau's 

, , , 

longer than the 

others. Picris hieracioides, Serratula tinctoria, Cyanus 

vulgaris, Onopordium vulgare. 

Wanting, nnlius. The calyx has no pappus. Lapsana, 

Tanacetum.—This is only used when the plant has a considerable 

analogy to those that are pappose. 

Ckemocarpium. 

Fruit, Polakena, Polachena, Carpadelium. Fruit simple, 

composed of tivo cells, or coques united, and shut iip i?i the 

calyx, but separable lengthivays ivhen ripe. Umbelliferse. 

PI. ] 3, fig. 7 and 8. 

Sphserical, Cremocarpiuin sphcericum. Coriandrum sativum. 

Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Carum officinale, ^thusa tenui- 

folia. 

Egglike, ovoideum, ovatum. Bupleurum. 

Oblong, oblongum. Myrrhis odorata. 

Awlshape, subulatum. Sandix vulgaris. 

Orbicular, orbiculare. Tordylium. 

Compressed sideways, utroque latere compressuvi. Carum 

vulgare, Apium, Smyrnium vulgare. 

Compressed on the two faces, utrdquefacie compressum, 

Cicuta, Smyrnium vulgare. 

Angular, angulosum. Smyrnium vulgare, Myrrhis odo- 

rata. 

^

168 


"Winged, alatum. Laserpitum triquetrum. 

Crowned, coronaium. The limb of the calyx left and 

forming a crown on the summit. QEnanthe, Coriandrum 

sativum. 

5[ Indivisible, impartibile. When the fruit of an umbelliferous 

plant is not separable into two cells— Sanicula 

Marylandica—A very rare case, referred here by analogy. 

Two-partible, bipartibile. Partible into two cells. Most 

umbelliferae. 

Latuscules. 

Latusculse. The external surface of the cells, or coques^ 

opposed to that by which they are united. PL 1 3, fig. 7 d. 

Convex, Latusculce convexce. Bolax, Cachrys. 

Turgid, turgidcB. Smyrnium. 

Contracted, con'tractce. Pimpinella, Sison. 

Bent in and wrinkly, introfiexo rugulosce. Hasselquistia. 

Flattened, explanatcR. Spread out into a membranaceous 

margin. 

5[ Uncut, integrce. Mulinum. 

Nicked, emarginatcB. Pastinaca, Heracleum Sphondylium. 

Winged, alatce. Imperatoria, Angelica. 

Crenulated, creindatce. Hasselquistia. 

Toothed, denticidatce. Hasselquistia. 

Thickened, incrassatce. Tordylium. 

Ringed, annulatce. Cachrys dichotomum. 

Sinuatedly lobed, s'muato-lobatcB. Artedia. 

Glochidated, gloch'idaicB. Drusa. 

Commissures. 

Commissuree. The internal faces of the cells, or cogues, 

which are next to each other, before the fruit is parted^ 

Ph IS, fig. 7 c, c. 

Flat, Commissurce plance. Êthusa. 

Streaked, striatce. Exoacantha. 

Convex, convexcE. Angelica. 

Ribbed, costata. Fischera. 

Concave, concavce. Hollow, with a membrane spread 

over it. Coriandrum sativum. 

Furrowed, sulcatce. Chaerophyllum. 

Holed, ybra/rt?. Coriandrum testiculatum. 

Smooth, cequahiles. 

Transversely wrinkled, transversim i-uguloso-lamellatce, 

Artedia,


Raphe. 

The line of junction of the two cells, or cogues, of a cremocarpium. 

Plain, Raphe simplex. Cachrys odontalgica. 

Straight, rectiliiiea. 

Narrowed, attenuata. 

Acute, acuta. 

Blunt, ohtusa. 

Thickened, incrassata. 

Ribbed, costat a. Coriandrum sativum. 

"Waved, undulata. Tordylium. 

Wrinkled, rugulosa. Cachrys microcarpa. 

Sinuatedly waved, sinuato-undiilata. Artedia. 

Toothed, denticulata. 

Bristly, setosa. Scandix. 

Marginal, marginalis. Imperatoria. 

Nearly axile, subaxilis. The cells being contiguous to 

each other by their flat sides, either about the middle of 

the commissure or behind the axis. Mulinum. 

Lateral, lateralis. The axis being in the narrowest part 

of the fruit, which is compressed sideways. Hydrocotyle, 

Smyrnium. 

Spermapodium. 

The axis thai is between and supports the two cells, or cogues 

of a cremocarpium of the umbellifercej usually 2-parted at 

top. PI. 13, fig. 7 a. 

Spermapodop hore 

Sperraapodophorum. The thickened bottom part of the 

axis. PI. 13, fig. 7 f. 

Vallecules. 

Valleculee. Depressions between the ribs, stricp, 2^c. of the 

€elis, or cogues, of a cremocarpium. PI. 13, fig. 7 e. 

Flat, Valleadce plance. 

Convex, convexce. 

Acute, acutcB. 

Obtuse, obtusce. 

Smooth, (Bguabiles. 

Polished, Iceves. 

Streaked, striates. 

Wrinkled, ru^nlosce. 

Waved, undidatce. Coriandrum sativum. 

Scrobiculate, scrobiculatce. Hydrocotyle, Solandra, 

. 

'


Reticulate, reticulatcB. Hydrocotyle, Solandra. 

Warty, verrucoses. Odontites, Ammi Copticum. 

•[[ One-vittated, univittatcB. With one vitta under each 

vallecule. 

Two-vittated, hiviltatce. 

Many-vittated, multivittatcB. Chserophyllum. 

Without vittae, evittatce. ^gopodium. 

^ Thorny, muricatcE. Odontites, Ammi Copticum. 

Hairy, piloses. 

Roughish, hispidulcE. Anisum, Bubon Macedonicum. 

Downy, puhescenles. Tragium. 

Villous, villosce. Libanotis. 

Clothlike, tomeniosce. Erioclaia. 

Bristly, setoscB. ToriUs. 

Prickly, aculeutce. Caucalis. 

Hooked, kamosce. Sanicula. 

Glochidated, glochidatce. Caucus. 

Ribbed, cosfatce. Anisum. 

Winged, alatce. Laserpitium. 

VittcB. 

Bands or channels filled iv'ith aji aromatic resin, or oil, contained 

in the cells, or coques, of a cremocarpium. 

In the external integument of the cells, Fittce integumento 

externo, epicarpicce. Physospermum, Cuminum, Anisum. 

In the internal integument, integumento i?iter?io, endocarpiccB. 

Pleurospermum, Cachrj's, Coriandrum sativum. 

In the proper membrane of the albumen, memlrana. 

alhiimini propria, epispermio. Agasyllis, Ferula. 

In the cortical or corky substance, suhstantid corticali 

vel suberosd, mesocarpio. Phellandrium. . 

^ Dorsal, dorsales. In the vallecules of the latuscules. 

Siler, Cuminum. In which case, the cells being embossed, 

the vittee have been confounded with the ribs. 

Commissural, commissurales. In the commissures. Most 

umbelliferous plants ; Coriandrum sativum has only these, 

wanting the dorsal. 

^ From the stylopodium (or calyx) to the base of the 

fruit, a stylopodio (vel calycej ad basin, ^thusa. 

From the tip of the commissure, in an acute angle, 

ex apice commissurarum sub angulo acuto, conjugate. Sphondylium. 

From the tip of the commissure, distant bent, ex apice 

commissurarum, distantes incurvcB. Heracleum.


^ Bowed, arcuaicB. ^flthusa. 

Elliptical, ellipticce. Tordylium Syriacum. 

Concentric, concentricce. Tordylium Apuluin. 

Excentric, excentriccB. Ferula nodiflora. 

Simple, simplices. Anethum. 

Double, duplices. Atharaanta. 

Multiple, multiplices. Ferula. 

Anastomosing, anastomosantes. Ferula Tartarica. 

% Undivided, integrce. 

Jointed, articulates. 

Necklaceshape, moniliformes. 

Antennceformes. Like the feelers of insects. Ammi 

Boeberi. 

Fills succosis muscorum similes. Like the succulent 

threads of mosses. Ferula, Peucedanum Ruthenicum. 

Partitioned, septulis distincte. Cuminum. 

Waved, undulatcB. Agasyllis Caucasica, Cachris latifolia. 

Linear, lineares. 

Acute, acutce. 

Acuminate, acuyninatcB. Coriandrum sativum. 

Narrow, attenuaice. Pastinaca. 

Blunt and clubshape, ohluscB claviformes. Heracleuni 

sphondylium. 

Tubular, tululoscR. In most umbelliferse. 

Solid threadlike, soUdaJiliformes. Myrrhis, Caucalis. 

POLAKENA. 

Fruit, Polachena, Carpadelium. A eremocarpium composed 

of more than two cells, or coques. Araliaceae. 

Carcerule. 

Carcerula. Fruit simple, not opejiing, nor adhering closely 

to the proper coals of the seed ; being neither a cariopsis nor 

an akenium. 

Globular, Carcerula glohulosa. Lagetta. 

Roundish, subrotunda. Ternstromia punctata. 

Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Zostera marina. 

Reniforme, reniformis. 

Orbicular, orhicidaris. Neurada prostrata. 

Three-cornered, trigona, triqueter, triangularis. Fagopyrum 

esculentum, Rumex, Rheum. 

Four-cornered, tetragona. Halesia tetraptera. 

Compressed, cqmpressa. Flattened on two opposite sides. 

Fraxinus, Ulmus.

i72 INTRODUCTIOl? TO BOTANY. 

Depressed, depressa. Flattened downwards. Neurada 

prostrata. 

Tongueshape, Unguiformis. Compressed and drawn out 

like a tongue. Fraxinus. 

Winged, alata. Extended out into a wing. 

One-winged, monoptera, u?iialaia. Fraxinus. 

Winged at top, epipterata. Fraxinus, Casuarina. 

Winged all round, peripterata. Ulmus, Paliurus. 

Three winged, triptera. Rheum, Polygonum emarginatum. 

Four winged, teiraptera. Combretum laxum. 

Five winged, pentaptera. Combretum secundum. 

^ Adhering, adhcerens. United to the calyx. Trapa 

natans, Halesia tetraptera. 

Free, inadhm-ens. Not united to the calyx. Rumex, 

Rheum Polygonum, Ternstromia. 

Induviated, induviata. Covered by a persistent calyx. 

Salsola Fragus. 

^ One-celled, unilocularis. Scirpus, Polygonum, Salsola. 

Two-celled, lilocularis. Circaea ovalifolia, Ternstromia 

punctata. 

Many-celled, multilocularis. Punica Granatum. 

^ One-seeded, monosperma. Rumex, Salsola. 

Two-seeded, disperma. Circsea ovalifolia. 

Three-seeded, trisperma, &c. 

Many-seeded, polysperma. Ternstromia punctata. 

Cystidium. 

Utriculus. Fruit one-seeded^ not adhering to the calyx, 

pericarp scarcely visible, umbilical cord distinct. Amaran- 

thaceae. Pi. 13, fig. 9 and 10. 

Sacellus. 

Fruit consisting of a seed covered ivith a membranaceous 

envelope. Soda. PI. 13, fig. 12 and 13. 

Thecidion. 

Thecidium. Pericarp dry, hard, crustaceous. Polygonum. 

PI. 13, fig. 6. 

ACHENA. 

Pericarp leatherlike, not woody, not adhering to the seed. 

Cyperaceae. PL 13, fig. 15 and 16.

IlfTBOnUCTION TO BOTANY. 17S 

Catoclesium. 

Pericarp leatherlike, not woody, covered ly the enlarged, 

hut not fleshy calyx. Chenopodium. PI. 13, fig. 18 and 19. 

Sphalerocarpe. 

Sphalerocarpium. Pericarp leatherlike, not ivoody, covered 

ly the calyx Iecomefleshy . Blitura. 

SCLERANTHE. 

Scleranthum, Dyclosium. Fruit consisting of a seed 

united with the hottom part of the hardened perigonium. 

Mirabilis Jalappa. PL 1 3, fig. 20 to 23. 

Samara. 

Pterides, Pteridium. Fruit few-seeded, membranaceous, 

much compressed, one or tivo-celled, not opening, frequently 

enlarged on the edges into a wing or appendage. Fraxinus. 

PL 13, fig. 24,25 and 26. 

Glans. 

Calybion. Fruit fleshy and feailent, one-celled, one- 

seeded, pericarp adhering closely to the seed, fastened ly its 

lasis into a kind of leatherlike cup, cxxpvle, formed of the 

scales of the involucrum. 

Open, Calybion apertum. Pericarp not totally hidden 

by the cupule. Quercus longseva. Corylus sylvestris. 

PL 14, fig. 2. 

Closed, clausum. Pericarp totally hidden. Fagus syl- 

vestris, Castanea vesca. PL 14, fig. 4. 

^ One-corned, uniglans. Cupule containing only one 

pericarp. Corylus sylvestris, Quercus. PI. 14, fig. 1. 

Three-corned, triglaiis. Castanea vesca. 

% Opening, dehiscens. Cupule opening by valves, like 

a capsule, when ripe. Castanea vesca, Fagus sylvestris. 

Not opening, indehiscens. Cupule remaining closed 

when ripe. Taxus, Ephedra. 

Drupelike, drupaceum. Cupule formed of two substances, 

the inner woody, the exterior juicy so as to resemble a 

drupe. 

Cupule, when in fruit. Vide p. 119. 

Sphaerical, Cupula sphcerica, globosa. Castanea vesea. 

tiemisTpheYicai, hcemisphcBrica. Quercus longseva. PL 14, 

fig. 2.


Ovoid, avoidea. Ephedra. 

^ Upright, erecta. The orifice turned towards the point 

opposite to the base of its support. Taxus, Ephedra. 

Reversed, resupinata. Fixed so that the orifice faces the 

base of its support. Podocarpus. 

For the characters of the pericarp, reference may be 

made to akenium. 

Nucule. 

Nucula, Nux. Fruit one-celled, one-seeded, not opening 

when ripe, with a long covering, the pericarp only slightly, 

or not distinct from the seed ; frequently sunk in an iiivoluerum. 

Corylus sylvestris, Corylus tubulosa. PI. 14-, fig. 4*. 

Xylodium. 

Fruit like a nucule, hut without a cupule, and home upon a 

fleshy support. Anacardium. PL 14, fig. 7. 

Carcerulus. 

Bacca sicca, Capsula indehiscens. Fruit not opening, dry, 

many-celled, many-seeded. Tiha. PI. 14, fig. 8 and 9. 

Amphisarca. 

Capsula indehiscens. Fr7dt not opening, dry, many-celled, 

woody on the outside, pulpy internally. Adansonia. PI. 14, 

fig. 13. 

GYNOBASIC FRUITS. 

Fructus gynobasici, Cenobionares, Cenobia. Fruits simple, 

hut composed of four or more cells, eremi, so far apart that 

they appear like so many separate fruits ; hut are all home 

upon a gynohasis, more or less dilated and heing the hase of a 

single style. PI. 14, fig. 16 to 20. 

Two-celled, Cenohium hieremum. Cerinthe. 

Four-celled, quadri-eremum. Labiatae, Boraginese. 

Five-eremed, quinque-eremum. 

fig. 16. 

Six-eremed, sex-eremum, &c. 

Gomphia nitida. Pi. 14, 

Eremes. 

Globular, Eremi glohulosi. Collinsonia Canadensis, 

Salvia officinalis. 

Ellipsoidal, ellipsoidei. Salvia Hispanica, S, bicolor.


Ovoid, ovoidei. Lithospermum officinale, ^gonychon 

arvense, Gerinthe major. 

Reverse ovoid, ohovoidei. Gomphia nitida. PI. 14, fig. 16. 

Three-sided, irigoni. Molucella laevis, Lamium album. 

^ Leathery, coriacei. Phlomis fruticosa. 

Crustaceous, crustacei. Salvia officinalis. 

Boney,' stonelike, osse'i, lapidei. Lithospermum officinale, 

^gonychon arvense. 

Drupe, drupeolati. Prasium majus. 

5[ One-celled, uniloculares. Labiatse, Borrago officinalis, 

Gomphia nitida. PL 14, fig. 16. 

Tviô-celled, hiloculares. Cerinthe major, C. minor. 

% One-seeded, monospermi. Labiatse, Gomphia. PI. M, 

fig, 16. 

Two-seeded, dispermi. Cerinthe major, C. minor. 

Sarcobasis. 

Fruit formed of a very large, veryfleshy gynohasis, hearing 

Jive or more eremi, which were always very distinct. Ochnaceae, 

Simaroubeae, Castela. PI. 14, fig. 16. 

MiCROBASIS. 

Exostylus, Polexostylus. Fruit formed of a very small, 

slightly fleshy gynobasis, bearing four eremi, but slightly 

parted when in flower. Labiatse, Boraginese. PI. 14, 

fig. 17 to 20. 

SUCCULENT FRUITS. 

Pructus succulenti, Fructus carnosi. Fruits having a 

soft or pulpy ^ sarcocarp, containing also only afew seeds, and 

not opening when ripe. PI. ,1 5. 

Drupe. 

Stone fruit, Drupa, Prunus. Fruit simple, fleshy, co?itaining 

a single boney or woody cell. PI. 15, fig. 1 

Flesh, Caro. The sarcocarp, or pulpy part surrounding 

the stone. 

Stone, Pyrena, Nucleus, Ossiculus. The boney or woody 

cell, in the middle of the drupe, being the endocarp or 

panninterne. 

Shell, Puiamen. The boney or woody part of the stone. 

.

176 


Sphaerical, Drupa sphcerica. Pruhus Mahaleb, Cerasus 

racemosa. 

Rounded, sulrotunda. Prunus spinosa, Amygdalus Per- 

sica, Juglans regia. 

Ovoid, ovoidea, ovata. Amygdalus communis. 

"Three-sided, trigona. Cocos nucifera. 

One-furrowed, unisulcata. Daphne florida, Amygdalus. 

% Large, magna. Cocos nucifera. 

Small, parva. Daphne florida, Rivinia. 

Utricular, utricularis. Very small, and having only 

a simple, membranous pannexterne. Chenopodium. 

Pulpy, pulposa. Sarcocarp pulpy. Cerasus hortensis. 

Fleshy, carnosa. Sarcocarp fleshy. Amygdalus communis, 

Juglans. 

Thready, jifZ/roiff. Sarcocarp thready. Cocos nucifera. 

Juiceless, dry, carcerularis, exsucca. Pannexterne and 

sarcocarp dry, so thin and closely united with the stone 

that they can scarcely be distinguished. Ceratophyllum 

cornutum, Poterium minus. 

% Adherent, adhcerens. Juglans. 

Free, inadhcerens. Cocos, Prunus, Amygdalus. 

Pannexterne. 

Persistent, Pannexterna persistans. Cocos nucifera. 

Falling off, caduca. Falling off when ripe, and leaving 

the stone. Juglans regia. 

Slone. 

Globular, Putamen glohulosum, glolosum. Cerasus. 

Ovoid, ovoideum. Cocos nuciferum. 

Cylindrical, cylindraceum. Cornus mas. 

Compressed, compressum. Prunus domestica. 

Lobed, lohatum. Guettardia speciosa. 

^ Valveless, evalve. Olea. 

Two-valved, bivalve. Prunus, Amygdalus, Juglans. 

Three-valved, trivalve^ &Co 

Furrowed, sulcatum. Cornus sanguinea, C. mas. 

Engraved, scrohiculatum. With deep furrows, Amygdalus 

Persica. 

Dotted, punciaium. Amygdalus communis. 

^ One-celled, uniloculare. Amygdalus, Juglans. 

Two-celled, hiloculare. Cornus sanguinea, Zizyphus. 

Three-celled, triloculare. Trixis palustris. 

Four-celled, quadriloculare. Tectona grandis. 

Six-celled, sexloculare. Guettarda speciosa.


^ Boney, osseum. Cocos nucifera, Cornus sanguinea, 

Araygdalus, Mespilus. 

Paperlike, chartaceum. Areca Faufel. 

Membranaceous, membranaceurti. Phoenix dactylifera. 

^ One-seeded, monospermum. Juglans. 

Two-seeded, dispermwn, &c. 

Drupeole. 

Drupeola. ^ drupe smaller than a pea. 

Utricle. 

Utricula. An utricular drupe. Chenopodium. 

Nut. 

Nux. Fruit containing a stone, the sarcocarpe being rather 

leathery 

fig. 2. 

than fleshy. Juglans regia, Amygdalus. PI. 15, 

Rind, Naucum. The leatherlike sarcocarpe of a nut. 

NUCULANE. 

Nuculanium. Fruit fleshy, not crowfied ly the lobes of 

the calyx (the ovary not adhering to itj ând containing 

several distinct stones. 

Pips, PyrencEy 

nuculane. 

Nuculce. The small stones included in a 

Pome. 

Pomum, Melonida, Pyridion, Melonidium, Antrum. 

Fruit fleshy, crowned by the limb of the calyx, coJitaining 

several cells, disposed round the axis of thefnj.it. PL 1 5, 

fig. 12 and 13. 

Spherical, Pomum sphericum. Pyrus aucuparia. 

Roundish, subrotundum. Pyrus sylvestris. 

Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Mespilus Oxyacantha. 

Topshape, turbinatum. Pyrus sylvestris, P. Cydonia. 

^ Cartilaginous- celled, loculosum. Panninterne thin 

cartilaginous, with a fleshy sarcocarp. Pyrus sylvestris. 

Woody-celled, nuculosum. Panninterne woody or boney. 

Mespilus Germanica, M. digyna. 

Pyrenarius. 

'A woody-celled pome. Mespilus. PI. 15, fig, 16. 

VOL. I. N

J78 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Bala uSTA. 

Fruii adherent to the calyx, crowned by its lobes, having 

a hard, leatherlike bark, with rather irregular cells containing 

seeds like nuts. Punica Granatus. PI. IB, fig. 17. 

Malicoriiim. The boney seeds of the punica granatus. 

Pepo. 

Peponida, Peponium. Fruit Jleshy or pulpy, bearing the 

seeds towards the circumfereiice, which is harder than the 

centre, the latter being frequently empty. Cucurbita. PI. 15, 

fig. 21. 

Globular, Pepo sphcericus, globosus. Cucurbita esculenta, 

Bryonia ruderalis. 

Oblong, oblongus. Cucumis sativus. 

Bottleshape, lagemformis. Cucurbita lagenari'a. 

Spindleshape,y«5i/b7-»2i5. Cucumis chate. 

Reverse topshape, ohturbinatus. Sicyos angulata. 

Kidneyshape, reniformis. Elaterium. 

Curved, curvatus. Cucumis flexuosus. 

^ One-celled, unilocularis. Sicyos angulata. 

Three-celled, irilocularis. Bryonia ruderalis, Cucumis 

prophetarum. 

Ten-celled, decemlocularis. Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita 

esculenta. 

In general a pepo has originally six or ten radiant partitions, 

three or five of which, taken alternately, have placentaria 

; but these characters are only visible in the ovary 

after the fecundation the barren partitions are absorbed, 

and frequently the placentarian partitions also. 

Hesperidium. 

Aurantium, Bacca corticata. Fruit fleshy, divided inter' 

nally into several membranaceous cells, which may be divided 

without any tearing, pannexterne tough, covered with vesi- 

cular glands. Citrus, Limon. PI. 15, fig. 23. 

Berry. 

Bacca. Fruit fleshy, without any stone, not included in 

the preceding kinds ofjruit. PI. 17, fig. Ij 2, 4 and 5. 

True, Bacca vera. Cells none, seeds not disposed in any 

order. Ati'opa Mandragora. PL 17, fig. 11. 

False, spuria. Divided into cells with seeds disposed 

in a regular order. Ribes. PI. 17, fig. 4 and 5. 

:


% Globular, sphcerica, glohulosa. Ruscus aculeatus, Asparagus 

officinalis, Empetrura nigrum, Vitis, Ribes rubrum. 

Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Ribes alpinum, Coffea Arabica. 

Topshape, turhinata. Psidium pyriferum. 

Discoid, discoidea. Phytolacca. 

5[ Adherent, adhcerens. United with the calyx, Ribes ; 

or with the perigonium, Musa. 

Free, inadhcerens. Not united to the calyx, or perigonium. 

Asparagus, Physalis, Vitis. 

i[ Crowned by the calyx, coronata calyci. Bearing at 

top the limb of the calyx. Ribes. 

Crowned by the stigma, coronata stigmate. Bearing at 

top the stigma. Nymphaea. 

^ Barked, corticosa. The pannexterne strong, thick, dry 

or but slightly succulent. Citrus, Arbutus serratifolia. 

Gourdlike, cucurlitina. Barked, thick, round, and like 

a pumpkin. Crescentia Cujete. 

Camare-like, camarea. Having, like a camare, a furrow 

lengthways, and on the inside a placentarium corresponding 

with that furrow. Actea. 

% One-celled, unilocularis. Cucubalus bacciferus. 

Two-celled, bilocularis, Ligustrum vulgare. 

Three-celled, irilocularis. Asparagus officinalis, Androsaemum 

officinale. 

Four-celled, quadrilocularis. Paris quadrifolia. 

Five-celled, quinquelocidaris. Arbutus, Cookia punctata. 

Many-celled, multilocularis. Citrus. 

5F Nuculaneous, nuculosa. Contains nucules. Sambucus 

nigra, Ilex vulgare. PI. 15, fig. 3 and 4. 

Two-seeded, disperma. Berberis. 

Few-seeded, oligosperma. Asparagus. 

Many-seeded, polysperma. Paris quadrifolia, Solanum» 

Vaccinium, Citrus, Ribes, Atropa lethalis. 

AciNos. 

A very soft berry, full of juice, transparent, one-celled^ 

with honey seeds. Vitis vinifera. PI. 15, fig. 3 and 4. 

ACROSARCUM. 

Bacca infera. A lerry crowned ly the limh of the calyjp.. 

Ribes spinosum. 

n9


CAPSULAR FRUITS. 

Fructus capsulares, Fructus dehiscentes. Fruits dry, 

many-seeded, and opening of themselves when ripe. 

Follicle. 

Folliculus, Conceptaculum. Fruit membranaceous-) univalve, 

long, and opening by a longitudinal suture. Asclepiadeae. 

PI. 17, fig- 12.—They are never found single, unless 

by abortion. 

Cylindrical, Folliculi cylindracei. Ceropegia. 

Bellied, ventricosi. Asclepias Syriaca, Plumaria. 

Swollen, injiati. Asclepias fruticosa. 

Spindleshape, jusiformes. Nerium Oleander. N. Zeylanicum, 

Asclepias niger. 

% Upright, erecti. Nerium Oleander. 

Spreading, divergentes, divaricati. Tabernaemontanaj 

Vinca major, Cameraria, Asclepias nigra. 

Camare. 

Camara. Fruit more or less membranaceous, tivo-valved, 

alivays several united together proceeding from a single 

flower, each containing one or more seeds attached to the internal 

suture. Ranunculacese. PL 17, fig. 13, 14, 15, 16, 

17 and 19. 

^ Deltoid, Camarce deltoidece. Triangular, Ranunculus 

bulbosus. 

Cod-like, legitminiformes. Delphinium, Aconitum. 

Swollen, turgidce. Poeonia. 

Compressed, compresscB. Alisma major, Helleborus vi- 

xidis. 

Winged, alatcB. Liriodendrum tulipifera. 

Beaked, rostratce. Helleborus, Sempervivum. 

Tailed, caudatce. Clematis recta, Atragene, Dryas. 

% Upright, erectcB. Aconitum, Delphinium, Sedum. 

Spreading, divergentes. Poeonia. 

In v/hirls, verticillatce. Poeonia, Clematis, Sempervivum. 

Tiled-like, imbricates. Liriodendrum, Magnolia. 

Soldered together, coadunatce. Rubus. 

% Dry, sicccB. Ranunculus, Trollius, Aconitum. 

Drupelike, drupeolatce. Potamo'geton, Rubus. 

^ One-seeded, monospermy. Anemone, Adonis, Ranunculus, 

Rubus. 

Many-seeded, polyspermce. Delphinium, Poeonia, Aconitum, 

Trollius.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ISl 

1[ Opening inwardly, ifiius dehiscenfes. Aconitum, 

Trollius Europ£eus, Poeonia. PI. 17, fig. 18. 

- Opening outwardly, exius dehiscentes. Magnolia. 

Not opening, indehiscentes. Ranunculus, Liriodendrura. 

Hemigyrus. 

Fruit ivoody, opening on one side, one or two-celled, each of 

which are one or two-seeded. Proteacese. 

Cod. 

Legumen. Fruit irregular, -memhranaceous, two-valued, 

rarely three or four-valued, with a pistillary cord divided into 

two branches running parallelly along the upper suture, so 

that the seeds are attached along this suture, alternately to 

one and the other value. Leguminosse. PL 16, fig. 1, 2. 

Ovoid, Legumen ouoideum. Lotus hirsutus, L. Gi'aecus. 

Halfmoonlike, semilunatum. Cynometra. 

Sabreshape, acinaciforme. Bent like a sabre. Phaseolus 

lunatus, Dolichus ensiformis. 

Oblong, oblongian. Ulex Europseus, Trifolium repens. 

Cylindrical, cyUndricum. Cassia Fistula. ' 

Nearly cj'lindrical, cylindraceus. Lotus corniculatus. 

Linear, lineare. Lathyrus gramineus, Indigofera. 

Compressed, compressum. Pisum sativum, Lathyrus 

apliyllus. 

Inflated, inflatum. Membranaceous, dilated, filled with 

air like a bladder. Colutea. 

Swollen, iurgiditm. Swelled out, but not membranaceous. 

Genista Anglica, Ononis. 

Bowed, arcuatum. Ornithopus. 

Bent, curvatum, recurvatum. Astragalus glycyphyllus, 

Medicago falcata. 

Spiral, spirale. Medicago sativa, Scorpiurus vermicu- 

lata. 

Strombus-like, cochleatum, stromlndiforme. Bent in a 

long spiral like the shell so called, Medicago strombulifera. 

M. polymorpha. 

Four- sided, tetragonum. Dolichos tetragonolobus. 

Four-winged, tetrapterum. Lotus siliquosus. 

Top-winged, epipterum. Securidaca volubilis. ^ 

Reverse-crenated, ohcrenatum. Bisserula pelecinus. 

Jointed, articulatum. Formed of pieces, united endways 

to one another, each containing a single cell. 

Scorpiurus, Hedysarum. 

Ornithopus,


Knobby, nodosum. Swollen nt certain distances. Scor« 

piurus. 

Beadlike, moniliforme. Divided by contractions into 

small round pieces placed close together, like the beads of 

a necklace. Ornithopus perpusillus, Hedysarum moniliforme. 

Vertebrated, vertebratum. Jointed, the joints parting 

from one another when ripe. Ornithopus scorpioides, Hedysarum 

Canadense. PI. 16, fig. 6. 

Carcerular, carcerulare. Dry, not opening, resembling 

a carcerule. Cassia Fistula, Securidaca volubilis. 

Transversely divided, phragm'igerinn. Divided into two 

or more one-seeded cells by transverse partitions. Cassia 

Fistula. PL 16. fig. 1. 

Drupe-like, dnipaceum. Pannexterne succulent and 

fleshy, panninterne woody. Detarium, GeofFrsea. 

Induviated, iiiduviatum. Enveloped in a persistent calyx. 

Trifolium repens. 

Channelled, canaliadatum. Having two edges, that form 

a groove along the placentarium-bearing suture. Pisum 

Ochrus. 

1[ One-celled, uniloculare. Pisum, Lathy rus, Genista. 

Two-celled, hiloculare. Astragalus. 

Many-celled, rmdtilocidare. Cassia Fistula. PL 16, 

5[ Opening, deldscens. Opening when ripe. Genista. 

Keeping closed, indehiscens. Cassia Fistula, Securidaca 

volubilis. Considered as legumes by analogy. PL 16, fig. I. 

One-seeded, monospermum. Medicago lupulina, Securidaca 

volubilis, Pterocarpus. 

Two-seeded, dispermum, Trifolium fragiferum. Vicia 

hirsuta, Arachis hypogaea. 

Few-seeded, oligospermum. Vicia vulgaris. 

Many-seeded, polyspermum. Lathyrus, Ornithopus perjjusillus, 

Genista Hispanica. 

LOMENTUM. 

A legume?! divided into two or more one-seeded cells hj 

transverse joints. Hippocrepis. PLl6, fig. 6. 

Pod. 

Siliqua. Fridt dry, two-valved, bearing the seeds on the 

two sides of a placentarium dilated into a Longitudinal par- 

iition. Cruciferae. PL 16, fig. 8, 9 and 11.


Four-sided, Siliqua ietragona. Brassica orientalis, Erysimum 

alpinum. 

Linear, linearis. Arabis hirsuta, Cheiranthiis cuspidatus. 

Nearly cylindrical, cylindracea. Brassica oleracea, Cheiranthus 

annuus. 

Cylindrical, cylindj-ica. Barbarea vulgaris. 

Awlshape, subulata. Sisymbrium officinale. 

Swollen, turgida. Raphanus sativus. 

Brawny, tonilosa. Sinapis alba, Brassica, Raphanus, 

Arabis major. 

Compressed on each face, utraqiie facie compressa. Flattened 

in the direction of the valves. Arabis major. 

Beaked, rostrata. Terminated hy a beak formed by the 

elongation of the partition. Sinapis alba, S. nigra, Raphanistrum 

vulgare. PI. 16, fig. 9 and 11. 

% Spurious, spuria. Having the seeds attached to the 

edges of the valves, instead of the edges of the partitions. 

RueUia. 

Pouch. 

Silicula. A siliqua less than four times as long as it is 

Iroad. Thlaspi. PI. 16, %. 14, 15 and J 6. 

Carcerular, Silicula carcerularis. Coronopus coadunata, 

Crambe, Bunias. 

Four-cornered, quadrangularis. Bunias Erucago. 

Nicked, emarginata. Iberis, Thlaspi campestre. 

Two-horned, licornis. Thlaspi ceratocarpon. 

Reverse-heartshape, obcordiforjnis. Teesdalia irregularis, 

Thlaspi perfoliatum, Ti cuneatum. 

Beaked, roslrata. Bunias Balearica. 

Elliptic, elliptica. Draba verna, Lepidium latifolium. 

PI. 16, fig. 15. 

Oval, ovalis. Alyssum argenteum. 

Orbicular, orliadata. Lunaria annua, Alyssum cam- 

pestre. 

Twin, didyma. Biscutella didyma, B. laevigata, B. leiocarpa. 

Globular, glohulosa. Cochlearia officinalis, Myagrum 

saxatile, Crambe maritima. 

Inflated, inflata. Camelina sativa. 

Compressed sideways, tdroque latere compressa. Thlaspi 

arvense, Isatis tinctoria, Coronopvis coadunata. 

Compressed on the faces, 

naria, Alyssum campestre. 

utraque facie compressa. Lu- 

Winged, alata. Bunias Erucago.


Jointed, articulata. Myagrum perenne. 

Drupe-like, drupeolata. Pannexterne succulent, and 

panninterne woody. Crambe maritima. 

Pyxis. 

Pyxidium, Capsula circumscissa. Fruit dry, glohular, 

opening of itself into two heviispherical valves, hy a trans~ 

verse horizontal suture. PI. 16, fig. 19 and 20. 

Amphora, The lower valve, attached to the peduncle. 

Cover, Operculum. The upper valve which is detached 

when ripe. 

Globular, Pyxis glolulosa. Anagallis phcenicea, Centunculus 

minimus. 

Roundish, suhrotimda. Gomphrena globosa. 

Cylindrical, cylindrica. Lec3'this. 

Ovoid, ovoidea, ovata. Hyoscyamus niger, Plantago. 

5[ One-celled, 7miloc2iIaris. Centunculus, Anagallis. Le- 

cythis. 

Two-celled, hilocularis. Hyoscyamus, Plantago. 

^ Two-seeded, disperma. Arnoglossum lanceolatum. 

Many-seeded, polysperma. Plantago major, Centunculus. 

DiERESILE. 

Dieresilis, Sinochorium, Sterigmum, Capsula dissepimentis 

valvaribus. Fruits dry, capsular, regjilar, manycelled, 

cells forjned of re-entering valves, a?id ranged round a 

central axis. Malvaceae, Galium. PI. 16, fig. 24 and 25. 

Two-celled, Dieresilis dicocca. Galium, Acer. 

Three-celled, tricocca. Tropseolum majus. 

Four-celled, tetracocca. Clerodendrum infortunatum. 

Five-celled, pentacocca. Geranium. 

Six-celled, hexacocca. Triglochin maritimum, Lavat,era 

arborea. 

Many-celled, polycocca. Alisma major. 

^ Starry, stcllata. Cells pointed and diverging. Althaea, 

Damasoniura Dalechampii. 

Ovoid, ovoidea. Helicteres Baruensis. 

^ Adherent, calyci adhcerens. Rubiacese. 

Free, calyci non adherens. Lavatera arborea. 

% Axilled, axillata. The cells disposed round an axis, 

which, when they fall off, is left standing. Geraniuni, 

Lavatera arborea, Cynoglossum.


Berrylike, laccata. Pannexterne succulent at first. 

Clerodendron infortunatum, Sapindus. 

Cenobionare, cenohionaris. The cells, differing slightly 

from eremes, are attached to an axis which supports the 

style. Cynoglossum officinale, C. montanum.—These fruits 

are intermediate betwixt cenobions and dieresiles. 

Coques. 

Hemispherical, Cocca hemisphcerica. Lineum Africanum 

Three-sided, trigona. Knoxia stricta. 

Compressed, compressa. Alisma major. 

Spiral, spiraUa. Helicteres. 

One-celled, unilocularia. 

Lavatera. 

Alisma major, Galium, Althaea, 

Many-celled, multilocularia. Tribulus terrestris. 

Not opening, indehiscentia. Tropaeolum majus. 

Opening, dehiscentia. Geranium. 

Winged, alata. Acer. 

Regma. 

Elaterium, Capsula di-, tri-, vel multi-cocca. Fruit with 

sides frequently embossed, formed of several bivalve cells disposed 

round an axis, and not adhering to the calyx. 

fig. 17, 18 and 19. 

PI. 17, 

Two-celled, Regma dicoccum. Mercurialis. 

Three-celled, tricoccum. Euphorbia, Ricinus, Croton. 

Five-celled, pentacoccum. Dictamnus albus. 

Many-celled, polycoccum. 

% Ptound, rotundaturn. 

Hura crepitans. 

Twin, didymum. Mercurialis. 

Discoid, discoideum. Hura crepitans, Bradleya. 

Lobed, lobatum. Dictamnus albus. 

Dyplotegia. 

Capsula infera. Fruit dehiscent, adherent to the calyx. 

Campanulaceae, Orchideae. PL 16, fig. 25. 

Capsule. 

Capsula. Fruit dry, opening tvhen ripe, not belonging to 

the former kinds. PI. 16, fig. 24, 25, 26, 27, 29 and 30. 

Podlike, Capsula siliqticeformis. Chelidonium majus 

Corydalis, Hypecoum, Cleome. 

Pouchlike, siliculaformis. Bocconia. 

Brawny, iorulosa. Chelidonium majus, Hypecoum. 

"Cylindrical, cyVmdrica, Silene alpina, Arenaria tenuifolia* 

.


Nearly cylindrical, cylindracea, siihcyUndrica. Aloe per- 

foliata. 

Three-sided, irigona. Iris, Tamarix. 

Four-sided, tetragona. Erysimum officinale. 

Five-sided, penlagona. Oxalis. 

Six-sided, hexagona. Fritillaria imperialis, Yucca dra- 

conis. 

Linear, linearis. Chelidonium majus, Glaucium luteum. 

Spherical, globular, sphcerica, glohularis. Asphodelus 

luteus, Antirrhinum repens, Êsculus Hippocastanum, Stel- 

laria holostea. 

Roundish, suhrolunda. Scrofularia aquatica, S. scorodonifolia, 

Buxus sempervirens. 

Ovoid, ovoidea. Digitalis speciosa, Verbasum thapsoides, 

Scrofularia nodosa, Polemonium vulgare, Cucubalus in- 

flatus. 

Reverse ovoid, ohovoidea. Anthericum annuum, Spiranthes 

autumnalis. 

Topshape, turhinata. Lilium Martagon. 

Reverse topshape, obturhinata. Digitalis purpurea. 

Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Acanthus mollis, Silene latifolia, 

L.y thrum spicatum. 

Compressed, compressa. Rhinanthus glaber, Veronica 

arvensis, V. verna, Melampyrum cristatum. 

Flattened, depressa. Illicium anisatum. 

Radiating, radians. With many cells disposed in rays. 

Illicium anisatum. 

^ Reverse heartshape, ohcordiformis, ohcordala. Veronica 

officinalis, Sibthorpia Europsea. 

Halfmooned, semiliinata, lunula. Melampyrum cristatum. 

Orbicular, orbicnlaris. Rhinanthus glaber, Sibthorpia. 

Elliptic, elliptica. Veronica multifida. 

^ Three-winged, iriptera. Dioscorea sativa. 

Five-winged, pentaptera. Evonymus latifolius. 

•Six-winged, hexaptera. Fritillaria imperialis. 

% Blunt-pointed, ohtusa. Antirrhinum minus, Evonymus 

latifolius. 

Pointed, acuta. Scrofularia aquatica, S. scorodonifolia. 

Truncated, truncata. Nemesia. 

Notched, emarginala. Euphrasia officinalis. 

One-headed, mo?iocephala. Coming from an ovary which 

has only one organic summit. Rhododendron, Silene. 

Two-headed, beaked, dicephala, hirostris. Coming from 

an ovary that has two organic summits. Saxifraga. 

Three-headed, tricephala. Buxus.


Many -headed, polycepliala. Coming from an ovary that 

has many organic summits. Nigella Hispanica. 

Dieresilean, partible, dieresilea, partibilis. The cells 

formed of re-entering valves, separate when ripe, into 

many open coques, which only differ from those of the 

dieresiles because they do not separate completely after 

they have opened. Rhododendron, Kalmia, Linum perenne. 

Two-parted, lipartihilis. Two-coqued, dieresilean. Di- 

gitalis, Scrofularia. 

Three-parted, tripartih'ilis, &c. 

Etairion-like, et(£rwnea. Many-headed, nearly completely 

divisible into several camare-like lobes, lllicium 

anisatum, Thea viridis. 

^ One-celled, unilocularis. Glaucium violaceum, Papaver, 

Viola, Silene. 

Two-celled, hilocularis. Veronica, Digitalis, Scrofularia, 

Antirrhinum, Glaucium luteum, Saxifraga, Ly thrum. 

Three-celled, trilocularis. Lilium, Tulipa, Iris, Allium, 

Juncus, Campanula. PI. 16, fig. 23 and 24-. 

Four-celled, guadrilocularis. Epilobium. 

Five-celled, gui?iquelocularis. Rhododendrum, Oxalis, 

Evonymus. 

Six-celled, sexlocularis. Asarum, Aristolochia. 

Many-celled, rmdlilocularis. Nigella Hispanica, Linum. 

^ One-valved, follicleshape, univalvis^ folliculiformis. 

With a single valve, whose edges being turned over form 

a suture, like that of a follicule. Avicennia. 

Several valved, plurivalvis. Used in opposition to onevalved. 

Two-valved, hivalvis. Veronica, Syringa, Ruellia. 

Three-valved, trivalvis. Viola, Tulipa, Glaucium violaceum, 

Polemonium. 

Four-valved, quadrivalvis. Epilobium. 

Five-valved, quinquevalvis. Rhododendrum, Evonymus. 

Many-valved, muUivalvis. Nigella Hispanica, lllicium. 

^ One-seeded, monosperma. Plumbaginese. 

Two-seeded, disperma. 

Three-sided, trisperma. Montia, Claytonia. 

Four-seeded, tetrasperma. Melampyrum cristatum. M. 

arvense. 

Few-seeded, oligoiperma. Koelreuteria. 

Many-seeded, polysperma. Lilium, Nigella, Silene, Epilobium, 

Saxifraga.

188 

INtRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

% Adherent, adhcerens, infera. United to the caljoc, or 

perigonium, which covers it entirely. Campanulaceoe, Iris. 

Semi-adherent, semi-adhcerens. United at bottom with 

the calyx. Samolus. 

Free, inadhcerens, supera. Not united with the calyx or 

perigonium. Lilium, Papaveraceae, Caryophyllese. 

^ Opening outwards, exterius dehiseens. Lilium, Orchis, 

Convolvulus, Oxalis. 

Opening inwards, interiua dehiseens. Opening in the 

centre, which can only take place in many-headed capsules. 

Nigella Hispanica, Saxifraga. PI. 16, fig. 24. 

Opening by the teeth, dentihus dehiseens. Statice, Primula 

officinalis, Silene. 

Opening by cracks, Jissuris dehiseens. Canna,~Epidendron. 

Opening by holes, foraminihus dehiseens. Antirrhinum, 

in which the holes are irregular, and produced by the rupture 

of the sides of the pericarp. Papaver, in which the 

holes are regular, and produced by the gaping of the upper 

part of the valves. Ledum, Campanula. PI. 16, fig. 31. 

Opening at top, apiee dehiseens. Antirrhinum majus, 

Papaver. 

Opening at bottom, hasi dehiseens. Ledum, Campanula 

rigida, Fumaria bulbosa. PI. 16, fig. 25. 

Septifragal, septifraga. Opening opposite the partitions. 

Saxifraga, Ipomsea purpurea. PI. 16, fig. 29. 

Septicidal, septieida. Opening between the cells, the 

cells parting from one another, the partition splitting into 

two flakes, one of which remains attached to each valve. 

Rhododendrum Ponticum. PI. 16, fig. 27. 

Loculicidal, loculicida. Opening in the middle of the 

cells. Irideae. PI. 16, fig. 26. 

If a one-celled capsule, having parietal placentaria, 

opens so as to divide the latter longitudinally, the dehiscence 

is analogous to the septicidal ; but if it divides into two or 

more valves, each furnished with a parietal placentarium 

in its middle, the dehiscence is analogous to the loculicidal. 

COMPOUND FRUITS. 

Fructus etasrionares, Fructus chorionares. Fruit com' 

posed of several simple fruits united together.


Double Follicle. 

Bifolliculus. Follicula. Fruii composed of two long mem- 

Iranaceous, univalve pericarpiums, each opening Vy a longi- 

tudinal suture. Asclepiadese. PL 17, fig. 12. 

Erythrostomum. 

Syncarpa, Etaerio. Fruit composed of several small berry" 

like utricles, seated upoji a scarcely apparent polyphore. 

Rubus. PI. 18, fig. 8. 

Baccalaurius. 

Fruit analogous to the erythrostome, hut the pericarps are 

fewer, and not so close. Drymis. 

ASIMINE. 

Asimina. Fruits analogous to the erythrostome, hut the 

fleshy carpelles are more or less soldered together. Anona, 

PI. 18, fig. 21. 

Etjerion. 

Etaerio, Plopocarpium. Fruit composed of several ca~ 

mares, united together round a real or ideal axis. Crassu- 

laceae, Aconiti, Spireas. PI. 17, fig. 17, 18 and 19. 

Sphaerical, Etcerio sphcericus, gloLosus, capitatus. Ranunculus 

bulbosus. Magnolia, Liriodendrum. 

Nearly ovoid, sulovoideus, Rubus. 

Dishlike, discoideus. Alisma major. 

Spikelike, spiciformis. Myosurus minimus. 

Berrylike, baccatus. Composed of juicy camares which 

unite together as they ripen, and form a kind of berry by 

their union. Anona, Rubus. 

Induviated, induviatus. Enclosed in the persistent calyx. 

Rosa. 

^ Three-camared, tricamarus. Veratrum album, Aconitum 

lycoctonum. 

Four-cam ai'ed, tetracamarus. Potamogeton natans. 

Five-camared, pentacamarus. Paeonia, Clematis erecta, 

Sedum. 

Many-camared, polycamarus. Ranunculus, Magnolia, 

Lyriodendrum, Rubus.


Hip. 

Cynarhodon. Fruit composed of several small utricles 

enclosed in the calyxj which, grows fleshy after the fecunda- 

tion is over. Rosa. Pi. 18, fig. 2. 

Amalthea. 

Fruit similar to the hip, but the calyx does not lecome 

fleshy. Agrimoniaceae. PI. 18, fig. 3. 

PoLYCHLORION. 

Polychlorio, Polychorionides, Polysecus. Fruit composed 

of several cariopsides or akenia united together on a 

receptacle. Ranunculaceae, Dryadeae. PI. 18, fig. 4. 

AGGREGATED FRUITS. 

Fructus aggregati. Fruits composed of many simple 

tericarpia united together, the form of ivhich is concealed or 

altered ly the floral leaves, luhich frequently grow larger 

after thefecundatioUi and unite ivith some part of thefruit. 

SOROSE. 

Syncarpa, Sorosus. Fruit composed of several fleshy 

utricles, united together ly succulent floral leaves. PI. 18, 

fig. 6, 8. 

Oblong, Sorosus ollongus. Morus. 

Oval, ellipsoideus. Artocarpus incisa. 

Ovoid, ovoideus. Bromelia Ananas. 

The nature of the pericarpia and the floral leaves must 

be noted. 

Fig. 

Ficus, Syconus. Fruit composed of several carcerules or 

drupeoles, united upon a fleshy and succulent involucre. PI. 18, 

fig 11. 

Flat, Syconus planus. Dorstenia. 

Hemispherical, hemisphcsricus. Ambora. 

Pearshape, pyriformis, turlinatus. Ficus carica, Ambora. 

Sphaerical, sphcericits, globosus. Ficus. 

The form and nature of the pericarpia must be noted.


Cone. 

Strobile, Conus, Strobilus. Fndt composed of many 

membranaceous utricles^ concealed in the axillcB of very large, 

dry hractecB, disposed in theform of a cone. PI. 18, fig. 12. 

Roundish, Strobilus subrotundus. Cupressus semperrirens, 

Juniperus communis. 

Conical, conicus. Pinus sylvestris. 

Ovoid, ovoideus. Pinus Pinea. 

Cylindrical, cylindraceus. 

bus. 

Abies pectinata, Pinus Stro- 

^ Berrylike, baccatus. Bractese juicy, and unite with 

one another. Juniperus communis. 

Bractean, bracteanus. Strobile formed of bracteas only 

Alnus glutinosa, Juniperus comumnis, Thuya. 

Pedunculean, pedunculeunus. Strobile formed of peduncules. 

Pinus, Abies, Cedrus, Larix. 

Cupule. 

Ovoid, Cupida ovoidea, ovata. Pinus. 

Angular, angulosa. Juniperus communis, Cupressus 

sempervirens. 

^ Woody, lignosa. Pinus Pinea. 

Membranaceous, membranacea. Thuya occidentalis. 

Boney, ossea. Schubertia disticha. 

5[ Upright, erecta. Thuya, Cupressus, Juniperus. 

Reversed, resupinata. Abies, Pinus, Larix, Cedrus. 

^ Winged at bottom, hypopterata. Pinus, Abies, Larix, 

Cedrus.—At first sight the cupule appears winged at top, 

because it is reversed, but it is enchased in a prolongation 

of the wing, which only grows at the bottom, and falls off. 

Winged all round, peripterata. Thuya occidentalis. 

5[ Headed, capitata. Limb swelled into a head. Larix. 

Two-horned, bicornis. Limb prolonged into two small 

diverging horns. Pinus. 

OhWcê, obliqua. Limb oblique and jagged. Cedrus. 

The form, &c. of the utricles should be remarked. 

Galbule. 

Nut, Nux, Pseudocarpium, Galbulus. A kind of cone, 

in which the bractecB are enlarged at top, form a sphere, and 

scarcely open when ripe. Cupressus. PI. 18, fig. 15.

192 

introduction to botany. 

Arcesthide. 

Berry, Bacca, Pseudocarpium, Arcesthida. A cone whose 

Iractece are fleshy, and do not separate when ripe. Juni- 

perus. 

PERICARP. 

Pericarpium, Conceptaculum seminum. That part of 

the fruit that contains the seeds. 

1. Surface. 

Smooth, Pericarpium lave. Asphodelus, Cerefolium sylvestre, 

Sisymbrium absinthioides, Malus. 

Bald, glaher. Pastinaca, Coriandrum. 

Shining, lucidum, nitidum. Lithospermum officinale, 

Onopordum vulgare, Isatis tinctoria. 

Rough, scahrum. .^gonychon arvense, Curainum. 

Dotted, punctatum. Ceratophyllum, Citrus Medica, 

Mespilus Germanica. 

Warted, verrucosum. Tragopogon undulatum, Euphorbia 

verrucosa. 

Veiny, venosum. Koelreuteria, Staphylea pinnata. 

"Wrinkled, rugosum. Geranium Robertianum, Melilotus 

officinale. 

Striated, striatum. Anethum graveolens. 

Furrowed, sulcatum, Tragopogon pratense, Carum 

officinale, Myrrhis odorata, Meum Athamanticum. 

One-furrowed, unisulcatum. Amygdalus communis. 

Two-furrowed, hisulcatum. Veronica officinalis. 

Three-furrowed, trisulcatum. Ornithogalum pyramidale. 

Four-fiirrowed, quadrisulcaium, and so on. 

2, Pubescence. 

Velvetty, Pericarpium velutinum. Amygdalus Persica, 

Characias purpurea. 

Downy, puhescens. Digitalis speciosa, Aquilegia vulgaris, 

Amygdalus Persica. 

Hairy, pilosum. Geranium pratense. 

Villous, -villosum. Pseonia officinalis. 

Woolly, lanatum. Alyssum clypeatum. 

Nappy, tomentosum. Amygjlalus communis. 

3. Arms. 

Scaled, Pericarpium squamosum. Sagus, Calamus Ro- 

tang. 

Thorny, muricatum. Arbutus serratifolia, Canna Indica.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY'. 193 

Hooked, lappaceum. Furnished with hooked points, 

like the involucrum of arctium lappa. Sanicula Europasa, 

Myosotis Cappula. 

Spinous, spiiiellosum, echinatum. Stramonium foetidum, 

iEschylus Hippocastanum, Cucumis prophetarum. 

4. Substance. 

Membranaceous, Pericarpium memhranaceum. Salsola 

Tragus, Col u tea. 

Paperlike, ckartaceum. Anagallis phoenicia, Cerefolium 

sylvestre, Coriandrum. 

Leatherlike, coriaceum. Helianthus annuus, Trapa natans, 

Lupinus, Arachis hypogcea. 

Crustaceous, crustaceum. Dry, thin, and brittle. Pas- 

serina. 

Woody, lignosum. Lecythis, Cassia Fistula, Hymensea 

Courbaril. 

Corky, suherosum, fungosum. Êthusa cynapium, Raphanus 

sativus. - 

Pulpy, pulposum. Ribes, Vitis, Rubus. 

Fleshy, carnosum. Mains. 

Valves. 

Valvse, Valvulae. The pieces composing the sides of 

some pericarps, which open when ripe, and separate. Pi. 16, 

fig. 8, 14, 15 and 29. 

Longitudinal, Falvce lojigitudinales. The suture perpendicular 

to the base of the pericarp. Cheiranthus fruticu- 

losus, Ruellia ovata. 

Transverse, transversa'. The suture parallel to the base 

of the pericarp. Anagallis arvensis, Hyoscyamus. 

Re-entering, mtrojiexce. Edges bent inwards towards 

the centre of the pericarp. Colchicum, Rhododendrum. 

Re-entering conjointly, conjunctim introjiexce. The 

contiguous re-entering valves united together in that part 

which penetrates within the pericarp. Rhododendron 

Ponticum 

. 

Re-entering distinctly, distinctim-introjiexce. The contiguous 

re-entering valves not united together in that part 

Tj'hich penetrates into the pericarp. Colchicum. 

Parting, hipartihiles. Splitting when they open into two 

parts lengthways. Veronica, Digitalis speciosa, Nicotiana^ 

—These bipartible valves are evidently composed of two 

VOL. I.

194) INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

valvules united by their contiguous edges; nevertheless 

custom compels botanists to look upon them as a single 

valve. 

Elastic, elasticce. Dentaria, Cardamine impatiens. Ri- 

«inus. P1.16, fig. 8. 

Partition-bearing, septiferce. Ruellia ovata. 

Seed-bearing, serrmiiferc^, placent'iferce. Gentianese. 

Flat, plance. Lunaria, Alyss'um clypeatum. 

Concave, concave.^ Alyssum utriculatum. 

Boatlike, naviciilares. Keeled like a boat. Ruellia ovata, 

Subularia aquatica, Isatis tinctoria. 

Keeled, carinatce. Lepidium, Isatis tinctoria. 

Cover-like, opercM/orej). Like the cover of a bowl. Plan- 

tago, Anagallis, Centunculus. PI. 16, fig. 17. 

Sutures. 

Suturse. The line of junction between two contiguous 

valves. 

Prominent, Suturce prominenies. Placed upon an elevated 

surface. 

Winged, pteroidecs. The elevations extended into wings. 

Evonymus latifolius. 

Sunk, recesscB. Placed at the bottom of a channel of 

greater or less depth. Rhododendron. 

Partitions. 

Dissepimenta, Lignum intergerinum, Distinctio.— The 

doublings of the panninterne of tlie pericarpium which divide 

its cavity into two or more celts. 

Longitudinal, Dissepimenta longitudinalia. Extending 

from the bottom to the top of the pericarp, parallel to the 

axis. Lilium, Ruellia ovata, Thlaspi, Cheiranthus. 

Cross, transversalia. Extending from side to side, pa- 

rallel to the plane of its base. Cassia Fistula. 

Indeterminate, vaga. Without any determinate direction. 

Many partitions of punica granatum. 

False, spuria. Formed only of cellular tissue. Glaucium 

luteum. 

^General, generalia. With edges that reach the internal 

surface of the pericarpium all round, so that each of 

them divides the cavity into two parts. Plantagineae, Cru- 

ciferse, Astragalus, Cassia Fistula. 

Partial, partialia. With edges that reach the internal 

surface of the pericarp on one side only, and on the other


side toitch a placentarium, or some other partition ; so that 

each partition, taken separately, does not divide the hollow 

of' the pericarp into two cells. Syringa vulgaris, Citrus, 

'Nigella Hispanica. 

^ Complete, completa. Dividing the cavity of the pericarp 

completely, by being either a general partition itself, 

Cheiranthus, or if partial, by touching some other par- 

tition. 

Incomplete, incompleta. Only dividing the cavity incompletely, 

being partial partitions that do not touch one 

another, nor abut upon a placentarium. Papaver. 

^ Valvean, valveaiia. Formed by the expansion of the 

substance of the valves,- and remaining fixed to them, when 

the pericarpium splits open. 

Median, media?ia, medivQlves, valvis contraria, valv'is medio 

sepliferis. Valvean and arising from the middle of the 

valves. Lilium, Syringa, Acanthaceee, Polemonium, Helianthemum. 

Marginal, marginalia, valvis ulroque margins inlrojiexo 

singulis loculum conslilutendbus, valvares. Valvean, and 

formed by the edge of the valves, which turns into the 

interior of the pericarp, towards a real or imaginary central 

axis. Antirrhinum, Rhododendriim, Astragalus. 

Two-flaked, hilamellares. Marginal, and formed by the 

union of the edges of two contiguous turned- in valves, 

which separate when the fruit 

dendrum. 

opens. Digitalis, Rhodo- 

Placentarian, placentariana. Produced by the expansion 

of the placentarium, or its lobes, so as to reach the internal 

surface of the pericarpium, or its sutures, and separate 

when the fruit is ripe. Plantaginese, Cruciferê, Punica 

Granatum, Cucurbitacese. 

Interposed, interpositiva, valvis margine apposili^ anriûlis 

dissepimenti. Several placentarian partitions diverging 

from the centre of a many-valved pericarpium to the sutures,laceae. 

so that they alternate with the valves. Convolvu- 

Obsutural, ohsuturalia. The placentarian partitions 

applied only to the sutures, and not fastened between the 

edges of the contiguous valves. Convolvulus. 

Opposite, opposiliva, valvis contraria. The edges of the 

^placentarian partitions 

Paullinia pinnata. 

applied to the middle of the valves. 

Parallel, parallelica, valvis parallela. The placentarian 

partition expanded parallel to the valves of a bivalve perio 

2


carpium, and joining by its edges the two opposite sutures. 

Cruciferae. 

Doubtful, amhigua. Connected with the centre and 

sides of a pericarp that does not open ; and whose origin, 

therefore, cannot be determined exactly. Citrus. 

Fixed, Jixa. Remaining immoveable, and attached as 

usual when ripe; which seldom takes place except in inde- 

hiscent pericarpiums, or those that open by pores or slits. 

Antirrhinum, Campanula, Papaver, Nigella Saxifraga. 

Free, libera. Formed of a placentarium that becomes 

free by the dehiscence of the pericarpium. Plantaginese. 

Persisting, pershteniia. Remaining in their place after 

the opening of the fruit, Cruciferee. 

Meeting, olcurrentia. Partial partitions meeting together, 

and dividing the cavity of the pericarpium into several 

cells. Acanthace^, Antirrhinum, Convolvulacese, Saxi- 

frageae. 

Whirled, verticillala. Several partial partitions disposed 

in the jiericarpium like the spokes of a wheel. Convolvulacese, 

Rhodoracese, Aurantiaceae. 

Seed-bearing, semhnfera, placentifera. Carrying the 

seeds. Ruellia, Nymphsea, Helianthemum. 

The distinctions are usually taken from their appearance 

after the pericarpium has split open ; but this is frequently 

a bad guide to their original formation. 

Septum. 

A Partition that is lo?igitudi?ial. Lilium, Cruciferae. 

PI. 16, %. 8, 14 and J 5. 

Phragma. ' 

A Partition that is transverse. Cassia Fistula. PI. 16, 

%. 1. 

Placentarium. 

^ 

Placenta, Trophospermum, Spermophorus, Colum, Receptaculum 

seminum. That part of the pericarpium toivhich 

the seeds are attached. PL 17, fig- 4, 5. 

Fleshy, Placeiiiarium carnosum. Vaccinium, Ruta, Saxifraga 

granulata. 

Corky, suherosum. Centunculus, Anagallis, Hyoscyamus, 

Nicotiana, Stramonium. 

Leatherlike, coriaceum. Papaver, Begonia. 

'Woody^ lignosum. Svvietenia Mahogani.


% Honeycombed, alveolatum. Centunculus, Anagallis. 

Tuberculated, tuberculatum. Stramonium. 

Villous, villosum,. Cucubalus, Silene. 

•[ Partitioning, septiforme. Enlarged into a partition. 

Plantaginese, Cruciterse. This is the same as the placen- 

tarian partition, but considered in another light. 

Globular, sphccricurn, glohosum. Centunculus minimus, 

Anagallis phoenicea. 

Cylindrical, cylindraceum. Lychnis, Silene, Cerastium. 

Th readlike, Jilijorme. Velezia. 

Awlshape, suhukitum. Dodecatheon, Dianthus. 

Three- sided, trigoman, iriqueter. Poleraonium vulgare, 

Dodonaea viscosa. 

Four-sided, tetragonum^ tetracpieter. Adoxa tuberosa. 

Five- sided, pentagonurn, pentaqueter. Swietenia Maho- 

gani. 

Lobed, lohatum. Forming thick projections within the 

cavity of the pericarp. Rhododendrum, Cucurbitaceae. 

Radiating, radiaium. Rhododendrum, Cucurbitacete. 

^ Central, centrale. Placed in the centre of the pericarpium. 

Antirrhinum, Campanula, Saxifraga. 

Axile, axile. Growing up from the bottom to the top 

of the pericarpium, in the direction of its diameter. Lilium, 

Digitalis, Polemonium. 

Apicilar, apicilare. Placed at the top of the cavity of 

the pericarpium. Umbelliferae. 

Basilary, hanlare. Placed at the bottom of the cavity of 

the pericarpium. Berberis, Chrysosplenium. 

Fixed at bottom, basi/ixum, libenim. Attached only to 

the bottom of the cavity of the pericarpium when ripe. 

Primulaceffi, Silene. 

Sessile, sessile. Fixed at bottom without any footstalk. 

Footstalked, /jefl'?ce//fl/z/w. 

Parietal, parieiale. Attached to the sides of the cavity 

of the pericarpium. Ribes, Punica Granatum.—An axile 

placentarium in a multilocular ovary, sometimes becomes 

parietal in consequence of the absorption of several of the 

cells. 

One-sided, unilaterale. Attached to one side only of 

the pericarpium. Many apocynese, Actsea, Leguminosae. 

PI. 16,%. 2. 

Two-sided, bilaterale. Ribes. PI. 17, fig. 4 and 5. 

Three-sided, trilatsrale, and so on. 

Valvular, valvare. Attached to the valves of a dehiscent 

pericarpium. Orchis, Bixa, Orellana.


Mid.dle-valved, medivalue, mediis valvis adnatum. Fixed 

along the middle line of the valves. Lathrsa, Parnassja. 

Suturalj ohsuturale, mturcB applicatum. Applied over 

against the sutures. Asclepias, Argemone. 

Marginal, marglnale. Fixed solidly either to the edges 

of the valves, or of the partitions when these latter are not 

themselves formed of an enlarged placentarium. CEnothera, 

Leguminosas. 

Fartitiojial, septlle. Fixed to the partitions. Ruellia, 

Helianthemum mutabilej Papaver, CEnothera. 

Fastened, adnatiwi. ' Fixed throughout their v/hoie 

length, either to the internal surface of the pericarpial ca- 

vit;/, Orchidese, Ladirâ; or to the edges of the partitions, 

Tulipa; or the central axis, Ixia Chinensis; or the edges 

of the valves, Viola. 

Free, liherimi. Totally detached from the pericarp, and 

not adhering to an%part when it opens. Plantaginess. 

% Two-parted, bipartiium. Divided into two branches. 

Ribes, Bixa Orellana. 

Three-parted, iripartilum. Orchidese, Passiflora. 

Four- parted, quadripart'ilum. Parnassia palustris. 

Five-parted, quinijuepurtiium. Argemone Mexicana. 

Many-parted, midlipartiLum. Papaver, Punica.—These 

divisions of the placentarium are usually fastened to the 

sides of the pericarpial cavity, but sometimes they are only 

attached to the pericarpium by their extremities, as in the 

portulacea3. 

51 Two-parting, hipartihile. Splitting, when ripe, into 

two seed-bearing portions, which remain fixed, either to 

the edges of the valves, Leguminosae ; or to the partitions, 

Rueliia. 

Three-parting, tripariilnle. Splitting when ripe into' 

three seed-bearing portions, which remain attached to the 

edge of the partitions. Lilium, Koeireuteria. 

Four-parting, &c. 

Remaining, persis/ens. Not splitting when ripe, but remaining 

whole. Digitalis, Polemonium, Rhododendrum, 

Swietenia Mahogani. 

51 One-ribbed, unmerve. 

Two-ribbed, hlnerve. 

Three-ribbed, trinerve. 

Many-ribbed, mult'merve. 

The position of the placentarium maybe discovered in 

dry pericarps when the seeds are loose, or have even been

INTRODUCTIO^f TO BOTANY. 199 

taken out, by the scar or hollow in the panninterne, as that 

covering is always interrupted at the place where the placentarium 

is connected with the sarcocarp to which it is 

always united. 

Ribs of the placentarium 

Collected, Nervi colligaii Collected into a single mass 

by cellular tissue. Lilium, Rhododendruni, Silene. 

Distinct, distincti. Forming separate cords. Portulaca. 

Intervalvular, hiiervalves. Placed in the sutures between 

the valves. Cruciferse. 

Axile, circumaxiles. Surrounding a central axis which 

separates when the fruit splits open. Epilobium, CEno- 

thera. 

Umbilical Cord. 

Funiculus, Funiculus umbilicalis, Poclospermium. A 

vascular cord, that fasteris the seeds to thg pericarpium. 

Threadlike, FuniculusfiUformis . Cheiranthus, Alyssum 

campestre, Ribes spinosum glabium. Cassia Fistula. 

Hooked, uncinatus. Acanthus, Ruellia, Justicia, Bar- 

leria. 

.Pappus-like, pappiformis. Formed of silky threads 

united into a pappus. Asclepias Syriaca, A. nigra. PI. 17, 

fig. 12. 

Cells. 

Loculi, Loculamenta, Thecse. The hollow spaces in the 

pericarpium formed hy the doubling of the paiininlerne. 

CoouE. 

Coccum. yl cell that opens elasticall?/ by a 7nemhranaceous 

spring, placed at the bottom. Euphorbiaceee. 

Retinacles. 

Retinaculae. Crooked points growing from the placentarium, 

close to the seeds, hut not serving to support them. 

Acanthacese. PI. 16, fig. 21. 

Pannexterne. 

Pannexterna, Epicarpium. The external skin of the 

epicarpium. 

Panninterne. 

Panninterna, Endocarpium. The internal skin of the 

pericarpium, which in celledfruits forms the partitions by its 

doublings. 

.


Flesh.. 

Care, Sarcocaipiuni. The more or less fleshy substance 

which in some fruits is placed betweeii the pamiexterne and 

panninterne^ and is always intimately connected luith the 

placentarium. 

Pulp. 

Pulpa. The soft and half-liquid siihsiance, found in the 

cells of some fruits, surrounding the seeds. 

Induvi^. 

Induviae florales, Folliculus. Those parts of the flower 

that remain afterfecundation, and accompany the fruit. 

Calycine, Induvice calycince. Arising from the calyx. 

Labiatse, Rosa. 

Perigonal, perianthiance, perigonales. Arising from the 

perigonium. Basella, Salsola tragus. 

GlumeJlar, glumelleance. Arising from glumes. Oryza. 

^ Free, lilerce. Not united to the fruit. LabiatEB, 

Hosae. 

Adherent, adherentes. United with the fruit. Basella. 

Induviated fruits always proceed from a single flower^ 

whose ovary or ovaries did not adhere to the calyx; and 

are thus distinguished from covered or angiocarpic fruits. 

SEED. 

Grain, Corn, Vegetable egg, Semen, Granum, Ovum, 

— sperm urn. The fecnndated rudiment of a new plant contained 

in the fruit. 

1. Situation in the fruit. 

Upright, Setnen erectum. The hile being placed directly 

above the placentarium, is the lowest part of the seed in 

the pericarpial cavity. Ranunculus, Berberis, 

Rising, ascendens. The hile being on a level with the 

placentarium, or nearly so, is situated a little above the 

lowest part of the seed in the pericarpial cavity. Malus, 

Mespilus, 

_ Reversed, hanging, resupinalum, pendens, pendulum. The 

hile being below the placentarium, is the highest part of 

the seed in the pericarpial cavity. Fraxinus, Asclepias, 

Umbelliferae; Myriophyllum. PI. 1 3, fig. SI.


Hanging, pendens, pendulum. Attached to the sides of 

the pericarp by its funicular cord only. Ceratophyllum 

cornutuni. 

Appendent by the end, appendens ah extremitate. The 

hile being on a level with the placentarium, or nearly so, 

is placed below but near the uppermost part of the seed, 

Prunus, Amygdalus. PI. 15, fig. 1. 

Appendent by the middle, appendens a medio. The hile 

being on a level Avith the placentarium, or nearly so, is 

placed in the middle of the side. Quassia Simarouba. 

Shieldlike, peltalum. Hanging by the middle, which is 

connected by a large surface to the placentarium. Ruta, 

Plantago stricta. 

Falling, cadens. The hile being opposite to the upper 

part of the pericarpial cavit}^ and the placentarium seated 

in the lower part, the umbilical cord is forced to elongate 

itself to i-each the level of the hile, and to pass over one of 

the sides of the seeds. Piumbagineoe. PI. IS, fig. 17- 

Horizontal, liorhontale. The seed being flat, or long, 

is fastened to the placentarium by its edge, or one of its 

ends, in a })lane parallel to the base of the fruit. Lilium, 

Cucumis prophetarum. PI. 15, fig. 21. 

Nestling, scattered, Semhia nidulantia, vaga. Placed 

without any order, like eggs in a nest. Nymphjea. 

Spread, perfusa. Spread over the whole surface, either 

of the valves, Butomus, Gentiana; or of the partitions, 

Plantaginese, Papavcr. 

In rows, serialia. Disposed in rows. Tulipa, Lilium, 

Poleraonium. 

Tiled-like, imhricata. Asclepias, Cobea scandens. 

Enchased, placentario semi-inclusa. Fixed single in the 

pits of an alveolar placentarium. Primulaceae. 

Footstalked, Semen funiculatum. Fastened by an umbilical 

cord. Plumbagineae, Magnolia. 

Sessile, sessile. Attached to the placentarium without 

any umbilical cord. Plantagineae, Primulaceee. 

% Naked, nudum. The seed expanding after fecundation, 

and not the ovary, the latter is ruptured and the seed 

protrudes, Leontice; or the pericarpium opening, the seed 

is exserted and hangs by its umbilical cord^ Magnolia.

W2 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

2. Form. 

Globular, Semen sphceriaim, glohosum. Brassica, Sinapis, 

Pisum sativum, Vicia sepium. 

Globulous, glohulosum. Globular, and also small. 

Nearly globular, suhglohosum. 

Roundish, subrotundum. Asparagus officinalis, jEscuIus 

Hippocastanum, Vicia lutea. 

Cubical, ciibicum. Vicia lathyroides. 

Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Once and a half, or twice as 

long as broad, equally round at each end, and swelled insensibly 

in the middle. Quercus longaeva. 

Egglike, ovoideum. Once and a half, or twice as long 

as broad, round at each end, the one end sharper than the 

other. Nymphaea, Ribes spinosam glabrum, Aconitum, 

Cocos nucifera. 

Tearlike, lachrymcEJ'orme . The 

small end sharper than 

in the egglike, and frequently compressed. Pyrus, Malus, 

Amygdalus, Linum. - 

Elliptic, elUpticum. Sisymbrium latifolium, Isatis tinc- 

toria. 

Oblong, ollo?ig7/m. At least twice and a half as long as 

broad, and I'ounded at each end. Phoenix dactylifera, 

Lonicera Zeylanica. 

Topshape, turhinatum. Conical with a round base; the 

cone at least once and a half as high as broad. Bixa. 

Straight, reclili?ieum, reclum. Chaerophyllum aroi^naticum, 

Hieracium glaucum. 

Kidneyshape, rentfonve, Papaver somniferum, Acer 

majus, Many malvaceae, Silene, Phaseolus. 

Bent, curved, arcuatum, curvatum. Slightly bent. Eroteum 

undulatum, Tournefortia mutabilis. 

Much bent, recurvum, recurvatum. Bent so that the two 

ends nearly meet. Potamogeton. 

Folded, replicatum. Folded in two, so that the two 

halves are close together, and even united. Alisma major, 

Damasonium Dalechampii, Sagittaria. 

Compressed, compressuvi. Broader than thick. Fraxi- 

nus, Vicia vulgaris, Cucurbita esculenta. 

Orbicular, orhiculare. The edge circular. Carex di- 

vulsa, Ervum lens. 

Lentilshape, lentiadare, roiimdato-compressnm. Convex 

on both sides, with a sharp edge. Carex muricata, Amaranthus 

minor.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ^ 203 

Discoid, diicoideum. Thick, with two flat parallel faces, 

and a bluntly rounded edge. Dioscorea, Strychnos Nuxvomica. 

Flat, planum. Lilium, Tulipa. 

Angular, angnlosum. Having prominent corners upon 

its surface. Trasus syivaticus, Cepa esculenta, Rumex, 

Fagopyrum esculentum, Primula. 

Three-cornered, irigo?iia?i, iriquetrum. Rumex, Rheura, 

Fagus sylvestris. 

Four-cornered, ielragonum, &c. 

Sawdust-like, scoLiforjne. Fine, long, like sawdust. 

Orchidese, Rhododendron. 

Grooved, canaliculalum . Hollowed out into a gutter 

lengthways. Ph^nix dactylifera. 

3. Surface, 

Bald, Semen glahrum. Asparagus officinalis, Nymphsea, 

Brassica, jÊscuius Hippocastanum. 

Smooth, iceve. Nymphaea, ^S^sculus Hippocastanum. 

Polished, Icevigatum. Geranium Robertianum, G. molle, 

Melampyrum arvense. 

Shining, nitidum^ hicldum. Polygonum aviculare, Amaranthus 

minor, Nymphsea, Linum usitatissimum, Spartium 

scoparium, j$1scu1us Hippocastanum. 

Streaked, striatum. Lysimachia stellata. 

Furrowed, sulcatum. Digitalis speciosa. Viburnum farinosum. 

Networked, reticulatu.m. Geranium rotundifolium, G. 

disseclura, G. columbinum. 

Wrinkled, rugosiim. Damasonium Dalechampii, Aconitum, 

Cymbalaria hederacea, Elatine hastata. 

Pitted, scrobiculatum,. With irregular pits. Arum Italicum, 

Datisca cannabina. 

Honeycombed, alveolatum^faveolatum. With pits, placed 

regularly. Antirrhinum, Papaver. * 

Rough, scabrum. Ruta graveolens, Primula veris. 

Dotted, punctatum. Covered either with rising points. 

Cyclamen vernum, Anagallis Phoenicia, Geranium columbinum; 

or with coloured dots, Clausena. 

Tubercular, tuhercutatum. With elevated lumps. Vicia 

lathyroides. 

Warty, carimculatum. With spongy or pulpy excrescences. 

Chelidonium majus, Ricinus.

•204 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Furnished with an operculum, operculahun. Having 

an operculum, or embryo-cover, placed over the radicular 

extremity of the embryon, and tallinfr oft' when the seed 

germinates. Phoenix dactylifera, Asparagus officinalis. 

Villous, villosuvi. Roellia cristata, Murraya exotica. 

Woolly, lanatum. Bombax, Gossj'pium. 

Edged, marginatum. With a prominent narrow edge. 

Spergula pentandra, Matthiola sinuata. 

Fringed, cilialum. Edged, and the edge cut into fine 

jags like eyelashes. Limnanthes peltata. 

Winged, alatum. Furnished with large thin expansions 

of the edges or corners. 

One-winged, uni-alaium, mo?iopterum' 

Winged all round, peripleratum. Surrounded by the 

wing. Veratrum alburn, Rhinanthus glaber. 

Winged at top, epipteralum. Banksia, Bignonia. 

Two-winged, bi-alatuin, dlpterum. 

Three-winged, tri-alalum, triptenim. Moringa, Fterospermum. 

Tufted, comahim. With a tuft of hairs or coma, produced 

either by an expansion of the seed-covers, Tamarix; 

or by the umbilical cord drying, and splitting into fine 

filaments, Asclepias, Epilobium. 

Bald-headed, calvum. Without any tuft. Vinca. 

Drupelike, dntpeolatum. Surrounded with pulp and 

like a stone-fruit. Ixia Chinensis, Punica Granatus. 

Arilled, ar'illatum. Having an arill. Myristica, Oxalis, 

Evonymus. 

Parts of the seed. 

Seed covers, Integumenla propria seminum, TuniccE seminales. 

The covers that grow along with the ovule, and are 

not very distinct until the ovary is ripened into a pericarp ; 

they comprise the arill, the outer and the inner skin. 

The kernel, Amygdala. The seed stripped of its covers, 

being either a simple embryo, or an embryo accompanied 

with a perisperm. 

Arill. 

Arillus, Calyptra. An appendage to the hile, usually 

Jormlng an expansion' round the seed, which falls off of itself 

mid is peculiar to afew seeds only. 

Complete, Arillus complelns. Covering the seed entirely. 

Oxalis. 

,


Incomplete, incompletus. Covering the seed only partially. 

Evonymus verrucosus, Bocconia frutescens. 

^ Cuplike, mpiilaris. In form of a hollow cup. Evonymus 

verrucosus, Bocconia frutescens. 

Caruncular, strophiolate, caruncularis, stropliiolatus. 

Formed of one or more caruncles. Polygala vulgaris. 

Parted, partitiis. Divided into several broad parts. 

Three-parted, tripartitus. Polygala vulgaris. 

Many-parted, multipart itiis. Myristica. 

Jagged, laciniaius. Divided into nari'ow strips. Rave- 

nala. 

Pulpy, pulposus. Texture cellulai-, very fine, full of 

juice. Bocconia frutescens. 

Fleshy, caniosus. Texture thick, juicy, but firm. My- 

ristica. 

Elastic, elasticus. Extending as the seed enlarges, to 

a certain length, then tearing open, and retracting, in consequence 

of its tenacity. Oxalis. 

Tearing, ruptilis. Tearing irregularly when the seed 

enlarges. Meliaceee. 

Pellicle. 

Pellicula, Epidermis. A very thin nrill which hears the 

hairs thai accompany some seeds. Bombax, Gossypium. 

Tuft. 

Coma. A small tuft of hairs growing at one end of some 

ieeds. Asclepias, Epilobium, Tamarix. 

Skins of the Seed. 

Spermoderme, Spermodermis, Perispermum, Epispermum. 

The coats of seeds in general, surrounding and covering 

their kernel, including the outer and inner skin, and. 

the flesh of the seed. 

Outer Skin. 

Shell, Testa, Lorica. The smooth, scalelike, external 

covering of the kernel, which, notwithstanding its appeara?ice, 

easily imbibes moisture. PI. 15, fig. 22 a. 

Crustaceous, Lorica Crustacea. Thin, dry, brittle like a 

snail-shell. Papaver orientale, Ricinus. 

Bony, ossea, lapidea. Dry, solid, thick, and resembling 

a bony or stony substance in its appearance. Nymphsea 

alba, Nuphar luteum.


Leatherlike, coriacea. Camellia Japonica, Hura cre- 

pitans. 

Fungous, corklike, fungosa, suherosa. Tulipa, Lilium, 

Iris. 

Pulpy, pvlposa. Juicy externally, giving the seed the 

appearance of a stone-fruit. Ixia Chinensis, Punica Granatus, 

Magnolia. 

Bladdery, vesicularis. Membranaceous, and much larger 

than the parts they cover. Philadelphus coronarius. 

Flesh of the Seed. 

Sarcodermis. A parenchymatous suhstance, placed helween 

the outer and inner skin of the seed, frequently scarcely visible, 

hut sometimes very apparent. Iris fsetidissima. 

Inner Skin. 

Tegmen, Endopleura, Tunica interior, Integumentum, 

Hiloferus. A thin pellicle placed next the kernel, scarcely 

separable from the flesh of the seed, and which, notwithstajid- 

ing its appearance, is not permeable to moisture. PL 15, 

fig. 22 b. 

Membranaceous, Tegmen membranaceum. Nymphaea 

alba, Amygdalus, Cerasus, Castanea vesca, Fagus sylvatica. 

Paperlike, chartaceum. Dry, smooth, flexible, tough 

like a card or parchment. Pyrus communis. 

Leatherlike, coriaceum. Cocos nucifera. 

Crustaceous, crustaceum. Areca Faufel. 

Cobweblike, arachnoideum. Ixia Chinensis. 

Partition-bearing, septiferum. Expanding internally in 

the form of incomplete partitions, that divide the kernel 

into several lobes. Castanea vesca, Juglans regia. 

Gummy, gummatum. Covered with a gummy substance. 

Pyrus Cydonia. 

Distinct, a loricd distinctum. Separable from the outer 

skin, vi'ithout any tearing. Nymphaea, Hydrocharideas. 

Coherent, loricce cohcerens. Not separable from the outer 

skin without tearing. Citrus, Murraya.


HiLE. 

Eye of the seed. Base of the seed, HUum, Hyliis, Umbilicus, 

Cicatricula, Fenestra. A scar upon the surface of' the 

outer skin of th'e seed, which shoivs the point hy ivhich the 

umbilical cordfastened the seed to the mother-plant. 

The liile is frequently placed in the middle of a spot, 

hollow, or elevation, and in describing plants this spot, &c. 

is included in the signification of the word hile. 

Dotlike, Hilum punctiforme. Cruciferse. 

Linear, lineare. Long, narrow, with the sides parallel. 

Faba. 

Line-like, lineolare. Resembling a plain stroke, Commelina 

communis. 

Orbicular, orliculare. ^sculus. 

Elliptic, ellipticum. Phaseolus. : 

Heartshape, cordforme. Areca, Cardiospermum. 

Convex, convexum. jEscuIus. 

Concave, concavum. Cyclamen vernum. 

Strophiolate, strophiolatum. Composed of a row or rows 

of tubercles. Polygalese. ^ 

Comose, comosum. Woolly, Polygalese. ' 

Ambiguous, amhiguum. Corresponding at the same time 

to the two ends of a bent or folded seed. 

Omphalode. 

Omphalodium. A protuberant point, usually placed in 

the middle of the cicatrix, where the nutrimental vessels en- 

tered the seed. 

Foramen. 

Micropyla. A point near the hile, which appears to he 

the place where the fecundatmg vessels entered the seed. 

Spile. 

Spilus. A small spot under thefirst cover of the fruit of 

the graminecB at the internal base, which appears to be the 

real umbilicus or point where the vessels of the pericarpium 

enter the spermoderme, which is closely united with the peri- 

carp. 

Prostype. 

Prostypum, Prostypum funiculare. A slight elevation 

on the surface of the seed-covers, formed by the internal 

elongation of the vessels of the umbilical cord.

208 introduction to botany. ' 

Raphe. 

Rapha. The prominent rib of the proslype that passes 

from the hile to the chalaze. 

Straight, Kapha rectiliiiea, recta. Labiatse. 

Winding, sinuosa. Passing along in a serpentine line. 

Cookia. 

^ Simple, simplex. Passing in a single uniform line, 

without any ramifications. Labiatse, Most aurantiacese. 

Branched, racemosa. Throwing out branches, on each 

side, which usually anastomose, and form a network. 

Amygdala. 

Chalaze. 

Chalaza, Umbilicus internus. A mark on the inner skiUf 

shoiving where the umhilical cord pierces it : this point is 

usually directly u?ider the hile, but sometimes at a distance, 

and connected with it by the raphe. 

Tubercular, Chalaza tubercuhsa. Swelled out in bunches. 

Labiatse. 

Cuplike, cupularis. Dilated within the flesh of the seed 

into the form of a cup, or such like vessel. Most aurantiacese, 

especially Citrus Medica, Cookia punctata. 

% Coloured, colorata. Of a different colour than that of 

the skin. Citrus Medica. 

Not coloured, Incolor. Phaseolus. 

Kernel. 

Nucleus, Amygdala. The internal part of the seed, con- 

tained zuithin the skins, and composed of' an embryo either 

alone, or accompanied with a perisperm. 

Coated, Amygdala iunicata. Covered with skins very 

distinct from the inside of the ovary. Polygonum, OEno- 

thera. 

Tegmined, tegminata. Covered with a tegmen. ScirpuSj 

Heisteria coccinea. 

Loricated, lor irata. Covered with a lorica. Eroteum 

undulatum, CEnothera. 

Naked, 7iuda, sine tunica. Naked within the sides of the 

ovar}^ Abietidese, Cupressidese, Taxideas. 

^ Free, libera. The surface not adhering to the covera 

which envelope it. Amygdalus, Phaseolus, Faba.

"^ 

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 209 

Adherent, adIicBrens. Adhering to its covers. Graminese, 

Umbellifersg.—This only takes place when there is a perisperm, 

and in this case the true place of the hile, and consequently 

the base of the seed, is frequently very difficult to 

be ascertained. 

% Single, unica. Only one kernel in a seed. Most 

plants. 

Double, duplex. Two in each seed. Eriolithus. 

% Perispermed, penspermata, perispermica, alhuminosa, 

endospermica. Having a perisperm. Cyperaceae, Gramineae, 

Rubiaceae, Unibelliferae. 

Not-perispermed, aperispermata, exalluminosa, episperm- 

ica, epiperispermica. Without a perisperm. xilismaceae, 

Compositse, Faba, Phaseolus. 

Tuberous,' tuherosa. Composed of an uniform mass, with 

several germinating points. Aroideee, Calladium. 

Perisperm. 

Perispermum, Albumen, Endospermum, Secundinse in- 

ternse. Medulla seminis. Cellular tissue accompanying the 

emhryo in the kernel, hut scarcely ever adhering to it, and 

having no vascular organization ; furnishing, during germi- 

nation, the first nourishment to the young plant. PI. 18, 

fig. 20 e ; 22. 

Central, Perispermum centroê. Forming a mass in the 

centre of the kernel, and surrounded by the embryo. Cuscuta 

Europeea, Silene, Nyctaginese. 

Circumferential, periphcBricitm. Surrounding the embryo, 

and concealing it. Abietideae, Cupressideae. 

One-sided, unilaterale. Placed on one side, and the embryo 

on the other. Gramineee. 

If Dry, siccum, aridum. Gramineae. 

Mealy, J'arinosum. Dry, and reducible by ti'ituration 

into a fine, soft powder. Triticum, Avena, Secale. 

Friable, frialile. Dry, and crumbling by a slight rubbing, 

Piper nigrum, Gunnera scabra. 

Oily, oleagineum. Greasy to the touch, and yielding oil 

by expression. Euphorbiaceae, Nyssa sylvatica. 

Mucilaginous, mucilaginosum. Having, while moist, the 

consistence of a gummy matter slightly wetted. Convol- 

vulus. 

Pellicular, membranaceous, pelliculare, memhrariaceum. 

Formed of a thin flake or pellicle. Most labiatse, Prunus, 

Amygdalus. 

VOL. I. p 

'

^10 


Fleshy, camosum. Euphorbiacese. 

Horn}'^, corneum. Tough, elastic, hard like horn. Palm^, 

Aristolochia, Rubiaccas. 

Leathery, cartilaginous, corlaceum, cartilag'meum, dense 

camosum. Tough like leather, or a cartilage. Umbel- 

life rse. 

Transparent, pellucidum. Oryza saliva. 

Opake, opacum. Triticum. 

51 Lobed, lohaiiim. 

Three-lobed, trilohatum. Coccoloba, Lontarus, 

Five-lobed, quinquelobatum. Aquilicia. 

Creviced, rimosum. Having more or less deep incisions, 

into which folds of the seed-covers are inserted. Uvaria, 

Anona. 

*f[ Large, magnum. Relatively to the embryo. Graminef)e, 

Umbelliferae, Ranunculacea?. 

Thick, crassum. Having a notable thickness. Graminese, 

Hydrophyllum. 

Thin, tenue. Labiatae, Rosaceae, Thymeleae. 

^ White, alhuvi. In most plants. 

Green, viride. Viscum album. 

5[ Hollow, cavum. Having another internal cavity besides 

that containing the embryo. Cocos, Myristica. 

Wrinkled, corrugatum, coniortuplicatum. Folded together 

in different senses along Vi-ith the embryo. Convol- 

vulus. 

Hile-bearing, hiliferum. Bearing the hile. Abietideae, 

Cupressideae, Taxidese. 

Chorion. 

A pulpy liquor which appears io form the whole sidjstance of 

the kernel before its feamdation, and disappears before its 

maturity. 

Amnios. 

A trausparejit gelatinous or emulsive liquor that is not io be 

ieen before fecwidation, in which the embryo swims, and 

ivhich appears to serve for its nourishment ; the concrete residuum 

forming the perisperrn. Cocoa. 

Naked, Amnios nudum. 

Enclosed, inclusum. Enclosed in a sac. 

Embryo. 

Proper seed. Heart of the seed, Corculum, Cor seminis. 

The rudiment of the new plant. PI. 15, fig, 22 d; pi. 18, 

fig. 20 f ; 22 a.


Not cotyledonic, Emhrio acotyledoneus. Without any 

cotyledons, and of course conoisting only of a blasteme. 

Cuscuta, Confervas. 

One-cotyledon, monocohj iedoiieus. With only one cotyledon. 

Gramineee, Liiiacese, Cyclamen Europseus, Zani- 

dieilia. 

Two-cotyledon, dicotyledoneiis . With 

two cotyledons. 

Labiatee, Compositse, Umbelliferse, Criiciferae, Rosacese, 

Leguminosce. 

Many-cotyledon, polycotyledon eus. With more than two 

cotyledons. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Cedrus, Ceratophyllum. 

^ Spherical, globular, sphcericus, glohulosus. 

Ellipsoid, eilipsoideus. Quercus longseva. 

Egglike, ovoideus, Juncus, Corylus, Nelumbo. 

Conical, conicus. In form of a sugar-loaf. Epilobium 

hirsutum. 

Topshaped, iz^r^f7za/z/5. Nymphaea alba, Scirpus sylva- 

ticus. 

Threadlike, filiformis. Slender and cylindrical like a 

thread. Typha, Allium, Atriplex, Damasonium Dalechampii. 

Spindleshape, fusiformis. Long, and growing narrower 

at each end. Triglochin palustre. 

Clubshape, claviformis. Hyacinthus nutans. 

Mushroomshape,y2i!wgz/br;72w. Having a hemispherical 

broad head placed upon a cylindrical stem. Musa sapientum, 

M. coccinea. 

Heartshape, cordiformis. Azarum, Aristolochia, Gunnera. 

Saucerlike, patelUformis. Flagellaria Indica. 

Bucklershape, scutelliformis. Broad, more or less round, 

dilTers but little from the preceding. Holcus. 

Cylindrical, cylmdricus. Antirrhinum. 

Sheavelike, irochlearis. Cylindrical, very short, narrower 

in the middle, like the sheave of a pulley. Commelina 

communis. 

Lenticular, lenticularis. Ervum lens. 

^ Straight, rectUineus, rectus. Neither bent, nor twisted. 

Abietideae, Cupressidese, Taxideee, Aroideae. 

Bent, arciiatus, curvatus. Vaccinium montanum. Galium 

uncinatum, Papaver. 

Bent back, recurvus, recurvaius. Bent so that the tip of 

the cotyledons either touches the radicle, or approaches 

Yevy close to it. NyctaginesS, Morus. 

p 2

212 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ' 

Knee-bent, gejiiculatus . Folded so as to form an angle.. 

Guettarda speciosa. 

Folded, replicatus, conduplicaius. Folded in two, and 

the folds brought close together. Alisma, Sagittaria, Damasonium. 

Ringlike, annularis. Slender, long, bent so that the 

cotyledon end touches the radicular. Salsola, Silene. 

Pill-like, in orhem contractus. Bent so as to form a ball. 

Sin apis alba. 

Spiral, spiralis, cochleatus. Bent in a spiral. Salsola 

tragus, Cuscuta Europasa. PI. 13, fig. 14. 

Qvooked., flexuosus. Bent in different directions. Anguillaria 

Bahamensis. 

% Enclosed, reclusus, inclusus. Shut up in the perisperm. 

Anagallis phoenicia, Campanula, Galium. 

Axile, axilis. Slender, surrounded with a perisperm, 

and placed in a straight line from one point to that diametrically 

opposite. Typha, Plantagineee, Fraxinus, Campanula, 

Berberis, Saxifrageee. 

Medial, 7nediaris. Spread out broad, placed in the 

middle of the perisperm, and dividing it into two nearly 

equal parts. Cassia Fistula, Ricinus, Hura crepitans. 

Central, centralis. In the centre of the perisperm. 

Taxus baccata. Ph 13, fig. 22. 

Excentric, exceniricus. Enclosed in the perisperm, but 

not placed in the centre. Cyclamen. 

External, exterior. On the surface of the perisperm. 

Scirpus, Gramineae, Nymphsea. 

Peripheric, periphcericus, alhumine circumpositus. External, 

and surrounding the greater part of the perisperm. 

Mirabilis, Silene. Very rare. 

Nearly peripheric, sulperiphcericus. The perisperm that 

forms the central part of the kernel throws out the embryo, 

which spreads in a very thin flake over its surface. Atriplices, 

Amaranthidese. 

Crosswise, transversus. Long, and nearly parallel to 

the hile. Asparagus officinalis, Plantaginese, Cyclamen 

Europseum, Primulacese, Polemonium, Many boraginese. 

Oblique, ohliquus. One end further from the axis of the 

seed than the other. Graminese. 

On the side, lateralis. Thrust on one side. Gramineae, 

Polygonum scandens. Cyclamen. 

At the base, hasilaris. Placed entirely at the bottom of 

the seed near the hile. Cyperacese, Juncus, Asarum, 

Aristolochia, Pedicularis, Umbelliferse, Papaver, Aconitum, 

Ranunculus.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 21Ss 

At the tip, apieilaris. Placed opposite the hile. Colchicum. 

Vague, vagus. Placed in the perisperm, but neither at 

the bottom, top, or side of the seed. 

Nestling, nidulatus. Placed in a sac formed by a fold of 

the inner skin of the seed. Commelina. 

If White, alhus., lacteus. Most embryos. 

Yellowish, lutescens. Ribes spinosum glabrum. 

Green, viridis. Acer majus, Pistachia Terebinthus. 

Leadcolour, plumbeus. ^chinops. 

Purplish, purpureiis. Bidens and Zinnia when the seeds 

are fresh. 

il Large-footed, macropodius. The radicle very large, 

and bulging out like a head. 

Large-headed, macrocephalus . The cotyledons swelled 

out into a mass much larger than the other part. 

Roots within, e?idor/iizus. Radicles growing from the 

base of the embryo and piercing the covers. 

Roots without, exorlilzus. Radicles completely developed 

in the embryo, and only lengthening in germination. 

Roots united, synorhiziLS. 

with the perisperm. 

Radicle united in some degree 

CoTYI,EDONS. 

Cotyledones, Lobi, Valvae seminum. Tlie part of the 

kernel that forms the first leaves of the plant during gej-mi- 

natio7u PI. 14, fig. 12; pi. 15, fig. 19, 22 c; pi. 16, fig. 13. 

In one-cotyledon embryos, the cotyledon forming nearly 

the whole mass of the embryo, the external characters are 

common both to the embryo and the cotyledon, and it is 

indifferent whether it be said that the embryo or the cotyledon 

of holcus is bucklershape ; but in other embryos, 

the cotyledons are in general very distinct. 

Fleshy, Cotyledones carnosce. Thick, juicy, firm, and 

breakable. Corylus, Faba, Amygdalus communis, A. 

Persica. 

Leaflike, foliacecE. Thin, and frequently ribbed like 

leaves. Nyctaginese, Tilia, Cassia Fistula, Euphorbiaceae. 

PL 14, fig. 12. 

% Dotted, punciatce. Surfaces with either transparent 

points, Aurantiaceae ; or coloured ones. Anagallis when, 

germinating. 

K\h\)eA,nervat(E. Surface ribbed. Tilia, MirabilisJalapa. 

RiblesSj enerves. Faba.


^ 'La.Y'ye, magjice. Relatively to the radicle. AmygdaluSy 

Faba, Quercus, Castanea vesca. 

Middlesize, mediocres. Polygonum, Galium, Pisius, 

Small, parvce. Orontium majus, Polemonium. 

'Mevy &maW, parvidcE. Rhododendron. 

Long, longce. Salsola. 

Short, breves. Hopea. 

Shortened, abbreviates. Short, but broad. 

Broad, /a^tc. In respect to their length. Avicennia. 

Narrow, angusfo'. Salsola, Hieracium, Pinus. 

Thick, crassce. iEsculus, Amygdalus, Phaseokis, Quercus, 

Castanea vesca. 

51 Side, laterales. On one side of the blasteme, which 

position is peculiar to the one-cotyledon embryos. Gramineae. 

Opposite- oppositcs. Placed at the same height on the 

blasteme, but diametrically opposite, as in two-cotyledon 

embryos. Phaseolus, Faba, Pisum. 

In whirls, verticiltatce. Many, and placed round the 

blasteme at the same height. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Ceratophyllum. 

Contiguous, conligU(S. Their internal faces closely applied 

to each other.. Most two-cotjdedon plants, Rosaceffi^ 

LiCguminosas. 

Incumbent, incumbenles. Contiguous and lying upon 

one another, the one towards the summit of the seed, the 

other towards the hile. Hesperis, Smyrnium. 

Accumbent, accumbenies. Contiguous, and lying side by 

side. Nasturtium, Cardamine. 

Wide apart, dlvergentcs. Separating from one another 

by their tips. De]i)hinlum puniceum, Myristica. 

Turned back, reflcxce. Bent, and turning their tip to 

the tip of the radicle, Nyctagyneê, Dorstenia ; and that 

cither by their faces, a fadebus, Mirabilis Jalapa; or by 

their side, a laleribus, Genista Hispanica, Cheiranthus, 

Helianthemum. 

Rolled lengthways, circhiatce. Forming a spiral by their 

iip being rolled inwards to the bottom. Basella, Anabasis, 

Rolled sideways, convuLiitce. Forming a spiral by one 

of their sides being rolled inwards. Punica Granatum., 

PI. 15, %. I9-_ \ 

Riding, sa invlcem equ'Uaiites, obvoluico, opposite. The 

half of one cotyledon folded sideways receives into the fold 

the half of the ether folded in a similar manner. Coldenia 

procumbens.


Folded together, condupUcatoi. Applied close to one 

another, and folded togther. Avicenna. 

Folded up, fdicatce. In regula.r folds like those of a fan. 

Fagus sylvatica. 

Rumpled, conôrtuplicatce, corrugatce. Folded irregularly, 

in different directions, like a rumpled stuff. Convolvulus, 

Malva, Gossypium. 

Joined together, coalitce. United after the seed ripened, 

and forming only a single mass. Tropseolum. 

Pierced, pertuscp-. Pierced with large holes. Menispermum 

fenestratum. 

% Rounded, orliculares, suhrolundcc. More or less 

rounded. Acanthaceae, Hura crepitans. 

Oval, ovules. Resembling the longitudinal section of an 

ecTff, one end bein^ rounder than the other. Cheiranthus 

• 'All • 

Cheu'i, Amygdalus communis. 

Elliptic, ellipticce. One third longer than broad, edge 

rounded, the two- ends equal. Quercus longasva. 

Kidneyshape, reniformes. Anacardium orientale. 

Heartshape, cordiformes, Ixora, Coffsea, Phyllis Nobla. 

Lanceolate, lanceolato:. Two thirds longer than broad, 

and ending in an acute angle. 

Linear, lineares. Flat, long, narrow, with the sides 

nearly parallel. Llieracium glaucum. 

Long, elongatce. At least twice and a half as long as 

broad. Salsola radiata. 

Semicylindrical, hemicylindriccE. Long, with one face 

flat and the other convex. Salsola radiata. 

Sickleshape, falcatce. Long and bent like a reapinghook. 

Ceratospermum, Hypecoum. 

% Alike, similares. Equal in size and form. Faba, 

Amygdalus, and indeed most cotyledons. 

Unlike, dissimiles. Differing from one another. Trapa 

natans, Ceratophyllum demersum. 

*|[ Lobed, lobatce. Cut to the middle, or even deeper. 

Juglans, Hernandia. 

Two-lobed, hilobatcB. Brassica oleracea. 

Five-lobed, qui7iqueloljatcB, Tilia alba. 

Feather-cut, pinnatijidce. Long, and divided on the 

sides. Geranium moschatum. 

Uncut, inlegrce. Having neither teeth, sinuses, nor lobes. 

Most cotyledons. 

If Footstalked, petiolatcB. Narrowed at bottom into a 

kind of footstalk. Mirabilis Jalapa when germinating, 

jEscuIus Hippocastanum, Trapseolum when germinating, 

Dorstenia Contrayerva.

216 


Sessile, sessiles. Without any petiole. Most cotyledons. 

Jointed, articulatce. Narrowed at bottom, and appearing 

as if united to the blastema by a joint. Mespilus Germanica. 

Indistinct, confluentes. Not narrowed at bottom, but 

confounded together and with the blasteme. Compositse, 

Nelumbo. 

^ Hypogeous, hypogece. Remaining under ground during 

germination. Graminese, Êsculus. 

Epigeous, epigece. Rising out of the ground during 

germination. Abietidese, Faba, Mirabilis. 

The t)ther characters of cotyledons are to be sought for 

by considering them as leaves. 

Primordial Leaves. 

Folia primordialia. Those synall leaves which, besides the 

cotyledo7is, are sometimes visible in the seed. 

PiLEOLE. 

Pileola. A primordial leaf, closed, and covering like an 

extinguisher, the other leaves of the sprouting seed. Scirpus. 

PL 13, fig. 2 c. 

Main Body. 

Corpus Cotyledoneum. The cotyledonary massformed of 

cotyledons closely united together. 

Synzygia. 

The place vjhere two opposite cotyledons are united. 

Lobule. 

Lobula. That cotyledon of two opposite ones which is 

placedfarthest from the radicle. 

COLEOPTILE. 

Coleophyllum, (!!Ioleoptila. A small sheath formed by 

the cotyledons, and surrounding the base of the plumule. Alismacese, 

Liliaceae, 

Seed Roots. 

Radices seminales, Vasa mammaria. The small vessels 

proceeding from the plumule into the cotyledons.

intkoduction to botany. 217 

Blasteme. 

Blastema. That part of the embryo that remains when 

the cotyledons are taken away. 

Lateral, Blastema laterale. The axis on one side relatively 

to the mass of the embryo. Graminese. 

Plumule. 

Plantule, Plumula. That part of the blasteme that is, 

destined to rise above ground andform the fature plant. 

Conspicuous, Plumula visibilis. Visible before germination, 

either by the naked eye, Gramineae, ^sculus Hippocastanum, 

Faba, Nelumbo, Ceratophyllum ; or by the assistance 

of glasses. Damasonium Dalechampii, Triglochin 

palustre. PL 1 3, fig. 1 e. 

Inconspicuous, i?2visibilis, inconspicua. Commelina, Cepa 

esculenta. Cyclamen Europaeum. 

Coleoptiled, coleoptilata. Enclosed in a coleoptile. 

Alismaceae, Liliacese. 

Naked, niida^ acoleopiilata. On the surface of the blasteme, 

without any coleoptile. Gramineae, Faba. 

Dotlike, punctiformis. So very small, that it appears 

like a dot only. Abies. 

Tigellated, tigellata. Having a visible tigelle. Faba. 

Leaved, foliata. The gemmule so far developed that 

small leaves may be seen in it. Faba, Ceratophyllum. 

Caulicle. 

Cauliculus. That part of the plumule ivhich is seated between 

the cotyledons and the radicle. 

Radicle. 

Rostellum, Radicula. That part of the blasteme that 

forms the future root of the plant ; but is generally taken 

for all beneath the insertion of the cotyledons. 

Visible, Radicula visibilis. Faba. 

Invisible, invisibilis. Not to be seen before the seed germinates. 

Commelina communis. 

Coleorhized, coleorhizata. Enclosed in a coleorhize. 

Gramineae, Tropaeolum majus. 

Naked, iiuda. Not enclosed in a coleothize, Faba, 

Phoenix dactylifera. 

Hilebearing, hilifera. The kernel being naked, the radicle 

receives its vessels immediately from the umbilical 

cord. Avicennia. 

Prominent, prominens. Prolonged below the insertion 

of the cotyledbns. Cheiranthus, Genista.


Drawn in, retracia. Hidden by the cotyledons wliick 

are prolonged below their insertion on the blasteme. 

Acanthus, Quercus, Cory] us. 

% Slendei', gracilis. Cheiranthus fruticulosus. 

Conical, conica. In form of a reverse cone. Faba, Labiatae, 

Cucurbitacese. 

Roundish, subrotunda. Nearly globular. Visc-um album, 

Berberis, Cassia Fistula. 

Eggshape, ovoidea. ' Ribes, Castanea vesca, Glaucinm 

luteum. 

Clubshape, clavceformis. Rhizophora. 

Flatted, depressa. Flattened as from top to bottom. 

JEgle Marmelos, Thea. 

Pointed, acuta. Faba major. 

Blunt, obtusa. Cassia Fistula. 

Short, hrevis. Shorter than the cotyledons. Cassia 

Fistula. 

Long, longa. 

Symploca. 

Longer than the cotyledons. Abies, Pin as, 

^ Straight, reclilinea, recta. In the same direction as 

the axis of the cotyledons. Abietideae, Compositae. 

Bent back, recurvata. Bent, so that it becomes nearer 

to the hile. Genista Hispanica. 

Bent backwards, regressa. Bent, but with the tip pointing 

from the hile. Cornucopiae cucullatum. 

Opposite, adversa, obversa, umbilicum spectans. Turned 

towards the hile. 

Directly opposed, directe adversa. The point of the radicle 

turned towards the hile. Fraxinus, Composites, Umbelliferae, 

Genista. 

Opposed sideways, lateraliler adversa. Radicle turning 

its side to the hile. Rosacea, Ricinus. 

Inverted, i?iversa, aversa. Turned diametrically opposite 

to the hile. Polygonum scandens. Acanthus, Ceratophyllum 

cornutum. 

Lateral, lateralis. Turned towards -some other point 

than the tip or bottom of the seed. Commelina. 

Superficial, superjidalis. The seed having a perisperm, 

the radicle spread on the surface of the kernel. Phcenix 

dactylifera, Commelina. 

. 51 High, alia., supera. Turned towards the summit 

of the fruit. Borragineae, Prunus, Amygdalus, Ricinus, 

Abietideae. 

Low, demissa. Turned towards the base of the fruit. 

Galium, Polemonium, Plantago stricta.

INTRODUCTION 

TO BOTANY. 21 9> 

Centrifugal, centnfiiga. Directed horisontally to the 

side of the fruit. Ribes, Cucurbitaceê. 

Centripetal, centripeta. Directed towards the centre of 

the fruit. OEnothera, Citrus. 

COLEORHIZE. 

Appendage to the radicle. . 

Coleorhiza. 

A fleshy sac 

enclosing the radicle; like a sheath. Gramineae, Cycas^^ 

Nj'mphaea, Saururus, Piper. 

VlTELLUS. 

I 

A7iif part adhering to the emhryo, ivliich is neither cotyledon, 

nor plumule, nor radicle, not extending heyond the seed, 

and withering during germination. 

bacillus. A fleshy part growing in the seed of hyacinthus 

instead of the cotyledon, from which it does not seem 

to diiTer. 

Blastus. That part of an embryo with a large radicle 

that enlarges during germination. 

Blaslophore. That part that supports the blastus. This 

is usually the vitellus of Gsertner. 

Epihlastus. An anterior appendage to the blastus of 

some gramineoe. 

Rhiziophysis. Appendages prolonged beyond the extremities 

of the radicles. Nenuphar. 

TiaELLE. 

Tigella. That part of the plumule ivhich lies between 

the collar and the gemmule. 

Visible, Tigella visibilis. Apparent before germination, 

Trophseolura, Faba, Nelumbo, Damasonium Dalechampii. 

Inconspicuous, invisibilis. Scarcely developed before the 

seed germinates. Allium, Pinus. 

Gemmule. 

Gemmula. The small bud that is at the end of the 

tigelle. 

Sessile, Gemmula sessilis. The tigelle being inconspicuous, 

the gemmule appears as if seated on the collar without 

any tigelle. Calla iEthiopica. 

Pileolated, pileolata. Hidden under a pileole. Gua- 

jnineee, Scirpus.

^20 introduction to botany. 

Collar. 

Collum, Coarctura, Limes communis, Fundus plants, 

Nodus vitalis. The plane interceding hetween the plumule 

and the radicle, which afterwards becomes that hetween the 

root and the stem; or the place where the Jihres commence on 

the one hand to rise up, and on the other hand to descend. 

Ascending, Collum ascendens. Rising out of the ground 

in germination, along with the plumule and cotyledons. 

Abies, Mirabilis Jalapa, Avicennia. 

Descending, descendens. Burying itself deeper in the 

ground, during germination, along with the radicle. Damasonium 

Dalechampii. 

As it is most frequently impossible to distinguish the 

collar while in the seed, from the radicle, it is usually comprehended 

under that name. 

Plantule. 

Plan tula. The embryo when in a state of germination. 

Acrospire, Acrospira. The plumule when it first bursts 

out of the seed covers. 

Seed leaves, Folia seminalia. The cotyledons when expanded 

by germination, and rising out of the ground. 

Such are the different varieties of form to be found in 

plants, taken m general; but a few tribes of them, such as 

terns, mosses, lichens, algse or marine plants, and mushrooms, 

differ so much in their structure, especially in the 

organs destined for reproduction, that they require peculiar 

terms to describe their parts. 

AGAMOUS AND CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 

Cormus, Anabasis, Frojis. Every part of an agamous or 

cryptogamous plant, except the roots or holdfasts, and the 

organs of reproduction. 

Sporangium, Perisporium. The part that immediately 

contains the seeds or sporae, analogous to the fruit of phanerogamous 

plants. 

Spore, Spora, Sporata, Gongylus, Besimen. The reproductive 

corpuscles of agamous plants, analogous to the seed 

ot sexual plants


Ferns. 

Stipes. The stem, or rather leafstalk of a fern, as it i» 

not alike on every side. PL 8, fig. 8. ' 

Sori. The groups-of capsules, usually seated on the back 

of the frons or leaf. PI. 19, fig. 15. 

Invohicncm, Indusium, Memhranula, Glandules squamosce. 

A membrane that covers the sori, when young. PI. 19, 

fig. 15. 

Capsule, Capsula. The vessel containing the sporse, 

usually torn open when ripe by the force of the elastic ring. 

PI. 19, fig. 15 b, 16 and 17. 

Elastic ring, Anriulus elasticus, Gyrus, Gyroma. A strong 

ligamentous belt surrounding the capsules, fl. 19, fig. 16 

and 17. 

Lycopgdiace^, &c. 

Involucrum. 

marsileacese. 

The indehiscent envelope of the spori of the 

Conceptacles, Conceptacula, Nephrosta. The coques that 

contain 

and 11.. 

the sori of the lycopodiacese. 

Mosses. 

PL 19, fig. 3, 6, 7 

Surculus, The stem of a moss. 

PerichcBtium, Perocidium, Perigonium. An involucre 

composed of small floral leaves which surround the base of 

the organs of reproduction i^ mosses. PL 20, fig. 7, 1 1. 

Perichsetial leaves, Folia perichetialia. Imbricated, leaf- 

like organs surrounding the reproductive organs. PL 20, 

fig. 11a. , 

Paraphyses, Fila succulenia. Fistular hairs divided into 

cells, intermixed with the organs of reproduction in the 

perichastia of mosses. PL 20, fig. 6 e, lib. 

Urn, Capsule, Urna, Theca, Pyxidium, Capsula, Sporangium, 

Anthera, Aggedula. The fruit of the mosses. Usually 

dry, oblong or round, and covered with an operculum,, 

which separates when ripe by a transverse division. PL 20, 

fig. 3, 4, 5 g, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17. 

Culpa. The urn of fontinalis. 

Pedicell. Seta, Stipes, Pedicellus. The footstalk that 

supports the urn. PL 20, fig. 4, 8 a. 

Gynocidium. A small enlargement at the base of the 

pedicell. 

Vaginule, Vaginula. A small membranaceous sheath 

that surrounds the bottom of the pedicell.

2*22 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

Apophysis, Stroma. A swelling at the base of the urn. 

Polytrichum, Splachnum. 

Calypira. The scarious or membranaceous remams of 

the perigonium, which is carried up with the urn when the 

pedicell lengthens, and v/hich covers the operculum like 

a hood. PL 20, fig. 3. 

Operculum. A cover that lies over the orifice of the urn.. 

PI. 20, fig. 9. 

Conjunctorium. The very small operculum of the Andrsea. 

Peristome, Peristoma. The edge of the opening into the 

urn, which is sometimes naked, sometimes surrounded with 

a single or double row of teeth. PL 20, fig. 9, 10, 12, 14, 

15,16. 

Memhranida. The fine membrane that supports the 

teeth of the peristome. 

Teeth of the peristome. Denies peristomaiis, Blepharce, 

— pogon. The small jags that sometimes surround the 

peristome. PL 20, fig. 15, 16. 

Barhula. The bearded edge of mosses, formed by the 

union of the teeth of the peristome. Tortula. 

Epiphragme, Epipliragma. A membrane stretched across 

the peristome, which shuts up the urn. Polytrichum. 

PL 20, fig. 10. 

Fringe, Annulus, Fimbria. An elastic toothed membrane, 

situated under the operculum, 

Sporangidium. The panninterne of the urn. PL 20, 

fig. 5. 

Colunielle, Columella, SporangidiiLm. A threadlike pil- 

lar in the centre of the urn to which the seeds are attached. 

PL 20, fig. 5 c. 

_ 

Prospkyses. Threads intermixed with the seeds or spores. 

PIepatic/e, Sec. 

Capsule, Capsula, Involucrum, Receptaculum. The vessel 

containing the seeds or sporse. PL 19, fig. 20, 21, 23. 

Fjlaieres, criiiulcB. The elastic, membranous, twisted 

threads that first attach the sporse to the capsule, and when 

ripe, by their elasticity, disperse them. PL 19, fig. 20 e. 

Rap/iida: A kind of bivalve pericarpium containing 

sporae. Anthoceros, Tai'gionia. 

Globulus. The globular capsule of the jungermanniag. 

Colesula. A small membranaceous bag, containing sporse. 

JungermanniEe, Marchantia. 

Origoma. A conceptacle placed on the frond, resembling 

a basket. Marchantia. PI. 19, fig. 23 b.


Lichens. 

Frond, Frons, Thallus, Recepiaculum uniuersale. The 

frond or cormus of a lichen, containing sporee or gongyli 

dispersed through its substance. 

Fibrits, Filrillce. The rootlike holdfasts. 

Cortical substance, Sulstantia corticalis. The external 

substance of the frond. 

Medullary substance, Sulstantia medullaris. The internal " 

substance of the frond, when it can be distinguished. 

Podetium. An elevation of the thallus raising up the 

apothecia. 

Podlcellum. A very small, short podetium. 

Apothecimv, Thalamus, Receptaciilam partiale. The partial 

receptacle of the gongyles either sessile or raised upon 

a podetium, that are placed on the frond. 

Apothecia vera, Organafcemina. The apothecia that are 

more constant in their appearance, and of which only one 

kind are found in the same individual. 

Apothecia spuria, Apothecia accessoria, Organa mascula. 

The apothecia less constant, and of which several kinds are 

sometimes found on the same plant, including cephalodia, 

cypheilse, pulvinuli, and perhaps soredia. 

Scutellce. Orbicular sessile apothecia surrounded by an 

edge similar to the thallus. Parmelia. 

PatellulcE. Orbicular sessile apothecia, with a border 

not similar to the thallus. Lecidea. 

LireUce. Sessile, linear, winding apothecia, opening by 

a longitudinal slit. Opegrapha. 

Pilidia. Orbicular, hemispherical apothecia, whose surface 

resolves into a powder. Calycium. 

Orhillo:. Apothecia placed on podetia, enlarged into a 

disk, fringed or radiated on the edge. Usnea. 

Peltce. Rather leatherlike apothecia, on the edge of the 

thallus, without any edge, or a very narrow one, and covered 

at first with a thin, gelatinous membrane. Physcia. 

TriccB, Gyromata. Orbicular, sessile apothecia, wath 

rising folds in a spiral form, opening longitudinally, and 

emitting capsules, or elytrae, containing eight spores each. 

Mammula. Apothecia which are sessile, but are more 

convex than the scutellee or patellulse, and have neither 

edge or border. Coniocarpon. 

TuberculcF. Spherical apothecia, which contain within 

them agglomerated globular spores. Verrucaria.

S^* INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

CistulcB. Globular apothecia, at first closed, and filled 

with spores adhering to filaments, afterwards splitting irregularly. 

Sphaerophorus. 

Cephalodia. Apothecia like the patellulse, but with 

scarcely any edge, and the disk more convex. Stereocaulon. 

Globules, Glohulce. Globular apothecia, falling off and 

leaving a hollow wherein it-was inserted. Isidium. 

Orhiculus. Flat orbicular apothecia, placed in the peridium 

of the nidularia. 

Sirofna. Irregular apothecia in which the sporae are 

immersed. Sphaeria. 

Spherules, Sphcerulce. Globular receptacles, opening at 

top, and emitting the sporse, mixed with a gelatinous pulp. 

Cyphellce. Tubercles on the lower surface of the thallus, 

from the cortical substance, and usually white or pale. 

Sticta. 

Pulvinuli. Branched tubercles, or shapeless masses cohering 

together, and appearing like little shrubs or globes 

formed from the cortical substance of the thallus : they are 

usually black or dark green. Parmelia. 

Soredia. Whitish powder collected in small heaps, composed 

apparently of unattached gongyli. Ramalina, Alec- 

toria. 

Nucleus proligerus, Ijumina proligera. A cartilaginous 

disk, distinct from the substance of the thallus, scarcely 

ever split, but coming out whole from the apothecia, or 

sometimes dissolving into a gelatinous substance, containing 

sporae or gongyli- 

Peril hecium. The visible cartilaginous or transparent 

skin containing the nucleus proligerus. Verrucaria.— It is 

probably present in all apothecia, but in many cannot be 

seen. 

Thalamia. Apothecia which consist of a nucleus proligerus 

contained in a perithecium. Variolaria. 

Gongyles, Gongylcs, Propagines, Propagacula, Sporce, 

Semina. Opake, globular corpuscles, sometimes nestling 

on the surface ; still more frequent in the substance, particularly 

the cortical, of the thallus ; and constantly present, 

v€ry copiously in the apothecia.


Mushrooms, 

Stem, Stipes. The round footstalk that supports the 

cap of pileiferous mushrooms. Agaricus. 

Cap, Pileiis. An expansion of the stem, usually hemispherical 

or conical. Agaricus. 

Volva. A membranaceous envelope surrounding the 

whole mushroom while quite young, or in the egg-state. 

Agaricus. 

Collar, AnnuliLS. A membranaceous envelope covering 

the cap while the plant is young, afterwards ruptured and 

remaining round the stipes like a collar, either fixed, 

Boletus annulatus ; or moveable, Agaricus procerus. 

Curtain, Cortina. A kind of thready collar, or network, 

which, after the rupture of it by the growth of the plant, 

remains attached to the edge of the cap, Agaricus arane- 

osus, Agarici cortinarii. 

Hymeniunif Memhranafriictificans. The part of the pileus 

that contains the sporse or gongyles. 

Gills, LamellcE, Fena. Thin expansions of the hymenium, 

either single, in pairs, or other determined number; 

sometimes distinct, sometimes anastomosing together. 

Agaricus, Merulius. 

Tubes, Tubi. Tubular expansions of the hymenium. 

Boletus, Poria. 

Capsule, Peridium, Involucrum. A dry, membranaceous 

hollow vessel, filled with sporae or gongyles. Lycoperdon. 

Perithecium. A hard, hollow receptacle, containing a 

gelatinous substance filled with thecae. 

Capellitmm. Hairlike fibres, or elateres interwoven 

with sporse into a globular or oval form, and contained in 

a peridium. 

Slime, Latex. A mucilaginous liquid containing the 

sporae floating in it. Phallus, Clathrus. 

Vesicles, Veskulce. Collections of sporse united together. 

Sporidia. Conceptacles containing sporae. Puccinia. 

Flocci. Tubular threads intermixed with the sporae. 

Cisti. Very small round conceptacles containing sporae, 

borne upon small footstalks. Mucor, 

Cistophori. The footstalks that support the cisti. Mucor. 

Seeds, Sporcp, Spondee. The reproductive corpuscles of 

mushrooms. 

TOL. I.


APPENDAGES. 

Appendices, Appendicula. Small accessory parts of 

plants added to other organs. The following have had 

special names given to them. 

51 Wing, Ala. A membranous or leaflike appendage. 

Ear, Auricula. A short, roundish appendage, placed on 

the side of any part. 

Tail, Cauda, — ura. A long, soft, flexible appendage, 

placed at the end of any part, like the tail of an animal. 

Wart, Verruca. A small, roundish protuberance, rather 

soft and compact. 

Nipple, Papilla. A small, long, soft, compact protuberance. 

Papule, Papula. A roundish, soft protuberance, containing 

a fluid. 

Lens, Lenticula. A roundish or oblong spot on the 

smooth bark of young trees. 

Pit, Fovea. A slight depression. 

^ Fleeciness, Villosity, Villus. Numerous soft hairs» 

placed close together. 

Down, Pules. Soft hairs, not very close to one another* 

Rough coat, Hirsuties. Numerous long hairs. 

Wool, Wooliness, Lana, Lanugo, — erion. Long, soft 

hairs, much interwoven together. 

Cotton, Tomentum. Long, crisp hairs, much interwoven. 

Velvet, Velumen. Very close, soft, short, even-topped 

hairs. 

Fringe, Cilium. Rather stiff hairs, placed on the edge 

of any part. 

Beard, Barha, — pogon. Hairs disposed in a tuft, or in 

any regular order. 

Awn, Arista, — athera. A stiff hair, or threadlike point 

inserted at the end, or on the back of any part, and not 

arising from the lengthening out of any rib. 

Bristle, Seta, — chceia. A stiff hair, usually attached to 

the end of any part, and appearing to be the prolongation 

of a rib. 

Crine, Crinus. Stiff hair, like that of horses' tails, growing 

on any part. 

Apicule, Apiculus. A hair, or hairlike point, not very 

stiff, but acute and short, placed at the end of any part. 

Cusp, Cuspis. A long, needlike, rather stiff termination 

of any part.


Mucro. A stiflfj straight terminal point to any part. 

Hook, Hamiis, RosteUum, Uncus, A crooked point. 

Glochis. Fine, stiff hair, with branches bent back. 

Sting, Stimulus. Fine hair, rather stiff, causing an itching 

when touched. Urtica. 

1[ Scale, Sqtiama, — lepis. A small, membranaceous, or 

scarious appendage to any part. 

Chaff, Palece. Small scales intermixed among flowrets 

or seeds. 

Slriga. A narrow, long scale, approaching to a hair. 

CHARACTERS. 

The authors of the Linnsean school have introduced 

the uses of characters to denote terms that often occur. 

The following are those most usually employed, as being 

found in most printing-houses, and not requiring any extra 

expense of casting on purpose. 

0. An annual plant; because the earth takes a year to 

perform its motion round the sun. 

i228 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

4. On making a Collection of dried Plants, Fruits, and Seeds. 

The most exact description, and the most accurate 

drawings or engravings of plants, are necessarily imperfect; 

and it is absolutely necessary for a botanist to see the 

plants themselves. And as plants soon go out of flower, 

and perish, it is also equally requisite to devise some method 

of preserving them, or at least their most important 

parts, so that they may be re-examined at any subsequent 

period, and compared together at pleasure. 

For this purpose Botanists have at all times made collections 

of dried plants, under the name of an herbarium, 

or hortus siccus : and since the examination of the fruits 

and seeds of plants have been found of such great use in 

detecting the natural analogies of plants, there has been 

added to this collection that of fruits and seeds. 

The drying of plants is a very simple operation, if the 

botanist is provided with plenty of paper. A plant in full 

flower, or if too large, a branch only, is the most necessary 

specimen to be kept; but if opportunity will admit, others, 

in various stages of growth should be collected and pr^' 

served. 

'\j^'.' 

The specimen should be laid down flat upon a leaf of 

paper, and spread out so that the several parts may not 

cross over each other, nor be put into an unnatural and 

forced position. The sheet thus charged with the plant is 

then to be placed between several other leaves or sheets of 

dry paper, and slightly compressed, either by weights put 

upon a board placed over 

commonly used for linen. 

them, or by the screw-press, 

When several plants are laid 

down at once, a number of empty sheets, or leaves of paper, 

should be placed between each charged leaf; the more the 

better and the seldomer do they require to be changed, 

which must be done every day, or oftener, especially if the 

paper is used sparingly. When only a few specimens are 

dried at once, and they are not very succulent, it is sufficient 

to put them between the leaves of an old book of 

sufficient size and thickness. The great point is to prevent 

the colours of the flowers from changing, and this is best 

obtained by hastening the drying; which, when the botanist 

is pressed for time and convenience, is sometimes done by 

ironing them over with a hot smoothing iron, such as are 

used by laundresses, and which can be procured by the tra-


Teller at most inns, the plant being covered with paper to 

protect it from the iron. 

Some plants are so vivacious that they continue to grow, 

even when dried and placed upon paper; and others are 

apt to lose their leaves ; the remedy for both these defects is 

to dip them for a few minutes in boiling water. 

When the plants are dried, they should be placed upon 

leaves of paper of a proper size, either foolscap folio, or 

demy quarto; which last size is in general sufficient, and 

should a long grass occasionally require more room it may 

be laid down on a double leaf, and then folded. The 

mosses, being almost universally minute plants, require only 

an octavo or even duodecimo leaf. The plants are gene- 

rally fastened down with paste, gum-Avater, isinglass-jelly, 

or, still better, a mixture of the two latter: other botanists 

sew them down, or fasten them by narrow slips of paper 

passed through slits made in the leaf. In the first method, 

it is difficult to take the plants off for re-examination 

and comparison, and paste is apt to attract insects ; while, 

in the second method, the threads and ends of the slips 

catch hold of the plants placed on the sheet below them, 

and derange, if not in some measure destroy, these plants: 

upon the whole, the fastening of the specimens by slips of 

paper glued down at each end seems preferable to any 

other mode, and attended with the fewest inconveniences. 

No more than one species of plants should be fastened 

upon the same leaf, and the leaf should be subscribed with 

its different names, or at least with that of the botanical 

author in most repute; to diis name should be added the 

place and time, where and when it was gathered, or fi'om 

whom procured. 

Botanical writings being usually arranged either in the 

alphabetical order of the names as in dictionaries, or in 

what are called artificial systems, according to the differences 

observable in any particular set of organs chosen by 

the author, as the phanerogamous plants are arranged by 

Xjnnseus, according to the number, situation, and connexion 

of their sexual organs, and the ci'yptogamous plants 

by their general appearance; or, lastly, in the natural 

method, founded upon the analogy and relation subsisting 

between plants, so far as they have been discovered : so the 

specimens thus collected may be arranged in either. While 

the collection is yet in its infancy, the alphabetical order is 

not improper ; as the student advances in the science, the 

artificial system adopted as a guide will be found more


convenient ; but he cannot too soon endeavour to becoraie 

acquainted with the natural method, and ai-range his col- 

lection by it : this being the ultimate goal of the science, to 

which the two other arrangements are merely subordinate. 

Whatever arrangement is adopted, the leaves charged 

with the plants of the same genus, or, in other words, which 

bear the same common or family name, as the various 

kinds of poppy, pnpaver^ mint, mentlia, &c. ai'e to be collected 

together and placed between the fold of a sheet of 

paper, inscribed with the common name: when this common, 

or generic name as it is called, comprises a great 

number of species, as in willow, salix, rose, rosa, the genus 

must be divided into sections, and a sheet allotted to each 

section. 

These genera, or first divisions, are then to be distributed 

into larger collections, either by their initial lettersj 

orders, or families, and each of these grand divisions placed 

in a kind of port-folio, usually made of strong blue or cai^ 

tridge paper, and inscribed with its proper distinction. 

Lastly, these port-folios are to be placed methodically 

in a cabinet of a proper size, the shelves of which are 

either the size of the port-folios, or which will hold two or 

more of them. Linnaeus and Withering have given sections 

of such cabinets, with the shelves placed at different distances, 

so as to hold the plants of one of their classes in 

the order in which they occur in their systems ; but as the 

greater divisions of both the natural and artificial arrangements 

are very unequal, so that some shelves are ordered 

by them to be only two and others fourteen inches apart; 

•this is very awkward, and it is far better to have the shelves 

at equal distances, and to mark, by appropriate labels, the 

contents of each shelf. 

When, instead of a general collection, the botanist intends 

only a collection of the plants of the country in which 

he lives, and there exists any good systematic catalogue of 

them, it may be sufficient, if he procure a sufficient number 

of folio or quarto volumes of blue or cartridge paper, having 

the alternate leaves cut out within an inch of the back, as 

arc sufficient for the large plants, and writing the names of 

the several species at the head of the pages, allowing one to 

each, fills them up as he procures the plants, and dries them: 

in many cases, when the plants are not succulent, they may 

be put at once in their place. The mosses may have a 

similar series of octavo or duodecimo volumes allotted for


them. In like manner medical students may proceed with 

respect to the plants of the materia medica. 

Succulent fruits and seeds can only be preserved in spirit 

of wine, or saturated brine, changing it when it becomes 

too highly coloured : the dry fruits and seeds require no 

other care than to prevent tlie ravages of insects. 

Mushrooms may be dried by being buried in very dry 

sand, and placed in a warm situation: but some of these 

are so watery, that they cannot be preserved even in this 

or any other known method. 

To prevent the destruction of this collection by the in- 

sects, which soon begin to attack some tribes of plants, 

especially the acrid" and pungent families of the cruel ferae 

and euphorbiacese, as also the compositse and umbelliferse, 

the best method seems to be the washing over of the specimens 

with a hair pencil charged with a solution of corrosive 

sublimate in spirit of wine, after which no insect 

can touch them: but as foreigners always examine plants; 

by their taste, as well as their other characters, it will be 

necessary to notice this impregnation, either at the commencement 

of the series, or by annexing some markvtb 

each plant thus treated. 

5. On the Names of Plants. 

The old botanists, studying things rather than words, 

and more engaged in finding the uses of the plants ihat 

grew the most abundantly around them, or were imported 

by the merchants, than in forming catalogues to comprehend 

all that nature or the province produced, contented 

themselves with the names given to the best known plants 

by the peasantry of the country, and which, when we can 

discover their true etymology, are usually strikingly significative 

of them, or refer to their use in medicine, economy, 

or the arts; and as to the less known ones, they referred 

them from their appearance to some of the better known 

plants; and if they had occasion to mention them, they 

added to the name of the better known plants such short 

phrases as they judged necessary to explain the difference. 

By this means each of the well known plants, the rose, rue, 

pea, &c. and sometimes the cultivated varieties of them, as 

chasselas, muscats, became, to use our modern language, 

the type of a genus, the species of which were distinguished 

by descriptive phrases, of greater or less length, as the differences 

were more or less distinctly marked, as the white

2.32 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

rose, musk-rose, garden-rue, meadow-rue. In some cases, 

when the smallness of the plants, as in mosses, or their 

common use did not require accurate discrimination, as in 

grasses, thpse genera were inconveniently long, and they 

required a-Kne or two of description for their distinction, 

as Gramen paniculatum nemorosum, latiore folio, glabrum, 

panicula nutante non aristata (now called schenodorus 

elatior, see vol. ii. p. 115): but in justice to the old botanists 

it must be confessed that these long names, the plants not 

being of any use, were to be found only in catalogues; 

whilst those which frequently occurred seldom exceeded 

two or three words, and most commonly were designated 

by a single word. 

The distress induced by the conquest of the South of 

Europe by the Northern nations having abolished the use 

of garlands in feasts, and of course the cultivation of 

flowers, there remained only the economical and medicinal 

uses of plants to engage persons in the study of them 

hence the appellation of physic-gardens given to the oldest 

collections of living plants: but the conquest of Mexico 

jby the Spaniards having introduced a taste for the cultivation 

of flowers from that city, and the novel appearance 

of the vegetation of the new Continent a similar taste for 

collecting rare plants, the name of physic-garden became 

changed into that of botanic-garden. 

These new plants requiring new distinctions, they not 

being in many cases referrible to European types, and their 

native names, either unknown, or barbarous to our ears and 

refractory to our mode of orthography, occasioned bo- 

tanists to turn their attention to the forminir of a reo-ular 

nomenclature. Gesner fiist proposed that all plants having 

similar flowers and fruits should be called by a common 

name; a rule which, in many cases, required the disuse of 

the old substantives, and the supplying of their place by 

adding distinctive phrases to those substantives that were 

retained. Rivinus, agreeing with Gesner in the main, first 

limited the accompanying discrimination to a single adjec- 

tive. Linnaeus adopted this restriction of what he called 

the trivial name, to a single word; but used, in some cases, 

the old substantive denoting the plant in apposition with 

the new one, as Triticum Spelta, Artemisia Absinthium. 

In a few instances he violated his own rules, and used two 

words for his generic or specific name, as Liquid ambar 

styraciflua, Ros marinus officinalis, Alistna Plantago aqua- 

tica, Amomum Granum Paradisi. Mimosa Unguis cati. 

;


The regularity of this nomenclature was hailed as a great 

improvement, and as a means of fixing the names of plants; 

indeed, as long as the Species Plantarum of Linnaeus himself 

was considered as the common repertory of botanists, 

it was such; and this advantage would have remained if 

he had been incapable of error, or botany remained stationary 

: but further researches have shown that many of 

his species do not agree with the generic character, and 

of course they have since been removed to other genera; 

that several are collections of a number of species, or even 

of several genera of plants, and of course have been divided; 

while new plants have been discovered which are 

not comprehended in his writings. 

The rapidity of these alterations, and the number of the 

works in which they are scattered, exceeding the power of 

the enumerators of plants to collect together as fast as they 

are proposed, obliges those writers who have occasion to 

mention a number of plants, not only to quote once for 

all the repertory, or pinax, from whence the generality of 

the names they use are taken, whether it be the Species 

Plantarum of Linneeus, or of Willdenow, the Synopsis 

Plantarum of Persoon, the Dictionnaire de la Botanique 

of Lamarcke, the Systema Vegetabilium of Roemer and 

Schultze, the Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale of De 

CandoUe, or any other similar work; but also to annex to 

the other names not taken from this more common repertory, 

the books, and frequently the editions, from 

whence they are taken, as modern botanical authors often 

change the names they have themselves given to plants. 

This necessity of quoting the works from whence the 

names are taken, because the same name has been used by 

different authors, or even by the same author in different 

works, or editions, to denote different plants, renders the 

supposed advantage of what is falsely called the Linnoean 

nomenclature, since Rivinus was the original proposer, 

and which appears so brief and regular in theory, not only 

a mere nullity in practice, but in reality proves its infe- 

riority to the old method of adding specific differences 

to the generic name, when this method is corrected by the 

caaon of Linneeus, that the distinctions should be taken 

from what may be observed in the plant itself, and not 

from its place of growth or other extraneous circumstances, 

although the convenience of these being noted as accessories 

are acknowledged and used by all; since neither have the

234 TNTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 

majority of readers the power of referring to so manyworks, 

some probably very expensive; nor does the mere 

quoting of these trivial names, and the works in which 

they are used, give the same satisfaction to the reader, as 

common types with specific differences, while it is equally 

long in reading, although, from the contractions used in 

printing the titles of the books, it appears much shorter 

to the eye, it is not so easy to remember. 

To avoid in part these inconveniences, it has lately been 

proposed, when plants are removed from one genus to another, 

to give the preference, in all cases, to the adjunct 

given by Linneeus himself, or the first of his followers who 

has mentioned the plant, unless this adjunct has been already 

applied to some other species in the genus into which 

it is removed : but the changes made by Linnaeus, and still 

more those by his followers, have so embroiled the science, 

in applying the names of the older authors to far different 

plants than those to which they were originally applied; as 

melia, a name given by the ancients to a species of ash, is 

applied by them to an Indian shrub; bromelia, another 

species of Grecian ash, to an American tree; and gingidium, 

the name of a Greek umbelliferous plant, to a plant of the 

South Sea Islands; that it would appear necessary to go 

still further back, and to establish as a canon, that the 

name given to a plant by the oldest author, who has so 

described, or otherwise designated the plant, in the language 

in which we speak or write, as to render us certain, 

of its due application to the plant of which we treat, shall 

be esteemed the preferable name for it, although the substantive 

should not be the same as the name of the genus 

'Under which it is arranged in the system that may happen 

to be in fashion; indeed, if this anomaly should, contrary 

to the opinion and practice of Ray, who always used" the 

names of the authors whose writings were in common circulation, 

although the substantive might be different, be 

esteemed of any consequence, the method used by Boerhaave, 

of connecting the name of the genus when different 

from the substantive, by the introduction of the relative 

and the ellipsis of the substantive verb, in the manner by 

which the synonyms of Ptay have been quoted, as for example, 

the adiantum album crispum alpinum of Schwenck- 

feld being placed by Ray in his genus, Filix foemina, is 

thus quoted in vol. ii. p. 16, Filix foemina quae (est) Adi- 

" antum album, &c. By this means alone can the perma-


nence of names be secured and joined with the advantages 

derived from a systematic arrangement, since it appears of 

little consequence to retain the adjective, common perhaps, 

as latifolius, multiflorus, and the like, to an hundred 

plants, if the substantive, or original generic name, be 

alterable at the pleasure of every systematist.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

PLATE THE FIRST. 

ANATOMY OF THE STEM. 

Fig. 1. Platanus orientalis, SalicincE. A transverse 

section of a young branch, to exhibit the organization, 

-which is similar to that of the grei^ter part of dicotyledon 

trees. 

Fig. 2. A magnified representation of a portion cut out 

of the above section. 

a to b. Bark. 

' 

a to c. Outer part of the bark, dry and disorganized. 

I to c. 

c to d. 

The live part of the bark. 

A part of the bark which is continually pushed 

to the circumference. 

Ij to d. Inner part of the bark, called the liber or bast. 

e. The origin of the medullary radii that fill up the in- 

terstices of the wood, and which are formed of the cellular 

tissue of the bark. 

The extremity of the filaments that form the inter- 

J'. 

stices of the wood. 

b to i. The woody mass, composed of three zones, or 

layers, b— g, g — h, and h—i. 

h to i. The oldest of the three layers. 

gto h. The second layer. 

b to g. The third or youngest layer. 

b, g, and h. Zones which show the periods when the vegetation 

slackened. 

i to k. Pith. 

Fig. 3. Ptychosperma gracilis. Palmes. Vertical and 

transverse section of the stem, to show the diiference between 

the stems of monocotyledon plants and those of dicotyledon 

plants. 

Fis- '^- A mao;nified figure of the same. 

a to b. That part of the stem where the hardest woodj 

iibres are the most closely collected together.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 237 

h to c. Fibres less numerous, less thick, less compact, 

and less hard. 

c to d. Weak fibres at a greater distance from one another 

: in the centre of each of which there is a tube which 

has been filled up in the fibres a to h and b to c. The cellular 

tissue is evidently more considerable in this part than 

in the space b to c, and still more than in the space a to 0^ 

where the wood predominates. 

e. The oldest fibres. 

J'. 

g. 

The fibres of a middle age. 

The youngest fibres. This arrangement shows that 

the growth of the wood is entirely different from that in 

the stem of dicotyledon plants. 

h. Union of the woody fibres as they run along the stem. 

Fig. 5. Vitis vinifera. V'm'if'erce. A vertical and diametrical 

section of a young branch magnified. 

a to b. Bark. 

b to c. Wood. 

c to d. Pith. 

e. Woody fibre of the bark. 

f. 

g. 

Medullary rays. 

Cellular tissue, constituting the solid part of the wood. 

h. Large porous or slit tubes. 

i. A double trachea, or air vessel. 

k. Cells of the pith. 

/. Porous cells.

— 

$3& EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

PLATE THE SECOND. 

Roots. 

Fig. I. Orchis militaris. Orchidece. Root scrotiform. 

a. Old tuber, that sent up and nourished the stem of 

the preceding season. 

b. New tuber, that sent up and nourished the present 

year's stem. 

c. Fibrous radicles. 

Fig. 2. Arum Italicum. Aroidece. Root progressive, 

tuberous.— a. Turions. 

Fig, 3. Neottia abortiva. Orchidece. Root grumous. 

Fig. 4-. Gratlola officinalis. Scrofularincei Root horizontal, 

progressive, jointed, fibrous at the joints. This 

root, or rhizoma, formed by the base of the stem, is frequently 

kneed. 

Fig. 3. Arrhenatherum elatius. Graminecs, Root knotty, 

jointed, comose at the joints.—This root is formed by the 

base of the culm, the joints of which are swollen. 

Fig. 6. Helianthus tuberosus. Compositce. Root fibrous 

and tubercular. 

Fig. 7. Succisa Fuchsii. DipsacecB. Root bitten, and 

having fibrous radicles. 

Fig. 8. Ixia polystachia. Iridece. Root fibrous, bulbbearing. 

a. Bulb placed above, coated. 

Fig. 9. Asphodelus ramosus. Asphodelece. Root fasci- 

culate. 

Fig. 10. Saxifraga granulata. SaxifragecB. Root comose, 

bulbille-bearing ; bulbilles scaly. 

Fig. II. Allium nutans. Asphodelece. Root progressive, 

bulb-bearing at «, seal-like at b, fibroui at d.

,u,' //. IIS®©T Si 

l.o>ulim..nLbUslitd liyBaUifiit .O-adcci: £ Joy. PaloriosCri Rim-J^cvri';*!^^! . 

. 

Patje ?Jff.

J'la^cJU. BTLTJJB§

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 23& 

PLATE THE THIRD. 

Bulbs. 

Fig. 1. Allium sativum. AsphodelecB. - Rdbt fibrous, 

bulb-bearing; bulb ovoid, rounded, compound, coated.a. 

Cloves. 

Fig. 2. Lilium candidum. Liliacece. Root fibrous. 

bulb-bearing; bulb ovoid, scaly. 

Fig. 3. Cepa esculenta. AsphodeLece. Root fibrojisy 

bulb-bearing ; bulb roundish, coated.—Cut transversely to 

show the fleshy coats of which it was composed. 

Fig. 4!. Gladiolus. Iridece. Root fibrous, bulb-bearing 

bulb roundish, tuberous, coated ; coats fibrous.— Cut transversely 

to show the structure of the turion. 

Fig. 5. Syringa vulgaris. Jasmi/iecE. Branch bearing 

buttons; buttons mixed, opposite, covered with a scaly 

perule.—Cut transversely to show the thyrse of flowers 

formed in the autumnal buttons. 

Fig. 6. Daphne florida. ThymeleoB. Branch with flowerbearing 

buds on the sides, and a leaf-bearing bud at the 

end ; pejules scaly. Cut transversely to show the internal 

structure of the leaf-bud. 

Fig. 7. Hippophae littoralis. Elfsagnece. Part of a 

young stem, cut vertically. 

a. Bark. 

I. The second layer of wood in the stem which becomeA 

the first in the branches. 

c. Stem. 

d. Branches. 

e. The first layer of wood in the stem, which being 

formed before the branches does not enter into them. 

Figs. 8 to 21. Represent various diposition of the leaves 

and floral covers in their buds. 

Fig. 

Fig. 15. Folded. 

Fig. 16. Enveloping. 

Fig. If. Riding, alternately. 

Fig. 18. Involute, oppositely. 

Fig 19. Involute, alternately. 

Fig. 20. Revolute, oppositely. 

Fig. 21. Riding, oppositely.

240 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

PLATE THE FOURTH. 

Leaves. 

Fig. 1. Poa arenosa. GraminecB. 

a. Leaf long, linear. 

b. Petiole sheathing ; sheath slit. 

c. Ligule scalelike. 

Fig. 9.. Plantago. Plantaginece. Leaf oval, rounded, 

pointed, many-ribbed. 

Fig. 3. Chamserops humilis. Palmce. Leaves terminal, 

crowning, petioled, fanshaped, digitate, folded when young 

petioles having foliolean spines. 

Fig. 4. Podocarpus elongata. Co7iifercB. Leaf linear. 

Fig. 5. Pinus Strobus. Abietidece. Leaves fasciculate, 

in fives, needlelike. 

Fig. 6. Vitis-Idsea punctifolia. Vhcciniece. Leaf oval, 

not in the least cut, dotted ; edge cartilaginous. 

Fig, 7. Sida rhombifolia. Malvacece. Leaf nearly rhomboid, 

lanceolate, toothed. 

Fig. 8. Quercus longseva. Corylidece. Leaf oblong, 

sinuated. 

Fig. 9. Barbarea vulgaris. Cniciferce. Leaf lyrate. 

Fig. 10. Salvia officinalis. Labiatce. Leaf oval, lanceolate, 

eared, crenulate. 

Fig. 1 1 . Taraxacum officinale. Composite. Leaf run- 

cinate. 

Fig. 12. Solanum pyracanthos. Solanece. Leaf lanceolate, 

nearly pinnatifid, thorny. 

Fig. 13. Sonchus fruticosus. Compositce. Leaf lanceo- 

late, pinnatifid. 

Fig. J 4. Potentilla anserina. Dryadece. Leaf interruptedly 

pinnate, jointless. 

Fig. 15. Cassia occidentalis. LeguminoscB. Leaf paripiunated, 

jointed; petiole having a cupshape gland a at 

the base. 

Fig. 16. Gleditsia monosperraa. LeguminoscB. Leaf 

pari-pinnate, jointed ; secondary petioles three-paired ; leaflets 

many-paired; spine super-axillary, three-forked. 

Fig. 17. Vicia. LeguminoscB. Leaf impari-pinnate, 

jointed, tendril bearing. 

Fig. 18. Coreopsis lerulaefolia. Compositce. Leafbipin- 

nate, twice compounded, jointless. 

;

. 

f/nfêir: Fcufe ?40 

Zomfon J'ul>h'a/u7 i v linUwi/c.Ovdt^-Ji' AJov, rala-ntKff^rJ^t^rjVoyn^^Jii:'!.

Plate K IjMA'YJRS. Taqe 241. 

2,m,hn.HMiMar /,vJSnJJ>,-ui.(!adu,!i .( Jm. F„u,;,„„„-y

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES* 241 

PLATE THE FIFTH. 

Leaves. 

Fig. 1 . Leaf pedate. 

Fig. 2. Leaf compound, pedate. 

Fig. 3. Leaf pedately ribbed. 

Fig. 4. Cercis Canadensis. Leguminosce. Leaf rounded, 

heartshape, pointed, wrinkled. 

Fig. 5. Fagopyrum esculentum. Polygonece. Leaf heartshape, 

arrowshape. 

Fig. 6. 

iobed. 

Sterculia platanifolia. Stercidiacece. Leaf five- 

Fig. 7. Passiflora serrata. Passijiorece. Leaf sevenparted, 

divisions lanceolate, toothed ; petiole glandular 

glands pedicelled. 

Fig. 8. iEsculus macrostachia. AcerinecB. Leaf digi- 

tate, seven leafletted, jointed. 

Fig. 9. Rhus glaucum. Terelinthacece. Leaf three- 

leafletted, jointed; leaflets reverse-heartshape. 

Fig. ]0. Cussonia spicata. Araliacece. Leaf digitate, 

seven leafletted ; leaflets pinnately vertebrated. 

Fig. 1 1 . Pseonia officinalis. Rammculacece. Leaf threeparted, 

twice compounded. 

Fig. 12. Mimosa Unguis cati. Leguminosce. Leaf bigeminate. 

Fig. IS. Hedysarum gyrans. Leguminosde. ' Leaf pin- 

nate, three leafletted, jointed. 

Fig. 14

.242 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

PLATE THE SIXTH. 

Leaves, 

Fig. 1. Epimedium alpinum. Berheridece. Leaf thrice 

compounded, triternate; leaflets heartshape, fringed. 

Fig. 2. Melastoma Lima. Melaslomece. Leaf elliptical, 

pointed, toothed, buUate, rough, quintuple ribbed. 

Fig. 3. Melastoma multiflora. Melastomeoe.. Leaf lanceolate, 

toothed, triple ribbed. 

Fig. 4. Erythroxylum cocca. Malpighiacece. Leaf lan- 

ceolate, not in the least cut, three-ribbed with veins continued 

over the ribs. 

Fig. 5. Orobanche major. OrobanchecB. Leaf scalelike. 

Fig. 6. Asperula odorata. Rubiacece. Leaves in whirls 

by nines, lanceolate. 

Fig. 7. Glauciuni luteum. PapaveracetF. Leaves heartshape, 

angular, embracing. 

Fig. S. Silphium perfoliatum. Compositce. Leaves trapezoid, 

toothed, opposite, conjoined. 

Fig. 9. Hydrocotyle vulgare. Umhelliferce. Leaf orbi- 

cular, deeply crenulated, peltate. 

Fig. 10. Bupleurum rotundifolium. Umbelliferce. Leaf 

oval, pointed, perfoliated. 

Fig. 11. Coreopsis alata. Compositce. Leaves opposite, 

nearly lanceolate, decurrent. 

Fig. 12. Persicaria maculosa. Polygonece. Leaf oval, 

lanceolate. 

a. Stipule sheathing. 

Fig. 13. Passiflora glauca. PassiflorecB. Leaf three- 

lobed, nearly peltate; petiole glandular; stipules cauline, 

half-moonlike ; tendrils axillary. 

Fig. 14. Clematis orientalis. BanunculacecB. Leaves 

three-lobed; petioles tendril-like. 

Fig. 15. Genista sagittalis. Leguminosce. Branches 

two-winged, or three-winged ; leaves oval, sharp. 

Fig. 16. Ribes spinosum. Grossularice. Leaf fivelobed 

; spine inferaxillary, three-parted. 

Fig. 1 7. Paliurus aculeatus. RhamnecB. Prickle stipulean, 

reflected. 

Fig. 18. Vitis Virginiana. ViniferoR. Leaf heartshape, 

three-lobed; tendril opposite.

LiBATES & l^^'if^K^V 

ZondonJ\d>iLs7ied hvBaldn-ut .(radod- J- Joy-.-Pam-nosier RowJ/oi'tW^JS?!. 

. 

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PaqeP't?

Flate JUI. 

IMFIa®]KlE§(aEff(CIE 

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, 

Faffe ?43.


PLATE THE SEVENTH. 

Inflorescence. 

Fig. 1 . Ammi majus. UmbeUiferce. Flowers in a compound 

umbell. 

a. Involucrum. 

/'. Involucellum. 

Fig. 2. Achillaea crithmifolia. Compositce. Calathides 

disposed in a corymbus. 

Fig. S. Heliotropium Indicum. Boraginecc. Spike cir- 

cinate; flowers one-sided. 

Fig. 4. Syringa vulgaris. Jaiminece. Flowers in a 

thyrse. 

Fig. 5. Populus tremula. Salicinece. Flowers of the 

female plant in a catkin. 

Fig. 6. A detached flower of the same, to show the 

palmated, fringed bractea upon which it is supported. 

Fig. 7. Cephalanthus occidentalis. RuMaceiC. Flowers 

in a head. 

Fig. 8. Sambulus humilis. Caprifoliacece. Flowers in 

a cyme. 

Fig. 9. Allium obliquum. Asphodelecc. Flowers in a 

simple umbell or bouquet ; spathe two-valved ; scape three- 

sided. 

FiV. 10. Dianthus capitatus. Caryophyllem. Flowers in 

a bundle. 

Fig. II. Arum maculatum. Aroidece. Spadix separated 

from the spathe. 

a. Tip clubshaped. J 

h. Ring of glands, about the middle, each terminated by 

a filament. ^ 

c. Ring of ses^sile anthers, below the glands. 

d^ Ring of sessile conglomerated ovaries, at the base. 

Fig. 12. The flowers of the same, ni their spathe. 

^1. The hoodlike spathe. 

h. The lower bellying part of the spalhc. 

c. The spadix. 

R 2 

^


PLATE THE EIGHTH. 

Inflorescence. 

Fig. 1. Lolium perenne. GratninecE. Spike spikeletted. 

Fig. 2. Smilax lierbacea. Smilacece. 

a. Tendrills stipulean. 

I. Umbell simple or bouquet, axillary, pedunculated. 

c. Leaf nearly heartshape, oval, seven-ribbed. 

Fig. 3. Xylophylla montana. Fuphorhiacece. Flowers on 

the edge of the leaf; leaf lanceolate, toothed. 

Fig.^. Monarda didyma. Lahiatce. Whirl true, manyliowered, 

leafed, bracteated. 

Fig. 5. Cyclamen vernum. Primulacece. 

a. Root tuberous, depressed. 

I. Leaves and flov>êrs radical. 

c. Scape one-flowered, spiral before the flowering. 

d. Flower drooping. 

Fig. 6. Cerasus racemosa. DrupacecB. Raceme hanging 

Fig. 7. Holcus Halepensis. Graminece. Panicle loose. 

Fig. 8. Polypodium aureum. Filices. 

a. Root progressive. 

I. Leaves pinnatitid, bearing the fructification upon the 

lower face. 

Fio. 9. ' 

Pilularia globulifera. MarsileacecB. 

a. Stem creeping. 

h. Leaves threadlike, awlshape. 

c. Livolucrums globular, closed, axillary.

,itc mi. :,Myirâj)]R]ESCJKK'inE < 

IomhnJ\ibIishMbpIioUwm.Cra£/t^-^Joi-.J'nti'i7u-

PlaZe IK. 

FILia-WElRgi. Jâff^ S'-/J. 

Zondj?n.T>J?Uslu^ hy Jialtbnn.d-.vJoek i'i Joy.Tutemojra- Hmv WovV.ÎSZI.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. ^45 

PLATE THE NINTH. 

Flowers. 

Fig. 1. Cupressus sempervirens. CnpressidecB. Male 

catkin, long, composed of about twenty opposite bractese, 

dilated at top into a scale, and having at bottom four globular 

anthers, one-celled and sessile, as at a. 

Fig. 2. A bractea detached from the male catkin of the 

same, and seen from behind, with its four anthers opened. 

Fig. 3. The bottle-shape cupule of the same cut lengthways, 

and much magnified. 

a. The female flower 5 perianthium simple, adherent; 

stigma sessile. 

Fig. 4. The female catkin of the same. The orifices of 

the minute cupules are visible among the bractese. 

Fig. 5. Larix Europaea. Abietidece. A scale or bractea 

of the female catkin, having at its base two cupules. 

a. The two cupules, bottleshape. 

h. The scalelike peduncle supporting the cupules ; these 

peduncles enlarge after flowering, much more than the 

bractea itself. 

Fig. 6. Hura crepitans. Euphorbiacece. A male flower 

detached from the catkin. 

a. The perianthium. 

b. Androphore thick, cylindrical, with two rows of an- 

thers in whirls. 

Fig. 7. Euphorbia Illyrica. Euphorbiacece. The manyflowered 

calathide. 

a. Involucrum. 

b. Female flower in the centre, formed of a pedicelled 

ovary, with three two-lobed stigmata. 

c. Male flowers several, composed of a single stamen, 

articulated upon a pedicell ; anthers twin. 

d. Filament jointed. 

Fig. 8. Hyacinthus cernuus. Asphodelece. Perigoniuni 

monosepalous, six-parted. 

' 

Fig. 9. Ixia Chinensis. Iridece. Perigonium adherent, 

lobes spreading, stamens three, style three-cut. 

Fig. 10. Borrago officinalis. Boraginecs. Calyx fiveparted, 

open ; corolla wheel-like, five-parted, orifice of the 

tube having bosses, a; surrounding it. 

Fig. 1 1 . Centranthus marinus. fâlerianece. The entire 

flower ; calyx adherent, limb rolled inwards, which becomes 

a pappus after the flowering-,; corolla tubular, spur- 

red, Jimb irregular; stamen one; style one.


Fig. 1-2. Echiuni vulgare. Boraginecc. Caly^. fiveparted; 

corolla irregular, tube short, orifice bellsliape* 

limb oblique, 5-lobed, lobes unequal : stamens 5 ; stigma 

2-cut. 

a. A bractea, or floral leaf. 

Fig. IS. Eriostomum Germanicum. LaliatcB. Corolla 

U-lipped, tube short : upper lip or galea ascending, lower 

lip bent down. 

Fig. 14r. Sideritis Canariensis. LobiaffP. Calyx tubular. 

5-toothed : corolla tubulous, '2-lipped, lips short and equal. 

Fig. 15. Plectranthus punctatus. Lahiaicr. Calyx fivetoothed, 

upper tooth the largest; corolla two-lipped« 

lying down, upper lip short, turned back, 2-Iobeci ; lower 

lip bent in. 3-lobed, middle lobe hollow; stamens lying 

down. 

Fig. \6. Scabiosa agrestis. Dipsacete. Calathide flos- 

cular. 

Fig. IT. A central flower of the same; calyx double* 

corolla tubular, limb lobed, unequal; stamens 4, exseited. 

0. External calyx, bottleshape. 

1. Internal calyx, divided into awns. 

Fis.. IS, A flower from the circumference of the same 

calathide : having the limb of the corolla much larger; 

style 1. 

Fig. 19. Andryala cheiranthifolia. Compo

J"âie:s:. 

b K 

FJL®-WJE!]BS , J-Oi,.?^?. 

Zoiidoii.ri,b7u/ial hy Bal,livm,0,tdoJi & Jvy.Tatanostcr Ron- Wov''J'!'2y21. 

sf i 

' 3%

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 24t 

PLATE THE TENTH. 

Parts of the Flowers, especially the Sexual Organs. 

Fig. 1. Crambe Tatarica. Cruciferce. A flower from 

which the integuments have been pulled off, magnified. 

a. Ovary. 

I. Stigma sessile. 

c. Stamens four, tetradynamous; filaments of the four 

longest stamens two-forked at top. 

d. Nectaries, two. 

Fig. 2. The entire flower of the same, of its natural size 

calyx 4-sepaled, rather open ; corolla i-petaled ; tetradynamous. 

Fig. 3. Reseda Phyteuma. ResedatecB. Petal irregular, 

iagged, magnified. 

Fig. 4. Gypsophila fastigiata. CaryophyllecB. Flower 

magnified and cut longitudinally to show the insertion of 

the petals and stamens on the gynophore. 

a. Calyx. 

h. Corolla. 

c. Stamens. 

d. Ovary. 

e. Gynophore. 

Fig. 5. Silene bupleurifolia. Caryophyllece. A flower with 

the tubular, 5-toothed calyx slit down, and pulled back 

that the insertion of the petals may be seen ; petals 5, 

clawed, also having the limb pulled back to show the filaments. 

a. Gynophore from whence grow the petals, stamens, 

and pistill. 

h. Petals, the limb two-cut, with a claw appendiculated 

to their tips. 

c. Stamens ten, five opposite and five alternate. 

d. Ovary with three styles. 

e. Calyx slit down. 

Fig. 6. Ranunculus bulbosus. Ranunculacecc, A vertical 

section of the flower to show the insertions of the different 

parts. 

a. Calyx. 

h. Corolla. 

c. Nectariferous gland scalelike at the claw of each petal. 

d. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous. 

e. Ovary. 

f. Gynophore. 

:


Fig. 7. Hypericum ^gyptiacum. Hypericinece. Calyx 

.5-p'ârted, corolla 5-petaled. 

a. Bractese two. 

Fig. 8. Robinia liispida. Leguminosce. Flower with a 

papilionaceous or butterflylike corolla. 

a. Calyx four-cut, irregular. 

L The standard of the corolla. 

c. The wings. 

d. The keel. 

Fig. 9. The same, having the calyx and corolla pulled 

off, to show the diadelphous stamens, and magnified. 

a. The tubular androphore, split longitudinally into nine 

filaments at top. 

L The single free stamen. 

c. Stigma velvetty. 

Fig. 10. Ilubus odoratus. Dryadea. Longitudinal 

section of the flower to show the insertions. 

a. Gynophore convex. 

h. Stamens indefinite, perigynous. 

Fig. 11. Polygala Heisteria. Polygalece. Calyx fiveparted, 

lobes equal ; corolla monopetalous, irregular, twolipped, 

split above, and rolled up into a tube at bottom. 

fig. 12. The tubular androphore, split longitudinally, 

embracing the pistill, and divided at top into seven short 

filaments, bearing the anthers. 

Fig. 13. Malva fragrans. MalvacecB. Flower polyanodrous, 

monadelphous. 

'Fig. 14. Linaria. Personatce. Calyx five-parted ; corolla 

gaping, spurred at the base, limb 2-lipped; above 2-cut, 

turned back, below 3-lobed; palate rather prominent in the 

throat. 

Fig. 15. Hypericum quadrangulare. Hypericinece. Calyx 

5-cut, lobes uncut; petals 5; stamens indefinite, on three 

androphores ; 

styles three. 

Fig. 16. Epipactis palustris. Orchidece. Ovary pedi- 

celled, not twisted, pubescent; pei'igonium spread; lip 

crenate, blunt, spurless, as long as the sepales, not clasping; 

jhypochilium concavely bunched ; epichilium inwardly 

2-bunched at the bottom. 

Fig. 17. Selinum caruifolium. Umbelliferce. Flower 

magnified. Petals five, bent in at the tip, and appearing 

as if notched; stamens five, alternate; styles two. 

Fig. 18. Corylus sylvestris. Corylidece. Male flowers 

collected into a catkin.

Plate SI. 

SISLXTA^ :©iK(K.AS"S, 

£ride>n,J\iMsheefbi-Jia7fiiVW-/hicloc7c.iJc'v.J'atef-iio,vrr/-Iwn\:ôyrJ-^l''i?l. 

J\

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 24


F/"£j-. 11. Viola Rotbomagensis. Violacecp.. Magnified. 

Pistill surrounded with five stamens united by fringes, two 

of the stamens having each a basilary appendage; style 

turbinate ; stigma globular, perforated, operculated. 

Fig.\2. Scutellaria alpina. LabiatcB. Pistill magnified, 

and cut longitudinally to show the insertion of the ovaries 

and style. 

a. Gynophore, which supports four ovaries. 

h. Nectary beaked. 

c. Style cut off. 

Fig. 13. Asphodelus annuus. AsphodelecE. Stamens and 

pistills magnified. Stamens unequal, three long, three 

short, alternate; filaments fusiform, enlarged, and vaulted 

at their base. 

a. Anthers heartshape; stigma three-lobed. 

Fig. 14. Jatropha pandursefolia. Fuphorbiacece. Stamens 

of the male flowers, having at the base a nectary 

composed of five glands. 

a. Androphore divided into ten filaments, five long and 

five short. 

Fig. 15. Tamarix Gallica. Tamariscince. Stamen mag- 

nified. 

a. Anther, 

I. Filament dilated at bottom. 

Fig. \6. Ricinus inermis. EuphorliacecB. A part of the 

branched androphore, magnified. 

Fig. 17. Borrago laxiflora. Boraginea: Stamen magnified, 

as seen sideways. 

a. Anther awlshape. 

b. Filament appendiculated. 

Fig. 18. Begonia dichotoma. Family doubtful. Stamen 

magnified, having the filament enlarged at the tip. 

a. Lobes of the anther two, adnate on the side, parallel, 

distant. 

Fig. 19. Zygophyllum Morgsana. RutacecB. Stamen 

magnified; filament appendiculated at the base; appendix 

doubly tootlied ; anther oval, vacillating. 

Fig. 20. Tradescantia Virginica. Commelinece. Stamen 

magnified ; filament bearded at the base ; anther two-lobed^ 

lobes kidneyshape, adnate laterally, cut transversely to 

show the two cells of each lobe. 

Fig. 21. Erica comosa. Ericinece. Stamen magnified, 

seen sideways ; anther having two basilary crests. 

Fig. 22. Mahernia pinnata. TiliacecB. Stamen magnified 

and seen sideways; anther arrowshape; filament kneed 

and glandular in the middle.


Fig. 23. Laurus Persea. Lmirinece. Stamen magnified. 

a. Glands heartshape, pedicelled. 

h. Filament velvetty. 

c. Anther fixed, opening by four valves, from top to 

bottom. 

Fig. 24. Scutellaria alpina. LaliafcB. Stamen magni- 

anther two-lobed, fringed. 

Fig. 25. Galeopsis parviflora. LahiatcB. Stamen mag- 

anthers fringed. 

fied ; 

nified ; 

Fig.2Q. Solanum. SolanecB. Stamen magnified ; anthers 

two-holed at the tip. 

Fig. 27. Cucumis leucantha. CuciirlilacecB. Stamens; 

filaments three, distinct at their base, united at their upper 

part; anthers soldered, linear, sinuated. 

Fig. 28. Scutellaria galericulata. Labiaice. Stamen 

magnified. 

a. Lobe fringed, single in consequence of the abortion 

of the corresponding lobe. 

I. Connective bearded. 

Fig. 29. Thymus Patavinus. Labiaice. Stamen magni- 

fied. 

a. Part of the filament. 

I. Connective. 

c. Lobes of the anther divergent. 

Fig. 30. Anona triloba. AnonetB. Stamen magnified; 

filament truncated at the tip ; lobes distinct, adnate, pa- 

rallel. 

Fig. SI. Melastoma discolor. Melastomece. Stamen. 

a. Filament. 

b. Connective threadlike, long. 

c. d. Lobes distant. 

c. The fertile lobe, two-holed at the tip. 

d. The barren lobe, of a different form.

SS2 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

PLATE THE TWELFTH. 

Flowers of the Orchidece and Gramineee. 

Fig. 1. Orchis. 

a. Retinacle. 

h. Caudicle. 

e. Pollen mass. 

d. Pollen mass cut off transversely to show the septulum, 

cells, and grains, of which it is composed. 

Fig. 2. Orchis. 

a. Gynizus. 

I 

If. Bursicle. 

c. Proscolla. 

d. Staminodia, or imperfect anthers. 

e. Clinandra filled with the pollen masses. 

f. Septulum. 

Fig. 5. Cypripedium. 

a. Gynostemium. 

I. Supports of the anthers. 

c. Anthers. * 

d. Gynizus. 

e. Staminodium. 

Fig. 4. Nigritella. 

. 

a. Bursicle and rostella. 

I. Gynizi. 

c. Bursicle cut open. 

d. Retinacles. 

e. Staminodia. 

f. Pollen masses in the clinandra. 

g. Septulum. 

Fig. 5. Loroglossum. 

a. Caudicles. 

I. Proscolla seated on the rostellum. 

Fig. 6. Liparis. 

a. Lower lip turned down, and part cut off. 

I. Gynostemium. 

c. Gynizus. 

d. Winged edges of the gynostemium. 

e. Clinandrium. 

f and g. Staminodia. 

h. Anther. 

i. Pollen masses. 

Fig. 7. Liparis. The solid pollen mass. 

, 

i

JYateJdl. ©^ROBiroas & G3S-âraA 

y.ondon.TnMM,nlMJIaId«7n.(ha,ixl&7oK/'af>Tno.

Fig. 8. Epipactis. 

EXPLANATION OT THE PLATES. 25$ 

a. Part of the ovary. 

h. Gynizus. 

c. Gynostemium. 

d. Proscolla. 

e. Filament. 

J". Rostellum. 

g. Pollen masses. 

h. Anther. 

i. Staminodium. 

Fig. 9. Epipactis. The granular pollen masses. 

Fig. 10. Epipactis, The pollen mass cut to show the 

granules, and magnified. 

Fig. 11. Granules of pollen, magnified. 

Fig. 12. Secale cereale. Graminece. Axis toothed, 

jointed ; spathelles opposite, inserted parallelly. 

Fig. 13. Eleocharis palustris. Cyperacece. Glume one- 

spathelled, one-flowered; glumelle bristlelike, bristles 4, 

denticulate; stamens three, attached under the ovary; 

stigmata two, featherlike. 

Fig. 14. Agrostis rubra. Graminece. Spathelles alternate, 

lower largest, longer than the spathellules ; lower 

spathellule 2-cut at the tip, awned below the middle, awn 

twisted ; upper much shorter, 2-cut, toothed ; stamens 3 

style short, 2-parted, stigmata villous. 

Fig. 15. Hordeum nigrum. Gramifiece. Ovary ovate: 

styles 2; lodicules not cut, bald. 

Fig. 16. Bromus mollis. Graminece. Locusta many- 

flowered ; awns not knee-jointed, subapicular. 

Fig. 17. Avena. Graminece. The lower spathellule twopointed; 

awn dorsal, twisted. 

Fig. 18. Trasus vesicarius. Cyperacece. Spathellules or 

lodicules soldered together, persisting, cartilaginous, 

ing a bottleshape urceolus. 

form- 

a. Ovary. 

I. Style, with its three stigmata. 

Fig. 19. Isolepis paniculata. Cyperacece. Spathelle 1; 

glumelle ; stamens 3 ; ovary with two styles. 

;


PLATE THE THIRTEENTH. 

Fruits. 

Fig. 1 . Hordeum Zeocriton. Graminece. Cariopsis magnified, 

and partly uncoated. 

a, Perisperm. 

leaf. 

h. Posterior cotyledon saucerlike. 

c. Root mamillae, three, enclosed in a coleorhize. 

d. Radicles two, each in a coleorhize. 

e. Plumule; the gemmule having a piieolar, primordial 

Fig. 2. Embryo of the same, magnified. 

a. Cotyledon. 

I. Root mamillae 3, in their coleorhizes. 

c. Piieolar primordial leaf. 

F'ig, 3. Orj^za sativa. Graminece. Cariopsis cut lengthways 

and magnified. 

a. Gemmule with its pileole, enclosed in the coleoptile. 

I. Radicle in its coleorhize. 

Fig. 4. Hieracium glaucum. Compositce. Embryo mag- 

nified. 

Fig. 5. Akenium of the same, magnified ; pappus sessile, 

bristled, appearing simple to the naked eye : the pericarp is 

cut open, and the seed divided longitudinally. 

Fig. 6. Polygonum scandens. Polygonece. Carcerule cut 

lengthways and dissected. Carcerule boney ; seed coated, 

upright, perispermed ; embryo 2-cotyledon, lateral, threadlike, 

bent; radicle opposite the hile, above. 

Fio. 7. Chaerophyllum aromaticum. Umhelliferce. Cremocarpe 

with the two coques separated, but remaining suspended 

to the axis : magnified. 

a. Spermapodium axile, 2-parted at top. 

h. Styles persisting on the fruit. 

c. Commissures, or the faces applied to each other, 

d. Latuscule, or face opposite to the commissure. 

e. Vallecules between the ribs of the coques. 

J. Spermapodophore. 

g. Stylopodium. 

Fig. 8. A coque of the same cut lengthways and mag- 

nified. 

a. Perisperm, horny. 

h. Integument of the coque. 

C Embryo small, basilary.

® 

^'''^'''•^'^'M«:/iyJi,7^„,},,r;.,^^,^.,(.,r„,.j.^^^^^,j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

't^'KlfflTS. r,ipc 3S/,.

EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES. 255 

Fig. 9. Amaranthus hjpochondriacus; Aniaranthidece. 

Pyxidium uncovered, and magnified, membranaceous. 

-Fig". 10. Valves of the same, separated. 

Fig. 1 1 . Kernel of the same magnified ; perisperm central; 

embryo peripherical, annular ; cotyledons semicylindrical, 

incumbent; radicle threadlike, below. 

Fig. ] 2. Salsola decumbens. Chenopodece. Periphyllum 

magnified, containing the utriculus. 

Fig. 13. Perigonium of the same cut vertically, and 

magnified, to show the seed. 

Fig. 14. Embryo of the same, highly magnified ; threadlike, 

rolled in a ball, cotyledons very long, linear; radicle 

nearly cylindrical, placed horizontally in the uppermost part 

of the seed. 

' 

Fig. 15. Carex vulpina. Cyperacece. Persistent spathel- 

lules cut longitudinally and magnified; akenium pedicelled, 

enclosed in the spathellules. 

Fig. 16. Akenium of the same cut longitudinally and 

magnified; style persistent; embryo at the base of the 

seed. 

Fig. 17. Gomphrena globosa. Amaranthidea. Pyxidium 

cut longitudinally and magnified; style persistent; seed 

single, inverted, hanging by the umbilical cord, proceeding 

from the bottom of the pyxidium. 

Fig. 18. Beta vulgaris. Chenopodece. Utriculus enclosed 

within the fleshy perigonium, and magnified. 

Fig. 19. The utriculus of the same cut transversely and 

magnified; embryo annular. 

Fig. 20. Thesium alpinum. Santalacece. Pericarpium 

magnified; crowned by the persistent perigonium. 

Fig. 21. The same cut transversely. 

Fig. 22. The seed of the same cut longitudinally and 

magnified ; embryo straight, central. 

Fig. 23. Embryo of the same, highly magnified. 

Fig. 24. Fraxinus excelsior. Fraxinece. Samara opened 

before it is ripe ; two-celled ; ovules four, hanging two side 

by side in each cell. 

Fig. ^25. The ripe samara of the same; opened; having 

only one seed, pendulous; the others having perished. 

Fig. 26. Ulmus Americana. Ulmacece. Samara with the 

cell opened; seed pendent.


PLATE THE FOURTEENTH. 

Fruits. 

Fig. 1. Quercus longeeva. CorylidecB. Glands cut 

lengthways, coriaceous, one-celled, one-seeded ; seed pend- 

ent, without a perisperm ; radicle adverse ; cotyledons large, 

fleshy. 

Fig. 2. The cupule of the same, with two abortive 

glands. 

Fig. 3. Carpinus ulmoides. CorylidecB. Nucule, or 

calybion, boney, ovate, angular, with threadlike, longitudinal 

ribs. 

Fig. 4. Corylus tubulosa. CorylidecB. Cupule tubular, 

cylindrical, jagged, toothed. 

Fig. 5. Corylus sylvestris. CorylidecB. Nucule, or calybion, 

parted lengthways to show the seed ; umbilical cord 

rising from the base and ascending ; seed pendent. 

Fig. 6. Cotyledon of the same, with the place in which 

the embryo is seated. 

Fig. 1. Anacardium officinale. Tereliniacece. Xylodium, 

or carcerule, seated upon a fleshy receptacle. 

Fig. 8. Tilia parvifolia. Tiliacece. Carcerule opened; 

cells two-seeded. 

Fig. 9. The carcerule of the same cut transversely, cells 

five. 

Fig. 10. Asarum Europeeum. Ariatolochice. Carcerule 

cut transversely; cells six; partitions mcomplete. 

Fig. 1 1 . Carcerule of the same opened, cells four-seeded, 

seeds ascending. 

Fig. 12. Embryo of tilia parvifolia; cotyledons leaflike, 

three-lobed, toothed, incumbent. 

Fig. 13. Adansonia Baobab. Malvacece. Amphisarca 

cut transversely, cells ten. 

Fig. 14-. A portion of the spongy, farinaceous pulp taken 

out of the cells of the same, interwoven with thready 

fi,bres. 

Fig. 15. The point of the pulp dissected to show the 

seeds, of the natural size. 

Fig. 16. Gomphia nitida. Ochnacece. Sarcobasis five- 

eremed ; gynophore ovoid ; eremes one-celled, one-seeded 

seed straight, coated, without a perisperm ; embryo straight, 

radicle opposite. 

;

^s^/r JPaqe ZW 

l^ndon,/\Jilivm..O-adiH^.i: Jov.Paian-tstrrRiviJSovrt'PlSXl. 

J S/aoy sca^._

I'fate s2iK tm T/irii's -Pa^c ?57. 

tMidon.Puh/islitd hy 7iaUwin,&aifoeli &JoyJ'atrrnosM-J)owJCvt>r/-'.'MZI.


Fig. 17. Symphytum officinale. Borag'mea. Microbasis. 

Calyx five-parted, one lobe cut away ; eremes, or 

nuts, four ; style persisting. 

Fig. 18. Cynoglossum Isevigatum. Boraginece. Internal 

surface of one of the cariopsides, nut lodged in the hollow 

part of the shield-like cariopsis, or ereme. 

Fig. 19. The whole microbasis of the same. 

Fig. 20. The same, with the several cariopsides cut 

transversely, nuts immersed in the shield-like eremes. 

PLATE THE FIFTEENTH. 

Fruits. 

Fig* 1 . Prunus domestica. Dryadece. Drupe cut lengthways 

: umbilical cord passing within the suture to the tip 

of the stone ; seed pendent. 

Fig. 2. Amygdalus nana. Dryadece. Stone of the drupe 

split open; umbilical cord passing within the suture to the 

tip of the stone ; seed pendent, ovate rounded, acuminated 

at top, deeply lenticular, pale with painted veins. 

Fig. 3. Vitis vinifera. Vi7iiferce. Acinos cut longitudinally 

sphserical, free, seeds boney. 

Fig. 4. The same, cut transversely. Acinos five-seeded. 

Fig. 5. Sparganium ramosum. Typhacece, Drupe juiceless, 

bark taken off in part to show the stone, with a small 

hole at the tip. 

Fig. 6. The same: stone cut transversely. 

Fig. 7. Vitis vinifera. Viniferce. Embryo taken out of 

the seed. 

Fig. 8. The seed cut longitudinally, coated, perispermed 

embryo at the base, straight; radicle opposite. 

Fig. 9. The seed cut transversely. 

Fig. 10. Aquifolium spinosum. CaprifoUacece. Nuculane 

with part of the flesh taken away; pyrense four. 

Fig. 11. Pyrene of the same, with the seed cut trans- 

versely. 

Fig. 12. Pyrus domestica. Pomacece. Pome cut trans- 

versely; cells five, two abortive. 

Fig. 13. The same cut longitudinally; cells cartilaginous 

; ovules in each cell always 2, the fertile cells usually 

one-seeded ; seeds rather large. 

VOL, I. s


Fig. 14. Seeds of the same; the covers cut off in part, to 

show the kernel. 

Fig. 1 5. Embryo of the same : cotyledons elliptic, fleshy. 

Fig. 16. Mespilus Germanica. Pomacecs. Woody celled 

pome, or pyrenarius, cut transversely, one of the cells 

opened : ovules two. 

Fig. 11. Punica Granatum. Myrti. Balausta with part 

of the rind taken off, crowned by the tube of the calyx 

partitions indeterminate, some longitudinal, some crossways 

: seeds numerous, drupelike. 

Fig. 18. Seeds of the same, of the natural size; drupelike, 

outer skin pulpy. 

Fig. 19. Embryo of the same, cut transversely, and much 

magnified; cotyledons convolute, leaflike, very thin. 

Fig. 20. Seed of the same, cut lengthways, and the embryo 

uncovered ; embryo oblong, pointed at each end. 

Fig. 21. Cucumus sativus. Cucurhitacece. Pepo cut 

transversely; cells three, parted ; placentarium parietal. 

Fig. 22. Cucurbita esculenta. Cucurhitacece. Seed cut 

longitudinally. 

a. Outer skin leatherlike. 

h. Inner skin green. 

c. Cotyledon, veiny and wrinkled, on the internal face. 

d. Embryo. 

Fig. 23. Citrus Medica. Aurantiacea,. Hesperidium 

ovate, cut transversely ; outer bark glandular; inner bark 

spongy; cells nine, each lined with a fine skin, filled |with 

a pulpy flesh.

^late XFI. 

FJRTCnTS, 

london.FuU^lad bySaUw!n,/raAxk AJfy.IitM-nMt^Ktn^-.jVai-a-'^S^-'J- 

Paffe259.


PLATE THE SIXTEENTH. 

Fruits. 

Fig' I- Cassia Fistula. Leguminosce. Tip of the legume, 

partly opened; legume phragmated, many-celled; cells 

one-seeded ; placentarium unilateral ; umbilical cord threadlike; 

seeds ovoid, compressed. 

Fig. 2. Genista candicans. Leguminoscs. Cod, or legume, 

opened ; legume deeply scrobiculate, nearly celled ; 

umbilical cords short, from the convex suture, seeds affixed 

alternately to each valve. 

Fig. 3. Seed of the same magnified; hile or umbilicus 

prominent. 

Fig. 4. The same, with the hile facing the spectator, hile 

crescentlike, surrounded by a glandular prominent edge. 

Fig. 5. The kernel of the same magnified; seed perispermed; 

embryo bent, cotyledons ovate; radicle bent, 

centrifugal. 

Fig. 6. Scorpiurus sulcata. LegummoscE. Legume 

jointed^ nodose, furrowed, spiral. 

Fig. 7. Astragalus uliginosus. Leguminosce. Legume 

cut transversely, two-celled ; 

marginal. 

partition longitudinal, valvean, 

Fig. 8. Cardamine Graeca. Cruciferce. Siliqua, or pod, 

when dehiscent. Valves flat, ribless, flown back and roiled 

up spirally ; partition very narrow, thin ; seeds four in each 

cell ; umbilical cord fixed alternately to each edge of the 

partition. 

Fig. 9. Sinapis alba. Cruciferce. Siliqua hispid, two- 

celled, two-valved; valves marked with three hispid ribs 

lengthways; upper joint valveless, sometimes containing 

one imperfect seed, or partition produced far beyond the 

valves into a swordshape beak. 

Fig. 10. Embryo of the same, magnified : cotyledons 

rounded, nearly leaflike, the outer involving the interior 

radicle lying in the furrow of the folding, centrifugal. 

Fig. 11. Raphanistrum vulgare, Cruciferce. Part of 

the siliqua; valveless, many-celled, jointed, becoming necklaceshape; 

cells boney, separate, in a longitudinal series, 

perforated at each end for the passage of the two umbilical 

cords, which enter all of them, each cord bearing a seed 

in the alternate cells; seeds one in a cell. 

