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3 2044 106 366 750<br />
LIBRARY OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM<br />
HARVARD UNIVERSITY<br />
DQUQIIT<br />
^e. bound fipril /J-, / ^o'o"
fleOEl. 2'7\mtispicce . See -R^e 236:<br />
Zondim.,JiAlis7ied.hvScddwai^(hfdo
o<br />
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT<br />
OF<br />
BRITISH PLANTS,<br />
ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIONS TO EACH OTHER,<br />
AS POINTED OUT BY<br />
JUSSIEU, DE CANDOLLE, BROWN, &c.<br />
INCLUDING<br />
THOSE CULTIVATED FOR USE;<br />
WITH<br />
AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,<br />
IN WHICH THE TERMS NEWLY INTRODUCED ARE EXPLAINED;<br />
ILLUSTHATED BY TIGURES.<br />
BY<br />
SAMUEL FREDERICK GRAY,<br />
Lecturer on Botany, the Materia Medica, and Pharmaceutic Chemistry.<br />
VOL. L<br />
LONDON:<br />
PRINTED FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY,<br />
PATERNOSTER-ROW.<br />
1821.<br />
^^n- ; ' .X'M,<br />
A,
?" r r, JY-rr-, >7,<br />
" Was every fauUcring tongue of man.<br />
Almighty Father, silent in thy praise.<br />
Thy works themselves would raise a general voice,<br />
Ev'n in the depths of solitary woods.<br />
By human foot untrod ; proclaim thy power.<br />
And to the choir celestial Thee resound,<br />
Th' eternal Cause, Support, and End of all."<br />
Thomson.—Summer.<br />
C. Baldwin, Printer, A\<br />
Npw Bri.lrp-r.frpft. London. ^^ ./^<br />
0^-
TO<br />
THE MOST REVEREND<br />
CHARLES,<br />
BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE,<br />
LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY,<br />
PRIMATE OF ALL ENGLAND, AND METROPOLITAN,<br />
THIS WORK<br />
IS DEDICATED BY<br />
HIS grace's<br />
MOST DEVOTED AND HUMBLE SERVANT,<br />
THE AUTHOR.
" Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow;<br />
they toil not, neither do they spin : and yet I say unto<br />
you, that even Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed<br />
like one of these."<br />
Jesus in Matthew.
PREFACE.<br />
A VARIETY of methods have been adopted by authors<br />
for the arrangement of plants, in order that the knowledge<br />
mankind possesses of them may be more readily communi-<br />
cated to students in botany. The ancient authors consi-<br />
dered only the uses of plants, and arranged them accord-<br />
ingly into timber or fruit trees, corn, pulse, culinary and<br />
medicinal plants, those used for dyeing, for garlands, for<br />
spinning or other mechanical purposes, and the like; while,<br />
as a kind of supplementary knowledge, those whose pro-<br />
perties rendered them deleterious to man himself or to the<br />
animals bred or domesticated by him were considered under<br />
the title of poisons; and those which impeded the growth<br />
of the plants cultivated by him were arranged under the<br />
general name of weeds ; while the great mass of vegetables,<br />
to which neither usefulness nor harm could be attributed,<br />
were slighted, and indeed entirely neglected, unless any of<br />
them presented a phenomenon that struck forcibly on the<br />
attention, as the apparently sensitive property of the mimosa,<br />
or the water-dropping faculty of the nepenthes distillatoria.<br />
Succeeding authors have been more philosophically inclined,<br />
and have wished to bestow an equal degree of attention<br />
upon all the productions of the Almighty Creator, to the<br />
end that those now esteemed as useless may be pointed out<br />
for future investigation. The botanists of this school have<br />
given us general or local catalogues of plants, arranged<br />
either in the alphabetic order of their names, or according<br />
to the periodical time of their flowering, or partly from the<br />
whole period of their growth in the open air and partly<br />
from the contrivances they require to produce an artificial
yi PREFACE.<br />
temperature similar to that of their native climates. None<br />
of these arrangements, however, afford any means by which<br />
a student, in possession of a plant unknown to him, can<br />
discover its situation in the catalogue : and, of course, he<br />
is necessitated to have recourse for this purpose to the<br />
instruction of a living master, who may not always be at<br />
hand.<br />
With the view, therefore, of enabling a solitary student<br />
to refer an unknown plant to its congeners, Lobel discarded<br />
every other consideration than the structure of plants, par-<br />
ticularly of their flowers, that being the period when they<br />
principally attract our attention. On this foundation, he<br />
investigated the natural affinities of plants to each other,<br />
and arranged those known to him in between forty and<br />
fift}'^ families, beginning with the grasses ; and gave a list<br />
of those beionorinCT to each familv, but without determining<br />
any common character by which the plants of each family<br />
may be known; leaving this decision, in respect to the<br />
plants not noticed by him, to the intelligence and acumen<br />
of the student. Csesalpinus, Ray, Tournefort, Hermann,<br />
Boerhaave, and other authors, who were trained in the<br />
schools of logic and of the mathematics, have endeavoured<br />
to supply this deficiency, and to exhibit the marks or<br />
characters by which the several natural families may be<br />
recognized, and have further attempted to arrange these<br />
families in a regular series, so that the student, instead of<br />
relying upon his own conceptions of the affinity of a plant<br />
with those known to him, may, from a consideration of its<br />
structure when in a perfect state, refer it to its proper<br />
family, and ascertain its name if already known, or have,<br />
in the other case, a well grounded assurance that it has not<br />
hitherto been described or named by authors.<br />
The first scientific botanists, in consequence of their<br />
attempts to employ none but very obvious characters, could<br />
only attain their end by using a multiplicity of them, and<br />
this necessitated an intricate arrangfement. Succecdinij-<br />
authors attempted simpler methods, by choosing a few par-
PREFACE. Vll<br />
ticular organs, common to the greater part of plants ; and<br />
collecting together, in classes and subdivisions, the several<br />
plants which agreed in respect to the structure or number<br />
of these chosen organs, vidthout any regard to the affinity a<br />
more accurate observation of the whole structure of the<br />
plant might develope. Of these mere artificial methods,<br />
as they are termed, Rivinus, professor at Leipzig, was the<br />
introducer, and he took his primary divisions from the<br />
regularity or irregularity of the corolla, or what is commonly<br />
called the bloom, and the number of parts into<br />
which it is cut, and subdivided each of these primary<br />
divisions in a uniform manner, according to the nature of<br />
the fruit. In this system he was followed by Hebenstreit,<br />
Knaut, Ludwig, and Ruppius. The botanists of this school<br />
considered the method of Rivinus in its proper light, as<br />
being merely a ready means of determining the family, or<br />
what is now called the genus, to which any plant belongs<br />
and, therefore, contented themselves with following it up<br />
to that point, leaving the further knowledge of plants to be<br />
sought for in the authors who have arranged their works<br />
by the natural affinities of plants, or other considerations.<br />
The want of the power of locomotion, by which plants<br />
are most evidently distinguished from the generality of<br />
animals, and the consequent inability of approaching<br />
each other, if the organs of reproduction were seated in<br />
distinct individuals and the analogy of animal generation<br />
strictly observed, while, at the same time, they are, from<br />
the same immobility, liable to a variety of accidents, which<br />
animals elude by the power of changing their place,<br />
rendered necessary the adoption of peculiar contrivances<br />
to preserve and multiply the species in which some analogy<br />
may be observed with those of animals, more apparent<br />
however than real.<br />
The prurient mind of Linnseus, so visibly exhibited in<br />
his mode of describing bivalve shells, was struck by the<br />
great difference between animals and vegetables in this<br />
respect; and he immediately applied himself to arrange<br />
;
Vlll<br />
PREFACE.<br />
plants by those organs that appear to be analogous in their<br />
functions to the sexual organs of animals. Assuming the<br />
flowering of plants to be what he poetically terms their<br />
nuptials, he likened each separate flower to a bridal cham-<br />
ber, and formed his primary divisions from the number of<br />
the male organs present in each flower, and his subdivisions<br />
were formed from the number of the female organs which<br />
were also present in the same chamber: the Omniscient<br />
Creator having lessened the chances of failure arising from<br />
the immobility of plants b}' multiplying the points of union,<br />
and increasing the number of the organs, especially of the<br />
male. As Linnseus considered not only the number of<br />
these organs, but in many cases their situation, connection,<br />
and proportion, he has departed from the simplicity which<br />
ought to form the basis of an artificial system and was so<br />
strictly observed by Rivinus, and has rendered his system<br />
as intricate as some of those who endeavoured to place<br />
kindred plants together. His successor in the chair at<br />
Upsal, Thunberg, has therefore endeavoured to simplify<br />
his method, but with considerable opposition. While<br />
Ludwig, in the second edition of his Genera, and Hill,<br />
along with the primary divisions of Rivinus taken from the<br />
corolla employed those of Linnaeus for their subdivisions,<br />
but have not met with any followers.<br />
The novelty of the Linnaean method, the distinction of<br />
the species being always taken from the variations to be<br />
observed in the plant itself, together with the industry of<br />
Linnseus and his followers in extending his catalogue, and<br />
forming, as it were, a new science, that of the nomenclature<br />
of plants, instead of the old botany, which, as we have said,<br />
principally devoted itself to the uses of plants, all contributed<br />
to give an eclat to his system, and to extend its influence<br />
beyond its proper limits. So that instead of being taught<br />
to use this method only as a finder, or as an index to the<br />
authors who wrote on the natural history of plants, the<br />
student was led to believe that this was the only arrangement<br />
that ough£ to be adopted in all works that treat of
PREFACE. IX<br />
plants : and there have not been wanting authors who have<br />
even written works upon gardening, or the materia medica,<br />
arranged on the Linnasan system.* This undue extension<br />
of the sexual method is contrary even to the declared<br />
opinion of Linnseus himself, who expressly says, he con-<br />
sidered it only as a temporary substitute until the natural<br />
method, or that which considers the mutual affinities of<br />
plants, be so far improved as to admit of a clue being ap-<br />
plied to it, by which the student may investigate the place<br />
of a plant in the method without any other help.<br />
* Thus the LinEEean botanists committed the same error as the gram-<br />
marians and the philologers have frequently done in the composition of<br />
diction.iries, vocabularies, and etymologicons, from not considering the<br />
different uses of the various methods. Some interpreting dictionaries are<br />
arranged by roots, as those of Scapula, Mair, Salmon, and for most of the<br />
Oriental languages, to the great hindrance of the young student} while,<br />
on the other hand, Gesner, Johnson, the Delia Crusca, and the French<br />
Academy, have given us critical dictionaries, in the alphabetical order of<br />
the words, and have thus deprived themselves of the great help they might<br />
have deduced from the method of the roots, or the vocabulary form.<br />
If these authors had reflected upon the subject, instead of blindly follow-<br />
ing the track of some preceding author, who had perhaps a different object<br />
in view, they would certainly have discovered that, for interpreting an<br />
unknown language into a known, the alphabetic order either of the initial<br />
or terminal letters was indeed the most proper, because the letters of the<br />
word arc, by hypothesis, the only guide. Whether the initial letters, as<br />
used in most cases, or the terminal, as adopted in the Coptic dictionaries,<br />
be the most proper, may admit of some dispute, the latter has the advantage<br />
of exhibiting the sense attached to the various terminations more clearly<br />
than the former. When the words of a known language are used to find<br />
the corresponding words in one that is unknown, the vocabulary form has<br />
the advantage of bringing together all those words that would denote nearly<br />
similar ideas. Whether this form, or tiie alphabetic order be adopted, this<br />
is the proper part of a double interpreting dictionary, to produce examples<br />
from the classic writers in the less known tongue, as authority for tlie use<br />
of those words; and not, as was absurdly done by Ainsworth, in the<br />
unknown—known part, since, in reading a foreign work, the context<br />
will enable the reader to choose the proper signification if the word be<br />
ambiguous; whereas, in writing a foreign language, we have occasion for<br />
examples to guide us in our choice of nearly synonymous words. The<br />
utility of the method of roots, for a critical dictionary, and the difficulty of<br />
using one on this plan for interpretation, is surely self-evident.
X<br />
TREFACE.<br />
Linnseus, considering only the external appearance of<br />
the flower and fruit, despaired of finding this clue; but the<br />
favourers of the older arrangements have bestowed so much<br />
attention in examining the internal organization of plants,<br />
particularly of the fruit and seed, and various organs, which<br />
were neglected by the Linnsean nomenclators, that this<br />
desirable point is now attained. The present work exhibits<br />
the results of the latest investigations into the mutual<br />
affinities of plants; and the synopsis of the subdivisions<br />
attached to the several divisions furnishes a clue which will<br />
enable a student to trace the connexion of the several parts,<br />
and their dependence upon each other. When the author<br />
considered the great pains which had been taken with many<br />
of the families, and especially with those, which, from their<br />
not plainly exhibiting the sexual organs, were huddled<br />
together by Linnaeus in his twenty-fourth class, which<br />
contains probably far more plants than all his other<br />
twenty-three classes put together; and that there had not<br />
yet appeared in this country any detailed account of these<br />
researches, he was led to engage in preparing this system<br />
for the use of the English students of this delightful species<br />
of knowledge.<br />
An essential difference exists between the mere deter-<br />
mination of the name of plants, and the study of their<br />
affinities to each other. The nomenclature of plants re-<br />
tjuires the study of so many only of their organs, and such<br />
a slight consideration of these as may suffice to determine<br />
the difference that may exist betwixt any two plants that<br />
might otherwise be confounded. The scientific study of<br />
their affinities requires, on the contrary, the whole of their<br />
organization to be kept in view, and the changes it may<br />
undergo during their natural life ; hence there arises a<br />
necessity for a more accurate discrimination of the various<br />
forms of their organs than is required for the nomenclature<br />
only. The botanists of the natural school have, therefore,<br />
been led to invent a far greater number of terms than were<br />
introduced into use when Linneeus wrote hi& Philosophia
PllEFACE. XI<br />
Botanica. Whatever opinion may be entertained of the<br />
necessity of increasing the number of substantives to denote<br />
the several organs, and their principal variations, instead<br />
of using the old substantives with the addition of appropriate<br />
adjectives to limit their signification, yet as these new sub-<br />
stantives are used by the greatest part of modern authors,<br />
and have not yet been explained in our language, there<br />
appeared a necessity of prefixing an introduction to botany,<br />
principally for the purpose of giving a connected view of<br />
the anatomy of vegetables, according to the latest views of<br />
Mirbel, De Candolle, and other eminent botanists. The<br />
figures annexed to this part of the work have been very<br />
carefully selected, with a view of comprising as much<br />
information as possible in a small compass.<br />
In consequence of the addition of this introduction, this<br />
work contains all that is necessary for the student of English<br />
botany, unless he is desirous of verifying his first steps in<br />
the science by a reference to the figures of plants. The<br />
very high price of Sowerby's English Botany, which is<br />
seldom to be procured for less than fifty guineas, rendering<br />
it inaccessible to the generality of students, it has been<br />
judged preferable to refer to Gerarde's Herbal as edited<br />
by Johnson, and the Theatre of Parkinson, either of which<br />
may be purchased at a very moderate price; and their<br />
figures, although only wood cuts, will give a good idea of<br />
the plants. Some may prefer the figures of those parts<br />
only which characterize the genera, and of these the<br />
cheapest is Tournefort's Institutiones Rei herbarise, whose<br />
genera in general correspond with those of Ray. But<br />
these helps desert the student when he attempts the study<br />
of the plants which were called by the ancient botanists,<br />
on account of their not bearing flowers, imperfect plants<br />
and by Linnaeus, because he could not detect in them the<br />
presence of the sexual organs, which his preconceived<br />
opinion required to be present in all plants, cryptogamia,<br />