Fig. 12. Boney cell of the same cut transversely. 

s 2


Fig. 13. Cotyledons of the same inicovered; radicle in 

the furrow of their fold, centrifugal. 

Fig. 14. Thlaspi cuneatiim. Cniciferce. Silicule ovate, 

rounded, compressed, two-celled, two-valved ; valves boat- 

shape ; 

partitions opposite or contrary to the valves. 

Fig. 15. Draba verna. Cruciferce. Silicule oval; two- 

celled; valves flat; cells many-seeded; partition parallel to 

the valves. 

Fig. 16. Vella annua. Cruciferce. Silicule nearly glo- 

bular, with soft bristles, two-celled, two-valved ; partition 

parallel to the valves, transparent, bearing three or four 

seeds in each cell ; style persistent, leaflike. 

Fig. 17. Transverse section of the same. 

Fig. J 8. Anagallis phoenicea. Primulacece. Seed much 

magnified, ovate, slightly acuminate on each side, roughly 

dotted ; hile in the middle of the belly. 

Fig. 19. Pyxidium of the same when dehiscent. 

Fig. 20. P3'xidiura of the same magnified, and opened 

on one side; placentarium globular, spongy, honeycombed, 

free. 

Fig. 21. Dianthera Malabarica. Acanihiacece . Capsule 

oblong, two-valved, pointed at the tip, two-celled, twovalved 

; partition opposite, or contrary to the valves, with 

retinacles close to the seeds. 

Fig. 22. Serapias Helleborine. Orchidea-. Diplotegia 

cut transversely, elliptical, sphserical, one-celled, threevalved, 

six-ribbed; placentaria three, on the middle of the 

valves. 

Fig. 23. The three alternate, sutural ribs of the same, 

remaining after the falling off of the valves. 

Fig. 24. Iris Sibirica. Iridcce. Diplotegia when dehiscent; 

three-ceiled, three-valved, loculicidal; valves oneribbed, 

rib prominent; placentarium on the internal edge 

of the valves, whicii re-enter conjointly; seeds numerous, 

horizontal, depressed, flat on both sides, one side straight, 

the other semicircular. 

Fig. 25. Campanula rigida. CampmmlacecE. Capsule 

crowned with the withered corolla; calyx five-cut, segments 

turned back, opening by pores at the base. 

Fig. 26. Lysimachia quadrifolia. PrimulacecB. Capsule 

cut transversely and magnified, one-celled, five-valved; placentarium 

globular, spongy, pitted, free, central. 

Fig. 2?. Capsule of the same when dehiscent, mag- 

nified.

Fiate xrir. JFIKCTICTS. Taqe ?6J. 

Zondon.fuiUshetlfySalJwih.O-aJock AJey.Ihtej-no,-neiA„v.2ôfrj.-'f]8?J.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 2GI 

Fig. 28. Saxifraga granulata. Saxifragece. Capsule half 

adherent, two-headed, opening in the middle of the head ; 

calyx. 

Fig. 29. Ipomea purpurea. Convolvulacece. Capsule cut 

transversely, after its dehiscence, three-celled, three-valved, 

septicidal; partitions verticillate, interposilive, persistent; 

placentaria basilary. 

Fig. 30. Orontium majiis. Scrofulariecc. Capsule cut 

transversely ; two-celled ; partitions two, valvean, marginal, 

meeting; placentarium central, tv/o-lobed. 

Fig. 31. Capsule of the same entire, three-holed at the 

summit. 

PLATE THE SEVENTEENTH. 

Fruils. 

Fig. 1. Actffia spicata. Ranunculacece. Berry cut transversely, 

fleshy, camareiike; seeds in two rows, nearly semi- 

circular. 

Fig. 2. The same, with part of the covering removedy 

to show the seeds lying over one another in two rows. 

Fig. 3. The seed cut lengtlnvays; perisperm the shape 

of the seed; embryo very small, nearly ovate, at the base. 

Fig. 4. Ribes spinosum. Grossidarice. Acrosarcum, or 

berry crowned with the persistent calyx, cut longitudinally; 

placentaria two, lateral, opposite. 

Fig. 5. The same cut transversely; placentaria lateral, 

triple. 

Fig. 6. Perisperm of the same cut longitudinally and 

magnified, with the umbilical cord, as it passes through the 

gelatinous pulp surrounding the seed : embryo very small, 

at the tip. 

Fig. 7. Vaccinium montanum. Vaccinice. Acrosarce, or 

crowned berry, spherical. 

Fig. 8. The same cut transversely: acrosarce five- celled 

placentaria central. 

Fig. 9. Androsaemum officinale. HypericinecB. Berry cut 

transversely, one-celled ; placentaria three, lateral, spongy, 

at first solid, but when ripe leaving a vacant space between 

their two divisions.


Fig. 10. Mandragora acaulis. SolanecB. Berry cut transversely, 

globular; seeds immersed, towards the periphery, 

all around. 

Fig. 11. The same, with the pannexterne taken, off: 

seeds many, kidneyshape ; calyx four cut. 

Fig. 12. Asclepias nigra. ApocinecB. Follicle operrcrd, 

one-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent; placentarium sutural, 

becoming free by the dehiscence; umbilical cord pappuslike, 

or seeds comose. 

Fig. 13. Veratrum album. Colchicacece. Etterion threecamared, 

camares oblong, slightly compressed, connected 

at bottom, separate at top, and ending in a short style; 

perigonium six-lobed. 

Fig. 14. Camares of the same dehiscent, and emptied of 

their seeds. 

Fig. 15. Transverse section of the etaerion, towards the 

bottom. 

Fig. 16. Rhododendron maximum. Rhodode7idra. Cap- 1 

sule cut transversely, five-celled ; placentarium central, ra- -* 

diating, lobed. 

Fig. 17' Caltha palustris. Rammculacece. Etasrion eightcamared, 

camares compressed, spreading horizontally at 

top. 

Fig. IS. A camare of the same opened; placentarium on 

the edges of the suture. 

Fig. 19. The capsule of the rhododendron maximum, 

in dehiscence; cells five, septicidal ; style persistent on the 

central placentarium. 

Fig. 20. Seed of the same cut lengthways, and magnified; 

outer coat produced in a kind of beak; kernel ovate 

oblong, shorter than the seed; embryo straight; cotyledons 

very short. 

Fig. 21. Butomus floridus. Buiomacece. Dieresile magnified, 

six-coqued, ovate-beaked, connected together about 

half their height, membranaceous, opening inwards. 

Fig. 22. One of the coques cut transversely; seeds parietal, 

very numerous, small, spread all over the internal 

surface of the coque. 

Fig. 23. Napaea dioica. Malvacece. Calyx magnified, 

five-cut; central axis of the dieresile winged, pyramidal, 

furrowed. 

Fig. 24f. One of the ten coques of the same cut longitudinally, 

semicircular, tip ending in a bent-back point; 

umbilical cord very small ; seed kidneyshape, single.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 26S 

Fig. 25. Lavatera arborea. Malvacece. Fruit cut verti- 

cally and magnified : dieresile axile, compressed, 6-coqued ; 

coques one-celled, one-seeded; seed peltate; embryo bent; 

cotyledons plaited ; radicle basilary. 

Fig, 26. RLcinus communis. Eupfiorbiacece. Regma cut 

longitudinally and magnified ; three-celled, covered with a 

pannexterne that separates; coques one-celled, two-valved, 

one-seeded; placentarium under the tip; seed coated, carunculated, 

perispermed, hanging. 

a. Perisperm. 

l. Embryo two-cotyledon, straight, in the middle; cotyledons 

leaflike. 

c. Caruncle. 

d. Umbilical cord. 

Fig. 27. The same, with one of the coques taken away 

from the two others; placentarium central, columnar, threesided, 

with three blunt beaks passing into the cells, regma 

covered with soft spines. 

Fig. 28. The same, cut transversely, showing the three 

coques, emptied of their seeds. 

Fig. 29. The seed of the same cut across; embryo twocotyledon. 

Fig. 30. The seed cut lengthways; embryo nearly the 

size of the albumen.


PLATE THE EIGHTEENTH. 

Fruils. 

Fig. I. Rubus Idseiis. Dryudece. Fruit cut lengthways; 

polychlorion succulent, composed of several drupeolated 

akenia soldered together, one-seeded; seed coated, without 

a perisperm, hanging. 

Fig. 2. Kosa canina. Rosacece. Hip cut longitudinally; 

calyx become fleshy, ovate; utricles in pits on the internal 

surface of the hip, the central utricles pedicelled; pedicells 

fleshy, yellow, rather hairy; style persisting. 

Fig. ?j. Agrimonia repens. y^gilmonacece. The amaltliEea 

cut transversely; calyx five-toothed, echinated; seeds three, 

ovate, not fleshy, slightly compressed, pointed at top, blunt 

at bottom. 

Fig.4!. Ranunculus muricatus. Ramniculacece. The polychlorion 

formed of many cariopsides, prickly on both sides. 

Fig. 5. Cariopsis of the same cut lengthways; embryo 

very small, in the base of the seed. 

Fig. 6. Fragaria' vesca. Dryadece. The polychlorion. 

Calyx ten-cut; receptacle fleshy, wider than the calyx, 

ovate, globular, very large? akenia numerous, small, ovate, 

acuminate, slightly compressed. 

Fig. 7. An akenium of the same. 

Fig. 8. Morus alba. UrticecB. The sorose composed of 

several fleshy utricles, soldered v/ith the calycine segments 

of the several flowers. 

Fig. 9. A single utricle of the same, with the fleshy segments 

of its calyx displayed, magnified. 

Fig. 10. An utricle of the same opened and magnified. 

Fig. 11. Ambora Tamburissa. Urticece. Sycone, or fig, 

cut transversely, to show tlie several carcerules, immersed 

in the internal surface of the involucrum. 

Fig. V2. Finns Americana, ylbietidece. Strobile eggshape; 

cupules leatherlike, thick, triangular, rounded on 

the outer edge. 

Fig. 13. A cupule of the same; nucules two, winged 

upon the outward side. 

Fig. 14. Embryo of the same, magnified; cotyledons 

four. 

Fig. 15. Cupressus sempervirens. Cupressidece. Galbule 

ovate, globular ; cupule angular, upright, headed, edge of 

the head oblique and jagged, centre radiated. 

Fig. 16. A cupule of the same.

'/atffJJTZT. F1KTITIIT3 Far/e 26'4. 

Zcrulem.JPuhbj7ia1 byBaliiurin.6'a-}nrJc £-Jr

'explanation of the plates. 265 

Flo; 17. The nucules of the same, as seen on either side, 

small, boney, irregularly angular. 

Ficr. 18. Juniperus Virgiuiana. Cupressidea. Arcesthide 

magnified, ovoid, berrylike, composed of 1-secded glandes, 

soldered along with succulent bracte^ : cupules woody, 

close. 

Fig. 19. A single glans of the same, magnified, with 

small vesicles at the base filled witli turpentine. 

Fig. 20. A glans of the same cut longitudinally, and. 

magnified. 

a. Cupule. 

b. Pericarpium membranaceous, crowned by the limb of 

the calyx. 

c. Limb of the calyx. 

d. Remains of the stigma. 

e. Perisperra. 

Embryo axile, two-cotyledon. 

f. 

Fi

"266 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

PLATE THE NINETEENTH. 

Filices and Lycopodiacece. 

Fig. 1. Lycopodium. Lycopodiacece. Part of a branch 

magnified; leaves oblong, linear, much compressed, tworowed 

; 

stipules single, lanceolate, one-sided, tiledlike. 

a. Capsular conceptacles, with bractese. 

b. Another kind of capsular conceptacles, with bracteas. 

Fig. 2. The second kind of conceptacle, much magnified 

three-lobed, two-valved, three-seeded. 

Fig. 3. A seminule taken out of these conceptacles, and 

much magnified. 

Fig. 4>. The same opened. 

a. The lorica. 

b. The kernel. 

Fig. 5. The first kind of conceptacles much magnified 

kidneyshape, two-valved, many-seeded. 

a. The seminules. 

b. The same, very much magnified, to show they are 

angular. 

Fig. 6. Bernhardia dichotoma. Lycopodiacece. A capsular 

conceptacle magnified, three-lobed, three-valved, partitions 

median. 

Fig. 7. A branch of the same plant magnified. 

a. Capsular conceptacles, with two bractese. 

Fig. 8. a. Seminules magnified. 

b. The same, very much magnified, to show they are 

angular. 

Fig. 9. Tmesepteris Tannensis.* Lycopodiacece. Conceptacle 

magnified, capsular, opening, 2-valved, 2-celled ; 

one of the two leaves between which it was placed. 

with 

Fig. 10. Lycopodium umbrosum. Lycopodiacece. Conceptacle 

magnified, capsular, kidneyshape, 2-valved, manyseeded. 

a. Seminules. 

Fig. 11. The same very much magnified to show that 

they are angular, and collected together by threes or fours 

into globules. 

Fig. 12. Equisetum palustre. Equisetacece. Spike mag- 

nified, with the terminal anient. 

a. Involucra. 

b. Conceptacles attached to the under side of the invo- 

lucra. 

Fig. 13. A seed? of the same much magnified, with the 

hygrometrical threads.

JFULttCES & Xrr'CcD)F©]II)IEA.C]E^ . 

j:,;„hnJ;Mish,d hvS,,/d>vin.O-adccJc JtJov. Jhter^.^n,,- Ji. •„ yol.'7{'J,':Î. 

jPaqe?66.

it. 

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES- 267 

Fig. 14. The same, with the threads rolled spirally around 

Fig. 15. Aspidium nemorale. Filices. A pprtion of the 

leaf magnified, with a single indusium. 

a. Miliary glands. 

b. Conceptacles each girt with its elastic, incomplete, 

perispheric ring. 

c. Indusium kidneyshape, umbilicated, opened on the 

sides. 

Fig. 16. A conceptacle of the same much magnified, 

with its elastic ring and peduncle. 

Fig. 17. A conceptacle of the same torn open by the 

force of the elastic ring when ripe, and throwing out the 

seminules. 

Fig. 18. Gleichena circinata. Filices. A conceptacle 

very much magnified, having an elastic ring completely 

surrounding it. 

Fig. 19. Schizea dichotoma. Filices. A conceptacle 

much magnified, having an elastic ring surrounding it at 

the tip. 

Fig-. 20. Marchantia polymorpha. Hepaticce. Fructification 

when ripe, and much magnified. 

a. Perichsetium split lengthvv'ays. 

I. Sheath. 

€. Pedicell. 

d. Capsule opened, valves or teeth turned back. 

e. Elastic threads dispei'sing the seminules. 

Fig. 21. A globule or capsule of the same not quite ripe, 

and much maonified. 

a. Paraphyses. 

h. Perichsetium. 

c. Sheath, being in fact the detached pannexterne. 

d. Pedicell. 

e. Capsule or globule. 

Fig. 22. A fructification of the same, in its early stage, 

and much magnified. 

a. Paraphyses. 

h. The jaggs of the perichajtium. 

c. The ovary, according to some authors. 

d. The style of the same. 

e. The stigma of the same. 

Fig.2S. A part of the frond of the same magnified, 

having two origomes. 

a. An origome beginning to show itself. 

h. Another entirely developed, with lenticular bulbilles.

^^^ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 

¥ig. 24, Umbell of what is called the male plant of the 

same, cut vertically and magnified. 

a. The stamens according to some authors, entire, ovoid, 

and sunk into the substance of the umbell. 

b. Other stamens cut vertically, to show their cavity. 

c. Small vascular threads of the stamen, each of which 

abut on a mamilla, or nipplelike eminence, on the surface 

of the umbell. 

Fig. 25. The umbell of what is considered by some as 

the male plant of the same; the upper surface slightly 

concave, with nipplelike eminences. 

Fig' 26. The umbell of what is considered by some as 

the female plant of the same; many-iobed, having the 

fructifications, fig. 20, 21 or 22, beneath. 

PLATE THE TWENTIETH. 

Mosses and Lichens. 

Fig. 1. Tortula muralis. Musci. Entire plant magnified; 

the female flower just beginning to appear; surcule short, 

leaves oval lanceolate, terminated with a long hair; perichastium 

0; bristle terminal; urn upright, cylindrical. 

a. Ovary, according lo some authors. 

I. Style. 

c. Stigma. 

Fig. 2. Fruit of the same, yet young, and magnified. 

a. Calyptra. 

h. Vaginule. 

c. Pedicell beginning to lengthen and separate them. 

Fig. 3. Fruit of the same, more advanced in its growth, 

the calyptra split lengthways, and ready to fall off. 

Fig, 4. Entire plant of the same, when the pedicell has 

acquired its full growth, magnified. 

Fig. 5. Urn of the same when ripe, split longitudinally 

and highly magnified. 

a. The urn whose sides are composed of two flakes, the 

external one called sporangium, the internal, sporangidium. 

h. Seminules contained in the cavity of the urn. 

c. Columella. 

d. Operculum of the urn. 

e. Teeth of the peristome twisted spirally.

|7'/«aocs: MiTgiC;!. 

Zo,ufm.ruUMal t.r SaUwm. (hadcdk ,ifov. fatm-nnm- Ktn, _T}frfr2''fl;:?J 

I'mjc .'ViVV.


Fig. 6. The female flower of tlie same, stripped of the 

perichfctium, and very much magnified. 

a. Ovaiy. 

l>. Style. 

c. Stigma. 

d. Abortive female flowers. 

e. Paraphyses, 

J'. Clinanthe. 

Fig. 7. Polytrichum commune. Musci. Proliferous stem 

magnified. 

a. Bractees imited into bellshaped perichaetia containing 

male flowers. 

Fig. 8. Stem of the same, bearing the fruit, showing the 

pedicell, and urn covered with its hairy calyptra. 

Fig. 9. Urn of the same, with the operculum taken off: 

the whole magnified. 

a. Operculum. 

I'. Peristome with its epiphragra. 

Fig. 10. Urn of the same, the calyptra, the operculum, 

and the epiphragm taken off"; the whole magnified. 

a. Epiphragm. 

l>. Seminules dispersing. 

Fig. 11. A male perichaetium of the same cut vertically, 

and very much magnified. 

a. The bracteoles. 

I. Paraphyses. 

c. Stamens. 

Fig. 12. Splachnum ampullaceum. Musci. Fruit mag- 

nified. 

a. Urn, with the calyptra and operculum taken off. 

b. Apophysis very large, cruetlike. 

c. Peristome simple, eight-toothed. 

Fig. 13. A stamen of polytrichum commune, with two 

paraphyses placed on watei^ and very much magnified. 

a. The stamen. 

h. Paraphyses. 

c. The beak-like opening at the tip of the stamen. 

d. The fecundating fluid discharged through the beak, 

and floating on the water. 

Fig. 14. Grimmia apocarpa. Musci. Fruit, the calyptra 

and operculum being taken oflj magnified. 

a. Pei'istome. 

Fig. 15. Peristome of the same detached from the urn, 

spread out and much magnified, to show the sixteen teeth


Fig. 16. Hypnum cupressiforme. Musci. Peristome 

split, laid open, and magnified, to show the fringe and 

teeth.—Peristome double; teeth 16, lanceolate; cilias 16, 

opposite, membranaceous, united at bottom; bristles 16, 

interposed. 

Fig. 1 7. Sphagnum palustre. Musci. Part of the plant 

magnified; surcule branched, leaves oval, blunt, concave, 

tiled-like ; pedicell short ; urn ovoid, upon a disk-like 

apophysis; peristome 0. 

a. Urn, the calyptra and operculum being taken off. 

b. Orifice naked. 

c. Apophysis. 

Fig-. 18. Gymnostomum pyriforme. Musci. Germination 

of its semiimle, as observed by Hedwig, very much magnified; 

showing the seminule throwing out a radicle, and 

a succulent thread, considered as a cotyledon, which appears 

to be jointed, and having nipples which elongate into 

branches. 

Fig. 19. Variolaria tumida. Lichenes. Entire plant mag- 

nified. 

a. Thallus thin, crustlike, growing upon trees. 

I. Patellules whitish, conrex at first, slightly concave 

afterwards. 

Fig. 20. Patellaria ocellata. Lichenes. Entire plant mag- 

nified. 

a. Thallus adherent to stones, solid, crustlike, wrinkled, 

areola.ted, greyish white. 

h. Scutelles black, concave; edge elevated, of the colour 

of the thallus. 

Fig. 21. Isidium corallinum. Lichenes. Entire plant 

magnified. 

a. Thallus. 

I. Podetia solid, cylindrical, branched, crowded, whitish. 

c. Terminal globules. 

Fig. 22. Tips of the podetia of the same. 

a. A globule still adhering to the podetia. 

I. Pitt remaining after the globules have fallen off. 

Fig. 23. Cenomyce pyxidata. Lichenes. Entire plant. 

a. Podetium proliferous, fistular, funnelshape at top. 

h. Podetia growing on the edge of the lower podetium. 

c. Cephalodium thick, irregular, sinuous, brown.

iaie:KXT. -Pqê^Z/. 

I.onc/onMi/>lis7Lni /; S,i!an-in.

^^^-/^^JXlÂl^^N OF THE^LATES. 271 

PLATE THE TWENTY-FIRST. 

Asphyllous Plards. 

Fig. 1. Conjugata decimina. Hydrophytce. Two plants 

coupled together, and very much magnified. 

«. The several cells that are coupled together. 

Jj. A cell throwing out a tube to meet that of the op- 

posite cell, of the other plant. 

c. Cells in which small grains are to be perceived, disposed 

in a spiral form, as they appear before the coupling 

of the plants. 

d. Grains passing out of the cell of one plant into the 

conjoined cell of the other plant. 

e. The cell that is being emptied. 

The cell into which the grains are passing. 

f. 

g. Seminules that have arisen from the union of the 

grains of the two plants. 

Fig. 2. A seminule of the same, which has ruptured its 

cell, and is in a state of germination. 

Fig. 3. Conferva rivularis. Hydrophytce. Part of the 

plant very much magnified, as it floats in rivulets : the cells 

filled with an immense number of small grains, appearing 

to be seminules, which by enlarging rupture the mother 

plant and disperse. 

Fig. 4. Fucus vesiculosus. ThalassiophytcR. Part of the 

frond. 

a. Tubercles terminal, containing a great number of 

ostiolated conceptacles. 

h. Mouths, or ostioles of the conceptacles. 

c. Starlike hairs sprinkled over the surface of the frond, 

called stamens by Reaumur, and considered by him as excretory 

organs. 

d. Bladders, globular, frequently in pairs. 

Fig. 5. A part of a tubercle of the same, containing a 

conceptacle cut through vertically, and very highly mag- 

nified. 

a. The conceptacle. 

I. Elytrae ovoid, floating in a mucilage. 

c. Ostiole, or mouth of the conceptacle. 

Fig. 6. Sphaerophoron coralloides. IdiothalamecB. Apart 

of the plant magnified. 'i- yVy 

a. Podetium solid, cylindrical, branched. 

I. Branches divaricated. 

c. A cistule.


Fig. 7. A cistule of the same, cut transversely, and very 

much magnified. 

a. Fibrous fungosity, supporting the seminules. 

h. Seminules escaped from the cistule. 

Fig. 8. Sphaeria stigma. Sarcotkalamece. Cut vertically 

as it grows within the bark of the hazel-nut-tree, and very 

much magnified. /^S/^ 

a. Partition dividing the sphserule into two cells. 

Fig. 9. Physarum. Fungi. Several plants as they growon 

dead timber, magnified. 

a. Peridium cracked at top, showing the internal cells 

containing the seminules. 

Fig. 10. Puccinia rosse. Frotomyci. A group of plants 

as they grow on the under surface of the leaves of the 

rose-tree; very much magnified. 

a. Pedicell transparent, swelled out at bottom. 

I. Peridium black, oblong, pointed, many-celled, par- 

titions transverse. 

c. A very young plant. 

d. An old plant, the peridium of which is torn, and the 

seminules have escaped. 

Fig. 11. Ceramium polymorphum. Thalassiophytce. Extremity 

of a branch very much magnified. 

a. Conceptacles globular, solitary, sessile, just under 

the tip. 

I'. Small pappus on the tip of the conceptacles. 

c. Extremity of a branch, extending beyond the con- 

ceptacle. 

d. Barren branch, terminated by two small lanceolate 

frondilles. 

Fig. 12. Girardia atropurpurea. Hydropliytce. Parts of 

the plants, as they float in water, very much magnified. 

a. A young filament, having only a dark line, without 

any appearance of cells. 

b. A filament in a more advanced state of growth, in 

w^hich the partitions begin to be visible, with a small rectangular 

seminule in each. 

c. A filament still more advanced in growth, in which 

the seminules have changed their position. 

d. A filament containing two seminules in each cell. 

e. K filament in which the two seminules have changed 

position. 

f. A filament in which the cells are become obliterated, 

and being ruptured, let the seminules escape.


Fig. 13. Agaricus coprophilus. Hymenothecece. Plant 

cut vertically. 

a. Stem pipelike. 

b. «Pileus lamellar beneatli; gills radiated, scytheshape, 

unequal. 

c. Umbilicus. 

Fig. 14. Part of a gill of the same, very much magnified. 

a. Seminules. 

h. Fringed edge, taken by Micheli for stamens, and by 

Hedwig for stigmata. 

c. Seminules separated from the gill, which served them 

as a placentarium. y, ^. ,• 

Fig. 15. Sphsdna.^Sarcothalamece. A part of the plant 

cut vertically, and niagnified. / /y - 

a. Spherules ovoid, enchased in the stroma. /^" 

b. Strome upon the bark of a tree. 

Fig. 16. Calycium sphaerocephalum. Idiothalamece. Entire 

plant magnified. ,«. ^/.^ 

a. Thallus adherent 6n bark of old trees, very thin, 

scarcely visible. 

b. Podetion simple, upright, black. 

c. Pileus topshape, black. j^Xf. ^ 'jT^ 

Fig. 17. Opegrapha. Idioinalaniecc. Entire plant mag- 

jnified. 

^ 

a. Thallus adherent on the bark of trees, crustlike, flaky,, 

thin, split, irregular, whitish. 

h. Lirelles branchy, black. 

Fig. 18. Umbilicaria murina. Coenothalamece. Entire 

plant magnified. ' - r.'^J' 

a. Thallus free, membranaceous, leatherlike, wavy, 

brown. 

I. Gyromes sessile, hemispherical, black. 

VOL. I.

THE 

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT 

OF 

BRITISH PLANTS. 

PLANTS. 

Natural bodies formed of dissimilar parts, of 

an organic structure, and although entirely destitute of the 

pov/er of voluntarily moving from place to place, or of any 

organs of sensation, yet possessed of a living principle by 

which they grow and increase, acquiring nourishment, not 

by the ingestion of their food into an internal organ, i. e. a 

stomach, the assimilation of one part and the rejection of 

the remainder, but by the intus-susception of liquid matters 

through a portion of their external surface, generally 

by the part, roof, buried in the ground : capable of producing 

other individuals similar to themselves, either by 

the thrusting forth and subsequent spontaneous separation 

of sporse, gongyli, or turiones, organized from the first 

similarly to themselves, and expanding without fecunda- 

tion, or by the formation and dispersion of a kind of eggs, 

seeds, produced in one set of reproductive organs, the pistills, 

fecundated and rendered capable of expansion into a 

plant similar to its parent by the intromission of a fluid 

secreted by a different set of organs, the stamens, placed 

either upon another individual, more commonly on the 

same but separate, and still more commonly witiilii the 

same covers, oxjiowers. These reproductive organs, when 

present, are rarel)^ solitary, usually numerous, in each individual, 

and enclosed in two covers, the inner cover, or 

lloom, of a gay and lively colour, seldom uncovered. The 

T 2

276 PLANTS. 

seed-bearing, or female organs of Linnaeus, usually occupying 

the centre of the flower, and single ; the fecundating, 

or male organs of Linnaeus, generally more numerous, 

mostly five, surrounding the females in a circle: neither of 

these organs serving for more than a single fecundation and 

production of seeds, but withering and falling oW, although 

new organs of the same kind are frequently produced on 

the same plant in the following years. The fecundation 

effected by the motion of the atmosphere, or the passage 

of insects, either carrying the fecundating liquid from the. 

one organ to the other, or occasioning the approach of the 

two organs, and the moisture of the one then causing the 

rupture of the other, and the consequent emission of the 

fecundating fluid. The seeds sometimes growing until they 

become similar to their parent before they fall off and are 

dispersed. 

Plants are primarily divided into three series. 

1. PLANTS CELLULOSiE. 

Structure cellular ; embryo 0, reproduced by sporae. 

2. PLANTS ENDOGENiE. 

Structure vascular; trunk cylindrical, homogeneous, the 

centre youngest; emhryo undivided; cotyledon 1 ; plumule 

extra-axile. 

3. PLANTS EXOGEN^. 

Structure vascular; trunk conical, composed of wood 

covered with bark, the outer part of the wood youngest; 

emhryo divided; cotyledons 2 or many; plumule axile. 

Series I. PLANTS CELLULOS.E. 

PLANTS composed entirely of cellular texture, having 

neither lymphatic, spiral, nor proper vessels, nor any cortical 

pores. Corculum simple; cotyledons 0; propagation 

mostly gemmaceous. 

Divided into two subseries : A, aphylleae ; B, foliaceae.

PLANTS CELLULOSE APHYLLE.^. 277 

Subseries I. A. PLANTiE cellulosje aphylle^. 

Fungi and Algce, Linnseus. GyncecicB, Stokes. AnandrcB^ 

Link. 

Planls similar in all their parts, formed into an universal 

receptacle, fhallus, or several partial receptacles, ihecce either 

loose, or fastened to the place of growth by peltate or 

fibrous holdfasts; absorbing their nutriment by their whole 

surface. Propagation by budlike spores, which are generally 

enclosed in sporidia, and these sporidia placed in or 

upon the receptacles. 

FAMILIES. 

] . Aquatic or marine : thallus filamentous.^ or memlira- 

naceous, ofteji gree7i. Algse. 

Thallus tubular; plants aquatic, greenish ; 

sporidia in the tubes HYDROPHYTE. 1. 

Thallus fibrous, or netted ; plants marine 

sporidia in thecse or in the thallus 

THALASSIOPHYT.E. 2, 

2. Terrestrial or parasitical : thallus crusfaceous, or leather- 

like, green when wet, and grazed; sporidia enclosed in 

apothecia of various co?istruction. Lichenes. 

Thallus corklike or deshy; 

apothecia dissimilar, covered SARCOTIlALAMEE. 3. 

Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike 

apothecia dissimilar, covered . . IDIOTHALAMEE. 4.. 

TA«//?/,? crustaceous or leatherlike; 

5. 

Thallus leatherlike or cartilaginous; 

apothecia dissimilar, naked . . CGENOTHALAMEtE. 

apothecia similar HOMOTHALAMEiE. 6. 

S. Terrestrial or parasitical : thallus threadlike or ficshy, 

not green, sometimes wanting. Fungi. 

Thallus ; sporidia free, naked, or in 

a simple theca PROTOMYCEE. 7. 

Thallus threadlike, sometimes jointed 

sporidia attached, naked NEMATOMYCEE. 8. 

Thallus ; sporidia scattered in 

a bladder-like theca GASTEROMYCEE. 9.

278 PLANTiE CELLULOSE APHYLLEiE. 

Thallus solid, fleshy; covering 

membranaceous: sporidia scattered 

within the substance SARCOTHECE^. 10. 

Thallus cellular, fleshy ; sporidia 

in oblong thccae 

naceous covering 

on the membra- 

HYMENOTHECEiE. 11. 

Thallus fleshy ; sporidia in longitudinal 

thecse 

covering 

on the deliquescent 

LYTOTHECE^. 12. 

Fam.I. 1. HYDROPHYTyE. Algarum pars.lAnn^&xxs 

and Jussieu. 

Thallus tubular, membranaceous, leatherlike or gelatinous, 

continuous or jointed; tubes filled with sporidia; 

sporidia globose or elliptical ; plant aquatic, rarely marine. 

A. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia transverse^ in a single 

longitudi?ial row, ivithin the tuhe. Oscillatorideae. 

Threads gelatinous, simple, several together 

enclosed in a cylindrical sheath . . . Vaginaria. 1. 

Threads gelatinous, simple, decumbent, 

upon a gelatinous stratum Oscillatoria. 2. 

Threads gelatinous, simple, decumbent, 

free, tranquil Humida. 4. 

Threads gelatinous, tufted, upright, 

free, tranquil Elisa. 4. 

Threads gelatinous, upright from a 

common centre, forming a mass Rivularia. 5. 

Threads leatherlike, free Scytonema. 6. 

B. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia in many transverse annular 

series. Banidece. 

Sporidia globular Girardia. 7. 

C. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia in tufts, on the- inside of 

the title. Lemanideae. 

Threads torulose; sporidia elliptical Lemania. 8. 

D. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia scattered in the tuhe and 

branches. Vaucherideae. 

Thallus pinnate; branches linear Bryopsis. 9.

PlcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 279 

Thallus mostly branched ; branches bladdery 

Vaucheria. 10. 

lliallus entangled, in a determinate form 

Iranches clublike Codium. 11, 

E. Thalliis jo'mted, jilanientous ; Jilaments flat, Irittle. 

Diatomideee. 

Joints not banded ; sporidia in transverse 

lines Fragilari A. 1 2. 

Joints banded transversely, with a cen- 

tral spot BiDDULPHIA. 13. 

Joints banded longitudinally Diatom a. 14. 

F. Thallus jointed, filamentous ; filaments cylindricaly 

coupling. Conjugatideae. 

Filaments parallel; granules spiral . ^. Conjugata. 15. 

Fil. parallel; granules 2-dotted Zygnema. 16. 

granules scattered 

Fil. bent ; 

spores elliptical, in the joint Choaspes. 17. 

granules scattered 

Fil. bent ; 

sporcB cruciform, in the contracted joint . . . Agardia. 18. 

Fil., bent ; graiiules scattered ; 

sporcB round, in the transverse tubes . . . Serpentina. 19. 

G. Thallus cylindrical, anastomosing, netlike. Hydrodictyanide£e. 

Filaments anastomosing; spores netlike 

Hydrodictyon. 20. 

H. Thallus cylindrical, simple, or branched, not couplings 

nor anastomosing. Confervideoe. 

Thallus from a common base ; 

Iratiches pointed, pellucid Myriodactylon. 22. 

Thallus fi'om a common base; 

branches obtuse, clublike Leathesia. 23^ 

Thallus from a common axis CniETOPHORA. 21. 

Thallus uniform, simple or branched . . Conferva. 25. 

Thallus difForm; branches pencilshaped, 

jointed DraparnAldia. 24.

580 l.Vagiiiaiia. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Plcell.aph. 

A. OsciLLATORiDE-E. TJiallus Cylindrical, tubular, 

jointless, membranaceous, gelatinous, or rather leatherlike, 

mostly unbranched ; sporidia ringlike, often becoming globular, 

in a single, parallel, transverse series within the 

tube, so that the tube appears annulated, with a pellucid 

border and interstices. 

' 

Gen. I. 1. VA GINARIA. Sheath-moss. 

Threads simple, gelatinous, parallel, decumbent, enclosed 

several together in a slippery membranaceous sheath ; ends 

exserted, radiating, oscillating— Green. 

Vaginaria vulgaris. Common sheath- moss. 

Sheath simple or branched, glaucous green, slippery: 

threads equal, rings weak. 

Oscillatoria vas;inata, Vaucfier, 202. 

Conferva vaginata, DiUwyn Syn. 40; Engl. Bot. 1995. 

Oscillatoria autuinnalis vaginata, j4gardli Syn. 107. 

Oscillatoria clUhonoplastes ;S, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 92. 

Damp gravel-walks, garden-pots. 

Tvft blackish or bluish green ; sheath twining, attenuated; 

when cut or pressed, it divides into smaller plants of 

the same kind, these interior plants being thrust out at the 

end or bursten sides gives it a branched appearance ; 

grows very quickly.—Another species of this genus grows 

at the bottom of the sea, where, by fixing the sand, it favours 

the deposition of mud. 

II. 2. OSCILLATORIA, Vaucher. Quick-moss, 

Threads simple, membranaceous, gelatinous, straight, 

decumbent on a gelatinous, slimy bed ; oscillating. Plant.. 

aquatic. 

1 . Oscillatoria limosa. Mud quick- fnoss. 

Bed blackish green, slipper}', very compact ; threads ra- 

diating, very long, stiff, straight, bluish green. 

Conferva limosa, Roih Catal. 3, 197. 

Conferva fontinalis, DiUwyn, HA, partly. 

Oscillatoria Adansonia, Vauch. 194. 

Oscillatoria liraosa, Agardh Dinp. Alg. 33. 

Bottom of Still waters; becoming free in the spring. 

Threads entangled; radii an inch long, blunt, oscillate 

very lively ; rings very close.

PLcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYT.E. 2. Oscillat. 281 

2. OsciUatoria nigra. Black quick-moss. 

Bed black, slippery ; threads radiating, very long, stiff, 

straight, grayish yellow. 

OsciUatoria nigra, Vauch. 192. 

Conferva fontinalis, DlUwyn, 64, fig. and partly tiie description. 

Bottom of running waters ; becoming free in the spring. 

Threads entangled; radii about an inch long, blunt, 

oscillating very lively ; rir/gs rather distant. 

3. OsciUatoria tenuis. Slender quick-moss. 

Bed green, slippery; threads radiating, short, rather 

stiff, straight, light green. 

Conferva gelatinosa, omnium tenerrima et minima, aquarum limo innascens, 

Dilkn in Rail Syn. 477. 

OsciUatoria viridis, Vauchev 195. 

Conferva fontinalis, Rutli Catal. 3, 195. 

Engl. Bot. 2058. 

Conferva limosa, Dlllwyn Syn. 30 ; 

OsciUatoria tenuis, Agardli Decad. 2, 17. 

Still waters on mud ; Summer. 

Threads half an inch long, very slender ; rings very close. 

4. OsciUatoria tenuissima. Very-slender quick-moss. 

Bed velvetty, shaggy, dark green; threads crowded in 

ascending tufts, straight, rather stiff, pellucid, very slender. 

Conferva tenuissima, Engl. Bot. 2584. 

OsciUatoria tenuissima, ^gard/i Disp. ed. 2, 33. 

Warm springs, as at Bath. 

Beds very irregular ; threads about one-hundredth of an 

inch in diameter. 

5. OsciUatoria P ochracea. ' Ochry quick-moss. 

Bed thick, ochre brown, brittle; threads very slender, 

yellowish green, incumbent. 

Conferva ocliracfa, Rotk Cat. 1, 165; D'tllw. 162. 

OsciUatoria ochracea, Lyngbye Ilydr. D. 89* 

In chalybeate springs. 

Bed thick, slippery, drying to an ochry powder; threads 

slightly bent- rings very close, intermixed with distant 

ones. 

III. 3. HUMIDA. Humida. 

Threads simple, membranaceous, bent, entangled, decumbent, 

free, not oscillating, nor lengthening.—Damp, 

shady places.

2S2 3. Humida. J. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cellaph. 

1. Humida muralis. Wall humida. 

Threads green, rather stiff, bent, twining, rather thick, 

entangled so as to form a close green matt. 

Conferva muralis. Roth Cat. 3, IS" ; Dillw. 7; Engl. Bot. 1554. 

Conferva rigida, liot/i. Cat. 1, 166. 

Osciliatoriii parietiiia, Vuuch. 193, 

Oscillatoria muralis, Agardh Disp. 1, 27. 

Garden-walls, damp areas; all winter. 

2. Humida decorticans. Slip-coat humida. 

Threads very slender, bluish green, bent, entangled into 

a very close green mat. 

Conferva muscosa coiifrajjosa rivulis innascons, DUlen. Muse. 15, 

Conferva confraôia, L'ghtf. Scot. 9Tfi. 

Conferva violacea, Hudson Fl. -4ngt. 592. 

Conferva decorlicans, DiHicijn, 'cQ. 

Oscillatoria decorl'icni)?, Lyngbye IJydr. Dan. 95. 

Damp woods and bark of trees ; summer. 

Threads three times as slender as those of humida muralis. 

3. Humida cyanea. Shj-hlue humida. 

Threads very slender, glaucous blue, covered with a deciduous 

coat, entangled into a close sky-blue mat. 

Conferva cyanea, Engl. Bot. 2518. 

Oscillatoria cyanea, Agardh Disp. ed. 2,33. 

Damp walls and stones. 

IV. 4. ELISA. Elisa. 

Threads simple, rarely adhering to one another, as if 

branched, membranaceous, gelatinous, upz-ight,^tufted, free, 

not oscillating, nor lengthening. 

1. Elisaf072 tinalis. Spring elisa. 

Fresh ivater; threads simple, very slender, nearly hyaline, 

rather stiff, upright, short, forming a dark green mat. 

Conferva fontinalis fiisca omnium minima mollis, DUlen in Raii Syn, 58» 

Conferva fontinalis, Fl. Dun. 651 ; Engl. Bot. 2054. 

Oscillatoria fontinalis, jdgnrdii Syn. 110. 

Stones and posts in water ; summer. 

Tufts very small, dark or light green ; threads aggregated, 

a quarter of an inch long, straight; adheres to paper. 

2. Elisa hicolor. Tivo-coloured elisa. 

Fresh water; threads simple, slender, bright green, 

weak, very long, forming a bright green fluctuating mat. 

Conferva bicolor, Engl. But. 22SS.

PlcelLaph, 1. HYDROPHYTE. 4. Elisa. 283 

Stones ill rapid rivulets. 

Rings close, rounded off at each end, leaving pellucid 

intervals here and there. 

3. Elisa distorta. Mis-shape?i elisa. 

Fresh water; threads branched, bluish green, rather 

stiff, upright, tufted. 

Conferva distorta, Engl. Bot. 2577. 

Oscillatoria distorta, Jgardli Disp. ed. 1,37. 

Decayed grass in boggy pools. 

Tvfts thick, short; threads equal, entangled; branches 

rather distant. 

4. Elisa mirahilis. IVbnderful elisa. 

Fresh water; threads rather short, stiff, bluish green, 

bending and uniting side by side at the bend, entangled 

into a close mat. 

Conferva mirabilis, Dillvsyn 96. 

Fresh waters. 

Rings very close. 

5. Elisa genujlexa. Kneelent elisa. 

Marine ; threads rather short, stiff, pale blue, bending 

and uniting side by side at the bend, entangled into a close 

mat. 

Conftiva mirabilis, Engl. Bot. 2219. 

On marine plants. 

Tufts half an inch high, uniting and divaricating, then 

uniting again ; covered with a rather horny coat ; sporangia 

as long as broad. 

6. Elisa majuscula. 

Largish elisa. 

Marine; threads very long, yellowish, entangled into a 

very dense, cylindrical, oblong, fluctuating mat. 

Oscillatoria majuscula, Jurin Alg. Dec. 4, 7. 

Oscillatoria aeruginosa violacea, Agardh Syn, 109. 

Floating in the sea and on zostera marina. 

Tufts four inches long and three broad, blunt, brown 

or blackish ; threads equal ; rings very close. 

,S. ramosa. Filaments uniting as if branched, either by 

the end, or side by side. 

Conferva majuscula, Dillwyn Syn. 40, 15.

284 4. Elisa. 1 . HYDROPHYTE. PL cell. aph. 

7. Elisa scopulorum. Rocky-shore elisa. 

Marine; threads green, rather stiff, twining, pointed, 

very short, forming an upright, close, blackish green mat. 

Conferva scopulorum, Weber et Mohr Suec. 195; Engl. Bot.2ni. 

Oscillatoria scopulorum, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,37. 

Rocks, planks, and large marine plants. 

Tiifts very close, very thin ; threads not branched, agglutinated 

at bottom ; rings very close. 

8. Elisa confervicola. Conferva elisa. 

Marine; threads simple, verdigris green, rather stiff, 

upright, attenuated, short, slightly bundled together. 

Conferva marina, parasitica tenuissima et brevissima glauca, Dillen 

Muse. 552. 

Conferva confervicola, Ruth Cat. 3, 193; Dillie. 8. 

Oscillatoria confervicola, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,37. 

On cylindrical marine plants ; summer. 

Threads a line long, in scattered minute tufts, upright, 

often hyaline, free at bottom. 

9. Elisa zostericola. Glasswrack elisa. 

Marine; threads simple, brown, rather stiff, upright, 

attenuated, very short, in tufts. 

Conferva zostericola, Fl. Dan. 1599, 1. 

Oscillatoria Mucor, Jgardh Disp. 3, 27. 

Oscillatoria zostericola, Lyngbye IJydr. Dan. 91. 

On zostera marina. 

T'lifts brownish, about a quarter of an inch long ; threads 

very slender. 

V. 5. RIVULARIA. Agardh. Rivulet-moss, 

Filaments gelatinous, membranaceous, not branched, 

straight, attenuated, not oscillating, arising from a common 

centre, forming a gelatinous, globular or elongated 

blackish green mass. 

1. Rivularia atra. Deep-Hack rivulet-jnoss. 

Marine; titfts hemispherical, solid, very hard, shining; 

threads straight, pointed, agglutinated at bottom, free at 

top, hyaline, greenish. 

Tremella hemispherica, Linn. Syit. Nat. 2, 714. 

Fucus Tremella hemispherica, Gmel. Hist. Fuc. 225. 

Batrachospermum hemisphericum, De Cand. Ft. Fr. 2,591. 

ChsEtopliora atra, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,43. 

Rivularia atra. Roth Cat. 3, 340; Engl. Bot. 1798. ; 

Linckia hemispherica, Schumach. Enum. 2, 1 14. 

Linckia atra, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 195.

PLcell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTÊ. 5. Rivularia. 285 

' black-green 

Stones and posts in the sea, also on fuci. 

Tufts 1 or 2-tenths of an inch in diameter, mostly single.^ 

2. Rivularia natans. Floating rivulet-moss. 

Fresh-water ; tufts globular, hollow; threads stiff, not 

branched, attenuated ; sporidia nearly globular. 

Tremella utriculata, Huds. Fl.Angl. 564. 

Tremella natans, Hedwig Theor. gen. 2,218. 

Rivularia angulosa, Roth Cat. 3, 340. 

Ulva pruniformis, Eng. Bot. 968, not of Linnaeus. 

Boggy ditches and ponds. 

Tifts of various sizes, brownish or greenish ; threads 

very stiff, attenuated ; sheath thin, transparent at the base 

of the threads. 

3. Rivularia dura. Hard rivulet-moss. 

Fresh-water ; tufts globular, solid, hard, green ; threads 

not branched, straight, agglutinated together at bottom, 

free above, awlshape ; rings inconspicuous. 

Tremella globulosa, Roth Fl. Germ. 3,551. 

Tremella verrucosa. Roth Fl. Germ. 3, 554. 

Rivularia dura. Roth Cat. 3,338. 

On aquatic plants ; annual ; summer. 

Tifts the size of a large pin's head. 

4. Rivularia nitida. Shining rivulet-moss. 

Fresh-water ; tufts hemispherical, solid, hard, shining, 

; threads very close, equal, very slender, light 

green. 

Rivularia calcarea, Engl. Bot. MQQ. 

Rivularia nitida, Agardh Disp. ed. J , 44. 

Inundated places and sides of rivers. 

Tifts about a quarter of an inch in diameter, often 

uniting and forming an uneven bed, 

VI. 6. SCYTONEMA. Agardh. _ 

' 

Leather-thread, 

Threads nearly leatherlike, free, not gelatinous, simple 

or branched, orange-colour in dark and blackish tufts.— 

Inundated places ; appearing like lichens, and being perhaps 

the young state of some of their families. 

a. Branches given out at right angles, 

1. Scytonema myochrous. Mouseskin leather-thread. 

Threads olive yellow, very closely entangled into a 

blackish brown mat ; branches in pairs, simple, facing one 

way ; sporidia. ringlike.

# 

286 6. Scyton. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. PL cell. aph. 

Conferva myochrous, var. Dillvo. Syn. 3T ; Engl. But. 1555. 

Scytonema myochrous, jigurdh Disp. ed, I, 38. 

Caves and sides of rocks. 

Tufts green when dry ; threads olive-yellow, rather 

weak, slightly attenuated, branches coming out at right 

angles ; sporidia black, rarely globular. 

2. Scytonema seriatum. Rowed Leather-thread. 

Tufts very thickly entangled, blackish brown ; threads 

slender, purplish brov/n; IraJiches in pairs, facing one way; 

sporidia roundish. 

Conferva myochrous, Dillw. 19; Engl. Bot. 1555. - 

Conferva scriata, Wahl Ft. Lap. 984. 

Scytonema myochrous inundatum, jigardh Disp, ed. 1,39, 

Alpine inundated places. 

Tufts a quarter of an inch thick, wool-like ; threads twice 

as long. 

iS. simplex. Tufts brown-green ; thread simple, very 

rarely emitting branches. 

Scytonema myochrous simplex, ^gardh Disp. ed. 1, 38. 

S. Scytonema ocellatum. Eyed leather-thread. 

Tufts very dense, blackish ; threads very slender, orange, 

weak ; branches facing one way, simple ; sporidia beadlike. 

Conferva ocellata, Dillta. Syn. CO ; Engl. Bot. 2530. 

Scytonema myochrous ocellatum, yfgard/i Disp. ed. 1 , 38. 

Scytonema ocellatum, Lyngbye Uydr. Dan. 97. 

Floating wood and fresh-water plants in alpine lakes. 

Threads slightl}' bent ; branches sometimes solitary. 

b. Branches rodlike, 

4. Scytonema comoides. IVigUke leather-thread. 

Tufts loose, iron black ; threads bent, hair-brown 

branches single, rather distant, ascending, truncated at the 

tip. 

Conferva rufa. Roth Cat. 3, 280 ? 

Conferva araneosa, Mohv in Schrad. Journ. 1806, 196. 

Conferva comoides, DiUie. 27 ; Engl. Bot. 1700. 

Scytonema comoides, Agardli Syn. 112. 

Stones on the shores, and marine plants. 

Ijifts oblong; threads much branched, an inch long; 

sporidia beadlike. 

5. Scytonema radicans. Rooting leather-thread. 

Tufts dark olive-brown, loose ; threads creeping, straight, 

rather stiff; branches single, simple, scattered, upright, 

blunt, thinner at bottom.

Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 6. Scytonema. 287 

Conferva radicans, Dillw. Syn. 57 ; 

Rocks covered by the sea ; August. 


TiiJ'ts an inch thick ; sporidia globular. 

B. Bangide.^. Tâ//z^^ tubular, cylindrical, not jointed, 

membranaceous, leatherlike, simple or branched; sporidia 

elliptical, globular, in several parallel transverse series, 

afterwards free, in the tubes. 

VII. 7. GIRARDIA. Girard. 

Sporidia spherical. 

1. Girardia atrovirens. Blackish-green sirard. 

Threads branched, stitlt'; branches coriaceous, scattered, 

divaricated ; sporidia 3 or 4, in each transveise series. 

Lichen pubesccns? Linn. Fl. Suec. 1126. 

Conferva atrovirens, Dillw, 25. 

Scytonema atrovirens, Agardh Disp. ed, 1, 39. 

Cornicularia pubescens, Acharius Syn. Lick. 302. 

Eaiigia atrovirens, Lyngbtje Hydr. Dan, 85. 

Rocks. 

Tufts 3 inches long, black ; threads aggregated, upri'^ht 

at bottom, then decumbent, very much bi-anched ; hraiiches 

thinner at both ends, spi'eading. 

&. prolifera. Threads hispid, spinulose. 

Scytonema atrovirens prolifera, Jgardh Disp. ed. 1,39, 

Cornicularia pubescens hispid ula, Acharius Syn. Lich. 302. 

2. Girardiafuscopurpurea. Brownish-purple girard. 

Threads simple, straight, unequally torulose; sporidia 

many in each transverse series. 

Conferva fusco-purpurea, Dillv:. 92. 

Oscillatoria fusco-purpurea, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 34. 

Bangia fusco-purpurea, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 83. 

Piles and stones in the sea. 

Tufts pendulous; threads aggregate, [a quarter of an inch 

long, elastic, blunt; sporidia 4 to 10 in eaclj scries. 

^. atropurpurea. Threads blackish purple. 

Conferva airopurpurea, U/Wio. 103. 

Conferva trichodes, Ducltiz. Essai, 30. 

Oscillatoria atropurpurea, Agnrdli Syn. 109. 

Bangia fuscopurpurea /S, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. S3. 

On piles, just below the surface of the sea. 

Holdfasts fibrous.

ms 8. Lemania. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.aph, 

C Lemanide^. Thallus tubular, cylindrical, not 

jointed, torulose, inflated at intervals, cartilaginous, membranaceous, 

regularly cellular; sporidia in branched, beaded 

filaments in pencilshaped tufts, scattered on the inner surface 

of the tube, afterwards free and filling the tube. 

VIII. 8. LEMANIA. B.de St. Vincent, Leman. 

Thallus simple or branched, olive green, papillose on the 

outside; sporidia elliptical.—Fresh-water. 

1. Lemania fluviaiilis. River leman. 

Threads olive-colour; internodes cylindrical, 5 times as 

long as broad; papillae mostly 3 together; branches and 

second branches narrower at both ends. 

Conferva fluviatilis lubiica setosa equiseti facie, Dillen Muse. 7, 47. 

Conferva fluviatilis, Lin. S. P. 1635; Engl. Bot. 1763. 

Polj'spermiim fluviatilis, Voucher, 99. 

Chantransia fluviatilis, De CandoUe Fl. Gall. 2, 50. 

Lemania corallina, Bory in Bert. Mag. 1809, 277. 

Nodularis, Link in Schrad. Journ. 1809, 9. 

Lemania fluviatilis, Jgardh Syn. 70. 

Nodularia fluviatilis, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 99. 

On stones in rapid rivers; summer. 

Holdfasts callous, blackish ; threads numerous, simple 

or branched, 6 inches long, each knot is composed of 2 or 

3 papillae, brittle when dry. 

2. Lemania torulosa. Swollen leman. 

Threads mostly simple, narrower at bottom, generally 

thicker at top, olive-colour; i?iternode about 3 times as long 

as broad. 

Conferva fluviatilis nodosa, fucum Eemulans, Dillen Muse. 39. 

Conferva torulosa, Mohr in Schrad, Journ. 1801, 324. 

Conferva fluviatilis /S, Engl. Bot. 1763. 

** 

Lemania torulosa, jigardh Disp, 28. 

In mountain-streams.—A doubtful species. 

D. Vaucheride^. Thallus threadlike, tubular, not 

jointed, mostly branched, cartilaginous, membranaceous, 

regularly cellular; branches vesicnlax^ clubshape or linear; 

sporidia globose, scattered in the tubes of the thallus, or 

in the branches or ends of the thallus. 

IX. 9. BRYOPSIS. Lamouroux. Moss-weed. 

Thallus pinnate, tubular, not jointed, membranaceous, 

gelatinous, cellular ; branches linear ; sporidia globose, 

green, scattered in the stem and branches.—Marine. 

%

Pl.cellaphyl 1. HYDROPHYTE. 9. Bryopsls. £8ft? D 

Bryopsis arhuscula. Shruhlike moss-weed. L 

TliaUus rather compressed, bright green, branched | 

branches naked at bottom, pinnate at top; lobes numerousj ,, 

long, parallel, linear, opposite. 

Ulva plumosa, Hudson Fl. /tngl. 671 ; Engl. Bot. 2375. 

Bryo|)sis arhuscula, Lnmoiir. Journ. Bot. 

Fuciis arbusculus, Dc Cand, Ft. Fr. 2,35. 

1809,134. , 

On stones and rocks on the coast. 

Thallus 2 inches long; sporidia clustering towards thfrr z 

circumference leaving the centre pellucid. 

X. 10. VAUCHERIA. De Candolle. Vaucher. -. 

Thallus threadlike, tubular, mostly branched above, not*, z 

jointed, rather stiffj mostly cut, angled ; membrane of the - 

threads hyaline ; sporidia green, minute, globose, scattered ii 

in the tube ; side-branches vesicular, single or aggregate^ ,, 

elongating into new individuals, or barren incurved. 

a. Vesicles single. 

1. Vaucheria dichoioma. Twoforked vaiicher

^m lOvVatfch. 1, HYDROPHYTiE. m.c€l^,aph: 

Ectospprmn hainata, Vtiurher, '26. ^ 

Vaucheria hamala, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2, 63. 

Ditches; April. 

Ti/J'ls very dense, floating in water; peduncles mostly 

facing one way, 4 times as long as the vesicle. 

4. Vaucheria terresiris. Land vaucher. 

La7id; threads hairlike, ascending, branched ; ro?Kt^/? 

v©ry short, facing one way ; vesicles sessile, single, globose. 

Ectosperma terrestris, Vaucher, 27. 

Vaucheria terresiris, De Cand. FL. Fr. 2,62. 

Naked ground, damp shady places ; April and August. 

Tvfls entangled, very dense ; upper branches spreading, 

sKottj vesicles in the fork, or at the side of the brunches^ 

5. Vaucheria Dillivyiiii. Dillwyjis vaucher. 

Lfccnd ; threads hairlike^ flexuous, branched; vesiciesi 

nearly sessile, single, globose. 

Riccia arachnoidea, Flor. Dan. 1,890. 

Ceramium Dili'.xj'nii, Roth Cat. 3, 117. 

Conferva frio;idn, Dillw. 16. 

Conferva Dillwynii, Weber and Mohr, in Dillw. 16. 

Vaucheria Dilhvynii, FL Dan. 1595, 1. 

Damp shady places. 

Ti/J'is very close ; threads decumbent, entangled ; vesicles 

rarely peduncled; peduncles very slight. 

6. Vaucheria granulata. Granulated vaucher. 

Land; threads branched, creeping, or buried in the 

vesicles solitary, globular, terminal. 

gfound ; 

Ulva graniiiaia, Lin. S. P. 1633. 

Treinella granulata, Hudson Fl. Angl. 560 ; 

Linkia granuiat;i, Wigg Prim. Fl. Hols. 94. 

Uiva radicata, Retz. Prodr. 303. 

VAlicheria radicata, Agardli Disp.ed. 1,22. 

Vaucheria granulata, Lyngbye Ilydr. Dan. 78. 

Engl. Bat. 324. 

Dried-up ditches on clay; ephemeral; autumn. 

Threads very short, green above ; vesicles globular, about 

the size of mustard-seeds, cracking under the feet. 

7. Vaucheria clavata. 

- Cluhhed vaucher. 

Marine : threads hairlike, branched at the tip ; vesicles 

solitary, in the clublike tips of the reflex branches. 

Ectosjierma clavata, Vaucher, 34. 

Vaucheria clavata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2,60. 

Conferva dilaiata. Rath Cat. 3, 183. 

Cnr>ferva vesicata, MuUer N. Act. PelvtS, 95. 

Salt-water ditches; annual; April and September.

PLcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. lO.Vauck ^1 

Tufts very densely entangled, an ell long, floating; 

branches divaricating. 

8. Vaucheria ornithocephala. Birds-head voucher. 

Fresh-ivater ; threads branched; branches scattered; 

peduncles perpendicular. 

vesicles ovate, obliquely beaked ; 

Conferva vesicaia, Dillm, 74. 

Vaucheria ornithocephala, jigardh Syn. 49. 

Ditches ; autumn. 

Tiifts entangled, floating; threads scattered, rather 

straight; vesicles 2 or 4? together, 1-sided, resembling a bird's 

head peduncles very short. 

; 

b. Vesicles i?i pairs, with a barren branch between them. 

9. Vaucheria sessilis. Sessile vaucher. 

Fresh-water; /Ar(?oc?5 hairlike, branched ; vesicles se?:S\\e, 

mostly in pairs, ovate, intermediate barren branch turned 

back. 

Ectosperma sessilis, Vaucher, 31. 

"Vaucheria sessilis, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 63; Engl. Bot. 1765. 

Stagnant waters and ditches ; April. 

Ti/J'ts very dense, floating; vesicles sometimes solitary, 

10. Vaucheria gemi?iata. Doubled vaucher. 

Fresh-ivater ; threads hairlike, forked ; vesicles in pairs, 

globose, opposite, on a common horned peduncle ; 

termediate, straight. 

Ectosperma geminata, Vaucher, 29. 

Vaucheria geminata. Be Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 62 ; Engl. Bot. 1766. 

horn in- 

Stagnant ditches ; February. 

Tufts very close, floating ; peduncles 3 times as long a^ 

broad, horizontal ending in a slightly jointed, barren^ 

straight point. 

1 1 Vaucheria ccespitosa. Turf vaucher. 

Fresh-water ; threads hairlike, tufted, forked, branched; 

last branches horizontal, facing one way, vesicle-bearing 

vesicles in pairs, sessile, terminal, with a short, straight, 

intermediate point. 

Conferva canalicularis, Lin. S. P. 1634. 

Conferva fontinalis, Blumenbach in Goett. Mag. 17S1, 80. 

Ectosperma caespitosa, Vaucher, 28. 

Vaucheria caespitosa, yJgardh Syn. 43. 

Springs, in clayey so^ ; 

April. 

u 2

292 lO.Vauch. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.apL 

Tufts very close, blackish green ; threads light green, 

bent at bottom, lying down, above upright ; last branches 

horizontal, spreading. 

12. Vaucheria racemosa. 

c. Vesicles numerous. 

Bunch vaucher, 

Fresli-water ; threads hairlike^ forked ; vesicles crowded? 

peduncled, in racemes. 

Ectosperma racemosa, Vaucher, 32. 

Vaucheria racemosia, JDr Candolle Fl, Fr. 2, 61. 

Stagnant ditches; annual; April. 

luj'ls close, entangled, floating; threads bent, branched; 

peduncles coming out at right angles, short, racemose 

vesicles 4, or many, crowded together. 

13. Vaucheria multicapsnlaris. Many-fruited vaucher. 

Land : threads very minute, creeping, much branched; 

branches upright, simple, thicker at the tip; vesicles on the 

branches, spherical, crowded. 

Conferva muhicapstilari?, Dillioyn. 71. 

Vaucheria muiticap«uiaris, Li/ngbye Ilydr. Dan. 89. , 

Damp shady places, among mosses. 

Titfts small, entangled, irregular; ///reflf?^ appearing as 

if stoloniferous ; branches sometimes forked ; vesicles stuffed 

with sporidia, sometimes solitary; sporidia greenish, cylindrical, 

oblong. 

XI. 11. CODIUM. Stackhonse. Codium. 

TJiallus threadlike, tubular, continuous, very closely entangled 

into a forked, spherical, or flat dark green spongelike 

mass; hranclies horizontal, sometimes clublike at the 

tip, or divided, all pointing to the surface of the mat; 

sporidia granular, green, in the tubes and branches. — 

Marine^ dark green becoming white by exposure to the air« 

1. Codium suhglol'osum. Globular codium> 

3Iass spherical, hollow. 

Bursa marina, liaii Syn. 31,3. 

Alcynnium Bursa, Lin. Syst. Nat. 

Sponsj diiiin Bursa, Lamaroux Essni. 

T'ucus suhslobnsus, Clementi in AlSS. 

Pucus Bursa, Turner ]Iist.3,6; Engl. Bot. 2183, 

Codium Bursa, ^gardh Visp..2i. 

Sea coasts.

Plcell.aph. 1. HyDROPHYT^. 11. Codium. 295 

; 

2. Codium dichotomum. Two-forked codium, 

Mass nearly cylindrical, threadlike, forked. 

Sponîa dichotomos teretifolia, viridis, Raii Syn. 29, 3. 

Spongia dichotomos compressa ex viride splendens, Raii S^n. 29, 4. 

Fuciis toraentosiis, Hudson Fl. Jngl. 584 ; Engl. Bot. 717. 

Fucus fungosus, Des Font. Fl. All. 2, 428. 

Spongidium dichotomum, Lamouroux Essai. 

Codium tomentosum, Stackh. in Agardh Disp. 

South-west coast ; perennial ; June and July. 

Trunks from a dilated base, many, 6 inches long ; fork 

obtuse-angled; Iranches even-topped, blunt at the tip. 

&. marginifer. Mass two-forked, beset all over with 

short, horizontal, forked segments. 

E. DiATOMiDEJE. Tliallus threadlike, tubular, flat, 

jointed, sometimes united parallelly through their whole 

length ; joints often separating but still cohering at the 

angles; spordia granular, enclosed in the joints—often parasitic 

on marine plants, forming when dry a shining white 

crystalline crust. 

XII. 12. FRAGILARIA. Lyngbye. Breaking-up, 

Thallus threadlike, jointed, flat, not branched, very 

brittle; joints without any band, separating but cohering 

by one of their corners ; sporidia granular, enclosed in the 

Joints. 

1. Fragilaria striatula. Streaked Ireaking-up. 

Threads yellowish green, compressed, even ; joints shorter 

than broad, in pairs, regularly streaked tr^nversely. 

Conferva striatula, Engl. Bot. 192S. 

Fragilaria striatula, Lyngbye Hydr Dan. 183. 

On rocks and marine plants ; 

April. 

Threads about a tenth of an inch lonsr. 

e' 

2. Fragilaria icEniccformis. Tapeworm Ireaking-up. 

Threads compressed, pale green, even ; joints three times 

broader than long, obscurely variegated. 

Conferva taenisL'formis, Engl. Bot. 1883. 

Diatoma ? tsnia^formis, Agardh Disp. 35. 

On marine plants ; February. 

Tufts a twelfth of an inch long.

mj> 12. Fragil. 1. HYDROPHYTE. PL cell, aph 

5. Fragilaria peclinalis. Fifdike Ireakin^-up, 

Threads simple, flat, stiff, narrow, very brittle, growing 

narrower; joints three times broader than long, pellucid in 

the middle. 

Conferva peciinaiis, Muller inN. Jet. Petr. 3,91 ; 

Conferva jjrancliialis;. Roth Cat. 1, 1S6, 

Diatoma pectinalis, yjgardfi Bisp. 35. 

On decaying leaves in ditches ; March. 

Engl. Bot. 161 1, 

Xni. 13. BIDDULPHIA. Biddulph. 

Thallus threadlike, jointed, compressed; joints nume- 

yous, formed of several longitudinal filaments united together 

by a transverse pellucid band ; sporidia granular, 

purplish, forming a spot under the tranverse band.—Marine 

plants, green or white. 

1 . Biddulphia pulchella. Pretty biddulph^ 

Threads simple, pale green; joints nearly as long as 

broad, four-cornered, granular, reddish. 

Conferva Biddulphiana, Engl. Bot. 1762. 

On marine plants ; November and December. 

Threads half an inch long; sporidia reddish, scattered; 

joints appearing as if furrowed longitudinally, crenate 

where they join. 

2. Biddulphia ohUqnata. Crooked liiddulph^ 

Threads nearly simple, in tufts, brownish white; jom^f 

aggregated, obliquely four-cornered, connected with the 

next by one corner. 

Conferva obliquafa, Engl. But. 1869, left-liand fig. 

Diatoma obliquata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 181. 


Joints about as broad as long ; 

granules red or brownish, 

6. longa. Joints nearly twice as long as broad. 

Conferva obliquata, Engl. Bot. 1869, right band fig. 

3. Biddulphia stipitata. Stipitated biddulph. 

Threads simple, few-jointed, inserted laterally on a long, 

hairlike stipes ; joints twice as broad as long. 

Conferva stipitata, Engl. Bot. 248S. 

Covering marine plants. 

Tufts golden yellow, when dry greyish ', threads composed 

of 3 to 5 joints, 

bent upwards. 

twice or jthrice as long as broad, rather

£LcdL:aph. 1. HYDROPHYT.E. 14-. JDiatoma. 2S^ 

,jaV. U. DIATOMA. De Candolle. Diatome. 

Threads jointed, flat, simple, coupled throughout their 

whole length; joints separating, but remaining adherent 

by their alternate angles, with a longitudinal band formed 

by the coupling together of the threads. 

J. Dialoma Stoartzii. Swarfz's dialome. 

_Fresh ivater ; threads light-green; /o?/?^^ half as longas 

'j^rostd, crenately notched on both edges, when uncouple 

j:i:iangular. 

Diatoma Swartzii, Agardh Syn. US. 

Ditches and stag'nant waters, among confervse. 

Threads very brittle, slimy, when coupled separatmg 

suddenly into joints on the least touch. 

2. Dialoma Jlocculosi/m. Flocailent diatome. 

Fresh-water; threads hyaline, forming brownish tufts 

joints rather broader than long, transversely streaked ; band 

longitudinal, pellucid. 

Conferva flocculosa, iio/« Cat. 1, 192 ; 

Engl.Bot.\1&\. 

Diatoma flpcculosa, Agardli Disp. ed. 1,35. 

Tiift small; threads very minute; joints 4-cornered, edge 

even. 

3. Diatoma tenue. Slender diatome. 

.Fresh-waler ; threads very small, reddish and brownish 

joints 3 times as long as broad, transversely streaked ;7?a7zc? 

longitudinal, pellucid. 

Conferva flocculosa, Fl. Ban. 1487. 

Diatoma tenuis, Agardh Decad, 10. 

Diatoma flocculosa 13, Agardh Syn. 120. 

In ditches, on confervas. 

Threads very minute, stiff, hyaline. 

4. Diatoma marinum. Sea diafOfiK^, 

Marine; threads simple, in tufts, yellowish ; /om/.f half 

as long again as broad, with ovate, transverse granules. 

Diatoma flocculosiim ? De. Candolle Fl. Fr. 2,48. 

Diatoma marinum, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan. 180. 

On marine plants; summer. 

Tufts small, brownish; threads very sl^n4:er; joints as 

long or twice as long as broad.

? ^96 15. Zygnema. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. Pl.cell.apk. 

F. CoNJUGATiDE^. TfialUis cylindrical, threadlike, 

K tubular, jointed ; coupling laterally, either by pushing out 

X a transverse tube from the middle of the joint, or by uniting 

^ at the angles ; i,pore one in each joint.—Fresh-water, green, 

1 XV. 15. ZYGNEMA. Agardh. Zygneme. 

Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular ; jointed ; coupling 

r; parallelly by a short traverse tube emitted from the middle 

- ^f each joint, thi-ough which the granules in the joints of 

- one plant pass into the opposite joint of the other plant, 

r and there form a single spherical spore; granules form- 

i; ing spots in each joint. 

1 . Zygnema peclinatum. ComlUke zygneme. 

Threads shining, rather longer than broad ; spots two, 

®r oblong or 3-toothed in each joint. 

Conjugafa pectinata, Vattc/ier, 77. 

Zygnema peciina(uin, Agardh Syn. 102. 

Conferva pectinata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 56; Engl. Bot. 1610. 

On stones, or floating in running waters. 

Tiijts light green, growing blackish ; sporcB spherical, 

^ lodged in the transverse tube, according to Agardh. 

(3. con/luens. Joints as long as broad ; spots dense and 

K nearly confluent. 

Conferva bipuiictata, Dllhv. 2. 

.' 2. Zygnema hipunclatmn. Two-dotted zygneme. 

Threads shining, twice as long as broad ; spots 2, stellate. 

Conferva bipunctata. Roth Cat. 2, 204; not of Engl. Bot. 

Conferva Stcllina, Mutfer in N. Act. Petr. 3, 93. 

Conferva cruciata, De Candolle. Ft. Fr. 2, 56. 

** Conjugala stellina. Voucher, 75. 

' - Coiijngata cruciata, Faucher, 76. 

-.' Zygnema cruciaitim, Agardh Syn. 102. 

Ditches and stagnant waters. 

Ttifts entangled, floating ; spots starlike, radiated or 

IS. angular. 

^. gracile. Joints three times as long as broad ; spots 2, 

tc roundish. 

Cunjugata gracilis, Vauchcr, 73. 

Conferva gracilis, De Cando'le Fl. Fr, 2, 55. 

Zygnema gracilis? Agardh Syn. 103. 

y. unipundatitTn. Joints as long as broad ; spot 1, 

R roundish.

Plcellaph. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. 16. Conjugat. 297 

XVI. 16. CONJUGATA. Vaucher. Conjugate. 

Tliallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed ; coupling 

parallelly, by a traverse tube, exserted from the middle of 

the joints, through which the granules in the joints of one 

plant pass into the opposite joint of the other plant, and 

there form an ovate spore ; granules forming spiral lines 

in each joint. 

a. Granules in a s'mgle spiral line. 

1 Conjugata quinina. Roman-five conjugate. 

Threads equal, slippery, coupling; joints three times as 

granules in a single, very close spiral line. 

long as broad ; 

Conferva quinina, MuUer N. Act. Pctr. 3, 94. 

Conferva spiralis, Roth Cat. Dot. 2, V02; Engl. Hot. 1636. 

Conjugata quinina, yigardh Disp. ed. 1,27. 

Zygnema quininum, Agardh Decad. 2, 26. 

Ditches and pools. 

Tufts dark green ; joints from once and an half to four 

times as long as broad ; spiral angles acute, like the letter 

V often repeated. 

j3. porticalis. Spire bent like an arched gateway. 

Conferva porticalis, Mtiller, ut supra. 

Conjugata porticalis, Vaucher, 66. 

Zygnema quininum porticale, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 173. 

y. monstrosa. Tube proceeding from the joints uniting 

with the tube proceeding from the next joint of the same 

plant. 

2. Conjugata hiflata. 

Blown conjugate. 

Threads 

open spire. 

here and there inflated; granules in a single 

Conjugata inflata, Vaucher, 68. 

Conferva sordida. Roth Ft. Germ. 3, 504. 

Conferva inflnta, Engt. Dot. 2316. 

Zygnema intlatum, Agardh Syn. 101. 

Ditches. 

Tufts cloudlike, yellowish green ; threads very slender 

joints three times as long as broad, thicker in the middle; 

spot rarely obsolete. 

3. Conjugata longala. Long conjugate. 

Threads equal, slippery; joints 6 to 12 times as long ai 

broad; granules in a simple, very open spire, forming very 

blunt angles.

-m^ 16. Conjug. 1 . HYDKOPHYTiE. 

PL cell aph, 

Conjiigata longata, Vnucher, 71. 

Conferva longata, Dillwyii Syn. 49. 

Conjugata quinina longata, Agardh Disp. ed, 1, 27. 

Zjjgneina longatum, jlgardli Syn. lOJ. 

Ditches and stagnant waters. 

Tufts yellowish green ; threads very slender. 

4. Conjugata tmnichda. Swollen conjttgaie. 

Threads here and there swollen ; granules 

Conferva tumid ula, Engl. Dot. 1670. 

Ditches and marshes. 

Threads very slender, about one 700th of an inch diameter 

; jo'nits 3 times as long as broad ; spore elliptical. 

Perhaps a variety of c. inflata. 

b. Spiral lines two in each joint. 

5. Conjugata condensata. Condensed conjugate. 

Threads equal ;jo//?/i about as long as broad; spiral lines 

very close, two in each joint. 

Conjugata condensata, Vaucher, 67. 

Zvgneina condensatum, uigardh Syn. lOO. 

Ditches. 

Threads crisp, brittle, harsh ; 

spore spherical. 

.6. Conjugata decimina. Roman-ten conjugate. 

Threads ec\[\Q[; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad; 

spiral lines open, 2 in each joint, crossing each other. 

Conferva decimJna, MuUer N. jdct. Pttr. 3, 94. 

Conferva iiitida, Dtl.luyn, 4. 

;Coj]ferva jugalis, Dilfwyn, 5. 

Conferva setiformisliibrica, Roth Cat. 3,267. 

Conjugata deciinina, Agardh Disp, ed. 1,26. 

Zygneina deciniinutn, Agardfi Syn. 99. 

Stagnant waters. 

Threads light green, slenderer than in c. nitida; spiral 

lines like X many times repeated. 

%. X Conjugata nitida. Shining conjugate. 

Threads equal joints about as long ; as bro^d ; spkaldw^s 

ery open, many in each joint. 

Conjugata Piinceps, Vaucher, 64. 

Conferva nitida, F/. Dfln. S19; Engl. Bof. 2351. 

Conferva jiigalis, F/. Dan. 883. 

jConferva scalaris, Roth Cat. 2, 196. 

iConfervasetiformis conjugata, /?oi/j Cat. 3,266. 

Conferva multistriatn. Roth Cat. 3,271. 

Conjugata nitida, ^ârrf/i Disp ed. 1,26. 

Z)>gne(na nitidum, Jgardh Decad. 3, 25.

P:l.,cejl..aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 16. Conjug. sm 

Ponds; August. . 

Tiifls thick, dark green, floating ; threads as thick as a 

horse-hair; transijerse tulles very short. 

XVII. 17. CHOASPIS. Choaspis. 

Tkallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, kneebent; 

coupling at the bend, b}' a perforation in each joint, which 

transmits the granules from one plant to the other, where 

they form an elliptic spore ; granules scattered. — Not 

slippery. 

Choaspis serpentina. Serpentine choaspis. 

Threads slender, stiffs here and there slightly bent, ao^ 

coupling; joints four times as long as broad; granules in a 

triple irregular series. 

Conferva stictica, Engl. Bot. 2463. 

Ditches. 

Tufts floating, pale yellowish green above^ blackish 

green beneath ; joints when young pale green. 

XVIII. 18. AGARDHIA. ylgmdh. 

Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, bent, approximating 

and uniting here and there with others, the 

.coupled joints becoming shortened; granules in a single 

Jine, spore formed in the shortened couple(;l joints, cr

500 19. Serpent. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. Plcell.aph. 

1 Serpentinuria compressa. Compressed serpentinare. 

Threads brittle, bent, coupling; j'om/s three times as long 

granules in a compressed mass. 

as broad ; 

Conferva serpentina, MuUer N. j4ct. Petr. 3, 

Conju°;

Plcell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. 21. Chaetoph. 301 

H. CoNFERVOiDE.^. Tfiallus cylindrical, threadlikej 

tubular, jointed, simple or branched, uniform or biform ? 

joints pellucid; sporcB granular, green, scattered in the 

joints; fruit external, but the granules often grow in the 

joints themselves. 

XXI. 21. CH^TOPHORA. Schrank. Chatophore. 

Mass threadlike, branched ; threads springing from the 

axis, jointed, branched, growing slenderer, and ending in 

a long transparent hair extended beyond the surface of the 

mass granules in the joints, sometimes growing while still 

; 

in the mass.— Reddish. 

Chcetophora rubra. Red chcstophore. 

Mass cylindrical, threadlike, 

jointed, red. 

forked ; threads branched;, 

Ulva rubra, Hudson Fl Jngl. 571 ; Engl Bot. 1627. 

Rivularia miiltifida, Weber and Mohr, lieise, 3, 193. 

Chaetophora rubra, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,42. 

Chordaria muUifida, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 51. 

Rocks on the sea-shore ; annual ; August and September. 

Mass crowded, 3 to 6 inches 

tip of the branches rather blunt. 

long, from a callous base? 

XXII. 22. LEATHESIA. Leathes. 

Mass globular, leatherlike, gelatinous, brownish ; threads 

branched, jointed, springing from a common basis; branches 

clubshape, blunt; spores scattered in the swollen joints. 

Marine. 

Leathesia tuheriformis. Tuberous leathes^ 

Mass globular, rather leatherlike, hollow ; outer surface 

smooth, brown; threads very close, forked, branched" 

tranches level at the top ; tips clubshaped. 

Tremella difformis, Lin. Sp. PI. 1626. 

Rivularia tuheriformis, Engl. Bot. 1956. 

Nostoc marinum, Agnrdh Disp. ed. 1,45. 

Chaetophora marina, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 193. 

On marine plants ; annual; summer. 

XXIII. 23. MYRIODACTYLON. DesVaux. 

Myriodactyle^ 

Mass elongated or globular, gelatinous, light green 

threads branched, jointed, springing from a common basis ; 

Iranches growing finer and ending in a long, hyaline fila* 

znent ; knots pellucid.

302 23. Myriodact. 1 . HYDROPHYTE. PI. cell. aph. 

1. Myriodaclylon endivifolium. Endive-lenf jnyriodactyle. 

Fresh-water ; mass liglit green, long, flattish, solid, palii!»ate, 

many-cut; lobes roundish, blunt; ilireads very much 

fel?anched ; branches even-topped, spreading. 

Tremella palustris gelatinosa, damas c(»rnuuiti facie, Dillen Muse. 51. 

Ciinferva gelatinosa, ilamae coniua repraesentans. Dill, in Raii Syn. 60, 

17. 

Ulva incrassata, Hudson Fl. Jngl. 572 ; Engl. Bot. 967. 

Batrachospermum fasciculalum, Vauclier, 116. 

Rivularia cornudainae, Rolh Cat. 3,332. 

Rivularia endivifolia. Roth Cat. 3,334. 

Chastophora eiidivifolia, ^gardh Disp. ed. 1,42. 

Ditches; annual; summer. 

Mass tufted, 2 inches long ; threads nearly parallel 

branches rather one-rowed, closer above; lotver joints five 

times as long as broad, upper equal. 

2. Myriodaclylon plarmm. Flat myriodactyle. 

Mass flat, orbiculate, c-^ntre brown, edge greenish ; 

threads concentric, slender, crowded, green. 

Tremella adnata, Lin. S. P. 1672 ? 

Chastophora plana, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 43. 

Rocks and stones in the sea ; May. 

Mass one inch in diameter, pressed close to the rocks 

havincp the habit of a lichen. 

XXIV. 24. DRAPARNALDIA. St.Vine. Draparnaud, 

Thallus gelatinous, composed of two kinds of threads 

pimary thread equal, jointed; joints having a transverse 

zone ; secondary threads pencilshape, in bundles, jointed, 

ending in a long, pellucid hair; spores granular, green. 

1. Draparnaldia glomerata. Conglomerated draparnaud. 

Threads much branched; branches in bundles, many- 

cut, pencilshape, pencils mostly alternate, ovate, blunt, 

spreading ; joints twice as long as broad. 

Conferva gelatinotia ;3, Hudson Fl. udngl. 598. 

Cunferva Chara, Roth Cat. 3, 285. 

Batrachospermum glomeratuin, Vauclier, 114. 

Draparnaldia mutabilis, St. Vincent, Ann de Mus. 12, 4 02. 

Draparnaldia glomerata, /tgardh Disp. ed. 1, 41. 

In rivers ; annual ; winter and spring. 

Tufts four inches long, appearing like a green gelatinous 

jelly; threads slender, vaguely branched; joi7iis with a 

transverse spore in the middle.

PhcetLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 24.. Draparn. 30$ 

2. Draparnaldia plumosa. Feathery draparnaud. 

Threads very much branched ; branches in bundles, manycutj 

penciishape, mostly opposite, lanceolate, acute, upright 

; jo//z/^ rather longer than broad, with a transverse 

band. 

Batracliospennntn plumosmn, Vaucher, 113. 

Conferva tnutabilis, Roth Cat. i, 197. 

Dniparualdia liypnosa, St. Vincent, ^nn. Mus. 12,405, 

Draparnaldia plumosa, Agardii Disp. ed, 1,42. 

€ih viôods and stones in rivers; annual; summer. 

Tiifls three inches long; jast division of" the branches 

much the longest. 

XXV. 25. CONFERVA. Pliny, CrowsilL 

Threads uniform, simple or branched, greenish, jointed ; 

^no/^ pellucid; spores granular, enclosed in the joints. 

a. Pla?rt greenish, sunk, hra?iched. 

1 Conferva lubrica. Slippery crowsilk^ 

Threads very much branched, very slender, minute, gelatinous, 

slippery, green; branches divaricating, scattered, 

close, awlshape; tip long, transparent; joints 2 or 3 times 

as long as broad, with a central, transverse band. 

Conferva lubrica, DiUwpn, 57 ; Engl. Bot. 2081. 

Drapîmaldia tenuis, Agardh Decad. 3,30. 

On wood and stones in rivers or stagnant waters; summer. 

Tufts glaucous green, dense, 1 

wfeak, flaccid, attenuated. 

or 2 inches long; threads. 

i3. exigua. Threads less than a quarter of an inch lono-; 

joints about as long as broad. 

Conferva exigua, Dillvcyn Syn. 62. 

2. Cojferva prote?7sa. Extended a'owsilk. 

Threads branched, slippery, green ; branches diffused, 

very long, attenuated ; tip pellucid ; joints rather longer 

than broad. 

Conferva protensa, Dillwyn, 67. 

3. Conferva nigricans. Blackish crowsilk: 

Threads forked, rather stiff, straight, thick, equal; branches 

distant, long, spreading at bottom ; joints 4? times as long 

as broad. 

^ 

Conferva nigricans, Roth. Cat, 3,277 ; Dillvoyn, 6S. 

Ponds.

304. 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE, Pl.cellaph. 

7 hreads in tufts, 3 or 4 inches long; small branches short, 

•'O 

scattered, orreenish black, does not 111*1*' adhere in drvinff to 

either glass or paper, 

1 

becomes blackish joints ; sometimes 

contracted alternately, 

4'. Conferva crispata. Crisped crowsilk. 

Fresh-water; threads branched, crisped, dark green; 

Iranches alternate, very remote ; /ofw/^^ cylindrical, four or 

six times as long as broad, when dried alternately compressed. 

Conferva crispata. Roth Cat. 1, 178; Engl. J5o^ 2350. 

Conferva rivularis crispata, ^gardli Syn. 86. 

Stagnant pools ; July. 

T/tJ'ts very dense, about 2 feet long; threads very closely 

entangled. 

5. Conferva flavescens. Yellowish crowsilk. 

Fresh-water ; threads very much branched, bent ; branches 

alternate, divaricating; lateral twigs short, spreading horizontally 

; joints cylindrical, 8 or 10 times as long as broad. 

ConftTva flavescens. Roth Cat. 2, 224 ; 

Conferva pennatula, Dillioyn Syn. 6-1? 

Fresh-water ditches; summer. 

Eng. Bot. 2088. 

Tit/'fs very thick; threads entangled, very slender, 9 inches 

long; branches attenuated, blunt. 

6. Coifervafracta. 

Broken crowsilk. 

Threads much branched, hairlike, stiff, bent; branches 

and twigs divaricating, mostly alternate; joints 4- to 8 times 

as long as broad, becoming oblong. 

Conferva bullosa, Lin. Sp. PI. 1637, 

Conferva vagabunda, Hudson Fl. Angl. 601 ; 

Dillvs. 5. 

Conferva divaricaia. Roth Cat. 1, 179. 

Conferva fracia, Fl. Dan. 916; Billw. 14; Engl. Bot. 2338. 

Ditches and pools. 

Tufts expanded, very thick, floating, buUated; threads 

2 to 4 inches long; branches attenuated, tip acute. 

(3. hlrta. Knots obsolete, by reason of the echijiellae parasitic 

upon them. 

Conferva iiirta, Fl. Dan. 947. 

Conferva fracta Iiirta, Lynghye Ilydr. Dan, 152. 

y. elongnta. Marine threads straight ; upper Irancha 

very long, simple. 

Conferva divaricata elongata, Roth Cat. 1, ISl. 

Conferva fracta eiongata, Lyngbye Uydr. Dan. 152.

Plcellaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 305 

^. marina. Threads thicker, greenish yellow. 

Conferva fracta marina, Roth Cat. 3,234. 

Conferva vagabunda, Roth Fl. Germ. 3,465. 

Conferva refracta, Roth Cat. 2, 193. 

7. Conferva jiexuosa. Bent crowsilk. 

Threads very much branched, rather stiff, dark green: 

Iranches bent, twigs mostly simple, alternately 2-ranked, 

spreading; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad. 

Conferva flexaosa, J^/.XJaR. 882; Dillwyn, 10; Engl. Bot.\9i

S06 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. PLcell.aph. 

Alga sive Conferva fontinalis (richoides, Park. 1261, 1. 

Conferva 

Syn. £9, 8. 

fontinalis ramosissima, glomeratim confesta, 

Engl. Bot. 2192, 

Dillen in Rait 

Conferva glomerata, Lin. Sp. Fl. 1637 ; 

Conferva cristata, Roth Cat. 1, 193. 

Conferva can;i!icularis, Girod Chantr. Conf. 173. 

Polysperina glomerata, Vaucher, 99. 

Cliantransia glomerata, De CandoUe Fl. Fr. 2, 51. 

Stones in running waters ; summer. 

Threads aggregate, 3 inches long, crowded, attenuated; 

branches bundled towards the tip, stiff. 

11. Conferva Iceteviretis. lAght-green crowsilk. 

Threads very much branched, rather stiff', bent like a 

bow, light green ; branches approximate, pointed, twigs 

short, alternately, facing one way ; joints 5 times as long 

as broad. 

Conferva laefevirens, Dillwyn, 48; Engl. Bot. 1834. 

Conferva glomerata marina, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 154. 

Stones on the sea-shores. 

Tiifh bushy, light green ; iivigs pointing many together 

all on one side, then several together all to the other. 

12. Conferva albida. Whitish crowsilk. 

Threads very much branched, in close tufts, greenish 

white, rather opake; ^ra^zcAcs clustered about 4 together; 

twigs opposite, zigzag, the smallest nearly parallel; joints 

4 times as long as broad. 

Conferva marina tonientosa, (enerior et albicans, Dillen in Raii Syn. 

59, 13. 

Conferva albida, Hudson Fl. Jngl. 595 ; 

Sea-coasts ; June and July. 


Titfts dull, opake, cottonlike, whitish ; threads 3 mc\\e% 

long, densely interwoven ; 

twigs nearly horizontal. 

/3. protensa. Threads 7 or 6 inches long, rather bushy, 

twigs spreading, mostly opposite, straight. 

13. Conferva pellucida. Transparent crowsilk. 

Threads very much branched, stiff, light green ; branches 

mostly three together, blunt; joints 4 or 6 times as long as 

broad. 

Conferva pellucida, Hudson Fl. Angl. 601 ; 


Sea-shore. 

Tufts large, green, shining, pellucid, 6 inches long; 

threads naked below, repeatedly branched above, cylin- 

drical.

Plcell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 307 

14. Conferva riparia. Bankside crowfoot. 

Threads nearly simple below, branched above, yellow 

green; bra?iches remote, divaricating, long, mostly simple, 

coming out at a rounded angle; joints twice as long as 

broad; ^720/5 pellucid. 

Conferva riparia, Dillwyn Syn. 69 ; 


Conferva ubtusangula, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 159. 

Sea- shore, or banks of" salt pools. 

Tifts thickly entangled ; joints divided in the fork, 

rounded. 

15. Co>?ferva lanosa. Woolly crowfoot. 

Threads branched, very slender, straight, clustered, yellowish 

green ; twigs remote, long ; joints lower twice, upper 

5 or 6 times as long as broad. 

Conferva lanosa, Roth Caf. 3,291 ; 

Engl. 5o

308 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Fl. cell. aph. 

18. CoJiferva Hutchinsia. Hutcliins' crowsilk. 

Threads very much branched, bent, rather cartilaginous. 

brittle, glaucous green ; branches and twigs scattered, smallest 

l-rowed, adpressed ; j'omî torulose, twice as long as broad. 

Conferva Hutchinsia, Diihvyn, 65. 

Conferva centralis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 161 ? 

Sea-shores ; spring. 

19. Conferva nana. Dujarf crowsilk. 

Threads pale reddish green, branched, very minute, in 

tufts; branches and twigs alternate, pointed, remote; joints 

2 or 3 times as long as broad ; knots obscure. 

Conferva nana, Dillwyn, 30. 

On fontinalis antipyretica, in alpine rivers. 

Tiifis about half an inch long, pale reddish. 

20. Conferva vifii. Wine crowsilk., 

Tifts brownish yellow; threads hyaline, much branched, 

entangled; branches attenuated, acute, twice as long as 

broad. 

Conferva vini, Agardh Syn. 72. 

In Madeira wine. 

Tifts cloudlike, floating, an inch broad, brownish yellow 

threads very slender indeed. 

21. Conferva stellar is. Starry crowsilk. 

Threads hyaline, arising parallelly from an orbicular 

basis, very minute, equal. 

Conferva stellaris, Fl. Dan. 660. 

On the inside of glass bottles. 

Shoots green, about a line in diameter, edges stellate; 

threads about an inch long, branched ; branches remote, alternate 

; j'oi?its 4- or 5 times as long as broad. 

22. Conferva csgagropilaris. Hairball crowsilk. 

Threads arising from a common centre, forming a globe, 

much branched; branches rather crowded, blunt; joints 

4 times as long as broad ; rather swollen above. 

Conferva jEoagropila, Lin. Sp. PI. 1637 ; 

Moor balls. 

Bottom of alpine lakes. 

Engl. But. 1377. 

Balls dark green, from the size of a pea to 3 inches 

diameter, exactly spherical, hollow ; branches rather spreading; 

knots pellucid, when dry contracted.

Pl.cellaph. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. 25. Conferva. 30» 

23. Conferva Brownii. Brown's crowsilk, 

Tufls close; threads much branched, rather stiff, short, 

green; hranches sh'ghtly 1 -rowed, bkint ; joiw/5 4 times as 

long as broad, rather thicker above. 

Conferva Brownii, Dilltetjn, 5S. 

On wet rocks in caves. 

Ttifi flat or convex ; threads upright, about the eighth 

of an inch long, rather thick, resembling those of c. sega- 

gropilaris. 

24-. Conferva velutina. Velvetly crowsilk, 

Tift close, green, velvetty; threads branched, bent, en~ 

tangled at bottom, rooting, hj'aline, at top blunt ; joints 

longer than broad. 

Byssus fenerrima viridis, ve'utum referens, Dillen in Eaii Syn, 56, 1, 

Byssns velutina, Lin. Sp, PL 1638. 

Conferva varia, Hoth Cat. 3, 301. 

Conferva velutina, Dillwyn, 77 ; Engl. Bot. 1556. 

On the ground in damp places. 

Tifts very close; hranches alternate, bent, lower distant, 

tv/igs nearly one-rowed, short, bent, blunt, diffuses a sweet 

fragrance not only when growing, but also for some time 

after being dried. 

25. Conferva cryptarum. Cave crowsilk. 

Threads green, entangled, much branched ; branches 

forked, divaricating, pointed; /oi/z/^ twice as long as broad, 

rather gibbous. 

Conferva cryptarum, Dillwyn, 59 ; 


Conferva muscicola cryptarum, ^g-arrfA Syn. 73. 

Caves and caverns. 

Branches recurved, entangled; when dry rather stififj 

elastic, pellucid. 

26. Conferva umlrosa. Shade crowsilk. 

Tift blackish green, velvetty ; threads entangled, branched, 

brittle, branches upright, blunt: joints longer than 

broad ; those of the tips inflated, as long as broad. 

Conferva umbrosa. Roth Cat. 1, 191. 

Conferva arenaria, Roth Cat- 2, 217. 

Damp shady places; summer. 

Tifts very close ; threads short ; hranches rather crowded.

SIO 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.aplu 

b. Threads greenish^ simple. 

27. Conferva P echinulata. Hedgehog-like croivsilk. 

Threads simple, very short, blunt, spreading every way 

from a centre, and forming a globe, glaucous green; joints 


Rivularia echimilata, En^l. Bot. 1378. 

Floating on lakes. 

Threads rather clubshape ; joints about 5 or 6. 

28. Conferva sordida. Dirty crowsilk. 

Threads simple, very slender, cobweblike, tenacious, yellow 

green ; joints 4 times longer than broad; knots pellucid. 

Conferva sordida, Roth Cat. 1, 171 ; 

Conferva calycina, u4gardh Syn. 78 ? 

Engl. Bol.2303. 

Stagnant water adhering to grass; April to July. 

Mass cloudlike, yellowish green; threads shining, curved; 

hyaline, equal. 

^.fuscata. Threads very slender, very closely entangled 

into a light brownish cloud. 

y. utricnlata. Threads very slender; granules collapsed 

into several, distinct, oblong globules in each joint ; laiots 

here and there contracted. 

29. Conferva foccosa. Flocklike crowsilk. 

Threads simple, very slender; joints about twice as long 

as broad, hyaline with a pellucid, globular spot ia the 

centre. 

Prolifera floccosa, Vauclier, 131. 

Conferva floccosa, Agardli Dispos, 29. 

Ditches and running water. 

Tufts straight, 2 or 3 inches long. 

30. Cojferva fusâcissima. Fugacious crowsilk. 

Threads simple, very slender, slimy, rather straight 

joints rather longer than broad, with a granular band in 

the middle. 

Conferva fiig'acissima, Roth Cat. 3, 176. 

Ditches adhering to grasses. 

31. Conferva oscillator ioides. Oscillaloria crowsilk. 

Threads simple, cobvveblike, very slender, very long; 

joi?its longer than broad, with a granular band in the 

middle.

PLcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 311 

Conferva oscillatorioides, j4gardh Disp, ed. 1,29. 

Conferva fugacissima oscillatorioides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 137. 

Ditches, adhering to grass. 

32. Conferva punctalis. Dot crows'ilk. 

Threads simple, very slender, rather slimy, \ox\g; joints 

about twice as lonsf as broad ; granules collapsing into a 

solitary globule. 

Conferva punctalis, Dillwyn, 51. 

Conferva brevi-articuhita, Mohr in Schroder Journ. 1801,475. 

Ditches and running water. 

Tufls about an inch long; threads twice as thick as 

e. floccosa, pale yellowish green. 

33. Conferva zonata. Girded crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, slimy; joints as long as broad; 

granules in a transverse band. 

Conferva zonala, Roth Cat. "i, 269. 

Conferva lucens, Dillwyn, 47 ; Engl. Bot. 1655. 

Lakes and rapid streams. 

Tufts gelatinous; threads 2 to 4 inches long, tapering, 

acute. 

34. Conferva dissiliens. Parting crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, equal, straight, slimy, brittle; 

joints half as long as broad ; at length separating from one 

another. 

Conferva disiliens, Dillwyn, 63 ; 

Diatoma? disiU'i ens, yJgardh Disp. ed. 1,34. 

Ditches. 


Tufts floating; joints hyaline, with a transverse or ovate 

spot in the centre. 

35. Corferva mucosa. Mvcons crowsilk. 

Threads simple, very slender, slimy, yellowish green 

joints rather torose, about as long as broad. 

Conferva mucosa, Dillwyn, 46. 

Stagnant pools. 

Tufts floating; threads straight, 3 inches long, very 

slimy. 

36. Conferva vesicata. Bladdered crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender ; jom/i here and there inflated, 

and proliferous, rather longer than broad.

512 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTtE. PhekU.aph. 

Prolifera vesicata. Vaucher, 132. 

Conferva vesicata, Jlgardh Disp. ed. 1,30. 

Conferva alleniafa, Dillwyn, 43 ; Engl Bot. 2304, 

Chantransia vesicala, Ds CandoUe Fl. Fr. 2, 52. 

Floating in ditches and rivulets. 

Tvfts closely entangled ; threads 6 or 8 inches long 

joints sometimes alternately green and brownish. 

^.fusca. 

Threads brownish. 

Conferva allernata /S, Dillwyn. 

37. Conferva capillar is. Hair crowsilfu 

Threads simple, slender, crisp, proliferous, entangled 

joints even, about twice as long as broad, alternately compressed 

when dry ; spores scattered, or in an oblong spot. 

dry. 

Conferva fluitans tilamentis geniculatis, Dillon Muse. 26. 

Conferva capillaris, Lin.S.F. 1636. 

Conferva crispa, Dillwyn, 46. 

Chantransia crispa, Ds CandoUe Fl. Fr. 2, 52. 

Stones in rapid rivers. 

Threads 8 to 20 feet long, slimy, rough and brittle when 

(3. ramnsa. Threads proliferous. 

Conferva capillaris, Engl, Bot. 2364. 

Prolifera crispa, Vaucher, 130. 

38. Conferva rivularis. Rivulet croivsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, straight, very long, dark green 

joints about 3 times as long as broad, alternately com- 

pi'essed when dry ; knots pellucid. 

Conferva Plinii, Ger.em. 1570,2; Park. 1261,2; Raii Syn. 5S, 1. 

Conferva fluviatiiis sericea vulgaris et fluitans^ Dillen Muse. 12. 

Conferva rivularis, Lin. Sp. PI. 1633. 

Prolifera rivularis, Vaucher, 130. 

Conferva funiformia. Roth Cat. 1, 169. 

Crow-silk. Hairy river-iveed. 

Running waters : June to September. 

Tifts 1 to 2 feet long, fluctuating, loosely entangled; 

threads rather stiff. 

i3. aculeata. Branches many, very short, acute. 

39. Conferva compacta. Compact croivsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, compactly entangled, dark 

green ; joints rather longer than broad ; alternately compressed 

when dry.

Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 313 

Conferva compacta, Roth Ft. Germ. 497. 

Conferva riviilaris, i>27/tt'J/'!, 39 ; Engl. Bot. IQ54. 

Rivers and rivulets ; June and July. 

Threads about 100th of an inch thick, sometimes less. 

40. Conferva hipartita. Two-parted crowsilL 

Threads simple, slender, very long, densely compacted, 

yellow green ; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad ; granules 

forming 2 transverse bands in each joint. 

Conferva bipartita, Dillwyn, 105; Engl. Bot. 2302 ? 

Conferva êmistriangulata, Roth, 

Salt ditches; July. 

Jomts vary from, as long as broad, Eng. Bot. to 3 times 

as long as broad, as in Dillwyn. 

41. Conferva linoides. Flaxlike croivsilk. 

Threads simple, very long, rather thick and stiff, curled, 

brittle, loosely entangled, green ; joints as long as broad 

when dry cylindrical. 

Conferva jjalustris seu Filum mariniim Anglicum, Raii Syn. 60, 16. 

Conferva iilameutis longis geniculjiiis simplicibus, Dillen Muse. 25. 

Conferva capillaris, Hudson Ft. Angl. 598. 

Conferva Liniim, Ft. Dan. 771 ; Engl. Bot. 2364. 

Conferva Melagonium, Fl. Dan. 1438. 

Marsh thread. 

Stagnant salt-ponds, and in the sea. 

Threads dull green, elastic, slimy, rather even; knots 

pellucid. 

B. minor. Threads 3 times slenderer. 

Inland ditches. 

42. Conferva area. Brazen croivsilk. 

Threads simple, stiff, rather thick, straight, light green 

joints broader than long; knots pellucid. 

Conferva aerea, Dillwyn, 80 ; Engl. Bot. 1929. 

Sea-coasts on wood or stones. 

Tifts bright verdigris green, 3 to 5 inches long, fluc- 

granules forming two bands. 

tuating ; 

^. luhrica. Threads very soft, slippery, glossy. 

43. Conferva Melagonalis. Blacksided crowsilk. 

Threads simple, stiff, rather thick, straight, dark green; 

joints cylindrical, 3 times as long as broad. 

Conferva Melag"nium, Weber et Mohr. Reise, 194. 

Conferva aerea, var. Dillwyn Descript. 80.

314 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cellapli. 

Sea-coasts on wood. 

Threads 6 to 9 inches long, appearing like polished iron 

when in the sea, when dry dark green; lower joints short, 

alternately compressed when dry; granules contracting in 

drying, and forming a black line on each side of the knot. 

44. Conferva tortuosa. Winding crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, rather stiff, curled, twisted, 

loosely entangled, dark green ; joints cylindrical, 3 times 


Conferva tortuosa, Dillwyn, 46; Engl. Bot. 2220. 

Sea-shore, or salt-water ditches. 

Ti//ts rather elastic; k7iots pellucid. 

^. ramosn. Threads with open lateral branches. 

45. Conferva ramosa. Branched conferva. 

Threads simple, very slender, curled, entangled, even 

soft, dark lurid green; joints even, rather longer than 

broad. 

Conferva impleia, Dilluiyti, 46. 

Bangia viridis, FL Dan. 1601. 

Rocks, salt-water ditches, and on marine plants. 

Tnj'ts closely entangled ; threads rather silky not stiff; 

knots and edges hyaline; spores ovate. 

46. Conferva nummuloides. Money croivsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, brittle, yellowish brown; joints 

shorter than broad, becoming close, beadlike, and nearly 

oval. 

ConffTva niimmuloides, Dillwyn, 44. 

Fragilaria nummuloides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 184. 

Leaves of fresh-water plants. 

47. Conferva Yonngana. Young's crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, bristlelike, in tufts, weak, blunt, 

equal, light green; joi7iis as long as broad; knots con- 

tracted. 

Conferva Youngana, Dillwyn, 102. 

Conferva isogona, Engl. Bot. 1930. 

Sea-shores, on wood and marine plants. 

Tnfi.s yellowish green, half an inch long; threads rather 

stiff, not attenuated.

Fl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTÊ. 25. Conferva. 315 

48. Covferva flacca. 

Flagging crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, bristlelike, very minute, flaccid; 

joints rather shorter than broad ; 

knots pellucid, contracted. 

Conferva flacca, Dillvcyn, 49. 

On stones, or wood in the sea, and on marine plants. 

c. Coloured^ Irownish, marine. 

49. Conferva ciirta. , Short crowsilk. 

Threads simple, in bundles, nearly cartilaginous, short, 

attenuated below, olive brown joints ; rather longer than 

broad ; knots pellucid, contracted. 

Conferva ctirfa, Dillwyn, 76; Engl. Bot.20M. 


Threads nearly upright, light brown. 

50. Conferva jlaccida. Flaccid crowsilk. 

Tlireads simple, in bundles, short, flaccid, straight, 

broader at bottom, attenuated at the tip, light brown; 

lower joints shorter than they are broad ; upper longer. 

Couferva flaccida, Dillwyn, 6. 


Tiifts hall" an inch long; threads I'ather cartilaginous. 

5 1 . Conferva fucicola Fuciis crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, tufted, straight, short, blunt, 

iron-brown ; joints twice as long as broad ; knots pellucid- 

Conferva fucicola, Vtlley Marine, PI. 4 ; Dillwyn^ 66. 

Conferva ferruginea, Ruth Cat. 3, iJ74. 

Conferva fucorum, Rotli Cat. 3, 273. 


Tifls half an inch long; threads from a shieldlike base, 

tip attenuated, blunt. 

52. Conferva scutellata. Saucer crowsilk. 

Tvfts depressed, peltate, closely entangled, rooted in the 

centre ; threads branched at the bottom ; joints as long as 

broad. 

Conferva sciitellala, Engl. Bot. 2311. 

Parasitical on the apothecia of himanthalla loreus. 

Threads above simple, long; below having a few short 

alternate branches, entangled into a dense, viscid, pale apparently 

homogeneous mass.

316 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. PLcelLapL 

e. Cotoured, simple, Irittle. Chantransia. 

53. Conferva Jasciala. 

Banded crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, slimy, purplish brown ; joints 

as long as broad, with a narrow, central, transverse band. 

Conferva fasciata, Dillisyn, 23. 

On decayed sticks and leaves, in fresh water. 

Threads about half an inch long. 

54- . Conferva lineaia. Lined crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, brittle, brown ; joints two or 

three times as long as broad, with one or two transverse 

lines at uncertain distances from each other ; knots con- 

tracted. 

Conferva lineata, Dillwyn, 44. 

Fragilaria lineata, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 184, 

Leaves of fresh-water plants. 

55. Conferva Borreri. 

Borrer''s crowsilk. 

Threads simple, slender, brittle, palish brown ; joints rather 

shorter than broad, combined in pairs ; spores in the 

centre of each joint. 

Conferva nummuloides, Engl. Bot. 2287. 


Threads short, tortuous, cylindrical, dirty white.—These 

three last species, as also c. dissiliens, might be formed 

into a very natural genus, bordering upon the diatomidese, 

from which they differ by the threads being cylindrical and. 

solitary.

PI. cell apL 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. sir 

Fam. II. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. Lamouroux. 

Algariim pars, Linnaeus and Jussieu. 

Thallus coriaceous, membranaceous, or fleshy; continuous 

or jointed ; fibrous or cellular ; sporidia enclosed in thecse, 

or immersed in the substance of the thallus.— Plants mostly 

marine, olive green or red, absorbing water by their surface 

in the immersed part, but not transmitting it to other 

parts ; emit oxygen gas by the action of light. 

A. Thalkis jointed, membranaceojis, tubular ; jointsformed 

of a simple tube; sporidia enclosed in theccE. Ceramidese. 

Thallus olive-green, gelatinous, 

from a common axis Mesogloja. 26. 

Thallus green ; secondary branches 

simple, bristlelike, swollen at bottom . . BuLBOCHiETE. 27- 

Thallus brownish 

branches jointed; theccB naked Ectocarpus. 28. 

Thallus red; hiois pellucid; 

iheccB naked Callithamnign. 29. 

Thallus red ; knots coloured 

thecce involucrated Ceramium. 30. 

Thallus red; knots pellucid; 

sporidia involucrated Griffitsia. 31.. 

Thallus red, gelatinous; 

branches mvfh'vcls; thecce noked Borkichius. 32^ 

Thallus green, gelatinous; 

branches in whirls ; thecce naked Batrachospemum. 33. 

B. Thallus jointed, coriaceous, or membranaceous ; main 

stem solid, or compoundlyjointed ; sporidia enclosed in thecce-. 

Hutchinsideffi. 

Thallus olive-green 

branches in whiris; joints simple.... Cladostephus. 34. 

Thallus olive-green 

branches 2-rowed; joints compound .. Sphacelaria. 35. 

Thallus red 

branches scattered; joints simple; Ellisius. 36. 

Thallus red 

branches scattered ; joints compound . . . Hutchinsia. 37. 

Thallus red, pervaded by a 

central, jointed axis Vertebrata. 38.

318 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. Plcell.aph. 

C. Thallus with a continued Jihrmis axis; bark chalklike, 

jointed. Corallideae. 

Thallus forked ; joints cylindrical Jania. 39. 

Thallus three-forked ; jof/z/5 wedgelike Corallina. 40. 

D. Thallus contiimtus green or reddish ; Jibres parallel, 

diverging from the base; hark chalklike or hairy. Zonarideae. 

Thallus ribless, fanshaped Zonaria. 41. 

Thallus ribless, forked . . . . < Dictyota. 42. 

Thallus ribbed, forked Dictyopteris. 43. 

E. Thallus co7ifinuo7is, cellular, green becoming tvhite 

inrk smooth ; sporidia scattered, immersed. Ulvoideae. 

Thallus compressed ; sporidia prominent 

ASPEROCOCCUS. 44. 

TA

Plcell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. 319 

I. Thallus contimied, fibrous, memlranaceous or leather- 

like, purple or red; sporidia immersed or in ihecce. Floridese. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, veined; 

sporidia immersed and in tubercles .... Delesseria. 59. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, veined 

thecce podshaped, axillary Odonthalia. 60. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless 

iheccB tubercular Sph^rococcus. 61. 

Thallus linear, compressed or round, 

much branched ; thecce tubercular Gigartina. 62. 

Thallus linear, round or compressed; 

sporidia immersed and in thecss Gastridium. 63. 

K, Thallus cnntiraiQus, woody, Jibrous, coriaceous; olivehrowii 

becoming black ; sporidia in thecce or immersed. Fu- 

coidea. 

Ka. Sporidia superjicial among gelatinousfibres. 

Thallus membranaceous, flat; 

fruit scattered ; holdfasts peltate Fascia. 64. 

Thallus leatherlike, flat; 

fruit scattered; holdfasts fibrous Laminaria. 65. 

Thallus leatherlike, flat; 

fruit on the stirps; holdfasts fibrous .... Phasgonon. 66. 

Thallus threadlike, tubular, supple 

sporidia scattered on the surface Chorda. 67. 

Thallus threadlike, solid, branched 

sporidia scattered on the whole surface . . Chordaria. 68. 

Kb. Sporidia in scattered, immersed thecce. 

Thallus threadlike, cartilaginous .... Sporochnus. 69. 

Thallus compressed, membranaceous Desmarestxa. 70. 

Kc. Sporidia in a terminal theca. 

Thallus shrubby, compressed Lychina. 71. 

Kd. Sporidia in ihecce, immersed on an apothecium. 

TA«Z/;^>y cupshaped ; vesicles 0', 

apothecia compressed, forked Himanthalia. 72. 

Thallus round, forked, ribless; 

vesicles 0; apothecia terminal Cervina. 73.

320 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. VI. cell. aph. 

Thalkis confluent, flat, ribbed, forked 

vesicles innate or 0; apoihecia terminal Fucus. 74-. 

Thallus confluent, compressed, ribless; 

vesicles innate ; apoUiecia pedicelled Hah,drys. 75. 

Thallus ieaflike, branched 

vesicles innate ; apoihecia terminal ....... Mackaia. 76. 

Thallus leaflike, branched ; 

vesicles pedicelled, globular Baccalakia. 77. 

Thallus confluent; vesicles pedicelled, 

podshape; apothecia lateral Siliouaria. 78. 

Ke. Sporidia scattered in the swollen tips of the branches. 

Thallus threadlike, forked Furcellaria. 79. 

A. Ceramide^. Thallus threadlike, membranaceous, 

or leatherlike, tubular, ]om\.ed. ijoijits all formed of a single 

tube; knots generally pellucid ; sporidia enclosed in a naked, 

or involucrated capsular theca.— Generally rose-red, rarely 

brown or green, mostly marine. 

I. 26. MESOGLOJA. Agardh. , Slime-gui. 

Thallus threadlike, jointed, forked ; branches springing 

horizontally from an imaginary central axis; the whole 

forming a branched, threadlike, olive, gelatinous mass 

inner part very compact, outer looser ; thecce ovate at the 

end of the threads, surrounded by the swollen beadlike 

branches.—Marine. 

Mesogloja vermiculata. JVorinlike slime-gut. 

Mass much branched, cylindrical ; branches scattered, 

crooked, attenuated, mostly divided ; thallus. branched : 

branches alternate; joints rather longer than broad; knots 

contracted. 

Rivularia vermiculata, Engl. Bot. 1818. 

Sea-shores; July and August. 

Mass 4 to 9 inches long, olive-brown, very unequally 

branched. It differs from the M. vermicularis of Agardh, 

Syn. 126, and Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 165, by the lower joints 

being 3 or four times as long as broad, and the mass not 

beina: so much branched.

Pl.cellaph. S.THALASSlOPHYTiE. 27.Bulboch. 32^1 

II. 27. BULBOCHiETE. Agardh. Bristle-weed. 

Thallus green, membranaceous, much branched, jointed; 

branches bristlelike, continuous, bulbous at the bottom, 

from the end of the joints; tliecce ovate, capsular, sessile, 

lateral, alternating with the branches. 

Bulbochcete Rothii. Roth's hristle-weed. 

Thallus branched, flexuous, yellowish-green ; branches 

bulbous at the base ; joints 3 times as long as broad. 

Conferva vivipara, Dillwyn, 59. 

Conferva setigera, Roth Cat. 3,238. 

Bulbochaete setigera, Agardh Syn.ll. 

Fresh-water plants. 

Ti/J'ls half an inch long, upright, weak; stem forked? 

hranches very slender, simple, straight, very long. 

III. 28. ECTOCARPUS. Lyngbye. Brown-iveed. 

Thallus threadshape, jointed, membranaceous, very 

much branched, brown; joints all simple; knots pellucid; 

theccB ovate or podshape, on the side or ends of the twigs. 

— Mostly marine; threads entangled into a branched tuft. 

1. Ectocarpus tomentosus. JVbollike brown-weed. 

Thallus very slender, very closely entangled into a ropelike, 

spongy mass, very much branched; branches vague, 

divaricated ; joints 4 times as long as broad. 

Conferva marina lomentosa minus tenera et ferrnginea, Dillen in Rait 

Syn. 39, 15. 

Conferva fomentosa, Dillwyn Conf. 56. 

Ceramium totnentusum, Agardh Syn. Gi. 

Ectocarpus tomentosus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 132. 

Sea-shores. 

Tufts 2 or 3 inches long, very much branched, pale 

green; threads equal; branches spreading; /Aec^ capsular, 

lateral, podshaped terminal. 

2. Ectocarpus littoralis. Shore brotoU'Weed. 

Thallus ropelike ; threads very slender, entangled 

branches upright, opposite and alternate ; joints as long as 

broad. 

Conferva marina capillacea longa ramosissima mollis, Dillen in Rail 

Syn. 59, 9. 

Conferva littoralis, Dillwyn, 31 ; Engl. Bot. 2290. 

Ceramium tomentosum, Roth Cat. 3, 147. 

Sea-shores on rocks, shells, or other sea-plants. 

Thallus pale green, not spongy, less densely entangled. 

VOL. I. Y

mS 28.EGtocar. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.ceU.aph. 

$, Eclocarpus granulosus. Granular brown-weed. 

Threads slender, free; branches scattered, compound, 

spreading, with pellucid, taper points; jozw/^ as long as 

broad, becoming tumid, terminal joints the longest. 

Conferva granulosa, Engl. Bot. 2351. 

Sea-shores; July. 

Tufts olive-green, flaccid; Iranclies various, spreading; 

ihgc(B lateral, scattered, sessile, reverse-ovate. 

4. Ectocarpus silicidosus. Pouch hroiun-iueed. 

Threads very slender, free ; hraiiches numerous, upright, 

alternate, awlshape; joints leather longer than broad. 

Conferva siliculosa, Billwi/n, 69; Engl. Bot. 2319. 

.Ceraniiiim confervoides, Roth Cat. 3, 148. 

Ceramium siliculos.uin, Agardh Disp. IS. 

Sea-shores. 

Tufts greenish or yellowish brown, 3 to 6 inches high* 

âccid ; threads membranaceous, not entangled; branches 

alternate, nearly upright. 

5. Ectocarpus brachiatus. Cross-armed brown-weed. 

Threads slender, wavy, entangled ; branches very numerous, 

op])osite, crossing each other, widely spread, taper, 

pointed ; joints cylindrical, about as broad as long. 

Conferva brachiata, Engl. Bot. 2571. 

Ceramium biachiatum, Agardh Syn. 67 ? 

Salt-marshes and the sea-shore. 

Light yellowish-brown, woolly, very soft. 

6. Ectocarpus chalybeus. Steel brown-weed. 

Threads crowded; branches stiff, ascending ;jom/5 three 

times as long as broad; theccB ovate, racemose. 

Conferva chalybea, Roth Cut. 3, 286; Billie. 91. 

:Conferva corymbifera, Engl. Bot. 1996. 

Ceramium chalybeum, ^gardh Disp. 19. 

Ceramiurn pukhellum clialybeum, Agardh Sun, 69. 

Fresh-water. 

Tufts small, close, 2 or 3 lines broad ; .threads iiTegu- 

larlv' branched; branches i^res&Qdi close. 

IV. 29. CALLITHAMNION. Lyngbye. Frelly-weed, 

Thalhis rose-red, threadlike, jointed, very much branched; 

joints formed of a single longitudinal tube; knots pel- 

lucid ; theccB ovate-globular, capsular, naked, nearly sessile, 

©n the side of the twigs at the tips of the joints.—Marine.

PLcelLapk. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 29.Callith. 325 

1. Callith. purpurascens. Purplish pretty-iveed. 

Threads thrice pinnately divided, very slender, membranaceous, 

purplish red ; branches and twigs spreading; knots 

contracted; joints 3 times as long as broad. 

Conferva inarina nodosa, coralloidis montani instar ramosa, JOiUen 

Jltisc, 36, 

Conferva purpurascens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 600 ; Engl. Bot. 2469. 

Cooferva rosea, DiUicyn Conf. 17. 

Ceramium roseura, Roth Cat. 2, 182, 

Callithamnion roseum, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan, 126. 

Sea-shore, on stones or marine plants. 

Thallus tufted, 2 or 3 inches long ; branches many, alternate; 

twigs very numerous; capsules on the upper side of 

the twigs. 

&. rosea. Tuft closer, rose red. 

Conferva rosea, Engl. Bot. 966. 

2. Callithamnion corymbosum. Corymbus pretty-weed. 

Thallus branched like network, corymbose, slender, 

tufted, rose-colour; branches alternate, many-cut, in bundles; 

apex 2-cut; joints slightly dilated above, about twice 

as long as broad ; knots pellucid ; thecce ovate, scattered, 

peduncled ; peduncles very short. 

Conferva corymbosa, Engl. Bot. 2352, 

Ceramium pedicellatum, Fl. Dan. 1596, 

Callithamnion corymbosum, Lynghye Hydr, Dan. 125. 

Sea-shores, 

Thallus outline round. 

8. Callithamnion Borreri. Borrer's pretty-'Weed. 

Thallus repeatedly branched, hairlike, bright red; 

branches all alternate, spreading in 2 directions, zigzag, 

level-topped; joints cylindrical, about twice as long aa 

broad. 

Conferva Borreri, Engl. Bot. 1741. 

Sea-shore; October. 

Thallus tufted, about 2 inches high, becomes orangeyellow 

by weathering, very slender; tivigs corymbose ; iwo/s 

slightly contracted. 

4. Callith. thujoides. Arbor-vitcB pretty-weed, 

Thallus repeatedly branched, A'êry slender, tufted 

branches alternate, zizgag ; side-shoots alternate, compound; 

joints very short, cylindrical. 

Conferva thujoides, Ep§?.J3of. 2205. 

Y 2

:324 29. Callith. g.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.cell.aph. 

Sea-coast; September, October. 

Thallus tufted, 1 or 2 inches long; joints of the stem 

to 6 times as long as broad, of the twigs only as long. 

5. Callith. tetragoniim. Four-sided pretty-weed, 

Thallus much-branched, red; twigs bundled, short, 

spreading horizontally attenuated at bottom, pointed at 

the tip ; joints ovate-cylindrical, twice as long as broad. 

Conferva tetragona, Withering Bot. 4,405; Engl. But. 1690. 

Sea-shore, or parasitical on other sea-plants. 

Thallus tufted, 2 or 3 inches long; branches "i-sided, 

sides hollowed ; joints of the twigs about as long as broad 

theccp. globular. 

6. Callithamnion tetricum. Dirty pretty-weed. 

Thallus several times pinnated, brown red, lurid ; segments 

and lobes alternate ; points rather curved ; joints 

about 3 times as long as broad ; theccR single, slightly pe- 

dicelled. 

Conferva tetrica, Dillwyn Conf. 81 ; 


Sea-shore, on stones and marine plants. 

Stems many, tufted, 6 or 8 inches high, alternatelj 

doubly pinnate ; twigs pinnate ; joints equal. 

7. Callithamnion Hookeri. Hooker s pretty-weed. 

Thallus very much branched; stem thick, not visibly 

jointed, pale reddish- brown ; twigs crowded, short, pinnate 

; lobes alternate, jointed ; joints rather longer than 

broad. 

Conferva Hookeri, Dillw. Conf. 106. 

Sea-shore. 

8. Callithamnio7i floccosum. Flock prelty-weec 

Thallus branched, rose-colour ; branches alternately pin-^ 

nated ; segments opposite, pectinated, horizontally recurved] 

lobes pointing one way ; joints about 3 times as long ai 

broad. 

Conferva Turneri, Engl Bot. 1637. 

Conferva Plumula, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57, 425 ; Dillw. Conf. 50. 

Conferva floccosa, Fl. Dan. 828. 

Ceramiutn floccosum. Roth Cat. 2, 185. 

Ceramium Plumula, Jtgardh Syn. 62, 

Sea-shore ; May to July. 

Thecce sessile, globular, on the lobes.

Pl.celLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 29.Callith. 325 

9. Callilhamnion Turneri. Turner's pretty-weed. 

Thallus pinnated, rose-colour; lohes opposite, simple, 

or rather pinnate; joints '6 times as long as broad. 

Conferva Turneri, Dillw. Conf. 100. 

Ceramium Turneri, Rolh Cat. 3, 128. 

Sea-shore, on sea-plants. 

Thallus closely tufted, an inch high, upright, linear, 

lanceolate. 

10. Callilhamnion repejis. Creeping pretty-weed. 

Thallus creeping, closely entangled, branched, minute, 

light rose-red; branches and twigs mostly pointing one 

way; knots slightly contracted; joints 3 times longer than 

broad. 

Conferva repen?, DUlw. Conf. 13; Engl. Bot. 1608. 

Ceramium repens, Agardh Syn. G3. 

Callithamnion repens, Lyngbije Hydr, Dan. 128. 

Sea-shore on shells and marine plants; Autumn. 

Ti/fts rather stiff, brownish red; stem creeping; branches 

upright, mosily divided ; twigs spreading. 

^. tenellum. Thallus light rose-red, flaccid, very slender; 

branches simple. 

Conferva tenell.i, Dillw. Syn. 72. 

Callilhamnion repens tenellum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 128. 

11. Callithamnion phtmosum,. Feather pretty-weed, 

Thallus creeping, branched, minute, deep rose-colour; 

branches upright, below rather naked, above pinnated; 

segments opposite, close ; joints twice as long as broad. 

Conferva Pluma, DUlw. Syn. 72. 

Parasitic on larger marine plants. 

Thecce globose, mostly terminal. 

12. Callilhamnion Daviesii. Davies's pretty-iveed. 

Thallus branched, tufted, upright, very minute, free, 

rose-red; branches and twigs alternate, scattered, pointed; 

joints 3 times as long as broad. 

Conferva Daviesii. Dillu:. Syn. 73; Engl. Bot. 2329. 

Callilhamnion Daviesii, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 129. 

Sea; on marine plants. 

Thallus rarely more than a quarter of an inch long, not 

entangled ; thecce placed in rows along the upper side of 

the twigs.

3m 29, Callith. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. PlcdLaph, 

IS. CaUiihamnion Roihii. Roth's pretty-weed. 

Thalhis forked, branched, tufted, upright, short; tuft 

close, scarlet ; brunches and twigs alternate ; joints about 


Conferva phoeiiicia, R. Brown MSS. With Bot. 4, 165. 

Conferva Rothii, Turion's Sysi. Nat. 6,1806', Dillw. Conf.l3; Engl. 

Bot. 1702. 

Conferva vioL-icea, Roth Cat. 1, 190. 

Callithamiiion RoUiii, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 129. 

Sea-shore. 

Tufts oblong, bright red, when dry crimson or purplish; 

ihallus about half an inch high; IruTiches below distant, 

above crowded. 

14. Callithamnion lanuginosum. Woolly pretty-weed. 

Thallus short, slender, mostly branched, light reddish; 

Iranches simple, upright, scattered, going out horizontally. 

Conferva lanuginosa, Dillw. Conf. 

Callithamnion lanuginosum, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 131. 


Threads very minute, coming out horizontally from the 

base, simple or branched above. 

15. Calliih.Jioridulum. Smallfloivered pretty-iveed. 

Thallus short, slender, tufted, entangled, mostly branched, 

very light rose-red ; branches scattered, mostly simple, 

remote, placed towards the apex; joints about 3 times as 

long as broad. 

Conferva floridula, Dillw, Syn, 73. 

Roclis on the sea-shore. 

Threads very fine, about half an inch long; becomes dull 

reddish green when dry. 

16. Callilh. intcrruptum. Interrupted pretty-weed. 

Thallus branched, short, purplish; branches and twigs 

alternate ; joints dilated above, truncated, about four times 

as long as broad ; theco! lateral, elliptical, with a transverse 

separation, on short pedicells. 

*^ Conferva internipta, Engl. Bot. 1838. 


Thallus dull rose-red, about an inch high. 

17. Callith. pedicellaturru Pedicelled pretty-weed. 

Thallus much branched, forked, hairlike, red; twigs 

many-cut; joints slightly dilated above, 5 or 6 times as

PLcelLapL 2.THALASSIOPHYT^.. 29. Callith. 3^7)^ 

long as broad; tkeccB reverse ovate, pedicelled, solitary 

pedicells short, in the forks. 

Conferva pedicellata, Engl. Bot. 1817; Dillw. Conf, 108. 

Sea-shores. 

ThalliLS 2 inches high, forming straight, stiff tufts of a. 

very pale dull rose-colour. 

V. 30, CERAMIUM. Agardh. Horn-weecL 

Thalliis rose- red, threadlike, jointed, forked, branched'; 

joints (solid?) when magnified coloured in fine network; 

ilieccE ovate, lateral, involucrated with the sliort branches. 

1 Ceramiiim ruhritm. Red korn-iveed. 

Threads very much branched, red, cartilaginous; twigs 

bristlelike, forked at the tip ; joints ovate, about as long as 

broad ; knots contracted. 

Conferva marina geniculala ramosissima lubrica, longis .sparsisve ramulis, 

Dillen in Rati Syn. 61. 23. 

Conferva rubra, Htids. Fl. Angl.QQO; Dillw. Conf. 34. 

Conferva nodulosa, Lightf. Scot. 994. 

Conferva flosculosa, Ellis Phil. Tr. 57, 425, 

Ceram'uiin virgatiim, Roth Cat. 1. 

Ceratnium elongatiim, Roth Cat. 2, 178. 

Ceramium rubriun, Agardh Syn. 60. 

Ceramiiim diapbanum purpurcum, Roth Cat. 2,228. 

Fuciis Lagasca, Clem. Ens. 315. 

Parasitic on other sea-plants. 

T'lifts dark red, becoming yellow by decay; joint pel- 

lucid in the centre. 

j3. maculatum. Thallus small, thin ; joints with a dark 

central spot. 

2. Ceramium diaphamim. Transparent horn-weed., 

Thallus threadlike, very much branched, rather membranaceous, 

variegated with transparent and purple ; twigs 

forcepshape at the tip; joi/z/5 cylindrical, hyaline; knots 

elevated, coloured. 

Conferva marina nodosa lubrica 

Dillen in Rati Syn. 62, 25. 

ramosissima et elegantissima rubens, 

Conferva diaphana, Lightf. Scot. 996 ; Engl. Bot. 1742. 

Conferva nodulosa, Huds. Ft. Angl. 600. 

Conferva elegans, Roth Cat. 1. 

Conferva fastigiata, Roth Cat. 2, 224. 

Corifef\'iig\oh\\\osa, Roth Cat. 2, 233. 

Conferva moniliformis. Roth Cat. 2,236. 

Ceramium diaphanum, Roth Cat. 3, 154, 

Ceramium forficatum glabellum, De Cand. Ft. Fr. 2,46.

328 SO.Ceram. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. Plcell.aph, 

Sea-coasts on rocks and large marine plants. 

Threads divaricated ; joints vary in length ; sporidia immersed 

in the joints. 

S. Ceramium ciliatum. Fringed hnrn-iveed. 

Thallus threadlike, forked, slender, very much branched, 

variegated, transparent, and pale red; ^zf i^-i forcepshape 

at the tip ; joints cylindrical, hyaline, scarcely longer than 

broad ; knots fringed, in a single whirl. 

Conferva ciliata, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57,423; Dillw. Conf. 53; Engl. Bot. 

2428 

Ceramium ciliatum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 121. 

Conferva pilosa, Rvt/i Cat. 2,225. 

'Ceramium forcipatuin ciliatum, De Cmid. Fl. Fr. 2, 46. 

Sea-shore, on stones and sea-plants. 

Thalbis tufted; k?iots red, fringed with short, white, 

spreading, pellucid spines; thecce aggregated. 

VI. 31. GRIFFITSIA. Agardh. Grijiths. 

branches forked, 

Thallus rose-red, threadlike, branched ; 

whirled, or scattered ; joints pearshaped, composed of a 

.«;ingle tube ; knots pellucid ; thecce lateral, appearing like 

a young shoot, surrounded by many jointless threads ; 

sporidia roundish.— Marine. 

1. Griffitsia setacea. Bristle griffiths. 

Thallus forked, branched, rodlike, stiff, deep rose-colour, 

shining; branches long; joints nearly cylindrical, five times 


Corallina confervoides gelatinosa riibens, lamulis et geniculis peran- 

gnstis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 34, 8. 

Conferva marina gelatinosa corallinae instar geniculata tenuior, Dillen 

Muse. 33. 

Conferva setacea, Huds. Fl. Angl. 599; Eng. Bot. 1689; Dillm, Conf. 

82. 

Grifiitsia setacea, Agardh Disp. 28. 

Sea-shores ; June to September. 

Thallus very bushy, becoming orange-coloured by exposure 

to the air; hranckes rather obtuse; fruit peduncled. 

2. Griffitsia corallina. Coralline griffiths. 

Thallus forked, shining, fine gold en- red ; joints thickened 

above, 4 times as long as broad.

Pl.celLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Sl.Griffit. 329 

Corallina confervoidcs gelatinosa alba, geniculis crassiusculis pellucidis, 

Dillen in Raii Syn. 34, 8. 

Conferva 

ien Muse. 33. 

marina, gelatinosa, corallinse instar geniculata crassior, Dj7- 

Conferva geniculata, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57, 425. 

Conferva coralloides, Lin. S. P. 1636. 

Conferva corallina, Lin. Syst. Feg. 

2815. 

973; Dillwyn Conf. 98; Engl. Bot. 

Callilhamnion corallinum, Lynghye Ilydr. Dan. 126. 

Sea-shore; July. 

Thallas 2 or 3 inches high ; thecce sessile. 

3. Griffltsia larhnta. Bearded griffitJis. 

Thalliis forked, branched, pale crimson, fibrous at the 

tip; twigs opposite, many-cut, very slender ; joi/2/5 thickened 

above, 5 times as long as broad. 

Conferva florifera, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57,425. 

Conferva bai bata, Engl. Bnt. 18)4; Dillw. Syn. 75. 

Griffitsia barbata, Agardh Disp. 28. 

Sea-shores; July. 

Thallas 2 or 3 inches high; lower Iranches divaricating; 

iheccB lateral, often sessile. 

4. Griffitsia miiU'ifida. Many-cut griffiths, 

Thallas branched, red ; tivigs opposite or ternate, dis- 

tant, many-cut ; joints cylindrical, 4 or 5 times as long as 

broad. 

Conferva niultifida, Engl. Bnt. 181S, not of Hudson; Dillw. Syn. 75. 

GrifB(sia muUifida, Agardh Disp. 23 

TlialU several, 3 to 5 inches high, fugacious rose-colour; 

iranches unequal. 

5. Griffitsia equisetifoUa. Horsetail griffiths. 

Thallas very much branched, thick, purplish red 

branches attenuated at both ends; tiuigs in whirls, tiledlike, 

short, many-cut, covering the stem entirely ; jow//5 3 to 


Conferva iinbricata, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603. 

Conferva muUifida, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603. 

Conferva equisetifoUa, Light/. Scot. 984; Engl. Bot. 1479; Dillw. 

Conf. 54. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallas 3 or 4 inches long, branched, bright red when 

young ; purplish brown when older ; branches cylindrical, 

alternate.

330 32.Bomch. 2.THALASS10'PHYTM, PL cell. aph. 

VII. 32. BORRICHIUS. Borrichius. 

Thallus rose-red. threadshape; Ira'nches forked, verti- 

cillate ; joints cylindrical, composed of a single tube ; knots 

pellucid ; ihecce ovate, naked, on the side of the twigs. 

Gelatinous, marine. 

Borrichius gelatinosus. Gelatinous borrichius. 

Thallus cylindrical, much branched, very gelatinous, 

very pale pink; ^?07/c/26'i^ alternate, very numerous, cylindrical, 

blunt, recurved. 

Rivularia verticillata, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 127 ; 

Sea-coasts ; 

July and August. 


VIII. 33. BATRACHOSPERMUM. B. de St.Vincent. 

Knot weed. 

Thallus green or brown, threadlike, branched ; tivigs 

forked, in whirls; ;om/5 cylindrical, composed of a single 

tube ; knots pellucid ; iheccc ovate, naked, on the side of 

the twigs.— Very gelatinous, beadlike, appearing like a 

dotted picture when dry, in marshes. 

1. Bairachospermum moniliforme. Necklace knot-weed. 

Thallus much branched, forming tufts, attenuated 

branches alternate, spreading; twigs in whirls, forked, very 

close ; joints ovate, necklacelike. 

Conferva fontana nodosa, spermatis ranarum instar lubrica, major et 

fusca, Dillen in Rail Syn. 62, 26. 

Ciiara batrachosperma, Weiss Crypt. Gott. 33, 1. 

Chara gelatinosa, Roth Cat. 125. 

Conferva gelatinosa, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 720; mUu). Conf. 32: Engl. 

Bot. 689. 

Batrachosperma ludibunda, B.de S. Vine. An>i. Mus. 12,310, 

Batrachofperminn moniliforme. Roth Gerjn. 3,480. 

In clear rivulets and springs, on pebbles. 

Thallus 1 to 3 inches long; lower joints very long, upper 

shorter. 

/3. purpurascens. Branches more pointed ; thallus pur- 

plish blue. 

y. detersum. Twigs wanting ; thallus appearing like 

naked, knotted threads. 

Conferva fontana nodosa, lubrica; filamentis tenuissimis nigris, Dillen 

Muse. 39. 

Conferva atra, Huds. Angl. 597 ; Dillm. Conf. 11 ; Engl. Bot. 690. 

Ceramium tiodnlosum, Agardh Dec. 23. 

Batracliospermum moniliforme detersum, Agardh Syn. 122.

Tl.cellaph. 2.THALASS.IOPHYT^. S3. Batrach. 331 

2. Balrachosperminn vagum. Vague hiot-tveed. 

Thallus forked, round, equal ; Iranches spreading ; tivigs 

in whirls, forked, very close ; joints ovate, beadlike. 

Conferva alpina lubrica, filamentis nodosis cseri'.leis, Dillen Muse, 

Conferva gelatinosa o, Huds. Fl. Jngl. 598. 

Chara gelatinosa vaga, Roth Germ. 1, 127. 

Conferya gelatinosa casrulescens, fVakl, 510. 

Batrachosperma turfosa, B. de St. Vine, ^nn Mus. 12, 310. 

Batracliospermnm moniliforme vagum, Roth Cat. 3,482. 

Batrachospermum vagum, Agardh Syn. 123. 

Ponds in boggy soils. 

Thallus less slimy, stiflPer and more slender than the 

preceding; not appearing like a row of beads. 

E. HuTCHiNSiDE.E. T/wllus threadlike, main stem solid, 

continuous, jointed or with an internal jointed axis; joints 

composed of man}'^ veins or tubes ; iwigs jointed, joints 

simple or compound; knots mostly coloured; sporidia enclosed 

in a capsule-like theea. — Reddish or greenish 

mostly marine. 

IX. 34. CLADOSTEPHUS. Agardh. Bottlehrusli-weed. 

Thallus olive, branched ; main JUamenl solid, jointed ; 

/zt'fg'^ jointed, in whirls, mostly simple; 70272/5 simple; theece 

ovate, peduncled, on the side of the twigs. 

1. Cladoslephus verticillatus. JVkirl lottlelrush-weed. 

Thallus forked, branchedj brownish olive; iwigs mostly 

2-cut, incurved, in regular Avh iris, short, tilediike; jom/5 

broader than long; thec(£ elliptical, oblong. 

Conferva verticillata, LigMf. Scot. 984 ; Dillw. Conf. 55 ; Engl. Bot 

1718. 

Conferva myriopliyllum. Roth Cat. 3,212. 

Cladostephus verticillatus, Agardh Disp. 26. 

Ceramium verticillatiira, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 39. 

Fucus verticillatus, Wulf. Crypt. Gott. 13. 

Sea-coasts. 

Main stem very thick, spreading; thecce. on the twigs of 

the old main stem. 

2. Cladostephus spojigiosus. Spongy hotllehnish-weed. 

Thallus branched, olive-green ; tivigs simple, bent inwards, 

scattered, tiledlike; joints little longer than broad; 

thecce reverse-ovate. 

Fucus teretifolius spongiosus pilosissimus, Rail Syn, 46. 

Fucus hirsutus, Lin. Mant, 134. 

Conferva spongiosa, Huds. Fl.Angl. 596; Dillw. Conf- 42. 

Cladostephus spongiosus, Agardh Disp. 26.

332 34.Cladost. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. PlcelLaph. 

Sea- shore. 

Theccc on the shorter twigs of the branches. 

3. Cladostephus niveits. White hotllehnish-weed. 

Thallus branched; branches slender, rather stiff, white; 

twigs in obscure whirls ; joints as long as broad, dark. 

Conferva nivea, Dillioyn Syn. 54 ; Engl. Dot. 2529 ; jigardh Disp. 30, 

B^ssiis lanuginosus, Willan Sulph. fVat. 10. 

Roots and dead leaves in sulphureous springs. 

Thalli very slender; branches very numerous, ringed 

with black, mostly covered with a white crust. Perhaps a 

thorea; but it is very imperfectly described by authors. 

X. 35. SPHACELARIA. Lyngbye. Rust-weed. 

Thallus olive-branched, jointed ; branches 2-rowed 

joints all compound; sporidia enclosed in the tip of the 

branches v/hich become sphacellated and open, rarely in 

lateral, ovate, capsular thecee. 

1 . Sphacelaria pennata. Pinnate rust-weed. 

Thallus much branched, slender; branches alternate, 

rather bipinnate, lobes 2-rowed, alternate and opposite 

joints as long as broad. 

Conferva cirrhosa, Roth Cat. 3, 294. 

Conferva pennata, Huds. Fl. 

-ssso, 

Jngl. 604; Billw. Conf. 86; Engl. Bot. 

Ceramium cirrhosum, Agardh Disp. 21. 

Sphaci'laria pennata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 195. 

Sea-shore, on rocks, corallines, and sea-plants. 

Tufts bushy, from one-half to two inches high; threads 

olive- brown. 

2. Sphacelaria scoparia. Shore rust-weed. 

Thallus much branched, stiff; branches in bundles, al- 

ternate, nearly bipinnate, crowded; lobes short, alternate, 

2-rowed, pressed close, pointed ; joints as long as broad. 

Muscus marinus rubens, Ger. emac. 1571 ; Park. 1296. 

Conferva marina pinnuta, Dillen in Rail Syn. 59, 14. 

Conferva scoparia, Lin. S. P. 1 6.S5 ; Engl. Bot. 1552 ; Dilliv. Conf. 52. 

Ceramium scnparium, Roth Cat. 2, 141. 

Sphacelaria scoparia, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 104,3. 

Sea-shores, on shells and pebbles; all the year. 

Thallus dull, olive-brown, 3 to 6 inches high; stems 

many, clothed with entangled jointed threads or twigs 

clustered.

Plcell.aph. 2.THALASSI0PHYT^. 35. Sphacel. 33S 

S. Sphacelaria Mertensii. Merte?i's rust-weed. 

ThaLlus branched, yellowish brown; branches pinnate; 

lohes mostly opposite, short; joints half as long as broad. 

Conferva Mertensii, Engl. Bot. 999 ; Dillw. Syn. 79. 

Tiifls 3 inches high; 5/ew5 many, cylindrical, pinnate; 

branches short, opposite, 2-rowed, from the base of the 

stem; pellucid. 

4. Sphacelaria ccespitula. Small-tiifted rust-weed. 

Thallus tufted, very small; branches mostly simple, alternate, 

long, blunt. 

Conferva olivacea, Dillw. Syn. 57. 

Sphacelaria csespitula, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 106. 

On Other sea-plants. 

Threads about a line high, aggregated, yellowish green. 

5. Sphacelaria fiisca. Brown rust-weed. 

Thallus threadlike; branches distant, mostly alternate; 

twigs spreading, clublike ;yom/^ transversely banded in the 

middle, as long as broad. 

Conferva fusca, Huds. Fl. Angl. 602 ; 

Stones and rocks in the sea. 

Threads 3 or it inches long. 

Dillw. Conf, 95. 

XI. 36. ELLISIUS. Ellis. 

Thallus rose-red, branched ; main stem solid, continuous, 

or slightly jointed; branches and twigs scattered, jointed; 

joints of the twigs simple, composed of one tube; thecce 

ovate, lateral, or immersed in the tip of the branches. — 

Marine. 

1. Ellisius glaber. Bald ellis. 

Threads much branched, red; stem thick, jointless, netlike, 

naked below, very much branched above; twigs 

crowded, nearly in whirls, short, alternately branched^ 

jointed ; joints as long as broad. 

Conferva Arbuscula, Dillw. Conf. 85 ; En^l. Bot, 1916. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus tufted, 2 inches high.

SS4. 36. Ellis. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Plcell.aph. 

2. Ellisius coccineus. Scarlet ellis. 

Threads much branched, scarlet; stem thick, shaggy, 

obscurely jointed ; branches alternately doubly pinnate; 

loles many-cut, tufted, jointed ; joints rather shorter than 

broad. 

Conferva coccinea, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603; Engl. Bot. lOib iJ)ilUa. Conf.S, 

Conferva plumosa. Light/. Scot. 966. 

Sea-shore. 

Main stem rough; younger branches bright scarlet; theco 

ovate and lanceolate. 

&. tenuior. Threads slender, twigs short, and less feathered. 

XII. 37. HUTCHINSIA. Agardh. Hutchins. 

Thallus rose-red, branched, ]omteA', joints with a central 

tube, all compound, streaked, or composed of many pa- 

rallel longitudinal lines ; thecce external, ovate, lateral, 

or immersed in the tips of the branches.—Marine. 

a. Threads pervaded by 4 tubes, veined in network; branches 

long, bristlelike. 

1 Hutchinsia elongaia. Long hutchins. 

Threads much branched, cartilaginous, purple; branches 

and twigs bristlelike, long, very slender, stiff"; joints half 

as long as broad ; lower joints obsolete, veined in network. 

.Conferva elongata, DHIk:. Conf. 33 ; 

Engl. Boi. 4229. 

Ceramiiim elongatura, Roth Cat. 3, 128. 

Hutchinsia elongata, Agardh Syn. 54. 

Lobster-iiorn conferva. 

Sea-shore; October. 

Thallus spreading, 3 to 12 inches high, purplish brown; 

branches and twigs narrower at both ends: joints Teiny, 

rather straight, angles of the branches rounded. 

2. Hutchinsia brachygona. Short-jointed hutchins. 

Thallus diff'used, vaguely branched ; branches rather remote, 

spreading ; twigs mostly simple, attenuated ; joints 

half as long as broad, veined in network. 

Fucus difFusns, Huds. Fl. Angl. 589. 

Ceramiiim brachygonura, Lynghye Hydr. Ban. 118. 

Sea-shore, on the rocks; annual; spring and summer. 

Thallus red, when dry blackish, stiff".

PLcdl.aph, 2.THALASSI0PHYT^. 37.Hutchin. S3S 

b. Thallus tubular, solid; joints streaked lengthways. 

3. Hutchinsiafucoides. JVracklike hidchins. 

Threads* very much branched, diffused, rather cartilaginous, 

brownish-black; twigs horizontally spi-eading, forked; 

last twigs alternate, bent inwards, pointed; joi^z/^ rather 

longer than broad. 

Conferva fucoides, Huds. Fl. Angl. 608 ; Billw. Conf. 75 ; Engl. Bot. 

1743. 

Ceramium violaceum, Roth Cat. 1, 150. 

Hutchinsia violacea, jigardh Syn. 54 ? 

Sea-shore ; July to September. 

Thallus very bushy, 3 to 12 inches high; outlijie orbicular, 

blackish brown when dry, elastic ; joints composed 

of a simple series of small oblique veins. 

4. Hutchinsia nigrescens. Blackish hutchins. 

Threads very much branched, stiff, rather cartilaginous, 

brownish black; twigs upright, forked, pointed; joints rather 

longer than broad 

Conferva nigrescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 602? Engl. Bot. 1717. 

Sea-coasts. 

Thallus closely tufted, 4 to 6 inches high, outline narrow 

wedgeshape; main filament very thick; branches stxid. 

twigs straight, upright. 

5- Hutchinsiafibrat a. 

' 

Threaded huichins. 

Threads branched, reddish purple ; branches forked ; tivigs 

rather bundled ; 

tips furnished with pellucid jointed fibres 

joints of the stem Icaig, of the twigs as long as broad. 

Conferva fibrala, Dillw, Syn. 159 ; 


Sea-shore, on marine plants. 

Thallus closely tufted, 2 or 3 inches high ; end of the 

twigs often pellucid, colourless, fringed v/ith many long, 

slender, forked, transparent fibres. 

6. Hutchinsia urceolata. Pitcher hutching. 

Threads much branched, diffuse, reddish brown ; twigs 

spreading, short; joints of the stem longer, of the twigs 

shorter than broad ; veins few ; thecce pitchershape. 

Conferva nigrescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 602 ? 

Conferva urceolata, Dillw. Syn. 156 ; Engl. Bot. 2365. 

Sea-shores on rocks, or marine plants.

336 37.Hutchin. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE.PZ. ce//.a/)A. 

Thallus slender, bushy, rich red brown, when dry dull 

black ; joints of 4 or 6 veins, long near the root but become 

gradually shorter. 

7. Hutchinsia hadia. Bay hutchins. 

Threads branched, stiff, reddish black; branches long; 

twigs short, distant, mostly simple ; joints rather longer 

than broad. 

Conferva badia, Dillw. Syn. 85, not of Agardli ? 

Sea-shore. 

8. Hutchinsia strict a. Stiff" hutchins. 

Threads branched, stiff, equal, level-topped, tender, 

scai'let ; branches forked, nearly upright ; joints about three 

times as long as broad. 

Conferva stric(a, Dillw. Conf. 40. 

Huichinsia stricta, Jgardh Syn. 56. 

Sea-coasts. 

Thailus tufted ; outline wedgeshape ; glossy red when 

dried ; 

threads of nearly equal thickness throughout. 

&. diffusa. Threads diffused; outline nearly orbicular, 

dull dirty brown when dry. 

9. Hutchinsia patens. Spreading hutchins. 

Threads branched, slightly diffused, rose-red; branches 

scattered, rather spreading; yoz«/5 about twice as long as 

broad. 

Conferva patens, DUlw. Syn, 83. 

Sea-coast; on marine plants. 

Thallus tufted, diffuse; branches lateral; twigs short, 

numerous. 

10. Hutchinsia fibrillosa. 

Threads much branched, red ; 

Fibrillous hutchins. 

branches scattered, rather 

truncated, ending in a close pencil and fibres; lower joints 

longer than broad, the upper shorter. 

Conferva fibrillosa, Dilla. Syn. 86. 

Hutchinsia fibrillosa, jigardh Syn. 57. 

Sea-shores. 

Thallus tufted, spreading, irregularly branched; twigs 

many ijibres simple, tubular, appearing as \f jo'mtedj joints 

much longer than broad ; iheccB slightly pedicelled.

PkcelLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 37. Hutchin. 337 

1\. Hut chinsia nigra. 

Black hut chins. 

_ 

Threads branched, reddish black; branches long; twigs 

short, awlshape, distant, generally many-cut, nearly pencilshape; 

joints, of the stem longer than broad, of the twigs 

as long. 

Conferva nigra, Huds. Fl. Jngl 595; Engl. Bot. 2340; Dillu:. S

S^8 ST.Hutchin. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Plcell.aph. 

15. Hutchhisia parasitica. 

Parasitic hutcUvs, 

Threads doubly pinnate, rather stiff, brownish red ; segmenls 

and lobes Q.\ternaie; joints not quite so long as broad. 

Conferva parasitica, Huds. FlJngl. 604 ; Engl. Bot. 1429 ; Dillw. 87. 

Hutchinsia Mostingii, Lyngbye Ilydr. Dan. 116? 

Sea-shore; on marine plants. 

Tlialliis 1 or 2 inches long, slender; tivigs pointed, 

gradually smaller; tlieccc oblong, axillary, pedicelled. 

16. Hutchinsia Brodim. Brodie's hvichins. 

Threads very much branched, purplish black ; branches 

long; twigs scattered, spreading, many-cut, in bundles; 

joints of the branches obsolete, of the twigs rather longer 

^han broad. 

Conferva Brodiaji, Dillw. Conf. 107 ; 


Thallas 1 or 2 feet long, repeatedly and finely branched 

theccB lateral or axillary. 

17. Hutchinsia pulchella. Pretty hutchins. 

Thallus much branched, round ; tranches and twigs 

ascending, alternate, close, pointed, simple or 2-cut; joints 

shorter than broad. 

Fucus crisfatus y, Turner Uist. Fiic. 48. 

Fucus cristatusj Engl. Bot. 1925. 

v5ea-shores. 

Thallus 2 or 3 inches high, compressed, repeatedly alternately 

branched. 

JCIII. 38.VERTEBRATA. Backbone. 

Thallus round, forked, branched, smooth ; axis central, 

jointed ; joints composed of many tubes, with a cewtral 

opake spot; thecce. ovate, lateral, or in the tip of the twigs. 

Vertehrata fastigiata. Even-topped backbone. 

Threads forked, even-topped ; joints half as long as 

broad, with a central black spot. 

Conferva marina geiiiculata rainosissima lubrica, brevibus et palmatim 

congeslis ramulis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 61, 24. 

Conferva marina, nigra palma(a, Dillen Muse. 32. 

Conferva polymorpiia, Z,fra. S. P. 1636; Engl. Bot. UQi; Dillw. M. 

Fucr.s lanosiis, izn. Syst. Veg. e.d. 13, 815. 

Ceramium fastigiatum, Roth Cat. 2, 175. 

JHutchinsia fastigiata, Agardh Syn. 53. 

Sea and mouths of rivers; parasitic on fuci. 

'

Plcell.aph. S.THALASSIOPHYTiE. SS.Verteb. 339 

Tufts stiff, close, blackish brown, 2 or 3 inches high, not 

adhering to paper; joints composed of an internal annular 

series of interrupted cells. 

C. CoRALLiDE^. Thalhis threadshape, jointed ; axis 

membranaceous, fibrous, continuous; Zr/rA cellular, cretaceous, 

jointed; thecce. terminal or lateral.—Marine. 

XIV. 39. JANIA. Lamarck. Jania. 

Tliallus threadlike, hairlike, forked, jointed ; jom/i cylindrical; 

axw horny; bark thin, chalky. 

1. Jania ruhens. Reddish jania. 

Joints of the stem roundish, of the forks clubbed; theccB 

polymorphous, appendiculated, or naked. 

Jania rubra, Lamouroux Zooph. 272. 

Sea-shores. 

)3. communis. Branches long ; thecoB 0. 

Corallina rubra, Ellis Corall. 64. 

^. cristata. Thecce appendiculated; appendix truncated. 

Corallina cristata, Ellis Corall. 65. 

S40 4-0. Coral. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. Vl.celLaph. 

Corallina, Rail Syn. 33, 1. 

Corallina Aiis;lica, Ger.em. 1379. 

Corallina officinalis, Ellis Zooph. 110; CoraU.24i. 

Rocks and shells in the sea. 

2. CoraUina eloncrata. Lon^ coralline. 

Three-forked ; joints of the stem roundish, wedgeshape, 

of the branches cylindrical; thecce terminal, obtuse or 

headed. 

Corallina elongata, Ellis Zooph, 119. 

Corallina, &c. Ellis Curall. 63, 4. 

Sea-shore. 

. 3. Corallina sqiiamata. Scaled coralline. 

Three-forked ; joints of the stem round, compressed, 

wedgeshape, of the twigs compressed, flat ; i hec(E termmal^ 

flattened, edge acute. 

Corallina squamata, Ellis Zooph. 117 ; 

Corallina abietina, Lamouroux Hist, 

Rocks in the sea. 

Corall. 63. 

D. DiCTYOTiDE^. Thallus continuous, membranaceous 

or rather leatherlike, flat, fanshaped or forked ; fibres parallel 

from the base to the tip, finely reticulated by concentric 

parallel lines; bark chalklike, hairy, conferva-like; 

spoiudia scattered ; colour green or reddish, permanent. 

XVI. 41. ZONARIA. Draparnaud. Girdleweed. 

Thallus flat, fanshaped, ribless ; base villous ; sporidia solitary 

in immersed, concentric lines.—Brownish. 

1 . Zojiaria pavonia. Peacock girdleiveed. 

Thallus flat, leatherlike, fanshaped, simple or lobed, 

streaked ; streaks crossing each other. 

Fuciis tnariti.'Rus gallopavonis pennas referens, Raii Syn. 43, 14 ; EUis 

Corall. 88. 

Ulva jiavonia, Lin, Syst, Nat. ed. 12, 2, 719. 

Frattinickia pavonia, Weh. and Mohr. Ind, Musv 

Zonaria pavonia, ^gardh Disp. 20. 

Dict^'ota (Padina) pnv on'ia, Lamvuroux Diss. 

Rock on sea-shore. 

Thalli several together from a central base, spreadirig 

circularly.

m.eeU.aph. 5?.THALASSI0PHYT^. 41. Zonar. 341 

2. Zonaria atomaria. Speckled girdleweed, 

Thallns flat, dilated above, fanshaped, palmate; lobes, 

linear, slightly divided. 

Ulva atomaria, Woodward in Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 53 ; 

Dictyota zonata, Lamouroux Diss. 25, 1. 

Zonaria zonaia, Agardh Dispos. 20, 

Sea-coasts. 

Thallus yellowish brown, edge not cut. 


^. ciliata. Lobes slender; edge fringed, serrated. 

Dictyota ci'.iala, Lamouroux Diss. 

Ulva atomaria, Engl. Bot. the lower fig. 

Ulva serrata, De Cand. Fl. Gall. Syn. 3. 

XVII. 42. DICTYOTA. Lamouroux. Dlciyole. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless, mostly forked, 

much branched; sporidia immersed in interrupted series, 

or scattered. 

1. Dictyota dichotoma. Two-forked dictyote. 

Thallus olive, yellowish, membranaceous, forked; lobe» 

linear, not cut. 

Fucus membranaceus dichotomus graraineus, Raii Sijn. 'lb, 2. 

TJUadichntoma., Lightf. Scot. 915; Engl. Bot. 174:. 

Dictyota dichotoma, Lamouroux Diss. 

Zonaria dichotoma, Agardh Disp. 22. 

Sea-coast. 

|3. inequalis. Last lobes 3 or 4 times narrower than the 

primary ones. 

y. implexa. Thallus small, lobes very slender, linear, 

entangled. 

Ulva dichotoma, Engl. Bot. 775, lower fig. 

Dictyota implexa, Lamouroux Diss. 

2. Dictyota liguluta. Tonguelike dictyote. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, reddish, branched ; branches 

dilated, rather forked with obtuse angles, terminating with 

straplike fringed segments. 

Ulva ligulata. Woodward Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,54; Engl. Bot. 420. 

Zonaria ? ligulata, Agardh Disp. 21. 

Sea-shores. 

XVIII. 43. DICTYOPTERIS. Lamouroux. Dictyoptere. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, midribbed, olive-green, 

forked, branched; sporidia in clusters; clusters prominentia 

scattered, in a line on each side of the midrib.

34-2 43.Dictyopt. 2.THALSSI0PHYT^. Plcell.aph. 

Dictyopteris elongata. Long diclyoptere. 

ThaUiis linear, membranaceous, pellucid, greenish brown; 

midrib slightly prominent, here and there proliferous ; edge 

not in the least cut ; branches long. 

Fucus membranaceus, Stackh. Nereis, 13 ; 

Dictyopteris elongata, Lamouroux Essai. 


Sea-shore. 

Holdfasts callous ; thallus woolly, very thin, when dry 

transparent, greenish. 

E. Ulvoide^. Thallus continuous, membranaceous, 

leatherhke or gelatinous, regularly cellular; integuments 

smooth, membranaceous; sporidia scattered in the substance 

of the thallus, or in prominent spots.— Greenish, either 

permanent, or becoming whitish. 

XIX. 'M. ASPEROCOCCUS. Lamour. Roughfruit. 

Thallus leatherlike, compressed, tubular ? branched, 

"brownish ; sporidia ped uncled, in scattered groups on the 

surface of the thallus; holdfasts shieldlike. 

• Asperococcus multifida. Mamj-cut roughfruit. 

Thallus cartilaginous, brownish, repeatedly branched, 

rather palmate; lobes spreading, linear, various in length 

and breadth. 

Ulva mullifida, Engl. Bot. 1913. 

Sea-shore. 

Holdfasts shieldlike; thallus 4 or 5 inches long. 

XX. 45. ULVA. Linnaeus. Laver. 

Thallus membranaceous, flat, nerveless, mostly green, 

rarely purplish ; stirpsuone; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia 

4 together, immersed in the substance of the thallus. 

1. Ulva lacluccpfoUa. LeLluce-leaf laver. 

Thallus bright green, aggregate, oblong, undulated, bul- 

lated, below attenuated, above dilated, lobed, crisped. 

Ulva marina laciucJE similis. Rail Syn. 62, 1. 

Treraella marina vulgaris lactucEe similis, Dillen. Muse. 42. 

Ulva Lactuca, Lin. S. P. 1682; Engl. Bot. 1551. 

Green laver. Oyster green. 

Stones and shells in the sea; annual. 

^ Thallus pale green, very tender, thin, flaccid.—Salt and 

bitterish, eaten stewed with lemon-juice as an antiscorbutic, 

but acts strongly upon the bowels.

Pl.cellaph. S.THALASSIOPHYT^. 45. Ulva. S4>S; 

2. TJlva latissima. Broadest laver. 

Thallus yellow-green, solitary, oblong, very broad, flat^ 

edge waved. 

Ulva laiissima, Lin. S. P. 1632. 

Sea-shores. 

Thallus 2 or 3 feet long, nearly a foot broad, edge waved, 

base not narrower. 

3. Ulca bullosa. Bullate laver, 

Thallus dark green, dilated, at first tubular, then flat- 

tened, sinuous, rather plaited, slippery. 

Ulva palustris lactucEe marinai similis, sed multo minor et tenerior^ 

Dilkn in liaii Syn. 63, 6, 

Tremella palustris, vulgari similif, sed minor et tenerior, Dillen Mmc^. 

44. 

Ulla bullosa. Roth Cat. 3, 329. 

Ulva Lactuca /3, Hudson Fl. Angl. 567. 

On aquatic plants in ditches; annual; Sept. to May» 

Thallus solitary or aggregate. 

4-. Ulva lanceolata. Lance lavet^. 

Thallus pale green, ovate, spearshape. 

Ulva lanceolata, Lin. S. P. 

Rocks on the sea-shore. 

Thallus 9 inches to a foot long. 

5. Ulvafasciaia. Banded laver\. 

Thallus green, aggregate, lanceolate, not cut, narrower 

at both ends, flat ; edge flexuous. 

Ulva Linza, Lin. S. P. 1633. 

Tremella marina fasciîta, Dilkn in Raii Syn. 62, 3 ; 

Thallus 6 to 12 inches long, an inch broad. 

Muse. 46. 

6. Ulva plicata. Folded laver, 

Thallus dark green, connate at bottom, imbricate, plaitedj. 

ovate, blunt. 

Lichen mariniis, TaberntEtn. Icon. 814. 

Bryon lactucaefolium, Lobel,2,2'il. 

Ulva plicata, Flor. Dan. 829. 

Rocks and the sea-shore. 

Thalli many, aggregate, umbilicated at bottom, in the 

centre. 

7. Ulva terrestris. Land laver^ 

Thallus dark green, aggregate, ovate, crowded, slender,, 

decumbent, plaited, crisped.

344 45. Ulva. 2.THALASSI0PHYT^. Fl.eell.apL 

Ulva terresiris. Roth Cat. 211. 

Ulva crispa, Lightfoot Fl. Scot, 972. 

Ulva Lactuca, y, lliids. Fl.Angl. 667. 

Damp, shady places. 

Thalli many, aggregated, in a crisp and bullated bed. 

8. Ulva iimhillcata. Umhilicated laver, 

Thallus reddish brown, flat, tiled-hke, gregarious, nearly 

orbiculate, umbihcated, sessile, longitudinally plaited. 

Ulva marina ii'mhilicata, Dillen in Raii Sijn. 63,3. 

Ticineila marina unibilicafa, Dillen Muse. 45. 

Uiva iimbiliriilis, Lin. S. P. 1633 ; Engl. Bat. 2286. 

Fuctis Tieniella uti.biiicala, Gmel. 219. 

Uiva purpurea umbiiicala, Agaidh Sjn. 41. 

On stones, on the sea-shore. 

.9. Ulva purpurea. Purple laver, 

Tkallus purple, fiat, solitary, lanceolate; edge not cut, 

wavey, crisp. 

Ulva purpurea, jKo//i Cat. 1,209. 

Ulva umbiJicalis /3, Wald. Lapp. 967. 

Rock on the sea-shores. 

Thallus rounded and contracted at bottom. 

10. Ulva edulis. Eaiahle laver. 

Thallus very dark red, nearly opake, wedgeshape, not in 

the least cut, rounded at the tip, narrowed at bottom. 

Fuciis Scoticj.is, latissimvis eduSis diik'is, Raii Syn. 46,30. 

Uiva edulis. Be CandoUe Fl. Gall. 2, 12. 

Fucus edulis, Stackh. Nereis Brit. 12; Engl. Bot. 1307. 

Fucus dulcis, GmeJin, 189. 

Fucus Lactura, Esper, 64. 

Fucus carncsus, Esper, 76. 

Fucus palsnatus /3, Light/. Scot. 934. 

llaljmenia edulis, jigardh Syn. 35. 

Bulse. 

Sea-shores. 

Odour like tea ; eaten raw before dinner. 

1 1 . Ulva pahnaia. Palmate laver, 

Thallus purplish red, pellucid, palmate, not in the least 

cut; lobes oblong, mostly simple. 

Fucus intffrtbrannceits ceratioides, Rgii Syn, 46, 29. 

Ulva palmata. Be Cand. Fl. Gall. 2, 12. 

Halymenia palmala, Jlgardh Syn. 35, 

Fucus paluiatus, Lin. S. P. 1630 ; Turner Hist. 115 ; Engl. Bot. 1306. 

Fucus ovii>us, Fl. Norv. 00. 

Fucus ciprinus, Fl. Dan. 1128. 

Fucus bullatus, Fl. Dan. 770. 

Fucus rubrns, liiper, 75.

Plcell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 45. Blva. 345 

Rocks on the sea-shore. 

TliaUi gregarious, slenderer at bottom. 2-forked or palmate 

with 2 or 3 lobes. 

;3. marginifer. Thallus oblong, mostly simple, edge pro- 

liferous. 

Ulva caprina, Fl. Norv.2, 126. 

y. lac'mkita. Thallus finely jagged ; lobes linear. 

Ulvadelicatula, Gunn Fl.Nurv.8. 

Fucus delicatiila, Fl. Dan. 1190, 

Fuciis laciniatus, Wahl. 497. 

12. Ulva solol'ifera. Yonng-beanvg laver. 

Thallus rose-red, membranaceous, flat, pahnately lobed; 

edge proliferous; lobes dilated, tip many-cut, toothed. ' 

Fucus soboiiferus, Fl. Dan. 1065; Engl. Bot. 2133 i Turner Hist. 1,9T. 

Halymenia sobolifera, Agardh Si/n.SQ. 

Ulva sobolifera, Lyiigbye Hydr. Dan. 27. 

Sea-shores. 

Thallus 3 to 6 inches long, branched. 

XXI. 46, SCYTOSIPHON. Lyngbye. Leathernpipe, 

Thallus round, tubular, continuous, even, .branched or 

simple, leatherlike, membranaceous; spondia solitary or 

crowded, scattered over the whole surface of the thallus 

stirps 0. 

a. Thallus greeny memhranaceous. 

1. ScytosiphoninteslinaUs, Gut leal her Jipipe. 

Thallus light green, membranaceous; lube simple, bent, 

wavey, puckered. 

Ulva marina tubulnsa, intestinonim figuram referens, liaii Syn. 62, 4. 

Ulva iniestinalis, Lin. S. P. 1632. 

Conferva intestinalis, Roth Cat. I, 159. 

Scytosiphon intestinalis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 67. 

Stagnant fresh-waters, and the sea-shore. 

Thalli ao-PTegate, resembles the intestines of animals as 

too O ~ 

it floats on the water. 

i3. crispus. Thallus compressed, wrinkled and crisp. 

Ulva intestinalis, Roth Cat, 1, 159. 

Thallus olive green, leatherlike. 

2. Scytosiphmi compressus. Compressed ieOthernpipe. 

Thallus dark green, membranaceous, round, threadlike, 

tubular, branched, compressed ; branches scattered, simple, 

decumbent.

346 46.Scytosip.2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.celLaph. 

Ulva compressa, Lin. S. P. 1032 ; Engl. Bot. 1739. 

Ulva marina tenuissima et compressa, Raii Syn. 63,5. 

Treinella marina (eimissima et compiessa, Dillen Muse. 48. 

Conferva compressa, Roth Cat. !, 163. 

Conferva crinila, Ruth Cat. 2, 191. 

Scytos'iphon compyessus, Lyngbye Hydr, Van. 6i. 

Sea-shore. 

TliaUiis polymorphous, narrower at bottom, simple or 

branched ; 

branches narrower at bottom, mostly simple. 

b. Clathrata. Thallus green, li-anched, veined in squares 

like casement-ivmdows ; sporidia in each cell. 

3. Sci/toslphon rajnulosiis. Smoll-Lranched leathernpipe. 

Thallus green, membranaceous, tubular, much branched, 

rather compressed; branches thickest above; tivigs scattered, 

very numerous, pointed. 

Ulva ramuiosa, Engl. Bot. 2137. 

Sea-shore. 

Thalli numerous, aggregated, 2 inches high ; branches 

awlshaped. 

4

Pl.cell.aph S.THALASSIOPHYT^. 46. Scytosip. 347 

Conferva fceniculacca, Hudson Fl.ylngl. 59i. 

Ceramiiim inflexuin, Roth Cat. 3, 131. 

Hippuris setaceus, Barrelier Icon. 1123. 

Fucus subtUis, Turner Hist. 2,34. 

Scytosiphon fceniculaceus, Fl. Dan. 1595, 1. 

Halymcnia fceniculacca, AgarcUi Syn. 38. 

Hutcliirisia inflexa, ^gardh Syn. 58. 

Sea-shores; annual; spring. 

Thalli aggregate, 6 or 9 inches high, pale yellow or 

olive. 

7. ScytosiphonJistidosns. F'lstular lent hernpipe. 

Thallus olive, leatherlike, round, threadshaped, simple, 

narrower at both ends. 

Ulva fistulnsa, Hudson Fl. ytfngl. 569; Engl. Bot. 642. 

Conferva fistiilosa. Roth Cat. a, 169. 

Chordaria Filum jS, Agardh Syn. 14. 

Scytosiphon fistulosus, Agardh Disp. 24. 

Sea- shores attached to rocks. 

Thalli numerous, flexuous, gelatinous ; sporidia four to- 

gether, disposed longitudinally. 

d. Thallus olive ; sporidia clustered. 

8. Scytosiphon Jiliformis. Threadlike lealhernpipe, 

7 halLus reddish brown, gelatinous, soft, round or compressed; 

branches scattered, mostly simple, long. 

Conferva filiformis, Fl. Dan. 1480. 

Ulva filiformis, Hudson Fl. Angl. 570. 

Ulva purpurasfens, Engl. Bot. 641, not of Hudson. 

Ulva compressa purpurea, Agardh Syn. 45. 

Sea-shores; annual; spring and summer. 

Thallus 6 inches high ; tranches alternate, rarely slightly 

branched. 

9. Scytosiphon Tnrneri. ^ Turner's leathernpipe, 

Thallus yellowish brown, membranaceous, finely reticulated, 

round, threadshape, simple, attenuated at bottom, 

very obtuse at top. 

Ulva Turner!, Dillw. in Engl. Bot. 2570. 

Gastridlum Opiintia, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 71. 

Sea-shoi"es on rocks and plants ; annual; summer. 

Thalli aggregate, 1 to 6 inches long, rarely globose 

sporidia in clusters.

348 47. Palmel. ^.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.cellaph. 

XXII. 47. PALMELLA. Lyngbye. Trembler, 

Thallus cylindrical, simple or branched, solid ; integument 

membranaceous ; inside gelatinous, cellular ; sporidia 

globular, immersed in the thallus.—Marine. 

1 Palmella defracta. Broken tremhler, 

Thallus threadlike, simple, twisted, elastic, viscid, pel- 

lucid; sporidia globular, pale red. 

Ulva defracta, WUli. Bot. An: 4, 124; Engl. Bot, 1626. 

On sea-plants. 

Thallus 2 to 12 inches long, l-8th mch in diameter. 

2. Palmella elminthoides. " Wormlike tremhler. 

Thallus threadlike, mostly simple, opake, slippery, rather 

blunt; central line dark, parenchymatous; sporidia very 

minute, opake. 

Ulva elminthoides, With. Bot. An: 4, 141. 

Rocks in the sea; July. 

Thalli aggregated, 4 to 7 inches long, twisted. 

XXIII. 48. MERRETTIA. Merrett. 

Thallus flat, diversely shaped, solid; integuments membranaceous; 

inside cellular, gelatinous; sporidia scattered, 

immersed. 

1. Merreltia adnata. Adnate merrett. 

Thallus diversely shaped, gelatinous, wrinkled, brownish 

yellow; sporidia globular, brown. 

Tremel la adnata, /fttrfsoK F/.u^nî. 555. 

Palmella adnata, Lyngbye. Uydr. Dan. 205. 

On rocks between high and low water in the sea. 

Thallus wrinkled, 3 to 6 inches in diameter, less than a 

quarter thick. 

2. Merreltia coriacea. Leathery merrett, 

Thallus flat, adnate, very wide, indeterminate, smooth, 

slippery, dull red; sporidia globular, 

Ulva rupestris, Engl. Bot. 2194. 

Upright faces of fells over which water trickles. 

Thallus 2 or 3 feet wide, resembles a spread-out piece of 

very wet reddish or greenish brown washed leather, but is 

not so tenacious; has been mistaken for flesh.

PLcelLapL 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 48. Merret. 349 

3. Merrettia alpicola. Alp-loving merrett, 

Thallus not uniform, lobes numerous, rounded, wrinkled, 

soft, reddish; sporidia very small, reddish. 

Ulva montana, Light/. Scot. 973 ; 


Palmella alpicola, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 296. 

Mountain dulse. 

Sides of mountains, among grass and moss. 

Thallus deep blood-red or dull green ; lobes several, 

flattish, rounded, ascending, imbricate, rather leatherlike, 

pulpy.—Used to purge calves. 

4. Merretlia protuberans. Protulerant merrett. 

Thallus thick, gelatinous, flashy, angular, pellucid, green 

sporidia large, elliptical, growing protuberant^ green. 

Ulva protuberans, Engl. Bot, 2533. 

Shady wet places, among mosses; September. 

T//a////,? composed of thick, fleshy, juicy, wrinkled, rough 

lobes ; 

sporidia the size of poppy seeds. 

XXIV. 49. OLIVIA. Olivi, 

Thalb/s ovate or globular^ solid, aggregated into a gelatinous 

or powdery crust ; sporidia globular, immersed, scat- 

tered. 

1. Olivia hairyaides. Bunch-of-grapes olivi. 

ThalU minute, globular, pellucid, green, aggregated int© 

a greenish crust. 

Byssus bofryoides saturate viren?, Dillen in Rait Syn, 56, 5. 

Byssus botryoides, Lin. S. P, 1639. 

Lichen botryoides, Acharius Prod. 10. 

Tremella botryoides, Schreber Spicil, 141. 

Nostoc botryoides, Agardli Syn. 135. 

Palmella botryoides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 205. 

Lepraria botryoides, Engl. Bot, 2148. 

K On the ground, or bark of trees, in damp places. 

K Thalli the size of maw-seed, solid ; stain the fingers when 

touched. 

2. Olivia ochracea. Okery olivi. 

Thalli minute, ovate, oker yellow, aggregated into thin, 

scattered, powdery patches. 

Lepraria ochracea, Turn, and Bor. Lich. Brit. 1, 8 ; 

Trunk of old trees and on. moss. 

^ 

Engl. Bot. 2408.

350 49. Olivia. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.cellaph. 

3. Olivia cinerea. Ashcoloured olivi. 

Thalli very minute, roundish, ash-grey, aggregated into 

a powder crust. 

Byssus saxatilis, IVithering Bot. Arr. ed. 2. 

Lichen cinereiis, With. Bot. Arr. ed. 4. 

Limestone-rocks and stones. 

4. Olivia nigra. Black olivi. 

Thalli very minute, roundish, dull black; aggregated 

into a black powdery crust. 

Byssus anliquitatis, Lin. S. P. ? 

Lcpiaria nigra, Turn, and Borr. Lick. Brit, 1, 21 ; Eng. Bot. 2409. 

Tops of oak-posts and old wood. 

5. Olivia violacea. Violet olivi. 

Thalli minute, ovate, dull red, aggregated into a reddish 

crust. 

Byssus lolithus, Lin. S. P. 1638, 

Lichen lolithus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 3. 

Lichen rubens, Acharius Meth. Lich. 6. 

Lepraria I

PLcell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 50. Carrod. 351 

Salt marshes and the sea-shore. 

Thallus slippery, flaccid, 2 inches high. 

XXVI. 51. NOSTOC. Paracelsus. Nosloch. 

Thallus not uniform or globular, vesicular, greenish, gelatinous; 

sporidia globose, in curved, beadlike threads. 

This genus has much affinity with oscillatoi'ia, but the 

threads of that genus radiate, and have no integument 

over them. 

1. Nostoc commune. Comynonnostocfi, 

Terrestrial ; thallus not uniform, solid, plated, wavey; 

threads loosely interwoven. 

Ulva terrestris pinguis et fugax, Dillen in Rait Syn. 64, 11. 

Liiickia (errestris gelatinosa membianacea vulgatissima, ex pallida et 

Yirescente fulva, Micheli Nov, Gen. PI. 12(>, 1. 

Tremella Nostoc, Lin. S. P. 1625; Engl. Bot. 461. 

Fucus Tremella Nostoc, Gmel. Hist. Fiic. 222. 

Nostoc commune, Vaucher, 222. 

Nostoc vulgare, IVa/il. Ft. Lapp. 992. 

Linckia terrestri?. Roth Cat. 3, 345. 

Alcyonidium Nostoc, Lamouroux Thai. Ess. 71. 

Star-shoot. Star-slough. 

Damp, shady, gravelly places; summer and autumn. 

Thallus lobed, 2 or o inches in diameter; pale green, 

mostly seen after rain. 

2. Nostoc verrucosum. Warty nostoch. 

Thallus rather globose, rather leatherlike, hollow, 

plaited ; threads very closely interwoven. 

Linckia paliistris gelalinosa, saxis adnascens, ex obscure fulva, et coBcava 

vesicam referens, Micheli Nov. Gen. PL 126,2. 

Nostoc verrucosum, Vaucher, 225. 

Tremella flnviatilis, Dillen Mus. 10. 

Tremella verrucosa, Lin. S. P. 1625 ; Hudson Fl. Angl, 565. 

Tremella utricalata, Huds. Fl. Angl.56A} 

F'.icus Tremella verrucosa, G/ne^ F«c. 227. 

Linckia verrucosa, Roth Cat. 3, 345. 

Rocks and stones in rivers, often floating. 

Thalli aggregated ; when young solid, smooth, opake, 

when old, hollow, yellowish green. 

3. Nostoc muscorum,. Moss nostoch. 

Thallus 2-formed, napillose, tuberculate, rather leather- 

like. 

Nostoc muscorum, Agardh Syn. 132. 

Tremella intestinalis,"i^/. Dan. 885. 

Damp mossy places. 

Blackish green, harder and smaller than n. commune.

S52 51.Nostoc. 2.THALASSI0PHYT^ Pl.cell.aph. 

4. N'osloc pruniforme. Phimshape nostoch. 

ThaUus blackish, globose, solitary, solid, leatheiiike, 

gelatinous, smooth. 

Ulva pruiiiformis, Lin. S. P. 1633, 

Tremeila pruniformis, Roth Germ. 548, 

Linckia pruniformis, Roth Cat. 3, 343. 

lôstoc pruniforme, Agardh Syn. 134. 

Adhering to trees, or floating in lakes; summer. 

Thallus gelatinous on the inside, coriaceous on the out- 

side. 

H. Nosloc sphcBricum. Sphcerical nostoch. 

ThaUus black green, globose, solid, smooth, aggregated. 

Ulva pruniformis, Hudson Fl. Angl, 572, not of Eng. Bot. 

Conferva Pyrum, Fl. Dan. 660, not of Linnaeus. 

Nostoc spiiffiricum. Voucher, 223. 

Lickia granulate, Roth Cat. 3, 342. 

Lakes and stagnant waters. 

Thallus hardish, gelatinous, mostly aggregated, the size 

of peas. 

6. Nosloc ccerulenm. Blue nostoch, 

Thallus small, globose, solid, solitary, smooth, pale blue, 

shining, pellucid. 

Nosloc CEEruieum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 201. 

Ditches and pools on hypni; summer. 

Thallus hard, slippery, about a quarter of an inch in 

diameter. 

7. Nosloc papyraceum. Paper nostoch. 

Thallus frothy, gelatinous, slippery, easily parted, 

bluish. 

Byssiis latissima papyri instar super aquara sparsa, Dillm in Rail Syn. 

S7, 12; Dillen Muse. 2]. 

Bysfus Flos aquae, Lin. S. P. 1637. 

Nostoc Flos aquae, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 201. 

Stagnant waters, floating; spring and summer. 

ThaUus pale bluish green ; when it covers ponds, they 

are said to be in flower. 

G. Alcyonide^. ThaUus continuous, gelatinous, olive 

green becoming black, cellular; cells membranaceous, 

lono-, hexaedral; sporidia elliptical,scattered in the cells. 

XXVII. 52. ALCYONIDIUM. Lamour. Ualcyonide, 

Thallus roundish, long, gelatinous, branched, olive-green; 

inner cells 

— Marine. 

large, hexaedral, outer cells slender, closed.

PLcell.apk. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. 52. Alcyon. 353 

Alcyoyiid'ium d'laphanum. Transparent halcyonide. 

Tkallus nearly round, branched; branches short. 

Fuciis spongiosus nodosup, Rati Si/n. 49, 42; Ger. em. 1570. 

Spongia ramosa altera Anglica, Paik. I30i. 

Alcyonium gelalinosum, Lin, Stpt. Nat. 1, 1295. 

Ulva diaphana, Huds. FL Jngl. 570 ; 

Engl. Dot. 363. 

Alcjonitliiim diaphnnum, Lumour. Thai. 71. 

Sea ragged staff. 

Tkallus 6 to 12 inches long; branches irregular, rather 

acute; sporidia large, yellowish. 

^.Jiavescens. Branches obtuse. 

Ulva flavescens, Huds, FL Angl. 570. 

XXVIII. 53. EPHIDATIA. Lamouroux. Ephidate. 

Thalhis sessile, orbicular, lobed, gelatinous, cellular, 

greenish ; cells long, pentagonal, radiating from a common 

point, open at top; sporidia elliptical, enclosed in the cells. 

—Fresh-water. 

Ephidalia Gihlsii. Gihls' ephidate. 

Tkallus sessile, thick, slightly lobed, more or less orbi- 

cular, fetid. 

Bottom of the reservoir in the Green Park, Mr. Gibbs. 

Tkallus orbicular or oblong.—This may be the following 

species, but Lamarck describes the cells of spongilla as irregular; 

or it may be an alcyonella; I could not, however, 

per

554 54.. Spongil. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph, 

Spongia rnniosa fluviatilis, Rail Syn. 30, 5. 

SpongiUa rainosa, Lam. Hist, 2, 100. 

Spongia lacuslris, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 1299. 

Ephidaiia lacuslris, Lamour. Pol. 6. 

Bottoms of lakes and ponds. 

&. digitata, TliaUiis digitate, slightly branched. 

Sijongia fluviatilis ramosa fragilif, Raii Syn. 30, 6. 

y. gracilis. Tkallus and hranchss slender, branched. 

Spongia canaliiim, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 3S26. 

EpJitdati.a canalium, Lamouroux, 6. 

H. Spongidi.s. Thallus continuous, gelatinous, formed 

of interlaced, flexnous, horny fibres or asbestine spiculae, 

very porous, absorbing much water; spondia scattered in 

the jelly of the thallus.— Yellow or brown, becoming white; 

when dry tough and flexible. 

XXX. Bo. TUPHA. Tiiphe. 

Thallus fixed, roundish, solid, very porous, leaflike; 

bi'anches simple or compound; formed of interwoven, bentj 

horny, reticulated fibres, without any chalklike matter. 

a. Bra?2ched, hranches simple or compound. 

1. Tupha oculata. Eyelet iuphe.. 

Thallus much branched, soft; branches roundish, blunt, 

dotted with marginal pores. 

Spongia oculata, Ellis Corall, 80. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus 9 inches high, bottom naked, tough, woody; 

above branched. 

^. elegans. Tkallus pale brown; branches divaricating 

and closing together at top ; tips blunt, 4 or 5-cut. 

2. Tupha stuposa. Towlike iuphe. 

Thallus branched ; branches towlike, round, covered 

Avith pointed hairs. 

Spongia stuposa, Ellis Zooph, 186. 

Spongia cervicornis, Pallas? 

Sea-shore. 

B. gracilis. Thallus very slender, beautifully white 

branches ascending, very hairj'. 

y. damicormis. Thallus palmate, divaricating, like the 

antlers of a buck.

Fl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 55. Tupha. 355 

3. Tupha palyiata. Palmate tuphe. 

Thallus palmate, with fingerlikc divisions on the edge, 

and small prominent pores irregularly disposed. 

Spongia palinata, Ellis Zooph. 189. 

Sea-shore. 

Texture similar to that oft. oculata, but not so soft when 

dry : pores more numerous, disposed over the whole surface. 

4. Tupha coallia. Coalesce/it iitphe. 

Thallus much branched, corky, brittle; branches irregu- 

lar, distorted, rather comjjressed. 

Spnnijia coaliia, Gmelin Syst.Nat. I, SS25. 

Spongia Lycopotiiuin, Esper, 2, 269. 

Sea-shore. 

5. Tupha hispida. HUp'ui tuphe. 

Thallus branched; branches long, slender, round, tv.'oforked, 

covered with stiff hairs. 

Spongia iiispida, Montague in Weni. Tr. 2, 81. 

Sea- shore. 

Thallus a foot long, or more. 

^.J'urcaia. Thallus with short forked tips. 

6. Tupha dichotoma. Ttvo-forked iuplie. 

Thallus branched, upright, nearly cylindric, tornentose, 

covered with small pores. 

Spongia dichotoma, Ellis Zooph. IS7 ; 

Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, IS99. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus brown, long, two-forked, straight, tapering, becoming 

compressed at the fork, but not so nuicli as t. oculata; 

branches longer and straighter, texture firmer and 

less woody. 

7. Tupha digitata. Fius.er tuphe. 

Thallus branched; branches very slender, two-forked, 

fmgerlike at their tip; surface granulated. 

Spongia digitata, Montague JVern. Tr. 2, 84, 

Bottom of the sea. 

Thallus iron-brown at bottom, above pale yellow, not so 

thick as a straw, slightly compressed, tough, flexible. 

8. Tupha ramosa. Branched tuphe. 

Thallus palmated and fingered round the top. 

Spongia ramosa, Montague Wcrn. Tr. 2, S4. 

2 A 2

.'556 55.Tupha. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.ceU.aph. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus 5 inches long, stiff, slightly elastic. 

b. Thallus Iranched; hru?2ckes leajlike, on the sides or tips. 

9. Tuplia conica. Conical iuphe. 

Branches numerous, short, flattish, from the sides. 

Spongia Coims, Montague Wern. Trans. 2, 85. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus when dry dark yellowish brown ; texture rather 

coarse; outside covered with short bristles. 

10. Tiipha lohala. Lobed tuphe. 

Branches ovate, clustered. 

Spongia lobata, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, S5. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus yellowish brown, 2 inches high ; branches ovate 

or oblong, from an irregular kind of stem. 

W.Tupha perlcevis. 

' 

Very-light tiiphe. 

Thallus indeterminate; texture close; surface covered 

with blunt nipplelike prominences. 

Spongia perla;vis, Montague Wern. 2V. 2, 86. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus yellow, when dry light brown ; texture similar 

to that of t. tomentosa, equally light, not so soft or crumbly, 

cr so pale; nipples l-8th of an inch long. 

12. Tupha aurea. Golden iuphe. 

Thallus broad, flat, slightly divided at the tip. 

Spongia aurea, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 86. 

^ ' Sea-shore, covering the stones at low water. 

Thallus 2 inches high, 2 or 3 broad, orange-colour, vvhert 

dry brown ; not so much divided as Ellis's spongia pro- 

Jifera. 

13. Tupha rigida. Stiff iuphe, 

Thallus blunt, rather flat, spreading, irregular, arising 

irom a basis, generally a short stalk. 

Spongia rigida, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 87. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus about an inch high, orange-colour, which it 

partly retains on drying if tolerably freed from the paren- 

Pl.cell.aph, 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 55.Tiipha. SSr 

jS. minor. Smaller branches more numerous and distinct, 

spreading from a shorter pedicel!. 

XXXI. 56. SCYPHA. ' 

Scyphe. 

Thallns shooting into tubular processes, either simple or 

compound, very porous, formed of interwoven, bent, reticulated 

horny fibres, without any chalklike matter. 

1. Scypha coronata. Crowned scyphe^ 

Tube solitary ; 

tip crowned with radiating spines. 

Spongia coronata, Eilis Zooph. 190. 

On fuel and other marine bodies. 

Tliallus above an inch long, yellowish sometimes a 

shining, silvery white, not always crowned but covered 

with spiculae. 

2. Scypha lotryo'ides. Bunch-of-grapes scyphe^ 

Thallns minute, ovate, tubular, in bunches^covered with 

radiated spmes. 

* 

Spongia botryoides, Ellis Zooph. 190. 

Sea-shore. 

Tlmllus composed of minute branches, oval like grapes,, 

each^ open at the tip, as if tubular.—The spines are the 

asterias radiata of Walker. 

3. Scypha papillaris. Nipple scyphe. 

Thallus sessile, flat, spreading with scattered tubular 

tubercles. 

Spongia papillaris, Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1,S824. 

Rocks rarely left uncovered by the sea. 

Thallus soft, yellow ; tubercles sometimes tipped with 

blue; when dry less soft, brown or gray; surface like gauze. 

iS. Sowerbeii. Tiibercles longer and more numerous. 

Spongia compacta, Brit. Miscell. 1,42. 

Bottom of the sea? 

4. Scypha tiibulosa. Tubular scyphe^ 

Thallus tubular, branched, tough ; tubes erect, slightly 

tapering. 

Spongia tubulosa, Ellis Zooph. 188. 

Spongia fastigiata, Pallas Zooph. 392. 

Sea-shore at very low water, and bottom of the se.a. 

Thallus 3 inches high and 4 or 5 wide, yellow, when dry 

pale brown or dirty white.

S5S 56. Scypha. 2.THALASS10PHYT^. Pl.cell.aph. 

5. Scypha foliacea. ^^'{fll scyphe. 

Thallus tubular, much compressed; texture fine, inside' 

finely reticulated. 

Spongia compressa, Fabricius Faun. Greenl. AiS. 

Sea- shore. 

Tliallus an inch long, dull yellow, pendent; from its 

thinness it may be mistaken for a flustra. 

6. Scypha IcBvigata. Smooth scyphe. 

Tkallus soft, compressible, elastic ; texture extremely 

fine and reticulated. 

Spongia Isvigata, Montague JVern. IV. 2,95. 

Bottom of the sea? 

Texture extremely fine, equal to that of the internal 

spongy part of some kinds of puff-ball. 

7. Scypha ovata. Ovate scyphe. 

ThalLus ovate, wrinkled, tubular ; summit crowned with 

spines surrounding the apertui*fe. 

Spongia Ananas, Montague Wern. Tr, 9, 96. 

Sea-shores. 

Thallus minute. 

|3. tomejitosa, Thnlliis clothlike. 

Upon cellaria scruposa. 

8. Scypha compLicata. Complicated scyphe. 

Thalius tubular ; branches numerous, most intricately 

interwoven, and frequently anastomosing. 

Spongia complicata, Montague Wern, Tr. 2, 97. 

On fuel. 

9. Scypha cancellata. Railwork scyphe. 

Fibres in network, inosculations tuberous, with a pore. 

Spongia cancellata, Brit. Misc. 131, not of Gmelin. 

Phallus yellowish ; fibres horny in railwork with large 

interstices. 

XXXII. 57. SPONGIA. Aristotle. Sponge 

Thallus sessile or pedicelled, of a compact or slightly 

h)bed indeterminate ibrm, composed of interwoven, bent, 

reticulated horny fibres, without any chalklike matter.

PLcell.aph 2.THALASSIOPHYT.E. 57.Spongia. 359 

a. Thallus pediincled, concave, fiinnelslinpe. 

1 Spojigia rnfundilmliformis. Funnelshape spojige. 

Thallus funnelshape, flexible; surface rather rough, ir- 

regular. 

Spongia infundibuliformis, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1296. 

Spongia crateriformis, Pallas Zooph. 386. 

Sea-shores. 

2. Spongia foliascens. Leaflike sponge. 

Thallus stiff, but not woody, arising from a corky base 

and spreading into a cup ; edge slightly cut and indented ; 

pores fine. 

Spongi;i foliascens, Pallas Zooph. 395. 

Spongia Scyplia, Montague Wern. I'r. 2,107. 

Sea-shores. 

Thallus about 2 inches and a half high ; bowl 2 inches 

deep, and as wide at top, bottom half an inch wide, pale 

brown, impervious to light. 

b. Thallus peduncled, flat, funnelshape^ simple or lohed, 

3. Spongia cris'tata. Crested sponge. 

Thallus flat, upright, tender, resembling a cockscomb,. 

pores in rows, small, slightly projecting, along the top, 

Spongia cristata, Ellis Zooph. 186. 

Cocks comb sponge, Phil. Tr. 53, 288. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus said by Mr. Ellis to have a visible systole of the 

water in and out of its pores. 

4. Spongia ventilahrijormis. Fanshape sponge. 

Thallus fanshaped ; fibres reticulated, woody ; covered 

with large spongy pores. 

Spongia Ventilabnim, Lin. Syst. Nat. I, 1£96. 

Sea-fan sponge, Phil. Tr. 55, 289. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus 10 inches high, a quarter of an inch thick in the 

widest part, may be seen through if held pretty close to 

the eye. 

sponge. 

Pretty 5. Spongia pulchella. ' 

- 

Thallus generally compressed and bald ; reticulations 

fine, smooth, soft. 

spongia pulchella, Brit. Misc. 87. 

Sea-shore. 

*

260 57. Spoiig. S.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.celLapk. 

Thallus fanshaped, palmaled, or digitate; fibres in delicate 

network, pale brown changing to yellowish or reddish 

brown, coarser and stiffer than common sponge. 

c. Thallus sessilcy simple or lobed, often erect. 

6. SpoJio'ia limbata. Loled sponge. 

Fibres formed into circular pores resembling lace. 

Spongia limbata, MontaguR Wern. Tr. 2, HI. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus whitish, firm, elastic, pores very large, circular, 

iibres smooth. 

7. Spongiafrut'tcosa. Shrublike sponge. 

Thallus tough, elastic, in network; fibres smooth, slightly 

connected, distant. 

Spongia lichenoides, Pallas Zooph. 378. 

Spoiigia frulicosa, Montague. Wern. Tr. 2, 112. 

Sea- shore. 

Thallus 6 or 7 inches long, and half as wide, irregular, 

very light, elegant; fibres distant: network very irregular. 

8. Spongiafrogilis. Brittle sponge. 

Thallus brittle, friable, in coarse network ; ^^res wrinkled 

as if covered with minute sand. 

Spongia friabilis, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 114. 

Sea-shores. 

Thallus brown, breakinij between the fingers and soon 

11.. ^ .1 ." 

rubbing into a powder like sand with a micaceous lustre. 

9. Spongia parasitica. Parasitic sponge. 

Thallus coarse; form indefinite, determined by the body 

upon which it creeps; fibres imbricated. 

Spongia j)arasitica, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 114. 

On sertularioe. 

10. Spongia fiava. 

Honeycomb sponge. 

Thallus irregular, rather hard, brittle, extremely porous. 

Spongia fava, Montague' Wern. Tr. 2, 115, 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus 3 inches long, 2 broad, and half an inch thick, 

resembling a piece of old worm-eaten cork.

Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. 57. Spong. 361 

^ jelly. 

11. Spongia plumosa. Feathery sponge. 

Thalius irregular, rather soft, tough when deprived of its 

Spongia plumosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 116. 

Sea-shores. 

Thalius 3 inches high, 2 inches Isroad, paler than common 

sponge, not so compressible or elastic, resembles compressed 

tow. 

d. Thalius sessile, simple, irregular, creeping ou other lodies. 

12. Spongia coriacea. Leathery sponge. 

Thalius indefinite, wrinkled, cavernous. 

Spongia coriacea, Montague JVern. Tr. 2, 116. 

Thalius 4 inches long, 2 broad, not unlike a piece of 

burnt leather. 

13. Spongia iomentosa. _ Clothlike sponge. 

Thalius irregular, soft, brittle, full of pores, interwoven 

with minute spines. 

Alcyonium ramosum inolle, medullae panis intiis simile, Raii Syn,3\, 1. 

Sponf!;ia tomentnsa, Lin. Synl. Nat. I, 1299. 

Spongia urens, Ellis Zoop/i. 187. 

Spongia panicea, Pall'as Zoop/i. 308. 

Sponge like crumb of bread, I'>His Coiall. 80. 

Sea-shores and adhering to fuci. 

Thalius orange-colour, soft ; when dry white, extremely 

light, and brittle; when broken resembles crumb of bread, 

and causes a stinging pain like cowage. 

14. Sponoia suherosa. ' Corkij sponge. 

Thalius crustaceous, compact, tough, without visible 

pores externally. 

Spongia suberosa, Montague Wern. I'r. 2, 100. 

On old univalve shells, covering them and filling up the 

aperture. 

Thalius indefinite, orauffe-brown turning; brown when 

dry. 

XXXIII. 58. TETHYA. Lamarck. Tethya. 

Thalius tubercular, orbicular, inside fibrous ; Jiires in 

bundles, stiffj asbestine, radiating from the centre to the 

circumference, scarcely gelatinous.

362 58.Tethya. S.THALASSIOPHYT^. PLcell.apk. 

1. Tethya verrucosa. War ted tethya. 

Thallus globose, externally warted, internally fibrous; 

Jibrous in bundles, stiff, asbestine, radiating. 

Alcynniutn Lj r.cuiinm, Lin. Syst, Nat. I, 1295? 

Alcyoiiiiim Auiaiitium, Pallas Zooph. 357 ? 

Spongia verrucoba, Montague XVern. Tr. 2, 117. 

Tethya Lyncurium, Lamarck Hist. 2, 386? 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus more than an inch in diameter, yellowish, slightly 

compressed, uncoated at bottom where it adheres to the 

rock, by which the asbestine spicules are shown. 

2. Tethya pilosa. Hairy tethya, 

Thallus globose, fleshy, covered with short, thick-set 

hair, internally fibrous ; Jihres in bundles, stiff, asbestine, 

radiating. 

Tethya piilvinata, Lamarck Hist. 2, 386. 

Spongia pilosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 119. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus not quite an inch diameter. 

S. Tethya P penicilliformis. Pencil-like tethya, 

Thallus yellowish, spreading horizontally ; surface tubebearing; 

tubes upright, white, flexible, fibrous; fibres entangled. 

Spongia Penicillus, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 95. 

Sea-shore. 

Perhaps only a species of tethya enwrapping a tubular 

sponge. 

I. Floride^. Thallus continuous, leatherlike or membranaceous, 

formed of interwoven longitudinal fibres, rose- 

red, sometimes growing white in the air ; sporidia either 

immersed in the substance of the thallus, or in capsular 

or tubercular thecte, rarely intermixed with jointed fibres. 

XXXIV. .59. DELESSERIA. Lamouroux. Delesser, 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, regularly veined ; sporidia 

immersed, scattered in the marginal processes of the ribs 

and in roundish spots in the thallus. 

1 . Delesseria sonûiuea. Blood-red delesser, 

Thallus round at bottom, branched; lohes distinct, oblong, 

ovate, simple, not in the least cut.

PLcell.aph. 2.THALx\SSIOPH^TjE. 59.Delesser. 363 

Fucus sive Alga folio mcmbranaceo pnrpuieo lapathe sanguine! figura 

et inagnitudine, Ran Sijn. 47, 35. 

Fucus sanguineus, Lin, Blant. 136; Engl. Bot. 1041. 

Delesseria sanguinea, Lamouroux Thai, 

Sea-shore. 

2. Delesseria s'muosa. 

Sinuous delesser, 

Thallus round at bottom, branched; lobes distinct, oblong, 

sinuated, pinnatifid; edge crenated or fringed. 

Fucns membranaceus purpureus latifolius pinnatus, Dillen in Rail Si/n. 

47, 34. 

Fucus rubens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 578. 

Fucus siniiosa, Turner Hist. 35; Engl. Bot. 829. 

Fucus roseus, Flor. Dan. 652. 

Fucus crenatiis, Gmcl, Fuci, 184. 

Fucus Palmella, var. Esper. 43. 

Delesseria sinuosa, Lamour. Thai. 

Sea-coasts. 

Thallus pale uniform red. 

/3. incrassata. Thallus rather cartilaginous; cilicB reverse- 

ovate. 

y. guercifolia. Thallus lobes rounded ; edge naked, with- 

out ciliee. 

3. Delesseria ruscifolia. 

Knee-holly delesser. 

Thallus branched, winged; /oki distinct, oblong, ovate, 

blunt, flat; edge not cut; midrib proliferous; veins pellucid, 

chainlike. 

Fucus ruscifolius. Turner Lin. Tr, 6, 127 ; Engl. Bot. 1395. 

Delesseria ruscifolia, Agardh Disp. 14. 

Sea-shore; perennial; Jan. and Feb. 

Thallus about 4 inches long, and a quarter of an inch 

wide. 

B. minor. Thallus ovate, lanceolate, about an inch and 

a half long. 

3. Delesseria ligulata. Strap delesser, 

Thallus branched below, winged; lobes distinct, linear, 

lanceolate, pointed, flat, simple, not cut, reticulated; midrib 

proliferous. 

Fucus Hypoglossuni, Woodward Linn. Tr, 2, 30 ; 

Delesseria Ilvpoglnssurn, Lamour, Thai. 

Fucus ligulatus, Solunder in 3IS. 

Sea-shore; annual; June and July. 

Thallus 3 inches long and a quarter wide. 

Engl. Bot, 1396.

364 59.Deless. 2.THALASSI0PHYT^. Pl.cell.aph. 

&. minor. Thallus very narrow. 

Fncus hjpoglossoidt's, Stackfi. Ner. Brit. 176, 

y. incrassifoUa. Thallus narrow, linear ; network scarcely 

visible. 

4. Delesseria alata. Winged delesser. 

Thallus winged, repeatedly and alternately branched; 

lohes confluent, decurrent, alternately branched. 

P'ucus dichotomus parvus costatus et mcmbranaceus, Dilkn in Ravi Syn. 

44, 20. 

Fiicus alatus, Lin, Mant. 135 ; 

Engl. Bot. 1S37. 

Delesseria alata, Lamour. Thai. 

Sea-shore; perennial. 

/3. dilatata. Thallus broad ; wings broad, waved. 

y. aiigustissima. Thallus very slender ; tvi/rgs very narrow, 

scarcely any. 

XXXV. 60. ODONTHALIA. Lyngbye. Sea-tooth. 

Thallus fiat, membranaceous,, confluent, reddish; midrib 

slightly prominent; edge toothed; sporidia in two lines on 

solitary or clustered lanceolate marginal processes ; iheccef 

pedicelled, wine-glass-shape. The thecse are by some 

thought to be parasitic animals. 

Odonlhalia pimiatijida. Vinnatifid sea-tooth. 

Thallus branched, alternately pinnatifid; iivigs alternate, 

toothed at the tip, teeth short. 

Fucus dentaltis, Lin. Mant. 135. 

Fucus piiinatifidus, Ft. Dan. 354. 

Delesseria dentaty, Lamour. Thai 36, 

Sphaerococciis dentatus, jlgardh Syn. 22. 

Odonthalia dentata, Lyngbije Hydr. Dan. 9. 

Sea-shore; perennial; autumn. 

Thallus solitary, about 4' inches long. 

XXXVI. 61. SPH^ROCOCCUS. Stackh. RoundfruH. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous or coriaceous, confluent, 

ribless ; sporidia in roundish tubercles ; theccB scattered 

on the surface, or on the edge. 

a. Dromius, Thallus membranaceous, ribless, itilerclesjlat 

on the surface. 

1. Sphcerococcus punctatus. Dotted roundfruit. 

Thallus very thin, membranaceous, palmate, two-forked, 

lobes linear, tip two-cut, blunt, edge flat, tubercles oblong.

Pl.celLaph. S.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 61.Sphaeroc. 365 

Ulva piincfala, Siackhouse, Lin. Tr, 3, 236. 

Fucus punctatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4,405; Engl, Bot. 15T3; Turn. Hist. 

71, 

Delesseria punctata, Agaidh Disp. 14, 

On marine plants, 

Thallus delicate pale pink ; 

sporidia dark red. 

2. Sphcerococciis iilvqides. Ulva roiindfruit. 

Thallus membranaceous lobed; lobes blunt, pinnatifid, 

edges not cut ; tubercles hemispherical. 

Fucus ulvoides, Turner Hist. SO; Engl. Bot. 2154, 

Delesseria tilvoide!, Agardh Disp. 14, 

Sea-coasts; 

b. Sphasrococcifs. Thallus slightly rilled lengthivays at 

the base, proliferous ; tubercles flat on the surface. 

3. Sphcerococcus rulens. Reddish roundfruif. 

Thallus rather membranaceous, slightly ribbed lengthways 

at the bottom, mostly two forked; lobes linear, ellip- 

tical, tip round; edge jagged, wavy; surface proliferous; 

tubercles hemispherical. 

Fucus membrasiaceus purpureas varie ramosiis, Dillen in Rail Sun. 

47, 36. 

Fueus rubeiis, Lin. S. P. 1630; Engl. But. 1053; Turn, Hist.A2. 

Fucus epiphylhis, Fl. Ban. 708. 

Fucus prolifer, Lightf. Scot. 2. 

Fucus laciniatus, Gmel. 182. 

Fucus crispus, Hiids. Fl. ylngl. 580. 

Delesseria rubens, Lamour Essai. 

Sphaerococcus rubens, Agardii Syn. 23. 

Chondrtis rubens, Lynghye Uydr. Dan. 18. 

Sea-shore ; 

perennial. 

Mid-rib visible at the base of the thallus, but is afterwards 

lost in its substance. 

4. Sphcerococcus laceratus. Torn roundfruif, 

Thallus membranaceous, tender, slightly veined, mostly 

forked; lobes linear; tip rounded; edge waved and torn; 

tubercles hemisj)herical ; sporidia solitary, scattered. 

Fucus laceratus, Gmel. Fuci, 179 ; Turn. Hist. 68; Engl. Bot, 1067. 

Fucus crispalus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 718. 

Fuciis cristatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 103. 

Fucus laciniatus 1, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 102. 

Fucus endivifolia. Light. Scot. 948, 

Rocks and stones on the sea-coast; autumn, 

p. papyraceus. Segments and lobes linear.

S66 ei.Sphffiroc. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. PLcell.apk. 

y. granaiinus. Thallus roundish ; segments widen upwards 

mostly simple, lobed at the end. 

o'.Jimhriaius. Segments linear, proliferous at the edge. 

£. eJegans. Thallus roundish; segments widening upwards; 

tip repeatedly divided, sinuated. 

^. uncinatus. Segments linear; tip forked, hooked and 

cartilaginous. 

r}. Ugulatus. Seg77ie?its widening upwards; tip palmate; 

lobes simple, oblong, lanceolate. 

fi. mullifidus. Segments linear, repeatedly divided; extreme 

lobes very numerous, narrow, long, branched. 

I. incrassatus. Segments linear, flattish ; tip forked ; lobes 

linear, lanceolate, spreading, acute. 

c. Thallus ribless, lealherlike ; edge proliferous } tubercles 

flat, on the S7irja.ce. 

5. SphcErococcus Sarniensis. Guernsey roundfruit. 

Thallus membranaceous, cartilaginous, nerveless, palmately 

divided; edge proliferous; segments linear; tubercles 

immersed. 

Fucus Sarniensis, Turn. Hist. 95; Engl. Bot. 2132. 

Spiiaerococctis Sarniensis, uigardh Syn. 16. 

xSea-shores. 

Thallus purplish red, becoming brown when dry. 

6. Sphcerococcus reniformis. Kidneyshape roundfruit. 

Thallus membranaceous, cartilaginous; branches thread- 

like; segments dilated, kidneyshape or orbicular; tubercles 

hemispherical, immersed. 

Fuciis reniformis. Turn. Hist. 109; Engl. Bot. 2116. 

Sphserococcus reniformis, jigardh Disp, 16. 

Sea-coast. 

Thallus thin at the base, compressed, irregularly divided 

segments suddenly expanding, thin. 

B. tenuis. Thallus slightly expanded at bottom, edge irregularly 

ciliated. 

d. Thallus ribless, leatherlike, forked j tubercles on the 

surfoce, flat.

Plcellaph. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. GLSpharoc. 367 

7- Sph(Erococcus Norvegiais. Norway roundfruit. 

Thallus cartilaginous, forked, veinless; segments linear; 

edge not cut; tip blunt; tubercles hemispherical. 

Fucus Norveîcus, Turn. Syn. 222 ; 

Fucus crenulatiis |S, Turn. Tr. Lin. Soc. 17, 131. 

Fiictis polvmorphus, var. Lamour Diss. 


fipliaerococcus NorvegicHs, /Jgardh Disp. 15. 

Cliondrus Norvegicus, Lynghye Ifydr. Dan. 16. 

Sea-shore; perennial; March. 

8. Sphcerococcus crispus. Crisp roundfruit. 

Thallus cartilaginous, forked, crisp, palmate; segments. 

dilated; edge not cut; tulercles solitary, immersed in the 

tip of the thallus. 

Fucus niembranacens, ceranoides vn.rie dissectus. Rail Syn. 44, 16. 

Focus membranaceus ceranoides rainosus, per siccitatcm obsolete vi- 

rescens, Dillen in Raii Syn. 44, 17. , 

Fucus crispus, Lin. Mant. 134. 

Fucus ceranoides, Huds. Fl. Angl. 582. 

Fucus polymorphus, Lam. Essai. 

Sphserococctis crispus, Agardh Syn. 24. 

Ulva crispn, De Candolle Fl. Tr. 2, 15. 

Sea-shores; perennial; October to May. 

0. vire?is. Thallus rather membranaceous; segments 

widening at top, flattish ; lobes long, pointed. 

y. siellatus. Thallus rather leatherlike; segmeiits widening 

at top; tip divided into many short, clustered lobes. 

Fucu« stellatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit, 53. 

J. cequalis. Thallus cartilaginous, thick ; segments all 

equal, linear; Zoê? blunt. 

Fucus crispatus, FL Dan. 328. 

Fucus crispus, StackJi. Ner. Brit, 12. 

Fucus foliifer, Esper, 106. 

z.Jiliformis. TAaZ/z^5 cartilaginous, compressed; segments 

linear, flat; /oZ'eA^ long, acute. 

Fucus filiformis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 585. 

Fucus ceranoides albidus, ratnulorum apicibus stellalis, Dillen in Raii 

Si/w.44, 18. 

t,. patens. Thallus rather cartilaginous, linear, here and 

there channelled ; angles of the forks spreading. 

Fucus patens, Lin. Trans, 3, 173. 

K). lacerus. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed; tip very 

narrow, long, lobed. 

Fucus lacerns, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 1 1 

9. Sarniensis. Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous ; segments 

here and there rather channelled, dilated ; tip rounded, 

nicked.

368 61.Sph£eroc. S.THALASSIOPHYT^. P/. cell. aph. 

I. planus. Thallus leatherlike, flat, broad ; segments 

linear; tip blunt. 

e. Mammillaris. Thallus leatherlike, channelled ^ forked ; 

tubercles o?i tie surface and edge, nipplelike. 

9. Sphcerococcus mamillosus. Nipple roundfruit. 

Thallus cartilaginous, forked, long, wedgeshape, channelled 

above ; segments dilated ; edge not cut ; thecce nip- 

plelike, pedicelled on the suriiice and edge of the thallus; 

pedicells short. 

Fueus mamillosus, Goocf. T/-. iin. Soc. 6, 174 ; Turn. Hist. 122; Engl. 

Bot. 1054. 

Fiicus canaliculatus /3, Huds. Fl. Angl. 583. 

Fiicus ceiaiioides t. Light/. Scot. 916. 

Fucus cerannides, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 99. 

Fiicuri alveolatus, Esper, 139. 

Fucus ceranoides S, Gmel. 115. 

Spaerococcus mamillosus, Agardh Disp. IG. 

Sea-shores ; 

perennial. 

|3. linearis. Thallus slender, linear: tip blunt, naked. 

y. prolferus. Thallus proliferous on the surface and 

edge, wrinkled; tubercles numerous, crowded, oblong, nip- 

plelike. 

S". echinatus. Segments widening upwards, nearly naked 

on one side. 

Fucus echinatus, Stackh, Ner. Brit. 65. 

s. incurvatus. Thallus nearly linear, tips rounded; tin 

bercles nearly terminal ; 

peduncles bent inwards. 

f. Chondrus. Thallus threadlike at bottom, wedgeshape 

at the tip J tubercles on the edge. 

10. Sphceroc.membranfolius. Membraneleaved roundfruit. 

Thallus threadlike at bottom and compressed; tip expanded, 

wedgeshape; segme?its 2-lobed, forked; tubercles 

globose, peduncled on the base of the thallus. 

Fucus membranifolius, Eiper, 115; Turn. Hist. 1 A:; Engl. Bot. 1965* 

Fucus rubens, Fl. Dan. 827. 

Fucus Paluietta, Gmelin, 22. 

Sphaerococcus membranifolius, Agardh Syn. 26. 

Dalesseria membrani folia, Lamour. Thai. 

Sea-shore; perennial; winter. 

B. lacerus. Segments ôvkad.', lobes Ymeax tip acute. 

', 

Fucus parvus cauliculis teretibus, summitalibus meinbianaceis dilatatts 

et laceratis, Eaii Syn. 44, 19, excluding Morison's synonym. 

Fucus ceraneides y, Huds. Fl. Angl. 583. 

Fucus pseudoceranoides, Gmeifm, 119.

VLcellaph. 2,THALASSIOPHYT^. Gl.SpliEeroc. 369 

y. stellatus. Segments very numerous ; tips finely divided. 

^.Jimbriatiis. Segments fringed. 

Fiicus fimbriatiis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 514. 

Fnciis ceranoiries S, Lightf. Scut. 916. 

s. latifolius. Segments membranaceous, nearly orbicular, 

many-cut, palmate; lobes short', Zip rounded. 

^. roscus. Thallus simple; tip expanded, oblong, simple. 

1 1 SphiErococciis Brodicei. Brodie's rowidfnnt. 

Thallus bottom threadshape, round, branched ; tip expanded, 

oblong, simple or forked; edge proliferous; tubercles 

spherical, sessile or nearly sessile on the tip of the 

segments. 

Fucus Brodiaei, Turn. Hist. 72 ; 


Fuciis meinbranifolius, Lamour. Ess. 21. 

Delesseria BroriifBi, Lamour, Thai. 37, 

Sphcerococcus Brodisei, Jgardh Disp. ST. 

Sea-shores; perennial; March. 

Thallus aggregate; tubercles solitary or in pairs. 

12. Sphcerococciis palmatus. Vahnlike roimdfruit. 

Thallus round at bottom, mostly simple; tip expanded, 

"wedgeshape, palmated ; tubercles hemispherical, sessile^ 

mostly on the edge of the lobes. 

Fucus Palmetta, Esper,AO% Turn. Hist. 13; Engl. Bof. 1120, not of 

Gmelin. 

Fucus Palmetia |S, Lamour. Essai, 19. 

'Delesseria Palmetta, Lamour. T'lial. 

SphjEiococcus Palmetla, Jlgardh Disp. 16. 

Sea-shores, on stones or marine plants. 

Thallus 2 or 3 inches long; erfoê not in the least cut 

tiibercles superficial, without interwoven fibres. 

/3. bifidus. Thallus simple; tip expanded, wedgeshape, 

simple or 2-cut. 

Fucus bifidus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 581. 

y. crassiusculus. Thallus linear, much and irregularly 

divided ; tip pointed. 

?. linearis. Thallus linear ; segments long, simple or 

forked; /ip rounded. 

13. SphcBrococcus bifidus. Tiuo-cut roundfruli. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, linear, forked; segments 

divaricating; edges here and there united together by very 

VOL. I. 2 b

870 61.Sph£eroc. 2.THALASSIOPHYT.E. Pl.cell.aph. 

short scattered cilise ; tubercles hemispherical, immersed in 

the thallus near the edge. 

Fticu-; bifidus, Hiids. Ft. Angl. 581 ; Turn. Hist. 154 ; Engl. Bot. 773. 

Sphjerococcus bifidus, Agardh Disp. 16. 

Dflcsseria bifida, I. amour. Thai. 

Rocks and plants in the sea; perennial; Sept. to Jan. 

(3. ciliatus. Thallus linear, fringed along the edge; fringe 

Ininute, toothlike; tip lanceolate, pointed. 

y. decipiens. Thallus irregularly divided ; edge here and 

there fringed; tip oval and pointed. 

J. suhpalmalus. Thallus linear, nearly palmate, rounded 

at the tip. 

e. siniiosus. Thallus somewhat dilated, slightly sinuated 

towards the tip. 

C siipitatus. Thallus nearly cylindrical; tips either dilated 

and blunt, or narrow and pointed, proliferous at the 

edge. 

g. Thallus fiat, forked or palmate, fringed; tubercles on 

the edge. 

14. Splicerococcus lacinialus. Jagged rouudfruit. 

Thallus flat, leatherlike, lobed ; segments dilated up-* 

wards; tip palmate, blunt; edge crenated, proliferous; 

sporidia in the' thickened edge, or marginal fringe. 

Fucus laciniatiis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 579; Turn. Hist. 69; Engl. Bot. 1068. 

Fucus rainialHs, Fl. Dan. 769. 

Fucus cilialus, Gmel. 176, 

Fucus crispus, Esper. 18. 

Fucus crispatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15. 

Fucus laceratus y, Linn. Tr. 3, 156. 

On rocks and stones in the sea ; 

February to May. 

Thallus aggregated, smaller at bottom. 

|3. ovalfalius. Thallus proliferous on the edge ; marginal 

processes elliptical roundish, simple, on short petioles. 

edge. 

h. Thallus fiat, pinnately lobed, fringed j tubercles on the 

15. SphcBrococcus ciliatus. 

Fringed roundfruil. 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, cartilaginous, lanceolate, 

pinnately divided ; surface and edge fringed ; fringe mostly 

simple, awlshape, spread ; tubercles on the edge.

Pl.cell.aph. i'.THALASSIOPHYT^.ei.Sphseroc. 371 

Fucus membranaceus nibens anguslifolius, marginibus ligulis armatis, 

RaiiSyn. 47,33. 

Fucus ciliatus, Lin. Mant. 436; Turn. Hist. 70; Engl. Bot. 1069. 

Fucus holosetaceus, Gmel. 177. 

Fucus liguhitu?, Gmel. 17S. 

Uiva ciliata, De Cand. FL Fr. 2, 13. 

Sphaerococcus ciliatus, ^gardh Syn. 28. 

Delpi-seria ciliaia, Lamoiir. Thai. 

Dulesh. 


TliaUus 3 or 4 inches long; eaten as a salad either alone 

or after being sprinkled before drying with a little alkaline 

salt. 

/3. pivnatijidus. Thallus lanceolate, pinnately divided; 

segments long, lanceolate, simple. 

y. palmalus. Thallus lanceolate, rather naked, undivided 

or palmate. 

t.jiibalus. Fringes branched. 

Fucus jubatus, Linn. Trans, 3, 162. 

e. lanceolatiis. Thallus linear, lanceolate, very much di- 

vided ; fringes divided. 

Fucus lanceolatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 104. 

^. avguslus. Thallus lineai', very much divided; segments 

nearly hairlike, very slender, compressed. 

>]. spinosus. Thallus linear, compressed, much and irregularly 

divided, entirely covered with short, simple, awlshape 

cilise. 

XXXVII. 62. GIGARTINA. Plum-weed, 

Thallus linear, compressed or cylindrical, very much 

branched, nearly of equal thickness throughout; sporidia 

in roundish tubercles, either lateral or terminal. 

a. Gelidium. Thallus toothed o?i the edge, fringed j tU' 

lercles roundish, on the marginal cilicB. 

1. Gigartimis pistillatus. Pistilled plam-iveed, 

Thallus cartilaginous, linear, compressed, irregularly 

two-forked; twigs awlshape, rather two-rowed, horizontal 

tubercles on the twigs, globose. 

2 B 2

372 62. Gigart. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. PLcelLapL 

Fucus gigartmus, Liii. &i)st. Veg. 816; Turn. Hist. 28 ; Engl. Boi. 908, 

not of Fl. Dan. 

Fncus pistillati)?, Gmel. 156. 

Fuciib Oederi, Esp&r, 135. 

Ceramiiim gigarliniira, Roth Cat. 3, 109. 

Gigartina pistilla'.a, Lamour, Thai. 46. 

Gelidiiim jîgariinus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 41. 

Spliajrococciis gigartinus, ylgardk Disp. 16. 


Thallus aggregate ; forks spreading. 

2. G'lgarlbnis coronopifoUa. Sw'mes-cress-leaf plum-it'eed, 

ThalUis cartilaginous, flattish, compressed, much and 

irregularly branched ; livigs two-forked, spreading, alternate, 

cylindrical; tubercles spherical, on the short horizontal 

two-rowed ciliae. 

Fucus coroiiopi facie, DWen in Rati Syn. 45,23. 

Fucus coronopifoliu?, Lin. Tr. 3, 185; Turn. Hist, 122; Engl. Bot. 

147S. 

Fucus cartilaginous, Hnds. Fl. Angl. 586. 

SpliiErocDCCus coronopifolius, Agardh Syn. 30, not the synonyms. 

Sea-shores; perennial; October. 

Thallus deep transparent red, flexuous ; lobes slightly 

veined and ddated, when barren palmate. 

b. Hypnea. Thallus compressed, branched; tubercles 

immersed in the lanceolate compressed twigs. 

3. Gigartina cartilaginea. Gristlelike plum-weed, 

Thallus cartilaginous, flat or compressed, naked below, 

repeatedly pinnate above; segments horizontal, mostly al- 

ternate, linear; ultimate segments very short, blunt; fruitbearing 

segments ovate, lanceolate, sharp- pointed. 

Fucus cariilagineuf, Lin. Syst. Veg. 810; Turn. Bisi. 124; EngU Bot. 

1477. 

Fucus Capensis, Gmel. 157. 

Fucus versicolor, Gmel. 158. 

Sea-coast; perennial. 

Thallus red, purple, greenish, brownish or tawny. 

4. Gigartina cornea. Hornlike plum-weed, 

Thallus cartilaginous, horny, compressed, irregularly 

branched; branches linear, narrowed at each end; pinnate 

or bipinnate; segments opposite, spreading, rather blunt. 

Fucus flavicans teretifolius ramulis pennatim enascentibus, Billen in 

jRaii Syn. 50, 49. 

Fucus corntus, Huds. FL Angl. 585; Turn. Hist. 257 ; Engl. Bot. 1970. 

Fucus seiicrus, Gmel. 149. 

Fucus sprnosus, Gmel. 161. 

Fucus pumilus, Slackh. Ner. Brif. 16, Ifi? 

JSea-coasts; perennial; May to October,

Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 62. Gigart. 373 

&. fiUcinus. Thallus very slender; lohes horizontal, di- 

lated, very blunt. 

;^ Fucus filicinus, Much. Fl. Angl. 586. 

Fucus iiereideus, Light/. 956. 

y. phinahis. Thallus narrow, tri-pinnate; lohes nearly 

linear, rather blunt. 

Fucus pinnatus, Huds. Fl. Angl.bSC. 

Fucus sericeus, Gmel. 149. 

d. renifor^nis. Branches and twigs spreading, scattered, 

narrow at bottom, tip blunt. 

E. capillaceus. Thallus slender; upper lobes crowded, 

bristlelike, nearly upright. 

Fucus capillaceus, Gmel. 146. 

(. defurmis. Thallus twisted, irregularly pinnated ; lobes 

divaricated, oblong, vex-y short, not divided. 

Yi. pulchellus. Thallus hairlike,^ compressed, tripinnate; 

lohes linear, clublike, blunt. 

L claviferus. Thallus cylindrical, hairlike, irregularlydivided; 

twigs reverse ovate; edge vf'ith. minute scattered 

teeth. 

s. coronatus. Thallus compressed, irregularly branched, 

naked below; having in the middle a few, simple, scattered 

lobes, and at top clusters of short twigs bent back. 

5. Gigartina IVigghii. Wiggh's plum-weed. 

Thallus slightly gelatinous, cylindrical, threadlike, much 

and irregularly branched; twigs êvy numerous, on all 

parts, bristlelike, mostly simple, scattered ', 

twigs Loiiceolate, compressed. 

fruitbearing; 

Fucus Wigghii, Turn, in Lin. Tr. 6, 11 ; Turn. Hitt. 102; Engl. Bol. 

1135. 

Sphaerococcus Wigghii, Agardh Disp. 17. 

Hypnea Wigghii, Lamour. Thai. 

Sea-shore; annual; Midsummer. 

c. Thallus roundish^ branched; twigs threadlike; thecce 

globular, on the end of the twigs. 

6. Gigartina asparagoides. Asparagus plum-weed. 

Thallus slightly gelatinous, cylindrical, threadlike, much 

and irregularly branched; twigs simple, spreading horizontally, 

bristlelike, 2-roV,*ed, opposite, ending alternately 

in a spherical theca.

S74 62.Gigart. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. FlcelLapL 

Fucus asparagoidcs, Woodw. in Tr. Lin. Soc. 2,29, 

Sphasrococcus asparagoide-, Jgard/i Disp, 17. 

Plocamium a?paiagoidcs, Z/awiour. Thai. 

Sea-shoi'e. 

d. Tliallus threadlike, equal; tubercles lateral, ivartlikej \ 

Jormed of jointed threads. 

7. Gigarfina fastig'iata. Even-topped phim-weed. 

ThaJlus cartilaginous, threadlike, 2-forked, level-topped, 

angle of the fork bluntish, tip acute; tuherchs irregular, 

hemispherical, sessile, lateral. 

Fucus rorundus, Gmd. Fuci, 110; Engl. Bot. 1739 ; Turn. Hi^t. 5. 

Fiici!5 radiatus, Gooden. Tr.Lin. Soc. 3,202. 

Fucus fasligialus, Stackh.Ner. Brit. 13. 

Fucus capriruis, Fl. Norv. 1,98. 

Chordaria rotunda, Jgnrdh Syn. 12. 

Furccllaria rotunda, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 49. 

Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. Thai. 

Sea-shore ; perennial ; September to February, 

ThaUus deep brownish purple, white when exposed to 

the weather; if//55 rather blunt. 

^ B. ieniiior. Tliallus with the extreme segments long and 

linear; tips bluntish, 

y.fastigiata. Tliallus very slender, about 2 inches high. 

Fucus fasligiatus, Lin. S. P. 1631. 

8. Gigarlina plicata. Pleated plum-weed. 

ThaUus horny, cylindrical, uniform, very much branched; 

hranckes mostly simple, clustered, entangled, horizontal, 

slightly one-sided; lips blunt; tubercles irregular, he- 

mispherical, sessile. 

Fucus Irichoides nostras aurei coloris, ramulorum apicibus furcatis, 

Itaii Syn. 45,26. 

Fucus coral loides ercctus, Haii Syn. 51, .57. 

J'ucus plicatus, Iltids. Fl. Angl. 5S9 ; Turn. Hist. 180 ; Engl. Bot. 1088, 

not of Esper. 

Fucus all)us, Fl. Dan. 408. 

Ceramium plicafum. Roth Cat. 2, 162, 

Gigartina plicata, Lamour. Thai. 48. 

SphiErococcus plicatur, Agardli Disp. 17, 

Sea-coast; perennial; October to April. 

ThaUus tufied, stiff, wirelike, entangled, 

^. elongata. Tliallus rather forked ; branches long, 

straight, level-topped. 

Fucus longissiinus, Esper^ 44,

PLcelLaph. S.THALASSIOPHYT^. 62. Gigart. 37S 

9. Gigartina Griffitsice. Griffith's plum-weed. 

Thullus cartilaginous, cylindrical, threadlike, foriced, 

level-topped ; tubercles lateral, oblong, embracing the 

thallus. 

Fucus Gi iffitsia?, Turn. Hist. 126 ; Engl. Bot. 1926. 

Spliasrococcui Griffitsiaj, jtgardh Disp. 

Gigaitina GrifRtsia?, Lyngbye Hydr. han. 43. 

Sea-shores; October to December. 

Tlmlhis 2 or 3 inches high, purplish ; 

of horizontally radiating filaments. 

tubercles composed 

10. Gigartina acicularis. Needlelike plum-weed. 

Thallus rather cartilaginous, soft, threadlike, irregularly 

dichotoraous; branches spreading, pointed; twigs scattered, 

short, spearshape, horizontal. 

Fucus acicularis, Turn. Hist. 126. 

Spliaerococcus acicularis, Agardh Disp. 17. 

Sea-shores; winter. 

Thallus 2 or 3 inches long; above slightly flattened. 

11. Girfartina covfervoides. Conferva plum-weed. 

Thallus threadlike, much and irregularly branched 

branches long, mostly simple ; tivigs scattered, bristlelike, 

narrower at each end; tubercles hemispherical, scattered. 

Fucus inarinus purpurascens parvus, caule et rninulia seu foliulis iereti- 

bus, Rnii Syu. 30, .'JO. 

Fucus confervoidcs, Lin. S. P. 1629 ; Engl. Bot. 1669 ; Turn. Hist. 84. 

Fucus eioiigalHS, Ft. Narv.2, 14S. 

Fucus verrucosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 583. 

Fucus acerosus, Esper, 103. 

Fucus longissiinus, Gmel. 134. 

Gigartina confervoidcs, Lamour. Thai. 48. 

Sphaerococcus confervoides, Agardh Syn. 35. 

Sea-shores ; perennial ; September and December. 

^. procerrima. Branches very long, mostly simple, rather 

naked. 

Fucus teres rubens minus ramosus in longum prolenstis, Dillen in Rail 

Syn. 51,53. 

Fucus procerrimus, Espe.r, 133. 

Fucus longissimus, TVolf.Jacq. Coll. 1,361. 

Ceramium longissimum, Roth Cat. 3, 116. 

y. amplexa. Thallus entangled ; branches and ttvigs very 

numerous, crowded, twisted. 

I. gracilis. Thallus threadlike; tubercles lateral, clus- 

tered, minute, flaccid towards the tips. 

Fucus gracilis, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 100.

376 62.Gigart. 2.THALA!SSIOPHYTm Plcell.aph. 

s. alhida. Thalliis rather compressed, slightly forked; 

twigs awlshape. 

Fucus albidus^ Huds. Fl. yingl. 5S2. / 

Fucus verrucosus, Gmel. 1.36. 

^. inflata. Thalliis bent in, near the tip swollen here 

and there with lanceolate, podshape tumours. 

53. geniculata. Thullus bent as if broken at the tubercles. 

12. Gigarlmd Turneri. Turner'' s plum-weed. 

Thalliis threadlike, pale reddish brown, hairlike, uneven, 

much and very irregularly branched; twigs scattered; iii- 

lercles hemispherical, sessile, scattered. 

Conferva verrucosa, Turiierii, Engl. Hot. 1688. 

Sea-shores; annual; summer. 

Thalliis 3 inches long. 

13. Glgartina virid'is. Greeii pliim-iveed. 

Thalliis cartilaginous, threadlike, repeatedly and continually 

pinnate; branches and twigs opposite; tubercles he- 

mispherical, sessile. 

Fucus viridis, Fl. Dan. 886 ; Engl. Bot. 1659 ; Turner Hist. 9T. 

Desinaretia virldis, Lam. Thal.'ib. 

Chnrdaria? viridis, Agardh Syn. 14. 

Glgartina viridis, Lyngbyc Ilydr. Dan, 44. 

Sea-shore; annual; spring and summer. 

Thallus 1 or 2 feet long, fine orange, growing verdigris 

green. 

e. Glgartina. Thallus threadlike, equal ; iulercles round, 

immersed in the twigs. 

14. Glgartina lycopodioides. IVolfs- claw plum-weed. 

Thallus threadlike, mostly simple, entirely covered with 

threadlike twigs, closely imbricated and slightly forked at 

the tip. 

Fucus lycopodioides, Lin. Syst. Nat. 7H; Turn. Hist. 12 ; Engl. Bof.. 

1163. 

Conferva squarrosa, Fl. Dan. 367. 

Fucus Lycopodiuni, Slackli. Ner. Brit. 107. 

Fiircellaria lycopodioides, Agardh. Syn. 11. 

Gigartiiva lycopodioides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dun. 43. 

Sea-shore. 

Thalli aggregate, naked at bottom, above densely imbricated 

with simple or pinnated twigs, brownish red growing 

black.

Pl.cellaph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. 62.Gigart. 37T 

15. Gigarl'ma siihfusca. Brownish plum-weed. 

Thallus threadlike ; branches irregular, many, alternate, 

awlshape, spreading; twigs pencilshape, in bundles; tu- 

bercles unevenly pinnate, on the tip of" the twigs. 

Fucus siibfuscus, Hôodward Lin. Tr. I, 13 i ; I'urn, Hist. 10; Engl, Bxit,. 

1164. 

Fucus setaceus, fVuJff. Ciyplog. 40. , 

Fucus variabilis, Goodtti in Lin. Trans. 3,222, 

Gigarlina subfusca, Lamour. Tlialas. 48. 

Splicerococcus subfuscus, Agardh Syn, 32. 

Sea- shore; perennial; spring. 

Thallus very variable in form ; twigs often appearing as 

if jointed. 

16. Gigartina purpurascens. Purplish plum-weed. 

Thallus threadlike, soft, cartilaginous, much and irregularly 

branched ; twigs bristlelike, scattered; tubercles sphe- 

rical, solitary, immersed in the twigs. 

Fucus teres albus tenuissime divisis, Raii Syn. 50, .51. 

Fucus purpurascens, Ihtds. Fl. Angl. 588 ; Engl. Bot. 1243 ; Turn, 

Hist. 9. 

Fucus luberculatus, Lightf. Scut. 926, 

Fucus corailinus, Fl. Dan. 109. 

Fucus capillaceus, Esper, 35. 

Fucus acicularis, Esper, 91. 

Gigartina purpurea, Lamour. Thai. 48. 

Sphaerococcus purpurascens, .Jgardh Syn. 31. 

Sea-coast; perennial; summer and autumn. 

Thallus 1 foot long, light red, fleshy. 

;3. cirrhosa. Tips of the twigs twisted spirally. 

17. Gigartiva capillaris. Hair plum-vjeed.. 

Thallus rather gelatinous, threadlike, much and irregu- 

larly branched ; twigs awlshape, pointed ; tubercles solitary, 

imbedded in the twigs. 

Fucus capillaris, Huds. Fl. Angl. 591 ; Turn. Hist. SI ; Engl. Bo/. 2191. 

Sphaerococcus capillaris, ^âre/A Disp. 18. 

Gigartina capillaris, Lamour. T/ial.'ib. 

Sea-shore; perennial; April, October. 

Thallus 6 to 8 inches long, pale pink or crimson. 

1%. Gigartina furfuracea. Bramnj plum-weed. 

Thallus gelatinous, fleshy, reddish, round; repeatedly 

forked; twigs rather flattened, lanceolate, cloven; tubercles 

scattered, imbedded in the twigs. 

Ulva furfuracea, Turn.in Schi-ad.Jown.^, 301; Engl. Bot. 1891. 

Chondria furfuracea, Agardh Disp. 18. 

';'

378 62.Gigart. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.cell.aph. 

Sea-sbore, or submarine stones or rocks. 

Thalliis 1 to 3 inches high, more or less compressed, 

flattened. 

XXXVIII. 63. GASTRIDIUM. Lyngbye. Belly-weed. 

ThaUtis threadlike, round, tubular, gelatinqus, cartilaginous 

; tubercles roundish, lateral or terminal ; sporidia 

in the tubercles and also on the twiofs. 

a. Laurentia. Thallus compressed ; iuhercles ter'minating 

the twigs. 

1. Gastridium pinnatifidum. Feather-cut helly-iveed. 

Thnllus compressed, cartilaginous, branched ; branches 

mostly alternate, doubly pinnatifid; twigs blunt, callous. 

Fucus Dealcnsis pedicularis rubri folio, Dillen in Rail Syn. 48, 37. 

Fucus ramosus pi peris sapore, Dillen in Rait Syn. 51, 55. 

Fucus pinnatifidus, Buds. Fl. Ami. 581 ; Engl. Bot. 1202 ; Turn. Hist. 

SO. 

Fucus rauUificius, Hudson, 581. 

Fucus corymbifer, TVtilff. Crypt. 32. 

Fucus corvmbifeius, Esper, 94. 

Laurentia pinnaiifida, Lamour. Thall. 

Cliondria pinratifida, Agardh Syn. 35. 

Gelidium |)innatifidium, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 40. 

Pepper dulse. Faminkiren, Ireland. 

Sea-shore; annual; autumn. 

Tlialli aggregate, j'ellowish red, diaphanous; tasle hot, 

acrid. 

^.Jilicimim. Thallus roundish ; twi»s cylindrical, thickened 

upwards, clustered, mostly simple. 

Fucus Osmuiida, Nereis Brit. 46. 

Fucus filicinus, Lightf. Scot. 954, not of Hudson. 

y. angustum. Thallus compressed; twigs clublike, crowded, 

mostly simple. 

1. teriuissimum. Thallus compressed ; twigs divaricated, 

branches very slender. 

2. Gastridium oLtusum. Blimt helly-iueed. 

Thallus cartilaginous, cylindrical, threadlike, repeatedly 

pinnated; branches generally opposite; twigs cylindrical, 

short, spreading, blunt. 

Fucus oblusus, Huds. FL Angl. 586 ; Engl. Bot. 1201 ; Turn. Hist. 21. 

Fuius spinosus, Wulf.in Jacq. Coll. 3, 156. 

Laurentia obtusa, Lamour. IVial. 

Chondria obtusa, Agardh Diss. 18.

Pl.celLaph. 2.THALASS10PHYTiE. 63. Gastrid. 319 


Thallus 6 to 12 inches long, twice or thrice pinnate. 

6. hi/lridum. Thallus almost cylindrical, rather cartilaginous; 

twigs slightly attenuated at the bottom, and rounded 

at the tip. 

b. Gastridium. Thallus even^ or wieqiially contracted into 

apparent joints ; tubercles on the sides. 

S. Gastridium ovale. Oval bellif-iveed. 

Thallus nearly cylindrical, threadlike, irregularly twoforked, 

below naked, covered above on all sides with simple 

elliptical twigs. 

Fucns ovalis, Huds. Fl. ylngl. 573 ; Engl. Bot.in ; Turn. Hist. 81. 

Fiicus sedoicies, Stackh. Ner. Brit. fi7. 

Fucus vermiciilaris, Lightf. Scot. 958. 

Giffartina ovalis, Lamour, Thai. 

Chondria ovalis, yJgardh Disp, 18. 

Submarine rocks; annual; summer. 

Thallus 3 or 4; inches high; pale reddish brown. 

(3. lotryoides. Twigs short, nearly globular. 

Fucus botryoides, Wulf. in Jacq. Collect. 3, 146. 

7. suharticulatum. Twigs long, linear, contracted as if 

jointed. 

4. Gastridium tenuissimum. Very thin helly-weed. 

Thallus gelatinous, threadlike, cylindrical, pinnately 

branched ; branches alternate, spreading, mostly simple 

twigs cylindrical, simple, scattered. 

Fucus tenuissimus, Goodcn. in Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,215; Engl. BotA682 

Turn. Hist. 100. 

Ulva capillaris, Htids. 571. 

Giganina tenuissima, jigardh Disp. 18. 

Sea-shore, or on other marine plants ; annual ; summer. 

Thallus pale flesh-colour, tender, 6 to 10 inches long. 

5. Gastridium purpurascens. Purplish belly-treed. 

Thallus threadlike, branched ; branches and tivigs tworowed, 

nearly opposite ; last ones pinnate ; segments small, 

opposite. 

Ulva purpurascens, Huds. FL Angl. 569. 

Gastridium purpurascens, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 69. 

Sea-shore ; annual ; summer. 

Thallus 6 to 9 inches high, attenuated at bottom, tubular, 

apex acute ; branches smaller at each end, spreading 

segments lanceolate.

580^ ea.Gastrid. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. PlcellapH. 

6. Gastridium dasyphyllum. Tlnckleaved helly-weed. 

T/âZ/z« gelatinous, threadlike; branches irregulai'ly pin- 

nate, spreading, mostly simple; tjvigs cylindrical, scattered, 

narrower at bottom, proliferous. 

-Fucus dasyphjllus, WuGdw. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 239 ; Engl. Bot. 847 ; Turn., 

Hist. 22. 

Gigarirna dasyphylla, Lmnour, Thai. 

Clundria dasyphyUa, Agardh Disp, IS. 

Sea-shore; annual; svunmer. 

Thallus 3 to 6 inches high, pale red or reddish green. 

i3. ariiculatum. Thallus jointed. 

7. Gastridium clavellosum. Twiggy belly-iveed. 

Thallus threadlike, cylindi'ical ; branches many, irregular, 

mostly alternate, 2- rowed. 

Fucus clavellosu?, IWn. in Lin:Trans. 4, 10 ; Hht. 30 ; Engl. Bot. 1203. 

Gabtridium clavellosum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 70. 

Choiulria clavellosa, Agardh Disp. IS. 

Sea-shores, or parasitic ; annual; summer. 

/3. sedifolium. Tivigs oblong, oval, crowded, undivided. 

8. Gastridium kaliforme. Kali-like belly-weed. 

Thallus threadlike; branches many, irregular, generally 

in whorls, contracted as if jointed. 

Fucus kaliformis, fVoodw. in Lin. Tr. .3,206; Twn.Hist.29; Engl. 

Bot. 640. 

Fucus verticillalus, Lightf. Scot. 962. 

Gigartiiia kalifi)rtnis, Lamvur. Thai. 49. 

Ceramii!m tubulosum, Roth Cat. 3, 124. 

Chondria kaliformis, Agardh Disp. 18. 

Gastridium kaliforme, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 70. 

Sea-shore; annual; summer. 

Thallus solitary; branches opposite, alternate, or in 

whorls, slender at bottom, blunt at top. 

|3. diaphanum. Thallus roundish ; tiuigs long, generally 

simple ; contractions very slight. 

7. nanum. Threads long, jointed; branches and twigs 

horizontal. 

9. Gastridium piisillum. Dwarf belly-weed, 

Thallus cartilaginous, compressed, threadlike, contracted 

as if jointed ; branches many, irregular ; twigs horizontal j 

bottom slenderest; tips dilated, roundish. 

Fucus pusillus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. Ifl ; 

Sphserococcus pusillus, Agardh Disp. 17. 


'Turn. Hist. 108.

Plcell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 63. Gastric! . 381 

10. Gdstridmm repevs. Creeping^ belly-iveed. 

Thallus nearly cylindrical, threadlike, solid, contracted 

as if jointed, branched, with a network of internal fibres; 

hranches horizontal, pointed ; joints lanceolate, obsolete. 

Tremella marina caespitosa, segnienlis tenuibus, Dillen Hist, Muse. 30, 

Fucus repeiis, Liglitf. Scot. 961. 

Ulva articulata ^, Huds. FL yingl. 369. 

Fucus Opuntia, Gooden. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,219 ; Turn. Hist. 107. 

Tlivularia Opuntia, Engl. Bot. 1868. 


/3. ccBSpitosum. Thallus entangled, half an inch high 

tip clublike. 

Fucns caespitosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 39. 

Gigartina pilosa, Lameur. Thai. 

c. Lomentaria. Thallus regularly contracted, appearing 

as if jointed ; hranches verticillate ; tubercles lateral, 

11. Gnstridium articulatum. Jointed belly-weed. 

Thallus cylindrical, threadlike, tubular, contracted 

throughout as if jointed ; branches level-topped, 2-forked 

or whirled; joints nearly cylindrical, piichershape. 

Corallina leiita [inrpurea coitipressa, Raii Sj^n. 34,9'. 

Ulva articulata, Huds. FL.Angl. 560. 

Fucus artieulatus, Liglitf. Scot. 939, 

Fucus sericeu?, var. Esper, 82. 

Gigartiua articulata, Lamour. Thul. 49. 

Casramiuin toruiusum. Roth Cat. 6, 125. 

Sea-shores; annual; June and July. 

|3. reptans. Thallus slender, creeping, shining. 

C»nferva.reptaiis, Roth Cat. 1, 186. 

d. Plocamium. Thallus compressed, membranaceous, 

mostly pinnate j tubercles lateral. 

12. Gastridium glandidosum. Glandular belly-weed. 

Thallus membranaceous, linear, compressed (tubular 

Engl. Bot.) branched; branches alternate, decumbent; 

iivigs 2-cut, bent inwards. 

Fucus glandulosus, Turn. Hist. 38; Engl. Bet. 2135. 

Delesseria glandulosa, Agardh JOisp. 14. 

Thallus 1 or 2 inches long, creeping, variously and repeatedly 

branched; sporidia immersed in the oblong, swol- 

len twigs. 

/

««2 es.Gastrid. 2.TIIALASSIOFHYTM. PL cell. apk. 

13. Gastridium amphilnum. Amphibious lelly-weed. 

Thallus cylindrical, hairlike, twice or thrice pinnate; 

Iranches and twigs horizontal, alternate, uppermost lan- 

ceolate, rolled inwards at the tip. 

Fucoides erectum fruticuli specie, suminifatibus inflexis, Dillen in Raii 

Syn. 38, 4. 

Fucus scorpioides, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1, 471. 

Fuciis amphibitis, Huds. ed. 2, 590; Turn. Hist. 101 ; Engl. Bot. 1428. 

Chondria amphibia, yfgardh Disp. IS. 

Plocamiuin ampiiibium, Laniour. Thai, 

Sea-shores; perennial; summer. 

14. Gastridium coccineum. Scarlet helly-iveed. 

Thallus compressed; branches many, irregular; twigs 

awlshape, pectinate, on one side. 

Miiscus marinus rubens pennatus, Raii Syn. ed. 2, 8. 

Furus Piocamium, Gmelin. 16. 

Fiicns coccineus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 586. 

Fiicus cartilagineus, CEder Enum.2, 131. 

Ceramiuni Piocamium, Roth Cat. 3, 107. , 

Piocamium vulgare, Lamour. Thai. 50. 

Delesseria coccinea, Agardh Disp. 14. 

Piocamium coccineus, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 39. 

e. Rytiphlsea. Thallus threadshape ; bratiches 2-rowed 

twigs slightly jointed, incurved; tubercles lateral.. 

15. Gastridium pinastroides. Pinasterlike belly-weed. 

Thallus threadlike ; bra7iches numerous ; tip rolled inwards; 

iivigs mostly simple, awlshape, scattered, facing 

one way. 

Fucus pinastroides, Gmelin, 127 ; Turn. Hist. 11 ; Engl. Bot. 1042. 

Fucus incurvus, Huds. Fl, Angl. 590. 

Ceramium incurvum, De CandoUe Fl. Gall. 2, 43. 

llyfipliaja pinastroides, Agardh Disp. 25. 

Gigarfina pinastroides, Lyngbye Hort. Dan. 45. 

Sea-shores ; annual ; summer. 

Thallus 3 to 6 inches high, naked below; twigs very 

dense, tiledlike. 

f. Ptilota. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed, pinnate i 

sporidia in a globe surrounded ivith bristlelike involucra. 

16. Gastridium plumosum. Feathery belly-weed. 

Thallus much and irregularly branched ; Z'/oncAe^ pin- 

nate; segments opposite, pectinate.

PLcell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 63.Gastrid. 383 

Fucoides purpurcum elcganter pluinosum, Dillenin Rail Syn. 38,2. 

Fuciis plumosus, Lin. Sp. PL Turn. Hist. 60; Engl. hot. 1308. 

Fucus pcctinatus, Fl. Norv. 2, 132. 

Fucus ptilotus, Fl. Norv. 2, 135. 

Ceramium plumosuni. Roth Cat. 3, 135. 

Plocamiuin p\umosi\m, Lamour. Tliiil. 50. 

Ptilota plumosa, Agardh Syn. 39. 

Sea-shores; perennial; June, October. 

Thallus 9 to 12 inches long; branches 2-rowed; lobes 

close together, plumose, reddish growing purplish. 

/3. capillare. Thallus very narrow, nearly cylindrical, 

jointed. 

Fucus plumosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 105. 

K. Fucoides. Thallus continuous, leatherlike, cartilaginous, 

formed of longitudinallj'^ entangled fibres; colour 

olivaceous, growing black, flat or threadlike; often inflated 

into vesicles; Ao/â5/5 fibrous or shieldlike* sporidia scattered, 

in the substance of the thallus, or among conferva- 

like threads either on the surface or in thecae immersed in 

the thallus. 

XXXIX. 64. FASCIATA. Rihlavd-weed, 

Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless ; stirps ; holdfasts 

peltate; sporidia immersed in superficial mucilaginous 

warts, formed of jointed fibres. 

1. Fasciata plantaginea. Plantain rihhand-weed. 

Thallus membranaceous, aggregate, narrow at bottom, 

lanceolate, blunt; ec(ge flat. 

Tremella marina calendulae folio, Dillen Muse. 46. 

Ulva plantasinifolia, Wuff. Aquat. 23. 

Ulva plantasiiiea. Roth Cat. .'i,326; Engl. Bot. 2136. 

Laminaria plantaginea, Agardh Syn. 20, 

Sea-shores, parasitic on zostera marina ; annual ; spring 

Thallus 3 to 6 inches high ; edge mostly uncut, seldom 

toothed. 

2. Fasciata attenuata. Narrowed rihhand-iueed. 

Thallus membranaceous, linear, narrower at both ends, 

waved, not cut. 

Fucus Fascia, Fl. Dan. 768 ; 

Turn. Syn. 187. 

Laminaria Fascia, Agardh Syn. 19. 

Sea-shores; annual; spring. 

Thalli aggregated, 6 to 9 inches high, waved or spirally 

twisted.

384 65. Lamina. 5.THALASSIOPHYT.E. Pl.cellaph. 

XL. 65. LAMINARIA. FLake-weed. 

Tlialliis flat, leatherlike, ribless; st'trps roundish; hold- 

fasts fibrous; sporidia placed horisontalh' in superficial 

mucilaginous warts, formed of jointed filaments. 

1. Lamuiar'ia meynhranacea. Memlranaceous fiake-tueed. 

Stirps roundish, compressed ; tliallus flat, linear, lanceo- 

late, narrower at both ends; edge cut. 

Fiiciis Plivllitis, Esper, 149 ; Turn. Hist. 164; EnsL Bot. 1331. 

Ulva PiiNllitis, D& Candolle Fl. Fr. ?, 15. 

Lnminaiia Pliyllitis, Lamour. Thai. 22. 

Sea-shore; parasitical: annual. 

TliaUl mostly aggregate ; 

edge not cut. 

2. Lajmnaria saccharina. Sugar fiake-^weed. 

Stirps roundish ; ihallus fiat, linear, lanceolate, edge not 

divided. 

Focus lonsi«>imo, latissimo, cra?=t>que folio, DiUen in Raii Syn. 39, 1. 

Fiicus saccl)arinu=, Lin. S. P. 1630. 

Ulva saccharina, Be Canii. Fl. Fi: 2, 15. 

Phasgonon balteiform's, fValk. 

Lamiiiaria saccliaiina, Lamour. Thai. 22. 

Sea-shores: perennial: summer. 

j3. hidlala. ThaJIus buUated ; edge waved. 

Fucus latissimus et loiigissinuis, oris crisp us, Dillen iri Raii Syn.SO, 1. 

Fucus folio sinsularijloiigissimo, lato, in m«(iin rugoso, qui balieiformis 

-^lici |)o(e>t, Raii Syn. 39, 1. 

Ulva laiissima, Lin. Syst. Nat. 719. 

Fucus saccharinus, Fl. Dan. 416 : 

Ulva raescntcrifbrmis, Roth Cat. 1,210. 


V. lojigiss'nna. T/inl/us oblong, membranaceous, pointed. 

Ulva longissima, Fl. Norv. 2, 128, 

.3. Lam'mar'ia laiissimn. Broadest flake-weed. 

Stirps short, roundish ; thallus expanded, flat, ribless, 

elliptical, orbicular, mucilaginous. 

Uiva ma\ima, Fl. Xorv. 2,7. 

Fucus saccliarinus latissimus, Turn. Hist. 163. 

L.amiiiaria saccluirina laiissima, .igardh Syn. 18. 

Sea-shore. 

Thalll gregarious, yellowish, nearly as broad as long. 

3. Laminaria dig'itata. 

Fingered fluke-weed. 

Stirps roundish ; ihallus expanded into an oval, heart- 

jsbape, cut in many short, shalk)w lobes ; edge not cut.

PLcell.aph. S.THALASSIOPHYT.^. Q.5.Lamin. S85 

Foco? arhorcm pol3-5chide* edaH?, 7?

SS6 67. Chorda. 2.THALASSI0PHYT.E. PLceU.aph. 

XLII. 67. CHORDA. Lamouroux. Rope-need. 

Thalliis round, tubular, uot branched; holJfasts shield- 

like: sporidia in clubiike threads, scattered on the surface 


1. Chorda Jilifurmis. Threadlike rope-ueed. 

Thallus round, not in the least branched, narrower at 

each end ; when old twisted up spirally. 

Fuciis chordam referens teres praelongus, Rati Syn. 40, S. 

Fucus Filurn, Lin. S. P. 1631 ; 

Fucus Tendii, E^per, 22. 

Turn^Bist. S6; Engl. Bot. 2487. 

Ceraiiiiiim Filuni, Roth Cat. 1, 147. 

Chorda Fihisi, Stackh. Xer. Brit. Introd. 24 ; 

Chordaria, Link in Schrad. Journ. 1S09, S. 

Chordaria Filuin, Agardk Syn. 13. 

Flagellaria Filum, Xer. Brit. ed. 2. Intr. 9. 

Sea-lacM. 

Lamour. Thai. 27, 

Sea-shore; annual. 

ThaUi aggregate, from 1 to 20 feet long, often spirally 

twisted; tubes divided on the inside; sporidia pearshaped. 

2. Chorda iomentosa. JVoolIy rope-ueed. 

Thallus cylindrical, not branched, naked at the bottom, 

in all other parts covered with a very manifest slippery 

downiness, formed of jointed fibres. 

Chord.i tomentosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 74. 

Fucus Filum, var. Engl. Bet. 2487. 

Sea-shore. 

XLIII. 6S. CHORDARIA. Link. Thong-weed. 

Thallus solid, round, threadlike, branched ; sporidia 

scattered in clublike threads on the surface of the thallus, 

Chorduria flageiliformis. IVhiplike thong-weed. 

Thallus slender, slippery; Iranches numerous, slightly 

5-rowed, very long, simple or forked, blunt. 

Fqci:= flagelliformij, Fi. Ban. 650; Turn. Hist. 85 ; Engl. Bot. 1222. 

Conferva dichoto-na, Fl. Dan. 353. 

Ceraraiuni longisînium, Schum.Ennm.^, 111. 

Gig.rana flageUiforLsis, Lamour. Thai, 4S. 

Chordaria flagelliforaois, Agardh Disp. 12. 

Sea-shores. 

ThaUi aofsrregate. 6 to 9 inches lonsr. 

B. tor fills. Thallus small, slender ; branches pinnate 

twigs spreading, clawlike, not branched, close. 

Conferva, 1172; Lin. Suec. 4,36. 

Chordaria flagelliformis minor: ^ârdA Syn. 13. 

Fucus flagelliformis tortilis, Turn. HiU. 85.

Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. 69.Sporoch. 387 

XLIV. 69. SPOROCHNUS. Agardh. Sporochnus, 

Thallus threadlike, cartilaginous ; branches pinnate ; spo- 

Tidia scattered in the ovate or globular ends of the twigs 

which end in jointed radiating filaments. 

1 Sporochnus pedimculatvs. Footstalked sporochmis, 

Thallus. cartilaginous, threadlike; branches irregularly 

pinnated, mostly alternate, elliptical. 

Fuciis pedunculatus, //uds. i^;. y4n^^. 587 ; Turn, Hist. \S8 ; Engl. Bot, 

54.5. 

Fuciis Gaertncri, Gmelin, 164. 

Gigartina j)edunculata, Laniour. Thai. 

Sporochnus pedunculatus, Agardh Disp, 12. 

Sea-shores. 

2. Sporochnus villosus. Villous sporochnus. 

Thallus cartilaginous, threadlike ; branches opposite, dis- 

tant, pinnate, spreading; twigs elliptical. 

Conferva villosa, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603 ; Engl. Bot. 546 ; Dillw. 37 ? 

Chordaria? villosa, Agardh Syn. 14. 

Sea-shores; annual. 

XLV. 70. DESMARESTIA. Laraouroux. Desmarest. 

Thallus compressed, pinnately branched ; twigs slenderest 

at bottom ; edges serrate ; holdfasts shieldlike ; sporidia 

along with jointed threads from the serrated edges of the 

1. Desmarestia aculeata. Prickly desmarest. 

Thallus woody at the bottom, cylindrical, very much 

branched ; branches flat, cartilaginous, linear, ribless, repeatedly 

branched; twigs pinnate; edges spinose; spines 

upright. 

Fncns angustifolius, foliis dentatis, Raii Syn. 48,38. 

Fucus aculeatus, Lin. S. P. 1632; I'urn. Hist. 187 ; Engl. Bot. 2445. 

Fucus muscoitles, Gmelin, 130. 

Fucus virgatus, Fl. Norv. 45. 

Fucus contortus, Esper, 43. 

Fucus usneoides, Oeder Enum. 113. 

Desmarestia aculeata, Lamour. Thai. 25. 

Sporochnus aculeatus, Agardh Syn, 10. 

Desmia ligulala, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 34, 

Sea-shores; perennial; winter. 

Thallus obsoletely contracted, olive-green becoming 

black. 

2 c 2 

^ 

\-'

388 70.Desmar. 'I.THALASSIO'PHYTJE. PL cell. aph. 

2. Desmare.itia ligulata. Slraplike desmarest. 

Thallus flat, nearly ribless, doubly pinnate ; hranches 

2-rowed, opposite, membranaceous, linear, lanceolate ; edge 

serrate with spinous teeth. 

Fucus ligulatus, Lightf. Scot. 949; Turn. Hist. 98; Engl. Bot. 1636. 

Fucus herbiiceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 582. 

Desmarestia ligulata, Lamour. 2'hal. 25. 

Laminaria ligulata, Agardh Disp. 13. 

Desmia ligulata, Lyngbjje Hydr, Dan. 34. 


Thallus 2 to 3 feet high, delicate, yellow, becomes pale 

green, when exposed to the air. 

/3. ajigustior. Thallus narrow, trebly pinnate j tivigs 

scarcely cut on the edges. 

7. dilatata. Twigs nearly elliptical^ narrowest at bottom. 

XLVI. 71. LICHINA. Agardh. Lichen-weed. 

Thallus cartilaginous, roundish or angular, branched, 

shrublike ; sporidia ovate, intermixed with jointed fibres, in 

the ovate thecse immersed in the swollen apex of the twigs, 

leaving a hole at the top, then dilating and becoming concave.— 

Has the appearance of a lichen. 

1. Lichina pygmea. Pigmy licheji-iveed. 

Thcdlus compressed; branches very short, divaricating, 

dilated ; tulercles globose. 

Fucus pj gmseus, Lightf. Scot. 964 ; Turn. Hist. 258 ; Engl. Bot. 1322. 

Fucus pumillus, Huds. Fl. Ang. 584. 

Focus lichenoides, Gooden. in Linn. Tr. 3, 192. 

Gigartina pygmaea, Lamour. Thai. 49. 

Lichina pygraaga, Agardh Syn. 9. 

Gelidium pygmasum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 41. 

Rocks below low water; perennial. 

Thallus forming very thick tufts, upright, a quarter of 

an inch high. 

2. Lichina pumila. Dwarf lichen-weed. 

Thallus roundish ; hranches long, nearly cylindrical ; tulercles 

elliptical, at the ends of the branches. 

Fucus pygmffius /S, Turn. Hist. 4, 17. 

Lichen confinis, Achur. Prod. 208 ; 


Stereocaulon confinis, Achar. Meth. 317. 

Lichina pygmaea minor, Agardh Syn. 10, 

On rocks in the sea. 

Thallus tufted, upright. 

' • ~ \.' •~"»y .-^rr^-— t.«i|g:;--rgy "

Pl.cellaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 72.Himant. 389 

XLVII. 72. HIMANTHALIA. Lyngbye. Sea-strap. 

Thollus egglike, becoming shieldlike, stipitated ; holdfasts 

shieldlike; apothecia forked, compressed, arising from the 

centre of the thallus ; sporidia intermixed with jointed fibres 

in thecae immersed in the apothecia. 

Himanthalia elongala. Long sea-straps 

Fucus longo aiigiislo crassoque folio, Rail Syn, 43, 1 1. 

Fiicus fungis affinis, Sail Syn. 43, 15. 

Fucus loreiis, J'/. Dfl«. 710; Turn. Hist. W6 ; Engl. Bot. B69. 

Fucus elongratus, Lin, S. P. 16!27. 

Ulva pruniformis, Ft. Norveg. 2, S9. 

Sea-shore. 

Thallus 2 or 3 inches high ; apothecia solitary or aggregate, 

1 to 10 feet long; angles of the forks and tips acute. 

/3. inequalls. Receptacles irregular in breadth ; aiigles of 

the fork and tips blunt. 

XLVIII. 73. CERVINA. Horn-weed. 

Thallus roundish, forked, with a small black longitudinal 

line in the centre; vesicles 0; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia 

intermixed with jointed fibres in thecae immersed in terminal 

apothecia. 

Cervina tulerculata. Tuhercled horn-weed. 

Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, threadlike, irregularly 

two-forked ; angles of the forks rounded ; apothecia oblong, 

cylindrical, blunt. 

Fucus kali geniculato similis, non tamen geniculatus, Raii Syn. 43, 13. 

Fucus tuberculatus, Htidi. Fl. ^ngl. 588. 

Fucus bifurcatus, IVithering Bot.Arr. 4, 109. 

Sea-shore ; perennial ; June to October. 

XLIX. 74. FUCUS. Theophrastus. Wrack. 

Thallus flat, confluent, forked, mid-ribbed ; vesicles 

or innate; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia intermixed with 

jointed fibres, in roundish thecae, immersed in terminal 

apothecia. 

1. Fucus serratus. Serrated wrack. 

Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, linear, forked ; edge serrated, 

toothed ; apothecia flat, linear, slightly pointed. 

Fucus sive alga lafifolia major deiitata, Rnii Syn. 42, T. 

Fucus serratus, Lin. S. P. 1626. 

Sea-shore; perennial; winter and spring.

390 74..FUCUS. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. PLcell.aph. 

|3. latifolius. Upper lobes ovate, lanceolate, widening 

upwards. 

y. integer. Edges scarcely serrate. 

2. Fticus ceranoides. Horn wrack. 

Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, slightly forked ; edge not cut; 

side branches slender; apothecia compressed, linear, pointed. 

Fucus ceranoides, Lin. S. P. 1626 ; Turn. IlisL S9 ; Engl. Bot. 215. 

Fuciis disticUus, Esper, 139. 


3. Fucus vesiculosus. Bladdery wrack, 

Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, linear, forked ; edge not cut 

vesicles spherical, innate ; apothecia compressed, elliptical. 

Fucus sive alga marina latifolia vulgatissima, Raii Syn. 40, 4. 

Fucus vesiculosus, Lin. S. P. 1626, 

Fucus niauiillaris, Esper, 1 18. 

Fucus quercus marina, Gmelin, 60. 

Fucus divaricatus, Lin. S. P. 1627. 


/3. injlatus. Thallus inflated at the tip ; vesicles long. 

Fucus inflatus, Lin. S. P. 1G37. 

y. spiralis. Thallus twisted, spiral ; vesicles ; apothecia 

roundish. 

Fucus spiralis maritimus major, Raii Syn. 41,5. 

Fucus spiralis, Lin. S. P. 1G27 ; Engl. Bot. 1685. 

^. volubilis. Thallus twisted ; vesicles ; tips long, pointed. 

e. acutus. Thallus narrow; vesicles innate; tips long, 

lanceolate, pointed. 

K. august if'olius. Thallus narrow; vesicles 0; apothecia 

slightly pedicelled, linear, lanceolate, pointed. 

Fucus angustifolius, Withering Bot. Arr. 92. 

y]. Sherardi. Thalhis nari'ow, small ; vesicles ; apothecia 

short, oblong. 

Fucus Sherardii, Stackli. Ner. BrU. 72. 

^.linearis. Thallus narrow, small; vesicles 0', apothecia 

long, linear, lanceolate. 

Fucus linearis, IIuils. Fl. Jngl. 578. 

Fucus distichusj Liglitf. Fl. Scot, 912.

Fl.celLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 75.Halidrys. 391 

L. 75. HALIDRYS. Lyngbye. Sea-oah. 

Thallus compressed, confluent, forked, ribless ; vesicles 0, 

or innate; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia intermixed with 

jointed fibres in roundish thecee immersed in pedicelled, 

lateral apothecia. 

1. Halidrys nodosa. Knolbed sea-oak. 

Thallus pinnately branched. 

Fucus maritimus nodosus, Raii Syn. 48,41. 

Fuciis nodosus, Lin. S. P. 1628; Engl. Bot. 370; Turn. Hist. 91. 

Halidrys nodosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 37. 


Thallus 3 or 4 feet long, flat; apothecia roundish, mostly 

solitary. 

(3. minor, ylpothecia ovate, hardly wider than the pe- 

duncle. 

7. siliquatus. Apothecia linear, lanceolate. 

2. Halidrys canaJiculata. Channelled sea-oak. 

Thallus compressed, ribless, linear, grooved on one side, 

level-topped; edge not cut; tip 2-cut; apothecia oblong, 

2-cut, turned. 

Fucus pumilus dichotomus, scgmentis ex una parte gibbosis, ex altera 

excavatis, Raii Syn. 43, 12. 

Fucus canaliculatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. T 16; Engl. Bot. 823; Turn. Hist. 3. 

Fucus excisus, Lin. S. P. 1627, 

Fucus rotundus, Esper, 17. 


Thalli aggregate, 2 to 4 inches long. 

3. Halidrys Mackaii. Mackay's sea-oak. 

Thallus leatherlike, cylindrical, threadlike, forked, leveltopped 

; tips blunt; vehicles scattered, innate, elliptical, 

solitary, wider than the thallus. 

Fucus Mackaii, Turn. Hist. 52; Engl. Bot. 1927, 


Thallus 6 to 12 inches high, lower part compressed; 

angles of the fork roundish. 

LI. 71. MACKAIA. Mackay. 

Thallus cartilaginous, rod-like, shrubby ; upper part 

branched, narrow, roundish compressed, below compressed, 

broad, leaflike; holdfasts shieldlike; vesicles 0, or innate 

in the branches; sporidia in roundish thecse intermixed 

with jointed fibres, or in terminal apothecia.

392 76.Mackaia. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

1. Mackaia ahrotanifoUa. Southern-ivond mackay^ 

Thallus threadlike, compressed, bipinnate; lobes alternately 

forked, threadlike, spreading, edge not cut; vesicles 

innate ; apotliecia terminal, many cleft. 

Fucus abrotanifolius, Lin. S. P. 1629; Turn. Hist. 252; Engl. But. 

2130. 


Thallus 12 to 18 inches long; rough at the base. 

2. Mackaia discors. Discordant mackay. 

Thallus round, branched ; branches alternately pinnate; 

lower branches winged, serrated; upper branches 

linear ; upothecia terminal, oblong. 

Fucus discors, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2,717 ; 

Turn. Hist. 252; Engl. Bi)t.2l3\. 

Sea-shore; perennial; summer. 

Thalli many, crowded, rough.— According to Mrs. Grif- 

fiths is the young state of the preceding species. 

S. Mackaia larlata. Bearded mackay. 

Thallus round, very much branched; branches alternate, 

threadlike; apotliecia oblong, acute, terminal. 

Fucus barbatus, Woodw. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 128 ; Turn. Hist. 250 ; Engl. 

Bot. 2\70. 

Fucus foeniculaceus, Gmel. 86. 

Sea-shores ; perennial ; summer. 

|3„ granvlata. Jlpotliecia linear, tubercular. 

Fucus graniilatus, Wuodw. Tr, Lin. Soc. 3, 131. 

4. MackaiaJihrosa. Fibrous mackay. 

Thallus compressed and woody at the base ; branches 

2-rowed, long, variously divided ; upper branches with 

bristlelike twigs, lower branches naked ; vesicles roundish, 

innate; apoihecia cylindrical. 

Fucus radicibus arborum fibrosis similis, Rati Syn. 49, 45. 

Fucus fibrosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. bib ; Eng. Bot. 19G9 ; Turn. Hist. 209. 

Fucus setaceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. bib. 

Fucus barbatus, Gmelin, 90. 

Sea-shores ; perennial ; Feb. and August. 

Thallus 1 to a feet high. 

5. Mackaia mucronaia. Stiff-pointed mackay, 

Thallus round, warty, very much bi-anched ; branches 

threadlike, spinous; young branches linear, flat, not cut, 

mid-ribbed; tip stiff pointed ; apoihecia cylindrical.

Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 76. Mackaia. 393 

Fucus granulatus, Lin. S. P. 1629 ; 

Fhcus inucronatus, Turn. Syn. 73 ; 


Hist. 251, 

Fucus radicaulis. Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 111. 

Sea-shore ; perennial ; Feb. and August. 

6. Mackaia ericoides. Heathlike mackny, 

Thallus cylindrical and naked at bottom ; branched at 

the tip; Irnnches variously divided, long; twigs mostly 

simple, awlshape, imbricate, spreading; vesicles ronndish. 

Fucus foliis ericas seu tamarisci, Raii Syn. 49, 44. 

Fucus ericoides, Lin. S. P. 163! ; Engl. Bot. 1968; Turn. Hist. 191. 

Fucus tamariscifolius, Huds. Fl. yingl. 576.' 

Fucus Erica marina, Gmel, 128. 

Fucus selaginoides, Lin. Mant. 134. 

Sea-shore; perennial; summer. 

Thallus reflects bright tints when in a growing: state. 

LII. 77. BACCALARIA. Gulf-weed. 

Thallus distinct as to its parts; holdfasts shieldlike; stirps 

threadlike, much branched; branches mid-ribbed, membranaceous, 

often pierced with holes, dilated at the tip, 

edges serrate; vesicles spherical, })eduncled, awnless or ending 

in a round or dilated awn; sporidia in roundish thecas 

intermixed with jointed fibres immersed in axillary, solitary 

or racemous apothecia. 

1 Baccalaria natans. Floating gulf-weed. 

Thallus compressed, bipinnated ; branches alternate, 

simple ; twigs linear, lanceolate, serrated ; vesicles spherical; 

peduncles flat; opo^/zecia cylindrical, racemose. 

Fucus natans, JLin.S. P. 1628; Engl. Bot, 2\\'^; Turn. Hist. 46. 


Thallus alternately bipinnate, twigs blunt, smooth. 

2. Baccalaria teres. Cylindrical gulf-weed. 

Thallus cyhndrical, threadlike, bipinnate; branches alternate, 

mostly simple ; twigs linear, serrated ; vesicles sphe- 

rical; peduncles cj^lindrical. 

Fucus nalans, Hnds. Fl. Angl. 572. 

Fucus bacciferus, Turn. Syn. 55 ; Mist. 27 ; Engl. Bot. 1967. 

Sea, floating in large masses ; perennial : winter. 

B. ohlongfolius. Twigs oblong, blunt, large toothed.

394 78.Siliquar. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Vlcellnph, 

LIII. 78. SILIQUARIA. Podweed. 

Thallus compressed, ribless, branched ; vesicles pedicelled, 

lanceolate, jointed; sporid'ia intermixed with jointed fibres 

in roundish thecse in terminal lanceolate podshaped apo- 

thecia. 

Siliquaria angust'ifnlia. ISJarrow-leaved podweed, 

Thallus branched ; branches alternate, 2-rowed ; vesicles 

beaked. 

Fucus angustifolius vesiculis longis siliqiiaruin semulis, Raii Syn. 49,39. 

Fucus filiquosus, Lin. S. P. 1629 ; Engl. Dot. 474 ; Turn. Hist, 159. 

Halymenia siliquosa, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan. 37. 


/3. minor. Thallus not more than 6 or 9 inches long. 

Fucus siliquosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 

y. denudata. Thallus long, much branched; vesicles 0. 

LIV. 79. FURCELLARIA. Lamouroux. Fork-weed. 

Thallus threadlike, forked, level-topped ; sporidia immersed 

in regular lines in the swollen tips of the twigs. 

Flagellaria luhricalis. Slippery fork-weed. 

Thallus threadlike, forked, angles acute, tips blunt. 

Fucus parvus segmentis praelongis teretibus acutis, Raii Syn. 45,24. 

Fucus iubricalis, Gmelin, 108 ; Engl. Hot. 824 ; Turn, Hist. 6. 

Fucus fasligiatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15. 

Fucus furcellatus, Huds. Ft. Angl. 589. 

Furcellaiia Iubricalis, Lamour. Thai. 

Sea-shore; perennial; Nov. Feb. 

|3. fastigiata. Twigs compressed, transparent, ovate, 

lanceolate, short, pointed. 

Fucus sive alga exigua dichofoma, foliorum segmcniis longiusculis, 

crassis et subrotuiidis, Raii Syn. 45, 25. 

Fucus fastigiatus, Huds. Ft. Angl. 588. 

Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. Thai. 

Fam. III. 3. HOMOTHALAME.E. Lichenes homothalami. 

Acharius, 

Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous or shrubby; sporidia 

scattered, innate throughout the whole thallus, or in apothecia 

of the same colour and substJince as the thallus without 

any proligerous skin or central nucleus. Terrestrial 

or parasitic, perennial, greenish or becoming so when 

grazed, absorbing water at the surface and transmitting it 

to every part.

Pl.cellaph. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. 395 

A. Thallus gelatinous, when dry cartilaginous; Collematidese. 

Thallus crustlike, slightly figured or 

uniform 

Placynthium. 80. 

Thallus pleated tile-wise, roundish; 

lohes minute, thick, turgid Enchylium. 81 

Thallus rather leaflike, irregular 

loles thick, naked, turgid Scytenium. 82. 

Thallus leaflike 

loles rounded, downy beneath Mallotium. 83. 

Thallus leaflike ; lobes naked, 

rather membranaceous, blackish green Lathagrium. 84. 

Thalbis leaflike; loles naked, 

membranaceous, greyish Leptogium. 85. 

Thallus very finely torn and 

branched Polychidium. 86. 

B. Thallus with ajihrous axis, bark crustUke. Usneadeag. 

Apothecia shieldlike, terminal, edgeless .... Usnea. 87. 

C. Thallus cartilaginous, inside tow-like. Ramalinidese. 

Apothecia shicldlike, terminal, nearly 

marginless Cornicularia. 88. 

Apothecia saucerlike, edged, slightly 

pedicelled; thallus nearly solid Ramalina. 89. 

Apothecia saucerlike, edged, not 

pedicelled; thallus rather pipey Alectoria. 90. 

A. CoLLEMATiDEJB. Tkallus entirely gelatinous, homogeneous; 

when dry hard, cartilaginous, crustlike, leaflike, 

or branched ; apothecia shieldlike, sessile or sHghtly pedicelled, 

sometimes when dry coloured in the centre. These 

ought to be moistened before they are examined, as many 

of them have their apothecia of a different colour when 

dry. 

I. 80. PLACYNTHIUM. Acharius. Placynthe. 

Thallus crustlike, slightly irregular or uniform. 

Placynthium nigrum. Black placynthe. 

Thallus crustlike, nearly orbicular, broM-n-bhick ; marginal 

lobes deeply crenate; central lobes seedHke, slightly 

branched ; apothecia at length convex, black, edged.

396 SO.PIacynth. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PLcell.apL 

Lichen niger, Hudson Fl. Angl. 524; Engl, Bot. 1161. 

Lecidea corallinoides, Florke, Berl. Mag. 1809, 5. 

Lecidea nigra, Achar, Meth. Lich. 76. 

Stereocaulon corallinoides, Hoffm. FL Germ. 129. 

Collema nigrum, Achar. Lichen. Uniu. 628. 

On rocks, espcially limestone. 

11. 81.ENCHYL1UM. Acharius. Enchjie. 

Thallus plaited tilewise, nearly orbicular, composed of 

minute lobes, when moist turgid, very thick. 

1. Enchyllum micropliyllum. Small-leaved enchyle. 

Thallus slightly spreading, tilewise, blackish green; lobes 

thick, minute, crowded, deeply crenate; apolhecia sessile, 

crowded, pitchershape, hollow, colour of the thallus, edge 

not in the least cut, contracted. 

Collema microphyllum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 630. 

On the bark of old trees. 

2. EvcJn/lium fras^rnns. Sweet-scented ejichyle. 

Thallus nearly orbicular ; lobes round, expanded, naked, 

edge thick, crenate, ascending; apothecia scattered, minute, 

hollow, dark yellowish brown ; edge swollen outwardly, 

uneven. 

Lichen fragrans, Engl, Bot. 19, 12. 

Trujiks of trees. 

When moistened has a sweet odour. 

3. Enchylium crispum. Crisp enchyle. 

Thallus nearly orbicular; central lobes rather upright, 

granular; lobes of the circumference depressed, large, 

blunt, crenate; apothecia scattered, slightly concave, reddish, 

edfife granular. 

Lichenoides gelatinosum atrovirens, crispum et rugosum, 2)27/en iWMSc. 

139. 

Lichen crispus, Engl. Bot. S34. 

Lichen pulposus ;S, Bernh.in Schrad.Journ. 1799. 

Parmelia crispa, Achar. Meth. Lich. 254. 

Collema crispum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 100. 

Collema crenulatum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 103. 

Collema glaucescens, Hoffm, Fl. Germ. 105. 

Collema pulposum crispum, Achar, Lich. Univ. 652, 

On the ground among mosses, and on mountains. 

4. Enchylium turgidum. Swollen enchyle. 

Thallus irregularly expanded, depressed, slightly lobed 

and tiledlike; lobes raised, thick, wartlike, wrinkled, gra-

Pl.cell.aph. S.HOMOTHALAMEiE. Sl.Enchyl. 397 

nulated ; apothecia sessile, pitchei'shape, dark brown ; edffe 

slightly swollen ; 

outside wrinkled-granular. 

Collema turgidutn, Achar. Licli- Univ. 634. 

On rocks among mosses. 

5. Enchylium tenax. Tough enchyle, 

Tliallus nearly orbicular, tilewise ; lobes rather thick, 

flat, lying down, nearly round, deeply cut and crenate 

apothecia scattered, immersed in the lobes, concave, reddish, 

edge scarcely cut. 

Lichen tenax, Swartz in N. Act. Ups. 4, 249. 

Parmelia tenax, Achar. Meth. Lich. 231. 

Collema tenax ? Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 105. 

Collema tenax, Acliar. Lich. Univ. 635. 

Among mosses on rocks, adhering strongly to them. 

6. Ejichylium pUcatile. Folding echyle^ 

Thallus round, tilewise; lohes thick, roundish, pleated in 

apothecia scattered, 

circles, wavey, rather upright, not cut ; 

sessile, hollow, colour of the thallus, edge not cut. 

Lichen plicatis, Achar. in N. Act. Stoch. \6, 11. 

Parmelia plicatilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 240. 

Collema plicatile, Achar. Lich. Univ. 655. 

On rocks. 

7. Enchyliimi fluviale. Biver enchyle. 

TAa//z/5 slightly cushion-like; lohes thick, crowded, blunt, 

complicately wavey, deeply cut ; apothecia near the edge, 

slightly globular, colour of the thallus, centre pitchershape 

edge nearly double. 

Lichenoides gelatinosutn opuntoides, Dillen in Raii Syn. 12, 58. 

Lichen Uuviatilis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 536. 

Parmelia fluviatilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 249. 

Collema fluviale, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 636, 

On stones under water in rivulets. 

8. Enchylium marginals. Marginal enchyle, 

Thallus orbicular, rather stellate, tiledlike; lobes deeply 

jagged, narrow, many-cut, winding, rather jflat, crenate; 

apothecia marginal and scattered, blackish-brown, edge not 

in the least cut. 

Lichenoides gelatinosum fuscum, jacobasK 

Muse. 140. 

maritimEB divisur&, Dillen. 

Lichen marginalis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 534 ; Engl. Bot. 1924. 

Parmelia melasna marginalis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 241. 

Collema laciniatum, Hoffm. FL Germ. 100. 

Collema melaenum marginale, Achar. Lich. Univ. 63T. 

On limestone rocks, occasionally overflowed.

S98 Sl.Enchyl. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PL cell. aph. 

9. Enchylium fasciculare. Bundled enchyle. 

Thallus nearly orbicular, folded tilewise ; ceyilral folds 

upright, winding, anastomosing ; folds in the circumference 

rounded, deeply crenate ; apothecia marginal, topshape, 

bundled; centre rather convex, reddish. 

Lichenoides gelatinosum palinatuni, tuberculis conglomeratis, Dill. 

Muse. 141. 

Lictien fascicularis, Lin.Mant. 133; Engl. Bot. 1162. 

Parmeliafascicularis, Achar. Meih. Lich. 239. 

Collenia fasciciilare, Achar. Lich. Univ. 639. 

On rocks, mountains, and trunks of trees. 

j3. aggregalum. Marginal lobes very small; central lobes 

obliterated by the crowded apothecia. 

Lichen fascicularis 13, Bern, in Schrad. Journ. 1799. 

Coilema polycarpon, HoJ/'m. Fl. Germ. 102. 

Collema fascicularc aggregatum, Achar. Lich. Un. 640. 

10. Enchylium corrugatum. Pursed-vp enchyle. 

Thallus thick, blackish green, with raised gutlike convo- 

lutions. 

Lichen corrugatus, Dickson PI. Crypt. Brit, 4. 

Parmelia plocina, Achar. Meth. Lichen. 247. 

Collema corrugatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 642. 

Mountains and rocks in the sea. 

11. Encliylinm cretaceum. Chalky enchyle. 

Thallus lobed starwise, blackish green ; apothecium cen- 

tral, raised, brownish flesh-colour, edge paler, not cut. 

Lichen cretaceus, Engl. Bot. 738. 

Parmelia cretacea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 248. 

Collema cretaceum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 642. 

Chalk-pits. 

III. 82. SCYTENIUM. Acharius. Scyiene. 

Thallus irregular, nearly leaflike ; lobes separate, spreading, 

thick, swollen, naked. 

Scytenium palmatum. Palmate scytene, 

Thallus neai'ly leaflike, brownish blue green ; hies thick, 

crowded, palmately cut, jags nearly linear, round ; apothecia 

reddish brown. 

Lichenoides gelatinosum tenerius laciniatum, ex fusco purpurascens. 

Rail Syn. 72, 54. 

Lichen palmatus, Huds. Fl, Angl. 535. 

Parmelia palmata, Achar, Meth. Lich. 242. 

Collema palmatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 643. 

Upon muddy ground and trunks of trees. J

Pl.cell.aph. S.HOMOTHALAME^. 83.Mallot. 399 

IV. S3. MALLOTIUM. Acharius. Mallote. 

TliaUus leaflike ; lobes rounded, underneath woolly or 

with small fibres. 

1, Mallotium Saiurnimim. Saturnine mallote. 

Thallus leaflike, blackish green, beneath sea-green, rather 

woolly; lobes oblong, rounded, wavey, not cut; apo- 

ihecia lateral, raised, flat, red, edge not cut. 

Lichen Salurniniis, Dickson PI. Crypt. Bot. 2, 21 ; 

Engl. Bot, 1980. 

Lichen myochrous, Erhh. PI. Crypt. Dec. 29,236. 

Lichen discolor, Achar. in Nov. Act. Stockh. 16, 16. 

Parmelia Saturnina, Achar. Meth. Lich. 221. 

Collema tomcntosum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 99. 

Collema Satiirninum, Achar. Lich. Univ. C44. 

Trunks of trees and rocks. 

2. Mallotium Burgessii. Burgess^ mallote. 

Thallus leaflike, slightly tiledwise, brownish sea-green, 

underneath grows spongy, villous; lobes rounded, jagged, 

crenular, crisp ; apothecia depressed, flattish, brown ; edge 

crisp, leaflike. 

Lichen ornatus, Lin. Suppl. PI. 

Lichen Burgessii, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 827. 

Parmelia Burgessii, Achar. Meth. Lich. 251. 

Collema Burgessii, Achar. Lich. Univ. 645. 

On trunks of trees. 

V. 84. LATHAGRIUM. Acharius. Lafhagrium. 

Thallus leaflike ; lubss nearly membranaceous, weak, 

naked, blackish green. 

1. Laihagrium, ?iigresce?is. Blackish lathagrium. 

Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly one-leafed, orbicular, 

depressed, radiately plaited, round-lobed, blackish 

green ; apothecia central, crowded, at length convex, reddish 

brown, edge not in the least cut. 

Lichenoides saxatile membranaceum gelatinosum, tenue nigrescens, 

Billen in Raii Syn. 72, 53. 

Lichen nigrescens, Huds. Fl.Angl. 537. 

Lichen vespertilio, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 840. 

Lichen papyraceus, Wulf.inJacq. Coll. 3, 154. 

Parmelia nigrescens, Achar. Meth. Lich. 327. 

Collema vespertilio, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 98. 

Collema nigrescens, Achar. Lich. Univ. 646. 

On the trunks of trees, rocks, and stones.

400 Si.Lathag. 3. HOMOTHALAMILE. FLceU.aph. 

2. Lathasr'win Jlaccidum. Flaccid lathagriuvi. 

Thallui leaflike, membranaceous, smooth, blackish green; 

loles separate, reverse ovate, blmitly divided, not jagged, 

•weakj flexible: apciheda scattered, few. rather flat, reddish 

edge thin, not cut. 

Lichen nisrescens, Ehrh. PL Cr. 10, 9S. 

Lichen rBpestxii, Scartr yiith. Masc. 31. 

Lichen flaccirus Ackar. y. A. Stockh, 16, 14. 

Parmelia tlaccida, Ackar. Metk. lAch. 2s9. 

Coll ema flaccid um, AcAar. Lick. Uuic. 647. 

Amongf mosses on rocks exposed to the drip of water. 

3. Lathagnumfurcttm. 

Dusky lathagrium. 

Thallus leaflike- membranaceous, rather wrinkled, folded, 

blackish green, granular on both sides : Icles rounded 

irresul^î frequently wavey- crisped, not cut: apothecia 

scattered, flat, blackish brown, edge not cut. 

Lichen jrannlofcs. FI. Dan. 4G2. 

Lichen furvas, Ackar. X. A. Stockh. 22, 164. 

Paraielia forva, Ackar. Metk. Lich. 330. 

CoUecia gracoloium, Hoffm. FU Germ. 99. 

Collenja fum m, Ackar. Lich. Vniv. 650. 

On the bark of old trees, rocks, walls, and wooden roofs. 

4. Lathasrium sinuatum. Jagged lathagrium. 

Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, tiledlikej congregated, 

naked, black; hies deeply jagged, crisp, toothed: apothecia 

scattered, sessile, colour of the thallus, edge not cut. 

Lichenoides tenae crispnsi, foliis parTi: depresjis. Dilkn. Muse. 145. 

Lichen i.cnatus, Huds. F!. Arts'. . 309 • Engl. Bat. I'i^. 

Ccllema îooatam, Hoffm. FL G^rm. Add. 

Partnelia scotina sinnaia, Achar. ilztk. Lich. 257. 

CktUeuia scotinam sinoatam, Ackar. Lich. Unic. 652. 

Among grass and moss on the groimd. 

VL 85. LEPTOGIUM. Acharus. Leptogium. 

Thallus leaflike; lobes rounded, membranaceous, very 

tender, naked, greyish green, nearly tran^>arent; apothecia 

on very short pedicells. 

1. LeptoPium iremelloides. Tremella leptogium. 

Thallus leaflike, membrariaceous, very tender, nearly 

transparent, lead colour, slightly wrinkled and hollow dotted: 

loles oblong, rounded, cut, smooth-edged: apothecia 

scattered, with short pediceUs, flat, reddish brown, afterwards 

black, edge pale.

Pl.cell.aph. y. HOMOTHALAME-E. 85. Leptog. 401 

Liclien tremelloide?, Lin. Suppi. PI. 430. 

Parmelia tremelloides, .dehor, Mtth. Lich. 224. 

Collemaplicaturo, Hoffm. PL Lich. 2,41. 

CoUema tremelloides, Achar.Lich. Univ. 655. 

On trunks of trees and among mosses. 

2. Leptogimn marginellum. Edged lepiog'ium, 

Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly transparent, 

sliorhtlv wrinkled, sea-o-reen : loles rather long: edsres wavev, 

pleated, crisp ; apcthecia minute, marginal, iron-brown 

edge pale. 

Lichen tnarginellu?, Bern, in Schrad.J. Bot. 1799,21. 

Partaelia marginella, Achar. Meth. Lich. 225. 

Collema marginile, Hoffm. PI. Lich. 2,47. 

CoUema marginelluin, Achar, Lich. Univ. 696, 

Upon mosses. 

3. Leptos'mm lacerum. Torn leptoglum. 

Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly transparent, 

loLes small, rather 

slightly wrinkled in network, sea-green ; 

tiledlike, irregularly jagged, toothed, fringed ; apolhecia 

scattered, slightly concave, red, edge pale. 

Lichenoides sasaiile terne rufercen?. DilUn in Rati Syn. 77, S9. 

Tremella lichenoides, Lin. S. P. 1625. 

Lichen trenselloides, Hnds. Fl.Angl. 537. 

Lichen Tremella, Roth FI. Germ. 503. 

Lichen iacer, Engl, Bot. 19s2; Achar. Prod. 135. 

Parmelia laciniata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 225. 

Collema lacerurc, Achar. Lich. Univ. 657. 

On the ground among mosses. 

VII. 86. POLYCHIDIUM. Acharius. Polych'tde. 

Thallus very finely jagged and branched. 

1. Polychid'ium snltile. Fine poly chide. 

Thallus slightly starlike, jaggs very narrow, linear, 

pressed close, subdivided, blunt, radiating, edge smooth; 

apothecia central, rather flat, colour of the thallus, edge 

thin, not cut. 

Lichen sublilis, Schrad. Spic. 95 : I>icl:s, Cript, 4, 55 ; Engl. Bot, lOOS. 

Parmelia subtilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 243. 

Collema subtile, Achar. Lich. Univ. 659. 

On clay and limestone. 

Scarcely visible to the naked eye, but grows in patches. 

2. Polychidium tenuisiimum. Thinnest po-ychide, 

Thallus rather tiledlike: 'agcrs minute, linear, many-cut, 

unequal, granular, rather pointed, very crowded : apothecia 

scattered, rather flat, reddish, edged. 

TOL. I. 2d

402 86. Polychid. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PL cell apli, 

, 

Liclten hjssinus, Walil. Fl. Lapp. 442. 

Lichen lenuissiiniis, Dickson Crypt. 1, 12. 

Parmelia teiuiissima, Achar. Meili. Lich. 244. 

CoUema bysînnin, Jlojfjn. Germ. 105. 

Collema (eiiuisiimum, Achar. Lich. Univ. G59. 

Oil gravel-banks, walls, and mosses. 

3. Polyckidium Schraderi. Schraders pohjcMde, 

Thallus rather tufted ; jaggs linear, flat, irregularly undivided, 

wrinkled, blunt; edges turned over, siiglitly crenate; 

apotkecia scattered, colour of the thallus. 

Lichen Schraderi, Bern, in Schrad. Journ. 1799, 22. 

Parmelia Scliraderi, Achar. Mcth. Lich. 24.3. 

Collema Schraderi, Achar. Lich. Univ. 653. 

On rocks among mosses. 

4. Pohjchid'mm niiisckolum. Moss pohjchide, 

Thallus shrublike, cushioned, brownish; hraiulies cylindrical, 

ratiier upright, bent, knotted, nearly even-topped^ 

biuntish; upotkecia nearly terminal, flat, brown, edged. 

Lichen Sluscicola, Swarlz in N. Jet. Ups. 4, 248 ; 

Dicks. Crvpt. 2, 8, 

Parmelia miiscicola, Achar. Meth. Lich. 244. 

Collema r»Iuscicola, Achar. Lich. Univ. 660. 

On the ground, and mountains among moss. 

5. Polychidhnn velutinum. Velvet polychide. 

Thallus cushioned, black ; j/o^g^ cylindrical, very tender, 

scarcely branclicd, bent, interwoven, even-topped ; apoihecia 

rather concave, minute, colour of the thallus, pressed 

close, edged. 

Lichen exilis, Light/. Scot. 894. 

Lichen velutinus, Achar. P.oii. SIS. 

Parmelia ijannosa, yicliar. Mcth. Lich. 246. 

Conferva ])aniiosa, Weh.et Mohr Rdsc, 105. 

Collema nigrum ? Ilojfin. Germ. 103. 

CoHema paniiosuui, Achar. Lich. Univ. 660, not of Hoffiuan. 

On rocks and mountains among mosses. 

6. Polychidium spongiosum. ^P^^gV poly chide. 

Thallus dark green ; jagc^s aggregated, branched, granular, 

cylindrical, blunt ; apoh'iccia scattered, hollow, 

brown; outside spongy, pale; edge upright, thin. 

Lichen spongiosus, Engl. Bot. 1374. 

Collema spongiosum, Achar. Lichen, Univ. 661. 

Durham; perennial.

Plcdl.aph. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. 87. Usnea. 403 

B. UsNEADE^. Tlialhis slightly crustlike, penetrated 

by an elastic, central bundle of ducts; apothecia regular, 

shieldlike, pedicelled, sometimes proliferous from the edge 

pedicels central, accompanied with cephalodia and sorediae. 

VIII. 87. USNEA. Dillenius. Usnea. 

Tkallus slightly crustlike, rather cylindrical, branched, 

mostly hanging down, enclosing a transparent, central, 

elastic, threadlike bundle of ducts ; apotliecia orbiculate, 

terminal, shieldlike, eatirely formed of the thallus, and 

covered in every part with its cortical substance, keeping 

nearly the same colour, circumference without any defined 

e^ge, generally fringed. 

1. Usnea Jiorida Florid usnea. 

Thallus rather upright, rough, pale grey; holdfasts slen- 

der, horizontal ; branches very much spread, scarcel}^ 

branched ; apothecia flat, very broad, whitish, fringed ; 

fringe radiating, long. 

Liclienoides quod jMuscus arboreus ciun orbiculi?. Rail Syn. 65, 6. 

Lichen floridus, Lin. S. P. 1624; Engl. Bot. 872. 

Usnea florida, Achar. Meth. Lich. 307 ; Lick. Un. 620. 

On trunks of old trees and palings. 

^. rigida. Thallus long, stiff, straight, very slender, 

rather hanging, rough ; branches rather long, bent, 

branched, twiggy. 

y. rubiginea. Thallus rather hairy, rusty red : apothecia 

of the same colour. 

2. Usnea pUcata. Folded usnea. 

Thallus hanging, smooth, pale ; branches weak, very 

much divided, the last twigs hairlike; apothecia Hat, broad, 

fringed ; fringe very fine, very long. 

Liclienoides quod Ivluscus arboreus, Usnea ofticinarum, llaii Syn. 6J, 1. 

Liclien plicatus, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl, Bot. 257. 

Usnea plicata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 622. 

Hairy tree-moiS. 

From the trunks and branches of trees. 

|3. comosa. Thallus slightly upright, shrublike, pale 

white; side branches very much spread, diffuse, smooth, 

much divided; last twigs fibrelike, rather rough, slightly 

nodding; cepAa/orf^'a pale flesh-colour, growing brown. 

Lichen comosus, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 16,209. 

Usnea plicata comosa. Achar. Meth. Lich. 311 ; 

2 D S 

Lich, Univ. 623.

404 87. Usnea. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PLcellaph, 

y. h'lrta. Thallus slightly upright, rather shrublike, yellowish 

grey, much branched, rather powdery, roilghish; 

branches much divided, bent, intricate, slender, fibrelike. 

S. Usnea larlala. Bearded usnea, 

Thallus hanging, smooth, round, rather thick, pale 

greenish grey; branches diverging, frequently fibreiike, hair- 

like at the tip, beneath jointed. 

Lichen barhatii?, Lin. Sp. PL 1622 ; Engl. Hot. 258, fig. 2. 

Usnea barbata, Achar. Meth. Lich.SXb ; Lich. Univ. 624. 

On the branches of old trees. 

^. ankidata. Thallus bald, grey, branches long, forked, 

branched, jointed; joints bellied^ separate; last twigs hair- 

like, fibrelike. 

Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus nodosiis, Raii Syn. 65,4. 

Usnea barbata articulata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 605. 

Lichen articulatus, Lin. S. P. 1623 ; Engl. Bot. 258, fig. 1 

C. Ramalinide^s:. Thallus cartilaginous, branched 

inside stuffed with fibres like tow ; apotiiecia same colour 

as the thallus, formed entirely from it. 

IX. 88. CORN I CUL ARIA. Honi-moss. 

Thallus cartilaginous, rather solid inside, towlike, 

branched, shrublike; apotiiecia orbiculate, terminal, oblique, 

shieldlike, entirely formed of the thallus, similar to its outer 

surface, become convex and rather inflated ; 

edge scarcely 

distinct, slightly toothed^ at length turned back, slightly 

altered in colon i'. 

1. Corn'icularia tristis. Dull horn-moss. 

Thallus pitch-black, compressed, cylindrical, rather 

smooth, 2-rowed, 2-forked; branches even-topped, black 

above ; apotiiecia plano-convex, brownish black, slightly 

margined, edge not toothed, not cut. 

Coralloides corniculauim, fuel (enuinris facie, Dillen Muse. 118. 

Liciien radiatus, Jhtds. Fl. AngL 559 ; Dicks. Crypt. 9, 25. 

Lifhen fucoides, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3. 

Lichen cornicr.latu?. Light/. Fl. Scot. 385. 

Lichen rigidiis, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2. 

Lichen tristis, Engl. Bot. 720. 

Lobaria rigida, Hoffm. Germ. 142, 

Coniicularia tristis, Achar. Metli. Lich. 300; Lich. Univ. 610. 

On rocks. 

Apothecia sometimes radiately toothed, and the branches 

tuberculated, toothed.

Pl.celLapL S.HOMOTHALAMEiE. SS.Cornicul. 405 

2. Cornicidaria aculeata. Prickly horn-moss. 

Thallus bald, chestnut-brown, rather cylindrical, angu- 

larly compressed, nakedish ; branches and twigs divaricated, 

bent, prickly; apothecia reddish, edge slightly toothed, 

turned back. 

Lichen aculeatus, Achar. Prod. 215. 

Cornicularia aculeata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 502 ; 

On drj', sunny mountains. 

Licit. Univ. 612. 

3. Cornicularia spaclicea. Chesi7iut horn-moss. 

Thallus bald, dark bay-colour, flatly compressed, rather 

indented ; edges toothed ; branches and liaigs short, spreading, 

narrow ; apothecia spinous, radiated, reddish brown. 

Lichenoides iion tiibulosum ramosissimum fruticuli specie, riifo-uigrescens, 

Rail Sijn. 66, 10. 

Lichen Islandicusy, Tluds. Angf. 539. 

Lichen hispidus, Ughtf. Scot. 883 ; Engl. Bot. 452. 

Lichen spadiceu?, Roth in lister Ann. 

Lobaria aculeata, IloJJm. Germ. 142. 

Cornicularia spadicea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 301 ; Lich. Univ. 611. 

On open places on rocks covered with earth. 

4. Cornicularia hicolor. Tivo-coloured horn-moss. 

Thallus roughish, black, cylindrical, nearly upright, 

branched, fibrous ; branches very short, scattered, spreading; 

tips nodding, greyish brown. 

Lichen bicolor, Ehrh. Bcytr. 

UiUea bicolor, Hoffni. Germ. 155. 

Cornicularia bicolor, Achar. Meth. Lich. 504; Lich. Univ. 615. 

Upon rocks among mosses. 

5. CorniculcLria lanala. JVoolly horn-moss. 

Thallus lying down, cylindrical, smoothish, forked, 

greyish black ; branches and twigs variously bent, interwoven, 

forked at the tip; apothecia slightly edged, flat, 

edge naked, granular. 

Lichenoides quod Muscus coralloities, ianje nigrjE insiar saxis adhaerenf, 

Dillen in Rati Syn. 65, 3. 

Lichens pubescens, Huds. Angl. 562. 

Lichen laneus, Ehrh. PL Crypt. 7,70. 

Liclien lanatus, Lin. S. P. 1623; Engl. Bot. 846. 

Usnea hinca, Hoffni. Germ. 135, 

Usnea lanata, Hoffm. Germ. 135. 

Usnea pubescens, Hoffm. Germ. 136. 

Cornicularia lanala, Achar. Meth. Lich. 304; Lic'i. Univ. 615. 

On dry barren places upon mountains.

406 SS.Cornicul. S.HOMOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph. 

6. Cornicularia P puhescens. Downy horn-moss. 

Thallus lying down, cylindrical, wrinkled, roughish, 

black ; branches interwoven, hairlike, twigs not branched ; 

apothecia same colour as the thallus, edge not cut. 

Lichen lanatus, Wulf. in Jacq. Misc. 2. 

Lichen intriciitus, E/ic/j, Crj//;^. 8,80. 

Lichen pubcscens, Lin.S. P. 162b'. 

U=nea intricata, Hojfm. Germ. 136. 

Cornicularia pubescens, ylchar. Metli. Licli, 505 ; Lick. Univ. 616. ^^ 

Conferva? atrovirens, D«7/io. Co?;/. 25. 

Scyioneina? atrovirens, Agardh Disp. 39. 

On rocks and fells where water drips. 

ThcU'i aggregate, very similar to the preceding; apothecia 

rai'ely to be found; so that it is doubtful whether this and 

girardia atrovirens be one species or two. 

/3. hispidula. Thallus rather stellate, brownish black, 

proliferous in whirls, hispid, branchy; hranches slightly 

radiating, depressed, interwoven, very thin ; apothecia 

crenate, dark brown. 

Scytoneina atrovirens proliFera, Aârdh Disp. 39. 

Cornicularia hispidula, Achar, Lich, Univ. 617. 

X. 89. RAMALINA. Acharius. Branch-moss, 

Tliallus cartilaginous, inside like tow, rather solid, 

"branched, jagged, rather shrublike, mostly with soredia; 

apothecia saucershape, thickish, footstalked, somewhat shieldlike, 

flat, edged, entirely formed of the thallus, covered with 

ii similarly coloured cortical substance. 

1 . RamaUna fastigiaia. Even-topped Lrcmch-moss. 

Thallus compressed, cylindrical, smooth, pitted, branched, 

light sea-gi-een ; hranches thicker at top, even-topped; 

apothecia terminal, shieldlike, sessile, whitish. 

Lichen populinus, Ehrh. Crypt. 276. 

Lichen fasiigiatus, Engl. Hot. 890. 

Lobaria populina, Hoffm. Germ. 140. 

Parnielia fastigiata, Jchar. Meih. Lich. S60. 

Ranialiiia fastigiata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 603. 

On the trunks of old trees. 

2. Rarnalina scopulorum. Sea-shore Iranch-moss. 

Thallus compressed, smooth, slightly pitted, branched, 

pale grey; hranches linear, slender; apothecia pedicelled, 


Lic'aen calicari?, Lin. S. P. 1613 ; Engl. Bot. 688. 

Lichen scopulorum, Dicks. Crypt. 3, IS. 

Partnelia scopulorum, Achar. Me.lh. Lich. 261. 

Rairalina scopulorum, ylchar. Lich. Univ. 60J. 

On rocks bv the sea-side.

Plcell.aph. S.HOMOTHALAMEiE. 89.Ramalin. 407 

|3. cornuata. Brojiches cylindrical, compressed, seldom 

divided, bent, knobbed, rather pipey, interwoven. 

Coralloitles fascicnlare verritcosum et veliiti siliqiiosiun, Dillen Muse. 

119. 

Lichen siliqiiosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 559. 

I'armelia siliquosa, Achr. Mcth.Licli. 262, 

Ramalina scopuloruin, cornuata, Achar. Lick. Univ. 605. 

On insulated rocks scattered on plains, as the Grey 

wethers on Salisbui'y Plain. 

3. Ramalma far'macea. Floury hrancii-moss, 

Thallus cylindrical, compressed, bald, slightly pitted, 

stiff, branched, whitish grey, with soredia ; hrmiches linear, 

slender; apuihccia scattered, pedicelled, flat, scarcely bor~ 

dered, whitish. 

Lichenoides segsneniis angiistioribus ad inargincs verrucosis et pulverulentis, 

Dillen 3Iusc'. 172. 

Lichen farinaccu?, Lin. S. P. 1613 ; En^l. Bot. SS9. 

Lobaria farinacea, Hoffni. Germ. lo9. 

Parmelia farinacea, Achar, Meth. Lich. 263. 

Ramalina farinacea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 606. 

On the trunks and branches of trees. 

Brandies simple or divided, sometimes fringed and 

slightly proliferous ; sometimes short and slender, or lon^^ 

and strong, sometimes hanging; naked or covered with, 

rather elliptic soredia; apothecia rarely occurring. 

4. Ramalina pollmnria. Powdery hranch-moss, 

Thallus flat, slightly membranaceous, bald, rather pitted, 

white, slightly hoary, jagged; soredia dilated, flat, powdery; 

apothecia nearly terminal, growing dilated, very large, seagreen 

beneath; centre flesh-colour; edge raised, slightly 

bent inwards. 

Lichen pollinarius, Achar in N. Act. S/ocJch. 18,263. 

Liciien squarrosiis, Persoon in Uster Ann. Bot. 14, 35. 

Lobaria sqiiarrosn, Hoffm. Germ. 139. 

Lobaria dilacerata, Hojfm. Germ, 140. 

Parmelia pollinaria, Achar. Melh. Lich. 2G4. 

Ramalina pollinaria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 608. 

On rocks and stones, old timber-work and trees. 

XI. 90. ALECTORIA. Acharius. Cockscomh-moss^ 

Thallus cartilaginous, nearly threadlike, inside towlike, 

branched, prostrate or hanging ; apothecia saucerlike, thick, 

sessile, rather flat, bordered, convex, entirely formed of 

the thallus, of the same colour and substance.

408 90.Alector. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph. 

1. Alectoria juhata. Mane cockscoml-moss, 

Thallus cylindrical, slightly shining, livid brown and 

black, compressed at the joints ; apothecia of the same co- 

lour, growing convex, border not in the least cut. 

Lichenoides quod Miiscus corallinus saxatilis foeniculaceus, Rail Syn,. 

65,7. 

Usnea jubafa nigricans, Dill. Muse. 64. 

Lichen jubatiis, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl.Bot. 1S80. 

Usneajubata, Hoffm. Germ. 134. 

Parmelia jubala, ylchar. Meth.Lich. 272. 

Alectoria jiibata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 592. 

On the trunks and branches of old trees. 

2. Alecloria chahjheiformis. Iron-iuire cockscoml-moss^ 

Thallus and ['ranches rather simple, bent, stragglings 

tufted, stiffish, lead black, lying down. - 

Lichenoides quod Musciis caule rigido insfar fili chalybei, Raii Sijn^ 

65,2. 

Lichen chaljbeiformis, Lin. S. P. 1623. 

Lichen jubatus B, Engl. Bot. 1880. 

Usnea implexa, Hoffm. Germ. 134. 

Usnea chalybeiformis, /fo/fw. Germ. 135. 

Parmelia jubata o, Achar. Math. Lich. 273. 

Alectoriajubata chalybeiformis, Achar. Lich. Univ. 595. 

On banks, palings, trees, and rocks. 

S. Alectoria sarmejitosa. Runner cockscoml-7hoss, 

Thallus rather cylindrical, angularly pitted, two-forked, 

pale whitish, tips much branched, weak, very slender; 

apothecia slightl}'^ concave, livid, hoary, afterwards spread 

out flat. 

Usuea loris longis dichotomis, extiemifatibus tenuioribus, Dillen Miisc. 

59. 

Lichen sarraentosus, Achar. Prod. 180; Engl. Bot. 2040. 

Lichen dichotomiis, ^c/jnr. Prodr. 181. 

Usnea dichotoma, Hoffm. Germ. 134. 

Parmelia sarmentosa, Achar. Blelli. Lich. 271. 

Jlamaiina sarmentosa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 595. 

On the trunks and branches of trees, and on rocks. 

Fam. IV. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Lichenes cenothalami, 

Acharius. Algarum pars, Linnasus. 

Lichenum, pars, Jussieu. 

Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike; sporidia scattered, 

innate in the substance, and in a naked proligerous flake of 

a different colour placed upon the thallus, without any 

internal nucleus or perithecium. Thallus perennial, terrestrial 

or parasitic, greenish or becoming so when wetted; 

absorbing water by the surface, and transmitting it to all 

parts.

Fl.cell.apL 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 40& 

A. yipothecia nearly glolose, not holdered, terminai'ing a 

solid podeiium. BEemycideae. 

Thallus shriiblike, branched, cartilaginous; 

bark crustaceous, unequal Stereocaulon. 9K 

Thallus rather crustaceous, uniform, 

lying close; apothecia at first bordered Isidium. 92- 

Tkallus crustaceous, uniform, close; 

podetia soft; apotliec'ia large Bjemyces. 93. 

B. /Ipothecia nearly globose, not bordered, terminating a 

hollow, cylindrical thallus or podeiium. Cenomycidese. 

Thollus cylindrical, soft, awishape ; 

axillcB not perforated Cerania. 94^ 

Thallus leaflike, very small ; podetia cartilaginous, 

stifTj awishape ; axillce mostly 

perforated Cladonia. 95. 

Thallus leaflike; podetia cylindrical; 

apex fringed, radiated, rays fertile Helopodia. 96. 

Thallus leaflike; podetia dilated above, 

cuplike, cup open Schasmaria. 97- 

Thallus leaflike; podetia dilated above, 

cuplike, cup closed , Scyphophora. 

Thallus crustlike, uniform 

podetia hollow, short . = Pycnothelia. 

98. 

99^ 

C. Apothecia shieldlike., bordered, lateral ; thallus nearly 

crustaceous, branched. Evernideee. 

Thallus compressed, inside towlike; 

apothecia sessile, circumference raised .... Evernia. 100- 

D. Apothecia shieldlike, bordered ; thallus leatherlike, 

cartilaginous, leafy. 

Peltideas. 

Apoth. adnate, terminal, ascending ; 

thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded Peltidea. 103. 

Apoth. adnate, terminal, resupinate; 

thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded Nephroma. 102. 

Apoth. adnate, subcentral, discoid 

thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded Solorina. 104-. 

Apothecia sessile, lateral 

iAoZ/i/5 branched, inside tovvlike Rocella. 101.

410 4. CENOTHALAME^. PlcelLaph, 

Apoth. sessile, oblique, marginal 

thalliis leaflike, smooth , Cetrarta. 106. 

Apotli. rather pedicelled, free 

ihallus cartilaginous; lobes fringed Borreria. 107. 

Apothccia nearly sessile, edge free 

thai, leaflike, interspersed with soredia Sticta. 105. 

Apoihecia nearly sessile, edge free; 

thai, leaflike, tips inflated ; soredia Physcia. 108. 

Apoihecia nearly sessile, edge free; 

thallus Icaflike, lips equal; soredia .... Parmelia. 109. 

E. Apoihecia skitldUke, bordered ; ihallus criLsiaceous, 

adnaie. Lecideadea;. 

Thallus figured, scaly, tiled-like, 

raised high around the apothecia Psoroma. lio. 

Thallus figured, lobed, raised 

high around the apothecia Placodium. 111. 

Thallus uniform, raised high 

around the apothecia Rinodina. 112. 

Thallus uniform, elevated around 

the immersed apothecia Urceolaria. 113. 

Thallus figured or leaflike; 

apothecia not sunk in the thallus Lepidoma. 114.' 

Thallus uniform; apothecia not sunk in Lecidea. 115. 

F. Apothecia Jlaltish, plaited, bordered; thallus shieldlike, 

free underneath. Gyrophoridece. 

Thallus leatherlike; 

ff/jo//i. meandering plaited Gyrophora. 116. 

G. Apothecia Jlaltish, difform, not bordered ; ihallus 

cruslaceous, fiat, adnate. Spilomidea?. 

Apothecia round, black, solid Arthonia. 117. 

Apoihecia coloured, powdery Spiloma. 118. 

H. Apothecia cupshaped, bordered ; thallus cruslaceous, or 

very thin. Calicidese. 

Apothecia nearly sessile Acolium. 119. 

Apothecia stipitate, border prominent Phacotium. 120. 

ylpothecia stipitate, centre swollen ; 

border Strongylium. 121.

PL cell. aph. 4r CEN0THALAMEJ3. 91. Stereoc. 411 

A. BôMYCiDE^. y^pothecia nearly round, not bordered, 

placed upon a solid podetium. 

I. .91. STEREOCAULON. Schreber. Slereocaulon. 

Thnllus cartilaginous, rather woody, branched, shrub- 

like, bark unequal ; apolkecia topshape, sessile, solid, flat 

at top, bordered, becomes hemispberically convex; proligerous 

flake thick, covering the apothecium at top, flat, 

girt nearly equally with a border formed of the thallus, 

then dilated, convex, covering the border, turning over, 

coloured; inside. similar, slightly streaked. 

1 Slereocaulon paschale. Easter stereocaulon. 

Tliallus greyish green, branched, granulated, fibrilled ; 

branches crowded, much divided, short; apothecia scattered, 

terminal, becomino- convex, conglomerated, blackish 

brown. 

Lichenoides non tubulosvim cinereuui rainosum tolum crustaceuin, Rail 

Syn. 66, n 

Lichen paschalis, Lin. S. P. 1621 ; Engl. Uot. 2S2. 

Ba?omyces paschalis, Wahlenh. Lapp. 450. 

Corallinoides paschale, Hoffm. Lick. 25. 

Stereocaiilon paschale, Achar. 3Ieth. 315; Licli. 581. 

On dry hills and rocks on mica or lava. 

2. Siereocaulon nanum. Dwarf slereocaulon. 

Thallus white, greyish, very slender, thread, branched; 

branches nearly even-topped, flocky, powdery ; apothecia lateral, 

crowded, convex, black brown. 

Lichen quisquiiiaris, Leers Fl. Ilerhorn. 993. 

Lichen nanus, Achar. Prod. 206. 

Slereocaulon quisquilare, Hoffm. Geryn. 150. 

Stereocaulon nanum, Achar. Meth. 515 ; Lichen. 582. 

On the ground, in rocky countries. 

Tujts a quarter of an inch high. 

II. 92. ISIDIUM. Acharius. Isis-lichen. 

Thallus crusdike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; podetia 

solid, fertile, rather short; opo/Zêck round, convex, 

growing nearly globular, solid, sessile on the top of the 

podetia; proUgerous flake included in the tip of the podetia, 

girt with a border formed of them, convex above, flat beneath, 

coloured, afterwards prominent, bordered, hemispherical 

; inside similar.

412 92.1sidium. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph. 

1. Isidhun coraUinum. Coral isis-lichen. 

Crust tartarlike, afterwards cracked rather chequerlike, 

white, rather greyish; podetia become longish, cylindrical, 

simple or branched j'7?«Ae of the apothecia brownish grey. 

Lichen corallinus, Lin. Mant, 131 ; 


Stereocaulon inarireporiforme, Hojfm. Germ. 129. 

Stereocaiilon conillinum, Schrad. Germ. 

IsiiWum covdW'inum, u'lchar. Met/t. 153; Lichen. 575. 

On rocks and stones. 

2. Isidhmi Westri7igii. PVestring^s ish-licheji. 

Crust tartarlike, chequered, cracked, unequal, greyish; 

podetia nearly globular, afterwards long, cylindrical, simple 

or branched ; jiake of the apothecia brown. 

Lichen punclatus, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 3, 15, 

Lichen Westringii, Achar. Prodr. 88. 

Isidium Westringii, Achar. Meth. 138; Lich. 577. 


3. Is'idlum coccodes. Ijady-hird isls-llchen. 

Crust cracked, rather powdery^ hoary ; podetia nearly 

globular, nippleshape, very crowded ;j^f//(;e of the apothecia 

brown, greyish hoary. 

Lichen coccode?, Achar. Prod. 10. 

Lepra obscura, Ehrh. Crypt. 

Isidium coccodes, Achar. Meth. 139 ; Lich. 578. 

On the old bark of trees. 

III. 93. BÔMYCES. Ehrhart. Mushroom-nchen. 

Thallus crusllike, flat, expanded, adnate; podetia soft, 

solid, fertile ; apothecia headed, not bordered, solid, sessile 

on the top of the podetia; proligerous Jiake covering the 

entire apothecium, adnate to it, convex, turned back, rather 

thick, coloured ; inside similar. 

1 . Bceomyces roseus. Rose mushroom-Uclien, 

Crust uniform, warty, hoary; podetia very short; apothecia 

nearly globular, pale flesh-colour. 

Lichenoides fungiforme, criista leprosa Candida capitulis et pediculis 

incarnaiis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 70,40. 

Lichen ericetorum, Lin. S. P. IGOS ; Engl. Bot. 572. 

Baeom^'ces roseus, Achar, Lich. Univ. 572. 

On dry clays.

PLcell.apL 4. CENOTHALAME.E. 93. Baeomyc. 41S 

2. B(S07nyces rvfus. 

Red mushroom-lichen. 

Crust unifoi-m, vv^rinkled, granular, powdery, white, 

greyish, greenish; podelia short, slightly compressed; apothecia 

brown. 

slightly convex, growing conglomerate, reddish 

Lichenoides 

70,39. 

furgiforme terrcsfre, capitulis fuscis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 

Lichen byssoides, Lin. Mant, 135. 

Lichen peltifer, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3. 

Lichen fungiform is, Weber. Fl. Germ. 196. 

Lichen rutus, Huds. Fl.Angl. 527. 

Bseomyces rupesiris, Pers.in JJsler Ann.l, 19 ; 

Effiomvces rufus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 449. 

AcJiar. Lich. 373. 

On gravelly soils, and in the chinks of rocks. 

3. Bceomyces lignorum. Wood mushroom-lichen. 

Crust dark grey ; podetia white, broadest at top ; apothecia 

nearly simple, sessile on the crust or on podetia, not uniform, 

brow:n black. 

BiEomyces rupestris jS, Achar. Lich. bl3 ; Meth. 522. 

B. CenomycidEjE. Apothecia nearly round, not bordered, 

either terminating hollow podetia, or the branches 

of the tubular thallus itself,^ 

IV. 94. CERANIA. Acharius. Horn-lichen, 

Thallus scarcely any, crustaceous ; podetia soft, nearly 

solid, slightly branched, branches barren, axillae not perforated 

; apothecia round, not bordered, growing convex 

and like a head, underneath hollow, attached by the edge 

to the podetia, terminal ; proligerous Jiake forming the 

upper part of the apothecia, rather thick, coloured, inside 

similar, convex turned over the edge and affixed, clothed 

beneath by the flocklike skin of the thallus. 

Cerania vermicularis. Wbrmlike horn-lichen. 

Podetia awlshaped, seldom branched, small, very white, 

slightly pipey, bent, lying down. 

Lichenoides tubulatus, nivei fere candoris, ramosus, apicibus recurvis 

acutis, DiU. Muse. 91. 

Lichen vermicularis, Swarf, in Lin. MetJi. Muse. 37 ; 

Lichen subullformis, Ehrh. 3, 82. 

Cladonia subuliformis, Hoffin. Lich. 29. 

Bceomyces vermicularis, Achar, Meth. 359. 

Cenomyce vermicularis, Achar. Lich. 566. 

Dicks. Crypt. 2. 

On the ground, among mosses and grasses, mostly of 

alpine hills.

414 95. Claclonia. 4. CEKOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

V. 95. CLADONIA. Schreber. Cladon'ia. 

Thallus leaflike, scarcely any; podetla cartilaginous, stiff, 

pipey, all pointed and awlshape, branched axillse mostly 

perforated; apothecia round, not bordered, growing convex 

and headlike, underneath hollow, terminal, fixed by 

the edge to the podetia; proUgerovs flake forming the upper 

part of the apotheciain, rather thick, coloured, inside similar, 

convex, turned over the edge and fastened, covered 

beneath the flocklike skin of the thallus. 

1. Cladon'ia racemosa. Bunched cladonia. 

Podetia long, smooth, growing scal3', greenish white, at 

length inflated, curved, branched; branches weak, rather 

one-rowed; tips diverging, slightly spinous ;ye?-///e branches 

with pale brown apothecia. 

Lichenoides tuhulosum ramosuiu rigidiss, majus et crassus, cinereofuscum, 

Rail Syn. 67, 16, 

Muscu5 coralloides saxatilis, Park. 1310, 1311. 

Licisen spiiiosus., Hucls. Fl. ylngl. 556. 

Cladoiii;i racemosa, i/o^/H. Ger)«. 114. 

Cladonia spiuosa, i/oJ^Hj. frer/n. 114. 

Cladonia spinescens, HoJJ'in. Germ. 1 15. 

Bceomyces spiiiosus, Achar. Mtth. 568. 

BEBoiiiyces lacemns us, IVakl. Lapp. 457. 

Ccnomyce fuicatii, Achar. Lic/i, 562. 

On the ground, and the trunlcs of I'otten trees. - 

Thallus variously formed, ::;o as to be scarcely recog- 

nisable. 

2. Cladonia furcata. Forked cladonia. 

Podetia long, smooth, livid inclining to bay, two-forked, 

axillae not perforated ; Iranc'ics needlelike, bent; tips forked, 

diverging; fertile branches v/itli brov.'n apothecia. 

Lichenoides tubiilosum cineicum, rainosus et crustaceum, Raii Syn. 67, 

18. 

Lichen furcatus, Iliids. Fl. Angl. 55S. 

CoraUoides furcata, liory. Voy. 3. 

Cladonia furcata, Hoffm. Germ, 115. 

BEeotnyces fu real us, Achar. Meth. 357. 

Cenomyce furcata, Achar. Lich. 560. 

On the ground, in v/oody lieaths. 

3. Cladonia subulata. Aujlshape cladonia 

Podetia long, slender, seltloai branched; branches rather 

erect; fertile branches headed with brown apothecia.

PI cell. aph. A'. CEl

416 95. Cladon. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PLcell.apk. 

On the ground on liigb hills. 

Podetia rather bald, slightly warty, sometimes scaly. 

VI. 96. HELOPODIUM. Michaux. Helopodium. 

ThalliLS leaflike; podetia rather pipey, cylindrical, simple; 

tips split, or radiated, nearly fingerlike, all the rays fertile; 

apoihecia round, not bordered, grows convex, headUke, 

beneath hollow, fixed by the edge to the podetia, terminal; 

proligerou^ flake forming the upper part of the apothecium, 

rather thick, coloured, inside similar, convex, edge turned 

over and affixed, clothed beneath with flocklike skin of 

the thallus. 

1. Helopodium delicatnm. Delicale helopodium. 

Thallus leaflike; lobes minute, gnawed, jagged, granu- 

lar ; podetia bald, granular, pale, divided at the tip 

branches very short; apoihecia conglomerate, brownish 

black. 

Lichen parasiticus, Hoffm, Licit. 39. 

Lichen delicatus, Ehrli. Crypt. 25, 247. 

Baeomyces quercinus, Pcrsoon in Uster Ann. 7, 19. 

BtEomyces delicatus, yJchar. Meth. 327. 

Cenomyce delicata, ^c/iar. Lich. Univ. 569. 

On the bark and rotten trunks of trees; also on the 

ground. 

2. Helopodium leptophyllam. Scale-leaf helopodium. 

Thallus leafiike; lobes very small, roundish, not cut and 

crenate intermixed ; podetia scarcely branched, rather bald, 

pale greenish ; apothecium terminal, usually single, reddish. 

Cenomyee leptophylla, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 583. 

On the ground. 

VII. 97. SCHASMARIA. Acharius. Schasmar. 

Thallus leaflike; podetia pipey, dilated at top, cupshaped, 

cups open ; apothecia round, not bordered, grow convex, 

lieadlike, inflated or hollow beneath, fixed by the edge to 

the podetia, terminal; proliferous fiake forming the top of 

the apothecium, rather thick, coloured, inside similar, convex 

turned over the edge and afiixed; clothed beneath with, 

the flocklike skin of the thallus. 

Schasmaria sparassa. Sprinkled schasmar. 

Thallus leaflike, small, lobed, crenate; podetia long, rather 

bellied, granulated, warty, scaly, cupbearing, cups

PL cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 97. Schasm. ill 

rather saucershaped, irregular, opert, toothed J prolific 

teeth radiated ; apothecia on the podetia ; pale brown. 

Lichenoides tnbulosum cinereum, Talde crastaceum, ramulis breviorU 

bus, et crebrioribus ex acetabulis enascentibus, Dillsri in Rati Syn, 68,26. 

Lichen caespitosus, Lamarck Encifcl. 

Lichen ventricosus, Hudson Angl. 554. 

Lichen squamulosus, Schroder Kr. SamL 

Cladonia squamosa, Hoffm. Germ. 125. 

Cladonia coronata, Hoffm. Germ. 125. 

Baeomyces sq'.iamosus, Wahl. Lapp. 456. 

Bsomyces sparassus a, |S, y, Achar. Meth. 346. 

Cenomyce gonoregae blasfica, Achat. Lick. 552. 

Cenomyce allotropa sparassa, Achar. Lich. 556. 

On the trunks of rotten trees. 

Podetia rather bald, pale, made rough by numerous granules 

and leafy scales ; in summer very different, greyish 

almost black, with cups at the beginning scarcely cut, and 

very small. 

Vlir. 98. SCYPHOPHORA. Acharius. Cup-moss. 

Thallus leaflike; podetia pipey, dilated at top, cup-bearing, 

or slender, awlshape ; cups closed with a midriff; apothecia 

round, bordered, growing convex, headlike, hollow 

underneath; fixed by the edge to the podetia; proligerous 

flake forming the upper surface of the apothecium, rather 

thick, coloured, inside similar, convex, turned over the 

edge and affixed, clothed underneath with the flocklike integument 


a. Apothecia Irown or pale. 

1. Scyphophora caspiticia. Tuff cup-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, small ; jaggs pinnatifid, torn, crisp ; podetia 

very small, smooth, slightly bordered, toplike, cupshape, 

regular ; apothecia growing convex, conglomerate, 

nearly sessile in the lobes of the thallus. 

Lichen symphycarpus, Ehrh. Crypt. 267. 

Lichen epiphyllus, Achar. Prodr. 185. 

BaBomyces epiphyllus, Achar. Meth. 525. 

Baeomyces epiphyllus, Persoon in Uster Ann, 7,255. 

Cladonia fusca, Hoffm. Germ. 127. 

Capitularia caespiticia, Florke in Weber, 2,277. 

Cenomyce epiphylla, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 527. 

On the ground and rotten trees, also among mosses, and 

upon rocks. 

VOL. I. 2 E

418 98.Scyphoph. 4.CEN0THALAMEiE. Pl.cell.apl. 

2. Scyphophora alcicornis. Elk-horn cup-moss.' 

Thallus leaflike, large, pale, greenish ; jags slightly palmate, 

ascending, repand, toothed, blunt, bent inwards, with 

bundles of hairs on the edge ; podeiia long, toplike, all cupbearing, 

smooth ; cups regular, crenate ; edge becoming 

leafy, and proliferous ; opoMma brown. 

Lichenoides cartilaginosum, tubulis et pyxidulis exiguis, Dillen in Rati 

Syn. 10,38. 

Lichen foliaceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1, 457. 

Lichen pyxidatus foliaceus, Huds. Angl. ed. 2, 552, 

Lichen alcicornis, Lightf. Scot. 372. 

Ciadonia foliacea, Hoffm. Germ. 123. 

Cladonia phyllophora, Hoffm. Germ. 123. 

Ciadonia cornucopioides, Hoffm. Germ. 123. 

Capitularia alcicornis, Florke in Weber, 2, 336, 

Baeomyces alcicornis, Achar. Metli. 349. 

Cenornyce damaecornis, ylchar. Lich. Univ. 530. 

Cenomyce alcicornis, Achar. Lich. Univ. 529. 

On the ground on heaths and mountainous places. 

3. Scyphophora endivicefolia. Endive-leaf cup-moss^. 

Thallus leaflike, large, sea-greenish ; jags many-cut, bent, 

crenate, crisp ; podeiia toplike, cupshape, seldom branched ; 

apothecia reddish. 

Lichen endivifolius, Dickson Crypt. Br. 3, 17. 

Baeomyces endivifolius, Achar. Meth. 351. 

Cenomyces endivifolia, Achar. Lich. 528. 

On the ground, on barren heaths. 

4. Scyphophora cerv'icornis. Stags-horn cup-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, greyish green ; jags upright, many-cut, 

narrow, slightly toothed, repand podeiia ; cylindrical, short, 

bald, livid, afterwards black, all cupbearing; cups small, 

regular, dilated, not in the least cut, ' flattish ; proliferous 

from the centre; apothecia marginal, sessile, brownish black. 

Lichen cervicornis, Achar. in Act. Stockh. 22,342. 

BfEomyces cervicornis, Achar. Method. 336. 

Cenomyce cervicornis, Achar. Lich. 531. 

Upon the ground, on rocks and among mosses. 

Cups sometimes simple, sometimes proliferous from the 

centre of the midriff; podetia when old leafy. 

5. Scyphophora veriicillata. Whirl cup-moss. 

Thallus leaflike; jags rather upright, crisp, crenately 

cut; podetia cylindrical, rather bald, livid greenish, all 

cnp-bearing ; cups regular, toothed, flattish, then rising 

up from the centre, and becoming repeatedly and aggregatedly 

proliferous ; apothecia marginal, brown.

Pl.cell.aph. 4.CENOTHALAME^. 98.Scyphoph. 419 

Lichen pyxidatus, Ehrh. Saml. Kr. 

Capitularia verticiJlata, Florlce in Weber. 2, 285. 

Cladonia cristata, Hoffm. Germ. 124. 

Cladonia pyxidata, Hoffm. Germ. 122. 

Cladonia dilatata, Hoffm. Germ. 126. 

Pyxidarla nigrescens, Bory Voyag. 3. 

Pyxidaria diploca, Bory Voyag. 3. 

Scyphopiiorus verticillaris, Michaux Ft. Amer, Supp. 

Baeomyces verticillatus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 

Baeomyces pyxidatus apolictus, Achar. Meth. 338. 

Basomyces turbinatus verticillatus, Achar. Meth. 340. 

Cenomyce allotropa verticillata, Achar. Lich. 555. 

Upon the ground in rocky, woody, and sunny places. 

6. Scypliophora pyxidata. Box cup-moss, 

Thallus leaflike ; jags crenate, ascending; podetia all toplike 

cupbearing, bald, afterwards granular, warty, rough, 

greenish grey; cup regular; edge frequently spread and 

proliferous ; apotkecia brown. 

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum, Raii Syn, 68, 28. 

Muscus pyxidatus, Ger. em. 1560 ; Park. 1308. 

Lichen pyxidatus, Lin. S. P. 1619. 

Capitularia neglecta, Florke in Weler, 2, 506. 

Bseomyces negtectus, Wahhnh. Lapp. 454. 

Baeomyces pyxidatus, Achar. Meth. 35T. 

Cenomyce pyxidata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 534. 

Cup-moss. Chalice-moss, 

On the ground in heaths, and on rocks. 

Podetia various, sometimes pale or lead-grey, when old 

the edge of the cups becomes powdery.—Emetic in infusion, 

used as a specific in hooping cough, 

7. Scyphophorajimhriata. Fringed cup-moss. 

Thallus leaflike ; jags small, crenate podetia ; long, cylindrical, 

cupbearing, some awlshape, dusty, white ; cups 

wineglass-shape, regular ; edge sometimes not cut, sometimes 

crenate, at last proliferous ; apothecia brown. 

Coralloides scyphiforme gracile, marginibus serratis, Dillen Muse. 84. 

Lichen fimbriatus, Lin. S. P. 1619. 

Lichenoides tubulosum proliferum, marginibus serratis, Dillen in Raii 

Syn. 69, 30. 

Capitularia pyxidata longipes fimbriafa, Florke in Weber, 2,290. 

Cladonia fimbriata, Hoffm, Germ. 122. 

Bfeomyces iimbriatus, Achar. Meth. 341. 

Baeomyces pyxidatus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 455. 

Cenomyce pyxidata fimbriata, Achar. Lich, 535. 

Upon rotten trees, and the ground on rocks and moun- 

tains. 

2 E 2

42i) 98.ISGypIia]ah.4.CENOTHALAME^. PLcelLaph. 

|3. radiata. Podeiia long, powdery, white, cupbearing j 

cups radiated on the edge, rays awlshape, mostly fertile 

apothecia brown. 

Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, putvertilentum et crustaceum, ramulis 

ex acetabulis enascentibus minus copiosis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 68, 25. 

Lichen radiatus, Schreb. Germ. 

Lichen ventricosus, Hudson Fl. -Angl. bh^. 

Capitularia pyxittata longipes radiata, Florfce in Weier, 2,300. 

Cladonia radiata polyceras, Hoffm. Germ. 120. 

Cladonia radiata furcellato-radiata, Hoffm. Germ, 12t>. 

Baeomyces radiatus, Achar. Lick. Univ. 542. 

Cenomyce radiata, Achar. Lich, Univ. 547. 

y. abortiva. Podetia long, powdery, white; tips blunt, 

or slightly cupbearing; cups slightly crenate, barren or 

apothecia small, nearly sessile, brown. 

fertile ; 

Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum non ramasum, Raii Syn. 68,27. 

Capitularia pyxidata longipes abortiva, Florke in Weber, 2,294. 

Cladonia cornuta, Hoffm. Germ. 119. 

Baeomyces cornutus proboscidalis, Achar. Meth. 344, 

Cenomyce cornuta proboscidalis, Achar. Lich. 546. 

Cenomyce radiata holoschista, Achar. Lich. 547. 

"^.jibularia. Podetia long, nearly cylindrical, powdery, 

white ; cups narrow or ; apothecia sessile, heaped, or 

slightly pedicelled, brown. 

Lichen Fibula, Achar, Prod, 194. 

Capitularia pyxidata longipes Fibula, Florke in Weber, 2,295. 

Cladonia macilenta, Fibula, Hoffm. Germ. 127. 

Baeomyces turbinatus, Fibula, Achar. Bfeth. 340. 

BjBomyces baciliarisapolepta, Achar. Meth. 350, 

Cenomyce bacillaris apolepta, Achar. Lich. 542. 

Cenomyce allotropa. Fibula, Achar. Lich. 554. 

s. prolifera. Podetia powdei'y, white, cupbearing ; cups 

proliferous on the edge. 

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tubercnlis fusconigris, proliferum, 

Hillen in Raii Syn. 69, 34. 

Capitularia pyxidata longipes prolifera, Florke in Weber, 302. 

Cladonia pyxidata prolifera, //o^'m. Germ. 122. 

Cenomyce allotropa lomagona, Achar, Licli, Un. 555. 

?. nemoxyna. Podetia long, branched, powdery, white, 

branches divided, awlshape, barren or fertile ; apothecia 

terminal, solitary or conglomerated, brown. 

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tnbeiculis fusconigris, Dillen Muse, 

81. 

Capitularia pyxidata longipes cladocarpa, Florke in Weber, 293. 

Baeomyces radiatus nemoxynus, Achar. Meth. 342. 

Cenomyce radiata nemoxjna, Achar, Lich. 548. 

Cenomyce radiata contortuplicata, Achar. Lich. 548. 

>]. cornuta. Podetia long, awlshape, simple or branched, 

powdery, white, sometimes barren.

PL cell. apk. 4* CENOTH ALAM EiE. 98. Scyphoph. 42 

Coralloidcs vix ramosum, scypliis obscuris, Dillen Muse. 90. 

Coralloides scyphiforine cornutuni, Dillen Muse, 92. 

Lichen cornntus, Lin. S. P. 1620. 

Capitularia pyxidata longipes eornuta, Florkt in Weber, 293. 

Cladonia eornuta, Hoffni. Germ. 1 19. 

Baeomyces cornutus, Achar. Metk. 345. 

Cenomyce eornuta chordalis, Achar, Lich. 545. 

8. Scyphophora conistcu Cone cup-moss, 

Podetia nearly topshape, powdery, greenish grey ; cups 

wineglass-shape, simple, edge rarely cut; apotliecm marginal, 

nearly sessile, small, brown. 

Capitularia pyxidata, Florke in Weber, 287, 

On the ground, and rotten trunks of trees. 

$. eotilis. Lohes of the thallus small, crenate, cut or 

somewhat seedlike; podetia short, greyish green ; cups crenate 

or iK)t cut; apothecia very few, nearly sessile, brown. 

Coralloides scyphis humilibus intu8 fuscis, Dillen Muse. 14; 11« 

Lichen exiguus, Hmls. Fl. Angl. 552. 

Ca])itiilaria pyxidata exilis, Florke in Weber, 2S9. 

Cladonia pyxidata exilis, Hoffni. Germ. 121. 

BEBomyces pyxidalus exilis, Achar. Meth. 353. 

tCenom^ce pyxidata exilis, Achar. L,ich. 555. 

9. Scyphophora ecmocyncu Long-siemmed cup-moss^ 

Thallus leaflike, jags small, crenate; podetia long, awlshape, 

barren, cupbearing, smooth, livid, brownish; cups 

glassshape, edge fine-toothed, frequently proliferous; apothecia 

brown. 

Cenomyce ecmocyna, Achar. Lich. Un. S4#, 

On the gTound, and rotten trunks of trees. 

/3. gracilis. Podetia longish, threadshape, very simple, 

few, cupbearing; cups narrow, edge small-toothed; apo- 

thecia small, sometimes both sessile and podicilled. 

Lichenoides pyxidatum cinereuin elatius, ramulis pyxidatum desinenli- 

&US, Dillen in Rail Syn. 69, 32. 

Lichen gracilis, Lin. S. P. 1619. 

Capitularia gracilis chordalis, Florke in Weber, 2, 524. 

Gladonia gracilis, Hoffm. Germ. 119. 

Bseomyces gracilis, Achar. Meth. 344. 

Cenomyce comuta chordalis, Achar, Lich. 545. 

Cenomyce ecmocyna gracilis, Achar. Lich. 550^ 

10. Scyphophora oxyceras. Sharp-horned cyp-rmss. 

Thallus leaflike, scarcely any; podetia long, cylindrical, 

•curved, lying down, cupbearing ; prolification branched, 

awlshape, bald, pale, milky, tips brownish black; cups narrow, 

oblique, edge toothed, radiated and proliferous; apothecia 

small, brown.

422 98.Scyphoph.4.CENOTHALAMEiE. PlceU.aph. 

Capitalaria amanrocrcca, Florke in Weber, 2, 334. 

Baeomyces amaurociteus, fVahlenb, Lapp. 455. 

Cenomyce uncialis bolaciua, Achar. Lien, 559. 

Cenomyee oxycera, Achar. Lich. 557. 

On the ground, on mountains. 

^. cladonioides. Podet'ia upright, slender, straw-whitish, 

slightly forked, branched, bald, unarmed and spinous; 

aips narrow, edge black, radiated and proliferous. 

Capitularia amaurocrasa cladonioides, Florke in Weher^ 335.. 

Bajomyces gracilis cladonioides, Achar. Meth. 545. 

b. Apothecia scarlet, or dark red. 

11. Scyphophora hacillaris. Stick cup-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply lobed, crenate, rather 

naked below ; podetia cylindrical, simple or slightly 

branched at the tip, greyish white, granular powdery, very 

rarely cupbearing; cups narrow, becoming radiated; apo- 

thecia scarlet. 

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatumexigumn,fuscovirens,i?cn 5^n.70,3T. 

Lichen macilentus, Ehrh. Crypt. 27, 267. 

Lichen tubiformis, Light/, Scot. 871. 

Lichen filiformis, Huds. Fl, Angl. 552; Engl. Bat, 2028. 

Capitularia maciienta, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 214. 

Basomyces macilentus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 452. 

Baeomyces hacillaris, Achar, Meth, 529. 

Cenomyce bacillare, Achar. Lich. 5A2,. 

12. Scyphophora digitata. Fingered cup-moss^ 

Thallus leaflike, small ; jags expanded, rounded, crenate, 

greenish yellow, powder}"^; podetia cylindrical, cupbearing, 

same colour as the thallus, also powdery; cups 

narrow, edge rather bent in, proliferous, growing large, 

with dilForm prolifications; apothecia scarlet. 

Capitularia digifata, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1S08, 216. 

Cladonia digitata, Hoffm. Germ. 124. 

Baeomyces digitatus, Achar. Meth, 333. 

Cenomyce deformis digitata, Achar. Lich. 539. 

On the trunks of trees, and rotten wood. 

&. montrosa. Podetia with branched, fingered, sometimes 

barren prolifications of the irregular and extremely small 

cups. 

Lichenoides coralliforme, apicibus coccineis, Rail Syn. 68, 24, 

Lichen digitatus, Lin. S. F. 1620. 

Scarlet-headed moss. 

13. Scyphophora defoj-mis. Deformed cup-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, small ; jags rather broad, deeply crenate, 

naked underneath ; podetia longish thick, rather beU

PLcell.aph. 4.CENOTHALAME^. 98.Scyphoph. 423 

lied, sulphur-coloured, dusty, cupbearing; cups narrow, 

crenately toothed, afterwards dilated and torn ; apothecia 

sessile and podicilled, scarlet. 

Lichenoides tiibulosum minus ramosum, cauliculis crassioribus difformi- 

ûs, Rail Syn. 68, 22, 

Lichenoides tubulosum niagis ramosum, maxime difforme, Dillen in Rait 

St/n. 68, 23. 

Lichen deformis, Lin. S. P. 1620. 

Capitularia crenulala, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 219. 

Cladonia deformis, Iloffm. Germ. 120. 

Baeomyces deformis, Achar. Meth. 334. 

Cenomyce deformis, Achar. Lich. 538. 

Upon the ground in mountain woods. 

14- Scyphophora coccifera. Ladybird cup-moss. 

jags rounded, crenate, naked be- 

Thallus leaflike, small ; 

neath ; podetia long, topshape, naked, warty, rough, pale 

yellowish and greyish, all cupbearing ; cups glass-shape 

edge pushed out, fertile ; apothecia rather large, growing 

podicilled, scarlet. 

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis amcene coccineis, Rail 

Syn. 69-, 35. 

Lichen cocciferus, Lin, S. P. 1618. 

Capitularia extensa, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 222. 

Cladonia coccinea, florin. Germ. 123. 

-Cladonia extensa, Hoffm. Germ. 123. 

Baeomyces cocciferus, Achar. Meth. 331, 

Cenomyce coccifera, Achar. Lich, 537. 

On the ground on mountains, and sunny, woody hills. 

15. Scyphophora asotea. Leafless ciip-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, small, jags rounded, crenate, naked beneath 

; podetia reverse-conical, cupshape, naked, afterwards 

warty, rough, grey or greenish yellow; cups regular, glassshape, 

proliferous in heaps from the centre of the midriff"; 

apothecia of the edges small, sessile, grow slightly podi- 

cilled, large, scarlet. 

Capitularia asotea, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 225. 

Baeomyces coccifera asotea, Achar. Meth. 332. 

Baeomyces coccifera polycephala, Achar. Meth, 332. 

Cenomyce coccifera asotea, Achar. Lich. 53T. 

On the ground, with the preceding. 

^. cornucopioides. Podetia short, cupshape; cups dilated, 

from the midriff*, edge crisp, leaflike ; apothecia slightly podicilled, 

scarlet, crowned, growing proliferous. 

Lichenoides pyxidalum, roarginibus eleganter foliatis, Dillen in Rati 

Syn. 69, 33. 

Lichen cornucopioides, Lin. S. P. 1619. 

Baeomyces cornucopioides, Achar. Meth. 533. 

Cenomyce coccifera cornucopioides, Achar. Lich, 538.

424 98.Scyphoph.4..CENOTHALAME^. Plcellaph, 

1 6. Scyphophora pleurota. Swollenside cup-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply crenate, naked beneath; 

podelia reverse conical, cupshape, powdery, white, 

pale greenish ; cups enlarged, grow swollen, slightly ribbed 

edge scarcely cut, afterwards sinuated and radiated ; apo-' 

thecia slightly podicilled, scarlet. 

Capitularia pleurota, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808,218. 

Cladonia incana, Hoffm. Germ. 121. 

Basomyces pleurotus, FFahlenb. Lapp. 452. 

Baeomyces pyxidatus macroscyphus, Achar. Mcth, 338. 

On sunny ground, and rotten wood. 

.17. Scyphophora Ijellidiflora, Daisy-Jiower citp-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply crenate, naked below 

; podetia long, cylindrical, stiff", bald, leaflike-scaly, pale, 

all cupbearing; cups narrow, edge fertile and proliferous; 

apoihecia very crowded, conglomerate, scarlet. 

Lichen bellidiflorus, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 22, 218. 

Capitularia bellidiflora, Florke Berl. Mag. 1808,224. 

Baeomyces bellidiflorus, Achar. Meth. 335. 

Cenomyce coc.cocephala bellidiiiora, Achar. Lich. 540. 

On the ground in hilly and mountainous places. 

IX. 99. PYCNOTHELIA. Acharius. Pycnoihelia. 

Thallus nearly crustlike, uniform ; podetia hollow ; apo~ 

thecia round, not bordered, convex, headlike, hollow beneath, 

fixed by the edge, terminal ; proligerous flake forming 

the upper part of the apothecium, rather thick, coloured, 

inside similar, convex, turned over the edge and 

fastened, clothed beneath with the flocklike integument of 

the thallus, 

Pycnothelia papillaria. Papillary pycnothelia, 

Thallus nearly crustlike, uniform, granulated, grey ; podetia 

bellied, bald, white, simple and branched; branches 

short, confluent, nearly equal-topped ; 

dish brown. 

apoihecia small, red- 

Lichen papillaria, Ehrh, 2, 105. 

Cladoniii papillaris, jFfoJfm. Ger»i. 117. 

Cladonia molariformis, Hoffm. Germ. 1 17, 

Baeomyces papillaris, Achar. Meth. 324. 

Bffiomyces papillaris molariformis, Achar. Meth. .325. 

Cenomyce papillaria, Achar. Lich. 571. 

Cenomyce papillaria molariformis, Achar. Lich. 571. 

On the ground upon muddy and dry ground.

Pl,celUaph. 4.CENOTHALAME^. lOO.Evernia. 425 

C. EvERNiDE^, Thallus nearly crustaceous, branched 

apothecia shieldshape, bordered, lateral. 

X. 100. EVERNIA. Acharius. Evernia. 

Thallus nearly crustaceous, branched, jagged, angular 

or compressed, flat; rather upright or pendulous, inside 

towlike; apoÂecia saucershape, sessile, raised up around; 

proligerous flake forming the centre, thin, concave, coloured, 

inside similar, bent in, with a thalloid border exceeding it. 

Evernia prunastri. Plum-tree everjua. 

Thallus palish white ; jags two-forked, many-cut, ascending 

almost upright, linear, narrow, flat, wrinkled, hollow 

underneath very white, slightly grooved ; apothecia reddish 

in the centre. 

Lichenoides 

RaiiSyn.lb,iiO. 

arboreum ramosum majus et moUius, colore candicante, 

Lichen arborum, Ger. em. 1377, fig. only. 

Lichen prunastri, Lin. S. P. 1614 ; 

Lichen sticlaceros, Engl. Bot. 1355. 

Lichen corniculatiis, Relh. Cantab. 


Lobaria prunastri, Hoffm. Germ. 140. 

Parmelia prunastri, Achar.Meth. 257. 

Evernia prunastri, Achar. Lich. 442. 

On the trunks of trees, and wooden palings. 

Cephalodia black, sometimes occur in the tips of the jags, 

and scattered; soredia white, also found in very old plants. 

D. PjSLTiDEiE. Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous or 

leaflike; apothecia shieldlike, bordered. 

XL 101. ROCCELLA. Imperati. Rock-moss. 

Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, branched, jagged, cylindrical 

or flat, erect or pendulous, inside towlike; apothecia 

saucershape, thick, innate in the thallus; proligerous 

Jlake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, cartilaginous; 

inside transparent, similar, girt with a thalloid 

border, at last prominent, sessile, and even with the centre, 

covering a black, compact, powdery rather lentilshape 

mass hidden within the substance of the thallus. 

1 . Roccella tinctoria. Dyeing rock-moss, 

Thallus cylindrical, sea-greenish, rather upright, branched 

; apothecia scattered, rsised ; centre flat, greyish, hoary, 

even with the thalloid border.

426 lOl.Roccel. 4..CENOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph, 

Coralloides corniculatum fascicolare tinctor'nim fuci teretis facie, Dilkn 

Muse. 190. 

Lichen Roccella, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl. Bot. 211. 

Parmelia Roccella, Achar. Meth. 274. 

Roccella tinctorla, Achar. Lich, Univ. 439. 

On rocks by the sea-side. 

Thallus used in dyeing, when moistened with urine or 

volatile alkali, to dye a beautiful but perishable purple, and 

to give a fine bloom to other colours. 

2. Roccella phycopsls. Tanglike rock-moss. 

Thallus cylindrical, compressed, rather angular, grey 

greenish, very much branched ; branches and twigs nearly 

even-topped ; apothecia scattered, centre hoary, flat, at last 

naked, black ; thalloid harder slightly irregular, very small. 

Lichen fucoides, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 2,22. 

Roccella phycopsis, Achar. Lich, 440. 

On rocks by the sea-side. 

3. Roccella fuciformis. 

WrackUke rockmoss. 

Thallus flat, grey, greenish, two-forked, jagged; jags 

narrow ; apothecia marginal. 

Lichenoides fuciforine tinctorium,corniciilislongioribus et aciitioribus, 

DiUen Muse. 1 68. 

Lichen fuciformis, Lin. S. P. 1614 ; 


Parmelia fuciformis, Achar. Meth. 258. 

lloccella fuciformis, Achar. Lich, 440, 

On rocks by the sea. 

XII. 102. NEPHROMA. Acharius. Kidney-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, membranaceous, expanded, 

lobed; underneath free, naked or slightly villous ; apothecia 

resupinate, formed above from the lobes of the thallus, 

produced, ascending; proligerous flake kidneyshape, adnata 

to the thallus on its under surface, coloured, flat; inside 

cellularly streaked ; thalloid edge bent inwards, outwardly 

close to the apothecia, inwardly more remote, rather raised. 

1. Nephroma resupinatum. Doivn-lying kidney-moss. 

Thallus chestnut colour, livid, rather pale, downy, granular; 

fertile lobes short; flake of the apothecia red. 

Lichenoides saxatile fuscum, peltis in aversa foliorum superficie localis, 

RaiiSyn. 11,91. 

Lichen resupinatns, Lin. S. N. 1615. 

Peltigera tomentosa, Hoffm, Germ. 103. 

Peltidea resupinata, Achar. Meth. 289. 

Nephroma resupinata, Achar. Lich. 522. 

On the ground among roots of trees and on hills. 

'

Plcell.aph. 4.CENOTHALAME7E.102.Nephrom. 427 

2. Nephroma parile* Equal kidney-moss. 

Thallus livid, brown; beneath naked, rather wrinkled, 

blackish; fertile lobes short; flake of the apothecia 

brownish. 

Lichen parilis, Acliar. Prod. 164. 

Peltidca parilis, Achar. Meth. 289. 

Nephroma parilis, Achar. Lich. Univ, 522. 

Upon mosses, on hills. 

XIII. 103. PELTIDEA. Acharius. Shield-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, expanded, nearly adnate, 

lobed; underneath woolly, veiny; apothecia formed underneath 

from the ascending, lengthened, proper lobes of the 

thallus; prolicierous flake round, adnate throughout, rather 

oblique to the thallus; the inward segment slightly elevated, 

coloured, flat, inside cellular, streaked ; thalloid lor" 

der thin, elevated, close all round. 

1. Peltidea venosa. Veiny shield-moss. 

Thallus gray, green, underneath veined ; veins branched, 

running about, grey brown ; lobes rounded, very slightly 

cut; apothecia marginal, flat, round, tumid, dark brown, 

rather crenate. 

Lichen venosus, Lin. S. F. 1615 ; Engl. Bot. 887. 

Peltigera venosa, Hoffm. Germ. 107. 

Peltidea venosa, Achar. Meth. 282 ; Lich. 514. 

On the ground, on the edges of paths and ditches. 

2. Peltidea scutata. 

Buckler shield-moss. 

Thallus greyish, underneath whiter, veinless ; lohes 

rounded; sinuately cut, crenate, crisp: fertile lobes very 

&\iori\ apothecia round, ascending, rather flattish, brown, 

scarcely cut. 

Lichen scufatus, Dickson Crypt. Bot, 3,18. 

Peltidea scutata, Achar. Meth. 285; Lich. 515. 

On the mossy trunks of trees. 

3. Peltidea horizontalis. Horizo?dal shield-moss. 

Thallus sea-green, brown, and greenish, bald ; underneath 

very white, networked with black veins ; fertile lobes 

very short ; apothecia terminal, flat, horizontal, transversely 

oblong, bay-colour, not in the least cut. 

Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus, Dillen Muse. 205. 

Engl Bot. 888. 

Lichen horizontalis, im. Mant. 1, 132 ; 

Pelligera horizontalis, Iloff. Germ. 107. 

Peltidea horizontalis, Achar. Meth. 288; Lich. 515. j 

Among mosses on stones in mountain woods.

428 4.Peltidea. lOS.CENOTHALAME^. Pl.eell.aph. 

4>. Peltidea aphthosa. Thrush shield-moss. 

Thallus livid greenish, smooth; underneath networked 

with black veins ; cephalodia wartshape, scattered ; fertile 

lobes rather long, narrow in the middle, edge turned over; 

apothecia terminal, large, ascending, red; thalloid border 

turned in, rather torn. 

Lichenoides digitatum l^te virens ; verrucis nigris notatum, Dillen 

Muse. 207. 

Lichen verrucosus, Weber Fl. Germ. 275. 

Lichen aphthosus, Lin. S. P. 1616; Engl. Bot. 1119. 

Peltigera aphthosa, Huffm. Germ. 107. 

Peltidea aphthosa, Achar. Meth. 287 ; Lichen. .516. 

On the ground and mosses in thick woods. 

5. Peliidea canina. Mad-dog shield-moss. 

Thallus grey, greenish, rather downy; underneath networked 

with grey-brown veins; y'erî/e lobes rather long, 

edge turned over ; apothecia terminal, rather upright, rolled 

outwards, reddish; thalloid border thin, slightly crenulated. 

Lichenoides peltatum terrestre cinereum majus, foliis divisis, Raii Syn. 

76, 87. 

Lichen caninus, Lin. S. P. 1616. 

Peltigera canina, lloffm. Germ, 106. 

Peltidea spuria, Achar. Meth. 283. 

Peltidea canina, Achar. Lich. 617. 

Ashcolour ground-liverwort. 

On the ground in woody mountainous places. 

' Recommended by Dr. Mead as a specific for the bite of 

a mad dog, mixed with an equal weight of pepper. 

6. Peltidea crispa. Crisp shield-moss. 

Thallus many-leaved, grey, brown, reddish, rather 

downy ; lobes deeply sinuately-jagged ; jags narrow, edge 

raised, crisp ; fertile lobes very rare, short ; apothecia hood- 

ed, rolled over. 

Lichenoides peltatum terrestre rufescens, Raii Syn. 76,88, 

Lichen rufescens, Necker. Meth. 79. 

Peltigera rufescens, Hoffm. Germ. 107. 

Peltidea rufescens, Achar. Meth. 285. 

Peltidea canina crispa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 519. 

On the ground among and on stones. 

7. Peltidea polydactyla. Many-fingered shield-moss. 

Thallus sea-greenish, naked, bald ; underneath networked 

with brown veins ; fertile lobes very numerous, 

long ; apothecia teiminal, dark brown ; edge hooded, rolled 

over.

Pl.C8ll.aph. 4.C?:N0THALAME.K. 103. Peltidea. 420 

Lichenoides cineream polydactylon, Ditlen Muk. 907. 

Lichen caninat y, IJudn. Fl. Angl. 547. 

Lichen poljo'aclylu'^, jSc^k. Mtth. 85. 

Pfltij^fra ()olv

430 105.Sticta. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph. 

1 Sticta crocata. Saffron dot^moss. 

Thalliis pale red brownish, slightly hollowed, large, underneath 

downy; soredite minute, lemon yellow; jags torn, 

lobed; edges powdery, yellow; apothecia scattered, centre 

brown black ; thalloid border not in the least cut. 

Lichen crocatus, Lin. Mant. 310 ; Engl. Bot. 2110. 

Pulmonaria aurigera, Bory Voy. S. 

Sticta crocata, Achar. Meth. 217 ; Licit. 447. 

On rocks, and the trunks of trees. 

2. Sticta aurata. Gilt dot-moss. 

Thallus green shining, very broad, underneath downy 

soredise very small, yellow; jags rounded, sinuated, cut; 

edges waved, crisp, bent in, yellow, powdery. 

Lichenoides lacunosuin rntilum, marginibus flavis, Dillen Muse. 549. 

Platisma crocatum, Hoffm, Lich, 2, 52. 

Sticta aurata, Jchar. Melh. 277 ,• Lich. 448. 

On trees ? 

3. Sticta pulmonacea. Lung dot-moss. 

Thallus fallow, olive, netlike hollowed ; underneath villous 

; papulae naked pale ; jags sinuated, lobed, bluntly 

truncated ; apothecia nearly marginal ; centre flattish, red 

thalloid harder slightly wrinkled. 

Liclienoides peltatum arboreum maximum, Raii Syn. 76,86, 

Muscus pulmonarius, sive Lichen arbornm, Park. 1311, desc. 

Lichen sive hepatica vulgaris. Park. 1315, fig. 

Hepatica terrestris, Ger. em. 1566, 

Lichen pulmonarius, Lin. S. P. 1612; Engl. Bot. 572. 

Lobaria pulmonaria, Hoff. Germ. 146. 

Parmelia pulmonacea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 220. 

Sticta pulmonacea, Achar, Lich. Univ. 449, 

Lung-Kort. 

On the trunks of trees, especially on oaks. 

Thallus astringent, used in infusion to cure wounds and 

ulcers, and esteemed a specific in spitting of blood and 

consumption ; as a native plant it was despised by the regular 

facult}^, and the cetraria Islandica, as long as it was 

esteemed a foreigner, usurped its place; but that being 

now found to be a native, has fallen into the like disrepute. 

4. Sticta scrobiculata. Pitted dot-moss. 

Thallus nearly orbicular, lead grey, very broad^ smooth, 

pitted, underneath ash-colour, woolly, with white naked 

spots ; jags rounded, lobed, irregular, and very slightly 

cut ; apothecia scattered, centre rather flat, reddish ; thalloid 

border slightly crenate.

Pl.cellaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 105. Sticta. 431 

Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cinereum et sinuatum, inferne scabrum, 

Dillen in Rail Syn. 75, 77. 

Lichen plumbens, Roth Bot. Mag. 2. 

Lichen verrucosus, Huds, Fl. Angl. 545. 

Lichen scrobiculatus. Scop. Cam. 1391 ; Engl. Bot. 497. 

Lobaria verrucosa, Hoffm. Germ. 146. 

Parmelia scrobiculala, Achar. Meth. 219. 

Sticta scrobiculata, Achar. Lich. 453. 

On the ground amongst mosses, on rocks and the trunks 

of trees. 

5. Sticta herbacea. Herlaceous sticta, 

Tliallus nearly round, slightly membranaceous, smooth, 

lierbaceous, underneath paler, brown, woolly; spots few, 

naked; jags sinuated, cut, rounded, spreading, slightly crenate; 

apothecia scattered, centre slightly concave, red; 

thalloid border wrinkled, crenulate. 

Lichenoides arboreum cinerea virens tenue et Ireve ubique, scutelli5 

minoribus, Rait Syn. 73, 64. 

Lichen herbaceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 544. 

Lobaria herbacea, Hoffm. Germ. 147. 

Parmelia herbacea, Achar. Meth. 218 ; Lich. 459. 

On trunks of trees, also among mosses, and on rocks. 

6. Sticta limbata. Bordered dot-moxs. 

ThaLlus round, sea-green, brownish ; lobes round ; soredice 

nearly marginal, grey ; underneath villous ; cyphels hollow, 

whitish ; apothecia with a rust-colour centre. 

Lichen limbalus, En^Z. Bot. 1 104. 

Sticta limbata, Achar. Meth. 280 ; Lich. 453. 

On mossy rocks and the roots of trees. 

Y. Sticta fuliginosa. Sooty dot-moss. 

Tlialliis round, sea-green, lurid, rough with brown granules; 

underneath greyish, villous; c?/pAe/i^ plano-concave, 

whitish ; jags round-lobed, very slightly cut ; apothecia 

scattered ; centre rust-coloured and black ; thalloid border 

elevated, not in the least cut. 

Lichen ambavillarius, Bory Voy. 3, 100. 

Lichen fuligi|msus, Dicks. Crypt. Bril. 1, 13 ; Engl. Bot. 1103. 

Sticta ambavillaria, Achar. Lich. 455. 

Sticta fuliginosa, Achar. Meth. 281 ; Lich. 454. 

On the stems of trees and shrubs. 

8. Sticta sylvatica. 

IVbod dot-moss. 

Thalliis large, light brown, rather naked, slightly pitted 

cyphels IioUowed, white, palish 

underneath brown, villous ; 

white jags deeply cut ; lobes turned back, crenate ; apo- 

; 

thecia marginal, centre brown.

453 105. Sticta. 4. CENOTHAt AMEiE. PlcellapJu 

Licbeirordes polyschides viHosum et scabrnm, peltis parvis, Dill. Mine. 

199. 

Lichen sylvaticiis, Engl. Rot. 22&8. 

Peltigera sylvatica, Hnffni. Germ. 109. 

Slicla sylvatica, Achar. Meth. 231 ; Lich. 45t. 

On the roots of trees in forests, or among mosses. 

XVI. 106. CETRARIA. Acharius, Celraria. 

Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous, ascending or expanding, 

lobed, cut; on both sides naked, and smooth; 

apoihecki shieldlike, obliquely adnate to the edge of the 

thallus; lower segment free, upper sessile; proUoêr oils flake 

forming the centre, coloured, plano-concave, inside similar 

or cellularly streaked; timlloid border exceeding. 

1. Celraria pmiperiiia. Jumper cetraria. 

Thallus pale yellow, underneath very yellow; jags flat, 

ascending, torn crenate, crisp; apoihecia elevated, centre 

bay colour; tlialloid border crenulate. 

Lichen jiMiiperinus, Lin. S. P. 1614. 

Lobaria jiiuiperina, llojfm. Germ. 145. 

Cetraria juniperina, Acliar. Meth. 298 ; 

Lich. 506, 

On the stems and branches of shrubs, especially of juniper. 

2. Cetraria pinaslri. Pinaster cetraria. 

Thallus pale yellow, underneath very yellow ; jags depressed, 

round lobed, crenate : edges crisp, powdery, very 

yellow. 

Lichen pinastri, Scopoli Carn. 1387. 

Lobaria pinastri, Huffm. Germ. 146. 

Cetraria juniperina pinastri, Achar. Meth. 298 ; Lich. 506. 

On the trunks of pines, near the ground. 

3. Cetraria scepincola. Hedge cetraria. 

Thalhis chestnut-colour, underneath livid; jags flat, 

ascending, lobed, wavey, slightly crenate; apothecia elevated, 

similarly coloured; thalloid border wrinkled, crenu- 

late. 

Lichen Ssepincola, Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 208. 

Lobaria ssepincoia, Hoffm. Germ. 145. 

Cetraria saepincola, Achar. Meth. 297 ; Lich. 507, 

On the stem and branches of shrubs iii hedges.

Pl.cell.nph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 106. Getraria. 433 

4. Cetraria glauca. Sea-green celraria, 

Thallus sea-green, rather shining, underneath brownish 

black, sinuately lobed ; jags deeply cut, torn, comjjlicated, 

ascending; apotliecia elevated, bright bay ; thalloid border 

wrinkled. 

Lichenoides endiviie foliis crispis splenderrtibus, subtus nigricaatibus^: 

Dillen Muse. 192. 

Lichen glaucus, Lin. S. P. 161 5. 

Lobaria gliiuca, Hoffni. Germ. 149. 

Cetraria glauca, Achar. Meth. 296; Lich. 509. 

On the trunks of trees, and rocks. 

^.fallax. Thallus white on bot-h' sides, uederneath frequently 

spotted with black. 

Lichen glaucus, IVulf.in Jncq. Coll. 4. 

Lichen fallax, Weber Fl. Germ. 244. 

Lobaria falJax, Hoffm. Germ. 149^. 

Cetraria fallax, j'c/iar. Meth. 29G. 

Cetraria glauca f;illax, AcJiur. Lich: 509. 

5. Cetraria nivalis. Snow cetraria. 

Thallus white, yellowish at bottom, net-worked in holes; 

jags rather upright, flattish, deeply and many-cut, torn, 

crisp, crenately toothed ; apothecia. pale flesh-colour; thal- 

loid border crenulated. 

Lichenoides lacunosumcandidumglabrum, endiviiE crispae facie, Dillen 

JIusc. 162? 

Lichen nivalis, JL?'«. S. P. 1612. 

Lobaria nivalis, Hoffm. Germ. 145. 

Cetraria nivalis, Achar. Bleth. 294; Lich. 510. 

On dry, gravelly, barren soils, especially if alpine; 

6. Cetraria Islandica. Iceland cetraria. 

Thallus olive-chestnut colour, whitish blood-colour at 

bottom, underneath whiter; jags rather upright, nearly 

linear, many-cut, grooved, toothed, fringed ; fertile jags 

dilated ; apothecia pressed close, flat, similarly coloured 

thalloid border elevated, not in the least cut. 

Lichenoides rigidum, eryngii foliis referens. Rail Syn. 77, 90. 

Lichen Islandicus, Lin. 'S. P. 1611 ; Engl. Bot. 1530. 

Physcia Islandica, Miclicnix Fl. Bav. Amer, 2, 326. 

Lobaria Islandica, Ho'fm. Germ. 143. 

Cetraria Llandica, Achar. Meth. 293 ; 

Iceland moss. 

Lich. 512. 

On the ground in dry soils, and mountain woods. 

Thallus bitter, but when soaked in water to get rid of 

this bitterness, it yields a nutritive farina, forming a jelly 

on being boiled in water, recommended in phthisis; forms 

the principal vegetable food of the Icelanders. 

VOL. I, 2 F

434 107.Borrera.4.CENOTHALAME.E. Pl.cell.aph. 

XVII. 107. BORIIERA. Acharius. Boner. 

Thallus cartilaginous, jagged-branched ; jags free, underneath 

mostly grooved, edge iringed ; opotliecia shield- 

like, thick, formed underneath from the thallus, podicilled: 

proUgerous flake, forming the centre, coloured, inside similar 

or resided ; ihallo'id border elevated, bent inwards, exceeding. 

1. Borrera ciUaris. Fringe lorrer. 

Thallus greenish brown ; jags Hnear, branched, nai*rowed, 

tips fringed ; underneath whitish, grooved ; apothecia 

nearly terminal ; centre hollow, then flat, black 

brown and grey; thalloki border crcnated and fimbriated. 