that is to say, secret marriages. Should the student en-<br />
deavour to penetrate this, the higher botany, and wish for<br />
;
Xii<br />
PREFACE.<br />
the help of figures, he will require either the Historia<br />
Muscorum of Dillenius, the Hydrophyta Danica of Lyng-<br />
bye, the System der Pilze und Schwamm of Esenbeck, or<br />
Sowerby's English Fuugi, according to his peculiar views.<br />
With the view of assisting those students who have been<br />
accustomed to use the Linnaean mode of investigating plants,<br />
there is prefixed to the second volume, which contains the<br />
perfect, or phenogamous, plants, an analytical guide to the<br />
families, according to the number of the sexual organs.<br />
It remains then only to say a few words respecting the<br />
index. In general, the Latin generic names only have<br />
been quoted, but when a genus contains a great number of<br />
species, as agaricus, lichen, conferva, rosa, jmicus, and some<br />
others, the trivial names are referred to, or the second word<br />
of the specific difference, if the plant had no name given to<br />
it by the old botanists. In a few cases, when the second<br />
word was an adjective, agreeing not with the genei'ic name,<br />
but with a following substantive, this adjective is omitted,<br />
and the governing substantive inserted, as bryum perangustis<br />
crebrioribus foliis, &c. of Dillenius in Raii Synopsis, is<br />
referred to in the index under Bryum foliis.<br />
As to English names, a considerable number of new ones<br />
have, for the sake of system, been given to the genera of<br />
plants; in forming the majority of which, the form and<br />
fashion of our ancient names have been as closely adhered<br />
to as was possible ; but, in some instances, Anglicized Latin<br />
names are used : these, however, ought to be regarded as<br />
only temporary. In regard to the manner in which compound<br />
English names are inserted in an index, a considerable<br />
diffei'ence is observable in authors. Some few insert them<br />
as they are spoken, as plough mans' spike nard under P,<br />
evening prim rose under E. Other authors seem to consider<br />
spike nard and prim rose as generic names, and place them<br />
under S and P. Some carelessly insert them without any-<br />
regular rule, so that a person is frequently obliged to search<br />
for all the words of which a name is composed before he<br />
finds the reference. To avoid ihis, a general rule has been
PREFACE. Xiii<br />
laid down, and they are inserted under their last word,<br />
even when the composition is not apparent at first sight,<br />
as tur-nep, the nep which is round as if turned in a lathe,<br />
so pars-nep, that which from its size requires to be chopped<br />
or divided into parts to fit it for eating, as schoolboys are<br />
said to parse their lessons, when they divide them gram-<br />
matically. Pars-ley is, by an error only referred to under<br />
ley. It signifies an herb to be chopped, alluding to its use<br />
in sauces and stuffing. The ley being only another spell-<br />
ing of lea, grass, as in the song<br />
—<br />
Over the water and over the lea<br />
but, in parsley, is used for herb, as Virgil, on the contrary,<br />
uses herba for grass :<br />
—<br />
In molli consedimus herba. Buc. 3, 55,<br />
An index of the authors mentioned in the Introduction,<br />
and a very copious index of the botanical terms, are sub-<br />
joined to the first volume. It was at first intended to omit<br />
the references to those terms which are self-evident to an<br />
English reader, but, upon considering that foreigners might<br />
have occasion to ascertain their meaning, they have been<br />
inserted, omitting however those English terms which vary<br />
but slightly in their termination from the corresponding<br />
Latin terms.<br />
I have now to return my thanks for the kind assistance<br />
1 have received, and particularly to A. B. Lambert, R.A.<br />
Salisbury, and A. H. Haworth, Esqrs. Messrs. E. and J.<br />
Bennett, and Mr. Deer. The death of Sir Joseph Banks,<br />
during the printing, has, to my great regret, prevented me<br />
from a similar acknowledgement, as a slight return for<br />
the many advantages I have received from the use of his<br />
Library and Herbarium : and has also been a cause of great<br />
delay, in being obliged to wait the arrival of another copy<br />
of Esenbeck's work from German}^, that tiiose interesting<br />
plants the fungi might be arranged according to the latest<br />
improvements.<br />
;
Principio, genus herbarum, vlridemque nitorein.<br />
Terra dedit circumcoUeis ; camposque per omneis<br />
Florida fulserunt viridanti prata colore<br />
Arboribusque datum est variis exinde per auras<br />
Crescundi magnum immissis certamen habenis.<br />
Ut pluma atque pilei primum, setaeque, creantur<br />
Quadrupednm membris, et corpore pennipotentum ;<br />
Sic nova turn tellus herbas, virgultaque, primum<br />
Substulit ; inde loci mortalia corda creavit,<br />
Multa, modis multis, varia ratioue, coorta.<br />
Lucretius, V. 781—790.<br />
:
THE GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS,<br />
According to their mutual relations, with the nitmher of<br />
PLANTS CELLULOS2E.<br />
1 A. Pl„ CELL. APHYLLEjE.<br />
I. HydropJiytcc,<br />
A. i, Vagiiiaria t<br />
2. Oscillatoria 5<br />
3. Ihiniida 3<br />
4. Eli^a 9<br />
5. Rivularia 4<br />
6. Scytonema 5<br />
B. 1. Gifaidia 2<br />
C. 8, Lemania 2<br />
D. 9. Brjopsis 1<br />
10, Vaiichcria IS<br />
11. Codiiiin 2<br />
E. 12. Fragillaria 3<br />
13. Biddulphia 3<br />
14, Diatorria 4<br />
F. 15. Zygnema 2<br />
16. Conjngata 7<br />
n. Choaspis 1<br />
18. Agardhia 1<br />
19. Serpeiitiiiaria 2<br />
O, 20. Hydrodictyon 1<br />
IL 21. Chaetophora I<br />
22. Leathesia 1<br />
23. Myriodactylon 2<br />
24. DraparnaldJa 2<br />
23. Conferva ....53<br />
2. ThalassinphytcE.<br />
A. 26. Mesogloja .'. . , 1<br />
27. Bulbochffite 1<br />
28. Ectocarpus G<br />
29. Callithamnion ..17<br />
30. Ceramium.... 3<br />
31. Griffitsia. 3<br />
32. Borrichius.. 1<br />
33. Batrachospermum 2<br />
B. 34. CladostephuB 3<br />
35. Spliacelaria 5<br />
36. EUisius 2<br />
37. Hutchinsia 17<br />
3S^ Vertebrata. 1<br />
species in each genus.<br />
C. 39. Jatiia . . 2<br />
40. Corallina 3<br />
D. 41. Zonaria ............... . 2<br />
42. Dictyota 2<br />
43. Diciyoptcris I<br />
E. 44. Aspcrococcus I<br />
45. Ulva ...12<br />
46. Scytosiplion 9<br />
47. Palmella 2<br />
48. Meiietia 4<br />
49. Olivia 6<br />
F. 30. Cariodorus.,. 1<br />
51. JN'ostoc 1<br />
G. 52. Alcyoniditim 1<br />
53. Ephidatia i<br />
54. Spongilla 2<br />
H. .55. Tuplia 13<br />
56. Scypha 9<br />
57. Spono;ia.., .14<br />
38. Tethya 3<br />
I. 39. Delesseria.. 3<br />
60. Odonthalia 1<br />
61. Sp'naerococcus 15<br />
62. Gigartina 18<br />
63. Gaslridium 16<br />
K. 64. Fasciata 2<br />
65. Laminaria 4<br />
66. Phasgonon 2<br />
67. Chorda , 2<br />
68. Chordaria i<br />
69. Sporochnus 2<br />
70. Desmarestia 2<br />
71. Lichina 2<br />
72. Himanthalia ..... 1<br />
73. Cervina I<br />
74. Fucus ... 3<br />
75. Halidrys 3<br />
76. Mackaia... 6<br />
77. Baccalaria .......... 2<br />
78. Siliquaria I<br />
79. Furcellaria I<br />
3. Homothalamtce.<br />
A. 80. PlacyiUhium ...,.,,... 1
, .<br />
XVI GENERA.<br />
81. Enchylium 11<br />
82. Scytenium 1<br />
S3. Mallotium 2<br />
84. L.ithagrium 4<br />
85. Leptogium 3<br />
86. Polychidiiim 6<br />
B. 87. Usnea 3<br />
C. 88. Cornicularia 6<br />
89. Ramalina 4<br />
90. Alectoria 3<br />
4. Cenothalamcce<br />
A. 91. Stereocaiilon 2<br />
92. Isidiutn 4<br />
93. BiEomvces 3<br />
B. 94. Ceranfa . 1<br />
95. Cladonia 6<br />
96. Helopodium 2<br />
97. Schasmaria 1<br />
98. Scyjjhophora 17<br />
99. Pycoothelia 1<br />
C. 100. Eveniia 1<br />
D. 101. Roccella 3<br />
102. Nephroma 2<br />
103. Peltidea 8<br />
104. Solorina 2<br />
105. Siicta 8<br />
106. Cetraria 6<br />
107. Borrera 7<br />
108. Phjscia 2<br />
109. Parmelia 31<br />
E. 110. Psoroma 8<br />
111. Placodium 9<br />
119. Rinodina 35<br />
113. Urceolaria 9<br />
114. Lepidoma 11<br />
115. Lecidea 58<br />
F. 116. Gyrophoia 9<br />
G. in. Arthonia 5<br />
118. Spiloma 8<br />
H. 119. Acoliura 3<br />
120. Phacotrum 11<br />
121. Strongylium 3<br />
5. IdiothalamecE<br />
A. 129. Sphserophoron S<br />
123. Rhizomorpha H<br />
B. 124. Variolaria 9<br />
C. 125. Pyreiiula 3<br />
126. Tlieloirema 3<br />
127. Porina 2<br />
D. 128. Lejophlea 4<br />
129. Lithocia 6<br />
130. Inoderina... 2<br />
131. Endocarpon 13<br />
E. 132, Graphis.' 8<br />
13.'5. Alvxoria 2<br />
134. Hysterina 12<br />
6. Sarcothalantece.<br />
A. 135. Adidlum 1<br />
136. Tlypoderma 6<br />
137. Hysterium S<br />
B. 138. Xylaria 6<br />
139. Hypoxylon 5<br />
140. Periplierostoma 16<br />
141. Poronia 1<br />
142. Nemania , 21<br />
143. Cucurbitaria 4<br />
144. Engizostoma 6<br />
145. Circinostoma 6<br />
146. Exormatostoma 10<br />
147. Astoma 21<br />
148. Sphaeiia 36<br />
C. 149. Thelebolus 1<br />
D. 150. Nemaspora 5<br />
7. ProtomycecB.<br />
A. 151. Roestelia 5<br />
152. jEcidiura 21<br />
153. Ustilago 3<br />
154. Uredo 10<br />
155. Albugo 3<br />
156. Ccetnurus 5<br />
157. Dicseoma 9<br />
158. Pnccinia 5<br />
159. Podisoma 1<br />
B. 160. Eiisidiura 3<br />
161. Stilbospora 2<br />
C. 162. Xyloma 5<br />
D. 163. Gymnosporangium 1<br />
E. 164, jEgerita 1<br />
165. Fusarium I<br />
F. 166. Tubercularia 2<br />
8. Nematomyce
F. 193. Thamnidiura I<br />
194. Mucor 5<br />
195. Ascophora 2<br />
196. I'ilobolus I<br />
G. 197. Ceratium 1<br />
198, Isaria 3<br />
199. Coremiura 2<br />
200 Cephalotricbum 1<br />
H. 201. Stilbum 3<br />
9. Gasteromi/ceeB,<br />
A. 202. Eurotium 1<br />
203. ^tlialiiiin 1<br />
204. Lignidium 1<br />
20.x Spumaria 1<br />
206. SlroiigyliEm I<br />
207. Lycogala 4<br />
B. 208. Mymtheciura 1<br />
209. Dichosporuin 1<br />
210. Licca 2<br />
211. D.rinodium 2<br />
C. 212. Didvmium 3<br />
213. Diderma 1<br />
214. Cioiiiiiin 6<br />
215. Physarum 7<br />
216. Leangium 2<br />
217. Leocarpiis 2<br />
D. 218. Trichia 8<br />
219. Aicyria 5<br />
E. 220. Cribaria -.. 3<br />
221. Dictvdium 2<br />
F. 222. Stemonitis 4<br />
G. 223. Crateriiim 3<br />
224. Pyxidiutn 1<br />
H. 225. Onygena... 1<br />
I. 226. Sphserobolus 1<br />
K. 227. Scleriiderma 4<br />
228. llypogaeum 1<br />
229. Bovista 3<br />
230. Lycoperdon 7<br />
231. Geastruin 6<br />
232. PolyBtoma 1<br />
L, 23.3, Tulostoma 1<br />
M.234. PolyaHgium 1<br />
N. 235. Gyathus 4<br />
10. SarcotheceieE.<br />
A. 236. Erysibe 10<br />
237. Thanatopliy turn 1<br />
23S. Sclerotium 9<br />
B. 239. Tuber 3<br />
C 240. Tremella 1<br />
241, Gyraiia 12<br />
242. Coryne 2<br />
11, Hymenothec€(B,<br />
A, 243. Amanita 8<br />
244. Vaginata 3<br />
245. Lepiota 8<br />
246. Gymnopus 36<br />
247. Omphalia ... dS<br />
VOL. I.<br />
GENERA. xvii<br />
248. Pleiiropu9 5<br />
249. Crcpidopus,,,. 5<br />
250. Apus 2<br />
251. Resiipinatus 1<br />
B. 252. Russula 4<br />
253, Mycena 17<br />
254, Micrompliale 8<br />
255, Lactaiius 12<br />
C. 256. Pratella 5<br />
257. Cortinaria 15<br />
258. Piunuliis 10<br />
259. Coprinus 16<br />
D. 260. Asterophora 1<br />
E. 261. Mevulius 1<br />
262. Caiuharellus 3<br />
263. Corniola g<br />
264. Serpula , 1<br />
265. Gomphus « 1<br />
F. 266. Dffidalea 5<br />
G. 267. Poria 5<br />
268. Boletus 17<br />
269. Grifola 6<br />
270. Coltiicia 3<br />
271. Striglia 1<br />
272. Albatrellos 2<br />
273. Polypor.Hs 1<br />
H. 274. Suillus 1<br />
275. PinuE^us 1<br />
276. Leccinuin 10<br />
277. Fistulina 1<br />
I. 278. Sistotrcina 2<br />
279. Cerrena 1<br />
280. Xylodon 2<br />
K. 281. Hydnum |<br />
282. Dentiniim 2<br />
283. AuriscaJpium^.. .« 1<br />
284. Steccherinum 3<br />
285. Odontia ,.„ 2<br />
286. Ilericiuin . .. .. , ]<br />
L. 287. Craferella I<br />
288. Stereum 5<br />
289. Corticium i<br />
290. Merisma 2<br />
M.291. Corynoides 4<br />
292. Ramaria 8<br />
293. Clavaria 12<br />
N. 294. Geoglossum 9<br />
295. Mitrula 2<br />
296. Leotia 2<br />
297. Helotiiim 3<br />
298. Relhanum 1<br />
O, 299, Morchella 4<br />
300. Helvella 3<br />
301, Spatbularia 1<br />
P. 302. Stictis,, 3<br />
303. Patellaria 5<br />
304. Peziza 14<br />
305. Octospora 8<br />
306. Scodellina 10<br />
307. Calycina 3<br />
308. Dasyscyplius ,.^ 6<br />
b
XV lU GENERA.<br />
309. Macroscyphns 8<br />
310. Hvmenoscyphus 9<br />
Q. 311. Ascobolus... 1<br />
12. LytothececB.<br />
312. Batarrea 1<br />
313. Ithvphallus 1<br />
314. Phallus 2<br />
1 B. Pl. cell, folios^.<br />
13. Hepatkce,<br />
A. 315. Riccia 5<br />
B. 316. Targionia I<br />
317. Sphaerocarpus .\ 1<br />
C. 318. Anthoceros 3<br />
D. 319. Marchantia 2<br />
320. Strozzius 2<br />
321. Cyathophora 1<br />
322. Staurophora — 1<br />
E. 323. Riccardius 3<br />
324. Paliavicinius 2<br />
325. Herverus 2<br />
326. Papa 1<br />
327. Blasia 1<br />
328. Maurocenius 1<br />
329. Salviatus 3<br />
330. Pandulphinlus 4<br />
331. Marcbesinus 1<br />
332. Cavendishia 2<br />
333. Martinellius 9<br />
334. Mylius 4<br />
335. Nardius 3<br />
336. Jnngermannia 39<br />
337. Bazzanius — 1<br />
338. Scalins 1<br />
3S9. Cesius 1<br />
340, Herbertus i<br />
341. Lippius 1<br />
342. Kantius 1<br />
14. Musci.<br />
343. Andraea 4<br />
344. Spagnum 4<br />
345. Phascum 11<br />
346. Schistostega 1<br />
347. Anictangium 2<br />
348. Gymnostomum 14<br />
349. Dipliyscium 1<br />
350. Tetraphis 2<br />
351. Splachnum 7<br />
352. Conostomum 1<br />
353. Polytrichum 9<br />
354. Cinclidotus 1<br />
355. Tortula U<br />
356. Eiicalypta 3<br />
367. Grimmia 7<br />
358. Pterogonitim 3<br />
359. Weissia IS<br />
360. Dicranum 24<br />
361. Trichostomum 9<br />
362. Leucodon 1<br />
363. Didyinodon 8<br />
364. Funaria 3<br />
365. Zvgodon 1<br />
366. oVthotrichum 10<br />
367. Neckcra 2<br />
368. Anomodon 8<br />
369. Daltonia 2<br />
370. Fontinalis 3<br />
-371. Buxbaumia 1<br />
372. Bartramia 6<br />
373. Hookeria 2<br />
374. Hypnum 60<br />
375. Bryum 25
2. PLANT.E ENDOGENiE.<br />
2 A. Pl. end. CRYPT0GAM.5E.<br />
1. Filices.<br />
A. I. Osmundp. 1<br />
2. Ceterach 1<br />
B. 3. Polypodium,. 4<br />
C. 4. Aspidinm 10<br />
5. Cyclopteris 2<br />
6. Athyrium 4<br />
I). 7. Aspleniuua 8<br />
E. 8. Scoiopendriuin 1<br />
F. 9, Blechnum 1<br />
10. Stegania 1<br />
G. H. Pteris 1<br />
12, Adiantum 1<br />
H, 13. Woodsia 1<br />
14. Tricbomanes 1<br />
15. Hymenophylliim 1<br />
I. 16. Bostrichiiita 3<br />
K. 17. Opliioglossiim I<br />
2. Lycopodiaceee.<br />
18. Lycopodiiiiii 5<br />
19. Bernhardia 2<br />
20. Isoetes 1<br />
3. Marsileaceee.<br />
21. Pilularia 1<br />
4. EquisetacecE.<br />
22. Equisetum 7<br />
5. Charades.<br />
23. Chara 5<br />
2 B. Pl. end. phenogam.^;.<br />
6. Fluviatiles.<br />
24. Zannichellia 2<br />
25. Ruppia 1<br />
26. Potamogiton 14<br />
27. Zostera I<br />
7. Aroidea:,<br />
28. Arum.... 1<br />
7*. Lemnadea.<br />
2S*.Lemna 4<br />
8. Typhacea,<br />
29. Sparganinni 2<br />
SO. Platanaria 1<br />
31. Tyjfha 3<br />
9. Cyperace
XX<br />
91. Agraulus ,...3<br />
92. Achnatherium 1<br />
93. Calamagrostis 2<br />
94. Gastridium I<br />
95. Polypogon 2<br />
96. Lagurus ^<br />
G. 97. Stipa I<br />
'H- 98. Milium ^<br />
99. Milora 1<br />
100. Digitaria 2<br />
101. Setaria 3<br />
102. Echinocliloa 1<br />
1 1 .<br />
Restiaceee.<br />
103. Eriocaiilon I<br />
12. Junceee.<br />
GENERAi<br />
104. Acorus<br />
105. Juncus<br />
'<br />
23<br />
106. Luzula<br />
"^<br />
107. Abaraa ^<br />
IS. ColcMcacece<br />
108. Tofieldia 1<br />
109. Colchicum I<br />
14. Liliace(E,<br />
110. Tulipa * 1<br />
111. Fritillaria 1<br />
15. Asphodtkae.<br />
A. 112.<br />
B. 113.<br />
114.<br />
PhalangiuHi<br />
Muscaii<br />
Hyacinthus<br />
|<br />
J<br />
»<br />
C. 115. Honorius *<br />
116. Scilla<br />
117. OrnithogaUim<br />
118. Gagea<br />
D. 119. Moly<br />
^<br />
^<br />
}<br />
*<br />
120.<br />
121.<br />
Allium<br />
Cepa<br />
^<br />
*<br />
16. Asparageee.<br />
122. Asparagus<br />
, 17. SmilacecB.<br />
123. Paris...<br />
124. Convallaria<br />
125. Polygonatum<br />
\<br />
*<br />
3<br />
126. Ruscus<br />
1<br />
.<br />
1<br />
18. Tamacete,<br />
127. Tamus 1<br />
19, Amaryllidete,<br />
128. Narcissus 2<br />
129. Ajax 2<br />
130. Leucojum 1<br />
131. Galanthus 1<br />
20. Iride
3. PLANT.E EXOGENiE.<br />
3 A. Pl. ex. monochlautdeje.<br />
I. Abietidem,<br />
\. Pinus I<br />
2. Abies 2<br />
3. Larix 1<br />
2. CupressidecB.<br />
4. Jtiiriperus 2<br />
3^ TasidecE.<br />
5. Taxus 1<br />
4. SaUciniB,<br />
€. Salix 57<br />
7. Populus 4<br />
5. Belulidea,<br />
8. Betula 2<br />
^. Alnus 1<br />
6, Corylideee,<br />
10. Carpin'.is 1<br />
11. Corylus,. 1<br />
12. Quercus 3<br />
13. Fagus 1<br />
14. Castanea 1<br />
7. Myricee.<br />
15. Myrica ^ 1<br />
7*. EmpetridetJB.<br />
15*. Empetrura I<br />
8. UlmacecB.<br />
16. Ultnus t 5<br />
9. Uriicacea:.<br />
17. Lupulus I<br />
18. Urtica 3<br />
19. Parietaria.. 1<br />
20. Cannabis 1<br />
? 21. Xanthium 1<br />
10. EupJiorbiacece.<br />
A. 22. Galarlicens 4<br />
23. Esula 6<br />
24. Characias 2<br />
25. Chamaesyce 1<br />
B. 2§. Mercurialis 2<br />
27. Buxus 1<br />
II. Arislolochice.<br />
28. Aristolochise 1<br />
29. Asarum ..^ 1<br />
12. SantalacecB.<br />
30. Thesium. , ^ I<br />
GENERA. XXI<br />
13. Eleagnea.<br />
31. Hippophae 1<br />
14. Thymelee.<br />
32. Daphne 3<br />
15. Polygones.<br />
A. 33. Bistorta 2<br />
34. Persicaria 9<br />
35. Polygonum 1<br />
36. Fagopyriim 3<br />
B. 37. Lapathum U<br />
38. Acetosa 3<br />
39. Oxyria 1<br />
16. Chenopodecc.<br />
40. Blitum 1<br />
41. Beta 2<br />
42. Spinachia 2<br />
43. Atijplex 7<br />
44. Chenopodium 14<br />
45. Salicorniu 4<br />
46. Salsola I<br />
17. Amaranlhidece.<br />
47. Amaranthus 1<br />
3 B. Pl. ex. COROLLIFLORiE.<br />
18. Plantaginidece.<br />
48. Plantago 3<br />
49. Arnoglossum 6<br />
50. Asterogeum 1<br />
19. Liltorellideet,<br />
51. Littorella i<br />
20. Siaticince,<br />
52. Statice l<br />
53. Limonium 2<br />
21. Primulacee.<br />
54. Centunculus 1<br />
55. Anagallis 2<br />
56. Irasekia 1<br />
57. Lysimachia 2<br />
58. Naumburgia i<br />
59. Numularia l<br />
60. Hottouia 1<br />
61. Trientalis 1<br />
62. Primula 4<br />
63. Cyclamen l<br />
63*.Samolus 1<br />
63»*.Glaux 1<br />
22. Rhinanthuceee,<br />
A. 64. Veronica gi<br />
65. Sibthorpia ,.. l<br />
66. Euphrasia l<br />
67. Odontites l<br />
6b, Bartbiu g
XXll GENERA.