Lichenoides arbiireum foliosum ciiiereiim, sculoUis nigris, foliorum ex- 

tremitatibus hispidis ot pilosis, Raii Sijn. T.'J, ()7, 

Lichen ciliaris, Lin. S. P. 1611 ; 

Lobaria ciliaiis, noffm. Germ. 144. 

Parmelia ciliaris, Achar. Metlt. 255. 

Borrera ciliaris, Achar. Lick. 49G. 

On the trunks of trees, and on rocks. 


2. Borrera teneHa. Tender borrer. 

Thallus greyish white; both sides naked, similarly coloured, 

rather slarlike, jags pinnately cut ; tips ascending, 

dilated, arched, fringed; apothecla scattered, centre flat, 

blackish grey ; 

ihalloid border not in the least cut. 

Liclien hispidus, Schreb. Fl. Germ. 126. 

Lichen tenellus, Scop. Cam. 1406: Engl. Bot. 1351. 

liobari.i hispida, Hoffm. Genu. 151. 

Parmelia tenella, Achar. Met/i. 250. 

Borrera tenella, Achar. Lick. 493. 

On the trunks and branches of trees, and on palings. 

3. Borrera leucomela. Pled lorrer, 

Thallus palish ; jags upright, linear, many-cut, narrowed.. 

fringed; underneath very white, rather powdery, slightly 

grooved; centre of the apothecia flat, black grey; thalloid 

border fringed. 

Lichen comosus, Bory Voy. 

Lichen leucomelas, Lin. S.P. 1613. 

Physcia leucomelos, Mlchau.v Amer. 526. 

Parmelia leucomela, Achar. Meth. 256. 

Borrera leucomela, Achar. Lich. 499. 

On the trunks of trees.

Plcellaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE. lOT.Borrera. 435 

4. Borrera farfuracca. 

Branny horrer. 

jags linear, narrow, branched, un- 

Thallus grey, floury ; 

derneath grooved, naked, wrinkled, violet, blackish ; apo- 

thecia nearly marginal, cupshape, centre red ; thalloid harder 

thin, slightly bent in. 

Lichenoides cornutum amarum, superne cinereum, inferne nigrum, 

Dillen Muse. !57. 

Lichen fiirfuraceus, Lin. S. P. 1612. 

Lobaria furfuiacea, Hoffm. Germ. 143. 

Parmelia furfuracea, Achar. Meth. 254. 

Borrera furfuracea, Achnr. Lick. 500. 

On rocks, and the trunks of trees. 

5. Borrera Atlantka. Atlaiitic horrer. 

Thallus pale reddish, downy; jags divaricated, twisted 

linear, narrow; underneath grooved; apothecia scattered, 

centre brownish black ; thalloid harder thin, not in the 

least cut. 

Lichen intricatus, Desfont. Fl. AUant. 2,420. 

Parmelia AtlaiUica, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 50. 

Borrera Atlantica, Achar. Lich. 502. 

On the bark of trees. 

6. Borrera chrysophthalma. Gold-eye horrer. 

Thallus yellow, yelklike; both sides naked, alike coloured 

; jags linear, flattish, pinnately branched ; tips fibrillous; 

apothecia nearly terminal, centre orange; thalloid 

harder fibrilled, fringed. 

Lichen chrysophthalmus, Engl. Bat. 1083. 

Platisma annatum, Hoffm. Lich. 2, 43. 

Parmelia chrysophthalma, Achar. Meth. 261. 

Borrera chrysophthalma, Achar. Lieh. 502. 

On the trunks and branches of trees. 

7. Borrera Iceia. Pleasant horrer. 

Thallus very yellow, jags thin, vaguely branched, com- 

plicated, fibrilled, cirrous; apothecia scattered, centre flat, 

red ; thalloid harder not cut, naked. 

Lichenoides quod Muscus aureus lenuissimus, Dillcii in Rail Syn. 65, S. 

Lichen vulpinus, Lin. S. P. 1623. 

Physcia flavicans, De CanduUe Voy. Bot. 25. 

Borrera flavicans lasta, Achar. Syn. Lich, 225. 

On the trunks of trees. 

XVIII. 108. PHYSCIA. Achard. Ph7jscia. 

Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, slightly membranaceous, 

flat, expanded, pressed close, round starlike lobed or 

many-jagged ; underneath fibrillous, jags slightly inflated 

2 F 2

436 108. Pbyscia. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PI. cell. aph. 

at the tip; apothecia shieldlike, slightly membranaceous, 

formed underneath from the thai! us, free, affixed to the 

same by the centre; proligerous flake forming the centre, 

hollow, coloured, covering the apothecia entirely above; 

mside similar, streaked, with a few cellules; ihalloid border 

bent inwards. 

1. Physcia physodes. Wracklike physcia. 

Thallus slightly stellate, sea-greenish white; jags tiled- 

like, sinuate, many-cut, slightly convex, bald ; tips inflated, 

ascending; underneath blackish brown, naked ; apothecia 

red, edge not cut. 

Jjichenoides ceiati>phjllon obtusiiis et uiinus ramosum, Raii Syn,16,85. 

Lichen pliysodes, i/n. S. P. 1610; Engl. Bot. 126, 

Lobaria pliysodes, IlojJ'm, Germ. 150. 

Parmelia physodes, Jchur. Meth. 250; Lich. 492. 

On palings, trunks of trees, and rocks. 

2. Physcia diatrypa. Pierced physcia. 

Thallus slightly stellate, greenish white; jags sinuated, 

many-cut, flattish, smooth, perforated and with soredise 

tips inflated ; underneath wrinkled, folded, black ; inter- 

stices white; apothecia pale red; edge not cut. 

Lichen pertusus, Schrud. Fl. Germ. 06. 

Lichen dialrypus, .^cJiar. Prod. 116; Engl. Bot. 1248. 

Lobaria terebrata, Iloffin. Germ. 151. 

Parmelia diatrypa, Achar. MelJi. 251 ; 


Lich. 493. 

XIX. 109. PARMELIA. x\charius. Border-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, leatheriike, slightly membranaceous, 

flat, spread out, pressed out, round and stellatel}^ lobed or 

many-cut, jagged; underneath fibrillous; jags all equal at 

their tips; apothecia shieldlike, slightly membranaceous, 

formed underneath from the thallus, free, connected onlj^ 

by a central point; proligerous fiake forming the centre, 

hollow, coloured, covering the apothecia entirely at top 

inside similar, streaked, with a few cellules; thalloid border 

bent inwards. 

] . Parmelia glomulifera. Ballbearing border-moss. 

Thallus cartilaginous, stifl", round, livid, smooth, interspersed 

v;ith blackish green pulvinuli ; underneath ochry 

white, downy; lobes sinuately jagged; jags angular and 

bordered ; apothecia reddish chestnut, border wrinkled.

Pl.celL aph. 4. CENOTHALAME/E. 109. Parmelia. 437 

Lichenoides subglaucuin eumatile, foliis lenacibtis, e'cganier laciniatis, 

Hillen Muse. 197. 

Lichen laciniatus, Hudson FL. An;^L 544. 

Lichen mutahiMs, Ehrh. Crypt. 5, 60. 

Lichen glomulifeni', Light/. Scut. 853. 

Lobaria glomuiifera, Huffin. Germ. \48. 

Parmelia glomulifera, Acliar. Meth. 218; Lich. 456. 

On the roots and trunks of trees. 

2. Parmelia caperata. Caper border-mass^ 

Thalhis round, pale yellow, greenish, wrinkled, growing^ 

granulated; underneath black, hispid; lobes folded, sinu- 

ated, jagged, rounded, slightly cut; apotliec'ia scattered, 

rather brown ; border bent, not cut, at length povvdery. 

Lichenoides crusta foliosa, ex cinereo et luteo viresccnte, iDferne nigra 

et laevi, Rail Syn. 73,62, 


Liciien caperatiis, Lin. S. P. 1614 ; 

Lobaria caperata, Hoffni. Gfrm. 148. 

Parmelia caperata, Achar. Meth. 216 ; 

On rocks and the trunks of trees. 

Lick. 43T. 

S. Parmelia Borreri. Borrer's border-moss. 

Thallus round, grey, interspersed with grey-bordered 

sorediae; underneath brownish, spongy, fibrilied ; lobes 

concreted, folded ; outer lobes rounded, deeply crenate 

apoihecia red ; border svt'ollen, bent inwards. 

Lichen Borreri, Engl. Bot. 1780. 

Parmelia Borreri, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 148; Acliar. Lich. Univ. 461. 


4. Partnelia perlata. Pearl border-moss.. 

Thallus round, greenish white, naked; underneath black- 

ish brown, rather naked or villous: lobes rounded, cut, fiat, 

edge slightly folded, not cut; apoihecia red; border thin, 

not in the least cut. 

Lichenoides glaucum perlatum, subtus nigrum ct cirrosmrs, Dillen Muic 

147. 

Lichen perlalus, IJuds. FL Angl. 543. 

Parmelia perlara, Achar. Meth. 2i6; Lich. 458. 

On the trunks of trees, and rocks. 

5. Parmelia perforata. Perforated border-moss.. 

Thallus round, rather sea-green, naked ; underneath 

black, fibrilied; lobes rounded, cut, flat; edge folded, crenate, 

fringed ; apoihecia red, growing perforated ; border 

not in the least cut.

438 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph. 

Lichen melanoleucus, Willd. Boi. Mag. 4, 9. 

Lichen perforatus, Jacq. Cell. 1, 116. 

Platisma perforatum, Hoffm. Lich. 13, 1. 

Parmelia perforata, Achat-. Meth. 217 ; Lich. 459. 


6. Parmelia t'lUacea. Lhne-tree border-moss. 

Thallus round, membranaceous, greyish sea-green, rather 

hoary ; underneath blackish brown ; fibrils black ; lobes 

sinuated, jagged ; outer lobes rounded, crenate ; apothecia 

brownish ; border not cut. 

Lichen quercifolius, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3, 127. 

Lichen quercinus, Willd. Fl. Btrol. 7, 15. 

Lichen tiiiacens, Hoffm. Lich. 96; Engl. Bot. 700. 

Lobaria tiliarea, Hoffm. Germ. 149. 

Parmelia tiliacea, Achar. Meth. 215 ; 


Lich. 460. 

7. Parmelia corrugata. IVrinkled horder-moss. 

Thallus round, membranaceous, very ihln, wrinkled, 

sea-greenish; underneath black, brown, fibrilled ; lobes 

cut, rounded, loose, folded, winding, not cut; apothecia 

winding, red ; harder crenulate. 

Lobaria A'Cetabuhiin, Hoffm. Germ. 147. 

Lichen Acetiibulum, NecJc. Delic. et Meth. 

Liciien corrugatus. Smith in Lin. Tr. I, S3. 

Parmelia corrugata, Achcir. Meth. 215; Lich. 462. 


8. Parmelia olivacea. Olive horder-moss. 

Thallus round, olive umber, wrinkled, raised, dotted; 

imderneath paler, brownish, rough, slightly fibrilled; lobes 

radiating, pressed close, flat, dilated, rounded, crenate; 

apothecia flattish, nearly the same colour as the thallus; 

harder crenulate. 

Lichenoides crusta foliosa scuiellala, pulUim, Raii Syn. 72, 60. 

Lichen olivaceu?, Lin. S. P. 1610. 

Lobaria olivacea, Hoffm. Germ. 150. 

Parmelia olivacea, Achar.Melh. 215 ; Lich. 462. 

On the trunks of trees, and wooden palings. 

9. Parmelia parieiina, JVall horder-moss. 

Thallus round, very yellow; underneath paler, slightly 

fibrilled; lobes radiating, pressed close, flat, dilated at the 

tip, rounded, crenate, crisp; apothecia similar in colour; 

border not in the least cut.

Pl.cell.aph. 4.CEN0THALAME^. 109. Parmelia. 439 

Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutelJafa, flavescens. Rail Syn. 59. 

Lichen parietinus, Lin. S. P. 1610, 

Lnbaria parieiina, Hoffni. Germ. 158. 

Parmelia parietina, Achar. Meth. '213 ; Lich. 465. 

On walls, trunks of wood and stones. 

10. Parmelia elmna. Olive-brown border-moss. 

Thalliis round, nearly membranaceous, contiguous, folded, 

radiated, olive-brown ; circumference lobed, lobes 

deeply crenated, flat, nearly truncated; apothecia dark umber; 

border not in the least cut. 

Liclien elffiiniis, Wahlenh. Fl. Lapp. 425. 

Lecanora ehfiiiia, Achar. Lich. 429. 

Parmelia clisina, JVahknb. in Achar, Meth. Suppl. 45. 

On rocks. 

11. Parmelia pityrea. Pine border-moss, 

T/ialliis round, grey, powdery; underneath white; fibrils 

black ; central jags folded, torn, crisp, edge powdery ; outward 

jags flat, rounded, crenate, hoary ; apothecia concave, 

black brown, hoary; border not in the least cut. 

Lichen lanuînosus, Hoffm. Lich. 32. 

Uchen iiityreus, Achar. Prod. 124; Ertgl.Bot.206i. 

Lnbaria pulveracea, Hoffm. Germ. 153. 

Parmelia pityrea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 483. 

On the bark of the trunks of trees. 

12. Parmelia Clementiana. Clement border-moss. 

Tkallits round, greyish white, granularly powdery; underneath 

the same colour ; fibrils very small, blackish ; jags 

of the circumference flat, deeply crenate, rather naked; 

apothecia pressed close, flat, brown black; border not in 

the least cut. 

Parmelia Clementiana, Turner in Traits. Lin. Soc. 9, 146. 

Lichen Clenienti, Engl. Bui. 

On the bark of oak-trees. 

13. Parmelia lanuginosa. Woolly border-moss, 

Thalliis round, white, slightly brimstone-yellow, powdery; 

underneath black, bluish, woolly; lobes tiledlike, 

flat, rounded, very finely crenated; apothecia red; border 

powdery. 

Lichen membranaceus, Dickson Crypt. 2,21. 

Lichen lannginosus, Achar. Prod. 120. 

Parmelia lanuginosa, Achar. Meth. 207 ; 

i?c/j.465. 

On the ground, and mosses on moist shady hills.

44G llO.Psoroma. 4. CENOTHALAME.^. Pl.ceU.apk. 

7. Psoroma muscorum. Moss psorome. 

Crust scalelike, brownish livid; lobes irregularly and 

deeply torn jagged; apotkecia thick; centre flat, obscurely 

blackish red, even with the thalloid border, which afterwards 

becomes very small. 

Lichen carnosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2,21 ; 

Engl. Bot. 168-1. 

Lichen hypnortim, ylchar. Prod. 93. 

Parmelia hypnorum, ^4cliur. Mclli. 185, 

Lecanora hypnoiuKi, ^c/iar. jLicA. 417. 

Among and upon rather rotten mosses. 

8. Psoroma hrunneum. Brown psorome. 

Crust tiledlike, granulatedly lobed, liver-grey ; apothecia 

innate in the crust, very crowded, not uniform ; centre rather 

convex, brown red ; thalloid border raised, crenulate, 

persistent. 

Lichen. pezizoide-, Dicks. Crypt. 1,10. 

Lichen miiltiflorus, Ehrh. Crypt. 156. 

Lichen brunnciis, Swarlz Nov. ^4ct. Upsal. 4, 247 ; Engl. Bot. 1246. 

Psora ncbulosa, Hoffm. Germ. 166. 

Psora brunnca, Hoffm, Germ. 166. 

Parmelia brunnea, Achar. Mtth. 186. 

Lecanora brunnea, Achar. Lick. 419. 

On the ground, and upon rotten mosses. 

XXI. 111. PLACODIUM. Acharius. Placodium. 

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, 

the circumference figured, radiated, stellate, and slightly 

lobed; apothecia saucershnpe, thick, adnate, sessile; proligerous 

flake forming the centre, plano-convex^ coloured, 

covering the apothecium above ; inside cellularly striated; 

border rather thick, formed of the thallus ajnd the 

same colour, nearly free. 

1 . Placodium epigmrn. Ground placodium. 

Crust plaited, wrinkled, whitish; circumference smooth, 

lobed ; apothecia blackish brown, growing rather convex 

in the centre; thalloid border thin, not in the least cut. 

Lichen candicans, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 15; Engl. Bot. 1778. 

Lichen cpigeus, Persoon in Ulst. Ann. 7, 25. 

Parmelia epigea,-4c/ia.-. Jl/f

Tl.cellaph. 4-. CENOTHALAME.^. 111. Placed. 447 

2. Vlacodhim leiitigcrum. Lentil placodium. 

Crust slightly tiledlike, white; lobes rather concave, 

bent, deeply crenate; apolhecia flattish in the centre, reddish 

yellow; ihalloid border raised, tumid, bent in, sliglftly 

crenate. 

Lichen lenligerus, Web.Goett. 192; Engl. Eot. S71. 

Psora lentigera, Iloffni, Germ. 164. 

Paimelia leiitigera, .Ichar. Mtth. 192. 

Lecanora lentigera, Achar. Lich. 425. 

On the ground and mosses on mountains. 

.3. Placodium saxicolum. Rock placodium. 

Crust, slightly tiledlike, scaly, wrinkled, unequal, pale 

greenish ; circumference rayed, lobed ; apofhecia very 

crowded, centre flat, yellowish, pale red, rather ochry; 

thalloid border becomes bent, crenate. 

Lichen ochroleiiciis, TVulf.inJncq, Coll. 2. 

Lichen saxicola, Pollidi Palal. 225 ; Engl. Bot. 1695. 

Lichen miiralis, Dicks. Crt/pl. 1,11. 

Psora muralis, Huffin. Germ. 157. 

Parmelia saxicola, Achnr. Meth. 157. 

Lecanora saxicola, Achar, Lich. 451. 

On stones, walls, and timber-buildings. 

4. Placodium murorum. Wall placodium. 

Crust plaited, wrinkled, cracked, yelk oi" egg yellow; 

surface powdery, hoary ; circumference rayed, plaited ; 

jags linear, convex, cut; apotliecia crowded, centre growing 

convex, darker; thalloid border not cut, bent. 

Liclien candelariiis, ii;). S, p. I60S. 

Lichen murorum, Iloffm. Lich. 63. 

Lobaria saxiccila, Iloffm, Germ. 158. 

Parmelia murorum, Achar. Meth, 198. 

Lecanora murorum, Achar. Lich, 455. 

On stones and walls. 

5. Placodium fulgens. Shining-yellow placodium. 

Crust almost contiguous, pale-yellowish; circumference 

plaited, slightly lobed; lobes bent, flat; apolhecia scattered,, 

centre very red, plano-convex; thalloid border at length 

bent and crenate, very small. 

Lichen fulgens, Swarlz in Nov. Act. Ups. 4, 246. 

Lichen citrinus, Ehrhart. 

Psora citrina, Hoffm. Germ, 165. 

Parmelia fulgens, Achar, Meth. 192. 

Lecanora fulgens, Achar, Lich, 457. 

On the ground on limestone rocks.

442 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph. 

22. Varmella recurva. Bent-hack border-moss. 

Thallus stellate, pale, slightly greenish, bearing soredia; 

underneath black, fibrilled, spongy; jags in the circumference 

many-cut, very narrow, convex, nearly cylindrical; 

apothecia reddish brown ; harder scarcely cut. 

Lichen multifichjp, Dickson Crijpt. 3, 16. 

Lichen inciirvus, Persoon in tfster Ann. 7, 24. 

Parmelia recurva, Achar, Meth. 201 ; Lick. 490. 

On stones and hills. 

23. Parmelia s'lmiosa. Jagged horder-moss. 

Thallus stellate, pale grey, smooth; underneath black, 

fibrilled; jags linear, broader outwardly, sinuately pinnatifid, 

sinuses broad, circular; apothecia flattish, brown; 

larder thin, not cut. 

Lichen sinuosus, Engl. Bot. 2050. 

On walls, rocks, and trunks of trees. 

24. Parmelia diffusa. 

Spread horder-moss, 

Thallus round, contiguous, wrinkled, folded, pale, grey- 

ish, powdery; underneath the same colour, black, fibrilled; 

jags in the circumference separate, flat, rounded, wavey, 

deeply crenate; apothecia flat, brownish black; harder at 

length crenulate, powdery. 

Lichen dift\isus, Dicks. Cnjpt, 3, 1. 

Lichen aleurifes, Achar. Prod. 117; EngJ. Bot. 838. 

Lobaria diffusa, Hoffm. Germ. 156. 

Parmelia alcuritcs, Achar. Mtih. 208 ; Lich. 484. 

On joists, planks, and palings. 

25. Par^nelia conspersa. Sprinkled border-moss. 

Thallus round, pale, livid, smooth, dotted with black 

underneath brownish, fibrilled ; jags sinuated, lobed, 

rounded, crenate, flattish; apothecia central, chestnut; border 

very slightly cut. 

Lichenoides imbiicatum viridans, scutellis badus, Ditlen Muse. 180. 

Lichen cenirifuiûs, Lin. S. P. 1609. 

Lichen coii5j)ersiis, ^c/iflc. Prod. 118. 

Lobaria ceiurifiign, Hoffm. Germ. 154. 

Parmelia conspersa, Achar. Meth. 205 ; 

On stones and rocks. 

Lich, 486. 

26. Parmelia speciosa. Handsome horder-moss. 

underneath 

Thalhis stellate, bald, white, rather greyish ; 

milky, softish; fibrils dark, marginal; jags tiledhke, flat, 

cut, branched, crenate, divisions ascending, powdery; apothecia 

central, brownish ; 

wrinkled, crenate. 

border bent in, swollen, at length

PL cell aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 109. Parmelia. 443 

Lichen speciosu?, WulfinJacq. Coll. 3, 119. 

Lobaria speciosa, Hoff/n. Germ. 153. 

Parmelia speciosa, Achar. Melh. 198; Lick. 480. 

On the trunks of trees and rocks. 

27. Parmelia Icevlgata. Smooth border-moss. 

Thallus stellate, smooth, greyish white ; underneatli 

black, fibrilled ; jags many-cut, linear, broader outwardly 

cut, divaricated, pointed, frequently having soredia in the 

circumference; apoihecia concave, chestnut; border not cut. 

Lichen laevigalus, Engl. Bot. 1852. 

On rocks. 

28. Parmelia farrea. Floury horder-moss, 

Thallus round, greenish, grey, powdery; underneath 

whitish, fibrils brown-black ; jags short, deeply crenate, 

tiledlike, edges raised, granulated, powdery; apothecia 

black, grey, and hoary: border bent in^ swollen, slightlyhollowed. 

Parmelia farrea, Achai: LicJi. Univ. 475. 

On the ground, on trees, and rocks. 

29. Parmelia puluerulenta. Powdery border-moss. 

Thallus stellate, greyish white, hoary; underneath black, 

woolly, hispid ; jags linear, manj^-cut, separate in the circumference, 

flat, pressed close, wavey; tips blunt; apothecia 

grey; border not in the least cut, bent. 

Lichenoides arboreiim et saxatile, crusta foliosa leniii, fusco-vircnti 

in segmenia latioia plermnqiie divisa, Dillen in liai Syn. 74,74. 

Lichenoides aiboreum, criisla foliosa iiif'ormi, scutellis subnigris, limbo 

cinereo crispo cinefis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 75, 75. 

Lichen slellaiis /3 et >, Huds. Fl.Jngl. 534. 

Lichen allochroiis, EhrJi. Crypt. 19, 137. 

Lichen pulverulenlus, Srhreber Germ. 1 153; Engl. Bot. 2063. 

Lobaria piilverulenta, Hoffm. Germ. 152. 

Parmelia piilverulenta, Achar. Meili. 210; Lich. 475. 


30. Parmelia ccesia. Grey border-moss. 

Thallus starlike, greyish white or grey, bearing soredia; 

underneath grey; fibrils black; jags linear, many-cut, 

deep, slightly convex, the last jags flat; apothecia slightly 

concave, black ; border rather bent inwards. 

Lichen pulchellus, WulfinJacq, Coll. 2. 

Lichen ciE, ins, //q^/H. /.£c/(. 12, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1052. 

Lichen Psora, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 17. 

Lobaria caisia, Hoffm. Germ. 156. 

Parmelia caasia, Achar. Meth. 197 ; Lich, 479. 

On rocks, wood, mosses, and the trunks of trees.

444 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAME.^. PL cell. apk. 

31, Parmelia cycloselis. Circular border-moss. 

Thallus round, livid grey; underneath black, fibrilled, 

spongy ; jags grown together, tiledlike, rather flat, flnger- 

like, many-cut, crenately torn, slightly fringed; edges at 

length raised up, crisp rather powdery ; apotliecia scattered, 

black, brown ; 

border raised, not in the least cut. 

Lichen subtilis, Persoon, according (o Achar Syn. Licli. 217. 

Lichen dcntatiis, Persoon, according to Acharius 1, c. 

Liciien orbicttlarig, Neckar Meth. 88. 

Lichen cycloselis, ytchar. Prod. 115 ; Engl. Bot. 1942. 

Lobaiia oi hicularis, Huffm. Gimi. 155. 

Parmelia cycloselis, ^ckar. Meth. 199 ; Licit. 4S2. 


E. Lecide^. Thallus crustaceous, adnate; apotliecia 

shield Hke, bordered. 

XX. 110. PSOROMA. Acharias. Psorome. 

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, indeterminately 

figured, scaly or tiledlike; apothecia saucershape, 

thick, sessile, adnate; proligerous Jiake forming the 

centre, plano-convex, coloured, covering the apothecium 

above; inside cellular, streaked; border thickisli, formed 

of the thallus and similar in colour, nearly free. 

1. Psoroma cervinum. Stags-horn psorome. 

Crust in beds, figured, scaly, rather lobed, chestnutcolour; 

apothecia immersed, flattish, brownish black; thalloid 

border at length prominent. 

Lichen Fquamulo?iis, Achar. Prod. 230; Engl. But. 2011. 

Lichen cervinn?, Persoon. 

Parmelia peli-cypha, Wuhlenb. in Jcha

PlceU.apk. 4. CENOTHALAME^. llO.Psoroma. 445 

3. Psoroma trihacium. Torn psorome. 

Crust scalelike, silvery, greyish white ; lobes irrep-ular, 

differently shaped, torn crenate, tiledlike; underneath the 

same colour, slightly fibrilled ; apothecia pressed close, 

centre flat, pale circumference at length crenated and 

lobed ; thalloid border raised, persistent. 

Lenanora tribacia, Jchar, Licit. Univ. 415. 

On the trunks of trees and rocks. 

4. Psoroma candelariiim. Candle psoro77ie. 

Crust scalelike, yellow ; lobes very crowded, torn-jao-o-ed, 

tiledlike; edges granulated, powdery ; apothecia flattish, 

similar in colour; thalloid border raised, not cut. 

Lichenoides crustosiim oibiculis et scuteliis flavis, Dillen Muse. 236-' 

Engl. Bot. \1M. 

Lichen candelariiis, Lin. S. P. 1608. 

Lichen concolor, Dickson Crypt. 3, 18. 

Parmelia caiidelaria, Achar. Meth. 187. 

Lecauora candelaria, Achar. Lich. 416. 

On the trunks of trees, palings, rocks, and walls. 

5. Psoroma polycarpum. Mamj-fndled psorome. 

Crust composed of conglomerated, granulated, lemonyellow 

lobes; apothecia crowded, bent; centre flat, dilated, 

similarly coloured, afterwards pale -red ; thalloid border ^t 

length crenulated. 

Lichen polycarpiis, Ehrh. Crypt. 14, 136. 

Verrucaria fulva, Hoffm. Germ. 193. 

Parmelia citrina, Achar, Meth. Lich 179. 

Lecanora candelaria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 416. 

On old wood and the trunks of trees. 

6. Psoroma hypnorum. Hypnum psorome. 

Crust scalelike, brownish yellow, flame-colour ; lobes 

small, roundish, dissimilar, edge granular, crenulate; apothecia 

slightly membranaceous; centre concave, at length 

flat, dilated, bay and black ; thalloid edge raised, bent in, 

crenate. 

Lychen hypnorum, Fl. Dan. 956 ; Engl, Bot. 740. 

Psora hypnorum, Hoffm. Germ. 166. 

Parmelia lepidora, Achar. Meth. 185. 

Lecanora lepidora, Achar. Lich. 418. 

On the ground, and on rotten moss.

U6 llO.Psoroma. 4. CENOTHALAME.E. PLceU.apk. 

7. Psoroma 7mis€orum. Moss psorome. 

Crust scalelike, brownish livid; lobes irregularly and 

deeply torn jagged; apotliecia thick; centre flat, obscurely 

blackish red, even with the thalloid border, which afterwards 

becomes very small. 

Lichen carnosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2,21 ; 

Lichen hypnorum, Jchar. Prod. 93. 

Parmeliii lijpnoium, ^4c/itir. Melh. 185. 

Lecanora hypnoi uei, Achar, Lick. 417. 

Among and upon rather rotten mosses. 

Engl. Hot. 1684. 

8. Psoroma hriinneum. Brown psorome. 

Crust tiledlike, granulatedly lobed, liver-grey ; apothecia 

innate in the crust, very crowded, not uniform ; centre rather 

convex, brown red ; thalloid border raised, crenulate, 

persistent. 

Lichen. pezizoide-, Dicks. Crypt. 1,10, 

Lichen uiuliifloriis, Ehrh. Crypt. 156. 

Lichen brunneus, Swarlz Nov. Act. Upsal. 4, 247 ; Engl. Bot. 1246. 

Psora nebuiosa, Hofffii, Germ. 166. 

Psora brunnea, Ilojf'm. Germ. 166. 

Parmelia brunnea, Achar. Mtih. 1S6. 

Lecanora brunnea, Achar. Lich. 419. 

On the ground, and upon rotten mosses. 

XXI. 111. PLACODIUM. Acharius. Placodium. 

Thallus cruslaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, 

the circumference figured, radiated, stellate, and slightly 

lobed; apothecia saucershnpe, thick, adnate, sessile; pro- 

I'werous flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, 

covering the apothecium above ; inside cellularly striated; 

border rather thick, formed of the thallus ajid the 

same colour, nearly free. 

1 . Placodium epigeiim. Ground placodium. 

Crust plaited, wrinkled, whitish ; circumference smooth, 

lobed ; apothecia blackish brown, growing rather convex 

in the centre; thalloid border thin, not in the least cut. 

Lichen candicans, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 15 ; 

Engl. Bot. 177S. 

Lichen epigeus, Persoon in Ulst. Ann. 7,25. 

Parmelia epigen, Achar. Mcth. 191. 

Lecanora epigea, Achar. Lich. 4i'2. 

On the ground among the mosses on rocks.

Tl.cellaph. 4.. CENOTHALAME/E. lll.PIacod. 447 

2. Placodium lc?iligerum. Leiilil placod'mm. 

Crust slightly tiledlike, white; lobes rather concave, 

bent, deeply creiiate ; opolhecia flattish in the centre, reddish 

yellow ; ihalloid border raised, tumid, bent in, sliglftly 

oren ate. 

Lichen lenligerus, Weh. Goett. 192; Engl. But. S7I. 

Psora lentigera, Iloffni. Germ. 164. 

Parmelia leiitigeia, Îchar. Mtth. 192. 

Lecanora Ic-ntigera, Achar. Lich. 425. 

On the ground and mosses on mountains. 

.3. Placodium saxkolum. Rock placedium. 

Crust slightly tiledlike, scaly, wrinkled, unequal, pale 

greenish; circumference rayed, lobed ; apofhecia very 

crowded, centre flat, yellowish, pale red, rather ochry; 

ihalloid border becomes bent, crenate. 

Lichen ochroleuciis, TVulf.in Jacq. Coif. '2. 

Lichen saxicola, PolUch Palat. 225 ; 

Liclicn muralis, Dicks. Crypl. 1,11. 

Psora muralis, Jloffm. Germ. 15T. 

Parmelia saxicola, Achar. Meih. 157. 

Lecanora saxicola, Achar. Lich. 451. 

On stones, walls, and timber-buildings. 


4. Placod'mm murorum. Wall placodium. 

Crust plaited, wrinkled, cracked, yelk of eg^ yellov/; 

surface powdery, hoary ; circumference rayed, plaited ; 

jags linear, convex, cut; apofhecia crowded, centre growing 

convex, darker; ihalloid border not cut, bent. 

Lichen candelariiis, ii/f. S. p. 160S. 

Lichen murorum, Hoffm. Lick. 63. 

Lobaria saxicola, Hoffm. Germ. 158. 

Parmelia murorum, Achar. Meth. 198. 

Lecanora murorum, ^c/i«r. Z/icA, 455. 

On stones and walls. 

5. Placodium fulgevs. Shining-yellow placodium. 

Crust almost contiguous, pale-yellowish ; circumference 

plaited, slightly lobed ; lobes bent, flat ; apothecia scattered, 

centre very red, plano-convex; ihalloid border at length 

bent and crenate, very small. 

Liclien fulgens, Swarlz in Nov, Act. IJps. 4, 246, 

Lichen citrinus, Ehrhart. 

Psora citrina, Hoffm. Germ. 165. 

Parmelia fulgens, Achar. Meth. 192. 

Lecanora fulgens, Achar. Lich. 457. 

On the ground on limestone rocks.

M8 Ul.Placod. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.apk. 

6. Placodiiim circinatum. Compass placodium. 

Crust cracked in beds, greyish white ; circumfei'ence 

rayed, plaited, linear, jagged ; apothacia very crowded, at 

length angular; centre with innate beds, flat, brown-black; 

tlialloid edge nearly even. 

Lichen radiosiis, Hoffni. Lich. 4, 6. 

Lichen circinatus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 25; Engl. Bot. 1941. 

Lichen siibimbriciitiis, Relhan Cant. 459. 

Lob.'.ria radiosa, Hoffm. Germ. 157. 

Paruielia circinata, Jchar, MetJi. 189. 

Lecanora circinaia, Achar. Lich. 425. 

On limestone. 

7. Placodium gelidum. Cold placodium. 

Crust cracked, flesh- grey; circumference rayed, jagged; 

central wart brown, radiately wrinkled; apolhecia depressed 

thalloid border thick, raised, not cut. 

in the centre, red ; 

Liciicn 2;elidiis, Lin. Mnnt. 133 ; 

Lichen IL-clse, Fl. Dan. 470. 


Paimelia gelida, Achar. Meth. 188. 

Lecanora gelida, Achar. Lich. 4'i8. 

On rocks. 

Thalloid wart in the centre very singular, it probably 

should form a separate genus. 

8. Placodium dispersum. Dispersed placodium^ 

Crust dispersed, granulated, unequal, nearly grey, sometimes 

very small; o/ôZ/ieda scattered ; centre flattish, pale 

brown-grey, and black; thalloid harder raised, thin, crenulated. 

Lichen creniilatus, Dicks. Crypt. 5, 9 ; Engl. Bot. 930. 

Lichen dispersus, Fersoonin U1st. Ann. 7, 27. 

Parmelia dispersa, Achar. Meth. 169. 

Lecanora galactina dispersa, Achar. Lich. 424. 

On v/alls, stones, and limestone rocks. 

XXII. 112. RINODINA. Acharius. Rinodine. 

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform 

apothecia saucershape, thick, adnate, sessile ; proligerous 

flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, covering 

the apothecium above; inside cellular, streaked; thalloid 

border rather thick, colour of the thallus, nearly free.

m.celLapk. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. ll2.Rinod. 4^4*^ 

a. ylpothecia naked, black. 

1 Rinodina alra. Black rinodine. 

Crust indeterminately formed, cracked, granular, warty, 

greyish white; apothecia flat in the centre, afterwards 

slightly swollen, black ; thalloid hoi'der raised, free, at length 

bent and crenulated. 

Lichenoides crustaceiini et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus tnajoribus 

€t minoribus, Dillen Muse. 133. 

Lichen tephromelas, Ehrh. Crypt. 


Lichen ater, Hudson Fl. Angl. 530 ; 

Parmelia atra, Achar. Meth. 154, 

Lecauora atra, Achar. Lich. 344. 

On stones, rocks, and the bark of trees. 

Thallus sometimes whiter, sometimes greyer; apothecia 

either very crowded, flat and then convex with the border 

not cut ; or varying in size, with the border crenate and 

bent. 

2. Rinodina ocnlata. Eyed rinodine. 

Crust bald, nippled, branchbearing, black; apothecia 

sessile, scattered, some slightly podicelled; centre rather 

concave, black, their proper edge at length bent; thalloid 

harder swollen. 

Lichen dactylinus, IVahl. Lapp. 414. 

Lichen oculatus, Dicks. Crypt. Brit. 2, 17. 

Isidium oculatuin, Achar. Meth. 140 ; Lich. 576. 

Forming a crust on alpine mosses. 

3. Rinodina coarctala. Contracted rinodine. 

Crust difliise, thin, cracked, slightly wrinkled, unequal, 

greyish; apothecia black, centre sunk, then raised, flat; 

thalloid border raised, bent in, irregular, contracted, pow- 

dery. 

Lichen coarctatus, Engl. Bot. 534. 

Parmelia coarclata, Achar. Meth, Lich. 158. 

Parmelia elacista, Achar. Meth. Lich. 159. 

Lecanora coarctata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 352. 

On stones and brick walls, 

4. Rinodina periclea. Shielded rinodine. 

Crust thin, nearly leprous and dispersed, whitish ; apo^ 

Ihecia plano-convex in the centre, black, transparent, rough; 

thalloid border at the base, very small, powdery, becoming 

imperceptible. 

TOL. (• 2 a

450 112.Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAME.E. Pl.cell.apL 

Verrucaria abictina pilularis, Tloffm. Germ. 193. 

Parinelia periclea, Achar. Mtth. JJch. 156. 

Lecanora periclea, Achar. Lic/i. Univ. 355{ 

Lichen pericleus, Achar. Prod. 78 ; Engl. Bot. 1850. 

Lichen abietinus, Ehrh. Crypt. 166. 

On the bark of fir-trees, and on old posts or palings. 

5. Rinodina exigua. Diminulive rinodine. 

Crust unequal, dark, blackish grey ; apolhecla very small, 

aggregate, flat, afterwards slightly convex; thalloid border 

white, crenulate, growing brownish and disappearing. 

Lichen exijûus, Achar. Piodr, 69 ; 


Parmelia exiîia, îc/tttc. ii/e

PLcelLaph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 112.Rinod. 451 

Lichen fuscatus, Schrad. Germ. 83. 

Lichen p'lctus, Dicks. Crypl. Brit. 4, 12. 

Lichen badius, Jlchar. Prodr. 67. 

Verrucai ia badia, i/oJ/'m.Gerw. 182. 

Lecidea piciiia, Achar. Metli. 51. 

Farnielia sqtiamulosa amaui.i, Achar. Meth. 182. 

Parmelia fuscata, Achar. Meth. 189. 

Lecanora bad la fuscata, Achar. Lick. 407. 

Lecanora badia amaura, Achar. Lich. 408. 

On stones and rocks almost everywhere. 

9. Rinodina ventosa. Bloivn-iip rinodine. 

Crust cracked in beds, rather pale ; beds convex, plaited, 

warted ; apothecia pressed close, at length irregular ; centre 

flat, swelling, brownish red ; thalloid border thin, not cut, 

lower than the centre. 

Lichenoides tartareum lividum, scutellis rufis ; inargine exili, Dilkn 

Muse. 13a. 

Lichen ventosus, Lin. S. P. 1607. 

Lichen srelidus, i/udAo?i F;._'ing-?. 528. 

Lichen flavesceiis, J acq. Misc. 2, 79. 

Lichen cruentus, Weber Goett. 1. 

Lichen scopulnnun. Ft. Van. 712. 

"Verrucaria ventosa, Hoffm. Lich. 27. 

Parmelia ventosa, yJchar. Meth. 166. 

Lecanora ventosa, Achar, Lich. 399. 


10. Rinodina frustulosa. Broken rinodine. 

Crust tartarlike, much cracked, variegated black and 

white; apothecia flat, pale brown; thalloid border white^ 

growing convex, blackish brown. 

Lichen frustulosus, Vickson Crypt. Br. 3, 13 ; 

Parmelia frustulosa, Achar. Meth. 172. 

Lecanora frustulosa, Achar, Lich. 405. 

On rocks. 

11. Rinodina effiisa. 


Spread rinodine. 

Crust spread, thin, rather powdery, grey, brassy; apothecia 

small, pressed close, centre flat afterwards convex, 

pale reddish brown ; thalloid border thin, soon disappearing. 

Lichen salignus, Schrad. Germ. 84. 

Lichen effusus, Persoon. 

Verrucaria eifusa, H'ffm. Germ. 174. 

Parmelia effusa, Achar. Milh. 174. 

Lecanora etfusa, Achar. Lich. 386. 

On the hollow trunks of willows. 

2 G 2

452 112.Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph. 

12. Rinodina varia. Varialle rinodine. 

Cnist unequal, granulated, rather warty, pale greenish 

apothecia ci'owded ; centre flat, pale, brownish and variegated; 

ihnlloid harder raised, rather bent in, afterwards 

bent, slightly crenulate. 

Lichen varius, Ehrh. Crypt. 7, 68 ; 

Engl. Bot. 1G66. 

Vernicaria varia, Tlojjfm. Germ. 196. 

Parmelia varia, Achar, Meth. 178, 

Lecanora varia, Achar. Lich. 377. 

On planks, palings, and wooden buildings. 

13. Rinodina apochroea. Different-coloured rinodine. 

Crust scarcely any; apothecia thickly scattered in a very 

thin coat, smooth, sea-green white, naked, frequently with 

soredia, centre flattish, pale, yellow, livid brown or black 

thalloid border thin, rather crenulate, pale yellowish, even 

with the centre. 

Parmelia sulphiireo-nigricans, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1809, 197. 

Spiloma vitiligo, Achar. Lich. 138. 

Spiloma sorediatum, Achar. Lich. 139. 

Parmelia carina ravida, Achar. Meth. 175. 

Lecanora varia, Achar, Lich, 378. 

On timber-work. 

14. Rinodina rulricosa. Ruddle rinodine. 

Crust cracked in beds, slightly granular, whitish ; apothecia 

with the centre flat, rust-colour, afterwards brown 

thalloid border white or yellowish, at last bent. 

Lichen caesio-rufus, Schrad. Germ. 80; Engl. Bot, 1040. 

Patellaria arenaria ? Iloffrn. Lich. 58, 1. 

Lichen arenarius, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 4,23. 

Parmelia craspedia, Achar. Meth, 172. 

Lecanora craspedia, Achar. Lich. 391. 

Lecanora rubricosa, Achar. Lich. 386, 

On stones and roeks, especially sandstone. 

d. Apothecia always hoary ; centre greyish black, sea-green, 

or variously coloured. 

15. Rinodina tuberculosa. Tubercular rinodine. 

Crust greyish green, granulated with nearly globular 

warts, circumference fibrous, radiated; apothecia intermixed 

; centre rather concave, at last flat, sea-green black, 

hoary ; thalloid border raised, thick. 

Lichen tuberculosus, Engl. Bot. 1733. 

Lecanora (Rinodina) tuberculosa, Adiar, Syn. 164. 

On flint stones.

VLcell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 112.Rinod. 453 

16. H'lnodina glaucoma. Wall-eyed rinodine. 

CruH tartarlike, cracked in beds, even, greyish white 

apothecia sunk in the crust ; centre fiat, afterwards convex 

nearly globular, sea-green, hoary, at length becomes naked 

and black ; thalloid border not in the least cut, and when 

old disappears. 

Lichen rupicola, Lin. Mant. 132. 

Lichen comijositus, Wither. Bot.Jrr. 4, 14. 

Lichen glaucoma, Engl- Bot. 21.56. 

Lichen varians, Davies in Lin. Trans. 2, 18. 

Lichen albido csesius, Schrad. Germ. 87. 

Liclicn sordidus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,26. 

Urceohiria tessulata compositii, Achar, Mclh, 143. 

Parmelia gl.-iuoma, Achar. Meth. 161, except var. /3. 

Lecanora glaucoma, Achar. Lich. 552, except var, /3. 

On whinstone and other rocks. 

17. Rinodifia luiescens. YelloivisJi rinodine. 

Crust spreading, thin, membranaceous, warty, pale, 

sprinkled over with a pale yellowish green powder; apotliecia 

scattered; centre plano-convex, slightly bordered, 

hoary, upon a flesh-colour, reddish 3'ellow or grey ground 

thalloid border bent. 

Verrucaria lutescens, Hoffni. Germ. 195. 

Parmelia luiescens, Florke, Berl. Mag. 1807. 

Lecanora elatina, Achar. Lich. 387. 

Lecanora lutescens, Achar. Lich. 367. 

On the bark of fir and other trees. 

18. Rinodina alhella. JVtiiting rinodine. 

Crust thin, cartilaginous, smooth, milky white; apothecia 

scattered ; centre slightly concave, pale flesh-colour, afterwards 

convex, grey, hoary; thalloid border swollen, not in 

the least cut. 

Lichen albelhis, Persoon in Us^ vr/nH. 11, 18; Engh Bot. 2154. 

Verrucaria umhilicata, Hoffm.Germ. 171. 

Parmelia albella, Achar. Meth. 163. 

Lecanora albella, Achar. Lich. 361). 

On the smooth bark of young trees. 

e. Apothecia with the centre slightly jlesh-colonr, pale, 

pearly, yellowish, wax-colour or inclining to orange. 

19. Kinodina parella. Archel rinodine. 

Crust cracked, plaited, warty, very white; apothecia 

thick, crowded, mis-shapen by squeezing; centre slightly 

concave; thalloid border turgid, not cut, nearly the same 

colour as the centre.

454 112.Rinod. 4.CEN0THALAME^. Fl.cell.apK 

Lichenoides crustaceum 

70, 42. 

ct leprosum, scutellare, cinereum, Raii Syn. 

Lichen Parellus, Lin. Mant. 132 ; E»^/. Bot. 727. 

Verriicaria parella, Hoffin. Germ. 169. 

PaToieVia \y

PLcell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. llS.Rinod. 455 

24. Rinodina iarlarea. Tartar rinodine. 

Crust tartarlike, granular, glomerated, greyish white, 

apoiliecia scattered ; centre flat but very slightly convex, 

wrinkled, pale pearly; thalloid harder bent in, afterwards 

wrinkled. 

Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosiim, acelabilis majoribiis luteis, limbJs 

argeiiteis, Dillen in Rnii Syn, 71, 46. 

Lichen tar(areus, Lin. S. P. IGOB ; 

Lichen saxorum, Fl. Dan. 710. 


Verrucaria tartarea, IJoffm. Germ. 173. 

Pannelia tartarca, Achcir. Meth. 165. 

Lecanora tartarca, Achar. Lich. 371. 

Cuthbert. Cudbear. 

On rocks. 

Thallus collected for the dyers, the rocks being scraped 

once in five years; when prepared by grinding and the 

addition of ammonia and alum used to dye woollen yarn, 

or give a bloom to other colours. 

25. Rinodina grajidinosa. Hailsione rinodine. 

Crust cartilaginous, warty granular; warts rather globular, 

bald ; apoiliecia with the centre concave, smooth, 

yellowish flesh-colour. 

Lecanora tartarea grandinosa, Achar. LicJi. 372. 

On the stems of broom. 

26. Rinodina frigida. 

Cold rinodine. 

Crust tartarlike, granular, glomerate, greenish white, 

forming nipples and thornlike branches; aputheda scattered: 

centre slightly convex, wrinkled, pale pearl-colour; 

thalloid border bent in, at length wrinkled. 

Lichen frigidus, Sicartz Meih. Muse. 36 ; Engl. Bot. 1ST9. 

Lichen tarfareus frisjidus, JVahlen. Lapp. 403. 

Lecanora tartarea frigida, Aeltar. Lich. i72. 

Incrusting mosses, on the highest mountains, near the 

line of perpetual snow. 

27. Rinodina Stonei. Stone's rinodine. 

Crust leprous, tartarlike, granulated, powdery, dirtywhitish 

; apothecia scattered, centre wax-colour, half-concealed, 

afterwaixls dilated, rather convex ; thau'Jd border 

nearly covering the centre of the apothecium, powdery^ 

bent in. 

Lichen hsematomma, Ehrh. Beytr. 2, 157 ; Engl. Bot. 486. 

Lecidea Stonei, Achar. Meih. 65. 

Lecanora Stonei, Achar, Lich. 373. 

On brick walls and the bark of trees.

456 112. Rinod. 4-. CENOTHALAMEiE. PI. cell apL 

28. R'inodina ccrina. Wax-colour rinodine. 

Crust slightly granular, grey; cpo/Ama flat in the centre, 

then convex, wax-yellow; ihaUoid border raised, bent 

in, hoary white, at length black. 

Lichen ceriniis, Dickson Crypt. 3, 14 ; 


Verrucaria cerina, Hojfm. Germ. 179. 

Parmelia cerina, Achar. Meth. 175. 

Lecanora cerina, Achar. Lich. 390. 

On the bark of trees and palings. 

29. Rinodina stillicidiorum. Icicle rinodine. 

Crust granulated rathery powdery, greyish white, greenish 

; apothecia with the centre slightly concave, wax-yellow 

; thalloid border bent in, rather crenated, powdery. 

Lichen variiis, Dicks. Crypt. 

Lichen stillicidiorum, Fl. Dan. 1063. 

Lichen cerinus stillicidiorum, TVahlen. Lapp, 404. 

Verrucaria stillicidiorum, Hoffin. Germ, 179. 

Lecanora cerina stillicidiorum, Achar. Meth. 176; Lich, 390. 

On the ground, and overlaying rotten mosses. 

30. Rinodina salicina. Willow rinodine.^ 

Crust granulated, unequal, dirty yellowish ; apothecia 

with the centre flat, afterwards convex, slightly orangecolour 

; thalloid border thin, slightly crenulated, at length 

even, bent. 

Lichen salicinus, Schrad. Germ. 82; Engl. Bot, 1305. 

Verrucaria salicina, //o^/«. Gfirm. 197. 

Parmelia salicina, Achar. Meth, 173. 

Lecanora salicina, Achar. Lich. 400. 

On the bark of willow and other trees. 

Thallus when moist smells strongly of saffron. 

.5. microthelia. Crust bald, plaited, warted, nipply yel- 

lowish ; 

nipples nearly globular ending in apothecia. 

3\. Rinodina erythrella. Reddish rinodine,. 

Crust cracked in beds, rather wrinkled, yellowish slightly 

greenish ; apothecia at length nearly globular, orange-red,, 

shining ; thalloid border not in the least cut, at last lost 

under the increased centre of the apothecia. 

Lichen flavovirescens, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll, 2, 25, 

Vcrrncaria viridi-rufa, Hoffm. Germ. 179. 

Lichen erj'threllus, Achar', Prod. 43; Engl. Bot. 1093. 

Parmelia eryibrella, Achar, Meth. 174. 

Lecanora erythrella, Achar, Lich, 401. 

On walls.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 112.Rinod. 457 

f. Apothecla with the centre red, scarlet, or pjirple and 

Hood- colour. 

32. Rinod'ma rulra. Red rinodine. 

Crust nearly membranaceous, smooth, becoming unequal, 

granulated, powdery, white; apothecia crowded, centre 

concave, red ; thalloid harder swollen, bent in, crenulated. 

Lichen ulmi, Swartz in N. Act. Upsal. 4, 247 ; 


Verrucaria rubra, jffojfm. Germ. 175. 

Parmelia rubra, Achar. Melh. 170. 

Lecanora rubra, Achar. Lick. 389. 

On the bark of trees, and running over mosses. 

.S3. Rinodina hcemalomma. Blood-spotted rinodine.. 

Crust tartarlike, glebose, in beds, powdery, brimstonecolour; 

apothecia innate, scattered and confluent; centre 

very red, slightly bordered, rather convex ; thalloid border 

powdery, nearly over-run. 

Lichen coccineus, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 11,17. 

Verrucaria hEematomma, Hoffm. Germ. 198. 

Verrucaria frondosa, Hoffm. Germ. 199. 

Lecidca haematomma, Achar, Meth. 63. 

Lecanora hsematomma, Aehar. Lich. 388. 

On stones, and the trunks of oaks. 

34. Rinodina porphyria. Scarlet rinodine. 

Crust tartarlike, rather solid, granular, powdery, white 

and pale ; apothecia sessile ; centre flat, deep blood-red 

thalloid border raised, thick, wrinkled, crenulate, remaining. 

Lichen coccineus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 8. 

Lichen Yahlii, Fl. Dan. 1185. 

Lichen porphyrins, Persoonin Uster Ann. 11, 17. 

Lichen hsematomma, Wahlenb. Lapp. 406. 

Verrucaria porphyria, Hoffm. Germ. 199. 

Lecanora hsmatorama porphyria, Achar. Meth. 65 ; 

On stones and the bark of oak-trees. 

Lich. 389. 

XXIII. 113. URCEOLARIA. Acharius. Pitcher-moss. 

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; 

apothecia bucklershape; proligerous Jlake concave, coloured, 

immersed in the crust, inside streaked, cellular; thalloid 

edge same colour, sessile, raised. 

1. Urseolaria Acharii. Acharius' pitcher-moss. 

Crust slightly regular, smooth, very thin, cracked, pale 

pearl-colour; proligerous Jlake red', thalloid border swollen.

458 US.Urceol. i.CENOTHALAME^. Vl.celLaph. 

Lichen Acharii, Wahhnh. Lapp. 405 ; 

Lichen lacustris, 


JVither. Bot. Arr. 4, 21. 

Urceolaria Ach;!rii, ^c/iflr. itfeiA. 150; 

On stones inundated in winter. 

£zcA. 331. 

Tliallus varies in colour, red, yellowish, or rust-colour; 

apothecia flattish in the centre, rising up when old. 

2. Urceolaria cyrtaspis. Short-shielded pitcher-moss. 

Crust regular, smooth, very thin, cracked in beds, reddish, 

at last whitish : apothecia becoming elevated ; centre 

slightly convex, reddish brown ; thalhid border even with 

the centre. 

Lichen punctatus, Fl. Dan. 46S, 2 ; 


Lichen Acharii cvrtaspis, Wahlen. Lapp. 405. 

Urceolaria Acharii cyrlaspis, Achar. Meth, 151. 

Lecanora cyrtaspis, Achar. Lich. 597. 

On Stones. 

Thullus with a black border. 

3. Urceolaria diamarta. Rusty pitcher-moss. 

Crust nearly regular, cracked in beds, slightly wartlike, 

red ochre-colour; proligerous flake rather concave, black j 

thaUoid border raised, at last bent. 

Lichen Sinopicus, Engl. Bot. 1776. 

Lichen cliamartus, Wahlen. Lapp. 414. 

Urceolaria diamarta, Achar. Mclh. 15! ; Lich. 331. 


Confounded with endocarpon Sinopicum. 

4. Urceolaria gibbosa. Bunched pitcher-moss. 

Crust nipply warted, smooth, whitish, slightly greyish 

proligerous flake sunk in the tip of the warts, rather con- 

cave, black; thalloid border contracted, protuberant, crenate. 

Urceolaria gibbosa, Achar. Meth. 144; Lich. 334. 

On stones and mountains. 

IVarts conoid, bald; Ziwcêr of the apothecia rather sharp, 

afterwards thicker, wrinkled. 

^. fimbriata. Thallus black, radiated, fringed, covered 

with grey warts. 

Lichen fibrosus, En^/. jBo^ 1732. 

Urceolaria fimbriaia, Achar. Meth. 145. 

Urceolaria gibbosa fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 335. 

5. Urceolaria cinerea. Grey pitcher-moss. 

Crust cracked in wartlike beds, grey, divided by black; 

proligerous flake immersed in the warts, slightly concave, 

black, afterwards elevated ; thalloid border prominent, rather 

thick, not divided.

PI. cell aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 1 1 3. Urceol. 459 

Lichen cinereus, Lin. 3Iant. 132 ; 

Engl. Bot. \1i\, not S20. 

Verrucaria ocellaia, Hoffm. Germ. 183. 

Urceolaria ocellata, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1810, 317. 

Urceojaria cinerea, Achar^Meth. 143 ; lAch. 336. 

n stones and mountamsi 

^.^-tf^y'Ai 

Thallus sometimes white, sometimes smoke-grey; leds 

flat or convex; apothecia few, or very numerous, when old 

elevated, sometimes with a very small border. 

6. Urceolaria scruposa. Rugged pitcher-moss. 

Crust wrinkled, plaited, granulated, greyish white; proligerousJiake 

pitchershape, black ; thalloid border swollen, 

bent in, rather wrinkled, drawn over the centre. 

Lichenoides crustacnim et leprosiim, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus 

et minoribus, var, /3, Dillen Muse. 133. 

Lichen scruposus, Schreb. Germ. 1 133 ; 

Lichen excavatus, Relhan Cant, 426. 

Patellaria scruposa, Hoffm. Germ. 1S6, 


Urceolaria scruposa, Achar. Metli. 147 ; Lich.SSS. 

On the ground, and on stones and rocks. 

Proligerous flake has a border of its own. 

7. Urceolaria calcarea. Calcareous pitcher-moss. 

Crust determinately figured, very thin, rather cracked, 

slightly powdery, very white, at last greyish ; proligerous 

flake minute, rather concave, black, with a little noary 

whiteness ; thalloid border slightly prominent, discoid, thin, 

at length separate, not cut. 

Lichen calcareus, jym. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2, 709. 

Verrucaria contorta, Hoffm. Germ. 186. 

Urceolaria contor(a nivea, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1810. 

Urceolaria cinerea, Fl. Dan. 1432. 

Urceolaria calcarea, .^cA«r. />/fiA. 142; Lick. 340. 

Thallus very vai'iable; proligerous flake with a border of 

its own. 

8. Urceolaria Hoffmaimi. Hofl^ma/m's pitcher-moss. 

Crust thin, cracked in beds, smooth, dirty greyish ; fer- 

tile beds raised in the middle, lead-white proligerous ; 

flake 

slightly concave, black, with a greyish hoar; thalloid border 

wrinkled, powdery, whiter. 

. On 

Lichen rupicola, Hoffm. Licit. 1,97. 

Urceolaria contorta, Fiorke in Berl. Mag. 1810. 

I Urceolaria Hoffmanni, Achar. Mcth. 145 ; Licfu353. 

stones and rocks of different kinds.

460 llS.Urceol. 4.CENOTHALAMEiE. PlcelLapk 

9. Urceolaria tessellata. Chequered pitcher-moss. 

Crust divided into very crowded beds, flattened, running 

together, at last cracked in chequers, rather bald, greyish 

white, those in the middle fertile; proUgeroiis flake raXher 

loose, black, with a greyish hoar; thalloid border raised, 

angular, whitish. 

Lichen tesselatus, Engl. Bot. 533. 

Verrucaria tessellata, Hoffm. Germ. 185. 

Urceolaria contorta tessellata, Florke in Berl. Mug. 

Urceolaria tessalata, Achar. Meih. 142. 

Urceolaria cinerea tcssiilata, Achar. Lick. 33T. 

On rocks and brick walls. 

XXIV. 114. LEPIDOMA. Acharius. Lepldome. 

Thallus crustaceous, expanded, adnate, figured, leaflike, 

towlike ; apothecia saucerlike, sessile, entirely covered with 

a cartilaginous membrane, including a similar, rather solid 

parenchyme, centre even, bordered. 

1. Lepidoma ca?ididiim. White lepidome^ 

Crust nearly tiledlike, white, hoary: lobes crenate, comphcated, 

turned back, swollen ; apothecia pressed close, 

black, greenish hoarj-; edge at length waved. 

Psora Candida, Hoffm. Germ. 164. 

Lichen candidus, Weber Germ. 193 ; 

Lecidea Candida, Achar. Meth. 79 ; Lich. 212. 

On rocks and rotten mosses. 


2. Lepidoma vesiculare. Bladdery lepidome. 

Crust nearly tiledlike, brown-black, with a slightish grey 

hoariness ; lobes not cut, folded, reverse-ovate, bullate 

apothecia black, naked ; at last hemispherical, not bordered. 

Liciien caeriileo-nigricans, Light/. Scot, 805; Engl. Bot. 1139. 

Lichen versicularis, Achar. Prod. 94. 

Lichen paradoxus, Ehrh. Crypt. 206 

Patellaria vesicularis, Hoffm. Lich. 32, 3. 

Psora vesicularis, Hoffm. Germ. 16 3. 

Psora paradoxa, Hoffm. Germ. 163. 

Lichen gianifonnis, Ehrh. Crypt. 

Lecidea paradoxa, Achar. Bleth. 82; Lich, 214. 

Lecidea vesicularis, Achar. Meth. 78; Lich. 212. 

On the ground in mountainous places. 

3. Lepidoma liiridum. Lurid lepidome. 

Crust tiledlike, greenish brown ; lobes round, crenate, 

paler underneath; 'ôpo^/iecm flat, at last slightly convex, 

black.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 114. Lepid. 461 

Lichenoides pulmonarius saxatilis viridis, foliis vix conspicuis squamatim 

sibi incumbentibus, receptaculis floium nigris, Dill. Muse. 228. 

Lichen luridus, Achar. Prod. 95 ; Engl. Bot. 1329. 

Lecidea lurida, Achar, Meth. 77 ; Lich. 213. 

On rocks. 

4. Lepidoma atrorufum. Reddish black lepidoine. 

Crust nearly of one piece, lobetl in beds and tiledlike, 

dark brownish grey ; lobes at last bent, deeply crenate 

Qpothecia pressed close, with scarce any border, flattish, at 

length running into one another, blackish brown. 

Lichen luridus, Vahl. Fl. Dan. 

Lichen atrorufus, Dickson Crypt. 4,22; Engl. Bot. 1102. 

Lecidea atrorufa, Achar. Meth. 74 ; Lich. 200. 

On rotten mosses on the ground. 

5. Lepidoma testaceum. Pearly lepidome. 

Crust nearly tiledlike, greyish ; lobes thick, crenate 

turned back ; apothecia marginal, convex, red. 

Lichen saxifragus. Smith Lin. Tr. 2. 

Fsora testacea, Hoffm. Gertn. 162. 

Lecidea testacea, Achar. Meth. SO. 

Lecanora (estacea, Achar. Lich. 409, 

On stones, and limestone-rocks. 

6. Lepidoma scalare. Step lepidome. 

Crust nearly tiledlike, pale fawn-colour ; lobes slightly 

distinct, kidneyshape, rather erect, powder beneath and on 

the edge ; apothecia flat, bordered, greenish black. 

Lichen leucophfEUs, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 20. 

Psora ostreafa, Hoffm. Germ. 163. 

Lichen scalaris, Achar. N. Act. Stockh, 16. 

Lecidea scalaris, Achar. Meth. 78: JLicA. 214. 

On the bark of old sapless pines and juniper- trees, and 

on the slight coating of earth on rocks. 

7. Lepidoma riibijbrmis. Raspberry lepidome. 

Crust nearly tiledlike, lobes rounded, crenate, brownish 

livid, underneath white; apothecia hemispherical, conglomerate, 

dark brown, not bordered. 

Baeomyces rubiformis, Achar. Meth. 324. 

Lichen rubiformis, Engl. Bot. 2112. 

Cenomyce rubiformis, Achar. Lich. 5~6. 

Lecidea rubiformis, JVahlemb. Lapp. 479, 

On turfy earth.

462 ll'kLepid. 4.CEN0THALAME^. Pleellaph. 

8. Lepidoma decipiens. Deceiving lepidome. 

Crust nearly tiledlike; lobes separate, slightly shieldlike, 

roundish, flesh-colour and brownish, underneath wnitish ; 

apothecia marginal, convex, nearly globular, black, hardly 

bordered. 

Psora decipiens, Iloffm. Germ. IG?. 

Lichen decipiens, Eltrh. Crypt.; Engl. Bot, 870. 

Lichen incarnatiis, Thunb. Cap. 176. 

Lichen sCellatus, Rellian Cant. 430. 

Lecidea incimata, uicliar. Meth. 58; Lich. 199. 

Lecidea decipens, Achar. Meth. 80. 

On the ground upon limestone-rocks. 

9. Lepidoma glehulosum. Clodded lepidome^ 

Crust tiledlike, greenish white; lobes small, rounded, 

convex ; apothecia convex, brown-red, at least blackish 

edge thin, not cut. 

Lecidea testacea, Winch Guide, 2,42. 

Lichen glebiilosus, Engl. Hot. 1955. 

Lecidea pliolidiola, Achar. Syn. Lich. 53. 

On quartz-rocks. 

10. Lepidoma iriplophyllum. Jagged-leaf lepidome. 

ThaUiis greyish fawn ; lobes near the centre pressed 

close, flattisli, irregularly jagged ; afterwards rising up in 

cylindrical branches, coral-like, very much crowded; apo- 

tliecia convex, brownish red. 

Lichen microphjllus, Schrad. Germ. 97 ; 


Lecidea microphylla corallinoides, Achar. Meth. 76. 

Lecidea (hriptophylla, Achar. Lich. 215. 

On old bark of trees. 

11. Lepidoma canescens. Grey lepidome. 

Crust round, wrinkled, folded, white ; circumference 

lobed, plaited ; apothecia central, plano-convex, black. 

Lichenoides cinereum, mere crustaceum, eleganter expansum, Dilkn in 

Rail Syn. 71,47. 

Lichen canescens, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot, 582. 

Lichen incanus, Relhan Cant. 424. 

Lecidea canescens, Achar. Meth. 84 ; 

On walls and trunks of trees. 

Lich. 216. 

XXV. 115. LECIDEA. Acharius. Lecidea. 

Thallus variable, crustaceous, expanded, adnata, uniform, 

towlike ; apothecia shieldshape, sessile, entirely covered 

with a cartilaginous membrane, including an uniform^ 

nearly solid parenchyrae ; centre even, bordered. 

»

Pl.cell.aph, 4. CENOTHALAME^. 115.Lecidea. 46» 

a. Apothecia always black, naked. 

1. Lecidea atro-alha. Pied lecidea. 

Crust spreading, very thin, cracked, black ; beds tuber- 

cular, whitish ; apothecia plano-convexish, black ; inside 


Lichen atro-albus, Lin. S. P. 1607 ; 

Veirucaria cUro-aiba, Hoffm. Germ. \&-i. 

Lecidea atro-alba, ^c/iar. J»/e//i. 43; Lich. IQ'i. 

On stones. 

Thallus sometimes fringed on the edge. 

Engl Bot. 2336. 

2. Lecidea fusco-atra. Brown-Hack lecidea^ 

Crust very thin, black; beds chestnut, flat, bordered, 

shining; afjothecia slightly convex, black, bordered; internally 

whitish. 

Lichen fusco-ater, Lin. S. P. 1607. 

Lichen dendiiticus, ^cAor. Prorf. 77 ; Engl. Bot. 1734. 

Verrucaria fusco-ater, Ilo/fm. Germ. 181. 

Psora dendritica, Hoffm. Germ. 168. 

Lecidea fusco-atra, Achar. Mel/i. 44. 

Lecanora fusco-atra, ^cArtr.iu/i. 359. 

On stones and exposed mountains. 

Thallus sometimes fringed, black. 

3. Lecidea fumosa. S7noky lecidia. 

Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked in beds, smooth, grey, 

brownish ; apothecia sunk in the crust, flat, bordered, afterwards 

convex and conglomerated, not bordered, black ; in- 

side blackish grey. 

Lichen artliroocarpus, Achar. Prod. 77; 

Lichen gibbosus, Dickn. Crypt. 2, 6. 

Verrucaria fumosa, Hoffm. Germ. 190. 


Lich, 157. 

Lecida cecumena, Achar. Melh. 42 ; 

Lecidea fumosa, >:fc/iar. Z,£cA. 137. 

On stones, and dry, exposed rocks. 

4. Lecidea petrcea. Rock lecidea. 

Crust thin, round, very finely cracked, nearly powdery, 

white; apothecia innate in the crust, thick, protuberant, 

nearly concentric, black ; inside same colour ; centre sunk 

in, edge swollen, raised, rather squeezed up. 

Lichen concentricus, Davies Lin. Tr. 5, 284 ; 

Lichen petra'us, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3, 116. 

Verrucaria petrasa, Hoffm. Germ. 184. 

Lecidaea petraea, Achat, Meth. 37 ; Lich. 155. 


Engl. Bot. 246.

464. 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.apk. 

5. Lecidea confiuens. Confluent lecidea. 

Crust tartarlike, rather spreading, cracked in beds, even, 

smoke-grey; apothecia sessile, growing irregular, convex, 

nearly globular, confluent, black, not bordered ; inside the 

same colour, with a thin, grey bed under the centre. 

Lichen confiuens, Weber Germ. 130; Engl. Bot. 1964. 

Verrucaria confiuens, HoJFin, Germ. 184. 

Lecidea confluens, Achar. Meth. 40 ; Lich. 174, except 8, 


Tliallus sometimes ; sometimes coloured ochre yellow. 

6. Lecidea Umitata. Bordered lecidea. 

Crust thin, rather membranaceous, white, greyish, bordered 

with black, grows spreading, slightly granular; apo- 

thecia flattish, sessile, bordered, black; inside blackish. 

Lichenoides leprosum, crusta cinereo-virescente, tuberculis nigerrimJs, 

Billen in Rail Syn. 7 1, 52. 

Lichen sanguinarius, Light/. Scot. 803, not of Linnaeus. 

Lichen parasemus, Achar. Prod. 64; Engl. Bot, 1450. 

Lichen litnitatus, Scopoli. Corn. 

Lecidea parasema, Achar. Meth. 35 ; Lich. 175, except $. 

On the bark of trees, and on timber-work. 

7. Lecidea aromatica. Spicy lecidea. 

Crust rather cartilaginous, scaly, granular, greyish, glau- 

granules flattish, frequently rather tiledlike, crenate 

cous ; 

apothecia sessile, plano-concave, bordered, growing bent, 

aggregated, black; inside solid, similarly coloured. 

Lecidea aromatica, Turner in Linn. Tr. 5, 2. 

Lichen aromalicus, Engl. Bot. 1777. 

On concreted sandy earth, or old flint walls. 

Thallus when rubbed emits a highly powerful and fragrant 

scent. 

8. Lecidea sariguinaria. Bloody lecidea. 

Crust wrinkly warted, whitish grey ; apothecia growing 

convex, hemispheric, slightly tubercular, black; inside 

horny, black, with a lower blood-coloured stratum. 

Lichen sanguinarius, Lin. S. P. 1607 ; 


Verrucaria sanguinaria, Hoffm.Germ. 194. 

Lecidea sanguinaria, Achar. Meth. 59; Lich. 170. 

On timber, dry branches, and rocks. 

9. Lecidea geochroa. Earth-colour lecidea. 

Crust spread, granulated, slightly coherent, whitish, grey 

or brownish grey ; apothecia hemispherical, nearly globular, 

often crowded, conglomerated, slightly shining.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEM 115.Lccidea. 465 

Lichen muscorum, Lin. Meth. Muse. 36; Engl. Dot. 626. 

Lecidea muscorum geochroa, Achar. Lich. 17,9. 

Leciclea sabulelorum syiicomisla, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 309, 

On verdant and healthy tufts of mosses. 

10. Lecidea miscella. Mixed lecidea^ 

Crust tartarlike, broken, cracked; beds wartlike, bald, 

wrinkled, cracked, greyish; apothecia deeply sunk, convex, 

aggregated, conglomerated, very slightly bordered, black; 

mside similar. 

Lichen misccllu?, Achar. Prod. 62; Engl. Bot. 1831. 

Lecidea miscellif, Achar. Metk. 62; Lic/i. 167. 

Lichen escharoides ? Ehrh. Crypt. 313 ; Engl. Bot. 124T. 

On rocks and turfy ground. 

11. Lecidea atro-vire72s. Greenish-Hack lecidea. 

C?•^^5^ spread, thin, black; beds flattish, nearly contigu- 

ous, deep yellow; apothecia plano-concave, black; inside 

the same colour. 

Lichen atrovirens, Lin. S. P. 1607. 

Verrucaria atrovirens, Hoffm. Germ. 200. 

Lecidea atrovirens, ^-i/c/irtr. 7>fefA. 45 ; ifcA. 163. 

On rocks and stones.^ 

^. geographica. Beds yellowish, flat, angular, half covering 

a blackish underlayer, intersected with black lines, 

and with a black border. 

Lichenoides nigroflavum, tabulae geographies instar piclum, DHL 

Muse. 126, 

Lichen gengrapliicus, Lin. S. P. 1607; Engl. Bot. 245. 

Verrucaria jêographica, Hoffm. Germ. 199. 

Lecidea atrovirens geographicus, Achar. Meth, 46 ; 

Lich, 163. 

12. Lecidea silacea. Ochre lecidea. 

Crust tartarlike, winding, warted, very red; apothecia 

sessile, flat, growing convex, diffbrm, confluent, black; 

inside horny, black. 

Lichen silaceus, Achar. Prod. 66; Engl. Bot, 1118. 

Verrucaria silacea, Hoffm. Germ. 181, 

Lichen Oederi, JVebcr Germ. 182. » 

Lecidea silacea, Achar, Meth, 48; Lich. 164. 

On rocks. 

13. Lecidea Oederi. Oeder^s lecidea. 

Crust bedded, granular, slightly powdery, ochry rustcolour; 

apothecia minute, raised; edge swollen, centre 

depressed, powdery, black inside similarly coloured, 

VOL. I. 2 H

466 llS.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

Lichen leprosus ruber, tiiberciilis nigris, Oeder in Fl.Dan. 470. 

Lichen Oederi, Achar. Prod. 66; Engl. Hot. 1117. 

Lichen caesius ? Dicks. Cri/pt. 2, 19. 

Lichen Dicksoni, Wither. But. Arr. 4,20. 

Lecidea Oederi, Achar. Meth. 49. 

Lecidea Dicksonii, Achar. Lick. 165. 

On Stones. 

14. Lecidea flaviciinda. Yellow-stained lecidea. 

Crust very thin, cracked, pale-yellowish ochry, beds flat; 

opotliecia half sunk in the thalkis, flat, scattered, black, 

slightly hoary, inside black, with a transparent horny stratum 

under the centre. 

Lichen cjEsius? Dicks. Crypt. 2, 19. 

Lecidea flavicunda, -ic/;fl)-. .L(c^. 166. 

On rocks. 

15. Lecidea alba. White lecidea. 

Crust indeterminate, membranaceous, rather cracked, 

whitish, sprinkled over with a grey or greenish white conglomerated 

powder; apothecia minute, pressed close, flat, 

black. 

Bvssus candidissima calcis instar iiiuscos vestiens, Dillen Muse. 2. 

Byssus lacien, Lin. S. P. 1639. 

Liclien lacleus-, Schreber Spic. 

Lichen albiis, Achar. Prod. 7. 

Lepraria alba, Achar. 31eth. 3 ; Engl. Hot. 1349. 

Lecidea alba, Achar. Lich. 185. 


16. Lecidea citr'mella. Citron-yelloiv lecidea^ 

Crust leprous, gi anulai'ly powdery, greenish yellow 

apothecia sessile, bordered becoming convex, black; inside 

similarly coloured. 

Lichen citrincllus, Achar. Prod. 64. 

Lichen flavo-virescens, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 13. 

Lecidea citrinella, Achar. Mclh. 47; 

On rotten mosses, and the cracks in walls. 

17. Lecidea scahrosa. Rough lecidea. 

Crust in warty clots, powdery, yellowish grey ; apothecia 

convex, rough. 

Lichen flavo-virescens, Dickson Crypt. 3, 13. 

Lecidea scabrosa, Achar. Meth. 48. 

Lecidea citrinella 13, Achar. Lich. 180. 

On naked gravelly soils.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 115.Leci(lea. 467 

18. Lecidea idiginosa. Bog lecldea. 

Crust granulated, rather gelatinous, brownish green; 

apolhecia pressed close, bordered, at last hemispherical, 

crowded, black ; inside similarly coloured. 

Lichen uligincsus, Schracler Spicil. 88 ; 


Lichen huinosiis, Ehrh. Crypt. 135. 

Verrucaria uliginosa, Ilcffm. Germ. 190. 

Verrucaria humosimilis, Hoff'm. Germ. 190. 

Lecidea uiiginosa, Achar. Meth. 43 ; Lich. ISO. 

On the ground in turfy, boggy places. 

b. Apothecia Hack, naked, when 7noistened reddish or 

brownish. 

19. Lecidea immersa. Sunk lecidea. 

Crust spreading, thin, scarcely lobed, whitish ; apothecia 

plano-concave, sunk even into the stone, bordered, black 

centre rather hoary, when moistened very dark blood-red, 

at last slightly convex, inside whitish. 

Lichen immersus, Schrad, Spicil. 1; Engl. Bot. 193. 

Lichen calcivorus, Ehrh. Crypt. 244. 

Verrucaria alrosanguinea, Hoffrn. Germ. 192. 

Verrucaria iininersa ? Iloffni. Lich. 12. 

Lecidea immersa, Achar. Meth. 34 ; Lich. 153. 

On limestone. 

Thallus almost as hard as the stone itself, although per- 

fectly distinct; apothecia fall out in time, leaving their cavities 

in the thallus, which is very permanent. 

20. Lecidea rivulosa. Rivulet lecidea. 

Crust cracked in beds, brownish grey divided by black 

lines; apothecia sessile, flat, growing convex, bordered, irregular, 

black; inside whitish; when moistened brown. 

Lecidea rivulosa, Achar. Meth. 38. 

Lichen rivulosus, Engl, Bot. 1737. 

Lecanora falsaria rivulosa, Achar. Lich. 356. 

On quartz rocks. 4 

Thallus when moistened umber-brown; apothecia when 

moistened brown in the centre, border keeps its own colour; 

small apothecia are scattered amongst the others. 

c. Apothecia black, greenish, grey, hoary. 

21. Lecidea cdho-ccBrulescens Bhdsh-wliite lecidea. 

Crust tartarlike, contiguous, even, when old cracked, 

whitish ; apothecia sessile and elevated, flat, black, with a 

bluish bloom ; border free, bent, naked, black. 

2 H 2 

•

468 llS.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^, Pl.celLapL 

Lichen pruinosus, Achar. Prod. 7T ; 

Engl. Bot. 224'i. 

Lichen pmiiuitus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 15. 

Vernicaria albo ccerulPscrns, Hoffni. Germ. 189. 

Lecidea yiruinosa, Achar. Me.th. b-b, 

Lecidea albo-cserulesceiis, Achar. Lich. 188. 


Tlialius varies according to tlie age of the plant, cracked, 

smooth, powdery, or even 0; and in colour white, grey or 

rust-colour. 

22. Lecidea aUetma. Fir lecidea. 

Crust spreading, very thin, smooth, greenish grey; apo~ 

ihecia nearly sessile, flat, black, grey hoary ; edge raised, 

swollen. 

Lifhen abieliniis, Achar. Prod. 67 ; Engl. Bot. 1682. 

Lecidea abietina, ^cAar. X/icA. 188. 

On the bark of fir-trees, and the dead wood. 

23. Lecidea speirea. Veiled lecidea. 

Crust tartarlike, not broken, very white; apotlwcia sessile, 

thick, black v/ith a white hoariness, bordered, afterwards 

convex, naked, frequently surrounded with a thalloid base 

Inside black v/ith a greyish bed under the centre. 

Vernicaria calcarca ? Ilojfin. Germ. 135. 

Lichen rimosas, Dickson Crypt. 1, 12; Engl. Bet. 1736. 

Lichen speireiis ? Engl. Bot. 1542. 

Lecidea ainjiacea speirea, Wahlenh. Lapp. 476. 

Lecidea speirea, Achar. Mcth. 52 ; Lich. 184, excl. var. S- 


24. Lecidea margaritacea. Pearly lecidea. 

Crust tartarlike, not broken, whitish green marked with. 

black; apothecia minute, sunk then rising up, sessile, thickj 

with a white hoariness, inside black ; border swollen, 

Lecidea margaritacea, Achar, Lich. 135. 

On rocks. 

,^ 

25. Lecidea epipoUa. Wall lecidea. 

Crust tartarlike, spread regular!}^, cracked in beds, 

white; beds swollen, rough; o/Jo/Zzfcia sessile, hemispheri- 

cal, greyish hoaiy; inside black, edge of the base thin, 

persistent. 

Lichen niveo-ater, Dickson Crypt. 4. 

Lichen epipolius, Engl. Bot. 1137. 

Lecidea epipolia, Achar. Mefh. 65; Lich, 186. 

On walls and stones.

Pl.celLaph. 4. CENOTHALAME/E. 115.Lecidea. 469 

26. Lecidea cor I kola. Bark lecidea. 

Crust rather tartarlike, granularly bedded, rough, very 

white; apoikec'ia small, slightly sunk, grey hoary, growing 

globular, not bordered, naked, black; inside greyish. 

Lichen corticola, Acliar. Prod. 57 ; 

Lichen albo-ater, Ehrh. Crypt. 176. 

Lichen air.ylaceiH, Ehrh. Crypl. 303. 

Verriicai ia albn-atra, i/o^w Germ. 193. 

Lecidea corticola, Achar. Meih. 63 ; Lich, 186. 

On the bark and trunks of trees. 


d. ylpothecia broiim-black, broivuish, or hicUnhio lo hroivn, 

27. Lecidea Lightfoofii. Lighifooi's lecidea^ 

Crust rather spreading, granulated, greenish grey; opoihecia 

pressed close, flat, brown black, inside dirty whitej 

edges thin, winding, paler than the center. 

Lichen Lightfootii, Engl Bot. 1451. 

Lecidea Lightfootii, .itZifir. Z-JcA. 177. 

On the bark of birch trees. 

28. Lecidea fuscnta. E-mlrowried lecidea. 

Crust leprous, rather powdery, blackish brown ; apnthecia 

bordered, dark red, when old blackish. 

Lichen fuscatiis, Lamarck Encycl. 

Lecidea obscura, Achur. Meih. 75. 

Lecidea fiiscata, Achar. Licit. 211. 

On stones. 

29. Lecidea quernea. Oak lecidea. 

Crjisf leprous, granular powdery, pale yellowish brown; 

apothecia rather sunk, afterwards convex, not borderedj 

brown and black. 

Lichen querneus, Dickson Crypt. 1,9; Engl. Bot, 485. 

Lecidea quernea, Acfiar. Metli. 62 ; Lich. 202. 

On the clefts of the bark of old oaks, and on other lichens^ 

SO. Lecidea viridescens. Greenish lecidea.. 

Crust thin, granulated floury, coppery green ; apothecia 

convex, wrinkled, irregular, confluent, brown-black. 

Lichen viridescens, Schrad. Germ. 1 , 8S ; Engl. Bot. 2217. 

Lecidea viridescens, Achar. Meih. 62 ; Lich. iiOO. 

Lecidea Iiypnophyla, Winch 2, 37. 

On ruins, and decayed mossess.

470 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

31. Lecidea incana. 

Silver-grey lecidea. 

Crust spreading, leprous floury, soft, uneven light greenish 

grey; apothecia scattered, sessile, brownish; border 

not cut, paler. 

Byssns 

56,2. 

pulverulenta incana, fariiiaj iiistar strata, Dilhn in Rail Syn. 

Byssus incana, Lin, S. P. 1639. 

Lichen incanus, Achar. Prod. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1683. 

Pulveraria incana, Florkein Berl.Mag. 1807,7. 

Lepraria incana, Achar. Met/i. 4 ; Lic/i. 6S5. 

On the bark of trees, on mosses and the ground, 

32. Lecidea vernaUs. Springtide lecidea. 

Crust very thin, greenish white; apothecia slightly bordered, 

afterwards nearly globular, crowded, conglomerated, 

rusty flesh- colour. 

Lichen vernal is, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 3, 234 ; E/igl. Bot. 845. 

Lecidea vernalis, Achar. Meth. 68; Lich. 198, excl. var. H. 

On mosses, which it encrusts. 

33. Lecidea sulphurea. Brimstone lecidea. 

CriLst tartarlike, cracked, broken, uneven, smooth, pale 

brimstone-colour; apothecia adnate, flat, scarcely bordered, 

brown and hoary, paler in the circumference, grow irregular 

and convex. 

Liciien sulphnreiis, Achar. Prod. 58; Engl. Bot. 1186. 

Verrncaria sulphurea, IIoffm. Germ. 190. 

Lecidea sulphurea, Wahlenb. Lapp. 477. 

Pannelia sulphurea, Achar. MkUi. 159. 

Lecanora sulphurea, Achar. Lich. 399. 


34. Lecidea oroslhea. Mountain lecidea. 

Crust cracked in beds, uneven, rather powdery, brimstone 

yellow; apothecia small, sessile, slightly convex, not 

bordered, nearly the same colour, grow hemispherical, pale 

brownish, paler towards the bottom. 

Lichen orostheus, Achar. Prod. 38; Engl, Dot, 1549. 

Lecidea oroslhea, Achar. Meth. 72. 

Lecanora orosthca, Achar. Lich, 400. 

On rocks. 

35. Lecidea decolorans. Bleached lecidea. 

Crust granular, greyish white, granules falling into powder; 

apothecia flattish, vermillion-red, flesh-grey, livid and 

brown, border raised, paler, grows bent.

Plcellaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. llS.Lecidea. 471 

Lichen muscnrum, Weher Spic. 183. 

Variolaria tenella, Achar, Lich. 326, tlie crust only. 

Verrucaria decolorans, Hoffm. Germ. 177. 

Lecanora minutula, Achar. Lich. 385. 

Lecaiiora granulosa, Achar. Lich. .384. 

Lecidea jungeimanniae, Achar. Melh. 1. 

Lccidea granulosa, Achar. Lich. 65. 

Lecidea decolorans, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1809, 193. 

On rotten moss and wood, and on the ground. 

36. Lecidea grnmdosa. Granular lecidea. 

Crust solid, granular, rather nipply; apothecia grow hemispherical, 

wrinkled, blackish brown and black, con- 

fluent. 

Lichen quadricnlor, Dickson Crypt. 3, 15; Engl. Bot. 1185. 

Lichen escharoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 313; Engl. Bot. 1247. 

Lichen granulosus, Ehrh. Crypt. 145; Dicks. Cr.? 

Verrucaria escharoides, Iloffni. Germ. 194. 

Verrucaria granulosa, Hoffm. Lich. 2,21. 

Lecidea granulosa, Achar. Bleth. 67. 

Lecanora granulosa aporelica, Achar. Lich. 384. 

Lecidea desertorum, Achar. Lich. 168. 

Lecidea escharoides, Achar, Lich. 167. 

On the ground, in heathy sandy places. 

,S7. Lecidea anomala. Anomalous lecidea. 

Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked, smoolhish, grows 

uneven, wartlike, greyish white; apolhecia pale flesh-colour. 

Thrown and black, flattish afterwards convex ; border paler 

and at length disappears. 

Lichen tricolor, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,20. 

Lichen ferruginosus. Turner in Lin. Tr. 7. 

Lecidea hamadryus, Achar. Lich. 072. 

Lecanora anomala ferruginosa, Achar. Lich. 281. 

Lecanora anomala tenebricosa, Achar. Lich. 382. 

On the bark and trunk of trees. 

Thallus very variable, and still more the apothecia. 

38. Lecidea cyrtella. 

Convex lecidea. 

Crust thin, nearly membranaceous, smooth, whitish 

apothecia crowded, small, convex and nearly globular, pale 

brown, afterwards blackish brown; edge when young 

thin, whitish, similarly coloured or disappearing. 

Lecidea cyrlella, Achar. Bleth. 67. 

Lichen cyrtellus, Engl. Bot. 2155. 

Lecanora

472 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph. 

39. Lecidea riipestris. Rock lecidea. 

Crust thin, tartarlike, not broken, greyish white; apoiliecia 

sunk, flat, bordered, when old convex, border sometimes 

disappearing, bald, brownish red, inside the same 

colour. 

Lichen rupe.-tris, Scopoli Cam. 1372. 

Lichen calvus, Dickson Crypt. 2, 1 S ; Engl. Eot. 948. 

Verrucaria rufescens? Hojfm.Germ. 173. 

Lecidea rupestris calv.i, Achar. iletli. 70. 

Lecidea rtipestriii, ^c/(ar./.zc/i. 206, exc. var. ;S. 

On rocks, especially lime-stone. 

40. Lecidea luteola. Yf^llowish lecidea. 

CruM thin, whitish, granules nearly globular, pale becoming 

dirty grey; apotliecia sessile afterwards convex, 

brownish yellow. 

Lichen vernal is, //o^jH. Lfc//. 5, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 8i5. 

Lichen luteolus, Schrad. Ge.rm. 85. 

Lichen porriginosus, Ttirner in Linn. Trans. 7,94. 

Lichen rubellus, Ehrh. Crypt. 14, ISf?. 

Verrucaria ruhella, Hoffm. Germ. 174. 

Verrucaria vernalis, llojffm. Ge.rm. 175. 

Lecidea luteola, Achar. Metli. 60; Licli, 195, a, B, y, 8, e, ?, exclu

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^.. 115. Lecidea. 473 

Lichen fnsco-liUeus, Dickson Crypt. 2, IS ; 


Patellaria fusco-lutea, Hojfm. Lich. H, 10. 

Parmelia fusco-lutea, Acliar. Lich. 180. 

Lecidea ciiiaereo-fiisca jungeimanniiB, Achar. IJcli. 203. 

Lecidea fiisco-lulea, Jlchar. Lich, 198. 

On decayed mosses. 

Thallus envelopes the mosses so complete!}' as to appear 

branched. 

44'. Lecidea ccesio-rnfa. Reddish-orci/ lecidea. 

Crusi cracked in beds, wrinkled, green isii grey ; apoihecia 

flat, rusty red, edge at last crenated, grows convex, 

scarcely bordered, reddish black. 

Lichen ferrugineus, Huds. ytngl. 526, 

Lichen crenularius, TVither. Bot. Arr. 4, 23. 

Lecidea crenulata, Achar. Meth. 11. 

Lecidea cassio rufa, Achar. Meth. 71 ; Lich. 203. 


45. Lecidea icmadopliila. JVel-lovbig lecidea. 

Crust leprous, uneven, slightly granular, greenish-white; 

apoihecia nearly sessile, flat, flesh-colour, afterwards bent, 

centre wrinkled; edge thin, scarcely any. 

Liclien ericetoium, Lin. S. P. 1608 ; Engl. Bot. 372. 

Lichen aeruginosus, Scopoli Carn.2,3Q\. 

Lichen icmadophila, Lin, Suppl. 450. 

Lichen elveloides, Weber Gott. 186. 

Lecidea icmadophila a, jS, y, Achar. Meth. 58; «, iS, Lich. 191. 

On the ground, on mosses, trunks of trees and rotten 

wood 

46. Lecidea marmorea. JSIarlle lecidea. 

Crust thin, greyish-white ; apothecia nearly globular, afterwards 

pitchershape, white, centre flesh-colour, edge 

swollen, not cut. 

Lichen marmoreus, Scop. Cam. 1579; Eitgl. Bot. 739. 

Parmelia marmorea, Achar. Meth. 170. 

Lecidea marmorea, Achar, Lich. 192. 

On decayed mosses. 

47. Lecidea cupularts. Cup lecidea. 

Crust rather tartarlike, scarcely divided, greenish-white; 

apothecia superficial, pitchershape, white, centre pale brickred, 

externally frequently powdery. 

Lichen marmoreus. Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 24, 

Lichen cnpiiiaris, Dickson Crypt. 2, 58 ; Wither. B. Arr. 4, 23. 

Lecidea cupularis, Achar. Meth. 56. 

Lecidea marmorea cupularis, Achar. Lich, 193. 

On slaty and limestone rocks.

474- 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph. 

48. Lecidea alahastr'inn. Alahaster lecidea. 

Crust thin, smooth, slightly hoary, rather greenish-white; 

afjothecia plano-convex, not cut, similarly coloured, centre 

rosy-white. 

Liclien albo-incarna(us, Widf. in J acq. Coll. 3, 107. 

Lichen gl.ibratu?, Dickson. 

Lecidea alabastrina, Achar. Lick, 190. 


49. Lecidea sphceroides. Spherical lecidea. 

Crust thin, rather powdery, greenish white; apotkecia 

not bordered, growing nearly globular, conglomerate, pale 

flesh-colour. 

Lichen sphraroide?, Dickson Crypt. 1,9. 

Verrucaria conglomera(a, Hoffm.Germ, 174. 

Lecidea vernalis sphseroides, Achar. Meth. 68 ; Lich. 199. 


50. Lecidea rosella. Rose lecidea. 

Crust nearly cartilaginous, broken, cracked, frequently 

granular and leprous, greenish grey ; apothecia plano-convex, 

rosy flesh-colour, afterwards brownish, edge paler. 

Lichen rosellus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,75. 

Lecidea rosella, Achar. Meth. 57. 

Lecidea alabastrina /3 and y, Achar. Lich, 199. 


e. Apolhecia pale, yellowish, wax-colour, and nearly 

orange. 

51. Lecidea inelizea. Honey-yellow lecidea. 

Crust thin, white, powdery ; apothecia plano-concave, 

bordered, pale yellow. 

Lichen lulens, Dickson Crypt. 1, 11. 

Lecidea melizea, Achar. Lich. 194. 

On the mossy trunk of trees. 

52. Lecidea Ehrhartiana. Ehrhart lecidea. 

Crust cartilaginous, cracked, wrinkled plaited, granular, 

white, rather greenish ; apothecia nearly sessile, flat, afterwards 

slightly convex, bent, uTegular, conglomerated, pale 

yellowish. 

Lichen Ehrhartianus, Achar. Prod. 39; Engl. Bat. 1136. 

Lecidea Ehrartiana, Achar. Meth. 73; Lich. 191. 

On the bark and wood of trees.

P/.ce/^.fl/)^.

476 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^. P/.ceZZ.op^. 

58. Lecidea aurantiaca. Orange lecidea. 

Crust cartilaginous, determinately figured, smooth, uneven, 

widely cracked, whitish ; apothecia crowded, growingconvex, 

hemispherical, orange-yellow ; border thin, paler, 

not cut, at length nearly disappearing. 

Lecidea aurantiaca, Achar. Melh. 69 ; Lldi. 204. 

On the trunk of the trembling poplar. 

F. Gyrophokide;e. Thallus shieldlike, free under- 

apothecia flattish, plaited, bordered. 

neath ; 

XXVI. 116. GYROPHORA. Acharius. Bra'in-moss. 

Thallus leaflike, leathcrlikc, cartilaginous, shieldiike, 

one-leaved, when luxuriant many4eaved, underneath free; 

apothecia nearly saucerlike, sessile, adnate, covered with a 

black cartilaginous membrane, including a similar, slightly 

solid parenchyme ; centre warty or meanderingly plaited in 

circles, and bordered. 

1. Gyrophnra gl lira. Bald hrain-moss. 

Thallus nearly bald, greenish black, underneath naked, 

smooth, very black ; apothecia grow convex, wrinkly 

folded. 

Lit lienoides leniie pnlltim, foliis iitrinque glabris, Dillen Muse. 225, 

Lichen

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Iie.Gyroph. ^11 

Lichen proboscideus, Lin. S. P. 1617. 

Lichen deustus. Light/. Scot. 861. 

Lichen exa^pevatus, Gun. Norv, 

Lichen mesenteriformis, E/irh. Crypt. 89. 

Umbiiicaria mesenferica, Sclirad. Germ. lUS. 

Umbilicaria corrugaia, Huffm. Germ. 112. 

Gy.romium proboscideum, IVahlenb. Lapp. 483. 

Gyiophora Jacquinia, Achur. Meth. 104. 

GjTophora proboscidea a, /3, and y, Achar. Meth. 105; Lich. 220. 

Upon rocks. 

3. Gyrophora arct'ica. Arctic brain-moss. 

Thallus thick, hard, stiff, with raised dots, wrinkled, 

brown-olive afterwards blackish; underneath naked, bald, 

pale ochre-yellow, blackish in the middle : apothecia nearly 

globular, very much wrinkled. 

Gyrophora arnica a and ^, Achar. Meth. 106 ; 

Lich. 221. 

Gyromiiim proboscideum arcticum, Wahlcnb. Lapp. 4S3. 

On alpine rocks. 

4. Gyrophora cyUndrica. Cylindrical brain-moss. 

Thallus rather naked, livid grey, plaited and- lobed, 

fringed; underneath smooth, pale with branched fibrils; 

apothecia raised, flattish, circularly and meanderingly 

plaited. 

Lichen cylindricus, JLzn. ^m(En. -^c«f?. 

Lichen criiiitus, Light/. Scot. 360. 

•Lichen prohoscideiis, Hedmig Cri/pt. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 522. 

Umbilicaria crinita, Hoffm. Germ. 1 12. 

Gyromium cylindricum, IVahlenb. Lapp. 483. 

Gyrophora cylindrica, Achar. Meth. 107 ; Lich. 223. 

Upon mountains and rocks. 

^. fimhriala. Thallus many-leaved, folded up, lobes 

round, underneath fibrilled, edge with very close, short, 

branched fringe ; apothecia saucershape, nearly plain. 

Gyrophora cylindrica fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 224. 

5. Gyrophora erosa. Torn brai?i-77wss. 

Thaltus wrinkled, olive-brown ; circumference perforated, 

sivelike, irregularly jagged; underneath greyish, bald, rather 

granular, slightly fibrilled; apothecia rather convex, 

meanderingly plaited. 

Lichenoides rugosum durum pullum, peliis atris verrucosis, Dillen 

3Iusc. 220. 

Liclien torrefaclus, Light/. Scot. 862. 

Lichen erosus, IVeber Gutt. 259. 

Umbilicaria lorrcfacta, i'cArarf. Germ. 1, 104. 

Umbilicaria erosa, Hoffm. Germ,. 111. 

Gyromium erosum, fVahlenb. Lapp. 482. 

Gyrophora erosa, Achar. Melh. 103; Lick. 224; Engl. Bot, 2066.

478 Ue.Gyroph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PLcell.aph. 

On mountains. 

Fibrils flat like shavings of wood. 

6. Gyrophora deusln. Burnt Irain-moss. 

Thallus rather rough, olive-brown, sprinkled with a 

sooty powder; underneath smooth, hollow dotted, pitted, 

naked, similarly coloured; apoihecia flat, plaited in circles, 

afterwards convex, very meandering. 

Lichen flocculosus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3,99. 

Lichen deustus, Lin. S. P. 1618. 

Uinbilicaria flocculosa, Hojfm. Germ. 110. 

Gyrophora deusta, Achar. Metk. 102; Lidi. 225; Engl. Bot. 2483. 


7. Gyrophora pushdat a. Blistered Irain-moss. 

Thallus nipply, greenish-grey ; underneath deeply pitted, 

smooth, naked, pale brownish ; apothecia few, flat, bordered; 

centre rather even, nipply and plaited. 

Lichenoides pustulosum cineieuin et veliiti ambustum, Dillen Musc.22G. 

Lichen pustulattis, Lin. S. P. IGl'T ; Engl. Bot. 1285. 

Lecidea piistulala, Achar, Meth. 85. 

Uoibilicaria piiplniata, Hoffm. Germ. 111. 

Gîrojjhora pustulala, Achar. Lich, 226. 


8. Gyrophora pelliia. Fleecy Irain-moss. 

Thallus smooth, sinuately lobed, brassy-brown; underneath 

black, fibrilled and clothlike; apothecia sessile, at 

length nearly globular, meanderingly plaited. 

Lichenoides pullurn superne et glabrum, inferne nigrum et cirrhosum, 

milen Muse. 226, 

Lichen scalopodora, Ehrh. Crypl. 


Lichen pelliuis, yichar. Prod. 149 ; 

Umbilicaria vellea, Hoffm. Germ. ! 13. 

Gyrophora pellita, Ac/iar. Meth. 103 ; 


Lich. 228. 

Thallus 

neath. 

generally many-leaved, sometimes naked be- 

9. Gyrophora murinn. Mouse brain-moss., 

Thallus rather stifl", mouse- colour, underneath brownblack, 

rough with raised paler spots; apothecia slightly 

convex, circularly and meanderingly plaited. 

Lichen griseus, Achar. in Act. Holm. 1794, 91. 

Lichen murinus, Achar. Prod. 143. 

Gyrophora murina, Achar. Bleth. IIO; Lich. 251. 

On rocks and mountains.

Plcell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 117. Arthon. 479 

G. SpiLOMiDEiE. Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate; apoihecia 

flattish, irregular, not bordered. 

XXVII. 117. ARTHONIA. Acharius. Sprinkled-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apothec'ia 

innate, sessile, roundish, not regular, not bordered, 

deep black, covered with a rather cartilaginous membrane 

parenchyme similar, solid. 

1. Arlhonia Swariziana, Swarlz spr'inkled-moss. 

Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, whitish ; apothecia 

sessile, rather broad, slightly tumid, roundish, turned 

back, irregular, confluent, raised, dotlike, deep black. 

Arlhonia Swartziana, Admr. in Sckrader's Journ. 1,3, 13 ; Engl. Bot. 

2079, 


2. jlrthoma astro'idea. Starred sprmkled-moss. 

Crust membranaceous, white, greenish-grey; apolkecia 

pressed to the thallus, flat, angular, rather stariike, irregular, 

deep black. 

Lichen astroiles, Acliar. Prod. 24. 

Opegrapha radiata, Persoon in Uster. Ann. 7, 29. 

Opegrapiia astroiflea, Achar. Meth. 25; Engl. Bot. 1847. 

Artlionia radiata astroidea, Achar. Lick. 144, 

On the smooth bark of trees. 

3. Arthonia olscura. Dark sprinkled-moss^ 

Crust membranaceous, rather olive-colour ; apothecia, 

small, flat, slightly concave, rather membranaceous, oval,, 

elliptic, and kidneyshape, slightly sunk, wrinkled, deep 

black. 

Lichen obscuru?, Acliar. Prod. 20; Engl. Bot. 1752. 

Opegr.ipha obscnra, Achar. Meth. 22. 

Opegrapha reniformis, Achar. Meth. '23. 

Arthonia obscura a and /3, Achar. Lich. 146. 

On the bark of trees, 

4. Arthonia lyncea. Lynx sprinkled-jnoss. 

Crust thin, rather tartarlike, even, rather cracked, white 

apothecia crowded, flat, slighdy sunk, roundish oblong and 

bent, black with a grey hoar. 

Lichen lynceus, Engl. Bot. S09. 

Lecidea lyncea, Achar. Meth. 52, 

Arthdnia lyncea, Achar. Lich. 147. 

On the bark of old trees.

mo in.Arthon. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PLcell.apk. 

5. Arthona pndnQsa. Hoary sprhikled-moss. 

Crust thin, rather tartarlike, uneven, smooth, cracked 

white ; apothecia flat, sunk, roundish, many-sided, confluent, 

dark brown, with a greenish-white hoar. 

Liclii'ii impolitus, E/ir/i. Crypt.; Engl. Bot. 981. 

Verrucaria impoliia, Hoffm. Germ. 172. 

Parmelia impoliia, Achar. Meth. 160. 

Arthonia pruinosa, Achar. Lich. 147. 

On the bark of trees, especially oaks. 

XXVIII. 118. SPILOMA. Acharius. Spotted-moss. 

Tlialius crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apoihecia 

composed of aggregated corpuscules; mass compact, 

homogeneous, rather mealy, naked, irregular.— DiiFer from 

the nematomycese by the presence of the thallus, and by 

having no flocky threads mingled with the sporse. 

1. SpUoma ium'iduliim. SwoIUm spolled-moss. 

Crust rather cartilaginous, whitish ; apothecia crowded, 

swollen, oblong, irregular, rough, reddish afterwards blackish-brown 

and slightly hoary. 

SpliJEria gregaria, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 22. 

Arilionia tumidula, Achar. in Schrad. Journ. I, 3, 11. 

Spiloma fallax, Achar. Meth. 10. 

Spiloma tumidulum a and /S, Achar. Lich. 136. 


2. Spiloma versicolor. Charigeable spotted-moss. 

Crust rather cartilaginous, powdery, cracked, greyish 

and yellow; apothecia sunk, superficial, roundish, flat, afterwards 

rather convex, confluent, rough, deep black. 

Arthonia versicolor, Achar. in Schrad. Journ. 1,39. 

Spiloma versicolor, ^c/iar.Ivic/«. 138; Engl. Bot. 2016. 


/3. variolomm. Crust leprous, powdery, greyish, rather 

-warty; apothecia hemispherical, crowded, rather confluent, 

deep black. 

Spiloma variolosum, Engl. Bot. 207T. 

Spiloma versicolor variolosum, Achar. Lich. 138. 

3. Spiloma tricolor. Three-colour spotted-moss. 

Crust rather tartarlike, cracked, powdery, white; apothecia 

roundish, convex, aggregated, confluent, red, when 

rubbed yellowish rust-colour. 

Spiloma tuberculosum, Engl. Bot. 255G. 

Spiloma tricolor, ^c/iar. Li'cA. 137. 

On stones and the trunks of trees.

Vl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. us. Spiloma. 481 

4. Spiloma microclonium. Fine-hrmiched spotted-7noss. 

Crust very thin, greepish ; apolhecia bursting forth, small, 

convex, crowded and conflueRt, slightly branched, deep 

black. 

Spiloma microclonium, Achar. Meth. Svppl. 5 ; Engl. Bot. 215(}, 

On old wood. 

5. Spiloma microscopicum. Microscopic spolted-moss^ 

Crust spreading, very thin, membranaceous, greyish 

apothecia very minute, dotlike, black, lead-colour when 

dry. 

Spiloma microscopium, Turner and Burrer in Engl. Bot. 239G. 

On timber-work exposed to the air. 

Thallus scarcel}'^ conspicuous, except by the bluish colour 

it gives to the wood ; opothecia only discernible by a 

powerful microscope, yet stain the fingers black. 

6. Spiloma dispersum. Scattered spotted-moss. 

Crust very thin, film-like, greenish grey; apolhecia dispersed, 

hemispherical, sooty, internally yellowish-green. 

Spiloma dispersum, Turner and Borrer in Engl. But. 2398. 

On old rails, like a greenish stain. 

7. Spiloma decolorans. Staining spotted-moss. 

Crust spreading, very thin, membranaceous, greyish 

white, when rubbed yellowish-green ; apothecia minute, 

flat, confluent, purplish-grey. 

Spiloma decolorans, Turner and Borrer in Engl- Bot. 2399. 

On the bark of oak, on boarded buildings and pales. 

8. Spiloma punclatiim. Doited spotted-moss. 

Crust thin, rather powdery, white; apo/Aecm scattered, 

minute, dotlike, solid, black, with dark-brown hoar. 

Spiloma punctatum, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2472. 

On old oaks. 

G. Calicidije. Thallus crustlike or very thin, uniform; 

apolhecia cupshape, bordered, podicilled, including 

a naked powdery mass forming a flat or convex centre, rather 

solid internally; sporidia very crowded, among the 

powdery mass, accompanied with many twin vesicles, or 

scattered, nestling in the consolidated parenchyme of the 

swollen centre.—Differ from protomycese by the presence of 

a thallus and apothecia ; in very young plants the apothecia 

are covered with a membrane which soon disappears. 

VOL. I. 2 I

482 119.Acolium. 4..CEN0THALAMEiE. PLcell.aph. 

XXIX. 119. ACOLIUM. Acharius. Acolium. 

Tliailus crustlike, flat, expanded, pdnate, uniform ; apoihecia 

cuplike, nearly sessile, cartilaginous, composed of a 

compact powdery mass forming a naked centre, the upper 

part flat or nearly globular. 

1. Acolium tigillare. Rafter acolium. 

Crust in beds, wartlike, rather bald, lemon-yellow ; 

apo- 

thecia sessile, deep black, opake, centi-e flat, border swollen. 

Lichen tigiUaris, Achat: Prod. 67 ; 

"Lecideii tigillaris, Achar. Meth. 46 ; 

On old timber-work. 


Lich. 164. 

2. ylcoUum tympanellum. Little-drum acolium, 

Crust cartilaginous, smooth, afterwards rather warty, 

uneven, gray ; apothecia sessile, black, centre flat, with a 

o-reyish hoar; border thin, even with the centre. 

Liclien inqtiinans, Engl. Bot. 810. 

Calicium tympanellum, Achar. Meth. 89 ; 

Lich. 233. 

On timber-work. 

When touched stains the fingers black. 

3. JcoUum stigonellum. 

Dimpled acolium. 

Crust scarcely cracked, uneven, whitish, or 0; apothecia 

sessile, nearly globular, black, bald ; centre dotlike, afterwards 

flattish, opake; border thin, naked. 

Liclien gelasinatus, Withering Bot.Arr. 4. 

Lecidea gelasinata, Achar. Meth. 33. 

Sphaerocarpus sessilis, Ehrh. Crypt. 320. 

Spha^ria spliinclerica, Sowerby BrU. Fungi, 386, 1. 

Calicium sessile, Fersoon Tent, Fung. Suppl. 59. 

Calicium stigonellum, Achar. Meth. 88; Lich, 232. 

On the bark of oak-trees, and on the crust of porina per- 

tusa. 

XXX. 120. PHACOTRUM. Acharius. Phacotrum. 

Tkallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apothecia 

podicilled, centre powdery, flat or globular, border 

prominent.—The centre of the apothecia sometimes falling 

out, they are left hollow. 

1. Phacotrum microcephalum. Small-headed phacotrum. 

Crust rather tartarlike, not broken, wrinkled, olivecolour 

; apothecia nearly globular, black, shining ; centre 

depressed, opake ; podicils short, similar in colour. 

Lichen microcephalus, Engl. Bot. 1865. 

Calicium microcephalum, Achar. Syn. Lich. 57,8. 

On oak-wood.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME.E. 120.Phacotr. 483 

2. Phacotrum claviculare. Nail-head phacotrum. 

Crjist spreading, granular, slightly powdery, greyish; 

apothecia nearly globular, afterwards lentilshape, greyishblack; 

poc?2a7^ cylindrical, thickish, black. 

Lichen clavicularis, Engl. Bot. 1465. 

Caliciuni salicinum, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 20. 

Calicium claviculare, Achar. Meth. 90; Lich. 234. 

On beams, rafters, and the bark of old trees. 

3. Phacotrum sphcBrocephalmn. Round-head phacotrum. 

Crust very thin, smooth, greyish ; apothecia nearly lentilshape 

; centre brownish, edge greyish ; podicils threadlike, 

black. 

Coralloides fungiforme arboreum nigrum, vix crusfosum, Dillen Muse, 

78. 

Mucor lichenoides, Lin. S. P. 1655. 

Lichen sphi3erocephalus, Swart. N. Act. Ups. 4 ; 

Trichia lichenoides, Sibth. Oxon. 406. 

Clathrus cinereus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 631 


Calicium claviculare sphaeroceplialum, Achar. Lich, 255. 

Calicium sphserocephalum, Achar. Meth. 91. 

On palings. 

4. Phacotrum hispidulum. Roughish phacotrum^ 

Crust thin, greenish ; apothecia cupshape, as well as the 

centre roughish with a flocklike rust-coloured powder. 

Calicium trachelinum hispidiilum, Achar. Lich. 237. 


5. Phacotrum hypereUum. Bark phacotrum. 

Crust cartilaginous, wrinkled in beds, bald, greenishyellow; 

apothecia lentilshape, rust-colour, powdery; podicils 

thick, cylindrical, pitch-black, thickest at bottom. 

Lichen hypereUum, Achar. Prod. 85; Engl. Bot. 18S2, 

Calicium hypereUum, Achar. Meth. 93 ; Lick. 237. 


Sporidia combined in pairs. 

/3. roscidum. Crust granularly wrinkled, greenish or 

greyish; apothecia lentilshape, with a rust-colour powder, 

underneath greyish, afterwards irregular, conglomerated i 

podicils thick, short, black. 

Lichen graniformis, Dickson Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot. 1464. 

Calicium claviculare roscidum, Achar. Meth. 90. 

Calicium hypereUum roscidum, Achar. Lich. 238. 

On the bark of trees, and timber-worka 

2 I 2

484 120. Phacotr. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PI. cell, aph, 

6. Phacolntm chrysocephalum. Gold-head phacotrum. 

Crust granular, conglomerated, lemon-yellow; apothecia 

nearly topshape ; centre convex, umbei'-brown ; border 

yellow, powdery; underneath naked, black, shining; podic'lls 

threadlike, brassy, powdery. 


Liclien chrysoceplialus, I'urner in Lin. Tr, 7, 88 ; 

Calicium clilorellum elatiniim, Achar. Meth. 95, 

Caliciiim clirysocephalum a. and ;S, Jlchar. Meth. Suppl, 15 ; Lich. 239. 

On old wood, walls, and the bark of trees. 

7. Phacotrum trahinellum. Board phacotrum. 

Crust thin, greyish-white; apothecia at last lentilshape, 

centre black-brown, with a grey hoar ; border yeUowgreen. 

CaVic'mm tra.h\i)e\\um, Achar. 3Ieth. SuppL 15. 

Lichen trabinellus, Engl. Bot. 1540. 

Calicium claviculare iS and y, /Ichar. Lich. 255. 

Calicium xylonellum trabinellum, Achar. Meth. 95. 

Calicium chlorellum trabinellum, Wahl. Lapp. 487. 

On boarded buildings. 

8. Phacotrum canthereJIum. Beam phacotrum. 

Crust thin, whitish, rather powdery; apothecia lentilshape 

; centre flesh-colour afterwards reddish, with a white 

hoar; podicils threadlike, naked, pale, growing brownish 

and black. 

Lichen cantherellus, Achar. Prod. 85, 

Calicium pallidum, Persoon in Ust.Ann. 7,20. 

Calicium cantherellum, Achar. Meth. 96; Engl, Bot. 2557. 

Calicium peronellum, Achar. Meth. 96. ^ 

Calicium cantharellurn a and /3, Achar. Lich. 240. 

On rotten wood and the bark of old trees. 

9. Phacotrum ferrugineum. Rust-colour phacotrum. 

Crust thin, granular, tartarlike, rusty-white; apothecia 

thick, black, often conglomerate ; centre pale rust-colour 

podicils short. 

Calicium ferrugiuf um, Engl. Bot. 2473. 

On pales, 

10. Phacotrum ceruginosum. Verdigris phacotrum. 

Crust thin, tartarlike, rather granulated, verdigris-grey; 

apothecia black, hemispherical, centre very convex, brownish-black 

; podicils slender black. 

Calicium aeruînosum, Engl. Dot. 2502. 

On old boards.

Pl.cellaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 120. Phacotr. 485 

11. Phacotrum curturn. Short phacotrum. 

Crust very thin, filmlike, whitish; apothecia reverse eggshape 

or hemispherical, black ; centre covered with black, 

loose, powdery; podicils thick, black. 

Calicium curtum, Turn, and Borr. in Engl, Bot. 2503. 

On decaying wood in shady places. 

^XXI. 121. STRONGYLIUM. Acharius. Sirongijle. 

Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate, uniform; apothecia cupshape, 

podicilled, cartilaginous; centre swollen, nearly 

globular, running over the edge, formed of a compact 

powdery mass. 

1. Strongylium cup'itellalum. Headed stronoyle. 

Crust spreading, powdery, yellowish-green ; apothecia 

globular ; podicils threadlike, very long, bent, greenishyellow. 

Miicor furfuraceus, Z/zn. S. P. 1655. 

Lichen capilatus, Acluir. Prod. 86; Engl. Bot. 1639. 

Calicium sulphureiim, Schrad. Krypt. 

Caliciura furFiiracenm, Persoon 2'ent. Fung. Suppl, 60. 

Clathrus virescens, Hudson Fl.yJng!. 632. 

Trichia furfuracea, Witliering Bot. Arr. 4, 398. 

Calicium capitellatum, Achar. Meth. 98; Lick. 241. 

On stones, the ground, and rotten roots of plants. 

2. Strongylium aciculare. Pin strongyle. 

Crust leprous, powdery, pale greenish-j'ellow ; apothecia 

hemispherical globular, brown, powdery; podicils slender 

at bottom. 

Mucor fulvus, Lin. S. P. 1655. 

Lichen fulvus, Schviarlz in N. Act. Ups. 4. 

Lichen acicularis, Achar. Prod. 85 ; Engl. Prod. 2385. 

Calicium aciculare, Achar. Meth. 98 ; Lich. 242. 

On the bark of dry roots and dead branches. 

3. Stro?igylium dehile. JVeak strongyle. 

Crust membranaceous, very thin, white; apothecia black, 

convex; edge turned back; podicils long, slender, wavy, 

black. 

Coralloides fungiforme arboreuui nigrum, vix cruslosum, Dillen Muse. 

18. 

Calicium debile, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2462. 

On old timber, especially under thatched roofs.

486 5. IDIOTHALAME^. P/. cell aph. 

Fam.V. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. Mganim pars, Um^. 

Lichenum pars, Jussieu, Acharius. 

Thallus crustlike or leatherlike; sporidia scattered, innate 

in the substance, and in a nucleus or proligerous flake 

covered by the thallus, or by a single or double perithecmm.~ThaUus 

perennial, terrestrial, or parasitical; greenish 

or becoming so when wetted ; absorbing water by the sur- 

face, and transmitting it to all parts. 

'A. Thallus Icalherlike, shrublike; apothecia tubercular 

perithecium 0. Rhizomorphidae. 

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, 

branched, shrublike, upriglit SpHiERoPHORON. 122» 

Thallus crustlike, membranaceous, 

branched, creeping, prostrate Rhizomorpha. 123. 

B. Thallus crusil'ike ; apothecia jvart like ; perithecium 

distinct. Variolaridee. 

Thallus crustlike Variolaria. 124. 

C. Thallus crust like ; apothecia wartlike; perithecium 

distinct. Porinida. 

Nucleus single 

perithecium simple, black Pyrenula. 125* 

Nucleus simple; perithecium double, 

first thick, second membranaceous. . . Thelotrema. 126. 

Nucleus mostly single, covered ; 

perithecium simple Porina. 127. 

D. Thallus crustlike; apothecia round, not bordered; 

perithecium distinct. Vcrrucaridse. 

Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous, 

perithecium double Lejophlea. 128. 

Thallus crustlike, cracked in beds, 

or powdery; perithecium double Lithocia. 129. 

Thallus soft, towlike, spongy or 

cobwebby; perithecium Aovihlc Inoderma. 130. 

Thallus leaflike or shieldlike; 

perithecium single Endocarpon. 131.

Pl.cell.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 487 

E. Tliallus crustlike J apothecia Jiat, hordered, linear. 

Opegraphidae. 

Periihecium simple Graphis. 132. 

yipothecia hollow, grooved or flat; 

edges open ; perithecium Alexoria. 133. 

Apotkccia slitlike ,• edges swollen 

perithecium . . . Hystekina. 134. 

A. RHizoMORPHiDiE. Tliallus leatherlike, shrubby; 

apothecia tubercular; perithecitini 0. 

I. 122. SPHiEROPHORON. Persoon. Ball-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, branched, shrublike; 

inside towlike, rather solid ; apothecia nearly globular, 

sessile, terminating the branches of the thallus, and formed 

of it, which tearing open shows a black, powdeiy, globular 

mass included with it. 

1 SphcErophoron coralloides. Coral-like hall-moss. 

Thallus pale chestnut, scarcely divided; branches lateral, 

long, weak, divaricated, forked, pointed, fibrilled; apothecia 

nearly globular, smooth. 

Lichenoides rou tubulosum, ramulis scufellis nigris terminatis, Dillen in 

Rail Syn. 66, 13. 

Lichen globiferus, Lin. Mant. 133. 

Lichen globosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1, 460. 

Lichen fragilis j8, Huds. Fl. Angl. 558. 

Stereocaulon globiferum, Hojfin. Germ. 151. 

, Sphaerophoron coralloides, îcAar. Me

4-88 133.Pthizomor. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PL cell apk. 

Lichenoides non (ubulosurn ramosissimum, fruticuli specie, cinereo- 

fuscura, liaii Si/n. 65, 10. 

Lichen fragilis, Lin. S. P. 1621 ; Engl. Bot. 114. 

Lichen inelanoc;ari)o:-, Sieariz Incl Ocdcl. 147. 

Sphaerophoron comprcssuii), Achar. Met/u 135; Lich. 586. 

On rocks and heaths in mountainous places. 

II. 123. RHIZOMORPHA. Hoot-ojioss. 

Tlialhis cartilaginous, membranaceous, cylindrical, 

branched repeatedly, creeping, prostrate, inside towlike 

fibrous; apotliecia globular, sessile, frequently conglomerated, 

formed of the cortical part of the thallus, opening 

irregularly, filled with powder. 

1. Rhizomorpha subcoriicalis. Bark root-moss. 

Thallus compressed, blackish-brown, shining; branches 

scattered, anastomosing in a network; apothecia conglomerate. 

Fimgoidcs q. Fungus niger compiessus, varie divaricatus et implexus, 

ir.fer lignum et cortieem, Rail Syn. 15,9. 

Lichen aidffih.s, Humboldt Fl. Fiib. 33. 

Clavaria phijsphorea, Sowerhi) Fungi, 100. 

Rhizomorpha fragilis, Rot/i Cat. Bot. 1,252. 

Rliizoiiiorpha subcoriicalis, Persoun Syn. Fung. 704. 

On the trunks of dead trees, especially firs; also in 

cellars. 

Thallus luminous in the dark, at the ends of the branches. 

/3. pate7is. Thallus dilated, broad, compressed. 

Rhizomorplia patens, Sowerhy Engl. Fungi, 392, 1 and 2. 

2. Rhizoinorpha spinosa. 

' 

Thorny root-moss. 

Thallus cylindrical, slightly compressed, spinous, dull- 

branches scattered, frequently ai:iastomosing. 

brown ; 

Clavaria hypoxylon, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,404. 

IlhizoiJiorph.i spinosa, Achar, Lich. 5SS; Suiccrby Fungi, S99. 

In lead^mines. 

3. Rhizomorpha sulterranea. . Underground root-moss. 

Thallus cylindrical, bald, black, very much branched 

branches and twigs crowded, pointed, free. 

Lichen radiciformis, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 2, 964. 

U.-nea radicifoniiis, Sco^'o.V DwA'. 1,95. 

Rhizomorpha subterranea, Acliar. Lich. 588. 

On half-rotten wood and stones in mines. 

4. Pihizomorpha dichotoma. Forked root-moss. 

Thallus cylindrical, greenish-brown; branches forked, 

spreading, long, cylindrical, naked, free. -

Pl.celLaph. 4. IDIOTHALAME^. ISS.Rhizom. 489 

Clavaria hypoxylon 2, Withering Bot, Arr. ^,AOi, 

Rhizomorpha dicbotoina, Jtchar. Lic/i. 589; Sowerby Fungi, 298. 

In mines. 

5. Rhizomorpha setiformis. Bristlelike root-moss. 

Tkallus cylindrical, very slender, black, shining, scarcely 

branched, tips divided. 

Lichen hippotrichoides, Weher Germ. 231. 

Usnea hippotrichoides, Hoffm. Germ. 137. 

Rhizomorpha setiformis, Achar, Lich. 589; Persoon Syn. Fung. 705. 

On dead fallen fir-leaves. 

6. Rhizomorpha tuberculosa. Tubercular root-moss. 

Thallus threadlike, slightly compressed, not branched; 

apothecia scattered, globular, acuminated, deep black. 

Lichen setosus, Leyser Fl. Halens, 1171. 

Hypoxjliim loculiferum ? BuUinrd Herb. 

llhizomorpha setiformis tuberciilata, Achar. Lich. 589. 

On wood long kept in cellars. 

7. Rhizomorpha Stokesii. Stokes' root-moss. 

Thallus dull foxy-brown, compressed ; branches divari- 

cated, rounded, blunt. 

Rhizomorpha Stokesii, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 430. 

On chalk-pits. 

Thallus flat, netlike, entangled, sometimes covered with 

the chalk. 

8. Rhizomorpha Harrimanni. Harrimans root-moss. 

Thallus dull-brown ; main stems irregularly angular, 

brittle; covering cracking transversely; branches long, 

wavy. 

Rhizomorpha Harrimanni, Soiverby Eng. Fungi, 431, 1. 

In mines. 

Thallus resembles bugle-trimming; inside white, cottony, 

tough. 

9. Rhizomorpha variegata. Variegated root-moss. 

Thallus long, round, nearly of uniform thickness 

branches in bundles, lighter coloured ; twigs still lighter, 

silky. 

Rhizomorpha variegata, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 431,2. 

Under ground. 

Thallus crowded ; 

pith scarcely any.

490 123.Iihizom. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PLcell.apL 

10. Rhhomorpha Martim. Martinis root-iyioss, 

Thallus brown, brittle, woody, in round threads branching 

in all directions, serpentine, hairlike and matted. 

Rhizomorpha Martini, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 431, 3. 

In mines. 

11. Rhizomorpha meduUaris. Pith root-moss. 

Thallus cylindrical, very much branched, inside snowwhite; 

cellules yellowish. 

Rhizomorplia medullaris. Smith in Lin. Tr. 12. 

In an old well upon boards. 

B. VAuioLARiDiE. TAo/Z;/5 crustlike ; opo/Ziecfa wartlike ; 

perithecium 0. 

III. 124. VARIOLARIA. Persoon. Smallpox-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, uniform ; apolhecia 

wartlike, formed of the thallus, most commonly sorediumlike, 

slightly bordered, white; nucleus naked and without 

a perithecium, compressed, cellular, hidden in the substance 

of the wart, and usually covered with the thalluSj 

sometimes becomes uncovered. Soredia very numerous. 

1 Variolaria velata. Veiled smallpox-moss. 

Crust regular, rather cartilaginous, bald, very white, 

nearly radiately plaited ; apolhecia smooth, compressed, 

swollen ; nucleus rather lentilshape, covered above with a 

thin powdery veil. 

Parmelia velata. Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 143. 

Lichen velalus, Engl. Bot. 5^062. 

Variolaria velata, Jchar. Lich. 319. 


2. Variolaria mullipimcta. Dotted smallpox-moss. 

Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked in beds, granular, 

greyish ; apothecia convex, crowded, granulated ; nucleus 

lentilshape, enclosed. 

Variolaria multipuncta, Turner in Lin, Tr. 9, 137; yichar, Lich. 321 

Lichen multipunctus, l^ngl. Bot. 2061. 


3. Variolaria globuli/'era. Globule smallpox-moss. 

Crust rather cartilaginous, greyish, sprinkled irregularly 

with granules and soredia, uneven ; apothecia nearly glo- 

bular, bald, becoming depressed above, bearing soredia 

nucleus concave, enclosed.

Pl.cellnph. 5.1DI0THALAME^. 1 24^. Variolar. 49t 

Variolaria globulifera, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 139 ; 

Lichen globuliferus, Engl. Bot. 2008. 


Achar. Lich. 322. 

4. Variolaria communis. Common smallpox-moss. 

Crust cartilaginous, smooth, whitish, growing uneven 

and grey, sprinkled with white, unbordered soredia;^ 

apothecia sphseroid, powdery; nucleus rather membranaceous, 

flattish, pale, at length becoming naked. 

Variolaria communis, Achar. Lich. 322. 

On the bark of trees, old wood and stones. 

Thallus nearly insipid, varying from white to grey according 

to the age; soredia nearly globular, convex or flat. 

/3. orhiculata. Crust thin, granular, rather radiately 

cracked, marked with zones, grayish-white; soredia cen- 

tral and scattered, flattish, scarcely bordered, similar in 

colour. 

Verrucaria orbiculata, Hoffm.Germ. 170. 

Lichen pallescens ? Wulf, inJacq. Coll. 3. 

Variolaria orbiculata, Achar. Meth. 13. 

Variolaria communis orbiculata, Achar. Lich. 323. 

On wood and barked trees. 

y.Jhginea. Crust rather spreading, bald, wrinkled and 

cracked, whitish ; soredia heratspherical, scattered, not bordered, 

rather solid, powdery, very white. 

Lichen fagineus, Lin. S. P. 1608. 

Variolaria faginca, Persoon in Usler Ann. 1 ; Achar. Meth. 12. 

Verrucaria tubercularia, Hoffm. Germ. 170. 

Variolaria communis fagiuea, Achar. Lich. 323. 

On the bark of trees, especially on beech, also on stones. 

^. aspergilla. Crust tartarlike, cartilaginous, regular,, 

greenish; circumference smooth, cracked in rays; soredia 

scattered, superficial, flat, very slightly bordered, whiter 

than the thallus. 

Variolaria aspergilla, Achar. Meth. 13 ; Lich. 325 ; Engl. Bot. 2401. 


5. Variolaria amara. Bitter smallpox-moss. 

Crust wrinkled, cracked, uneven, rather powdery white, 

slightly greyish ; apothecia pressed close, plano-concave, 

bordered, bearing soredia, similar in colour to the thallus. 

Lichen fagineus, Engl. Bot. 1713. 

Variolaria amara, Achar. Lich. 324, 

On the bark of trees.

492 124. Variolar. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.apfu 

Thalhi.s very bitter, like Peruvian bark, not immediately 

perceptible, but extremely permanent ; nucleus not yet 

found. 

|3. dlscoidea. Crust powdery, whitish then greyish, naked; 

soredia very crov/ded, then dilated, wavy, plano-concave; 

border raised, swollen. 

Lichenoides cantlidum et farinaceum, scutellis fere planis, Dillen Muse. 

131. 

Lichen discoideu?, Engl. Bot. 1714. 

Variolaria discoideus, Achar. Meth. 14. 

Lichen albescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 529. 

Lichen carpi neiis, Light/. Scot. b09. 

Variolaria ainara discoidâ, Achar. Lich. S2o. 


6. Variolaria lactea. Milky smallpox-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, regular, cracked in beds, smooth, milky, 

circumference slightly radiated and crenately lobed ; apothecia 

crowded, bordered ; above very white, powdery. 

Lichen lac(eus, Lin. Mant. 132; Engl Bot. 2410. 

Variolaria lactea, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7 ; Achar. Meth. 14 ; Lich. 321. 


Nucleus not yet discovered. 

7. Fariolaria corallina. Coralline smallpox-ynoss. 

Crust tartarlike, cracked, white, frequently nipply, 

branched; apothecia hemispherical, rather depressed at 

top ; nucleus lentilshape, covered above with a thin powdery 

veil. 

Lichen dealbatus, Achar. Prod. 29. 

Isidiuin corallinum, Achar. Meth. 138. 

Variolaria dealbata, Dc Cand. FL Fr. 2,525; Engl. Z?of. S519. 

Variolaria corallina, Achar. Lich. 319. 


Barren apothecia whiter and more convex, contain no 

nucleus. 

8. Variolaria griseo-virens. Greyish-green smallpox-moss. 

Crust elliptical, thin, slightly tartarlike, rugged, grey, 

scarcely limited ; apothecia roundish, narrow-bordered 

soredia greenish. 

Variolaria g: iseo-virens, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2400. 

On the bark of birch and cherry trees.

PLcelLaph. 5.IDIOTHALAMEiE. 12^. Variolar. 493 

9. Variolaria cinerea. Grey smallpox-moss. 

Crust round, tartarlike, thin, ash-coloilr, cracked; cir- 

cumference indeterminate ; 

apothecia orbicular, verj small, 

white, edge raised, soredia white. 

Variolaria cinerea, Engl. But, 24) l._ 

On whin stone. 

C. PoRiD.E. Thallus crustlike; apothecia wartshape; 

perilhecmm distinct. 

IV. 125. PYRENULA. Acharius. Nut-moss, 

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo- 

thecia wartshape, formed of the thallus, enclosing or surrounding 

at the base a single thalamium, with a simple, 

thick, black, nippled perithecium covering a globular, cellbearing 

throughout nucleus. 

a. apothecia open at the mouth, or surrounding a naked 

thalamium. 

1 Pyrenula umhonata. Button nut-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, regular, very finely cracked, greyishred; 

apothecia bald, reddish, rather depressed above, slightly 

surrounding the rather prominent, nipplelike opening of 

the thalamium. 

Vernicaria thelostoma, Achar.in Winch. Bot. Guide, 2,44. 

Lichen thelostomus, Engl. Bot. 2\53. 

Pyrenula umbonata, Achar. Lich. 316. 

On whinstone. 

b. apothecia closed, strictly surrounding the prominent 

nipple, or thalamium, hut without forming a lorder. 

2. Pyrenula tessellata. Tessellated nut-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, uneven, cracked in beds, yellowish-grey 

apothecia enlarged at bottom, depressed, closed, strictly 

surrounding the prominent part of the thalamium, which 

is terminated above by a slightly bordered mouth. 

Lichen tessellatus, Engl. Bot. 533, 

Verrucaria fuscelJa viridula, Achar. Lich. 290. 

Verrucaria tessellata, Achar. Melh. 115 ; Lich, 2S9, 

Pyrenula tessellata, Achar. Sjn. 126. 

On brick-walls and stones.

454 125.Pyrenula. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. Plcell.aph. 

3. Pyrenula nigrescens. Blackish nut-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, slightly cracked, uneven, brownishblack 

; apothecia enlarged at bottom, depressed, rather 

wrinkled, closed, strictly surrounding the greatest part of" 

the prominent, nipplelike thalamium. 

Lichen umbrinus, Achar. Prod. 14; Engl. Bot. 1499. 

Verrucaria umbrina, Achar. Meth. 122. 

Verrucaria atitiquitatis, Florkc in Berl, Mag. 1807, 1, 17, 

Pyrenula nigrescens, Achar. Sijn. 126. 

On stones. 

V. 126. THELOTREMA. Acharius. Opeii-wart-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate, 

uniform ; apothecia wartshape, formed of the thallu^, open, 

bordered; thalamium single, enclosed in the wart; perithecia 

double; one halved above, thick, black, seldom want- 

the other very thin, membranaceous, sometimes alone, 

ing ; 

or broken above ; surrounding a compressed, cellular, 

slightly streaked nucleus, placed in the bottom of the wart. 

1. Thelotrema lepadinum. Barnacle open-iv art-moss. 

Crust smooth, whitish ; apothecia smooth, nearly conoid, 

edge of the opening thin, simple, rather bent inwards, contracted 

; bottom covered with a membrane which becomes 

torn. 

Lichen inclusus, Engl. Bot. 678. 

Lichen lepadinns, Achar. Prod. 30. 

Thelotrema lepadinum, Achar. Meth. 132 ; Lich. 312. 


2. Thel. exanthematicum. Eruptive open-wart-moss. 

Crust rather tartarlike, thin, not cracked, greyish ; apo- 

thecia convex, half sunk, whiter; opening half closed, 

radiately cracked, becomes gaping ; bottom veiled, yellow- 

ish flesh-colour. 

Lichen volvatus, Villars Delph. 55. 

Lichen exanthcraaticus, Smith in Lin. 2V. 1,81 ; Engl. Bot. 1184. 

Urceolaria exanthematica, Achar. Meth. 146. 

Thelotrema exanthematica, Achar. Lich. 313. 

On rocks, especially limestone. 

Habit peculiar, but seems most referable to this geniis. 

3. Thelotrema agelcBum. Inelegant ope?i-wart-moss. 

Crust white, rather powdery, or sprinkled with very 

small granules or soredia; apothecia pressed close, few, 

slightly sunk in the crust.

Pl.cell.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. 126.Thelotr. 495 

Lichen argenu?, Achur. Prod. 8. 

Lichen agelaeus, Achar. Prod. 30; Engl. Bat. 1923. 

Urceolaria agelaea, Achar. Meth. 150, 

Lecidea argena, Aehar. Meth. 74. 

Lecanora verrucosa jS and y, Achar. Lich. 355. 

TheloJrema variolarioides agclaeum, Achar. in Act. Stockh. 33, 149, 

On the bark of old poplars and firs. 

yi. 127. PORINA. Acharius. Callus-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate, 

luiiform ; apothecia wartlike, formed of the thallus, not 

bordered; thalamium one or more, hidden within the substance 

of the wart; periihecium simple, very thin, membranaceous, 

transparent ; opening on the surface of the wart, 

coloured, thick; nucleus nearly globular, cellular, vesiclebearing. 

1. Forina periusa. Pierced callus-moss. 

Crust smooth, even, greyish white ; apothecia nearly globular, 

openings many, depressed, black. 

Lichenoides verrucosum et riigosum, cinereum, glabrum, Dillen Muse 

128. 

Lichen pertusus, Lin. Mant. 131 ; Engl. Bot. 67T. 

Endocarpon pertusum, Wahlenb. Lapp, 459. 

Sphaeria melanostoma, Bern, in Romer Archiv. 4, 10. 

Thelotreina pertusum, Achar. Meth. 131. 

Porina pertusa, Achar. Lich. 308. 

On the bark of the trunks of trees. 

2. Porina hymenea. Maidenhead callus-moss. 

Crust greyish, growing uneven; apothecia hemispherical, 

at length irregular, angular; openings many, cracked, 

widening. 

Lichen pertusus, Wiilf. inJacq. Coll. 2, 181. 

Lichen hyrneneus, Achar. Prod. 80; Engl. Bot, 1731. 

Thelotrema hymeneum, Achar. Meth. 133, 

Porina lejoplaca hymenea, Achar. Lich. 310. 

Porina fallax hymenea, Achar. Syn. 120. 

On the bark of old oak-trees. 

D. VERRUcARiDiE. Thollus crustlike ; apothecia round, 

without any border ; perithecium distinct. 

VII. 128. LEJOPHLEA. Acharius. Smooth-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, cartilaginous, 

membranaceous, not cracked, smooth; apothecia 

with a nearly globular hemispherical thalamium, innate at

49a 128. Lejoph. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. Fl. cell. aph. 

bottom in the thallus ; perithecia double ; the exterior rather 

cartilaginous, thick, hard, halved, with a nipple or 

opening above; the interior very thin, membranaceous, 

entirely enclosing a nearly globular, vesicular, cellular 

nucleus. 

1. Lejophlea puncl'iformis. Dotlike smooih-'inoss. 

Crust very thin, rather regular, smooth, brownish ; apo- 

iJiecia small, hemispherical, nearly globular ; raoutlis 

scarcely open ; nucleus globular, white. 

Lichen punctiformls, Achar. Prod. 18; Engl. Bot. 2412. 

Veirucaria puucliformis, Acliar. Meth. 119: Lich, 27-1. 

On smooth bai'ks of trees. 

2. Lejophlea analepta. Strengthening smooih-moss. 

Crust membranaceous, rather irregular, shining, olive; 

apothecia nearly sessile, scattered, hemispherical, conoid, 

nipplelike; nucleus compressed, nearly membranaceous, 

white. 

Lichen analeptus, ^cA«r. Pj-0(7. 15; Engl. Bot. i8i8. 

Verrucaria olivacea, Persoonin Uster Ann. 7,28. 

Verrucaria analepta, Achar. Meth. 119; Lich. 275. 

On bark of trees, especially beeches. 

3. Lejophlea stigynatella. Small-dot smooih-moss. 

Crust thin, cartilaginous, membranaceous, smooth, growing 

cracked, whitish ; apothecia small, hemispherical, crowded, 

nearly confluent ; mouths extremely small ; nucleus 

globular, greyish. 

Lichen stigmatellus, Achar. Prod. 15 ; 

Verrucaria cinerea, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 28. 

Verrucaria stigmaiella, Achar. Meth. 117 ; Lich. 276. 

On the smooth bark of trees. 


4. Lejophlea gemmata. Gemmed smooih-moss. 

Crust spreading, thin, smooth, silvery white ; apothecia 

scattered, hemispherical, nipplelike, shining; nucleus ôbular, 

transparent. 

Lichen melaleucus, Engl. Bot. 24fi. 

Verrucaria alba, Schrad. Germ. 109, 

Verrucaria melaleuca, ^câr. il/e

PLcell.uph. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. 129. Lithocia. 4.07 

Vlir. 129. LITHOCIA. Acharius. Stone-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, nearly tartarlike, unbroken, cracked 

in beds, or powdery, flat, expanded, adiiate, uniform; apo- 

thecia with a nearly globular hemispherical thalamium, innate 

at botton\ in the thallus ; perithecium double, the exterior 

nearly cartilaginous, thick, black, halved above, with 

a nipple or mouth; the interior very thin, membranaceous; 

enclosing all around a nearly globular, vesicular, cellular 

nucleus. 

1. Lithocia Schraderi. Schrader*s sione-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, unbroken, whitish ; opothecia small, 

crowded, sunk, nearly globular; inside dirty- white, transparent. 

Lichen Schraderi, Achar. Prod. 13; Engl. Bot. 1711. 

Lichea immersus, Hoffni. lAch. 24. 

Verrucaria itnmersa, Persoon in Uster. Ann, 1. 

Verrucaria rupestris, Schrader Germ. 109. 

Verrucaria Schraderi, ^cAar. ilfe

498 129.Lithocia. 5.IDI0THALAME^. Pl.celLaph. 

r 5. Lithocia maura. Blackmoor stone-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, thin, smooth, very much cracked, verydeep 

black ; apothecia minute, nearly globular, immersed 

tip umbilicated, prominent ; m/c/ez« blackish. 

. Crust 

Verrucaria maura, Achar. Meth, Suppl. 19; Lich, 291. 

Lichen maurus, Engl. Bot. 2456. 

On rocks and stones near the seaside. 

6. Lithocia striatula. Fiiie-streaked stone-moss. 

figured, shrublike, bordered with greenish-black, 

beds rather separate, branched, radiating; apothecia conoid, 

afterwards slightly concave above, bordered ; nucleus dot- 

like, transparent. 

Verrucaria striatula, Achar. Meth, Suppl. 21 ; Lich. 293. 

)3. acroteUa Beds of the crust dispersed, irregular, 

blackish-brown. 

Verrucaria acrotella, Achar. Meth. 123. 

Lichen acrotellus, £n^/. Bof. 1712. 

Verrucaria striatula acrotella, Achar. Lich, 293. 

On flint-stones. 

IX. 130. INODERMA. Acharius. Toiu-moss. 

Thallus soft, towlike, rather spongy, or thin cobwebby, 

adnate; apothecia containing a nearly globular or hemispherical 

thalamium, innate at bottom in the thallus; perithecium 

double, the external rather cartilaginous, thick, 

black, halved above, with a nipple or mouth ; the interior 

very thin, membranaceous; including all around a nearly 

globular, vesicular, cellular nucleus. 

1. Inoderma epigea. Above-ground toiu-moss.. 

Thallus thin, nearly fibrous, uneven, pale yellowish 

apothecia very small, globular, sunk ; mouth prominent, 

inside black. 

Sphairia epigea, Persoon Syn. Fung. App. 27. 

Verrucaria epigea, Achar. Meth. 123 ; Lich. 295, 

On muddy ground. 

2. Inoderma lyssacea. Byssus tow-moss. 

Thallus rather leprous, cobwebby, dirty white ; apothecia. 

very small, nearly globular, half-sunk, pierced, inside 

black. 

Sphffiria byssacea, Persoon Syn. Fung. App. 32. 

Verrucaria byssacea, Achar. Meth. 116; Lich, 294. 


Plcell.npli. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. 131. Endocarp. 499 

X. 131. ENDOCARPON. Hedwig. Hidden-fndt. 

Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate, rather regular, or leaflike, 

and peltate ; apothecia composed of a gloi3ular thalamium 

hidden in the substance of the thallus; peritkecium single, 

membranaceous, thin, transparent, with a thick, nearly 

nippleUke prominent mouth, at the surface of the thallus 

and enclosing a globular nucleus, nearly similar to the 

thallus. 

1 Endocarpon sinopicum. Jasper hidden-fndt. 

Thallus crustlike, cracked in beds, slightly lobed, greenish, 

rusty, circumference depressed ; moulhs depressed, 

black. 

Endocarpon Sinopicum, Jchar. Meth. Supp. 30; Lich. 297. 

Lichen Sinopicus, Engl, But. 1776, but not the magnified figure. 

On slate. 

2. Endocarpon smaragdulum. Emerald hidden-fndt. 

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, rather leaflike, very 

small, slightly peltate, flat, pressed close, rounded, not 

cut, yellowish-green ; mouths depressed, reddish-brown. 

Endocarpon smaragdulum, ^char. Meih. Supp. S9 ; 

Lichen smaragdulus, Engl. Bot. 1512. 

On rocks, and in their cracks. 

Lich, 298. 

3. Endocarpon tephroides. Ash- colour- hidden-fndt. 

Thallus crustlike, membranaceous, spreading, rather 

leaflike, unbroken, wavy, frequently tiledlike, cracked, ashgrey, 

hoary; circumference -i'regular, crenately lobed, underneath 

black, rather spongy; mouths raised, convex, 

black, pierced. 

Lichen tephroides, Achar. Prod. 18; Engl. Bot, 2013. 

Endocarpon cinereum, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,28. 

Endocarpon tephroides, ^cAar. Jlfe

50G 131. Endocai-p. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PL cell. apL 

5. Endocarpon Hedwigii. Hedwig^s hidden-fruit. 

Thallus nearly cartilaginous, roundish, cornered and 

lobed, olive-colour; underneath at the edge paler, grow 

blackish, fibrilled; mouths I'ather prominent, blackish 

brown. 

Lichen trapeziformis, Dickson Crypt. 2,22; Engl. Bot. 595. 

Lichen Endocarpon, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,52. 

Endocarpon bepaticum a and jS, Achar. Lich. 298, 299. 

Endocarpon pusillum, Hedwig. Crypt. 2, 56. 

Endocarpon Hedwigii, Achar. Meth. 125; Lich. 298. 

On barren heaths and the sides of mountains. 

Thallus scarcely discernible except in wet weather, various 

in colour, both above and beneath, paler or darker, 

olive, rust-colour, brownish, brown, and blackish. 

6. Endocarpon lachneum. JVoolly hidden-fruit. 

Thallus nearly cartilaginous, lobed ; lobes aggregated, 

rather tiledlike; edge raised, turned over, wavy; underneath 

woolly, black. 

Lichen lachneus, Achar. Prod. 140; Engl. Bot. 1698. 

Endocarpon lachneum, Achar. Meth. 127 ; Lich. 299. 

On downs and rocks. 

7. Endocarpon pallidum. Pale hiddenfruit. 

Thallus leatherlike, membranaceous, leafiike, pale, greenish, 

crenately lobed, grows irregularly jagged; jag^ bent, 

rather tiledlike; external jags underneath paler, naked; 

mouths hemispherical, pale, with a black dot. 

Endocarpon pallidum, ^cArtr.ifcA. 301 ; Engl. Bot. 2b^\. 

Endocarpon muscorum, Achar. Li h- 300, 

Upon mosses, and rocks barely covered with earth. 

8. Endocarpon parasiticum. Parasitic hidden-fruit 

Thallus crustlike, leatherlike, coppery, underneath black, 

fibrilled ; lobes roundish, lobed, flat, smooth, afterwards 

convex, wrinkled, cracked, broken ; mouths depressed, 

slightly bordered, at length convex. 

Lichen parasiticus, Engi.Bo^ 1866. 

Endocarpon parasiticum, Achar. Syn. 100. 

Parasitic on parmelia omphalodes. 

9. Ejidocarpon viride. Green hidden-fruit. 

Thallus thin, membranaceous, leaflike, roundish, slightly 

concave ;- edge not in the least cut, light greenish, underneath 

whitish, naked.

PLcell.aph. 5.IDIOTHALAME.^. 131.Enclocarp. 501 

Endocarpon viride, ytchar.Lich. 300. 

On the ground among mosses. 

Mouths not yet discovered. 

10. Endocarpon miniaium. Scarlet hidden-fruit 

Thallus thick, crustlike, cartilaginous, leaflike, round 

peltate, greyish; circumference turned back, bent, plaited; 

underneath smooth, afterwards wrinkled, reddish brown 

mouths small, few, slightly prominent, red. 

Lichenoides coriaceum nebulosum cinereum punctatum, subtus fulvum, 

Dillcn Muse. 223. 

Engl. But. 593, I. 

Lichen miniatus, Lin. S. P. 1617 ; 

Endocarpon miuiatuin, Achar. Meth, 127 ; Lick, 302, 


11. Endocarp. lepiophyllum. Small-leaved hidden-fruit, 

Thallus cartilaginous, leaflike, round, peltate, blackbrown 

or rather grayish ; circumference turned back, bent 

underneath smooth, wrinkled rather plaited, black ; mouths 

black, slightly prominent. 

Lichen leplophyllus, Achar. Prod. 141 ; 

Endocarpon leptophyllum, Achar. Meth. 127 ; 

On rocks exposed to the drip of water. 


Lick. 502. 

12. Endocarp. complicatum. Complicated hidden-fruit. 

Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, lobed, grey; underneath 

blackish-brown; lobes rather upright, roundish, 

plaited, convoluted; mouths cvo^vdedi, convex, black. 

Lichen polyphyllus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2. 

Lichen amphibius, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 66 ; Engl. Bot, 593, 2. 

Lichen complicatus, Swartz in N. Act. Ups. 4. 

Endocarpon complicatum, ^cAar, itfeiA. 123; Lich, 303. 

On rocks and stones near the water. 

Thallus sometimes simple, approaches nearer to E. Weberi 

in habit than to E. miniatus, although esteemed by 

some a variety of the latter; retains its colour when 

moistened. 

13. Endocarpon Weleri. Weber's hidden-fruit. 

Thallus cartilaginous, nearly leatherlike, leaflike, lobed, 

greyish-brown-olive; underneath fawn-brown and black; 

each face smooth ; lobes jagged, bent, plaited, crisp, huddled, 

irregular; mouths slightly convex, black.

502 131 . Endocarp. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph. 

Lichen fluviatilis, TVeber Gotling. 265. 

Lichen aquaticus, Weiss Crypt. 11 ; Engl. Bat. 594. 

PJatisma aquaticum, Hojfm. Lich. 2, 64. 

Endocarpon fluviatile, Wahlenb. Lapp. 462, 

Endocarpon Weberi, Achar. Meth. 128 ; Lich. 304. 

On rocks and stones under water. 

Thallus while wet a fine green ; when dry blackish-brown 

or dark green ; underneath sometimes deep black. 

E. Opegraphide^. Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, 

adnate, uniform ; apothecia sessile, flat, bordered, linear. 

XI. 132. GR APHIS. Adanson. Trait-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apothecia 

composed of a long thalamium immersed in the 

thallus; perithecium single, cartilaginous, halved, lateral, 

black, enclosing a linear nucleus on both sides ; centre 

naked above and below ; inside cellular-streaked. 

1. Graphls scripta. Written trait-moss. 

Crust membranaceous, smooth, rather shining, whitish 

and rather greyish, nearly regular ; apothecia slightly raised, 

naked, wavy, simple or branched ; centre slitlike; thalloid 

border raised, membranaceous. 

Lichenoides crusta tenuissiraa, peregrinis velut Uteris inscripta, Lillen 

in Rail Syn. 71,48. 

Lichen scriptus, Lin. S. P. 1606. 

Opegrapha scripta, Achar. Meth. SOj Engl. Bot, 1813. 

Graphis scripta, Achar. Lich. 265. 

On the smooth bark of trees in woods. 

Apothecia resemble Hebrew or Chinese characters. 

2. Graphis puluerulenta. Powdery trait-moss. 

Crust spreading, membranaceous, whitish ; apothecia 

slightly raised, wavy; centre grooved, gaping, grey-hoary; 

thalloid border raised, slightly swollen. 

Opegrapha pulverulenta, Persoon in Uster Ann. 1, 29 ; Engl. Bot. 1754. 

Graphis pulverulenta, Achar. Lich. 266. 


3. Graphis cerasi. Cherry-tree trait-moss. 

Crust very thin, grey, greenish, shining; apothecia 

slightly raised, straight, long, simple, pointed, nearly pa- 

rallel; centre grooved, slightly hoary; thalloid border thin. 

Opegrapha cerasi, Persoon in Uster Ann. 11, 20; Engl. Bot. 2301; 

Achar. Meth. 27. 

Graphis cerasi, Achar. Lich. 268. 

On the bark of cherry and sloe trees.

Ptc€ll.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 132. Graphis. 503 

4. Qraphis letulina. Birch trait-moss. 

Crust very thin, white, bordered, with black; apothecia 

sunk, nearly simple, elliptic, long or starlike ; centre broad, 

flat, rather hoary ; thalloid border raised membranaceous. 

Opegrapha betulina, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 31 ; Engl. Bot. 2281 ; 

Achar. Meth. 20. 

Graphis betulina, Achar. Lich. 268. 

On the bark of birch-trees. 

5. Graphis dendritica. Shrublike irait-moss. 

Crust rather cartilaginous, uneven, very white ; apothecia 

sunk, wavy, branched, black ; branches diverging, forked, 

pointed; centre broad, flat, naked; border of the perithecium 

scarcely any, thalloid border very slight. 

Opegrapha dendritica, Achar. Meth. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 1756. 

Graphis dendritica, Achar. Lich. 271. 


Apothecia when moistened becomes transparent, brownish. 

6. Graphis serpentina. Serpentine trait-moss. 

Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, uneven, wrinkled, 

regular, white and grey ; apothecia sunk, long, crowded, 

bent, sometimes branched, blunt, grey-hoary ; centre 

grows flat; thalloid border thick. 

Opegrapha serpentina, Achar. Meth. 29 1 Engl. Bot. 1755. 

Graphis serpentina, Achar. Lich. 269. 


Habit singular, and quite distinct from G. pulverulenta. 

7. Graphis Lyelli. Ly ell's trait-moss. 

Crust membranaceous, smooth, pale olive-colour; apothecia 

crowded, seldom branched, curved, swollen, blunt; 

centre broad, convex, grey-hoary; thalloid border thick, 

white, powdery. 

Opegrapha Lyelli, Engl. Bot. 1876. 

Graphis Lyelli, Achar. Syn. 85. 

On rugged barks of trees. 

8. Graphis elegans. Elegant trait-moss. 

Crust round, granular, bald, white ; apothecia sunk, scat- 

tered, short, straight, seldom branched ; edge of the perlthecium 

grooved lengthways. 

Opegrapha elegans, Engl. Bot. 1832. 

Graphis elegans, Achar. Syn. 85. 

On the smooth bark of young trees.

504. ISS.Alyxoria. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph. 

XII. 133. ALYXORIA. Acharius. Wide-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo- 

ihecia oblong or long, sessile ; covered with a black, cartilaginous 

membrane, enclosing a similar, rather solid parenchyme; 

centre linear, bordered on both sides, hollow, 

grooved or flat, open ; borders distant. 

1. Jllyxoria notha. Spurious wide-moss. 

Crust cartilaginous, rather leprous, whitish ; apolhecia 

sessile, scattered, rather roundish or oval, irregular; ce?itre 

flat, grows convex, hemispherical, slightly tuberculated, 

edge very small. 

Arthronia gibberulosa, Achar. Lick. 142. 

Opegrapha verrucaroides /S and S, Achar. Lick. 244. 

Opegrapha Lichenoides, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30. 

Opegrapha notha, Achar. Meth. 17 ; Lick. 252; Engl. Bol. 1S90. 

On the bark of old elms, fig, and other trees. 

2. Alyxoria diaphora. Variable wide-moss. 

. Cr7ist cartilaginous, membranaceous, dirty greyish-white; 

apotliecia sessile, variable, oblong, rather long, narrow both 

ways, opake; centre flat; edges persistent, rather bent. 

Opegrapha varia, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30. 

Opegrapha diaphora, ^cAar. itfeÂ. 19; Lick. 254. 

Opegrapha diaphora spanista, Achar. Meth. 19; Lick. 254. 


XIII. 134. HYSTERINA. Acharius. Slit-moss. 

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; opo- 

thecia oblong or long, sessile, covered with a black cartilaginous 

membrane, enclosing a similar rather solid parenchyme; 

centre linear, very narrow, slitlike, enclosed on 

each side with a swollen, connivent border nearly close. 

1. Hysterina nimbosa. Cloudlike slit-moss. 

Crust slightly cracked, uneven, very white; apothecia 

crowded, small, oval oblong, turgid; centre closed. 

Opegrapha notha conferta, Achar. Meth, 18. 

Opegrapha nimbosa, Achar. Meth. 18 ; Lich. 245 ; Engl, Bat. 2316. 


2. Hysterina Persoonii. Persoon's slit-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, smoothish, coherent, uneven, whitish ; 

apothecia innate, oblong; centre slitlike, growing wrinkled, 

bent, plaited, irregular, slightly running into one another 

irregulai'ly slightly gaping.

Vl.celLaph. 5. IDIOTHALAME.E. 1 34. Hysterina. 505 

Opegrapha rupestris, Persoon in Uder Jnn. 11,20. 

Oppgiapha Persoonii, Achur. Meth. 17 ; L,ich. 246 ; Engl. Bot. 2345. 

On rocks and walls. 

/3. aporea. Crust tartarlike, leprous, uneven, powdery; 

apothecia roundish, irregular, wavy, plaited, serpentine, in 

various manners, gaping. 

Liclienis simplicis varietas, Davies Tr. Lin. Soc, 2, 284. 

Lpcidea privi2;na, Achar. Mtth. 49. 

Opegrapha Persoonii aporea, Achar. Meth. 17 ; Lich. 246. 

y. strepsodina. Crust very thin, scarcely any, smooth, 

greyish ; apothecia crowded, roundish, irregular, wrinkled 

and bordered. 

Opegrapha Persoonii strepsodina, Achar. Lich. 247. 

On slate-rocks. 

S. Hysterina petrcEa. Rock slit-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, cracked in beds, dirty-white ; beds 

smooth; apothecia sessile, oblong, nearly linear, swollen, 

straightish, rather shining; centre slitlike, between raised 

edges. 

. On 

Opegrapha petraea, Achar. Syn. 72. 

rocks. 

4. Hysferina calcarea. Limestone slit-moss. 

Crust tartarlike, powdery, very white; apothecia rather 

long, straight, swollen, opake, aggregated in stars ; centre 

slitlike. 

Opegrapha calcarea, Engl. Bot. 1790; Achar. Lich. 250. 

On the mortar of old walls, and on limestone. 

5. Hysterina macularis. Spotted slit-moss. 

Crust regular, mieven, brown-black; apothecia small, 

run together, roundish, elliptic, growing wrinkled, irregu- *^ 

lar; centre slitlike. 

Lichenoides punctatiim et rugosum nigrum, Bilkn Muse. 125. 

Lichen rugosus, Lin. S. P. 1607. 

Lichen macularis, Relhan Cant- 446, 

Opegrapha quercina, Persoon in Usler Ann. 7,31. 

Opegrapha conglomerata, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 31 ; Achar, Meth. 

Opegrapha faginea, Persoon in Usler Ann. 7,31. 

Opegrapha macularis, Achar. Lich. 247 ; Meth. 21. 

Opegrapha epiphega, Achar. Meth. 24. 

Opegrapha macularis conglomerata, Achar. Lich, 247. 

Opegrapha macularis fagiuea, Achar. Lich. 248. 

On the bark of the branches of beech and oak trees.

506 134.Hysterina. 5.IDI0THALAME-E. Pl.cell.aph. 

6. Hysterina herpetica. Emption slit-moss. 

Crust nearly membranaceous, very finely cracked and 

wrinkled, rather rough, grey-brown ; apothecia very small, 

innate in the crust, crowded, convex, elliptically oblong, 

rather long, straight ; centre slitlike. 

Opegrapha herpetica, Achar. Meth. 25 ; 

Opegrapha rubella decolorata, Achar. Meth. 21 ; 

Lick. 248. 

Lich. 24S. 

Opegrapha fuliginosa, Persoon in Act. TVetteraw, 2,44. 

Opegrapha rimalis fuscata, Achar. Lich. 261. 


7. Hysterina disparata. Unlike slit-moss. 

Crust membranaceous, rather smooth, pale olive, or 

brownish with a green or red cast ; apothecia various, round- 

ish, oblong, longish, straight or crooked; centre slitlike. 

Opegrapha rubella, Persoon in Uiter Ann, 7, 31. 

Opegrapha aenea, Persoon in TJster Ann. T, 31. 

Opegrapha viridis, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,31. 

Opegrapha rubella a and S, Achar. Meth. 21 , 22. 

Opegrapha siderella aenea, Achar. Meth. 26. 

Opegrapha rubella a, y and 5, Achar. Lich. 249, 250. 


8. Hysterina vulgata. Common slit-moss. 

Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, broken, rather 

scaly, smoothish, greenish-white; apothecia sessile, variously 

formed, long, cylindrical, wavy, rather shining; centre 

slitlike. 

Opegrapha vulgata, Achar. Meth. 20 ; Lich. 250; Engl. Bot. 255, 18II. 

On the clefts of old trees, especially fir-trees. 

9. Hysterina epipasta. Sprinkled slit-moss. 

Crust very thin, rather irregular, smooth, grey; apothecia 

innate, slightly raised, very small, convex, wrinkled, opake, 

various; the smaller apothecia dotlike; the longer extremely 

narrow, crooked, sometimes branched ; centre and 

edges very slender, scarcely any. 

Opegrapha dispersa, Schrad. Krypt, 167. 

Opegrapha epipasta, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 258 ; Engl. Bot. 1828. 

On smooth bark of trees, particularly maple and horse 

chestnut-trees. 

10. Hysterina microscopica. Microscopic slit-moss. 

Crust very thin, rather shining, pale olive; apothecia 

rather elliptic, not branched, nearly parallel, growing star- 

like, branched and angular ; border very slight.

P/.a//.op//. 5.ID10THALAMEiE. 134.Hysterina. 507 

Graphis rnicroscopica, Ehrh. Crypt. 278. 

Opegrapha microscopica, Engl. Bot. 1911. 

Opegrapha epipasta caraganae, Achar. Mtth, 26; Lich. 258. 

On the smooth bark of trees, mostly in company with 

lejophlea analepta, gen. 128, 2. 

1 1 . Hysterina venosa. Veiny slit-moss. 

Crust powdery, white; apothecia close together, branch- 

ed, stuffed, prominent, bald. 

Opegrapha venosa, Persoon in Act. Wetter. 2, 44 ; Achar. Syn. 334. 

On the trunks of beech-trees ; always surrounded with 

arthonia obscura, gen. 11 7, 3. 

12. Hysterina denigrata. Smutted slit-moss. 

Crust regular, membranaceous, palish-white; apothecia 

sessile, crowded, rather shining, longish, bent, sometimes 

branched; ce/z/re slightly channelled. 

Opegrapha atra, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30. 

Opegrapha denigrata, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 259; Engl. Bot. 1753. 

Opegraplia denigrata melanochroa, Achar. Meth, 27. 

Opegrapha denigrata atra, Achar. Lich. 260. 

On the bark of wallnut, ash, oak, and beech trees. 

Fam. VI. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. Fungorum pars, 

Linnaeus. Hypoxylorum pars, De Candolle. 

Xylaria, Link. Myelomyci, Esenbeck. 

Algarum pars, Jussieu. 

Thallus corky, fleshy, or ; thecce mostly immersed in 

the thallus or substance of the plant, coriaceous or bony, 

of a different substance from the thallus, opening by a regular 

mouth, sometimes but rarely bursting irregularly; 

sporidia ringed, intermixed with a deliquescent, deciduous 

pulp.—Grows generally on decayed plants, under the epidermis. 

A. SporidiaJixed; thecce opening hy a slit ; thallus 0. 

Hysteridese. 

Theca roundish, erumpent; 

mouth valvular Actidium. 1 35. 

Theca long, erumpent ; woz^Â linear Hypoderma. Ifi6. 

Theca long, naked; mouth linear .... Hystekium. 137.

508 6. SARCOTHALAME.E. PlcelLapk. 

B. Sporidia deliquescent ; theccE with a mouth or ruptile^ 

fixed. Spherideae. 

Thallns clublike, succulent; 

thec(F peripherical, horizontal Xylaria. 13S. 

Thallns clublike, corky 

iheccr peripherical, horizontal Hypoxylon. 139. 

Thalhis hemispherical, sessile; 

/-êcrt? peripherical, horizontal .. PEiiiFHOROSTOMA. 140. 

Thallus cupshape, stipitate 

theccB vertical, immersed Poronia. 141. 

Thallus spreading, sessile; 

thec(^ vertical, immersed . . .• Nemaisia. 1V2. 

TA0////5 spreading, irregular; 

theccB clustered, naked Cucurbitaria. 143. 

Thallus spreading ; thecce immersed 

in the bark; mouths connivent Engizostoma. 144. 

Thallus 0; i/zecce immersed, 

connivent; mouths erumpent Circinostoma. 145. 

Thallus ; thecce immersed, 

upright; mouths erumpent Exormatostoma. 146. 

Thallus 0; thecce naked; 

mouths not discernible Astoma. 147. 

Thallus ; thecce naked 

77iouths conspicuous Sph.eria. 148. 

C Sporidia gelatinous ; thecce globular, projectile; 

thallus cupshaped. Theleobilideas. 

TheccB when mature projected Thelebolus. 146. 

D. Sporidia threadlike, waxy, persisting ; theccefixed, 

with a mouth. Nemasporidese. 

Sporidia tendril-like Nemaspora. 147. 

A. HYSTERiDEiE. Thallus 0; thecce long or round; 

mouth opening by one or more sUts; 5pon'îa fixed, upright; 

spores, oval. 

I. 135. ACTIDIUM. Fries. Actidium. 

Thallus ; thecce round, bursting through the epidermis 

of plants ; mouth with many radiatijig slits.

PLcellaph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 135.Actid. 509 

Actidium Eseiiheckii. Esenheck's actidium. 

Thecce roundish, flat; mouth with five or six valves turned 

back. 

Hysterium %'alvatum, Esenbeck Syst. 1,2SI. 

On decayed wood. 

II. 136. HYPODERMA. De Candolle. Hypoderme, 

Thallus 0; thecce long, linear, bursting the epidermis 

mouth a simple, linear slit. 

1. Hypoderma fraxini. Ash-tree hypoderme^ 

Thecce opake, blackish, ovate oblong, convex; mouth 

deep, lips turned back. 

Sphasria sulcata, Bolton Fungi, 124; Sowerby Engl, Fungi. 315. 

Hyslerium fraxini, Persoon Syn. Fung. 100. 

Hypoderma fraxini, De Cand. Syn. Fl. Gall. 64. 

On the branches of ash and maple. 

2. Hypoderma quercinum. Oak hypoderme. 

TheccB greyish-black, oblong, large, rather bellied, bent 

lips acute, crisped. 

Hyslerium nigrum, Tode Fung. 1,5. 

Variolaria corrugata, Bulliard Champ. 117. 

Sphaeria coUapsa, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 373. 

Hypoderma quercinum, De Cand. Syn. 64. 

On dead sticks. 

3. Hypoderma conigerum. Conelearing hypoderme. 

Thecce blackish, rather ovate, very small ; inside wrinkly, 

powdery. 

Hyslerium couigerum, Persoon Syn. 102. 

Hypoderma conigerum, De Cand. Syn. 824, 

On dried strobiles of fir-trees. 

4. Hypoderma crispum. Crisp hypoderme. 

Thecce long, convex, rather bellied ; lips thin, crisp. 

Hyslerium crispum, Persoon Syn. F. 101. 

Hypoderma crispum, De Cand. Syn. 826.* * 

On the bark of pine-trees. 

5. Hypoderma arundinaceum. Reed hypoderme, 

Thecce oval, depressed, greyish black, granular. 

Hypoderma arundinaceum, De Cand. Syn. 825. 

On dead stems of arundo vallatoria.

510 136.Hypod. 6, SARCOTHALAME^. PlcelLapk. 

6. Hypoderma xylomoides. Xyloma hypoderme. 

TêccE elliptical, flat, shining, black. 

Xyloma hysteroides, Persoon Syn. 106, 

Hypoderuia xjlomoides, De Cand. Syn. 823. 

On dead hawthorn and laurel-leaves. 

III. 137. HYSTERIUM. Persoon. Hysterium. 

Thallus ; thecce long, naked ; mouth a simple line?a- slit. 

—On old dead wood. 

1 Hysterimn mytilinum. Mussel hyster'mm. 

Thecce aggregate, black-green, upright, lenticular, 

streaked crosswise, slightly pedicelled. 

Hysterium mytilinum, Persoon Syn. 97, 

On the bark of abies excelsa. 

2. Hysterium pulicare. Flea-hrown hysterium. 

Thecce gregarious, oblong, blunt, streaked, black; lips 

blunt. 

Hysterium pulicare, Persoon Syn. 9S. 

Liclien scriptus B, Lightf. Scot. 2, 801. 

Oh dead branches of oak-trees. 

3. Hysterium angustaium. Narroiv-mouth hysterium, 

TheccB crowded, linear, parallel, black ; lips sharp. 

Hysterium angustatum, Persoon Syn. 99. 

On decayed wood. 

B. Sphertde^. Thallus fleshy, leatherlike, crustlike,: 

or ; thecce fixed, roundish, opening by a roundish mouth, 

sometimes remaining closed ; sporidia long, mostly clubshape, 

twisted, deliquescing into a liquid slime; sporce. oblong, 

ringed. 

IV. 138. XYLARIA. Hill. Xylaria. 

Thallus long, clubshape, fleshy ; thecce roundish, in the 

circumference of the thallus ; mouths circular. 

a. Growing on the earth. 

1 . Xylaria militaris. Soldierlike xylaria, 

Thallus yellowish red, head rough, rather tubercular 

mouth slightly prominent.

Pl.ceU.aph. e.SARCOTHALAME^. 138.Xylar. 511 

Clavaria inilifaris, Lin. S. P. 1652, 

Sphaeria militaris, Persoon Syn. 1 ; Soieerby Fungi, 60. 

Among grass and mosses ; autumn. 

Thallus 2 or 3 inches long, club rarely 2 or 3-cut. 

2. Xylaria alutacea. Leathery xylaria. 

Thallus opake, ochraceous; duh smooth; mouth not 

prominent. 

Sphasria alutacea, Persoon Syn, 2. 

Pine-woods; autumn. 

Club gradually thickening. 

3. Xylaria albicans. _ Whitish xylaria. 

Thallus pale whitish; club and bottom of the stipes 

swollen, smooth. 

Sphaeria clavata, Soiserby Fungi, 159. 

Woods; autumn. 

Thallus hollow, 2 inches high. 

? ^. cylindrica. Thallus nearly cylindrical. 

Clavaria cylindrica, Sowerby Fungi, 90. 

4. Xylaria agariciformis. Mushroomlike xylaria. 

Thallus tuberous at bottom ; stipes yellow ; club ovate, 

dark chestnut, dotted. 

Sphaeria agariciformis, Bolton Fung, ISOj Sowerby Fungi,3B4. 

Sphaeria capitata, Persoon Syn. 3. 

In woods. 

Thallus 2-coated at bottom, inside black; stipes rather 

twisted. 

b. Growing upon dead insects. 

5. Xylaria entomorhiza. Insect~rooti?ig xylaria. 

Stipes long, very slender; club spherical, brown, granulated. 

Sphaeria entomorhiza, Dickson Crypt, 22 ; Persoon Syn, 4. 

On the dead larvse of wasps. 

Stipes simple or branched, compressed, 2 inches long. 

6. Xylaria apum. Bee xylaria. 

Stipes shortish, thick, tuberous at bottom ; club granulated, 

chocolate-brown. 

On the pupae of bees. 

Stipes an inch long ; head a quarter as long, one or two 

from the same base. 

6

512 139. Hypox. 6. SARCOTHALAMEM. PL cell. apL 

V. 139. HYPOXYLON. Hypoxyloii, 

Thallus long, slightly clubshape, or branched; leatherlike; 

inside blackish; outside whitish; thecce roundish; 

mouths circular, in the circumference of the thallus. 

\. Uypoxylon pedunculatum. Footstalked hypoxylon. 

Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, bald ; inside white; 

stipes simple, roundish, slender; club ovate, conical. 

Sphoeria pedunculata, Sowe.rby Fungi, 437. 

Clavaria parasitica, Wilhering Bot. Arr. 4,397. 

On lycoperda. 

2. Hypoxylon ophioglossoldes. Adders-tongue hypoxylon, 

Thallus blackish ; inside yellowish green ; club ovate, 

roundish, thickened. 

Clavaria radicosa, Bulliard Champ. 195. 

Sphasria ophioglossoides, Persoon Syn. 4. 

Spha;ria radicosa, De Cand. Syn. 754. 

On heaths and pine-woods; autumn. 

Club sometimes 2-cut. 

3. Hypoxylon cornutum. Horned hypoxylon. 

Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, compressed, gregarious 

; base hirsute ; tip white, powdery. 

Clavaria Hypoxylon, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1013. 

Sphaeria coriiuta, Hoffm. Crypt. 4, 11. 

Sphaeria Hypoxylon, Persoon Syn. 5; Sowerby Fungi, 55. 

On rotten wood in gardens. 

Thecce below the tip. 

^. cupress'iforme. Thallus small ; club bellied or round, 

pointed. 

Sphaeria cupressiformis, Woodward in Wither. Bot. Arr. 3,457. 

Lichen-agaricus nigricans, cupressiformis, ramosus et non rainosus, 

Hgnis aridis adnascens, Micheli N. Gen. PL 104. 

y. ramosum. Thallus slender, very much branched. 

Sphaeria ramosa, Sowerby Fungi, 395. 

4. Hypoxylon polymorphum. Very-various hypoxylon. 

Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, bald, gregarious; in- 

side white, tip yellowish, compressed, branchy, tuberculate. 

Clavaria digitata, Fl. Dan. 900. 

Sphaeria digitata, Sowerby Fungi, 69, 

Sphaeria carcharias, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1474, 

Sphaeria polymorpha, Persoon Syn. 7. 

On rotten, decayed wood. 

Thallus very variable; tip of the club blunt.

Pl.csU.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 139.Hypox. 513 

|3. spalhulatum^ Thallus slightly compressed, reverse- 

conical; stipes very short. 

y. mammillanum. Club bellied, ending in a long barren 

point. 

5. Hypoxylon digitatum. Fingered hypoxylon. 

Thallus leatherlike, corky, black; inside white; stipes 

tip white, powdery, pointed, naked. 

connate at bottom ; 

Clavaria digitata, Lin. Sysl. Veg. ed. 15, 1010. 

Sphseria digitata, Persoon Syn, 7. 

On rotten wood. 

VI., 140. PERIPHEROSTOMA. Peripherostome. 

Thallus leatherlike, corky, hemispherical, sessile, depressed; 

thecce in the circumference of the thallus. 

a. Thallus naked, free. 

1. Periph. concentricum, Conceiitric peripherostome. 

Thallus nearly globose, bald, uneven; thecce immersed, 

in concentric striae. 

Spliaeria conccntrica, BoUon Fungi, 160. 

Sphseria fraxinea, Somerby Fungi, 160. 

On ash and hornbeam trees. 

Thallus 2 or 3 inches in diameter. 

^. muUicapsulare. Thallus small. 

Sphasiia multicapsula, Sowerby Fungi, 436. 

2. Periph. fragiformis. Strawberry peripherostome, 

Thallus nearly globular, black ; surface granulated i 

thecce rather prominent, reddish-brown. 

Lycoperdon vnriolosum, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15,9, 1019. 

Spliaeria fragiformis, Persoon Syn. 9. 

On birch-trees. 

S. Peripherostoma fuscum. Broivn peripherostome, 

Thallus brown, hemispherical, flattened, confluent ; thecce 

swollen, umbilicated, tubercular. 

Sphseria confliiens, Willd. Berol. 416. 

Sphseria fragiformis, Hoffin^rypl. 1,20. 

Sphseria tuberculosa, Bolton Fungi, 123 ; 

Sphseria aciniformis, Sowerby Fungi, 273 ? 

Sowerby Fungi, 3T4. 

Sphseria fusca, Persoon Syn, 12. 

On the dried branches of hawthorn or of nut-trees. 

Thallus conical, scattered, dark opake dull brown ; 

sometimes even, not swollen. 

theccs 

VOL. I. 

2 L

3U I'iO.Periph. 6.SARCOTHALAME.E. PLcellapk. 

^. depression. Thallus flattened, rather wrinkled. 

y. inequale. Thallus wartlike, unequal, confluent. 

4. Periplierostoma confiaens. Conjiuenl peripherostojne. 

Thallus black, unequal, expanded ; 

theccB free above. 

Sphaeria cohacrens, Persoon Syn. 11. 

On the trunks of beech-trees. 

5. Peripherostoma irrcgulare. Irregular pei-'ipherostome, 

Thallus irregular, tubercular, black ; (hecce reddishbrown, 

irregularly scattered. 

Sphseria irregularis, Sowerby Fungi, 374. 


6. Peripherostoma grajudosnm. Granular per'ipherostome^ 

Thallus light, spongy, knoblike, black; thecce immersed ;^ 

•mouth level with the surface. 

Sphjeria granulosa, BuUiurd Champ.; Soit:erl/y Fungi. 356, 

On dead birch-trees. 

7. Per'iph. multlceps. Many-headed per'ipherosiome. 

Thallus flat, black, sooty, irregular, spreading; inside 

green ; thecce with a pointed acuminated mouth. 

Sphaeria inuUiceps, Sowerby Fungi, 395. 

On decayed Sticks. 

b. Bursling through the Lark. 

8. Per'iph. mclogrmnnia. Black-letler periphrostome.. 

Thallus reverse- conical, soot-black : thecce rather prominent. 

Sphaerica ocellafa, Persoon Disp. 2, 

Variolaria inelogramrna, BuUinrd Champ. 182. 

8phasria obducta, BoUun Fungi, 125. 

Sphaeria inelogramma, Persoon Syn. 13. 

On branches of beech and birch trees. 

9. Peripherostoma rihis. 'iCurrant-tree peripherostome.. 

Thallus elliptical, bursting forth across the branches, 

brown, grooved. 

Sphaeria Ribesia, Persoon Syn. 14. 

On dry branches of red-currant bushes, winter.

PLcell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. UO.Periph. 515 

10. Peripherostoma sambuci. Elder-tree peripheros tome. 

Thallus flat, grayish, soft; outside black; theccB prominent. 

Sphaeria sambuci, Persoon Syn. 15. 

On elder-trees. 

11. Peripherostoma parallehim. Parallel per'ipherostome. 

Thallus nearly smooth, blackish ; 

thecce embedded. 

Sphaeria parallela, Sowerby Fungi, 374,4. 

12. Peripherostoma popuU. Poplar feripherostome. 

Thallus scattered, orbicular, on poplar leaves. 

Spliaerla populi, Soicerby Fungi. 374, 2. 

] 3. Peripherostoma ulmi. Elm-tree peripherostome. 

Thallus scattered, orbicular; on the leaves of ulmus 

campestris. 

'' 

Sphseria ulmaria, Soicerby Fungi, 374,3, 

14;. Peripheroslo)na depressum. Flattened peripherostome. 

Thallus orbicular, flat, black, inside white; theccB not 

prominent. 

Sphaeria depressa, Soicerby Fungi, 216. 

Variolaria punctata, BuUiard Champ. 432, 2. 

On rotten sticks. 

15. Peripherostoma aru?idi7iacea. Reed peripherostome. 

Thallus oblong, long, flat, black ; theca in a single longitudinal 

row. 

Sphaeria arundinacea, Soicerby Fungi, 336. 

On the stalks of arundo vallatoria. 

VII. 111. PORONIA. Willdenow. Poronia. 

Thallus leatherlike, stipitate, cupshaped ; centre orbi- 

cular, truncated ; theccB scattered, immersed vertically in 

the thallus. 

Poronia Gleditschii. Gleditsch's poronia. 

Thallus cupshape ; stipes sooty ; centre snow-white 

iheccB scattered, like black spots. 

Sphseria truncata, BuUiard Champ. 127,2. 

Spha;ria punctata, Sowerby Fungi, 54, 

Sphaeria Poronia, Persoon Syn. 15. 

Peziza punctata, Lin. Syst. ed. 15, 1017. 

Poronia (ileditschii, IViUd. Berol. 400. 

Sandy places, on horse-dung, rarely on cow^-dung. 

2 L 2

516 H2. Neman. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. Pl.celLapL 

¥111. 14.^. NEMANIA. Nemania. 

Thalliis sessile, spreading, orbicular or elliptical ; thecce 

scattered, immersed vertically in the thallus. 

a. Thallus naked, free. 

1. Nemania deusta. Burnt nemania. 

Thallus broad, thick, wrinkled, spreading, brown ; mouths 

promifient. 

Hypoxylon ustulatum, BulUard Champ, iSl, 1. 

Sphasiia deusta, Persoon Syn, 16. 

Sphferia maxima, fVebcr Germ. 286 ; Sowcrby Fungi, 338. 

Spliasrici versipellis, I'ode Fung. 2, 35. 

On the trunks of trees, in woods ; spring. 

Thallus centre gray, powdery; limb whitish, at length 

bullated, waved, ridged, entirely black. 

2. Nemania graminis. Grass nemania^ 

Thallus black, equal, spotlike. 

Sphseria gramiuis, Persoon Syn. 30.^ 

On the withered leaves of grasses. 

3. Nemania typhina. Bullrush nemania. 

Thallus dark yellow. 

Sphaeria typhina, Persoon Syn. 13. 

On withered leaves of grasses and bullrushes. 

4. Nemania serpens. Creeping nernania. 

Thallus black, flat, spreading lengthways \ thecae prominent. 

Sphaeria serpens, Persoon Syn. SO. 

On oak and beech-wood. 

5. Nemania uda. Moist nemaiiia, 

Thallus oblong, aggregate, black ; thecce very prominent. 

Spha?ria uda, Persoon Syn. 33. 

On dry oak-wood. 

6. Nemania picea. Pitchy, nemania. 

Thallus spreading, irregular, smooth, brownish-black, 

pitchy, cracked ; thecce embedded. 

SphcEiia picca, Soioerby Fungi, 374, 5. 

On the outside of wood.

PL cell. ap/i. 6. SARCOTHA'LAUEM. 142. Neman. 517 

7. Nemania inimersa. Sunken nemania^ 

Thallus spherical, black, penetrating wood in various 

directions. 

Spha?ria immersa, Sowerby Fungi, 374, 1. 

8. Nemania diffusa. Spread nema?iia, 

Thallus spreading, irregular, black. 

Sphaaria diffusa, Sovserhy Fungi, 373, 10. 

On tiie bark of dry wood, under the epidermis. 

9. NemaJiia J'uHginnsa. Suoty nemonia, 

Thallus black; thec(S prominent. 

On rotten branches of oak-trees, on the epidermis. 

10. Nemania Crustacea. Crustlike nemania. 

Thallus spread; ihecce slightly prominent; mouth prominent. 

S-p!ia.M-ia criistacea, Sowerby Fungi, 372, II. 


b. Burstingforth from under the lark. 

11. Neviania stigma. Stigma nemania^ 

Thallus broad, flat, equal, spreading under the epidermis; 

inside white, outside black; mouths immersed, flaltish, 

spotlike. 

Sphajiia stigma, Ifoffin. Crypt. 1,7. 

Hyposylon operculatum. Bull. Champ. 177. 

On dried branches of hawthorn. 

12. Nemcmia decorticata. Unharked nemania. 

Theca inside white, outside black; mouths rather prominent, 

conical. 

Spliseria decorticata, SoKerhy Fungi, 137, 

SpliEEiia stigma dccorticaia, Persoon Sijn.2l. 

On dead branches of hazel. 

13. Nemania maculata. Spotted nemania. 

Thallus broad, spread, quite flat, black; theicc pointed, 

globular, covered with a rust-colour veil. 

Sphajria cinerea, Sowerby Fungi, 373, II. 

Sphaeria macula, Tode 3IeckL2,d3, 

On dry branches of oak-trees. 

Spot black, large; ihecce wool-like; incuihs slightly protuberant.

518 142. Neman. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. PI. cell. aph. 

I*. Nemania lata. Broad nemania. 

Thallus scarcely any, spreading; theccB black; mouths 

rather conical, angular. 

Spliasria lata, Persoon Syn. 29, 

On dry branches and wood. 

15. Nemania quercina. Oak nemania. 

Thallus black-brown, nearly orbicular, girt by the epi- 

mouths rather prominent, quadrangular, blunt. 

dermis ; 

Sphaeria quercina, Persoon Syn. 24. 

On dry branches of oak-trees. 

like. 

16. Nemania disciformis. Dishlike nemania. 

Thallus black, nearly orbicular, flat; mouths sunk, spot- 

Sphaeria disciformis, Hoffm. Crypt, 1,15. 

On dry branches of beech-ti'ees. 

Thallus shining, inside whitish-gray. 

17. Nernania ferruginea. Iron-colour nemania. 

Thallus brown-black, inside iron-colour, transverse ; 

mouths prominent, thornlike. 

Spiiaeria ferrugiiiea, Persoon Syn. 35. 

On dry branches of hazel. 

18. Nemania cerato-sperma. Horn-seed nemania. 

Thallus convex, black, smooth, scattered; mouths spinulous, 

connate. 

Spiiaeria Ceratospermum, Tode Meckl. 2, 55. 

Under the bark of the dog-rose. 

Thalli gregarious ; inside white. 

19. Nemania protracta. Protracted nemania. 

Thallus bursting forth lengthways, protracted, black; 

thecce globular, approximated in pairs ; mouths very short, 

blunt, rather wrinklv, angular. 

Spiiaeria protracla, Persoon Syn. 34. 

On the branches of maple-trees. 

20. Nemania flavo-virens. 

Yellow-green nemania. 

Thallus roundish, flattish yet convex, black, inside 

greenish, powdery. 

Spliaeri;i flavovirens, Hoffm. Crypt. 1, 10. 

On dead branches and sticks in woods.

Plcell.aph. e.SARCOTHALAMEyE. U2. Neman. 519 

2 1 . Nemanla Icevis. Smooth nemania. 

Thalliis smooth, shining, oblong, black ; inside whitish 

thecce ovate. 

Spbssria laevis, Sowerby Fungi, 394, 5. 

On hazel-sticks ? 

IX. 143. CUCURBITARIA. Cncurhitaria. 

Thallus spreading, irregular ; thec(^ in tufts, placed on 

the thallus. 

1. Cucurhitaria herheridis. Berberry cucurh'itaria. 

Tiifts bui'sting out from the bark, irregular ; thallus 

thin, blackish ; thecce mouthless, ovate, cracked. 

Sphaeria berberidis, Persoon Syii. 52. 

On the branches of berberry bushes. 

Tiifls long. 

2. Cncurhitaria cupularis. Cup cucurhitaria. 

Tufts black; thecce wrinkled, mostly collapsed, mouth- 

less. 

Sphaeria cupularis, Persnon Syn. 53. 

On the dead branches of lime and hornbeam trees. 

3. Cucurhitaria rubra. Red cucurhitaria. 

Tufts roundish, pale vermilion-red ; thallus scai'cely any 

theccB collapsed, porringershaped, smoothish, mouthless. 

Splia?ria cucurbitula, Ihih Meckl. 38. 

On the branches of various trees. 

4. Cucurhitaria coccinea. Scarlet cucurhitaria. 

Tufts bursting out of the bark, nearly round, scarlet; 

thallus scarcely any; thecce ovate; mouths blunt. 

Sphsp.ria coccinea, Persoon Syn. 49, 

Splixria decidiia, Tode Meckl. 2,31. 

On the bark of beech-trees. 

X. 144. ENGIZOSTOMA. Engixostcme. 

Thallus scarcely any, filling up the interstices between 

the thecee which are sunk in the bark, concentrically connivent; 

mouths circular, connivent.

520 144-. Engiz. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. PL cell aph. 

1. Engizostoma c'lliatum. Fr'inpêd eng'izostome, 

Thecce black; mouth bristlelike, flexible, diverging above. 

Splsseria ciliata, Persoon Syn. 35. 

On the branches of elm-trees. 

2. E7}gizos/oma cornicvlahmi. Inkhorn e?igizoslome. 

Thecce roundish, black; mou/hs cylindrical, congregated 

into a compact neck ; tip umbilicated. 

^ Sphaeriu corniculata, Persoon Syn. 40. 

Under the bark of trees. 

3. Engizostoma microslomum. Small-mouih engizostome. 

Thecce roundish; disk prominent, flattish, black; moutlis 

very numerous, growing together into a finely granular 

disk. 

Sphffiria inicrostoma, Persoon Syn. 40. 

On the branches of plum-trees. 

4. Engizosioma leucoslomum. Whilemouih engizostome. 

Thecce whitish; neck truncated, bursting forth; moiiths^ 

2 or 3, black, dotlike. 

Sphseria Ipucostoma, Persoon Syn. 29. 

Sphaeria marginata, Sowerby Fungi, 512,1. 

On the branches of cherry and plum trees. 

5. Engizostoma scuteUatum. Saucerlike engizostome. 

TAa//«i saucerlike, bursting the bark; thecce bottleshape, 

loosely conglutinated, brown. 

Sphaeria scutellata, Persoon Syn. 31. 

On the branches of maple. 

Thallus at first simple, with a thick, central mouth, then 

enlarging and disclosing the thick bottleshape thecse. 

6. Engizostoma pustulatum. Eruption engizostome. 

Thallus blackish-brown, orbicular, plano-convex, contracted 

above, perforated with a single central, powdery 

pore; //2ec

PLctllaph. 6.SARC0THALAME.E. 145. Circin. 521 

1 Circinostoma pulchelliim. Pretly circinoslome, 

Theccs close, deep, very much crowded, inclined, black 

mouths very long, cylindrical, bent. 

SphKria puichella, Persoon Sjjn. 43. 

Upon cherry-trees. 

Thecce ovate, collapsed ; 

flexuous ; 

perforated at the tip. 

mouths pressed together, mostly 

2. Circinostoma amhiens. GircFmg circinosldme^ 

TheccB rather ovate, girt with a white disk. 

Sphajria ambiens, Persoon Syn. 44. 

On hawthorn and beech trees. 

3. Circinostoma quaternatum. Quater?iio?i circinostome. 

Thecce in fours, depressed; mouths very short, blunt, 

joined together. 

Sphaeria quateniata, Persoon Syn, 45. 

On dry beech and maple trees. 

Thecce lying down ; mouths bent inwards, very short. 

4. Circinostoma conjuncium. Conjoined circinostome. 

Thecce 3 to 9, depressed ; mouths conjoined into a black. 

'shining, umbilicated disk. 

Sphssria conjuncta, Esenbeck Syst. SO. 

On the branches of hazel-trees; spring. 

5. Circinostoma convergens. Converging circinostome, 

Thecce ovate,, nearly upright; mouths straight, cylin- 

drical. 

Sphceria con\'ergeus, J'ode Meckl, 2, 39 ; Suicerby Fungi, 374, 6. 

On the branches of trees. 

Thecce scarcely decumbent ; mouths converging. 

6. Circinostoma umhillcatmn. Umhilicated circinostome, 

Thecce small, crowded, nearly cupshape, rough. 

Sphasria iimbilicata, Persoon Syn. 45. 

On hazel-trees. 

Mouths rather prominent; tip deeply umbilicated. 

XII. 146. EXORMATOSTOMA. Exormatostome. 

Thallus ; thecce growing under the epidermis of plants 

and perforating it, scattered ; mouths upright.

522 U6.Exorm. e.SARCOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aplu 

1. Exorm. rhodostomum. Rosy-mouth exormatostome. 

TheccB hemispherical, black, barked, aggregated into a 

black stratum ; tip flat, perforated, rosy-red. 

Sphaeria rhodostoma, Alh. et Scltw. Fung. 43. 

On rhamnus frangula. 

2. Exormatostoma tilice. Lhne-tree exormatostome. 

Thecce pitchershape, saucerlike, brownish-black; tip flat, 

Tfiembranaceous; containing within them an unattached 

utriculus. 

Sphasi'ia tiliaB, Persoon Syn. 84. 

On decayed branches of lime-trees. 

3. Exormatostome tessellatum. Chequered exormatostome. 

Thecce black, hollowed at the base; mouths dotlike, per- 

forating the epidermis in a regular series. 

Sphaeria tessellala, Persoon Syn. 48. 


Mouths placed in quincunx, in parallel lines, or in 

ellipses. 

4. Exormatostoma nehdosum. Cloudlike exormatostome. 

Thecce grey, very minute, forming irregular, interrupted, 

blackish-grey spots; mouths prominent, rather acute. 

Sphaeria nebulosa, Persoon Syn. 31. 

Sphaeria maculans, Sowerby Fungi, 394,9, 

On the stems of large herbaceous plants. 

Spots greyish, cloudlike, about a quarter of an inch 

broad. 

.5. Exor7?iatostoma herlarum. Herb exormatostome. 

Thecce scattered, flat, depressed ; mouths short, nipple- 

like. 

Sphaeria herbarum, Persoon Syn. 78. 

On dry stems of herbs. 

Thecce at first covered, afterwards naked, collapsed. 

6. Exormatostoma tuliforrne. Tubeshape exormatostome. 

TheccB hemispherical, brown, on leaves; mouths cyVia- 

drical, twice as long as the thecse, bursting forth. 

Sphaeria tubiformis, lêde Meckl. 2, 51. 

On beech, hornbeam, and birch leaves.

FLcell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEjE, 146. Exorm. 523 

7. Exormaiostoma harhaium. Bearded exormatostome. 

Thecce nearly globular, brown, on leaves; moutha eight 

times as long as the thecse, bristlelike; tips bearded. 

Sphaeria barbata," Perioow Syti. 60. 

On the fallen leaves of oak-trees. 

8. Exormatost. sii,hcorticale. Underhark exormatostome. 

TheccE depressed, within the outer bark, piercing the 

epidermis, when dry collapsed at bottom. 

Spliceria subcorticalis, Soiserhy Fungi, 296. 

On the bark of plants and on rotten sticks. 

9. Exorm. suhimmerswn. Half-sunk exormastotome, 

Tkeca globular, black, pushing up the epidermis into a 

dark-grey hemisphere. 

Sphaeria subimmersa, Sowerby Fungi, 372, 8. 


10. Exormatostoma duplex. Double exormatostome, 

Thecce globular, within the outer bark, piercing the 

epidermis; woz^Â^ globular, black. 

Sphaeria duplex, Sowerby Fungi, 375, 4. 

On the stems of umbelliferous plants. 

XIII. 147. ASTOMA. Astome. 

Thallus ; thecce naked, innate or free, placed on wood, 

mouthless. 

a. Growing upon wood. 

1. Astoma cylindricum. Cylindrical astome. 

Thecce extremely small, gregarious, cylindrical, black; 

tipped with a whitish globule. 

Sphaeria cylindrica, Persoon Syn. 93. 

On willow-wood. 

2. Astoma paraholicum. Paraholic astome. 

Thecce extremely small, gregarious, conical, cylindrical, 

smooth, black, with a livid globule at the tip. 

Sphteria parabolica, Tode Meckl. 43. 


3. Astoma suhulatum. Awlshape astome. 

Thecce aggregate, awlshape, yellowish, larger at bottom, 

globule at the tip pale, deliquescent. 

Sphaeria subulata, Persoon Syn, 94. 

On rotten agarics.

524. 147.Astoma. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph, 

4. Astoma solidum. Solid astoma, 

Thecce elliptical, depressed, placed longitudinally, black, 

with bent bristles of" the same colour. 

Sphaeria solid:i, Soieerby Fungi, 314. 

On stems of herbs. 

3. Astoma carlonarium. CarlonacRoiis asiome. 

TheccB crowded, black, roundish, ovate, rather tuberculate; 

tip nipply. 

Sphaeria Pulvis pvrius, Persoon Syn. 86. 

Spliaeria Pulvis, Persoon JJisp, 51. 

On drv wood. 

6. Astoma mor'iforme. Mullerry asiome, 

Thecce aggregate, scattered, black, oval, tuberculate. 

Sphffiria moriformis, Pcrsovn Syn. 86. 

On dry trunks of trees. 

7. Astoma nigrum. Black asiome. 

TheccB flattish, small, tip indented, black. 

Sphaaria nigra, Sowcrby Fungi, 393, 1. 

On the decayed stems of umbelliferous plants. 

8. Asioma tuherosum. Tuberous astonie. 

Thecce wartlike, outside black, inside Vv^hite, protruding. 

Sphaeria tuberosa, Sowerhy Fungi, 393, 2. 

On the bark of plants. 

9. Asto}na Irasskce. Cabbage astome, 

Thecce tubercular, large, black, inside while. 

Spliaeria brassicae, Sowcrby Fungi, 393, 3. 

On rotten cabbage-leaves. 

10. Asioma guttceforme. Dropllke astome, 

Thecce black, nearly conical, very minute, brittle. 

Sphaeria Giitta, Soberly Fungi, 393, 5. 

On plants. 

b. Growing upo?i the leaves of plants. 

11. Astoma punctiforme. Dotlike astome. 

Thecce dotlike, scattered, at last collapsed, umbilicated, 

rather shining. 

Sphaeria punctifortnis, Persoon Syn. 90, 

On oak-leaves.

Pl.cell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 147.Astoma. 525 

12. Asioma liederce. 

Thecoi depressed, cupshape. 

Si)liaeri;i piinctiformis |S, Persoon Syn. 90. 

Sphasiia liederce, Soiocrby Fungi, 371,5. 

On ivy-ieaves. 

13. Astoma lofieldice. 

Tkecce depressed, partly immersed. 

Spliacria tofieldiae, Sowerby Fungi, 370, 3. 

On the leaves of tofieldia palustris. 

14. Astoma poteiitillce. 

Thecce naked. 

Spliaeria poteiitillae, Sowerby Fungi, 370,2. 

On the leaves of potentilla verna. 

15. Astoma arhuti. 

Thecce hemispherical. 

Sphaiiia arbiui, Sowerby Fungi, 370, 6. 

On the leaves of arbutus. 

Ivy astome. 

Tofield asiome. 

Potentilla astome. 

Arbutus astome. 

16. Astoma P lauri. Bay astome. 

Thecce conical, penetrating the leaves, and forming a 

black ring on the under side. 

Sphaeria lauri, Sowerby Fungi, 371,4. 

On bay leaves. 

11. Astoma salicinum. Willow astome, 

Thec(s conical, penetrating the leaves and forming a 

black, ring on the under side, sometimes dotted in the 

centre. 

Sphasria salicina, Sowerby Fungi, 372, 1. 

On willow-leaves. 

18. Astoma circumvnllatum. 

Thecce depressed, blackish. 

Sphasria circumvallata, Sowerby Fungi, 373,4. 

On oak-leaves. 

Fortified astome^ 

1 9. Astoma bifrons. Two-faced astome, 

Thecce black, penetrating and rising a little above the 

surface on both faces of leaves. 

Sphaeria bifrons, Sowerby Fungi, 316. 

On holly-leaves.

526 147.Astoma. 6. SARGOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph. 

20. Astoma concavum. Concave astome. 

Thecce flat, beneath concave, black, on the upper surface 

only of the leaves. 

Sphaeria concava, Sowerhy Fungi, 317. 

On holly-leaves. 

21. Astoma pustulalum. Pustule astome, 

Thecce flat. 

Sphaeria pustula, Sowerby Fungi, 370 and 375, 1. 


XIV. 148. SPHiERIA. Haller. Spheria. 

Thallus ; thec

PLcell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 148.Sph£er. 527 

5. Spheria hjssoldea. Bijssus spheria. 

Thecce rather large, globular, nippled, girt with a thick 

brown down. 

Spharia byssoidea fusca, ToAc Meckl. 2, 10. 

On branches of trees. 

6. Spheria ovina. Egglike spheria. 

Thecce scattered, globular, egglike, covered with a compact 

white wooliness ; months nipplelike, blackish. 

Sphaeria miicida /3, Tvde Meckl. 2, 16. 

Sphaeiia ovina, Persoon Syn. 71, 

Sphteria lichenoides, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 12? 


7. Spheria hirsata. Shagsy spheria. 

Thecce rather crowded, brittle, black, ovate, with scattered 

bristle; mouths blunt, slightly angular. 

Sphajrla hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 73. 

Sphffiria terrestris, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 7. 

On rotten trunks of trees, and the ground. 

8. Sphceria hovilardica. Explosive spheria. 

Thecce nearly cylindrical, brownish-black, small, crowded, 

upright; mouths very short, nipplelike. 

Sphaeria Bombarda, Persoon Syn. 75. 

Naemaspora glabra, ^'illd. Bert. 1207. 


9. Spheria equina. Horsedung spheria. 

Thecce nearly crustlike, partly immersed ; mouths long, 

rather oblique. 

Sphaeria. fimefi, Persoon Syn. 64, 

On cow or horse dung. 

10. Sphceria stercoraria. Dung spheria. 

Thecce scattered, orbiculate, convex; mouths nipplelike, 

very short. 

Sphaeria stercoria, Sowerby Fungi, 357, 1. 

On dung. 

1 1 Sphceria soUtaria. Solitary spheria. 

Thecce scattered, nearly globular ; 

like ; 

on the ground. 

Sphaeria solitaria, Sowerby Fungi, 357, 2, 


mouths acute, nipple

-528 I48.Spha?r. G.SARCOTHALAMEiE. Plcell.aph. 

' 12. Sphceria coriacea. Leatherlike spheria. 

TheccB reverse-ovate, often collapsed at the tip. 

Spha?ria coriacea, Soiverby Fungi, 371, 1, 

13. SphcBria rimosa. Cracked spheria. 

TheccB clustered, reverse-ovate, collapsed at the tip, 

conglutinated together; masses cracked. 

Sphasria rimosa, Sowerbi/ Fungi, 375,3. 

On plants. 

\^. Sphcpria Tupestris. Rock spheria, 

Thecce nearly globular, almost loose. 

Sphaeria rupestris, Sowerby Fungi, 371,2, 

On slate. 

15. Sphceria coynmunis. Coinmon spheria. 

Thecce depressed, orbicular becoming cupshape, blackish. 

Sphseria coiiimanis, Soiverby Fungi, 295. 

On walls. 

16. Sphceria insidens. Seated spheria. 

Thecce nearly globular, black, sometimes confluent, 

roughish, hard. 

SphaBria insidens, Sowerby Fungi, 312, 12, 

On wood. 

17. Sphceria ruhiformis. Raspberry spheria. 

Thecce nearly globular, crowded, finely tuberculated. 

"Sphasria rubiforrais, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 2. 

On wood. 

18. Sphceria vaccinii. Whortlelerry spheria, 

Thecce ovate, nearly eggshape, acute, crowded, 

Spharia vaccinii, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 1. 

On the stems of vitis Idsea punctifolia, surrounding them. 

19. Spheria viridis. Green spheria. 

Thecce nearly globular, black, inside green. 

Sphaeria viridis, Sowerby Fungi, 375,8. 

On wood. 

20. Sphceria lonicerce. Wooodhine spheria. 

Thecce oval or globular, black; mouths very minute, 

nippleshape. 

Sphaeria loniceras, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 6. 

On the stems of woodbine.

Pl.cell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 148.Sph£8r. 529 

21. Sphceria nidida. Nestling spheria. 

Thecce small, crowded, nearly globular, black ; mouths 

nippleshape. - 

Sphseria nidiila, Soicerby Fungi, 394, ?. 

On the roots of beans. 

22. Sphceria fusca. 

- Thecce round, brownish. 

Sphseria fiisca, Sowerby Fungi, 395,3. 

On rotten fir-wood. 

Brown spheria, 

23. Sphceria claviformis. Nailshape spheria. 

Thecce ovate, large, outside wrinkled, black; middle coat 

white; mouths êxôraXed. 

Spliseria claviformis, Sowerby Fungi, 337. 


24. Sphceria Kirhii. Kirlys spheria. 

Thecce nearly globular, black. 

Sphaeria Kiibii, Sowerby Fungi, 371, 3, 

On the cores of apples. 

25. Sphceria suhsecreta. Nearly-hidden spheria. 

Thecce orbicular, black, partly immersed, collapsed 

above; mouths nippleshape, prominent, lips 4-parted. 

Sphaeria suhsecreta, Sowerby Fungi, 313,8. 

On rotten poplar sticks. 

26. Sphceria longa. Long spheria. 

Thecce black, immersed, oblong, small, inside white: 

mouth lightish, nipplelike. 

Sphaeria longa, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 4. 

On reeds, under the epidermis. 

b. Mouths round, as long as the thecce. 

27- Sphceria dryina. Oak spheria. 

TheccB extremely small, clustered, naked, globular, 

black; mouths eight times as Ions as the thecse, bristlelikc. 

very slender, flexible, drooping. 

Sphseria drjina, Persuon Syn. 58, 

Sphsria rostrata nigrofusca, Tode Meek'. Si, 14. 

Sphasria ciliaris, Soteerby Fungi, 339 ? 

On oak-timber. 

VOL. I. 2 m

530 US.Sphaer. e.SARCOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

28. Sphceria roslrnta. Beaked spheria. 

Thecce naked, globular, black, granulated ; months very 

long, bristlelike. 

Sphaeria rostrafn, Torfe Meckl. 2, 14. 

On rotten sticks ; July. 

29. Sphceria acuta. Pointed spheria. 

Thecce naked, gregarious, black, shining, nearly globular; 

mouth bristlelike, thickish, cylindrical. 

Sphaeria acuta, Hoffin. Crypt. l,-"2; Sowerby FuH^j, 11 . 

On decayed herbage under hedges; winter and spring. 

30. Sphceria ciirvirosira. Bent-heak spheria. 

Thecce partly immersed, ovate; wow/A^ cylindrical, bent 

obliquely on one side. 

Sphferia curvirostra, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 5. 

On the stems of herbs. 

31. Sphceria siylifera. Siylehearing spheria. 

Thecce mostly collapsed above; mouths clubshape, quite 

smooth. 

Sphaeria Gnouion, Persoon Syn. 61 ; 

On the leaves af the hazel ; spring. 

Sotcerby Fungi, 373, 6. 

32.' Sphceria Jioriformis. Flowerlike spheria. 

Thecce gregarious, immersed, large ; motiths as long as 

the thecse ; tip plaited, flowerlike. 

Sphieria floriformis, Sowerby Fungi, 297. 

On the bark of hornbeam. 

33. Sphceria acuminata. Acuminated spheria. 

Thecce partly immersed, ovale, conical, black; mouths 

conical, pointed, as long as the thecee. 

Sphffiria acuminata, Soicerby Fungi, 394,3. 

On the stalks of thistles. 

34-. Sphceria decomponens. Decomposing spheria. 

Thecce gregarious, immersed, large, globular; mouths 

as' long as the thecse, slightly prominent. 

Sphaeria decomponens, Sowerby Fungi, 217. 

On sticks destitute of bark. Black, giving the sticks a 

charred appearance.

PLcell.aph. e.SARCOTHALAMEiE. US.Sphser. 531 

c. Mouth very broad, compressed. 

33 .Sphceria compressa. Compressed spheria. 

TheccB immersed, scattered, elliptical, compressed 

mouth compressed. 

Spliseria compressa, Persoon Syn, 54. 

On dry wood. 

36. Sphceria cristata. Crested spheria^ 

Thecce naked, scattered, globular, black ; mouth crested. 

Sphieria cristata, Persoon Syn. 54. 

On the branches of sloe-trees. 

C. THELEBOLiDEiE. Tkallus hemispherical; thecce immersed, 

nipplelike, afterwards ejected; sporidia deliquescent, 

gelatinous ; sporce granular. 

XIV. 149. THELEBOLUS.Tode. Thelelole. 

Thallus hemispherical, bellied, edge not cut; thecce im- 

mersed ; 

sporidia gelatinous. 

Theleholus terrestris. Earth thelelole, 

Thallus hemispherical, saffron-yellow, congregated on 

a yellowish, flocky basis. 

Theleholus terrestris, Albert, et Schwein, Fung. 71. 

•Peziza bydrophora, Bulliard Champ. 410. 

Lycoperdon hydrophoron, Sowerby Fungi, 23. 


D. NEMASPORiDEiE. Thallus 0, or spreading ; theccR immersed 

in wood; sporidia ejected, waxlike, threadlike 

twisted, persistent; sporce granular. 

XVI. 150. NEMASPORA. Nemaspore. 

Thallus spreading or 0; theccB immersed. 

1. Nemaspora profusa. Spreading nemaspore. 

Thecce orbicular, depressed, black, immersed, above 

yellowish, convex ; sporidia yellow, 2 or 3 from each thecae.. 

Sphaeria profusa, Sowerby Fungi, 377. 

On the bark of trees and old wood. 

Thallus spongy, yellowish, spreading; thecce black. 

2 M 2

532 150.Nemasp. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. Plcell.apK 

2. Nemuspora chrysosperma. Gold-seeded nemaspore. 

Thecce rather conical, truncated; sporidia solitary, golden 

yellow. 

Sphaeria ctrrhata, Sowerby Fungi, 138. 

Nemaspora chrysosperma, Penoon Syn. 80, 

Under the bark of the black poplar. 

S. Nemaspora composiia. Compound nemaspore. 

Thecce orbicular, depressed, black; moiitlis many, in a 

circle ; central mouth largest, the rest small ; sporidia yellow. 

Sphffiria composiia, Sowerby Fungi, 237. 

On Sticks, and the bark of trees. 

4. lSIemaspc7-a dulna. Doubtful nemaspore^ 

Thecce orbicular, rather depressed, black, cottony, solitary; 

5porf(/ia solitary, yellowish. 

Sphseria diibia, Sowerby Fungi, 375, 7. 

On the stem of vines. . 

5. Nemaspora carpini. Hornbeam nemaspore. 

Thecce orbicular, depressed, black, solitary, immersed r 

sporidia black, thick. 

Splia'ria carpini, Sowerby Fungi, 376. 

On the bai'k of the hornbeam. 

Fam.VII. 7. PROTOMYCE^. Mycetoidece, Esenbeck. 

Fimgorum pars^ Linneeus, Jussieu* 

Anandrce epiphytes. Link. 

Sporidia simple, free, sessile or pedicelled, one or manycelled, 

naked or innate on a stroma. 

A. Sporidia free, sessile or pedicelled, ii?ider the epidermis 

of living plants ; stroma 0. Coeomide^. 

Sporidia free, 1- celled, globular; 

false peridium tubular, cut Rgestelia. 151. 

Sporidia fi'ee, 1-celled, globular; 

false peridium calyxlike, short iEciDiDM. 152. 

Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular, 

naked, on the fructification of plants .... Ustilago. 153. 

Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular, 

naked ; epidermis ruptured Uredo. 154.

PI. cell. aph. 1. PROTOMYCE^. 53S 

Sporidia free, 1 -celled, globular, 

naked ; epidermis bullated Albugo. 155. 

Sporidia pedicelled, 1 -celled, ovate, 

naked; epiêrmw ruptured Cceomurus. 156. 

Sporidia pedicelled, 2-celled, ovate, 

naked; epidermis ruptured Diceoma. 157. 

Sporidia pedicelled, many-celled, 

naked; pediceUs free Puccinia. 158. 

Sporidia pedicelled, many-celled, 

naked; pedicells conglomerated Podisoma. 159. 

B. Sporidia many-celled, free.^ 7iaked ; stroma ; growing 

on decayed vegetables. Stiibosporideae. 

Sporidia spindleshape, pellucid Fusidium. 160. 

Sporidia oblong, blunt , , Stilbospoka. 161. 

C Sporidia Ludlike, under the epidermis of living plants. 

Xylomidese. 

CriLSl cellular, inside pale Xyloma. 162. 

D. Sporidia 1-celled, pedicelled ; tlieccB irregular, gelatinouSi 

on live plants. Gymnosporangidete. 

Erumpent; ^/ifcte irregular Gymkosporangium. 163. 

E. Sporidia l- celled, free, expanding • tliecce free. 

iEgeritideffi. 

Sporidia globular; fhecce round ^seiuta. 164. 

(Sj&o?ic?ia spindleshape ; ///ec^ globular Fusarium. 165. 

F. Sporidia l-celled,free,; theccc evolute, pedicelled, free. 

~~ Tubercularidese. 

S/io?-?"^. globular ; /Aec^ pedicelled Tubercularia. 166, 

A. CcEOMiDEiE. sporidia dustlike, free, heaped, sessile 

or pedicelled, one or many-celled, growing at first under 

the epidermis of living plants, then bursting through it, 

naked or covered with a false peridium or thec^ formed of 

the epidermis of the plant on which it grows. 

I. 151. RGESTELIA. Link. Restelia, 

Sporidia 1 -celled, free, sessile, globular, heaped together, 

girt with a false peridium ; peridium irregularly glomerated.

.534. ISl.Roestelia. 7. PROTOMYCE^. Pl.cell.aph. 

1. Roestelia cancellata. Rail-like restelia. 

Tufts brown, aggregated ; thec(JE cancellated, bellied j 

tip closed. 

jEcidiuin cancelladim, Persoon Syn. 205. 

Lycopeidon ciincellatum, Jacq. Austr. 1, 13. 

Cancellaria pj ri, Sovcerby Fungi, 409 and 410 

On the lower surface of pear-leaves. 

2. RvesteUa lacerafa. Torn restelia. 

Tiifts iron-colour, aggregated; thecce cancellated, concave 

; tip toothed ; teeth separate, spreading. 

jEcidium laceradim, Sotcerby Fungi, 318. 

^cidium oxyacantlifE, Persoon Syn. 206. 

On the lower surface of the leaves of apple-trees, hawthorn, 

and mountain-ash. 

3. Roestelia cornuta. Horned restelia, 

T'lifts brown, aggregate; base reddish; thecce long conical, 

cylindrical ; tip toothed, turned back. 

^cidiuni coinutum, Persoon Syn. 205; Sowerby Fungi, 319. 

Lycopcrdon corniferum, Fl. Dan. 838. 

Lycopeidon corniculatuni, Ehrh. Crypt. 20. 

On the lower surface of the leaves of wild service. 

Leaves spotted red on the upper surface; peridia few 

together; sporidia greyish-red. 

4. Roestelia lerleridis. Berberry restelia^ 

Tufts yellowish, round, convex ; thecce cylindrical, orangeyellow; 

mouth 5-toothed. 

^cidiuin beiberidis, Dc Cand. Syn. 51. 

Lycoperdon poculiforme, Jacq. Coll, 1, 122. 

On the lower face of berberry-leaves. 

5. Roestelia campanulata. Bellshape restelia^ 

Tufts reddish-yellow, round, convex ; thecce cylindrical, 

bellshape; mouth not cut, yellowish. 

jEcidium berberidis, Sowerby Fungi, 397. 

iEcidium berbeiidis /3, Be Cand. Fl. Gall. 247. 

On the lower face of berberry-leaves. 

II. 152. ^CIDIUM. Persoon. Ecidium. 

Sporidia 1 -celled, sessile, globular, in heaps, bursting 

from the epidermis of plants, and girt with a short, calyxlike 

peridium or theca formed of it.

Pl.cellaph. 7. PROTOMYCE^. 152. ^cidium. 535 

a. TheccB crowded together irregularly. 

1. ^cidium ranunculi. Croiufool ecidium. 

Tujls few, peridiated ; thecce crowded, pale, prominent; 

mouths torn, edges turned back. 

jEcidiutn rnnuiiciili, De Cand. Syn. 31. 

jEcidium ranunculi acris, Persoon Syn. 210. 

On the lower face of the leaves of ranunculus acris, and 

r. bulbosus. 

2. JEcidiwu hunii. Earth~7iut ecidium. 

Tuffs ovate or orbicular, bullate, irregular; thecce numerous, 

rather distinct, yellow and orange; mouths scarcely 

cut. 

jEcidiuin bunii, De Cand. Syn. 51. 

On the leaves of earth-nut. 

3. JEcidium irregulare. Irregular ecidium. 

Tufts brownish, thickish ; peridium pale-yellow, at first 

cylindrical blunt, then disappearing. 

jCcidiuKi irregulare, De Cand. Syn, 31. 

On the lower face of the leaves of buckthorn. 

4. -Mcidium confer turn. Crowded ecidium. 

Tufts with a whitish edge; thecce crowded, confluent, 

white; 7nout h s iooihed; 5por/c?/'a yellow, become brown. 

jEcidium confertum, De Cand. Syn. 31. 

jEcidium crassum /3, Persoon Syn. 208. 

On the lower surface of the leaves of ranunculi. 

5. Ecidium crassum. Thick ecidium. 

Tufts irregularly crowded, thick, convex ; thecce pitchershape, 

orange ; sporidia pale-yellow. 

JEcidium crassum, Persoon Syn. 208. 

On the berry-bearing alder. 

6. Ecidium horharecc. French-cress ecidium. 

Thecce crowded, orbicular ; ?nouths whitish, crenulated 

sporidia orange-yellow. 

TEcidium barbarete, De Cand. Syn. 51. 

On both faces of the leaves of French cresses. 

Tifts girt with a brownish margin.

536 1 52. iEcidium. 7. PROTOMYCE^. PL cell apL 

7. JEcidium urticce. 

Nettle ecidium. 

TheccB bellsliape, yellow ; mouths toothed ; sporidia first 

yellow, then red. 

jEcidium urticJE, De Caml. Syn, 51, 

On common stinging-nettles. 

B. j^cid'mm petasitidis. Butterhurr ecidium. 

TheciT. bellshape, light-brown; mouths cracked, turned^ 

black ; sporidia yellowish. 

JEcidium (ussilagitiis, Sowcrby Fungi, 397, 1. 

On the lower face of the leaves of butter-burr. 

9. jEcidinm corni. JVild-cornel ecidium. 

Tufts crowded, base orange ; ihecce jêllowish-orange j 

mouth not cut? 

Ecidium corni, Sowerhy Fungi, 39T,3. 

On the lower face of the leaves of the wild cornel-tree, 

b. TheccB in concentric circles. 

10. JEcidium clematitis. Travellers-joy ecidium. 

Thecce pale-yellow; mouths slightly toothed, at length 

vanishing ; sporidia yellovf 

iEcidium clematitis. Be Cand. Syiu 50. 

On the lower face of the leaves of travellers-joy. 

Leaves marked with brown spots on the upper face. 

1 1 . Ecidium asper'ifoliarum. jlsperifoUo' ecidium, 

TheccB white, confluent, viîneglass-shape, half-immersed, 

pale-yellow; sporidia yellov.'ish-white. 

yEcidiiun aspsrifolia;, Ds CanJ. Syn. 50. 

On the lovi'er face of the leaves of various boragiiiese. 

Leaves hollowed on the upper face. 

12. Ecidium. ruhellum. Small-red ecidium, 

Thecce very small, confluent, partly immersed, pale yel- 

sporidia yellowish-white. 

low ; 

jEcidimn rubelhim, D& Cand. Syn. 50. 

./Ecidium ruraicis, Persoon Syn. 207. 

On the lower face of great water-dock leaves. 

Leaves spotted red on the upper face. 

/3. sparsum. Spots scattered, on both faces, bordered 

with yellow. 

yEcidiuni rumicis, Somerby Fungi, 405.

Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 152. ^cidiura. 53T 

lo. ^cid'ium tussilaginis. Coltsfoot ecidium. 

TheccB immersed, confluent, very short, white ; edge 

toothed. , 

JScidium tussilaginis, De Cand. Syn. 50. 

Lycoperdon cpiphyllum, Lin. S. P. 1655. 

On the lower face of cohsfoot leaves. 

Leaves spotted with purple on the upper face. 

c. TheccB dis(.i7ict. 

14. Ecidium characice. Unsavoury-spurge ecidium. 

Tlieccb remote; mouths scarcely cut, turned back; spo~ 

ridia orange-colour. 

jEeidiuin euphorbiie-sylvaticae, De Cand. Syn. 50. 

On the lower face of the leaves of characias amygdaioides, 

rarely on the upper. 

13. Ecidium periclymeni. IVbodbine ecidium. 

Thecce numerous, first nearly globular, then rather conical 

; mouths toothed ; sporidia orange-yellow. 

J3cidium perichymeni, De Cand. Syn. 50. 

On the upper face of woodbine-leaves. 

Leaves spotted with yellow on the upper face. 

16. Ecidium violarum. Violet ecidium. 

TheccB many, close together, rather prominent, whitish 

mouths toothed; sporidia orange, becoming brownish. 

yEcidium violarum, De Cand. Syn. 30. 

On the stems and leaves of hearts-ease. 

ll.JEcidium dehoracearmn. Succory ecidium. 

Thecce hemispherical, white; mouths unequally torn; 

lobes few, broad, turned back ; sporidia yellow. 

_^cidium cichoracearum, Dc Cand. Syn. 50. 

/Ecidium tragopogonis, Sowerby Fungi, 391,2. 

jEcidium tragopogi, Persoon Syn. 211. 

On the stems and leaves of yellow goats-beai'd. 

18. JEcidium leucospermum. White-seeded ecidium. 

Thecce cylindrical, prominent, whitish ; mouths thick, 

mostly toothed ; sporidia very copipus, white. 

Lycoperdon anemones, PuUney in Lin. Tr. 2, 331. 

/Ecidium anemones, Persooii Syn. 2! 2. 

Êcidium leucospermum, De Cand. Syn. 50. 

On the lower face of the leaves of wood anemonies. 

6. integra. Mouths not cut.

538 152.iEcidmm. 7. PROTOMYCE^. PLceU.apk. 

19. j^cid'tum pimctalum. Doited ecidium. 

TheccB hemispherical, pale-yellow; mouths not cut; sporidia 

brown. 

, 

jEcidium piinclatum, Persoon Syn. 212. 

jCcidiuin anemones, Hojfm. Germ. 2,2. 

On the lower face of the leaves of yellow anemonies. 

20. j^cidlum ruhi. Bramble ecidium. 

T^gc

Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 154. Uredo. 539 

IV. 154. UREDO. Blight. 

Sporidia 1 -celled, globular, sessile, free, heaped, spread- 

ing, girt with the ruptured epidermis, gi'owing on living 

plants. 

a. Sporidia black or hrown. 

1. Uredo suaveolens. Sweet-scented blight. 

Tufts reddish-brown, flattish, running together. 

Uredo suaveolens, Persoon Syn. 221, 

On the lower face of the leaves of the common-way 

thistle. 

Odour grateful. 

2. Uredofabce. Bean blight. 

Tufts chestnut-brown, scattered, very numerous, roundish, 

irregularly depressed. 

Uredo faba', Be Cand. Syn. 47. 

Uredo viciae fabae, Persoon Syn. 221. 

On the stems and leaves of beans. 

S. Uredo cichoracearum. Succory blight. 

Tufts brown, distant, small, orbicular. 

Uredo cichoracearum, De Cand. Syn, 47. 

On both faces of the leaves of dandelion, and similar 

plants. 

4. Uredo anemones. Anemone blight .^ 

Tufts black, oblong, orbicular. 

Uredo anemones, Persoon Syn. 223. 

On both faces of the leaves of wood anemonies. 

5. Uredo bfrons. Through-and-ihrough blight. 

Tufts reddish, distant, orbiculate. 

Uredo bifrons, De Cand. Syn. 47. 

On both faces of the leaves of curled-leaf dock. 

b. Sporidia yellowish. 

6. Uredo vitellina. Golden-osier blight. 

Ttfts orange-yellow, convex, orbicular, at last running 

together. 

Uredo vitellina, De Cand. Syn. 48. 

On the lower face of the leaves of golden osier.

540 154. Uredo. 7. PROTOMYCE^. Pl.cell.aph. 

7. Uredo tussilaginis. Coltsfoot blight. 

Tufts orange-yellow, rather concentric, running together. 

Uredo tussilaginis, De Cand. Syn. 48. 

On the lower surface of coltsfoot-leaves. 

8. Uredo senecionis. Groundsel Wight. 

Tufts saffron-colour, oblong or irregular, at length running 

together. 

Uredo senecionis, Tie Cand. Sijn. 48. 

On the lower surface of the leaves of groundsel. 

9. Uredo linearis. Linear blights 

Tufts yellow, becoming brown ; sporidia rather ovate. 

Uredo linearis, Persoon Si/n. 216. 

Uredo longissima, Sowerby Fungi, 139. 

On both faces of the leaves of wheat and other corn. 

10. Uredo confluens. Confluent blight. 

Tifts pale yellow, concentric, confluent; sporidia scarcely 

effused. 

Uredo confluens, Di Cand. Syn. 48. 

On the lower face of the leaves of dogs-mercury. 

V. 155. ALBUGO. Persoon. Albugo. 

Sporidia globular, sessile, 1-celled, enclosed in the bullated 

epidermis of live plants.—White. 

1 /llbugo cruciferoru7n. Cruciferous albugo. 

Tifts broad, depressed ; 

Uredo candidum a, Persoon Syn. 222. 

Uredo thlaspi, Sou-erby Fungi, 340. 

Uredo cruciferarum, I)e Cand. Syn. 49. 

On the lower face of the leaves of cruciferous plants. 

sporidia very copious. 

2. Albugo tragopogi. Goatsbeard albugo. 

Tifts white, scattered, oblong, minute. 

Uredo candidum fi, Persoon Syn. 223. 

Uredo tragopogi, De Cand. Syn. 49. 

On purple goatsbeard. 

3. Albugo peiroselini. 

' Parsley 

albugo. 

Tifts scattered, roundish, oblong, confluent ; sporidia 

very copious. 

Uredo petroselini, De Cand. Syn. 49. 

On the stem and leaves of parsley.

Pl.cell.aph. 7.PROTOMYCEiE. 156. Coeomurus. 541 

VI. 156. CCEOMURUS. Link. Ceomure. 

Sporidia ovate or globular, 1 -celled, pedicelled; girt with 

the ruptured epidermis of live plants*. 

1. Cceomunis phaseolarum. Kidney- bean ceomure. 

Sporidia ovoid; pedicells rather long; tufts blackishred, 

orbicular. 

Uredo appendiculata, Pcrsoon Syn. £22. 

Puccinia phaseolarum, De Cand. Syn. 46. 

On both faces of the leaves of kidney-beans. 

2. Coeomnri/s pisi. Pea ceomure^ 

Sporidia ovoid; pedicells short; t?/fts brown, orbicular^, 

or oblong. 

Uredo appendiciilafa /3, Persoon Syn. 222. 

Puccinia pisi, De Cand, Syn. 46. 

On the stems and leaves of peas. 

S. CceomurusJicarice. Pilewort ceomure. 

Sporidia ovoid; pedicells rather long; tvfts brown, confluent; 

epidermis at first raised, then burst. 

Puccinia ficariae, De Cand. Syn, 46. 

On the stems, and upper face of the leaves of pilewort* 

4. Cceomurus irijhlii. Trefoil ceomure^ 

Sporidia ovoid, nearly sessile; iiifts reddish-brown, oblong, 

or irregular, bursting the epidermis. 

Puccinia (rifQlii, De Cand. Syn. 46. 

On the stems and leaves of several species of trefoil. 

5. Cceomurus porri. Leek ceomure^ 

Sporidia reverse, eggshape; peJiceZ/s rather short; it^ls 

reddish-brown, oblong, bursting the epidermis. 

Uredo porri, Sowerby Fungi, 41 1 

On both faces of the leaves of leaks. 

VII. 157. DICÔMA. Diceome, 

Sporidia ovate, 2-celled, pedicelled, girt by the TUptuffed 

epidermis of the living plant. 

1. DiccBoma persicarice. Persicaria diceome, 

Sporidia clubbed ; upper cell thick, globular ; lower cell 

long, slender ; pedicells short ; tufts red-brown, small, or? 

bicuiar.

54-2 157. Dicseoma. 7. PROTOMYCE^. Pl.cell.apk. 

Puccinia polygon! nmphibii, Persoon Syn. 227. 

On the lower face of the leaves of narrow-leaved pondweed. 

2. DiccEoma scirpi. Rush diceome. 

Sporidia rather clubbed ; upper cell large, globular 

pedicell short; itifts blackish, roundish, compact. 

Puccinia scirpi, -De Cand. Sjjn. 46. 

On the decaying stems of bullrushes. 

3. Dicceoma graminis. Grass dkeome. 

Sporidia rather clubbed ; upper cell large, globular 

pedicells short; tufts yellow, brown, or black, scattered, 

parallel. 

Puccinia graminis, Persoon Syn. 228, 

Uredo frumenti, Sowerhy Fungi, 140. 

On the stem and leaves of grasses. 

4. DiccBoma anemones. Anemone diceome. 

Sporidia oblong ; cells rounded ; pedicells short ; tufts 

brown, hemispherical, in rows or marginal. 

Puccinia anemones, Persoon Syn. 226. 

^cidiiim fuscum, Sowerby Fungi, 53. 

On the lower face of the leaves of wood-anemonies. 

Plants on which this fungus is parasitic have been taken 

for a new species of fern, under the name of the Conjurer 

of Chalgrave's fern, he having been the first botanist who 

observed it. 

5. DiccBoma menthce. Mint diceome. 

Sporidia oblong ; cells rounded ; pedicells short ; tifts 

brown, threadlike, rather thicker at bottom ; tifts black, 

hemispherical, powdery. 

Puccinia menlhaj, De Cand. Syru 45. 

On the lower face of the leaves of several species of mint. 

Sporidia cylindrical, blunt; pedicells short; tvfts brown, 

orbicular, girt with the epidermis. 

Puccinia ribis, De Cand. Syn. 45. 

On the upper face of the leaves of red currants. 

7. Dicceoma aviculare. Knotgrass diceome. 

Sporidia ovoid, blunt ; pedicells long, flaccid ; tifts brown, 

oblong, or roundish.

Pl.cell.nph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 157. Diceeoma. 50 

Piicclnia polygoiii aviculririae, Persoon Syn. 227. 

Puccinia aviculuriae, De Canil. Syn. 45. 

On the stem and leaves of knotgrass. 

8. Dicceoma adoxcB. Moscalell diceome. 

Sporidia oblong, blunt ; pedicells short ; tufts brown, 

irregularly confluent. 

Puccini.i adoxae, De Cand. Syti. 45. 

On the stem and leaves of tuberous moscatell. 

9. Dicceoma hexi. Boxtree diceome. 

Sporidia oblong, lanceolate, cells rather acute; pedicells 

long; tyfls black, orbicular, convex. 

Puccinia biixi, Sowerby Fungi, 439. 

On box-leaves. 

VIII. 158. PUCCINIA. Micheli. VucciiiL 

Sporidia cylindrical, many-celled, pedicelled, free, upon 

the epidermis of living plants. 

1 Puccijna roscB. Rose puccini. 

Sporidia cylindrical, 3 to 5-celled, pointed ; pedicells 

white, threadlike, thicker at the bottom ; tiifls black, rather 

powdery. 

Ascophora disciflora, Ihde Meckl. 3, 26. 

Puccinia mucronata, Persoon Syn, 230. 

Puccinia ross, De Cand. Syn. 44. 

On the lower face of rose-leaves. 

2. Puccinia ruhi. Bramble puccini. 

Sporidia cylindrical, 3 to 5-celled, bluntly pointed; pedicells 

white, threadlike, thicker at the bottom ; tufts black, 

rather powdery. 

Ascophora disciflora B, Tode Meckl. 3, 27. 

Puccinia mucronata /3, Persoon Syn. 230. 

Puccinia rubi, De Cand. Syn. 44 ; Sowerby Fungi, 400, 9. 

On the lower face of the leaves of blackberry bushes. 

3. Puccinia potentillce. Cinquefoil puccini. 

Sporidia cylindrical, 4-celled, blunt ; pedicells white, 

threadlike ; tifts black, compact. 

Puccinia poteiitillse, Persoon Syn. 229, 

On dry leaves of vernal cinquefoil.

5U 158. Puccinia. 7. PROTOMYCE.E. PLcelLapfu 

4. Pucc'mia ulmi. Elm puccinL 

Sporidia cylindrical, 3 or 4-celled, blunt; pedicells wh'itef 

threadlike ; tiifis free, black, rather powdery. 

Puccinia ulmi, De Cand. Syn, 44. 

On the lower face of elm-leaves. 

5. Puccrnia spergulce, Spurrey puccim. 

Sporidia cylindrical, 3-celled, blunt; pedicelis white, 

tufts compact, brown. 

threadlike ; 

Piiccinia spcrgulas, De Cand. Syn. 44. 

On the stem and leaves of spurrey. 

IX. 159. PODISOMA. Link. Podisome, 

Sporidia cylindrical, many-celled; pedicells long, united 

into a rather gelatinous or fleshy mass, protuberant from 

the live branches. 

Podisomn juniper i. Juniper podisome 

Tvfts yellow, conical. 

Pucciniu non ramosa major pyramidata, Mickeli N. Gen. 213, 

Clavaria resinosorum, Gniel. Linn. Si/st. Nat, 2, 1443. 

Puccinia cristala, Schmidel Ic, 3, 254. 

Puccinia junijieri, Persoon Syn. 228. 

Gymnoiporangium conicum. Da Cand. Syn. 44. 

Podisoma juniper!, Esenheck Syst. 2, 4. 

On the stems of juniper-bushes. 

B. Stilbosporide^. Sporidia dustlike, free, naked, 

many-celled, growing on wood and other dead substances. 

X. 160. FUSIDIUM. Link. Fusidium. 

Sporidia spindleshape, transparent, lying down. 

1. Fusidium griseum. Grey fusidium. 

Heaps grey, thin, spreading. 

Fusidium griseum, Link Berl. Mag. 1809,8. 

On oak-leaves. 

2. Fusidium ceruginosum. VerdigrisJusidium, 

Heaps verdigris-green, thin, spreading. 

Fusidium Eeruginosuui, Link Berl. Mag. 1809, 8. 

On dry leaves. 

3. Fusidium caiididum. Whitefusidium. 

Heaps snow-white, thick, irregular. 

Fusidium candidum, Link Bert. Mag. 1809j 8, 

On decayed beech-leaves.

Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 161. Stilbospora. 5^5 

XL 161. STILBOSPORA. Persoon. Stilhospore. 

Sporidia dark-coloured, ringed, in irregular heaps. 

1. Stilbospora asterosperma. Star-seeded slillospore. 

Sporidia starlike, 3 or 4-rayed. 

Stilbospora asterosperma, Persoon Syn. 96. 

On the branches of beech, birch, and maple-trees. 

2. Stilbospora sphcBrosperma. Round-seeded siilbospore. 

Sporidia globular, minute. 

Stilbospora splijerospenna, Persoon Syn. 97. 

On the dry stems of the common bankside reed. 

C. XYLOMiDEiE. Sporidia budlike, enclosed in a crust; 

crtist swollen, variable in shape; inside pale; texture ir- 

regular, cellulaf, under the epidermis of plants. 

XII. 162. XYLOMA. Persoon. Xyloma. 

Crust hard, inside fleshy, cellular. 

1 Xyloma salicinum. JVillow xyloma. 

Crust black, shining, thick ; inside granular, white. 

Xyloma salicinum, Persovn Syn. 103. 

On willow-leaves. 

Solitary, bossed. 

/3. conjluens. Crust confluent, disk naked. 

2. Xyloma acerinum. Maple xyloma. 

Crust black, flat, surface rather unequal with winding 

lines. 

Xyloma acerinum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 5. 

Xyloma punctatum, Persoon Syn, 104. " 

On the leaves of maple and sycamore-trees. 

Aggregate, orbicular. 

/3. conjluens. Crusts confluent. 

Xyloma acerinum, Persoon Syn. 104. 

3. Xyloma leucocreas. White-Jlesh xyloma. 

Crust thick, tubercular ; inside white. 

Xyloma leucocreas, De Cand, Syn. 63. 

On the leaves of different species of willow. 

VOL.1. 2 N

5^6 162. Xyloma. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. Pl.celLaph. 

4}. Xyloma mtiltivalve. Many-valved xyloma. 

Crusts dotlike, scattered, slightly convex ; epidermis 

raised round the tubercles in many valvelike divisions. 

Xyloma raultivalve, Be Cand. Syn. 63. 


5. Xyloma pezizoides. Peziza-like xyloma. 

Crusts scattered, orbicular, black; afterwards ruptured, 

border upright7 slightly crenate; centre pale. 

Peziza comitialis, Sowerby Fungi, 118. 

Peziza viridis, Bolton Fungi, 119, 1. 

Xyloma pezizoides, Persoon Syn, 105. 

D. GYMNOSPORANGiDEiE. Sporid'ia one-ringed, pedicelled; 

pedicells irregularly grown together into a firm 

gelatinous stroma.—On live plants. 

XIII. 163. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. Link. Soft-ball. 

Sporidia 1 -ringed ; pedicells long; stroma gelatinous. 

G^/mnosporangium juniperinum. Juniper soft-hall. 

Sporidia yolk-of-egg yellow, plaited. 

Agaricus membranaceus sinuosus, substantia gelatinae, Raii Syn. 21,3. 

Tiemella juniperina, Lin. S. P. 1625; Villars Dauph. 3, 1007. 

Gymnosporarigium juniperum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,6, 

On the stem of juniper-bushes. 

E. jiEGERiTADE^. Sporidlu 1-celled, free, naked, on an 

irregular expanded stroma.—On decayed vegetables. 

XIV. 164-. ./EGERITA. Persoon. Egerita. 

Sporidia globular, embedded on a round, sessile stroma. 

JEgerita Candida. White egerita. 

Tifts snow-white, hemispherical, scattered. 

Sclerotium Egerita, Hoffm. Crypt. 9, I. 

jEgerita Candida, Persoon Syn. 684. 

On alder-trees ; autumn. 

XV. 165. FUSARIUM. Link. Fusarium. 

Sporidia spindleshape, sessile, diffusible, on a globular 

sessile stroma.

PLcell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCE^. 16.5. Fusarium. 547 

Fiisarium roseiim. Rose-redfusar'mm. 

Stromata gregarious, hemispherical, rose-red ; sporidia 

lighter coloured. 

Ftisarium roseum, Link in Berl. Mag. 1809, 10. 

On the stems of the malvaceae. 

F. TuBERCULARiDiE. Sporidia I-celled, bursting forth 

from the top of a free, pedicelled stroma. 

XVI. 166. TUBERCULARIA. Tode. Tuhermlaria. 

Sporidia small, globular; strom.a wine-glass-shape, pedicelled; 

pedicell short, from an expanded gelatinous mass. 

1. Tulercidaria granulata. Granulated tulercularia. 

Siroma rather globular, nearly sessile, surface granular, 

brownish ; 

sporidia intermixed with flocks. 

Tubercularia granulata, Persoon Syn. 113. 

On the branches of maple- trees. 

2. Titlercularia vulgaris. Common, tubercularia. 

Siroma stipitate, thick, pale, furrowed, wrinkled. 

Tubercularia vulgaris, Persoon Syn. 112. 

Tremella purpHrca, Lin. S. Veg. 1004. 

Sphasria miniata, Bolt Fung. 127. 

Sphaeria tremelloidps, IJ'eis. Obs. Bot. 3, 1. 

Clavaria coccinea, Sowerby Fungi, 294. 

On the branches of trees. 

Fam.VIII. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Esenbeck. Fu?igor7im 

pars, Linnaeus. AIgarum pars, Linnaeus, 

Jussieu. Aiiandrcn Mucedines, Link. 

Sporidia naked, attached to the thallus ; thallus thread- 

like, simple or branched. — Plants terrestrial or parasitic, 

generally growing in damp places, minute : when put into 

water they expand, and may be displayed with ease for 

examination. 

A. Mucedinese. Thallus Jlocky, tubular ; sporidia free, 

scattered on the surface. 

Flocks rather branched 

sporidia single ; pedicells long Acremonium. 167. 

Flocks spreading; 

spar, loose, oblong; pedic. short Epochnium. 168. 

2 N 2

548 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

Flocks branched; 

spor. ovate, 2-celled, much scattered Tricothecium. 169. 

Flocks branched, entangled; 

spor. ovate or globose, scattered . . . Sporotrichum. 170. 

Flocks branched, radiated 

spor. small, globular, scattered Byssocladium. 171. 

B. Aspergillideae. Thallus tubular^ simple or jointed 

sporidia scattered, toivards the top. 

Flocks simple, or slightly branched 

spor. globular, in heaps Haplaria. 172. 

Flocks simple, aggregated, beadlike, 

with separated joints Acrosporum. 173. 

Flocks upright, twiglike, forked 

spor. globular, crowded at top Virgaria. 174'. 

Flocks upright, interwoven, corymbose 

spor. globular, on the tips Botrytis. 175. 

Flocks upright, branched in whirls; 

spor. globular, on the whirls Stachylidium. 176. 

Flocks upright, branched at top 

spor. globular Polyactis. 1 77. 

Flocks branched at the tip, headlike 

spor. globular, clustered, on the tip ... Penicillum. 178. 

Flocks dilated at the tip, clublike; 

5por. globular, clustered, on the tips , . Aspergillum. 179. 

C. Erineidese. Thallus Jibrous, unhranched, on the epidermis 

of plants. 

Fibres threadlike, twisted Erineum. 180. 

Fibres clublike, twisted Rubigo. ISl. 

D. Byssidese. Thallus Jibrous, free. 

Fibres upright, pellucid, crowded 

spor. in rows, ovate, falling off Cladosporium. 182. 

Fibres upright, opake, aggregated ; 

spor. oblong clublike, ringed Helmosporium. 183. 

Fibres upright, stiff; 

spor. spiral, ringed Helicosporium. 184. 

Fibres upright, jointed 

joints ovate Monilia. 185. 

Fibres decumbent, jointed 

joints globular, separating Torula. 186.

PLcelLaph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 549 

Fibres entangled, jointless, opake; 

granules formed of beadlike twigs Racodium. 187. 

Fibres decumbent, stiff, opake, 

branched; twigs jointless, persistent. . . . Dematium. 188. 

Fibres decumbent, very slender, opake, 

branched; twigs jointless, deliquescent .... Byssus. 189. 

Fibres decumbent, jointed, pellucid, 

entangled into a pellicle Typhoderma. 190. 

Fibres decumbent, jointless, entangled 

into a leatherlike mass Xylostroma. 191. 

E. Trichodermideae. Thallus tubular, jointed, entangled 

into a globe covering the sporidia. 

F/oc^5 branched ; 

sporidia gXohxAox Trichoderma. 192. 

F. Mucorideae. Thallus tubular ; sporce enclosed in a 

terminal, membranaceous, bladderlike sporidium. 

Thallus branched at bottom, simple at top 

spor. globose, solitary, terminal Thamnidium. 193. 

Thallus simple or branched 

spor. nearly globular Mucor. 194. 

7'/^gZ/m5 simple or branched; 

spor. globular, then inverted, bellshape. Ascophora. 195. 

Thallus simple, jointless, clublike 

spor. globular, projected Pilobolus. 196. 

G. Isaridese. Thallus tubular j tubes united at bottom to 

form a simple or branched stroma, free at the other end^ 

Stroma membranaceous, branched 

flocks simple; spor. vanishing Ceratium. 197. 

Stroma cylindrical; 

jôcî- branched ; 5por. globular, scattered ... Isaria. 198. 

Stroma simple, headed at top 

flocks pencilshape; spor. scattered Coremium. 199- 

Stroma simple, threadlike; 

flocks entangled ; spor. globular, in heads 

Cephalotrichum. 200. 

H. Stilbidese. Thallusfbrous, entangled into a gelatinous 

stroma ; tip headlike, fleshy ; sporidia scattered. 

Stroma simple; head naked, soft Stilbum. 201.

550 167.Acremon. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

A. MucEDiNE^. Thallus threadlike, tubular, simple or 

branched, mostly jointed, fi-ee; sporidia naked, scattered 

on the surface. 

I. 167. ACREMONIUM. Link. Clung-mould. 

Thallus slightly branched ; sporidia single, on long pe- 

dicells. 

1 Acremoniiirn vertic'illatum. Whirled clungmould. 

Thallus expanded, white ; sporidia in whirls. 

Acremonium verticillatum, Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 15. 

On the bark of fir-trees. 

2. Acremonium aliernatum. Alternate clungmould. 

Thallus spreading, white ; 

sporidia placed alternately. 

Acremonium alternatum, Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 15. 

On fii'-trees. 

II. 168. EPOCHNIUM. Link. Slalked-mould. 

Thalli dispersed; sporidia separating, oblong, on short 

pedicells. 

Epochnium monilioides. Beadlike slalked-mould. 

Thalli tufted, white or grey, spotlike, round. 

Toriila fructigera, Persuon Obs. Mic, 2,20. 

Monilia fructigera, Persoon Syn. 693. 

Epochnium monilioides, Link in Bert. Mag, 3, 18. 

On dried plants and pears. 

III. 169. TRICHOTHECIUM. Link. Tivin-mould. 

Thallus branched ; sporidia ovate, 2-celled, copiously 

scattered. 

Trichoihecium roseum. Rose tivinmould. 

Thalli white, interwoven ; sporidia rose-red. 

Trichoderma roseum, Persoon Syn. 231. 

Triciiothecium roseur.i. Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 18. 

On rotten wood, especially willow and poplar trees. 

IV. 170. SPOROTRICHUM. Link. Dust-mould. 

Thalli branched, entangled ; sporidia globular or ovate, 

scattered here and there.

Pl.cell.aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. no.Sporot. 551 

1. Sporotrichum fusciim. Brown diistmould. 

Thalli in very thin tufts, brown, lying down ; sporidia 

small. 

SiJorotrichiim fuscum. Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12, 

On felled timber. 

2. Sporotrichum ladiwm. Bay duslmoidd. 

Thalli in thin tufts, bay, lying down ; sporidia small. 

Sporotrichum badium, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12, 


3. Sporotrichum stuposum. Towlike dustmould. 

Thalli in rather thick close tufts, black-brown, lying 

down ; iporidia small. 

Sporotrichum stuposum, Link in Berl. Mag, 3, 12. 


4. Sporotrichum aureum. Golden dustmould. 

Thalli in thick tufts, gold-yellow, nearly upright ; sporidia 

minute. 

Sporotriciium aureum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 13. 


5. Sporotrichum candidum. White dustmould. 

Thalli in thin tufts, snow-white, lying down; sporidia 

small. 

Sporidium candidum, Z/inA; in fieri. Mag', 3, 13. 


V. 171. BYSSOCLADIUM. Link. Meal-mould. 

Thalli branched, spreading in rays; sporidia small, glo- 

bular. 

1. Byssocladium candidum. White mealmould. 

Thalli in thin tufts, snow-white, close, much branched 

tips pencilshape. 

Byssocladium candiduoi, Link in Berl. Mag. 7, 13. 

On rotten leaves, and wood. 

2. Byssocladium fenestrale. Window mealmould. 

Thalli tufted, grey, pressed close, very minute, branched, 

bent; branches spreading; joints indistinct. 

Conferva fenestralis, Dillw. Conf. 94, 

Byssocladium fenestrale, Link in Berl. Mag, 7,36, 

Sporotrichum fenestrale, Dittmar in Sturm. Germ. 3, 1, 

On neglected windows in damp places.

552 ni.Byssoclad. S.NEMATOMYCE^. Pl.cell.upk. 

3. ByssocLadium punctiformis. Dotlike mealmould. 

ThaUi in tufts, blackish-grey, opaque, pressed close 

very minute, rather torulose; branches slightly one-rowed; 

joints rounded. 

Conferva punctiformis, Roth Cat. 3,220. 

On neglected windows. 

Thallus rather beadlike, joints as long as broad. 

4. Byssus dendrilica. Treelike mealmould. 

Thalli in tufts, blackish-green, bent; branches slender, 

slightly pinnated. 

Conferva dendritica, Jgardh Syn. 96. 

Deraatium olivaceum, Albert et Schw. Consp, 

On old books in damp places. 

Tiifts circular, a quarter of an inch in diametei*. 

B. AsPERGiLLiDE^. Tkulhis flocklike, simple or 

branched, mostly jointed, tubular, free; sporidia naked, 

towards the tip of the thallus. 

VI. 172. HAPLARIA. Link. Skein-mould. 

Thalli simple or slightly branched, distant; sporidia 

globular, crowded in places. 

Haplaria grisea. Grey skei?imould. 

Thalli scattered, simple, 2-cut, forked, grey. 

Haplaria grisea. Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 11. 

On dry leaves of reeds, bur-reeds, Sec. 

VII. 173. ACROSPORIUM. Esenbeck. Chain-mould. 

Thalli simple, aggregated, beadlike at top ; joints separating 

by age. 

Acrosporium monilioides. Necklacelike chainmould. 

Thalli in tufts, snow-white, spreading, powdery. 

Acrosporium monilioides, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 14. 

Monilia hyalina, Fries Obs. Mycet. 1815, 210. 

Botrytis simplex monilis, Alb. et Schw. Consp. 363. 

On the leaves of grasses. 

VIII. 174. VIRGARIA. Esenbeck. Brush-mould. 

Thalli flocklike, upright, stiff; branches forked ; spo- 

ridia difluent, globular, crowded towards the tips.

Pl.cellaph. S.NEMATOMYCE^. ni.Virgaria. 553 

1. Virgaria nigra. Black brushmonld. 

Thalli in tufts, spreading, black, crowded. 

Botrytis nigra, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 14. 

Virgaria nigra, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 14. 

On felled trees. 

2. Virgaria oJivacea. Olive hrushmould. 

Thalli in tufts, spreading, very thin, olive-green, rather 

distant. 

Botrytis olivacea, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 14. 


IX. 175. BOTRYTIS. Micheli. Grape-mould. 

Thalli flocklike, upright, generally entangled at the bottom, 

much branched ; branches corymbose ; sporidia globular, 

collected about the ends of the branches. 

Botrytis allochroa. Shotten grapemould. 

Thalli in small tufts, upright, white afterwards reddish 

sporidia whitish. 

Botrytis allochroa, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 16. 

On dead stalks; autumn. 

X. 176. STACHYLIDIUM. Link. Ear-mould. 

Thalli flocklike, ascending, entangled at bottom; twigs 

whirled at top, short, blunt; sporidia globular, crowded 

about the whirls. 

1 Stachylidium hicolor. Tivo-coloured earmould. 

Thalli in tufts, white, the barren lying down, greenishgrey 

; the fertile upright, not branched at top. 

Dematium verticillatum, Persoon Syn. 694. 

Stachylidium bicolor, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 15. 

On the stem of herbaceous plants. 

2. Stachylidium terrestre. Land earmould. 

Thalli in tufts, spreading, white ; the barren lying down, 

few ; the fertile upright, branched. 

Monilia racemosa, Persoon Syn. 692. 

Aspergillus terrestris cjespitosus ac ramosus albua, Micheli N. Gen. PI. 

213. 

Stachylidium terrestre, Link in Berl. Mag, 3, 13. 

On the ground.

idK Susies'- 

r- Err»!»- tiu. 

Ok. j».8^; jtii'.. r: :i _ 

^mn^R. 

5., jT -" ff'îiliir jdlLiu 'BlUiJiC 

TTTTT £. rritT : SSKmOMi g-trrrmiarj ^-^j^TS^l SUKHC lOie 2^ ili 

f]|n îTT«fa=g) -g*"*^ gîer JDii^ jcin£&>

Pl.ceU.aph. S.NEMATOMYCE^. 179.Aspergil. 555 

2. Aspergillus flavus. 

Yellow knol-mould. 

Thalli in loose tufts, not branched, white, erect; heads 

first white, afterwards yellow. 

Aspergillus flavus, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16, 

On dry plants. 

3. Aspergillus laneus. Woolly knot-mould. 

Thalli in close tufts, branched, entangled, yellowish- 

white, nearly upright; heads ye\\o'wis\i. 

Aspergillus laaeus, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 16. 

On rotten fungi. 

4. Aspergillus virescens. Greenish knot-mould. 

Thalli in close tufts, branched, entangled, greenish, 

nearly upright; lieads greenish. 

Aspergillus virescens, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16. 


% 

. C. Erineide^. Thalli fibrous, not branched, nor 

jointed ; sporidia contained in the threads.—-On the epidermis 

of plants. 

XIV. 180. ERINEUM. Persoon. Rust-hyssus. 

Thalli threadHke, not branched, twisted, short, in tufts 

on decaying leaves. 

Erineum tiliaceum. 

Lime-tree rust-hyssus. 

Thalli in round tufts, whitish-violet, hooked. 

Erineum tiliaceum, Persoon Syn, 700. 

On the leaves of lime-trees. 

XV. 181. RUBIGO. Link. Fimnel-mould. 

Thalli funnelshape or clubshape, twisted, in tufts on decaying 

leaves. 

Beech funnel-mould. 

1. Ruhigofaginea. 

Thalli in round or oblong tufts, brown, globularly clubbed, 

tip mostly closed; tufts confluent, pale on the edge. 

Rubigo faginea, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 16. 

On beech-leaves ; spring.

556 181. Rubigo. 8. NEMATOMYCE^. PI. cell. aph. 

2. Ruhigo alnea. 

^ 

Alder funnel-mould. 

Thalli in convex tufts, reddish-brown, shining, funnel- 

shape, open at the tip. 

Rubigo alnea, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 17. 

Erineum alneum, Persoun Syn. 701. 

On the leaves of black alder. 

3. Rubigo acerina. Maplefunnel-mould. 

Thalli in broad, flattish tufts, reddish-brown, when 

young pale. 

Mucor ferrugineus, Bull. Champ. 514. 

Erineiim acerinutn, Persoon Syn. 700. 

On maple-leaves, that have fallen. 

D. Bysside^. Thalli fibrous, sometimes jointed, mostly 

free ; sporidia mostly enclosed in the thallus.—On decayed 

wood. 

XVI. 182. CLADOSPORIUM. Link. Chain-lyssus. 

Thalli upright, simple or slightly branched, rather transparent, 

crowded; sporidia in rows on the thalli, ovate, 

falling off". 

Cladosporium herbarum. Herb chain-byssus. 

Thalli in close tufts, light olive-green. 

Dematium herbarum, Persoon Syn. 699. 

Acladinm herbarum, Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 12. 

Cladospermium herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 7,37. 

On decaying herbs. 

XVII. 183. HELMISPORIUM. Link. Ring-byssus. 

Thalli upriglit, stiff, slightly branched, opake, crowded 

sporidia oblong, clubshape, ringed, falling off. 

1. Helmisporium nanum. Dwarf ring-byssus. 

Thalli scattered, forked or simple, slightly knotted 

sporidia nearly cylindrical, scattered on the thalli, scarcely 

shorter than them. 

Helmisporium nanum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 67. 

On decaying plants.

PLcelLapL 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 183. Helmispor. 557 

2. Helmisporhim vehitlnum. Velvet ring-lyssus. 

Thalli spreading, black, forked, rather stiff; spondia 

pearshape, on the thalli, and much shorter than them. 

Helmisporium velutinum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 10. 

On rotten birch-wood. 

XVIII. 184..HELICOSPOR1UM. Esenb. Spiral-lyssus. 

Thalli upright, stiff, seldom branched, opake; sporidia 

spiral, distantly kneed, fugacious, interspersed among the 

thalli. 

Helicosporium vegetum. Quick spiral-lyssus. 

Thalli black, distant ; sporidia yellowish-green. 

Helicosporium vegeturn, Esenl/eck Syst. 2, I9» 

On oak-wood. 

XIX. 185. MONILIA. Link. Juinled-fbre. 

Thalli fibrous, upright, in tufts, dark colour, opake, 

distinctly jointed, lasting; joints ovate. 

Monilia antenncpformis. Feeler jointed-fihre. 

Thalli in velvet black close tufts. 

Dematium antennae forme, Hoffm. Germ, 13. 

Monilia antennata, Persoon Syn. 694. 

On trunks of trees, and plants ; autumn. 

XX. 186. TORULA. Link. CVmging-Jibre. 

Thalli threadlike, lying down, not branched, often crustlike, 

jointed ; joints globular, separating. 

Torula herharum. Herb clinging-Jihre. 

Thalli black, forming a broad crust. 

Monilia lierbarum, Persoon Syn. 693. 

Torula herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3. 

On the dry stems of large herbs ; autumn. 

I 

XXI. 187. RACODIUM. Persoon. Headed-fbre. 

Thalli threadlike, closely entangled, not jointed, branched, 

opake; interspersed with granules conglobated from 

the beadlike twigs. 

Racodium cellare. Cellar headed-Jlbre. 

Thalli greyish-black, entangled into a silky clothlike 

substance.

558 187.Racod. 8. NEMATOMYCE^. Pl.cell.aph. 

Fungus sponsinsus niger reticulatus, doliolis vinosis adnascens, Raii 

Syn. 57, 10. 

Byssus mollissima, Ehrh. Crypt. 217. 

Byssus septica, Roth Germ. 4, 561. 

Fibrillaria viimria, Sou-erby Fungi, 432. 

Racodium cellulare, Persoon Syn. 701. 

Mouse-skin byssus. 

On casks in wine-cellars, from the rotten hoops ; sometimes 

entirely covering the cask. 

When compressed, resembles the skin of a mouse. 

Used as an excellent styptic. 

XXII. 188. DEMATIUM. Link. Star-fibre. 

Thalli lying down or ascending, stiff, opake, branched, 

not jointed in any part, lasting. 

Demntium rupestre. Rock star-Jihre. 

Thalli black, interwoven, cushionlike. 

Byssus petraea nigerrima, Dillen in Raii Syn. 57, S. 

By^sus nigra, Hudson Ft. Angl. 606. 

Byssus aniiquitatis, Weiss Crypt. 

Conferva nigra, Roth Cut. 3, ^^99. 

Conferva eburnea, Dillwyn Conf. 101. 

Racodium rupestre, Persoon Syn. 701. 

Dematium rupestre, Esenbeck Syst. 2,21. 

On rocks, especially sandstone, 

XXIII. 189. BYSSUS. Micheli. Byssus. 

Thalli threadlike, lying or hanging down, very tender, 

opake, branched, not joihted in any part; soon melting 

away. 

Byssus lombycina. Cottony byssus. 

Thalli very long, slender, collected into close flocks, extremely 

white. 

Byssus bombycina. Roth Germ. 3, 563. 

Mucor fugacissima, Schrank Brief, 2, 321. 

Byssus floccnsa, Schreb. Germ. 144. 

Byssus subterrauea, Scopoli Cam. 2,411. 

On wood, in cellars. 

XXIV. 190. TYPHODERMA. Death-skin. 

Thalli fibrous, not branched, lying down, jointed, entangled 

into a pellucid pellicle. 

5

PLcell.apk, 8. NEMATOMYCE^. IDO.Typhoder. .'559 

1. Typhoderma Dillwynii. Dillwyn's death-skin. 

Thalli slightly branched ; joints as long as broad ; pellicle 

olive-green. 

Conferva typhoderma, Dillw. Conf. 83. 

Conferva atramenti jS, Lingby Hydr. Dan. 165. 

On a solution of" gum Arabic in water. 

2. Typhoderma sanguinea. Bloody death-skin. 

Thalli branched ; branches divaricating ; joints rather 

longer than broad ; 

pellicle red, gelatinous. 

Conferva sanguinea, Dillw. Conf. 55. 

On a solution of isinglass in water. 

3. Typhoderma pallida. Pale death-skin. 

Thalli iorked, bent different ways, even-topped; angles 

of the forks rounded ; joints very long ; pellicle pale ochry 

yellow, gelatinous, leatherlike. 

Conferva pallida, Dillw. Conf. 78. 

4. Typhoderma lactea. Milky death-skin. 

Thalli branched; joints very long; pellicle gelatinous, 

hyaline, dull milky yellow. 

Conferva lactea, Dillw. Conf. 79. 

XXV. 191.XYLOSTROMA. Tode. Oak-leather. 

Thalli fibrous, branched, lying down, not jointed, very 

closely entangled into a soft leatherlike mass. 

Xylostroma glganieum. Gigantic oak-leather. 

Mass very broad, soft, ochre-yellow. 

Xylostroma giganleum, Tode Meckl. 1,36; Soieeriy Fungi, 358. 

Racodium Xylostroma, Persoon Syn. 702. 

Dry rot. 

On rotten oak-trees and timber. 

The terror of house and ship-owners of late; destroying 

them with great rapidity, if built of too young or unseasoned 

timber, and not sufficiently ventilated ; destroyed by 

green vitriol, sal enixum, common salt, but especially by 

the admission of a free current of air. 

c

560 192.Trichoder. S.NEMATOMYCEiE. PLcell.aph. 

E. Trichodermide^. Thalli flocklike, tubular, jointed, 

entangled into a globule, covering the sporidia; sporidia 

globular. 

XXVI. 192.TRICHODERMA. Persoon. Hair-skin. 

Thalli branched, jointed, entangled, covering the sporidia 

; sporidia globular. 

1. Trichoderma viride. Green hair-skin. 

Thalli snow-white, in a nearly orbicular tuft ; sporidia 

green. 

Trichoderma viride, Persoon Syn. 231. 

Pyrenium lignorum vulgare, Tode Meckl. 1,33. 

Spiiaeria olivacea, Willden. Berol. 416. 

On the fallen branches of trees, and stems of herbs. 

2. Trichoderma tuherculahim. Tuherculated hair-skin. 

Thalli snow-white, in a nearly orbicular tuft; at first tomentose, 

then tubercular; sporidia grey. 

Trichoderma tuberculatum, Persoon Syn. 234. 

On the ground in shady woods; summer after heavy 

rain. 

F. MucoRiDEiE. Thalli flocklike, tubular, not jointed 

or partitioned ; sporidia terminal, membranaceous, bladder- 

like ; 

sporcB roundish 

XXVII. 193. THAMNIDIUM. Link. Branch-Jilre. 

Thalli branched at the bottom, branches each ending in 

a single spore ; sporidium terminal, globular, bursting. 

Thamnidium elegans. Elegant Iranch-fihre. 

Thalli white ; branches much divided. 

Thamnidium elegans, Link in Berl. Mag. 3,31. 

On paste. 

XXVIII. 194. MUCOR. Columella. Mould. 

Thalli simple or branched ; sporidia terminal, globular, 

bursting. 

1. Mucor Jlavidus. Yellounsh mould. 

Thalli branched, rather forked; sporidia globular, first 

yellowish, then blackish. 

Mucor flavidus, Persoon Syn. 199. 

On rotten mushrooms.

Plcellaph. 8. NEMATOMYCE^:. 19'kMucor. 561 

2. Mucor lotrytis. £uncli-of-grapes mould. 

Thalli branched, slightly forked; sporidia globular, white. 

Mucor botrytis, Sowerby Fungi, 359. 

Mucor erysimi, Sowerby Fungi. 400, 7. 

On cruciferous plants. 

3. Mucor hydrophora. Pitcher moidd. 

Thalli not branched, yellowish ; sporidia transparent, at 

first oval, growing globular. 

Hydrophora minima, Tode Meckl. 2,5. 

Mucor Hydrophora, Persoon Syn. 202. 

On decaying beech-trees. 

4. Mucor caninus. Dog mould. 

Thalli not branched, aggregated ; sporidia yellowish, 

nearly globular, umbilicated beneath. 

Hydrophora stercoraria, Tod» Meckl. S, 6. 

Mucor caninus, Persoon Syn. 201. 

On dogs' dung. 

5. Mucor murinus. Mice mould. 

Thallus not branched, scattered, minute, white, shortish, 

stiff; sporidia globular, yellow. 

Mucor murinus, Persoon Syn. 201. 

On mice-dung. 

XXIX. 195. ASCOPHORA. Tode. Boitle-mould. 

Thalli simple or branched ; sporidia terminal, globular, 

turning inside out and becoming bellshape. 

1. Ascophora grisea. Grey lottle-moidd. 

sporidia large, blackish-grey. 

Thalli not branched ; 

Ascophora Mucedo, I'ode Meckl. 1, 1.9. 

Mucedo grisea, Persoon Disp. 14. 

Mucor Mucedo, Persoon Syn. 201. 

On decayed vegetables, and on rotten wallnut-shells. 

2. Ascophora vidgaris. Common bottle-moidd, 

Thalli not branched, crowded; sporidia minute, blackish. 

Mucor Mucedo, Lin. S. P. 

Mucor Mucedo l3, Persoon Syn. 201. 

On rotten plants. 

XXX. 196. PILOBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-mould. 

Thalli not branched, not jointed, dilated at top, cupshape; 

sporidia globular, springing with a jerk from the 

tips of the thalli. 

VOL. I. 2 o

562 l96.PiloboIus. 8. NEMATOMYCE/E. PLcell.apJt. 

Piloholus crystallimis. Crystalline spring-mould. 

Thalli transparent, clear ; 

sporidia black. 

Pilobolus crysfallinus, Persoon Ohs.myc. 1,76; Syn. 117. 

Mucor urceolatus, Dickson Crypt. 1 , 25 ; Soioerby Fungi, 300. 

Hydrogora crystallina, JVigg. Fl. Huh. 111. 

Mucor roridus, Bolton Fungi, 123. 

On dunir of various animals. 

G. IsARiADE^. Thalli tubular, united at bottom into a 

stroma, free at the tip ; sporidia scattered in the flocklike 

heads. 

XXXI. 197. CERATIUM. Link. Plaited-tufi. 

Thalli not branched, united at bottom into a stroma 

stroma membranaceous, plaited ; sporidia globular, inter- 

spersed, fugacious. 

Ceraiium hydnoides. Hydnumlike plaited-hift. 

Stroma white, oblique, branched ; branches short, obtuse, 

Puccinia byssoides, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1462. 

ByssHs fruticolosa, FL Dan. 741. 

Clavaria Puccinia, Batsch Fungi, 49. 

Isaria mucida, Persoon Syn. 688. 

Ceratium hydnoides, Link in Berl. Mag. 3. 

On rotten wood, especially fir; summer and autumn. 

XXXII. 198. ISARIA, Persoon. Club-tuft. 

Thalli branched, united at bottom into a stroma ; stroma 

long, fleshy, clubshape, sometimes branched ; sporidia glo- 

bular, white, softish, interspersedk 

\, Isaria velutipes. Velvet-footed cluh-tuft. 

Stroma simple, clubbed at the top ; tips of the thalli 

snow-white. 

Isaria velutipes, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 20. 

Isaria velutina, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 23. 

On the larvae and pupse of lepidopterous insects. 

2. Isaria crassa. Thick cluh-tifi. 

Stroma not branched, thick, ratb.er conical ; pedicel! 

distinct, bald. 

Isaria crassa, Peisoon Syn. GST. 

On chrysalides covered with earth.

Plcellnph, 8. NEMATOMYCE^-. 198.isarla. 5^3 

ed ; 

3. Isaria eleutlieratorum. Beetle cluh-ivft. 

Stroma threadlike, twisted, 

branches spreading. 

slightly compressed, branch- 

Isaria eleutheratorutn, Esenbeck Syst. Sj23. 

On dead carabideas. 

XXXIII. 199. COREMIUM. Link. Pencil-tufL 

Thalli pencilshape, united at bottom into a stroma; 

stroma not branched, headed at top ; sporidia interspersed 

among the tip of the thalli. 

1. Coremium candidum. White pencil-tiift. 

Stroma snow-white | base flocular. 

Coremium candidum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,24. 

Monilia Candida, Persoon Syn, 692. 

On rotten fruit. 

2. Coremium glaucum. Glaucous pencil-tuft, - 

(S/rowa yellowish, short; 5/?onc?m greenish. 

Coremium glaucum. Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 19. 

Mucor glaucus, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed, 15, 1020. 

On rotten fruit. 

XXXIV. 200. CEPHALOTRICHUM. Tangle-tujL 

Thalli fibrous, entangled at bottom into a stroma, at top 

into a head ; stroma threadlike or awlshape, not branched 

sporidia interspersed, in the head. 

Cephalotrichum nigrescens. Blackish tangle-tuft^ 

Stroma awlshape, flocklike, black ; head globular, brown. 

Cephalotrichum nigrescens, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 20. 


H. Stilbide^. Thalli tubular, entangled at bottom 

into a gelatinous stroma, at top into a fleshy head ; sporidia 

interspersed in the head. 

XXXV. 201. STILBUM. Persoon. Glance-head. 

Stroma not branched ; head rather naked, soft. 

1 . Stilbum piliforme. Hairlike glancehead. 

Stroma slightly bundled, awlshape, black ; heads globu- 

lar, hyaline, deliquescent. 

Stilbum minimum nigripes, Tode Meckh 1, 11. 

Stilbum piliforme, Persoon Syn. C81. 

On rotten stems of trees. 

2 o 2

564 201.Stilbum. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. PlceU.apL 

2. Stilhum vulâre. Common glancehead. 

Stromnta cylindrical, thickish, crowded into yellowish 

white tufts ; heads hemispherical, withering. 

Stilbum Tulgare, Persoon Syn. 682. 

On half- rotten stalks ; autumn. 

3. St'ilhim lullosum. Bullous glancehead. 

Stroma slender, bulbous at bottom, ochre-yellow; head 

spherical, white, strewed with a yellowish powder. 

Stilbum bulbosum, Persoon Syn. 682. 

On rotten plants, in covered situations; autumn after 

heavy rains. 

Fam. IX. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. Fungormn pars, 

Linnaeus, Jussieu. GasferomT/ci, Persoon. 

Thallus 0; peridium single or double, membranaceous 

or leatherlike, bladdershape ; sporidia naked, or intermixed 

with fibres, included in the peridium, at first generally liquid. 

A. Peridium thin, sessile, irregular, lecoming fihrmis, or 

skinny ; sporidia in heaps. Spumarideae. 

Peridium membranous, globular 

sporidia naked, conglomerate Eurotium. 202. 

Per. sessile, outside towlike, ins. flaky; 

sporidia naked, conglobate JEthalium. 203. 

Per. membranous, fibres membranous 

at the axillae ; spor. in heaps Lignydium. 204. 

Per. cellularly fibrous, ascending 

sporidia in heaps Spumaria. 205. 

Per. membranous; fibres upright; 

sporidia in cylinders Strongylium. 206. 

Per. membranous, becoming fibrous 

sporidia crowded Lycogala. 207. 

B. Peridium thin, sessile, irregular, vanishing in dust 

sporidia in heaps, Myrotheciadeee. 

Dermodium. 

Perid. flattened, branlike, brittle 

sporidia conglutinated Myrothecium. 208. 

Perid. flattened, covered with granules; 

sporidia conglobated . ., Dichosportum. 209. 

Perid. globular or cylindrical, thin; 

sporidia heaped Licea. 210. 

Perid. irregular, very thin, vanishing; 

sporidia conglobated, very numerous . . 

211.

PI. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE.E. 505 

C. Peridium thin, pedicelled or regular, Irittle ; Jibres 

growing from the base, enclosed; sporidia conglobated* 

Physarideae. 

Peridium double; columell distinct . . , Didymium. 212. 

Perid. double ; columell Di derma. 213. 

Perid. single, scaly; col. distinct Cionium. 214. 

Perid. single, scaly; col. Physarum. 215. 

Pmc?. single, membranous; coZ. distinct Leangium. 216. 

Peric?. single, membranous ; coZ. ... Leocarpus. 217. 

D. Peridium thin, pedicelled or regular, brittle ; Jibres 

exserted, springing elasticallyfrom the base. Trichiadete. 

Perid. bursting ; Jibres ascending in 

an irregular mass from the bottom Trichia. 218. 

Perid. vanishing, leaving a saucer 

Jibres rising elastically, falling off ....... . Arcyria. 219. 

E. Peridium thin, pedicelled, regular, becoming Jlocklike, 

tietworked. Cribaridese. 

Perid. becoming netlike at top Cribaria. 220. 

Perid. becoming netlike throughout . . DiCTvmuM. 221. 

F. Peridium thin, single pedicelled, vanishing aivay ;fbres 

free, in ?ietivork, perforated by the stem. Stemonitidese. 

Perid. globular or long Stemonitis. 222. 

G. Peridium thin, single, operculated ; fibres 

falling off with the sporidia. Craterideae. 

orfee and 

Peridium pedicelled ; fiocci many . . . Craterium. 223. 

Peridium sessile; fiocci Pyxidium. 224. 

H. Peridium crustlike, fibrous, single ; sporidia naked, 

conglobated. OnygenideaB. 

Perid. globular; pedicells fibrous OnycxENA. 225. 

I. Peridium leatherlike, double, outer peridium starlike, 

the inner projectile ; sporidia naked, conglobated. Sphsero- 

bolideffi. 

Perid. globular, sessile 

Sph^robolus. 226.

566 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. PL cell uph, 

K. Peridmrn leatherlikef double ; the innerfixed ^ sporidia 

fioccular, conglomerated. Lycoperdese. 

Perid. outer warty, rooting; 

spor. collected in heaps Scleroderma. 227. 

Perid. outer warty, rootless 

spor. collected in heaps Hypogjeum, 228. 

Perid. outer adnate, splitting in lobes 

spor. pedicelled BoviSTA. 229. 

Perid. outer, falling off like bran 

spor. scattered, crowded Lycoperdon. 230. 

Perid. outer leatherlike, stellate 

inner one-pedicelled or sessile; 

mouth 1 ; spor. pedicelled Geastrum. 231. 

Perid. outer leatherlike, stellate; 

inner many-pedicelled ; mouths 

many; 5/?or. pedicelled, from the first .... Polystoma. 232, 

L. Peridium single^ leatherlike, mouth cartilaginous, circular 

; sporidia conglobated. Tulostomidese. 

Peridium globular Tulostoma. 233. 

M. Peridium single, thin, membranaceous, containing pe~ 

ridiola, filled with sporidia. Polyangidese. 

Peridiola ovate Polyangium. 234?. 

N. Peridium thick, leatherlike, containing peridiola filled 

with sporidia. Cyathideae. 

Peridium cuplike, open Cyathus. 235. 

A. Spumaride^. Peridium single or double, sessile, 

spread out irregularly, becoming fibrous or skinny, inside 

smooth or lamellar, membranaceous ; columella ; sporidia 

numerous, scattered or placed in lines between the laminae. 

—Plant at first liquid, afterwards powdery. 

I. 202. EUBOTIUM. Link. Purse-mould. 

Peridia merabranacepvis, nearly globular, innate on a 

jointed stroma. 

Eurotium herbarionun. Herlarist^ purse-mould>_ 

Peridia dotlike, yellow ; stroma vyhitish.

PL cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE.^. 202. Eurot. 567 

Moiiilia nidulans. Roth Fl. Germ. 1, 559. 

Stemoiiitis suJpluirea, Roth. Fl. Germ. 1,443? 

Wiicor herbarionim, Fersoon Sijn. 202, 9. 

Eurotiuni herbariorum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3. 

On dried plants, placed in damp situations, or on recent 

plants while being dried, if not changed often enough. 

II. 203. iETHALIUM. Link. Froth-mould. 

Sporangium irregular ; peridia sessile, double ; the outer 

towlike, vanishing ; the inner membranaceous, flakey 

sporidia naked, conglomerate. 

^thalinm flavum. Yellow froth-mould. 

Peridia yellow; becoming whitish, branny: sporidia purplish-brown. 

Reticularia lutea, Bulliard Champ. 87, 380 ; Sowerby Fungi, 399, 2. 

Reticniaria carnosa, Sowerby Fungi, 399, 3. 

Reticularia cerea, Sowerby Fungi, 399, 4. 

Reticularia hortensis, Sowerby Fungi, 391, 1, 

Bolton Fung. 134. 

Fuligo flava, Persoon Syn. 161, 4 ; 

yEthalium flavum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3. 

On grasses, fallen leaves, &c.; autumn after rain. 

Resembles a froth fallen upon plants ; in a few hours it 

grows brittle, fibrous, and filled with sporidia. 

III. 204. LIGNYDIUM. Link. Leaf-mould. 

Sporangium nearly globular, adnate to a membranaceous 

stroma; peridium single, membranaceous, bursting, flocks 

adherent to the inside ; sporidia crowded, among the flocks. 

Lignydium griseo-flavurn. Greyish-yelloiu leaf-mould. 

Peridia grey; flocks yellow; sporidia brown. 

Lignydium griseo-flavum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3,24. 


From one-third to half an inch in diameter. 

IV. 205: SPUMARIA. Persoon. Fold-mould. 

Sporangium irregular, on a membi'anaceous stroma; peridium 

loose, cellularly flocky; inside with various twisted 

plaits arising from the stroma ; sporidia heaped in the folds. 

Spumaria alba. White fold-moulds 

Sporangium white; plaits iron-black; sporidia brown, 

Reticularia alba, Bulliard Champ. 92. 

Spumaria Mucilago, Persoon Syn. 163, 1. 

On the stem or leaves of plants ; autumn.

568 206. Strongyl. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. PL cell, aph, 

V. 206. STRONGYLIUM. Ditmar. Cylinder-mould. 

Sporangidium indeterminate in form; peridlum simple, 

membranaceous ; flocks upright, stiff, bundled, ascending 

from the bottom ; sporidia crowded into cylinders. 

Strongyllum fidiginnides. Smokelike cylinder-mould. 

Sporangium I'oundish, rather convex, brown. 

Trichoderma fuliginoides, Persoon Syn. 231, 1. 

Lycoperdon fuliginosum, Sowerby Fungi, 257. 

Lycogala atrum, Îb. et Schvsein. Fung. 131. 

On rotten trees, and floating timber. 

VI. 207. LYCOGALA. Micheli. Blood-mould. 

Sporangium globular, or slightly irregular; peridium 

membranaceous, becoming a mass of fibres; sporidia 

crowded. 

1. Lycogala punctata. Dotted Mood-mould. 

Sporangi hemispherical or globular, in tufts reddish 

grey-brown both inside and out ; surface dotted. 

Reticularia Lycoperdon S, Bulliard Champ, 95. 

Lycogala punctata, Persoon Syn. 158,3. 

On rotten trunks of trees. 

2. Lycogala turlinata. Topshape Hood-mould. 

Sporangium topshape, pale, smooth. 

Reticularia Lycoperdon 2, Bulliard Champ. 93. 

Lycogala turbinata, Persoon Syn. 138, 2. 


3. Lycogala argentea. Silvery Hood-mould. 

Sporangium nearly hemispherical, silver-grey, smooth. 

Lycogala griseum majus, Micheli N. Gen. Pi. 216. 

Reticularia Lycoperdon, Bulliard Champ. 95. 

Mucor Lycogalus, Bolton Fungi, 133. 


4. Lycogala mmiata. Scarlet Mood-mould. 

Sporangia globular, aggregated; surface smooth, bloodred, 

afterwards brownish; sporidia rose-colour, afterwards 

pale. 

Mucor fragiformis, Schocffer Fung. 193. 

Lycoperdon Epidendruni, Sowtrby Fungi, 52, and 400. 

Lycogala mlriiata, Persoon Syn. 138,4. 

Lycoperdon variolosum, Hudson Angl. 64.5. 

On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn after rain.

PL cell aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 207. Lycogal. 569 

^.fuUg'meum. Sporangium covered with a spongy crust. 

Lycoperdon Epidendriim fuligineiun. Bull. Champ. 503. 

y. marginata. Sporangium blood-red, black at the base. 

B. MYROTHEciADEiE. Peridiiim thin, single or double, 

sessile, spread out, irregular, falling to pieces and vanishing; 

columella ; flocks ; sporidia in tufts, afterwards sepa- 

rating. Sporangium at first liquid, afterwards solid. 

VII. 208. MYROTHECIUM. Tode. Slime-viotdd. 

Sporangium irregular, flattened, sessile ; peridium simple, 

brittle, branlike, at length vanishing ; sporidia very small, 

globular, at length conglutinated, 

Myrothecium, inundatum. Inundated sUme-mouId. 

Sporangium snow-white, irregular, confluent; sporidia 

black-green. 

Myrothecium inundatum, Totê MecA^. 1,25. 

On rotten fungi ; autumn. 

VIII. 209. DICHOSPORIUM. Esenb. Double-mould. 

Sporangium fiattened, hemispherical; periffiz/w membranaceous, 

covered with a bed of granules ; sporidia at first 

fluid, then compact, conglutinated. 

Dichosporium aggregalum. Aggregated double-mould. 

Sporangia crowded; peridia brown; bed of granules 


snow-white, shining ; 

Spumaria physaroides, Persoon Syn. 163. 

Dichosporium aggregatum, Esenbcck Fungi, 2, 23. 

On rotten branches of trees ; autumn. 

IX. 210. LICEA. Link. Bare-mould. 

Sporangium nearly globular, or lengthened into a cylinder; 

peridium thin, membranaceous, becoming cracked; 

sporidia crowded. 

1 . Licea strobilina. Cone hare-mould. 

Sporangia crowded, orbicular or elliptical, smooth, 

sporidia ovate, yellow. 

brown ; 

Licea strobilina. Alb. et Schwein. Fung. 2, 20. 

On rotten pine-cones.

570 210. Licea. .9. GASTEROMYCEiE. PLcellaph. 

2. Liceafragiformis. Strawlerry hare-mould. 

Sporangia cylindrical, in hemispherical tufts, at first 

fulvous-red, afterwards pale- brown; sporidia brown. 

Tubifera ferruginosa, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1472. 

Tubulifera arachnoidea, Jacq. Miscel. 1, 144. 

Tubulifera Cremor, (Eder Fl. Dan. 659. 

Stemonitis ferruginosa, Batsch. Fung. 175. 

Tubulina fragiformis, Persoon Syn. 198. 

On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn. 

X. 211. DERMODIUM. Link. Flight-mould. 

Spora?igium irregularly formed ; peridium single^, membranaceous, 

very thin, vanishing; sporidia very numerous, 

conglomerate. 

1. Dermodium inquinans. Dirtying Jlight-moidd. 


Sporangium widely expanded, black j 

Dermodium inquinans, Link in Berl. Mag. 3. 


2. Dermodium fallax. Deceiving flight-mould. 

Sporangium umber-brown; surface warty, cellular; spO" 

ridia in tufts, cylindrical, globular. 

Dermodium fallax, Esenbeclc Syst. 2,29. 


C. PHYSARiDEiE. Peridivm thin, single or double, reiûlar, 

mostly pedicelled, skinny, the outer falling into an- 

flocci adnate to the base of the peridium, not 

gular pieces ; 

extending beyond it; sporidia collected into a ball ; columella 

mostly distinct. 

XL 212. DIDYMIUM, Schrader. Skin-mould, 

Sporangium nearly globose; peridia double, both mem- 

laranaceous, crustlike, falling to pieces ; columella distinct, 

nearly globular ; sporidia globular. 

1. Didymium candidum. WJiite skin-mould. 

Sporangia sessile, smooth, globular or rather hemisphe* 

rical, snow-white. 

Diderma globosum, Persoon Syn. 167. 

On decayed leaves; autumn. 

Resemble the eggs of insects.

PLcelLaph. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. 21.2.DIdyni. 571 

2. Didymium testaceum. Pearly sk'/n-moidd.- 

Sporangia sessile, roundish, hemispherical, flesh-colour, 

afterwards whitish. 

Didymium testaceum, ScJirad. N. Gen. PL, 1, 25. 

Diderma testaceum, Persoon S^n. 167. 

On decayed leaves; autumn. 

3. Didymium diffhrme. Irregular bkiti-mouM. 

Sporangia sessile, smooth, difform ; outer peridium snow-white; 

inner bluish; sporidia dull-brown. 

Reticulari.i angulata, Gnielin Syst. Nat. 2, 1472. 

Diderma difiForme, Persoon Syn. 167. 

On the stems of the potatoe-plant. 

XII. 213. DIDERMA. Link. Tall-mould. 

Sporangium roundish or globular ; peridia double, both 

membranaceous, bursting; outer chaffy; columella 0; sporidia 

crowded. 

Diderma muricolum. Wall tall-mould. 

Sporangium roundish, lobed, rather angular, sessile; 

outer peridium white ; inner brown ; sporidia black-brown. 

Diderma Muricola, Link in Berl. Mag. 3. 

Diderma difforme, Alb. et Schwein, Fung. 90, 

On mosses. 

XIII. 214.. CIONIUM. Link. • Flock-mould.. 

Sporangium globular, pedicelled; peridium single, membranaceous, 

bursting, separating into scales ; columella 

distinct. 

1. Cionium iridis. Flag Jlock-motdd.^ 

Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium grey ; pediceU 

yellow, thickest at bottom. 

Cionium iridis, Ditmar in Sturm. Deutsch. Fl. 3, 1. 

On the leaves of the yellow water-flag ; summer. 

2. Cioniumfarinaceum. Floury Jlock-motdd. 

Sporangium globular, pedicelled; peridium grey; pcdicell 

grey, thickest at bottom. 

Didymium farinaceum, Schrad. N. Gen. 26. 

Trichia compressa, Trentepohl in Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 229. 

Pliysarura melanospermum, Persoon Disp. 3. 

Physarum farinaceum, Persoon Syn. 175, 15. 

. On the branches of pine-trees, or the mosses on thepi. 

Sporangia sometimes unite in pairs. 

4-

572 214..Cionium.9.GASTEROMYCEiE. Plcellaph, 

3. Cionium P muricatum. Thorned flock-mould. 

Sporangia sessile, blood-red, globular, woolly, clustered. 

Trichia polymorpha, Sowerhy Fungi, 180, part. 

On rotten cheese and wood. 

4. Cionium P lacteum. Milky flock-mould. 

Sporangia crowded, pedicelled, yellowish white, ovate, 

woolly ; pedicells yellow, thickest at bottom, upright. 

Trichia polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi, 180, part. 

On rotten wood and branches. 

5. Cio7iium P nigrescens. Blackish flock-mould. 

Sporangia scattered, pedicelled, whitish, growing black, 

globular; pedicell short, thick at bottom. 

Trichia sphaerocarpus, Sowerby Fungi, 240. 

On rotten wood and branches. 

6. Cionium Pfulvum. Red-lroivn flock-mould. 

Sporangia scattered, pedicelled, reddish-brown-yellow, 

globular ; pedicells long, narrowing upwards, pellucid, 

white. 

Mucor fulvus, Sowerby Fungi, 400, 4. 

On rotten dung. 

XIV. 215. PHYSARUM. Persoon. Scale-mould. 

Sporangium nearly globular; peridium simple, membranaceous, 

bursting and separating in scales or wartlike 

pieces; columella 0. 

1. Physarum cinereum. Grey scale-mould. 

Sporangia sessile, globular, grey, often confluent; flocci 

sporidia collected into a globe. 

white ; 

Lycoperdon cinereum, Batsch Fung. 249. 

Trichia caerulea. Roth Cat. Bot. 1,229, 

Physarum cinereum, Persoon Syn. 170. 

On trunks of trees ; autumn. 

2. Physarum bivalve. Two-valved scale-mould. 

Sporangia compressed, flexuous, greyish white, long, 

sinuous, opening on one side. 

Reticularia sinuosa, BuUiard Champ. 94. 

Trichia sphaerica B, Roth Cat. 1, 230. 

Physarum bivalve, Persoon Syn. 169. 

On dry leaves and branches ; autumn.

Pl.cellaph. 9.GASTER0MYCE^. 215.Physar. 573 

3. Physarum miians. Drooping scale-mould. 

Sporangia globular, beneath flattish, grey; Jiocci brown; 

pedicell long, slender, weak, brownish. 

Sphaerocarpus albus, Bullir.rd Champ. 137. 

Trichia haemisplierica, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,288? 

Trichia alba, Sowerby Fungi, 259. 

Physarum nutans, Persoon Syn. ITl. 


4. Physarum sulcatum. Furrowed scale-mould. 

Sporangium globular, beneath flattish, grey; Jiocci brown; 

pedicell long, slender, weak, white, furrowed. 

Physarum sulcatum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3. 


5. Physarum nigripes. Blackfooted scale-mould. 

Sporangia globular, beneath flattish, grey ; Jiocci brown | 

pedicells long, blackish-brown. 

Physarum nigripes, Link in Berl. Mag. 3. 


6. Physarum viride. Green scale-mould. 

Sporangia globular, beneath umbilicated, yellowish- 

pedicells slender, weak, grey. 

green ; 

Sphaerocarpus viridis, BuUiard Champ, 115. 

Physarum viride, Persoon Syn. 172. 

On the ground, and on trees. 

7. Physarum luteum. Yellow scale-mould. 

Sporangia globular, beneath umbilicated, white ; Jiocci 

white ; 

pedicells long, cylindrical, slender. 

Sphaerocarpus luteus, BuUiard Champ. 136, 

Physarum luteum, Persoon Syn, 172. 


XV. 216. LEANGIUM. Link. Slash-mould. 

Sporangium globular ; 

peridium simple, membranaceous, 

brittle, bursting starwise ; columella distinct, 

1 . Leangium stellare. Star slash-mould. 

Sporangia pale-brown, beneath umbilicated; lobes of the 

peridium turned back; pedicells short. 

Didymium stellare, Schrader N. Gen. 25. 

Diderma stellare, Persoon Syn. 164. 

Leangium stellare, Link Berl. Mag. 3. 

On trunks of trees ; autumn.

574. 216. Leang. 9.GASTER0MYCE^. Vlcellaph. 

2. Leamîum^florifurme. 

Flowershape scale-monld. 

Spo-rangia straw-colour, first globular, afterwards stel- 

pedicells long, slender, cylindrical. 

late, spreading ; 

Didymium floriforme, Schroder N. Gen. 1, 25. 

Spliasrocarpus iioriformis, BuUiard Champ. 142. 

Diderina floriforme, Persoon Syn. 161. 

On trunks of trees, and on hypna, 

XVI. 217. LEOCARPUS. Link. Glance-mmld. 

Sporangium roundish or ovate; peridmm simple, membranaceous, 

brittle, bursting ; columella 0. 

1. Leocarpi/s vernicosus. Varnished glance-mould. 

Sporangium reverse-ovate, shining, brown ; pedicells 

short, dilated at bottom, membranaceous. 

Lycoperdon fragile, Dickson Crypt, 1,25; Sowerby Fungi, 136, 

Trichia lutea. Roth Cat. Bat. 2, 330. 

Diderma veniicosiim, Persoon Syn. 16T. 

Leocarpus vernicosus, Link Berl. Mag, 3. 

On ivy-leaves, and large mosses. 

2. Leocarpus parasiticus. Parasitic glance-mould. 

Sporangium nearly globular, dull tawny ; 

drical, yellowish-white. 

Diderma veriiicosum parasiticum, Persoon Syn. 165. 

Lycoperdon cyiiDdricuni, Withering Bot.Arr. 414. 

"On grasses and mosses, in clusters. 

pedicells cylin- 

D. Trichiadeê. Peridium thin, single, regular, mostly 

pedicelled, smooth, bursting or falling into regular pieces 

Jlocci springing out from the bottom of the peridium, and 

extending elastically after its destruction; sporidia scattered 

among the flocci. 

'a 

XVII. 218. TRICHIA. Persoon. Hair-mould. 

Sporangium determinately figured ; peridium membranaceous, 

cracking ; j?occi ascending in a winding manner 

from the bottom ; sporidia angular. 

a. Sporangia creeping. 

1. Trichia reticulaia. Network hair-mould. 

Sporangia spreading, yellow; peridium very thin, in ir~ 

regular network. 

G Lycoperdon lumbricale, Balsch Fungi, 1,259. 

Trichia reticulata, Persoon Sijn. 182. 

On the mossy trunks of trees; autumn.

Plccllaph. 8.GASTEROMYCE^. SlS.Trichia. 575 

b. Sporangia round. 

2. Trichia varia. Various hair-mould. 

Sporangia scattered, yellowish, lying down, roundish or 

kidneyshape. 

Stemonitis varia, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1470. 

Trichia varia, Persoon Syn. 181, 

Lycogala luteum, Micheli N. Gen. PL 2)6. 


3. Trichia nitens. Shining hair-mould. 

Sporangia crowded, sessile, roundish, shining-yellowj or 

cinnamon- colour. 

Stemonitis favaginea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1470. 

Lycoperdon favagineum, Batsch Fungi, 1,253. 

Triciiia nitens, Persoon Syn. 181. 

On rotten fir, or beech-trees ; autumn. 

c. Sporangia ovate, 

4. Trichia ovata. Ovate hair-mou!d> 

Sporangia crowded, sessile, reverse-ovate, opake, ochreybrown. 

Clathrus turbinatus, Bolton Fungi, 43, 7. 

Trichia ovata, Persoon Syn. 180. 

Lycoperdon epiphyllum, Lightfoot Scot. 1069. 

In woods; autumn. 

Sporangium exactly reverse-ovate ; sporidia stellate. 

5. Trichia vulgaris. Common hair-mould. 

Sporangia scattered, roundish, topshape; pedicells very 

short, blackish. 

Trichia nigripes 8, Persoon Syn. 179. 

Trichia turfainata, Sowerhy Fungi, 85 ? 


6. Trichia pyriformis. Pearshape hair-7nould. 

Sporangia gi'egarious, rather scattered^ pearshape, yel- 

pedicells shortish, blackish 

lowish ; 

Sphaerocarpus pyriformis, BuUiard Champ. 129. 

Trichia nigripes pyriformis, Persoon Syn. 178. 


7. Trichia fallax. Deceiving hair-mo7tJd. 

Sporangia gregarious, pedicelled, pearshape, beneatli 

plaited, brown-red, afterwards dull yellow, bursting at the 

tip.

Sie 218.Trichia. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. Pl.celLapk. 

Mucor miniatus, Jacqnln Austr. 299. 

Trichia f:illax, rersuon Si/n. 177. 

Sphsirocephalus hagiha, Sovserby Fungi, 219. 

\ On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn. 

8. Trichia ruhiformis. 

Bramhlelerry hair-mould. 

Sporangia pedicelled, cylindrical, purplish ; pedicells short, 

forming a membranaceous thallus. 

Stemonilis fasciculata, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1468. 

Ljcoperdou vesparium, Batsch Fungi, 1,254.- 

Lycoperdon favaceum, Schrank Bavar. 2,667. 

Trichia rubiformis, Persoon Syn. 176,2. 

On the trunks of trees in woods ; end of summer. 

XVIII. 219. ARCYRIA. Persoon. Ciip-mould, 

Sporangia ovate or cylindrical, pedicelled ; peridium 

membranaceous, upper half vanishing, lower half saucer- 

like, persistent ; Jiocci expanding elastically, falling off; 

sporidia globular. 

1 Arcyria punicea. Scarlet cup-moidd. 

Sporangia in tufts, dull scarlet, oblong, pedicelled ; Jiocci 

ovate, slightly persistent; sporidia blood-red. 

Stemonitis crocata. Roth Cat. Bot. 1,220, 

Trichia cinuabarina, Bidliard Champ. 12J. 

Trichia denudata, Souierftj/ Jan^z, 49. 

Clathrus denudatus, Lin. S. P. 1649. 

Arcyria punicea, Persoun Syn. 185,5. 

On rotten wood ; summer. 

2. Arcyria coccinea. Cochineal cnp-mouid. 

Sporangia in tufts, scarlet, spherical, pedicelled ; Jiocci 

fugacious. 

Tricliia coccinea, De Candolle Syn.Fl. Gall. 55. 


3. Arcyria hcemispherica. Hemispherical cup-mould. 

Sporangia spherical, depressed, snow- white, pedicelled; 

pedicells grey, thick at bottom ; sporidia reddish-brown, on 

an expanded disk. 

Rpticularia haemisplisrica, Soioerhy Fungi, 12. 

Tiichia cinerea ? Da Candolle Fl. Gall. 685. 

On sticks and rotten wood.

PL cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. 219. Arcyria. 577 

4. Arcyria Jiava. Yellow cup-mould. 

Sporangia scattered, yellow ; Jlocci long, drooping. 

Trichia nutans, Sowerhy Fungi, 260, 

Stemonitis ainrena, RotJi Cat. Bot. 1,220. 

Arcyria flava, Persann Syn. 184. 


Flood weak, very long, lying down ; when young, milkwhite. 

5. ArcTjria turlnnata. Topshape cup-mould. 

Sporangia clustered, yellowish-white, globular, sessile. 

Trichia turbinata, Suwerby Fungi, 85. 

Clathrus turbinatus, Hudson Fl. Angl. 632. 

Lycoperdon luteuin, Relhan Cant. 1103. 


E. CRiBARiDEiE. Sporaugium regularly formed, pedi- 

celled; peridium thin, single, breaking into regular pieces; 

Jlocci expanding from the bottom, or forming a regular 

network; sporidia conglobated, or interwoven among the 

flocci. 

XIX. 220. CRIBARIA. Schrader. Sieve-mould, 

Sporangia globular, pedicelled peridium breaking ; 

above 

into regular pieces, remaining entire below. 

1 Criharia vulgaris. Common sieve-mould. 

Sporangia gregarious, globular, drooping, brown; pedicells 

brownish-purple. 

Cribaria vulgaris, Schrader N. Gen. 1 , 6. 

On rotten trees in woods, and on mosses. 

2. Criharia Bullidrdi. Bulliard's sieve-mould. 

Sporaiigia scattered, globular, upright; pedicells white, 

pellucid, slender. 

Sphaerocarpus semitrichoides, Sowerhy Fungi, 400, 5. 


S. Cribaria rufescens. Reddish sieve mould. 

Sporangia scattered, reverse-ovate, reddish ; 

ther bent. 

Cribaria fulva, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 5. 

Cribaria rufescens, Peisoon Syn. 193, 7. 

On rotten trunks of trees, near the ground ; 

VOL. I. 2 P 

pedicells ra- 

autumn.

578 221.Dictyd. 9.GASTEROMYCE^. Pl.ceR.aph. 

XX. 221.DICTYDIUM. Schrader. Net-mould. 

Sporangia globular, pedicelled ; peridium either entirely 

or for the greater part breaking off in regular pieces. 

1. Dictydium cernuum. Drooping net-mould. 

Sporangia gregarious, globular, brownish purple, droop- 

ing, umbilicated at the tip. 

Dictydium umbilicatum, Schrader N. Gen. I, H. 

Mucor canceliatus, Batsch Fungi, 2, 135. 

Cribaria cerniia, Persovn Syn. 189, 

Dictydium cernuum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 33, 


2. Dictydium splendens. Resplendent net-mould. 

Sporangia upright, roundish^ shining ; pedicells bent, 

purplish-brown; sporidia yellow, 

Dictydium splendens, Schrader N. Gen. 1.4, 

Cribaria splendens, Persoon Syn, 191. 

On the trunks of fir-trees. 

F. SxEMONiTiDEiE. Sporangia regularly formed, pedi- 

celled; peridium thin, single, vanishing away ; Jlocci free^ 

netlike, perforated by the stem. 

XXI. 222. STEMONITIS. Persoon. Thread-mould. 

Sporangium globular or long ; peridium membranaceous, 

vanishing ;jôcci entangled, netlike, perforated by the stem, 

diffluent, 

a. Flocci in an ovate mass. 

1. Stemonitis papillata. Papillated thread-mould. 

Sporangia scattered, reddish-brown, globular ; pedicell 

perforating the flocci to the top. 

Stemonitis reticulata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,223. 

Stemonitis papillata, Persoon Syn. 188. 

On bared branches of oak-trees. 

2. Stemonitis ovata. Eggshape thread-mould. 

Sporangia scattered, blackish, ovate or roundish ; pedicell 

perforating half-way through the flocci. 

stemonitis nigra, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1467. 

Stemonitis ovata, Persoon Syn. 189, 

Stemonitis atrofusca, Persoon Disp. 11, 

On rotten wood.

PLcell.apk. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 222. Stemon. 579 

b. Embolus. Flocci in a lovg mass. 

3. Stemonitisfasciculata. Bundled thread-mould. 

Sporangia clustered, on a shining base, dark-brown, long, 

tip drooping; pedicells passing through the flocci, exserted 

at the top. 

Stemonitis fusca, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,222. 

Trichia axifera, Bulliard Champ. 118. 

Stemonitis typhina, Gmelin Syst.Nat. 2, 1461. 

Trichia nuda, Sowerby Fungi, 50. 

Clathrus nudiis, Lin. Syst. Veg. 1017. 

Embolus lacteus, Hoffm. Crypt. 2, 8, when young. 


4. Stemonitis typhina. Bull-rush thread-jnould. 

Sporangia scattered, cylindrical, blunt, slightly bent. 

Trichia typhoides, Bulliard Champ. 113. 

Embolus pertusns, Batsch Fung. 1,263. 

Stemonitis typhina, Persoon Syn. 187. 


Sporangia smaller than S. fasciculata ; 

peridium does not 

vanish entirely, some pieces remaining; base none. 

G. Crateride^. Sporangium regularly formed, pedicelled, 

operculated ; peridium single, membranaceous 

Jlocci 0, or enclosed, free ; sporidia intermixed with the flocci. 

XXII. 223. CRATERIUM. Trentepohl. Pitcher-mould. 

Sporangium pitcher or cupshape, operculated, pedicelled 

peridium membranaceous; operculum flattish; Jlocci free, 

coming out with the sporidia. 

1. Crater, leucocephalum,. White-headed pitcher-mould. 

Sporangium funnelshape, reddish-brown ; operculum pale; 

Jlocci white ; sporidia globular, white. 

Arcyria leucocephala, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 6. 

Stemonitis leucocephala, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1467. 

Trichia cinerea, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,237. 

On mosses. 

2. Craterium vulgare. Cornmon pitcher-mould. 

Sporangium bellshape, greyish-brown ; mouth expanded 

pedicell dark-yellow ; 

sporidia brown. 

Craterium pedunculatum, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,224. 

Craterium vulgare, Sowerby Fungi, 239, lowest figure. 

Trichia minuta, Relhan Fl. Cant. 

Trichia capsulifer, De Candolle Syn. Fl. Gall. 35. 

On rotten wood and mosses. 

2 p 2

580 223. Crater. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. PlcelLaph. 

p'Ucher-mould. 

Eggshape 3. Crateriu7n ovatum. 

Sporangium eggshape, 

, 

truncated, straight, brownish ; 

pedicells yellow ; sporidia brown. 

Cyathi'.s minutus, Sowerby Fungi, 239, upper figure. 


XXIII. 224. PYXIDIUM. Gohlet-moidd. 

Spora7igium ovate, operculated, sessile; operculum large 

convex ; Jiocci very few or none. 

Pyxidium sessile. Squatted goblei-mould. 

Sporangia eggshape, clustered, yellowish-brown ; opercida 

brown. 

Sphserocarpus sessilis, Bull. Champ. 417 ; Sowerby Fungi, 258. 

Trichia gymnosperma, Persoon Obs. Myc, 63. 

Licea circumcissa, Persoon Syn. 196. 

On the trembling poplar, under the bark; autumn. 

Sporangia resembles the eggs of insects. 

H. OnygenadEjE. Sporangia pedicelled; peridium crust- 

like, formed of interwoven fibres; Jiocci 0; sporidia closely 

conglobated. 

XXIV. 225. ONYGENA. Persoon. Cap-mould. 

Sporangia globular, pedicelled; peridium crustlike, brittle, 

fibrous; pedicells B.hi'ous ; Jiocci 0; sporidia conglobated. 

Onygena equina. Horse-hoof cap-mould. 

Sporangia greyish-brown, hemispherical. 

Coralloides fiin2;iforme ex iingula equina, viride rufescens, Dilkn Muse. 

73. 

Lycoperdon equinum, TVilldenow Berl. 412; Sowerby Fungi, 292. 

Onygena equina, Persoon Syn. 203, 

On the hoofs and horns of animals, left on the ground. 

I. SPH^ROBOLiDEiE. Peridia double ; the outer leather- 

like, lobed starwise; inner fibrous, membranaceous, ejectile; 

sporidia naked, closely conglomerated. 

XXV. 226. SPH^ROBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-lag. 

Sporangium globular, sessile ; peridia double, outer lea- 

therlike, 5 or 6-cut; inner membranaceous, projected elastically; 

sporidia naked, closely conglomerated.

PL cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEM. 226. Sphêrob. 581 

SphcBToholus stellatus. " Starry spring-hag. 

Sporangium globular, white, becoming yellow, and afterwards 

brown. 

Carpobolus albicans, MicJieli N. Gen. 221. 

Lycoperdoii Carpobolus, Lin. S. P. 1634; Sowerhy Fungi, 22. 

Sphserobolns stellatus, Tode Meckl. 1,43. 

On rotten leaves and wood. 

Peridia covered at first with a white wool-like substance. 

K. LYCOPERDONiDEiE. Peridia double, the outer separating 

in .scaly, prickly flocci, or regularly formed pieces; 

the inner membranaceous, of interwoven fibres, torn by 

the expansion of the flocci. 

XXVI. 227. SCLERODERMA. Persoon. Skin-litter. 

Sporangia nearly globular, often attenuated below, with 

rootlike fibres; peridia double, the outer adnate, warty, 

cracked, bursting irregularly; sporidia collected into heaps, 

purplish brown or ferrugineous. 

1. Scleroderma citrinnm. Lemon-yellow skin-litter. 

Sporangia middle-size, romidish, depressed, pale lemonyellow, 

slightly scaly ; scales thick. 

Lycoperdon defossum, Batsch Fung. 2, 126. 

Scleroderma ritrinum, Persoon Syn. 153. 

Scleroderma Aurantiuin, Persoon Syn. 153. 

Lycoperdon cervinum, Bolton Fung. 162, not of Linnaus. 

Lycoperdon Aurantium, Bulliard Champ. 158; Sowerby Fungi, 268. 

On the ground and mosses at the roots of trees. 

Sporangia 1 or 2 inches in diameter, depressed ; sporidia 

purplish-brown. 

2. Scleroderma verrucosum. Warty skin-litter. 

Sporangia large, roundish, reddish-brown, scaly; scales 

small ; base pedicell-like, long, rooting. 

Lycoperdon verrucosum, Bulliard Champ. 157. 

Sclerodercna verrucosum, Persoon Syn. 154. 

Lycoperdon defossum, Sowerby Fungi, 331, not Batsch. 

On the ground at the root of trees. 

3. Scleroderma spadiceum. Chestnut skin-Utter. 

Spora?igia globular, depressed, smooth, chestnut-brown, 

stemlike basis thickest at bottom, hard, fibrous; sporidia 

purplish-brown.

582 227.Sclerod. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

Scleroderma spadiceum, Persoon Syn. 155, 

Lycoperdon spadiceum, Dickson Crypt. 1,25. 

On the ground at the roots of trees. 

4. Scleroderma cepoides. 

' 

Onionlike skin-litter. 

Sporangia roundish, depressed, rather smooth, shining 

stemlike basis short, thickest at bottom, scarcely fibrous. 

Lycoperdon cepae facie, Vaillant Bet. Par. 123. 

Tuber solidum, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,407. 

Scleroderma Cepa, Persoon Syn. 155, 10. 

In woods under oak-trees ; August. 

XXVII. 228. HYPOGiEUM. Persoon. H7jpogeum. 

Sporangia globular, rootless; peridia double, the outer 

adnate, warty, cracked ; sporidia in heaps, among the flocci. 

—Grows under ground. 

HypogcBum cervinum. ^^^g hypogeum. 

peridium. granulated. 

Sporangium round or oblong ; 

Lycoperdon cervinum, Lin. S. P. 1653; Sowerby Fungi, 269. 

Lycoperdastrum tuberosum, athizon fulvum, cortice duriore crasso el 

granulate, medulla ex albo purpurascente, semine nigro crassiore, Micheti 

N. Gen. 220. 

Hypogaeum cerviuum, Persoon Dispos. 7. 

Scleroderma cervinum, Fersoon Syn. 156. 

Under ground, near fir-trees. Perhaps a tuber. 

XXVIII. 229. BOVISTA. Dillenius. Bitll-fst. 

Sporangium globular, generally sessile, bottom rooted; 

outer peridium, adnate to the inner, separating into lobes, 

tip bursting irregularly, vanishing; sporidia pedicelled on 

the flocci, brownish-purple.— Grows on the ground, sometimes 

half-sunk in it. 

1. Bovista plumlea. Lead-colour hull-Jist. 

Sporangium globular, umbilicated beneath, rooting, leadcolour. 

Lycoperdon ardesiaceum, Bull. Champ. 146. 

Bovista plumbea, Persoon Syn. 137,2. 

On fields and grassy places, after rain. 

Outer peridium white, becoming lead-colour, vanishing 

entirely, except at the base. 

2. Bovista nigrescens. Blackish hull-Jist. 

Sporangium globular or roundish, brownish-black, beneath 

plaited. 

5

PL cell. aph. 9. GASTJEROMYCE^. 229. Bovista. 583 

Lycoperdon arrhizon, Bntsch Fung. 2,S9. 

Lycoperdon globosum, Bolton Fung. 118, 

Lycoperdon Bovista, Lin. S. P. 1653 ; Soiverby Fungi, 331. 

Bovista nigrescens, Persoon Syn. 136, I. 

In shady woods; autumn. 

Sporangium an inch and half in diameter. 

S. Bovista gigantea. -, Giant hull-Jist. 

Sporangium globular, pale-whitish ; scales scattered, 

scarcely distinguishable. 

Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch Fung. 135. 

Lycoperdon nia:ximuii], Schcsffer Bau. 4, 130. 

Lycoperdon Bovista, BulUard Champ. 154. 

Bovista gigantea, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 34. 

In grassy places ; autumn. 

Sporangium from 5 inches to 2 feet in diameter, at jSrst 

white, afterwards reddish strav^-colour ; root very slender. 

XXIX. 230. LYCOPERDON. Tournefort. Puff-hall 

Sporangium nearly globular, often narrowed at bottom 

into a stemlike appearance, rooting ; peridium mostly spinous 

or scaly, becoming chaffy, vanishing, bursting at the 

tip; sporidia in heaps, scattered among the flocci, green. 

Grows on the ground. 

1. Lycoperdon ccelatum. Latticed piff^-lall. 

Sporajigium globular, conical at the bottom, plaited, 

brownish-grey, scales rather broad. 

Lycoperdon gemmatum, Schceffer Fung. 4, 130. 

Lycoperdon areolatum, Schmffer Fung. 4, 190. 

Lycoperdon cailatum, BulUard Champ. 166. 

Lycoperdon Bovista, Persoon Syn. 141. 

Spunk. 

In grassy places; autumn. 

Sporangium about 4 inches in diameter ; the bottom part 

prepared by beating is used as tinder. 

2. Lycoperdon pra tense. Meadow puff-hall. 

Sporangium hemispherical, snow-white, soft; warts few, 

scattered; stem very short. 

Lycoperdon Proteus cepiforme. Bull. Champ. 143. 

Lycoperdon papiilatum, Scha;ff. Bav, 4, 127. 

Lycoperdon pratense, Persoon Syn. 142, 3. 

On grassy hills after rain; summer. 

Sporangium about an inch and half broad ; 

ground one half its depth. 

sunk in the

584. 230. Lycop. .9. GASTEROMYCE^. PL cell. aph. 

3. Lycoperdon idnforme. Bottle puJf-balL 

Sporangium reverse-ovate, cylindrical, pale smoke-grey, 

smoothish; steyn not distinct. 

Lycoperdon utrifortne, Bulliard Champ. 153. 

On grass-ground. 

4. Lycoperdon excipidiformis. Receiverlike puff-ball. 

Sporangium white, nearly globular, scaly ; scales spinous, 

scattered ; stem, roundish, long, plaited. 

Lycoperdon excipuliforme, Scopoli Cam. 1631. 

Lycoperdon Proteus excipuliforme, Bulliard Champ. !49. 

Lycoperdon Proteus, Sowerby Fungi, 332, in part. 

In fir-plantations on the ground; autumn. 

5. Lycoperdon perlatum. Pearly puff-hall. 

Sporangia in tufts, bossed, whitish; sle7n rather long, 

cylindrical; warts compact, round, deciduous, ending in a 

point. 

Lycoperdon gernmatum, Fl. Dan. 1120. 

Lycoperdon Proteus, BuUiard Champ. 14S. 

Lycoperdon excipali chemici forma, Vaillant Paris, 12, 15. 

Lycoperdon album, totum aculeatum, altiori basi donatani, Micheli N. 

Gen. 211. 

Lycoperdon perlatum, Persoon Syn. 145. 


6. Lycoperdon pyriforme. 

Pearshape puff-hall. 

Sporangia in tufts, pearshaped, bossed, pale smoke-grey; 

scales vehy thin; roots long, fibrous. 

Lyco])erdon pyriforme, Schtsffer Icon. Fung. 135. 

Lycoperdon Proteus ovoideum, Bulliard Champ. 143. 

On rotten trunks of trees, seldom on the ground; 

autumn. 

7. Lycoperdo7i gossypinum. Cottony piff-hall. 

'Sporangia gregarious, minute, globular topshape, slightly 

cottony, pale. 

" Lycoperdon gossypinum, Bulliard Champ. 147. 


XXX. 231. GEASTRUM. Persoon. Shell-puff. 

Sporangium globular, sessile ; outer peridium leatherlike, 

expanding and turning back starwise; inner peridium membranaceous, 

sessile or pedicelled; apex ending in a cylindrical 

mouth; peduncle simple; sporidia pedicelled upon 

the flocci.

Pl.cell.aph. 9. GASTP:ROMYCEiE. 231.Geastrum. 585 

a. Inner peridium pedicelled. 

1. Geastrum quadrifidum. Four-cut shell-puff. 

Outer peridium four-cut, arched ; inner globular, pedicelled; 

mouth blunt, ciliated, greyish. 

Lycoperdon fornicatum, Hudson ylngl. 644; Engl. Bot. 198. 

Geastrum quadrifidum, Persoon Syn. 133, 

In pine plantations ; autumn. 

2. Geastrum stellatum. Starred shell-puff. 

Outer peridium many-cut, brownish, outside granular, 

rather flat; inner globular, pedicelled, centre flattish ; mouth 

broad, conical. 

Geastrum coronatum, Persoon Syn. 132. 

Geastrum niiiltifiduin (3, Persoon Disp. 1,6. 

Lycoperdon volvam explanans, Schmidel Icon. 179. 

Lycoperdon stellatum, Sowerby Fungi, 312. 

In woods. 

(3. PVoodwardi. Sporangium small, flat above; mouth 

acuminated, ciliated ; cilice and stem long. 

Geastrum coronatum Woodwardi, Persoon Syn. 132. 

On dry banks, among ivy. 

Sporangium dark-brown ; does not exceed an inch and 

half in diameter. 

3. Geastrum pectinatum. Comhlike shell-piff. 

Outer peridium many-cut, pale, arched ; inner pedicelled, 

dark-brown; mouth pointed, conical. 

Geastrum mnltifidum a, Persoon Disp. 6. 

Geastrum pectinatum, Persoon Syn. 132, 

In fir-plantations. 

b. Inner peridium sessile. 

4. Geastrum rufescens. Reddish shell-puff. 

Outer peridium many-cut, reddish; inner sessile, bald, 

pale. 

Geastrum rufescens, Persoon Syn. 134. 

Geastrum sessilis ? Sowerby Fungi, HO. 


5. Geastrum recolligens. Retracting shell-puff. 

Outer peridium many-lobed, spreading, lobes equal, out- 

side yellowish, inside brown; inner depressed spherical, 

sessile; mouth conical. 

'

586 231. Geastrum. 9. GASTEROMYCEtE. PL cell. aph. 

Lycoperdon stellatum, Bulliard Champ. 238. 

Lycoperdon recolligens, fVood in Lin. Tr. 2, 58 ; Sowerby Fungi, 401. 

In woods ; spring and auturan. 

Outer peridium expands with moisture, and contracts 

again on drying ; contrary to the other geastra. 

6. Geastrum cylindricum. Cyli7idrical shell-puff. 

Outer peridium many-cut; inner cylindrical, sessile. 

Lycoperdon cylindricum, Withering Bot. ^rr. 4, 41 1. 


XXXI. 232. POLYSTOMA. Pill-box. 

Sporangium globular or depressed, sessile ; outer peridium 

expanding starwise ; inner membranaceous, pedicelled ; 

pedicells and mouths many. 

Polystoma coliforme. Sievelike pill-box. 

Outer peridium many-cut; inner 5 or 6-pedicelled ; pe- 

cells short; mouths ciliated. 

Lycoperdon coliforme, Dickson Crypt. 24; Sowerby Fungi, 313. 

Geastrum coliforme, Persoon Syn, 131. 

On sandy banks. 

L. TuLOSTOMiDE^. Peridia single, leatherlike; mouth 

cartilaginous, circular; sporidia conglobated, scattered 

among the flocci. 

XXXII. 233. TULOSTOMA. Persoon. Tulostome. 

Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium single, lea- 

therlike; mouth single, cylindrical, cartilaginous; sporidia 

conglomerated, among the flocci. 

Tulostoma brumale. IVinter tulostome. 

Sporangium whitish ; pedicell slightly scaly ; peridium 

attached to the stem; ?noz^//i flattish. 

Lycoperdon pedunculatum, Lin. S. P. 1654; Soieerby Fungi, 406. 

Tulostoma brumale, Persoon Syn. 139. 

Among moss on walls ; autumn. 

M. PoLYANGiDEiE. Peridium single, thin, membranaceous, 

bursting irregularly, enclosing many peridiola; 

sporidia grumose, naked, in the peridiola. 

XXXIII. 234. POLYANGIUM. Ditmar. Bud-mould. 

Sporangium roundish, sessile ; 

- peridiola ovate, inside grunious. 

peridium membranaceous

PL cell aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. 234. Polyang. 587 

Polyangkim vitellinum. Yelk-of-egg ludmould. 

Sporangia gregarious, yellow ; periodola deep reddishyellow. 

Poljangium viiellinum, Ditmar in Sturm. Germ. 3,2, 


N. Cyathide^. Peridium single, leatherlike, opening 

at the tip, containing many periodola; peridiola membranaceous, 

or coriaceous; enclosing the sporidia; sporidia 

naked, or floccular. 

XXXIV. 235. CYATHUS. Persoon. Cup-mushroom. 

Sporavgiiim cupshape, closed at first with an epiphragma, 

afterwards open at the top ; peridiola lentilshape, nestling, 

fleshy, inside woolly; sporidia naked, conglobate, in the 

centre of the periodola, 

1 . Cyallius striatus. Streaked cup-mushroom. 

Sporangium reverse-conical ; outside blackish-brown, 

shaggy; inside pale, streaked, 

Peziza quae fungus seminifer, externe hirsutiis, interne striatus, Rail 

Syn. 20, 22. 

Peziza lentifera ;8, Lin. S. P. 1650. 

Peziza striata, Hudson Fl. jlngl. 634. 

Nidularia striata, Sowerby Fungi, 29. 

Cyatlius striatus, Persoon Syn. 237. 

In woods on the ground ; summer and autumn. 

2. Cyathus ollaris. Skellet cup-mushroom. 

Sporangium bellshape; outside grey or brownish, rather 

downy ; mouth wide ; inside smooth, livid lead-grey. 

Cyathus laivis, Hoffman Crypt. 2, 31. 

Nidularia verrucosus, Bulliard Champ. 164. 

Nidularia laevis? Sowerby Fungi, 31, outside yellow. 

Peziza lentifera, Lin. S. P. 1650. 

Nidularia campanulata ? Sowerby Fungi, 28. 

Cyathus OUa, Persoon Syn. 237. 


3. Cyathus crucihuliformis. Crucibleshape cup-mushroom. 

Sporangium nearly cylindrical, hard, bald, ochry-yellow ; 

bottom woolly, whitish. 

Peziza leevis, Hudson Fl, Angl. 639. 

Nidularia laevis, Sowerby Fungi, 30. 

Cyathus Crucibulum, Hoffm. Crypt. 2, 29 ; 

Persoon Syn. 238, 3. 


Sporangium at first cylindrical, afterwards reverse-conical.

588 235.Cyathus.9.GASTEROMYCE^. PLcellaph. 

4. Cyathus scutellaris. Saucer cup-mushronm. 

Sporangia globular, grey; inside pale whitish; peridiola 

white, afterwards blackish. 

Cyathoidcs scutellatiim, ore crispo, friictibus nigris majoribus, Micheli 

N, Gen. 202, 4. 

Persoon Syn. 239. 

Cyathus scutellaris, Roth Cat. 1,217 ; 

Cyathus coraplauatus, De Candolle Syn. 56 ? 

On the ground, in woods. 

Sporangia the size of a large pea, at first globular, then 

hemispherical ; edge not cut. 

Fam. X. 10. SARCOTHECEyE. Fungorum pars, Linnaeus, 

Jussieu. Fungi sarcocarpi, Persoon. 

Vegetabiliumfungosoram pars, Esenbeck. 

Thallus solid, entirely covered with a membranaceous 

or leatherlike epidermis ; ê^/j becoming cellular; sporidia 

scattered in the substance of the flesh. 

A. Thallus solid, globular ; inside smooth. Sclerotidese. 

Thallus globular; basis radiated Erysibe. 236. 

Thallus tuberous; basis creeping, 

rootlike 

Thanatophyton. 237. 

Thallus roundish; basis not expanded 

SCLEROTIUM. 238. 

B. Thallus globular; inside cellular, or veiny. Tuberideae. 

Thallus subterraneous ; 

sporidia pedicelled 

inside veiny 

Tuber. 239. 

C. Thallus irregular, gelatinous Jibrous, cellular ; sporidia 

scattered, immersed. Tremellidese. 

Thallus variously formed 

spor. in the inside only Tremella. 240. 

Thallus dilated, in folds; 

spor. internal and external Gyraria. 241. 

Thallus caulescent, slightly branched 

spor. internal and external Coryne. 242. 

A. Sclerotide^. Thallus variously shaped, mostly 

lobular, 

f 

ermis. 

solid, obscurely cellular, covered with an epi

Pl.cell.aph. 10. SARCOTHECEiE. 236. Erysibe. 589 

I. 236. ERYSIBE. Rebentisch. Mould-kid. 

Thalli globular, upon a radiated basis. 

1. Erysile suffulta. Propped mould-'bud. 

Thalli lentilshape, brown; lasis fibrous, fulcrate, radiating 

irregularly. 

Erysibe sufi'ulta, Rebentisch Fl. Neomont. 

Sclerotiuin Erjsiplie coryleum, Persoon Syn. 124, 12. 

Erysiphe coryli, Be Candolle Fl. Gall. 730. 

On the lower face of hazel'leaves. 

2. Erysile alni. Alder mould-hud. 

Rays many, expanded, very long, free. 

Erysiphe alui, De Candolle Fl. Gall. 730.* 

On the lower face of alder-leaves. 

3. Erysibe aceris. Maple meuld-bud. 

Rays many, long, interwoven into a thin membranaceous 

pellicle ; thalli at length collapsing and becoming concave. 

Erysiphe aceris, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 732.* 

On the lower face of maple-leaves, rarely on the upper. 

4. Erysibe polygoni. Knot-grass mould-bud. 

Rays many, long, interwoven into a membranaceous 

pellicle ; thalli few. 

Erysiphe polygoni, De Cand. Fl, Gall. 733. 

On the lower face of knot-grass leaves. 

5. Erysibe pcpuli. Poplar mould-lmd. 

Rays many, interwoven into a slight crustlike pellicle. 

Erysiphe populi, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 733.* 

On the upper face of black poplar-leaves, rarely on the 

lower. 

6. Erysibe pisi. 

Pea mould-bud. 

Rays numerous, very long, very slender, sometimes interwoven 

into an irregular pellicule. 

Erysiphe pisi, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 734. 

On the leaves of peas. 

7. Erysibe convolvuU. 

Bindweed mould-bud. 

Rays numerous, interwoven into a slightly membranaceous 

adhering pellicle ; thalli scattered, or in rings. 

Erysiphe convolvuli, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 736. 

On the upper face of bindweed -leaves.

590 236. Erysibe. 10. SARCOTHECE^. Plcell.aplu 

8. Enjsile herheridis. Berberry mould-lud. 

Rays two-forked at the tip. 

Erysiphe berberidis, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 737. 

On the upper face of berberry-leaves. 

9. Erysibe acarijhrme. Ticklike mould-bud. 

Thalli heartshape, brown, rather downy; rays interwoven, 

torn, yellow. 

Lycoperdon arariforme, Sowerby Fungi, 146. 


10. Erysibe Sowerbii. Soiverby's moidd-bud. 

Thallus nearly globular, brown, woolly ; rays very slender, 

very long, radiately regular, yellowish. 

Lycoperdon radiatum, Sowerby Fungi, 145. 

On plaistered walls. 

II. 237. THANATOPHYTUM. Esenb. Death-mould. 

Thallus tuberous, expanded creeping, rootlike. 

Thanalophytum crocorum. Saffron death-mould. 

Thallus red. 

Tuber parasiticum, BulUard Champ. 81. 

Sclerotiiim crocorum, Persoon Syn. 119. 

Tlianatophytum crocorum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,38. 

La mort de saffron. 

On the bulbs of crocuses, the roots of dwarf elder and 

asparagus. 

Very destructive to saffron, speedily destroying a whole 

plantation of it. The French cultivators trench the ground 

very deep round the infected spot, throwing the earth of.,, 

the trench upon it, and no longer cultivate saffron thereon, 

as it will remain in the ground for 15 or 20 years. 

III. 238. SCLEROTIUM. Persoon. Corn-mould. 

Thallus variously shaped, mostly globular, without any 

expansion. 

1 . Sclerotium vaporarioriLm. Stove corn-mould. 

Thallus 

brown ; 

flat, often lobed, rather hard ; at first smooth- 

when old black, wrinkled. 

Sclerotium vaporariorum, Albert and Schioein. Nisk. 73. 

On the bark-bed of hot-houses.

PLcelLaph. 10. SARCOTHECEiS. 238. Sclerot. 591 

2. Sclerotium lacunosum. Pitted corn-mould. 

Thallus roundish, pitted, black ; inside palish. 

Sclerotium lacunosum, Persoon Syn. 121. 

On the roots of agaricus racemosus, and other plants. 

3. Sclerotium muscorum. Moss corn-mould. 

Thallus roundish or irregularly lobed, surface tubercular; 

inside yellow. 

Sclerotium subterraneum muscorum, Tode Meckl. 3. 

Sclerotium muscorum, Persoon Syn. 120, 

On the roots of mosses. 

4. Sclerotium Irassicce. Cabbage corn-mould. 

Thallus oblong, depressed, black ; inside black, dotted. 

Sclerotium Brassicos, Persoon Syn. 122. 

On the rotten leaves of cabbage, kept in cellars ; winter. 

5 Sclerotium varium. Various corn-mould. 

Thallus roundish or oblong, rather lobed, slightly wrinkled, 

whitish, becoming brownish-black, 

Elvella brassicae, Hoffm, Crypt. 2, 18, 

Sclerotium varium, Persoon Syn. 122. 

On the stems and ribs of cabbages ; winter. 

6. Sclerotium seminiforme Seedlike corn-mould. 

Thalli gregarious, nearly globular, scrobiculate, blackishbay, 

becoming wrinkled. 

Bolton Fungi, 119. 

Sphaeria brassicae, Dickson Crypt. 23 ; 

Sclerotium Semen, Tode Meckl, 1,4; Persoon Syn. 123. 

On potatoe-stalks 

spring. 

rotting in the fields ; autumn and 

7. Sclerotium quercinum. Oak corn-mould. 

Thalli scattered, nearly hemispherical, convex, smooth, 

dirty white, rather blackish. 

Sclerotium quercinum, Persoon Syn. 124. 

On dry fallen oak-leaves ; summer. 

8. Sclerotium scutellatwm. Saucer corn-mould, 

Thallus rounded, hollowed, black, inside white, slightly 

stemmed. 

Sclerotium scutellatum, Albert and Schwein. Nisk, 74. 

On the branches and leaves of willows.

B9^ 238.Sclerot. 10. SARCOTHECE^. PLcell.aph. 

9. Sclerotium complanntum. Flattened corn-movld. 

Thallus nearly orbicular, compressed, smooth, pale, 

slightly stemmed. 

Sclerotium complanatum, Tode Mecklen, 5. 

On rotten dung and straw ; winter. 

B. TuBERiDE^. Thallus solid, globular or irregular, 

inside cellular or veiny; sporidia scattered in the cells. 

IV. 239. TUBER. Matthioli. Truffle. 

Thallus globular, irregular, bark thick, cracked, inside 

veiny ; sporidia nearly globular, pedicelled, affixed to the 

veins.—Subterraneous. 

a. Root 0, grows deep in the ground. 

1 Tulwr cibarium. Food truffle. 

Thallus nearly globular, outside black, warty; ivarts 

large, blunt, angular. 

Tubera, 

Lycoyerdan Tuber, Lin. S. P. 1653. 

Lycoperdon gulosorum, Scopoli Cam, 2,491. 

Tuber gulosorum, Wigg Holsat, 109. 

Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp Oxon. 398. 

Truffs. Truffles. 

Subterraneous. 

Flavour very grateful in made-dishes ; procured by observing 

where hogs wish to turn up the ground, and there 

digging, or by having spaniels trained to point at them. 

2. Tuber moschatum. Musk truffie. 

Thallus roundish, smooth, black inside and out; flesh 

soft becoming wrinkled ; when fresh smelling like musk. 

Tuber moschatum, BuUiaid Champ. 79 ; 

Subterraneous. 

Used as the former. 

Sotcerby Fungi, 426. 

b. Root fibrous, grows near the surface. Tartufa. 

3. Tuher album. White truffle. 

Thallus smooth, inside and outside white, afterwards 

dull-red with red lines. 

Tuber album, Bulliard Champ. 30; Sowerby Fungi, 320. 

Lycoperdon gibbosum, Dickson Crypt. 2,26. 

White truffle. 

Under ground, near the surface. 

Inodorous, becoming yellow, and wrinkly when dry.— 

Used for sauce, but inferior to the common.

PLcelLaph. JO. SARCOTHECEiE. 240. Tremella. 593 

C. Tremellide^. Thallus variously shaped, rather 

gelatinous; epidermis thin; inside cellular, fibrous; sporidia 

naked, scattered in the substance, and very copiously on 

the outer surface. 

V. 240. TREMELLA. Dillenius. Tremelle. 

Thallus variously shaped ; sporidia scattered in the inside 

only. 

Tremella recisa. Cut-off^ tremelle. 

Thallus reverse-conical, umber-brown, inside rather 

fibrous. 

Peziza granulosa, Persoon Syn. 633, 4. 

Tremella recisa, Dilmar Fung, 

On dry willow-branches. 

VI. 241. GYRARIA. Esenbeck. Gyraria. 

Thallus dilated, meandering; sporidia scattered in the 

substance, and over the external surface. 

• On 

1 Gyraria mesenterica. Cawl gyraria. 

Thallus roundish, orange-colour ; 

plaits vertical, twisted. 

Tremella mesenterica, Jacq. Miscell. Austr. 1, 13. 

the fallen branches of trees. 

Becomes hard, but not much smaller when dry. 

2. Gyraria P alhida. Whitish gyraria. 

Thallus whitish, sessile, rather wrinkled, solid, semitransparent, 

variously shaped, jellylike. 

Tremella albida, Huds. Fl. Angl. 565 ; 


Tremella. cerebrina, BulUard Champ. 386. 

On half-rotten branches, or wet wood. 

3. Gyraria ferruginea. 

Iron-lrown gyraria. 

ThalLi clustered, rusty-brown, lobed; lobes waved; surface 

finely pulverulent, granulated ; inside white. 

Tremella ferruginea, Engl. Bot, 1454. ~ 

On the dead b'ranches of trees. 

4. Gyraria intumescens. Sivellbig gyraria. 

Thalli clustered, twisted, swollen, brown, shining, jellylike; 

when dry thin, membranaceous. 

Tiemella intumescens, Engl. Bot. 1870. 

On rotten wood in wet weather. 

VOL. I. 2 

"

594> 24

Pl.cell.aph. lO.SARCOTHECE^. 241.Gyraria. 595 

il. Gyraria lackrymalis. Tear gyraria. 

Thallus roundish or slightly uneven, peziza-like, shining, 

pellucid, yellow. 

Tremella deliquescens, Bulliard Champ. 219. 

Tremella laclirynialis, Persoon Syn. 628. 


1*2. Gyraria cinnalarina. Vermilion gyraria. 

Ihallus very small, slightly gelatinous, fleshy, builate, 

purplish; surface granular, rough. 

Tremella cinnabarina, Bulliard Champ. 218. 

On mosses and several other herbs. 

VII. 242. CORYNE. Esenbeck. Coryne. 

Thallus long, stemlike, slightly branched, thickened 

sporidia scattered in the cellular substance and on the out- 

side. 

1 Coryne duhium. Doubtful coryne. 

Thallus pale flesh-colour, nearly spatulashape j tip white, 

hoary. 

Tremella dubia, Persoon Syn. 630,25. 

Acrosperma dubium, Persoon Comm. 9i^. 

Tremella (Corjne) Acrospermuoi, Esenbeck Syst. 2,40. 

On the rotten trunks of trees. 

2. Coryne clavatum.. Clubbed coryne. 

Thallus solitary, reddish flesh-colour, clubshape. 

Tremella stipitata, Willd. Berol. 420. 

Tremella clavata, Persoon Syn. 630,24. 

Acrospermum clavatum, Persoon Comm, 90, 

On rotten branches ; autumn. 

Fam. XL 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Fungorum pars, 

Ray, Linnaeus, Jussieu. Fungi 

clavati et pileati, Esenbeck. 

Thalli long or expanded into an hemispherical cap, inside 

cellular or fibrous ; sporidia threadlike, on the whole 

surface, or the flat surface of the cap. 

A. Hymenium lamellar, gills decaying without changing 

colour ; cap fleshy or leathery, juiceless. Agaricideae. 

Volva, collar, and radical tnher, distinct Amanita. 243. 

Volva cylindrical ; collar Vaginata. 244. 

2q 2

P^4Ayp, %%€ 

596 II. HYMENOTHEGE^. PL cell, aph, 

Volva ; collar distinct Lepiota. 245^ 

Stem central, naked ; cap convex .... Gymnopus. 246. 

Stem central, naked ; cap concave .... Omphalia. 247. 

Stem eccentric, naked Pleuropus. 248. 

Stem marginal, naked Cuepidopus. 249» 

Stem ; cap sessile Apus. 250. 

Thallus attached by its back Resupinatus. 251 

B. Hymenium lamellar ; gills decaying without changing 

colour; cap Jleshy or membranaceous, juicy. Mycenadese. 

Texture venulose, cellular; 

cap fleshy ; stem naked , Russula. 252. 

Text, fibrous ; cap membranaceous 

stem naked ; sporidia short Mycena. 253. 

Text, fibrous; cap membranaceous; 

stem naked ; sporidia long Micromphale. 254*. 

Text, fibrous ; cap funnelshape 

gills milky Lactarius. 255. 

C. Hymenium lamellar ; gills becoming black, powdery ; 

cap fleshy or skinny ; textureJib rous. Pratellidese. 

Cap thick ; gills persisting 

sporidia single ; collar distinct , Pratella. 256. 

Cap thin ; gills persisting 

sporidia single; collar fibrous Cortinaria. 257- 

Cap thin; gzVZi persisting; 

sporidia in pairs ; collar Prunulus, 258. 

Cap thin ; ^zV/i diffluent; 

sporidia in fours; collar distinct or ... . Coprinus. 259. 

D. Cap beneath lamellar ; gills barreii ; apex woolly 

sporidia interspersed in the wool of the cap. Astei'ophorideae. 

Sporidia angular Asterophora. 260. 

E. Hymenium veined; veins superfcial, distinct; cap 

fleshy. Merulideae. 

Stem central; cap round, convex Merulius. 261. 

Stem cenixsX; cap round, concave Cantharellus. 262. 

Stem lateral; cap semicircular Corniola. 26:5. 

Thallus attached by its back Serpula. 264. 

Thallus clubshape, sessile, sides plaited Gomphus. 265.

Pi. cell aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 557 

F. Hymenium veined; veins anastomosing ; cap leatherlike, 

-corky, Daedaleadeae. 

Cap semicircular D^dalea. 266, 

G. Hymenmm tubular; tules shorty persistent, not cut; 

598 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PL cell aph. 

Thallus on its back, spreading Odontia. 285. 

Thallus branched or clublike, spinose . . Hericium. 286. 

L. Hymenium smooth, hairy or warty, expanded j thallus 

leatherlike, sometimes capped. Thelephoridese. 

Stem central; cap concave Cbaterella. 287. 

Stem ec

Vl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 599 

Cup pedicelledj soft, fibrous, cellular, 

surface woolly Dasyscyphus. 308. 

Cup pedicelled, soft, cellular, slightly 

fibrous, scaly or bristly Macroscyphus. 309. 

Cup pedicelled, thin, fibrous, cellular, 

bald Hymenoscyphus. 310. 

_Q. Hymenium smooth^ expanded ; sporidia cluhshape, inter' 

mixed with larrenjilaments, ejectile ; thallus fleshy. Asco- 

bolideas. 

T/io/Zz« dishlike or reverse-conical .. Ascobolus. 311. 

A. AGARiciDEiE. Hymenium lamellar; gills separable 

from the cap, not becoming black or juicy; cap thick, 

fleshy, or leathery ; texture vesicular or cellular. 

I. Si43. AMANITA. Dillenius. Amanite. 

Volva at first covers the whole thallus; fragments left 

on the cap ; stem central, bulbose at bottom ; collar distinct 

cap fleshy; gills crowded.—Poisonous. 

1. Amanita lulhosa. Bullous amanite. 

Thallus white ; cap convex ; stem long, slender, bulbous. 

Agaricus bulbosus, Scheeff. Fung. 241. 

Amanita bulbosa, Persoon Syn. 250, 7. 

In woods and pastures ; autumn. 

2. Amanita citrina. 

Cap bald, lemon-yellow ; 

Agaricus citrina, Schceff. Fung. 20. 

Amanita citrina, Persoon Syn. 251. 

In woods, on the ground, in sandy soils. 

' Lemon-yellow amanite. 

gills and stem white. 

|3. mappalis. Cap yellowish, with brownish warts. 

Agaricus Mappa, Willd. Berol. 381. 

Amanita citrina Mappa, Persoon Syn. 251. 

3. Amanita aurantiaca. Orange amanite. 

Thallus large; cap bellshape, orange-red; gills bellied, 

gold-yellow ; warts scattered, white ; stem white. 

Amanita aurantiaca, Bull. Herb. 120; Pers. Syn. 252, 10. 

In woods.

600 243. Amanit. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Plcell.aph. 

4. Amanita muscaria. Fly amanite. 

Stem white ; cap orange-red, shining, flattish ; warts and 

gills white. 

Amanita muscaria, Schaff. Fung. 27 ; 

Agaricus muscarius, 3,4, With. 218 ; Sowerby Fungi, 286, 

Persoon Syn. 253, 11. 

In plantations of firs. 

Powder in doses of gr. x. to xxx. with vinegar, cathartic 

and sudorific, useful in epilepsy and palsy occasioned by 

eruptions which have been improperly repelled ; also used 

externally sprinkled upon ulcers and gangrene : the juice 

rubbed upon bedsteads kills or expels bugs, and mixed 

with milk is used in Sweden to kill flies. 

^. minor. Tliallus small ; cap convex, warts generally 

wanting. > 

5. Amanita umhrina. Umber amanite. 

Stem white,- cap flattish, greyish-bay; warts and gills 

white. 

Agaricus verrucosus, Hudson ^ngl. 613. 

Agaricus marulatus, Schceff. Fungi, 90. 

Amanita umbrina, Persoon Syn. 254, 12. 

Agaricus muscarius, var. 6, With. Arr. 219. 

In beech-woods. 

6. Amanita rvlescens. Reddish amanite. 

Cap convex, opake, reddish ; ivarts crowded, white 

gills white. 

Agaricus margaritiferus, Schecff. Fung. 91. 

Amanita rubescens, Persoon Syn. 67. 

Agaricus muscaricus, var. 7, Withering Arr. 219. 

In beech-woods ; autumn. 

7. Amanita circinnata. Compassed amanite. 

Stem bulbous, rather scaly, reddish ; cap hemispherical, 

slightly umbilicated, reddish; tvarts oblong^round, whitish 

gills flattish, whitish. 

Aga-ricas myodes, Sch(pff. Fung. 26], 

Agaricus muscarius, var. 5. Wither. Arr. 4, 218. 

In woods; rare. 

8. Amanita aspera. Rough amanite. 

Stem long, fibrilled, slightly bulbed ; cap fleshy, com- 

pact, bossed, reddish grey; warts pointed, rough; gills 

crowded, white. 

Agaricus verrucosus, Bulliard Herb. 316, warts globular. 

Amanita aspera, Persoon Syn. 256. 

In woods ; 

late in autumn. 

Odour strong.

PI. cell aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 244.Vaginat. 601 

II. 244. VAGINATA. Esenbeck. Boot-mushroom, 

Stem cylindrical at bottom ; volva cylindrical ; collar ; 

cap fleshy; gills crowded, equal.—Poisonous. 

1. Vaginata livida. Livid boot-mushroom. 

. Stem long, white ; cap bossed, flattish, streaked, livid 

lead-colour; gills white. 

Agaricus vaginatus, Bulliard Herb. 512, M. , 

Agaricus plumbeus, Scheeff. Fung. 35 & 36. 

Boders of shady woods, after long rains. 

2. Vaginata spadicea. Dark-lay loot-mushrooiti. 

Stem scaly, brown ; cap rather bellshape, bossed, streaked, 

brittle, bay ; gills white. 

Agaricus fuscus, Schceff. Fung. 95. 

Amanita spadicea, Persoon Syn. 248,2. 

In fir plantations. 

3. Vaginata virgata. Stiff hoot-inushroom. 

Thalli in tufts; cap bellshape, conical, hairy, grey and 

black, stiff; gills powdery, cinnamon-red. 

Agaricus volvaceiis, Bulliard Herb. 261. 

Amaiiila virgata, Persoon Syn. 249,4. 

In the bark-bed of hot-houses ; summer. 

III. 245. LEPIOTA. Persoon. Lepiote. 

Stem central ; volua ; collar distinct ; cap fleshy ; pHIs 

equal in length, or mixed with shorter, juiceless, not variegated.—Wholesome. 

1 Lepiola procera. Tall lepiote, 

Thallus large ; steyn bulbous, very long ; collar moveable j 

cap fleshy, bossed, scaly, reddish-grey ; gills very far apart, 

whitish. 

Agaricus procerus, Scheeff. Fung. 22 & 23; Sowerby Fungi, 190. 

In woods. 

Thallus elegant, esculent. 

/3. excoriatus. Thallus small, whitish ; scales scarcely dis- 

cernible. 

Agaricus excoriatus, Schceff. Fung. 18 & 19; Sibth. Ox. 341. 

2. Lepiota coluhrina. Snake lepiote, 

Thallus large ; stem rather long, villous, soft ; collar 

decaying; cap bellshape, scaly, pale; scales large, scat-* 

tered, reddish ; 

gills whitish, free. 

^

602 245. Lepiot. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECE^. PL cell. aph. 

Agaricus calceolarius, Bull. Herb. 405. 

Agaricus colubrinus, Persoon Syn. 258,2. 

In woods, on moist land ; autumn. 

Stem 3 inches long ; cap about 2 broad, brittle. 

/3. cristata. Thallus small ; stem shortish, hollow, light 

reddish, bald ; ring vanishing ; cap bellshape, whitish 

centre and scales brown ; gills free, white. 

Agaricus cristatus, fVilld. Berol. 1104. 

Agaricus subantiquatus, Batsch Fung. 2, 59. 

In beech woods, on the ground, or stems. 

Stem 2 inches long ; cap half an inch broad ; odour heavy 

taste very ungrateful. 

y. pantherina. Stem middling, rather bulbous, slightly 

scaly ; cap rather fleshy, bossed ; scales crowded, darkcinnamon, 

pressed close; gills free, broadish, yellowish. 

In pine woods. 

Cap 2 inches broad ; collar scarcely any. 

3. Lepiota granulosa. Granular lepiote. 

Thalli middle-size, several together ; stem scaly, collared ; 

cap rather fleshy, bossed, rust-colour ; gills crowded, mostly 

pale. 

Agaricus granulosus, Batsch Fung. 79 & 170. 

Agaricus flavo-floccosus, Batsch Fung. 117. 

Agaricus ochraceus, Bull. Herb. 533. 

Agaricus croceus, Bolt. Fung. 51 } Sowerby Fungi, 19. 

In woods, and plantations of firs. 

Stem 2 inches long, 2 lines broad, hollow ; cap an inch 

over. 

4.. Lepiota sguarrosa. Rough lepiote. 

Thalli in tufts; stem rough, scaled, ochry-brown; cap 

fleshy, gills crowded, pale olive. 

Agaricus floccosus, Curtis Land. 264. 

Agaricus squarrosus, Willd. Berol. 380. 

At the root of oak trees; autumn. 

Stem stiff or ascending ; collar small ; cap 3 inches broad 

Jiesh lemon-yellow ; 

odour fishy. 

(3. aurivella. Thallus rusty yellow ; cap bellshape, scaly 

stem hairy, bent. 

Agaricus aurivellus, Batsch. Fung. 153. 

Agaricus filamentosus, Scheeff. Fung. 209. 

--

Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 2'i5.Lepiot. 603 

5. Lepiota aurea. Golden lep'iote. 

Thalli in small tufts, large, entirely reddish-brown ; stem 

stiff, bald, thickish ; collar rather small ; cap fleshy, flattish, 

slightly scaly or hairy; gills crowded, thin, slightly nicked. 

Agaricus aureus, Sovcerby Fungi, 7T. 

In woods, on the ground. 

Cap 3 or 45 inches broad ; Jlesh brimstone-yellow ; taste 

bitter. 

6. Lepiota polymyces. Many-stemmed lepiote. 

Thalli in close tufts ; stem collared, conical, greyisholive; 

cap bossed, scaly, greyish-yellow; gills rather decur- 

rent, pale-whitish. 

Agaricus melleus, Bolton Fung. 141. 

Agaricus congregatus, Bolton Fung. 140. 

Agaricus ainiularius. Bull. Herb. 540. 

Agaricus stipitis, Sowerhy Fungi, 101. 

Agaricus cumulafus, Withering Arr. 4, 193. 

Agaricus polymyces, Persoon Syn. 269. 

In woods, at the roots of trees, or on the ground. 

Stem solid, elastic ; collar thick. 

7. Lepiota caudicina. Stem lepiote. 

Thalli in tufts ; stem scaly, rather slender, cylindrical 

cap rather fleshy, bossed, bald, cinnamon- colour; gills 

slightly decurrent, pale rusty-brown. 

Agaricus mutabilis, Schceff. Fung. 9. 

Agaricus annularis, Bull. Herb. 543. 

Agaricus lignalilis, Bull. Herb. 534, I. 

Agaricus caudicinus, Persoon Syn. 27 i. 

On rotten trunks of trees; autumn. 

Cap quite bald, rather slimy; esculent. 

8. Lepiota helvola. Reddish-hrown lepiote. 

Thalli gregarious, middle-size ; stem rather long, cylin- 

drical, girt at bottom with a very small collar; cap rather 

fleshy, bossed, nearly cinnamon-coloured ; gills distant, of 

the same colour. 

Agaricus hinnuleus, Sowerft^ jfi'ung-f, 173. 

Agaricus helvolus, Persoon Syn. 273. 

In woods, grassy grounds, and paths. 

Cap half an inch over ; stem 3 inches long. 

^

604 246.Gymnop. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cellaph. 

IV. 246. GYMNOPUS. Persoon. Naked-foot, 

Stem central ,• collar and volva ; cap fleshy, orbicular, 

convex.—Wholesome. 

a. Cap lay, cinnamon, chestnut, reddish or brown. 

1. Gymnopus pratensis. Meadow naked-foot. 

Thallus brownish-red, rather hard; stem short, rather 

thin, smallest at bottom ; cap bellshape, bluntly bossed or 

flattish, bald ; 

gills thick, distant, decurrent. 

Agaricus ficoides, BulL Herb. 587. 

Agaricus miniatus, Sowerby Fungi, 141, 

Agaricus fulvosus, Bolt. Fung. 56. 

Agaricus pralensis, Persoon Syn. 304. 

In meadows, pasture-lands, and grassy hills. 

Stem solid gills rather yellowish. 

; 

0. vitidinus. Cap pale-reddish; gills and stem white. 

Agaricus oreades, BoUon Fung.? 

Agaricus jjratensis viiulinus, Persoon Syn. 305. 

2. GymnopiLS rimosus. Cracked naked-foot. 

Stem scaly, hoary, pale; cap conical, cvacked lengthways, 

rather reddish; gills broadish, olive clay-colour, 

white on the edge. 

Agaricus rimosus, Bull. Herb. 599- 

Agaricus aurivenins, Batsch Fung. 20, 107. 

In grassy woods, on the ground; August and September. 

Stem 2 inches long, 2 lines and a half thick, swollen at 

top and bottom ; cap 2 inches broad, 1 high, dirty ; taste 

and odour not unpleasant. 

3. Gymnopus refexiis. Reflected naked-foot, 

Thatli gregarious, ochry rust-colour ; stem long, slender, 

iibrous-scaly ; scales turned backwards ; cap rather fleshy, 

acutely boss«3, scaly, ochre-yellow; gills distinct, pale 

cinnamon-colour. 

Agaricus pilosus, SchtEff. Bav. 80.' 

Agaricus reflexus, Persoon Syn. 311. 

On stumps of apple and pear trees. 

4. Gymnopusfusipes. Spindle naked-foot. 

Thalli in tufts ; stem furrowed, bellied, rooted, bald 

cap rather tough, reddish-buff"; gills distant, reddish- 

white.

PLcell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 246.Gymnop. 605 

Agaricus fusipes, Bull. Herb. 516, 

Agariciis crassipes, Schcpff. Fung. 88; Sowerhy Fungi, 129. 

At the foot of decaying trees ; autumn. 

Stem 4 or 5 inches high, 3 quarters thick j cap 4 to 6 

inches over, often slopes very much. 

5. Gymnopus radkatus. Hooted naked-foof. 

Root long, spindleshape ; stem very long ; cap fleshy, 

bossed, slimy, wrinkled, grey-cow colour or brownish ; gills 

slightly decurrent, white. 

Agaricus inacrorhizus, Persoon Obs. Myc, 1, 47. 

Agaricus radicatiis, Relhan Cant. 1040; Somerby Fungi, 48. 

In felled woods, at the side of the fallen trees, after rain. 

6. Gymnopus pudens. Modest naked-foot. 

Root long, spindleshape ; stem very long, solid, downy, 

rooted, rust-brown ; cap rather fleshy, bossed, smooth, 

dun-colour ; edge villous ; gills ascending, white. 

Agaricus longipes, Bull. Herb. 232 ? 

Agaricus radicatus pudens, Persoon Syn. 314. 

In shady woods, at the foot of trees. 

7. Gymnopus velutipes. Velvet stem naked-foot. 

Thalli in tufts; stem downy, very dark bay; cap rather 

fleshy, turned up, bald, brown ; 

gills bellied, yellowish. 

Agaricus velutipes, Curtis Lond.; Sowerby Fungi, 163. 

Agaricus nigripes, Bull. Herb, 344. 

In willow plantations ; autumn and mild winters. 

Stem 2 inches long, 2-tenths thick ; cap 1 inch to 3 inches 

over ; fesh white. 

8. Gymnopus ladipus. Bay-stemmed naked-foot. 

Stem whitish, fibrilled, bay colour at bottom, rather 

tough; cap fleshy membranaceous, bellshape, blunt, bald, 

rather rust-brown ; gills broadish, flat ascending, similarly 

coloured. 

Agaricus badipus, Persoon Syn. 318. 

Agaricus cauliciaalis, Sowerby Fungi, 163, 

In plantations. 

b. Cap greenish, yellowish, pale, or light fawn-colour. 

9. Gymnopus rutilans. Brilliant naked-foot. 

Stem long, solid, thick at bottom, yellowish ; cap fleshy? 

flattish, same colour as the stem, mostly spotted red towards 

the edge ; gills pale. 

4~

606 lO.Gymnop. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. P I .cell. aph. 

Agaricus rufilans, SchcEff. 218. 

Agaricns xerampelinus, SoKerby Fung. 31. 

In woods. 

Siem 3 inches long, half an inch thick, sometimes bent," 

spotted with red ; cap 2 inches and a half broad. 

10. Gymnopus luridus. Lurid naked-foot. 

Thalli rather gregarious ; stem solid, slightly scaly, 

pale; cap fleshy, rather bent, bald, greenish-grey; gills 

narrow, yellowish. 

Agaricus luridus, Schceff. Fung. 69. 

In woods ; autumn. 

Tliallus middle-size ; stem rather thick. 

11. Gymnopus mlphureus. Brimstone naked-foot 

Thalli gregarious, nearly brimstone-colour, odorous 

stem long, hollow, bent, pale ; cap fleshy, slightly bossed, 

bald; gills distinct, nicked. 

Agaricus sulphureus, Bull, Herb. 163 ; 

Sowerby Fungi, 44. 

In woods, on sandy soils, on the ground. 

Siem 4 inches long ; cap 3 inches over, dirty yellow 

odour of philadelphus coronarius. 

12. Gymnopus odorus. Scented naked-foot. 

Stem solid, slightly bent, green or greenish ; cap fleshy, 

flattish, smooth, greenish ; gills crowded, slightly decurrent, 

whitish. 

Agaricus odorus. Bull. Herb. 146; Soioerby Fungi, 42. 

In oak woods, among the fallen leaves. 

13. Gymnopus viridis. Green naked-foot. 

Stem long, solid, white; cap fleshy, bald, green; gills 

white. 

Fungus magnus viridis, Rati Syn. 2, 3. 

Agaricus viridis, Withering Arr. 4, 233. 

Agaricus cseruleus, Bolton Fung. 12. 

In woods ; August to October. 

Stem 3 inches long ; cap 3 inches broad. 

14. Gymnopus fertills. Fertile naked-foot. 

Thalli gregarious, large, pale white ; stem slightly 

bulbous, thickish ; cap flattish, same colour as the stem 

gills distinct ; 

sporce copious, brilliant. 

Agaricus phonospermus. Bull. Herb. 547. 

Agaricus pallidus, Sowerby Fungi, 143. 

In open spaces in woods. 

Cap 3 or 4 inches over.

Pl.cell.aph. 18.HYMENOTHECEiE.246.Gymnop. 607 

15. Gymnopus ohesus. Fat naked-foot. 

Thalli gregarious; stem bulbous, short, whitish, pale; 

cap fleshy, flattish, bent, pale; gills growchestnut-coloui. 

Agaricus obesus, BatscTi Fung. 216; Persoon Syn. 330. 

In pastures among mosses ; 

August. 

16. Gymnopus coUinus. Hill naked-foot. 

Thalli rather gregarious; stem long, tough, pale; cap 

rather fleshy, membranaceous, blunt, bossed, pale-red, 

streaked ; gills distant. 

Agaricus collinus, Schceff. Fung. 220; Persoon Syn. 330. 

Agaricus pratensis, Sowerby Fung. 12T ? 

Agaricus arundinaceus, Bull. Herb. 50. 

On grassy hills. 

17. Gymnopus peronatus. Shaggy naked-foot. 

Thallus pale; stem solid, whitish, rooted, yellow and 

shaggy at bottom ; cap fleshy, thin, convex, slightly bossed, 

wrinkled ; gills distinct. 

Agaricus peronatus, Sowerby Fungi, 37 ; 

In woods among the fallen leaves. 

Persoon Syn, 331. ^^ 

c. Cap shining, scarlet, brownish-red or yellow. 

18. Gymnopus ccraceus. PVaxlike naked-foot. 

Stem yellow; cap hemispherical, smooth, yellow; gills 

watery yellowish. 

Agaricus ceraceus, Wulf. in Jacq. Aust. 2, 105 ; Persoon Syn, 336. 

On dry hills and edges of woods ; autumn, 

d. Capfiesh-red. 

19. Gymnopus russulus. Rosy naked-foot. 

Thallus large; stem solid, short, rose-red; cap fleshy, 

slightly convex, granular with small scales ; gills unequal, 

white. 

Fungus magnus rubentis seu incarnati coloris, Raii Syn, S,l. 

Fungus minor campestris rotundus, lamellatus, inferne albus, superne 

purpnreus, Dillen in Rail Syn. 3, 9. 

Agaricus Ilussula, Schccff. Fung. 58. 

Agaricus integer, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4,227. 

In woods and pastures under trees ; Aug. to November.

608 24.6.Gymnop. ll.HYMENOTHECE^.PZ.ceZ/.cr/y^. 

20. Gymnopiis purus. Pure naked-foot. 

Thalli gregarious ; stem hollow, villous and paler at the 

bottom ; cap nearly membranaceous, fose'colour^ shining 

gills broadish, veiny at the bottom, pale-rose. 

Agaricus roseus, Sowerhy Fungi, 72. 

Agaricus purus roseus, Persoon Syn. 339. 

Agaricus incarnatus, Relhan Cant. Suppl. 2, 1092. 

In woods, among dead leaves ; November. 

/3. purpureus. Stem purple ; cap hemispherical, purple 

gills three in a set. 

Agaricus purpureus, Bolton Fungi, 41. 

Agaricus purus purpureus, Persoon Syn. 339, 149, y. 

e. Cap more or less violet, purplish or grey. 

21. Gymnoptis geophihis. Earthlovivg naked-foot. 

Thalli gregarious, rather small ; stem nearly cylindrical, 

powdery, same colour as the cap ; cap bellshape, rather 

fleshy, pale-violet; centre brownish ; gills cinnamon clay- 

colour._ 

Agaricus afBnis, Sowerhy Fungi, 124. 

Agaricus geophilus, Persoon Syn, 340. 

In woods, on clay-ground. 

22. Gymnopus chalybeus. Steel-grey nakedfoot. 

Stem rather slender, same colour as the cap ; cap rather 

fleshy, bellshape, rather scaly, at first steel-grey, afterwards 

blackish-grey j gills purplish-gre3\ 

Agaricus columbarius, Sovcerby Fungi, 161, 

Agaricus chalybeus, Persoon Syn. 343. 

On grassy hills ; autumn. 

f. Cap grey, smoke-colour, or blackish. 

23. Gymnopus myomyces. Mouse-colour naked-foot. 

Thalli gregarious; stem bald, whitish-grey; cap fleshy, 

gills whitish-grey. 

bossed, scaly, grey ; 

Fungus superficie murini coloris ; lamellis albicantihus, Raii Syn. 5,21. 

Agaricus terreus, Sowerhy Fungi, 76. 

Agaricus myomyces, Persoon Syn. 345. 

In pine and beech woods. 

When broken, or rubbed, it emits the odour of burnt 

feathers.

Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 246.Gymnop. 609 

24. Gymnopus melea^ris. Turkey-fowl naked-foot. 

Root networked; stem solid, blackish at bottom; cap 

rather fleshy, flattish, scaly ; scales scattered, blackish. 

Agaricus meleagris, Sowerby Fungi, 171. 

Agariciis meleagris, Persoon Syn. 347. 

On hot-beds. 

25. Gymnopus plumosus. Feathery naked-foot. 

Stem long, slender, feathery ; cap hemispherical, feathery 

with scales, mouse-colour ; gills 3 in a set, whitish. 

Agaricus plumosus, Bolton Fung. 33 ; 

In woods. 


26. Gymnopus nelularis. Cloudy naked-foot. 

Thalli gregarious, firm ; stem solid, rather bulbous, 

greyish-white; cap thick, bossed, livid-grey; gills crowded, 

slightly decurrent, pale-white. 

Agaricus nebularis, Batsch Fung, 193 ; 


Agaricus mollis, Bolton Fung. 40. 

Agaricus pileolarius, Sowerby Fungi, 61. 

Agaricus albellus, Sowerby Fungi, 122. Wm' 

In fir plantations ; autumn to November. 

27. Gymnopus limacinus. Snail naked-foot. 

Stem solid, naked, cracked transversely, same colour as 

the cap, tip snow-white; cap fleshy, rather narrow, planoconvex, 

glutinous, olive-grey, blackish ; gills decurrent, 

white. 

Agaricus limacinus, Schisff. Fung. 312 ; Persoon Syn. 335. 

In woods and plantations. 

28. Gymnopus Irevipes. Short-stemmed naked-foot. 

Thalli rather gregarious ; stem solid, very short, colour 

of the cap ; cap fleshy, bossed or rather smooth, grey 

centre blackish ; gills crowded, nicked, grey. 


Agaricus brevipes, Bull. Herb. 521 ; 


Stem 

broad. 

scarce an inch long, inside reddish ; cap 3 inches 

29. Gymnopus graveolens. Stinking naked-foot. 

Thallus heavy ; stem solid, rather disposed to split, 

whitish ; cap fleshy, thick, nearly hemispherical, bald, 

smoke-grey ; gills crowded, nicked. 

VOL. I. 2 R

610 246.Gymnop. H.HYMENOTHECEtE. Fl.cell.aph. 

Agaricus graveolens, Persoon Spi, 361. 

In grassy places, and plantations. 

Taste and smell very disagreeable, also heavy on the 

hand. 

30. Gymnopus compressus. Flattened naked-foot. 

Thallus brittle ; stem compressed, rather twisted ; cap 

thin, flattish, irregular, brown, waxy ; gills rather thick, distant, 

white. 

Agaricus compressus, Withering Arr. 4,278; Sowerhy Fungi, 66; Persoon 

Syn. 363. 

On grassy hills ; June. 

g. Cap white. 

31. Gymnopus alhus. fVhite 7iaked-foot. 

Thallus entirely wJaite, usually solitary ; stem thick, short, 

nearly upright, rather smaller at bottom ; cap fleshy, convex 

; gills distinct. 

Agaricus virgineus, Batsch Fung. 39. 

Agaricus albus, Persoon Syn. 363. 

On the ground, in sandy soils. 

Esculent. 

32. Gymnopus ehnrneus. Ivory naked-foot. 

Thalli gregarious, white; stem long, scaly at the tip; 

cap rather fleshy, viscous, plano-convex, edge smooth ; gills 

rather distant, slightly decurrent. 

Agaricus eburneus, Persoon Syn. 364. 

In beech woods, rarely among firs ; autumn. 

Esculent. 

^. nitens. Stem rather short. 

Agaricus Jozzolus, Scopoli Cam. 2,431. 

Agaricus eburneus, Bull. Herb. 551. 

Agaricus niteus, Sowerby Fungi, 71. 

33. Gymnopus parasiticus. Parasitic naked foot. 

Thalli rather small, in tufts, parasitic; stem bent, hairy, 

solid ; cap bellshape, rather turned back, pale-white ; gills 

distant, thickish, brown. 

Agaricus parasiticus, Bull. Herb. 574; Persoon Syn. 371. 

Agaricus umbratus, Wilh^ng Arr, 4, 235, 


'

PLcelLaph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 246.Gymnop. 611 

S^. Gymnopus pil'ipes. Hairy-stemmed riaked-foot. 

Tlialli in bundles, brown; stem covered throughout with 

scattered hairs; cap bellshape. 

Agariciis pilipes, Sowerby Fungi, 249. 


25. Gymnopus tuherosus. Tuberous naked-foot. 

Tlialli gregarious, small, whitish; stem short, rather 

reddish, innate in tubers ; cap convex, nippled. 

Agaricus tubeiosus, Bull. Herh. 256. 

Agaricus Amanitas, Batsc/i Fung. 1, 109. 

Agaricus alumnus, Bolton Fung. 155. 

Agaricus albus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 254. 

On rotten fungi; autumn. 

36. Gymnopus ramealis. Branch naked-foot. 

Tlialli gregarious, small, slightly persistent; cap bent, 

powdery; cap rather fleshy, hemispherical, whitish ; 

reddish gills narrow, crowned. 

; 

Agaricus ramealis, Bull. Herh. 336 ; Persoon Syn. 375. >, 

Agaricus candidus, Bolton Fung. 39. 

In beech woods, on sticks, after rain ; autumn. 

centime 

V. 247. OMPHALIA. Persoon. Navel-stool. 

Volva 0; stem central; collar 0; cap fleshy, orbicular, 

funnelshape or umbilicated ; edge smooth ; gills unequally 

long, decurrent.—All are supposed to be poisonous. 

a. Cap yellowish^ pale, liver-brown or chestnut. 

1. Omphalia involuta. Involved ?iavel-stool. 

Thallus large; cap fleshy, depressed, liver-colour; edge 

turned back, downy; gills two-forked, rather porous at 

bottom. 

Agaricus involutus, Batsck Fung. 1,39; Persoon Syn. 448. 

Agaricus contiguus, Bull. Herb. 240 ; Sowerby Fungi, 56. 

On sandy soils, on the ground. 

soft. 

(3. truncigena. Thallus small ; cap not quite expanded, 

Agaricus cyathiformis, Schceff. Fung, 252. 

Agaricus involutus truncigenus, PerSfs^p, Syn. 448. 

Agaricus castaneus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 198. 

2 R 2

612 247.0mphal. U.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph. 

2. Omphalia gilva. Pale-red navel-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, rather large, yellow, ferrugineous, 

shining; stem thick, rather tuberous; cap funnelshape, 

stiiF, edge turned up. 

Agariciis infundibuliforniis, Bull. Herb. 553. 

Agariciis cyathiformis, Vahl, in Fl. Dan. 101 1. 

Agaricus gilvus, Persoon Syn. 448. 

Agariciis flaccidus ? Soieerby Fungi, \S5. 

In fir woods, on the ground. 

Thalli usually grow in regular rows. 

3. Omphalia gihha. Bunched navel-stool. 

Stem tough, slightly bulbous ; cap rather thin, pale, fun- 

nelshape, bossed in the centre ; 

Agaricus membranaceus, Fl. Dan. 1012. 

Agaricus gibbus, Persoon Syn. 449. 

In beech and fir woods. 

gills white. 

4. Omphalia lohata. Loled navel-stool. 

- Thalli gregarious ; stem oblong, thickest at top ; cap fun- 

nelshape, lobed, chestnut-brown ; 

Agaricus lobatus, Sowerby Fungi, 186. 

On the ground in gardens. 

gills crowded, pale. 

5. Omphalia cochleata. Snail navel-stool. 

Thalli in tufts ; stems furrowed, red, connate at bottom ; 

cap lobed, twisted, reddish-brown; gills serrate, pale. 

Agaricus cochleatus, Persoon Syn. 450. 

Agaricus confluens, Sowerby Fungi, 168. 

At the root of trees. 

(3. cornucopioides. Stem bent; cap lobed; gills 3 in a 

set, decurrent. 

Agaricus cornucopioides, Bolton Fung. 8. 

Merulius cornucopioides, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1429. 

6. Omphalia dryophilus. Grove-loving navel-stool. 

Thalli gregarious ; stem hollow, yellowish, brilliant ; cap 

rather fleshy, hemispherical, umbilicated, pale ; gills pale. 

Agaricus dryophilus, Sowerby Fungi, 127. 

In fir plantations; autumn. 

7. Omphalia farinacea. Mealy navel-stool. 

Stem long, ochry-red; cap rather fleshy, umbilicated, 

slightly scaly; gills distant, rose-colour, at last mealy. 

Agaricus farinaceus, Hudson Fl. Angl. 616; Sowerby Fungi, 208. 

In woods, on the ground.

Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 247.0mphal. 613 

8. Omphalia rosella, Rose-hud navel-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, small; stem long, pinky-red; cap rather 

fleshy, slightly umbilicated, smootli, brown-red ; gills 

rose-red. 

Agaricus rosellus, Batsch Fung. 123. 

Agaricus farinaceus rosellus, Persoon Syn, 453. 

In grassy woods ; end of summer. 

9. Omphalia tortilis. Twisted navel-stool. 

Stem short; cap brown, streaked, wavy; gills fleshcolour. 

Agaricus tortilis, Bolton Fung. 41. 

Agaricus farinaceus tortilis, Persoon Syn. 454. 

In shady coppices, on rich mould. 

10. Omphaliafragrans. Sweet-scented navel-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, scented, brownish-white or pale 

stem long, solid ; cap umbilicated, smooth ; gills horizontal. 

Agaricus fragrans, Sowerby Fungi, 10. 

In meadows. 

Scent resembles that of new-made hay. 

b. Thallus white. 

11. Omphalia virginea. Virgin navel-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, white, rather small, pale ; cap fleshy, 

first convex, then slightly depressed, when full grown with 

the edge turned in, streaked ; gills distant, decurrent, connected 

by veins. 

Agaricus virgineus, Schaff. Fung. 232; Persoon Syn. 456. 

Agaricus ericeus, Bull, Herb. 183. 

In meadows, rarely in woods ; autumn. 

12. Omphalia candicans. Whitish navel-stool. 

Thallus tough throughout, shining-white; cap umbilicated, 

very smooth, at first convex. 

Agaricus umbilicatus, Bolton Fung. 17. 

Agaricus candicans, Persoon Syn. 456. 


13. Omphalia tigrina. Tiger navel-stool, 

Stem hard, rather scaly; cap fleshy, umbilicated, whitish, 

scaly ; scales rather hairy, blackish. 