161. Arbutus 1<br />
162. Uva ursi 2<br />
B. 163. ChamJEcistus 1<br />
165. Pyrola 4<br />
166. Moneses I<br />
C. 167. Hypopitys ."<br />
1<br />
37. VacdnecB,<br />
168. Vaccinium 2<br />
169. Vitis-Ida;a 1<br />
170. Oxycoccus 1<br />
38. Campanulacece.<br />
A. 171. Campanula 9<br />
172. Legousia 2<br />
173. Phyteuma 1<br />
174. Jasione 1<br />
B. 175. Lobelia 2<br />
39. Composites.<br />
A. 176. Lapsana 1<br />
177. Arnoseris 1<br />
178. Chondrilla 1<br />
179. Prenanthes 1<br />
ISO. Lactuca 4<br />
181. Sonchus 4<br />
182. Hieracium 18<br />
183. Crepis 2<br />
184. Barkhausia 1<br />
185. Taraxacum 2<br />
186. Achyrophorus 2<br />
187. Hypochaeris 1<br />
188. Thrica 2<br />
189. Virea 4<br />
190. Picris 1<br />
191. Helminthia 1<br />
192. Tragopoffon 2<br />
193. Cichorium 2<br />
B. 194. Ouopordum 1<br />
195. Arctium 2<br />
196. Serratula 1<br />
197. Silybum 1<br />
198. Carduus 3<br />
199. Cirsium 8<br />
200. Bennettia 1<br />
201. Carlina 1<br />
202. Cyanus 1<br />
203. Phrygia 3<br />
204. Jacea 1<br />
205. Hippophfflstum 1<br />
206. Polyacantha 1<br />
207. Leucantha 1<br />
C. 208. Calendula 1<br />
209. Helianthus 1<br />
210. Bidens 2<br />
211. Tanacetum 1<br />
212. Artemisia , 6<br />
213. Absinthium 1<br />
214. Diotis 1<br />
215. Chrysanthemum I<br />
GENERA. XXIU<br />
216. Leucanthemum 1<br />
217. Pyrethrura 2<br />
218. Matricaria 1<br />
219. Chamomilla 1<br />
220. Bellis 1<br />
221. ChamEemelum 2<br />
222. Maruta 1<br />
223. Anthemis.. 2<br />
224. Achillea 4<br />
225. Antennaria 2<br />
226. Gnaphalium 5<br />
227. Filago 4<br />
228. Conyza I<br />
229. Pulicaria 2<br />
230. Inula 1<br />
231. Eritheis 1<br />
232. Eurybia 1<br />
233. Solidago 1<br />
234. Erigeron 1<br />
235. Trimorpha 3<br />
236. Chrysocoma 1<br />
237. Doronicum 1<br />
238. Cineraria 3<br />
239. Senecio 9<br />
240. Tussilago 1<br />
241. Petasites 1<br />
242. Eupatorium 1<br />
40. Dipsaceee.<br />
243. Dipsacus 2<br />
244. Galedragon 1<br />
245. Succisa 1<br />
246. Columbaria 1<br />
247. Scabiosa 1<br />
41. Valerianecs.<br />
248. Valeriana 4<br />
249. Centranthus 1<br />
250. Valerianella 2<br />
42. RubiacecB.<br />
251. Sherardia 1<br />
252. Asperula 2<br />
2.53. Galium 14<br />
254. Rubia 2<br />
43. Caprifoliacece.<br />
A. 255. Linnsa I<br />
256, Xylosteon 1<br />
257. Periclymeuum 2<br />
B. 258. "Viburnum 1<br />
259. Opulus 1<br />
260. Sarabucus 2<br />
C. 261, Cornus 2<br />
262. Hedera 1<br />
44, Loranthidece.<br />
264. Viscuin 1<br />
I 265. Adoxa 1
XXIV GENERA.<br />
45. Umbellifera,<br />
266. Daucus 2<br />
267. Sanicula 1<br />
268. Torilis 3<br />
269. Caucaiis<br />
270. Turgenia<br />
271. Cerefoliutn<br />
272. Aiiilnijcus<br />
273. Scandix<br />
274. Myrihis<br />
275. Cliasropliyllum<br />
276. Diepanophjllum ....<br />
277. Slum<br />
278. lljdrocotjle ,<br />
279. Cicuta ,<br />
280. Phellandrium<br />
281. CE.mnthe<br />
282. Ixliiiiopiiora<br />
283. Crithmiim ,<br />
284. Pimpinella<br />
285. Triiiia<br />
286. vEthiisa<br />
287. Ctiiiium<br />
2.S8. Biinium<br />
280. iEgopodiiun<br />
290. Carum<br />
291. RIeuin<br />
292. Liguiiiciim<br />
293. Pseiidospermum<br />
294. Libanotis...<br />
295. Thysselinmn<br />
296. Iniperatoria<br />
297. Aiif^elica<br />
298. Archangelica<br />
209. Spondvlium<br />
300. Tordyiimn<br />
301. Coriandriira<br />
302. PeucedanuHi<br />
303. Pastinaca<br />
304. Silaus<br />
305. Petroselinuin<br />
306. Apiiim<br />
307. Foeniciiliwn<br />
308. Smyrnium<br />
309. Bupleuruin<br />
310. Agostana 2<br />
311. Eiyngium 2<br />
46. SaxifragecB,<br />
312. Robertsonia .. 6<br />
313. Ilydatica 1<br />
314. Mibcopetalum 1<br />
315. Kinsstoiria 1<br />
316. Saxifraga 25<br />
317. Clirysospleiiiuin 2<br />
47. Crassulaceff'.<br />
318. Umbilicus 2<br />
319. TLllaea 1<br />
320- iiciluui ..li><br />
321. Seinpeivivura .. . .. .«. 1<br />
48. Puitulacetn.<br />
322. Monlia 1<br />
49. ParonychidetE,<br />
A. 323. Scleranthus.... 2<br />
324. Adenarimn I<br />
B. 325. Illccebrum I<br />
3'26. Corrigiola 1<br />
327. Herni'aria 2<br />
328. Polycarpon I<br />
C. 3-^9. Larbrea 1<br />
50. GrossularidT,<br />
330. Ribes 5<br />
51. Cucurbitaceer.<br />
331. Bryonia 1<br />
332. Cucumis 2<br />
333. Cucurbita 1<br />
52. Salicaria.<br />
aS4. Lydiruin 2<br />
335. Portula 1<br />
53. Tumavidnte.<br />
336. Taaiarix 1<br />
54. Ceratophylleo!.<br />
337. Ceiatophyllmn 2<br />
55. IlaloragctF.<br />
338. Callitriche 2<br />
339. Hippuris I<br />
340. Myriophyllum 2<br />
56. Onagrariic.<br />
A. 341. Circaea 3<br />
B. 342. CEjiothera 1<br />
343- Chaiiiaeiierioa 1<br />
344. Epilobium 7<br />
57. Pomaceee,<br />
345. Pyrns ^<br />
346. Crataegus 2<br />
347. Mespilus 3<br />
58. Rosacea.<br />
348. Rosa 26<br />
59. jdgrimoniaceee.<br />
349. Polerium... 1<br />
350. Sanguisorba 1<br />
351. Alchetnilla 4<br />
352. Agrimonia 1<br />
60, Dryadees.<br />
353. Dry as I<br />
354. Cuuin 3<br />
355. bibbaldia 1
356. Potentnia 14<br />
357. Fragaria 2<br />
3b8. Rubus 8<br />
61. Ulmari(E.<br />
359* Spiraea 3<br />
62. DrupacecB.<br />
360. Cerasus 3<br />
361. Pronas 3<br />
63. LeguminoscB.<br />
A. 369. Ulex 2<br />
3Q3. Genista 4<br />
364. Ononis 1<br />
365. Anthyllis I<br />
B. 366. Trifolium ....17<br />
367. Melilotus 1<br />
368. Medicago 6<br />
369. Trigonella 1<br />
370. Lotus 3<br />
371. Glycyrrhiza 1<br />
C. 372. Oxytropus 2<br />
373. Astragalus 2<br />
D. 374. Latiiyrus 7<br />
375. Pisum.... ... . 2<br />
376. Orobus 4<br />
377. Vicia 12<br />
E. 378. Ornithopos 1<br />
379. Hippocrepis 1<br />
380. Onobrychis 1<br />
64. Celastrines.<br />
381. Staphylea 1<br />
382. Evonymus 1<br />
3S2*.Ilex 1<br />
65. Rhamnece.<br />
383. Rhamnus 2<br />
3 D. Pl. ex. THAtAMIFLORjB.<br />
66. Geranieai<br />
A. 384. Erodium 4<br />
385. Geranium 13<br />
B. 386. Tmpatiens 1<br />
C. 387. Oxalis. 3<br />
67. Hypericinece.<br />
388. AndrosiEmutn 1<br />
389. Hypericum 10<br />
68. AcerineeB.<br />
390. Acer... 2<br />
69. Tiliaceee.<br />
391. Tilia 2<br />
70. MalvacetE.<br />
392. Malva 3<br />
393. Ahh«a 2<br />
VOL. T»<br />
GENERA. XXV<br />
394. Lavatera i<br />
71. LinetB.<br />
395. Linum 5<br />
72. CaryophylletB.<br />
A. 396. Saponaria I<br />
397. Diantlius 3<br />
398. CucubalUs 3<br />
399. Silene 8<br />
400. Lychnis 6<br />
B. 401. Biiffonia 1<br />
402. Willisellus 1<br />
403. Sagina ... 3<br />
404. Spergula ;...... 5<br />
405. Cherleria 1<br />
406. Arenaria., 5<br />
407. Alsinella 3<br />
408. Holosteum 1<br />
409. Sleliaria 16<br />
410. Moenchia ,... 1<br />
73. Cistinea.<br />
411. Helianthemum .... i,... t<br />
74. Frankeniacets.<br />
412. Frankenia ........... . 2<br />
75. Droseracece.<br />
413. Drosera 3<br />
76. ResedacecB.<br />
414. Reseda 2<br />
77. PolygdUce.<br />
415. Polygala 2<br />
78. fiolaeeee.<br />
416. Viola 7<br />
79i Parnassice^<br />
417. Parnassia 1<br />
80. Cruciferce.<br />
A. 418. Cardamine 7<br />
419. Arabis 6<br />
420. Turritis 1<br />
421. Barbarea 2<br />
422. Nasturtium .. i 4<br />
423. Sisymbrium^ -. 3<br />
424. Erysimum ; 3<br />
425. Cheiranthus..i 1<br />
426. Matthiola 2<br />
427. Hesperis 1<br />
B. 428. Brassica . . i 5<br />
429. Sinapis.i. 5<br />
C. 430. Raphanus 1<br />
431. Raphanistrum 2<br />
D. 432. Cakile. ;.;... .-• 1<br />
433. Crambe .••• 1<br />
E. 434. Coronopus S<br />
€
XXVI GExVERA.<br />
F. 435. Isatis 1<br />
G. 436. Vella 1<br />
437. Thlaspi 4<br />
438. Nasturtiolum 1<br />
439. Teesdalia 1<br />
440. Iberis 1<br />
441. Lepidium 5<br />
442. Cochlearia 4<br />
443. Subularia 1<br />
444. Draba 5<br />
445. Camelina 1<br />
446. Alyssum 1<br />
81. Fumarideee.<br />
447. Fumaria 3<br />
448. Corydalis 3<br />
82. Papaveracets.<br />
449. Chelidonium 2<br />
450. Glaucium 3<br />
451. Cerastites 3<br />
452. Papaver 2<br />
83. Nymphacece.<br />
453. Nuphar 2<br />
.<br />
454. Nymphaea 1<br />
84. BerberidecB,<br />
455. Berberis .... I<br />
456. Epimedium 1<br />
85. RanunculacecB.<br />
A . 457. Actaea 1<br />
458. Paeonia 2<br />
B. 459. Consolida 1<br />
460. Aquilegia 1<br />
461. Helleborus 2<br />
462. Trollius „... 1<br />
463. Caltha 3<br />
C. 464. Ficaria 1<br />
465. Ranunculus 13<br />
466. Batrachium 5<br />
467. Myosurus 1<br />
D. 468. Adonis 2<br />
469. Anemonantliaea 3<br />
470.<br />
47 1<br />
Pulsatilla I<br />
Thalictnim 4<br />
E. 472. Clematis ,,... ,. \
XXVll<br />
TOTAL NUMBERS.<br />
Fam. Gen. Spec.<br />
Cellulosae 14 375 1936<br />
Endogenae 26 166 47T<br />
Exogenas 86 474 1218<br />
126 1015 3631
XXV 111<br />
" Call the vale?, and bid tlieih lutiier cast<br />
Their bells, and Oow'rets of a thousand hues,<br />
Ye valleys low, where the mild whispers use<br />
Of shades, aud wanfoa winds, and gushing brooks;<br />
On whose fresh lap, the swart star sparely looks,<br />
Throw hither all your quaint enamelled eyes.<br />
That on the green turf suck the honied showers.<br />
And purple all the ground with vernal flowers."