Agaricus tigrinus, Sowerby Fungi, 68 ; Persoon Syn. 458. 

Agaricus squamosus, Schceff. Fung, 29 et 30. 

On trunks of trees.

614 24.7.0mphal. U.HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

c. Thallus blackish^ smoke-grey, grey, livid or inclining 

io violet. 

14. Omplialia adusta. Burnt navel-stool. 

Thallus rather large; stem solid, shortish, grey; cap 

fleshy, depressed, olive-grey, afterwards black, as if burnt 

gills thick, palish-white. 

Agaricus nigricans, Bull Herb. 379. 

Agaricus adus!\is, Persoon Syn. 459. 

In woods, on the ground; autumn. 

In their black state taken for the remains of fires made 

by gypsies. 

jS. elephantinus. Thallus large, at first white. 

Agaricus elephantinus, Sowerby Fungi, 3G. 

15. Omplialia clixa. Sodden navel-stool. 

Thallus large; stem solid, rather long; cap fleshy, slightly 

depressed, turned back, stiff, blackish-grey ; gills pale, rather 

decurrent. 

Agaricus elixus, Sovcerbyi Fung. 172 ; 

In damp meadows ; autumn. 

Perjoon Syn. 460. 

16. Omphalia cyathoides. Cyathus navel-stool. 

Roots numerous, fibrous ; stem very long, bulbous ; cap 

rather thin, at first flattish, then funnelshape, umber-brown 

gills decurrent, whitish-brown. 

Agaricus cyatlioides, Bolton Fung. 145 ; Persoon Syn, 460. 

On an old hot-bed ; February. 

17. Omphalia tarda. Late vavel-stool. 

Thallus tough, blackish-brown ; stem conical, elastic 

cap funnelshape ; edge turned back, smooth. 

Agaricus Infundibulum, Leyser Halens. 

Agaricus sericeus, Plan. Erfurt. 73. 

Agaricus sordidus, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 1, 16, 

Agaricus cyathiformis, Bull. Herb. bib. 

Agaricus tardus, Persoon Syn. 461. 

In woods on the ground, or on trees ; late in autumn. 

18. Omphalia amethystea. Amethyst navel-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, rather tough, when fresh light violet, 

turning greyish ; stem long, fibrilled, slender ; cap umbilicated 

; gills distant. 

Agaricus amethjsteus, Persoon Syn. 46b; Sowerby Fungi, 187. 

On trees, or at their roots, in shady woods ; early in autumn.

Plcellaph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 248.Plem'op. 615 

|8. incana. Cap smooth or slightly scaly, pale. 

Agaricus incanus, Bull. Herb, 570. 

VI. 248. PLEUROPUS. Persoon. ^ Side-foot. 

Volva 0; stem not in the centre of the cap; collar 0; 

cap fleshy, depressed, orbicular, oblique ; 

Poisonous, or at least suspected. 

gills decurrent. 

1 Pleuropus orcelliis. Litmus side-foot. 

Thalli gregarious ; stem pale ; cap elliptic or circular 

gills crowded, flesh-red. 

Agaricus orcellus, Bull. Herb. 575; Persoon Syn. 473. 


2. Pleuropus ulmarius. Elm side-foot. 

Stem ascending ; cap fleshy, very broad, uniformly pale 

or marked with stripes ; gills very broad, slightly nicked, 

connected. 

Agaricus ulmarius, Sowerby Fungi, 67 ; Persoon Syn, 473. 

On trees, especially on elm trees; autumn. 

3. Pleuropus palmatus. Palmate side-foot, 

Thalli in tufts ; stem nearly straight, whitish ; cap and 

gills opake, reddish-chestnut. 

Agaricus palmatus, Bull. Herb. 216 ; 

On trees, or carpenters' work. 

Persoon Syn, 474. 

|3. ruhescens, Thallus reddish throughout. 

Agaricus palmatus, Sowerby Fungi, 62. 

4. Pleuropus fornicatus. 

Arched side-foot. 

Thallus solitary, compact; stem very short, downy, slightly 

eccentric; cap flattish, rather livid; gills distinct, rather 

decurrent, brilliant red. 

Agaricus carnosus? Bolton Fung. 146. 

Agaricus fornicatus, Persoon Syn. 474. 

On trees. 

5. Pleuropus inconstans. 

Inco?istant side-foot. 

cap rather tough, depressed, whole 

Thallus rather large ; 

or halved, lobed, bent, rather reddish gills slightly 

; 

branched, crisp at bottom, white and rather brilliant-red. 

Agaricus flabelliformis, Sckmff, Fung. 43 et 44. 

Agaricus inconstans, Persoon Syn. 475. 


616 24.9.Crepid. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.apk. 

VII. 249. CREPIDOPUS. Esenbeck. Slipper-stool. 

Volva 0; stem marginal or 0; collar 0; cop fleshy, depressed, 

semicircular, oblique; gills decurrent. 

1 Crepidopus ostreatus. Oyster slipper-stool. 

Thalli slightly stipitate, in imbricated bundles ; cap convex, 

grey or brownish, reverse-ovate ; gills white, decurrent, 

anastomosing at bottom. 

Agariciis ostreatus, Curtis Lond. 216; Persoon Syn. 477. 


0. atro-alhus. Thalli in tufts; stem lateral, short, dirty 

white; cap fleshy, plano-convex, edge turned over, blackish 

gills decurrent, veiny, white. 

Agaricub nigricans, Fl. Dan, 892. 

Agaricus ostreatus, Suwerby Fungi, 241. 

2. Crepidopus mollis. - 

SoJ't slipper-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, soft; cop bald, bunched, pale; gills 

watery, brownish. 

Agaricus mollis, Dickson Crypt. 1, 17; Sowerby Fungi, 98; Persoon 

Syn. 480. 

On rotten trees; autumn. 

3. Crepidopus stypticus. Styptic slipper-stool. 

Thalli in close tufts ; stem compressed, ascending, dilated 

at bottom ; cap leatherlike, nicked, rather tough, somewhat 

powdery; gills very thin, connected by veins, cinnamoncolour. 

Agaricus stypticus, Bull. Herb, 140 ; Sowerby Fungi, 109; Persoon Syn. 

481. 

On dry trunks of trees ; autumn and mild winters. 

Taste at first nauseously sweet, afterwards styptic. 

4. Crepidopus variabilis. Variable slipper-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, stemless; cap rather woolly, white; 

gills whitish, afterwards rust-colour. 

Agaricus niveus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 17 ; Sowerby Fungi, 97. 

Agaricus sessilis, Bu//?ard êr&. 152. 

Agaricus variabilis, Persoon Syn. 483. 

Agaricus pubescens. Ft. Dan. 1073. 

In damp woods or hedges, upon sticks. 

5. Crepidopus epigceus. Ground slipper-stool. 

Cap kidneyshape, brittle, reddish-grey ; bottom villous, 

whitish; gills distinct, watery, reddish, diverging.

PlcelLaph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 249. Crepid. 617 

Agaricusdepluens, BafscA Fwn^. 167. 

Agaricus epigaeus, Persoon Syn. 484. 

In woods, on the ground ; rarely on the side of rocks. 

^. tremulus. Stem short, slate-grey, downy; cap smooth. 

Agaricus tremulus, 5icA«^. -Fwn^. 53; Sowerby Fungi, 242. 

VIII. 250. APUS. Esenbeck. Footless-stool. 

Vo^va 0; stem 0; collar 0; cap corklike or leatherlike, 

sessile, semicircular. 

1. Apus aJneus. Alderfootless-stool. 

Thallus leatherlike, woolly, whitish-grey ; gills split, 

edges turned back, purplish-grey. 

Agaricus alneus, Z/in, S. P. 1645; Sowerby Fungi, 183; Persoon Syn, 

485. 

Agaricus muUifidus, Batsch Fung. 126. 

On timber. 

2. Apus coriaceus: heathery footless-stool, 

Thallus leatherlike, zoned, woolly, pale; gills slightly 

branched, pale, woody. 

Agaricus villosus, lamellis sinuosis et iuvicera implexis, Rail Syn, 24, 

19. 

Agaricus betulinus, Sowerby Fungi, 182, young? Withering Arr. 4, 339. 

Agaricus coriaceus, Bolton Fung. 158, old ? Persoon Syn. 486. 

On dry trunks of trees. 

Perhaps a species of daedalea : is often confounded with 

dsedalea quercina, 266, I. 

IX. 251. RESUPINATUS. Esenbeck. Tur7i-over. 

Vblva ; stem ; collar ; cap membranaceous, orbicular, 

attached by the back. 

Resupinatus applicatus. Applied turn-over. 

Cap thin, dark-grey ; gills broad, unequal. 

Agaricus applicatus, Batsch Fung. 171 ; Sowerby Fungi, 301. 

Agaricus epigaeus tepiiromelas, Persoon Syn, 484. 


B. MvcENADEiE. Folva ; stem central, juicy ; collar ; 

cap orbicular, thick, fleshy or membranaceous; texture, 

vesicular, cellular or fibrous; hymenium lamellar; gills 

separable from the cap, juicy, not becoming black when 

decaying.

618 2S2.Russul. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Plcell.aph. 

X. 252. RUSSULA. Persoon. Russule. 

Texture vesicular or cellular; stem mostly white; cap 

fleshy, mostly depressed ; gilh equal, not terminated by an 

annular margin.—Most are poisonous. 

a. Cap reddish. 

1 Russula rosacea. Rose russule. 

Cap plano-convex, rather smooth, rose or pale-red; gills 

and stem white. 

Ag;aricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi, 201. 

Agaricus roseus, Schceff. Fung. 58. 

Agaricus russula rosaeeus, Persoon Syn. 439. 

In shady woods. 

Tkallus smaller than r. emetica ; taste sometimes acrid, 

sometimes mild. 

2. Russula emetica. Emetic russule. 

Tkallus acrid ; stem white or pink ; cap depressed, edge 

furrowed, blood-red ; 

gills white. 

Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi, 201. 

Agaricus emeticus, Schceff. Fung. 15. 

Agaricus integer, var. 3, Withering jirr. 4,228. 

Agaricus russula emeticus, Persoon Syn. 43i). 

In woods. 

A favourite food of snails, so that a perfect specimen is 

rarely found. 

b. Cap reddish-brown or yellowish. 

3. Russula vilellina. Yelk russule. 

Thalhis small; stem slender, white; cap flattish, pale 

gills shining, pinky inclining to yellow. 

yelk-colour ; 

Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640 ; Sowerby Fungi, 201. 

Agaricus risigallinus, Batsch Fung. 67. 

Agaricus russula vitellinus, Persoon Syn. 442. 

In woods. 

4. Russula lutea. Yellow russule. 

pale ; 

Stem very long, white; cap rather slimy, umbilicated, 

gills distinct, yelk-colour. 

Agaricus luteus, Hudson Angl, 611, 

Agaricus russula luteus, Persoon Syn. 442. 

In woods.

Pl.cellaph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 253.Mycen. 619 

XI. 253. MYCENA. Persoon. High-stool. 

Texture fibrous ; steyn long, mostly pipey ; cap membranaceous, 

streaked, pellucid, convex, persisting; gills of the 

same colour; sporidia short. Thalli small, poisonous. 

l.Mycena porrea. Leek high-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, large ; stem long, rather downy, 

blood-red at bottom; cap rather membranaceous, hemi- 

gills same colour. 

spherical, yellowish ; 

Agaricus alliaceus. Scop. Cam. 2,454; Sowerbi/ Fungi, 81. 

Agaricus porreus, Persoon Syn. 376. 


Odour like garlick. 

2. Mycena galericulata. Helmetted high-stool. 

Thalli in tufts, scentless; stem smooth, rooted, juiceless, 

shaggy at the bottom ; cap membranaceous, bossed, livid 

brown ; gills distinct, white. 

Agaricus galericulatus, Schceff. Fung. 52; Persoon Syn. 316 ; Sowerby 

Fungi, 165. 

On stumps of willows ; autumn. 

3. Mycena polygramma. Many-streamed high-stool. 

Thalli solitary ; stem tailed, streaked lengthways, sattiny, 

grey; cap bellshape, bossed, greyish. 


Agaricus poljgrammus, Sowerby Fungi, 222 ; 

On the ground among dead leaves ; autumn. 

4. Mycena atro-alla. Pied high-stool. 

Stem rooted, pipey, feathery at bottom ; cap smooth, 

edge whitish, tip black. 

Agaricus atro-albus, Bolton Fung. 137 ; Persoon Syn. 378, 

Agaricus varius, var. 8, Withering Arr. 4,278. 

On the ground ? 

5. Mycena flavipes. Yellow-stalked high-stool. 

Thalli gregarious; stem long, rather slimy, yellowish; 

cap bellshape, streaked, whitish-grey ; gills the same colour. 

Agaricus plicatus, Schceff. Fung. 51. 

Agaricus flavipes, Sibthorp Oxon. 305; Persoon Syn. 3S2. 

In woods on the ground ; autumn. 

6. Mycena epipterygia. Top-winged high-stool. 

Thalli rather in tufts; stem brimstone-yellow, slimy; 

cap bellshape, smoothish, blunt or slightly bossed, dark- 

grey, rather slimy ; 

gills distant, white. 

5

620 253.Mycen. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PLcell.aph. 

Agariciis epipterygius, Persoon Syn. 382. 

In woods on dead sticks ; autumn. 

^. nutans P Cap when young nodding, reddish, edge 

toothed; teeth when young surrounding the stem. 

Agaricus nutans, Soteerby Fungi, 92. 

7. Mycena lutso-alla. Yellowish-white high-stool. 

ThalLus small; stem threadlike; cap conical, streaked, 

gills 3 in a set, white. 

yellow ; 

Agaricus luteo-albus, Bolton Fung. 38; Persoon Syn. 383. 

In woods. 

8. Mycena tenera. Tender high-stool. 

Thalli nearly solitary, rust-colour, small ; stem rather 

long; cap membranaceous, conical, smoothish ; gills distant. 

Agaricus tener, Sowerby Fungi, 33; Persoon Syn. 386. 

On osier grounds and grassy places ; summer and autumn. 

9. Mycena atro-rufa. Reddish-black high-stool. 

Stem very long, slender ; cap nearly conical, brown, dry, 

tough ; gills few, 3 in a set, brownish-red. 

Agaricus atro-rufus, Bolt. Fung. 52 ; 

In dry pastures, and among mosses. 


10. Mycena racemosa. Racemelike high-stool. 

Stem racemelike; cap membranaceous, nipplelike, grey; 

gills white. 

Agaricus racemosus, Persoon Syn, 389 ; 


In woods. 

Stem resembles a raceme of the currant-bush, from 

whence the berries have been plucked; branches terminated 

by hyaline heads which disappear. 

1 1 Mycena Hudsoni. Hudson's high-stool. 

Thalli gregarious; stem hairy, reddish; cap convex,' 

whitish, hairy; hairs scattered, stiff, red. 

Agaricus pilosus, Hudson Angl. 622; Sowerby Fungi, 164. 

Agaricus Hudsoni, Persoon Syn. 390. 


12. Mycena Adonis. Adonis high-stool. 

Thalli gregarious ; cap smooth, bellshape, whitish rose- 

red or green ; 

gills rather hooked, adnate, white. 

Agaricus Adonis, Persoon Syn. 391 ; Sowerby Fungi, 385. 

In woods.

Pl.cellaph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 253. Mycen. 621 

.13. Mycena variegata. Fariegated high-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, rather large ; stem white ; cap rather 

fleshy, bellshape, smooth or nippled, variegated with reddish 

lines; gills hooked, decurrent, white. 

Agaricus tentaculatuH, Bull. Herb. 560; Suwerby Fungi, 385. 

Agaricus variegatus, Persoon Syn. 391. 

In grassy places^ on the ground. 

14. Myceiia claviformis. Nail-like high-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, minute ; stem solid, slender, white 

cap rather fleshy, nippled, orange or red ; gills broadish, 

white. 

Agaricus Clavus, Bolt. Fung. 39 ; Persoon Syn. 392. 

On the ground, or on dead trees ; autumn. 

15. Mycena stroliliiia. Cone high-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, rather tufted, red ; stem solid, tailed 

at bottom, hairy; cap bellshape, rather fleshy, smooth. 

Agaricus coccineus, Sowerby Fungi, 197. 

* 

Agaricus strobilinus, Persoon Syn. 393. 

On the branches and cones of the Scotch fir. 

16. Mycena integrella. Small-entire high-stool. 

Thalli small, in bundles, white; stem downy at bottom; 

cap membranaceous, hemispherical ; gills decurrent, rather 

distant, mostly entire. 

Agaricus integrellus, Persoon Syn. 393. 

Agaricus Mycena integrella, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 51. 


1 7. Mycena corticola. Bark high-stool. 

Thalli minute, scattered, brownish; stem rather short, 

bent ; cap hemispherical, slightly plaited ; gills hooked, 

adnate, whitish. 

Agaricus corticalis, Bull. Herb. 519 ; 

On stumps of trees, in damp weather. 


XII. 254. MICROMPHALE. Dimple-stool. 

Texture fibrous ; stem often pipey ; cap membr.anaceous, 

streaked, pellucid ; tip umbilicated ; sporidia long. Thalli 

small.

622 254.Microm. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. PlcelLaph.- 

\. Micromphalejlmhrlatum. Fringed dimple-si. ol. 

Thallus large; ste^n slender, short; cap funnelshape, 

edge crisp, elegantly lobcd, fringed, thin, semitransparent 

gills 3 in a set, very long, narrow, translucid. 

Agaricus fimbriatus, Bolt. Fung. 61 ; 

In grass land. 


2. Micromphale venosum. Veiny dimple- stool. 

Stem compressed, blackish, hoary ; cap nearly membranaceous, 

tough, veiny, streaked, reddish-brown; gil/s few, 

nearly the same colour, glaucous, affixed nearly in a ring. 

Meruliiis fcetiilus ? Soioerby Fungi, 21. 

Agaricus venosus, Persoon Syn. 467. 

In woods ; August. 

Odour like garlick. 

3. Micromphale collarlatum. Collared dimple-siooL 

Thalli in tufts, white; stem blackish; cap deeply fur- 

gills annexed to a tube surrounding the stem. 

rowed ; 

Agaricus Rotula, Scop. Cam. 2, 1569; Sowerby Fungi, 95; Persoon 

Syn. 467. 

Agaricus coUariatus, Withering Arr. ed. 2. 

Merulius collariatus. Withering Arr. 4, 178.- 

On Sticks. 

Stem frequently branched repeatedly. 

4. Micromphale perforans. Perforating dimple-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, persisting ; stem dark bay ; cap flattish, 

slightly plaited, very slightly bossed ; gills simple, entirely 

annexed. 

Agaricus androsaceus, Sowerby Fungi, 94; Persoon Syn. 468. 

Agaricus perforans, Hoffman Nomencl. 4, 2. 

On the leaves of trees, perforating them. 

5. Micromphale epiphyllum. Leaf dimple-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, minute, white; stem blackish; cap 

membranaceous, convex, at length slightly umbilicated; 

gills distant, branched. 

Agaricus Squauiula, Sowerhy Fungi, 93. 

Agaricus epiphyllus, Persoon Syn. 468. 

Agaricus lacteus, Bull. Herb. 601. 

On beech and other leaves ; autumn.

Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 254.Microra. 623 

6. Alicromphale fragile. Brit lie dimple-stool. 

Thalli gregarious ; stem pipey, chestnut ; cap hemispherical, 

umbilicated, streaked, rust-colour; gills deCur- 

rent. 

Agaricus fragilis, Schceff. Fungi, 230. 

Agaricus Campanella, Batsch, Fung. 74 ; 



7. Micromphale fihulare. Button dimple-stool. 

Thalhis small ; stem long, solid ; cap umbilicated, smooth, 

reddish-ochry ; 

gills distant, white. 

Agaricus Fibula, Sowerby Fungi, 45 ; Persoon Syn. 471. 


8. Micromphale ericetorum. Heath dimple-stool. 

Thallus gregarious, entirely grey, membranaceous; stem, 

middle size ; gills distant, very broad at bottom. 

Agaricus ericetorum, Persoon Syn. 472. 

On heaths and woods on a sandy soil. 

XIII. 255. LACTARIUS. De Candolle. Milk'Siool. 

Texture fibrous ; cap fleshy, depressed or funnelshape 

gills unequal.—Emit a white yellow or red milky liquor ; 

they are all usually suspected to be poisonous, but some 

are eaten, after they have been thoroughly dressed. 

a. Cap whitish. 

1. Lactarivs piperatus. Pepper milk-stool. 

Cap funnelshape, edge spread out, bald, whitish ; gills 

crowded, forked, white, pale. 

Agaricus Listeri, Sovieriy Fungi, 104. 

Agaricus lactifluus piperatus, Persoon Syn. 429. 

Agaricus piperatus, Bolt. Fung. 21. 

In woods. 

Cap at first hemispherical, flattened ; jidce very acrid, 

pepperlike, does not tarnish steel ; when dried, green ; flesh 

when boiled becomes mild. 

b. Cap yellowish. 

2. Lactarius torminosus. Bellyach milk-stool. 

Cap umbilicated, zoned, pale ochry-yellow; edge turned 

back, downy.

624 255.Lactar. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph. 

Agaricus piperatus. Withering Arr. 4,205. 

Agaricus torminosus, Scheeff. Fung. 12; Soieerhy Fungi, 103. 

Agaricus lactifluus torminosus, Persoon Syn. 450. 

In grassy places, near woodlands. 

Juice acrid. 

3. Lactarius Jlexuosus. Bent milk-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, bent ; stem very short, whitish ;. cap 

broad, umbilicated, reddish-yellow, slightly zoned. 

Agaricus zonarius. Bull. Herb. 104. 

Agaricus lactifluus flexuosus, Persoon Syn. 430. 

In mountain pastures, or woods; after rain. 

4. Lactarius theiogaJus. Brimstone milk-stool. 

Thalli small ; stem reddish ; cap depressed, nearly grown 

together, reddish ; juice yellowish red. 

Agaricus theiogalus, Bull. Herb. 567 ; 

Agaricus lactifluus theiogalus, Persoon Syn. 431. 

Withering Arr, 245. 

In woods. 

Poisonous; juice does not keep its colour. 

5. Lactarius aurantiacus. Orange milk-stool. 

Stem long; cap rather narrow, flattish, orange-colour; 

gills slightly decurrent. 

Agaricus lactifluus, Bolton Fung. 3. 

Agaricus lactifluus aurantiacus, Persoon Syn. 432. 

Agaricus dulcis, Withering Arr. 4, 206. 


6. Lactarius deliciosus. Delicious milk-stool. 

Cap umbilicated, nearly orange-colour; when dry, dirty 

white; gills and juice yellowish brick-red. 

Lactarius lateritius, Persoon Disp. Fung. 64. 

Agaricus deliciosus, Schceff. Fung. 11 ; Sowerby Fungi, 202. 

Agaricus lactifluus deliciosus, Persoon Syn. 432. 

September and October. 

In fir plantations ; 

Juice ungrateful, acrid ; yet when dressed this mushroom 

is highly esteemed. 

c. Cap reddish, pink, or luff. 

milk-stool. 

Red 7. Lactarius ruler. ' 

Tholli gregarious, large; stem thickish, ochry-red ; cap 

flattened, red ochre-colour; gills yellowish. 

Agaricus lactifluus, Schceff. Fung. 5 ; Sowerby Fungi, 204. 

Agaricus lactifluus ruber, Persoon Syn, 433. 


Taste at first mild, but afterwards acrid.

PLcell.apL 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 255. Lactar. 625 

8. Lactarius suhdulcis. Sweetish milk-sLooL 

Cap funnelshape, reddish; gills pale ^vnk; juice sweetish. 

Agariciis rubescens, Schceff. Fung. 75. 

Tigaricus lactifluus dulcis, Bull. Herb 224. 

Agaricus lactifluus subdulcis, Persoon Syn. 433. 

In grass ground. 

/3. cimicarius. Stem longish ; cap opake, slightly umbilicated, 

scarcely zoned, buff"; gills yellowish, rather shining. 

Agaricus cimicarius, Batch Fung. 69 ; 

Odour strong, like that of bugs. 

With. Arr. 4, 206. 

d. Cap dark hrown, or blackish-grey. 

9. Lactarius necans. Destructive milk-stool. 

Cap olive-brown; edge woolly, turned in. 

Agaricus lactifluus necator, Bull. Herb. 529 ; Persoon Sijn. 435, 


10. Lactarius plumheus. Lead-colour milk-stool. 

Stem dark grey ; cap very broad, funnelshape, blackish- 

grey ; 

gills yellowish. 

Agaricus plumheus, Bull. Herb. 559, 2. 

Agaricus lactifluus plumheus, Persoon Syn. 435. 

Agaricus Listeri, Sowerby Fungi, 245. 

In woods. 

1 1 Lactarius luridus. Dark milk-stool. 

Stem downy at bottom ; cap flattish ; edge turned up, 

slightly zoned, rather slimy, reddish-grey; gills short, 

whitish ; juice acrid. 

Agaricus fuscus ? Scheeff. Fung. 235. 

Agaricus zonarius, Withering Arr. 4, 227 j Sowerby Fungi, 202. 

Agaricus lactifluus luridus, Persoon Syn. 436. 

On heaths. 

12. Lactarius acris. Acrid milk-stool. 

Stem "whitish ; cap not zoned, flattish, rather oblique, 

dark grey ; gills at first white, then leathery ; juice reddishwhite. 

Agaricus acris, Bolton Fung. 60. 

Agaricus lactifluus acris, Persoon Syn, 437. 

In woods. 

Juice at first yellowish- white, very acrid. 

VOL. I. 2 s

626 256.Pratel. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. PLcell.aph. 

C. Pratellide^. Volva ; siem central ; collar distinct 

or 0; cap orbicular, fleshy or membranaceous; texture 

fibrous ; hymenium lamellar ; gills separable from the cap, 

becoming black, watery or powdery; thecce. single, in pairs 

or four together. 

XIV. 256. PRATELLA. Persoon. Mushroom.. 

Stem collared ; collar distinct ; cap thick, fleshy, smooth, 

persistent; gills clouded becoming black, or uniform 

watery becoming darker; sporidia single, scattered. Flesh 

wholesome. 

a. Cap fleshy ; stem with a collar. 

1. Pratella edulis. Eatable mushroom. 

Thalli gregarious, large ; stem long, bulbous ; collar manifest; 

cap snow-white, smooth, or very slightly scaly; 

gills red. 

Fungus campestre albus superne, inferne rubens, Rail Syn. 2, 1. 

Fungus minor pileolo lato, superne candido, lamelHs subtus creberrimis 

pallide rubeutibus seu incarnati coloris. Rati Syn. 3,8. 

Agaricus edulis, Bull. Herb. 314 ; Persoon Syn. 418. 

Agaricus arvensis, Schceff. Fung. 310. 

Mushroom. 

In parks and pastures, also cultivated. 

Flesh of the cap delicately flavoured ; used in cookery, 

either eaten by itself, or dried and powdered as a sauce. 

2. Pratella campestris. Field mushroom. 

S/ew short; coZZor incomplete ; cap fleshy, flattish, with 

red scales; gills reddish-brown. 

Agaricus campestris, Lin, S, P. 1614; SchcEff. Fung. 33; Withering 

Arr. 4, 260, var. 2 ; Persoon Syn. 418. 

In fields and hilly pastures. 

/3. vaporaria. Thalhis large; stem tuberous, scaly; cap 

convex, hairy or scaly, reddish-brown; gills brown. 

On hot-beds ; also cultivated. 

Cap very broad, sometimes 9 inches or more across. 

3. Pratella cEruginosa. Coppery mushroom. 

Stem scaly ; cottar fugacious ; cap fleshy, glutinous, coppery 

; when dry yellowish ; gills flat, annexed, purple variegated 

with brown.

Plcell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 256. Pratcl. 627 

Agaricus seriiginosus, Curtis Land. 309? Pcrsoon Syn. 419. 

y^gaîcus viridiiliis, Sc/ttsff.Fung. 1. 

AgHr\cus cy-Anens, Bull. Herb. 530 Wither, Jrr. i 

4, 2i3. 

Agaricus politiis. Bolt. Fung. 30. 

Agaricus Beryllus, Balsch Fung.2\S. 

In woods, near trees. 

4. Pratella laieritia. ^ Brickred mushroom. 

Thalli in tufts, large, on trees; stem long, rather solid; 

collar fugacious, blackish ; cap fleshy, rather slimy, brickred 

; edge yellowish ; gills distinct, slightly clouded, 

greenish-grey. 

Agaricus lateritius, Scheeff. Fung. 49, 4, 5; Persoon Syn. 421. 

Agaricus amarus. Bull. Herb. 30. 

Agaricus auratus, Ft. Dan, 820. 

Agaricus pomposus, Bolton Fung. 5. 

On rotten trees. 

Taste bitter. 

5. Pratella foscicular is. Bundle mushroom. 

Thalli small, in tufts ; stem hollow, slender ; curtain 

hairy, blackish; cap rather fleshy, bossed, ochre-yellow; 

gills clouded, greenish. 

Agaricus fascicularis, Bolt.'Fung. 29; Persoon Syn. 421. 

Agaricus pulverulentus, Bull. Herb. 49. 

About trees, after long rain. 

XV. 257. CORTINARIA. Persoon. Curiain-iiool. 

Stem central, generally bulbous; collar separating into 

threads ; co,p mostly fleshy ; gills nicked, unequal, at first 

imiform coloured, afterwards clouded with brown.—Generail;^ 

to be suspected. 

1. Coriinaria cyana. Blue curtaiii-slool. 

Thallus entirely violet, shining; stem bulbous, pale below 

the bulb; cap fleshy, bald. 

Agaricus cyanus, Schccff, Fung, 34; Persoon Syn. 276. 

In woods, 

/3. ccerulescens . Stem bulbous, blue ; bulb bordered, pale 

cap fleshy, convex, pale blue ; gills at first pale bliie, then 


Agaricus csen\lescens, Schaff, Fung. 34. 

Agaricus cyanus caBrulescens, Pf.rsoun Syn. 277. 

2 s 2

628 257.Cortinar. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph. 

2. Cortinaria violacea. Violet curtain'Stool. 

Stem bluish ; collar rust-colour ; cap split, edge violet, 

woolly. 

Agaricus violaceus, Bolton Fung, 52 ; Persoon Syn. 277. 

On the borders of woods. 

3. Cortinaria nuda. Naked curtain-stool. 

Thalli gregarious; stem rather long, slenderish, cylin- 

drical, naked, pale violet ; collar mostly ; cap fleshy, 

plano-convex, edge expanded, changing from violet to 

reddish ; gills crowded, pale violet. 

Agaricus Dtidus, Bull. Herb. 439 ; Persoon Sjjn. 277. 

Agaricus violaceus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 24^. 


4. Cortinaria cinerea. Grey curtain-stool. 

Stem bulbous ; cap fleshy, hemispherical, dotted or scaly, 

wrinkled, violet-grey ; gills distinct, purplish-brown. 

Agaricus violaceus, Schmff. Fung. 3 ; Withering Arr. 4,242. 

Agaricus violaceo-cinereus, Persoon Syn. 279. 

In oak woods. 

b. Cap Iroum'bay. 

5. Cortinaria hicolor. Two-coloured curtain-stool. 

Stem thick, rather tuberous, woolly, pale violet; cap 

fleshy, convex, reddish-brown ; edge turned in, rather 

woolly ; gills pale violet. 

Agaricus violaceus, Sowerby Fungi, 209, not of Persoon. 

Agaricus bicolor, Persoon Syn. 281. 

Blewits. 

In woods. 

Taste inferior to that of the common mushroom; but 

sold for making katsup. 

C. Cap yellowish, or cinnamon-colour. 

6. Cortinaria collinita. Glued curtain-stool. 

Stem split transversely into cartilaginous, gelatinous 

scales ; collar nearly vanishing ; cap fleshy, bossed, covered 

with a viscous slime, drying on it. 

Agaricus coUinitHs, Sowerby Fungi, 9 ; 

Agaricus mucosus, Bull. Herb. 549. 

In woods. 

Persoon Syn. 2S1.

Tlcell.Qph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 257.Cortmar. 629 

7. Cortinaria glaucopa. Blue-footed curtain-stool. 

Thallus large ; stem rather short, bulbous, thick, bluish 

cap chestnut or brownish-olive ; gills bluish clay-colour, 

afterwards cinnamon-colour. 

Agaricus glaucopus, Soicerft!/ i^wn^?, 223} Persoon Sj«. 283» 

Agaricus araneosus, Bull. Herb. 598. 

Agaricus varius, Scheeff. Fung. 42, 

In woods. 

Esculent ? 

8. CortinaYia callochroa. Fair-coloured curtain-stooL 

Stem pale, bulbous; bulb bordered; cap rather broad, 

dry, yellow ; 

gills with a fine purple cast. 

Agaricus turbinatus, Snioerby Fungi, 102. 

Agaricus callocbrous, Persoon Sj/n. 283. 

In grassy woods. 

d. Cap more or less purplish, lividj red, hlood-colour, or 

scarlet. 

9. Cortinaria sanguinea. Bloody curtain-stool. 

Thallus saffron-red ; stem solid, long ; cap pink, convex 

gills distinct. 

Agaricus sanguineus, Sowerby Fungi, 43 ; Persoon Si/n. 290. 

Agaricus rubens, Bolt. Fung. 36. 

In woods. 

10. Cortinaria viscida* Viscid curtain-stool. 

Thalli gregarious ; stem thickest at bottom, inside and 

bottom yellow ; collar blackish ; cap fleshy, first convex, 

afterwards depressed, gelatinous, purplish brown; gills 

decurrent, branched, rather grey. 

Agaricus glutinosus, Sowerby Fungi, 7. 

Agaricus viscidus, Persoon Syn. 291. 


/3. atropuncta. Stem thickish, whitish, with black scaly 

spots : cap bluntly bossed, viscid ; gills snow-white. 

11. Cortinaria rutila. Brilliajit curtain-stool. 

Thalli gregarious ; stem long, scaly, flesh-red ; cap bossed, 

livid purple or flesh-red, rather slimy ; gills simple, decurrent, 

purplish-brown. 

Agaricus rntilus, Sowerby Fungi, 105, 

Agaricus gomphus, Persoon Syn, 292. 

In fir plantations.

630 257.Cortinar. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

' 

• e. Cap yelloLv, rust-colour, cinnamon or chestmtt, 

V2. Cortinarla bullosa. Bullous cur Ia in- s fool. 

Thallus bald, large, nearly chestnut ; stem solid, rather 

long, bulbous, ovate; collar vanishing; cap bellshape, edge 

thin ; gills distant. 

Agaricus bulbosus, Sowerby Fungi, 130; Perioon Syn. 295. 

In woods. 

13. Cortinaria crocea. Saffron curtain- stool. 

Tlialli gregarious, small ; stem rather slender, fibrijlcd, 

yellowish; collar vanishing; cap rather fleshy, bossed, 

slightly woolly, reddish cinnamon, opake; gills saffronyellow. 

Agaricus croceus, Batsch. Fiing. 117 ; 


Agaricus cinnamomeus, Bolt. Fung. 150. 

In woods. 

14. Cortinaria cinnamomeus. Cinnamon curtain-stool. 

Stem rather long, at first slightly bulbous, pale brown; 

cap rather fleshy, bossed, bald, shining, cinnamon or pale 

chestnut; gills broadish, cinnamon-red. 

Agaricus cinnamomeus, Sowerby Fung. 205 ; Fersoon Syn. 298. 

In woods. 

15. Cortinaria scalra. Rough curtain-stool. 

Thalli gregarious, rather small, greyish-brown; stem 

fibrilled, pale, cylindrical ; cap scaly ; gills dark-coloured, 

Agaricus scaber, Sowerby Fungi, 207 ; 

In woods. 

Fersoon Syn, 301, 

XVI. 258. PRUNULUS. Cesalpini. Pru?ie-stooL 

Stem naked ; collar ; cap brittle, scaly, membranaceous 

gills persisting; sporidia in pairs. 

1 Prunulus denticulatus. Toothed prune-stool. 

Thallus rather watery, weak ; ster)i pipey, brownish ; cap 

hemisphei-ical, livid purple; gills toothed on the edge. 

Agaricus denticulatus, Bolt. Fung. 4; Persoon Syn. 425. 

In woods. 

2. Prunulus gracilis. Slender prune-stool. 

Thallus weak, very brittle; stem very long, bald; cap 

membranaceous, bellshape, pointed, very soft; gills linear, 

blackish-grey.

PL cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 258. Prunul. 631 

Agaricus gracilis. Persoon Sj/n. 425. 

In woods, amongst dead leaves. 

/3. cuspidata. Stem pipey; cap conical, pointed, I'eddishbrown 

; gills rather brown, narrow at bottom. 

Agaricus cuspidatus, Bolton Fung. 66. 

3. Prunulus papyraceus Paper prunestodt. 

Stem pipey, whitish ; cap hemispherical, membranaceous, 

whitish; gills 3 in a set, distant, pale. 

Agaricus membranaceus, Bolt. Fung. II. 

Agaricus papyraceus, Persoon Syn. 425. 

In shady places, near oak-trees. 

Thallus dry, and feels like paper. 

4. Prunuhis confer tus. Croivded primC'Stool. 

Thalli numerous, in tufts; stem whitish; cap whitish, 

gills pale brown. 

pointed ; 

Agaricus confertus, Bolt. Fung. 18; Persoon Syn. 426, 

On the bark-bed in hot-houses. 

5. Prunulus fcenislcii. Haymaking pnme'Stool. 

Thalli gregarious, brittle; stem rather thick, bald; cap 

bellshape, brownish-grey; gills slightly bellied, clouded, 

umberbrown. 

Agaricus fcenisicii, Persoon Syn. 411. 

In meadows, after haymaking ; also on cowdung. 

6. Prunulus ericceus. Heath prune-stool. 

Thalli solitary ; stem rather tough, long ; cap rather 

fleshy, hemispherical, slightly nippled, rusty brown; gills 

rather broad, clouded;, black. 

Agaricus helvolus, ScJia;ff. Fung. 210. 

Agaricus ericajus, Persoon Syn. 413. 

On heaths and commons. 

7. Prunulus varius. Variegated prune-stool. 

Thallus small ; stem slender, reddish, rather tough ; cap 

bellshape, shining, pale and livid, variegated ; gills variegated, 

ascending. 

Agaricus varius, Bolt. Fung. 66 ; 

In grass, among willows. 

Persoon Syn. 414.

632 258.PrunuL 11. HYMENOTHECE.E. Pl.celLaph. 

8. Prunulus Boltonil. Ballon' s pnine-stool. 

Thalhis weak ; slem rather thickish at bottom ; collar 

vanishing; cap hemispherical, bossed, pale-yellow. 

Agariclis flavidus, Boll. Fung. 149; Sotverby Fungi, 96; Per-ioon Syn. 

414. 

In meadows, and on cow-dung. 

9. Prunulus tituhans. Tottering prune-stool. 

Tkallus small, shining, brittle ; stem yellowish ; cap bellshape, 

streaked, viscous, rather pale; centre yellow; gilh 

distinct, pink. 

Agaricns tittibans, Sowerby Fung. 123; Persoon Syn. 415. 

On horsedung. 

10. Prunulus exlinciorlus. Extinguisher prune-stool. 

Stem rather bulbous, awlshape; cap bellshaped, whitish, 

gills brownish or snow-white. 

torn ; 

Agaricus extinctorius, BoU. Fung. 24 ; 

In sandy ground. 


XVII. 259. COPRINUS. Persoon. Dung-stool 

Stem naked, sometimes collared ; cap thin, brittle, membranaceous, 

vanishing ; gills unequal, growing watery, 

black; sporidia in fours.— Poisonous. 

a. Cap slightly fleshy ; gills at last dark grey, spotted 

or cloudy. 

1. Coprinus semiglolatus. Hemispherical dung-stool. 

Stem long, collared ; cap fleshy, hemispherical, rather 

glutinous, yellowish; gills very broad, horizontal, clouded, 

black. 

Agaricus glutinosus, Curtis Land. 69. 

Agaricus semiglobatus, Sowerby Fungi, 248 ; Persoon Syn. 407. 

Agaricus virosus, Sowerby Fungi, 480 and 481. 

In meadows, pastures, and on dung. 

Poisonous, and has caused several fatal accidents by / 

having been mistaken for champignons, gen. 246, sp. 17. A /L^ 

2. Coprinus semiovatus. Half-egg dung-stool. 

Stem long; collar small; cap bellshape, glutinous, yel- 

gills ascending, blackish-grey, clouded. 

lowish ; 

Agaricus semiovatus, Sowerby Fungi, 131 ; 

Agaricus fimiputris, Bull, Herb, 66, 

On cowdunai;. 

Persoon Syn. 408.

Pl.ceU.aph. U.HYMENOTHECE^. 259.Coprin. 6S3 

3. Coprinus veluthws. Velvetty dung-stool. 

Tlialli in tufts, brittle J stem fibrilled, collared; cap he- 

mispherical, bossed, hairy or scaly, rust-yellow ; gills 

crowded, clouded, brown ; edge whitish. 

Agaricus lacrymabundus, Sowirby Fung. 41. 

Agaricus velutinus, Persoon Syn. 408. 

In grass-land, or on trees; autumn. 

4. Coprinus papiUonaceiis. Butterfly dung-stool. 

Stem furrowed at top, covered with black powder; cap 

rather fleshy, bellshape, grey, almost black; gills entirely 

adnexed, variegated grey and black ; edge whitish. 

Agaricus papilionaceus, Bull. Herb. 561 ; 

Agaricus acuininatus, Schceff. 202. 

In pastui'es, and grassy woods. 


5. Coprinus cinctulus. Girdle dung- stool. 

Stem long, pipey, brown ; cap convex, reddish-brown, 

with a dark ring towards the edge ; gills 3 in a set, broad, 

black. 

Agaricus cinctulu?, Bolton Fung. 152; Persoon Syn. 411. 

In meadows, and on dunghills. 

6. Coprinus cepcestipes. Onion-stalked dung-stool, 

Thalli in tufts, entirely yellow ; stem bellied, solid at 

bottom ; cap bellshaped, streaked ; gills free. 

Agaricus cepaestipes, Persoon Syn. 416; Sowerby Fungi, 2. 

Agaricus luteus, Bolt. Fung. 50. 

On dunghills. 

^. cretaceus. Thallus entirely white, 

Agaricus cretaceu?, Bull. Herb, 374. 

7. Coprinus ciliaris. Fringe dung-stool. 

Thallus large; stem bulbous, collared; cap conical, covered 

with a snow-white powder, afterwards glutinous 

edge fringed; gills 3 in a set, black. 

Agaricus ciliaris, Bolt. Fung. 53 ; Persoon Syn. 416. 

In meadows, and on fresh dunghills. 

b. Cap memlranaceous, running almost entirely into water ; 

gills very thin. 

8. Coprinus comatus. JVig'dimg-stooL 

Thalli gregarious ; stem very long ; collar moveable ; cap 

conical, scaly, whitish; scales yellowish ; gills crowded, at 

first purplish-white.

634 259.Copnn, ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.ccll.aph. 

Agaricus cylindricus, Sovscrby Fungi, 189. 

Agaricus porceilaneus, Schcrffer Fung. A6 & 47. 

Agaricus comatus, Persoon Syn. 396. 

In grass-ground, gardens, and on dunghills; autumn. 

9. Coprinus plicatus. Plailed diwg-stool. 

ThalU in tufts; cap bellshape, plaited, brownish grey, 

scaly at the tip, edge at last turned up; gills crowded, 

broad, at first purplish-brown, hoary. 

. In 

Agaricus plicatus, Curtis Lontl. 101 ; 


Agaricus fimetarius, Soicerby Fungi, 188. 

meadows, hedges, and near villages. 

10. Coprinus picaceus. Pitchy dung-slool. 

Stem very long, bulbous, naked ; cap bellshape, very tender, 

whitish, afterwards breaking into broad scattered 

scales; gills becoming bare, crowded, umber-brown. 

Agaricus picaceus, Sowerby Fungi, 397 ; 


Among rubbish, and heaps of rotting plants. 

11. Coprinus ohlectus. Attractive dung-stool. 

Stem collared at the bottom ; cap whitish, woolly, vanishing; 

gills becoming bare, at first red. 

Agaricus oblectus, Bolton Fung. 142; Persoon Syn. 397. 

On dunghills. 

12. Coprinus cinereus. Grey dung- stool. 

Stem long, scaly ; cap conical, furrowed, rather woolly, 

grey; tip smooth, livid; edge at last torn, bent in; gills 

linear, dotted, slightly bent. 

Agaricus cinereus, Schcsff. Fung. 100; Persoon Syn. 39S. 

In gardens and woods. 

&' 

|3. tomentosvs. Stem short, cylindrical, downy ; cap oblong, 

at first pyramidal, then bellshape, torn ; gills numerous, 

narrow, pale ; edge black. 

Agaricus tomentosiis, Bolt. Fung. 156. 

y. pullatus. Stem long, bellied, whitish; cap bellshape, 

plaited, black. 

Agaricus pullatus, Bolt. Fung. 20. 

In pastures and on dunghills. 

1.'5. Coprinus disseminatus. Disseminated dit?ig-stool. 

TlialU crowded, small, ephemeral; stem generally bent; 

cap half-oval, streaked, plaited, ochry-yellow, growing 

grey; gills distinct, half-annexed, brovvnisli-white.

Pl.cell.aph. ll.IIYMENOTHECEiE. 259.Copnn. 635 

Agaricus copriiius disseminatus, Persoon Syn. 403. 

On the trunks of willows, especially when hollow ; autumn. 

/3. strlatus. Thallus rather large. 

Agaricus striatus, Sowerhi) Fungi, 166. 

14. Coprinus domest'icus. House dung'-stool. 

Cap bellshape, blunt, waved, furrowed, smoke-grey 

scales branny ; gills crowded, linear, forming a collar, 

greyish-red, growing blackish-brown. 

Agaricus coprinus doinesticus, Persoon Si/n. 404. 

Agaricus domesticus, JBoU. Fung, 26. 

In houses near moist walls. 

\ 5. Coprinus pidcher. 

~ 

Handsome ditng-sfool. 

Thallus tender, ephemeral ; stem long, reddish-white 

cap umbilicated, flattish, plaited; plaits broadish, grey; 

gills free, distant, forming a collar. 

Agaricus coprinus pulcher, Persoon Syn. 404. 

Agaricus semistriatus, Fl. Dan, 1134. 

Agaricus plicatus, Curtis Land. 

In well-dunijed 2;ardens. 

16. Coprinus radidtus. Radiated dung-stool. 

Thallus very minute, grey, ephemeral; stem threadlike; 

cap grows flattish, splitting in rays ; centre ochre-yellow j 

gills distant. 

Agaricus radiaUis, Bolt. Fung. 39 ; 

Persoon Syn. 40T. 

Agaricus ephemerus, Bull. Herb. 342. 

In grass-land in woods, on horsedung ; autumn. 

Thallus very tender, blown down by the breath. 

D. AsTEROPHORiDEiE. Folua ; stem centra] ; collar ; 

cap hemispherical, texture fibrous, beneath lamellar, above 

woolly, at length bursting, becoming floccular; gills bar- 

ren, naked; sporidia stellate, intermixed with theflocci. 

XVIII. 260. ASTEROPHORA. Ditmar. Starhead. 

Stem central, orbicular ; sporidia stellate. 

yisterophora lycoperdoides. Lycoperdon starhead. 

Stem woolly, greyish; cap woolly, fawn-colour; gills 

rather gelatinous, thick, slightly prominent, gyey. 

Agaricus lycoperdoides, Bull. Herb. 519; Persoon Syn. 325. 

On rotten mushrooms, especially omphalia adusta. 

Stem above an inch long, rather bent; cap half an inch 

over.

636 261.Merul. 11.HYMENOTHECE.E. PlcelLoph. 

E. Merulide^. Volva ; stem central, lateral or 0^ 

collar 0; cap fleshy or membranaceous; hymeniam veiny; 

veins superficial, distinct, simple or forked.— None are 

poisonous. 

XIX. 261. MERULIUS. Merule. 

Stem central; cap orbicular, fleshy, convex. 

Merulius aurantiacus. Orange meruJe. 

Stem ochry-yellow ; cap fleshy, woolly ; veins stiff", 

orange. 

Agaricus aurantiacus, Wulff. Misc.Austr. 2, 107. 

Merulius aurantiacus, Persoun Syn. 488. 

In grass land. 

XX. 262. CANTHARELLUS. Chanterelle. 

Stem central ; cap orbicular, fleshy or rather membranaceous, 

concave, umbilicated. 

1. Cantharelhis vulgaris. Common chanterelle. 

Thalli gregarious, entirely yelk-yellow; cap fleshy, bald, 

depressed. 

Agaricus Cantharelhis, Lin. S. P. 1641 ; Sowerby Fungi, 46. 

Merulius Cantharellus, Persoon Syn. 488. 

In woods. 

Esteemed as a sauce ; odour like ripe apricocks. 

2. Canlliarellus lutescens. Yellowish chanterelle. 

Stem hollow, yellow; cap umbilicated, bald, yellow; veins 

bright grey. 

Agaricus canfharelloides, Sotverby Funsî, 47. 

Helvella cantharelloides, Bull. Herb. 473. 

Merulius lutescens, Persoon Syn. 489. 

In woods; autymn. 

2. Cantharelhis tulceformis. Trumpet chanterelle. 

Thalli gregarious, small; stem yellow, rather thick; cap 

membranaceous, umbilicated, wrinkly, scaly, brown; veins 

straight, yellow, rather grey. 

Helvella (ubfEformis, Bull Herb. 461. 

Peziza undulata. Bolt. Fung. 105. 

Merulius tubifonnis, Persoon Syn. 489. 

4. Cantharellus cor?iucopioides. Cor??ucopicB chanterelle. 

Thalli in tufts, blackish ; cap membranaceous, rather 

scaly; veins scarcely visible. 

7

Pl.celLaph. U.HYMENOTHECE^. 262.Canthar. G3.7 

Peziza cornucopioides, Lin, S. N. 1650 ; Sowerby Fungif '?4» 

Merulius cornucopioides, Persoon Syn, 491. 

In woods ; 

autumn. 

5. Cantharellus undidattis. Waved chanterelle. 

Thallus pale-livid; cap rather leatberlike, depressed; 

edge upright, waved, crisp, underneath wrinkled. 

Helvella crispn, Sowerby Fungi, 15. 

Merulius undulatus, Persoon Si/n. 493. 

In beech woods. 

XXI. 263. CORNIOLA. Corniole, 

Stem lateral ; 

cap semicircular, nearly membranaceous. 

1. Corniola muscigena. Mosshorn corniole. 

Stem short, rather thick ; cap pale brown ; veins 

branched. 

Helvella dimidiata, Bull. Champ. 1, 290. 

Agaricus muscigenus, Bull. Herb. 288. 

Merulius muscigenus, Withering Arr, 4, 183, 

On hypnum sericeum. 

2. Corniola lohata. Loled corniole, 

Thallus stemless, irregular, brownish; edge variously 

lobed, crisp ; veins branched, anastomosing. 

Helvella membranacea, Dickson Crypt. 1,21 ; 


Merulius membranaceus, Withering Arr. 4, 184. 

Merulius lobatus, Persoon Syn. 494. 

In bogs, upon moss ; 

spring. 

XXII. 264. SERPULA. Persoon. Rot. 

Thallus stemless, affixed by its back. 

Serpula destruens. Destroying rot. 

Thallus spreading, large, yellowish-red ; edge whitish, 

woolly ; 

veins large, porous, crooked. 

Boletus lacrymans, Sowerby Fungi, 113. 

Merulius destruens, Persoon Syn. 496. 

Upon timber-work, where it joins the walls, in damp 

situations. 

Appears at first like a byssus ; when dry covered with 

brown powder; destroyed by spirit of vitriol, and other 

corroding substances, in the same manner as xylostroma 

ffiffanteum.

638 265. Gompli. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. PL cell. aph. 

XXIII." 265. GOMPHUS. Gomphe. 

Thallus clubshaped ; sides plaited, veiny ; capr not 

distinct. 

Gomphus clavaius. Clubbed gomphe. 

Tlialli in tufts, truncated, veiny on the sides. 

ClaTarra truncala, Schmid. Icon, 3,237. 

Merulius clavatus, Persoon Syn. 498. 

In grassy places in woods. 

F. D^DALiDEiE. Volvtt ; stem ; cap semicircular, 

leatlierlike or corklike, sessile ; hymenium veiny ; veins 

anastomosing and forming a network. 

XXIV. 266. D^DALEA. Persoon. Lalyr'mili-sLool. 

Cap semiorbicular, beneath netlike. 

1. Dcedalea qiiercina. . Oak lahjr'mth-stool. 

Thallus leatherlikc, pale woody ; cap wrinkly, bald, 

flakes branched, sinuated, sinuses large. 

Agaricus quercinus, Lin. S. P. 1644 ; Sowerhy Fungi, 181. 

Agaricus labj rinthiformis, BuU. Herb. 442. 

Merulius quercinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1431, 

Dasdalea qiiercina, Persoon Syn. 500. 

ylgaric of the oak. 

On the trunks of oak-trees. 

Texture delicately fibi'ous, flexible, and nia^^ be readily 

cut into slices ; used as a styptic to restrain the bleeding 

from wounded arteries. 

^. du}-a. Thalhis hard, thick, in network like peach- 

stones. 

2. Dcedalea simiosa. S'lmcous lahyrinth-sionl. 

Thallus downy, knobby, zoned and wavy in ridges j veins 

sinuous, oblong, or irregular. 

Boletus sinnosus, Sowerhy Fungi, 194. 

Daedalea gibbosa ,6 ? Persoon Syn. 301. 

On old poplar-trees. 

red ; 

3. Dcedalea conj'ragosa. Broken-i?i lahjriuth-stooL 

Thallus leatherlike, woody, rough zoned, 

sinuses labyrinthlike, grey. 

brown-brick- 

Boletus confragosus. Bolt. Fung. 160. 

Boletus labyrinthifonnis, Bull. Champ. 35T. 

Uaidalca confiagosa, Persoon Syn, 301. 


Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. 266. Daedal. 639 

4'. Dcedalea angustata. Narrow lahyrinth-stool. 

Cap flattish, much blotched with dull crimson, lobed, 

zoned ; edges sattiny, silvery-brown ; veins olive, long,narrow. 

Boletus angustatns, Sowerby Fungi, 193. 

Dtsdalea angustata, Persoon S^n. 302. 

At the feet'of poplar-trees. 

5. DcEdalea sitaveolens. Siv'eet-scented lalyrinth-stool. 

Thallus leathery corklike, sessile, bald, slightly reddishbrown 

; inside greyish-straw ; iuhea very long, reddish. 

Boletus suaveolens, Bull. Champ. 342. 

Daedalea ? suaveolens, Persoon St/n. 502, 

On the trunks of willows. 

G. BoLETiDE.E. Vulva ; ste77i central, lateral, or ; 

collar 0; cap thin, leathery or rather woody, rarely fleshy; 

hymenium tubular; tubes short, not longer than the thickness 

of the cap, not separable from it, united or distinct, 

not cut. 

XXV. 267. PORIA. Persoon. Honeycoml-stool. 

Thallus spreading, attached by its back, leatherlike or 

membranaceous. 

1. Poria vulgaris. Common honeycombs tool. 

Thallus spreading, inclining backwards, leathery corklike, 

bristled, zoned, greyish-brown ; tubes long, very wide, 

grey,' honey conibl ike. 

Bolettis Favus, Bull. Champ. S63 ; Persoon Syn, 542, 

On the trunks of trees, and fir-timber in damp-places. 

2. Porta cryplarum. Cellar honeycomb-stool. 

Thallus leathery, spongelike, sessile, rather greyish-red, 

thin; border above gaping; tubes very long. 

Boletus cryptarum. Bull. Champ. 330; Persoon Syn. 542. 

Upon beams in cellars. 

3. Poria destruens. Destroying honeycomb-stool. 

Thallus whitish, spreading; cap unequal, wavy, wrinkled; 

pores roundish, blunt. 

Boletus Destructor, Schrad. Germ. 166; Persoon Syn. 543. 

Boletus sebaceus, Leyss. Fl. Malens, 1230. 

On timber-work in damp houses. 

Substance fibrous, when dry iriable; odour heavy, but not 

uncrateful.

640 267.Poria. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.ceU.aph. 

4. Poria spongiosa. Spongy honey comh-slool. 

Thallus leathery, spongelike, sessile, rust-colour ; tubes 

very long, upright; pores minute, round. 

Boletus spongiosus, i?oW. -Fm«^. 165; Persoon Syn. b^S, not of Light- 

foot. 

On trees. 

5. Poria medullaris. Crumhlike honeycomb-stool. 

Thallus spreading, white, hard, flat, crustlike, above 

perforated ; 

tubes oblique and straight. 

Boletus Medulla panis. Bolt. Fung. 166; Persoon Syn. 545. 

On timber-work as old garden-gates, and old trees. 

XXVI. 268. BOLETUS. Dillenlus. Bolete. 

Cap sessile, semicircular, attached by the side. 

1 . Boletus ccBsius. Grey lolete. 

Thallus rather small, soft; cap fleshy, bald, streaked, 

pores white. 

wrinkled, whitish-grey ; 

Boletus albidus, Soioerby Fungi, 226. 

Boletus CBEsius, Schrad. Germ, 167 ; Persoon Syn, 526. 


Thalli mostly solitary, turn blue when bruised. 

1. Boletus hispidus. Shaggy bolete. 

Thallus rust-red ; cap thick, stiff'-haired ; underneath pale. 

Boletus hispidus, Bull. Herb. 493 ; 

Boletus villosus, Hudson Ft. Angl. 626. 

Boletus velutiuus, Sowerby Fungi, 345, not of Persoon. 

Boletus spongiosus r Lightf, Scot. 

On apple-trees. 

M. 


3. Boletus heleroclitus. Mis-shapen bolete. 

Thallus sessile, lobed, irregular-shaped ; above villous, 

orange-colour; tubes short; pore^ variously shaped. 

Boletus heleroclitus, Bolt. Fung. 164 ; Persoon S^/n. 528. 


4. Boletus alneus. Alder-tree bolete. 

Thalli gregarious, rather tiledlike ; cap unequal, rather 

woolly, rust-red; pores fawn-colour, shining, afterwards 


Boletus radiatus? Sowerby Fungi, 196. 

Boletus aljieu^, Persoon Syn. 628, 

On fc.ickly aldcr-trces.

Plcell.aph. I l.HYMENOTHECE^. 268. Boletus. 641 

5. Boletus carpmeus. Hornbeam holete. 

Tlialli in tufts; cap bald, yellowish, bordered; underneath 

grey. 

Boletus carpineiis, Sowerby Fungi, 231. 

On the trunks of hornbeam. 

6. Boletus suaveolens. Sweetscented holete. 

Thallus scented, fleshy, rather corky ; cap slightly woolly, 

white; pores large, brownish, some prominent, pointed, 

with an unequal surface. 

Boletus suaveolens, Lin. S. P. 1646; Persoon Syn, 530, 

Boletus suberosu«, Bolt. Fung. 162. 

Boletus salicinus, Bull. Herb. 340. 

On the white willow and other trees ; 

mild winters. 

Odour grateful, when dry like that of anise-seeds. 

1. Boletus igniarius. Tinder holete. 

Thallus dilated, smooth ; skin wrinkly ; cap hard, blackish 

at bottom ; edge vermillion red, underneath ochry-yellow. 

Boletus igniarius, Lin. S. P. 1645; Persoon Syn, 534. 


When beaten, used for tinder, under the name of amadou. 

8. Boletus betuliniis. Beech holete. 

Thallus short-stemmed, rather large; cap fleshy cork- 

beneath whitish. 

like, kidneyshape, grey-reddish ; 

Boletus betulinus, Grme?. Sj/s^. iVa^ 2, 1436; Sowerby Fungi, 2\2 ^ Persoon 

Syn. 535. 

On the trunks of beech-trees. 

Taste acid. 

9. Boletus foynentarius. 

Spunk holete. 

Thallus halved, hard ; cap rather 3-cornered, slightly 

banded, smoke-grey ; pores whitish-grey, becoming rather 

rust-colour. 

Agaricus pedis equini facie, Raii Syn. 22,7. 

Boletus fomentarius, Sowerby Fungi, 153 ; Persoon Syn. 536. 

On sickly beech-trees. 

When beaten, used for tinder, or quick-match, also to 

restrain haemorrhage, instead of the true agaric, daedalia 

quercina, genus 266. 

VOL. I. 

2 T

642 268. Boletus. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. PLcell.aph. 

10. Boletus applanatus. Flattened holete, 

Thallus dilated, flattisli above and below ; cap tuberculated, 

wrinkly, reddish-grey ; pores very minute, white, 

becoming reddish-grey. 

Boletus Lipsieiisis, Batsck Fung. 130. 

Boletus foment.iriui li, P^rsoon Syn. 536. 

On dry rotten beech-trees. 

11. Boletus dryadtus. Oak lolete. 

Thallus very broad, soft ; cap rather flattened, wrinkled, 

tubercular, brown ; zones ; pores pale. 

Boletus pseudo-igniarius. Bull. Herb. 458. 

Boletus fomentarius y, Persoon Syn. 537. 

On oak-trees. 

12. Boletus ungulatus. Hoojlike lolete. 

Thallus nearly cylindrical, tall, greyish-brown, banded; 

bands prominent; pores flattened, whitish or rust-red. 

Boletus Hippocrepis, Schrank Bav. 1731 & 34. 

Boletus fomentarius 8, Persoon Syn. 537. 

On old willow= trees. 

13. Boletus oltusus. Blunt holete. 

Thallus thick, blunt, irregular; cap globular growing 

nearly horizontal, smooth, grey, edge and under surface 

cinnamon-colour ; pores convex, scarcely visible. 

Boletus igniarius, Bull. Herb. 361. 

Boletus fonaientarius £, Persoon Syn. 538. 

On old willow-trees. 

14. Boletus pomaceiis. Apple holete. 

Thallus halved, small, grey ; cap perpendicular, edge 

sharp, bands brownish-grey ; pores manifest, flat, rust- 

colour. 

Boletus fomentarius ?, Persoon Syn. 538. 

In orchards, at the foot of the trees. 

(3. prunastri. Cap nearly attached by its back, thick, 

smooth, truncated. 

Boletus prunastri, Persoon Syn, 538. 

15. Boletus versicolor. Changeahle holete. 

Thalli in tufts, leatherlike ; cap thin, blue, zoned of many 

colours ; 

pores white. 

Boletus versicolor, Iîn. S. P. 3 643 ; Sowerby Fungi, 135 ; Persoon Syn. 

540. 

On trees and timber-work ; autumn.

PLceU.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 268. Boletus. 643 

16. Boletus ah'wtinus. Fir holete. 

Tlialli crowded, tiledlike ; ca[) spreading at bottom, thin, 

woolly, greyish-white ; 

porei acute, purple-brown. 

Boletus abietinus, Dickson Crypt. 3,9; Persoon Syn. 541. 

On decaying larch-trees. 

17. Boletus citrinus. Lemon holete. 

Thallus halved, tiledlike, fleshy, bald, lemon-yellow. 

Boletus citrinus, Plan. Erfurt. 26; Persoon Syn. 524. 

Boletus caudicinus, Scha-ff. Fung. LSI & 132. 

Boletus sulphureus, Sowerby Fungi, 135. 

On willow, old oak, plum and other trees : summer. 

When young soft like a custard : on drying exudes 

crystals of pure oxalic acid. 

XXVII. 269. GRIFOLA. Micheli. Grifole. 

Stem lateral ; cap semicircular. 

1. Grifolia frondosa. Frondose grifole. 

Thallus much branched; caps numerous, halved, smoke 

grey. 

Boletus entybaceus, Baumgart, Lips. 631. 

Boleius frondosus, 

Syn. 520, 

Bickson Crypt. 1, 18; Sowerby Fungi, 81 ; Persoon 

At the foot of oak-trees ; autumn. 

Eatable, but requires thorough dressing; about a foot 

wide. 

2o Grifola platypora. Wide-po?'ed grifole. 

Thallus large ; stem thick ; cap fleshy, corklike, ochre 

yellow; centre scaly, scales umber-brown or blackish; 

pores large, bent. 

Boletus juglandis,-ScAa"#. Fung. 101, 102. 

Boletus squamosus, Bolton Fung. 77. 

Boletus cellulosus, Lightf. Scot. 1052. 

On willows and other trees. 

3. Grifola cristala. Crested grifole. 

Thalli in tufts ; stem white ; cap fleshy, irregular, rather 

turned inwards, greenish ; pores white, growing light ochry. 

Boletus cristatus, Schmff. Fung. 316,317 ; 

Boletus floriformis, Schteff. Fting. 113. 

In shady beech woods. 

2 T 2 

Persoon Syn, 522.

64

PLcell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 270.Coltric. 645 

3. Collricia leptocepkala. Smooth-head coltricione. 

Stem rather eccentric, short, pale ; cap flat, thin, above 

fawn-colour; beneath white. 

Boletus leptocephalus, Persoon Sjjn. 519 ; Withering Arr. 4,346. 


XXIX. 271. STRILIA. Micheli. Striglia. 

Stem central; cap orbicular, umbilicated, fleshy. 

Strilia cinnamoyyiea. Cinnamon striglia. 

Thallus cinnamon, brittle; cap concave, villous, centre 

pores ringed. 

funnelshape, reddish-brown ; 

Boletus cinnamoineiis, Gmel. Sj/st, Nat. 2, 1433; Persoon Syn. 515. 

Boletus perennis, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4,349. 

In pastures. 

XXX. 272. ALBATRELLUS. Micheli. Alhatrello. 

Stem central ; cap orbicular, convex. 

\. Albatrellus alhidus. Whitish alhatrello. 

ThaUi gregarious, whitish; stem rather short, unequal; 

cap bald, fleshy, brittle ; pores minute, at last lemon-yellow. 

Boletus albidiis, Persoon Syn. 516. 

Boletus ovinus, Schcpff. Fung. 121 ? 

Boletus consirictus, Bolt. Fung. 

In fir plantations, on buried sticks ; Aug. and Sept. 

2. AlbatrellusfuUgineus. Smoke-grey alhatrello. 

Thallus nearly leatherlike, soft; cap nearly smoke-grey, 

flapping down all round ; flesh white, very thin. 

Boletus fuligineus, Persoon Syn. 516. 

Boletus polyporus, Bull. Chump 331 ; Withering Arr. 4,345. 

On the ground, at the foot of palings. 

XXXI. 273. POLYPORUS. Persoon. Sponge-stool. 

Thallus branched, lobed, every where porous. 

Poll/porous ramosits. Branched sponge-stool. 

Thallus leatherlike, brittle, reddish-yellow, branched, 

everywhere tubular ; branches nearly cylindrical ; flesh 

whitish; tubes short. 

Polyporus ramosus, Bull. Champ. 349; Persoon Syn. 549. 

Boletus sulphureus, Sowerby Fungi, 135, lower fig. 

In quarries and cellars, on rotten beams. 

When dry very friable.

646 274.. Suillus. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph. 

H. SuiLLiDE^. Volva ; stem central, fleshy, nearly 

lateral; co/? fleshy, convex ; hy me/iiurn tubular ; tabes long, 

not shorter tluan the thickness of the cap, united or dis- 

tinct from one another, separable from the cap. 

XXXII. 274. SUILLUS. Micheli. Porcino, 

Stem central; collar distinct; cap circular; tubes adhering 

together. 

Suillus luteiis. Yellow porc'ino. 

Cap cushionlike, bellshape, glutinous, livid-yellow, va- 

pores yellow. 

riegated with brick-red spots ; 

Boletus liiteus, Scheeff. Fung. 114; Soieerhy Fungi, 265^ not of Linna3us. 

Boletus annularius, Bull. Champ. 316. 

Boletus annulatus, Persoon Syn. 503. 

In plantations ; autumn. 

XXXIII. 275. PINUZZA. Micheli. Pinuzzo. 

Stem central; collar fibrous; cap circular; tubes adhering 

together. 

Pinuzzajlava. • Yellow pinuzzo. 

Cap yellow, centi'e orange ;J'?e5/^ white, crisp, firm; tubes 

yellow ; collar white. 

Boletus flavus, Bolt. Fung. 169. 

Boletus annularius ? Bull. Champ. 332. 

Boletus cortinatus, Persoon Syn. 503. 


XXXIV. 276. LECCINUM. Micheli. Leccko, 

Stem central; collar 0; cap circular; tubes adhering 

together. 

1. Leccinitm aiirantiacum. Orange leccino. 

Stem long, white, with orange-yellow wartlike scales; 

cap fleshy, shining, orange-colour; pores minute, white. 

Boletus auranliacus, Bull. Champ. 300; Persoon Syn. 504. 

In beech woods ; autumn. 

Esculent. 

(3. leucopodium, ' 

Stem-scales 

white; cap flattish, orange 

inclining to cinnamon, shining; pores white. 

y. rufiim. Stem long, wrinkly torn ; scales blackish 

cap swollen, plano-convex, reddish-streaked; pores whitish. 

Boletus aurantiacus. Bull. Champ. 48&, 2; Sowcrby Fungi, 110.

PLcelLaph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 276. Leccin. 647 

2. Leccimim scahrum. Rough Icccino. 

Stem slender, scales blackish ; cap rather wrinkled, 

opake, smoke-grey ; pores pale white, depressed round 

the stem. 

Boletus scalier, Soicerby, 175; Persoun Syn. 505, 

In beech woods; autumn. 

Esculent; pickled by the Russians and Poles. 

3. Leccimim lactifluum. Milk-yielding leccino. 

Stem pale-yellow; cap reddish-bufF, thick, convex, glutinous, 

flesh-white ; tubes yellow, filled with a milklikc 

juice. 

Boletus lactifluus, Withering Arr. 4, 355; Persoon Syn. 506. 

In parks. 

4. Leccinum subtomentosum. Rather-woolly leccino. 

Tlialliis middle-size ; stem rather slender, reddish in the 

middle, or imiformly yellowish ; cap cushionlike, planoconvex, 

rather woolly, reddish or greyish-yellow ; flesh 

scarcely altering ; 

pores large. 

Boletus subtomentosus, Lin. S. P, 1647 ; 


Pcrsoon Syn, 507. 

5. Leccinum piperatuin. Pepper leccino- 

Stem yellow at bottom and in the inside; cap rather 

thick, cushionlike, bent, cinnamon; pores large, convex, 

rust-red. 

Boletus piperatus, SoicecJi/ Fungi, 34; Persoon Syn. 501. 

In woods. 

Taste acrid and burning, like capsicum. 

6. Leccinum cojistrictum. Bound lecci?io. 

Stem smooth, bellied, greyish-white at top ; cap broad, 

greyish ; flesh bluish ; pores white. 

Boletus cyanescens. Bull. Champ. 319 ; 

Boletus constrictus, Persoon Syn. 508. 

In gardens. 

IVithering Arr. 4, 345. 

7. Lêccinum edule. Ratable leccino. 

Stem tuberous, rather bellied, greyish-red, with network; 

cap cushionlike;, very wide, brownish-red; flesh not 

changing colour ; pores at first stuffed, whitish, grow yellow. 

Boletus edulis, Bull. Herb. 494; Persoon Syn. 510. 

In woods and heaths; autumn. 

Taste gratefiil, like that of the cocoa-nut.

648 27r).Leccin. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Fl.cell.aph. 

8. Leccinum elephantinum. Elephant leccino. 

Stem yellow, short, thick; cap white, convex, very irre- 

gular ; 

tubes yellow, short. 

Boletus elephanlinus, Withering Arr. 4,351. 

Boletus edulis elephanlinus, Persoon Syn. 510. 


9. Lecclmim luridum. Lurid leccino 

Tliallus large ; stem long, reddish, networked, rather 

bulbous; cap cushionlike, brownish-olive; tubes equal, red, 

afterwards orange. 

Boletus luriihis, Sowerhy Fungi, 250; Persoon Syn. 312. 

In grassy woods. 

10. Leccinum rubeolarium. Measle leccino. 

Stem short, bulbous, thick, smoothish, olive; cap cu- 

shionlike, nearl}' hemispherical, olive, slightly woolly; tubes 

plano-convex, dark-red. 

Boletus rubcolarius, Sowerby Fungi, 230 j 

In oak woods ; autumn. * 


XXXV. 277. FISTULINA. Persoon. Vipe-stool 

Stem, lateral, naked ; cap semicircular ; tules separate 

from one another. 

Fistulina hepatica. Liver pipe-stool. 

Tliallus fleshy, blood-red; tubes free, growing yellow. 

A£;aricns porosus rubens, carnosus, hepatis facie, Raii Syn, 23, 12. 

Boletus liepaticus, Sowerby Fungi, 58; Persoon Syn. 549. 

Boletus bnailossum, Fi, Dan. 1039. 

Fistulina buglossoides, Bull. Champ. 314. 

On oak-trees ; 

autumn. 

Resembles bullock's liver; esculent and thought to be 

equal in flavour to the mushroom. 

I. SiSTOTjREMiDE^. Volvu ; tJiallus leatherVike ; /iT/menium 

at first meandering, porous, becoming toothed ; teeth 

lamellar, torn. 

XXXVI. 278. SISTOTREMA. Persoon. Sistoireme. 

Stem distinct; cap round. 

1. Sistotrema bienne. Two-year sistotreme. 

Stem contracted, woolly ; cap cuplike, thick, rather rust- 

colour ; 

lubes grey, labyrinthlike.

Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECEJi;. 278. Sistot. 649 

Boletus biennis, Bull. Champ. 333 ; 

Sistotrema bienne, Persoon Syn. 550. 

On rotten wood and the ground. 

Sowerby Fungi, 191 ? 

2. Sistotrema conjiuens. Conjiueni sistotreme. 

Thalli gregarious, usually in pairs, white, pale ; cap 

fleshy, bent, running together; teeth decurrent, whitish. 

Hj'dnum sublameilosum, Sowerby Fungi, 112. 

Sistotrema confluens, Persoon Syn, 551. 

In beech woods and fir plantations, on the ground. 

XXXVII. 279. CERRENA. Micheli. Cerrena. 

Stem distinct; cap semicircular. 

Cerrena c'merea. Grey cerrena. 

Thallus tiledlike, corklike; cap semicircular, rough, underneath 

grev. 

Boletus unicolor, Sowerby Fungi, 325. 

Sistotrema cinereum, Persoon Syn, 551. 


XXXVIII. 280. XYLODON. Persoon. Wood-tooth. 

Thallus attached by its back ; teeth irregular, cut. 

1. Xylodon guerc'mum. Oak wood-tooth. 

Thallus bald, pale reddish-grey; teeth thick, irregular, 

Gut, slightly tiledlike. 

Hydniiin candidum, Bull. Herb. 4Si. 

Odontia quercina, Persoon Obs. Myc. 2, 17. 

Sistotrerna quercinum, Persoon Syn. 552. 

On dry oak-sticks. 

2. Xylodon digitatum. 

' 

Fingered wood-tooth. 

Thallus white, diverging; teeth fingerlike, crowded. 

Hydniim paradoxum, Schracl. Germ, 179. 

Sistotrema digitatum, Persoon Syn, 553. 

On trees.

650 281.Hydnum. U.HYMENOTHECE^. PLcelLapL 

K. Hydnideje. Folva 0; collar 0', cap leatherlike or 

fleshy; liijmen'mm. prickly; prickles awlshape, not divided. 

—None are known to be poisonous. 

XXXIX. 281. HYDNUM. Dillenius. Prickle-stool. 

Stem central ; cap regular, round, fleshy, convex. 

Hydmim imhricatum. 

Tiled prickle-stool. 

Cap umbiiicated, umber-brown, scaly; scales thick, 

nearly upright, darker. 

Hydnura 

Syn. 554. 

imbricatum, Lin, S. P. 1647; Sowerby Fungi, 13; Persopn 


Esculent. 

XL. 282. DENTINUM. Micheli. Dentino. 

Stem nearly central ; cap regular, round, fleshy, umbi- 

iicated. 

1. Dejitimim repandum. Spread dentino. 

Tkallus pale flesh-colour ; stem tuberous, rather eccen- 

tric; cap wrinkled, bent, slightly lobed, bald; prickles rather 

thick, many, compressed. 

555. 

Hyduuni lepanduni, Lin. S.P. 1647 ; 

In woods. 

2. Dentinum rufesceris. 

Sowerby Fungi, 176; Persoon Syn. 

Reddish dentino. 

Stem rather slender, nearly cylindrical ; cap rather thin, 

fleshy, slightly woolly, flesh-red; prickles pointed, slightly 

compressed, yellowish. 

Hydnum rufescens, Bolton Fung, 88 ; 

In woods. 


XLI. 283. AURISCALPIUM. Earpick-stool. 

S/e-m lateral, naked; cap leatherlike, membranaceous, 

nearly round. 

Auriscalpium vulgare. Common eai'pick-stool. 

Thallus hay-colour ; cop halved, leatherlike. 

Hydnum Auriscalpium, Lin. S. P. 1648 ; 

Persoon Syti. 557. 

On the cones of fir ; all the year.

Pl.celLaph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECE^. 284.Steccher. 651 

XLII. 284. STECCHERINUM. Mich. Hedgehog-stool. 

Stem ; cap semicircular, horizontal. 

1. Sleccherhmm ochraceiim. Ochry hedgehog-stool. 

Thallus spreading, turned back, j'ather tiledlike ; cap 

ieatherlike, thin, zoned, ochraceous ; prickles minute, yellow 

flesh-colour. 

Hvdnum Daviesii, Sowerby Fungi, 15. 

Hydnum ochiaceum, Persoon Si/n. 559. 

On fir-trees. 

2. Sfecchcrinum gelat'inosum. Gelatinous hedgehog-stool. 

Thallus gelatinous, glaucous white; stem lateral; cap flat 

on both faces. 

Hydnum gelatinosum, Persoon Syn. 560. 

On the branches of firs. 

3. Steccherinum quercinum. Oak hedgehog-stool. 

Thallus large, convex, yellowish-white, leatherlike; 

prickles very long, hanging down in stages. 

Hydnum Erinaceus, Bull. Champ. 34; Persoon Syn. 550. 

On old oak-trees. 

Esculent. 

XLIII. 285. ODONTIA. Persoon. Toothless-stool. 

Thallus spreading, attached by its back; prickles round. 

—Wholesome. 

tip. 

1 Odontia ohtusa. Blunt toothless-stool. 

Thallus white; prickles cylindrical, blunt, villous at the 

Fungoides hiimile ex albido livescens, apicibiis tenuissinie crenatis, 

Dillen in Rail Syn. 14, 7. 

Hydnum obtusum, Schrader Germ. 178; Persoon Syn. 562. 


2. Odontia diaphana. Transparent toothless-stool. 

Thallus paperlike, transparent; prickles awlshape, scat- 

tered. 

Hydnum diaphanum, Schrader Germ. 178; Persoon Syn. 563, 

On beech-trees.

'652 286.Heric. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.ceU.aph. 

XLIV. 286. HERICIUM. Persoon. Spine-slool. 

Thallus clublike, simple or branched; prickles covering 

every part.— Wholesome. 

Hericmm coralloides. Coral-like spiiie-stool. 

Thallus large, much branched ; branches crowded, bent 

in; prickles iervumSiX, rather bundled. 

Hydnum coralloides, Sowerby Fungi, 232 ; Persoon Syn, 252. 

In woods, upon oak and other trees. 

Esculent. 

L. THELEPHORiDEiE. Tliallus leathery, rarely with a 

cap ; hymenium smooth, hairy or warty, expanded. 

XLV. 287. CRATERELLA. Persoon. Crater-stool. 

Stem central; cap round, umbilicated or funnelshape; 

centre shaggy. 

Cratella caryophyllea. Pink crater-stool. 

Thallus varying ; cap funnelshape, thin, brown then 

purple; edge generally cut, rather crisp. 

Craterella ambigua, Persoon Comment. 128. 

Helvella caryophyllea, Dickson Crypt. 1,20. 

Thelephora caryopiiyilea, Persoon Syn. 365. 

In fir plantations, on the ground. 

XLVI. 288. STEREUM. Persoon. Stereum. 

Cap semicircular, at length horizontal. 

J . Stereum laciiiiatum. Jagged stereum. 

Thallus tiledlike, dark brown; cap thin, jagged, crisp, 

beneath rough with nipples crowded together. 

stereum laciniatum, Persoon Obs. Myc. 1,86. 

Auricularia caryophyllea, Sowerby Fungi, 213? 

Thelephora laciniata, Persoon Syn. 567. 

On trees, near their roots. 

2, Stei-eum ruhiginosum.' 

Rusty stereum. 

Thallus tiledlike, stiff, rusty chestnut, smooth on both 

faces ; nipples scattered, large. 

Helvella rubiginosa, Dickson Crypt. 1,20. 

Auricularia rubiginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 26. 

Thelephora rubiginosa, Persoon Syn. 567. 

On the mossy trunks of oak and other trees.

PLcelLaph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 288.Stereum. 65.3. 

3. Stereum ferrugineum. Ferruginous stereum. 

Thallus spreading, turned back, rust-colour; cap thin, 

slightly woolly, smoothish ; beneath hairy. 

Tlielephora varieg;ata, Schrad. Germ. 185. 

Auricularia tabacina, Sowerby Fungi, 25. 

Tlielephora ferruginea, Fersuon Syti. 369. 

On fallen sticks, in woods. 

4. Stereum hirsutiim. Shaggy stereum. 

TlialU in tufts, leatherlike, yellowish, shaggy; underneath 

bald. 

Auricularia reflexa, Sowerby Fungi, 27. 

Thelephora hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 570. 

On trees and palings. 

5. Stereum mesenteriaim. Caivl stereum. 

Thallus large, leathery, gelatinous ; cap horizontal, rather 

thin, with impressed zones, woolly, greyish-brown ; beneath 

turning purple, with scattered, longitudinal folds. 

Helvella mesenlerica, Dickson Crypt. 1,20. 

Tlielephora mesenterica, Persoon Syn. 571. 

On trees. 

XLVII. 289. CORTICIUM. Persoon. Barkêar. 

Thallus spread, attached by its back, nipply. 

Cortichim quercirium. Oak bark-ear. 

Thallus attached lengthways, leatherlike, wrinkly, rather 

fleshy; edge somewhat turned in ; beneath brown. 

Auricularia corticalis, Withering Arr. 4,377. 

Thelephora quercina, Persoon Syn. 573. 

On the branches of oak-trees. 

XLVIII. 290. MERISMA. Persoon. Branch-ear. 

Thallus branched, leatherlike, compressed, smooth; tip 

mostly hairy. 

1. Merisma cristatum. Crested branch-ear. 

Thallus rather lying down, encrusting, pale; branches 

jagged, thickened, wrinkly. 

Clavaria laciniata, Sowerby Fungi, 158. 

Merisma cristatum, Persoon Syn. 583. 

In woods, on the ground.

€54. 290.Merism. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph. 

2. Merismafoetidum. Stinking hranch-ear. 

Thnllus brown-purplish ; branches palmate, close ; tips 

whitish, shining. 

' Clavaria palmata, ScopoH Cam. 2, 4S5. 

Clavaria anthocepiiala, Sowerby Fungi, 156. 

Merisma fostiduin, Persoon Syn. 584. 


Odo2ir very disagreeable. 

M. Clavaride^. Thalhis fleshy, long, uniform* simple 

or branched; liymenium smooth, expanded. 

XLIX. 29i. CORYNOrDES. Corynoide. 

Thallus cartilaginous or gelatinous, compressed ; sporidia 

scattered over the whole surface of the thallus. 

' 

I. Corynoides cornea. Horny corynoide. 

Thalli gregarious, small, glutinous, yellowish ; simple or 

branched, connate at bottom. 

Clavaria cornea, Sowerby Fungi, 40 ; 


On trees after rain in autumn, and on timber. 

2. Corynoidesfaharum. Bean corynoide. 

Tkallus brownish olive, scaly, divided above; branches 

blunt or nicked ; scales brown. 

Clavaria fabae, Sowerby Fungi, 404. 

On bean-stalks ; autumn. 

3. Corynoides farinosa. MeSly corynoide. 

Thalli pale-yellow, mealy, scattered, branched ; branches 

short, scalloped ; 

meal white. 

Clavaria farinosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 25 ; 


On decayed pupae, at the bottom of walls or trees. 

4. Corynoides hyssoides. Byssuslike corynoide. 

Thalli snow-white, in tufts, entangled, much and irregularly 

branched. 

Clavaria byssoides, Sowerby Fungi, 335, 

On the stumps of old trees.

Pl.celLaph. IS.HYMENOTHECEiE. 292. Ramar. 655 

L. 292. RAMARIA. Holmskiold. Ramaria. 

Tliallus fleshy, cylindrical, branched, generally pipey, 

below slender; sporidia scattered on the upper part of the 

thallus.—None are poisonous. 

1. Ramaria ceranoides. Hornlike ramaria. 

TlialU in tufts; clubs toothed, or slightly branched, yel- 

branches irregular, brown at the tip. 

lowish ; 

Clavaria nigosa, Sowerby Fungi, 235. 

Clavaria ceranoides, Persoon Syn. 594. 


2. Ramaria rugosa. Wrinkled ramaria. 

Thallus rather large, whitish, thick, wrinkled, simple or 

branches few, irregular. 

branched ; 

Clavaria rugosa, Bull. Herb. 448 ; Persoon Syn. 595. 

Clavaria elegans, Bolton Fung. 115. 

Clavaria corailoidcs, Sowerby Fungi, 278, centre fig. below. 

On the ground under trees ; September. 

3. Ramaria iuherosa. Tuberous ramaria. 

Thallus yellowish, scarcely branched, tuberous at bottom. 

Clavaria tuberosn, Sowerby Fungi, !99; Persoon Syn. 593. 


Tuber inserted into the bark. 

4. Ramaria cormculata. Horned ramaria. 

Thallus slightly branched, yellow; stem slender, long, 

twice or thrice forked ; branches acute. 

Fungus parvus luteus ramosiis, Rail Syn. 16, 15. 

Clavaria muscoides, Lin. S. P. 1652 ; Sowerby Fungi, 157. 

Clavaria cornicuJata, Persoon Syn, 589. 

In woods, on dry soils. 

/3. alba. Thallus white. 

Clavaria coralloides, Sowerby Fungi, 278, upper figure. 

5. Ramaria pratensis. Meadoiv ramaria. 

Thalli in tufts, yellowish; stem, short; branches kneed, 

twigs rather even-topped, blunt. 

spreading ; 

Fungoides coralliforme luteum foetidum et minus ratnosura, Dillen in 

Rail Syn. 479. 

Clavaria fasligiaia, Lin. S. P. 1652. 

Clavaria muscoides, Fl. Dan. 836. 

Clavaria praten-is, Persoon Syn. 590. 

Among grass; autumn.

656 292.Ramar. 1 1. HYMENOTHECE^. P/.ceZ/.ap/z. 

6. Ramalaria coriacea. Leatherlike ramaria. 

Thallu.s soft, leatherlike, flat, grooved, ends fringed, grey 

turning dark-brown. 

Clavaria coriacea, Bull. Herb. 45'^ ; 

On the ground, in plantations. 

f'Fithering ylrr. 4, 403. 

7. Ramaria amethystea. ylmethyst ramaria. 

Tliallus brittle, tender, very much branched, smooth, 

violet-colour. 

Clavaria coralloides, var, b. Bolt. Funs^. 1 13. 

Clavaria amethystea, Persoon Si/n. 590. 

On heaths and woods among fallen leaves ; autumn. 

8. Ramaria cinerea. Grey ramaria. 

Thallus brittle, tender, solid, greyish-brown, branched; 

twigs dilated. 

Clavaria coralloides, a, Bolt. Fung. 113. 

Clavaria cinerea, Persoon Syn. 1S6. 

Menottes grises. Gantelines, 

In woods. 

Esculent. 

LI. 293. CLAVARIA. Micheli. Cluh-stool. 

Thallus long, cylindrical, clublike, mostly simple ; stem 

scarcely distinct ; sporidia scattered on the tip. 

• 1 . Clavaria gracilis. Slender cluh-stool. 

Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white ; club pipey, slightly 

thicker at the tip. 

Clavaria gracilis, Bolton Fung. 3, 1 ; Sowerby Fungi, 232. 

Clavaria eburnea a, Persoon Syn. 603. 

On decayed sticks. 

2. Clavaria cylindrica. Cylinder club-stool. 

Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white; stem long, slender; 

club rather thick, cylindrical, blunt, pipey. 

Clavaria cylindrica, Sowerby Fungi, 90, part only. 

Clavaria fra2;ilis, Hobnskiold, a— e. 

Clavaria eburnea fi, Persoon Syn. 603. 

In damp woods. 

3. Clavaria soUda. . Solid club-stool. 

Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-wjiite, nearly cylindrical 

tapering to a point, solid.

I 

VLcellaph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 293. Clavar. G.-ST 

Fiingoides clavatum incorvum in aciitum niucronem productum, Dillen 

in Rail Syn. 14,3. 

Clavaria pisiillaris, Lin. S. P. 1631. 

Clavaria vermiciilata, Lightf, Scot, in part. 

Ciavaria eburnea y, Persnon Syn. 603. 

On heaths, and in woods on a dry soil. 

4. Clavaria acuta. Pointed club-stool. 

Thallus solitary, snow-white; stem cylindrical, long, rather 

transparent ; cluh rather conical, pointed, opake, 

mealy. 

Clavaria acuta, Sowerhy Fungi, 333. 

In damp places, on the ground. 

5. Clavaria vcrmiculata. Worm club-stool. 

TfiaUi in clusters, brittle, snow-white, nearly cylindri- 

cal, pipey, bent, tapering to a point. 

Clavaria vermiculata, Lightf. Scot, in part. 

In woods and pastures ; autumn. 

6. Clavaria fusiformis. Spindlelike cluh-stool. 

Thalli in clusters, crowded, gold-yellow, rather tough, 

pointed at each end, cohering at the bottom. 

Clavaria fusiformis, Sowerby Fungi, 234; Persoon Syn. 601. 

Clavaria f'asciculaia, Persoon Comm, 73. 

On heath}^, mossy woods. 

7. Clavaria hifurca. Two-forked club-stool. 

Thalli in clusters, yellowish, brittle, solid, bald, simple 

afterwards becoming forked ; tips pointed. 

Clavaria bifurea, ZJu//. CAawjp. 207. 

Clavaria vermicularis, Lightf. Scot. 

Clavaria inequalis ,; , Persoon Syn. 601. 

In grassy woods, on the ground. 

8. Clavaria Ardenice. Lady-Arden^s cluh-stool. 

Thalli scattered, very long, chestnut-brown, hollow ; 

base woolly ; tip becomes truncated. 

Clavaria Ardeuia, Sowerby Fungi, 216; Persoon Syn. 599. 

On decaying hazel-sticks. 

Thallus above a span long. 

9. Clavaria Herculeana. Herculean club-stool. 

Thallus solitary, large, light chestnut-brown, wrinkled, 

tip cut off, depressed. 

solid ; 

Clavaria Herculeana, Lightf. Scot. 2, 1056. 

Clavaria pistillaris (8, Persoon Syn. 597, 


VOL. I. 2 u

658 293.Clavar. 11. HYMENOTHECE.E. Plcellaph. 

10. Clavana pistillaris. Pistil-like club-stool. 

Thallus solitary, large, yellowish-red, thicker at top, 

wrinkled, solid ; top rounded off. 

Clavaria Herculanea, Bull. Herb. 244 ; Soicerby Fungi, 277. 

Clavaria pistillaris, Persoon Syn. 597. 

In woods, on the ground. 

Taste very bitter. 

1 1 Clavaria erythropus. Bed-footed club-stool. 

Stem stiffi long, dark-red ; club cylindrical, short, white. 

Clavaria gyraiis, Bolton Fung. 112. 

Clavaria erythropus, Persoon Syn. 606. 

On sticks. 

12. Clavaria phacorhiza. Lentil-rooted club-stool. 

Thallus threadlike, bent, brown ; club pipey ; root lentilshape, 

black. 

Clavaria phacorhiza, Sowerby Fungi, 233 ; 

On the ground in gardens. 


N. Geoglossideje. Thallus fleshy, long, expanded at 

the top, either clubshaped or capped ; cap smooth ; hymenimn 

smooth, expanded. 

LII. 294. GEOGLOSSUM. Persoon. Ground-tongue. 

Thallus clubshape; club fleshy, mostly compressed, short, 

edged ; edges prominent ; sporidia scattered over the whole 

surface of the club. 

1. Geoglossum hirsutiim. Shaggy ground- tongue. 

Thalli in clusters, large, black, woolly. 

Clavaria ophioglossoides, Sowerby Fungi, 83. 

Geoglossum hirsutum |S, Persoon Syn. 60S. 

In woods and pastures. 

2. Geoglossum glabrum. Bald ground-tongue. 

Thallus greyish-black, bald; stem rather scaly ; chibWgulate, 

not glutinous. 

Clavaria ophioglossoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 140. 

Geoglossum glabrum, Persoon Syn. 608. 

On grassy hills ; beginning of autumn. 

3. Geogl. atropurpureum. Dark-purple ground-tongue. 

Thallus bald, dark-purple. 

Geoglossum purpurascens, Persoon Comm. 39. 

Clavaria atropurpurea, Batsch. Fung, 2, 48. 

Geoglossum atropurpureum, Persoon Syn. 609, 

In grassy places. 

" 

,

\ 

PL cell. aph. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. 

294. Geogl. 659 

4. Geoglossum viride. Green ground-tongue. 

Tlialli in clusters, green ; stem rather scaly ; cluh blunt. 

Clavaria viridis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1443. 

Clavaria serpentina, Schrank Bavar. 2,571. 

Geoglossum viride, Persoon Syn, 610. 


5. Geoglossum P herharum. Herb ground-tongue. 

Thalli in clusters, minute, lanceolate, rather tough, 

dark-olive. 

Acrospermum compressum, Tode Mecklenb. 1,3. 

Clavaria herbarutn, Sowerby Fungi, 353; Persoon Syn. 605. 

Sclerolium Esenbeck Syst. 1,11]. 

On dry sticks, covered with leaves. 

6. Geoglossum obtusum. Blunt ground- tongue. 

Thalli scattered, small, solid, snow-white, bald ; club 

ovate. 

Clavaria obtusa, Sowerby Fungi, 334, 1 

On dead fern-stalks. 

7. Geoglossum oblongum. Oblong ground-tongue. 

Thalli scattered, small, solid, snow-white, rather woolly; 

club oblong. 

Clavaria obtusa, Sowerby Fungi, 334,2. 

On dead fern-stalks. 

8. Geoglossum minutum. Small ground-tongue. 

Thalli scattered, small; stem pale; club oblong, reddishyellow. 

Clavaria minuta, Sowerby Fungi, 391. 

On the bracteae of galedragon pilosus. 

9. Geogl. polymorphism. Many-formed ground-tongue. 

Thalli scattered, small; ste7n threadlike, brown; club variously 

formed, compressed, hollow, blunt. 

Clavaria polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi, 276. 

On fallen elm-leaves. 

LIII. 295. MITRULA. Persoon. Mitre-stool. 

Thallus with a club-head ; 

edge turned in ; sporidia on the whole surface of the club. 

2 u 2 

club conical or ovate, smooth,

660 295. Mitrul. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PI. cell. aph. 

red. 

1 . Mitrula Dicksoni. Dickson's mitre-stool. 

Stem pale yellow; cap father clubshape, blunt, hollow, 

Clavaria epiphylla, Dickson Crypt. 3,22; Persoon Syn. 612, 

In turf-bogs, upon half-rotten-leaves, 

ti. Mitrula Heyderi. Heyder's miire-siool. 

ThalU scattered, small; club ovate, light chestnut-brown. 

Elvella cucullata, Batsck Fung. 189. 

Clavaria ferruginea, Soieerby Fungi, 84. 

Leotia Mitrula, Persoon Syn. 611. 

On fir-leaves; end of autumn. 

LIV. 296. LEOTIA. Persoon. Leotia. 

Thallus capped, rather gelatinous; cap orbicular, smooth, 

edge turned in ; sporidia scattered on the gelatinous upper 

surface of the cap. 

1 Leotia marcida. Withered leotia. 

Thallus yellowish-green, rather gelatinous; stem very 

long, narrowed at bottom ; cap flattish, turned up. 

Phallus marcidus, Fl. Dan. 654, 1. 

Leotia marcida, Persoon Syn. 613. 

In woods. 

2. Leotia luhrica. Slippery leotia. 

Thallus yellowish-green, rather gelatinous ; stem cylindrical; 

cap convex, 

Helvella gelatinosa, BuU. Herb. 296; Sovoerby Fungi, 70. 

Leotia lubrica, Persoon Syn, 613. 

In woods, after heavy rains. 

LV. 297. HELOTIUM. Persoon. Head-stooL 

Thallus with a cap ; cap fleshy, hemispherical, smooth, 

edge turned in ; sporidia on the upper surface, 

1. Helotium aciculare. Needlelike head-stool. 

Thalli in clusters, small, white, lasting; cap at first 

slightl}^ hollowed. 

Leotia acicularis, Persoon Observ. 2, 20. 

Helvella agariciformis, Sowerby Fungi, 67. 

Helotium aciculare, Persoon Syn. 677. 

On decaj'ed oak-leaves. 

Stem often branched : cap consists of thecae each filled 

with S sporidia.

Pl.cell.apk. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 297. Helot. 661 

2. Helotium ceruginosimi. Brassy head-slooL 

Thalli in clusters, bright green ; cap concave, variously 

shaped, edge irregular. 

Helvella aeruginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 347 ; 


On decayed wood, vi'hich it turns of a light green. 

3. Helotium infundibuliformis. Funnelshape head-stool. 

Thalluslarê; stem thick, pale-brovi?n ; cap hemispheri- 

cal ; above blackish, becoming concave ; beneath pale. 

Helvella infundibuliformis, Scheeff. Fung, 277 ; 

In damp shady places. 


LVI. 298. RELHANUM. Relhan. 

Thallus stipitate; cap conical, bellshape, edge curtainlike, 

beneath smooth ; sporidia on the silky upper surface 

of the cap. 

Relhanum con'icmn. Conical Relha7i. 

Stem cylindrical, pipey, yellowish ; cap above brown, 

beneath yellow. 

Phallu? conirus, Fl. Dan. 654. 

Helvella Relhani, Sowerby Fungi, 11. 

Leoiia? conica, Persuon Syn. 613. 

On chalk-hills. 

0. Helve LLiDE^. Thallus fleshy, long; cap mitrelike, 

plaited or cellular, like network ; hymenium smooth, expanded. 

LVH. 299. MORCHELLA. Dillenius. Moretl. 

Stem hollow ; cap conical, above cellular in network 

sporidia over the whole surface.—Wholesome, and fine 

flavoured. 

1. Morchella esculenta. Eatable morell. 

Thallus yellowish ; stem filled up ; cap contracted at the 

bottom. 

Fungus favaginosus, Park. 1317; Rail Syn. 11,7. -. 

Phallus esculentus, Lin. S. P. 1648. 

Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, left-hand fig. 

Morchella esculenta, Persoon Syn. 618. 

White morells. 

In woods, especiallywhere fires have been madei spring. 

When dry, used to flavour soups, as also the following.

662 299.Morchel. lUHYMENOTHECEÊ. Pl.celLapL 

tom ; 

2. Morchella vulgaris. Common morelL 

Thallus blackish ; stem filled up ; cap contracted at bot- 

cells nearly 4-sided. 

Helvell.1 esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, right-hand fig. 

Morchella esculenta (3, Persoon Syn. 619. 

In woods ; spring. 

3. Morchella patula. Open morelL 

Thallus yellowish ; stem hollow ; cap short, spreading at 

bottom ; cells rhomboidal. 

Phallus patulus, Gmelin Syst, Nat. 2, 1449. 

Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, centre fig. 

Morchella patula, Persoon Syn. 619. 

In woods ; spring. 

4. Morchella hyhrida. Bastard morelL 

Stem very long, cylindrical; cap short, conical; cells 

oblong, ribbed with anastomosing veins. 

Helvella hybrida, Sowerby Fungi, 238. 

In woods; May. 

LVIII. 300. HELVELLA. Linnaeus, Helvelle. 

Thallus plaited ; stem hollow ; cap membranaceous, 

plaited, sinuated mostly irregular, turned down on all sides 

sporidia scattered on the whole surface. 

1. Helvella sulcata. Furroived helvelle. 

Thallus large ; stem ribbed, grooved, whitish ; cap swollen, 

free, livid-black. 

Fungus terrestris pediculo striate et cavernoso, capitulo plicatili subtus 

piano, Rail Syn. 8, 39. 

Helvella Mitra, Scha;ff. Fung. 154 ; Persoon Syn. 615. 

Helvella sulcata, Wilden Berol. 398. 


2. Helvella leucophcea. Light-grey helvelle. 

Stem ribbed, pitted, bellied at bottom ; cap free, crisp, 

light-grey. 

Phallus crispus, Scop. C«rn. 2, 475. 

Helvella nivea, Schrad. Bot. Journ. 2, 66. 

Helvella Mitra, Sowerby Fungi, 39. 

Helvella leucophoea, Persoon Syn, 616. 

In woods, on the ground ; autumn. 

J

Vlcell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 300. Helvel. 663 

3. Helvella albida. Whitish helvelle. 

Thallus pale white ; stem long, narrow ; cap free, rather 

swollen. 

Helvella Miha, Bolt. Fung. 95 r 

Helvella fuliginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 154. 

Helvella albida, Persoon Syn. 616. 

In damp shady places. 

LIX. 301. SPATHULARIA. Persoon. Spathula-stnol 

Thallus with a stem ; cliih compressed, running down 

the stem on both sides ; sporidia on the upper part of the 

club. 

Spathularia Jlavida. Yellowish spatula-stool. 

Ciavaria Spathula, Dickson Crypt. 1,21. 

Helvella spathulata, Sowerby Fungi, 35. 

Spathularia flavida, Persoon Syn. 610. 

In fir plantations ; autumn. 

Grows in clusters ; pale white, when dried, becomes 

yellowish. 

P. Pezizadeje, Thallus fleshy or waxlike, hollowed 

out like a cup ; hymenium smooth, expanded ; sporidia 

clubshaped, intermixed with barren ovaries as in mosses, 

fixed. 

LX. 302. STICTIS. Persoon. Sunk-cup. 

Thallus leatherlike, membranaceous, dry, sunk in wood, 

edge only prominent. 

1 Stictis radiata. Radiated sunk-cup. 

"Edge snow-white, rather mealy, cut in rays, or undivided. 

Lycoperdon radiatum, Lin. S. P. 1654. 

Lichea excavaturn, Hoffm. Lichen. T,4. 

Sphserobolus rosaceus, Tode Meckl, 1,44. 

Peziza marginata, Sowerby Fungi, 16. 

Peziza stictis radiata, Persoon Syn. 6T4. 

On wood and dry sticks. 

2. Stictis cBcidioides. j¥lcidium sunk-cup. 

Edge orange-colour; accessory edge white, rather torn, 

mealy. 

Peziza secidioides, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 66. 

Upon the dead stems of herbs ; 

spring and autumn.

664 302.Stictis. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.apL 

3. Stictis terrestris. Ground sunk-cap, 

Tkallus globular, fleshy, when dry leatherhke, smooth 

on both sides. 

Peziza imtnersa, Sowerby Fungi, 389. 

Sunk in the ground, edge level with the surface. 

LXI. 303. PATELLARIA. Esenbeck, Flat-cup, 

Thallus leatherlike, dry, sessile, edged, edge flat. 

1. Patellaria populnea. Poplar flat -cup. 

Thalli in tufts, rather large ; cups when dry wrinkled, 

grey. 

Peziza spliarrioides, Roth Cat. 1, 239. 

Peziza populnea, Persoon Syn. 671. 

On dry branches of the trembling poplar ; winter and 

spring. 

2. Patellaria priinastri. Plum-tree flat-cup. 

Thalli in bundles, slightly stemmed, hard, black on 

both sides, opake. 

Peziza prunastri, Persoon Syn. 673. 

On the branches of sloe-trees. 

3. Patellaria cartilaginea. Cartilaginous flat-cup. 

Thallus cartilaginous, bright scarlet. 

Peziza cartilaginea, Soieerby Fungi, 369, 

On damp walls, among moss; spring and autumn. 

4. Patellaria rimosa. Crackedflat-cup. 

Thallus cartilaginous, white; when old cracked in the 

centre. 

Peziza rimosa, Sovserby Fungi, 369. 

On brown paper, left on a beer barrel in a cellar. 

B. Patellaria immersa. Sunk flat-cup. 

Thallus black, sunk in the wood, beneath rather woolly. 

Peziza immersa, Sowerby Fungi, 369. 

On wood. 

LXII. 304. PEZIZ/i. Pliny. Rough-cup. 

Thallus mostly small, sessile; outer surface shaggy, hairy, 

woolly or downy. 

'

PI. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 304. Peziza. 665 

1. Peziza sangtdnea. Blood-red rough-cup. 

Cups very minute, black, bald, placed on a blood-red 

woolly strome. 

Peziza saiiguinea, Persoon Syn. 657. 

On trees and planks. 

2. Peziza ccesia. Grey rough-cup. 

Thalli crowded ; 

cups grey, cohering on a white woolly 

strome. 

Peziza lichenoides, Persoon Ic.fung. 29, 31. 

Peziza cssia, Persoon Si/n. 637. 

On oak-branches bared of bark ; autumn. 

3. Peziza hcemispherica. Hemispherical rough-cup. 

Thalli gregarious, large, hemispherical ; cups internally 

white, greenish, externally brown ; hairs in bundles. 

Peziza hispida, Hudson yingl. 635 ; 


Peziza fasciculata, Schrad. Journ. 60. 

Peziza hffimispiiserica, Persoon Syn, 648. 

In woods and moist places, on the ground ; 

autumn. 

4. Peziza sulphurea. Brimsto7ie rough-cup. 

Thallus sessile, nearly globular, shaggy, brimstone-yellow. 

Peziza hydiioides, Sowerby Fungi, ITS. 

Peziza sulphurea, Persoon Syn, 649. 

On dry large herbs among dead leaves. 

.5. Peziza scutellata. Saucerlike rough-cup. 

Thallus rather large, flat, orange-red, externally shaggy 

bristles diverging, black. 

Peziza pcutellata, Sowerby Fungi, 24; Persoon Syn, 630. 

In the moist parts of rotten trees, or wood. 

6. Peziza ccsrulea. 

Blue rough-cup. 

Thallus flat, sessile, blue ; edge blunt, hairy ; underneath 

black. 

Peziza caerulea. Bolt. Fung. 108 ; 

In moist places, on trees. 


7. Peziza sfercorea. Dung rough-cup. 

Thalli in clusters, sessile, deep, entirely reddish-brown, 

bristly ; bristles bay, nearly upright. 

Peziza scutellala, Bolt. Fungi, 108. 

Octospora sciiteliata, Hedwig. Muse. 2. 

Peziza stercorea, Persoon Syn, 650. 

On horse and other dung.

666 30'kPeziza. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph. 

8. Peziza argillacea. Clay rough-cup. 

Thallus globular, narrow-mouthed, splitting when old, 

yellow. 

Peziza argillacea, Sowerby Fungi, 148, 

On black modelling clay. 

9. Peziza papillaris. Papillalike rough-cup. 

Thalli in clusters, flat, reddish-grey, externally hairy, 

hairs falling off. 

Peziza papillaria, Bull. Herb. 467 ; 

On rotten stumps of trees. 


10. Peziza cellulariceformis. Cellularia rough-cup. 

Thallus large, spreading at top ; internally yellow, exter- 

nally woolly, wool white. 

Peziza cellularia, Sowerby Fungi, 91. 

Cellularia cyatbiformis, Fl. Dan. 1450, 

On timber. 

11. Peziza hyhrida. Mule rough-cup. 

Thallus hsemispherical, inside reddish, outside hairy, 

white. 

Peziza hybrida, Sowerby Fungi, 369. 

On the ground ? 

12. Peziza domestica. House rough-cup. 

Thalli in clusters, conical ; outside hairy, salmon-colour. 

Peziza domestica, Sowerby Fungi, 351. 

On new- plastered ceilings, or damp walls. 

1 3. Peziza nigra. Black rough-cup. 

Thallus cartilaginous, small, entirely black. 

Peziza nigra, Sowerby Fungi, 369, 

On old palings. 

14. Peziza equina. Horse-dimg rough-cup. 

Thallus globular, not expanded, dull fox-red; outside 

rough hairy. 

Helvella equina, Fl. Dan. 779. 

Peziza equina, Sowerby Fungi, 352. 

On horsedung in damp shady places. 

LXIII. 305. OCTOSPORA. Hedwig. Eight-seeds. 

Thallus soft, sessile, fibrous-cellular, naked; sporidia 

large, with 6 to 8 sporas in each. 

5

PLcell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 305.Octosp. 667 

1. Octospora atrata. Blacke7ied eight-seeds. 

Thalll in clusters, hemispherical, hollowed out, black, 

edge greyish. 

Peziza atra, Persoon Syn. 669. 

On rotten trunks of trees ; spring. 

2. Octospora leucoloma. IVIiite-edged eight-seeds. 

Thallus very small, flat, scarlet; edge snow-white, jagged. 

Peziza cartilaginea, Bolt. Fung. 101, 

Octospora leucoloma, Hedwig Muse. 13. 

On clay banks, in mossy tufts ; sprin_g. 

3. Octospora cinerea. Grey eight- seeds. 

Thalli clustered, small, grey, rather gelatinous; edge 

upright, whiter. 

Peziza cinerea, Sowerhy Fungi, 634 ; 

On rotten trees ; 


spring and autumn. 

4. Octospora kyalina. Transparent eight-seeds, 

Thalli in clusters, sessile, whitish, transparent, rather 

hairy. 

Peziza hyalina, Persoon Syn. 655. 


5. Octospora inquinans. Dirtying eight-seeds. 

Thalli in clusters, large, black, dirtying ; at last convex, 

reverse conical, outside wrinkled, brownish. 

6. Octospora sarcoides. Fleshlike eight-seeds. 

Thalli in tufts, fleshy, gelatinous, flesh-red ; outside rather 

veiny. 

Peziza tremelioidea, Bull. Herb. 410. 

Peziza porphyria, Batsch Fung. 53. 

Peziza hepatica, Batsch Fung. 138. 

Peziza sarcoides, Persoon Syn. 633. 

Tremella sarcoides, Withering ^rr, 4,84. 

On rotten timber; autumn. 

7. Octospora lenticularis. Lenticular eight-seeds. 

Thallus convex, pressed, light-yellow ; stem scarcely any, 

nipplelike, blackish. 

Peziza flava, Willden. Prodr. 404. 

Peziza aurea, Sowerby Fung. 150. 

In woods, upon trees ; late in autumn.

668 305.Octosp. il.HYMENOTHECE^. PlcellapL 

8. Octospora lurida. Dark eight-seeds. 

Tkallus sessile, greyish white^ turned back; edge ochreyellow, 

dark yellow. 

Peziza lurida, Persoon Syn. 666. 

Peziza pineti, Batsck Fungi, 201. 

In fir plantations ; on the fallen leaves. 

LXIV. 306. SCODELLINA. Micheli. Spread-cup. 

Thallus fleshy, membranaceous, brittle, sessile, hemispherical, 

spreading; outside scaly or mealy. 

1. Scodellina leporina. Hares-ear spread-cup. 

Thallus rust-colour, long, open on one side, ear-shape, 

inside smooth at bottom. 

Peziza leporina, Persoon Syn. 6. 


2. Scodellina onotica. Ear spread-cup. 

Thallus one-sided, long, pale-rose, woolly at bottom, 

inside plaited, wrinkled. 

Peziza leporina, Sowerby Fungi, 79. 

Peziza onotica, Persoon Syn, 637. 

In woods. 

3. Scodellina aurantiaca. Orange spread-cup. 

Thalli in tufts, one-sided, bent, often split; inside orange, 

outside white. 

Helvella coccinea. Bolt. Fung. 100. 

Peziza coccinea, Butt. Herb. 474. 

Peziza Aurantia, Persoon Syn. 637. 

At the foot of rotten oak-trees ; 

autumn. 

4. Scodellina umhrina. Umher-hrown spread-cup. 

Thalli large, in tufts, twisted, umber-brown. 

Peziza umbrina, Persoon Syn. 638. 

In grassy grounds, on sandy soils. 

5. Scodellina alutacea. Leathery spread-cup. 

Thalli in tufts ; outside whitish ; inside pale grey ; stem 

very short, woolly, whitish. 

Peziza alntacea, Persoon Syn. 638. 

In woods.

Pl.cell.apL ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. SOG.Scodel. 669 

6. Scodellina hadia. Bay spread-cup. 

Thallus nearly stemless, not divided ; edge turned in, 

dark brown ; 

externally rather olive. 

Peziza cochleata, Bolt. Fung. 99. 

Peziza badia, Persoon Si/n. 639. 

Mushroom flaps. 

In woods and damp places. 

Dried, and eaten in hashes and soups. 

7. Scodellina violacea. Violet spread-cup. 

Thallus flat, round, inside violet with black dots ; edge 

and outside whitish, granulated. 

Peziza violacea, Bull. Herb, 438 ; Withering Jrr. 4, 390, not of Persoon. 

On the bark of trees, 

8 Scodellina pyxidata. Box spread-cup. 

Thalli in small tufts, yellowish white; bottom rather tubercular 

on the inside. 

Peziza Marsupium /3, Persoon Syn. 640. 

Elvella pyxidata, Schceff. Germ. 230. 

Helvella vesiculosa, Bolt. Fung. 175. 

In woods ; summer and autumn, after rain. 

9. Scodellina vesiculosa. Bladderlike spread-cup. 

Thalli in tufts, large, olive brown, outside whitish yellow; 

mouth slightly connivent; hymenium separable from 

the outer bark. 

Peziza vesiculosa, Sowerby Fungi, 4 ; 

On dunghills. 

Persoon Si/n. 641. 

10. Scodellina pustulata. Pustuled spread-cup. 

Thallus not divided, brown ; 

outside branny-pustuled. 

Octospora pustulata, Hedwig Muse. G. 

Peziza pustulata, Persoon Syn. 646, 

Peziza cochleata 13, Batsch Fung. 223. 

In fir plantations, banks, and shady places. 

Eaten up, while quite young, by some insect or cater- 

pillar. 

LXV. 307. CALYCINA. Esenbeck. Funnel-stool. 

Thallus cuplike, pedicelled, dry, fibrous ; surface woolly 

or bald : barren ovaries copious.

670 SOT.Calycin. 11. HYMENOTHECE.E. PLcell.aph. 

1. Cali/cina firma. Firm funnel-stool. 

Thallus rather large, irregular, rather tough, water}-, 

brown ; stem long, growing black at the bottom ; cup glassshape, 

afterwards spreading, turned over. 

Peziza ochroleaca. Bolt. Fung. 105; Soicerby Fungi, 115. 

Peziza firraa, Pcrsoon Syn. 658. 

On trees in shady places. 

2. Cali/dna cilrina. Leynon funnel-stool. 

ThaUl crowded, of various sizes, entirely lemon-yellow 

stem thick, short, reverse-conical. 

Octospora citriua, Hcdicig Muse. 28. 

Peziza citrina, St'icfr.'ty Fungi, 151 ; Pcrsoon Syn. 663. 

On dr}- trees and sticks, especially beech. 

3. Calycina pallescens. Pale funnel-stool. 

Tlialli crowded, bald, whitish, afterwards pale brown 

stem rather tliick: cup neaii}- fuunelshaped. 

Peziza lenticularis, Hoffm. Crypt. 13. 

Peziza pallesceus, Persoon Syn. 664, 

In woods. 

4. Calycina hei'larum. Herb fimnel- stool. 

T/talli in clusters, nearly sessile, whitish-brown, grows 

convex; stem very short. 

Peziza herbarum, Persoon Syn. 664. 

On the dry stem of large herbs. 

5. Calycina 77ielastoma. Black-ynouth funnel-stool. 

Thalli scattered or in clusters' large, thick, hard, reddish-brown, 

woolly ; inside black, cracked when dry. 

Peziza melastoma, Sutcerby Fungi, 149. 

On the roots of common heatb or ling ; 

spring. 

LXVI. SOS. DASYSCYPHUS. Esenb. Houghfunnel. 

Thallus cuplike, soft, fibrous, cellular; surface woolly; 

sporidia large, with 6 spora in each. 

1. Dasyscyphus pulchellus. Handsome rough-funnel. 

Thalli scattered, nearly sessile, woolly, white; centre 

orange inclining to scarlet. 

Peziza bicolor, Soicerby Fungi, 17. 

Peziza pulchella, Persoon Syn. 653. 

On di*y branches of oak-trees, firs, &c. ; spring. 

Thallus closes up in dry weather.

Pl.cell.aph. 11.HYMENOTHECE.E. 308.Dasych. 671 

2. Dasyscypkiis virgineus. Virgin rough- funnel. 

Thalli gregarious, white; stem rather long; cap hemi- 

spherical, opeii, villous. 

Peziza nivea, Sowerhy Fungi, 65. 

Lachnum agaricinura, Itetz Scand. ed. 2,329. 

Peziza virginea, Persoon Syn. 653. 

On sticks and trunks of trees. 

3. Dasyscyphus patulus. Open rough-funnel. 

Thalli scattered, villous, white; centre flat, ochre-yellow. 

Peziza patula, Persoon Syn. 654. 

Peziza Abbotiana? Sowerhy Fungi, 389. 

On rotten oak-leaves ; autumn. 

4. Dasyscyphus fuscescens. Brownish rough-funnel. 

Thallus very small, entirely brown. 

Peziza fuscescens, Persoon Syn. 654. 

On rotten beech-leaves in shady places ; 

5. Dasyscyphus sessilis. 

spring. 

Squatted rough-funnel. 

Thallus very small ; inside smooth, whitish ; outside cottony, 

white. 

Peziza sessilis, Sovcerby Fungi, 389. 


6. Dasycyphus tricolor. Three-colour rough-funnel, 

Thallus very small, inside pale yellow; edge thick, outside 

dark grey, white at bottom. 

Peziza tricolor, Sowerby Fungi, 369. 


LXVII. 309. MACROSCYPHUS. Esenb. Long-fimnel. 

Thallus cuplike, soft, cellular, rather fibrous ; surface 

scaly or slightly bristly ; sporidia with 6 or 8 sporse in each, 

in a single row. 

1. Macroscyphus radicatus. Rooted long-funnel. 

Thallus brown, hemispherical, bald ; root long, simple. 

Peziza radicata, Withering Arr. 4, 381 ; 

In mountain pastures ; 

spring. 


2. Macroscyphus Sowerbei. Sowerhy's long-funnel. 

Thalli large, in tufts ; inside yellowish ; outside cottony, 

white ; root long, thick, cottony, white.

672-309. Macrosc. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. PLcelLaph. 

Peziza radiculata, Sotcerby Fungi, 114. 

Peziza Sowerbea, Persoon Syn. 642, 

In gardens. 

3. Macroscyphus cereus. JVaxUke long-funnel. 

Tkalli in tufts, large; vêw thick, cottony, reverse-coni- 

cup nearly funnelshape, turned back, yellowish. 

cal ; 

Peziza cerea, Sowerby Fungi, 3 ; 

In hot-houses. 


4. Macrosc, acetaluliforme. Eggcupshape long-funnel. 

Tkallus earthy-brown, eggcupshape, stalked; cup angular 

on the outside; veins branched. 

Peziza Acetabulum, Sowerby Fungi, 59; Persoon Syn. 643. 

In shady places. 

5. Macroscyphus tuherosus. Tuherous longfunnel. 

Root tuberous, irregular; stem very long; cup rather 

small, funnelshape, chestnut or bay. 

Peziza tuberosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 25 ; Sowerby Fungi, 63 ; Persoon Syn. 

644. 

In woods ; April. 

6. Macroscyphus perennis. Perennial long-funnel. 

Tkalli in tufts, stalked ; root tuberous, black, perennial 

cup funnelshape, reddish brown. 

Peziza Tuba, Batsch Fung. 121. 

Peziza perennis, Persoon Syn. 644. 

In woods ; April. 

7. Macroscyphus macropus. Long-stalked long-funnel. 

Thallus large; stem very long, smooth or pitted; cup 

hemispherical, inside mouse-colour, outside grey. 

Peziza macropus, Bolt. Fung. 96 ; Persoon Syn. 645, 


8. Macroscyphus coccineus. Scarlet long-funnel. 

Thallus stalked, rather large, topshape or funnelshape, 

inside scarlet ; outside slightly cottony, whitish ; edge generally 

crenate. 

Peziza coccineus, Bolt. Fung. 104; Persoon Syn. 652, 

Peziza poculiformis, Hoffm. Crypt. 2,27. 

Peziza epidendra, Bull. Herb. 467 ; 


On dry sticks in woods; on mountains on the ground; 

March.

PLcell.aph. n.HYMENOTHECEiE. 310. Hymen. 673 

LXIX. 310. HYMENOSCYPHUS. Fruit-cup. 

Thallus cuplike, thin, fibrous cellular, bald ; sporidia 

clubshape, with 8 sporee in each, in two rows. 

1 Hymenoscypkus rapceformis. Rapelike fruit- cup. 

Thallus waxlike, light brown growing nearly chestnut, 

thin, brittle, bald ; stem long, with rooting fibres. 

Peziza Rapula, Persoon Syn. C54. 


2. HymenoscyphusJlbulcsformis. Buttonsliape fruit-cup. 

Thallus stalked, cartilaginous, above yellowish white 

beneath dark brown; stem dark brown. 

Peziza Fibula, Bolt. Fung. 176; Persoon Syn. 660. 

On elm-trees. 

3. Hymenoscyphus tuhceformis. Trumpetshape fruit-cup. 

Thallus stalked, entirely yellow ; stem threadlike ; cup 

flat-edged. 

Peziza Tuba, Bolt. Fung. 106; Persoon Syn. C60. 

On rotten trees in bogs. 

4. Hymenosc. infundihuliformis. Funnelshape fruit-cup 

Thallus entirely pale brown ; stem thickish, stiff, rather 

short; ciip nearly funnelshape; edge upright. 

Peziza Caiyculus, Sowerby Fungi, 116; Persoon Syn, 660. 

Peziza Infunclibuium ? Batsch. Fung. 147. 


5 . Hymenoscyphus fructigenus. Bear ing fruit- cup. 

Thalli in clusters or scattered; 5ê77i long, rather bent, 

narrowest at bottom ; cup nearly funnelshape, pale brov»n 

grows reddish. 

Peziza fructigena, Sowerby Fungi, 117 ; 


On acoi'ns and other fruits; summer and autumn. 

Used, in decoction, in hooping cough. 

6. Hymenoscyphus radiatus. Radiated fruit cup. 

Thallus small, stalked, whitish turning pale brown; edge 

toothed; teeth bristlelike, upright. 

Peziza coronata, Bull. Herb. 411. 

Peziza armata, Roth Cat'. Rot. 1, 140. 

Peziza radiata, Persoon Syn. 662. 

Peziza inflexa, Sowerby Fungi, 306. 

In woods, on sticks and stems ; sunmier. 

VOL. I. 2 X

674 310. Hymen. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.uph. 

7. Hymenoscyphus cyathoideus. Cyat huslikc fruit- cup. 

Thalli in clusters, whitish or pale brown ; stem long, 

rather thicker at bottom; cup glass-shape, unarmed, rather 

slender. 

Peziza cyalhoidea, Bull. Champ. 230; Persoon Sijn. 662. 

Peziza solani, Persoon Obs. 2, 80. 

On dry stems of iarge herbs ; autumn. 

8. Hymenoscyphus tenellus. Fery-tender fruit-cup 

Thalli in clusters, very minute, funnelshape, tender, 

snow-white growing yellow ; stem threadlike. 

Peziza tenella, Batsch Fungi, 150. 

On dry stems of large herbs; autumn. 

9. Hymenoscyphus chrysoconms. Gold-headfruit-cup. 

Thalli in clusters, globular becoming flat, dull yellow, 

smooth, brittle, thin. 

Peziza clirysocoma, Sowerby Fungi, 152. 

On bits of wood, especially the under side. 

Q. AscoBOLiDE^. Thallus fleshy; hymcnium smooth, 

expanded over the surface; sporidia clubshape, intermixed 

with barren filaments, flung out with force, usually containing 

three sporae in each. 

LXIX. 311. ASCOBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-cup. 

- 

Thallus dishlike, or reverse- conical, fleshy. - 

Ascoholus furfuraceiis. Branny spring-cup. 

Thalli in clusters, rather concave, greenish ; outside 

branlike. 

^. 

Peziza stercoraiia, BuU. Champ. 25Q ^ Soweiby Fungi, IS. 

AscoboVus furfuraceub, Persoon Syn. 676. 

On cowdung; late in autumn. 

Fam.XII. 12. LYTOTHECE^, Persoon. Fungorum 

pars, Linn. Fungi pistillares, Esenb. 

Thallus fleshy, clubshape, rising from a volva ; hymeniiim 

expanded, superficial, deliquescing into a slime containing 

the sporae. 

Cap hemispherical, above hairy 

involacrum triple Batarrea. 312,

Pl.celLaph. 12. LYTOTHECE/E. 312. Batarrea. 675 

Conjoined to the stem, tuberculate; 

involucnim double Ithyphallus. 313. 

Cap cellular, networklike, bare; 

involucrum double Phallus. 314. 

I. 312. BATARREA. Persoon. Balarrea. 

Thallus stipitate ; volva triple, filled with mucilage ; stem 

smooth ; cap hemispherical, bellshape, with sporiferous 

flocks under the crown. 

Batarrea phalloides. Phalluslike batarrea. 

Thallus brown. 

Lycoperdon phalloides, Dickson Crypt. 1,24; Sowerhy Fungi, 390. 

Batarrea phalloides, Persoon Syn, 129. 

On sandy banks. 

Stem at first short, then springing up on a sudden to a 

foot high. 

II. 313. ITHYPHALLUS. Dog's-acorn. 

Thallus stipitate; volva double, the outer large; stem 

networked; cap ovate, tubercled, confluent into the stem 

indusium 0. 

Ithyphallus iJiodorus. Scentless dog' s-acorn. 

Stem cellular; cap ovate, tip blunt, not perforated; edge 

undivided. 

Phallus caninus, Curt. Lonil. 235 ; 

Phallus inodorus, Suieerby Fungi, 330. 

On rotten wood ; autumn. 


III. 314. PHALLUS. Micheli. AcotJi-stool. 

Thallus stipitate; volva double, the outer large; steTti 

networked; cap ovate, not cut, free from the stem, networked 

; indusium 0. 

1. Phallus impudicus. Immodest acorn-stool. 

Stem pitted obliquely ; cap cellular, perforated at top. 

Fiingus phalloides, Raii Syn. 12,8. 

Phallus impudicus, Lin. S. P. 1648; Bolt. Fung. 92. 

Phallus foetidus, Sowerhy Fungi, 242. 

Slink-horns. 

In shady woods ; autumn. 

Volva egglike ; cap dissolves into a very foetid slime, 

containing the sporse, greedily devoured by flesh-flies. 

2x2

676 314. Phallus. 12. LYTOTHECE^. PLcell.aph. 

Plant oftener smelt than seen, the fetor being so like that 

of carrion causing persons to avoid the spot, yet when 

near the nostrils it has only the pungent odour of spirit of 

hartshorn ; used by some Dutch villagers as a poultice in 

rheumatism, but infects the whole house for some days 

with its disagreeable odour. 

2. Phallus cancellatus. Rail-work acorn-stool. 

Stem cylindrical, smooth; cap networked, not perforated. 

Phallus cancellatus, Fersoon Syn. 243. 

On barren mossy grounds. 

Odour like that of the orchideae.

PLANTiE CELLULOSE FOLIOSvE. 677 

Subseries I. B. Plantje cellulose FOLioSiE. 

Muscorum et algarum pars, Linnaeus. Crypiogamia 

mouoecia and dioecia, Stokes. Cryptogamce cnlyptratcej 

Mohr, 

Plants having true foliaceous expansions or leaves mostly 

distinct, rarely united into a broad herbaceous frond, affixed 

to their place of growth by fibrous roots by which they 

absorb their nourishment, propagated by budlike sporae, 

or by seeds which are enclosed in capsules covered with 

calyptrse. 

FAMILIES. 

Capsule valvular; co'umella 0; operculum 

; seeds w\i\x eXoievs \nteYm\-Ke(\ HEPATIC^, 13. 

Capside operculated; columella distinct; 

elaters MUSCI. 14. 

Fam. I. 13. HEPATICiE. Jussieu. Algarum pars, Lin. 

Crypiogamia dioecia, Stokes. CalyptratcB 

deoperculatcE, Mohr. 

^Flowers unisexual. Male. Anthers oblong or spheerical, 

networked, bursting irregularly, either })edicelled in the 

axillae of the perichetial leaves, or sessile on the frond or 

on a peculiar receptacle ; pollen granular. Fem. terminal, 

axillary, lateral or marginal ; oyane^ many, clustered, seldom 

more than one fertile, covered with a calyptra ending 

in a style, and surrounded generally with a calyx ; calyx 

single or double, rarely 0, mostly surrounded with perichetial 

leaves; calyptra bursting and emitting the capsule; 

capsule mostly pedicelled, valvular, rarely bursting irregu- 

larly ; valves 2, 4, 8 or 16, equal ; columella 0; operculum 0; 

seeds P spherical, intermixed with elaters ; elaters membranaceous, 

tubular, containing a single or double helix 

helices twisted spirally. — Plants monoicous or dioicous, 

small, frondose or leafy; revive quickly after being dried 

by absorption of moisture; leaves undivided or simply cut, 

ribless, mostly bald ; texture loosely cellular ; sporidia budlike, 

roundish or lenticular, scattered on the leaves and 

frond, or collected in origomes of various shapes.

678 13. HEPATIC^. Fl.cell.fol. 

A. Fruii solitary ; capsule sessile^ Imrsting ; calyx 0. 

Ricciadese. 

Thallus starlike Riccia. 315. 

B. Fruit solitary ; capsule sessile, bursting ; calyx 2-valvecL 

Targionidete. 

Calyx closed above . . . , ... Targionia. 316. 

Calyx perforated at top Sph^rocarpus. 317. 

C. Fruit solitary ; capsule pedicelled, linear ; calyx tubular. 

Anthocerideae. 

Thallus oblong, lobed Anthoceros. 318. 

D. Fruit on a commoji receptacle ; capsules pedicelled, 

roundish. Marchantiadeae. 

Recept. crosslike; lobes tubular; 

caps. 4-valved; origornes moonlike.. . Staurophora. 322. 

Recept. hemispherical ; calyx ; 

caps, many-valved; calyplra tubular Cyathophora. 321. 

Recept. hemispherical; calyx 0; 

fop>9. 4 or 5-valved; calyptra tubular ... Strozzius. 320. 

Recept. peltate, lobed; calyx tubular; 

capsule 6 or 8-lobed Marchantia. 319. 

E. Fruit solitary J capsule pedicelled, rou?idish; calyx 

l-leajed or 0. Jungermannidese. 

Capsule bursting irregularly 

calyx simple; helix double Maurocenius. 328. 

Caps, seeming 4-valved, irreg. cellular; 

pedic. jointed ; cal. 5-angular ; hel. double 

Pandulphinius. 330. 

Caps, seeming 4-valved, irreg. cellular; 

pedic. jointless; cal. compressed; 

helix double Cavendishia. 332. 

Capsule 4-valved ; calyx ; 

helix single ; calyptra exserted Scalius. 338. 


helix double ; perich. leaves distinct ........ Cesius. 339, 


helix double; perich. leaves united .... Herbertus. 340. 

Capsule 4-valved ; 

calyx double 

helix double HgiivEititi iJ. 324.

PLcell.fol. 13. HEPATIC^. 679 

Capsule 4-valvecl ; calyx lateral; 

helix double ; valves of capsule spiral Kantia. 3't2. 

Capsule ^-valved ; calyx lateral 

helix double; valves of capsule straight .... Lippius. 341. 

Capsule 4-valved ; calyx basillary, 

triangular ; mouth contracted 

helix double Mauchesinius. 331. 

Cap5. 4-valved; ca/. basillary, compressed; 

mouth slit; hel. double .... Martinellius. 333. 

Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, compressed; 

mouth 2-lipped; hel. double Mylius. 334. 

Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, ovate, 

immersed; mouth acute; hel. double Blasia. 327. 

Ca/)5. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, ovate, 

imbedded; mou. open, toothed; Ae/. double Nardius. 335. 


exserted ; mo. circular, mostly toothed 

helix double Jungermannia. 336. 


exserted; mo. slit on one side; hel. donh. . . iBonni-^. 

,^ 

337.-' ^^-'^ 1.^ '^-

680 315. Riccia. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cellfoL 

2. Riccia glmica. Greenish riccio. 

Tkallus oblong, forked, lobes blunt, dotted in network. 

Lichen sive Hepatica foliis crassis, riita? miirariEe aiit cliaina?dryos foliis 

laciniatis quodammodo siaiilis, Rail Syii. 116, I. 

Riccia glauca, Lin. S. P. 1605 ; Engl. Bot. 2546. 

On moist sandy heaths; annual. 

3. Riccia miniyna. Smallest riccio. 

Tkallus forked, lobes pointed, very slightly networked. 

Lichen omnium minimus, foliolis scissis, super terram expansis, Dillen 

in Rail Syn. 115, 2 

Riccia minima, Lin. S. P. 1605. 

Riccia bifurca, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 1127. 

On inundated sandy places. 

4. Riccia natans. Swimming riccio 

Thalliis reverse-heartshape ; beneath ciliated, fibrous. 

Lichen parvus vernus cordiformis, ima parte fimbriatus, lentis palustris 

modo aquas innatans, Dillen in Raii Syn. 116,2. 

Riccia natans, Lin. Sysi. Nat. 2, 708 ; Engl. Bot. 252. 

Floating on pools. 

jS. ovata. Tkallus reverse-ovate, rounded at the tip. 

5. Riccia P spuria. Bastard riccio, 

Tkallus membranaceous, lobed, pellucid; fructification 

beneath the sinuses of the lobes, solitary, exserted, topshape, 

toothed. 

Riccia spuria, Dickson Crypt. 4,20, 

On turf bogs in mountains. 

B. TargionidExE. Male . . . . ? Fem. Calyx globular, 

pitchershape, 2-valved ; capsule neax'ly sessile, enclosed in 

the calyx, globular, bursting irregularly at the tip ; seeds 

and elaters many.— Frondose. 

II. 316. TARGIONIA. Micheli. Targioni. 

Calyx globular, from the under sid^ of the extremities 

of the thallus, closed, becoming 2-valved. 

Targiunia kypopkylla. Underlying targioni. 

Tkallus dark-green, oblong ovate, beneath scaly, pur- 

plish. 

Lichenastrum capitulo omboide, Dillen in Raii Syn. 110,2. 

Targionia hypophyila, Lin. S. P. 1603 ; 


On heaths and sides of ditches; perennial; March to 

May.

PLcell.fol. 13. HEPATIC^. 317. Sph^rocarpus. 681 

III. 317. SPH^ROCARPUS Micheli. Ball-fndt. 

Calyx on the upper surface of the frond, topshape, 

tip truncated, perforated. 

2-valved ; 

Sphcerocarpus Michelu. Micheli' s ball-fndt. 

Tlialliis nearly orbicular; fruit crowded together. 

Spliaerocarpus terrestris minima, Slic/ieli N. Gen. PI. 4, 1. 

SpliEerocarpus terrestris, Eng. But. 299. 

Targionia Spliaerocarpus, Lin. S. P. 1603. 

In clover fields on sandy loams. 

C. Anthoceride^. Male. Anthers sunk in the thalius. 

Fem. solitary; calyx tubular, 1 -leafed, tip cut; capsule -pedjcelled, 

linear, 2-valved ; seeds and elaters numerous, entangled 

together; OT-fÔTwey cupshape, sunk.— Frondose. 

IV. 318. ANTHOCEROS. Micheli. Flower-horn. 

Calyx tubular; capsule linear, 2-valved. 

1 Anthoceros punctatus. Dottedflower- ho7-n. 

Thalius undivided, sinuated, edge waved. 

Lichenastriim gramlneuiii pediculo et capitulo oblongo, bifurco, Dillen 

in Rail Syn. 109, ]. 

Anthoceros punctatus, Lin. S. P. 1606 ; Engl. Bot. 1537. 

On moist sandy heaths ; perennial ; August to April. 

2. Anthoceros IcBvis. Smooth flower-horn. 

Thalius undivided, flat, edge scarcely waved. 

Anthoceros lajvis, Lin. S. P. 1606; Engl. Bot. 1538. 

On damp shady places. 

3. Anthoceros multifidus. Many-cut flower-horn. 

Thalius bipinnately cut, lobes linear. 

Anthoceros multifidus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 13. 

On damp shady places. 

D. Marchantiadeê. Male. Anther oblong, imbedded 

in a flat, sessile or pedimcled fleshy disk. Female. Receptacle 

peduncled, peltate; fmet ificatio?i under the recep- 

tacle; calyx tubular, 1-leaf or 0; capsule slightly pedicelled, 

4 to 8-valved or toothed; seeds globular; elaters narrow at 

each end ; helices double ; buds lenticular, variously enclosed 

in origomes. Plants frondose, networked, areoles 

ending in a pore at the top.

682 319. Marchantia. 13. HEPATIC^. Plcellfol. 

V. 319. MARCHANTIA. Micheli. Marchant. 

Male. Receptacle of the anther peduucled, peltate, 

above wrinkled. Fem. Receptacle of the capsule stellately 

lobed, lobes deep ; calyx tubular, toothed; cnlyptra tubular; 

capsule globular, tip 5 to 8-lobed, lobes revolute; 

elaters tubular; helices double; orlgoynes tubular, reverse- 

conical. 

1. Marchantia laiifolla. Broad-!eaved marchant. 

Thallits oblong, dark gi'een, shining, in network ; 

areoles porous ; lobes blunt ; receptacle of the capsule with 

round rays. 

Lichen petraeus latifolius sive Hepatica fontana, Raii Syn. 11;>, I, 

Marchantia polymorpha, Lin. S. P. 160,'{ ; Engl. Bot. 219. 

Marchantia umbellata, Scop. Cam. 2,334. Male, 

Marchantia stellata, Scoj?. Carn, 2, 353. Female. 

On damp places; perennial; midsummer. 

2. Marchantia minor. Small marchant. 

Thallus oblong, opake, scarcely in network, lobes blunt 

receptacle of the capsule with round rays. 

Marchantia polymorpha /3, Engl. Bot. 210. 

On the sides of houses ; perennial ; midsummer. 

VI. 320. STROZZIUS. Strozzi. 

Dioicous. Male Fem. Receptacle of the capsules 

hemispherical ; calyx ; calyptra tubular ; capsule globular, 

tip 4 or 5-toothed ? 4 or 5-valved ; receptacle of the 

buds orbicular, flattish.— Pcdicells from beneath the lobes 


1. Strozzius hemisphericus. Hemispherical strozzi. 

Receptacle of the capsules hemispherical, lobed; lobes 5 

or 6, blunt; capsules 5 or 6, tip 4 or 5-valved. 

Lichen pileatus parvus, foliis crenatis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 114, 2. 

Marchantia hemi?pherica, Lin. S. P. 1604 ; Engl. Bot. 503. 

On banks of rivers and ditches ; perennial ; Mar. Apr. 

2. Strozzius conicus. Conical strozzi. 

Receptacle of the capsules ovate, conical, rather pointed, 

nearly 5 or 7-lobed ; capsules 5 to 7 ; tips 4 or 5-valved. 

Lichen pelraeus pileatus, Raii Syn. 114, 1 ; Park 1314, 1315. 

Marchantia conica, Lin. S. P. 1604. 

On damp shady places; perennial; March and April.

PLcelLfol. 13. HEPATIC/E. 321. Cyathophora. 683 

VII. 321. CYATHOPHORA. Cupbearer. 

Dioicous. Male .... Fem. Receptacle of the capsules 

hemispherical; calyx 0', calyptra tubular; capsules globu- 

lar, tip 4 or 5-toothed, many-valved, valves linear ; receptacle 

of the buds orbicular, flattish. Pedicells from beneath 

the lobes of the thallus. 

Cyathophora angusl'ifolia. Narrrow-leaved cupbearer. 

Receptacle of the capsules hemispherical, 4-lobed; cap- 

sules 4- ; thallus membranaceous, semi-pellucid ; edge sinuated. 

Marchantia androgyna, Lin. S. P. 1605. 

On damp places. 

VIII. 322. STAUROPHORA. Esenbeck. Crossbearer. 

Monoicous. Male .... Fem. Receptacle of the capsules 

-i-cut, crosslike; calyx 0? capsules ovate, 4-valved, valves 

spreading; receptacles of the buds crescentlike, flattish. 

Peduncle of the fruit from the upper face of the thallus, 

surrounded by a tubular perithecium. 

Staurophora pulchella. * Pretty crossbearer. 

Thallus oblong, forked, light green, opake, veinless. 

Lichen sive Hepatica lunulata, s7rt(pvK?-.6Ka^7ro;, Rail Sijn. ed. 2 ; 41, 6. 

Lichen pileatuj parvus, capitulo criicis instar se expandente, BiUen in 

Rail Syn. US, 2. 

Maiciiantia cruciata, Lin. S. P. 1604. 

Stauropliora pulchella, Esenh. in Berl. Mag. 

On shady places and garden walks ; perennial ; June to 

October. 

E. JuNGERMANNiDE^. Male. Anther round, sessile, or 

globular, pedicelled, axillary. Female solitary : calyx tubular, 

single, double, sometimes 0; capsules pedicelled, 

4-valved, very rarely valveless and bursting irregularly; 

elatprs tubular ; helices single or double ; buds oblong, 

scattered. Thallus frondose or leafy; areoles not ending 

in a pore. 

IX. 323. RICCARDIUS. Riccardi. 

Male. Anthers spherical, on the upper face of 

the thallus, imbedded in it, or surrounded by a perithecium. 

Fem. from near the edge of the lower face ; calyx 

single, bellshape, very short; mouth expanded, lobed,

684 323. Riccardius. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cellfol 

fringed ; calypira exserted ; capsule oblong, 4-valved ; 

valves streaked lengthways and crossways ; elaters in tufts, 

pencilshape, on the tip of the valves ; helices single, spindleshape. 

Tkallus fleshy, ribless, compressed, branched. 

1. Riccardius 77iiilt'ifidus. 

Mnny-cut riccardi. 

Thalli in crowded tufts, linear, ribless, compressed, 

branched pinnately ; calyx marginal; calypira tuberculated. 

Lichenastrutn ainbrosise divisura, Dillen Muse. 

Jungermaunia uuiltifida, 

Jung. 43. 

Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 186; Hooker 

Jungermannia palmala, Hedw. T/ieor. 159. 

-" 

On moist heaths and ditch sides ; spring. 

(3. sinnatus. Thallus broad, branched ; edge sinuated. 

Ulva paliistris foliis ivas moschatce instar divisis, Dillenin Rail Syn. 

64,10. 

Jungermannia sinuata, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 16; Engl. Bot, 1476. 

2. Riccardius pingins. Fai riccardi. 

Tkallus oblong, ribless, lying down, above flattish, beneath 

swollen ; branched vaguely, edges sinuated ; calyx 

under the edge; calypira smooth. 

Jungermannia pinguis, Lin. S. P. 2, 1602; Engl. Bot. 185; Hooker 

Jung. 46. 

In moist shady places and shallow pools ; summer. 

(3. angustlor. Thallus long, nearly linear, simple or rather 

pinnately branched. 

3. Riccardius dichotomus. Two-forked riccardi. 

Thallus linear, compressed, forked, branched. 

Ulva palustris furcata, augustioribus et firmioribus segmentis, Dillen in 


Riccia fluitans, Lin. S. P. 1686; Engl. Bot. 251. 

In ditches, stagnant waters, and damp places. 

X. 324.4*Bfe&ES3i«S#r-

Pl.cellfol. 13. HEPATIC^. 324. Herbertus. 685 

1 .'î^rhei'^ts Hihernicus. Irish herher t, 

^ Thallus oblong, ribbed, forked, edge not in the least divided; 

outer calyx short, jagged; inner longly exserted, 

ovate, cylindrical; calyptra much shorter than the inner 

calyx. 

JuDgeraiaunia Ilibernica, Hooker Jung. 78. 

Among mosses ; April. 

2. Hevkertm Lyellii. LyeWs herhert^ 

Thalli in loose tufts, oblong, ribbed, rather branched, 

edge scarcely cut; outer calyx short, jagged, toothed; inner 

longly exserted, cylindrical, slightly plaited ; calyptra rather 

longer than the inner calyx. 

Jungerinannia Ljellii, Hooker Jung. 77. 

On bogs; May. 

XL 325. HERVERUS. Herver, 

Dioicous. Male. Anthers in a perigonium, ovate, spherical, 

clustered ; pedicells very short, attached to the mid- 

rib. Fem. Calyx on the lower face of the mid-rib, single, 

scalelike, becoming 2-lobed ; lobes deeply conduplicate, 

fringed ; calyptra reverse-ovate, spinous, irregularly torn ; 

capsule ovate, 4

686 ' 

326. 

Papa, 13. HEPATICiE Pl.celLfoL 

XII. 326. PAPA. Tapa. 

Monoicous or dioicous, Male. Anthers spherical, solitary; 

pedicells very short, deeply imbedded in the upper 

face of the mid-rib. Fem. Calyx on the upper face of 

the mid-rib, rather cylindrical; mouth rather dilated, cut, 

toothed; calyptra exserted ; capsule spherical, 4-valved, 

valves streaked lengthways and across, bent back ; elaters 

long, pencilshape, in tufts, attached to the base of the capsule 

; helices double, much twisted ; seeds irregular. Thallus 

rather membranaceous, scarcely mid-ribbed. 

Papa eplphylla. Overleaf papa. 

Thallus oblong, slightly ribbed, rather membranaceous, 

cut here and there, edge not cut, or sinuated ; fruit from 

near the tips. 

Lichenastrum capitulis lotnndatis, e foliorum medio enascentibiis, Rail 

Syn. 110,3. 

Jungermannia epiphylla, Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 771; Hooker 

Jung. 47. 

In wet shady places ; spring and autumn. 

(3. longifolia. Thallus long, simple, or with a few shoots. 

Jungermannia endivitefoiia, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19. 

Jiing«rmannia epipiiilla 13, Lamarcke Encycl, Bot. 3,286. 

y.furcigera. Thallus with narrow-forked shoots at the 

tips, twigs forked. 

XIII. 327. BLASIvi. Micheli. Blasius. 

Dioicous. Male. Aiithers elliptical, sessile, 2 or 3, imbedded 

in the upper face of the mid-rib, covered by the 

cuticle. Fem. Calyx from the upper part of the mid-rib, 

oblong, lanceolate, enclosed in the thallus ; mouth acute 

calyptra enclosed ; capsule ovate globular, 4-valved ; valves 

ovate, streaked lengthways and across ; elaters long ; helices 

double, closely twisted ; seeds girt with a pellucid border 

budsP spherical, gelatinous, enclosed in an ovate receptacle, 

placed on the upper face of the mid-rib, and ending in a 

long cylindrical tube. — Thallus branched, beneath with 

tufted scales. 

Blasia pusilla. Dwarf blasius. 

Thallus oblong, ribbed, lobed, branched ; beneath scaly, 

scales toothed. 

Mnium liclienis facie, DiUen BIusc. 237. 

Blasia pusilla lichenis pyxidati facie, Micheli N. G. P. 14, 7. 


Blasia pusilla, Lin. S. P. 1605 , 

Jungermannia Blasia, Hooker Jung. 82, 83, and 84. 

On moist sandy alpine heaths ; spring.

PLcelLfol. 13. HEPATICiE. 328. Maurocenius. 687 

XIV. 328. MAUROCENIUS. Maurocejii. 

Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, scattered 

on the upper face of the stem, uncovered. Fem. Calyx 

terminal, simple, bellshaped, jagged, surrounded by 

five bracteaj-, peduncles continued; capsule spherical, very 

thin, networked, bursting irregularly ; seeds spherical, 

rough ; elaters short; helices ô\\\Ae.—Leaves 2-rowed5 many- 

cut, base parallel to the stem ; stipules 0. 

Mauroceiiius pusillus. Tiny mauroceni. 

Stem lying down, nearly simple ; leaves bluntly crenated. 

Lichenastriim minimum capilulis nigris lucidis, DHlen in Rail Syn. 

110,3. 

JiinE;ermannia pusilla, Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 1175; Hooker 

Jung. 69. 

J imgerniannia angulosa, Dkfcson Crypt. 1,7. 

JungerQiannia pygmsea, TViilf in Berl, Mag. 8, 151. 

On moist banks in clayey soils ; October to May. 

Plant matted ; roots deep purple ; perichetial leaves ; 

odour similar to calamus aromaticus. 

XV. 329. SALVIATUS. Salviaii. 

Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, olive-green, pedicelled, 

scattered, axillary; pedicells long, streaked Across. 

— Fem. Calyx terminal or lateral, reverse ovate or reverse- 

heartshape, compressed below, triangular ; mouth con- 

tracted, dep];essed ; peduncle short ; capsule spherical, 

4-valved ; internal base orbicular ; valves regularly networked 

; seeds spherical, tuberculated ; elaters tubular, attached 

to the tip of the valves ; helix single. Thallus 

creeping, branched; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, 2-cut, segments 

unequal, conduplicate, lower segment smallest, sack- 

like, pressed close, inflated. 

1. Salviaius tamarisci. Tamarisk salviatii 

Stem pinnately branched ; leaves upper lobes ovate, 

roundish, lower lobes reverse-ovate ; stipules rather square, 

nicked, edge turned over; fruit terminal, on the branches; 

calyx reverse-ovate, smooth. 

Lichenastrum 

73, 31. 

imbricatum, tamarisci Narbonensis facie, DiUen Muse, 

JuDgermannia tamarisci, Lin. S. P. 1600 ; Hooker Jung. 6. 

Jungerraannia rubiginosa, Neckar Pal. 2, 447. 

Jungeimannia dilaUUa, Roth Germ. 3,406. 

Jiiiigermaiiuia nigricans, Lamarckc Encycl, 3,283. 

On exposed alpine hills.

688 329. Salviatus. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl.cell.fol 

2. Salviatus dilatatiis. Dilated salviati. 

leaves upper lobes roundish, 

Stem irregularly branched ; 

lower lobes rounded; stipules rounded, flat, nicked; fruit 

terminal ; calyx reverse-heartshape, tuberculate. 

Lichenastrum irabricatuin minus, liaii Syn. Ill, 11. 

Jungermaimia dilalata, Lin. S. P. 1600; Hooker Jung. 5. 

Juiigermannia tamaiiscifolia, Engl. Bot. 1086. 

On the trunks of trees ; winter. 

3. Salviatus HutchinsicB. Hutchins' salviati. 

Stem branched ; leaves upper lobes spinous, serrated 

lower lobes minute, mostly toothed at the base; stipules 

rounded, ovate, slightly serrate, acutely 2-cut ; fruit lateral; 

calyx reverse-heartshape, smooth. 

Jungerrnannia Hutchinsise, Hooker Jung. 1 ; Engl. Bot, 2480. 

On the side of mountain rivulets. 

XVI. 330. PANDULPHINIUS. Pandulphini. 

Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, solitary 

in the axillse of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx 

lateral, ovate or reverse-ovate, slender at bottom, 5-cornered; 

mouth contracted, elevated, tubular, toothed; pe^ 

duncle short, jointed ; capsule spherical, seeming 4-valved ; 

valves u]5right, irregularly networked ; seeds roundish 

elaters tubular, membranaceous, dilated at the end, adhering 

to the tip of the valves ; helices double, slightly 

twisted. Thallus creeping; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, two- 

cut, segments unequal, conduplicate, lobes rolled in; stipules 

nicked. 

1 . Pand. calyptrifolius. Calyptra-leaved pandulphini. 

Stem branched ; leaves upper lobes calyptrilorm ; lower 

lobes bluntly 4-sided, rolled up; calyx oblong, top flat, 

5-toothed; mouth minute, contracted. 

Jungerrnannia calyptri folia, Hooker Jung. 43. 

On the stems of dwarf furze, near the ground. 

2. Pand. minutissimus. Minutest pandidphini. 

Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe hemispherical, 

lower lobe extremely minute; stipules ovate, 

rounded, 2-cut; calyx reverse-ovate, rounded, 5-sided. 

Lichenastrum quod JungermJiunia omnium minima, seu vix conspicua, 

serpylli aut herniarisB foiiis aurilis, floribus ex albo variegatis, vagina cordiformi 

Michelii, Dillen Muse. 72, 29. 

Jungermannia minutissima, Engl. Bot. 1633 ; 

Hooker Jung. 52. 

On rocks and trees. 

Thalli in tufts like a green stain.

Pl.cell.foL 13. HEPATICi^. 330. Pandulph. 689 

3. Pand. hamatifolius. Hook-leaved pandidph'mi. 

Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe ovate, 

pointed, tip mostly bent ; stipules ovate, acutely 2-cut 

calyx reverse ovate, 5-sided. 

Jungerraannia liainatifolia, Hoolcer Jung. 51. 

On rocks and trees ; March to May. 

/3. echinaius. Leaves elegantly spinous. 

4. Pand. serpyliifoUus. Thyme-leaved pandulpli'm'h 

Stem pinnately branched ; leaves upper lobes rounded, 

lower lobes minute; stipules rounded, acutely 2-cut; calyx 

broad, reverse-ovate, 5-sided. 

Liclienastrum quod Jungerniannia minima, foliis aurilis, ex. rotunditate 

acuminatis, punctatis ac veliiti perforatis, floribus virescentibus, vagina 

cordiformi, Dillen Muse. 12, 39. 

Jungermaunia serpyllifolia, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19; Hooker Jung. 42. 

On trees and rocks ; male in June ; female in April or 

May. 

|3. ovatus. Leaves small, ovate, rather pointed. 

XVII. 331. MARCHESINUS. Marchesini, 

Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, solitary, 

in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx 

lateral, sometimes terminal, reverse-heartshape, flattened, 

S-sided; mouth contracted, elevated, 4-toothed; peduncle 

not jointed, short; capsule spherical, 4-valved ; valves regularly 

networked, turned back ; seeds roundish ; elaters 

tubular, ends dilated, attached to the tips of the valves 

helices double, loosely spiral. Thallus creeping ; leaves 

2-rowed. 

Marchesinius Mackaii. Mackay's marchesini. 

Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe roundish 

lower lobe minute ; stipules large, rounded, reverse-heartshape. 

Jungerraannia Mackaii, Hooker Jung. 53; Engl. Bot. 

On lime-stone rocks and old trees ; 

Thalli in blackish green tufts. 

February and March. 

XVIII. 332. CAVENDISHIA. Cavendish. 

Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, solitary, 


lateral, ovate, narrow at bottom, compressed, becoming 

VOL. I. 2 Y

690 332. Cavendishia. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cell.fol. 

cylindrical ; mouth truncated, serrate, slit on one side 

peduncle short, not jointed ; capsule spherical, seeming- 

4

PLcellfol 13. HEPATIC^. 333. Martinellius. 691 

a. Leaves 2-lohed., lobes unequal, coJiduplicate ; fruit 

terminal. 

\. Martinelliiis complanatus. Flattened martinellL 

Stem creeping, vaguely branched ; leaves 2-rowed, imbricate 

above; upper lobe largest, orbicular, lower lobe ovate, 

flat ; calyx oblong ; mouth naked. 

Licheuastrum imbricatum majiis, Rati Syn. Ill, 10. 

Jungermannia couiplanata, Lin. S. P. 1133; Engl. Bot. 2499; Hooker 

Jung. 8 i 

On the trunks of trees ; all the year. 

Leaves flat, pale green. 

(3. minor. Leaves more convex, brownish green. 

2. Martinelliiis resupinatus. Lying-down martinelli. 

Stem lying down, seldom branched ; leaves roundish, 

lobes nearly equal, edge not cut ; calyx oblong ; mouth 

toothed. 

Jungerinannia resupinata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Hooker Jung. 23. 

On loamy heaths, under heath ; May and June. 

3. Martinellius undidatus. Wavy martinelli. 

Stem upright, slightly forked ; leaves lobes roundish, 

wavy, lower lobes largest; calyx oblong; mouth naked. 

Lichenastrum piniiis auriculatis majoribus et non crenatis, Dillen Muse. 

71, n. 

Jungermannia undulata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Engl, Bot. 225; Hooker 

Jung. 22. 

On wet places, especially alpine ; May to July. 

4. Martinellius iimhrosus. Shady martinelli. 

Stem upright, two-forked; leaves lobes serrated at the 

end, lower lobes largest, ovate; upper roundish, ovate; 

calyx mouth naked. 

Jungermannia umbrosa, Schrader Samml, 2, 5 ; 

On damp mountainoiis places ; 

Hooker Jung, 24. 

April and May. 

5. Martinellius planifolius. Flat-leaved martinelli. 

Stem upright, slightly branched ; leaves nearly 2-parted 

at the base, toothed ; lower lobe largest, ovate ; upper 

heartshape, blunt. 

- On 

Jungermannia planifolia, Hooker Jung, 67. 

damp places, in mountains. 

Fructification unknown. 

2 Y 2

692 333. MartinelUus. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cell.fol. 

6. MartinelUiis nemorosus. Grove martineUi. 

Stem upright, rather forked ; leaves seeming 2-lobecl, 

toothed, fringed, lower lobes reverse ovate, upper nearly 

lieartshape, blunt; calyx mouth toothed, ciliated. 

Lichenasirum auriculatum, piuiiis niinoribus, crenatis, Dillen Muse. 7I» 

18. 

Lichenastrum auriculatum, piiiuuli:: rotuudis, crisDum, Dillen Muse. 71, 

19, 

Jungermannia nemorosa, Lin. S. P. 1598 ; Engl. Bot, 607 ; Hooker 

Jung. 21. 

Jungermîinia nemorea, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 706. 

Jungermannia resupinata, Engl. Bot. !iJ437. 

In woods and hedge banks ; April to August. 

|3. purpuraicens. Leaves turning purplish. 

Lichenastrum auriculatum ornithopodii minoris, pinnulis ciliatis, Dillen 

Muse. 71,21. 

Jungermannia purpurea, Engl. Bot. 1023, in part. 

Jungermannia cochleariformis. Withering Arr. 3, 858. 

y. reairvifolius. Leaves with the lobes turned back. 

^. denudatus. Leaves with the lobes scarcely cut. 

b. Leaves undivided, toothed ; fruit lateral and terminaL 

7. MartinelUus asplenioides. Spleenwort martineUi. 

Stem ascending, branched ; leaves reverse-ovate, round- 

ish, toothed, slightly bent back ; fruit terminal and lateral 

calyx oblong, mouth slightly fringed. 

Lichenastrum trichornanis facie, capitulis e folioruin summitale enascentibus, 

majus, Dillen in Rait Syn, 1 12, 16. 

Jungermannia asplenoides, Lin. S. P. 1597 ; Engl. But. 1061 ; Hooker 

Jung. 13. 

In woods and moist shady banks, among mosses. 

8. MartinelUus spinulosus. 

Thorny martineUi. 

leaves reverse-ovate, bent back, 

Stem upright, branched ; 

tip toothed, spinous; fruit lateral and axillary; capsule 

roundish ; mouth ciliated. 

Lichenastrum pinnulis alternis, quasi spinosis, Dillen Muse. 489. 

Lichenastrum ramosius, foliis trifidis, Dillen 3Iusc. 489. 

Jungermannia spinulosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 14; Hooker Jung. 14. 

Jungermannia serrata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 144. 

On mountainous places. 

The largest and handsomest of the jungermannidea?. 

/3. tridenticulatus. Leaves small, few; tips 3-spined. 

Jungermannia tridenticulata, Michaux Bor, Arr. 2,278.

Pl.ceU.foL 13. HEPATICE. 333. Martinellius. 693 

9. MartinelUus decipiens. Deceiving martinelU. 

Stem upright, bent, scarcely branched ; leaves lower 

smallest, ovate, not cut; upper rounded ovate or rarely 

4-sided, with one or two spinelike teeth. 

Jungermannia decipiens. Hooker Jung. 50. 

On rock}' places and heaths. 

XX. 334. MYLIUS. Mylius. 

Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clustered, 


terminal, exserted, cylindrical, tip compressed, truncated, 

2-lipped, slit on both sides, slightly toothed ; peduncle short, 

not jointed; capsule ovate or spherical, 4-valved; valves 

streaked lengthways and across ; seed spherical ; elaiers 

tubular, on the valves ; helices double, closely twisted. 

Leaves 2-rowed. 

1. Mylius Taylori, Taylor's mylius. 

Stem upright, scarcely branched ; leaves all rounded 

stipules broad-awlshape;jf/'zzi/ terminal ; calyx ovate, mouth 

ciliated. 

Jungermannia Taylori, i/oo7fer l/'m?!^. 57, 

On mountainous rocks. 

2. Mylius anomalus. Aiiomalous myliiis. 

Stem lying down, not branched ; leaves round, or rounded 

ovate, or ovate pointed ; stipules broadish awlshape. 

Jungermannia anomala, Hooker Jung. S4. 

On bogs among mosses ; October and November. 

3. Mylius polya?ithos. Maiiy-flowered mylius. 

Stem lying down, slightly branched ; leaves horizontal, 

roundish, roundish 4-sided, flat, sometimes cut; stipules 

oblong, 2-cut ; fruit lateral, peduncled, from the lower 

part of the stem ; calyx half the length of the calyptra, 

2-lipped, jagged. 

Lichenastrum trichomanoides aquaticum odoratum fontis Sancfae Winifridae, 

Dillen in Raii Syn. 112, 118. 

Jungermannia polyanthos, Lin. S. P. 1597 ; Eiigl. Bat. 2479 ; Hooker 

Jung. 62. 

Jungermannia viticulosa /3, Weber Germ. 133. 

Jungermannia aquatica, Schranck Bav. 2, 496. 

Jungermannia fragilis, Roth Germ. 3,370. 

Jungermannia pallescens, Schradcr Samml, 2,7. 

On moist and very wet places.

694 334. Mylius. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cell.foL 

4. Mylius cuneifol'ms. Wedge-leaved mylius. 

Stem creeping, not branched ; leaves leather distant, 

wedgeshape, not cut or very bluntly nicked at the tip 

stipules small, ovate, pointed, rough. 

Jnngermannia cuneifolia, Hooker Jung. 64. 

On salviatus tamarisci; gen. 329, sp. 1. 

Flant extremely minute, like the filaments of a conferva 

in loose clusters. 

XXI. 335. NARDIUS. Nardi. 

Monoicous. Male. A7ithers spherical, pedicelled, clustered, 


terminal, ovate ; mouth rather contracted, 4-toothed, imbedded 

in the perichetial leaves ; peduncle long, not jointed 

capsule roundish, 4-valved ; valves furrowed lengthways 

and across; seeds spherical; elaters on the valves; helices 

double, closely twisted. Leaves 2-rowed, uncut. 

1. Nardius scalaris. Stair nardi. 

Stem creeping, not branched; leaves roundish, hollow, 

not cut nor nicked ; stipules broad-^wlshape ; perichetial 

leaves united together. 

Jnngermannia scalaris, Schrader Samml. 2, 4 ; 


Jungermannia lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 605. 

On hedge-banks, on loamy soil, or woods. 

2. Nardius compressus. Compressed nardi. 

Stem upright, slightly branched; leaves round: uppermost 

kidneyshape, pressed close ; stipules only on the shoots 

calyx oblong. 

Jungermannia compressa, Hooker Jung. 58. 

In mountain rivulets. 

Tiifts dense, purplish ; roots scarcely any. 

3. Nardius emarginatus. Nicked nardi. 

Stem upright, branched ; leaves loosely tiledlike, spread- 

ing, reverse-hearted, nicked ; calyx ovate. 

Jungermannia emarginata, Ehrhart Beitr. 3, 80; Engl. Bot. 1022; 


Jungermannia macrorhiza, Dickson Crypt. 2, 16. 

In very wet places, or alpine rivulets ; early in summer. 

(3. multijlorus. Capsules 2 or 3 in the same calyx j pe- 

duncles short.

Pl.cell.foL 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. G95 

XXII. 336. JUNGERMANNIA. Ruppius. Jimgermaim. 

Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clustered 

or solitary in the axillge of the leaAês. Fem. Calyx 

terminal or axillary, ovate, cylindrical, mostly plaited ; 

mouth contracted, exserted, toothed; peduncle long, not 

jointed ; capsule ovate or spherical, 4-valved ; valves regu- 

larly streaked lengthways and across ; seeds spherical ; 

elaters on the valves; helices double. Leaves 2-rowed or 

tiledlike ; buds at the tips of the branches. 

a. Siem compressed ; leaves Q,-rowed, 2-cut^ lohes unequal, 

condupUcate, stipuled. 

1 Jungermannia cil'iaris. Fringed jungermann. 

Stem lying down, pinnately branched; leaves very convex, 

unequally 2-lobed, lobes ovate, 2-parted, fringed ; cilise 

long, slender; stipules nearly 4-sided, 4 or 5-lobed at the 

end, with long cilise; fruit lateral; calyx reverse ovate; 

mouth contracted, toothed. 

Lichenaslrum scorpioides pulchruin villosum. Dill, Muse. 69,3. 

JiiDs;ermannia ciliaris, Lin. S. P. 1601 ; Engl, Bot. 2241 ; Hooker 

Jung. 65. 

Jungermannia pulcherriraa, Weber Spic. 151. 

Jungermannia Leersii, ôi/i Gecm. 2, 402. 

On rocks and heaths. 

2, Jungermannia Woodsii. JVbods'' jungermann. 

Stem lying down, 2 or 3-pinnate ; leaves very convex, 

unequally 2-lobed ; upper lobe 2-parted, spinous, toothed ; 

lower very minute, oblong, scarcely cut; stipules large, 

ovate, 2-parted, spinous, toothed ; spurred on each side of 

the base. 

Jungermannia Woodsii, Hooker Jung. 66. 

On mountains. 

b. Stem compressed; leaves 'Z-rowed, 2 or 4

696 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.celLfoL 

4'. Jiwgermannia albescens. Whitish jungermann 

Stem creeping, branched ; leaves verj concave, nearly 

hemispherical; sllpides ovate, lanceolate, blunt; fruit terminal, 

on short branches; calyx oblong, ovate; mouth 

toothed. 

Jiingermrinnia albescens, Hooker Jung. 12, et Svppl.^. _ 

On the ground in shady places. 

5. Jungermannia harhata. Beardedjimgermann. 

Stem lying down, scarcely branched; leaves rounded, 

4-sided, 3 or 4-cut; stipules lanceolated, acutely 2-cut, edge 

jagged; ^n/z^ terminal; calyx ovate; mouth contracted, 

toothed. 

Lichenastrum trichornanis facie; foliolis miiltifidis, capitulis e suininis 

ranuilis nasceiitibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 113,21. 

Jungermannia barbata, Schreb. Lips. 107 ; Engl. Bat. 25, 7 ; Hooker 

Jung. 70. 

Jungermannia quinquedentata, Hudson Angl. 511. 

Jungermannia Florkii, Weber et Mohr. Germ. 410. 

Jungermannia dichotoma, Schleich. Cent. 2, 57. 

Jungermannia gracilis, Schleich. Cent, 3, 6. 

Jungermannia quadridentata, iViilf in Berl. Mag. 8, 154. 

On subalpine rocks and in woods on them ; March to 

May. 

jS. wi7ior. Stem elongated at top, ascending; lower leaves 

open, upper very closely tiledlike, bud bearing. 

6. Jungermannia Francisci. Francis' jungermann. 

Stem nearly upright, simple or branched ; leaves ovate, 

concave, acutely nicked; stipules minute, ovate, 2-cut ;y'/7«7 

terminal, on short branches ; calyx oblong cylindrical, 

slightly plaited; mouth toothed. 

Jungermannia bifida, Schmidel Icones, 244 et 250. 

Jungermannia Francisci, Hooker Jung. 49. 

On moist ground ; March to June. 

7. Jungerma7inia stipulacea. Large-stipuledjuiigermann. 

Stem lying down, simple; leaves round; tip acutely 

nicked, lobes pointed, straight ; stipules large, ovate, 

pointed, toothed on one side, near the base ; fruit lateral 

calyx reverse- ovate, tip slightly plaited; mouth contracted, 

bluntly toothed. 

Jungermannia stipulacea, Hooker Jung. 41. 

On shady rocks in woods. 

8. Jungermannia lidentata. Two-toothedjungermann. 

Stem lying down, branched ; leaves broad, ovate, decurlentj 

tip ^-cut, lobes very pointed, not jagged ; stipules 2

Pl.cell.foL 13. HEPATIC^. 336. Jungermannia. 697 

or 3-c«t or jagged ; Jhdt terminal ; calyx oblong, nearly 

three-cornered; mouth jagged. 

Lichenastrutn trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis, majus, jRflii Sj/n. 113, 

19. 

Jungermannia bidentata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Engl. Bot. 606; Hooker 

Jung. 30. 

On moist ground in shady places ; March to September. 

/3. ohlusata. Leaves bluntly nicked, blackish green ; stipules 

many-cut. 

9. Jungermannia heterophylla. Oddleavedjiwgermann. 

Stem lying down, branched ; leaves rounded, ovate, decurrent, 

tip rarely acutely nicked, mostly bluntly, or undivided 

; stipules 2 or 3-cut, sometimes rather jagged ; fruit 

terminal; calyx ovate, bluntly three-cornered; mouth 

jagged. 

Lichenastriim pinnulis obtusioribus bifidis, minus, Dillen Muse. 488. 

Jungermannia heterophylla, Schrad. Jour. Bot. 5, 66 ; Hooker Jung. 31. 

Jungermannia bidentata minor, Leers Herhon. 249, 

Jungermannia bicuspidata, Engl. Bot. 281, not the syn. 

On rocks and the bark of trees ; male, November ; female, 

spring. 

c. Stem compressed ; leaves 9,-rowed, 2-lohed ; hies un- 

equal, conduplicated ; stipules 0. 

10. Jnnger. cochleariformis. Snailshape jungerynann. 

Stem lying down, scarcely branched ; 

leaves closely tiledlike 

above; upper lobe largest, convex, tip 2-cut, toothed; 

lower lobes oblong, ovate, inflated. 

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, praelongum foliis concavis unam partem 

spcctantibus. Rail Syn. 112, 17. 

Mniura Jungermannia, Lin. S. P. 1379. 

Jungermannia cochleariformis, VFeiss Crypt. 123; Engl. Bot. 2500; 


Jungermannia purpurea, Scop. Cam. 2, 347. 

On mountain-bogs. 

\\. Jungermannia exsecta. Cut-out jungermann. 

Stem lying down, scarcely branched; leaves unequally 

2-lobed, slightly folded together ; lower lobe largest, ovate, 

pointed, concave ; tip often 2-toothed ; upper lobe minute^ 

toothlike. 

Jungermannia exsecta, Schmidel Icon, 241 ; Hooker Jung, 19. 

Jungermannia globulifeia, var. 1, Iloth Germ, 3, 381. 

On moist boggy heaths.

698 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl.cell.foL 

12. Jungermannia minula. Minute jiingermann. 

Stem upright, rather two forked ; leaves horizontally 

spread, slightly folded together ; upper leaves equally twolobed, 

lower leaves unequally, all rather pointed ; fruit terminal 

; calyx reverse-ovate, slightly plaited at the tip 


Liclienastrum, pinnulis minutissimis rofimdis, Dillen Muse. 69,2. 

Jungermannia minuta, Craniz Groenl. 285 ; Hooker Jung, 44. 

Jungennannia rupincola, Schleich. Crypt, exsic. 

Jungermannia bicornis, Mohr Crypt. Germ. 423. 

On alpine hills among mosses ; April to July. 

1 3. Jungermannia Dicksoni. Dickson^ s jungermann 

Stem ascending, seldom branched ; leaves unequally twolobed, 

folded together, lobes narrow, ovate, scarcely cut, 

pointed ; lower lobe largest ; fruit terminal ; calyx ovate, 

plaited; mouth contracted, toothed. 

Jungermannia Dicksoni, Hooker Jung. 48. 

On dry rocks, among mosses. 

14. Jungermannia ohtusifolia. Blunt-leaved jugermann. 

Stem ascending, simple ; leaves unequally 2-lobed ; lobes 

folded together, blunt, not cut; lower lobe largest, rather 

scymetarshape ; upper ovate; fruit terminal; calyx reverseovate; 


Jungermannia obtusifolia, Hooker Jung. 26. 

On damp rocky places ; March and April. 

15. Jmigermannia albicans. Whitish jungerma?in. 

Stem upright, slightly branched ; leaves unequally twolobed, 

lobes folded together; tip toothed, middle, pellucid, 

whitish; lower lobe largest, nearly scymetarshape, upper 

oblong, ovate, pointed ; fruit terminal ; calyx reverse-ovate, 

cylindricd; mouth contracted, toothed. 

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, capitulis e foliorura summitate enascentibus 

minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 112, 14. 

Liclienastrum foliis variis, DUlen in Raii Syn. 113,23. 

Jungermannia albicans, Lin, S, P. 1599 1 Eng. Bot. 2240 and 1023, 

left-hand fig. ; Hooker Jung. 25. 

Jungermannia varia, Lin. S. P. 1601. 

On hedge-banks, in loamy soils. 

/3. procumhens. Stem lying down ; leaves nearly upright.

PLcelLfoL 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. 699 

d. Stem compressed; leaves 9,-rowed, equally 3 or 4 cut 

stipules 0. 

1 6 . Juvgermannia incisa. Cut jungermann. 

Stem lying down, depressed, seldom branched; leaves 

rather 4-sided, wavy, 3-cut, lobes toothed in places ; fruit 

terminal; caZ?/Jc revei'se-ovate ; mouth contracted, toothed. 

Jungermannia incisa, Schard. Samml. 2, 5; Hooker Jung. 10; Eng.Bot. 

On bogs, moors, and moist places on mosses. 

17 • JuJigermannia capita t a. Headedjungermann. 

Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves romided, 

4-sided ; lower 2-cut ; upper 3 or 4-cut ; fruit terminal 

calyx oblong, ovate, rather plaited ; mouth contracted, 

toothed. 

Jungermannia capilata, Hooker Jung, 80; Engl. Bot. 

On bogs and dry mountainous places. 

e. Stem compressed j leaves 2-roived, nicked or 2-cut 

stipules 0. 

18. Jungermannia curvifoUa. Curve-leaved jungermann. 

Stem lying down, branched starwise ; leaves roundish, 

very concave, 2-cut ; lobes pointed, bent ; fruit terminal, 

on very short branches ; calyx oblong, slightly plaited 

mouth slightly contracted, toothed. 

Jungermannia curvifolia, Dickson Crypt. 2, 15; Engl. Bot. 1304; 


Jungermannia birostrata, Schleicher Cent. 3,59. 

On alpine rocks and decayed wood. 

19. Jungermannia connivens. Conniventjungermann. 

Stem lying down, branched starwise ; leaves round, concave, 

tip nicked, crescentlike; fruit terminal, on short 

branches ; calyx oblong ovate ; mouth contracted, fringed. 

Jungermannia connivens, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19; Hooker Jung. 15. 

On damp shady places ; April and May. 

20. Jungermannia hyssacea. Byssusjungerma7in. 

Stem lying down, branchwise; leaves nearly 4-sided, 

bluntly 2-cut, lobes pointed; fruit terminal; calyx oblong, 

plaited; mouth open, toothed. 

Jungermannia byssacea, Roth Cat. Bot. 2, 158 ; 

Jungermannia bifida, Schmidel Icon. 250. 

Jungermannia divaricata, Engl. Bot. 719. 

On sand-hills and exposed heaths, 

5 

Hooker Jung. 12.

700 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cell.fol. 

21. Jiingermannia h'lcuspidata. Two-pointed jungermann. 

Si&r.n lying down, branched starwise ; leaves nearly foursided, 

pointedly 2-cut ; lobes pointed, straight, not cut; 

Ji-iiit terminal ; cah/x oblong, plaited ; mouth open, toothed. 

Lichenastrum 

113, 20. 

trichomanis facie, folioJis bifidis minimum, Rail Syn. 

Jiingermannia bicuspidata, im. S. P. 1589; 

Jung. 1 1 

Engl. Bot. 2239 ', Hooker 

Jungermannia globulifera, Pollich Pal. 3, 182. 

JuDgermannia sphserocephala, Roth Germ. 1,4S1. 

Jungeraianaia fissa, Scop. Cam. 1345. 

Jiingermannia bicornis, Fl. Dan. 888. a. 

On moist hedges and banks on heaths; Mar. and April. 

/3. patens, holes of the leaves spreading. 

In marshy places. 

22. Jungermannia Turneri. Turner^s jungermann. 

Stem lying down, bent, branched starwise; leaves broad 

ovate, acutely 2-parted ; lobes folded together, spinous, 

toothed ; fruit terminal ; calyx linear, oblong, plaited 

lengthways ; mouth rather contracted, toothed. 

Jungermannia Turneri, jFfoofcerJu?;^. 29. 

On shady banks of mountain rivulets ; March. 

-23. Jungermannia ventricosa. Belliedjungermann 

leaves open, nearly 

Stem lying down, slightly branched ; 

4-sided, bluntly and broadly nicked, sides bent in ; fruit 

terminal; calyx oblong; mouth contracted, plaited, toothed. 

Lichenastrum quod Jungermannia minima repens, foliis bifidis, vagini 

floruin ventricosa Miciielii, Dillen. Muse, 70, 14. 

Jungermannia ventricosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 14 ; Hooker Jung. 28. 

Jungermannia bidentata globulifera, Weber Goett. 134. 

Jungermannia bidentata, Schmidel Jung. 106, 

Jungermannia globulifera, Follich PaJat. 3, 182. 

Jungermannia bicornis, Hoffni. Germ. 2,89. 

Mnium fissum, Necker Muse. 237, 

On boggy soils, and in woods ; winter and spring. 

24. Jungermannia excisa. Cut-off^ jtinger7na?m. 

Stem lying down, nearly simple; leaves open, nearly 

4-sided, very deeply nicked ; fruit terminal ; 

mouth slightly contracted, plaited, toothed. 

calyx oblong 

Jungermannia excisa, Dickson Crypt. 3, 11 ; Hooker Jung. 9. 

Jungermannia globulifera, Roth Germ, 3, 379, 

Jungermannia Funckii, Mohrh Crypt, Germ. 492. 

In moist shady woods and hedge-banks. 

|3. crispata. Leaves wavy lengthways; lobes unequal, 

crisp.

Pl.cell.fol. 13. HEPATICvE. 336. Jiingermannia. 701 

25. Jungermannia inflata. Blmun-np jungermanni 

Stem lying down, simple or branched ; leaves roundish, 

concave, acutely ^-cut; lobes straight, blunt; /?mz7 terminal 

; calyx reverse pearshape ; mouth contracted, toothed. 

Jungermannia inflata, Hudson yingl. 511 ; Hooker Jung. 38, 

Jungermannia bicrcnata, Schmidel Icon. 246. 

Jungermannia bidenlata, var. 2, Withering Arr. 3, 853. 

In moist boggy places ; all the year. 

26. Jungermannia Orcadejisis. Orkney jungermann. 

Stem upright, not branched ; leaves closely tiledlike, 

upright or spreading, heartshape ovate, flat, tip notched, 

edge turned over. 

Jungermannia Orcadensis, Hooker Jung. 71. 

On moss, at the feet of mountains. 

f. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-roivedy undivided ; stipules 0. 

9,1 . Jungermannia hyalina. Tra7isparent jungermann. 

Stem ascending, bent, forked ; leaves rounded, wâvy ; 

fruit terminal; calyx ovate, cornered; mouth contracted, 

toothed. 

Jungermannia hyalina, Hooker Jung. 63. 

On boggy places, and rocks near waterfalls; April and 

May. 

2S.Junger. sphcerocarpa. Round-fruited junge^-mafm. 

Stem ascending, not branched ; leaves round ; calyx oblong, 

reverse-ovate, cylindrical, 4-cut; capsule spherical. 

Jungermannia sphaerocarpa, Hooker Jung. 74, 

On bogs ; March to May. 

29. Jungermannia crenulata. Crenidate jungermann. 

Sêm lying down, branched; leaves rounded, bordered; 

fruit terminal ; calyx reverse-ovate, compressed, 4-cornered 

lengthways; mouth contracted, toothed. 

Jungermannia crenulata, Engl. Bot. 1463; Hooker Jung. 31. 

On bogs and wet places ; October to April, 

/3. gracillima. Stem rather slender; leaves minute, distant. 

Jungermannia gracillima, Eng. Bot. 2238. 

30. Junger7na?inia sphagni. Bog-moss jungermann. 

Stem lying down, seldom branched ; bud-bearing shoots 

only slipuled ; leaves round ; fruit terminal, on peculiar

702 336. Jungermannia, IS, HEPATIC^. Pl.cellfol. 

branches ; calyx oblong, smaller at both ends ; mouth contracted, 

slightly toothed. 

Jungermannia sphagni, Dickson Crypt. 1, 6; Engl. Bot. 2410; Hooker 

Jung. 33. 

In marshy places, among sphagna ; 

31. Jumêrmanma cordifolia. 

October to April. 

Heart-leaved pingermann. 

Stem upright, bent, forked ; leaves upright, hollow, heartshape, 

rolled round ; fruit terminal and axillary ; calyx 

oblong ovate, slightly plaited ; mouth minute, toothed. 

Jungernianuia cordifolia, Hooker Jung. 32. 

On moist places in alpine mountains; August to March. 

32. Jungermannia pumila. Divarf jungermann. 

Stem ascending, mostly simple; leaves elliptical, ovate; 

J'r7dt terminal ; calyx oblong, ovate, pointed ; mouth contracted, 


Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, minus, ab extremitate florens, Dillen 

Muse. 70, 10, 

Jungermannia pumila, Withering Arr. 3, 866 ; Engl. Bat. 2230; Hooker 

Jung. n. 

On alpine rocks and mountains ; May and June. 

(3. nigricans. Stem branched: leaves distant, growing 

black. 

33. Jungermamiia lanceolata. Spearshape jungermann. 

Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves spreading, 

ovate rather rounded ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, cylin- 

drical ; tip depressed, flat : mouth contracted, slightly 

toothed. 

Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, trichomanis facie, foliolis densius con- 

gestis, minus, Dillen in Raii Syn, 112, 13. 

Jungermannia lanceolata, Lin. S, P. 1597? Hooker Jung. 18. 

On moist places in woods, and trunks of rotten trees. 

g. Stem round; leaves scattered; stipules 0. 

34-. Jungermannia trichophylla. Hair-leavedjungermann. 

Stem creeping, irregularly branched ; leaves tiledlike on 

all sides, in bundles, bristlelike, jointed, spreading, straight; 

fruit terminal; calyx oblong; mouth contracted, fringed. 

Lichenastrum trichodes minimum, in extremitate florens, Dillen Mxisc. 

73,37. 

Jungermannia trichophylla, Lin. S, P. 1601 ; Engl. Bat. 2252; Hooker 

Jung. 7. 

On turfy heaths, and moist rocks.

Pl.cell.fol. 13. HEPATIC^. 336. Jungermannia. 703 

35. Jimgermannia setacea. Bristlelike jungermann. 

Stem creeping, nearly pinnately branched ; leaves tiledlike 

on all sides, in pairs, bristlelike, jointed, spreading, 

bent inwards ; fruit terminal ,• calyx oblong ; mouth open, 

fringed. 

Lichenastrum multiflorum exile, foliis angustissimis, Dillen Muse. 69, 4. 

Jimgermannia setacea, Weber Goett. 155; Hooker Jung. 8. 

Jungermannia miiltiflora, Hudson Angl. 510. 