INTRODUCTION<br />
TO<br />
BOTANY.<br />
I. On the Use of Botany.<br />
X HE use and pleasure of studying botany have been so"<br />
long acknowledged, that it may seem perfectly superfluous<br />
to discourse upon that subject ; but a slight sketch of the<br />
use and pleasure accruing by this study is here given, in<br />
order to convince those students, who have not yet reflected<br />
upon the subject, that in bestowing their time, their labour,<br />
or their money, upon the acquirement of this science, they<br />
will not court an ungrateful mistress, but one who will<br />
amply reward them for the pains they take in acquiring<br />
her.<br />
The greater part of those who study botany, are personsof<br />
the medical profession, and of course the use of botany<br />
in medicine is the first to be considered. It will therefore<br />
be necessary, before any further progress is made, to advert<br />
to the great difference between practising in large cities<br />
and sea-port towns on the one hand, and in country villages<br />
on the other. To the former merchants resort, and<br />
the warehouses are filled with the choicest drugs of foreign<br />
regions ; the poverty induced by the vicissitudes of commerce<br />
requires alleviation from the charity ot the rich, hos-<br />
pitals and dispensaries arise, and become medical schools.<br />
The time of the practitioners being fully occupied by the<br />
denseness of the population, they find it more convenient<br />
to use the drugs in the warehouses, than to collect themselves<br />
the indigenous productions of the surrounding country<br />
; hence they regard with indifference whether the drug<br />
be native or foreign, and this indifference, or rather preference<br />
for foreign drugs, passes of course into the pharmacopoeias<br />
published in those cities.<br />
VOL. I, B
2 IMTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
But these commercial ideas have less force in the country.<br />
There the practitioner has more time on his hands ; in his<br />
rounds to visit his patients, he can collect the herbs pro-<br />
fusely scattered in his path, and although his education at<br />
the hospitals in town naturally influences him in his choice,<br />
yet if prudence has any share in his character, he must be<br />
struck with the impropriety of neglecting the resources<br />
freely offered by nature to his possession for purchased ones.<br />
It is a favourite axiom with botanical physicians that where<br />
nature produces diseases, there she also produces the remedies<br />
for them, and they adduce in proof of this dogma, the<br />
growth of scurvy grass, and other antiscorbutic plants in<br />
those cold climates where scurvy reigns as an epidemic ; of<br />
pepper and other spices in hot countries where the stomach<br />
is liable to torpor, and requires an extraordinary stimulus to<br />
promote its healthy action ; as also of calamus aromaticus<br />
in those humid situations which are liable to intermittent<br />
fevers; and of sarsaparilla and guiacum in the regions, supposed<br />
to be the native seats of the venereal lues, and where,<br />
according to a Spanish traveller, d'Aranda, in his account<br />
of South America, it is a sporadic disease. Without absolutely<br />
professing a dogma, which has much appearance of<br />
truth in it, there can be no doubt but that the remedies necessary<br />
for most of the diseases that afflict human nature<br />
may be found at the country practitioner's own door, or<br />
very near at hand. That he may be enabled however to<br />
make use of them, it is necessary he should know them well,<br />
the more especially as many plants are so much alike, that<br />
it requires attention directed to proper characteristics to<br />
distinguish them. Now botany is that science which enables<br />
us to distinguish plants from one another, to assign to them<br />
their proper names, and to declare their several uses;<br />
without which last part, although too often neglected by<br />
the general botanist, it would be a barren study.<br />
Another part of medicine, in which the use of botany<br />
is evident, too frequently happens, in consequence of the<br />
similitude of plants to one another, so that those ignorant<br />
of the means of distinguishing them are led to use a plant<br />
of such powerful action on the human frame as to kill, or<br />
very violently affect, the unfortunate person who has mistaken<br />
it for some nutriraental vegetable, especially foreign-<br />
ers, who use a greater variety of vegetables than ourselves.<br />
Yet even among us, the instances are not rare in which<br />
hemlock has been mistaken for parsley, the roots of wild
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 3<br />
cicely, or cow-weed, for parsneps, dog's mercury for a<br />
spinage-herb, the berries of nightshade for esculent ones,<br />
and more especially the deleterious mushrooms for those<br />
that are eatable with some deg?fee of safety, for, in truth,<br />
all are to be held as of doubtful salubrity. Now the skilful<br />
botanist, who can determine from the remains of what has<br />
been taken the cause of the symptoms, has an evident advantage<br />
in respect to the mode of treating his patient, over<br />
one who is ignorant of the cause, and must therefore prescribe<br />
at random. And if the practitioner can thus save<br />
one fellow-creature from the grave, and restore him to his<br />
friends, far more a dear relative, a cherished companion,<br />
this alone would amply repay him for the study of this<br />
science. And it is on this account, that the Society of<br />
Apothecaries of London, to whom the legislation have<br />
lately committed the examination of persons intending to<br />
practise as apothecaries, have given public notice, that they<br />
expect the applicants for a license to be competent in medical<br />
botany.<br />
As to the economical or general use of botany, although<br />
it be of course more varied than the medical, less need be<br />
said about it. Our houses are principally built and furnished<br />
from the vegetable kingdom of nature; and this is<br />
also the case with ships and other vessels : plants furnish<br />
us with a very considerable part of our clothing; thia<br />
clothing, and the ornamental drapery of our houses, is<br />
dyed of various colours by different vegetables. Hence<br />
the study of that science which exhibits these various uses<br />
cannot but be instructive to all.<br />
The diet of mankind is, in the warmer regions of the<br />
earth, almost entirely vegetable; as the climate becomes<br />
colder, more and more animal food is taken, until in the<br />
cold regions of the North, man becomes nearly a carnivorous<br />
animal. But vegetables are never entirely disused<br />
by him ; hence a knowledge of them is of universal use,<br />
nid'e especially ,to travellers, who may thus instruct a whole<br />
nation in the use of plants abundantly produced in their<br />
country, yet either disregarded by them, or even considered<br />
as deleterious, although in fact one of the agreeable<br />
luxuries of the table: nor is this an idle supposition. The<br />
embassy sent from Bengal to Thibet observed in their route<br />
the strawberry growing plentifully in the woods ; on desiring<br />
their conductors to gather some, they were informed<br />
that it was a poisonous berry : this naturally enough produced<br />
some hesitation, lest they might be deceived by a<br />
B 2
4 JtNTHODUCTION TO HOTANY.<br />
mere resemblance of that delicious fruit ; but, upon investigation<br />
of tiie botanical characters of the flower, its identity<br />
was confirmed, and the natives were highly pleased to have<br />
their supposed poisonous J»erry shown to be one of the<br />
most pleasant and wholesome fruits.<br />
But the most striking use of botany is when famine is<br />
apprehended ; for although direct experiments may enable<br />
a person to discover what plants are wholesome and nu-<br />
tritive from those which are not, yet these experiments require<br />
time when none, particularly in cases of shipwreck,<br />
can be spared, and from the greater number of poisonous,<br />
or, at least, medicinal plants of very violent operation, the<br />
experiments would, if not guided by botanical analogies,<br />
be highly dangerous, and inevitably fatal in many cases.<br />
But by knowing the botanical characters of those families<br />
of plants which abound in edible fruits, or are remarkable<br />
for any other dietetic articles, considerable advantages will<br />
be gained, and unknown articles may be freely used with<br />
little apprehension of danger. This is a species of knowledge<br />
less cultivated in the British islands than it ought to<br />
be, especially considering the maritime situation which<br />
leads so many of their inhabitants to embrace a seafaring<br />
life, and become exposed to the dangers of shipwreck upon<br />
uninhabited coasts ; and where the dauntless energetic<br />
spirit of our youth impels so many to engage in distant<br />
expeditions, and the unfortunate issue of some of these<br />
expeditions, for what mortal can always command success,<br />
plunges them into distressful circumstances in a foreign and<br />
perhaps inhospitable country.<br />
Another use, if I may so express myself, is the contemplation<br />
of the beauties of nature ; and in this respect<br />
botany yields to no other branch of human knowledge,<br />
and in one respect surpasses most in that, while wealth<br />
may exhibit its splendour in collecting living plants, yet<br />
the study is also compatible with the most humble fortunes,<br />
and may be'made to beguile the tedious hours of convalescence,<br />
while it need not confine the sufferer to his room,<br />
but will even entice him forth to breathe the dewy incense<br />
of the morn. Few are the studies that require so little<br />
apparatus, or less trouble to produce a collection, which<br />
will lie in a small compass, and will aiford an agreeable<br />
exhibition to friends and visitors.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
2. The Rise and Progress of Botany, part'tcularly iw England.<br />
The modern botanists, who, are overwhelmed with the<br />
continually increasing number of new plants offered to their<br />
view, and the necessity of learning the ever-varying nomenclature,<br />
are accused, perhaps with some justice, of<br />
paying less attention to the uses of plants than they ought<br />
and, on the other hand, the ancients seem to have had no<br />
other idea of botany than as being the knowledge of the<br />
grains, pulse, potherbs, &c. of use in domestic economy,<br />
or of those plants which chance, or experiments made in<br />
the great hierarchal colleges of Persia or Egypt, had shown<br />
to be of use in the cure of the sick and hurt; for it appears<br />
by the Greek authors, whose writings have survived<br />
the barbarism which took place in Europe on the subversion<br />
of the Western Empire by the northern nations,<br />
that it was the intention of the early Greek writers, in their<br />
botanical works, rather to relate the uses or culture of<br />
plants, than to describe them so that posterity might be<br />
enabled to recognize them whenever they were met with.<br />
Hippocrates the Coan, the venerable father of medicine,<br />
the lineal descendant of that Esculapius whom the gratitude<br />
of mankind had raised to divine honours, is the oldest<br />
author we possess, being born about four hundred and fifty<br />
years before Christ. Those who are versed in the history<br />
of medicine, well know the valuable use he made of the<br />
cases recorded in the temples of his ancestor, which were<br />
the public hospitals of antiquity, especially in respect to<br />
the prognosis of diseases. He has mentioned, in his theiapeutic<br />
writings, the uses of about two hundred and forty<br />
plants; and he would have merited still more the thanks<br />
of mankind, if he had carefully described them, so that<br />
we might be certain of the species of plants which he intended<br />
by those names,—This task he seems to have left<br />
to Cratevas, of whose knowledge in botany he makes the<br />
most honourable mention. The loss of the works of Cratevas<br />
is much to be deplored, as they probably contained<br />
the description, or at least place of growth, of the plants<br />
mentioned by Hippocrates.<br />
The expansion of the human intellect which took place<br />
in consequence of the freedom of opinion that was allowed<br />
in Athens, under the mild but firm government of Pisis-<br />
tratus, by which the factious demagogues and the priest<br />
©f that city were restrained from persecuting every man<br />
;
6<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
whose abilities were superior to their own, caused that city<br />
to become the focus of literature and science; and the<br />
writings produced in that short space of time still remain<br />
the noblest monuments of the powers of the human mind,<br />
for they have commanded the admiration of succeeding<br />
ages, and left nothing for future writers to do but to imi-<br />
tate, as far as is possible, their excellencies. In the schools<br />
which were then established, that of the peripatetics, whose<br />
founder was Aristotle, was the one that, cultivating natural<br />
history, of course merits most notice in a history of botany.<br />
Aristotle, the son of a perfumer, who were in those days<br />
the dispensers of compound medicines prescribed by lay<br />
practitioners, had, from his well-merited reputation, beei^<br />
and, on his<br />
raised to be the tutor of Alexander the Great ;<br />
pupil becoming possessed of the treasures collected by the<br />
Persian monarch, he formed the project, among other vast<br />
schemes of literary renown, of writing a complete history<br />
of natural substances from actual observation, or the relation<br />
of the numerous collectors which his influence over<br />
his former pupil enabled him to employ; and took the<br />
zoological and meteorological parts under his ov/n immediate<br />
care ; and his History of Animals, although little regarded<br />
in the schools engaged in teaching the elements of<br />
knowledge, is a splendid monument of his abilities.<br />
The mineralogical and botanical part of this general<br />
history of nature was entrusted to his pupil Theophrastus,<br />
who also succeeded to the professorial chair in the public<br />
school. A work of Theophrastus on minerals, and two on<br />
plants, have,<br />
descended to<br />
after a very narrow escape from oblivion,<br />
our times. He treats his subject generally<br />
in a philosophical manner. In his book on the causes of<br />
plants, he considered the propagation, culture, qualities,<br />
and uses of plants in general ; but very few are described<br />
by him in a particular manner, as he supposes the reader<br />
to be either acquainted with them, or to be informed by<br />
a master. In his larger work, entitled, the History of<br />
Plants, he mentions about five hundred plants, and begins<br />
with the organization, generation, and propagation of<br />
vegetables. In the third and fourth books he goes on to<br />
treat largely upon trees ; then follows his observations<br />
upon timber and choice of it. The sixth book is on shrubs,<br />
thorny plants, roses, and other ornamental plants usually<br />
cultivated in gardens. In the seventh he treats upon<br />
kitchen- garden plants, and those that grow wild. In the<br />
eighth upon grain of difierenl kiiid^, upon which he is very
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 7<br />
copious. The ninth and last book is upon gumsj exudations,<br />
and the me3,ns of obtaining them. It is much to<br />
be lamented, that neither Aristotle nor Theophrastus,<br />
whose mental abilities were of the first order, perceived the<br />
advantages that would accrue from a detailed description<br />
of natural substances, by which a student deprived of the<br />
viva voce instruction of a master might be enabled to reco^ise<br />
them.<br />
The next author that occurs is Dioscorides. As a physician,<br />
the object of Dioscorides being only the materia<br />
medica, he discusses each article used by medical practi-<br />
tioners in a separate chapter, and comprises the whole in<br />
five books ; in which, although the order is not very exactly<br />
kept, the vegetables are treated of as they are aromatic,<br />
alimentary, and medicinal. For the precedence of the<br />
aromatics two reasons may be given : one, the usual preference<br />
given to objects of luxury above those of use ; and<br />
the other, that the perfumers were the apothecaries of<br />
ancient times, and naturally affected those substances which<br />
formed the principal articles of their trade, especially when<br />
we consider the much greater use of perfumed oils and<br />
ointments by the ancients than by the moderns. His descriptions<br />
are chiefly respecting the colour, size, mode of<br />
growing as compared with other plants then well known,<br />
and therefore left undescribed. Thus he says : Hyssopus<br />
is well known to all ; and then having compared origanum<br />
to hyssop, he compares centaurium minus, tragoriganum,<br />
serpillum, marum, polycnemon, Symphytum petrgeum,<br />
ageratum, papaver erraticum, to origanum ; so that the<br />
knowledge of all these plants are made to depend upon that<br />
of hyssop. In like manner ocimum is made a type for the<br />
knowledge of the first sort of calamintha, acinum, ocimoides,<br />
crinum, solanuin, mercurialis, and heliotropium;<br />
although by the lapse of years, the ocimum of Dioscorides<br />
is now become uncertain, and of course the knowledge of<br />
the other plants is rendered unattainable.<br />
Although Columella and Cato among the Romans wrote<br />
on Husbandry, yet none of their works can be said to be<br />
botanical. Pliny the elder, who commanded the Roman<br />
fleet stationed in the Bay of Naples, and who perished in<br />
the year of Christ 71, in an attempt to explore an eruption<br />
of Mount Vesuvius, is the only author of that nation whose<br />
writings can be said to belong to the scope of our work.<br />
In his Flistorla Mundi, a vast encyclopaedia, scarcely less<br />
varied than the world itself, he has treated from the 12th
V IJNTRODUCnON TO BOTANY.<br />
to the 27th book upon plants, as well philosophically as<br />
historically, medically, economically, magically, &c. A<br />
great part of his work is nearly the same as Dioscorides,<br />
who, however, is never quoted by name, and therefore,<br />
considering the candour with which Pliny names the writers<br />
from whom his book was extracted, there is reason to<br />
think that Dioscorides and Pliny wrote about the same<br />
time, and both made use of the same author, either Sextius<br />
Niger, or Diodorus, or Julius Bassus, but more probably,<br />
as it would appear from certain passages in Dioscorides,<br />
of Niger. Pliny, however, was a mere compiler, and<br />
Tvhatever knowledge of plants he might have acquired in<br />
his walks in the physic garden of Antonius Castor, it is<br />
certain that none of it appears in his work, which exhibits<br />
only a collection of memorandums badly translated from<br />
the Greek, in which, for want of critical and botanical<br />
knowledge, numerous mistakes are evident. The design<br />
of the work was grand, but far too vast to be accomplished<br />
by any one man, and especially by one immerged in public<br />
business. The order in which he has disposed his subjects<br />
is very confused. The great value of Pliny's work, therefore,<br />
consists in his having preserved to us the remains of<br />
ancient knowledge on the subject, and especially the application<br />
of it to the arts of life in those remote times, so<br />
that he may be considered as the historian of ancient botany<br />
; and to his indefatigable industry we owe the names<br />
of several hundred substances not mentioned by those other<br />
ancient writers whose works have been preserved ; although<br />
it must be confessed, that much of this knowledge is of httle<br />
use, as the substances denoted by those names are un^<br />
known for want of descrijitions.<br />
The next writer that occurs is Apulejus. This author,<br />
who lived in the second century, was born at Madura in<br />
Africa, which was then a kind of university. He afterwards<br />
studied at Carthage and Athens, and for some time applied<br />
himself to the profession of the law in Rome; but marrying<br />
a rich widow, he retired from ilie bar, and wholly gave<br />
himself up to philosophy and the practice of physic. He<br />
is well known as the author of " The Golden Ass" one of<br />
the few works of amusement, or what is called light reading,<br />
that have descended to us from the ancients. But the<br />
work which entitles him to our notice is his book, De<br />
Herbis, sive de Nominibus et Virtutibus Herbarum. In<br />
this work he gives the synonyuis of l.'^O medicinal herbs in<br />
(^reekj Latin, Egyptian, Punic, Celtic, Daciafl, and of
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 9<br />
some in the oriental languages, which he had acquired in<br />
his travels. After these names he adds a short description<br />
of the plant, the place of growth, and the properties of<br />
it. Some of the critics have supposed that this work is<br />
supposititious, and written long after his time. Johnson,<br />
wlio edited the second edition of Gerarde's Herbal, imagined<br />
it was the translation of a work written by some physician<br />
of Constantinople in the eighth century, but Fabricius<br />
thinks this conjecture is not probable ; indeed internal evidence<br />
seems against it. Apulejus was a heathen priest,<br />
well read in his religion, and much attached to it, as well<br />
by natural inclination as from the persecutions he suffered<br />
from the Christian relations of his wife, who accused him<br />
of magic, and of obtaining her hand and fortune by sorcer}^;<br />
now the work is filled with those modes of exhibiting<br />
remedies, which, although only intended by the practitioner<br />
to aid their operation by the power of fancy, are usually<br />
considered by others as superstitious, and even magical.<br />
Galen, who was born about 133 years after Christ, was<br />
contemporary with Apulejus, and became so celebrated as<br />
a physician and medical writer, as to have entirely ruled in<br />
the schools of medicine, to the exclusion of almost every<br />
other author. His industry in acquiring a knowledge of<br />
the materia medica, including medical botany, was very<br />
great, as he sailed to Lemnos to investigate the terra<br />
Lemnia in its native bed, to Cyprus to visit the mines and<br />
collect cadmia, pompholyx, diphryges, chalcanthum, and<br />
other minerals; as also to Cilicia, Phoenicia, Crete, and<br />
Egypt. His writings are as remarkable for their diffuse<br />
style, and his continual digressions, as those of Pliny are<br />
for their conciseness ; and it is not easy to say which is<br />
the most tiresome to the reader, or requires the steadiest<br />
attention to peruse. Galen principally treats of plants in<br />
the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of his work. On<br />
Simples, in which he mentions the uses of about 450 medical<br />
plants. He also occasionally treats of several others<br />
in different parts of his works. It was his great object to<br />
account for their effects from the second and third qualities,<br />
as they were called ; that is to say, from the degree of their<br />
dryness or moisture, and heat and coldness, of each of which<br />
he distinguishes four degrees. In his introduction, he<br />
writes against those authors who had attempted to describe<br />
plants, and thinks the knowledge of them is better acquired<br />
by tradition. When we consider the great authority which<br />
the writings of Galen bore ip the schools of medicine for
10 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,<br />
SO many centuries, we need not wonder at the loss of these<br />
writers thus branded as nearly useless.<br />
The Greek writers, Oribasius, Aetius, Egineta, who succeeded<br />
Galen, were such servile copiers of him, that they<br />
merit not notice. At length, after the lapse of a few cen-<br />
turies, the Arabs, inspired by the zeal of a new religion,<br />
burst from their sandy deserts, and over-run the west of<br />
Asia, the north of Africa, and south of Europe. As soon<br />
as they h^d formed regular establishments, they began to<br />
attend to the sciences, and translated the most popular<br />
Gi'eek authors.<br />
In this they differed from the later Greeks, that being<br />
devoid of that superstitious veneration which the Greeks<br />
possessed for the writers of their golden age of literature,<br />
they did not confine themselves to the knowledge that had<br />
been delivered by those writers, but added much of their<br />
own. To them physicians were indebted for the introduction<br />
into practice of berberries, camphire, cloves, wallflower,<br />
cassia fistula, galangais, hyssop, kerraes, lavender,<br />
mace, manna, Persian manna, mezereon, myrobalans, nutmegs,<br />
nymphaea, rhubarb, opium, sugar, gum sandarac,<br />
red Sanders, sebestens, senna, tamarinds, hops, and zedoary.<br />
Though some of these medical plants have fallen into desuetude,<br />
others still remain, and form some of the principal<br />
instruments of physicians to this day. Among these<br />
Arab v/riters Serapio stands pre-eminent, although Rhazis,<br />
Avicena, Actuarius (who wrote in Greek), and Mesne,<br />
must not be forgotten ; and it may be also mentioned, to<br />
the honour of the Arabs, that it is to them we are indebted,<br />
if not for the invention, yet for the introduction of chemical<br />
medicines into practice, so that we may easily estimate<br />
the great improvements of vv'hich they were the introducers.<br />
The writings of Galen, and of his Greek and Arabian<br />
disciples, were the only ones taught in the medical schools<br />
of Europe, through the medium of wretched translations,<br />
from the seventh to the fifteenth century. As to those<br />
parts of natural history, not comprised in the multifarious<br />
materia medica of this period, the knowledge of them was<br />
at the lowest ebb. What little was known was a mixture<br />
of extracts from Pliny, and the relations of travellers who<br />
endeavoured to give a wonderful cast to the most common<br />
appearances; who explained the mercantile names of articles<br />
by some fancied etymology, and then invented a tale to<br />
support the interpretation. In short, in the natural his-<br />
torians of this lung period, as Hildeguard, Sylvaticus,
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 11<br />
Glanville, and others now almost forgotten, the mixture of<br />
truth and falsehood is at least in equal parts, as the authors<br />
wrote down whatever they found in others, without exer-<br />
cising any critical acumen to distinguish the truth.<br />
A book under the name of Macer's Herbal seems also<br />
to have been common in England before the invention of<br />
printing. Ovid praises the poetry of Macer, a medical<br />
writer on hei'bs; but as it is impossible he could mean the<br />
barbarous leonine verses in v/hich this book, De Naturis,<br />
Qualitatibus, et Virtutibus Herbarum, are written, it is<br />
generally allowed to be a pseudonjTuous work, and accordingly<br />
it is ascribed by some to Odo, or Odobonus, said to<br />
have been a Frencli physician. It was translated into<br />
English by Mr. John Lelamar, the master of Hertford<br />
School, who lived about the year 1373- At the first invention<br />
of printing two editions of it were published, and<br />
it is surprising that so paltry a work, which treats only of<br />
88 plants, should have been translated or commented upon<br />
by the great Dr. Linacre, one of the medical ornaments of<br />
the reign of H^enry the Eighth, and v.'ho obtained from<br />
that monarch the establishment of the College of Physicians.<br />
While these inferior works engrossed the public attention,<br />
the writings of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny,<br />
the true fathers of natural history, and in particular of<br />
botany, were utterly neglected, and indeed scarcely known.<br />
It was not until 14-68, or the year after, that Pliny's<br />
History of Nature was first printed ; and from this autlior<br />
Isidore and Platearius was speedily compiled, a German<br />
work with the title of The Book of Nature, which treats<br />
of animals and plants; of which latter 176 kinds are noticed,<br />
and many of them figured. This work is supposed<br />
by Seguier to be the first book on plants with v.ood-cuts:<br />
was published between the years J 475 and 1478.<br />
it<br />
As the Greek language was but little understood in<br />
Western Europe, till the conquest of Constantinople by a<br />
people of a different religion drove the Greeks into Italy<br />
and as this emigration was speedily followed by the invention<br />
of printing, the learned emigrants, who were obliged<br />
to exert themselves to maintain their fornier station in society,<br />
endeavoured to render the Greek authors fashionable<br />
in the West.<br />
Of the Greek naturalists, Dioscorides was the first<br />
printed, with a Latin translation by Barbarus, a Venetian nobleman,<br />
who died at the early age of 29. This work-^wab<br />
;
12 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
brought out in HTS, and was followed in 1483 by an edition<br />
of Theophrastus, with a Latin translation by Theodore<br />
Gaza, a Greek emigrant, which is still esteemed the best.<br />
The translation of Dioscorides by Matthiolus, first printed<br />
in 1554, supplanted that by Barbaras, and run through<br />
seventeen editions, 32,000 copies being said to be sold before<br />
the year 1561 ; but the edition of Caspar Bauhin, in 1598,<br />
is now esteemed the best.<br />
The publication of these fathers of botany was followed<br />
by that of a host of commentanes upon them, whose authors<br />
endeavoured to find the plants of Syria and Egyjjt<br />
in Germany, foi-getful of the difference of climate ; and<br />
thus, instead of dilucidating the author, they merely mislead<br />
their followers. Even now, after the labours of Rauwolf^<br />
who travelled in Syria, Babylon, and Egypt, in the<br />
sixteenth century; of Tournefort, who travelled also in<br />
Greece, Crete, &c.; and of Sir James Edward Smith; it<br />
does not appear, that of the 700 medical plants mentioned<br />
by Dioscorides, more than 400 can be said to be properly<br />
ascertained.<br />
These translations of the ancients were followed in 1484,<br />
at which time Richard the Third reigned here, by a famojfjs<br />
herbal, printed at Mentz, imder the title of Herbarium<br />
; and this was followed the next year by the Ortus<br />
[i. e. Hortus] Sanitatis, ascribed to Cuba, a physician,<br />
first of Augsburgh, and afterwards of Frankfort. The<br />
wood-cuts with which they are adorned, or rather disfigured,<br />
are rude, and seldom have much resemblance of<br />
the thing which they profess to illustrate.<br />
Although printing was introduced into England in the<br />
reign of Henry the Seventh, yet no works on botany, in<br />
the English language, were produced in his reign, although<br />
hunting and angling had occupied the labours of the press.<br />
It was not indeed till 1516, the seventh of Henry the<br />
Eighth, that the Grete Herbal, with cuts, appeared. This<br />
book was very popular, and went through several editions.<br />
There is no author's name to it, but it was probably made<br />
up from the French translation of the Hortus Sanitatis,<br />
with some alterations and additions. It mentions more<br />
than 400 vegetables, or their products, and of these about<br />
150 are English, but they are no ways distinguished from<br />
the exotics. The cuts are smaller than those of the ELortus,<br />
but equally rude and inaccurate.<br />
While the mere English reader was obliged to content<br />
himself with this miserable compilation, Otho Brunst'el and
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 13<br />
Others were studying botany practically in the fields, and<br />
endeavouring, as we already said, to reconcile the plants<br />
of Germany to the descriptions of Dioscorides. Brunsfel's<br />
work was published in 1530, and Cordus, another writer<br />
on the same subject, in 1535. The learned Gesner bestowed<br />
part of his attention upon botany, and first proposed to<br />
denominate all plants which have the same flower and fruit,<br />
however different they may be in other respects, by the<br />
same common name; or, in modern language, to found<br />
the genera upon the fructification alone. The plants of<br />
Germany were, however, still further examined by Leonard<br />
Fuchs, a physician, and professor at Tubingen. His<br />
History of Plants is adorned with 510 of the most beautiful<br />
and correct outlines that have ever been cut in wood.<br />
The draughtsmen employed were Hemy Fullraaurer and<br />
Albert Meyer, and the wood-engraver was Vitus Rudolph<br />
Speckle ; all whose portraits, in half-lengths, are given at<br />
the end of the work, as Fuchs', in full length, ornaments<br />
the back of the title. The author had good reason to be<br />
proud of his artists. His great error was lit applying the<br />
names of Dioscorides to the plants of Northern Europe;<br />
nor was he less an admirer of Hippocrates and Galen,<br />
whose medical writings he vigorously defended against all<br />
opposers.<br />
Although the Great Herbal was the only botanical work<br />
published in England during the reign of the eighth<br />
Harry, much attention was given to agriculture and<br />
kitchen-gardening. One of the judges (Fitzherbert) did<br />
not disdain to write on Husbandry. A committee of privy<br />
council, the prototype of our present Board of Agriculture,<br />
was appointed to obtain statistical accounts of the kingdom,<br />
Anne of Cleves, when transformed by act of Parliament<br />
from the wife into the sister of Henry, endeavoured ,<br />
to forget the slights of the monarch in the cultivation of<br />
vegetables. And it is probable, that some of the kitchengardenei's<br />
at Chelsea are the descendants of the Flemish<br />
gardeners, whom her real brother sent over to manage her<br />
garden there.<br />
The reign of Edward the Sixth was distinguished by<br />
the publication of Turner's New Herbal; in which the<br />
alphabetical arrangement of former authors was still followed.<br />
Turner was born at Morpeth in Northumberland,<br />
and educated at Cambridge, about 1538. Fie complains<br />
much of the ignorance of natural history that then prevailed<br />
in England, even in the universities. " Being then,"
14 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
he says, " a student of Pembroke Hall, where I could<br />
learn never one Greke, neither Latin, nor English name,<br />
even among the physicians, of any herbe or tree, such<br />
was the ignorance at that time ; and as yet there was no<br />
English Herbal, but one" (the great Herbal just mentioned)<br />
" all full of unlearned cacographies, and falsely<br />
naming of herbs." He went into holy orders, and was a<br />
celebrated preacher as well as a physician, and lived for<br />
some time in Germany, where his fondness for botany led<br />
him to have a botanic garden at Weissenberg ; and also<br />
iji Italy, where he procured the foundation of a public<br />
botanic garden to be attached to the university of Bologna.<br />
-After which he returned to England, and being made<br />
Dean of Wells, divided his time between that place and<br />
his house in Crutched Friars, London. He had a botanic<br />
garden not only at Wells, but also at Kew. His attainments<br />
in science were not confined to Botany alone, but<br />
extended to the knowledge of birds and fishes, in which<br />
respects he assisted his friend Gesner in his Historia Animalium,<br />
and also paid attention to mineral waters, of<br />
which he published a small tract, annexed to his Herbal<br />
to say nothing of his numerous religious books, and his<br />
collation and correction of the Bible.<br />
The complete edition of Turner's Herbal, which was<br />
originally published in three parts, was printed at Cologne<br />
in 1568, embellished with upwards of 400 figures, which<br />
had been used for the octavo edition of Fuchs ; and about<br />
90 new figures, making in all 502. In the Dedication he<br />
mentions his contemporary botanists of England, viz. Dr.<br />
Clement, Dr. Merdy, Owen Wooton, and Mr. Falconer,<br />
who appears to have had a hortus siccus of foreign as well<br />
as English plants. Turner was the introducer of lucerne<br />
into England, by the name of horned clover ; and<br />
throughout the whole of his Llerbal he appears to have<br />
exhibited uncommon diligence and great erudition, and<br />
fully to deserve the character of an original writer. Our<br />
English herbalists, Gerarde, Johnson, and Parkinson, do<br />
not appear to have been sufficiently just to his merits; but<br />
Ray was very sensible of his worth, styling him a man of<br />
solid erudition and judgment.<br />
Botany was also pursued at the same time in Germany<br />
by Tragus, who published in 1552; and in the next year<br />
Dodoens, a Fleming, began to publish his Flerbal, which<br />
was the first in which the alphabetical lists of plants were<br />
exchanged for some gross arrangement. In the present<br />
8<br />
;
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 15<br />
case, the plants were divided into six books : the first, a<br />
farrago of very dissimilar plants in alphabetical order : the<br />
second, flowers and umbelliferous plants : the third, medi-<br />
cinal roots, purgative plants, climbers, poisonous plants,<br />
ferns, mosses, fungi : the fourth, grain, pulse, grasses, water<br />
and marsh plants: the fifth, edibles, gourds, esculent<br />
roots, oiera, thistles, and spinose plants : the sixth and<br />
last, shrubs and trees. Certes a most confused arrangement,<br />
but it showed the value of bringing the history of<br />
plants which resembled each other near together.<br />
Soon after the accession of Elizabeth, Dr. William Bullein<br />
published his " Bulwark of Defence against all Sick-<br />
nesse, Soarnesse, and Wouiides that doe daily assaulte<br />
Mankinde." He was, like Turner, a clergyman as well as<br />
a physician. Notwithstanding his high reputation, he<br />
underwent much prosecution from the brother of Sir<br />
Thomas Hilton, who accused him of murdering that gentleman,<br />
who had been the patron of Bullein, and who had<br />
died of a malignant fever. ' Although his innocence was<br />
fully manifested, his prosecutor arrested him for a debt due<br />
to the deceased, and flung him into prison, where he wrote<br />
a great part of his medical v^ritings. In one of the parts<br />
of this collection of his writings he enumerates the virtues<br />
of British simples, partly from preceding writers, and partly<br />
from his own experience. On one point he is very patriotic,<br />
and he vindicates the fertility and climate of England<br />
with much ardour.<br />
Contemporary with Turner and Bullein was Dr. Thomas<br />
Penny, who was not only a botanist of repute, but was one<br />
of the first Englishmen who studied entomologjr. He published<br />
no works of his own, but he furnished Gesner,<br />
Clusius, and Caraerarius, with many communications re-<br />
lating to English botany ; and his papers, which he left<br />
to Turner and Mouffet, formed the basis of the Theatrum<br />
Insectorum of the latter.<br />
Lobel, although a Fleming, passed the greater part of<br />
his life in England, where he was afterwards appointed<br />
botanist to King James the First. He published, conjointly<br />
with Pena, the first edition of his Adversaria, in<br />
1570, which afterwards underwent several improvements.<br />
In this work, the arrangement proposed by Dodonjeus<br />
was much improved, and an attempt made to form a natural<br />
arrangement in forty-four tribes ; at the head of each<br />
of which is given a list of the plants belonging to it. He<br />
begins with the grasses, of which he describes a number of
16 IXTRODUCTIOK TO BOTANT,<br />
new species : to each species he adds the Greek, G'^rraan^<br />
Dutch, French, and Enghsh name; the description, which<br />
is frequently obscure and insufficient ; the time of flowering,<br />
and the places in England where some of the rarer<br />
plants are to be found. To these are annexed figures. As<br />
Lobel had carefully studied the ancients, and had spent<br />
much time in practical botany, exploring France, Switzerland,<br />
part of Germany and Italy, and various parts of<br />
England, the Adversaria is a work of much merit, and<br />
abounds with a deal of curious information. In 1576 he<br />
published " Obserrationes, sive Stirpium Historite, cui<br />
annexum est Adversariorum Volumen," with M-SG figures.<br />
Some additions were afterwards made to these figures, and<br />
they were printed separately in music quarto, with an index<br />
in seven languages, which rendered them a popular book •<br />
for many years. Lobel mentions several English botanists,.<br />
as Edward Saint Loo, Esq. of Somersetshire ; Mr. Nas-<br />
myth, a surgeon; Mr. De Franqueville, a merchant, particularly<br />
fond of flowers ; Mr.- Hugh Morgan, apothecary<br />
to Queen Elizabeth ; and Mr. Wm. Coys, of Essex. All<br />
the three last had good gardens ; that of Mr. Coys was<br />
well stored with exotic plants; and under his care, in 160'1',<br />
the yucca first flowered in England. Lobel's daughter<br />
married a Mr. James Coel, of Highgate, and, from the<br />
frequent mention that Lobel makes of that place in his<br />
last work, the " Illustrationes," it is probable that he<br />
spent the evening of his life with his son-in-law.<br />
Hitherto only the appearance of plants, as they appeared<br />
to a common observer, or their uses, or some equally unscientific<br />
arrangement, had been followed, but, in 1583,<br />
Cassalpinus, an Italian physician, published his book De<br />
Tlaniis, in which he laid down the basis of a philosophical<br />
division of them, according to their fruit and seed, and<br />
which has been since extended and corrected by Ray,<br />
Hermann, Boerhaave, and Gsertner. This system of Cae-<br />
salpinus, although the first scientific one, is still valuable,<br />
and merits attention. A few years after the publicatioi?<br />
of Csesalpinus's work, namely in 1597, was published the<br />
first edition of Gerarde's Herbal. This work is in the<br />
main a translation of Dodoneeus. Gerarde, although the<br />
Master of the Chirurgeons' Company, was not sufficiently<br />
versed in Latin to make this translation himself, and<br />
thereof altered a manuscript translation of one Dr. Priest,<br />
which the latter had intended to publish, but died before<br />
he accomplished his purpose; and his papers falling into
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 17<br />
the hands of Gerarde, they were transposed from Dodonseus's<br />
arrangement of his subject into that of Lobell, and<br />
published by Gerarde without any acknowledgement of<br />
Dr. Priest's labour in the translation; indeed he speaks<br />
in his Preface of Dr. Priest's translation as having perished,<br />
although both Lobell and Johnson affirm that he used it<br />
himself with no other alteration than the above-mentioned<br />
change of order in disposing the chapters, and some additions.<br />
For the embellishment of the work, the publisher<br />
procured from the Continent the wood-blocks that had<br />
been used in the pi'inting of Dodonscus, Lobell, and Clusius.<br />
Lobell was extremely angry at Gerarde having adopted<br />
his method, at which we may be surprised, since it undoubtedly<br />
may be considered at this time of day as an<br />
acknowledgement of his superiority over the order, if order<br />
it can be called, of DodouEeus; perhaps the real cause<br />
of Lobell's anger was, that Gerai'de's work being in<br />
English, had a preferable sale to that of his own works in<br />
Latin, and might thus injure his purse, however the complaisance<br />
of Gerarde might flatter his self-love.<br />
The reign of James the First seems not to have been<br />
favourable to botanical studies, as no works of any consequence<br />
were published in his reign in England ; but Basil<br />
Besler, an apothecary at Norimberg, published the Hortus<br />
Eystettensis, or account of the plants in the bishop's<br />
garden there, with 1083 figures on copper, digested according<br />
to the order of their flowering ; a superb work for<br />
the time. And in 1623 Caspar Bauhin, professor of anatomy<br />
and medicine at Basil, published his invaluable Pinax,<br />
the labour of forty years, in which he collected the various<br />
names which all the preceding authors had given to the<br />
thenknow'n plants; so that this work has ever since formed<br />
a repertory, by which, on knowing the name, that any<br />
one old author has given to a plant, we are enabled, without<br />
any trouble, to discover it in the works of other writers<br />
and this book is of course indispensable in a botanical library<br />
of any extent.<br />
Two authors distinguish the unfortunate reign of the<br />
first Charles, namely, Johnson and Parkinson. Johnson<br />
was a physician, but, during the civil wars, he became a<br />
lieutenant-colonel on the king's side, and died of the<br />
wounds he received in a sally from Basing-house. His<br />
first botanical publication was the " Iter Cantianum, or a<br />
Journey into Kent in Search of Plants." Then followed<br />
his Hst of the plants growing upon Hampstead Heath,<br />
VOL. I.<br />
c<br />
;
18 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
which has ever been one of the favourite resorts of the<br />
London botanists. His great work was a new edition of<br />
Gerarde's Herbal, with numerous additional articles, by<br />
which it included in all 2850 plants, with 2730 figures.<br />
As this work included foreign plants as well as native ones,<br />
he published, in the next year, his " Mercurius Botanicus,"<br />
which exhibited a list of the plants he found in a<br />
botanical excursion to the west of England ; so that he<br />
was the first author who began to distinguish the native<br />
plants from the others.<br />
Parkinson published his " Paradisus," or Flower and<br />
Fruit Garden, in 1629, a work which shows, that at this<br />
time the gardens of our forefathers were far better stocked<br />
than we imagine. His profession of an apothecary, or, as<br />
it is now called, that of a chemist and druggist, taking up<br />