Jungermannia sertularioides, Linn. Suppl. 449. 

Jimgermannia piiiciflora, Dickson Crypt. 2, 15. 

Jungermannia trichopliylla, var. 3, Roth Germ. 3, 366. 

On bogs, amongst mosses. 

h. Stem round; leaves 2-roiued, stipuled. 

36. Jungermannia tomentella. Fine-downy jungermann. 

Stem nearly upright, 2~pinnate ; leaves nearly flat, unequally 

2-lobed, many-cut, hairlike; upper lobes 2-parted, 

lower lobes very small ; stipules nearly 4-sided, jagged 

fruit axillary; calyx oblong, cylindrical, shaggy; mouth 

open, naked. 

Lichenastrum tilicinum crispum, Dillen in Rail Syn. 111,7. 

Jungermannia tomentella, Ehrhart Beitr. 2, 15; Engl. Bot. 2242; 

Hooker Jung. 36. i 

Jungermannia ciliaris, Weiss Crypt. 1S9. 

On moist places; October to March. 

i. Stem round ; leaves 2-rowed ; stipules 0. 

37. Jungermannia setiformis. Bristleshape jungermann. 

Stem upright, seldom branched ; leaves 2-rowed, closely 

tiledlike, upright, 4-sided, 4-cut; edge irregularly thorntoothed; 

friiit terminal and lateral; calyx oblong, plaited; 

mouth open, toothed. 

Jungermannia, setiformis, Ehrh. Beitr. 3,40; Hooker Jung. 20. 

Jungermannia concatenata, Linn. Ltipp.^SiS. 

(3. alpina. Leaves small; segments not divided. 

k. Stem round; leaves ^-rowed; stipules 0. 

38. Jit7igermannia julacea. Catkin jungermann. 

Stem nearly upright, irregularly branched, threadlike; 

leaves 4-rowed5 ovate, closely tiledlike, upright, acutely 

2-cut ; lobes lanceolate, pointed, slightly serrate ; fruit terminal; 

co/?/x oblong, plaited above ; mouth open, toothed.

704 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE. PLcell.Jol: 

Lichenastrura alpinum, bryijulacei argentei facie, Dillen Muse. 73,38. 

Jungermannia julacea, Lin. S. P. 1601 ; Engl. Bot. 1023 ; Hooker 

Jung. 2. 

Jungermannia concinnata, TVahlenh. Lapp. 3S4. 

On wet places, on alpine heights. 

/3. gracilis. Stem long; leaves small, distant. 

39. Jungermannia laxifolia. Lonsc-leaved jungermanii. 

Stem upright, scarcely branched, threadlike; leaves dis- 

tant, 4-rowed, upright, spreading, ovate, slightly keeled, 

acutely 2-cut \ fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, slightly plaited 


Jungermannia laxifolia, Hooker Jung, 59. 

In mountain rivulets ; April to June. 

Perichetial leaves similar to the stem leaves, distant, 

often leaving the calyx quite exposed. 

XXIII. 337, BAZZANIUS. Bazzanio. 

Monoicous. Male. Anther spherical, pedicelled, in the 

axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx from the 

under side of the stem, pedicelled, oblong, tubular, narrow 

at top ; mouth slit down on one side, toothless ; peduncle 

long; capside ovate, 4

Pl.ceU.fol. l;j. HEPATIC^. 338. Scalius. 705 

larly; peduncle long; capsule ovate, 4-valved; valves regularly 

streaked lengthways and across; seeds spherical, 

clustered, in threes ; elaters affixed to the tops of the valves 

helices single, slenderer at each end. Root fleshy, branched; 

stipules 0. 

Scalius Hookeri. Hooker's scalius. 

Stem upright ; leaves distant, tiledlike, ovate, oblong or 

lobed and cornered. 

Jungermannia Hookeri, Engl. Bot. ^bob'. Hooker Jung. 54. 

On the sides of ditches ; October to May, 

XXV. 339. CESIUS. Cesius. 

Monoicous. Male. ? Fem. Calyx 0; calyptra 

terminal, ovate, bursting; peduncle long; capsule globular, 

^-valved; valves regularly streaked lengthways and across; 

seeds spherical ; elaters affixed to the valves ; helices double, 

rather slender at each end. Leaves 2-rowed ; stipules ; 

perichetial leaves embracing each other, and serving as a 

calyx. 

Cesius concinnatus. Braided cesius. 

Stem upright, branched, top enlarged and compressed 

leaves 2-rowed, closely tiledlike, compact, upright, hollow, 

ovate, nicked ; Jruit terminal. 

JuDgermannia concinnata, Light/. Scot. 2,7S6; Hooker Jung. 3. 

Jungermanuia julacea, Fl. Dan, 1002. 

On barren spongy places on mountains. 

XXVI. 340. HERBERTUS. Herbert. 

Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, in 

clusters, in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx 

; calyptra terminal, ovate ; peduncle long ; capsule 

ovate, 4

706 340. Herbertus. 13. HEPATIC^. PlcellfoL 

JuDgermannia atlunca, Dickson Crypt. 3, 1'2. 

Jungermannia juniperina adunca, Hooker Jung. 4. 

On shady spots of alpine mountains. 

Tufts thick ; leaves yellowish brown. 

XXVII. 341. LIPPIUS. Lippius. 

Monoicous? Male. ? Fem. Calyx from the side of 

the stem, subterraneous, affixed to the upper edge, cylm- 

drical, pouchshaped; mouth circular, fringed with scales; 

calyptra enclosed; peduncle ]omWess, long; capsule oblong, 

4-valved; valves streaked lengthways and across; seeds 

spherical; elaters affixed to the valves ; helices double, ra- 

ther closely twisted. 

Leaves S-rowed, stipuled. 

Lipphis vitiadosus. 

Sprigged Uppjus. 

Stem lying down, branched; leaves slightly tiledlike, 

horizontal, flat, ovate, not cut; stipules broad, ovate, irre- 

gularlv toothed. 

Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, Irichomanis facie, foliolis densins cone:est\s.ma\us, 

Dillen in Rail Syn. iU, ^2. 

^ 

Jungermaania viticulosa, Lin. S. P. 1597; Engl. Bot. 2513; Hooker 

Jung. 60. 

On mountains on the ground, and on mosses and other 

jungermannide^ ; spring. 

XXVIII. 342. KANTIUS. Ka?it. 

Monoicous? Male. ? Fem. Calyx from the side of 

the stem, subterraneous, affixed by the upper edge, cylin- 

drical, pouchshape; mouth circular, crenated; calyptra 

enclosed pe^^^^2c/e jointless, long; capsule oblong, 4 valved, 

; 

valves spiral, streaked lengthways and across seeds sphe- 

; 

rical elaters affixed to the valves ; helices double, rather 

; 

closely twisted. 

Kantius trichomanis. 

Leaves 2-rowed, stipuled. 

Trichomanes kant. 

Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves tiledlike, 

horizontal, convex, ovate, sometimes nicked ; stipules 

rounded, crescentshape. 

Mnium trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidi?, Billen Muse. 31,6. 

Milium trichomanis facie, foliis integris, mUen Muse. 31,5. 

Mnium Trichomanes, Lin. S. P. 1579. 

Mnium fibsum, izn. S. P. 1579. 

„ ., , ^ nn 

Jungermannia trichomanis, Dickson Crypt. 3,8; HooicerJung, 79. 

Jungermannia scalaris, Schmid. Jung. 20. 

Jungermannia fissa, ScopoU Cam. 2, 348. 

Jungermannia sphserocephala, Withering Arr. 3,S3^. 

On moist places in heaths and woods ; summer. 

Forms large patches of a glaucous green colour.

Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCI. 707 

Fam. II. 14. MUSCI. Most botanists. Cryptogamce 

calyptratcB opercidutce, Mohr. 

Flowers unisexual Male. Anthers oblong, spherical, 

networked, bursting irregularly, pedicelled, in the axilla of 

the perichetial leaves; pollen granular. — Fem. Flowers 

terminal or lateral ; pwî//^ many, clustered, only one fertile, 

style terminal ; stigma expanded ; calyptra covering 

the pistiils, bursting across at bottom, rising up with the 

capsules; calyx. 0; perichetial leaves surrounding the calyptra 

; capsule pedicelled, valvelcss, operculated ; columella 

central ; mouth fringed, fringe single or double ; lid mostly 

deciduous ; seeds roundish, attached to the columeUa 

elaters 0. Plants small, texture compactly cellular; leaves 

mostly with a main rib, "undivided or slightly toothed. 

A. Perislo7ne 0. 

Capsule 4-valved Andrea, 34S. 

Caps, not cut, sessile; recept. pedicelled Sphagnum. ,344. 

Caps, not cut, pedicelled ; recept. sessile 

lid adnate Phascum. 345. 

Caps, not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile; 

lid deciduous, at last jagged Schistostega. 346. 

Caps, not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile; 

/id! deciduous ; ca /?//)/?•« bellshaped .. Anictangium. 347. 

Caps, not cut, pedicelled ; 

recept. sessile; 

lid deciduous ; calyptra halved .... Gymnostomum. 348. 

B. Peristome single, formed of a membrane only. 

Peristome conoid, folded Diphyscium. 349. 

C. Peristome single, formed of teeth or hairs. 

Teeth of the peristome 4 Tetraphis. 350. 

Teeth eight pair Splachnum. 351. 

Teeth 16, cohering at the tip Conostomum. 352. 

Teeth 32, tips joined by a membranePoLYTRiCHUM. 353. 

Teeth 32, twisted, anastomosing at 

bottom CiNCLiDOTUS. 354. 

Teeth 32, twisted, joined by a membrane 

, . . .' Tortula. 355. 

Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free; 

calyptra bellshape, or mitrelike, smooth Encalypta. 356. 


calyptra bellshape or mitrelike, furrowed Grimmia, 357. 

2 z 2

708 14. MUSCI. PLcell.fpL 


calyplra halved; fruii lateral Pterogonium. 358. 


calyptra halved ; fruit terminal Weissia. 359. 

Teeth 16, two-cut, straight, free Dicranum. 360, 

Teeth 16 pair, straight, free; 

calyptra raitreshape , . . Trichostomum. 361 

Teeth 1 6 pair, straight, free 

calyptra halved ; fruit lateral Leucodon. 362. 

Teeth 16 pair, straight, free; 

calyptra halved ; fruit terminal Didymodon. 363. 

D. Peristome double ; the interiial formed of cilice not 

connected together. 

Fruit terminal; teeth oblique; 

cilicB opposite to the teeth Funaria. 364. 

Fruit terminal ; teeth oblique 

cilicB alternating ; calyptra halved Zygodon. 365, 

Fruit texxmnai ; 

êe/A oblique; 

a7i

PLcelLfoL 14. MUSCI. 343. Andr^Ba. 709 

1 Andrcea alpina. Alpine hlackmoss. 

Stems branched ; leaves obovate, suddenly pointed, 

straight, covering the stem on all sides tiledlike; main-rib 

none. 

Lichenaotrum alpinum atro-rubens feres, calycibus squamosis, Dillen 

Muse. 506, 

Jungermannia alpina, Lin. S. P. 1602. 

Andreas alpina, Hedwig Sp. Muse, 49. 

On rocks ; summer. 

2. ylndrcEa rupestris. Rock hlackmoss. 

Stem branched ; leaves ovate, pointed by degrees ; mainrib 

none ; upper leaves sickleshape. 

Jungermannia rupestris, Lin. S. P. 1601. 

Andraea rupestris, Hedw. S. Muse. 47 ; Engl. Bot. 1277. 

On rocky mountains. 

3. Aiidrcea Bfithii. 

Roth's hlackmoss. 

Stems almost simple; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, sicklelike, 

one-rowed, main-ribbed ; perichetial leaves oblong, 

ribless ; edges turned in. 

Liclienastrum 

Muse. 507. 

atpinum nigricans; foliis capillaceis reflexis, Dillen 

Jungermannia rupestris, Lin. S. P. 1601. 

Andrasa rupestris. Turner Muse. Hib. 14. 

Andraja Rothii, Mohr. Crypt. Germ. 11 ; 



4. Andrcea nivalis. Snoiv hlackmoss. 

Stems slightly branched ; leaves loosely tiled-like, lanceo- 

late, slightly falcate, one-rowed, main-ribbed; perichetial 

leaves like the stem-leaves. 

Andraea nivalis, Hooker in Lin. Tr. 10,395; Engl. Bot. 2507. 

On rocks, 

II. 344. SPHAGNUM. Dillenius. Bogmms. 

Receptacle peduncled ; capsule sessile, not valved ; lid 

falling off; mouth toothless ; calyptra irregularly torn. 

Leaves whitish, with large network, meshes oblong, transversely 

streaked ; main rib : grow in bogs, or water. 

• I. Sphagmim ohtusifolium. y Bluntleaved hogmoss. 

Branches swollen ; leaves ovate, blunt, closely tiledlike-

710 SM. Sphagnum. 14-. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol. 

Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum paliistre moUe candicans, reflexis 

rainulis, foliolis latioribus, Raii Syn. 104, 1. 

Musciis tenestris vulgatissinius, Park, 1306. 

Sphagnum palustre, Lin. S. P. 1569. 

Sphagnum obtusifolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 241. 

Sphagnum latifolium, Hedwig. Engl, Dot. 14C5, 

Sphagnum cymbifolium, Swartz Suec. 

In bogs. 

Very retentive of moisture, used to pack up live plants 

to send to a distance. 

/3. minus. Stems in close tufts ; leaves closely tiledlike. 

Sphagnum compactum, Schwcegr. Supp, S. 

y.fluitans. Stems very long, slender; leaves scattered, 

distant. 

Spliagnum latifolium fluitans, Turner Muse. Hib. Q. . 

Old wives tow. 

2. Sphagnum squarrosum. 

Branches slender at the end ; leaves ovate, pointed, 

scurfy, turned back. 

Sphagnum squarrosum, Weber b; Mohr Helse, 2, 1 ; Engl. Hot. 1498. 

On bogs. 

3. Sphagmim acutifolium. Narrow-leaved logmoss. 

Branches slender; leaves ovate, lanceolate, crowded. 

Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum palustre molle candicans, reflexis 

ramulis, foliolis angustioribus, Raii Syn. 104,2. 

Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 72. 

Sphagnum capilli folium, Engl. Bot. 1406, 

On bogs. 

4. Sphagnum, cuspidatum. Pointed bogmoss. 

Branches slender; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, weak. 

Sphagnum cuspidatum, Ehrh. Crypt, 25 ; Engl. Bot. 2392. 

In water, on bogs. 

III. 345. PHASCUM. Haller. Sguat-moss. 

Receptacle sessile; capsule pedicelled; pedicell terminal -, 

peristome 0; lid adnate, persistent; calyptra halved. Plants 

often very minute. 

a. Shoots creeping, leafless, jointed, branched. 

I. Phascum serralum. Serrated squat-moss. 

Shoots branched, leafless, jointed ; perichetial leaves lan- 

ceolate, serrated, ribless.

Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCl. 315. Phasciim. 711 

Pliasciim serratum, Engl. Bot. 460 ; Dicks. Crypt. 1,1. 

Phascum stoloniferum, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 7 ? 

On shady sandy banks. 


Capsules large; seeds about 100 in a capsule, large. 

b. Creeping shoots Q\ leaves awlshape. 

2. Phascum altermfolium. Alternate-leaved squat-moss. 

Leaves uncut, lanceolate, awlshape ; shoots long. 

Phascum alternifolium, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 2 ; 


On moist banks. 

Perichetial leaves large, long; seeds about 16 in each 

capsule, very large, greenish, cornered, without any border. 

3. Phascum crispU7n. Crisp squat-moss. 

Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, bent, crisp when dry. 

Phascum crispum, Ejigl. Bot. 1680. 

Phascum multicapsulare, Engl. Bot. 618. 

On banks and fie^lds. 

4. Phascum subulatum. Awlshape squaimoss. 

Leaver awlshape, bristlelike, straight: main rib disappearing 

below^ the point. 

Sphagnum acaulon trichoides, Rati Syn. 105,6. 

Phascum subulatum, Lin. S. P. 1570; Engl. Bot. 2177. 

On dry banks. 

5. Phascum axiUare. Axillary squal-moss. 

Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, straight; main rib disappearing 

below the point; fruit becomes lateral. 

Phascum axillare, Dicks. Crypt. 1,2. 

Phascum nitidum, IJedwig St. Crypt. 1, 34. 

Phascum strictum, Dicks. Crypt. 1,2; Engl. Bot. 2093. 


c. Creeping shoots ; leaves ovate ; pedicell immersed in 

the leaves. 

6. Phascum patens. Spreading squat-moss. 

Leaves spread open, narrow, ovate, serrated; main rib 

disappearing below the point. 

Phascum patens, Hedvoig. Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot. 1279. 

On clay fields. 

(3. recurvifolium. Leaves very narrow. 

Phascum recurvifolium, Dickson Crypt.

712 345. Phascum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol. 

7. Phascum muticum. Unarmed squat-mos. 

Leaves ovate, rounded, pointed, concave, connivent, serrated 

at the point ; main rib reaching to the point. 

Sphagnum acaulon, foliis in bulbi forma congesiis, minus, DiWen. in Raii 

Syn. 105, 8, 

Phascum muticum, Sclireb. Phase, 8, 1 ; Engl. BoL 2027. 

Phascum acaulon 13, Lin. S. P. 1570. 


(3. minus. Plant very small ; leaves uncut. 

On banks near the sea. 

8. Phascum cuspidatum. Pointed sqvat-moss. 

Leaves ovate, pointed, upright ; main rib reaching the 

point. 

Sphagnum acaulon, foliis 

105,7. 

in bulbi formam congestis, majus, Raii Syn. 

Phascum acaulon, Lin. S. P. 1570. 

Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. Phase. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 2095. 

Phascum Schreberianum, Dicks, Crypt. 4, 2 ; Engl. Bot. 2026, 

Phascum curvisetuui, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 2 ; Engl. Bot. 2259. 

On moist hedge-banks. 

(3. piliferum. Leaves ending in a hair. 

Ph.iscura piliferum, Schreb. Phase. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1888, 

On barren pastures, 

d. Creeping shoots ; leaves ovate j pedicells exserted. 

9. Phascum hryoides. Bryum squatmoss. 

Leaves ovate, with a point ; capsule elliptical. 

Phascum bryoides, Dicks, Crypt. 4, 10; Engl. Bot. 1280. 

On banks, and in fields. 

10. Phascum rectum. Straight squatmoss. 

Leaves ovate, with a short point ; capsule globular ; peduncle 

nearly upright. 

Phascum rectum. Withering Arr. 4, 771 ; 


On moist banks, along with weissia Starkeana. 

1 1 Phascum curvicollum. Bent-necked squat-moss. 

Leaves narrow, ovate, pointed j capsule globular ; peduncle 

bent. 

Phascum curvicollum, Hedwig Crypt. 1,11; Engl. Bot. 905. 

On moist banks.

Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 346. Schistostega. 713 

IV. 346. SCHISTOSTEGA. Mohr. Slate-moss. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal ; peristome ; lid 

jagged ; jaggs fall off. 

Schistostega pennata. Feathered slate-moss. 

Schistostega osraundacea, Mohr Germ, 92. 

Gymnostomum pennatum, Hedwig Crypt. 1, Crypt. 1,29 i Engl. Bot. 

2213. 

Mnium osmundaceum, Dicks. Crypt, 1,1. 

On banks. 

v. 347. ANICTANGIUM. Hedwig. BelUmoss, 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal ; peristome ; lid 

falling off; calyptra bellshape. Leaves without a main rib. 

1. Anictangium ciliatum. Fringed hell-moss. 

Leaves ovate, longly pointed, points transparent; peri- 

chetial leaves fringed at the tip. 

Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum saxatile hirsutuni incanum, capitulis 

vircntibus, Raii Syn. 105,4. 

Bryum apocarpum /3, Lin. S. P. 1579, 

Gymnostomum ciliatum, Szortr^s Swec. 19 ; Engl. Bot. 1179, 

Gymnostomum Hedvvigia, Hoffman Germ, 2,28. 

Hedwigia ciliata, Hedw, Crypt. 1, 107. 

Hedvvigia Anodon, Ehrh. Crypt. 192, 

Anictangium ciliatum, Hedw, Muse, 40, 

Bryum ciliatum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 6. 

Fontinalis albicans, Weber Gott. 38. 

Phascum piliferum. Withering Arr. 4,786. 

On high rocks; autumn. 

2. Anictangium imherhe. Beardless hell-moss. 

Leaves ovate, pointed, coloured at the tip; perichetial 

leaves serrated at the tip. 

Gymnostomum imberbe, Engl. Bot. 2237. 

Hedwigia integrifolia. Pal. de Beauv. Prod. 60. 

Anictangi\nn imberbe, Hooker fif Taylor Muse. 14. 

On mountains. 

VI. 348. GYMNOSTOMUM. Plaiii-mouth. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal; peristome 0; lid 

falling off; calyptra halved. 

a. Stem long, hranched. 

1. Gymnostomum Lapponicum. Lapland plain-mouth. 

Leaves linear, ' lanceolate, when dry crisp, edges turned 

in ; perichetial leaves broad, ovate ; capsule topshape, 

streaked. 

5

714 348. Gyinnostomum. J4. MUSCI. Pl.cetlfol. 

GjTnnoslomnm Lspponicnm, Hedtc. Crypt. 3. 5; EngL Hot. 2216. 

Anictan^rium Lapponicum, Hcdieig Sp. Muse, 40. 

Brjum Lapponicmn, Dickson Crypt. 4, 10. 


2. Gyimijostomum cEstivum. Summer plain-moutk. 

Leaves lanceolate, when dry twisted, edges turned in ; pe~ 

ridietial leaves broad, ovate ; capsule oblong, smooth. 

Gymnoitomam EBstivnm, Hcdic. Sp. Muse. 32, 2, 

GymDostomnm loteolnm, Engl. Bot. 2201 ; not of Smith Fl.Brit. 

GymDostomum tristichon, Wahlenh.Lapp. 

Anictanginm compactuca, ScJiKScgr.Suppl, 11. 

On wet rocks. 

3. Gymnostomum viridissimum. GreeneiL plahi-moulh. 

Leaves broad, lanceolate: capsule ovate. 

GymDostomum viridissimum, Engl. Bot. 1583. 

Bryum viridissimum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 9. 

Grimmia; Forsteri, Engl Bot. 2225. 

Brynni Forsteri, Dicks. Crypt 

On trees. 

4. Gymnostomum curvirostrum. Bent-heak plain-mouih. 

Leaves awlshape : capsule topshape, ovate, lid obliquely 

beaked. 

Bryum aDgxistissimis foliis crebrioribas. capinilis erectis brevibns, pediculis 

e surculis novis el longis enasceutibus, Dlllen in Rati Syn. 99,38. 

Brvum aestivum, Lin. S. P. 15S5. 

Gymnoilomum curvirostrum, Htdic. Crypt. 2,24; Engl. Bot. 2214. 

Bryum palustrC; Hiids. Jngl. ed. 1, 411. 

Bryum sielligernm, Dicks. Crypt^'i,3. 

Gymnostomum stelligernm, Engl. Bot. 2202. 

GymDostomum srugicosum, Engl. Bot. 2200. 

GymDostomum luteolnm, Smith Fl. Brit. 1163. 

GymDostomum rupestre, SckiMSgr. Suppl. 11. 

Dicrauum hvperboreum, EngL Bot. 2552? 

On moist rocks. 

b. Stem shorif not branched. 

5. Gymnostomum Griffitsii. Griffiths' plain-mouth. 

Leaves reverse ovate, rounded, networked; main rib not 

reaching to the point: pedicell fleshy, thick; lid hemispherical. 

Bryum Griffithsiauum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 8. 

Splacbanm Froelichiannm, JVithering Arr. 794. 

GymDostomum Griffithsiauum, Smith Fl. Brit. 1162; Engl. Bot. 1938. 

On mountains ; summer. 

The appearance is that of a splachnum.

Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCI. 348. Gymnostomum. 7L5 

6. Gymnostomum ovatum. Ovate plain-mouth. 

Leaves ovate, upright, concave, tip hairlike, main rib 

furnished with a granule-bearing membrane; capsule ovate; 

lid beaked. 

Bryum ovatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,4. 

Gymnostomum ovatum, Hedw. Sp. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 1S89. 

On banks and walls. 

B. gracile. Capsule oblong. 

7. Gymnostomum truncatum. Truncated plain-mouth. 

Leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, spreading, nearly flat; capsule 

topshape ; lid obliquely beaked. 

Bryum parvura, erectissubrotundis majusculis capitulis subfuscig; foliis 

serpilli pellucidis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 93. 

Bi'yum truncatuluni, Lin, S. P. 1584. 

Gymnostomum truncatum, Hedio. Sp. 30. 

Gymnostomum truncatulum, Iloffm. Germ. 2,27 ; 

On banks and walls. 

** 


/3. ifitermediiwi. Capsule ovate, long. 

Bryum exiguum, erectis parvis subrotundis creberrimis capitulis lufis, 

foliolis serpilli angustis pellucidis. Dill, in Raii Syn, 94, 8. 

Bryura truncatulum, Ehrji. Crypt, 14. 

8. Gymnostomum Heimii. Heim's plain-mouth. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrated at the point ; capsule ovate, 

oblong ; lid obliquely beaked. 

Gymnostomum Heimii, Hedw. Crypt. 1,30; Engl. Bot. 1951. 

Gymnostomum oblusum, Iledw. Sp. 2, 34; Engl. Bot. 1407. 

Bryum Heimii, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 4. 

Hryum ohtasum, Dickson Crypt. 2,5. 

On moist banks ; annual ; spring and summer. 

9. Gymnostomum conicum. Conical plain-mouth. 

Leaves oblong, ovate, sharp-pointed ; capsule ovate 

operculum conical, blunt. 

Gymnostomum conicum, Schweegr. Suppl. 9. 

In fields. 

10. Gymnostoynumfasciculare. Bundled plain-mouth. 

Leaves oblong, pointed, nearly flat, slightly serrated, 

bordered ; capsule pearshape ; lid flat, slightly nipply. 

Bryum ^gypti, Hasselq, Iter. 502. 

Bryum fasciculare, Dicks. Crypt. 3,3. 

Gymnostomum fasciculare, Hedw. Sp. 4,5; Engl. Bot. 1243. 

The hyssop that groweth on the wall. English Bible.

716 348. Gymnostomum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol. 

On mountains and barren pastures ; winter and spring. 

Abundant on the walls of Jerusalem. 

1 1. Gymnostomum pyriformeJ 7.7(^Pearskape plain-month. 

Leaves ovate, pointed, concave, serrated, not bordered ; 

capsule roundish, ovate ; lid convex, beaked, beak short. 

Bryum parvum, erectis piriformibus majusculis capitulis, foliis serpilli 

pellucidis, Raii Syn, 93, 7. 

Bryura pyriforme, Lin. S. P. 15S0. 

Gymnostomum pyriforme, Hedw. Sp. 38 ; Engl. Bot. 413. 

On wet banks and sides of ditches ; winter and spring. 

12. Gymnostomum tenue. Slender plain-mouth. 

Stem scarcely any; lower leaves very short, ovate, lanceolate; 

upper linear, lanceolate ; all upright, blunt; main 

rib strong, not reaching the point. 

Bryum paucifolium, Dicks. Crypt, 4,7. 

Gymnostomum tenue, Hedw. Sp. 4, 1. 

Gymnostomum paucifolium, Engl. Bot. 2506. 

Dicranum cylindricum, Smith Ft. Brit. 1221. 

On sandstone rocks and ruins. 

13. Gymnostomum Donnii. Demi's plain-mouth. 

Stem very short ; leaves avvlshape, straight ; capsule topshape. 

Gymnostomum Donnianum, Engl. Bot, 1582. 

On rocks. 

Appearance very similar to that of weissia calcarea. 

14. Gymnost. microstomum. Small-mouth plain-mouth. 

Leaves broad, awlshape, edge turned in above, bent, 

crisped when dry; capsule elliptical, contracted at the 

mouth ; lid awlshape, bent. 

Gymnostomum microstOQium, Hedvs. Sp, 33; Engl. Bot. 2215. 

Gymnostomum rutilans, Hedw. Sp. 3. 

Gymnostomum tortile, Schwcegr. Suppl, 10. 

On banks. 

Very like weissia controversa, but distinguishable by the 

mouth of the capsule, and short pedicell. 

VII. 349. DIPHYSCIUM. DouMe-hufich. 

Capsule valveless, gibbous, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal 

peristome single, membranaceous, conical, truncated, plaited; 

calyptra mitreshape.

Pl.celLfol. 14. MUSCI. 349. Diphyscium. 717 

Diphysciumfoliomm. I-'ôfl) douhle-hunch. 

Sphagnum acaulon 

253. 

maximum, foliis in centre ciliaribus, Dillen Muse, 

Buxbaumia foliosa, Suiartz in Lin. Meth. Muse. 33 ; 

Buxl)aumia sessilis, Schmidel Buxb. 22, 

Phascum montanum, Hudson Angl, 466. 

Phascum maximum, Light/. Scot. 693. 

Dicranum foliosiim, Mohr. Obs. Bot, 34. 


On low alpine rocks, and in wôods ; 

Capsule large, ovate, oblique. 

annual ; July. 

VIII. 350. TETRAPHIS. Hedwig. Four-tooth. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, pedicells terminal; perU 

stome single ; teeth four, equidistant, upright ; calyptra 

mitreshape. 

1. TetrapMs pellucida. Transparent four-tooth. 

Stems long; leaves ovate, pointed; perichetial leaves lan- 

ceolate; cap5z

718 351.SpIachnum. 14. MUSCI. PLcellfoL 

Bryum erectis gigartinis capUnlis, foliis scrpilli pellucklis obtusi-s 

Dillen in Rati Syn. 93. 

Phasciun pedunculatiim, Huds. dngl. ed. 1,397. 

Splachnum sphwericum, Lin. Fil. Muse. 33 ; Engl. Bot. 785. 

Splacltnum gracile, Dicks. Crupt. 4, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 1921. 

Splachnuin vasculosum, Huds. Avgl. 469. 

Spiaclmum ovatiiin, Hedwig S. Muse. 54, 8 ; Engl. Bot. 1 590. 

Splachnum rugosum, Dicks. Crypt. 4-, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 2094. 

On the dung of animals on alpine hiils. 

2. Splachnum- ienue. Slender glandmoss. 

Leaves reverse ovate, pointed, serrated ; apophysis reverse 

conical, narrower than the capsule; columella ex- 

serted. 

Splachnum lepue, Dicks. Crypt. 2,2; Engl. Bot. 1133, 

Splachnum serratum, Hedwig S. Muse, 8, I. 

Splachnum longicollum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,4. 

Grimmia splachnoides, Smith Fl. Brit. 1197 ; not of Engl. Bot. 

On turfy soils, but not on dung, on high mountains. 

a. Splachnum 7nniuides. Miihimlike ghmdmoss. 

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, much pointed, concave, not 

serrated ; apophysis reverse ovate, nearly as narrow as the 

capsule. 

Splachnum mnioide?, Lin. Fil. Muse. 6 ; 

Splachnum nrceolatum /3, Wahlenh. Lapp. 

Splachnum urceolatum, Dicks. Crypt. 2,2. 

Among mosses on high rocky mountains. 

(3. majus. Thallus pale ; stem long. 


Bryum ampullaceum, foliis et ampullis angustioribus, Dillen Muse. 345. 

Splachnum fastigiatum, Dicks. Crypt. 3,2; Engl. Bot. 786. 

Splachnum Brewerianura, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 38. 

4. Splachnum angustatum. Narroived glandmoss. 

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, much pointed, serrated ; apophysis 

reverse ovate, rather narrower than the capsule ; pe- 

duncles scarcely longer than the leaves. 

Splachnum angustatum, lAn. Fil. Muse. 33 ; 

On alpine hills, on turf and cowdung. 


5. Splachnum ampullaceum. ^/r-^ Crewet glandmoss. 

Leaves ovate lanceolate, pointed, serrated ; apophysis 

inverted crewetshape, twice as wide as the capsule. 

Splachnum ampullaceum, Lin. S.P. 1572; Engl. Bot. 144. 

Splacl:num Turnerianum, Dicks. Crypt, 4, 3 ; 


On the ground and on dung, on alpine hills.

Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCI. 351. Splachnum, 719 

b. Leaves Hunt. 

6. Splachnum vasculosian. Vasciilose glandmoss. 

Leaves rhomboid, rounded, blunt; main rib not reaching 

the point; apophysis globular, much wider than the capsule. 

- Splachnum vasculosiim, Hedioig Crypt. 2, 15. 

Splaclimim rugosiim, Engl. Dot. 2094, not of Dicksmi. 

On alpine bogs. 

7. Splachnum Frcellchii. Froelich's glandmoss. 

Leaves ovate, rounded at the points ; main rib disappearing 

; apophysis reverse ovate, much narrower than the 

capsule. 

Splaclinum Frcelichianum, Hedw. Crypt. 3,40. 

Bryum reticnlatum, Dicks, Crypt. 2, 4. 

Splachnum reticulatum, Engl. Bot. 250T. 

On alpine mountains. 

X. 352. CONOSTOMUM. Swartz. Cone-mouth. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peristojne 

single, toothed; teeth 16, equally distant, all united 

at the top ; calyptra halved. 

Conostomum loreale. Northern cone-mouth. 

Stem rather short ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled, 


Conostomum boreale, Swartz in Schrad. Journ. 1,24. 

Grimmia Conostoma, Engl. Bot. 1135. 

Bryum tetragonum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 8. 

On very high mountains. 

XI. 353. POLYTRICHUM. Pliny. A '20 Hairy-cap. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; pmsto7ne 

single, toothed; teeth 32 or 64, equally distant, bent; 

tips united by a horizontal membrane ; calyptra small, 

halved. Leaves generally thick, opake, winged. 

a. Calyptra naked. 

1 . Polytrichum undulatum. JVavy hairy-cap. 

Leaves lanceolate, wavy ; edge flat, fine-toothed; main 

rib winged ; capsule cylindrical, bent ; lid awlshape. 

Brymn capitulis oblongis rubentibus, foliis oblongis angustis pellucidis 

iiigosis, Rail Syn, 95, 15. 

Biyiiin undulatum, Lin. S. P. 1582. 

Polytrichum undulatum, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 16; Engl. Bot. 1220, 

Catharinea Callibryon, Ehrh. Crypt. S3. 

Catliarinea undulata, Wehr ct Mohr Reise, 

Oligotrichum undulatum, De Cand, Ft. Gall. 1201. 

In shady places.

1^0 353. Polytrichum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL 

2. Polytrichum Hercynicum. Hercynian hairy-cap. 

Leaves lanceolate, stiff, not toothed ; sides turned in 

main rib broad, furrowed ; capsule oblong, nearly upright. 

Polytrichum Hercynicum, Hedw. Sp, Muse. 94 ; 

Catharinea Hercynica, Ehrh. Crypt. 12. 

Bryum incurvum, Hudson Angl. 479. 

Oligotriclium Hercynicum, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 1202. 

On high mountains. 

Engl. Hot. 1209. 

b. Calyptra covered with siicadent threads ; leaves not cut j 

edges turned in. 

3. Polytrichuvi pilifoUum. Hair-leaved hairy -cap. 

Leaves lanceolate, awlshape; edges turned in, not cut; 

tip hairlike; capsule ovate, bluntly 'i-sided, apophysed; lid 

conical. 

Polytrichum quadrangulare minus, juniperi foliis pilosis, Dillen. Muse, 

426. 

Polytrichum commune y, Lin. S. P. 1573. 

Polytrichum piliferum, Sehreb.Lips.li ; Engl. Bot. 1199. 

On dry sandy heaths ; perennial ; spring. 

4. Polytrichum juniperinum. Juniper hairy-cap. 

Leaves lanceolate, awlshape ; edge not cut, turned in 

tip pointed, coloured, slightly serrate; capsule ovate, bluntly 

4-sided, apophysed; /ic? conical. 

Polytrichum montanum et minus, capsula quadrangulari, Baii Syn, 

90, 2. 

Muscus capillaris sive Adiantum aureum minus, Ger. em. 1559. 

Polytrichum commune /3, Lin. S. P. 1573, 

Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw. Spec. 80, 18 ; Engl. Bot. 1200. 

Polytrichum juniperifolium, Hoffm. Crypt. 

Polytrichum strictum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 77 ; 

Polytrichum alpestre, Schwccgr. Suppl, 97, 

On mountain heaths. 

Eng. Bot. 2435. 

5. Polytrichum septenirionale. Northern hairy-cap. 

Leaves linear, awlshape, blunt ; edge slightly serrate and 

turned in, especially near the tip; capsule ovate, rather 

cornered, with a minute apophysis ; lid conical, pointed. 

Polytrichum septenirionale, Swartz Muse. Suec. 9, 18, 

Polytrichum sexangulare, Engl. Bot. 1906, 

Polytrichum Norvegicum, Hedic. Spee. 22, 

Polytrichum crassisetum, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 1270. 

On the highest mountains.

Pl.cell.fol 14-. MUSCI. 353. Polytrichum. m 

c. Calypira covered with succulent threads ; leaves serrated 

edges flat. 

Common hairy-cap. 

^'7 6. Polytrichum commune. ; 

Stem lonp; ; leaves spread open, linear, awlshape ; edges 

flat, serrated; keel serrated at the tip; capsule upright, 

4-cornered, apophysed. 

Polytrichum vulgare et majus, capsulji quadranûlare, Rail Syn. 90, 1. 

Muscus capillaris sive Adiantuin aureurn majus, Ger. em. 1539. 

Polytrichum aureum majus. Park. 1052. 

Polytrichum commune, Lin. S. P. 1573; Engl. Bot. 1197. 

Polytrichum juccEsfolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 214. 

Great golden maiden hair. 

On heaths. 

Golden locks. Goldilocks. 

(3. attenuatum. Stera short; leaves short; edge trans- 

parent; capsule bluntly quadrangular; apophysis indistinct. 

Polytrichum attenuatum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 72 ; Engl. Bot. 1 198. 

Polytrichum formosum, Hedw. Spec. 92. 

Polytrichum gracile, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 73 ; Engl. Bot, 1827. 

Polytrichum longisetum, Swartz Muse. Suec, 103. 

Polytrichum aurantiacum, Hoppe, 

7. Polytrichum alpinum. Alpine hairy-cap. 

Stem long, branched; leaves spread open, awlshape 

lanceolate; edge flat, serrated; keel serrated at the tip; 

capsule nearly ovate ; apophysis indistinct. 

Polytrichum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 1593 ; 


Polytrichum sylvaticum, Menzies in T.L. S. 4,83. 

Polytrichum aureum, Swartz Muse. Suec, 76. 

On subalpine hills. 

8. Polytrichum urnigerujn. Urnhearing hairy-cap. 

Stem long, branched ; leaves slightly spreading, lanceo- 

late, pointed ; edge flat, serrated ; capsule upright, cylin- 

drical; apophysis 0. 

Polytrichum ramosum, setis ex alis urniseris, Dillen. Muse. 427. 

Polytrichum urnigerum, Lin. S. P. 1573 ; Engl. Bot. 1218. 

On the sides of mountain streams. 

9. Polytrichum aloides. Aloe hairy-cap. 

Stem short; leaves linear, lanceolate, blunt; edge flat, 

serrated especially at the tip ; keel serrated at the end 

capsule nearly upright, cylindrical; apophysis 0. 

Polytrichum parvum aloes folio serrate, capsulis oblongis, Dillen. Muse. 

429. 

Mnium polytrichoides )S, Lin. S. P. 1577. 

Polytrichum aloides, Iledwig. Crypt. \, 14; Engl. Bot. 1649, 

Polytrichum rubeilum, Menzies T.L. S. 2,79; Engl. Bot. 1939. 

On moist heaths. 

VOL, I. 3 a

722 353. Polytrichum. 14, MUSCI. Pl.ceU.fol. 

jB. Dicksojii. Pedicells very short; siems branched. 

Polytrichum Dicksoni, Turner M. Heb. 90; Engl. Bot. 1605. 

y nanum. Stem short ; capsules nearly upright, almost 

globular. 

Polytrichum cajisulis subrotundis, calyptra quasi lacera coionatis, R(tii 

Syn. 91,3. 

Polytrichum nanum, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 13; Engl. Bot. 1625. 

Polytrichum subrotuiidum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 69 ; Engl. Bot. 1624. 

Polytrichum pumilum, Sioartz M. Suec. 9, 19. 

XII. 354. CINCLIDOTUS. Pal. de Beauvois. Net-tooth. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peristome 

single, toothed; teeth 32, threadlike, twisted, anastomosing 

at the bottom ; calyptra mitreshape. Fruit on 

such short branches as scarcely to leave room for more 

than the perichetial leaves. 

Cindidotusfontinaloides. Fontinalislike net-tooth. 

Fontinalis minor, foliis triangularibus minus coinplicatis, capitulis in 

snmmis ramulis sessilis, Dillen.in Rail Syn. 79,2. 

Fontinalis minor, Lin. S. P. 157 I ; Engl. Bot. 557. 

Trichostomura fontinalcides, Hedw. Crypt, 3,36. 

Cinclidotus fontinaloides, i?ea«y. Prod. jEth. 28. 

On stones and wood in rivers ; perennial ; May to Aug. 

XIII. 355. TORTULA. Hedwig. / ^-4 ^ Screw-moss. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal ; peristome 

single, toothed; teeth 32, threadlike, twisted, united at 

bottom by a tubelike membrane; calyptra halved. 

1. Tortula rigida. Stiff screw-moss. 

Stem scarcely any; leaves spread open, oblong, stiff; 

edge much turned in, main rib broad; capsule oblong; 

lid conical, pointed. 

Bryum acaulon, ericae tenuifolia? Gerardi folio, Dillen Muse. 388. 

Tortula rigida, Swartz M. Suec. 40. 

Barbula rigida, Hedw, Crypt. 1 , 65. 

Bryum rigidum, Huds. Angl, 477 ; Engl, Bot. 180. 

On rocks, clay-banks, and chalk-cliffs. 

2. Tortula muralis,' IVall screw-moss. 

Stem short; leaves spread open, linear, oblong; edge 

turned over; main rib produced beyond the leaf into a 

white hairlike point; cop «//e oblong ; lid conical, pointed.

Pl.celLfoL 14. MUSCI. 355. Tortula. 723 

Bryiim minus, erectis minus falcatis capitulis, foliis latiusculis congestis, 

in pilum canescentem desiiientibus, Raii Syn. 94, II. 

Bryum murale, Lin. S. P. 1381. 

Tortula muralis, Hedw. Spec. 123 ; Eng. Bot. 2033. 

Barbula muralis, Moug. et Nestl. 127. 

Tortula aestiva, Bridel. 

On walls and stones ; perennial ; winter and spring. 

3. Tortula ruralis. Country screw-moss. 

Stems long; leaves oblong, keeled, spread open, bent 

back ; main rib ending in a long, usually transparent, serrated 

point; capsule oblong; lid awlshape; teeth of the 

peristome only united at bottom. 

Bryum majus, erectis falcatis capitulis, foliis latlusculis exlantibus, in 

pilum canescentem desineutibus, Raii Syn. 94, 10. 

Bryum rurale, Lin. S. P. 1581. 

Tortula rural is, Ehrh. Crypl. 184 ; Engl. Bot. 2070, 

Barbula ruralis, Hedw. Sp. Slufc. 121, 

Syntrichia ruralis, Bridel. 

On banks, trees, and roofs, 

4. Tortula subulata. Awlshape screwmoss. 

Stem very short; leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed ; main 

rib protruded, often forming a point ; capsule cylindrical 

lid conical, awlshape; teeth of the peristome united nearly 

to the end. 

Bryum erectis longis et acutis falcatis capitulis, calyptra subfusci, foliis 

serpylli pellucidis, Raii Syn. 92, 3. 

Bryum subulalum, Lin. S. P. 1581. 

Tortula subulata, Hedw. Spec. 122 ; En^l. Bot. 1 101. 

Barbula subulata, Moug. et Nestl. 126. 

Syntrichia subulata, Bridel. 

On banks ; perennial ; winter and spring. 

5. Tortula cuneifoUa. 

Wedge-leaved screiv-moss. 

Stem scarcely any ; leaves broad, reverse ovate, concave 

main rib protruded, forming a rather long and slightly 

serrated point; capsule oblong; lid with a short beak; 

teeth of the peristome united only at bottom. 

Bryum Iiumile, pilis carens, viride et pellucidum, Dillen. Muse. 386, 

Tortula cuneifolia, Roth Germ. 3,213; Engl. Bot. 1510, 

Bryum cuneifolium, Dickson Crypt. 3,7. 

On banks, and in sandy fields. 

6. Tortula slellata. 

Starred screw-moss. 

Stem scarcely any ; leaves ovate, concave ; main rib protruded; 

capsule owate, S'treaked ; lid beaked. 

3 A 2

724 355. Tortilla. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.foL 

Tortula stellata, Engl. Bot. 2384. 

Bryum stellatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 6, 

Barbula agraria, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 6. 

On banks and the edges of rivulets. 

7. Tortula tortuosa. 

Frizzled screw-moss. 

Stem long, branched; leaves Ihiear, awlshape, keeled, 

wavy, when dry twisted; capsule cylindrical; lid beaked. 

Bryum trichoides longifoliurn, crassiudculis cauliculis; capitulis erectis 

aduncis acutis, Dillen. in Rail Syn. 98,35. 

Bryum tortuosura, Lin. S. P. 1583. 

Tortula tortuosa, Hedw. Sp. M. 124; Engl. Bot. 1708. 

Barbula tortuosa, Schweegr. Stipp. 33. 

On limestone rocks. 

8. Tortula fallax. 

Deceiving screw-moss. 

Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, 

spread open or bent back ; edge turned over ; capsule oblong 

; lid beaked, nearly as long as the capsule. 

Bryum perangustis foliis et cauliculis, foliis crebrioribus et circa cxtremitates 

magis cougestis, capitulis erectis ad suinmilatem magis egredicntibus. 

Rail Syn. 99, 40. 

Bryum angustis viribus foliis, capiiulis erectis, brevibus pedici\!is insidentibus, 

calyptra falcata vel avium uiiguiculas referente, Dillen. in Raii 

Sj/n, 96,21. 

Bryum imberbe, Lin. Mant. 309. 

Tortula fallax, Swartz M. Suec. 40; Engl. Bot. 1708. 

Barbula fallax, Hedw. Crypt. 1,24. 

Bryura fallax, Dicks Crypt. 3, 3. 

Tortula unguiculata, Turner M. Hib. 47 ; 

Tortula imberbis, Engl. Bot. 2329. 


On walls and banks ; or among grass ; perenn. ; spring. 

9. Tortula revoluta. 

Turned-over screw-vioss. 

Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; edges much 

turned over; periclietial leaves sheathing, sides turned in; 

capsule oblong ; lid beaked, shorter than the capsule. 

Tortula revoluta, Bridel in Schr. Journ. 1800, 1 , 299. 

Barbula revoluta, Sckwcsgr. Stipp. 33. 

Tortula nervosa, Engl. Bot. 2383. 

On banks ; perennial ; March. 

10. Tortula unguiculata. Clawed screiv-moss. 

Stem branched; leaves linear, lanceolate, blunt; main 

rib prolonged into a point ; edges nearly flat ; capsule oblong 

; lid beaked, nearly as long as the capsule.

PLceU.fol. 14. MUSCI. 355. Tortula. 725 

Bryiim unguiculatum et 

384. 

barbatum, tenuius et stellatum, Dillen. Muse. 

Brj'um teniie 

385. 

barbatum, foliis aDsrustioribus et rarioribos, Dillen, Muse. 

Barbiila unguiculafa, Iledw. Crypt. 1,23. 

Tortula mucronulata, Swartz Muse, Suec. 40; 

Tortnla aristata, Engl. Bot. 2^92. 

Brynm aristatum, Dicks. Crypt. 

Tortula barbata, Engl. Bot. 2391. 


Tortula humilis. Turner M. Hib. 45 ; Engl. Bot. 1663. 

Tortula apiculata, Turner M. Hib. 46 ; Engl. Bot. 2494. 

On banks and hedges. 

1 1. Tortula convoluta. Rolled screiv-moss. 

Stem short; leaves oblong, rather blunt; main rib not 

prolonged; edge flat or only slightly bent; perichetial leaves 

sheathing, pointed, rolled up ; capsule oblong; lid beaked. 

Bryura trichoides exile pallidum, erectis capitulis e surculis annotinis 

egredientibus, Rail Syn. 96,24. 

Tortula convoluta, Swartz 31. Sued 41 ; 

Bryum convolutum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 6. 


Barbula convoluta, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 120. 

Bryum setaceum, Huds, Angl. 481. 

On heaths, banks, and walls. 

XIV. S5Q. ENCALYPTA. Hedwig. Extinguisher-moss. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, pedicells terminal ; peristome 

single, toothed ; teeth 1 6 ; calyptra bellshape, smooth, 

entirely enclosing the ripe capsule. 

1. Encalypta streptocarpa. Streok-Jruit extinguisher-moss. 

Stem long ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, rather blunt, 

main rib not prolonged; capsule, cylindrical, streaked, spi- 

rally; calyptra toothed at the base. 

Hypnum saxatile, erectum, ramulis teretibus, foliis subrotundis saturate 

viridibus, Dillen Muse. 335. 


Encalypta streptocarpa, Hedie. Sp. Muse 62 ; 

Bryum ciliare, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 15. 

On stony mountains. 

2. Encalypta vulgaris. Common extinguisher-moss. 

Stem short ; leaves oblong, elliptical, blunt ; main rib 

prolonged slightly ; capsule cylindrical, smooth ; calyptra 

not toothed at the base. 

Bryum erectis capitulis calyptra laxa conica, foliis serpylli pellucidis 

angustioribus, Raii Syn. 92, 4. 

Bryum e.ttinctorura, Lin. S. P. 1581 ; 

Pîjcalypta vulgaris, Hedw. Spec. 60. 

Encalypta exlinctoria, SiL'ariz 31. Suec. 24. 

Leersia vulgaris, Hedw. Crypt. 1,18. 


Oil banks, limestone-rocks, and walls; annual; April.

72iS 356.Encalypta. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.fol. 

3. Encalypta ciliata. Fringed ext'inguisher-moss. 

Stem short; leaves oblong, pointed; main rib prolonged 

considerably; capsule cylindrical; calyptra toothed at the 

base. 

Bryum calyptra extiiictorii figura, majus et ramosum, DiUen. Muse. 350. 

Bryiim extinctorium /3, Lin. S. P. 1581. 

Encalyptra ciliata, Hedw. Sp. M 61 ; Engl. Bot. 1418. 

Leersia ciliata, Hedw. Crypt. 1,49. 

On rocks ; perennial ; summer. 

/3. alp'ina. heaves much pointed, points transparent 

capsule smooth. 

Enralypta alpina, Engl. Bot. 1419. 

Encalypta affinis, Hedw. fil. in Web. et Mohr. Beitr. 4. 

y. rhaptocarpa. Leaves pointed, points of the same colour; 

capsule when old streaked lengthways. 

Encalyptra rhaptocarpa, Schwcegr. Supp. 16. 

XV. 357. GRIMMIA. Hedwig. Grimm. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peristome 

single, toothed; teeth 16, entire or perforated, rarely 

cleft, equidistant ; calyptra mitreshaped, shorter than the 

capsule. 

1 . Grimmia apocarpa. Sessile-fruited grimm. 

Stem branched ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, bent back, 

open ; edges turned over ; mai?i rib of the perichetial leaves 

not prolonged; capsule ovate, nearly sessile; lid with a 

short beak. 

Sphagnum cauliferutn et ramosum saxatile hirsutum vircscens, capitulis 

obscure rubris, Raii Syn. 104, 3. 

Bryum apocarpon, Lin. S. P. 1579. 

Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. Cryp. 1,39; Engl. Bot. 1134. 

Grimmia alpicola. Smarts Muse. Suee. 1. 

Grimmia alpicola 13 & y, Wahlenb. Lapp. 

Grimmia rivularis, Bridel in Schrad. Journ. 3, 3. 

Grimmia gracilis, SchwcBgr. Supp. 23. 

On trees, and alpine rocks or rivulets. 

&. stricta. Stem long ; leaves narrow, reddish. 

Grimmia stricta, Turner M. Hiber. 20. 

5. Grimmia maritima. Sea-shore grimm. 

Stem short, cushionlike ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, 

nearly upright, crisp when dry ; edge turned over ; mai?i 

rib of the perichetial leaves prolonged ; capsule ovate, 

nearly sessile ; lid with a short beak.

Plcell.fol. 14. MUSCL 357. Grimmia. 727 

Grimmia maritimn, Turn. Muse. llib. 23; Engl. Bot. 1645. 

Grimmia alpicola S, Wahlenb. Lapp. 

On rocks by the sea ; perennial ; Septem. and October. 

3. Grimmia saxicola. Rockloving grimm. 

Stem scarcely any; leaves linear, awlshape, crisp when 

dry,- pediceUs long, bent, kneed; capmle ovate; lid beaked, 

beak straight. 

Dicranum saxicola, Mohr. 

Grimmia geniculata, Schweegr. Supp. 22. 

On rocks. 

4. Grim,mia pulvinata. Cushioned grimm. 

Stem short,-cushionlike; leaves narrow, elliptical ; edge 

turned over; points transparent, hairlike; pedicells long, 

bent ; capsule ovate, streaked ; lid conical, pointed. 

Bryum trichoides hirsutie canescens; capitulis subrotundis reflexis, in 

perbrevibus pediculis, Raii Syn. 100,46. 

Bryiini pulvinatum, Lin. S. P. 1586. 

Grimmia pulvinata, Engl, Bot. 1728. 

Dicranum pulvinatum, Swartz Muse. Suec. 32. 

Fissidens pulvinatus, Hedw. Sp. Muse 40. 

On walls and rocks. 

5. Grimmia Daviesii. Davies' grimm. 

Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled, not cut, 

very crisp when dry ; edge turned over ; perichetial leaves 

broad, rolled in ; pedicells longer than the leaves, straight 

capsule topshape ; lid beaked. 

Grimmia Daviesii, Turner M. Hihern. 24. 

Brj'ura Daviesii, Dickson Crypt. 3,3. 

Encalypta Daviesii, Engl. Bot. 1281. 

On rocks by the sea; perennial. 

6. Grimmia ovata. 

Ovate grimm. 

Stem slightly branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, 

points long, transparent, hairlike ; edge turned in ; pedicells 

long, straight ; capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome often 

perforated and split ; lid beaked. 

Grimmia ovata, Weber 5f Mohr. Suec. 2, 4. 

Dicranum ovatum, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 34. 

Dicranum ovale, Hedw. S. Muse. 140; Engl. Bot. 2165. 

Trichostomum ovatum, Mohr, 

Bryum ovale, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14. 

Grimmia obtusa, Schwergr, Supp, 25. 

On alpine rocks.

728 357. Grimmia. 14. MUSCI. Pl.ceU.foL 

7. Grimmia Donnii. Donnas grimm. 

Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape ; points long, 

transparent, hairlike; edge turned in; pedicells long, straight; 

capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome entire ; lid beaked 

leak short. 

Grimmia Donniana, Engl. Bot. 1239. 

Grimmia sudetica ? Schweegr. Suppl. 24. 

On rocks, in alpine regions. 

XVI. 358. PTERIGONIUM. Swartz. Wmg-moss. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells from the side of 

the stem; peristome single, toothed; teeth 16, not cut, 

equidistant; CQ/^/p^ra halved. 

1. Pterigonium Smithii, Smithes wi7ig-moss. 

Stem much branched; branches pinnate; leaves tongueshape, 

blunt, not cut, crisp when dry ; edge turned over, 

main rib reaching more than half way up ; pedicells very 

short ; lid beaked. 

Pterogonium Smithii, Swartz in Schrad. Jour, 2, 173; Engl. iiot. 1326. 

Hypnum Smithii, Dickson Crypt. 2, 10. 

Polytrichum Smithii, Hull. Engl. Ft. 249, 

On the trunks of trees ; perennial ; spring. 

2. Pterogonium gracile. Slender wiyig-moss. 

Branches in bundles, bent; leaves broad, ovate, pointed, 

concave ; edge flat ; tip serrated ; base slightly 2-ribbed 

lid conical. 

Hypnum gracile ornithopodioides, Dillen. Muse. 320. 

Hypnum gracile, Lin. Mant. 310. 

Hypnum ornithopodioides, Huds. Angl. 508. 

Pterogonium gracile, Swartz M. Suec. 26 ; Engl. Bot. 1085. 

Pterigynandrum gracile, Hedw. Sp. 3Iusc. SO, 

Encalypta gracilis, Roth Germ. 3, 154. 

Grimmia ornithopodioides, Mohr. 

On subalpine rocks. 

3. Pterogonium filiforme. Threadlike iving-moss. 

Stem irregularly branched, bent; leaves ovate, rather 

pointed, concave; edges turned over, serrate; main rib 

single or forked, short, faintly marked; lid conical. 

Hypnum cylindricum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12. 

Pterogynandrum filiforme, Hedw. Crypt. 4,7. 

Pterogonium filiforme, Engl. Bot. 2297. 

Pterogonium csespifosum, Engl. Bot. 2526. 

Grimmia filiforrais, Mohr. 

On mountains.

PLcelLfoL 14. MUSCI. 359. Weissia. 729 

XVII. 359. WEISSIA. Hedwig. Weiss. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peristovie 

single, toothed) teeth 16, entire, equidistant ; ca/yp/m 

halved. 

a. Capsule ivith an apophysis. 

1 IVeissia splachnoides. Splachnumlike weiss. 

Leaves tongueshape, tip rounded; main rib not reaching 

the tip ; capsule reverse ovate ; apophysis reverse-conicarj 

lid convex, rather pointed. 

Weissia Splachnoides, ScImeEgr. Suppl. IT. 

Grimmia splachnoides? Engl. Bot. 21G4, leaves differ, 

Splachnum lingulatum, Dicks. Cnjpt. 4, 4 ; 

On alpine bogs. 


2. Weissia Templetoni. Templelo}^s weiss. 

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed; capsule with the apophysis 

narrow, pearlike; lid nearly flat. 

Weissia Templetoni, Hooker Fl. Land. ed. 2. 

Fiinaria Templetoni, Engl. Bol. 2524. 

On wet banks. 

b. Apophysis ; leaves ivlthout a main rib. 

3. Weissia mida. Nuked iveiss. 

Stem scarcely any; leaves oMxto, lanceolate, ribless; capsule 

ovate, bunched on one side, nodding. 

Bryum miritim, Dickson. Cri/p. 4,7. 

Grimmia nuda, Turner M. Bib. 25; Engl. Bot. 142}. 

Vv'eissoii rosea, WaMenb, Lapp. 19. 

Weissia incarnata, SchiacEgr. Suppl. IS. 

On clay soils. 

c. Apophysis ; leaves main-ribbed, ovale or lanceolate. 

4. Weissia nisrita. 

Negro weiss. 

Stem long ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; capsule reverseovate, 

nodding, bunched, furrowed ; lid hemispherical, 

blunt-pointed. 

Weissia nigrita, fle.clw. Sp. Muse. 72. 

Bryum nigrituin, Dicks. Crypt. 3,9. 

Grimmia nigrita, Engl. Bot. 1825. 

On moist banks on mountains. 

5. Weissia Starkeii _ Starkeifs iveiss. 

Stem very short; leaves ovale; main rib prolonged into 

a point; capsule ovate, upright; teeik of the peristome awlshape, 

acute ; lid conical.

730 359.Weissia. 14. MUSCI. PLcelLfol. 

Weissia Starkeana, ITedw. Sp. Muse. 65. 

Bryum minutum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 7. 

Griinmia Starkeana, Roth Germ. 3, 146; Engl. Bot. 1490. 

Brjum Starkeanum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 32. 

In meadows ; autumn. 

6. IVeissia affinis. 

Kindred weiss. 

Stem very short; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged; 

capsule ovate, upright ; teeth of the peristome short, broad, 

blunt; lid conical. 

Weissia affinis, Hooker Sf Taylor Muse. Brit. 44. 

On gravelly banks and in fields. 

7. IVeissia lanceolata. Lajiceolate weiss. 

Stem rather long; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged 

nearly into a hair; capsule ovate; lid beaked, beak oblique. 

Leersia lanceolata, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 63. 

Griinmia lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 1408. 

Grinimia aciphylla, Mokr. 

Encalypta lanceolata, Turner M. Hib. 19. 

Bryum lanceolatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 4. 

On heaths and banks; perennial; May. 

d. Apophysis ; leaves main-ribhed, linear or aivlsliape. 

8. Weissia striata. Streaked weiss. 

Leaves linear, fine-toothed, crisp when dry ; capsule 

ovate, topshape, furrowed, upright ; 

Grimmia striata, Schrad. Diar. Bot. 2, 37. 

Weissia fugax, Hedw. S. Muse. 13. 

Bryuas crispatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 3. 

Weissia striata, Hooker ^ Taylor Muse. 45. 

On alpine banks. 

/3. major. Leaves broad, linear. 

Weissia denticulata, Schwcegr. Suppl. 19. 

lid oblique, awlshape. 

9. Weissia irichodes. Hairlike weiss. 

Stem scarcely any ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, not cut 

capsule ovate, streaked ; 

lid beaked. 

Gymnostomum trichodes, Mokr. Cr. Germ. 

Anictangium tricliodes, Schwcegr. Supp. 12. 

Grimmia trichodes, Engl. Bot. 2563. 

On rocks. 

Resembles weissia pusilla and gymnostomum lenue.

PLcell.foL 14-. MUSCL 359.Weissia. 731 

10. Weissia cirrata. Tendrilled weiss. 

Leaves broadly awlshape; crisp when dry; edges turned 

over ; capsule ovate ; lid beaked. 

Brjuni trichoides exile, erectis capitulis in pediculis longioribus lubris, 

Dillen. in Rail Syn. 97, 25. 

Mniuiii cirrhatum, Lin. S. P. 1576. 

Weissia Dicksoni, Wilden.Berol. 303. 

Weissia cirrata, Hedw. S. Muse. 69. 

Encalypta cirrata, Swariz M. Suec. 25. 

Afzelia cirrhata, Ehr/i. Crypt. 232. 

Bryuin Dicksoni, Dickson Crypt. 3,4. 

On rails and posts, rarely on banks. 

1 1 Weissia curvirostra. Bent beak weiss. 

Leaves linear, awlshape; capsule ovate, cylindrical; lid 

beaked. 

Brynm stellare, lacustre, foliis rubris capiilaceis, Dillen. Muse. 382. 

Grimmia rccurvirostra. Roth Germ. 3, 144; 

Bryum curvirostruin, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 7. 

Weissia rccurvirostra, Hedw. S. Muse. 71, 

Bryiim recurvirostrum, f-FzVAer. ^rr. 829, 

Bryum setaceum ;S, Hudson Angl. 432. 


Weissia curvirostra. Hooker 8f Taylor Muse. 46. 

On moist banks in woods. 

Resembles the 

very stiff. 

tortulae, and accompanies them; leaves 

12. Weissia crispula. Small-crisped weiss. 

Stem divided ; leaves broad at bottom, lanceolate, awlshape, 

crisp when dry ; edges turned in ; capsule ovatoelliptical 

; lid beaked. 

Weissia crispula, Hedw. S. Muse. 68 

Grimmia crispula, Turner M. Hib. 28 ; Engl. Bot. 2203. 

On rocks ; perennial ; summer. 

Resembles w. cirrataj but is smaller, and darker green. 

13. Weissia cojitroversa. Controverted weiss. 

Stem nearly simple ; leaves linear, awlshape ; crisp when 

dry, edge turned in ; capsule ovate, elliptical ; lid beaked. 

Bryum trichoides exile, erectis capitulis in pedicellis brevissirais, -DiWen. 

in Raii Syn. 97, 26. 

Grimmia controversa, Sibth. Ox. 277 ; Engl. Bot. 1367. 

Bryum virens, Dicks. Crypt. 1,4. 

Bryum viridulum, Huds. Angl. 478. 

Weissia controversa, Hedwig Crypt. 3,5. 

On banks.

732 359. Weissia. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cellfol. 

14. Weissia calcarea. Limestone lueiss. 

Stem scarcely any ; leaves broad at bottom, linear, blunt, 

thick, main rib very broad ; capsule topshape j lid beaked. 

Weissia calcarea, Hedm. S. Muse. 66. 

Bryum calcareum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 3. 

Grimmia calcarea, Turner M. Hib. 25. 

On chalk ; perennial ; spring and summer. 

Resembles very strongly polytrichum aloides, but is 

smaller. 

15. Weissia recurvata. Bent-hack weiss. 

Stem scarcely any ; leaves awlshape ; capsule broad, 

ovate; pedicells bent; lid beaked. 

Grimmia recurvata, Hedia. S. Muse. 75 ; 

l^ryum recurvatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 7. 

Bryum setaceum, WulfinJaeq, Misc. 2,96. 

On sandstone-rocks. 

Engl. Dot, 1489. 

1 6. Weissia pusilla. Dwarf weiss. 

Stem scarcely any; leaves awlshape; capsule ovate; pedicells 

upright; lid beaked. 

Bryum paludosum, Lin. S. P. 1584. 

Grimmia pusiila, Jinth Germ. 3, 147 ; Engl. Dot. 255\. 

Weissia pusilla, Utdic. S. Muse. Gi, 

Afzelia pusilla, Ehrh. Crypt, 183. 

On limestone-rocks. 

17. Weissia verticillata. Whirled weiss. 

Stem branched ; leaves broad, awlshape, near]}' flat, rather 

weiik ; capsules ovate ; lid beaked. 

Bryum trichoides brevifolium, angiistis cauliciilis, capsulis erectis 

parvis et minus aciiincis, Dillen. in jRaii Syn. 98, S6. 

Bryum verticiUatum, Lin. S. P. 1535. 

Bryum fascicii latum, Diekson Crypt. 3, 3. 

Weissia verticillata, Schwa:gr. Supp. 20. 

Grimmia verticillata. Turner 31. liib. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 125S, 

In alpine rivulets, on limestone. 

Stem frequently encrusted at bottom with carbonate of 

lime. 

18. Weissia ocula. Pointed iveiss. 

Stem branched; leaves av^^lshape, bristlelike, nearly oneroviêd, 

stiff, grooved ; capsule topshape ; lid beaked.

PLcelLfoL 14. MUSCI. 359. Weissia. 733 

Bryum pilosum, sphagni subulati facie, Dillen. Muse. 374. 

Weissia acuta, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 35. 

Weissia rupestris, Hedw. S. Muse. 14, 

Bryum verticillatum, Lightfoot Scot. 733. 

Bryum acatuia, Hudson Angl. 484; Dickson Crypt. 17,20. 

Bryum splachnoides, Dickson Crypt. 

Bryum ful vellum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 11. 

Dicranuui fulvellum, Engl. Bat. 226S. 

Grimmia acuta, Turner M, Hib. 29 ; 



XVIII, 360. DICRANUM. Hedwig. Fork-moss. 

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells mostly terminal 

peristome single, toothed; teeth 16, mostly two-cut, equidistant; 

calyptra halved. 

A. Leaves in iujo rows. FIssidens, 

1. Dicranum Iryoides. Bryimilike fork-moss. 

Peduncles terminal ; perichetial leaves resembling the 

stem-leaves. 

Hypnuni repens filicifoliurn non raraosum, pediculis brevioribus, versus 

foliorum suiamilatcm egredientibu:-, Rail Syn, 88,42. 

Uypnum bryoides, Lin.S.P. 158S. 

Bryum viridulum, Lin. S. P. 1584. 

Dicranum bryoides, Swariz 31. Suec. 2, 4 ; Engl. Bot. 625. 

Fissidens bryoides, Hedwig Crypt. 3,29. 

Dicranum viridulum, Swartz 31. Suec. 2, 3 ; Engl. But. 1368. 

Fissidens exilis, Hedw. S. Miisc. 38. 

Dicranum osmundioide^. Turner M. Hib. 55; Engl. Bot. 1662. 

Fissidens osraundioides, Hedw. S. M. 40. 

Hypnuui asplenioides, Dickson Crypt. 2,5. 

Grimmia viridula. Roth Germ. 3, 141 ? 

Dicranum paucifolium. Withering Arr. S14. 

On moist banks and in woods. 

^. nutans. Capsule drooping, 

Dicranum tamarindifolium, Turner M, Hib. 55. 

Dicranum incurvum, Mokr. 

Fissidens incurvus, ScliwcEgr, Supp. 49. 

Fissidens palmatus, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 30. 

Fissidens iougifolius. Bridal, 

2. Dicranum adiantoides. 

Adiantumlikefork-moss. 

Peduncles lateral; perichetial leaves ovate, slightly con- 

volute, pointed, 

Hydnum ercctum filifolium ramosum pinnulis acutis, Rail Syn. 87,39. 

Hypnum adiantoides, Lin. S. P. 158S ; Engl. Bot. 264. 

Dicranum adiantoides, Swartz 31. Suec. 31. 

Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 62, 

Fissidens taxifolius ^, Wahlenb.Lapp. 

On wet banks and bogs.

734 360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.fol. 

3. Dicramim taxifolium. Yew-leaffork-moss, 

'Peduncles from the bottom of the stem among the roots 

perichetial leaves ovate, sheathing, rolled in, pointed. 

Hypnimi repens filicifolium non ramosura ; pediculis bsevioribus, ad 

radicem egiedienlibus, Rati Syn. 88,41. 

Hypnum tjixifolium, Lin. S. P. 1587 : Engl. Bot. 416. 

Dicranum taxi folium, Svonrtz M. Siiec. 31. 

Fissidens (axifolius, fledw. S. Muse. 155. 

On moist shady spots. 

b. Leaves all round the stem ; inain rib 0. 

4. Dicranum glaucum. Glaucous fork-moss. 

Stem branched ; branches level-topped ; leaves upright, 

spread, ovate, lanceolate, straight, ribless, not cut; capsule 

ovate, drooping ; lid beaked. 

Bryum trichoides, erectis capilulis, albidum, fragile, Raii Syn. 97,29. 

Bryum glaucum, Lin. S. P. 1582. 

Dicranum glaucum, Hedw. S. Muse. 135 ; Engl. Bot. 2166. 

On heaths and mountain pastures. 

c. Leaves not two-rowed, main-ribhed, with a point or hair 

at the tip. 

5. Dicra?mm latifolium. Broadleaffork-moss. 

Stem short; leaves oblong, concave, not cut, tipped with 

a point or hair; capside upright, ovate, oblong; lid beaked. 

Dicranum latifolium, Hedw. Crypt. 1,33. 

Bryum piliferura, Diekson Crypt. 4, 10. 

Trichostomum piliferum, Engl. Bot, 2535. 

On shady mountain banks. 

d. Leaves not 2-rowed ; main rib very broad ; tip not pointed. 

6. Dicranum longifolium. Long-leaf fork-moss. 

Stem long; leaves very long, awlshape, bristlelike, sicklelike, 

bent one way, slightly serrate; main rib very broad 

capsule oblong, ovate, nearly upright ; lid beaked. 

Dicranum longifolium, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 9. 

Dicranum flagellare, Funk. 

On wet rocks. 

7. Dicranum cerviculatum. Neckedfork-moss. 

Stem short; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, not cut, slightly 

facing one way ; main rib very broad ; capsule ovate, 

slightly nodding; lid beaked,

Pl.cell.fol. " 14. MUSCI. 360. Dicraniim. 735 

Dicraunm cerviciilatum, Hedio. S. Muse. 149 ; Engl. Bot. 1661. 

Bryum cerviculatuin, Dickson Crypt. 3,7. 

Dicranum pusilluiu, Hedw. S. Muse. 139 ; Engl. Bot. 2491. 

Bryum parvulum, Diekson Crypt. 3,7. 

Dicranum flaviduin, Schwcegr. Supp. 

Dicranum uncinatum, Engl. Bot. 2261. 

On banks and bogs. 

• 8. Dicranum jiexuosum. Bending fork-moss. 

Stem scarcely branched, stiff; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, 

pointed, straight; main rib very broad; pedicells 

bending; cap^z/Ze ovate, streaked ; /ic? beaked. 

Bryum trichoides, capiUilis erectis, pediculis intortis tenuibus virentibus, 

Raii Syn. 97,30. 

Sphagnum subulatum viridissimum ; 

Bryum flexuosum, Lin. S. P. 1583. 

Sphagnum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 1570. 

capsulis ovali.-:, Dillen. Muse. 245, 

Dicranum flexuosum, Hedw. S. Muse, 38 ; Engl. Bot. 1491. 

Bryum immersum, Dickson Crypt. 

Bryum fragile, Dickson Crypt. 3, 5. 

On wet rocks, turf-bogs, and on pastures. 

e. Leaves not two-rowed, not tipped with a point or hair 

main rib narrow ; capsule with a tumour at the base. 

9. Dicranum vircns. Greenish fork-moss. 

Stem long; leaves awlshape, crisp when dry, pointing 

every way ; base broad, sheathing ; edges turned over 

capsule smooth, oblong, cylindrical, slightly drooping, with 

a tubercle at bottom ; lid beaked. 

Dicranum virens, Hedw. Crypt. 3,32; 



• 

10. Dicranum strumiferum. Strumoiis fork-moss. 

Stem long; leaves awlshape, not cut, crisp when dry, 

pointing every way; base broad, sheathing; edge flat; 

capsule furrowed, oblong, ovate, slightly drooping, with a 

tubercle at bottom ; lid beaked. 

Dicranum strumiferum, Ehrh. Crypt. 74 ; 


Fissidens struraifer, Hedw.'S. Muse. 160. 

Bryum strumiferum, Dickson Crypt. 3, S. 

On alpine bogs; perennial; summer. 

11. Dicranum falcatum. Sickleshape fork-moss. 

Stem scarcely branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, awlshape, 

sicklelike, facing one way, scarcely cut ; capsule 

ovate, slightly drooping, with a tubercle at the base ; lid 

beaked.

73C 360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL 

Dicranutn falcatiim, Iledw. S. Muse. 150; Engl. Bot. 1989. 

Bryuni longifoliiim, Dickson Crypt. 3,7. 

On alpine rocks, by the banks of streams. 

12. Dicramnn Starkii. Stark'sfork-rnoss. 

Stem rather branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, 

sicklelike, facing one way, not cut ; capsule oblong, ovate, 

nearly upright, with a tubercle at the base ; lid beaked. 

Dicranum Starkii, ScliwcBgr. Supp. 46 ; Engl. Bot. 2227. 


f. Leaves not two-rowed, not tipped with a point or hair; 

main rib narrow ; capsule not tubcrcled at bottom. 

13. Dicranum Jiavcscens. Yellowish fork-moss. 

Stem branched; leaves long, lanceolate, finely serrated, 

pointing every way, crisp when dry ; capsules oblong, upright; 

lid beaked. 

Dicranum liavescens, Engl. Bot. 2263, 

Bryum flavescens, Dickson Crypt. 2, 4. 

Dicranum gracilescens, SchwcBgr. Supp. 46. 

On wet sand, on the banks of alpine streams. 

14. Dicranum squarrosJim. Scurfy fork-moss. 

Stein rather branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, bent 

over, spread open, crisp when dry, pointing every waj' 

base broad, sheathing ; capsule ovate, slightly drooping 

lid beaked. 

Brjum ereclis capidilis brevibus, folris reflexis, Haii Syn. 95, 18. 

Bryum pellucidum 13, Lin. S. P. 15S3. 

Dicranum squarrosura, Schrad. Journ. 1802; Engl. Eat. 2004. 

Bryum palustre, Dickson Crypt. 4, [ 1. 

On mountains, in wet situations ; perennial ; spring. 

15. Dicrammi pellucidum. Transparent fork-7nos$. 

Ste77i branched; leaves lanceolate, rather blunt, pointing 

every way ; edge slightly waved, serrated ; capsule ovate, 

slightly drooping ; lid beaked. 

Bryum erectis capitulis subrotundis fuscis foliis minoribus pellucidis 

rugosis, Raii Syn. 96, 19. 

Bryum pellucidum, Lin. S. P. 1583. 

Bryum aquaticum, Ilojfm. Geitn. 2, S5. 

Mnium pellucens, Withering yirr. 802. 

Dicranum pellucidum, Hedw. S. Muse. 142; Engl. Bot. 1346. 

Dicranum aquatium, Ehrk. Crypt. 213. 

On banks of streams in shady places; perennial; spring.

Pl.cellfol 14. MUSCI. 360. Dicranum. 737 

16. Dicranum spurium. Bastardfork-moss. 

Stein long; leaves in bundles, concave, upright, rather 

spreading, pointing every way, ovate; upper leaves lanceolate, 

finely serrate ; capsule oblong, bent ; Ud beaked. 

Dicraniua spurium, Iledw. S. Muse. 141 ; Engl. Bot. 2167. 

Bryiim spurium, Hojfm. Germ. 2, 38 ; Dickson Crypt. 4, 13. 

On bogs ; perennial ; May and June. 

Teeth of the peristome sometimes 3-cut. 

1 7. Dicranum crispum. Crispfork-moss. 

Stem short; leaves nearly 2-rowed, zigzag, turned back, 

crisp when dry; base bristlelike; capsule ovate, upright 

lid beaked ; beak long. 

Dicranum crispum, Hedw. S. Muse. 132 ; Engl. Bot. 1 151. 

Bryum vaginale, Diekson Crypt. 3,8. 

On moist banks and bogs ; perennial ; July. 

IS. Dicra?ni7n Scottii. Scott'sfork-moss. 

Stem branched ; leaves upright, spreading, pointing every 

way, awlshape, crisp when dry ; edge flat, slightly serrate 

capsule ovate cylindrical, nearly upright ; lid beaked, beak 

long. 

Dicranum Scottianura, Turner M. Hibern. 6, 1. 

Dicranum flagellare, Engl. Bot. 1977, not of Hedwig? 

Dicranum stricfura, Schwtsgr. Supp. 43. 

Dicranum montanum, Hedw. S. Muse. 35 ? 

On rocks. 

19. Dicranum polycarpum. Many-fruitedfork-moss. 

Stem branched ; leaves spread open, pointing every way, 

lanceolate, awlshape, crisp when dry ; edge turned over, 

zigzag, slightly serrated ; capsule reverse ovate, slightly 

drooping; lid beaked. 

Dicranum polycarpum, Ehrli. Crypt. 84; Engl. Bot. 2269. 

Pissidens polycarpos, Hew. S. Muse. 159. 

Dicranum Bruntoni, Engl. Bot. 2509. 


Teeth of the peristome irregularly divided. 

20. Dicranum undulatum. Wavedforked-moss. 

Stems long ; leaves nearly flat, lanceolate, narrow, waved 

across, finely serrated at the tip ; capsule cylindrical, drooping; 

lid beaked, beak long. 

Dicranum undulatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 271 ; Engl. Bot. 2260, not of 

Schrader. 

Dicranum polysetum, Steartz M. Suec. 34. 

Bryum rugosura, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 39. 

FerichcBtium encloses 1 to 4? peduncles. 

xoi.. I. 3 b

ns 36(X Dicranimi. i 4. M US CI PL ceU.foL 

. $.\.,Dlcram£in stoparium. Broom fork-moss. 

Stem long; leaver narrow, awlshape. grooved, facing 

one way: capsule .€y\mdiica\, arched, drooping: lid beaked, 

beak Icwig. 

BrjcLEi erecris capitnlis aasBstifoliom, raale reGiinato, Rati Sm, ^. 14. 

Brj ca scopariam. Urn. S. P. 1582 ; EilsL Bol, 354. 

Dicranuin icoparinm. Hedse. S. iltisc. lio. 

DicranuJD maju5, En;l. Bof. Ii90. 

MnJGHi scopariuin^ JVithcj-itLs Arr. 799. 

In woods and hedges : perennial. 

' 

. 0,juscesc£as. Plant only half as large: leaves scarcely 

if at all facing one way, narrow, much crisped when dry. 

Dicmcnm fuicescens, TuTmr 31. Hii. 60 ; EagL BoL 1597. 

Dicrannm cao^^tam, Scixfe^r. Safp. 42. 

On mountains. 

25 . DicranwK varuaju Variallefork-mt^s. 

Stem short: leaies narrow, hastate, lanceolate; cflpsw/e 

orate: lid beaked. 

Brrari sfeplesTj Lin. 5. P. 155". 

Bttoe TMbaxsftf Hiidi -IngL ed. I. 4 IS. 

Dscraaaia xariaa, .QfêB.^. â>j. 133; £«^Z. £«;cra3aiii caliiitomam, Smith FL Brit. 1211. 

Brj na calliitomnoi. Dzdtvos Crypt, 3, 5. 

Ervnm purilluHi, Da&i3» Cntpt..'^, 6. 

Dicranaci sicaplei, Siytkorp Ox. 2a&. 

On moist banks ; annual : spring and summer. 

Leaies point every way, green ; capsules slightly 

droog^g,- . .._ 

p- ijiifs^cens^-.-Lieaves rather facing one way, lanceolate, 

awLsKaLg^ reddish ; capsides upright. 

f 

Dicr^ncHi rafeicee?, E&§1. BoL 1216. 

'• 'IBrvuni rufesceci, Dickson Crypt. 3, 6. 

Errnia trichode;, capiclis mbrii cernuis, DiSen MuiC. 390. 

y. luridum: Leaves rather facing one way, awlshape, 

lurid ,: capsules slightly drooping. 

Dicranum Tarinm y, Hjoker iv' Taylor Muse Brit. 53. 

^.S.Dicramjm keteromalhivt. Odd-^tdedfork-moss. 

jS/em -branched; leaves awlshape, sicklelike, &cing one 

way, scarcely cat; capsule ovate, slightly drooping; lid 

beaked : beai long. 

Erruzn trichoides, reclinaili caulicali», capitolis erectii acotis. R^ 

Sjt:. 96,23.- 

.-;ii. 

Ervnm lie tetoman'Bm, Lin. S. P. \'bSS, 

PLcell.fol 1 i. MUSCI. 360. Dicranura. 739 

21. Dicramim subulatum. Aulshape fork-moss. 

Stem branched ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, facing one 

way, not cut ; base broad, sheathing ; capsule Gvate, slightlydrooping; 

lid with a long beak. 

Dicranum subnlatam, Hedic. S. Muse. 34 ; Engl Bot. 1273. 


XIX. 361. TRICHOSTOMUM. Hairy-mouth. 

Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles terminal; peri" 

stome toothed; teeth 16, equal, divided to the bottom, or 

32, placed in pairs; calyptra mitreshape. 

a. Peduncles lent 

1. Trichostomum patens. Spreading hairy-mouth. 

Stems long: leaves lanceolate, pointedj keeled; edcres 

turned over ; capsule ovate ; peduncles bent : lid conical. 

Bnium hvpnoidei alpiniini, opercnlis obtusis, DilUnJlusc. 371. 

Tricbostomam pnten?, Schi£

no sei.TricIiostomum. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.foL 

Brj'um triclioides, erectis capitiilis, lauuginosum, Raii Syn. 97,27. 

Bryum hypnoides, capitulis 

in Raii Syn. 478. 

plurimis erectis, nou lanuginosum, Dillen 

Bryum hypnoides y, Lin. 9. P. 1585. 

Trichostomutn canescens, Hedw. S. Muse. HI ; Engl. Bot. 2534. 

Trichostouium ericiioides, Schrad. Germ. 62; En'^l, Bot. 1991. 

On mountain heaths, and the sea coast. 

4. Trichostovium heterostlchum. One-sided hairy-mouth. 

Stem long, branched; leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed; 

points transparent, slender, slightly serrated ; capsule oblong 

; teeth of the peristome rather short ; lid beaked. 

Tricliostomum heterosticliuni, Ilcdw. S. Muse. 109 ; 


Bryum heterosticlium, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14. 

Bryum hvpnoides, hirsutie canescens, vulgare, Dillen Muse. 368, fig. A, 

¥, and G, 

On stones in mountainous countries. 

5. Trichostom. microcarpon. Small-fruited hairy-mouth. 

Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; points 

transparent, slender, slightly serrated ; capsules ovate; teeth 

of the peristome rather short; lid beaked. 

Bryum hypnoides alpinum, setis et capsulis exiguis, Dillen 3Iuse. 3T0. 

Bryum hypnoides S, Lin. Fl. Suec. 392. 

Trichostouium microcarpon, Hedw. S. Muse. 112 ; Engl, Bot. 1440, 

Dicranum aciculare y. Turner M. Hib. 67. 

Bryum macrocarpon. Withering Arr. 822. 


c. Peduncles straight j leaves not transparent at the points. 

6. Trichostomum aciculare. Needlelike hairy-mouth. 

Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, tip fifiely 

serrated; main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule oblong; 

lid beaked. 

Bryum hypnoides erecfnm montanum, erectis capitulis acutis, DilleniHSaii 

Syn. 94, 12. 

Brvnm hypnoides repens aquaticum, erectis capitulis acutis, Raii Syn. 

94, 13l 

Bryum aciculare, JLin. S. P. 1583. 

Dicranum aciculare, Hedw. S. Muse. 135; Engl. Bot. 1978. 

Trichostomum aciculare, P. de Beauv. Prod. 90. 

On wet stones, or in water ; perennial ; spring. 

7. Tnchostomum fasciculare. Bundled hairy-tnouth. 

Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, not cut; tips 

never transparent ; copjz^/e ovate, oblong ; lid beaked.

Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCL 3G1. Trichostomum. 741 

Biyum hypnoides, hirsutie virescens, fascictilare alpinum, Dillen Muse. 

370. 

Bryum hypnoides ^, Lin. S. P. 1585. 

Trichostomum fasciculare, Schrad, Germ. 61 ; 

Bryum fasciculare, Hnffm. Germ. 2, 42. 

Bryum lufescens, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14. 

On mountain rocks. 


8. Trichostom. polyphyllum. Many-leaved hairy-mouths 

Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, edges turned 

over ; tips serrated, very much crisped when dry ; capsules 

oblong; /ic^ beaked. 

Bryum trichoides erecfis sublongis capitulis, extremi(atibus per siccilatem 

stellatis, Raii Syn. 98, 33. 

Trichostomum polyphyllum, Schtvesgi^. Siipp. 39. 

Dicranum polyphyllum, Engl. Bot. 1217. 

Bryum polyphyllum, Dickson Crypt. 

Bryum cirratum /S, Hudson Angl. 486. 

Trichostomum cirratum. Smith Fl. Brit. 1239. 

Encalypta crispata, Hedte. S. Muse. 10. 

On mountains and rocks. 

9. Trichostomum ellipticum. Elliptical hairy-mouth. 

Stem short, nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate, straight, 

main rib broad, edge flat ; capsule elliptical ; lid beaked. 

Dicranum ellipticum, Turner M.Hib. T6; Engl. Bot. 1901. 

On rocky mountains. 

XX. 362. LEUCODON. Schweegrichen. White-tooth, 

Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peristome 

single, toothed; teeth 32, closely united in pairs; 


Leucodon sciuroides. 

Squirrel-tail white-tooth. 

Hypnum trichoides erectum, ramulis recurvis, obscuri coloris, Raii Syn. 

83,22. 

Hypnum sciuroides, Lin. S. P. 1596. 

Dicranum sciuroides, Swariz M. Suec. 32 ; Engl. Bot. 1903. 

Fissidens sciuroides, Hedw, S. Muse. 161. 

Trichostomum sciuroides, Mohr. 

Pterogonium sciuroides, Turfier M. Hih. 32. 

Leucodon sciuroides, Schwtrgr. Supp. 2, 1. 

Leucodon Morensis, Schwecgr. Supp. 2, 1 


XXI. 363. DIDYMODON. Hedwig. Twin-tooth, 

Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles terminal; peri- 

stome single, toothed; teeth 16 or 32, closing together ia 


pairs, or united at the bottom ;

742, 363. Didyrnodon. 11.. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol, 

^.,.,^„.,,a . ^. Capsuies inclined. 

1. Didymodoji piirpureum. Purple twin-tooth. 

Stem, scarcely branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, 

keeled; edge turned over, not cut; capsule ovate, cylindrical, 

oblique, with a slight tubercle, furrowed when dry 

lid conical. 

Bryum perangiisfis crebrioribus foliis, capitulis erectis, longiusculis pediculise 

surciilis annotinis innascentibus, Dillen in RailSyn. 99,41. 

Bryuni CeL-ii, Lin. S. P. 1585 , , ; Dickson €it/pt. 3, 7. 

*': Mnium purpureum, Lin. S. P. 1575 ; 

Wither. Arr. 802. 

Dicranum purpureum, Iledie. S. Muse. 136; Engl. Bot. 2262. 

Dicranum intermedium, Hedvs. S. Muse. 138. 

Bryum bipartitura, Dickson Crypt.; Engl. Bat. 2357. 

Bryum strictum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 13. 

Bryum tenue, Dickson Crypt. 3,8. 

Bryum papillosum, Dickson Crypt, 4, 12. 

Dicranum strictum, Engl. But. 2294. 

Dicranum Celsii, Iltdw. S. 3Iusc.U9 ; Engl. Bot. 2418. 

Trichostomum papillosum, Engl. Bot. 2533. 

Red shanks. 


2. Didyrnodon inclinaiutn. Inclined twin-tooth. 

Leaves in two rows, awlshape, sheathing at bottom; cap- 

sule ovate, inclined ; lid conical. 

Didyrnodon inclinatum, Sivartz M. Suec. 28. 

Bryum inclinatum, Dickson Crypt, 3, 9. 

Swartzia inclinata, J/etZto. C/•]/p^ 2, 74. 

Cyuontodium inclinatum, Hedw, S. Muse. 58. 

Griramia inclinata, Engl. Bot, 1824. 

J On rocky mountains ; perennial ; summer. 

b. Capsules upright. 

3. Didyrnodon nervosum, Rihbed twi/i-tooth. 

Leaves reverse-ovate, main rib thickened above ; tip 

short; capsules ovate, upright; lid beaked; beak short, 

Grimmia atrovirens, Engl, Bot, 2015, 

On dry banks by the sea. 

Resembles weiasia lanceolata, gen. 359, sp. 7. 

4 . Didyrnodon flexifolium. Bent-leaf twin-tooth. 

Stem long; leaves oblong, ovate, bent, deeply serrated 

at the tip ; capsules upright, cylindrical ; lid beaked. 

Bryum flexifolium, Dickson Crypt, 3, 5. 

": Trichostomum flexifolium, EngL Bot, 2490. 

_j.j J 

UnbiiiTcn banks, .QT rp9f§. _,.,,. ,.,.;.., ,--...'- ...

Pl.ceU.fol. 14. MUSCI. 363. Didymodbn. 743 

5. Didyinodon rigldulum. Stiffish twin- tooth. 

Leaves -closely tiledlike on all sides, lanceolate, very 

pointed, keeled; main rib stiff, ranning be3ônd the point; 

capsules oblong, ovate, upright ; lid beaked. 

Didymodon rigitliilum, Hedw. S. Muse. 104. 

• Bryum rigiduluin, D/cfcson Cc^p^ 4, 12. '''•'./.. 

Tricliostoinum ri2;iduliim, Turner M. Hib. 34 ;r.f^fff.f -Bof. 21TS. 

Bryimi lineare, Dickson Crypt. 3, 6. ., ,! 

Trichostnmum lineare, Engl. But, 1598.*' 

On rocks and walls; perennial; April. 

Very similar to tortula fallax, gen. 355, sp. 8. 

t. ''a fi' 

6. Didymodon trifariwn. Three-rowed twin-ioQih. 

Leaves rather distant, somewhat three-rowed, lanceolate, 

bluntish, keeled; main rib scarcely reaching the tip ; ^coji^- 

5?^/e oblong, ovate, upright; /zVi beaked. , 

Didymodon trifarium, Sic«r/s Jlf. Swec. 28. 

Cynontodium trifarium, Hedw, S. Muse. 57. 

;;i,tWOUi \ 

Swartzia trifaria, Hedw. Crypt.2 1CK 

X,^.,^^^\^î^t.^ ji'. 

Bvyum trnarium, Dickson Crypt. 3,0. a , 

Trichostomum trifarium, Engt. Dot. 1107. ' " - 

*" 

Tricliostomum linoides, Engl. Dot. 2295, not of Bicls5Hn»: 


7. Didymodon capillaceum. Hcriry twin-tooth. 

Stem long; leaves nearly 2-rowed, awlshape, bristlelike; 

capsule upright, ovate, cylindrical; lid conical. 

Cynontodium capillaceum, Hediv. S. Miisc. 57. 

Swartzia capiUacea, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 72. , 

iitn^Qi 

;„Vft«*< .fi-rir.r*!. 

Didymodon capillaceum, Schrad. Germ. 64,.,.-. 

,;;^Ti' ' 

Hryixm ^st'ivum, Hudson Îngl. 485. 

, i i r^v 

On mountam Danks. 

S. Didymodon heteromallum. Odd-sided tivin-toolL 

Stem rather short; leaves mostly facing one way, .awlshape; 

capsule ovate, cylindrical; Ud conicahr-îf-fjo^^ ^*^^'^* 

Grimmia heteromalla, Roth Germ. 3, 145 ; 

Weissia heteromalla, Hedw. S. Muse. 71. 

Afzelia heferomalla, Ehrh. Crypt. 173. 

Eryum Weissia, D/cfcvon C/,i/;j^ 2, 5. 

Didymodon heteromalluni, Hedw. S, Muse. 23. ' 

Engl. Boi. 1899. 

i%Vi:,wiWj iSjVjO-j:\VCv 

^^«r 

-- iw^Juonoa snirîH 

On mountains. -..'ijirtqMonEri^J) 

io &iau-ii nO

744- 364-. Funaria. 14. MUSCI. " 

PLcell.foL 

XXII. 364!. FUNARIA. Schreber. Cord-?noss, 

Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal; peristome 

double, oblique, outer 16-toothed, inner 16-toothed, 

teeth opposite to those of the outer. C

Pl.cellfol. 366. Orthotriclmm. 14. MUSCL 745 

XXIV. S66. ORTHOTRICHUM. Hedw. Bristle^moss^ 

Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal; peristome 

double; outer of 16 teeth, in pairs; inner of 16 or 

8 ciliae lying horizontally over the mouth, sometimes ; 

calypira initreshape, furrowed, hairy. 

a. Peristome without cilice. 

1. Orthotriclmm anomalum. Odd bristle-moss. 

Leaves lanceolate, upright, rather spreading ; peduncles 

longer than the leaves; peristome of 8 double teeth; calyptra 

slightly hairy. 

Polytrichum capsulis subrotuudis, pediculis brevissimis insidentibus, 

calvptrk striata, arborentn et terrestre, minus ramosum et breve. Rail Syn. 

91, '5. 

Bryum striatum B, Lin. S. P. 1380. 

Ortliotrichum anomalum, Hedw, S. Muse. 162; Dickson Crypt. 4, 6. 

Bryum tectorum, Wither, ^rr. 810. 

Polytrichum striatum /S, Hudson Ang. 471. 

Polytrichum tectorum, HuU Br. Ft. 248. 

Weissia anomala, Sihthorp Ox. 287. 

On rocks and walls. 

^. Orthotnchum cupulatum. Cupped hristle-moss. 

Leaves lanceolate, upright, slightly spreading; capsule 

nearly sessile ; peristome of 16 double teeth ; calyptra 

slightly hairy. 

Orlhotrichum cupulatum, Huffm. Germ. 2, 2G. 

Orthotrichum nudum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 6 ; Engl. Bot. 1325. 

Bryum sessile, Withering Arr. 310. 

Orthotrichum anomalum, Em^^.jBo^ 1423. 

On woods and stones. 

3. Orthotrichum crispum. 

b. Peristome with 8 cilice. 

Crisp hristlemoss. 

Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, much crisped when dry; 

peduncles very long ; capsule streaked ; peristome with eight 

cilise ; 

calyptra very hairy. 

Polytrichum capsulis obl.»ngo-rolundis, calyptris pilosissimis, Raii Syn. 

91,6. 

Bryum striatum 8, Lin. S. P. 1580. 

Orthotrichum crispum, Hedw. S. Muse. 162; Engl. Bot. 996. 

Bryum crispum, Withering Arr. 827. 

Polytrichum striatum S, Hudson Aug. 471. 

Polytrichum capillaceum, HuU Fl. Br. 249. 

Neckera ulophylla, Mohr. 

On trees and stones. 

Teeth apparently 8, but marked down the middle with a 

dark line ; cilice threadlike, jointed.

746 366. Ortliotrichum. 14. MUSCT. Pl.cell.foL 

4. Orihotrichunt.HiitchinsicE. Huicliins^ hrislle-moss. 

Leaves lanceolate, upright, nearly straight when dry 

peduncles very long; capsule streaked; peristome with eight 

ciliae; calyptra \ery hairy. ;Q:;lioii 

Orthotrichum Hutchinsiifi, E«^;. Bo^. 2523. -;.(!';- 

On rocks. 

Teeth eight, when turned over cleft deeply and regularly 

down the middle. 

. 5. 

Ortliotrichum affine. Kindred hrislle-moss. 

Leaves spreading, broadly lanceolate ; capsules sessile 

peristome with 8 cilise; calyptra rather hairy. 

Polytrichum capsulis sesailibus, foliis brevibiis, rectis, carinatis, DiUen 

3Iitsc. 432. 

' 

, . . 

Orthotrichum affine, ScArad. Ger»i. 67; Engl, Bot. 1323. 

Or/hotrichum striatum, SdiKCEgr. Supp. 49. 

Ortliotrichum rupestre, ScJiw

Vl.cell.foL 14. MUSCI. see.Orthotrichum. 747 

8. Orthotr'ichum rividare. River Irisile-moss. 

Stems long, much branched; leaves broad, lanceolate, 

blunt; capsules sessile; peristome with 16 slender cilias; 

calyptra smooth. 

Orthotricluim rivulare, Turner M. Hib, 96 ; 

On rocks and in streams. 


9. Orthotricluim striatum. Streaked Irisile-moss^ 

Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, spreading, 

slightly twisted when dry; capsule sessile, ovate, smooth; 

peristome with 16 irregular strung-bead-like cilise; 

rather hairy. 

calyptra 

Polytrichum cnpsulis subrotiindis, pediculis brevissimis insidentibus, 

calyptra striata, arboieum ramosuin majus, Saii Syn. 91, 4. 

Eryum striatum, Lin. S. P. 1579. 

Polytrichum striatum, Huds. Angl. 471. 

Weissia striata, Sibthorp Ox. 287. 

748 367. Neckera. 14. MUSCI. Pl.ceU.fot. 

2. Neckera crispa. Crisp necker. 

peduncles very 

Leaves oblong, pointed, wrinkled across ; 

long ; capsule ovate. 

Hypnuai repens crispuoi, ramulis compressis, filicinorum more dispositis, 

RaiiSi/n. 89,47. 

Hypnum crispiim, Lin. S. P. 1589; Engl. Bot. 617. 

Neckera crispa, Hedw.S. Muse. 206. 

On trees and chalk-hills. 

XXVI. 368. ANOMODON. Hooker & Taylor. Odd-tooth, 

Capsules valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; pei-istome 

double, of 16 teeth, and 16 cilise placed between the 

teeth. 

1 Anomodon curtipendulum. Short-hanging odd-tooth. 

Leaves ovate, pointed, finely serrated, main rib disappearing 

below the point; peduncle twice as long as the 

perichetial leaves ; capsule ovate. 

Hypnum arboreum repens, capitulis reflexis, brevibu?, pediculis incidentibus, 

Raii Syn, 89,49. 

Hypnum curtipendulum, Lin, S. P. 1594. 

Neckera curtipeiidula, Iledw. S. Muse. 209 ; Engl. Bot. 1444. 

Anomodon curtipendulum. Hooker Sf Taylor Muse. 79. 

On trees, rocks, and the ground ; perennial ; spring. 

2. Anomodon vhiculosum. ^P'^'^gSV odd-tooi/u 

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, blunt, not cut ; main rib reaching 

the tip ; peduncles very long ; capsule cylindrical. 

Hypnum repens f richoidcs arboreum majus, capitulis et surculis erecfis, 

minus ramosis, Raii Syn. 85,30. 

Hypnum vitinulosum, Lin. S. P. 1592; Engl. Bot. 265. 

Neckera viticulosa, Hedw. S. .yiusc. 209. 

Anomodon viticulo5um, Hooker Si Taylor Muse. 79. 

On trees and rocks, rarely on the ground. 

XXVII. 369. DALTONIA. Hooker & Taylor. Dalton. 

Capsules valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; peristome 

double, consisting of 1 6 teeth, and 1 6 cilise one from 

the side of each tooth ; calyptra mitreshape. 

1 . Dallonia splachnoides. Splachnumlike dalton. 

Leaves oblong, lanceolate ; peduncles long ; calyptra 

fringed at bottom. 

Neckera splachnoides, Engl. Bot. 2564, not of Schwaegrichen. 

On mountains, by the sides of streams.

PLceU.foI. 14

750 372. Bartramia. 14. MUSCI. Fl.cell.fok 

Buxbaumia curiosa. 

* 

.. 

Curious luxlmim, 

Muscus capillaceiis apliylhis, capitulo crasso bivalvi, Dillen Muse. 471. 

Buxbaumia aphyila, Lin. S. P. 1570; Engl. Dot. 1596. 

In woods. 

Stem 0; leaves palmately jagged; perichet'ium radical, 

bulblike ; peduncles long, red ; capsule large, ovate, greenish. 

XXX. 372. BARTRAMIA. Hedwig. Barlram. 

Capsules valveless, nearly globular, peduncled ; peduncles 

terminal; peristoyne double; the outer of 16 teeth; the 

inner membranaceous, divided into 16 segments, each of 

them 2-cut; ca/^p^ra halved. 

a. Peduncles lon^, straicrht. 

\. Bartramia pomiformis. Appleshape hartrarn. 

Leaves spreading, awlshape, strongly serrated ; main 

rib reaching the tip ; 

twisted when dry. 

Brvum trichoides virescens, erectis maJHSculis capi talis maliformibus, 

RauSyn.Ql,SV. 

Bryutn pomiforme, Lin. S. P. 1580. 

Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. S. Muse. 1G4; Engl. Bot. 998. 

Bartramia crispa, Sizartz M. Suec. 13. 

Bryum vulgaris, Mong. 6f Nestl. 137. 

On heaths and dry banks. 

Stem short; leaves bent. 

g. major. Stem long, branched ; leaves long, crisped 

especially when dry. 

cv Bartramia crispa, BrideZ itfusc. 2, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 1526. 

^v> bartramia pomiformis elongata, Turner in jinn. Bot. 1, 1526, /?. 

2. Bartramia ithyphylla. Stiff-leaded lartram. 

Stem short; leaves stiff, upright, rather spi-eading, awlshape, 

bristlelike, scarcely cut, main rib spreading into the 

substance of the leaves when about half-way 

peduncles very long. 

up, straight 

when dry ; 

Bartramia ttbyphylla, Bridtl Muse. 2, 1 ; 

Engl. Bot. 17 10. 

Barjramia pomiforilttis, Swartz M. Suec. 73. 

On dry mountain banks. 

3. Bartramia gracilis. Slender hartrarn. 

Stem long; leaves turned over, spreading, lanceolate, 

peduncles lateral from young shoots. 

o-rooved, serrated ; 

Bartramia gracilis, Florke in Schrad.Journ. ; Engl. Bot. 1836. 

Bartramia CEdcriana, Sieartz in Schrad. Journ. 

Bartramia CEderi, Schwagr. Supp. 59. 

Bartramia longiseta, Brid. Muse. 

Bartramia grandiilora, Schiecegr. Su^P^ 58. 

ijvutvt . "/cvjiiiiiS'luiaJiii 

On alpine rocks.

Plcellfol. U. MUSCL 372. Bavtramia. 751 

4. Bartramiafontana. Sprmg lartram. 

Stejiis eventopped ; leaves closed tiledlike, stiffj upright, 

broad, ovate or lanceolate, pointed, nearly flat, serrated 

peduncles lateral from young shoots. 

Brjum quod Miiscus pahisfris adianto aureo aflinis, scapis tenuibus, 

foliolis bievibus, editionis primac, Rati Syn. 98,28. 

Muium fontanum, Liti, S. P. 1574. 

Bryum fontanum, Hudson Angl. 475 ; Engl. Boi. 390. 

Bartraraia fontana, Sit-'aris zrt Scy^rarfe/'t/ourtj. 

Grey marsh-moss. 

Siems 6 inches long; leaves ovate. 

^. Marchicum. Stem an inch long ; leaves lanceolate. 

Bartratnia Marchica, Swartz in Schrad.Jour. ; Engl. Bot. 2074. 

Mnium Marchicum, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 39. 

Bartramia fontana pumila, Turner M. Hib. 107. 

On turf bogs. 

b. Peduncles very short, bent. 

5. Bartramia Halleri. Hallers bartram. 

Stem very long, proliferous ; leaves long, awlshape, bent 

variously, serrated above; peduncles lateral, from young 

shoots very short, bowed. 

Bryum laterale, Hudson Ang. 483. ^ 

Mniiim laterale, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 54. 

Bartramia Hallcriana, i/erfw. S. itfi/sc. 164; Engl. Boi. 9'J7. 

On mountain rocks, near streams. 

6. Bartramia arcuata. Bowed bartram. 

Stems very long, proliferous ; learns horizontal, spreading, 

ovate, lanceolate, pointed, serrated, streaked ; peduncles 

very short, bowed, become lateral; capsule smooth. 

Hypnum palustre erectura, coma lutea, basi nigricante, Dillen. in Raii 

Syn. 83, 21. 

Bartramia arcuata, Engl. Bot. 1237. 

Mnium arciiatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 2. 

Mnium chrysocomura, Hedw, S, 3Iusc, 74. 

Hypnum clirysocomum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12. 

On mountain bogs, and wet. roeksi. 

XXXI. 373. HOOKERIA. Smith. Hooker. 

Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peristome 

double; the outer of 1 6 teeth ; the inner membranaceous, 

divided into 16 uncut segments; calyptra mitreshape. 

1 . Hookeria lucens. Shining hooker. 

Leaves broad, ovate, uncut, blunt, ribless.

752 373.Hookena. 14. MUSCI. Pl.ceU.fol- 

Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, foliolis majoribns, magisque 

crebris, Dillen. in Rail Syn. 88, 45. 

Hypnum lucens, Lin. S. P. 15S9. 

Hookeria lucens. Smith in Lin, 2V. 9, 276. 

Leskea lucens, De CanduUe Fl. Gall. Syn. 

On moist banks and rocks. 

2. Hookeria la^fevirens. 

Light-green hooker. 

Leaves ovate, rather pointed, bordered, very obscurelyserrated 

at the tip, main ribs 2, reaching nearly to the end. 

Hookeria laete-virens, Hooker fif Taylor Muse. 89. 

On bogs. 

XXXII. 374. HYPNUM. Dioscorides. Feather-moss. 

Cap5z^/e5 valveless,peduncled; pedmicles lateral; peristome 

double; the outer of 16 teeth ; the inner membranaceous, 

segments 16, equal, sometimes with threads between them; 


a. Stem with the leaves flat ; capsules upright. 

1. Hymnum trichomanoides. Trichomanesfeather-moss. 

Leaves broad, scymetarshape, serrated at the point, 

main-ribbed to the middle; capsule ovate, upright; li^l 

beaked. 

Hypnum erectum filicifolium ramosum, pinnulis obtusis, Dillen. in Rati 

Syn. 81, iO. 

Hypnum trichomanoides, Schreb. Lips. 88; Engl. Bot. 1493. 

Hypnum complanatum fi, Huds.Angl. 495. 

Leskea trichomanoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 234. 


2. Hypnum complanatum. Flattened feather-moss. 

Leaves oblong, pointed, uncut, ribless ; capsule ovate, 

upright; lid beaked. 

Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, ramnlis appressis et magis complanatis, 

Raii Syn. 87, S8. 

Hypnum complanatum, Lin.S. P. 1588; Engl. Bot. 1492. ~ 

Leskea complanata, Hedgw. S. Muse. 231, 

On trees, 

b. Stem with the leaves flat j capsules drooping, or inclined. 

S. Hypnum riparium. Shorefeather-moss. 

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, main-rib nearly 

reaching the tip; capsules oblong, drooping; lid conical.

Plcell.foL 14. MUSCI. 374.. Hypnum. 753 

Hypnum ramosiim fluitans pennatiim, liaii Syn. 81, 6. 

Hypnum riparium, Lin, S. P. J5'J5; Engl.Bot. 2060. 

On river-banks, and inundated places. 

4. Hypnum undulatum. Wavy feather-moss^ 

heaves ovate, pointed, waved across ; ribs 2 at the bottom, 

faint ; capsule oblong, furrowed, drooping ; lid beaked. 

Hypnum repcns crispum, cauliculis compressis, lycopodii in morem 

per terram spaisis, Eaii Syn. 88,46. 

Hypnum undulatum, Lin. S. P. ISSO; Engl. Bot. 1181. 

On woods, and dry heaths. 

Leaves white, membranaceous. 

5. Hypnum dentiadatum. Fine-toothedfeather-moss. 

Leaves ovate, inclining to lanceolate, pointed ; ribs 2 at 

the bottom, short ; capsule oblong, cylindrical, inclined 

lid conical. 

Hypntim repens filicifolium non ramosum, pediculis et capUulis longioribus 

ad radicem egredientibus; foliolis utrinquc duplicatis, i?aji S^rt. 

«8,43. 

Hypnum lepens filicifolium ramosum, pediculis ct capitulis longioribus 

e foliorum alls egredientibus, foliolis utrinque simplicibus, Dillen. in Rail 

Syn. 88, 44. 

Hypnum denticulatum, Lin. S. P. 1588 ; Engl. Bot. 1260, 

Hypnum sylvaticum, Lin. Mant, 2, 310. 

In woods. 

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, distant, quite flat. 

^. ohtusifoUum. Leaves ovate, blunt, slightly concave. 

Hypnum denticulatum obtusifnlium, Turner M, Hib. 146. 

Hypnum oblusatum, Wnhlenb. Lapp. 371. 

Hypnum Donnianum, Engl. Bot. 1446. 

On mountains. 

fS4> 3Y4. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL 

7. Hypnum tenelliim. Tenderfeather-moss. 

Leaves in bundles, upright, lanceolate, awlshape, uncut, 

main rib reaching the tip; capsule ovate, drooping; lid 

beaked. 

Hypnum tenellum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16; Engl, Bot. 1859. 

On limestone rocks and old walls. 

8. Hypnum serpens. Crawlingfeather-moss. 

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, rather blunt, spread open, un- 

cut, main rib reaching to the point; capsule cylindrical, 

crooked, drooping ; lid conical. 

Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre minimum, capitulis majnsculis oblongis 

erectis, Raii Syn. 85, 27. 

Hypnum serpens, Lin, S. P. 1596 ; Engl. Sot. 1037. 

Hypnum tenue, Schroder. 

Hypnum contextum, Hedw. S. Muse. 

Hypnum spinulosum, //erfto. S. Masc. 269. 

Hypnum subtile, Dickson ; Engl. Bot. 2i96. 

On moist banks, trees, pales, and decayed wood. 

d. Stems with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem^ 

uniform in their direction, serrated ; main rib reaching to 

or beyond the point. 

9. Hyp?ium populeum. Poplar feather-moss.. 

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, edge slightly turned 

over ; main rib reaching the point ; capsule ovate, nearly 

upright ; peduncles rough ; lid conical. 

Hypnum populeum, Hedw. S. Muse. 70, 

Hyimam'implexam, Steartz Jet. Holm. 1193; Engl. Bot. 158i. 

Hypnum plumosum, Swartz M. Suec, 66. 

On trees and rocks. 

10. Hypnum reflexum. Turned-overfeather-moss .> 

Leaves heartshape, pointed, serrated, main rib reaching 

capsule ovate, droop- 

the point, edge slightly turned over ; 

ing ; peduncles rough ; lid conical. 

Hypnum reflexum, Web. Sf Mohr Crypt. Germ. 306 & 476; Hooker 3f 

Taylor Muse, 95. 

On mountains. 

e. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem, 

unform in the direction, ovate or elliptical, uncut j main 

rib shorter than the leaf or 0. 

1 1 Hypnum molle. Softfeather-moss. 

Leaves loosely tiledlike, rounded, ovate, blunt, concave, 

uncut, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom, or with one short rib 

capsule ovate, drooping; lid conical.

PI. cellfol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 755 

Uypnum molie, Dickson Crypt. 2, 11 ; 

Engl, Bot. 1993. 

Hypnum alpestre, Swartz M, Suec. 63. 

In alpine rivulets. 

\2. Hypnum SchreherL Schreler^sjeather-moss. 

Leaves closely tiledlike, nearly upright, elliptical, pointed, 

concave, uncut, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule 

ovate, drooping; /iaf conical. 

Hypnum longum erectum, 

83,20. 

foliis angustis caulibus appressus, Raii Syn. 

Hypnum Schreberi, Willd. Berl. 325; 

Hypuum purum, Ehrh. Crypt. 311. 

Hypnura compressiim, ScAre6.X/ips. 96. 

Hypnum miUicum, Swartz M. Suec. 60. 

On banks in woods. 


1 3. Hypnum moniUforme. Bead-necklacefeather-moss. 

Leaves closely tiledlike, rounded, ovate, blunt, very concave, 

bellied, ribless; capsule ovate, nearly upright. 

Hypnum moniliforme, Wahlen. Lapp. 376, 

Leskea julacea, Mohr. 

Hypnum julaceum, SchwcBgr. Supp. 89. 

Prcrogoniura ? Totnad'ifoVmm, Engl, Bot. 2525. 

On the ground, among other mosses. 

Chained feather-moss. 

14

756 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. PLcellfo 

Ilypnum inyosuroides brevius et crassus, capsulis ceinuis, Dillen. Muse. 

318. 

Hypnum murale, Neclcer GaUobefg. 479; Dickson Crypt. 3, 10. 

Hypiiuin confertiim, Engl. Bot. 1.038. 

Hypniim abbreviatum, Hedio. S. Muse. 65. 

On walls and stones. 

1 7. Hypnum piirum. Pure feather-moss. 

Leaves closely tiledlike, oval, very concave, point very 

short, main rib reaching halfway; capsule ovate, drooping; 

lid conical. 

Hypnum leireslre creclum, ramulis teictibus, foliis inter rotunda et 

ucuta medio modo so habentibus, llaii Syn. 81,7. 

Hypnum purum, Lin. S. P. 1594; Engl. Bot. 1599. 

Hypnum elegans, E/irh. Crypt. 242. 

Hypnum illecebrum, Smith Fl. Brit. 1314; Engl, Bot. 2189, not of 

Hedvvig. 

In fields and moist woods. 

f. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides, ZiJiiJbrm 

271 their direction, lanceolate or awlshape, imcuf, without 

streaks ; main rib shorter than the leaf or 0. 

18. Uypnum fluitans. Floatingfeather-moss. 

Leaves loosely tiledlike, lanceolate, awlshape, scarcely 

serrated at the tip, main rib reaching more than halfway; 

the upper leaves sickleshape, one-rowed; capsule ovate, 

lid conical. 

dblong, bent, drooping ; 

Hypnum ereclum aut fluitans aquaticum, foliis oblongis perangustis 

acutis, Itaii Syn. 82. 

Hypnum fluitans, Lin. Fl. Suec. ed. 2, 399 ; Engl. Bot. 1448. 

In water, and inundated places. 

19. Hypjium plumosum. Plumosefeather-moss. 

Leaves upright, spreading, ovate, lanceolate, pointed, 

slightly serrated, main rib reaching above halfway; the 

upper leaves sometimes one-rowed; capsule ovate, drooping; 

lid conical. 

Hypnum plumosum, Lin. S, P. 1592 ; Engl. Bot.Ôli ; uot of Hedwig. 

Hvpnum pseudoplumosum, Bridel Muse. 

Hypnum alpinum, Turner M. Hib. 192 ; Engl. Bot. 1496. 

Hypnum flagellare, Hedw. S.M. 282. 

On rocks. 

20. Hypnum pulcheJlum. Pretty feather-moss. 

Leaves loosely tiledlike, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, rib- 

less; upper leaves slightly one-rowed; capsule ovate, cy- 

lindrical, nearly upright; /?c? conical.

PlceU.fol 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 757 

Hypnum pulcliellum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13, fig. bad, having a ribbed 

Jeaf; Engl. Bot. 2006; not of Hedwig. 

Hypnum nitidiilum, Wahhnh. Lapp. 

Leskea pulchella, Hedw. S.Musc. 220. 

On rocks and in woods. 

g. Stem iviih the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides, uniform 

in their direction, lanceolate or awishape, streaked; main 

rib shorter than the leaf' or 0. 

21. Hypnum ri/Jescens. Reddish feather-moss. 

Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, 

streaked, faintly 2-ribbed at the bottom ; capsule ovate, 

nearly upright ; lid conical. 

Hypnum rufescen?, Dickson Crypt. 3, 9; Engl. Bot. 2296. 

Leskea rufesceus, Schvccegr. Supp. 88. 


22. Hypnum sericeum. Silky feather-moss. 

Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, 

streaked, main rib reaching to three quarters of the length 

capsule o\ cite, cylindrical, upright; lid conical. 

Hypnum repens triclioides terrestie luleo-virens vulgaie uiajus, capitulis 

erectis, Rail Syn. 84, 23. 

Hypnum sericeum, Lin. S. P. 1595; Engl. Bot. 1445. 

Leskea sericea, Hedw. S. Muse. 223. 

On rocks, walls, and trees. 

23. Hypnum lidescens. Yellowish feather-moss. 

Leaves upright, spi'eading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, 

streaked, main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule ovate, 

drooping; peduncles rough; /i(i conical, pointed. 

Hypnum lutescens, Hudson ytngl. ed. 1,421 ; Engl, Bot. 1301. 

Hypnum sericeum y, Hudson Angl. 506. 

On banks and trees. 

94. Hypnum nitens. Shining feather-moss. 

Leaves upright, spreading, narrow, lanceolate, pointed, 

scarcely cut, streaked, main rib nearly reaching the tip 

capsule oblong, ovate, bent; peduncles smooth; lid conical. 

Hypnum paluslre erectum triclioides, ramulis crcbris, luteo et rufovirentibus, 

glabris, Dilltn. Muse. 303. 

Hypnum nitens, Schreb. Lips. 92 ; Engl. Bot. 1646. 

On bogs and marshes.

^3S 374. Hypnum. 14.. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol 

25. Hypnum alhicans. Whitish feather-moss. 

Leaves upright, spreading, ovate, lanceolate, pointed, 

streaked, uncut; main rib reaching halfway; capsules ovate, 

drooping; peduncles smooth; lid conical. 

Hypnum (errcslre erectum humilius 

in Rail Syn. S3, 19. 

albicans, ramulis teretibus, Dillen 

Hypnum albicans, Necker Muse. 180; Engl. But. 1300. 

- On sandy open places. 

h. Ste7n with the leaves not fiat^ lower part hare • leaves on 

all sides, imiform in their direction, serrated; main rib 

shorter than the leaf or 0. 

' 26. Hypnum alopecurum. Foxtail feather-grass. 

Stem upright ; below simple, naked ; above branched, 

branches in bundles : leaves concave, ovate, elliptical, pointed, 

serrated, main rib nearly reaching the tip, edge turned 

ovef; capsule ovate, droo])ing; lid beaked. 

Hypnum palusfre erectum, arbusculam referens, ramulis subrotundis, 


Hypnum alopecurum, Lin. S. P. 1594; Engl. Bot. 1182. 

On shady banks_, in woods. 

27. Hypnum dendroides. Treelike feather-grass 

Stein upright ; below simple, naked ; above branched, 

branches in bundles ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, streaked, 

serrated at the tip, main rib nearly reaching the tip ; capside 

upright, ovate, cylindrical; lid beaked, 

Hypnum erectum, arbusculam referens, ramulis subrotundis confertim 

nascentibus, Raii Syn. 81,9. 

Hypnvim dendroides, Lin. S. P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 1565. 

Leskea dendroides, Hedio. S. Muse, 228. 

JSieckera dendroides, Swartz M. Suec. 71. 

Ciimacium dendroides, Mohr, Germ. 

In woods and moist pastures. 

Columella in dry weather raises the lid spirally, and allows 

the escape of" the seeds, moisture contracts the columella 

in the same spiral manner, and again closes the cap- 

sule : inner peristome segments cleft at the base. 

i. Stem with the leaves not flat, leafy heloiu ; leaves on all 

sides, uniform in their direction, serrated, main rib shorter 

than the leaf or 0; capsules upright. 

28. Hypmim curvatum. Bent feather-moss. 

Branches in bundles, bent; leaves ovate, elliptical, concave, 

serrated at the tip; main rib disappearing beyond the 

middle; co/J5^^Ze ovate, upright ; lid beaked.

PLcell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 759 

Hvpnum repens, triangularibiis ansjuslis foliis, ramulis siibrotundis, 

Dillen. in Rati Syn. S3, 16, 

Hypnum cuivatum, Swarfz 31. Suec. G4 ; Erigl. Bof. 1566. 

HypiiUQi myosuroides, lledw. S. Muse. 266, not of 

Hypnum myosuron, TFithering ^rr. 865. 

On rocks and trees. 

Linnajus. 

29. Hypnum myosuroides. Mouselail fecifher-moss. 

Branches in bundles, bent; leaves lanceolate, pointed, 

serrated, edges turned over at bottom; main rib reaching 

to the middle ; capsule ovate, cylindrical, upright ; lid 

beaked. 

Hypnuin polvanthon, trian2;ularibiis angustis foliis, DUkn. in Rati Sun. 

S3, 17. 

Hypnum myosuroides, i/;i. S. P. 1596; Engl. Bot. 1567, not of Hedwig. 

Hypnum myosunim, Schrad. Krypt. 17. 

On limestone-rocks, and trees. 

k. Slem ivith the leaves not flat, leafy below, 2 or S-pimialc; 

leaves on all sides, unijorm in their direction, serrated; 

main rib shorter than the leaf or 0; capsules drooping. 

30. Hypnum splendens. Splendid feather-moss. 

Stems tripinnate; leaves ovate, concave; point suddenly 

acuminated, serrated; main ribs 2, faint, at the bottom; 

edge turned over at the base ; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid 

beaked. 

Hypnum repens filicinum, veluti spicatum. Rail Syn. 86,35. 

Miiscus filicinus, Gcr, wj. 1372; Park. ] 309. 

Hypnum splendens, IJedw. S. M. 262; Engl. Bot. 1424, 

Hypnum parietinum, Hudson Angl. 499. 

Hypnum prolifcrum, Elirh. Crypt. 95, 

In dry woods and heaths, 

31. Hypnum proliferum. Proliferous feather-moss. 

Stem tripinnate; leaves serrated, nipply on the back; 

stem-leaves iicartshape, pointed, streaked, main rib running 

nearly to the tip ; branch-leaves more ovate, with a single 

or double rib at the bottom. 

Hypnum repens filicinum minus, luteo-virens, Rati Syn. 86,36. 

Hypnum proliferum, Lin. S. P. 1590; Engl. Hot. 1494. 

Hypnum tamaribcimim, llcdio. S. Muse. 201. 

Hypnum tamariscifolium, Necker Muse, 158, 

Hypnum dclicatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 301. 

Hypnum delicatnhiin, Scliradtr Germ. 73. 

Hypnum recoji;ni(um, lledw. S. Muse, 261. 

Hypnum parietinum^ Willd. Bcrol, 322. 

On heathy banks and in woods.

760 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Vl.cell.Jol. 

32. Hypnum prcelongum. Very-longfeather-moss. 

Stem nearly bipinnate ; leaves distant, open, heartshape 

or ovate, pointed, serrated; main rib disappearing below 

the tip; cap52//e ovate, drooping; lid beaked. 

Hypnum repens filicinum, triangularibits parvis foliis, praelongum^ 

Jtaii Syn. 80, 5. 

Hypiium praelongum, Lin, S. P. 1591 ; Engl. Bot. 2035. 

Hvpnum Stokesii, I'urntr M. Hib. 159. 

Hypnum Swartzii, Turner M. IJih. 151 ; Engl. Bot. 2034. 

Hypnum atrovirens, Swartz M. Suec. 65. 

On banks and decaying trees. 

1. Steni with the leaves notfiat, pinnate or irregularly Iranched; 

leaves on all sides, iinijorm in their direction, serrated, 

main rib shorter than the leaf or ; capsules drooping. 

33. Hypnum flagellare, IVhip feather -vioss: 

Stem pinnate, or irregularly bipinnate ; leaves thickly 

set, heartshape, pointed, serrated, very faintly 2-ribbed at 

bottom; cap^w/e oblong, drooping; Zit/ conical. 

Hypnum flaêllarc, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12. 

Hypnum umbratum, Engl. Bot. 2565, not of Hedwig. 


34. Hypnum ahietinum. Fir feather-moss.. 

Stem pinnate ; leaves serrated, nipply on the back, edge 

turned over, main rib nearly to the tip ; stem-leaves heartshape, 

sharp-pointed ; branch-leaves heartshape, pointed j 

capsule cylindrical, inclined ; lid conical. 

Hypnum repens filicinum tiichoides montanum, ramulis (eretibus lutescentibiis 

non divisis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 86, 3i. 

Hypnum abielinum, Lin. S. F. 1591 ; Engl. Bot. 2037. 

On dry chalk-hills. 

35. Hypnum Blandovii. Bla?idofsfeather-moss. 

Stem pinnate ; leaves serrated, smooth on the back, 

edges turned over ; stem-leaves heartshape, pointed, with a 

short main rib ; branch-leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, main 

rib disappearing beyond the middle; capsule cylindrical, 

inclined ; /i(/ conical. 

Hypnnm Blandovii, fVcber &; Mohr Germ. 332. 

On rocks.

PLcellfol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 761 

36. Hifpnum piliferum. Hairy fealher-moss. 

Stem rather pinnate; leaves ovate, serrated; tip lonw, 

narrow; main rib not reacliing the middle; capsule ovate, 

drooping ; lid beaked. 

Ilypnum piliferum, Schreher Lips. 91 ; Engl. Bot. 1516. 

On moist shady banks. 

37. Hypnum rutalidiforme. Rakesliapefeather-moss^ 

Stem variously branched; leaves open, ovate, pointed, 

serrated at the tip, streaked ; main rib reaching halfway 

capsule ovate, drooping; pedimcle rougli ; lid conical. 

Hypnum repcns triangiilaribus minoiibKs foliis, Raii Syn. SO. 

Muscus terrestris vulgaris, Ger. em. 1370. 

Hypnum RululuiUim, Lin. S. I'. 1590. 

Hypnum brevirostre, Engl. Bot. 1647, not of Ehiliart. 

Hypnum crenulatum, Eng-/. i/o^. 1261. 

Ground-moss, 

On banks and trees. 

38. Hyp?uim velutinum. Velvet feat licr-moss.. 

Stem variously branched ; leaves upright, spreading, 

ovate, lanceolate, pointed, serrated, streaked ; main rib 

reaching halfway; capsule ovate, drooping; pedimcle rough;. 

lid conical. 

Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre viridius 

bus cernuis, Raii Syn. 84. 24. 

minus, capitulis Uunidiori- 

Hypnum velutinum, Liii. S. P. 1595 ; Engl. Bot. 1568, 

Hypnum intricatum, ScAre&erX,/ps. 99 ; Engl. Bot. 2^21. 

Hypnum Teesdalii, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16. 

On hedge-banks, and in woods. 

39. Hypn. ruscifolium. Butchers'-broomleaffeather-moss^ 

Stem variously branched; leaves loosely tiiedlike, rather 

spreading, broad, ovate, pointed, serrated, concave, main 

rib reaching to the tip ; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid beaked^ 

Hypnum repens, triangularibus minoribus foliis, pediculis et capitulisbrevioribns 

ct tumidioribus, niajus, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 80,3. 

Hypnum ruscifolium, Necker Muse. 181 ; 


Hypnum rusciforme, Necker Gallob. 481. 

Hypnum Jlutabuliun 8, Hudson Angl. 497. 

Hypnum riparioides, Hedus:. S. Muse. 242. 

Hypnum prolixum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13. 

Hypnum Atlanticum, Desfont. Fl. .4tl. 

On wood and stones in rivers and pools. 

40. Hypnum striatum. Streakedfeather-inoss. 

Stem variously branched ; leaves open, heartshape, pointed, 

serrated, streaked ; main rib reaching beyond the

762 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cellfoL 

middle ; capsule oblong, ovate, drooping ; peduncle smooth ; 

lid beaked. 

Hypnum repens triangularibus minoribiis foliis, pediculis et cnpitulis 

brevioribus et tumidioribus, minus, Rail Syn. 80,4. 

Hypnum striatum, Schreb. Lips. 91 ; Engl. Bot. 1648. 

Hypnum longirostrura, Ehrh. Crypt. 75. 

Hypnum Rutabulum y, Hudson Angl. 49T. 

Hypnum Rutabulum ^, Relhan Cant. 433. 

In woods. 

41. Hypnum confertum. CrowdedJeather-mosK 

Stem variously branched ; leaves upright, spreading, 

ovate, pointed, concave, serrated, main rib reaching hal& 

way ; capsule ovate, drooping ; peduncle smooth ; lid beaked. 

Hypnum confertum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 17 ; 


Hypnum serrulatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 60; 

On banks, trees, and old rails. 


m. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides, very 

irregular in their direction. 

42. Hypninn cuspidatum. Dagger feather-moss, 

heaves loosely set, ovate, concave, ribless, uncut; lower 

leaves irregular; top-leaves closely tiledlike into a sharp 

point ; capsule oblong, bent, drooping ; lid conical. 

Hypnum repens palustre, foliis triangularibus per caules expansis, extremitatibus 

convolutis et acuminatis, Raii Syn. 82, 14. 

Hypnum cuspidatum, Lin. S, P. 1595 ; Engl. Bot. 2407. 

On bogs. 

43. Hypmmi cordifolium. Hearlshape-leafljeather-moss. 

Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, ovate, blunt, 

concave, uncut, main rib running to very near the tip 

capsule oblong, bent, drooping ; lid conical. 

Hypnum cordifolium, Hedic. S. Muse. 254; Engl. Bot. 1447. 

Hypnum cuspidatum /3, Turner M. Hib. 177. 

On bogs. 

44. Hypnum polymorphum. Many-formedfeather-moss» 

Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, sharp-pointed, 

uncut, main rib disappearing halfway up; capsule oblong, 

ovate, bent, drooping; Zfc? conical. 

Hypnum polymorphum, Hedw. S. Muse. 66, rib omitted in fig. 

Hypnum chrysopliyllum, Bridel Muse. 2, 2. 

On limestone and chalk.

¥l,cellfol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 1^ 

45. Hypnum stellahtm. Starry feather-moss^ 

Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, sharp-pointed, 

uncut, ribless ; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid 

conical. 

Hypniim coma lutescente, extremitatibus stellatis, Dillen. Muse. 302. 

Hypnum stellatum, ScAreS. izpi. 92; Engl. Bot. \^02. 

Hypnum protensum, Bridel Muse, 

In marshes. 

/3. mi?ius. Plant smaller, less upright, greener; leaves 

more turned over. 

Hypmim squarrulosum, Bridel Muse. Engl. Bof. 1709. 

On rocks and stone walls. 

46. Hyp7ium loreiforme. Thongshapefeather-moss. 

Leaves turned over, irregular, lanceolate, much pointed, 

concave, serrated, streaked, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom; 

capsule globular, ovate, drooping; lid conical. 

Hypnum repens, surculis magis erectis, foliis reflex.is longioribus, 

ciuctis, operculo capituli magno, Raii Syn. 82, 12. 

Hypnum Loreum, Lin. S. P. 1393 ; 

On heaths among bushes. 


47. Hypmim triqiietrum. Three-corneredJeather-moss. 

Leaves irregular, heartshape, pointed, serrated, faintly 

streaked, 2-ribbed at bottom ; ca/)5z

764 374.. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol 

n. Stem and leaves not flat ; leavesfadng one way, l-rilled. 

49. Hypnum flliclmim. Fern feather-moss^ 

Stem rather pinnate; leaves, especially the upper, sicklelike, 

facing one way, broad, ovate, pointed, serrated, mainrib 

reaching to the tip; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping; 

lid conical. 

Hjpnum repens filicinum crhpum, Raii Syn. 85,32. 

Hypnuiu filicinum, Lin. S. P. 1590; Engl, Dot. 1570. 

Hypiium dubiuin, Etigl. But. 2126. 

Hypnum fallax, Bridel Muse. 3, 2; Engl. Bot. 

On bogs and the side of streams. 

50. Hypnum atrovirevs. Dark-green feather-moss. 

Stem variously branched, lying down ; leaves slightly 

facing one way, broad, ovate; tip narrow, blunt; main rib 

rianning nearly to the tip; capsule ovate, drooping; lid 

conical. 

Hypnum atrovirens, X)/c/cso« Cri//?f. 2, 10; Engl, Bot. 2i22. 

Hypnum filameiitosum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 11. 

Hypnum ailenuatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13 ; Engl. Bot. 2420. 

Leskea incurvnta, Hedw. S. Mmc. 53 

On mountain rocks and trees. 

51. Hypnum palustre. Marshfeather-moss. 

Leaves facing one way, ovate, rather pointed, concave, 

uncut, edges turned in above ; main rib short, often forked, 

sometimes faint; capsule oblong, ovate, drooping; lid 

conical. 

Hypnum heterophyllum aqualicum polycephalum repens, Dilltn, Muse. 

293. 

Hypnum paluftre, Lin. S. P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 1665. 

Hypnum Juridum, Hedw. S. Muse. 291. 

Hypnum fluviatile, Turner M. Ilib. 192; Engl. Bot. 1303, not of Hedwig. 

Hypnum adnatum, Turner M. Hib. 165; Engl. Bot. 2i06, not of Hedwig. 

On wet rocks, and banks of rivers and of pools. 

52. Hypnum aduncum. Crooked feather-moss. 

Leaves sicklelike, facing one way, lanceolate, awlshape, 

concave or almost semicylindrical, uncut; main rib not 

reaching the tip ; capsule oblong, ovate, . bent, drooping 

lid conical. 

Hypnum palubtre ereclum, summifatibus erec'is, Raii Syn. 80, 15. 

Hypnum aduncum, Lin. S. P. 1592. 

Hypnum revolveos, Swartz U, Suec. 58 ; Engl. Bot. 2073. 

On bogs.

PLcelLfoL 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 765 

/3. rugosum. Leaves wide, slightly sickleshape, wrinkled. 

Hypnum liitcicens crispum, lycopodii facie, BUlen. Muse. 289. 

Hypnum rugosum, Lin, Mant. 131 ; Engl. Bot. 2250, not of Hedvvig. 

Hypnum lycopodioides, Schiasgr. Supp. 2,300. 

53. Hypnum iinc'inalum. Hookedfeather-moss. 

Leaves sickleshape, facing one way, lanceolate, awlshape, 

serrated, streaked, main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule 

cylindrical, bent, drooping: Zfcf conical. 

Hypnum unciuatum, Htdic. S. Muse. 289 ; Engl. Bot. 1600. 

On moist banks and walls, in hilly countries. 

54'. Hypnum rugJilosum. Slightly-wnnkled feath.er-moss. 

Leaves facing one way, ovate, lanceolate, serrated, nearly 

fiat, crisped across when dry; edges turned over; main 

rib reaching halfway. 

Hypnum riigulosum, TVeber ^" 3Iohr Cr. Germ. 366. 

Hypnum rugosum, Htdw. S. Muse, 293, not of Linnteus. 

On heaths. 

35. Hypnum commutatum. Changedfeaiher-moss 

Stems pinnate ; leaves sicklelike, facing one way, heartshape, 

very sharp-pointed, serrated, edges turned over; 

main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule oblong, ovate, 

drooping ; lid conical. 

Hypnum repens filicinum crispum, var. B. C. D. Dillen, Muse, 283. ' 

Hypnum commutatum, Hedw, S. Muse, 284; Engl. Bot. 1569. 

On wet places, especially in chalky ground. 

o. Stem and leaves not flat ; leaves facing one ivay^ ribs 2 

'very indistinct, or 0. 

56. Hypnum scorpioides. Scorpion feat he-r-moss. 

Leaves facing one way, broad, ovate, bellied, blunt, un- 

cut, ribless ; capsules oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid 

conical. 

Hypnum scorpioides, Lin. S. P. 1592 ; 

On bogs. 


57. Hypnum Silesianum. Silesia feather-moss. 

Leaves loosely tiledlike, facing one way, narrow, lanceolate, 

pointed, serrated, ribless or very slightly 2-ribbed; 

capsule cylindrical, rather drooping; lid conical, blunt. 

Hypnum Silesianum, P. de Beauv. Prod. 70; Engl. Bot. 2016. 

Leskea Seligeri, Brid. Muse, 

On mountains.

766 S74?.Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL 

58. Hypnum ciipressiforme. t^rp'-^ Cypresslike foather-moss. 

Leaves closely tiledlike, sicklelike, facing one way, Ian-. 

ceolate, pointed, uncut, except the tip which is serrated, 

very faintly 2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule cylindrical, slightly 

drooping ; lid conical, pointed. 

Hypnum repens crispum cupressiforme, Rail Syn. 89, 48. 

Uypnurn myosuroides sericeura (enuius, capsulis erectis, Dillen. Muse. 

318. 

Hypnum cupressiforme, Lin. S. P. 1592; Engl. Bot. 1860. 

Hypnum nigro-viride, Dickson Crypt. 4, 18. 

On banks, and trees, also on walls. 

/3. compressum. Stem slender, compressed; leaves sicklelike, 

facing one way. 

Hypnum filicinum sericeum, moUe et pallidum, mucronibus aduncis,, 

mUen. Muse. 28&, 

Hypnum compressum, Z/in.JM"an/. 2, 310. 


y. tenue. Stem very slender ; leaves very slightly curved, 

narrow, lanceolate, uncut. 

Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre viridius minus, capitulis cernuis 

minus lumidis, Raii Syn. 84. 26. 

Hypnum polyanthos, Engl. Bot. 1664, not of Schreber. 

, 

' Hypnum 

Hypnum filiforme, .W«rf4on./rfn^Z. 497. 

filifolium. Withering Arr. 863. 

Leskea filiformis, Sibthorp Ox. 303. 

On trees. 

59. Hypnum cristceforme. Crestlike feather-moss. 

Stem closely comblike ; 

leaves sicklelike, facing one way, 

ovate, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrated, streaked, faintly 

2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping; 

lid conical. 

Hypnum CristafCastrensis, Lin. S. P. 1591 ; Engl, Bot. 2108, not of 

Hudson. 

In woods. 

60. HypTium molluscum. Softishfeather-moss. 

Stem comblike ; leaves sicklelike, facing one way, heartshape, 

sharp-pointed, serrated, not streaked, faintly 2 ribbed 

at bottom ; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid 

conical. 

Hypnum quod Muscus filicifolius luteus, foUo crasso et undulate D. 

Richardson!, Raii Syn, 86,32. 

Hypnum moUuscum, Hedw. S. Muse. 289; Engl. Bot. 132T. 

Hypnum Crista-castrensis, Hudson Angl. 498, not of Linnaeus. 

On dry chalk-hills.

Plcell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. 767 

XXXIII. 375. BRYUM. Theophrastus. Thread-moss. 

Capsule valveless, ped uncled ; peduncles terminal; peristome 

double; the outer of 16 teeth; the inner membranaceous, 

segments 16, equal, sometimes with threads between 

them ; calyptra halved. 

a. Capsulefurrowed. 

1 Bryum androgynum. Androgynous thread-moss. 

Stem nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate, serrated, edges 

turned over ; capsule nearly upright, cylindrical, furrowed 

lid conical. 

Mnium perangustis et brevibus foliis, Rail Syn, 78, 1. 

Mnium androgynum, Lin. S. P. 1574 ; Engl. Bot. 1238. 

Bryum androgynum, Hedw. S. Muse. 178. 

Gymnocephahis androgynus, Schvceegr, Supp, 2, 87. 

Cluster-headed golden locks. 

On banks, in woods. 

2. Bryum palustre. Marsh thread-moss. 

Stem much branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, uncut, 

edges rolled up ; capsule ovate, blunt, furrowed ; lid conicaL 

Mnium majus, ramis longioribus bifurcatis, Rail Syn, 78, S. 

Mnium palustre, Lin. S. P. 1574. 

Bryum palustre, Roth Germ. 3,233; Engl. Bot. 391. 

On bogs. 

b. Capsule notfurrowed; otiter teeth of the peristome shorter 

than the inner. ^ 

S. Bryum trichodes. Hair-leaved thread-moss. 

Stem rather branched ; leaves linear, blunt, uncut, networked 

; capsule reverse-ovate, bent back, slightly droop» 

ing; peduncles very short. 

Bryum triciiodes 

len. Muse. 389. 

aureum, capsulis incurvis obtusis in setis longis, Di7- 

Bryum trichodes, Lin. S. P. 1585 ; Eng. Bot. 1517. 

Meesia uliginosa, Hedto. S. Muse. 173. 

Mnium uliginosum, Withering Arr. 800. 

Mnium trichodes, Hoffm. Germ. 2,47. 

On mountain bogs. 

4. Bryum triquetrum. 

Three-cornered thread-moss. 

Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, keeled, pointed, 

serrated, networked; 

peduncles very long. 

cap>y2//e pearsh ape, slightly drooping;

Vm 375. Bryum. 14. MUSCI., Plcell.fol 

Mnium triquetium, Lin. S. P. 1578. 

Meesia longisela, /i ed(£j. Cr^/p/. 1, 21. 

Diplocoiniuni longisctum, IVeber & Mohr Cr. Germ. 874. 

Bryum triquetrum, Turner M. Ilib. 115; Engl. Bot. 2394. 

On the edges of lakes. 

5. Bryum dealhatum. Whitened thread-moss. 

Stem short; leaves lanceolate, pointed, flat, serrated at 

the tip, networked; capsules pearshape, nearly upright. 

Bryutn dealbatum, DicA;.5on Cri/p^ 2,8 ; Engl, Bot. \bll, .; 

Meesia dealbatum, Swartz M. Suec, 44. 


-c. Capsule not furronwd ; outer teeth of the peristome as long 

' as the inner ; leaves awlshape. 

6. Bryum pyriforme. Pearshape thread-moss. 

Stem slightly branched ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, 

bent, serrated, rib very broad ; capsule pearshape, hanging. 

Bryum trichodes aurcum, capsulis pvriforniibus nutaptibus, Dillen. 

Jtfusc. 391. 

Milium pyriforme, Lin. S. P. 1576. 

Engl. Bot. SS9, 

-Bryum aureum, Sc//reft. iips. 81 ; 

jBryum mnioides, Withering ^rr. 838. ,,j^f, 

'"' 

-Bryum pyriforme, Swartz M. Suec. 45. 

êbera pyriformis, Hedw. S. Muse. 169. 

On sandstone-rocks, 

houses. 

and the mould of pots in green- 

d. Capsule not furroiued ; outer teeth of the peristome as 

long as the inner ^ leaves not awlshape, very Hunt, edges, 

not thickened. 

7. Bryum, Julaceum. Catkin thread-moss. 

Stem branched; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate, 

uncut, blunt, main rib nearly reaching the tip ; capsule reverse 

ovate, cylindrical, hanging. 

Bryum pendulum, surculis terctibus viridibas, Dillen, Muse. 394. 

Bryum argenteum /?, Lin. S. P. 1586. 

Bryum julaceum, Schrad. Germ. 70; Engl, Bot. 2270. 

Bryum filiforme, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16. 

On mountains. 

e. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as long 

as the inner; leaves not awlshape, pointed; edges not 

thickened. 

8. Bryum crudum. Raw thread-moss. 

Stem simple ; leaves stiff, lanceolate, flat, finely serrated.

PLcellfol. U. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. ^69 

main rib not reaching the tip; upper leaves narrowest, 

longest; capsule oblong, pearshape, drooping. 

Bryum pendulum hornum moUe, foliis et lanceolatis et gramineis, Di/len. 

Muse, 401. 

Milium crudum, Lin. S. P. 1576. 

Bryum crudum, /fM(fsonj^/i^/. 491 ; Engl. Bot, \60\. 

On mountain banks, and in the crevices of rocks. 

9. Bryum carneum. Flesh thread-moss. 

Stem simple; leaves lanceolate, networked, slightly serrated 

at the tip ; main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule 

reverse ovate, hanging. 

Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylli pellucidis anguBtioribus, reflexis capitulis 

subrotundis, carnei coloiis, in pediculis breviorlbus, Dillen in RaiiSyn. 

102. 

Bryum carneum, Lin. S. P. 1587 ; Eng. Bot. 360. 

Bryum delicatulum, Hedw. S. Muse. 179. 

Bryum pulchellnm, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 38. 

On banks. 

10. Bryum argenteum. Silvery thread-moss. 

Stem branched ; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate, 

suddenly pointed, slightly serrated, very concave, main rib 

not reaching the point ; capsule ovate, pearshaped, hanging. 

Bryum capitulis subrotundis reflexis, cauliculis teretibus argenteis, 

Raii Syn. 100, 47. 

Bryum argenteum, Lin. S. P. 1586; Engl. Bot. 1602. 

On open ground, rocks, walls, and roofs. 

Leaves green at bottom, dry and white at the tip. 

1 1 Bryum Zierii. Zier^s thread-moss.^ 

Stem branched; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate, 

rather pointed, very concave, networked, main rib reaching 

nearly to the point; capsule clublike, drooping. 

Bryum Zierii, Bickson Crypt. 2, 8 ; 

On mountains. 


f. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long 

as the inner : leaves not awlshape, pointed^ edges not thick-^ 

ened; main rib reaching the tip or beyond it. 

12. Bryum roseum. Rose thread-moss^ 

Leaves reverse ovate, spatulashape, pointed, serrated, 

main rib reaching the point ; capsule oblong, ovate, hanging. 

VOL. I. 3d 

i

5

FLcell.foi. 14. MtTiSCI. 375. Bryura. 771' 

16. Bryum nutans. Nodding thread-moss^ 

Stem short ; leaves upright, lanceolate, pointed, serrated 

above, main rib reaching to the tip ; capsule oblong, pearshape, 

hanging. 

Bryum trichodeslsete virenscapitulis cernuis oblongis, Rait Syn. 100,43^ 

Bryuoi nutans, Schreber Lips. 81 ; Engl. Bot. 1240. 

Webera nutans, Hedw. S. M-usc. 16S. 

Bryum corapactum, Z>ickson Crypt. 4, 15; Engl. Bot. 1327. 

Bryum sericeum, Withering ^rr. 839. 

Mnium nutans, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 49. 

On mountain heaths and walls. 

17. Bryum elongatvm. Long thread-moss. 

Stem short; leaves upright, long, lanceolate, pointed, 

serrated, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule longj club- 

iike, inclined. 

Bryum elongatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 8 ; 


Pohlia elongata, Herfro. S. itfusc. 171. 

Mnium Pohlia, Iloffm. Germ. 2, 48. 

. Pohlia minor, Schvocegr. Supp. 64. 

Bryum longicollum, Swartz M. Suec. 6, 

Webera longicolla, Hedw. S. Muse. 

Bryum cylindricum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 12. 

in caves and clefts of rocks. 

18. Bryum alpinum. Alpine thread-mom.- 

, Stems stiff, long, branched ; leaves closely tiledlike, up- 

right, lanceolate, rather blunt, slightly serrated at the tip, 

edge turned over, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule 

oblong, ovate, hanging. 

Bryum hypnoides pendulum sericeum, coma insigni atro-rubente, Dilien 

Muse. 394, 

Bryum alpinum, Lin. Mant. 2,309 ; Engl. Bot. 1623. 

On rocks. 

19. Bryum ventricosum. Bellied thread-moss. 

Stems long, branched with young shoots ; leaves oblong, 

pointed, very slightly serrated; edges turned over; main 

rib reaching beyond the tip ; 

Changing. 

capsule oblong, reverse ovate, 

Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylll angustioribus, majus, Dillen in Eaii Syn.. 

i02,56. 

Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylli pellucidis angustis, capitulis tumidis 

nutantibus, pra;altis 

Rail Syn. 102, 54, 

pediculis e surculis annotinis esjredientibus, Dillen in. 

Bryum ventricosum, Dicksoti Crypt. 1,4; Engl. Bot. 2270. 

Bryum bimum, Sc7i)-e6. L?ps. 83 ; 

Engl. Dot. i 518. 

Bryum cubitale, Dickson Crypt. 2, 9, 

JMniuQi pseudotriquetrum, Hedw. S. Muse. 190. 

Bryum triquetrum, Hudson .'Ingl. 490. 

Bryum pseudotriquetrum. Roth Germ, 3,243. 

Pvlnium triquetrum, Abbot Bed/. 235. 

Mnium bimum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 48. 

In marshes and wet crevices in rocks. 

3 D 2

T72 375. Bryum. 14.. MUSCI. Plcell.foh 

g. Capsule notfurrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long 

as the inner; leaves not awlshape, toothless, edges thickened. 

20. Bryum punctatum. Dotted thread-moss. 

Stem long; leaves reverse ovate, rounded, very blunt, 

networked, uncut, edges thickened ; main rib not reaching 

the tip ; capsule ovate, hanging ; lid with a short beak. 

Bryum iiitidiim, serpylli rotuudis et latioribus foliis pellucidis, Maii 

Syn. 103, 59. 

Mnium serpvUifolium «, Lin. S. P. 1577. 

Bryum punctatum, Roth Germ. 3,245; Engl. Bot. 1183. 

Bryum serpyllifolium, Swartz M. Suec. 51. 

Mnium punctatum, Hedte. S. Muse. 193. 

In marshy places, about the roots of alders and other 

trees. 

Leaves large. 

h. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as long 

as the inner ; leaves not awlshape, toothed, edges thickened. 

2\. Bryum ligulatum. Strap thread-moss. 

Stem long ; leaves wavy, straplike, networked ; edges 

thickened, toothed ; main rib reaching a little beyond the 

tip; capsule o\ate, hanging; lid conical. 

Bryum nitidum, foliis oblongis undatis, capilulis cernuis, arbusciiIaiB 

referens, Raii Syn. 103, 60. 

Mnium serpyllifolium S, Lin. S. P. 1578, 

Bryum ligulatura, Schreber Lips. 84 ; Engl. Bot. 1449. 

Bryum undulatuui, Sibthorp 0.t. 292. 

Mnium undulatiim, Hedw. S. Muse. 195. 

On moist banks and in woods. 

22. Bryum rostratum. 

Beaked thread-moss. 

Stem long ; leaves broad, ovate, networked ; edge thickened, 

blunt, toothed ; main rib reaching a little beyond the 

point; capsule owatc, hanging; /ic? beaked. 

Bryum pendulum, scipilii folio loDgiorc jiollucido, cipsuHs oblongiscuspldatis, 

Dillen. Muse. 416. 

Bryum rostratum, Schroder Germ. 72; Eng. Bot. 1475. 

Mnium rostratum, Schweegr. Supp. 79, 

Bryum serpyllifolium ,/3, Hudson Angl. 492. 

Bryum punctatum 2, Hull. Fl. 206. 

Mnium ellipticum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 52. 

Mnium punctatum 2, Withering Arr. S06. 

On mountain bogs. 

23. Bryum marginatum. 

Bordered thread-moss. 

Stems long; leaves ovate, pointed, networked; edges 

thickened, serrated ; main rib reaching a little beyond the 

lip; capsule ovate, hanging; lid with a short beak.

Pl.cell.foL 14-. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. 773 

Bryum marginatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 9 ; Engl. Bot. 1493. 

Mnium crudum, Lightf. Scot. 712. 

Bryum serratum, Schroder Germ. 

Mniiim serratum, Schwcegr. Supp. 78. 

On shaded banks, and in woods. 

24. Bryum hornum. 

Stem long; leaves lanceolate, pointed, networked; edges 

thickened, toothed ; main rib seldom reaching the point 

capsule oblong, ovate, hanging ; lid hemispherical, with a 

short point. 

Bryum nitidum, capitulis majoribus reflexis, calyptrk imiim vergente, 

pediculis oblongis e cauliculis novis egredientibus, Raii Syn. i02j 51. 

Mninm hornum, Lin. S. P. 1576. 

Bryum hornum, Huds. Angl. 491 ; Engl. Bot. 2271. 

In wet woods. 

25. Bryum cuspidatum. Pointed thread-moss. 

Stems long; leaves reverse ovate, pointed, networked; 

edges thickened, toothed at top ; main rib reaching beyond 

the tip; 

blunt. 

capsule ovate, hanging; lid conical, hemispherical, 

Bryum pendulum, foliis variis 

413. 

pellucidis, capsulis ovatis, Dillen. Muse 

Mnium serpyllifolium /S, Lin. S. P. 1577. 

Bryum cuspidatum, Schreber Lips. 84 ; 


Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw.S. Muse. 192. 

Bryum serpyllifolium y, Hudson Angl, 492. 

In woods, and on shady walls.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 

;Page 340, 1. 6 from bottom. For Frattinickia read Trat- 

tinickia. 

P. 371, 1. 4 from bottom. For gigartmus pistillatus read 

gigartina pistillata. 

P. 372, 1. 10. JFor gigartinus read gigartina. 

P. 373. The varieties of gigartina cornea, |S, y, e, ri, 5, 

and

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 775 

Lichen subfnscus, Lin. S. P. 1609. 

Verrucaria subfusca, Hoffm. Germ. 180, 

Parmelia subfusca, Achar. Meth. 167. 

Lecanora subfusca, Achar, Lick. 393. 

On the bark of trees and old timber work. 

P. 460, 1. 13 from bottom. For lichen versicularis read 

lichen vesicularis. 

P. 476, 1. 14 from bottom. For gyrophora, Achar. read 

gyrophora glabra, Achar. 

P. 556, 1. 11 from bottom. For cladospermium read 

cladosporium. 

P. 656, line the first. For ramalaria read ramaria. 

P. 678, line the last. For Herverus read Pallavicinius. 

P. 679, 1. 20. For Donnia read Bazzanius. 

P. 679, 1. 22. For Pallavicinius read Papa. 

P. 679, 1. 28. For Papa read Herverus. 

P. 684. Change the name of the genus Herbertus into 

Pallavicinius—in English, Pallavicini. 

P. 724, 1. 21. For viribus read viridibus.

The fall of kings, 

The rage of nations, and the crush of states, 

Move not the man, who, from the world escaped, 

In still retreats, and flowery solitudes. 

To nature's voice attends; from month to month. 

And day to day, thi'ough the revolving year; 

Admiring sees her in her every shape." 

Thomson.—Autumn,

Abbot, 33. 

Abercrombie, 26. 

Acharius, 33—35. 

Acluarius, 10. 

AdansoD, 22, 30. 

iGgineta, 10. 

INDEX OF AUTHORS 

MENTIONED IN THE INTRODUCTION. 

iGtius, 10. 

Agardh, 35. 

Alton, 32. 

Allen, 32. 

Alston, 29, 30. 

Andrews, 33. 

Apulejus, S, 23. 

Aristotle, 6. 

Avicena, 10. 

Bar bier, 34. 

Batsch, 31. 

Bauhin, Caspar, 17, 

24, 25. 

— John, 25. 

Bergius, 31. 

Berkenhout, 30. 

Besler, 17, 24. 

Blackstone, 28, 29. 

Black well, Eliz. 28. 

Blair, 27, 28. 

Bobart, 25. 

JBodard, 35. 

Boerhaave, 27, 28. 

Bolton, 31, 32. 

Bonpland, 35. 

Borlase, 29. 

Boutcher, 31. 

Bradley, 27, 28. 

Brewer, 27. 

Bridel, 33, 36. 

Brotero, 34. 

Broughton, 31. 

Brow n, Rob. 35. 

Browne, Patrick, 29. 

— , Wm. 25. 

Brunsfel, 12, 23. 

Bullein, 15, 24. 

Buliiard, 30, 31,33. 

Caesalpinus, 16, 24. 

Catesby, 28, 30. 

Cato, 7. 

C«Tanillei, 31, 33. 

Clement, 14. 

Clusius, 24. 

Coel, 16. 

Cole, 25. 

Columella, 7. 

Columna, 24. 

Cordus, 13, 23. 

Coys, 16. 

Coyte, 32. 

Crantz, 30. 

Cratevas, 5. 

Crescentius, 23. 

Cuba, 12, 23. 

Cullen, 32. 

Cullum, 30. 

Culpeper, 25. 

Curtis, 30—32. 

Dale, 26, 28. 

Darwin, 32. 

Davis, 35. 

De CandoUe, 22, 34— 

36. 

Deering, 28. 

De Franqueville, 16. 

Dickson, 31. 

Dillenius,23,27,28, 31. 

Dillwyn, 33. 

Diodorus, 8. 

Dioscorides, 7, 11, 23. 

Dodoens, 14, 24. 

Donn, 33. 

Donovan, 32. 

Doody, 26. 

Douglas, 28. 

Dryander, 33. 

Dubois, 34. 

Dunal, 35. 

Ehret, 29. 

Ellis, 29. 

Esenbeck, 23, 36. 

Evelyn, 18, 25, 26. 

Falconer, 14. 

Fitzherbert, 13, 23. 

Flora Danica, 29. 

Forskahl, 30. 

Forster, I. R. 29. 

— Thomas, 31, 33, 35. 

Freeman, 33, 35. 

Fuchs, 13, 24, 

Gaertner, 23, 31,32,34. 

Galen, 9. 

Gal pine, 35. 

Gaudin, 34, 35. 

Geoffroy de St. Hilaire, 

34. 

Gerard e, 16, 24. 

Gesner, 13, 23. 

Giseke, 31,32. 

Glanville, 11. 

Glen, 26. 

Gmelin, 30, 33. 

Goodenougli, 32. 

Gordon, 32. 

Grew, 25. 

Hales, 28. 

Haller, 21, 29, 30. 

Happe, 31. 

Harrison, 27. 

Haworth, 32, 34—36. 

Hebensfreit, 28. 

Hedwig, 23, 31,33. 

Heister, 29. 

Herbal, the grete, 12, 

23, 

Herbarium, 12, 23. 

Hildeguard, 10. 

Hill, 30. 

Hippocrates, 5. 

Hoffmann, 31. 

Hooker, 35, 36. 

Hortus Sanitatis, 12, 23. 

Hoskert, 35. 

How, 18, 25. 

Hudson, 30, 31. 

Hughes, 29. 

Hull, 33, 3.5. 

Humboldt, 35. 

Hunter, 33. 

Imperati, 24. 

Isidore, 11. 

Jacob, 30. 

Jameson, 36. 

Jenkinson, 30. 

Johnson, 17, 25, 26, 

Johren, 27, 

Jones, 31.

778 INDEX OF AUTHORS. 

Julius Bassus, 8. 

Jussieu, Antony, 22, 32. 

— Bernard, 22, 29. 

KEempfer, 28. 

Keith, 35, 

Kerner, 34. 

Knaut, the elder, 2

INDEX OF TERMS. 

English terms, which vary but slightly in their termination 

from the Latin, are not noticed separately. 

A?BREVIATUS, 214. 

Abrupte pinnalus, 72. 

Abrupte ferminatus, 72. 

Acauiis, 4^. 

Accessorius, 223. 

Accompanying, 78, 

Accrescens, 128, 134. 

Accumbens, 214. 

Acenium, 165. 

Acephalus, 152. 

Acerosus, 66. 

Achaena, 165. 

Achena, 172, 

Achenium, 165. 

Acicularis, 66. 

Acinaciformis, 66, 181. 

Aciaos, 179. 

AcoleoptiJatus, 217. 

Acoty ledoneus, 44, 21 1 

Acrosarcuin,179. 

Acroppira, 220. 

Aculeatu?, 46, 59, 170. 

Aculei, 89. 

Acuminatus, 67,80, 171. 

Acute angulatus, 55. 

Aciitus, 67, 135, 143, 

146, 156, 169, 171, 

186, 218. 

Adducens, 151. 

Adelpliicus, 140. 

Adelphws, 140. 

Adherens, 127,151,160, 

172, 176, 179, 184, 

188, 200, 209. 

Adnatus, 81, 145, 198. 

Adpressiis, 63, 87. 

Adscensus, 52. 

Advcifus, 63, 145, 155, 

218, 

Adzeshape, 66. 

^quabiliB, 168, 169. 

iEqiialis, 121,127, 128, 

140,167. 

Aerius, 49. 

jEstivalis, 99. 

jEstivatio, 102. 

Agamus, 43, 95, 220. 

Ageniiis,43. 

Aggedula, 221. 

Agglomeratuf, 108, 141. 

Agglutinatus, 150. 

Aggregatus, 85,94, 164. 

Agrestris, 43, 66. 

Agynarius, 98. 

Akena, 165. 

Akenium, 165, 190. 

Ala, 130, 164,226. 

Alabastrum, 102. 

AIatus,57,SO, 165,168, 

170, 172, 180, 183, 

185, 204. 

Albidus, 149. 

Albumen, 170, 209. 

Albuminosus, 209. 

Alburna, 53, 

Alburnnin, 53. 

Albus, 132,210,213. 

Alike, 149, 213. 

Alimonia, 40. 

Alpestris, 47. 

Alpinus, 47. 

Alternately disposed,72. 

AlterDatiin dispositiis, 

72. 

Alternativus, 103. 

Alternatiis, 103. 

Alteruus, 59, 62, 93, 

121, 132, 140. 

Altns, 218. 

Alveolatus, 107, 197, 

203. 

Atnalthea, 190. 

Arabiguus,81, 127,196, 

207. 

Ainenfaceus, 101. 

Amentum, 108. 

Amnios, 210. 

Ampliantium, 104. 

Amphibius, 47. 

Ampliigaster, 84. 

Amphisarca, 174. 

Amphora, 184. 

Amplexicaulis, 62,81, 

Amplexus, 87. 

Ampulla, 49. 

Amygdala, 204, 208. 

Anabasis, 220. 

Anandriarius, 98. 

Anastomosans, 17 1. 

Anceps, 34, 105, 143. 

Androgynarius, 97. 

Androgynus, 44. 

Andropelalarius, 98. 

Androphoram, 142,144, 

Angiocarpicus, 164. 

Angular, 55, 125, lÔ, 

155, 165, 167,203. 

Angulatus,105,136,150, 

165. 

Angulosus, 55, 69, 105, 

125, 155, 167,203, 

Angustatus, 135, 214. 

Anispstemon, 96. 

Annual, 42. 

Annulares, 144, 212. 

Annularius, 161. 

Annulatus, 168. 

Annulus, 157,221,2*2, 

225. 

Annuus, 42, 51, 54. 

Anomalus, 130. ,^ 

Antennaeformis, 171, yf 

Anterior, 81, 155. 

Anthera, 142, 145, 158, 

221. 

Aniherbearing, 142, 

Antheriferqs, 142.

780 INDEX OF TERMS. 

Antherless, 142, 

Antiierogenus, 97. 

Anthodium, 115. 

Authuphorum, 160 

Anthurus, 104. 

Anticipating, 78. 

Amicus, 145, 148. 

Antrum, 177. 

Aperispermatus, 209. 

Apertus, 115, 173. 

Apetalus, 98. 

Apex, 142, 148. 

Apiiyllus, ,57. 

Apicilaris, 197,213. 

Apicularis, 123. 

Apiculatus, 135. 

Apiculus, 226. 

Ajjophysis, 222. 

Apotheciuin, 223. 

Appendage, 142, 162, 

219, 226. 

Appendeiis, 201. 

Appendicula, 226. 

Appendiculaius, 131, 

135, 143, 146. 

Appeiidiculnin, 162. 

Apjjendix, 142,163,164, 

226. 

Appendixed, 143, 146. 

Applicalus, lr08. 

Appliod, 87. 

Appositus, 195. 

Approximatus, 62, 140, 

148. 

Appresbus, 69, 63, 89. 

Apricus, 47. 

Aqnaticus, 47, 49. 

Arachnoides, 89, 206. 

Arbor, 36. 

Arborescf^nt, 42. 

Arbiiscula, 36. 

Arbustum, 36. 

Arcesfhida, 191. 

Arched, 138, 143. 

Arcuatus, 56, 135, 146, 

153,171,181,202,211. 

Arenarius, 46. 

Argiliosus, 46. 

Arhizohlastus, 45. 

Aridus, 209. 

Arillaius, 204. 

Arilliis, 204. 

Arista, 123, 226. 

Ari8tatiis, 122,123,146, 

166. 

Arma, 89. 

Armatus, 46. 

Armlike, 60. 

Arrnivheadlike,146,155 

Arrowsliape, 67. 

Articulatio, 3a 

Articnlaris, 61. 

Articulatus, 50, 55, 79, 

88,108,123,145,171, 

181, 184,216. 

Articulus, 39, 142. 

Arveusis,46. 

Ascendens, 52, 56, 89, 

133, 137, 141, 153, 

200, 220. 

AspergilIiformis,88,157 

Ascidiatus, 68. 

Ascidium, 68, 84. 

Asimina, 189. 

Asper, 45, 58, 77. 

Altenuatus, 67, 105,108, 

169, 171. 

Attire, 139. 

Auleum, 100, 129. 

Aura, 151. 

Aiiranlium, 178. 

Aurautiacus, 132, 150. 

Auricula, 84, 226. 

Auriculatus, 70. 

Autocarpicus, 164. 

Autumnalis, 99. 

Avenius, 76. 

Aversus, 218. 

Awlshape, 66, 83, 88, 

90,116,121,124,135, 

143, 146, 153, 155, 

167, 183, 197. 

Awn, 123, 226. 

Awned, 122, 123, 146, 

166. 

Axilla, 92. 

Axillaris, 85, 90, 91,92, 

109, HI, 112. 

Axillatus, 184. 

Axilis, 169, 197, 199, 

212. 

Axis, 104, 107. 

B. 

Bacca, 174, 178, 192, 

199. 

Baccalaurius, 189. 

Baccatud, 185, 189,191. 

Bacillus, 42, 85,219. 

Balausta, 178. 

Bald, 45, 58, 147, 15?, 

157, 166, 192,203. 

Baldheaded,204. 

Bale, 120. 

Banded, 77. 

Barba, 226. 

Barbatus, 144,147,153. 

Barbula, 222. 

Bark, 53. 

Barked, 179. 

Barren, 48, 95, 148. 

Base, 52, 207, 212. 

Based, 89. 

Basifixus, 145, 197. 

Basigynium, 160. 

Basilaris, 123, 152, 19T, 

212. 

Basilatus, 89. 

Basillary, 142. 

Basis, 148. 

Bast, 53. 

Beadlike, 88, 182. 

Beak, 164. 

Beaked, 161, 165, 180, 

183, 186. 

Beard, 226. 

Bearded, 144, 147, 153. 

Bellied, 105, 135, 180. 

Bellshape,118,l'

BJlocnIaris, 64,147,151, 

172, 176, 176, 179, 

182, 184, 187. 

Bilobii?, 70, 147 

Binatns, 71, 95. 

Binervis, 198. 

Bini, 62, 95. 

Bipaleaeeus, 120, 122, 

166. 

Bipaleolatus, 123. 

Biparlibilis, 168, 187, 

193, 198 

Bipaititus, 71, 90,127, 

134, 154, 198. 

Bipennatipartitus, 71. 

Bipcnnaticisus,71. 

Bipinnatus, 73. 

Birostratus, 165. 

Birostris, 186. 

Bispathellatus, 120. 

Bispatliellulatus, 122. 

Bisexualis, 44. 

Bisulcatus, 192. 

Bitcrnatus, 73. 

Bitten, 50, 68. 

Bivalvis, 117, 176,187. 

Biviltatus, 170. 

Bladders, 37. 

Bladdery, 51,87, 206. 

Blastema, 217. 

Blastus, 219. 

Blaslophora, 219. 

Blephora, 222. 

Bloom, 41, 100, 129. 

Blossom, 100, 129. 

Blossombearing, 159. 

Blossomlike, 117, 127, 

144,155. 

Blue, 132, 150. 

Bluish green, 132. 

Bluish violet, 132. 

Blunt, 135, 143, 156, 

169, 171,218. 

Blunt pointed, 186. 

Bluntly notched, 68. 

Boailike, 121,122,135, 

194. 

Bog, 47. 

Boney, 175, 177, 191, 

205. 

Bottlebiushlike,8S,157. 

Bottleshape, 178. 

Bouquet, 114. 

Bowed, 153, 171, 181. 

Brachiatus, 60. 

Bractea, 116. 

Bracteanus, 191. 

Braclearius, 98. 

Bractcatus, 98, 111. 

Bracteola, 116. 

Branch, 59, 61,92. 

INDEX OF TERMS. 781. 

Branched, .50, 90, 92, 

104, 106, 107, 109, 

111, 112, 144, 208. 

Branchy, 56, 88. 

Brawnv, 183, 185. 

Brevier, 127, 147. 

Brevis, 214, 218. 

Brevissimus, 106, 153. 

Bristle, 123, 226. 

Bristlelike, 83,90, 116, 

121. 

Bristly, 107, 167, 169, 

170. 

Brittle, 55. 

Broad, 214. 

Bucklershape, 155,211. 

Bud, 85. 

Bulbbearing, 51. 

Bulbiferus, 51,57. 

Bulbilliferns,42. 

Biilbillus, 42, 85. 

Bulbous, 42. 

Bulbo-tuber, 52. 

Bulbulus, 85. 

Bulbus, 85. 

Bullatus, 74. 

Bunch, 111, 162. 

Bunched,124, 136, 161. 

Bunches, 101. 

Bundle, 62, lis. 

Bundled, 91. 

Burlike, 119. 

Bursicula, 158. 

Bush, 36. 

Buttons, 85. 

Butterflylike, 130. 

Cadens, 201. 

Caducus, 78, S3, 117, 

123,127,132,154,176. 

Caeruleo violaceus, 132. 

Cseruleo viridis, 132. 

Cieruleus, 132, 150. 

Calamus, 52. 

Calathidis, 115. 

Calathiflorus, 118. 

Calathis, 102. 

Calcar, 139, 162. 

Calcaratus, 126,134,136 

Calcareus, 46. 

Calicistemon, 43. 

Callosus, 69. 

Calopodinm, 116, 

Calpa,221. 

Calvus, 166,204. 

Calybion, 173. 

Calyciflorus, 43. 

Calycinarius, 97, §8. 

Calycinus, 88, 120, 128, 

200. 

Calycularis, 103. 

Calyculatus, 118, 126. 

Calyculus, 119. 

Calypfra, 204, 222. 

Calyx, 100, 119, 120, 

124, 138. 

Calyx-flowering, 43. 

Camara, 180. 

Camare, 180. 

Camarelike, 179. 

Camareus, 179. 

Cambium, 40, 

Campaniformis, 130. 

Campanulatus, 1 18,125, 

130. 

Campester, 47. 

Canaliculatus, 74, 135, 

165, 182,203. 

Canalis, 53. 

Cancellatus, 76. 

Cap, 225. 

Capillamentum, 142, 

Capillaris, 50, 55, 66, 

105, 107, 143, 153. 

Capillitium, 225. 

Capitatus, 88, 143, 155- 

189, 191. 

CapitHlum,102,l 15,142. 

Capped, 75. 

Capreolus, 91. 

Capsula, 142, 174, 184, 

185,221,222,225. 

Capsularis, 180. 

Capulum, 162. 

Caput, 48, 115. 

Carcerula, 171. 

Carcerularis, 165, 176, 

182, 183. 

Carcerulus, 174. 

Carina, 130. 

Carinatus, 74,116,121, 

194. 

Cariopsis, 165, 190. 

Carnosu.s4 1,49,64,106, 

108, 155, 175, 176, 

193, 196, 205, 210, 

213. 

Caro, 175, 200. 

Carpadeliam, 167, 171. 

Carpellc, 189. 

Carpellum, 164. 

Carpidium, 164, 

Carpophorum, 159. 

Cartilagineus, 69, 210. 

Caruncularis, 205. 

Caryophyllatus, 130, 

Catkins, 101, 108, 

Catoclesium, 173. 

Catulu?, 108.

Cag'trdtus, 142. 

Cauda, 226. 

Caudatus, 147, ISO, 

Caudex, 52. 

Caudicula, 158. 

CaulesCens, 43. 

Gaiiliciilus, 2 IT, 

Caulinaris, 81, 88, 92. 

Caulihariiis, 61. 

Caul in us, 61, 89. 

Caulis, 52. 

Caulocarpicus, 42, 

Canlocarpjs, 43. 

Caul on, 52. 

Cavernarius, 46. 

Cavitates, 38. 

Cavus, 64, 159,210. 

Celled, 151. 

Cells, 37, 142, 199. 

Cellula2,37. 

CellulDSus, 53. 

Cenobionaris, 174, 185. 

Cenobium, 174. 

Centralis, 197,209,212. 

Cenirifugus, 219. 

Centripetus, 219. 

Cephalanthium, 115. 

Cephalodia, 224. 

Cerio, 165. 

Cerium, 165. 

Cernuus, 56, 93. 

Chaff, 120, 122, 227. 

Chaffy, 107, 166. 

Chafl'-like, 167. 

Chalaza, 208. 

Chalk, 46. 

Changed, 97. 

Channelled,74,l35,182. 

Chartaceus, 177, 193,206 

Childing, 98. 

Chive, 100, 139. 

Chorda, 151. 

Chorion, 164, 210. 

Chorionaris, 188. 

Cicatricula,39,60,207. 

Cicatrix, 39. 

Ciliatus, 69,80,83, 116, 

124, 134, 136, 147, 

156, 166, 204. 

Cilium, 226. 

Ci'rcinalis, 87, 10. 

Circinatus, 68, 87, 214. 

CirculariS, 136. 

Circumaxilis, 199. 

Circumcinctus, 212. 

CifCuraferenlial, 209. 

CircumscissHs, 184. 

Circumsepiens, 78. 

Cirrho terminatus, 72, 

Cirri ferus, 57, 80. 

Cirriformis, 80. 

INDEX OF TERM^: 

Cirrosus, 63. 

Cirrus, 91. 

Cistophorus, 225. 

Cistula, 224. 

Cistus, 225. 

Clavaeforoiis, 218. 

Clavatus,125, 130, 135, 

143, 153, 155, 164. 

Claviculus, 91. 

Claviformis, 88, 106, 

125, 130, 135, 143, 

153, 155, 171, 211. 

Clausus, 115, 128, 173. 

Clawed, 133. 

Clay, 46. 

Cleh, 80. 

Climbing, 57. 

Clinandrum, 158. 

Clinanthium, 104, 106. 

Close, 110, 114, 140. 

Closed, 59, 112, 113, 

115, 173, 182. 

Clothlike, 46, 170. 

Clovegilliflowerlike, 

130. 

Cloves, 85. 

Clubshape, 106, 125, 

130, 135, 153, 155, 

171,211,218. 

Coadnatus, 63, 121,134. 

Coadnutus, 122. 

Coadunatus, 121, 

Coalitus,12l,122, 140, 

215. 

Coarctatus, 113—114, 

118. 

Coarctura, 220. 

Coat, 226. 

Coated, 85,208. 

Coats, 85. 

Cobweblike, 89, 206. 

Coccus, 185, 199. 

Cochlearis, 103. 

Cochleatus, 181, 

Cod, 181, 

Codlike, 180. 

Coherens, 141, 206. 

Cold-couutry. 47. 

Coleophyllum, 216. 

Coleoptiia, 216. 

Coleoptilatus, 217, 

Coleorhiza, 219. 

Coleorhizatus, 217, 

Colesula, 222. 

Collar, 220, 225. 

Collare, SO, 119. 

Collected, 199. 

Collector, 151. 

Colliferus, 166. 

Colligatus, 199, 

CoHinus, 47. 

Collum, 166, 220. 

Coloratus, 77, 116,127, 

208, 

Coloured, 77, 116, 127, 

208. 

Colum, 196, 

Columella, 222. 

Columna, 100,142,153. 

Coluranaris, 144. 

Coma, 116. 

Comatus, 204, 

Comblike, 71, 116. 

Combus, 52, 

Commissura, 168. 

Commissuralis, 170. 

Common, 79, 116. 

Communis, 79, 116, 117. 

Comosus, 50, 110,207. 

Compactus, 108, 110. 

Completus, 94, 195,204. 

Complexus, 37, 53. 

Compositus, 71,79,85, 

86,94, 102, 106, 108, 

109, 114, 164, 

Compound, 71, 79, 94, 

106, 108, 109, 114, 

164. 

Compressissimus, 66. 

Compressus, 54, 66,104, 

106, 107, 110, 121, 

122, 125, 136, 138, 

146, 165, 167, 171, 

176, 180, 181, 183, 

185, 186, 202. 

Concavus,74, 106, 114, 

121, 122, 133, 168, 

194, 207. 

Concentricus, 171, 

Conceptaculum,164,130 

192, 221. 

Conduplicans, 78. 

Conduplicatus,212, 215» 

Confertus, 62, 141. 

Confiuens, 148,216. 

Congestus, 94. 

Conicus, 49, 90, 107, 

125, 153, 155, 159, 

191,211, 218. 

Conjoined, 82, 121,122, 

134, 140. 

Conjugal o pennatus,73. 

Conjugatus, 72, 170. 

Coiijunctorium, 222. 

Connatus, 63, 82, 12f, 

122, 140. 

Connectivum,142, 149. 

Connivens, 78, 129. 

Conspicuous, 217. 

Contextus, 37. 

Contiguus, 128, 214. 

Continued, 56.

Contortnplicatus, 210, 

215. 

Contortns, 50, 103. 

Coniracius, 118, 136, 

149, 159, 168. 

Coutrarius, 195. 

Conus, 190. 

Convergens, 76. 

Convergi-nerviu?, 75. 

Convexus,74, 106, 114, 

159, 168, 169,207. 

Convointivus, 87, 103. 

Convolutus,80,87, 117, 

214. 

Coque, 185, 199. 

Cor, 210. 

Corculiim, 210. 

Cordaius, 67, 116, 146, 

Cordiformis, 67,116,133 

146,207,211,215. 

Cordshape, 49. 

Cord, 199. 

Corlaceus, 41, 64, 121, 

122, 175, 193, 196, 

206, 210. 

Corklike, 206. 

Corky, 41,53,58, 193, 

196. 

Cormus, 220. 

Corn, 200. 

Cornered, 105, 136. 

Cornet, 162. 

Cornetfhape, 134. 

Corneus, 41, 149, 210. 

Corniculatiis, 97, 203. 

Corniculiferus, 136. 

Cornu, 151, 162—164. 

Coro11a,88, 91,100, 122, 

123, 129. 

CoroUaris, 91. 

Corollariiis, 97,9S. 

CoroUatus, 98. 

CoroUiferus, 159. 

Corolliformis, 144. 

Carona, 137, 163. 

Coronans, 62, 116, 161, 

lOS, 179. 

Corpus ligneUEi, 53, 

216. 

Corrugatus, 210, 215. 

Cortei> 53. 

Corticalis, 48, 53,223. 

Corticosus, 179. 

Cortina, 225. 

Corymbosus, 60, 101. 

Corymbus, 112, 115. 

Castatus,125, 168-^170. 

Cotton, 226. 

Cottony, 77. 

Cotyledones, 213. 

Cofyledonic,2ll. 

INDEX OF TERMS. 78# 

Contortus, 137. 

Contractus, 160. 

Cover, 85,. lOO, 148, 

184. 

Covering, 103. 

Coverlike, 194. 

Cracked, 58. 

Cradling, 79. 

Crassus, 108, 110, 121, 

144, 210, 214. 

Creeping, .51, 57. 

Cremocarpium, 167, 

Crenatus, 68, 126, 134, 

143, 144, 156. 

Crenulatus, 135, 156, 

168. 

Crested, 146. 

Cretaceus, 46. 

Creviced,'210. 

Crinula, 222, 

Crinus, 226. 

Crispus, 74, 

Cristatus, 146. 

Crooked, 212, 

Cross, 194. 

Crossed, 61. 

Crossing, 59. 

Crosslike, 130. 

Crossways, 148; 

Crosswise, 212, 

Crowded, 2, 141. 

Crown, 52, 137, 163. 

Crowned, 110, L68, 

179. 

Crowning, 62, 116,161. 

Crustaceous,41, 175,193, 

205. 

Cryptogaraus, 43, 220. 

Cub'icus, 202. 

CucuUatus, 75. 

CucuUiferus, 144. 

Cuculliformis, 117, 134. 

Cucurbitinus, 179. 

Culnius, 52. 

Cultivated, 43. 

Cunearis, 65, 133. 

Cuneiformis, 143. 

Cup, 137, 163. 

Cuplike, 118,205,208. 

Cupped, 99. 

Cupshape, 88, 125. 

Cupula, 113, 173, 191. 

Cupularis,l 18,125, 208, 

208. 

Cupulatus, 99. 

Cupuliforinis, 120. 

Curtain, 225. 

Curvativiis, 87. 

Curvatus, 56, 135, 165, 

178, 181,211. 

Curved, 56. 

Curve-ribbed, 75. 

Curvi-nervius, 73. 

Curvus,76, 90, 135,202. 

Cushion, 60. 

Cuspidatus, 67, 

Cuspis, 226. 

Cut,. 70, 154. 

Cuticle, 39. 

Cuticuia, 39. 

Cyathiformisj 88, 131. 

Cylindraccus, 118, 176, 

180, 181, 183, 185, 

191, 197. 

Cylindrantherus, 96. 

Cylindricus, 49, 54, 66, 

104—108, 110, 118, 

125, 135, 143, 144^:' 

153, 159, 181, 183-iiA« 

185,211. 

CylindrobasiosteiHOD, 

96. 

Cyma, 113. 

Cyniosus, 101. 

Cymus, 52. 

Cynarhodon, 190. 

Cyphella, 224. 

Cypsela, 165. 

Cystidium, 172. 

D. 

Dagger-poiuted, 68; 

Day, 99. 

Debilis, 55, 105. 

Decauder, 96. 

Decemfidus, 126. 

Decemlocularis, 178. 

Deciduus,83, 127, 132. 

Declinatus, 141, 154. 

Decorapositus, 56, 73i' 

Decreasingly pinnatej73 

Decrescens, 73. 

Decumbens, 141. 

Decuriens, 62. 

Decursive pinnatus,73. 

Decursiviis, 73. 

Decussatus, 6, 59. 

Definitus, 139. 

Deflectus, 128. 

Defloratus, 150. 

Del)isccBi,148, 173, 180 

—182, 185, 188. 

Deltoideus, 67, 180. 

Demersus, 47, 63. 

Demissus, 63, 138,21 

DensHs, 114, 

Dentatus,5I, 69, 83,108, 

126, 134, 136. 

Denticulatiis, 69, 126, 

135,156,161,168,169.

784. INDEX OF TERMS. 

Denies, 222. 

Distinctus,82, 139, 148, Edged, 204. 

Depauperatus, 114. 199, 206 

Effusus, 112. 

Dependens, 63, 79. DisJylus, 152 

Egg, 200. 

Depressiis, 172, 186, Diurnus, 99. 

Egglike, 118, 146, ISO, 

218. 

Dermobiastus, 45. 

Divaricatus, 60,112, 180. 

Divergens, 60, 79, 128, 

155, 

211. 

165, 167, 202, 

Descendeus, 89, 220. 149, 180, 214. Eggshaped, 106, 108, 

Descensus, 48. 

Divergi-nervius, 75. ilO, 124, 130, 218. 

Detached, 81. 

De vial us, 63. 

Dextrorsum, 57. 

Divergi-venosus, 76. 

Diverging ribbed, 75. 

Diversiflorus, 1 14. 

Eight cut, 126. 

Eight petaled, 129. 

Eight stamened, 95. 

Diadelphus, 96, 140. Divided, 126, 144, 156. Eights, 61. 

Diander, 95. 

Divisiis, 126, 144, 156, Elater,222, 

Dicephalus, 186. 

Dodecaedriis, 150. Elaterium, 185. 

Dichotnmus, 66, 71, 79, Dodecagynus, 97. 