much of his time, and the time necessary for cutting a new<br />
set of figures, delayed the publication of his general history,<br />
or Theatre of Plants, which is more extensive than<br />
those of Gerarde or Johnson, as it contains 3800 plants,<br />
with 278G figures. The descriptions are new, and the<br />
whole has a true botanical cast, whereas both G^^rarde and<br />
Johnson were intended more for mere medical use.<br />
The reign of the second Charles was extremely favourable<br />
to the knowledge of plants. Gardening and planting<br />
were in high vogue, and among the authors in this department<br />
Evelyn stands pre-eminent: in 1658 he published his<br />
French Gardener; in 1664 his Sylva, or Treatise on<br />
Forest-trees, to which his Kalendarium Hortense, the first<br />
specimen of this kind, was annexed as an appendix ; and<br />
in a fourth edition he also added Pomona, or a Treatise on<br />
Fruit-trees; in 1675 his Terra, or a Philosophical Discourse<br />
on Earth. But this reign is still more remarkable<br />
for the attention paid to British botany. In 1650 Dr. How<br />
made llie first attempt to give, in his Phytologia, a complete<br />
list of the British plants, of which he enumerated<br />
1220. A still larger list was afterwards given by Dr. Merrett,<br />
in his Pinax, published in 1667; a very useful work,<br />
which included not only 14-00 British plants, but also<br />
mentioned the animals and minerals then known to be<br />
produced in these islands. Three years afterwards the<br />
celebrated Ray, who had already entered upon his career<br />
of natural history, by publishing, in 1660, his Catalogus<br />
Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium, extended his<br />
Catalogue to a general one of the British islands, and<br />
eniunerated only 1050 species, rejecting many of those<br />
8
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 19<br />
mentioned by How and Merrett, as being either mfere varieties,<br />
or foreign plants, unjustly called British.<br />
Ray gave a new character to botany, and by his illustrating<br />
every part of natural history, has left behind him<br />
a series of works which has rendered his name equally dur-^<br />
able with the science and the Latin language. He merits<br />
therefore peculiar notice, particularly as his life shows that<br />
riches are not necessary to acquire the highest honours in<br />
science, since his own origin was of the most, humble description.<br />
He was born in 1628 at Black Notley, near<br />
Braintree in Essex, where his father was a blacksmith, and,<br />
as usual in the country, probably a farrier* Being instructed<br />
in Latin in the grammar-school of Braintree, he<br />
went to Cambridge when 16 years of age. At 21 he was<br />
there chosen minor-fellow of Trinity College ; at 23 was<br />
made Greek lecturer ; at 25 mathematical lecturer ; and at<br />
27 humanity reader. These early appointments show the<br />
opinion his fellow-collegians entertained of his abilities.<br />
No establishment for the study of natural history was then<br />
formed at Cambridge, although Oxford already possessed<br />
a botanic garden. Mr. Ray, therefore, collectecl a few of<br />
his associates, and formed a small society for this purpose.<br />
In December, 1660, being then 32, he entered the church<br />
but in September, 1662, on refusing to subscribe an opinion,<br />
that an act of parliament could render an oath not<br />
binding upon those who had taken it, he was superseded<br />
in his college appointments, and deprived of all hope of<br />
church preferment. One of his fellow-students, Mr. Willoughby,<br />
took him several journeys, engaged him as tutor<br />
to his children, and upon his death left his MSS. upon<br />
birds and fishes, as also his two sons to his care, with an<br />
annuity of 60/. a year. The small patrimony he received<br />
from his father he settled, at his marriage, upon his wife,<br />
by whom he had four daughters, three of whom survived<br />
him. He died 17th January, 1706, at his native place<br />
(to which he retired some years after Mr. Willoughby's<br />
death), in the same humble state as he began life.<br />
Besides his two Catalogues already mentioned, he published<br />
at different times,<br />
A Catalogue of Plants observed in his travels.<br />
A new Method of Plants.<br />
A History of Plants, in three large volumes, folio, in<br />
which upwards of 17,000 plants are enumerated, and the<br />
greatest part accurately described.<br />
-<br />
c 2<br />
;
20 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
A Methodical Synopsis of British Plants, of which he<br />
gave himself two editions, and a third was published after<br />
his death by Dr. Diilenius.<br />
An emendated Method of Plants, concerning which I<br />
shall hereafter speak more at large.<br />
A controversial tract respecting the two contemporary<br />
systems of Rivinus and Tournefort.<br />
A Synopsis of Quadrupeds and Serpents.<br />
A Method of Insects.<br />
These works are all in Latin, by which means they are<br />
unfortunately less known in their own country than they<br />
are on tlie Continent: and to this list may be added.<br />
The editing of Willoughby's History of Birds, in Latin<br />
and also translating and publishing it in English.<br />
The editing of Willoughby's History of Fishes, in<br />
Latin.<br />
He left in manuscript an unfinished Historia Insectorum,<br />
which was published by Dr. Derham, who, after a<br />
long trouble, succeeded in obtaining from the bookseller<br />
in whose hands they had been lodged, Ray's Synopsis<br />
Avium, and his Synopsis Piscium ; both which Derham<br />
published. To this list might be added several philological,<br />
moral, and theological works; a volume of Travels, and two<br />
volumes of his Correspondence, which Derham and Scott<br />
have given to the world : but enough has been said to<br />
prove his indefatigable industry.<br />
To prosecute the history of botany since the time of<br />
Ray, in the same ample manner as I have dwelt upon<br />
the infancy of it, which is always the most interesting portion<br />
of the history of any science, would take up too<br />
much time. The remainder, therefore, can only be sketched<br />
by a hasty outline.<br />
In 1677 Dr. Plott gave the first natural history of a<br />
small local district, by publishing his Oxfordshire, which<br />
was succeeded two years afterwards by his Staifordshire<br />
these still remain very favourable specimens of this species<br />
of literature, and have not been exceeded.<br />
Sir Hans Sloane, Petiver apothecary to the Charter-<br />
House, and the elder Martyn Professor of Botany at<br />
Cambridge, were the principal disciples of Ray in this<br />
country. The French botanists mostly followed Tournefort,<br />
and the Germans Rivinus, or some of the modifications<br />
of his systematic arrangement, until a new adventurer<br />
appeared in the world of science^ who was destined to eiFect<br />
; :
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 21<br />
a great cliange in botany, and who disputed the palm of<br />
victory with the celebrated Haller. What man, either of<br />
letters or science, has not heard of Haller? In poetry,<br />
devotion, anatomy, physiology, botany, literary history, he<br />
had few equals, perhaps no superior. In respect to botany,<br />
he was a follower of Ray, upon whom he bestows the<br />
highest praise, and attempted to render his arrangement<br />
still more natural than it is, using the simpler method of<br />
Ruppius as a finder, in consequence of the abstruseness of<br />
his own system. Unfortunately his labours were confined<br />
to the plants of Switzerland, while his competitor embraced<br />
the whole extent of nature, and each edition of his Catalogue<br />
was printed upon an expensive scale, in two elegant<br />
folio volumes, which rendered their circulation very confined,<br />
while his edition of Ruppius did not display the characters<br />
of the genera: otherwise the superiority of his own<br />
system, and the easiness of Ruppius's as an auxiliary,<br />
would have smothered the Linnsean botany in its birth.<br />
Hitherto the names of plants had remained nearly stationary'-,<br />
and if any alteration was attempted the name<br />
quoted by Caspar Bauhin, in his Pinax, was annexed as the<br />
common repertory of botanists. The uses also of plants<br />
had never been neglected. Another point Avas to use the<br />
words of the language, whether of the Latin or the vulgar<br />
tongue, in their usual signification. To these Ray had<br />
added a fourth, namely that to excite inquiry, he gave<br />
lists of such plants as were only imperfectly known to him.<br />
LinnaBus violated these old rules by degrees, as his systematic<br />
arrangement of plants became more and more in<br />
use. He changed the names of plants with the utmost<br />
unconcern ; he neglected almost entirely the detail of the<br />
uses ; and as to the language, he scrupled not to change<br />
the terms used in describing plants, and to affix new signi-<br />
fications to well-known words. Another peculiarity in<br />
Linnasus's writings is, that he does not give any lists of<br />
those natural substances of which he had only an imperfect<br />
knowledge: so that a person is apt to suppose them more<br />
perfect than they really are.<br />
Let it not however be thought, that some very great improvements<br />
were not introduced by him, particularly in<br />
the typographical execution of his works. His taking the<br />
characters of the families, from the same parts, although<br />
carried by him to excess, as being extended to the whole<br />
grand division, now called phenogamous plants, instead of<br />
being changed in each class according to circumstances, is<br />
6
22 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
a great improvement. His distinction of the species being<br />
formed from characters visible in the plants themselves,<br />
instead of the place vi^here found, their size compared with<br />
others, or their use, is a still greater improvement, li'we<br />
compare his manner of printing the synoptic tables of<br />
the genera, prefixed to each class, with the tables of Ray,<br />
or Knaut, the superiority of his method will be evident.<br />
The same superiority exists in the manner of printing the<br />
few descriptions he has published. By always observing<br />
the same order in treating of the several parts, breaking<br />
the description into short paragraphs, and using a different<br />
type for the leading word of the several divisions of a<br />
paragraph, the eye of a person accustomed to his works<br />
glances immediately to the information that is required.<br />
These real improvements, added to the industry which<br />
he manifested in publishing the successive improvements<br />
of his system, and the cheapness of his works, in which<br />
the expense of figures was avoided, brought his system<br />
into vogue, particularly in Germany and England, it being<br />
a striking feature in the national characters of their inha-<br />
bitants to prefer the works of foreigners to those of their<br />
countrymen.<br />
In France, however, although he was followed by many,<br />
yet the greater national pride prevalent there forbade them<br />
to discard their own Tournefort to oblivion. Linnajus had<br />
pronounced tlie discovery of the natural arrangement of<br />
plants, as attempted by Ray, to be nearly hopeless; but the<br />
French botanists did not so easily despair ; Adanson, Bernard<br />
Jussieu, his nephew Anthony Jussieu the present<br />
professor at Paris, Lamarcke, and still more lately De<br />
CandoUe, the present professor at Geneva, have again attempted<br />
this task, and have certainly carried it to a degree<br />
of perfection, as may be seen in this work, in vvhich the<br />
plants of the British islands are arranged according to the<br />
latest improvements of these celebrated botanists.<br />
The authors since Ray may seem, perhaps, to be passed<br />
over in too rapid a manner ; but when we consider, that<br />
since his time the uses of vegetables have been almost entirely<br />
neglected, and that the Linnean school has principally<br />
supplied us with authors who have new arranged,<br />
and new named okl things; so that they have plunged us<br />
again into tlie same chaos, from which we were rescued by<br />
C. Bauhin in his Pinax, the notice taken of these name-<br />
setters and rangers, as Hooke would emjjhatically call<br />
them, is fully sufficient for their merit. A few demand
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANV. 23<br />
pur thanks, particularly those who have investigated the<br />
imperfect or cryptogamous plants, as Micheli, the liverworts<br />
and fungi ; Persoon, Link, and Esenbeck, the fungi ;<br />
Dillenius and Hedwig, the mosses ; Geertner, the fruit of<br />
plants. Of living British authors I purposely abstain from<br />
any mention, or I would bestow the proper meed of praise<br />
upon R. Brown, R. A. Salisbury, Goodenough, Dillwyn,<br />
Turner, and many other successful investigators of nature.<br />
Having thus brought the history of botany to the present<br />
time, the following chronological epitome will exhibit<br />
a clear view of its progress since the invention of printing,<br />
and also a succinct list of the principal authors, and particularly<br />
of those relative to English Botany, or the estabUshment<br />
of the natural system, in the order of their<br />
publication.<br />
Edward IV.<br />
1468. Pliny first printed.<br />
1471. Crescentius. Opus ruralium Commodorum. First<br />
dated edition.<br />
1475. Buch der Natur printed. First wood-cuts of natural<br />
history.<br />
1477. ^milius Macer. DeVirtutibusHerbarum. Printed,<br />
1478. Dioscorides translated and printed.<br />
1483. Theophrastus translated and printed.<br />
Edav.V. and Rich. III.<br />
1484. Herbarium, published at Mentz,<br />
Henry VII.<br />
1485. Printing introduced into England by Caxton.<br />
Cuba? Ortus Sanitatis.<br />
Henry VIIL<br />
1516. Great Herbal. Latin names alphabetical. The Jirst<br />
English herlal.<br />
1528. Lucius Apulejus. DeVirtutibusHerbarum. Printed<br />
with Galen's works.<br />
1530. Brunsfels. Herbarium. Restores practical Botany in<br />
Europe.<br />
1534. Judge Fitzherbert. Husbandry.<br />
J 535. Valerius Cordus. Dispensatorium. First piiarma-^<br />
copceia.<br />
1541. Gesner. Historia Plantarum. Proposes genera hy<br />
the fructification.
24 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
1542. Fuchs. Historia Plantarum. 516 fig. outlines only,<br />
but beautiful.<br />
Edward VI.<br />
1548. Matthiolus. Comraentarii in Dioscoridem.<br />
1551. Turner. New Herbal.<br />
1552. Tragus. De Stirpibus. 567 figures.<br />
Serapio. De Simplicium Historia. Printed.<br />
Dodoens. Frugum Historia.<br />
Elizabeth.<br />
J 560. Miraldi. Secretorum Enchiridion.<br />
1562. BuUeyn. Castle of Defense against Sicknesse.<br />
Dr. Fenny, jirst British entomologist.<br />
1568. Turner. Herbal, Completed, with figures from<br />
the small editions of Fuchs.<br />
1570. Lobel and Pena. Adversaria. The first arrangement<br />
of plants.<br />
1578. Lyte. Herbal. A translation of Dodonseus. 1050<br />
plants.<br />
1583. Dodoens. Herbal, completed and all the parts<br />
published together with 1305 figures.<br />
1585. Csesalpinus. De Plantis. The Jirst strict logical<br />
system.<br />
Newton. Herbal to the Bible.<br />
1588. Tabernasmontanus. Kraeuterbuch, begun.<br />
1592. Columna. Phytobasanos.<br />
1594. Mountain. Gardeners' Labyrinth. Thefi,rst English<br />
hook on Gardening P<br />
1597. Gerarde. Herbal.<br />
1599. Imperati. Historia Naturalis.<br />
1600. Schwenckfeld. Stirpium, &c. Silesiaa Catalogus.<br />
TheJirst Flora of any country.<br />
1601. Clusius. Rariorum Plantarum Historia. This author<br />
is highly esteemedfor the purity of his Latin.<br />
James I.<br />
1605. Clusius. Exoticorum Libri decern.<br />
Lobel. Adversariorum altera pars.<br />
1611. Clusius. Curae posteriores.<br />
J612. Besler. Hortus Eystettensis. 1083 figures on copper.<br />
The first superb work in botany.<br />
1616. Columna. Ecphrasis.<br />
1620. C. Bauhin. Prodromus Theatri Botanici. 1st edit.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 25<br />
1623. C. Bauhin. Pinax Theatri Botanici, 1st edit. An<br />
immense collection of synonyms.<br />
Chaules I.<br />
1629. Johnson. Iter Cantianum. The first account of a<br />
herborisation in England.<br />
Parkinson. Paradisus terrestris. Thefirst catalogue<br />
of common garden plants.<br />
1652. Johnson. Ericetum Hampstediense. The first catalogue<br />
of a small lotanizing ground.<br />
1633. Gerarde's Herbal. 2850 plants.<br />
1634. Mercurius Botanicus. The first sepa-<br />
ration of British plants from foreign ones.<br />
164'3. Parkinson. Theatre of Botany. 3800 plants, with<br />
new figures, cut in England.<br />
164-8. Bobart. Hortus Oxoniensis. Thefirst catalogue of<br />
a British botanic garden.<br />
MarcgrafF. Historia Brasilise.<br />
Charles II.<br />
1650. How. Phytologia. 1220 plants. Thefirst attempt<br />
at a complete list of British plants.<br />
J. Bauhin. Historia Plantarum.<br />
1652. Culpeper. The English Physician. 1st edition.<br />
1655. Lobel. Stirpium lllustrationes, a How.<br />
1656. Cole. The Art of Simpling.<br />
Tradescant. Museum. The first catalogue of an<br />
English collection.<br />
1658. Browne. Hortus Oxoniensis.<br />
1659. Lovell. Pambotanologia. 1st edition.<br />
1660. Ray. Catalogus Plantarum Cantabrigensis. 626<br />
plants. Thefirst work by Ray.<br />
1664. Evelyn. Sylva, with Kalendarium Hortense. The<br />
first Gardener^s Calendar.<br />
Turner. British Physician.<br />
1665. Lovell. Pambotanologia. 2d edition.<br />
1667. Merrett. Pinax Rerum Britannicarum. 1400 plants.<br />
Willisell mentioned hy Merrett as an active collector.<br />
1669. Morison. Hortus Blesensis.<br />
1670. Ray. Catalogus Plantarum Anglise. 1050 plants.<br />
Grew. Anatomy of vegetables begun.<br />
1672. Morison. Plantse umbelliferas. Thefirst monograph,<br />
1673. Ray. Catalogus Stirpium externarum.<br />
1675. Malpighi. Anatome Plantarum.
26 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
1677. Plot. Oxfordshire. The first natural history of an<br />
English county,<br />
1678. Van Rheede. Hortus Malabaricus begun.<br />
1679. Plot. Staffordshire.<br />
Evelyn. Terra.<br />
1680. Morison. Historia Plantarum. Tom. ii. The first<br />
general history in a systematic order, and with<br />
copper-plate figures. Note, The first volume on<br />
trees still in manuscript.<br />
1682. Wheeler's Journey into Gi'eece. An attempt to in-<br />
vestigate the plants of the ancients in their native<br />
soil.<br />
Ray. Methodus nova Plantarum.<br />
Dr. Tancred Robinson mentioned by Roy.<br />
168i'. Sibbald. Scotland.<br />
1685. Glen. A herbarium of' 600 plants, ivith this date, men-<br />
tiojied by Dr. Pulteney as being still iii existence.<br />
Abercrombie. Ars explorandi medicas Plantarum<br />
Facultates ex solo Sapore.<br />
James II.<br />
1686. P-ay, Historia Plantarum. Tom. i.<br />
1688. Knaut. Plantse Hailenses.<br />
Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. ii._ 16,000 plants<br />
in systematic order.<br />
Fasciculus Stirpium post Catalogum observatarum.<br />
William III.<br />
1689. Magnol. Prodromus Historire Plantarum.<br />
1690. Ray. Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. First<br />
edition. 1050 plants.<br />
Doody and Lawsoii mentioned by Ray.<br />
Rivinus. Introductio in Rem herbariam.<br />
Plantte monopetalae irrcgulares.<br />
1691. Plantse tetrapetalse irregulares.<br />
Plukenet. Phytographia.<br />
1692. Glen. A herbarium of 660 plants, ivith this date,<br />
mentioned by Dr. Fulteney as still remaining,<br />
Petiver. Museum.<br />
1693. Ray- Synopsis Quadrupedvm.<br />
Dale. Pharmacologia. First edition.<br />
^ Sherard, noiv known.<br />
1694'. Tournefort. Elemens de la Botanique.<br />
Peachy. Compleat Herbal.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
1696. Ray Synopsis. Second edition.<br />
Sloaiie. Catalogus Plantarum Jamaicse.<br />
Plukenet. Almagestum.<br />
1699. Morison. Historia. Tom. iii. a Bobart.<br />
Rivinus. Plantae pentapetalce irregulares.<br />
Llhwyd. Lithophylacium Britannicum.<br />
1700. Plukenet. Almagesti Mantissa.<br />
Leigh. Lancashire,<br />
Anne.<br />
1702. Petiver. Gazophylacium.<br />
1703. Ray. Metliodus emendata.<br />
Plumier. Nova Genera Plantarum.<br />
170'k Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. iii. 11,300 plants.<br />
1705. Pkikenet. Amaltheum.<br />
Plumier, Fougeres de I'Amerique.<br />
1707- Sloane. History of Jamaica.<br />
1708. Lecaan. Advice to the Army, o?i the Spanish a?id<br />
Portuguese plants.<br />
170.9. Robinson. Westmoreland.<br />
1710. Ray. Historia Insectorum.<br />
Dr. Richardo'tiy Mr. Brewer, and Mr, Harrison, mentioned<br />
by Ray.<br />
Johren. Hodegus Botanicus. The first attempt at<br />
an analytical method of plants.<br />
Boerhaave. Index Plantarum Lugduno-Batavorum,<br />
1711- Salmon. Botanologia, or English Herbal.<br />
1712. Morton. Northamptonshire.<br />
1713. Ray. Synopsis Avium et Piscium.<br />
Petiver. Figures to Ray's British Plants.<br />
Bradley, now known.<br />
George L<br />
1716. Knaut (Fiiius). Methodus Plantarum Genuina.<br />
Bradley. Succulent Plants.<br />
1717. Tournefoi't. Listitutiones, a Jussieu.<br />
1718. Ruppius. Flora Jenensis. First edition.<br />
Blair. Botanick Essays.<br />
1719. Scheuchzer. Agrostographia Helvetica.<br />
Dillenius. Catalogus Plantarum circa Gissam.<br />
1720. Magnol. Novus Caracter Plantarum. Contains<br />
his calycine method.<br />
1721. Knowles. Materia Medica Botanica, in Latiti<br />
verses.<br />
2*7
28<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
1723. Blair. Pharmaco-botanologia. Begun.<br />
1724. Ray. Synopsis. Third edition. A Dillenio.<br />
1725. Sloane. Jamaica. Vol. ii.<br />
Douglas. Amaryllis, or Guerjisey Lily.<br />
1726. Martyn. Plantee officinales.<br />
Ruppius. Hora Jenensis aucta.<br />
George II.<br />
1727. Threlkeld. Synopsis S'drpium Hibernicarum.<br />
Boerhaave. Historia Plantarum in Horto Lugduno-Bativorum-<br />
Martyn. Methodus Plantarum Cantabrigensium.<br />
Hales. Vegetable Statics.<br />
1 728. Knowlton arid Miller begun to be known.<br />
Bradley. Dictionarium Botanicum.<br />
Ksempt'er. History of Japan, translated.<br />
1729. Micheli. Nova Plantarum Genera.<br />
1730. Hebenstreit. Definitiones Plantarum. The genera<br />
ofRiviniis.<br />
Catesby. Carolina.<br />
Miller. Gardeners' Dictionary. First edition.<br />
1732. Dillenius. Hortus Elthamensis.<br />
Tournefort. History of Plants, translated by Mar-<br />
tyn.<br />
Linnseus. Florula Lapponica.<br />
1735. Systema Naturae. First edition.<br />
1736. -* Came to England.<br />
Fundamenta Botanica.<br />
Bibliotheca Botanica.<br />
• Musa ClifFortiana.<br />
1737.<br />
•<br />
Flora Lapponica. First edition.<br />
Genera Plantarum. First edition,<br />
'— Critica Botanica.<br />
Hortus ClifFortianus.<br />
Blackstone. Harefield Plants.<br />
Dale. Pharmacologia. Second edition.<br />
Blackwell. Herbal.<br />
Ludwig. Definitiones Plantarum. First edition.<br />
1738. Deering. Nottingham Plants.<br />
1740. Van Royen. Florae Leydensis Prodromus. Contains<br />
his System, and is said to have been written<br />
by Linncmis.<br />
1741. Dillenius. Historia Muscorum.<br />
Linnceus made Professor at Upsal.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 29<br />
174-2. Haller Enumeratio Stirpium Helveticarum.<br />
174;4!. Wilson. Synopsis of British Plants. Vol. i. A<br />
translation of Ray's Synopsis, slightly alteredfrom<br />
Tournefort.<br />
1745. Linnasus. Flora Suecica.<br />
Needham. Microscopical Discoveries.<br />
Parsons. Theatre of Seeds.<br />
Ruppius. Flora Jenensis, a Hallero.<br />
1746. Blackstone. Specimen Botanicum. Contains the<br />
1747.<br />
1748.<br />
habitats of rare British plants.<br />
Short. Medicina Britannica.<br />
Heister. Systema Plantarum. A near approach to<br />
the present natural system ; hut the trees separated<br />
from the herbs.<br />
1749. Linnaeus. Materia Medica. First edition.<br />
Amoenitates Academicae. First edition<br />
begun.<br />
1750. Ehret and Trew. Centuriae. Begun.<br />
Hughes. Barbadoes.<br />
1751. Fulham-garden very full of plants.<br />
Linnaeus. Philosophia Botanica. First edition.<br />
Forster. Flora Americae Septentrionalis.<br />
Sauvages. Methodus Foliorum.<br />
1 752. Sir Hans Sloane died.<br />
Newton. Compleat Herbal.<br />
1753. Linnaeus. Species Plantarum. First edition.<br />
Alston. Tyrocinium.<br />
1755. Miller. Figures to his Dictionary. Begun.<br />
Ellis. History of the Corallines.<br />
1756. Browne. Jamaica.<br />
Sheldrake. Herbal.<br />
1757. Kniphoff". Herbarium vivum. Begun and carried<br />
on to J 2 centuries. First publication of dried<br />
specimens.<br />
1758. Borlase. Cornwall.<br />
1759. Stillingfleet. Miscellaneous tracts.<br />
B. Jussieu arranges the garden at Trianon. Foundation<br />
of the present natural system.<br />
George IIL<br />
1 760. Solander to England.<br />
Lee, Introduction to Botany. First edition.<br />
Flora Danica. Begun by Oeder.<br />
1761. Schaeffer. Fungi. Begun.
30<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
1762. Hudson. Flora Anglica. First edition.<br />
Martyn. Herbationes Cantabrigenses.<br />
1763. Lyons. Plantse Cantabrigenses.<br />
Adanson. Families des Plantes.<br />
1764. Oeder. Elementa Botanica.<br />
Berkenhout. Botanical Lexicon.<br />
1766. Crantz. Institutiones Rei Herbariae.<br />
1767. Catesby. Hortus Europag Americanus.<br />
Present taste of planting.<br />
1768. Gmelin. Historia Fucorum.<br />
Hill. Hortus Kewensis.<br />
Haller. Historia Stirpiura Helveticarum.<br />
Miller. Gardener's Dictionary, 8th edition, allerecl<br />
to the Linnean system.<br />
1769. Wallis. Northumberland.<br />
Haller. Nomenclator Stirpium Llelveticarum.<br />
Plukenet. Opera.<br />
Hill. Herbarium Britannicum.<br />
1770. Alston. Materia Medica.<br />
Berkenhout. Outlines. Vol. ii. Vegetables,<br />
Weis. Plantse cryptogamicse Gottingensis.<br />
Milne. Botanical Dictionary.<br />
1771. Necker. Methodus Muscorum.<br />
Weston. Universal Botanist.<br />
Warner. Woodford Plants.<br />
Milne. Institutes of Botany.<br />
1772. Cook's Second Voyage began.<br />
Haller. Bibliotheca Botanica.<br />
1774. Cullum. Specimen Florae Anglicse. Left imperfect.<br />
Curtis. London plants.<br />
Hill. Vegetable System. The largest tvork on bo-<br />
tany, 26 vols, folio ; left wijhmhed in 1775.<br />
1775. Forskahl. Flora iEgyptiaco-Arabica.<br />
Weston. English Flora.<br />
Jenkinson. British Plants.<br />
Rose. Elements of Botany.<br />
1776. Builiard. Flora Parisiensis. Begun.<br />
Coon's Third, or last Voyage, begun.<br />
Withering, Botanical Arrangement. First edition,<br />
1777. Curtis. Flora Lofidinensis. Begun.<br />
Linnaeus's System of Botany illustrated,<br />
Lightfoot. Flora Scotica. Begun.<br />
Robson. British Flora.<br />
Jacob. Feversham Plants.<br />
'
NTRODUCTION TO EOTANY« SI<br />
1778. Boutcher. Forest-trees.<br />
Hudson. Flora Anglica. Second edition.<br />
Lamarck. Flore Fran9oise. First edition.<br />
Walcot. Flora Britannica.<br />
1779. Giseke. Index Linneanus in Plukenetum et Dillenium.<br />
1780. BuUiard. Herbier de la France. Begun.<br />
Weston. Supplement to English Flora.<br />
1781. Lestiboadois. Botanographie Belgique. First edi-<br />
tion. Recomonended by De Candolle to students.<br />
Linnaeus Filius. Supplementum Plantarum.<br />
Methodus Muscorum illustrata.<br />
Pulteney. Review of Linnseus's Writings.<br />
1782. Bergius. Materia Medica ex Regno vegetabili.<br />
Broughton. Enchiridion.<br />
1783. Batsch. Elenchus Fungorum. Begun.<br />
Lamarck. Encyclopedia Methodique, Botanique,<br />
Begun.<br />
1784". BuUiard. Plantes veneneuses.<br />
Forster. Additions to Warner's Woodford Plants.<br />
Hoffmann. Enumeratio Lichenum.<br />
L'Heritier. Stii-pes novee. Begun.<br />
Pallas. Flora Rossica. Begun.<br />
Jones. Religious Use of Botanical Philosophy.<br />
1785. Bolton. Filices Britannicee. Begun.<br />
Rosseau. Letters on Botany, translated by Martyn.<br />
Cavanilles. .Monadelphia. Begun.<br />
Dickson. Plantas cryptogamicse Britannicae. Begun.<br />
Hoffmann. Historia Salicum.<br />
Relham. Flora Cantabrigensis. Begun.<br />
1787. Curtis. Botanical Magazine. Begun.<br />
R.W. D. Principia Botanica, Newark.<br />
Happe. Botanica Pharmaceutica. Begun.<br />
Withering. Botanical Arrangement. Second edition<br />
by Stokes.<br />
Hedwig. Descriptio Muscorum frondosorum.<br />
Begun.<br />
Hoffmann. Vegetabilia cryptogamica. Begun,<br />
Linneeus. Families of Plants, translated by the<br />
Litchfield Society.<br />
L'Heritier. Geranologia. Begun.<br />
1788. Bolton. Funguses about Llalifax. Begun,<br />
Gaertner. De Fructibus et Semiuibus Plantarum.<br />
Tom. i.<br />
Roth. Flora Germanica, Beeuii.
32 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
1789. CuUen. Materia Medica.<br />
Smith. Icones Plantarum.<br />
Jussieu. Genera Plantarum, secundum Ordines<br />
naturales.<br />
Aiton. Hortus Kewensis. 'First edition.<br />
Leers. Flora Herborniensis.<br />
Donovan. On the minute Parts of Plants.<br />
1790. Pulteney. Progress of Botany in England.<br />
Bolton. Filices Britannicee. Part ii.<br />
Curtis. Brompton Garden. First edition.<br />
Sowerby and Smith. English Botany. Begun.<br />
Allen. Exotic Plants at Kew. Begun.<br />
Swayne. Gramina pascua.<br />
Donovan. Botanical Review.<br />
Lamarck. Illustrations des Genres. Begun.<br />
Loureiro. Flora Cochin-chinensis.<br />
Necker. Elementa Botanica.<br />
Tode. Fungi Mecklenburgenses.<br />
Woodville. Medical Botany. Begun.<br />
1791. Cavanilles. Plantae Hispanicae. Begun.<br />
Transactions of the Linnsean Society. Begun.<br />
Darwin. Botanic Garden.<br />
R. A. Salisbur3^ Icones Stirpium.<br />
Gsertner. De Fructibus, &c, Plantarum. Tom. ii.<br />
Schkuhr. Botanisches Handbuch. Begun.<br />
1792. Linnseus. Ordines naturales, a Giseke.<br />
Collectio Epistolarum.<br />
Martyn. Flora Rustica. Begun.<br />
Saunders. Introduction to Botany.<br />
Trattinick. Flora Austriacse sicca. Begun.<br />
1793. Coyte. Ipswich Garden.<br />
Milne and Gordon. Indigenous Botany. Left im-<br />
perfect.<br />
Martyn. Language of Botany.<br />
Murray. Apparatus Medicaminum.<br />
Paulet. Traite de Champignons.<br />
Rousseau. Lettres sur la Botanique. '<br />
1794. Goodenough. British Species of Carex.<br />
Haworth. Mesembryanthemum,<br />
Meyrick. Miscellaneous Botany.<br />
Sibthorp. Flora Oxonienses.<br />
Wade. Plantae Dublinenses.<br />
1795. Roxburgh. Coromandel Plants. Vol. i.<br />
Stackhouse. Nereis Britannica.<br />
Vellev. Marine Plants of England.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. S3<br />
1796. Donn. Hortus Cantabrigiensis. First edition.<br />
Withering. Botanical Arrangement. 3d edit. 4 vols.<br />
Gmelin. Systema Naturae.<br />
Martyn. Language of Botany.<br />
Persoon. Observadones mycologicse.<br />
R. A. Salisbury. Prodromus Horti Chapel Allerton.<br />
Sowerby. Fungi. Begun.<br />
1797. Bridel. Muscologia. Part I.<br />
Freeman. Select British Plants. No. I.<br />
Andrews. Botanists' Repository. Begun.<br />
Lambert. Genus Cinchona.<br />
Miller. Gardeners' Dictionary, by Martyn. Begun.<br />
Persoon. Tentamen Dispositionis Fungorum.<br />
Roth. Catalecta Botanica. Begun.<br />
Willdenow. Species Plantarum. Begun.<br />
1798. Abbot. Flora Bedfordiensis.<br />
Sole. Menthse Britannicse.<br />
Dryander. Catalogue of Sir Joseph Banks' Library.<br />
Acharius. Lichenographise Suecicse Prodromus.<br />
Bulliard. Champignons de la France,<br />
Symons. Synopsis Plantarum Britannicarum.<br />
Thompson. Botany displayed.<br />
Roxburgh. Coromandel Plants. Vol. ii.<br />
Ruir and Pavon. Flora Peruviana et Chilensis.<br />
Begun.<br />
1799. Sims. Botanical Magazine. Begun.<br />
Hull. British Flora. First edition.<br />
Lady C. Murray. Bx'itish Garden.<br />
Hunter. Analogy between vegetable and animal<br />
Parturition.<br />
1800. St. Pierre. Etudes de la Nature.<br />
Hull. Elements of Botany.<br />
Smith. Flora Britannica. Tom. i. et ii.<br />
Compendium. First edition.<br />
1801. Forster. Plants about Tunbridge Wells.<br />
Hedwig. Species Muscorum, a Schwaegricheni<br />
Persoon. Synopsis Fungorum.<br />
1802. Dillwyn. British Confervae. Begun,<br />
Redoute. Les Liliacees. Begun.<br />
Schkuhr. Carex.<br />
Trattinick. Genera Plantarum Methodo naturali<br />
disposita.<br />
Turner. Synopsis of British Fuci.<br />
Historia Fucorum. Begun.<br />
VOL. I. D
3i<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
1803. Schkuhr. Manuale Botanicum, a Schwsegrichen.<br />
Acharius. Methodus Lichenum.<br />
Dubois. Plantes d'Orleans.<br />
- Haworth. Miscellanea naturalia.<br />
Vaucher. Conferves d'Eau douce.<br />
Kerner.<br />
Begun.<br />
Genera Plantarum Iconibus illustrata.<br />
Lambert. Pinus.<br />
Mirbel. Histoire des Plantes, d'apres Jussieu.<br />
1804. Brotero. Flora Lusitanica.<br />
Wade. Plants of Ireland.<br />
Gaudin. Etrennes de Flora. No. I. Carex.<br />
Knox. Gramina Britannica.<br />
Smith. Flora Britannica. Tom. iii.<br />
Turner. Muscologia Hibernica.<br />
Trattinick. Fungi Austriaci cera expressi.<br />
Thunberg. Flora Japonica.<br />
-1805. Rudge. Icones Plantarum Guianoe. Begun.<br />
Winch. Botanists' Guide through Northumberland<br />
and Durham. Vol. i.<br />
R. A. Salisbury. Paradisus Londinensis. Begun.<br />
Turner and Weston. Botanists' Guide through<br />
England.<br />
Persoon. Synopsis Plantarum. The most numerous<br />
collection of plienogamous species hitherto published,<br />
Sims and Koenig. Annals of Botany. Begun.<br />
Palisot de Beauvois. jEtheogames, seu Musci et<br />
Lycopodia.<br />
De Candolle and Lamarcke. Flore Francolse.<br />
Willdenow. Principles of Botany, translated.<br />
Geertner. Supplementum Carpologise.<br />
GeofFroy de St. Hilaire. Families Naturelles.<br />
' Plantes de la France.<br />
1806.<br />
Begun.<br />
De Candolle and Lamarcke. Synopsis Florae Gal-<br />
licee.<br />
Lois. Flora Gallica.<br />
Sibthorp and Smith. Flora Graeca. Begun.<br />
Barbier. Pharmacologia.<br />
Smith. Introduction to Botany.<br />
R. A. Salisbury. The generic Characters in the<br />
English Botany (by Sir J. E. Smith), collated<br />
with those of Linneeus.<br />
Swartz. Synopsis Filicum,<br />
'<br />
.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 35<br />
*1807. Humboldt. Geographie des Plantes.<br />
1808. and Bonpland. Plantes Equinoxiales.<br />
Begun.<br />
Galpine. Compend. of British Botany.<br />
Richsrd. Analyse du Fruit.<br />
White. Indigenous Grasses of Ireland.<br />
Hull. British Flora. Second Edition. Vol. i.<br />
1809. Knight. Horticultural Essays. Begun. Proteae.<br />
Bonpland. Melastoraa.<br />
Freeman. British Plants. No. II.<br />
1810. Acharius. . Lichenographia.<br />
Bodard. Cours de Botanique medicale.<br />
Brown. Prodromus Florgs N. Hollandias.<br />
Mougeot and Nestler. Stirpes cryptogamicse Vogeso-Rbaenanae.<br />
Begun.<br />
1811. Lejeune. Flore de Spa. Begun.<br />
Persoon. Novee Lichenum Species.<br />
Schw^grichen. Supplementum Muscorum.<br />
Gaudin. Agrostographia Helvetica.<br />
1812. Palisot de Beauvois. Agrostographie.<br />
Haworth. Synopsis Plantarum succulentarum.<br />
1813.<br />
Hooker. British Jungermannise. Begun.<br />
De CandoUe. Th^orie de la Botanique. First<br />
edition.<br />
Davis. Welsh Botanology.<br />
Hoskert. Flora Glottiana, i. e. Glasgow Plants.<br />
Hooker. Pomona Londinensis.<br />
Sprengel. Introduction to cryptogamous Plants,<br />
translated.<br />
Tupper. On the Probability of Sensation in Vege-<br />
tables.<br />
Dunal. Solanuni.<br />
Bonpland. Jardin de Malmaison, Begun.<br />
1814. Brown. Botany of Terra Australis.<br />
Knight. Pomona Herefordiensis.<br />
1815. Hooker. Flora Londinensis. Begun.<br />
Mirbel. Elemens de Botanique.<br />
Seringe. Saules de la Suisse.<br />
Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Nova Plantarum<br />
Genera et Species. Begun.<br />
1816. Keith. System of Physiological Botany.<br />
Forster. Flora Tunbridgensis.<br />
Lamouroux. Polypiers coralligenes flexibles.<br />
3817. Agardh. Synopsis Algarum.<br />
D 2
—<br />
36 INTIIODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
1817. Purton. Midland Flora<br />
Ordeyno. Flora Nottinghamiensis.<br />
Nees von Esenbeck. Fungi.<br />
Redoute. Les Roses.<br />
1818. Hooker and Taylor. Muscologia Britannica.<br />
De Candolle. Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale.<br />
Begun.<br />
1819. De Candolle. Theorie de la Botanique. Second<br />
edition.<br />
Richard. Fruits and Seeds, translated by Lindley.<br />
Lingbye. Tentamen Hydrophytologiae Danicse.<br />
Haworth. Appendix to Succulents, &c.<br />
Scot and Jameson. Herbarium Edinense.<br />
Bridel. Supplem. Muscorum recentium.<br />
1820. Lindley. Roses.<br />
3. Explanation of the Terms used in Botany.<br />
Plants, vegetables, Plantar, vegetahilia ; in composition<br />
phytosj— botanoS)— hotane.<br />
1. Species.<br />
Tree, Arbor, in composition<br />
—<br />
dendron. A plant with a<br />
single woody stem, growing at least three times as high as<br />
a man.<br />
Small tree, ylrbuscula, A tree which does not grow<br />
above five times as high as a man.<br />
Shrub, Frutex, Arbustum, Fruticulus. A plant with a<br />
woody stem, not growing three times as high as a man,<br />
and branched very near the ground.<br />
Bush, DumuSf Dimietum. A low shrub much branched<br />
at the bottom.<br />
Under shrub, Suffrutex. A woody plant, without buds,<br />
which is not an arm's length in height.<br />
' Herb, Herba. A plant widi a soft stalk of *lhe same<br />
consistence as leaves,<br />
part above ground.<br />
and renewed every year, at least the<br />
2. Containing Farts.<br />
Elementary parts, Organa elenientaria, Partes similares.<br />
Small parts, common to the whole vegetable, and appearing<br />
to be the organic elements of which the vegetable is composed.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 37<br />
Membranous texture, Contexius, Complexus memhranaceus*<br />
A tissue of membranes united together, either cellular or<br />
vascular.<br />
Cellular texture, Complexus celluloszis, Tela cellulosa, Com-<br />
pleocus utriailaris, A membranous tissue composed of cells,<br />
which do not communicate with each other, and resemble<br />
soap-suds. PI. 1. fig. 5. c, d.<br />
Cells, pores, vesicles, bladders, Cellules, Utriculi. The<br />
void spaces in the cellular texture. They vary in respect to<br />
their sides, a, or form, b.<br />
a. 1. Simple cells, Cellulce simplices. The sides trans-<br />
parent.<br />
a. 2. Dotted cells, porous cells, Cellulce pundatce. The<br />
sides have opake dots, like glands, which are probably<br />
pores. PI. 1. fig. 5. e, h, 1.<br />
a. 3. Streaked cells, Cellulce Imeatce. The sides have<br />
transverse streaks, of a glandular appearance, which are<br />
probably slits. PI. 1. fig. 5. g. h.<br />
b. 1. Regular cells, Cellulce re oulares, Contexius globu-<br />
laris. Tela vesicularis. Cells exhibit a hexagonal section in<br />
every direction ; forming the principal mass of the parenchyme.<br />
PI. 1. fig. 5. d.<br />
b. 2. Tubular cells, Cellulce elongatce. C. tuhdoscB, Tuhi<br />
parvi, Utriculi Jibrosi, Complexus cellulosus lignosus, Tela<br />
elongatn, Tela alveolaria. Long cells, closed at each end<br />
forming the wood and ribs of plants. PI. 1. fig. 5. g.<br />
b. 3. Necklace cells, Cellulce mojiiliformes, Cellulce precatorice,<br />