Elasticus, 144,149,194, 

106, 154. 

Dodecander, 96. 

205. 

Dicotyiedonens, 44,21 Dolabriforinis, 66. Elementarius, 36, 40. 

Dicoccus, 184, 185. Dorsalis, 123, 170. Eleutherantherus, 96. 

Didymus, 146, 183,185 Dotlike, 207,217. Ellipsoideus, 167, 171, 

Didynamus, 96, 140. Dotted, 58, 77, 89, 107, 174, 177, 179, 186, 

Dieresileus, 187. 

176, 192, 203, 213. 190,202,211. 

Dieresilis, 184. 

Double, 97, 118, 119, Ellipticus, 65, 133, 171, 

Diffoimis, 94, 134, 146. 154, 171,209. 

183, 186, 202, 207^ 

Diffusus, 60. 

Doubly-crenate, 68. 215. 

Digitato-bifoliolatus,71 Doubly-serrate, 69, Elongatus, 65, 215. 

Digitato-pinnatus, 73. 

Digitato-trifoliolatus, 

Doubtful, 127, 196, 

Down, 226. 

Emarginatus, 68, 

135, 138, 143, 

134, 

156, 

72. 

Downy, 45, 58,77,147, 166, 168. 183, 186. 

Digitato-quadrifoliola- 157, 170, 192. Embracing, 62. 

tus, 72 . 

Drawn in, 218. 

Embryo, 210. 

Digitatus, 50,71, 109. Drooping, 93, 109. Embryo-cover, 204, 

Digynus, 97. 

Drupa, 175. 

Emerging, 47, 63. 

Dilatatus, 135, 136, 143, Drupaceres 173, 182 Emersus, 47, 63. 

155, 159. Drupe. 17.5. 

Empalement, 100, 124. 

Dilated, 135, 136, 155, Drupelike, 166, 17.'i, Enchased, 201. 

159. 

180, 182, 204. Enclosed, 210, 212 

Dimidiatus, 118, Drupeola, 177. Endocarpicus, 170, 

Di petal us, 129. 

Drupeolatus, 166, 175, Endocarpium, 175, 179» 

Diphyllus, 117, 124. 180, 184, 204 

Endogeuus, 43. 

Dipterus, 204. 

Dry, 176, 180, 209. Endopleura, 206, 

Disciforrnis, 161. Dumetum, 36. 

Endorhizus, 20. 

Discoideus, 161, 179, Dumus, 36. 

Endosperraicus, 209. 

185, 189, 203. Duodecemfidus, 126. Endospermum, 209. 

Discolor, 77. 

Duplicato-cren;;tus, 68 Enervis, 213. 

Discretus, 139. 

Duplicato-pennatus, 73, Engraved, 176. 

Discus, 115, 159. 

Duplicato-serratus, 69. Enlarging, 128. 

Disepalus, 124. 

Duplicato-ternatHS, 73, Enneandcr,95. 

Dioicus, 44. 

Duplicatus, 97. 

Ensiformis, 66, 153. 

Disk, 115. 

Duplex, 119, 154, 171, Enveloping, 103. 

Disk-like, 161, 189. 209 

Enveloped, 165. 

Dispermus, 172, 175, Dyclosium, 173. Ephemerus, 42, 99. 

177, 179, 182, 184, Dyplostemon, 96. Epiblastus, 219. 

187. Dyplotegia, 185. 

Epicarpicus, 170. 

Dissepimentum, 196, 

Epicarpium, 199. 

Dissimilaris, 121, 122, E, 

Epichilium, 139. 

215. 

Epiclinus, 160. 

Dissimilis, 66, 147, 149, Ear, 226. 

Epiderma, 39, 53. 

Distant, 62, 140, 149. Eared, 70. 

Epidermis, 39, 53, 205. 

Distichus, 59, 62, 93, Early, 99. 

Epigeus, 216. 

122. 

Echinatus, 46, 59, 77, Epigynophoricus, 160. 

Dietinctio, 194. 

121, 193. Epigynui, 129, 139,16).

Epiperispermicus, 209. 

Epipelaleus, 88. 

Epipet.il lis, 139. 

Epiphiagma, 222. 

Epiphyihis, 48. 

Epiphytus, 47. 

Pvpipteratus, 172,204. 

Epipterus, 181. 

Epirhiziis, 48. 

Epispermiciis, 209. 

Epispenniiis, 170. 

Episperinum, 205. 

Episfarainalis, 88. 

Epixyloneus, 48. 

Epizoarius, 48. 

Equal, 121, 140,167. 

£quinoxialis,99. 

Equitans, 87,214. 

Equitativus, 87. 

Erectus, 56, 59, 63, 93, 

109, 111, 128, 1.33, 

137, 141, 145, 157, 

174, 180, 191,200. 

Eremus, 174. 

Erosus, 69, 126, 134. 

Erythrostdrnuai, 189. 

Etjerio, 189. 

Etaerioiiaris, 188. 

EtaBrioiieus, 187. 

Evalvis, 176. 

Evanesceiis, 162. 

Even, 76. 

Evergreen, 78. 

Evitlatus, 170. 

Exalbiiminosus, 209. 

Excentriciis, 171,212. 

Exhausted, 150. 

Exogeiius, 43. 

Exorhizus, 213. 

Exostosis, 49. 

Exostylus, 175. 

Exoticus, 48. 

Expansus, 161. 

Exposed, 49. 

Exsertus, 141, 153. 

Exsuccus, 176. 

Extensus, 149. 

Exterior, 120,212. 

Exiernus, 86, 212. 

Extra-axillaris, 92. 

Extrafoliaceus, 104. 

Extrorsus, 145. 

Eye, 85, 207. 

Facing inwards, 155. 

Faemineus,95, 108, 109, 

225. ^ 

V

Fluviaiis, 47. 

Fluviatilis, 47. 

Fliiitans, 47. 

Folded, 74,87, 137,156, 

202, 212, 215. 

Foliaceiis, 82, 117,118, 

213. 

Foliari5,88, 89,91. 

Foliatus, 57, 92, ilO, 

112,217, 

Foliiileaniis, 90. 

FoPuin, 61, 216, 220, 

221. 

Foliolum, 128. 

Folii-ferus, 86. 

Folii-flori-ferus, 86. r. 

Follicle, 180, 189. 

Follicle-shape, 187. 

Follicula, 189. 

Folliculiformis, 187. 

Folliculus, 164,180,200. 

F'ontinalis, 47. 

I'oollike, 76. 

Footstalk, 79. 

Footstalked, 78,88,197, 

201, 215. 

Foramen, 207. 

Foratus, 168. 

Fore, 148. 

Foreign, 48. 

Forked, 71. 

F'ornicatus, 138, 143, 

Four-camared, 189. 

Four-celled, 147, 152, 

174,176,179,184,187. 

Four-cornered, .55, 65, 

110, 146, 155, 171, 

183, 203. 

Four-cut, 70, 126, 134, 

156. 

Four-edged, 55. 

Four-fingered, 72. 

Four-fingered pinnate, 

73. 

Four-furrowed, 192. 

Four-horned, 146. 

Four-lobed, 150, 156. 

Four-paired, 72. 

Four-parted, 127, 198. 

Four-partinft, 198. 

Four-petaled, 129. 

Four-rowed, 93. 

F'our-seeded, 187. 

Four-sided,55, 67, 105, 

107,181,183,186,197. 

Four-stamened , 95. 

Four-styled, 97, 152. 

Four-toothed, 121, 122, 

126; 

Four-valved, 148, 187. 

Four-winged, 172, 181. 


Fours, 61. 

Fovea, 226, 

Fovilla, 142. 

Fragilis, 55. 

Free, 127,151,160,172, 

1-76, 179, 184, 188, 

196, 198, 200, 208. 

Fretted, 76. 

Friabilis, 209. 

Frinse, 222, 226. 

Fringed, 69, 80, 83, 116, 

124, 134, 147, 156, 

166, 204. 

Frons, 220, 223. 

Frucius, 174, 175, 188, 

190. 

Fiuctificans, 225. 

Fruit, 164, 167,171,180, 

188, 190. 

Fruitful, 95, 

Frutex, 36. 

Fruticosus, 42. 

Fruticulus, 36. 

Fugacious, 127, 132. 

Fugax, 42, 78, 83, 117, 

127, 132. 

Fulcrum, 92, 104, 

Full, 97. 

Fundi folia, 61, 

Fundus, 220. 

Fungiformis, 211. 

Fungosus,41, 193, 206. 

Funiliformis, 49. 

Funiculatus, 201. 

Funiculus, 199. 

Funnelshape, 130, 153, 

156. 

Furrowed,76, 126, 135, 

157,168,176,192,203. 

Fusiformis,49, 178,180, 

211. 

G. 

Galbulus, 191. 

Galea, 138, 162. 

Galeatus, 138. 

Galeiforoiis, 134. 

Gamopetalus, 129. 

Gamosepalus, 124. 

Gaping, 131, 152, 

Garden, 46. 

Gelatinosus, 41. 

Geminatus, 62, 94. 

Geminus, 82, 

C^mmse, 85, 86, 

Gemmula, 219. 

General is, 117, 194. 

Geniculatus, 50, 55,105, 

123, 1431, 154,212. 

Geniculum, 39; 

Genitalia, 100, 

Geoblastus, 45. 

Germen, 150. 

Gibbiferus, 136. 

Gibbosus, 67, 124, 136, 

161. 

Gibbosita?, 162. 

Gibbus, 136. 

Gills, 225. 

Glaber, 45, 58,76, 14T, 

153, 157, 192, 203. 

Glacialis, 47. 

Gladiatus, 66. 

Gland-hearing, 80, 89, 

144. 

Gland, 39, 40,87. 

Glans, 173. 

Glanclula,38,39,40,87,. 

162,221. 

Glanduliferus, 80, 89,. 

131, 144, 147. 

Glareo3U5, 46. 

Glaucus,41,45, 58,77, 

149, 

Globosus, 108, 118,130, 

155, 173, 176, 178, 

189, 190, 197, 202. 

Globula, 224, 

Globular, 87, 130, 146, 

160, 155, 165, 171, 

174, 176, 178, 179, 

183, 184, 186, 197, 

202, 211. 

Globulosus, 108, 118, 

130, 146, 165, 171, 

174, 176, 179, 183,. 

184, 202, 211. 

Globulus, 142, 222. 

Giochidatus, 168, 170. 

Giochis,227. 

Glomerulus, 102, 115. 

Glomus, 115. 

Gluma, 120,122. 

Giumaceus, 98, 

Glumella, 122, 123,165.. 

Glumellar, 200. 

Glumelleanus, 200, 

Glumellula, 123. 

Glutinosus, 45, 77, 

Gnawed, 69, 134. 

Goblet, 84. 

Gobletshape, 131, 

Gongjia, 224, 

Gongyliferus, 42. 

Gongylus, 220, 

Gonophorum, 160. 

Gourdlike, 179. 

Gracilis, 55, 108, 110^ 

135, 144, 218. 

Grain, 53, 165,200,

Gramineus, 66. 

Graniticus, 46. 

Granular, 157. 

Granulatus, 149. 

Granulosus, 137. 

Granum, 200. 

Gravel, 46. 

Green, 77, 132,210,^13. 

Greenish yellow, 132. 

Gristly, 69. 

Grooved, 58, 74, 105, 

165, 203, 

Grouped, 108. 

Grovvn-logether, 63. 

Grumosus, 60, 149. 

Gummatus, 206. 

Gummy, 206. 

GyniHocarpicus, 164. 

Gynander, 96. 

Gynandrus, 43. 

Gynizus, 158. 

Gynobasicus, 160, 174. 

Gynobasis, 150. 

Gynocidiuin, 221. 

Gynoecius, 43. 

GynoplieraUis, 159. 

Gynopliorelike, 161. 

Gynophoroideus, 161. 

Gynopliorianus, 153. 

Gynophorum, 159. 

Gynosteraium, 100, 158. 

Gyroma, 221,223. 

Gyrus, 221. 

H. 

HajmisphcEricus, 173. 

Hairlike, 55, 66, 105, 

107, 153. 

Hairpencillike, 157. 

Hairs, 40, 88. 

Hairy, 45, 58, 77, 107, 

170, 192. 

Halbertshape, 67. 

Half-adherent, 160. 

Half-cyHndrical,66,104 

Half-heartshape, 82. 

Half-mooned, 82, 186. 

Half-moon like, 156,1 81 

Half-moon-shape, 67. 

Half-open, 115. 

Half-two-celled, 152. 

Half-whirls, 102. 

Halved, 118. 

Hamatus, 156. 

Hamosus, 1 19, 170. 

Hamus, 227. 

Handed, 50. 

Hanging, 63, 79, 111, 

200, 201. 

^ 

INDEX OF TERMS. 787 

Hanging down, 94, 105, 

141. 

Handlike, 76. 

Hastatus, 67. 

Haustorium, 92. 

Head, 48, 52, 114. 

Headed,S8,143,153,191 

Heads, 102. 

Heart, 33, 210. 

Heartshape, 67,1 16,133, 

146,207, 211,215. 

Heliaralis, 106. 

Helmet, 162. 

Heiaietsbape, 134. 

Hemi-cylindraceus, 66. 

Hemi-cvlindricus, 66, 

104, 215. 

HemigDniarius, 98. 

Hemigyrus, 181. 

Hemisp!iericiis,l 18,155, 

159, 185, 190. 

Hen-aiid-chickeu, 98. 

Hepatica;, 222. 

Hepiagynus, 97. 

Heptander, 95. 

Herba, 36. 

Herbaceus, 41, 54, 64, 

117, 121. 

Hermaphroditus,44, 94. 

llesperidium, 178. 

Heterocarpicus, 164. 

Hexacoccus, 184. 

Hexagoiuis, 55, 97. 

Kexaoder, 95. 

Hexapetaius, 129. 

Hexaphyllus, 124. 

Hexapterus, 186. 

Hexasepalus, 124. 

Hieinaiis, 99." 

High, 218. 

Hile, 47. 

Hilebearing, 210,217. 

Hiiiferus,206,210,217. 

Hilum, 207. 

Hind, 148. 

Hip, 190. 

Hirsuties, 226. 

Hirsutus, 46, 59. 

Hirtuosus, 46. 

Hirtiis, 46, 59, 147. 

Hispiiliilus, 46, 170. 

Hispidus, 46, 59, 77, 

147, 150. 

Hiulcus, 132. 

Holdfast, 92. 

Holed, 168. 

Hollow, 54,64, 159,210. 

Honeycombed, 19, 107, 

203. 

Hood, 162, 163. 

Hoodlike, 117, 144, 

Hook, 227. 

Hooked, 68, 131, 135, 

156, 170, 193, 199. 

Horizontalis, 51, 143, 

201. 

Horn, 163. 

Horned, 130. 

Horny, 41, 149,210. 

Hortensis, 46. 

Humifusus, 56, 63. 

Hunlor, 40. 

Hybernalis, 99. 

Hybernus, 99. 

Hybridus, 41. 

Hylus, 207, 

Hymenium, 225, 

Hyperboreus, 47. 

Hypochilium, 130, 

Hypocrateriformis, 81, 

130. 

Hypogeus, 216. 

Hypogynus, 129, 139. 

Hypophyllum, 84. 

Hypopteratus, 191, 

Hysteranthos, 78. 

Icosaedrns, 150. 

Icosander, 96. 

Idiogynus, 44. 

Imbricans, 79. 

Iiiibricaiiviis, 87, 103. 

Imbricatus, 62, 85, 87, 

103, 118, 122, 128, 

141, 180, 201. 

Immediatus, 139. 

Immersus, 47. 

Immobilis, 145. 

Immoveable, 145. 

Impar, 72. 

Impari-pinnatus, 72. 

Impartibilis, 168. 

Inadherens, 127, 151, 

172, 176, 179, 188. 

Incequalis, 67, 121,128, 

134, 140, 167. 

Inantheratus, 142. 

Inarticulatus, 79. 

Incisus, 70, 126. 

Inclinatus, 56. 

Included, 153. 

Includens, 78. 

Inclusns, 141, 153,210 

212. 

Incolor, 208. 

Incompletus, 94, 195, 

205. 

Inconspicuus, 217. 

Incrassafus, 105,1 68, 169 

3 E 2


Increasing, 154. 

Incumbent, 133, 145, 

214. 

Incurvus, 59,63, 154. 

Indefinitus, 139. 

Involucrum, 117, 221, 

222, 225. 

Involuiivus, 87. 

Involutus, 87, 128, 133. 

Invoiven.-., 79. 

Indehiscens, 173, 174, Inwards, 145, 157. 

181, 182, 185. 

Indeterminatus, 194. 

Indigenus, 48. 

Indistinct, 216. 

Indivisibilis, 168. 

liidupliGativns, 103. 

Induîum, 221. 

Induvia, 164, 200. 

Induvialis, 128. 

Indiiviatus, 165, 172, 

182, 189. 

Inermis, 461. 

Irregularis, 94, 113,125, 

129. 

Irritabilis, 144. 

Isosteinon, 96. 

J. 

Jagged, 70,83, 134, 156, 

205,215. 

Joined, 215. 

Joint, 39, 61, 142. 

Inferaxillaris, 61 ,81 ,90. Jointed, 50, 55, 79, 88, 

Inferos, 127, 151, 188, 108, 123, 145, 171, 

Inflatus, 80, 125, 135, 181, 184, 216. 

180, 181, 183. Jointless, 79. 

Infiectus, 59, 63, 87, Juba, 112. 

137. Jubatus, 101. 

Infiexus,63,87,90, 133, Juices, 40. 

135,138,141,154,157. Juiceless, 176. 

Infundibuliformis, 130, Julus, 101, 108. 

153,156. Junctura,39. 

Innervius, 75. 

Insertiones, 53. 

Inside-growing;, 43. K. 

Integer, 56, 80, 83, 86, 

121, 122, 126, 135, Keel, ISO. 

138, 168, 171,215. Keeled,74,l 16,121,194. 

Integerriinus, 68. Kernel, 208. 

Intcgumentuni, 100,204, Kidneysiiape, 67, 82, 

206. 146,150,178,202,215. 

Intergerinus, 194. Kneebent, 212. 

Intermedius, 81. Kneed, 50, 55, 105, 123, 

Internodium, 39. 143, 154. 

Internus, 86. Knobbed, 143. 

Interposed, 93, 132,195. Knobby, 182. 

Inierpositivus, 93, 132, Knot, 39. 

140, 195._ Knotty, 50, 55. 

Interrupt^ pinnatus,73. 

*nterruptus,73, 109,1 10. 

IiUervalvis, 199. L. 

Iniervalvular, 199. 

Intiafoliaceus, 81, 93, Labcllum, 138. 

104. Labinin, 137, 138. 

Introflexus, 59, 168,193, Lac, 41. 

195. Lacerus, SO, 83. 

Inversus, 145, 155,218. Lachrymaiformis, 202. 

Inverted, 218. Lacinialus, 70, 83, 134, 

Invertens, 79. 156, 205. 

Invisibilis, 217, 219. Lacinula, 135. 

luvolucellum, 119. 

Involucra, 53. 

Involucralis, 90. 

Lactescentes, 41. 

Lacteus, 213. 

Lacunae, 38. 

Involucratus, 99, 111, Lacustris, 47. 

114, 115, 120. La^vigadis, 45, 58, 203, 

Laevis, 45, 57,76, 147, 

150, 169, 192,203. 

Lageniforrais, 178. 

Lake, 47. 

Lamella, 163,225. 

Lamelliferus, 136. 

Lamina, 162, 224. 

Lana, 226. 

Lanaius,46,58,77,l92, 

204, 

Lanceshaped, 65. 

Lanceolatus, 65,83,107, 

116, 121, 122, 124, 

133, 146, 215. 

Laud, 46. 

Laiitiginosus-, 166. 

Lanugo, 166, 226. 

Lripideus, 175,205. 

Lappaceus, 119, 193. 

Large, 176, 210, 214. 

Largefooted, 213. 

Largeheaded, 213. 

Lashed, 134, 136. 

Lasting, 117, 

Late 99. 

Lateralis, 81, 92, 112, 

145, 152, 155, 169, 

212, 214, 217, 218. 

Laterifolius, 93. 

Latex, 225. 

Latus, 159, 214. 

LatuiLula, ICS. 

Laxus, 110, 112, 113, 

114, 149. 

Layers, 53. 

Leadcol(!ur,213. 

Leaf, 60,88,89,91,92, 

128,216, 220,221. 

Leaf- bearing, 86. 

Leaf, fl.iral, 116. 

Leafed, 57. 

Leafless, 57. 

Leatlike, 54, 82, 117, 

113, 213. 

Leafrib, 91. 

Leafstalk, 79, 90, 

Leafy, 110, 112. 

Leatherlikel93, 196,206 

Leathery, 41, 64, 121, 

122, 175,210. 

Leaved, 217. 

Leaves, 61. 

Lecus, 52. 

Legumeu, 181. 

Leguminiformis, 180. 

Lengthened, 54. 

Lengthways, 148. 

Lens, 226. 

L.niticula, 226. 

Leii(icularis,202,211. 

Lentilshape, 292.

Lepicena, 120. 

Lepism;i, 163. 

Liber, 53, 527,151, 160, 

195,197,198,200,208. 

Lichen, 223. 

Ligatus, 150. 

Ligneus, 53, 54. 

Lignosus, 41, 49, 117, 

19J, 193, 196. 

Lignum, 53, 194. 

Ligula, 80. 

Ligulatus, 115, 131. 

Liguliferus, 98. 

Like-flowered, 114, 

Limb, 137. 

Limbiis, 137. 

Limes, 220. 

Limestone, 46. 

Linearis, 66,83,106,121, 

133,135,146,155,171, 

181,183,186,207,215. 

Lioelike, 207. 

Lineolaris, 207. 

Linguiformis, 66, 172. 

Lingula, 164- 

Lip, 137, 138. 

Lirelia, 223. 

Littoralis, 47. 

Lobatus, 70, 126, 149, 

162, 176, 185, 197, 

210,215. 

Lobed, 126, 149, 162, 

185, 197,210,215. 

Lobula, 216. 

Lobns, 142, 148,213. 

Loceilus, 158. 

Loculamen'ura, 199. 

Locular, 80. 

Lociilicidiis, 188. 

Loculosiis, 64,80, 177, 

Locnius, 142, 199. 

L()cu=t;), HI. 

Lodicula, 123. 

Lomentacens, 72. 

Lomentum, 182. 

Long, 65, 127,149,215, 

Longior, 127, 147. 

Longissimus, 106, 153. 

Longitndinaliter, 148. 

Longitudinalis,193,196. 

Longiis, 135,214,218. 

Loose, no, 112, 113, 

114, 149. 

Lorica, 205. 

Loricatus, 208. 

Low, 218. 

Lucidus, 45,58,77, 192, 

203, 

Lunatns, 67,^2,156,186, 

Lunulatiis, 156. 

Lut€o-aurantiac(is, 132. 


Lutescens, 213. 

Liitens, 132. 

Lycopodiaceae, 221. 

Lying along, 145. 

Lying down, 63, 

Lymplia, 40. 

Lymphajductus, 37, 

Lyratiis, 70. . 

M. 

Macrocephalus, 213. 

MacropodiuF, 213. 

Macniatus, 58, 77. 

Maculo.sus, 5S. 

Magnus, 176, 210,214. 

Main body, 216. 

Male, 44, 95, 108, 109. 

Malicorium, 178. 

Mammula, 223. 

Manifold, 151. 

Many, 56, 152. 

Many-camared, 189. 

Many-celled, 147, 152, 

172, 179, 182, 184, 

185, 187. 

Many-cotyledon, 211. 

Many-cut, 91, 156. 

Many-fiugered pinnate, 

73. 

Many-fingered, 72. 

Many-llowered, 105, 

115, 117, 120. 

Many-frniting, 42. 

Many-headeil, 187. 

Many-leaved, 117, 118, 

1 24. 

Many-lobed, 70, 147. 

JMaiiy-locular, 64. 

Many-paired, 72. 

Man\-par(ed, 71, 91, 

127, 19S, 205. 

Many-ribbed, 75, 198. 

Many-seeded, 172, 179, 

180, 182, 184, 187. 

Many-sepaled, 124. 

Many-styled, 97, 152, 

159. 

Many-valved, 187. 

Many-vittated, 170. 

Marcescens, 128. 

Marginalis, 81, 169,195, 

193. 

Marginans, 160. 

Marginatus, 80,166,204. 

Marinus, 47. 

Maritiraus, 47, 

Marsh, 47, 

Masculus, 44, 95, 108, 

109,223. 

Masklike, 131. 

Massa, 158. 

Massula, 158. 

Matutinus, 99. 

Meadow, 46. 

Mealy, 209. 

Meeting, 190. 

Medial, 212. 

Medianus, 195. 

Medians, 212. 

Mediatus, 139. 

Medifixus, 145. 

Mediocris, 214. 

Medivalvis, 195,198. 

Medulla, 52, 209. 

MeduUaris, 63,54,223. 

Meiostemon, 96. 

MHonida, 177. 

Melon id ium, 177. 

Meloniformis, 54. 

Melonshaped, 54. 

Membrana, 225. 

Membranaceiis, 41, 64, 

82,108,117,121,122, 

177,191,193,206,209. 

Membranosus, 64. 

Membranula, 221,222. 

Meridianus, 100. 

Mesocarpius, 170. 

Meteoricus, 99. 

Microbasis, 175. 

Micropyla, 207. 

Middle-fixed, 145. 

Middle-size, 214, 

Middle-valved, 198. 

Miliaris, 87. 

Miik, 41, 

Milky, 41. 

Minutus, 82. 

Misshapen, 134, 146. 

Mixtus, 86. 

Mobilis, 145. 

Mollis, 64. 

Monadelphus, 96, 140. 

Monander, 95. 

Moniliformis, 50, 88, 

171, 182. 

Monocarpicus, 42. 

Monocephalus, 186. 

Monocotyledoneus, 44, 

211. 

Monogynus, 96. 

Monoicus, 44. 

Monopetalus, 129, 130. 

Monophyllus, 117, 118, 

124. 

Monopterus, 172, 204. 

Monosepalus, 124. 

Monospermus, 172, 175, 

177, 180, 189, 187. 

MonostyUis, 152, 159.


Montanus, 47. 

Monthly, 43. 

Moss, 47. 

Mosses, 221. 

Morning, 99. 

Mouniain, 47, 

Moveable, 145. 

Mucilaginosus, 209. 

JMucro, 227. 

Mucronatus, 68,88, 121, 

122. 

Mule, 41. 

Multidigitatus, 72, 

Multiferus, 43. 

Multifidus, 91,156. 

Multiflorus, 105, 115, 

117, 120. 

MuHijtigus, 72. 

Multilobiis, 70, 147. 

Multilocularis,147,152, 

172,179,182,185,187. 

Multinervis, 198. 

Multinervins, 75. 

Miiltipartitns, 71, 91, 

198, 205. 

Multiplicatus, 97, 

Multiple-ribbed, 75. 

Multiplex, 56, 151,152, 

154,164, 171. 

Multivalvis, 187. 

Miiltivictatus, 170. 

Munieus, 78. 

Muricatus, 150,170,192. 

Muscarium, 113. 

Mushrooms, 225, 

Mushroomshape, 211. 

Muticus, 166. 

Mutually riding, 87. 

N. 

Nailshape, 88, 143. 

Naked, 57,86, 98, 106, 

107,109,114,115,136, 

165,201,208,210,217. 

Napiformis, 49. 

Nappy, 46, 192. 

Narrow, 171, 214. 

Narrowed, 67, 135, 169. 

Narrow-necked, 166. 

Natans, 47, 63. 

Native, 48. 

Naucum, 177, 

Navicularis, 121, 122, 

133, 194. 

Near together, 148. 

Nearly cylindrical, 181. 

Nearly ovoid, 189. 

Nearly sessile, 78. 

Nearly terminal, 109. 

Necklaceshape, 171. 

Nectar, 41. 

Nectariferus, 162. 

Nectarilyma, 162. 

Nectaristigmata, 163. 

Nectarium, 101, 123, 

160, 162. 

Nectarotheca, 162. 

Needle! ike, 66. 

Nemoblastus, 45. 

Nemorosus, 47. 

Nephrosta, 221. 

Nervalis, 91. 

Nervato-venosus, 75. 

Nervatus, 75, 121, 122, 

213. 

Nervi,39. 

Nervosus, 75, 121, 122. 

Nervus, 199. 

Nestling, 201,213. 

Netted, 76. 

Networked, 203. 

Neuter, 43, 95. 

Nicked, 68,156,168,183 

Nidulans,201. 

Nidulatus, 213. 

Night, 100. 

Nine-fingered, 72. 

Nine-lobed,70. 

Nine-ribbed, 75. 

Nine-stamened, 95. 

Nipple, 226. 

Nipply, 45, 107. 

Nitidus, 77, 192,203. 

Nivalis, 47. 

Noctnrnus, 100. 

Nodding, 56, 93, 105, 

Nodositas, 39. 

Nodosus,50,55,143,182. 

Nodus, 39, 220. 

None, 149, 152. 

Noon, 100. 

Not cut, 83, 121, 126. 

Notched, 68, 134, 135, 

138, 143, 166, 186. 

Novcm-digitatus, 72. 

Novem-lobus, 70. 

Novem-nervius, 75. 

Nucamentum, 108. 

Nucleus, 175, 208,224. 

Nucula, 174, 177. 

Nuculaneus, 179. 

Nuculanium, 177. 

Nuculosus, 177, 179. 

Nudus, 57, 86, 98, 106, 

107,109,114,115,136, 

165,201,208,210,217. 

Nulliis, 149, 152, 167. 

Nut, 177, 191. 

Nutans, 56, 93, 105. 

Nux, 174,177 191. 

Obconicus, 118. 

Obcordatus, 68, 186. 

Obcordiformis, 68, 133, 

183, 186, 

Obcrenatus, 68, 181. 

Obcurrens, 190. 

Oblique cordatus,67,82. 

Oblique heartshape, 67, 

82. 

Obliquus, 56, 63, 135, 

157, 191,212. 

Oblongus, 65, 110, 146, 

150, 165, 167, 178, 

181, 190,202. 

Obovalis, 65. 

Obovoideus, 165, 175, 

186. 

Obstructus, 136. 

Obsuturalis, 195, 198. 

Obturbinatus, 118,178, 

186. 

Obtuse-angulatus, 54. 

Obtusus, 68, 135, 143, 

156,169,171,186,218. 

Obversus, 218. 

Obvolutus, 87, 103,214. 

Ocrea, 83. 

Octander, 95. 

Octofidus, 126. 

Ootona, 61. 

Octopelalus, 129. 

Odd, 72, 

Offset, 52. 

Oily, 209. 

Oleagineus, 209. 

Oligospermus, 179, 182, 

187. 

Olopetalarius, 98. 

Omphalodius, 207. 

Once-bearirg, 43. 

Once-fruiting, 42, 

One-celled, "^ 

147, 151, 

172,175,176,178,179, 

182, 184, 1S5, 187. 

One-corned, 173. 

One-cotyledon, 211, 

One flowered, 105, 106, 

115, 119, 120. 

One-fur rowed, 17 6, 192. 

One-headed, 1S6. 

One-holed, 148. 

One-leafed, 117,1 18,124 

One-leafletted, 71. 

One-lipped, 131. 

One-lobed, 147. 

One-paired, 72. 

One-paleolated, 123. 

One-petaled, 139. 

One-ribbed, 75, 198.

One-rowed, 59, 63, 93, 

172, 175, 177, ISO, 

182, 187, 

One-sided, 121,133,161, 

197, 209. 

One-spathelled, 120. 

One-si)athelluIed, 122. 

One-stamened, 95. 

One-styled, 96, 152,159. 

One-valved, 187. 

One-vittated, 170. 

One way, 93. 

One-winged, 172, 204. 

Opacus, 210. 

Open, 59,63, 110, 112, 

115, 118, 133, 173. 

Open ground, 47. 

Openings, 38. 

Opening, 145,173,181, 

182, 185, 188. 

Opercularis, 147, 104. 

Opercalatus, 204. 

Opeiculiformis, 147. 

Operculum,85,148,184, 

222. 

Gvoideus, 106, 108,110, 

118, 146, 150, 156, 

165, 174—176, 181, 

' 184, 186, 190, 191, 

202,211, 218. 

Oviilum, 150. 

Ovum, 150, 200. 

Opposed, 155. 

Opposite peniiatiis, 72. 

Oppositifolius, 91, 92, 

110, 111. 

Oppositive, 140. 

Oppositivus, 132, 140, 

195. 

Opposiius, 69, 61, 87, 

92, 93, 120, 132,195, 

214. 

Orts, 49. 

Orange, 132, 150. 

Orhiciilaris, 65, 155, 

167, 186, 202, 207, 

215. 

Orbiculatus, 183. 

Orbiculus, 137, 224. 

Orbi^la, 223. 

Orbis, 212. 

Orderiess, 62. 

Organicus, 40. 

Organ um, 36, 40, 100, 

223. 

Orig,oraa, 222. 

Osseus, 175, 177, 191, 

205. 

Ossiciilus, 175. 

Outside-growing, 43. 

Outwards, 145, 157. 


Ovalis,65,82,133,183, 

215. 

Ovarium, 150, 151. 

Ovatus, 65, 108, 134, 

130, 167, 176, 184, 

191. 

Ovoideus, 167. 

Paired, 72. 

Palatium, 131, 136. 

Palea, 120, 122, 227. 

Paieaceus, 107, 166,167. 

Paleola, 124. 

Palmatus, 50, 71, 76, 

116. 

Paludosus, 47. 

Paluster, 47. 

Panduriformis, 69. 

Pauicula, 112. 

Paniculatus, 101, 109. 

Pannexterna, 176, 199. 

Panninterna, 175, 199. 

Paper-like, 64, 177, 

193, 206. 

Papilionaceus, 130. 

Papilla, 226. 

Papillaris, 88. 

Papillosus, 77, 107. 

Pappiforrais, 199. 

Papposus, 166. 

Pappus, 166. 

Pappus-like, 199. 

Papula, 226. 

Papulosus, 45, 77. 

Pa py race us, 64. 

Parabdlicus, 65. 

Paracarpiuui, 163. 

ParacoroUa, 163. 

Parapetalura, 162, 163. 

Parapliysis, 221. 

Parastadis, 163. 

Parastamen, 163. 

Parastylus, 163. 

Parallel icus, 195. 

Paralleli-nervius, 75. 

Paralleli-venosus, 76. 

Parallel-ribbed, 75. 

Parallelus, 148, 195. 

Parasiticus, 47, 48. 

Parenchyma, 39, 53. 

Parted, 71, 126, 138, 

154, 157. 

Partes, 36, 39, 40. 

Partialis, 79, 194. 

Parlibiiis, 187. 

Particular, il7. 

Parietal, 197. 

Parting, ?93. 

Partitional, 198. 

Partition bearing, 194, 

206. 

Partitioned, 171. 

Partitioning, 197. 

Partitions, 194. 

Partitus, 70, 71, 126, 

138, 157, 205. 

Parvulus, 214. 

Parvus, 176, 214. 

Passing away, 132. 

Patelliformis, 211. 

Patellula, 223. 

Patens, 59, 63, 89, 118, 

128, 133, 137, 141. 

Patentissimus, 60, 63. 

Patulns, 59, 63, 112, 

128. 

Pauci-florus, 115. 

Pauci-radiatus, 114. 

Pearshape, 125, 190. 

Pectinatus, 71, 116. 

Pedately cut, 71. 

Pedatifidus, 71. 

Pedatus, 73, 76. 

Pedicellatus, 86, 88, 

167, 197. 

Pedicellus, 104, 221. 

Peldiculus, 142. 

Pedilis, 166. 

Pedunculatus, 93. 

Pedunculeanus, 91, 101. 

Pedunculus, 104, 103. 

Peliicifla, 205. 

Pellicularis,209,, 

PelJucidus, 210. 

Pelta, 223. 

Pdtatus, 76, 78, 146, 

155, 201, 

Pelfi-nervius, 75. 

Pendens, 141,200,201. 

Pendulus, 94, 105, 109, 

111,200, 201. 

Penicilliformis, 157. 

Pennatipartitus, 71. 

Pennatus, 76. 

Penni-nervius, 75. 

Pentacamarus, 189. 

Pentacoccus, 184, 185. 

Pentadelphus, 140. 

Pentagonus, 55, 155, 

186, 197. 

Pentagynus, 97. 

Pentander, 95. 

Pentapetalus, 129. 

Pentaphyllus, 124. 

Pentapterus, 172, 186. 

Pentaqueter, 197. 

Pentasepalus, 124. 

Pen tasty Ins, 152


Pepo, 178. 

Peponida, 178. 

Peponium, 178. 

Peraphyllum, 162. 

Pereiiuis, 42, 51, 54, 

78. 

Perfectus, 94. 

Perfoliatus, 63. 

Prrforatus, 89, 156. 

Perfusiis, 201. 

Periandricus, 161. 

Periantheus, 98. 

Perianth ianus, 200. 

Perianthium, 100, 124, 

138. 

Pericarpialis, 85, 90. 

Pericarpium, 164, 192. 

Pericliaetialis, 221. 

Perichaetium, 221. 

Pericladium, 84. 

Periclinium, 119. 

Peridium, 225. 

Peridroma, 84. 

Perigonalis, 200. 

Perigoniarius, 97, 98. 

Perigonium, 100, 122, 

138.221. 

Perigyriandra, 100, 1 19, 

124, 129. 

Perigynium, 163. 

Perigynus, 129, 139. 

Periodicus, 99. 

Peripetaliim, 161. 

Periphaericus, 209, 212. 

Periphj'llium, 163. 

Periphorantiutn, 119. 

Peripteratus, 172, 191, 

204. 

Perispermatus, 209. 

Perispermicus, 209. 

Perispermum, 205, 209, 

Perisporiiim, 220. 

Perisporum, 163. 

Peristoma, 222. 

Peristomicns, 161. 

Perithecium, 224, 225. 

Permutatus, 97. 

Perocidium, 221. 

Perpendicularis, 51, 56, 

89. 

Persistens, 78, 83, 117, 

123, 128, 154, 162, 

176, 190, 198. 

Persistens marcescens, 

132. 

Persistent witherins:, 

132. 

Personafiis, 131. 

Pf-rtusiis, 76, 81 5. 

Peru hi, 86. 139. 

Perulatus, 86. 

Petaliformis, 143, 153, 

155. 

Petal-like, 143, 153. 

Petaloideus,97,98, 117, 

127. 

Petaliis, 132. 

Petiolaneus, 64,86,90, 

91. 

Petiolaris, 81, 90—92. 

Petiolatus, 78, 215. 

Petiolnlaris, 81. 

Petiolules, 79. 

Pelioliis, 79. 

Petrosus, 46. 

Phsenogamus, 43. 

Phoranthiura, 104. 

Phragma, 196. 

Phragmigerus, 182. 

Pbyllodiiim, 84. 

Phylloideus, 54. 

Phyllum, 128. 

Pierced, 76, 215. 

Pilaris, 167. 

Pileola, 216. 

Pileolatus, 219. 

Pileiis, S25. 

Pili, 40, 81. 

Pilidia, 223, 

Pillalike, H4. 

Pilosus, 45,58, 77, 107, 

167, 170, 192. 

Pill-like, 212. 

Pinnaiicisus, 70, 

Pinnaiifidus, 70,83,91, 

116, 215. 

Pinnatiparlitiis, 70. 

Piniiaiisectus, 71, 

Pinnatus, 72. 

Pipelike, 66, 125. 

Pipey, 105, 106,153. 

Pips, 177. 

Pistillares, 151. 

Pistiliarius, 97. 

Pistillum, 100, 150, 158. 

Pit, 226. 

Pitcher, 157. 

Piiciiershape, 64, 118, 

125, 1.30. 

Pith, 52, 

Pithy, 54. 

Pitted, 107, 203. 

Placenta, 196. 

Plarentarianus, 195. 

Placentariiim, 196. 

Placentifeius, 194, 196. 

Planiusculus, 118. 

Plan(a, 36. 

Plantul.-i, 217, 220. 

Planus, 74, 106, 114, 

1.S8, 143, 1.'59, 168, 

16lJ, 190, 194, 203. 

Plentis, 54, 97, 102. 

Plexeoblastus, 45, 

Plicativiis, 87, 103. 

Plicatus, 74, 87, 137, 

156, 215. 

Plopocarpium, 189. 

Plumbeus, 213. 

PUiniosus, 1.57, 167. 

Plumula, 217. 

Piurilocularis, 151. 

Pluripartitus, 127. 

Plurivalvis, 187. 

Pneumatophora, 37. 

Pod, 182. 

Podetium, 223. 

Podlike, 185. 

Podogynium, 150. 

Podospermiuin, 199. 

Pointal, 100, 150. 

Pointed, 67, 88, 121, 

122, 135, 146, 156, 

186, 218. 

PoJachena, 167. 

Polakena, 167, 171. 

Polexostvlus, 175. 

Polished," 45, 169,203. 

Pollen, 41, 142, 149. 

Po'.len-mass, 158. 

Pollinicus, 158. 

Polyadelphns, 96, 140. 

Polyander, 96. 

Polycaiiiarus, 189. 

Polycarpiciis, 42. 

Polycephalus, 187. 

Polychlorio, 190. 

Polychldiionidis, 190. 

Polycocnis, 184, 185. 

Polvcotyledoneus, 44, 

211. 

Polygamus, 44. 

Polvgynus, 97. 

Polypptalus, 129. 

Polvphorum, 160. 

Polyphyllus, 117, 118, 

124. 

Polysecus, 100 

Polysepalus, 124. 

Polysperraus, 172, 179, 

180, 182, 184, 187. 

Polyslemon, 96. 

Polystylus, 152, 159. 

Pomum, 177. 

Pori, 37, 39, 148, 

Porrectus, 137, 

Portio lignea, 53. 

Posticus, 145, 148. 

Pouch, 183. 

Pourhlike, 185. 

Po\vd< r, 14?. 

Powdery, 45, 58, 149, 

Praefoliatio, 102.

Praemorsiis, 50, 68. 

Pratensis, 46. 

Precox, 99. 

Prickles, 89. 

Prickley, 46,59, 170. 

Primarius, 79. 

Primigenius, 41. 

Primitive, 41. 

Prisrnaticus, 125, 135. 

Procumbens, 56. 

Productiones, 53. 

Productum, 162. 

Progrediens, 51. 

Progressive, 51. 

Projectura, 61, 

Proliferus, 64, 98, 1 14. 

Proligerus, 224. 

Prolonged, 138. 

Prominens, 143, 159, 

194,217. 

Propaculiferus, 42. 

Propaculum, 52. 

Propagaculiim, 224. 

Propago, 42, 224. 

Proprius, 79, 117. 

Proscolla, 158. 

Prosphysis, 163, 222. 

Prostratus, 56. 

Pro&typiim, 207. 

Proteranthos, 78. 

Pruina, 41. 

Priimis, 175. 

Pseud ocarpicus, 164. 

Pseudocarpium, 191. 

Pseiidoparasiticiis, 47. 

Pseudospermiciis, 165. 

Pteratus, 194. 

Pterides, 173. 

Pteridium, 173. 

Pubes, 226. 

Pubescens, 45, 58, 77, 

147, 157, 170, 192, 

Puckered, 74. 

Pulpa, 200. 

Pulposus, 176, 193,205, 

206. 

Pulpy, 176, 193, 205, 

206. 

Pulverulentus, 45, 58, 

149. 

Pulvlnulns, 224. 

Pulvinus, 60. 

Punctata?, 58, 77, 89, 

107, 176, 192, 203, 

213. 

Punctiforrais, 207,217. 

Purplish, 213. 

Purpureus, 213. 

Putamen, 175, 176. 

Pyramidalis, 60, 112. 

Pyrena, 175, 177. 

INDEX OF TERMS. 79^ 

Pyrenarius, 177. 

Pyridion, 177. 

Pyriforiuis, 190. 

Pyxidium, 184, 221, 

Pyxis, 184. 

Q. 

Quadrangularis, 55, 65, 

110, 183. 

Quadricornis, 146. 

Quadridentatus, 121, 

122, 126. 

Quadridigatato - penuatus, 

73, 

Quadridigitatus, 72. 

Quadrieremus, 174. 

Quadrifidus, 70, 126, 

134, 156. 

Quadrijugus, 72. 

Quadrilobatus, 156. 

Qtiadrilohus, 150. 

Quadrilorul.iris, 147, 

152, 176, 179, 187, 

Quad ri parti t us, 127, 198. 

Quadrisuleatus, 19*^. 

Quadrivalvis, 148, 187. 

Quaterna, 61. 

Quinatus, 72. 

Quina, 6i, 62. 

Quincuncialis, 103. 

Quiiique-angulatvis, 69. 

Quinquedentatus, 68,126 

Quinquedigitatus, 72, 

Quiijquc-eremus, 174. 

Quiuquefidus, 126, 154. 

Qiiinquejugus, 72. 

Qiiiiiquelobatu^, 156, 

210,215. 

Quinquelobus, 70. 

Quinquelocularis, 179, 

187, 

Quinquenerviiis, 75, 

Qui nquepartitus,7 1,127, 

198. 

Quinquevalvis, 187. 

Quintuple ribbed, 75. 

Qnintuplex, 154. 

Quintupli-nervia, 75. 

R. 

Racemosus, 101,208. 

Racemus, 111. 

Rachis, 84, 104. 

Radiant, 114, 134, 186, 

197, 

Radiating, 134, 186, 

197. 

Radiatus, 102, 115,156. 

Radicalis, 61, 92. 

Radicans, 57, 64. 

Radicella, 48, 

Radicular, 48, 217. 

Radius, 53, 115. 

Radix, 48, 216. 

Raised, 151. 

Ramealis, 61, 92. 

Rameaneus, 64. 

Rameanus, 90. 

Ramenta, 60. 

Rameus, 61, 

Ramificatio, 60. 

Ramossissiinus, 66, 112. 

Ramosus, 50, 56, 88 

90,91,104,106, 107, 

109, 111, 112, 144, 

167. 

Ramuliis, 59. 

Rainunculus, 59. 

Ramus, 59, 

Kapha, 208. 

Raphe, 169. 

Raphida, 222. 

Rather heartshapc, 82. 

Rays, 53, 115. 

Receptacularis, 153. 

Receptaculum, 38, lOl 

104, 159, 196, 222, 

223. 

Recpssus, 194. 

Recliiiatus, 87. 

Rpclusns, 212. 

Rectilineus, 57, 90, 123 

135, 146, 153, 169' 

202,208,211,218. 

Recti-nervius, 75. 

Rectus, 57, 76, 90,107, 

123, 135, 146, 153, 

202,208,211,218. 

Recur vat us, 181, 202, 

211,218, 

Recurvus, 63, 157, 202, 

211, 

Red, 132. 

Reddish orange, 132, 

Redish violet, 132. 

Reed, 52, 

Re-entering, 193. 

Reflectus, 63, 137, 

Reflpxui, 63, 89, 90, 

118,128,133,137,138, 

141, 154,157,214. 

Refractus, 60, 105. 

Regma, 185, 

Regressus, 218, 

Regularis, 94, 113, 128, 

129, 

Reliquia, 60. 

Remaining, S3, 198.

Remains, 60. 

Remotus, 62, 149. 

Renarius, 82. 

Renifoimis, 67, 82,146, 

150, 178, 202, 215. 

ilepandas, 69. 

Rcpens, 51, 57. 

Keplicativus, 87. 

Ileplicatus,202, 212, 

Reptans, 57, 

Reservoirs, 38. 

Restibilis, 42, 

Resupinatus, 131, 174, 

191,200. 

Reticulato-venosus, 76. 

Retlculatus, 76, 170, 

203, 

Reticulum, 84, 

Retinaculum, 158, 199. 

Retracted, 218. 

Retroflectus, 105. 

Retroflexus, 60. 

Retrorsus, 79. 

Retusus, 68. 

ileverse conical, 118. 

Reverse crenated, 181. 

Reverse eggliiie, 165. 

Reverse heartshape, 68, 

183, 186. 

Reverse oval, 65. 

Reverse ovoid, 175, 186, 

Reverse topshape, 118, 

178, 186. 

Reversed, 63, 174, 191, 

200. 

Reversely crenate, 68. 

Revolnte, 157. 

Revolutivus, 86. 

Revolutus, 70, 86, 128, 

137. 

Riiizanthus, 43, 

Rhiziophybis, 219, 

Rliizoblastus, 45. 

Rhizocarpicus, 42, 

Rhizoma, 52. 

Rhombeus, 65. 

Ribband, 66. 

Ribbed, 75, 121, 122, 

125, 168—170, 213. 

Ribless, 75,213. 

Ribs, 199. 

Riding, 87, 214. 

Rigens, 55. 

Rigid us, 55, 64, 105. 

Rimosus, 58,210. 

Rind, 177. 

Rins, 157,221. 

Ringed, 168. 

Ringens, 131. 

Ringlike, 144, 161,212. 

Riparius, 47. 


Rising, 200. 

River, 47. 

Rock, 46. 

Rolled, 70, 110, 128, 

214. 

Root, 48, 61, 92, 213, 

216. 

Root-flowering, 43. 

Rooting, 57, 64. 

Rootsucker, 52. 

Rootlet, 48. 

Rosaceous, 62, 130. 

Roselatus, 62, 130. 

Roselike, 62, 130, 

Rostellum, 58,217,227. 

Rostratus, 161,165,180, 

183. 

Rostrum, 164. 

Rotafus, 131. 

Rotundato compresus, 

202. 

Rotundatus, 65, 185. 

Rough, 45, 58, 77, 192, 

203. 

Rougiiish, 170. 

Round, 65, 185, 

Rounded, 60, 65, 82, 

114, 116, 121, 122, 

176, 215. 

Roundish, 49, 133, 165, 

171, 177, 184, 186, 

191, 202, 218, 

Rows, 89, 20!. 

Ruber, 132. 

Rubro-aurantiacus, 132. 

Rubro-violaceus, 132. 

Ruderalis, 46. 

Rudimental, 142. 

Rudimentarius, 142. 

Rugosus, 74, 192, 203. 

Ruguloso-lamellatus, 

168. 

Rugnlosus, 168, 169. 

Rumpled, 103, 215. 

Runcinatus, 70. 

Runner, 52. 

Rupestris, 46. 

Ruptiles, 117, 205. 

Sabre-shape, 66, 181. 

Sabulosus, 46. 

Sacelliforrais, 161. 

Sacellus, 172. 

Saccus, 163. 

Sacklike, 161. 

Sagittatus, 67, 82, 146, 

155. 

Saliiius, 47, 

Sa!suLs47. 

S.-ilt, 47. 

Salvershape, 131. 

Samara, 173. 

Sand, 46, 

Sap, 40. 

Sarcobasis, 175. 

Sarcocarpium, 175,200. 

Sarcodermis, 206. 

Sarcoma, 163. 

Sarmentosus, 55. 

Sarraentura, 52. 

Sativus, 43. 

Saucerlike, 211. 

Sautellae, 42. 

Sawdustlike, 203. 

Saxatilis, 46. 

Scaber, 58, 77, 192, 

203. 

Scale, 124, 163, 227. 

Scaled, 192. 

Scalelike, 65, 80, 161. 

Scaly, 51, 67, 85, 86, 

105. 

Scandens, 57. 

Scaphium, 130. 

Scapus, 104. 

Scar, 60. 

Scariosus, 64, 82, 119, 

121. 

Scattered, 59, 62,201. 

Schistosus, 46. 

Scleranthum, 173. 

Scobifonnis, 213. 

Scoopliiie, 131. 

Scrobiculatus, 107, 169, 

176,203. 

Scroti forrais, 50. 

Scutella, 223. 

Scutelliformis, 211. 

Scutum, 164. 

Scyphus, 163. 

Se invicem, 87. 

Sea, 47. 

Seagreen, 149. 

Seal-like, 51. 

Seat, 101. 

Secondaiius, 79. 

Sectus,71. 

Secundina, 209. 

Secundus, 59, 63, 93. 

Sedes, 101, 159. 

Seed, 165, 200, 210, 

225. 

Seed-bearing, 42, 194, 

196. 

Seed-covers, 204. 

Semen, 200, 224. 

Semi-adherens,127,151, 

leo, )8'-i. 

4

Semi-amplexns, 87. 

Semi apertus, 1 15. 

Semi-cordiformis, 82. 

Semi-cylindricus,66,215 

Semi-double, 97. 

Semi-flosculosiis, 102, 

115. 

Semi-inclusus, 201. 

Semi-inferus, 127. 

Semi-lun;Uus,67 ,82,156, 

181, 186. 

Seminalis, 61, 151. 

Seminifenis, 42, 194, 

196. 

Semi-ovalis, 82. 

Semi-sagittatus, 82. 

Semi-staminarius, 97. 

Semi-verticillatus, 102. 

Sempervirens, 78. 

Sena, 61. 

Sepalum, 128. 

Septem-ang;ulatiis, 69. 

Septem-digitatus, 72, 

Septem-lobus, 70. 

Septem-nervius, 75. 

Septicidus, 188. 

Septiterus, 193, 194, 

206. 

Septiformis, 197. 

Septifragus, 188. 

SepJilis, 198. 

Septulum, 158, 171. 

Septum, 195. 

Serialis, 89, 141, 201. 

Sericeus, 46, 53, 77, 

167. 

Serotinus, 99. 

Serratus, 68. 

Serrulatus, 69. 

Sertulum, 114. 

Sessilis, 62, 86, 88, 89, 

93, 133, 144, 151, 

155, 166, 197, Wl, 

216,219. 

Seta, 123, 142,221,226. 

Setaceus, 66, 83, 90, 

116, 121. 

Setosus, 107, 167, 169, 

170. 

Seven-angled, 69. 

Seven-fingered, 72. 

Seven-lobed, 70. 

Seven-ribbed, 75. 

Seven-etamened, 95. 

Seven-styled, 97. 

Seven valved, 187. 

Sex-eremiis, 174. 

Sexfidus, 126, 

Sexlocularis, 176, 187. 

Sextuplex, 154. 

Shady, 47. 


Shaggy, 147, 150. 

Sharp, 67, 143. 

Slieatli, 53, S3. 

Sheathed, 57, 105. 

Sheathing, 63, 80, 81, 

144, 157. 

Sheave-like, 211. 

Shell, 175, 205. 

Sheltering, 78. 

Shield, 164, 

Shielded, 147. 

Shield-like, 76, 201. 

Shining, 45, 58,77,192, 

203. 

Shore, 47. 

Short, 127,214, 218. 

Shortened, 214. 

Shorter, 147. - 

Shrub, 36. 

Shrubby, 56. 

Siccus, 180, 209. 

Sicklelike, 137. 

Sickle-iiajje, 215. 

Side, 93, 214. 

Side-lying, 141. 

Sigillatus, 51. 

Silicula, 183. 

Siliculaaformis, 185. 

Silky, 46, 58, 77, 167. 

Siliqua, 182. 

Silio.Uceformis, 185. 

Silver grain, 53. 

Similaris, 121, 122,215. 

Siniililiorus, 114. 

Similis, l-i9. 

Simplex, 50,56,79,86,88, 

90, 91, 102, 104, 106 

—109, 111—113,118, 

144, 154, 156, 164, 

167, 169, 171, 208. 

Simplicissimus, 56. 

Single, 56,81, 95, 108, 

117, 151, 152, 154. 

209. 

Sinistrorsum, 57. 

Sinochorium, 184. 

Sinuato-lobatus, 168. 

Sinuato-undulatus, 169. 

Sinuately waved, 169. 

Sinuatus, 69, 162. 

Sinuolatus, 69. 

Siniiosus, 146, 208. 

Six-celled, 174, 176, 

184, 187. 

Six-cut, 126. 

Six-leaved, 124. 

Six-petaled, 129. 

Six-rowed, 93. 

Six-sepaled, 124. 

Six-sided, 55, 

Six-stamened, 95. 

Six-s(yled, 97. 

Six-winged, 186. 

Sixes, 61. 

Skin, 39, 205, 206. 

Slate, 46. 

Slender, 55, 108, 110, 

144, 218. 

Slime, 225. 

Slit, 83, 148. 

Slow-growing, 42. 

Small, 176, 214. 

Smooth, 45, 57,76, 147, 

150, 168, 1G9, 192, 

S03. 

Smuoihened, 58. 

Snail-like, 103. 

Snow, 47. 

Soboles, 42, 85. 

Soboliferus, 42. 

Soft, 64. 

Soldered, ISO, 

Solid us, 54, 85, 144, 171. 

Soliti.rius, 81, 91, 95, 

108. 

Soliitus, 81. 

Soredium, 224. 

Sarosus, 190. 

Sorus, 221. 

Spaces, 38. 

Spadix, 104, 106. 

Sparsus, 59, 62. 

Spatha, 116. 

Spathaceus, 99. 

Spaihutus, 99, 111, 114. 

SpatheUa, 120, 122. 

Spathellula, 122. 

Spathilla, 117. 

Spatula-shape, 65, 133. 

Spathulatus, 65, 13.'^. 

Spearshape, 107, 116. 

Spectans, 87. 

Spermapodium, 169. 

Spermatocystidium, 142. 

Spermoderniis, 205. 

Spermop()do|)hoium,lG9 

Spermopiiorus, 196. 

Sphaericus, 106, IQS 

114, 150, 167, 173, 

176—179, 186, 189, 

190, 197, 202, 211. 

Sphaeroblaslus, 45. 

Spha'rula, 224. 

Sphalerocarpium, 173. 

Spica, 109. 

Spicatus, 101. 

Spiciformis, 189. 

Spicula, 111. 

Spiculatus, 109. 

Spike, 109. 

Spiked, 101. 

Spikelet, 111.


Spikcletted, 109. 

Spike-like, 189. 

Spiius, 207. 

SpiiKi, 89. 

Spindleshape, 49, 178, 

180, 211. 

Spined, 121. 

Spinellatus, 121. 

Spinellosus, 46, 59, 77, 

193. 

Spiiiescens, 60, 80, 82, 

116. 

Spiniferus, 64. 

Spinosus, 46, 59, 69, 

119. 

Spinous, 193. 

Spiralis, 62, 93, 106, 

143, 154, 181, 185. 

Splenden?, 77. 

Split, 70, 136, 138, 144. 

Spongioid, 39, 49. 

Spongiosus, 54. 

Spongy, 54. 

Spora, 2'^0, 224, 225. 

8poiang:iiim, 220, 221. 

Sporangidiiim, 222. 

Sporiciium, 225. 

Spoiula,220, 225. 

Spoiled, 68,77. 

Spread, 201. 

Spre,iding,128, 133,137, 

141, lyo. 

Spread forward, 137. 

Spread open, 112. 

Spring, 47. 

Spriug-lide, 99. 

Sprouliiig, 51. 

Spuraesceii?, 41. 

Spur. 139, 162. 

Spurred, 126, 134, 136. 

SpuriuB, 53, 178, 183, 

194, 223. 

Squama, 124, 163, 227. 

Squarniforaiis, 65, 80, 

161. 

Squamosiis, 51, 57, 85, 

86, 105, 192. 

Squarrosus, 119. 

Squat, 89, 

Squatted, 62. 

Stages, 141.. 

Stalked, 43. 

Stamen, 100, 139. 

Stamenbearing, 159. 

Staminal, 88. 

Staminarius, 97. 

Stamineus, 98. 

Statniniferus, 159. 

Staininodium, 158. 

Standard, 130. 

Starlike, 131, 156. 

Star-ribbed, 75. 

Starred, 88. 

Starry, 184. 

Steihaus, 61, 76, SS, 

131, 156, 184. 

Stellinervius, 75. 

Steui, 52, 61,88,89,92, 

225. 

Stem-fruiting, 43. 

Stemless, 43. 

Sterigmum, 184. 

Sterilis, 48, 95, 148. 

Stickv, 45. 

Stiff, 55, 64, 105. 

Stigma, 49, 151, 154, 

158. 

Stimulus, 227. 

Stiug, 227. 

Stipella, 84, 

Stipellatus, 80. 

Stipellus, 142. 

Stipes, 84, 16n, 221, 225. 

Stipiformis, 55. 

Stipitatus, 167. 

Stipula, 81. 

Stipulaneus, 86,90, 91, 

Stipularis, 88. 

Stipulatus, 57. 

Stipnled, 80. 

Stipuliferus, 80. 

Stolo, 52. 

Sloloniferus, 51. 

Stomatia, 39. 

StDne, 175, 176. 

Stonelike, 175. 

Stool, 52. 

Stoolbearing, 42. 

Straiglit,57,76, 90, 107, 

123, 135, 146, 153, 

169, 202, 208, 211, 

218. 

Stragula, 122. 

Straight-ribbed, 75. 

Strapiike, 106. 

Stratum, 53. 

Straw, 52. 

Streaked, 58, 76, 135, 

169, 203. 

Striatus, 58, 76, 135, 

169, 192, 203. 

Strictus, 55, 105. 

Striga, 227. 

Strigosus, 46. 

Strobilus, 19. 

Stroma, 222, 224. 

Strombuliformis, 181. 

Strombublike, 181. 

Strophiolatus, 205, 207, 

Styleless, 152. 

Styliscus, 151. 

Stylotegium, 163. 

Stylus 551, 152. 

Subapicilciris, 109, 112, 

123. 

Subaxilis, 169. 

Sub-hilocuiaris, 152. 

Subcortlatus, 82. 

Siibcoi diformis, 82. 

Subcylindricus, 150,186. 

Suberosus, 41,5b, 193, 

196, 206. 

Subglobosus, 202. 

Sublatus, 151. 

Submergus, 47. 

Submersus, 63. 

Subov

S word-edited, 143. 

Sword-shape, 66, 133. 

Svncarpa, 1S9, 190. 

Syconus, 190. 

Sylvaticus, 47, 

Sylvester, 43. 

Symphyostenion, 96. 

Symphytanlheriis, 96. 

Syngenesus, 96, 140. 

Syngenesicus, 140. 

Synanthos, 78. 

Synanther\is, 96. 

Synema, 158. 

Synorhizus, 213. 

Synsiigmaticus, 149. 

Syiizygia,216. 

Tail, 226. 

Tailed, 147, 180. 

Talara, 130. 

Tearing, 117,205. 

Tearlike, 202. 

Tegmen, 120,206. 

Tegiimentum, 100. 

Tegminatus, 208. 

Tela, 37. 

Ten-celled, 178, 

Ten-cut, 126. 

Teii-staniened, 96. 

Tendril, 72,91. 

Tendril-bcariiig, 80. 

Tendrille().57.' 

Tendril-like, 80. 

Tenuis, 210. 

Teres, 49, 54, 66, 153. 

Tergeininatus, 13. 

Tergiminus, 73. 

Tenninalis, S9, 92, 109, 

112,142,145,152,154. 

Tern a, 61, 6^2. 

Ternattis, 72, 94, 

Ternalo-pinnatus, 73, 

Terraneus, 46, 

Terrestris, 46. 

Testa, 205. 

Testicnlatiis, 50. 

Testiculus, 142. 

Testis, 142. 

Tetracamarus, 189. 

Tetracoccus, 184, 

Tetradynaimis, 96, 140. 

Tetragonus, 55, 67, 105, 

107,146,155,171,181, 

183, 186, 197,203. 

Tetragynus, 97. 

Tetrander, 95. 

Tetrapetalus, 129. 

Tetraphyllus, 124. 


Tetrapteius, 172, 161. 

Tetraqueter, 55, 197. 

Tetrasepalus, 124. 

Tetraspermus, 187. 

Tetrastichus, 93. 

Tetrastylus, 152. 

Texture, 37. 

Tha'.amia, 224. 

Thalamiflorus, 43. 

Thalamus, 100,104,124, 

159, 223. 

Thallus, 223. 

Theca, 142, 199,221. 

Thecaphorum, 160. 

Tliecidion, 172. 

Theciriiuin, 172. 

Thick, 108,110,121,144, 

210, 214. 

Thickened, 168, 139. 

Thin, 210, 

Thongshape, 149. 

Thorn, 89. 

Thorn-bearing, 64. 

Thorned, 80. 

Thorn-ended, 60, 

Tliorn-like, 116, 

ThornY,46, 59, 69, 150, 

170," 192. 

Thread, 142, 

Thread-like, 105, 107, 

110, 135, 143, 146, 

153, 155, 171, 197, 

199, 211. 

Thread-shape, 49, 55. 

Thready, 176. 

Three-camared, 189. 

Three-celled, 152, 176, 

178,179,184,185,187. 

Three-chaffed, 166. 

Three-cornered, 55, 65, 

155, 171, 173,203. 

Three-cut, 70, 91, 126, 

134, 154, 156. 

Three-edged, 55. 

Three-fingered, 72. 

Thrce-fingered-pinnate, 

73, 

Tiiree-iaowered, 106,119 

Three-forked, 56,80,88, 

14. J, 

Three-furrowed, 192, 

Three-headed, 187. 

Thn-e-leadetted, 72. 

Three-lea'-ed, 124. 

Three-lobfd, 70, 126, 

150, 156, 162,210. 

Three-paired, 72. 

Three-paleolated, 123. 

Three-parted, 90, 127, 

154, 187, 198, 205. 

Three-parting, 19S. 

Three-pctalod, 129. 

'1 hree-pointed, 135. 

Three-ribbed, 75, 198. 

Three-seeded, 172, 187. 

Three-sepaled, 124. 

Three-sided,55,67,105, 

107, 153, 165, 175, 

).76, 185, 197. 

Three-stamened, 95. 

Three-styled, 97, 152. 

Three-toothed, 68, 126. 

Three-valved, 148, 176, 

187, 

Three-winged, 172,186, 

204. 

Threes, 61,94. 

Thrice-compounded, 73. 

Thrice-feather-cut, 71. 

Throat, 136, 

Thyrsus, 101, 112. 

Tied, 150. 

Tigella, 219. 

Tigellatns, 217. 

Tiled, 103, 118, 122. 

Tile-like, 62, 141, ISO, 

201. 

Tiling, 79. 

Tip, 148,213. 

Tornentosus, 46, 58, 77, 

170, 192. 

Tomentdm, 226. 

Tongue, 164. 

Tongueshape, 66, 172. 

Tooth, 222. 

Toot;ied,51,69,83, 108, 

126, 134, 135, 156, 

168, 169. 

Topshape, 125,15 3,165, 

177,179,186,202,211. 

Topwinged, 181, 

Torfaceus, 47. 

Torn, SO, 83, 126. 

Torsus, 123, 146. 

Tortuosus, 57. 

Tortus, 137,143, 157. 

Torulosus, 143, 183,185. 

Torus, 101, 159. 

Tracheae, 37. 

Transversus, 193, 212, 

Transitorius, 132. 

Transparent, 210, 

Transversalis, 194. 

Transversim, 148, 

Trapezoideus, 65. 

Tree, 36. 

Triadelphus, 140. 

Trialatus, 204, 

Triander, 95. 

Triangularis, 55,65,171. 

Trica" 223. 

Tricamarus, 1S9.


Tricephalus, 187. 

Trichotomus, 56, SO. 

Tricocciis, 184, 185. 

Tricuspidatus, 135, 143. 

Tridentatus,68,126,U3. 

Tridigitato-pinnatus,73 

Tridigitatiis, 72. 

Trifidus, 70,91,126,134, 

154, 156. 

Triflorus, 106,119. 

Trifoliolatus, 72. 

Trifurcatus, 88. 

Trigeminate, 73. 

Triglaiis, 173. 

Trigonus, 55, 67, 105, 

107, 153, 155, 165, 

171, 175, 176, 185, 

186, 197,203. 

Trigynus, 97. 

Trijugus, 72. 

Trilateialis, 197. 

Trilobatus,126,156,162, 

210. 

Trilobus, 70, 150. 

Trilocularis, 152, lt6, 

178, 179, 187. 

Trinervis, 198. 

Trinervius, 75. 

Trioicns, 44. 

Tripaleaceus, 166. 

Tripaleolatus, 123, 

Tripartibilis, 187, 198, 

TripartUus, 90,127,154, 

198, 205. 

Tripennaticisus, 71. 

Tripetalus, 129. 

Tripinnatus, 74. 

Triple-ribbed, 75. 

Triplex, 154. 

Triplinervius, 75. 

Tripterus, 172, 186,204. 

Triqueter, 55, 67, 165, 

171, 197,203. 

Trispermus, 172, 187. 

Tristylus, 152. 

Trisulcatus, 192. 

Triternatus, 74. 

Trivalvis, 148,176,187. 

Trochlearis, 211. 

Troi)hnspermum, 196. 

True, 178. 

Truncatus, 50, 68, 80, 

122, 124, 126, 146, 

156, 186. 

Tr\incus, 52. 

Tuba, 151. 

Tuber, 49,50, 

Tubercular, 203,223. 

Tuberculatus, 58, 107, 

197, 203, 208. 

Tuberculuui, 49, 50, 

Tuberosus, 49, 85, 209. 

Tubiferus, 98. 

Tiibularis, 80. 

Tubular, 125,171. 

Tubulalus, 125, 130. 

Tubulosus, 81, 125, 130, 

144, 153, 171. 

Tubus, 37, 135,225. 

Tuft, 116. 

Tufled, 204. 

Tunica, 204, 206. 

Tuiiicatus, 85, 208. 

Tunicosus, 85. 

Turbinatus, 125, 153, 

163, 177, 179, 186, 

190, 202, 211. 

Turgidus, 168, 180, 181, 

183. 

Turio, 85. 

Turioniferus, 51. 

Turned back, 105, 118, 

128, 137, 138,214. 

Turned backwards, 89. 

Turned in, 137, 138, 

Turned over, 131. 

Turnepsliape, 49, 

Turning, 79, 145, 

Twelve-cut, 126. 

Twelve-sided, 150. 

Twelve-styled, 97. 

Twenty-sided,' 150. 

Twice-compounded, 73. 

Twice-feather-cut, 71. 

Twice-fc-ather-paried, 

71. 

Twice-flowering, 43. 

Twigs, h9. 

Twin, 62, 82, 146, 183, 

185. 

Twisted, 103, 123, 137, 

146, 157. 

Two-bea.ked, 165. 

Two-celled, 147, 151, 

172, 174—176, 179, 

182, 184, 185, 187. 

Two-chaffed, 166. 

Two-cotyledon, 211. 

Two-cut, 70, 91, 126, 

134, 146, 154, 156. 

Two-edged, 54,105,143. 

Two-fingered, 71. 

Two-fingered-pinnate, 

73. 

Two-flaked, 157, 195. 

Two-flowered, 106,117, 

119, 120. 

Two-forked, 56, 79,88, 

106, 143, 154. 

Two-furrowed, 192. 

Two-headed, 186. 

Two-ho!ed,14S, 

Two-horned, 146, 16G, 

183, 191. 

Two-leaved, 117,124. 

Two-lipped, 126, 131, 

134. 

Two-lobed, 70, 126,147, 

156, 162,215. 

Two-paired, 72. 

Two-paleolated, 123. 

Two-parted, 7 1,90,127, 

134, 154, 187, 198, 

Two-parting, 198. 

Two-partible, 168. 

Two-petaled, 129. 

Two-pointed, 88. 

Two-ranked, 62. 

Two-ribbed, 198. 

Two-rowed, 59, 93, 1 22, 

Two-seeded, 172, 175, 

177,179,182,184,187. 

Two-sepaled, 124. 

Two-sided,63, 149, 197, 

Two-spathelled, 120. 

Two-spathelluled, 122. 

Two-stamened, 92. 

Two-styled, 97, 152. 

Two-teethed, 121, 122. 

Two-valved, 176, 187, 

Two-vittated, 170. 

Two-winged, 204. 

Twos, 95. 

U, 

Uliginosus, 47. 

Unarmed, 166. 

UinbeHa, 112, 113. 

Umbellatus, 102. 

Umbelflowercd, 117, 

Umbelliferus, 117. 

TJmbellula, 114, 156. 

Umbiiicus,207,208,218, 

Urabrosus, 47. 

Uncinatus, 68, 131, 135, 

156, 199. 

Uncus, 227. 

Uncut, 80, 83, 122, 135, 

138, 108, 215. 

Undivided, 106, 171. 

Undiilato-crenujatus, 

135, 

Undulafus,74,I34,135, 

169, 171. 

Unequal, 67, 121, 128, 

134, 140, 167. 

Unguiculatus, 133. 

Uniaiatus, 172, 204, 

Unicus, 56, 95, 151,152, 

154,209. 

Uniferiis, 43,

tTnifloriis, 105, 106,115, 

117, 119, 120. 

Uniforatus, 148. 

tJnifoliatus,71. 

Uniformis, 94, 114. 

Uniglans, 173. 

Unijugiis, 72. 

Unilabiams, 131. 

Unilateralis, 63,93,121, 

133,141,161,197,209. 

Unilobus, 147. 

Unilocnlaris, 147. 151, 

172,175,176,178,179, 

1S2, 184, 185, 187. 

Uninervatiis, 75. 

XJuinervis, 198. 

Uninervius, 75. 

Unipaleaceiis, 120, ?22, 

Unipaleolalus, 123. 

Unipetalus, 130. 

Unique, 94. 

Unisi)atliellat(is,120,i22 

IJnisexualis, 44, 95. 

Unisukatus, 176, 192. 

Univalvis, 117, 187. 

Univittatus, 170. 

Unlike, 147, 149,215. 

Unlike-flowered, 114, 

Upright, 56,93,109,11 1, 

'128, 133, 137, 141, 

145, 153, 157, 174, 

180, 191, 200. 

Urceolaius, 118,125,130 

Urceolus, 157, 163. 

Urna, 221. 

Utricula, 177. 

Utricularis, 87, 176. 

Utricuiarius, 64. 

Utriciilosus, 51. 

Utriculus, 37, 142, 150, 

172. 

Vacilians, 145. 

Vanishino;, 162. 

Vagina, 53, 83, 151. 

Vagi naiis,6.i,S0,S 1,144, 

157. 

Vagiiiatiis, 57, 105. 

Vaginella, 84.. 

Vaginula, 221. 

Vagus, 194, 201,213. 

Vallecula, 169. 

Valva,l 16,120,122,148, 

193,213. 

Valvaris, 103,195,197. 

Valvatus, 103. 

Valveanus, 195. 

Valveless, 176. 

Valvula, 120, 148^ 193. 


, 

Variegatus, 77. 

Vas, 37,38,39,151,216, 

Vasculum, 84. 

Vegetabilia, 36. 

Vehied, 76. 

Veinless, 76. 

Veiny, 192, 

Velumen, 226. 

Velutinus, 45, 58, 77, 

157, 192. 

Velvet, 45, 226. 

Velvetty, 58, 77, 124, 

144, 153, 157, 192. 

Vena, 225. 

Venosus, 76, 192. 

Veiitvicosus, 105, 125, 

135, 180. 

Vernalis, 99. 

Vernatio, 86. 

Vernus, 99. 

Verruca, 226. 

Verrucosus, 58, 77, 170, 

192. 

Versatilis, 145. 

Vertebral, 72. 

Verlebratus, 72,108,182 

Verticalis, ."»", 153. 

Verticillatiis,59,61,102, 

180, 196, 214. 

Verticilliflorus, 110. 

Verlicillus, 110. 

Verus, 178. 

Very branchy, 56. 

Very long, 108, 153. 

Very much compressed, 

66. 

Very open, 60, 63, 

Very short, 106, 153. 

Very simple, 56. 

Very small, 82, 214. 

Vesicles, 37. 

Vesicula, 84, 225. 

Vesicularis, 87, 206, 

Vessels, 37, 88. 

Vexillaris, 103. 

Vexillum, 130. 

Villosity, 226. 

Villosiis, 45, 58,77, 107, 

124,136,144,153,157, 

170, 192, 197,204. 

Villus, 40, 226. 

Vinealis, 46. 

Vineyard, 46. 

Violacens 132, 

Violet, 132. 

Violpn-shaped, 69. 

Virgatus, 54. 

Viridis,77, 132,210,213. 

Viridi-lutens, 132. 

Viscosus, 45, 77, 157. 

Visibilis, 217,219. 

Vitellus, 219. 

Viticula, 52. 

Vitta,38, 170. 

Volubilis, 57, 

Volva, 225, 

W, 

Wall, 46, 

Wanting, 167. 

Wart, 226. 

Warted, 192, 

Warty, 58, 77, 170,203, 

Water, 47, 

Waved,74,134,135,16&,, 

171. 

Wavy crenulated, 135. 

Weak, 55, 105, 

Wedge-like, 65, 

Wedge-shape, 133, 143, 

Wheel-like, 131, 

Whirl, 61, 102,110,180, 

214, 

Whirled, 59, 196, 

White, 132,210,213. 

Whitish, 149. 

Wide-aoart, 214. 

Wild, 43, 

Winding, 146,208. 

Wing, 130, 164,226. 

Winged, 57,80,165,168,. 

170, 172, 180, 1S3, 

185, 191, 194, 204, 

Winter, 99. 

Withering, 128. 

Wood, 53. 

Woodland, 47. 

Woody, 41, 49, 53, 54,, 

117, 191, 196, 

Wool, 226. 

Woolliness, 226, 

Woolly, 46, 58, 77, 192,- 

204. 

Wrinkled, 58, 74, 168, 

169, 192,203,210, 

Wrinkly, 168. 

Xylopodium, 174. 

Y, 

Yellow, 132, 150. 

Yellowish, 149, 213, 

Yellowish orange, 132, 

Zonatiis, 78, 

Zoned, 78,

• anthos, 

800 

Terminations of derivatives. 

adelplios, 142.^*^/^/'/^. — dendron,36. i

INDEX OF PLANTS. 

A. 

^tlialium, 567. 

Agaricus ceraceus, 607. 

Afzelia, 731,732,743. — chalybeus, 608. 

Acetabulum, 438, 672. AgaricidcEe, 599. — ciliaris, 633. 

Acladium, 556. 

Agaricus acris, 625, — cimicarius, 625. 

Acoliiim, 482. — aciiminatus, 633. — cinctulus, 633. 

Acorn, dog's, 675. — Adonis, 620. — cinereus, 634. 

Acremoniuu), 550. — adustus, 614. — cinnamomeus, 630. 

Acrospermum, 595,659. — aeruginosus, 627. — citrinus,599. 

Acrosporium, 552. — affinis, 608. — clavus, 621. 

Actidium, 508, 509. — albellus, 609. — cocciueus, 621, 

Adiantum aureum, 720, — albus, 610, 611. — cochleatus, 612. 

721. 

— alliaceus, 619. — collariatus, 622. 

Adonis, 620. — alneus, 617. — collinltus, 628. 

iEcidiura, 534—538. — alumnus, 611. — collinus, 607. 

— anemones, 537^ 538. — amanitas, 611. — colubrinus, 602. 

— - asperifolias, 536. — amarus, 627. — columbarius, 608. 

— asperifoliarnm, 536. — amethysteus, 614. — comatus, 634. 

— barbarese, 535. — androsaceiis, 622. — compressus, 610. 

— berberidis, 534. — anriularius, 603. — confertus, 631. 

~ bunii, 535. — applicatus, 617. — confluens, 612. 

— cancellatum, 534. — araneosus, 629. — congregatus, 603. 

— characese, 537. — arundinaceus, 607. — contiguus, 611. 

— cichoiacearum, 537. — arvensis, 626. — coprinus, 635. 

— cleraatitis, 536. — atro-albus, 619. — coriaceus, 617. 

— confertum, 535. — atrorufus, 620. — cornucopioides, 619. 

— corni, 536. — aurantiacns, 636. 

•— corticalis, 621. 

— cornutum, 534. — auratus, 627. — crassipes, 605. 

— crassum, 535. — aureus, 603. — cretaceus, 633. 

— epilobii, 538. — aurivellus, 602. — cristatus, 602. 

— euphorbiae, 537, — aurivenius, 604. — croceus, 602, 630. 

— fuscum, 542. — badipus, 605. — cumulatus, 603. 

— irregulare, 535. — Beryllus, 627. — cuspidatus, 631. 

— laceratum, 534. — betulinus, 617. — cyaneus, 627. 

— leucospermum, 537. — bicolor, 628. — cyanus, 627. 

— oxyacantha?, 534. — brevipes,609. — cyatbiformis, 611, 

— periclymeni, 537. — bulbosus, 599, 630. 612, 614. 

— punctatum, 538. — cseruleus, 606. — cyathoides, 614. 

— ranunculi, 535. — calceolarias, 602. — cylindricus, 634. 

— lubellum, 536. — callochrous, 629. — deliciosus, 624. 

— rubi, 538. — campanella, 623. — denticulatus, 630. 

— ruraicis, 536. — campestris, 626. — depluens, 617. 

— tragopogi, 537. — candicans, 613. — dnmesticus, 633. 

^- tragopogonis, 537. — Candidas, 611. — dryophilus, 612. 

—- tussilaginis,536,537. — canlharelloides, 636. — dulcis, 624. 

— urticae, 536. — cantharellus, 636. — eburneus, 610. 

— violarum, 53t. — carnosus, 615. — edulis, 626, 

^gagropila, 308, — castaneus, 611. — elephantinus, 614, 

^gerita, 546. — caulicinalis, 605. — elixus, 614. 

jEgeritadeas, 546. — cepaestipes, 633. — emeticHs,618. 

VOL. I. 

3f

802 INDEX OF PLANTS. 

Agaricus epheraerus, Agaricus Listeri, 623, Agaricus porosus, 648". 

635. 

625. 

— 

— porreus, 619. 

epigssus, 617. — lobatus, 612. — pratensis, 604, 607. 

— epipliyllus, 622. — longipes, 605. — procerus, 601. 

— epipterygius, 620. — lurid us, 606. 

— 

— pubescens, 616. 

ertcetorum, 623. — luteo-albus, 620. — pullatus, 634. 

— ericeus, 613. — luteus, 618,633. 

— ericaeus, 631. — 

— pulverulentus, 627. 

lycoperdoides, 635, 

— excoriatus, 601. — 

— purpureus, 608. 

macrorhizus, 605. 

— 

— purus, 608. 

extiuctorius, 632. — maculatus, 600. 

— 

— quercinus, 638. 

facie, 641. — mappa, 599. 

— 

— radiatus, 605, 635. 

farinaceus, 619, 613. — margaritiferus, 600. 

— fascicularis, 627. — 

— racemosus, 620. 

meleagris, 609. 

— fibula, 623- — 

— ramealis, 611. 

melleus, 603. 

— 

— reflexus, 604. 

ficoides, 604. — niembranaceus, 546, 

— 

— rimosus, 604. 

filamentosus, 602. 612,631. 

— 

— risigallinus, 6iS. 

fiinbriatus, 622. T— miniatus, 604. 

— 

— rosellus, 613. 

fimetarius, 634. — mollis, 609, 616. 

— 

— roseus, 608, 618. 

fimiputris,632. — mucosus, 628. 

— 

— rotula, 622. 

flabellifoiiais, 615. — niultifidus, 617. 

— 

— rubens, 629. 

flaccidus,6i2^ — muscarius, 600. 

— 

— rubescens, 625. 

flavidus, 632. — muscigenus, 637. 

— 

— russula, 607, 618. 

flavipes, 619. — Mycena, 621. 

— 

— rutilans, 606, 

flavo-floccosus, 602. — myodes, 600. 

— 

— rutilus, 629. 

floccosus, 602. — myomyces, 60S. 

— 

— sanguineus, 629. 

foenisecii, 631. — nebularis, 609. 

— 

— scaber, 630. 

fornicatus, 615. — nigricans, 614, 616. 

— fragilis, 623. — 

— semiglobafus, 632. 

nigripes, 605. — semiovatus, 632, 

— fragrans, 613. — nitens, 610. 

— 

— semistriatus, 635. 

fulvosus, 604. — niveus, 616. 

— 

— sericeus, 614. 

fuscus, 601, 625. — nudus, 628. — sessilis, 616. 

— fusipes, 605. — nutans, 620. 

— 

— sordidus, 614. 

galericulatus, 619. — obesus, 607. 

— 

— squamosus, 613. 

geophilus, 608. — oblectus, 634. 

— 

— squamula, 622. 

gibbus, 612. — ochraceus, 602. — squarrosus, 602. 

— gilvus, 612. — odorus, 606. 

— 

— stipilis, 603. 

glaucopus, 629. — orcellus, 615. — striatus, 635. 

— 'glutinosus, 629, 632. — oreades, 604. 

— 

— strobilinus, 621. 

gomphus, 629. — ostreatus, 616. — stypticus, 616. 

— gracilis, 631. — pallidus, 606. — subantiquatus, 602. 

— granulosus, 602. — palraatus, 615. — sulphureus, 606, 

— graveolens, 610. — papilionaceus, 633. — tardus, 614. 

— helvolus, 603,631. — papyraceus, 631. — tener, 620. 

— hinnuleus, 603. — parasiticus, 610. — tentaculatus, 621. 

— Hudson!, 620. — perforans, 622. — terreus, 608. 

— iucanus, 615. — peronatus, 607. — tlieiogalus, 624. 

— incarnatus, 608. — petasitidis, 536. — tigrinus, 613. 

— inconstans, 615. — picaceus,634. — titubans, 632. 

— infundibuliformis, — pileolarius, 609. — tomentosus,634. 

612. — pilipes, 611. — torminosus, 624. 

— infundibulum, 614. — pilosus, 604, 620. — toPtilis, 613. 

— integer, 607, 618. — piperatus, 623, 624. — tremulus, 617. 

— integrellus, 621. — phonosperinus, 606. — tuberosus, 611. 

— involutus, 611. — plicatus,619,634,635 — turbinatus, 629. 

— jozzolus, 610. — plumbeus, 601, 625. — ulmarius, 615. 

— labyrinthiformis,638 — pluinosus, 609. — umbilicatus, 613. 

— lacrymabundus, 633. — politus, 627. — umbratus, 610. 

— lacteus, 622. — polygrammus. 619. — vaginatus, 601. 

— lactifluus, 623—625. — polymyces, 603, — variabilis, 616. 

•— lateritius, 627. — pomposus, 627. — variegatus, 621. 

'— limacinus, 609. — porGellaneus, 634. — varius,619,629>631.. 

1

INDEX OF PLANTS. 803 

Agaric'js velutinns, 633, 

— velutipes, 605. 

— veuosus, 622. 

— verrucosus, 600. 

— villosus, 617. 

— violaceiis, 628. 

— violaceo-cinereus, 

Aurantia, 596. 

Auranlium, 362, 581. 

Auricula, 594, 

Auricularia, 652, 653. 

Auriscalpium, 650. 

Bartram, 750, 751. 

Bartramia, 750, 751. 

Batarrea, 675, 

Batrachospermura, 284, 

302,330,331, 

Bazzanio, 704. 

Bazzanius, 704, 

628. 

Bearer, cross, 683, 

— virgineus, 610, 613. 

— cup, 683, 

— viridis, 606. 

Beryllus, 627. 

— viridulus, 627. Baccalaria, 393. 

Biddulph, 294. 

— virosiis, 632. 

Bisomyces, 412, 413. Biddulphia, 294. 

— viscidiis, 629. — alcicornis, 418. Blasia, 686. 

— volvaceus, 601. — amaurocraeus, 422. Blasius, 686. 

— xerarapelitius, 606. — bacillaris, 420,422. Blewits, 628. 

— zoiiarius, 624, 625. — beUidiflorus,424. Bolete, 640—643. 

Agardh, 299. 

.— cervicornis, 418. Boletideae, 639. 

Agardhia,299. — cocci ferus, 423. Boletus, 630, 640—643 

Albatrello, 645. — cornucopioides, 423. — abietinus, 643. 

A 1 battel] us, 64.5. — cornutus, 420, 421. — albidus, 640, 645. 

Albugo, 540. — deformis, 423. — alneus, 640. 

AlcyonideEe, 352. — delicatus, 416. — angustaius, 639. 

Alcyonidiuai,351,f352, — digitatus, 422. — annularius, 646. 

353. — endivifolius, 418. — annulatus, 646. 

Alcyoniura,292,353,362 — epiphyllus, 417. — applanatus, 642. 

Alectoria, 407, 408. — timbriatus, 419. — aurantiacus, 646. 

Alga, 3€6. — furcatus, 414, — badius, 644. 

— exigua, 394. — gracilis, 421, 

=— betulinus, 641. 

— latifolia,389. — lignorum, 413. — biennis, 649. 

— marina, 390. — macilentus, 422. — buglossum, 648. 

Alga;, 408,436,507,547, — neglectus, 419. — caesius, 640, 

677. — papillaris, 424. — calceolus, 644. 

Alyxoria, 501. — paschalis, 411. — carpineus, 641. 

Amanita, 1599-601. — pleurotus, 424. — caudicinus, 643. 

Arnanile, 599, 600. — pungens, 415. — cellulosus, 643, 

Ananas, 358. — pyxidatus, 419, 421, — cinnamomeus,645. 

Anandra?, 532, 547. 424. — citrinus, 643, 

Andrea, 70S, 709. — quercinus, 416. — confragosus, 638. 

Anictangium, 713, 714, — racemosus, 414. — constrictus, 645,647. 

730. — radiatus, 420. — cortinatus, 646. 

Anomodon, 743. — rangiferinus, 415. — cristatus, 643. 

Anthoceride*, 681. — roseus, 412, — cryptarum, 639. 

Anthoceros, 681. — rubiformis, 461. — cyanescens, 647. 

Apus, 617. — rufus, 413. — destructor, 639. 

Arbuscula, 333. — rupestris, 413. — dryadeus, 642. 

Arcell, 440. — sparassus, 417, — durus, 644, 

Arcyria, f 576,577,579. — spinosus, 4l4. — edulis, 647, 648, 

Ardeuia, 657. — squamosus, 417, — elephantinus, 648. 

Arthronia, +479, 480, — subulatus, 415. — entybaceus, 643. 

504. 

— turbinatus, 419, 420. — fimbriatus, 644. 

Ascobolidese, 674. — uncialis, 415. — flavus, 646, 

Ascobolus, 674. — verniiciilaris, 413, — floriformJs, 643. 

Ascophora, 543, 561. — verticillatus, 419, — frondosus, 643. 

Aspergillideie, 552. Basomycideffi, 41 1. — fonientarius,641,642. 

Aspergillus, t553—555. Bag, spring, 580,581. — fuligii'eus, 645. 

Asperococcus, 342. Bali, moor, 308. — hepaticHs, 648. 

Asterophora, 635. — puir, 583, 584. — heteroclitus, 640, 

Asteroplioridea?, 635. — soft, 546, — hippocrepis, 642. 

Astoma, 523— 526. Bangia, 287,314. — liispidus, 640. 

Astome, 523—526. Bangidese, 287. — igniarius, 641, 642. 

Astroites, 479. 

Baibula, 722, 725, — juglandis, 643. 

3 F 2

80* INDEX OF PLANTS. 

Boletus labyrinthifor- Bryum apocarpon, 726. Bryum hum'ile, 723,mis, 

638. — apocarpum, 713. — hygrometricum, 744.. 

— laccatus, 644. — aquaticum,736. — hypnoides,739—741,, 

— lacrjmaos, 637. — argenteum, 768, 769. 771. 

— lactifluus, 647. — aristatum, 725. — iraberbe, 724. 

— lateralis, 644, — aureum, 744, 768. — immersum, 735. 

— leptocephalus, 645. — bicolor, 770. — inclinatum, 742. 

— Lipsiensis, 642, — bimum,771. — incurvum, 720. 

— lucidus, 644. — bipartitum,742. — julaceum, 76&. 

— luridus, 648. — boreale, 770. — lanceolatum, 730. 

— luteus, 646. — BrowDianum,717. — lanuginosura, 739. 

— medulla panis, 640. — caaspiticium, 770. — lapponicum, 7 14. 

— iiitens, 644. — calliscomum, 738. — laterale, 751. 

-— numrnularius, 644. — calyptra, 726. — ligiilatum, 772. 

— obtusus, 642. — capillaceum, 743. — linear, 743. 

— ovinus, 645. — capillare, 770. — longicoUum, 771. 

— perennis, 644, 645. — capitulis, 718, 719, — longifolium, 736. 

— piperatus, 647. 

723, 725, 736, 738, — longisetum,770. 

— polyporus, 645. 

769, 770. — lutescens, 741. 

— pomaceus, 642. — cariieum, 769. — macrocarpon, 740. 

— pruuastri, 642. — Celsii, 722. — maJHS,723. 

— pseudo-igniarius,642 — cerviculatum, 735. — marginatum, 772. 

— radiatus, 640. — ciliare,725. — minus, 723. 

— rubeolarius, 648. — ciliatum, 713. — minutum, 730. 

— salicinus, 641. — cirratum, 741. — minoides, 768. 

— scaber, 647, — compactum, 771. — murale, 723. 

— sebaceus, 639. — conoideum, 744. — nigricans, 770. 

— sinuosus, 638. — convulutum, 725, — nigri turn, 729. 

— spongiosus, 640. — crispatum, 730. — nitidum, 769—773. 

— squamosus, 643. — crispum, 745. — nutans, 771. 

— suaveolens, 639, 641. — crudum, 768, 769. — pailens,770. 

— suberosus, 641. — cubitale, 771. — pallescens, 770. 

— subtomentosus, 644, — caneifolium, 723. — paludosum, 732. 

647. — curvirostrum, 731. — palustre,7 14,736,76-7 

— sulpliureus, 643, 645. — cuspidafum, 773. — papillosum, 742. 

— ungulatus, 642. — cylindricum, 771. — parvulum, 735. 

— unicolor, 649. — Daviesii, 727. — parvum, 7 1 5, 7 1 6. 

— varius, 644. — dealbatum, 768. — patens, 739. 

— velutinus, 640. — delicatulum, 769. — paucifoliura, 716. 

— vernicosus, 644. — Dicksoni, 731. — pellucidum, 717,736. 

— versicolor, 642. — elongatum, 771. — pendulum, 768, 773. 

— viliosus, 640, — erytlirocarpum, 770. — piliferum,734. 

Bone, back, 338. — exiguum, 715. — pilosum, 733. 

Borrer, 434, 435. — extinctorium, 7 75,726 — polyphylluui, 741. 

Borrera, 434, 435. — fasciculare, 715, 741. — pomi forme, 730. 

Borrichius, 330. — fasciculalum, 732. — proliferum, 770. 

Botrytis,532,553,554, — filifonr.e,768. — pseudotriquetrum, 

Bovista, 582, 583. — flavescens, 736. 

771. 

Box, pill, 586. — flexifoliiim, 742. — pulchellum, 769. 

Bryon lactucaefolium, — flexuosum, 735. — pulvinatum, 727. 

343. — foliis, 714, 724, 742. — punctatum,772. 

Bryopsls,288,289. — fontanum, 751. — pusillum, 738. 

Bryum, 767—773. — Forsteri, 714. — pyriforme, 716, 768,^ 

— acaulon, 722. — fragile, 735. — quod muscus, 751. 

— aciculare, 741. — fulvellum, 733. — recurvatum, 732. 

— acutum, 733. — glaucum,734. — recurvirostrum, 731. 

— ^gypti,715. — Griffithsianum, 714. — reticulatum, 719. 

— EBstivum, 714, 743. — Heimii, 715. — rigidulum, 743. 

— alpinum, 771. — lieteromallum, 738, — rigidum, 722. 

•— ampullaceum,718. — heterostichura, 740, — roseum, 769, 770, 

— horn lira J 773. — rsstratum, 772, 

— androgynum,767, .


Bryum rubrum, 738. Byssus botryoides, 349. Cenomyce dclicata, 41 6. 

— rufescens, 738. — candidissima, 466. — ecmocyna, 415, 421. 

— rugosum, 737. — chain, 556. — endivifolia, 418. 

— rurale,723. — floccosa, 558. — epiphylla, 417. 

— Schleicheri, 770. — flos aquae, 352. — furcata, 414, 415. 

— scopariiira, 738. — incana, 470. — gonorega;, 417. 

— sericciim,771. — jolithus,350, — ieptophylla, 416. 

— serpyllifolium, 770, — lactea, 466. — oxycera, 422. 

772, 773. — lanuginosa, 332, — papillaria, 424. 

— serratuin,773. — latissima, 352. — pyxidata, 419,421. 

— sessile, 745. — mollissiraa, 558. — radiata, 420. 

— setaceum, 725, 731, — mouseskin, 558. — rangiferina, 415. 

732. — nigra, 558. — rubiformis, 461. 

— simplex, 738. — petraea, 558. — uncialis, 415, 422. 

— splachnoides, 733. — pulverulenta, 470. — vermicularis, 413. 

— spurium, 737. — ring, 556, 557. 

Oenothalaraea?, 408. 

— Starkeanum, 730. — rust, 555, 

Cepa, 582. 

— stenare,731,770. — saxatilis, 350. Cephalotrichum, 563. 

— stellatuin, 724. — septica, 558. 

Ceramidcffi, 320. 

— stelligerum, 7 14. — spiral, 557. 

Ceramium asperum,305. 

— striatum, 745,747. — subterranea, 558. — bracheatum, 322, 

— striatum, 742. — tenerrima, 309. — brachygonum, 334. 

— strumiferum, 735. — velutina, 309. — byssoides, 337. 

— subulatmn, 723. 

— caespitosum, 289, 

— tectorum, 745. 

— chalybeum,322. 

— tenue, 725, 742. 

— ciliatum, 328. 

— tortuosum, 724. 

— cirrhosum, 332, 

— trichodes, 738, 767, Caeoma, 538. — confervoides, 322. 

768,771. 

Calceolus, 644. — diaphanum, 327. 

=— trichoides, 724,725, Calicidiffi, 481. — dichotomum, 289. 

727,731,732,734,735, Calicium,482,485. — Dilwynii, 290. 

738,740,741,750,770. Callibryon, 719. — elongatuin, 327, 334. 

— trifarium, 743. Callithamnion, 322,326, — fastigiatum, 338. 

— triquetrum,767, 768, 329. — ^filum, 386. 

770,771. 

Calycina, 669,670. — floccosum, 324. 

— truncatulum, 715. Calyculus, 673. — forcipatum, 328. 

— turbinatum, 770. Calyptratae, 677. — forficatum, 327. 

— undulatum, 719,772. Campanella, 623. — gigartinum, 372. 

— ungiiicuJatum, 725. Cancellaria, 534. — incurvum, 382. 

— vaginale, 737. 

Cantharellus, 636, 637. — inflexum,347. 

— ventricosum, 771. Cap, hairy, 719—722. — longissimum, 375, 

— verticillatum, 732, Capitularia,417— 424. 386. 

733. 

Carpobolus, 581. — molle,337. 

— vi reus, 731. 

Carrodori,350. — nodulosum, 330. 

— viridissimum,. 714. Carrodorus, 350. — pedicellatum, 323. 

— viridulum, 731, 733. Catharinea, 719,720. — plieatum, 374. 

— vulgare, 750. 

Cavendish, 689, 690. — plocamium, 382. 

— Wahlenbergii,770. Cavendishia, 689, 690. — pIumosum,383. 

— Weissia, 743. 

Cellularia, 666. — plumula, 324. 

— Zierii,769. 

Cenomycidese, 413. — pulchellum,322. 

Bud, mould, 589, 590. Cenomyce adunca, 415. — repeBs,325. 

BulbochiEte,321. — alcicornis, 418. — roseum, 323. 

Bursa, 292. — allotropa, 417, 419, — rubrum, 327. 

Buxbaum, 749,750. 420. — rupestre, 305. 

Buxbaumia, 717, 749, — baciUaris, 420, 422. — scoparium, 332. 

750. — cervicornis, 418. — sillculosum,322. 

Byssideae,556. — coccifora, 423, — tomentosura, 321. 

Byssocladium, 551, 552. — r.occocephala, 421. — torulosum, 381. 

Byssus, 558, +562. — cornuta, 420, 421. — tubulosura, 380. 

— antiquilatis, 350,538. — damsccornis, 418. — THrneri,325. 

— bombycina, 558. — deformis,422,42i'. — verticillatum, 331,


Ceraminm violacettm, Clavaria ferruginea,660 Collema nignim,396 402 

335. 

— fragilis, 656. — palmatum, 398. 

— virgatum, 327. — fusiformis, 657, — pannosum,402. 

Cerania, 413. — gracilis, 656, — plicatile, 397. 

Ceratiiim, 562. — gyrans, 658, — plicatum,401. 

Ceratospermum, 518. — herbarum, 659. — polycarpon, 398, 

Cerrena, 649. — Herculeana, 657,658, — pulposum, 396. 

Cervina, 389. — hypoxylon,488,489, — Saturninum, 399, 

Cesius, 705. 

512. 

— Sciiraderi,402, 

Cetraria, 432, 433. — inequalis, 657. — Scotinxim, 400, 

Chffitophora, 284, 301, — laciniata, 653, — sinuatum, 400. 

302. — militaris, 511. — spongiosum, 402. 

Ch3etophore,S01, — minuta, 659, — subtile, 401. 

Chanterelle, 636, 637, — muscoides, 655. — tenax, 397, 

Chanlransia, 288, 306, — obtusa, 659. — tenuissimum, 402. 

312,316, — ophioglossoides, 658, — tomentosuai, 399. 

Chara, 302, 330, 331. — palraata, 654, — tremelloides, 401. 

Choaspis,299. — pedunculata, 512. — turgidum, 397, 

Chondria, 377,378,380, — j)hacorhiza, 658. — vespertilio, 399. 

382. — phosphorea, 488. Collematideas, 395. 

Chondrus, 365, 367,368, — pistillaris, 657, 658. Coltricia, 644,645. 

Chorda, 386, — polymorpha, 659. Coltricione, 644, 645. 

Chordaria, 301,347,374, — j»ratensis, 655. Conferva, 303—316. 

376, 386, 387. — puccinia, 562. — aegagropila, 308, 

Cinclidotus,729. — radicosa, 512, — aegagropilaris,308. 

Cionium, 571, 572. — resinosorum, 544. — a;rea, 313, 

Circinostoma, 520, 521. — nigosa, 655. — aeruginosa, 307. 

Circinostome, 520, 521. — serpentina, 650, — Agardhiana, 299, 

Cladonia, +413—415, — spathula, 663, — albida,306. 

417—424. — solida, 656, — alpina, 331. 

Cladosporium, 566, — truncata, 638. — alternata, 312. 

Cladostephus,331,+332. — tuberf)sa,655. — araneosa, 286. 

Clathrafa, 346. — vermicularis, 657. — arbuscula, 333, 

Clathrus, 483,485,576, — vermiculata, 657. — arcta, 307. 

577,579. — viridis, 659. — arenaria, 309. 

Clavaria, 656—658. Clavarideffi, 654. — atra, 330, 

— acuta, 657. 

Clavus, 621, — atraraenti, 559. 

— amethystea, 656. Climaciuni, 758. — atropiirpnrca, 287. 

— anthocephala, 654. Cod i urn, 292,293. —: atrorubescens, 337, 

— Ardenia, 637. 

CcEomideEe, 533. — atrovireiis, 287,406. 

— Ardeniae, 657. Cceomure, 541, — badia,336. 

— atropitrpurea, 658. Cceomuni?, 541. — barbata, 329. 

— bifurca, 657. 

Collema byssinum, 402. — bicolor,282, 

— byssoides, 654. — cornigatum, 398. — Biddulphia, 294. 

.— ceranoides, 655. — crenulatum, 396. — bipartita, 313. 

— cinerea, 656. — cretaceum, 398. — bipunctata,296, 

— cocciiiea, 547. — crispum, 396. — Borreri, 316,323, 

— coralloides, 655, 656. — f;isciciilare, 398, — brachiata, 322, 

— coriacea,656. — flaccidum, 400. 

'— branchialis,294. 

— cornea, 654. — fluviale, 397, — brevi-articulata,811. 

— corniculata, 655, — furvum, 400. — Brodiifii, 338. 

— cylindrica, 51 1, 656. — glaucescens, 396. — Brownii,309. 

— digitata, 512,513. — granulossum, 400, — bullosa, 304. 

— eburnea, 656. — laceruHi, 401, — bursata, 289. 

— elegans, 655. — laciniatutn, 397, — byssoides, 337. 

— epiphjUa, 660, — marginale, 401. — ca^rulescens, 299. 

— erythro])us, 658. — marginellum, 401. — calycina, 310. 

— fabse, 654. — melaenum, 397. — canalicuiaris, 291. 

.— farinosa, 654, — microphylinm, 396, — capillaris, 312,313. 

.— fascicnlala, 657. — muscicola, 402. — centralis, 308. 

— fastigiata, 655. — nigresceiis,399. — chalybea, 322.


Conferva chnm, 302. Conferva fluviatilis,288, Conferva multistriata, 

— ciliata, 328. 

312, 

298. 

— cirrhosa, 332. — fceniculacea, 347. — muralis, 282. 

— clathrata, 346. — fcetida, 350, — muscicola, 309. 

— coccinea, 334. — fontana, 330. — muscosa, 282. 

— comoides, 286. — fontinalis, 280—282, — mutabilis, 30. 

— compacta, 312, 313. 291,306. — myochrous, 286. 

— compressa, 346. — fracta, 304, 305. — myriophyllum, 331. 

— confervicola, 284. — frigida, 290. — nana, 308. 

— confragosa, 282. — fiicicola, 315. — nigra, 336, 538. 

— conjugata, 299. — fucoides, 335. — nigresccns, 335, 

— torallina, 329. — fucoriiin, 315. — nigricans, 303. 

— coralloides, 329. — fugacissima,310,311. — nitida, 298. 

— corymbifera, 322. — funiformis, 312, — nivn, 332. 

— corymbosa, 323. — fusca, 333. — nodulosa, 327. 

— crinita, 346. — fusco-purpiirea,287. — No. 1172, 386. 

— crispa, 312. — gelatinnsa, 281, 302, — nummuloides, 314, 

— crispata, 304. 

330, 331. 

316. 

— cristata, 306. — geniculata, 329. — obliquatvi, 294. 

— cruciata, 296. — genuflexa, 300. — obtBaangula, 307, 

— cryptarum, 309. — glauca, 305, — ocellata, 286. 

— curta, 315, — globulosa, 327. — ocliracea, 281. 

— cyanea, 282. — glomerata, 305, 306. — olivacea,333. 

— Daviesii, 325. — gracilis, 296. — oscillatoriodes, 310, 

— decimiiia, 298. — granulosa, 322. 

311. 

— decorticans, 282. — Griffithsiana, 337. — pallida, 559. 

— dendritica, 552. — hirta, 304. — palustris,313. 

— denudata, 337, — Hookeri,324. — pannosa, 402. 

— diaphana, 327, — Hiitchinsia, 308, — paradoxa, 346, 

— dichotoma, 289, 386. — imbricata, 329, — parasitica, 338. 

— diffusa, 305. — implexa, 314. — patens, 336. 

— dilatata, 290. -- inflata,297, — pectinalis, 294. 

— Dillwynii, 290. — inlerrupta, 326, — pectinata, 296. 

— dissiliens, 311. — intestinalis, 345, — pedicelJata, 326. 

— distorta, 283. — isogoiia, 314. — pel'.ucida, 306. 

— divaricata, 304. — jngalis, 298. — pennata, 332. 

— eburnea, 538. — lactea, 559. — pennatuia, 304. 

— echinulata, 310. — la?tevirens, 306. — Phoenicia, 326. 

— elegans, 327. — Ian osa, 307. — |)ilosa,328. 

— elongata,334. — lanuginosuni, 326. — Plinii,3l2. 

— equisetiFolia, 329. — limosa, 280, 281. — plunia, 325. 

— exigua, 303. — lineata, 316. 

'— plumosa, 334. 

— fasciata, 316. — linoides, 315. — plumula,324. 

— fastigiata, 327. — liniiiH, 313, 

-^ polymorpha, 338. 

— fenes trails, 551. — littoraliir,32I. — porticalis, 297. 

— ferniginea, 315. — lobster's horn, 334. — protcnsa, 303. 

— fibrata, 335. — longata, 298. — puiH-talis, 311. 

— ii brill osa, 336. — lubrica, 303. — punctiformis, 552. 

— filamentis, &c. 313. — lucens, 311. — purpurascens, 323. 

— filiformis, 347. — majuscula, 283. — pyrum, 352. 

— fist ul osa, 347. — marina, 284, 305 — qninina, 297, 

— flacca, 315. 

307, 321, 323,327— — radicans, 287. 

— flaccida, 315. 

329, 332, 338. — raniosa, 314. 

— flavescens, 304, — melagonalis, 313. — refracta, 305. 

— flexuosa, 305. — melagonium, 313. — repens, 325. 

— floccopa, 310. — Mertensii, 333. — reptans, 381. 

— flocculosa, 295. — mirabilis, 283. — reticulata, 300. 

— floridula, 326. — moniliformis, 327. — rigida, 282. 

— florifera, 329. — mucosa, 311. — riparia, 307. 

— flosculosa, 327. — multicapsularis,292, — rivniaris,304,312,313 

— fluiâiis, 312. — multifida, 329. — rosea, 323.


Conferva Rothii,326. 

-- rubra, 327. 

— rufa, 286, 

— rupestris, 305. 

— sanguinea, 559. 

— scalaris, 298. 

:— scoparia, 332. 

— scopulorum, 284, 

— scutellata, 315. 

:— semistriangulata,313 

— seriata, 286. 

— serpentina, 300. 

— setacea, 328. 

— setlformis, 298. 

— setigera, 321. 

— siliculosa, 322, 

— sordida, 297, 310. 

— spiralis, 297. 

— spongiosa, 331. 

— squarrosa, 376, 

— stellaris, 308. 

— stellina,296. 

— stictica, 299. 

— stipitata, 294. 

— striatula, 293. 

— stricta, 336. 

— taeniaeformis, 293. 

— tenella, 325. 

— teniiissima, 281. 

— tetragona, 324. 

— tetrica, 324. 

— thujoides, 323. 

— tomentosa, 321. 

— tortuosa, 314. 

— torvilosa, 288. 

— trichoides, 287. 

— tiimidula,298. 

— Turner!, 324, 325. 

— typhoderma, 559. 

— umbrosa, 309. 

— urceolata, 335. 

— vagabunda, 304,305. 

— vaginata, 280. 

— velutina, 309. 

•— verrucosa, 376. — fruit, 673,674. 

— verticillata, 331. — rough, 664—666, 

— vesicata, 290, 291, — spread, 668, 669. 

311,312. — spring, 674. 

— villosa, 387. — sunk, 663, 664. 

— vini,308. 

Cuthbert, 455. 

— violacea,282,326. Cyathidese, 587. 

— virgata, 305. 

Cvathophora, 683, 

— vivipara, 321. Cyathus, 580, 587, 588. 

— Youngana, 314. Cynontodium, 742, 743. 

— zonata, 311. 

1^— zostericola, 284. 

Confervoidcae, 301. 

CoiijugaUi, 296, +297, 

298, 300. 

Conjugate, 297, 298. 

Conjugatideac, 296. 

Conostomum, 719, 

Conus, 356. 

Coprinus, 632—635. 

Corallideaj, 339. 

Corallina, 328, 329, 

+ 339,340,381. 

Coralline, +339, 340. 

Corallinoides, 411. 

Coralloides corniculatum, 

406, 426. 

— fasciculare, 407. 

— fragile, 487. 

— fungiforme,483,485, 

580. 

— furcatuin,4I4. 

— montanum,415. 

— scyphiforme,419,421 

— scyphis, 421. 

— vix ramosum, 421. 

Coremium,563. 

Cork, 440. 

Cornicularia, 287, 404 

—406. 

Corniola, 637. 

Corniole, 637. 

Corticium, 653. 

Cortinaria,627—630. 

Coryue, 595. 

Corynoide, 654. 

Corynoides, 654. 

Craterella, 652. 

Crateridejc, 579, 

Craterinm,579, 580, 

Cremor, 570, 

Crepidopus, 616. 

Cribaria, 577. 

Cribaridpse, .577. 

Crucibulum, 687, 

Cryptogamae, 707, 

Cryptogamia, 677, 

Cucurbitaria, 519. 

Cucurbitula, 519. 

Cudbear, 455. 

Cup, flat, 664. 

D, 

Dffidalea, 638, 639. 

Daedalidea;,ri38. 

Dalton, 748, 749, 

Daltonia, 748, 749. 

Dasyscypbus, 670, 671. 

Delesser, 362—364. 

Delesseria, 362—364, 

+365,368—371,381, 

382, 

Dematium, 552,553,556, 

,'i57, +558. 

Dentino, 650. 

Dentinum, 650. 

Dermodium, 570. 

Desmarest, 387, 388. 

Desmaretia, 376, +387, 

388. 

Desmia, 387, 388. 

Destructor, 639. 

Diatoraa,293,294, + 295, 

311, 

Diatonoe, 295. 

Diatomideae, 293. 

Dicaeoma, 541—543. 

Dichosporium, 569. 

Dicranum,7 14,716,717, 

727, +733—739, 740 

—742, 

Dictydinm, 578, 

Dictyoptere, +341,342. 

Dictyopteris, +341 , 343* 

Dictyota, 340, +341, 

Dictyote, 340, 

Dictyotideae, 340, 

Diderma,570, +57 1,573, 

574, 

Didymium, +570, 571, 

573, 574. 

Didymodon, +741—743 

Dipiiyscium, 716, 

Diplocomiuin, 768. 

Draparnaldia, 302, 303. 

Draparnaud,302, 303, 

Dromius, 364. 

Dulesh, 371. 

Dulse, 344, 349, 378, 

E. 

Ear, bark, 653. 

— branch, 653, 654. 

— Jews, 594. 

Ecidium, 534—538, 

Ectocarpus, +321, 322, 

Ectosperma, 289—292. 

Elisa, 282—284, 

Ellis, +333, 334, 

Ellisius, +333, 334, 

Elvella, 660, 669, 

Embolus, 579. 

Encalypta, +725, 726, 

727,728,730,731,741, 

Enchyle,396-398.


Enchylium, 396—398. Fucus acicularis, 375. Fucus discors, 392. 

Endocarpon, 495, f 499 — aculeatus, 387. — distichus,390. 

—503. — alatus, 364. — divaricatus,390. 

Engizostoma, 519, 520. — albidus, 376. — dulcis, 344. 

Engizostome, 519, 520. — albus, 374. — echinatus, 368. 

Ephidate, 353. — alveolatus, 368. — edulis, 344. 

Ephidatia, 353, 354. — amphibius, 382, — elongatus, 375, 389. 

Epidendrum, 568. — angustifolius, 387, — endivifolius,365. 

Epochnium, 550. 

390, 394. — epiphyllus, 365. 

Erica marina, 393. — arboreus, 385. — erica marina, 393. 

Erinaceus, 651. — arbusculus, 289. — ericoides, 393. 

Erineidese, 555. — articulatus, 381. — esculentus, 385. 

Erineiim, +555, 556. — asparagoides, 374, — excisus, 391. 

Erysibe, 589, 590. — bacciferus, 393. — fascia, 383. 

Eurotium, 566. — barbatus, 392. — fastigiatus, 374, 394. 

Evernia, 425. — bifid us, 369, 370. — fibrosus, 392. 

Evernideae, 425, — bifurcatus, 385,389. — filicinus, 373,378. 

Exormatostoiiia, 521— — botryoides, 379. — filiformis, 367, 

523. — Brodia;i, 369. — filum, 386. 

Exormatostome, 521 — bulbosus, 385. — iimbriatus, 369, 385. 

523. — bullatus, 344. — flagelliformis,386, 

— bursa, 292. — flavlcans,372. 

— byssoides, 337. — foeniculaceus, 392. 

F. — casspitosus, 381. — foliifer, 367. 

— canaliculatus, 368, — foliis erica?, 393. 

Faminkiren, 378. 

391. 

— folio longissimo, 384, 

Fan, sea, 359. — capensis, 372. 

longo, 389. 

Fascia, 383. — capillaceus, 373,377. 

singular!, 384, 

Fasciata, 383. — capillaris, 377. — fungisaffinis,389. 

Favus, 639. — caprinus, 344, 374. — fungosus, 293. 

Fibre, branch, 560. — carnosus, 344, — furcellatus, 394. 

— clinging, 557. — cartilagineus, 372, — Gasrtneri,3S7. 

•— iieaded,557. 

382. — gigartinus, 372. 

— jointed, 557. — ceranoides, 367 — gland ulosus, 381. 

— star, 558. 

369, 390. — gracilis, 375. 

Fibrillaria, 558. — chordamreferens,386 — granulatus, 392, 393. 

Fibula, 420, 023, 673. — ciliatus,370, 371. — Griffitsia;, 375. 

Filum, 313,347,386. — clavellosus,3S0. — herbaceus, 38». 

Fissidens, 727, 733— — coccineus, 382. — hirsutus, 331. 

735,737, 739,741. — corallinus, 377. — holosetaceus, 371. 

Fist, bull, 582, 583. — coralloides,374. — hyperboreus, 385. 

Fistulina, 648. — confervoides, 375. — hypoglossoides,364. 

Flagellaria, 386. — contortus, 387. — hypoglossum, 363. 

Flaps, mushroom, 669. — corneus, 372. — incurvus, 382. 

Florideae, 362. — coronopi facie, 372. — inflatus, 390. 

Flos aquai, 352. — coronopifolius, 372. — kali similis, 389. 

Fontinalis,7 13,722,747, — corymbifer, 378. — kaliformis, 380. 

+ 749. — corymbiferus, 378. — laceratus, 365, 370. 

Foot, naked, 604—611. — creiiatus, 363. — lacerus, 367. 

— side, 615. — crenulatus, 367, — ladniatus, 345, 365, 

Fragilaria, +293, 294, — crispatus, 365, 367, 370. 

314,316. 

370. — iactuca, 344. 

Fruit, bidden,499—501. — crispu5,365,367,370, — lagasca, 372. 

— rough, 342. — crislatns, 338. — lanceolatus, 37 1. 

— round, +364, 365, — dasyphyllus, 382. — lanosus, 338. 

366—370. — Dealensis, 378. — latissinius, 384. 

Fucoidea;, 383. — delicatuUis, 345. — lichenoides, 388. 

Fucoides, 382. — dentatus, 364. — lisulatus, 363, 371, 

Fiicus, 389, 390. — dichotomus,364, 

388. 

— abrotanifolius, 392. — diffusus, 334. — linearis, 390. 

— aceroaua, 375. — digUatuS, 385. — longi55iiaus,374,3


Fucus loreus, 389. Fucus ramosns, 378. Fungus campestris, 626. 

— lubricalis, 394. — reniformis, 366. — coloris, 608, 

— lycopodioides, 376. — repens, 381. — favaginosus, 661. 

— lycopodiiim, 376. — roseus, 363. — magnus, 606, 607. 

— Mackaii,391. — rotundus, 374, 391, — minor, 607, 626. 

— mamillaris, 390. — rubens, 344, 363,365, — niger, 488. 

— mamillosus, 368. 368. — parvus, 655. 

— inarinus, 375. — ruscifoliiis, 363. — phalloides, 675. 

— maritimus, 340, 391. — saccharin us, 384. — seminifer, 587. 

— membranaceus, 341, — sanguineus, 363. — spongiosus, 558. 

342, 344, 363, 365, — Sarniensis, 366. — terrestris, 662. 

367, 371. — scorpioides, 382. Funnel, long, 671,672. 

— membranlfolitts,368, — Scoticus, 344, 3S5. — rough, 670,671. 

369. — scdoides, 379. 

Furcellaria, 374, 376, 

— ininiatus,370, 

•— selaginoides, 393. +394. 

— mucronatus, 393. — sericeus, 372,373,381 Fusarium, 546, 547. 

— muhifidus, 378, — serratus,389. 

Fusidium, 544. 

— muscnides, 387. — selaceus, 377, 392. 

— nataiis,393. — Sherardii, 390. 

— nereideus, 373. — siliquosus, 394. 

G. 

— nodosus, 391. — sive alga, 363, 389, 

— Norwegicus, 367. 390, 394. 

Gantelines, 656, 

— obtusus, 378. — soboliferus, 345. Gasteromj'CCfE, 564. 

— Oederi, 372. — spinosus, 372, 378. Giisteromyci, 564. 

— opuntia, 381. — spiralis, 390. 

Gastridium, 347,t378 

— osmunda, 378. — spongiosus, 353. 

383. 

— ovalis, 379. — stellatus, 367. Geastrum, 584—586. 

— ovinus,344. — subfuscus, 377. Gclidium, 37 1,378,388. 

— palmatus, 344, 385. — subglobosus, 292. Gpoglossidea', 658. 

— palmella, 363. — subtilis, 347. 

Geoglossum, 658, 659. 

— palmetta, 368, 369. — tamariscifolius, 393. Gigartina, +371—377, 

— parvus, 368, 394. — tendo, 386. 

379, 380—382, 386, 

— patens, 367. — teiiuissimus, 379. 387. 

— pectinatus,383. — teres, 375, 377, 385. Girard, 287. 

— pednnculatus, 387. — teretifolius,331. Girardia, 287. 

— phyllitis, 384. — tetragonus, 385. Glaucoma, 453. 

— pinastroides, 382. — tomentosus,293. Gomphe, 638. 

— pinnatifidus, 364,378 — tremella, 284, 344, Gomphus, 638. 

— pinnatus, 373, 385. 350. 

Graphis,+502,503,507. 

— pistillatus, 372. — triclioides, 374. Green, oyster, 342. 

— pllcatus, 374. — tuberculatus, 377, Griffiths, +328,329. 

— plocamiuni,3S2. 

389. 

Griflitsia, +328, 329. 

— plumosus, 383. — Hlvoides, 365. 

Grifola, 643, 644. 

— polymorphus, 367. — usneoides, 387. Grifole, 643, 644. 

— polyschides, 385. — variabilis, 377. Grimm, 726—728. 

— procerus, 375. — verrnicularis, 379. Griramia,714,717,718, 

— prolifcrus, 365. — verrucosus, 375,376. + 796—728,729—733, 

— pseudoceranoidcs, — versicolor, 372. 742,743,755, 

368, — verti(iilatus,331,380 Gut, slime, 320. 

_ ptilotus, 383. — vrsiculosus, 390. Gufta, 524. 

— pumillus, 388. — virgatus, 387. Gymnocejjhalus, 744, 

— pumilus, 372,391. — viridis, 376. 

767. 

— punctatus, 365. — Wiggbii, 373. Gymnopus, 604— 611. 

— purpurascens, 377. Fuligo, 567. 

Gymnosporangideae, 

— piirpureum, 383. Funaria, 729, +744. 546. 

— pusillus, 380. 

Fungi, 507 ,532,547,564, Gymnosporangium, 544, 

— PJ'g''^^"^, 

388. 

588, 595, 674. 

+ 546. 

Fungoides clavafum,657 Gymnostomum, +713 

— coralliforme, 655. 716,730. 

— liumile, 651. 

Gyraria, 593—595. 

— quod fungus, 488. Gyromiuui, 476,477. 

— quercHS marina, 390. 

»— radiatus, 374. 

.— radicaulis, 393. 

— radicibu3siniilis,392.


Gyrophora, 476—478. Hooker, 751, 752. Hypnuin curvalum,75S, 

Gyrophorideae, 476. Hookeria, 751,752. 759. 

Horn, flower, 681. — cuspidatum,762. 

Horns, stink, 675. — cylindricum, 728. 

H. 

Humida, +281,282. — delicatulum, 759, 

Hunch, double, 716. — delicatum, 759. 

Hasmatomma, 457. Hutchins, +334-338. — dendroides, 758, 

Hair, maiden, 721,744. Hutchiiisia, +334—338, — denticulatuni, 753. 

Halcyonide, 352, 353. 347, — diaphanura, 651. 

Halidrys, 391. 

Hutciiinsideae, 331. — Donnianum, 753. 

Halymenia, 344, 345, Hydnidese, 650, — dubium, 764. 

347, 394. 

Hydnum, 650. — elegans, 756. 

Haplaria, 552. — Daviesii, 651. — erectum, 733, 752, 

Head, glance, 563, 564. — paradoxum, 649. 756, 758. 

— star, 635. — repandum, 650, — erinaceus, 651. 

fledwigia, 713. 

Hydrodictyon, 300. — fallax,764, 

Helicosporium, 557. Hydrodictyonidcae, 300. — filamentosum, 764. 

Helmisporium, 656,557. Hydrophora, 561, 562. — filicinum, 764, 766. 

Helopodium, 416. Hydrophyta', 273. — filifolium,766, 

Helotium, 660, 661. Hymenoscyplius, 673, — filiforme, 766. 

Helvella, 662, 663. 

"674. — flagellare, 756, 760. 

— aeruginosa, 661. Hymenotheceae, 595. — fluitans, 756. 

— agariciformis, 660. Hypnea, 372, 373. — fluviatile, 764. 

— albida, 663. Hypnum, 752—766. — gracile, 728. 

— Candida, 649. — abbreviatum, 756. — heterophyllum, 753, 

— canUiarelloides, 636, — abietinum, 760. 

764. 

— caryoi)hyllea, 652. — adianfoides, 733. — illecebrum, 756. 

— oris pa, 637. — adnatum5 764. — implexum, 754. 

— dimidiata, 637. — aduncum, 764. — intricatum,761. 

— equina, 666. 

'— albicans, 75S. — inundatum, 753. 

— esculenia, 661, 662. — alopecurum, 758. — julaceum, 755. 

— fiiliginosa, 663. — alpestre, 755. — longirostrum, 762. 

— gelatinosa, 660. — alpinum,756. — longum, 755. 

— gelatinosa, 651. — arboreum, 748, — loreiforme, 763. 

— hybrida, 662. — asplenioides, 733. — loreum, 763. 

— infundibuliformis, — Atlanticuin,761. — l\icens, 752. 

661. — atrovirens, 760, 764. — luridum,764. 

leiicopliEea, 662. — attenuatum, 764, — lutescens, 757, 765. 

— membranacea, 637. — auriscalpium, 650. — lycopodioides, 765. 

— mesenleiica, 653. — Blandovii, 760. — medium, 753. 

— mitra, 662,663. — brevirostre, 761. — molle, 754, 755, 

— nivea, 662. — brevirostrum, 763. — molluscum, 766. 

— Relhani, 661. — bryoides, 733. — moniliforme, 755. 

— ruhiginosa, 652. — catenulatum, 755. — murale, 755, 756. 

— spatiiulata, 663. — clirysocommn, 751. — mulicum, 755. 

— sulcata, 662, 

•— chrysophyllnm, 762, — myosuroides, 756, 

— tnbasformis, 636, — coccinea, 668. 

759, 766. 

— vesiculosa, 669. — coma, 763, — myosuron, 759, 

Helvelle, 662, 663. — commHtatum,765, — myosurum, 759. 

Heivellideae, 661. — complanatum, 752. — nigroviride, 766. 

Ho patica, 430, 680,682, — conipresbum,755,766 — nitens, 757. 

683, — confertum, 756, 762, — nitidulum, 757. 

Hepaticae, 677. — contextum, 75i, — obtusatum, 753. 

Herbert, 684,685,705. — corallnides, 652. — obtusum, 651. 

Herbertus, 705,775. — cordifolium, 762, — ochraceum, 651. 

Jlericiuin, 652. — crenulafum, 761. — ornitiiopodioides, 

Ilerver, 685. — crispum, 748, 

728, 

Herverus, 685. — crista-castrensis,76G. — palustre, 751, 757, 

Himanthalia, 389. — cristieforme,766, 758, 764, 

Hippuris, 347. — cupressiforme, 766, — parietinum, 759. 

Ilomothalameas, 394, — cuiljpenduluui,748. — pennutum, 747.


Hypnum piliferum, 761. Hypnum umbratum,760. Jungermannia eochlea- 

— pluniosum, 754, 756. — uncinatum, 765. 

riformis, 692, 697. 

— polyanlhon, 759. — undulatum, 753. — complanata, 691. 

— polyanthos, 766. — velutinum, 761. 

'— compressa, 694. 

— polymorphum, 762. — viticulosum, 748. — concatenata, 703. 

— populeum, 754. Hypoderma, 509, 510. — concinnala,704,705. 

— praelongum, 760. Hypodenne, 509, 510. — connjvens, 699. 

— proliferuni,759. Hypogseum, 582. — cordifolia, 702. 

— prolixum, 761. Hypogeum, 582. — crenulata, 701. 

— protensum, 763. Hypoglossum, 363. — cuneifolia, 694. 

— pseudoplumossum, Ilypoxyli, 507. — cupressiformis, 690, 

756. 

Hypoxylon, +512,513, — curvifolia, 699. 

— pulchelluni,756,757. 516,517,526. — decipiens, 693. 

— purum, 755, 756, Hypoxylum, 489. — dichotoma, 696. 

— ramosum, 753. Hyssop, 715. — dilatata, 687,688. 

— recognitum, 759. Hysteridcce, 508, — divaricata, 699. 

— reflexuiD, 754. Hysterina, 504—507. — Donniana, 704. 

— repens, 733, 734,748, Hysterium, 509, +510. — emarginata,694. 

—• 752, 754, 757, 759— 

endiviaefolia, 686. 

766. 

— epiphylla, 686. 

'— revolvens, 764. 

I. — excisa, 700. 

— riparioides, 761, 

— exsecta, 697. 

— riparium, 752, 753. Idiothalameae, 486. — fissa,700, 706. 

— rufescens,'65% 757. lolithus, 350. — Florkii, 696. 

— rugosum, 765. Infundibulum,614, 673. — fragilis, 693. 

— rugulosuin, 765. Inoderma, 498. — I'Vancisci, 696. 

— ruscifolium,761. Isaria, 562,563. — Funckii, 700. 

— rusciforme, 761. Isariadeas, 562. — furcata, 685. 

— rutabuliforme, 761. Isidium, +411,412,449, — globulifera, 697,700. 

— rutabulum,76I,762. 492, 774. — gracillima, 701. 

— saxatile, 725. 

Ithyphallus, 675. — gracilis, 696. 

— Schreberi, 755. 

— hamatifolia, 689. 

— sciuroides, 741. 

— heterophylla, 697. 

— scorpioides, 765. 

J. — Hiberoica, 685. 

— sericeum, 757. 

— Hookeri,698,705. 

— serpens, 754. 

Jania, 339. — Hutchinsia?, 688. 

— serrulatuin, 762. Jozzolus, 610. — hyalina, 701. 

— Silesianum, 765. Jungermann, 695. — incisa, 699. 

— Smithii, 728. 

Jungermannia, 695 — inflata, 701, 

— spirulosum, 754. 704. — julacea, 703, 705. 

— splendens, 759. — adunca, 706. — juniperina, 706, 

— squarrosum, 763. — albescens, 696. — Isevigata, 690. 

— squarrulosum,763. — albicans, 698. — lanceolata, 694, 702. 

— stellatum, 763. — alpina, 709. — laxifolia,704. 

— Stokesii,760. — angulosa, 687. — Leersii, 695. 

— stramiiieum, 755. — anoraala, 693. — Lyellii, 68.5. 

— striatum, 701,762. — aquatiea, 693. — Mackaii, 689. 

— sublamellosum, 649. — asplenioides, 692, — macrorhiza, 694. 

— subtile, 754. — barbata, 696. — minima omnium, 688'. 

— Swartzii, 760. — bicornis, 698, 700. — minima, 700. . 

— sylvaticum, 753. — bicrenata, 701, — minula, 698. 

— tamarisci folium, 759. — bicuspidata,697,700. — minutissima, 688. 

— tamariscinum, 759. — bidentata, 696, 697, — multifida, 684, 

1— taxi folium, 734. 

700, 701. — multiflora, 703. 

— Tecsdalii,761. — bifida, 696, 699. — nemorosa, 692, 

— tenellum,754. — birostrata, 699. — nigricans, 687. 

— tenue,754. — blasia, 686. — obtusifolia, 698, 

— terrestre, 756, 758. — byssacea, 699. — Orcadensis,701. 

— triclioides, 741, 753. — calyptri folia, 68Sj — pallescens, 693. 

— trichomauoides, 752. — capitala, 699. — palmata, 684. 

— triquetrum,763. — ciliaris, 695, 703. — paucillora,703.

INDEX OF PLANTS. SIS 

Jungcrmannia pinscuis, Lachnum, 671. 

Lecanora Turneri, 454^ 

684. 

Lacfarius, 623—625, — varia, 452, 475. 

— pianifolia, 691. Lactuca, 342—344. — ventosa, 451. 

— platyphylla, 690. Lagasca, 327. 

Lecciuo, 646—648. 

— polyanthos, 693. Laminaria, 383, +384, Leccinum, €46—648. 

— pubescens, 685. 

385, 388. 

Lecidea,462—476. 

— pulcherrima, 695. Lathagrium, 399, 400. — abietiiia, 468. 

— pumila, 702. 

Laurentia,378. — alabastrina, 474. 

— purpurea, 692, 697. Laver, +342—345. — alba, 466. 

— pusillosa, 687, Leangium, 573, 574. — albo-caerulescens^ 

— pygmaea, 687. 

Leather, oak, 559. 

467, 468. 

— quadiidentata, 696. Leathes, 301. — atnylacea, 468. 

— qiiinquedentata, 696. Leathesia, 301. 

— 

— anomala, 47 1, 

rad Scans, 704. Lecanora, 495. 

— 

— arcentina, 472. 

reptans, G95. — albella, 453. — argena, 495. 

— resupinata, 691, 692. — anomala, 471. — aroinatica, 464^ 

— rubiginosa, 687. — atra, 449. — atro alba, 463. 

— rupestris, 709. — badia, 444, 451, — atroflava, 475, 

— rupincola, 698, — brunnea, 446. — atrorufa^ 461. 

— scalaris, 694, 706. — candelaria, 445, — atrovirens, 465. 

— serpyllifolia, 689. — carneo lutea, 454, — aurantiaca, 476. 

— scrrata, 692. — cerina, 456. 

— 

— caisio-rufa, 473. 

sertiilarioides, 703. — circinata, 448. — Candida, 460. 

— setacea, 703. 

'— 

— coarctata, 449. — canescens, 462, 

setiformis, 703. — craspedia, 452, — carneola,472. 

— sinuata, 684. — crassa, 444. — cecumena, 463. 

— sphagni, 70L — cyrtaspis, 458. — cinereofusca,473,475 

— sphserocarpa, 701. — efi'usa, 451. — citrinella, 4^6. 

~- splijerocephala, 700, — elceina, 439. — confluens, 464, 

706. — elatiua, 453. — corallinoides, 39#. 

— stipulacea, 696. — epigea, 446. — cornea, 472. 

— tamarisci, 687. — erytbrella, 456. — corticola, 469. 

— tamariscifolia, 688. — falsaria, 467. — crenulala, 473. 

— Taylori, 693, — fulgens, 447. 

— 

— cupularis, 473. 

thuja, 690. — fusco atra, 463. — cyrtella, 471. 

— tomentella, 703. — frustulosa, 451. — decipiens, 462. 

— tomentosa, 685. — galactina, 448. — decolorans, 470, 471^ 

— triangularis, 704. — gelida,448. — desertorum, 47 1 

— trichomanis, 706. — glaucoma, 453. — Dicksoni, 466. 

— trichophylla,702,703 — granulosa, 471. — Ehrhartiana,474,4TS. 

— trideiiticulata, 692. — hasuiatomma, 457. — epipo]ia,468. 

— trilobata, 704, — halophaea, 444. — escharoides, 471. 

— Turner!, 700. — hypnorum, 446. — flavicunda, 466. 

— umbrosa, 691. — lentigera, 447. — furaosa, 463. 

— undulata,-691. — lepidora, 445, — fuscata, 469. 

— varia,693. — ]utescens,453. — fusco-atra, 463. 

— ventricosa, 700. — minutula, 471, — fusco-hitea, 472. 

— viticulosa, 693,706. — murorura,447. — gelasinata, 482, 

— Woodsi), 695. — orosthea, 470. — geochroa, 464. 

Jiingermannidea?, 683. — parella, 454. — granulosa, 471. 

— periclea, 450. — hiKmatoinma, 457. 

— rubra, 457, — hypnophylla, 469. 

K. — rubricosa, 452. — icinadophila, 473. 

— salicina, 456. 

iinmersa, 467. 

Kant, 706. — saxicola, 447. — incana, 470. 

Kantius, 706. — sophodes, 450. — jungerniannia!, 471. 

Kenkerig, 440. — sulphurea, 470. — Lightfootii,409. 

— tartarea, 455. — limitata, 464. 

L. — testacea, 461. — lucida, 475. 

— tribacia, 445. — lurida, 461. 

Laces, sea, 386. — tuberculosa, 452. — luteo alba, 475.

SI 4. INDEX OF PLANTS. 

Lecldea liiteola, 472. 

— lyncea, 479. 

— margaritacea, 46S. 

— marmorea, 473. 

— melizea, 474. 

— microphylla, 462. 

— miscella, 465. 

— muscoium, 465. 

— nigra, 396. 

— obscura, 469. 

— Oederi, 465. 

— orosthea, 470. 

— papyracea, 475. 

— paradoxa, 460. 

— parasema, 464. 

— petrasa, 463. 

— pholidiota,462. 

— picina, 451. 

— polytropa, 475. 

— privigna, 450, 505. 

— pruinosa, 468. 

— pustnlata, 478. 

— quernea, 469. 

— rivulosa, 467. 

— rosella, 474. 

— ruhiformis, 462. 

— riipestris, 472. 

— sabuletorum, 465. 

— sanguinaria, 464. 

— scabrosa, 466. 

— scalaris, 461. 

— silacea, 465. 

— speirea, 468. 

— spIiaeroides,474. 

— stellata, 462. 

— Stonei,455. 

— snlphurea, 470. 

— testacea, 461, 462. 

— thriptophylla, 462. 

— tigillaris, 482. 

— nliginnsa, 461. 

— vernal is, 470, 474. 

—T vesicularis, 460. 

— viridescen3,469. 

Lecideas, 444. 

Leersia, 725, 726, 

730. 

Lejophlea, 495,498. 

Leman, 288. 

Lemania, 288. 

Lemanideae, 288. 

Leocarpus, 574. 

Leotia, +660, 661. 

Lepidoma, 460—462. 

Lepidonip, 460—462. 

Lepiola, 601—603. 

Leskea, 752, 753, 755, 

757,758,764—766. 

Leucodon, 741. 

Licea, +559, 670, 580. 

Lichen abietinus, 450, 

468. 

— acetabulum, 438. 

— Achar)i,458. 

— acicularis, 485. 

— acrotellus, 498. 

— aculeatus, 405. 

— aeruginosus, 473. 

— affinis, 440. 

— agelaeus, 495. 

— a'ida&lus, 488. 

— all)ellus, 453. 

— albescens, 492. 

— albido-caesius, 453. 

— albo-ater, 469, 

— albo-incarnatus, 474. 

— albus, 466. 

— alcicornis, 418. 

— allochrous, 443. 

— alenrites,442. 

— ambavillarius, 431. 

— amphibius, 501. 

— amylaceus, 469. 

— analeptus, 496. 

— anthnicinus, 476. 

— aplIiosufe,428. 

— aqualicus, 502. 

— aquilus, 441. 

— arborum, 425, 430. 

— arenarius, 452. 

— argenup, 495. 

— aromaticiis, 464, 

— arthroocarpus, 463. 

— articiilatus, 404. 

— astroites, 479. 

— ater, 449. 

— atroalbns, 463. 

— alroflavus, 475, 

— alrorHfus,461. 

— alrovirens, 465, 475. 

— aurantiacHS, 475. 

— badius, 451. 

— barbatiis,404. 

— bellidiflorus, 424. 

'— bicolor, 405. 

— Borreri, 437. 

— botrjoides, 349. 

— brunneus, 446. 

— Burgesii,399. 

— byssinus, 402. 

— byssoides, 413. 

— caBruleo-nigricans, 

Lcpiote, 601—603. 

Lepra, 412. 

Lepiaria, 349, 350, 466, 

470, 475. 

Li>ptogium,4005 401. 

460. 

— caesio-rufiis, 452. 

— cjEsius, 443, 466. 

— caespitoBUS, 417. 

— caespitosuin, 487. 

Lichen calcareus, 459, 

— calcivorus, 467. 

— calicaris,406. 

— calvus,472. 

— candelarius,445,447. 

— candicans, 446. 

— candidus, 460. 

— canescens, 462. 

— caninus, 428,429. 

— cantliarellus, 484. 

— caperatus, 437. 

— capitatus, 485. 

— cameo-luteus, 454. 

— carnosus, 446. 

— carpineus, 492. 

— cartilagineus, 444. 

— centrifugus, 442. 

— cerinus, 456. 

— cervicornis, 418. 

— cervinus, 444. 

— chalylieiforrnis, 408. 

— chrysocephalus, 484. 

— chrysophthalmus,435 

— ciliaris, 434. 

— cinereus, 350,459. 

— circinatus,448. 

— citrinellus, 466. 

— cifriuus, 447. 

— clavicularis,4S3. 

— Clementi, 439. 

— coarctatus,449. 

— cocci ferus, 423. 

— coccineus, 457. 

— coccodes, 412. 

— coinosus, 403, 434. 

— complicatus, 501. 

— compositns, 453. 

— concentricus, 463, 

— concolor, 445. 

— confiuis, 388. 

— confluens, 464. 

— conspersus, 442. 

— corallinus, 412. 

— corneus, 472. 

— corniculatus,404,425 

.— coinucopioides, 423. 

— cornutus,421. 

— corrugatus,398,438. 

— crassiis, 444. 

— crenularius, 473. 

— crenulatus, 448. 

— cretaceus, 398, 

— crinitus, 477. 

— crispurn,396. 

— crocatus, 430. 

— croceus, 429. 

— cruentus, 451. 

— cupularis, 473. 

— cycloselis, 444. 

— cylindricus, 47T. 

— cyrtclUis, 471.


Lichen dactylinus, 449. Li chen frustulosus,451. Lichen lanatus,405,406. 

— dealbatus, 492. — fucifoimis, 426. — laneus, 403. 

— decipit lis, 462. — fucoides, 404, 426. — lanuginosus, 439. 

— deformis, 423. — fnlgens, 447. — laqueatus, 444. 

— delicatus,4l6. — fuliginosiis, 431. — lentigeruo, 447. 

— dendriticus, 463, — fulvus, 485. — lepadinus, 494. 

— denlatus, 444. — fungi forrais, 413. — leprosus, 466. 

— deustus, 476, 478, — furcatus, 414. — leptophyllus, 501. 

— diamartus, 458. — furfuraceus, 435. — leucomelas, 434. 

— diatryphus, 436. — furvus,400. — leucophaeus, 461. 

— dichotomus,408. — fuscatus, 451, 469. — LightfoGtii,469. 

— Dicksoni, 466. — fuscellus,499, — limbatus, 431. 

— diffusus, 442, -— 

fusco-luteus, 473. — limitatus, 464. 

— digitafns,422. — gelasinatus, 482, — lucidus, 475, 

— discoideus,492. — gelidus, 448,451, — luridus, 461. 

— discolor, 399. — geographicus, 465, — luteo albus, 475. 

— dispersiis, 448, — gibbosus, 463, — luteolus, 472. 

— eflfusus, 451. — glaber, 476, — luteus, 474. 

— Ehrhartianus, 474. — glabratus, 474, — lynceus, 479. 

— eliBinus, 439. — glaucoma, 453. — macilentus, 422, 

— elveloides, 473. -— 

glaucus, 433. — macrocephalus, 482. 

— encaustus, 441 — glebuiosus, 462. — macularis,505^ 

— endivifolius, 418, -— 

globiferus,487. — marginalis, 397. 

— endocarpon, 500, -— 

globosus, 487. — marginellus, 401. 

— epigeus, 446. — globuliferus, 491. — marinus, 343. 

— epiphyllus, 417, — glomuliferus, 437. — inarmareus,473. 

— epipolius, 468. — gracilis, 421. — maurus, 498. 

— ericetoriiRi, 412,473, -— 

graniformis,460,483. — melanocarpus, 48S. 

— erosus,477. — granulosus, 400,471. — melanoleuca, 438. 

— eiythrellus, 456, _ Griftithsii,472, — nielaleucus, 496. 

— escharoides, 465,471. -— 

griseus, 478, — membranaceup, 439. 

— exanthematiciis, 494. -— 

hiematomma,455,457 — meseiiteriforinis,476, 

!— exasperatus, 476. _ Hecla?, 448. — microphylliis, 462, 

— excavatus, 459. — herbaceus, 431. — ininiatus, 501. 

— excavatiim, 663, — hippotriclioides, 489. — minimus, 680. 

— exilis, 402. — hi

816 

INDEX OF PLANTS« 

Lichen orostheus,470. Lichen rangifer4nus,41 5. Lichen stygius,44l. 

— pallescens, 491. — resupinatus, 426. — subiinbricatus,44S, 

— palmatus, 398, — rigid us, 404. — subtilis,401,444. 

— papillarins, 424. — rimosns, 468. — subulatus, 415. 

— papyraceus, 399. — rivulosus, 467. — subuliformis,413. 

— paradoxus, 460. — roccella, 426. — sulphureus, 470. 

— parasemus, 464. — rosellus, 474. — sylvaticus, 431. 

— parasiticus, 416, 500, — rubellus, 472, — syEQphycarpus^4l7. 

— parellus, 454. — rubens, 350. — ^ tartareus, 455. 

— parietinus, 439. — rubiformis, 461. — tenax,397. 

—, — parilis, 426. 

rubiginosus, 440. — tenelius, 434. 

— parvus, 680. — rufescens, 428. — teuuissimus, 402. 

— paschalis, 411. — rufus, 413. — tephroides,499. 

— perforatus,«438. — rug05us,505. — tephromelas, 449. 

— pellitus, 478. — rupestris, 400, 472. — tesselatus, 459, 493. 

— pericleus, 450, — rupicola, 453, 459. — thelostomus,493. 

— perlatus, 437. — sacchatus, 429. — tigillaris, 482. 

— pertusus, 436, 495. — sa2pincola,432. — tiliaceus, 438. 

— petrasus,440,463,6S2 — salicinus,456. — torrefactus, 477. 

— pezizoides, 446. — salignus, 451. — trabinellus, 484. 

— physodes, 436, — sanguinarius, 464. — trapeziformis, 500. 

— piceus, 451. — sarmentosus, 408. — tremella, 401. 

_ pileatus, 682, 683. — saturniiius, 399. — tremelloides, 401. 

— pityreus, 439. — saxatilis, 440. — tricolor, 471. 

— plicatilis, 397. — saxicola, 447. — tristis, 404. 

— plicatus, 403. 

.— saxifragus, 461. — tuberculosus, 452. 

— plumbeus, 431,440. — saxorum, 455. — tubiformis, 422. 

— plumbosus, 497. — scalaris, 461. 

•— Turneri, 454. 

— pollinarius,407. — scalophora, 478. — uligiuosus, 467. 

— polycarpns, 445. — Schraderi,402,497. — ulmi, 457. 

— polydactylus, 429. — scopulorum,406,451. — nmbrinus,494. 

— polyphynus,476,501. — scriptus, 502, 510. — uncialis, 415. 

— polytropus, 475. — scrobicnlatus, 431. — Upsaliensis, 454. 

— populinus, 406. — scruposus, 459. — Vahlii,457. 

— porphyrius, 457. — scutatus,427. — varians, 453. 

— porriginosus, 47?. — setosus, 489, — varius, 452, 456, 

— proboscideus, 476, — silaceus, 465. 

475. 

477. — siliquosus, 407. — velatus, 490. 

— pruinatus, 468. — simplex, 450, 505. — velutinus, 402. 

— pruinosus, 468. — sinopicus, 458, 499. — venosus, 427. 

— prunastri, 425, 432. — sinuatus,400, — ventosus, 451. 

— psora, 443. — sinuosus,442. — ventricosus, 417,420, 

— pubescens, 287, 405, — sive hepatica, 430, — vermicularis, 413. 

406. 

680, 683. — vernalis,470,472. 

— pulchellus, 443, — suiaragdulus, 499, — verrucosus, 428,431. 

— pull us, 441. — sopliodes, 450. — vespertilio, 399. 

— pulposus,396, — sordidus,453. — viridesceiis, 469. 

— pulverulentus, 443. — spadiceus, 405. — volvatus, 494. 

— punctatus, 412,458. — speciosus, 443. — vulpinus, 435. 

— punctiformis, 496. — speiieus, 468. — Westringii, 412. 

— pungens, 415. — sphaerocephalus,483. Lichenastrum agaricus, 

— pustulatus,478. — sphseroides, 474. 512. 

— pyxidatus, 418, 419. — spinosus, 414. — alpinum, 704, 709. 

— quadricolor, 47L — spongiosus,402. — ambrosioe, 684. 

— quercifolius, 438. — squamulosus, 41 7,444 — arboris vitae, 690. 

.— quercinus, 438. — squarrosus, 407. — auriculatuin, 692. 

— querneus, 469. — stellaris,443, — capitulis, 686, 702, 

— quisquilaris, 411. — stellatus, 462. 

706. 

— radiatus, 404, 420. — stictaceros, 425. — capitulo oroboide, 

— radiciformis, 488. — stigmatellus, 496. 680. 

— radiosus, 448. — stilllcidionim,456. — filicinum,.703.


LichenaatrtiHi f(>liiSj69S. Lichenoides tubulatum, Lycoperdon gulosorutn, 

—- gramineutn, 681. 

— imbric;Uura,68T,GSS, 

691. 

— minimum, 687. 

— tiiihodes, 702. 

— tricliomanis, 692, 695 

—698, 700, 702. 

— tricliomanoides, 693. 

— pinnis, 691. 

— pinnulis, 697, 698, 

692. 

— ramosius, 692. 

Licheues, 394, 408,486. 

Lichenoides arboreum, 

425,431,434,44.^. 

— candidum,492. 

— cartiiagiiiosum, 418. 

— ceralophylion, 436. 

— ciiieieum, 429, 462. 

— coral llforme, 422. 

— coriaceum, 501. 

— cornutum,435. 

— crusta, 437—440, 

4;L1 

— tubuldsum, 414,415, 

417, 419, 420, 422, 

423. 

— vernicosiim, 495, 

Lichina, 388. 

Lignidium, 567. 

Linckia, 284, 290, 351, 

352. 

Linckidese, 350. 

Linum, 313. 

Linza,343, 

Lippius, 706. 

LiJhocia,497,498. 

Litter, skin, 581, 582. 

Lobaria, 404—407,425, 

430, 432—443, 447, 

448, 

Locks, golden, 721,744, 

767. 

Lomentaria, 381. 

Lorcum,763. 

Lycogala, 568,575. 

39^. 

— hydrophoroD, 531. 

— lumbricale, 574. 

— luteum, 377. 

— maximum, 583. 

— pedunculatum, 586. 

— |)erlatum, 584. 

— phalloides, 675. 

— poculiforme, 534. 

— praiense, 583. 

— Proteus, 583, 584. 

— pyri forme, 584. 

— radiatum, 590, 663. 

— spadiceum,582. 

— stellatum, 585, 586. 

— tuber, 592. 

— Utri forme, 584. 

— variolosum, 513,568. 

— verrucosum, 581, 

— vesparium, 576. 

— volvam explanans, 

585. 

Lycoperdonideae, 581. 

302. 

— crustaceum, 449,454, 

Lycogalus, 568, 

Lycoperdastnim, 582. 

Lycopodium, 355, 376. 

Lyncnrinm,362. 

453, 459. 

— crustosuin, 445. 

•— digitafuin, 428. 

— endiviaj f

\u 

INDEX OF- PLANTS. 

Mnium cirrliatum, 731. Moss,feather, 759—766. Mould, net, 57S. 

— conoideum, 744. — French rocJc, 454. — pencil, 554. 

— crudum, 769,773. — gland, 7 17—7 19. 

•— pitcher, 579, 580. 

— ciispidatum, 773. — grey marsh, 751, 

— ellipticum, 772. — ground, 761. 

_ fissum, 700, 707. — hairy tree, 403. 

— foliis, 767. — horn, 404—406, 

— fontanuni, 751. — Iceland, 433. 

— heteromallum, 738. — kidney, 426, 427. 

— hornnm, 773. — nil f, 493,494, 

— hygroir.etricum, 744. — open wart, 494. 

— jungermannia, G97. — pitcher, 457—460, 

.— lacustre, 770. — quick, 280,281, 

— laterale, 751. — rivulet, 284,285, 

— lichenis facie, 686. — rock, 425, 426. 

— majus, 767. — root, 488—490. 

— Marchicum, 751. — scarlet-headed, 422, 

— minus, 717. — screw, 722—725. 

— nutans, 770, 771. — sheath, 280. 

.— osmundaceum, 713. — slate, 713. 

— pellucens, 736. — slit, 504—507. 

•— pellucidum, 717. — sraall^pox,490—493. 

— pohlia,77I. — smooth, 495, 496. 

— polytrichoides, 721. — spotted, 480, 481. 

— proliferura, 770. — spring, 749. 

— pseudotriquetrum, — sprinkled, 479,480, 

771, — squat, 710—712. 

.— punctatum, 772. — stone, 497, 498, 

.— purpureum, 742. — thread, 767. 

i— pyriforme, 768. — tow, 498. 

— roseum, 770. — trait, 502,503. 

— rostratum, 772. — water, 749. 

— scopariura, 738. — wide, 504. 

— serpyllifolium, 770, — wing, 728. 

772,773. 

Mould, 560, 561, 

—i gerratum, 773. — bare, 569, 570. 

— trichoides, 767. — blood, 568. 

— trichomanes, 706, — bottle, 561. 

— tricliomanisfacie,706 — brush, 552, 653. 

— ti"iquetrum,768, 771. — bud, 586,587. 

— turblnatum, 770. — cap, 680. 

— uliginosum, 767. 

.^— chain, 552. 

— undulatum, 772, — clung, 550. 

Monilia, 550, 552—554, — corn, 590—592. 

f 557, 563,567. — cup, 576,577. 

Morchella,661,662. — cylinder, 568. 

Morell, 661, 662. — death, 590. 

Moss, ball, 487. — double, 569. 

_ black, 708, 709. -dust, 550, 551. 

— bog, 709,710. — ear, 553. 

— brain, 476—478. — flight, 570, 

— branch, 406, 407. — fold, 567. 

— brittle, 745—747. — froth, 567. 

— buckler, 429. — funnel, 555, 556. 

—: callus, 495. — glance, 574. 

I— chalice, 419. — goblet, 580, 

— cockscomb, 407,408. — grape, 553. 

— cord, 744, — hair, 574—576. 

— cup, 417—424. — knot, +554, 655. 

— dot, 42L'—4SL — leaf, 567. 

— e2.tiiiguisher,725p726 — meal, 551, S52; 

' 

— purse, 566. 

— rayed, 554. 

— scale, 572, 573. 

— sieve, 577. 

— skein, 552. 

— skin, 370,571. 

— slash, 673, 674. 

— slime, 569. 

— spring, 561,502, 

— stalked, 550. 

— tall,.571, 

— thread, 578, 579. 

— twin, 550. 

Mouth, cone, 719, 

— plain, 713—716. 

Macedlnese, 550. 

Mucedo, 561. 

Muc!lago,567. 

Mucor,284, +560,561. 

— botrytis,561. 

— cancellatus, 578. 

— caninus, 561. 

— erysimi, 561. 

— ferrugineus, 556. 

— Havidus, 560. 

— fragiformis, 568, 

— fugacissiraus, 558. 

— fulvus, 585,572. 

— furfuraceus, 485. 

— glaucus, 554, 563. 

— herbariorum, 567. 

— hydrophorus, 561. 

— lichenoides, 483, 

•— J cogalns, 568. 

1 .— miniatus, 576. 

— mucedo, 561, 

— murinus, 561. 

— roridus, 562. 

.— urceolatus, 562, 

Mucoridese, 560. 

Musci, 707. 

Muscus arboreus, 403, 

404. 

•— aureus, 435. 

— capillaceus,750. 

— capillaris, 720, 721. 

— caule rigido, 408. 

— corallinoides,416. 

— corallinus, 408. 

— coralloides, 405,414. 

— filicinus, 759. 

— marinus, 332, 382. 

— palustris,75i. 

— parvus, 770. 

— pulmonarius, 430. 

— pyxidatus, 419. 

— terrestris. 710, 761, 

Mushrooffi, 626, 627.

INDEX OF iPLANTS. 819 

Mushroom, boot, 601. 

— cup, 587, 5S8. 

Mycena, 619—621. 

MjcenadcK, 617. 

Mycctoideae, 532. 

Myeloinyci, 507. 

Myliiis, 693, 694, 

Myriodactyle,f301,302 

Myriodacfylon, +301, 

302. 

Myriophyllum,331. 

Myrotheciadcae, 569. 

Myrothecium, 569. 

N. 

Nardius, 694. 

Neck.eia,745,f747,74S, 

749, 758. 

Nemania, 516—519. 

Najmasspora, 527, 531, 

532. 

NemasporidejE, 531. 

Nematomycese, 547. 

Nepliioma, 426, 427. 

Net, water, 300. 

Nidularia, 587. 

Nodularia, 288. 

Nostoc, 301,349,-|-351, 

352. 

Nostoch,351,352. 

O. 

Oak, agaric of the, 638. 

— sea," 391. 

Octospora, 665, •f-666 

670. 

Odonthalia, 364. 

Odontia, 649,f651. 

Oligotrichum, 719,720. 

Olivia, 349, 350. 

Olla, 587. 

Omphalia, 61 1—614. 

Opegrapha epiphega, Parmelia, caperafa,43T. 

505. — carneo hi tea, 454. 

— faginea, 505. — cerina, 452, 456,475. 

— faliginosa, 506. — chrysophthalma,435. 

— herpetica, 506. — ciliaris, 434. 

— lichenoides, 504. — circinata, 448. 

— Lyellii, 503. — citriria, 445. 

— macularis, 505. — Clementiana,439. 

— microscopica, 507. — coarctata, 449. 

—• nimbosa, 504. — conspersa, 442. 

— notha, 504, 505. — corrugata, 438. 

— obscura, 479. — craspedia, 452. 

— Persoonii,505, — crassa,444. 

— petrffia, 505. — cretacea, 398. 

— pulverulenta, 502. — crispa, 396. 

— querciua, 505. — cycloselis, 444. 

— radiata, 479. — diatrypha, 436. 

— reniformis, 479. — diffusa, 442. 

— rimalis, 506. — dispersa, 448. 

— rubella, 506. — effusa, 451. 

— rupeslris, 505. — elacista, 449. 

— scripta, 502. — elseitia, 439. 

— serpentina, 503. 

"— encausta,441. 

-^ siderella, 506. — epigea, 446. 

•— varia,504. — erytlirella, 456. 

— venosa, 507. — exigua,450, 

— verrucaroides, 504. — Fahlunensis,441. 

— viridis, 506. — farinacea, 407. 

— vulgata', 506. — farrea, 443. 

Opegraphideae, 502. — fascicularis, 398. 

Opuntia,347,381. — fastigiata, 406. 

Orchal, 454. — flaccida, 400. 

Ortliotrichiim,717,f745 — fluviatilis, 397. 

—747. — frustulosa, 451. 

Oscillatoria,f280—283 — fuciformis,426. 

Oscillatoridete, 280. — fulgens, 447. 

Osniunda, 378. — furfuracea, 435. 

Over, turn, 617. — furva, 400, 

— fuscata, 451. 

~~ fusco lutea, 473. 

— gel i da, 448. 

'— glaucoma, 453. 

Pallavicinius, 684, 685, — glomulifera, 437, 

775. 

— lierbacea, 431, 

Palmella,t348, 349,363 — hypuorum, 446. 

Palraetta, 368, 369. •^ impolita,480. 

Onygena, 580. 

Pandulphinius,688,689. — jubata,408. 

Onygenadeae, 580. Papa, 686. — laciniata,401. 

Opegrapha seiiea, 506. Parellus, 454. — laevigata, 443. 

— astroidea, 479. Parmelia, 436—444. — lanuginosa, 439. 

—• aira, 507. — affinis, 440. — lentigera, 447. 

— betulina, 603. — albella, 453. ~" lepidora, 445. 

— calcarea, 505. — aleurites, 442. 

"~" leucomala, 434. 

— cerasi, 502. — aqtiila,441. — lutescens, 453. 

— conglomerata,503. — Atlantica, 435. — inarginelia, 401, 

— dendritica, 503. — atra, 449. — marmorea, 473. 

— denigrata, 507. — Borreri, 437. — melsena, 397. 

•— diaphor.a, 504. — brunnea,446. — murorum, 447. 

— dispersa, 506. — B«rgesii,399. — muscicola, 402, 

— elegans, 503. — cjEsia, 443. — nigrescens, 399. 

— epipasta, 506, 507. — candelaria, 445, — olivacea, 438. 

3 G 2

820 

INDEX OF PLANTS. 

Parmelia omphalodcs, Perelle, 454. 

Peziza macropus, 67?, 

440. 

Peripherostoma, 513 — marginaia, 663. 

— palinata, 398. 

515. — niarsupium, 669. 

— pannosa,402. Peziza,526,t664—666. — melastoma, 670. 

— parella, 454. — Abbotiana, 671. — nigra, 666. 

— parietiiia, 438. — acetabulum, 672. — nivca, 671. 

i— peliscyplia,444. — fficidioides, 663. — ochroleuca, 670. 

— perforata, 437. — alutacea, 668. — onotica, 068. 

— periclea, 450. — argillacea, 666. — pallescens, 670. 

— perlata, 437. — armata, 673, — papillaria, 666. 

— physotles, 436. — atra, 667. — papillaris, 666. 

— pUjTca, 439. — aurantia, 668, — patula, 071. 

— plicatilis, 39T. — aurea, 667. — perennis, 672. 

_ plocina, 398. — auricula, 594. — pineti,.668. 

— plumbea, 440. — auriculain referens, — pocuiiformis, 672. 

— poUinaria, 407. 

594. 

— populnea, 664. 

— pulmonacea, 430. — badia, 669. — porphyria, 667. 

— pulverulenta, 443. — bicolor, 670. — prunastri, 664. 

— prunastri, 425. — caerulea, 665. — pulcliella, 670. 

—• — recurva, 442. 

cffisia, 665. — pustulata, 669, 

— roccella, 426. — calyculus, 673. — radiata, 673. 

— rubiginosa, 440. — cartilaginea, 664,667 — radicala, 67 I. 

— rubra, 457. — celliilaria, 666. — radiculata, 672. 

— saliciua, 456. — cellulariaeforuiis,666 — rap u la, 673. 

— sarmentosa, 408. — cerea, 672. — rimosa, 664. 

— Saturniiia, 399. — chrysocoma, 674. — sanguinea, 665. 

— saxatilis, 440. — cinerea, 667. — sarcoides, 667. 

— saxicola, 447. — citrina, 670. — scutellata, 665. 

— Schraderi, 402. — coccinea, 668, 672. 

•— sessilis, 671. 

— scopulorum, 406. — cochleata, 669. — solani, 674. 

— Scotiiia, 400. — comitialis, 546. — Soweibeana, 672. 

— scrobiculata, 431. — cornucopinides, 637. — sphjerioides, 664. 

— siliquosa,407. — coronata, 673. — stercoraria, 674. 

— sinuosa, 442. — cyathoidea, 674. — stercorea, 665. 

— sophodes,450. — domestica, 666. — stictis, 663. 

— speciosa, 442. — epidendra, 672. — striata, 5S7. 

— squamulosa, 444,451. — equina, 666. — sulphurea, 665. 

— sulphurea, 470. — faseiculata, 665. — tenella, 674. 

— sulphureo-nigricans, — fibula, 673. 

'— tremelloidea, 667. 

452. 

— firma, 670. — tricolor, 671. 

— Stygia,441. — fiava, 667. — tuba, 672, 673. 

— subtilis, 401. — fructigena, 673. — tuberosa, 672. 

— tartarea, 455. — fuscescens, 671. — umbrina, 668. 

— tenax, 397. — granulosa, 593, — tindulata, 636. 

— tenella, 434. — haemisphaerica, 665. — vesiculosa, 669. 

— tenuissima, 402. — hepatica, 667. — violacea, 669. 

— tiliacea, 438. — herbarum, 670. 

— tremelloides, 401. — iiispida, 665. 

— Turner), 454. — hyalina, 667. 

— varia, 452. — hjbrida, 666. 

— velata, 490. — hydnoides, 665. 

— ventosa, 451. — hydropiiora, 531. 

— vitellina, 475. — imraersa, 664. 

"Patellaria, 459,452,460, — intlexa, 673. 

473, — infundibulum, 673. 

t664. 

Peltidea, 426, t427— — laevis, 587. 

429. — lenticularis, 670. 

Peltideas, 425. — lentifera, 5S7. 

Peltigera,426—429,432 — leporina, 668. 

PeniciJlum, 554. — liciienoides, 665. 

Penicillus, 362, — lunda; 668. 

— virginea, 671. 

—• viridis, 546. 

Pezizadeae, 663. 

Phacotrum, 482—485. 

Phallus,660—662, te75 

676. 

Phascum, f710— 7lS, 

717,718,749. 

Phasgonoii, 384, f 385. 

Phyllitis, 384. 

Physaridea;, 570. 

Physarum, 571, +572 

573. 

Pilobolus, 561, 562, 

Pinuzza, 646. 

4^J^

Pinnitzzo, 616. 

Pipe, leather,-f345,346, 

347. 

Placodium, f 446—448, 

774. 

Placynthiiim, 395. 

Platisma, 430, 435, 438, 

502. 

Pleuropiis, 615. 

Plocamium, 374, 381— 

383. 

Pliima, 325. 

Pliimula, 324. 

Podisoma, 544. 

Pohlia, 771. 

Polyactis, 554. 

PolyangidecB, 586. 

Polyangiuin, 586, 587. 

Polychidium, 401, 402. 

Polyporus, 645. 

Polysperma, 306. 

Polysperimim, 288. 

Polysloma, 586. 

Porvtriclium, -|-719 

722,728,744—747. 

Poria, 639, 640. 

Porcino, 646. 

Poridffi, 493. 

Porina, 495. 

Poronia, 515. 

Pratella, 626,627. 

Piatellidefe, 626. 

Prolifera, 310, 312. 

Protomyceoe, 532. 

Pruniilus, 630—632. 

Psora, 443, 445—447, 

454, 460-463. 

Psoroma, 444—446, 

Psvchia,433,434,+435, 

436. 

Pterigynandruin, 728, 

755. 

Pleiogonium,f728,741, 

755. 

Ptilota, 382, 383. 

PucciDia,541,542,-|-543, 

544, 562. 

Puff, shell, 584—586. 

Pulmonaria, 430. 

Pulveraria, 470, 475. 

Pulvis,524. 

— pyrius, 524. 

Pustula, 526. 

Pycnothelia, 424. 

Pyrenium, 560. 

Pyrenula, 493, 494. 

Pyrum, 352, 

Pyxidaria, 419. 

Pyxidium, 580, 

Q. 

Quercus marina, 390, 

INDEX OF PLANTS, 821 

R. 

Sistotrema, 648, 649. 

Sistotremidea", 648. 

Racodium, f 557—559. Skin, death, 558, 559 

llanialina,t406—408. 

Raraalinideae, 404. 

Ramaria, 655, 656. 

Rapnia, 673. 

Relhanum, 661. 

Restenia,533,534. 

Resiipinatiis, 617. 

Reticiilaria, 538, 567, 

568,571,572,576. 

Rhi zomorpha,4S8—490 

Rhizomorphifleaa, 487. 

Riccardiiis, 683, 684. 

Riccia, 290, t679, 680, 

hair, 560. 

SImtgh, star, 351, 

Smut, .538. 

Solorina, 429. 

Sphacelaria, f332, 33.9. 

Spathularia,663. 

Sphffiria, 526—531. 

— acinifonnis, 513. 

— acuminata, 530, 

— acuta, 530. 

— agariciformis,5l I. 

— alutacea,511. 

— ambiens, 521. 

684. — araneosa, 526. 

Ricciadeae, 679. — arbuti, 525. 

Rinodina,448— 157,774 — arundinacea, 515 

Riviilaria, t284, 285, — anraiitia, 526. 

301, 302, 310, 320, — aurantiaca, 526. 

330, 381. — barbafa, 523. 

Roccel la, 425,426. — berberidis, 519. 

Roe?tellia, 533, 534. — bitVons, 525. 

Rot, 637. — bombarda, 527. 

— dry, 559. — bom bard ica, 527. 

Rotula, 622. — brass! cae, 524. 

Rubigo, 555, 556. — byssacea, 498. 

Rupicola, 453, 459. — byssoidea, 527. 

Russula, 607,-1-618. — capitata, 511. 

Rutabuluin, 761. — carcharias, 512. 

Rytiphlaja, 382. — carpini, 532. 

— ceratospermuin, 518. 

— ciliaris,529. 

— ciliata, 520. 

— cinerea, 517. 

Saffron, la inort de, 590, — circumvallata, 525. 

Salviatus, 687. — cirrhata, 532. 

Sarcothalameae, 507. — clavata, 511. 

Sarcotheccae, 588. — claviformis, 520. 

Scalius, 704, 705. — coccinea, 519. 

Schasmaria, 416. — cohaerens, 514. 

Schistostega, 713. — collapsa, 509. 

Scleroderma, 581, 582. — communh, 528. 

Sclerotium, 546, 589, — coniposita, 532. 

590, t590— 592, 659. — compressa, 531. 

Scodellina, 668, 669. 

•— concava, 526. 

Scypha, -1-357, 358, 359. — concentrica, 513. 

Scyphophora,417—424. — confluens, 513. 

Scytenium, 398 — conjuncta, 521. 

Scytonema, -1-285, 286, — convergens, 521. 

287, 406. — coriacea, 528. 

Scylosiulion,f345,346, — corniculata, 520. 

347. 

— cnrnuta, 512. 

Seeds, eight, 666—668. — cristata, 531. 

Semen, 591. — Crustacea, 51 T. 

Serpentinaria,-f-299,300 — cucurbitula, 519. 

Serpula, 637. — cnpressiformi3,512. 

" Shanks, red, 742. — cupularis, 519. 

Shoot, star, 351. — curvirostra, 530. 

Silk, crow, 303—316. — cylindrica, 523. 

Siliquaria, 394, — deciduaj5l9.


SphiEria decomponciiSj 

530, 

,— decorticafa, 517, 

— depressa, 515, 

— deusta, 516, 

— diflfusa, 51T. 

— digitata, 512,513. 

— disciformis, 518, 

.— dryina, 529. 

— diibia, 532. 

— duplex, 523. 

— entomorhiza,5ll. 

— epigsea, 498. 

— equina, 527, 

— ferruginea, 518. 

— fimet'i, 527. 

— flavovirens, 518, 

— floriformis, 530. 

— fragiformis, 513. 

— fraxinea, 513. 

— fusca, 513, 529. 

— gnomon, 530. 

— graminis, 516. 

— granulosa, 514. 

— gregaria, 4S0. 

— gutta, 524. 

— herbarum, 522. 

— hederaB, 525. 

— hirsuta, 527. 

— hypoxylon, 512. 

— inimei'sa, 517. 

— insidens, 528, 

— irregularis, 514, 

— Kirbii, 529. 

— lasvis, 519, 

— lata, 518, 

— lauri, 525. 

— leucostoma, 520. 

— lichenoides, 527, 

— loiiga, 529. 

— louicerae, 528. 

— macula, 517. 

— maculans, 522. 

— inarginata, 520. 

— maxima, 516. 

— melanostoma, 495. 

— melogramma, 514. 

— microstoma, 520. 

— militaris, 511, 

— miniata,526,547. 

— moriformis,524. 

— mucida, 527. 

— multicapsula, 513. 

— multiceps, 514. 

— nebulosa, 522. 

— nidula, 529. 

I— nigra, .524, 

SpliEsria parabolica,523 

— parallela, 516. 

— pedunciilata, 512. 

— peziza, 526. 

— pezizasformis, 526, 

— picea, 516, 

— polymorplia, 512, 

— populi, 515. 

— poronia, 515. 

— potentillffi, 525, 

— profusa, 531. 

— protracta, 518. 

— pulchella, 521. 

— pulvis, 524. 

pyrius, 524. 

— punctata, 515. 

— punctiformis, 524, 

525. 

— pustula, 526. 

— pustulata, 520. 

— quaternata, 521, 

— quercina, 518. 

— rad!cosa,512. 

— ramosa, 512. 

— rhodostoma, 522. 

— ribesia, 514. 

— rimosa,528. 

— rostrata, 529, 530. 

— rubiformis, 528. 


— salicina, 525. 

— sambuci, 515. 

— sanguinea, 526. 

— scutellata, 520. 

— serpens, 516, 

— solida, 524. 

— solitaria,527. 

— stercoraria, 527. 

— stigma, 517. 

— styJifera, 530. 

— subcortical is, 523. 

— subimmersa, 523. 

— subsecreta, 529. 

— subtilata, 523. 

— sulcata, 509. 

'— terrestris, 527. 

— tessellata, 522. 

— tilias, 522. 

— tofieldiae, 525. 

— tremelloides, 547. 

•— truncata, 515. 

— tuberculosa,513. 

'—' tuberosa, 524. 

— tubiformis, 522, 

— typhina, 516. 

— uda, 516, 

— ulmaria, 515, 

— obducta, 514, — umbilicata, 521. 

— ocellata, 514. — vaccinii, 528. 

— olivacea, 560. — versipellis, 516. 

— ophioglossoides, 512. — viridis,52S, 

— ovina, 527. 

Sphasrideas, 510. 

Sphaerobolideas., 5S0. 

Sphaerobolus, 580, 581^ 

663. 

Splia2rocarpus, 482, 572 

—577,580,681. 

Sphaerocephalus, 576. 

SpliiBrococcus, -|-364— 

375,377,380. 

Sphasrophoron, 487. 

Sphagnum, -]-709—713, 

717, 726, 735,749. 

Spheria, 526—531. 

Spiloma, 452, -)-480, 

481. 

Sp!lomidea?,479. 

Splachnuni,714,f717 

719,729. 

Sponge, 358—361. 

Spongia, 293,353—302. 

SpongidiiE, 354. 

Spongidium. 292, 293. 

Spongilla, 353, 354. 

Sporochnus, 387. 

Sporotrichum, 550, 551. 

Spumaria, -|-567, 569. 

Spumaridea?, 566. 

Spunk, 583. 

Squamula, 622. 

Stachylidium, 553. 

Staff, sea ragged, 353. 

Staurophora, 683, 

Steccheriuum, 651. 

Stellina, 296. 

StemonitideiH, 578. 

Stemonitis,567,570,575 

—577, f578, 579. 

Stereocaulon, 338, 396, 

-1-411,412, 487. 

Stereuin, 652, 653. 

Sticta, 429—432. 

Stictis, 663—664, 

Stilbidete, 563. 

Stilbospora, 545. 

Stilbospore, 545. 

Stilbosporideas, 544. 

Stilbum, 563, 564. 

Stool, acorn, 675, 676. 

— club, 656—658. 

— crater, 652. 

— curtain, 627—630. 

— dimple, 621—623. 

— dung, 632—635. 

— earpick, 650. 

— footless, 617. 

— funnel, 669, 670. 

— head, 660,661. 

— hedgehog, 651, 

— high, 619—621. 

— honeycomb, 639,640. 

— labyrinth, 638, 639. 

— milk, 623—625. 

— mitre, 659, 660.


Stool, navel, 611—614. Tremella deliquescens, Ulva articulata, 3S1. 

— pipe, 648. 

.595. 

— atomaria, 341, 

— prickle, 650. — ditrormis, 301. — bulbosa, 343, 385. 

— prune, 630—632. — dubia, 595. — capillaris, 379, 

•— slipper, 610. — ferruginea, 593. — caprina, 345. 

— spathiila, 6(-3. — fluviatilis, 351. — ciliata, 371. 

— spine, 652. — foliacea, 594. — clathrata, 346. 

— sponge, 645. — globulosa, 285. — compressa, 346, S47. 

— toothless, 651. — granulata,290. — crispa, 344,367. 

Strap, sea, 3S9. 

.— hemispherica,284. — defracta, 34S. 

Strilia, 645. — intestinalis, 351. — delicatula, 345. 

Strongylium,4S5, 5G3. — intumescens, 593. — diaphana, 353. 

Strozzius, 682. — juniperina, 546, 594. — dichotoma, 341. 

Suillidete, 646, — lachryraalis, 595. — digitata, 385. 

Suillus, 646, — lichenoides,401. — edulis, 344. 

Swartzia, 742, 743. — marina, 342,^44,346, — elminthoides, 348. 

Sjntrichia, 723. 

381,583. — fasciata, 343. 

— mesenterica, 593. — filiformis, 347. 

— mesenterifosmis, 594. — listulosa, 347. 

T, — natan?,285. — tlavescens, 353. 

— nostoc,S51. — fostida, 350. 

Targionia, 6S0, 681. — palustri5, 302,342. — furfuracea, 377. 

Targionideffi, 6S0. — priinifoimis, 352. — granulata, 290. 

Teeth, paired, 744. — purpurea, 547. — incrassata, 302. 

Tendo,386. — sarcoides, 667. 

•— intestinalis, 345. 

Tethya, 361, 362. — spiculosa, 594. — lactuca,342—344. 

Tetraphis, 717. — stipitata, 595. — lactucsefolia, 342, 

Thalassiophytffi, 317. — ustnlata, 594. — lanceolata, 343. 

Thamnidium, 560. — utriculata, 285,351. — latissima, 343, 384. 

Thauatophyton, 590. — verrucosa, 285, 351. — ligulata, 341. 

Thelebolideffi, 531. — violacea, 694. — linza,343. 

Thelebolus,531. 

Tremeliideae, 593. — marina, 342, 344 

Thelephora, 652, 653. Trichia, 483,485,57l— 346. 

ThelephorideEe, 652. 573,t574-5S0. — maxima, 384. 

Thelotretua, 

-f-494, 495. Trichiadfcs,574. — mesenterica, 3S4. 

Thistle, St. Marv's, 385. Trichoderma, — 550,-f-560, montana, 349. 

Thread,leather,2B5,28G. 558. — mnltifida,342. 

— marsh, 3 13, 

Tricliodermidete, 560. — pahnata, 344. 

Thuja, 690. 

Tiicbostomum, 722,727, — palustris, 343,684. 

Tongue,ground,65S,659 734,739—743. — pavonia, 340. 

Tooth, four, 717. 

Trichothpcium, 550. 

— 

— Phyllitis,384. 

net, 722. 

Truffle, 592. — plantaginea, 383. 

— odd, 748. 

Truffb, 592. 

— 

— plantag!nifolia,3S3. 

sea, 364. 

Tnba, 672, 673. 

— 

— plicata, 343. 

while, 741. 

Tsiber, 682, 590, +592. 

— 

— plumosa, 289. 

wood, 649. 

Tubercularia, 547. — protuberans, 349. 

Tortula, 722—725. Tuberculatidea;, 547. — pruniformis,28S,339, 

Torula, 550, t557. Tuheride3B,592. 

389. 

Tow, old wives, 710. Tubifera, 570. — punctata, 365. 

Trattinickia, 340. Tubulifera, 570. — purpurascens, 347, 

Trembler, 348. 

Tnbulina, 570. 

379. 

Tremella,401,f593. Tuft, club, 662, 563. 

— 

— purpurea, 344. 

acrosperraum, 595. 

— 

— pencil, 563. — radicata, 290. 

adnata, 302, 348. 

— 

— plaited, 562. — ramulosa, 346. 

albida, 593. 

— 

— tangle, 563. — rubra, 301 

arborea, 594. 

Tulostoma, 686, 

— 


auricula, 594. 

Tnlostomideae, 586. 

— 

— saccharina, 3S4. 

botryoides, 349. Tiipha, 354, 355. 

— 

— saxatiiis, 6S5. 

cerebri na, 593. Typhoderma, 558, 559. 

— 

— serrata, 341. 

cinnabarina, 695, 

— 

— sobolifera, 345. 

clavata, 595. 

U. 

— cruenta, 350. 

Ulvn, f342—345, 

— terrestris, 343, 344, 

331. -


lJWaTarneri,347, 

— uBabilicalis, 344. 

— umbiiscata, 344. 

Ulvoidese, 342. 

Umbilicaria> 476,478. 

Up, breaking, 293, 294. 

Uiceolaria, 453, f 457 

460, 494, 495. 

Uredo, 538,t539— 542, 

Verrucaria ciiierca,496. Verrucaria vernalis,472 

— confluens, 464. — viridirufa, 456. 

— conglomerata, 474. Verrucaridae, 495. 

— contorta, 459. 

Vertebrata, 338. 

— decolorans, 471. Vespertilio, 399. 

— elTusa, 451. 

VJrgaria, 552, 553. 

— epiga;a, 498. 

— escharoides, 471. 

— frondosa,457. 

W. 

Usnea, 403,404. — fulva, 445. 

— barbata, 404. — fiimo.sa, 463. 

Wall, hyssop on the,7 15. 

— bicolor, 405. — fuscella, 493, 499. Webera, 768, 770,771. 

.— chalybeiforrais, 40S. — fusco-ater, 463. Weed, belly, 378 

— dichotoma, 408. — gemmata,496. 

383. 

— floiida, 403. — geographica, 465. — bottle brush, +331, 

— liippotrichioides,489 — glaucina, 497. 

332. 

—" implexa,408. — granulosa, 471. — bristle, 321. 

— intricata, 406. — iiifimatomma, 457. — brown, +321,322, 

— jubaia, 408. — Harrimanni, 497. — flake, 384. 

— lanata, 405. — humosimilis, 467. — fork, 394. 

— lanea, 405. — immersa, 467,497. — girdle, t340,341. 

— loris longis, 408. — iaipolita,4S0. — gulf, 393. 

— oflicinarum, 403. — lulescens, 453. — hartshorn, 389. 

— plicata, 403. — maiira, 498. — horn, +327,328. 

— pubescens^ 405. — inelaleuca, 496. — knot, +330,331. 

— nidicifonBis,^488. r- ocenata,459, — lichen, 388. 

UsneadeiB, 403, — olivacea, 496, — rnoss, 288, 28&. 

Ustilago, 53s. 

,— orbiculata, 491. 

'"— 

— plum, 37 1—377. 

parella, 454. — pod, 394. 

— betrsea, 463. — pretty, +322,323. 

— pluinbea,497. — ribband, 383, 

— polythecia, 499. — river, 312, 

Vaginaria, 280. — poIytropa,475. — rope, 386. 

Vagiuata, 601. — porphyria, 457. — rust, +332,333. 

Variolaria, 47l,^490— — punctifonnis,496, — thong, 386. 

493,509,5l4,515. — rubella, 472. 

Wcissia, +729—732, 

Variolaridaj, 490. — rubra, 457, 

743,745,746. 

Vaucheria,289—292. — rufescens, 472. Wort, ground liver,428. 

Vaiicheridea', 288. — rui)estris,497. — lung, 430, 

Veiitilabrum, 359. — salicina, 456. Wrack, 389, 390. 

Vei riicaria abie(ina,450 — sanguinaria, 464. 

— acrotella, 498. — S hVaderi,497. 

—; _ alba, 496. 

siiacea, 465. 

X. 

— alboatra, 469. — gtigmatella, 496. 

— albo cerulescens,468. — stillicidiorum, 456. Xylaria, 507, + 510,511. 

— — analepta,496. 

striatula,498. Xylodon,649, 

—-antiquitatis, 494. — sulpiiurea, 470. Xyloma, 545, 546. 

atro alba,463, — tartarea, 455. 

Xylomideai, 545. 

— atrosanguinea, 467. — tesselata,459,493. Xylostroma, 559. 

— atrovirens, 465. — thelostoma, 493. 

aurantiaca, 475. — tubercularia, 491. 

—.badia, 451. — uliginoia, 467. 

Z. 

— byssacea. 498. — umbilicata,453. 

— byssina, 475. — uiiibrina, 494, 

Zonaria, +340,341. 

— calcarea, 468. — varia, 452. 

Zygodon, 

— ceiina, 456. — Tcntosa, 451. 

744.' 

Zygnema, 296—30Q. 

C. Baldwin, Printer, 

New Bridge-street. liOnilon. 

END OF VOL. I.

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