Vasa rnoniliformia, Vasa precatoria, Vasa vermiculuria,<br />
Vasa intercepta. Oval cells, dotted, separated from one<br />
another by partitions, resembling the beads of a necklace;<br />
forming the knots and joints of plants, and their roots.<br />
They are intermediate between cells and vessels, and may<br />
be referred to either.<br />
Vessels, Vasa, Tuhi. Void spaces in the membranous texture,<br />
open at their extremities : they differ in use, as they<br />
convey the sap, a. or other fluids, b. c.<br />
a. Sap vessels, Vasa lymphaiica, Lymphceductus, Vasa<br />
pncumalica. These are either<br />
a. 1 . Dotted vessels, Vasa punctata, Vasa porosa. PL I<br />
fig. 5. h.<br />
a. 2. Streaked vessels, Vasa liveata, Tracliece spurice,<br />
Vasa Jissa, Vasa scalaria, Vasa annularia. These differ<br />
from cells only by their length.<br />
a. 3. Air vessels, Spiral vessels, Vasa spiralia, Trachece^<br />
Vasa pneumato-chymifera, Pnemnaiophorac Tubes com-<br />
:<br />
. ;
38 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
posed of an elastic membrane rolled up like the spring of<br />
a bell into a cylinder, abundant in young shoots ; supposed<br />
to convey air. PL 1. fig. 5. i.<br />
a. 4. Mixed vessels, Fasa mixta. Tubes of a mixed<br />
nature, in some parts dotted, in others streaked or spiral.<br />
b. Vasa adducentia spiralia^ Pasa chymifera, Fasa hydro-<br />
Sera. The spiral thread forming the air vessels; consiered<br />
by Hedwig as a distinct species of vessels itself.<br />
c. Proper vessels, Fasa propria, Receptacula sued proprii.<br />
Cavities dispersed in the cellular texture, closed on all<br />
sides, and filled with some peculiar juice.<br />
c. 1. Bladdery reservoirs, Receptacula vesiculosa^ Glandular<br />
vesiculares. Spherical bladders, usually Contain essential<br />
oils, dispersed in the parenchyma of the leaves, or<br />
bark. .Myrtus communis. Citrus Aurantium.<br />
c. 2. Blind reservoirs, Receptacula cceciformiai Fitter.<br />
Short tubes, filled with essential oils, as in the bark of the<br />
seeds of umbelliferous plants.<br />
c. 3. Milk vessels, Turpentine vessels, Receptacula tu-<br />
hulosa, Fasa propria solitaria. Single tubes in the cellular<br />
texture, filled with a milky, or turpentine juice.<br />
c. 4. Fascicular reservoirs, Receptacula fascicularia, Fasa<br />
propria fascicularia. Bundles of small parallel tubular<br />
cells, filled with a peculiar juice ; as in the bark of apo-<br />
cineae.<br />
c. 5. Accidental reservoirs, Receptacula' accidentalia.<br />
Accidental cavities, into which the juices formed in other<br />
parts has filtrated : in the coniferae the turpentine frequently<br />
bursts its own vessels, and penetrates the pith and sap-<br />
vessels.<br />
Tubular openings. Open spaces of the pith, LacuuO!,<br />
Cavitates aerece, Fasa pneumatica, Receptacula aerea accidentalia.<br />
Cavities filled with air, frequently found in the<br />
cellular texture, formed by rupture or absorption.<br />
1. Irregular, L. irregulares. Found in the middle of the<br />
fleshy parts of plants. PI. 1. fig. 5. k.<br />
'2. Fistular, L.fistuloscB. Occupy the centre of the stalk,<br />
and render it hollow like a flute. Gramineae.<br />
3. Regular, L. regulnres. Occupy the centre of the stem<br />
of water plants, the cells being disposed in a regular order.<br />
Scirpus.<br />
4. Cellular, L. cellulares. Large cavities, of which the<br />
sides are themselves composed of cellular texture. Sparganium.
INTRODUCTION" TO BOTANY. 39<br />
Fibre, Fihra. A collection of vessels and tubular cells<br />
fastened together, so that they can be detached from the<br />
surrounding cellular texture in long threads; their principal<br />
use is to direct the flow of the juices, PI. 1. fig. 5. e.<br />
Nerves, Nervi. Fibres visible on the external surface of<br />
the plant or its leaves.<br />
Fleshy parts, Parenchyma. A pulpy substance, formed<br />
of soft cellular texture ; common in leaves and fruits.<br />
Cuticle, Skin, Epiderma, Epidermis, Cuticula. The fine<br />
membrane, usually transparent, which covers the whole<br />
surface of the plant.<br />
Vasa exlialantia. The lines separating the fleshy part<br />
from which the cuticle has been removed into hexagonal<br />
spaces.<br />
Articulation, Articidatio, Junchira. A part in which,<br />
at a determinate period, the plant may be separated into<br />
two or more pieces, without much violence.<br />
Joint, Articulus. The interval between two articulations.<br />
Cicatrix, Cicatricula. The mark remaining at the articulation<br />
after a joint has been detached.<br />
Knot, Nodus, Geniculum. The swelling of the texture<br />
of the plant, forming a protuberant ring. Grasses. Pinks.<br />
Internodium. The space between two knots.<br />
Nodosity, Nodositas. A concretion formed by vegetation,<br />
and occasioning a sv/elling, or tumour, as in the<br />
leaves of whtit are called Junci articulati.<br />
Pores, Fori. Very small openings, in the membranous<br />
texture, visible by the microscope.<br />
Insensible pores. Fori inco?ispicui, Fori cellulares. Pores<br />
supposed to exist, although invisible, and to be the organs<br />
of insensible perspiration.<br />
Cortical pores. Fori corticales, Stomatia, GlandidcB corticales.<br />
Fori elongati, Fori magni, Fori evaporatorii. Fori<br />
epidermidis, Glandulce miliares, Glandidce epidermoidales.<br />
Oval pores, very visible with a lens, on the surface of the<br />
fleshy parts which are above ground : appear to be the<br />
organs of exhalation, and perhaps of the inhalation of<br />
watery vapour, but do not admit the passage of coloured<br />
fluids.<br />
Spongiolcc. Organs like a sponge, capable of taking up<br />
coloured fluids, although no pores can be observed with<br />
the highest magnifying powers. Lemna, Pandanus, Stigmata<br />
of flowers.<br />
Glands, Glandulce, in composition — aden, — adenos.<br />
Organs for the purpose of secreting peculiar liquids, and
40 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
tubercles resembling these oi-gans, althougli they do not<br />
really secrete any liquid.<br />
1. Cellular glands, GlandulcB celhdares, Glnndulce excretoricB.<br />
Formed of cellular texture without any communi-<br />
cation with vessels. Nectaries of flowers.<br />
2. Vascular glands, Glandulae vascidares, Gl. secreforit,<br />
Gl. urceolares. Formed of cellular texture, traversed by<br />
vessels. Ovary of the cobaea. Tubercles on the petiole of<br />
drupaceee.<br />
Hairs, Pi//, Villi. Small, tender, hairlike appendages,<br />
composed of one or more cells projecting from the texture<br />
of the plant.<br />
1. Glanduliferous hairs. Pill glanduliferi. Supportingglands<br />
on their tip. Cicer arietinum, Croton penicillatum.<br />
2. Excretory hairs, Pili excretorii. Placed on glands<br />
serving as excretory ducts. Urtica urens, Malpighia urens.<br />
3. Pili lymphatici. Not connected with any gland; seem<br />
mere organs of evaporation.<br />
Organic parts. Paries organicxE, Organa composiia, Organa.<br />
Parts composed of the former; and generally visible.<br />
1. Organs of vegetation, Organa nutritiva. Necessary to<br />
the growth and life of the individual, as the root, stem,<br />
bud, and leaf.<br />
2. Organs of reproduction, Organa reproductiva. Necessary<br />
for the reproduction of the individual, or life of<br />
the species, as the flower, fruit, seeds, buds, &(*.<br />
Organs of fructification, Organa Jrvclijicationis. Organs<br />
of reproduction by means of fecundation ; as the flower,<br />
fruit, seed.<br />
Organs of germination, Organa germinationis. Organs<br />
as germens, gongyli,<br />
of reproduction without fecundation ;<br />
propagines, and conidia.<br />
3. Accessory organs, Organa accessoria. Not found in<br />
all plants, seated upon the other organs, as thorns, prickles,<br />
cirri.<br />
3. Contained Juices.<br />
Sap, Alimonia, Humor, Lijtnpha. A watery liquid newly<br />
absorbed, and not yet much changed by vegetation.<br />
Caynhium. The mucilaginous juice, already changed,<br />
traversing the membranous texture, from which the new<br />
parts are formed; is perhaps a liquid gum.<br />
Juice, Succus. Any liquid that can be pressed out of a<br />
plant : they vary in different plants.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 41<br />
'Nectar. Juices secreted by glands placed upon the organs<br />
of fructification.<br />
Glaucous bloom, Pollen glancum. Pruina. A substance<br />
like wax, upon certain leaves and fruits, to preserve them<br />
from moisture.<br />
Milk, Lac. An emulsive liquid, usually white and opake.<br />
4. Pace.<br />
Primitive, PlantcB primigenia;. Species originally created,<br />
and not formed by crossing from others.<br />
Mule, hyhides. Species not originally created, but<br />
formed by the pollen of one species being absorbed by the<br />
female organ of another species. Veronica hybrida, Primula<br />
cortusoides, Delphinium hybridum, Sorbus hybrida.<br />
5. Consistence.<br />
Spumescent, Plantcc spumescentcs. Like a scum. Spumaria<br />
Mucilago.<br />
Gelatinous, gelatinoscR. Like jelly. Tremella.<br />
YxxngowS', fungos(E. Solid, elastic, soft. Boletus igniarius.<br />
Corky, suherosce. Solid, elastic, hard. Many Fungi.<br />
Fleshy, carnosce. Thick, juicy, but firm. Tuber cibarium.<br />
Memb)'anous, memlranacece, memhranosce. In a thin<br />
flake, flexible, rather juicy. Many ulvse and fuci.<br />
Leathery,*<br />
Many fuci.<br />
coriacece. Tough, flexible, rather thick.<br />
Horny, cornefE. Dry,<br />
transparent. Many fuci.<br />
hard, compact, flexible, semi-<br />
Crustaceous, cn/stacece. Dry, hard, friable, in form of<br />
a crust. Lepraria, Variolaria.<br />
Filamentous, jilameniosce. In long, slender threads,<br />
either simple or branched. Conferva.<br />
Herbaceous, herhacece. Stem and branches do not form<br />
a solid wood, but perish after a few months' vegetation,<br />
and are covered with a bark, usually green, of the same<br />
consistence as the leaves.<br />
Woody, lignoscB. Stem and branches at first weak like<br />
herbs,<br />
years.<br />
but form a solid wood, and vegetate for several<br />
Succulent, succulenicB. Thick, juicy, with much cellular<br />
texture, and few fibres. Sedum, Sempervivum leciorum.<br />
yi\\k.y,lnctescentes. Containing a milky juice. Euphorbia,<br />
Lactuca virosa, Sonchus.
42<br />
.<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,<br />
6. Duration.<br />
Once-fruiting, Plantcs monocarpiece.<br />
once in their lite.<br />
Bearing fruit only<br />
1 Ephemeral, epheynercE^ fugaces. Lasting only a few<br />
days, or even hours. Tremella, many fungi.<br />
2. Annual, annucB, Lasting near a whole summer.<br />
Hordeum.<br />
3. Biennial, liennes. Producing leaves only the first<br />
year, and flowers and fruit in the succeeding. Verbascum<br />
decurrens, CEnothera biennis.<br />
4. Slow growing, perennes. Being several years before<br />
they flower, and dying soon after. Agave.<br />
Many-fruiting, polycarpicce. Bearing fruit several times<br />
during their life.<br />
1. Perennial, perennes, restihilia, rhizocarpiece. Dying<br />
clown to the ground every year, and in the following producing<br />
new flowering stems. Aster.<br />
2. Arborescent, caulocarpiece, fruticosce. The stem itself<br />
lasts during the life of the plant. Trees, shrubs.<br />
7. Mode of production.<br />
Seed-bearing, Plantce seminiferce. Bearing seeds. Most<br />
plants.<br />
Gongyliferous, gongyliferce. Bearing gongyles or spores.<br />
Mosses, Algas.<br />
Stool-bearing, Stoloniferce. Throwing out stools, siolones,<br />
which take root. Pilosella.<br />
Runner-bearing, viticulosce. Throwing out runners,<br />
vilicidce, sarmenia, or flagella, which, take root from space<br />
to space.<br />
Shoot-bearing, s?ircidifh-ce. Throwing out shoots, sur-<br />
culi, from the crown of the root, which may be separated,<br />
and will then produce a new plant. Oliva europsea.<br />
PropacuUfercB. Throwing out a shoot terminating by a<br />
leaf-bud, which, when separated from the original plant,<br />
will grow. Sempervivum. ?<br />
Bulbous, h'llhoscE. Furnished with a bulb, under ground,<br />
throwing up leaves and a stem. Lilium, Tulipa, AUium,<br />
Cepa.<br />
Bulbilliferous, hulhillifercp, sobolij'ercp. Producing small<br />
bulbs, lulbilli, propagines, bacilli, soholes, sautellce, on the<br />
axillae of their branches, or leaves, or elsewhere, above<br />
ground. Criniun bulbifcrum. Allium.<br />
3
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 43<br />
51 Wild, sylvestres, agrestes. Growing without the assistance<br />
of man.<br />
Cultivated, sativce. Sown, or planted by man.<br />
8. Mode of Growth. *<br />
Stemless, PlantcB acaules. Growing without any stem.<br />
Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis.<br />
Stalked,<br />
plants.<br />
caulescerdes. Growing with a stem. Most<br />
% Outside-growing, exogeva-. Growing by their bark,<br />
and in arborescent plants depositing layers of woods internally.<br />
Inside-growing, e?idngence. Growing by their summit<br />
only, not increasing in diameter, the outside being the<br />
older.<br />
9. Repetition offlowering.<br />
Once bearing, Plantce unifei-ce. Bearing flowers once a<br />
year only. Most plants.<br />
Twice flowering, lifercB. Bearing flowers twice a year.<br />
Monthly, multifercB. Flowering several times in a year,<br />
as in some roses.<br />
10. Position of certain Parts.<br />
Root-flowering, Plantce rhizanthce. The flower growing<br />
on the root.<br />
Stem-fruiting, caulocarpce. The fruit growing on the<br />
stem.<br />
Calicosiemones. The stamens growing on the calyx.<br />
Gynandrous, gynandrce. The stamen growing on the<br />
pistil.<br />
Calyx-flowering, calyciflorce. The corolla growing on<br />
the calyx.<br />
Thalamiflora. The corolla growing on the receptacle.<br />
11. Sex.<br />
Neuter, Plantce neiiircs, agenico, agamae, gynfncicB. In<br />
which sexual organs have not been discovered. Fungi,<br />
lichens.<br />
Cryptogamous, cryptogames. The sexual organs diflicult<br />
to be discovered from their small size, their form, or situa-<br />
tion. Mosses. *<br />
Phenogamous, phcpnogamce. The sexual organs very<br />
distinct and visible. Lily, Rose.
44 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
% Unisexual, unisexuales. Having the organs of one<br />
sex only, on the same root.<br />
Male, masculce^ idiogynce. Having the male organs only<br />
on the same roo^.<br />
Female, yemm«. Having the female organs only on the<br />
same root.<br />
Bisexual, hisexuahi. Having the organs of both the<br />
sexes on tlie same root.<br />
Androgynous, androgynoi. Having male and female organs<br />
on the same root, but not in the same flowers. Morus,<br />
Betula, Pinus, Cucumber.<br />
Hermaphrodite, kermaphroditcB. Having male and female<br />
organs not only on the same root, but also in the<br />
same flowers. The generality of plants.<br />
Polygamous, polygamci'. Having on the same root some<br />
flowers with the organs of both sexes, and others with those<br />
of only one.<br />
Necessarily polygamous, polygamce necessaricE. Having<br />
on the same root imperfect hermaphrodite flowers which<br />
are barren from a defect in their female organs, and feniale<br />
flowers which are the only fruitful ones.<br />
Superfluously polygamous, polygamce superflua. Plaving<br />
on the same root perfect hermaphrodite flowers, and also<br />
fruitful female flowers.<br />
Uselessly polygamous, polygamcefrustanecE. Having on<br />
the same root perfect fruitful, fruitful hermaphrodite flowers,<br />
and imperfect or barren females.<br />
% Monoicous, monoicce. All the roots of the same species<br />
are alike in respect to the sex of the flowers.<br />
Dioicous, dioiccB. Having in the same species two kinds<br />
of roots, which differ in I'cgard to the sex of their flowers.<br />
Trioicous, trioiccB. Having in the same species three<br />
kinds of roots, which differ in regard to the sex of their<br />
flowers. Ceratonia, Ficus.<br />
12. Cotyledom.<br />
Acotyledon, JPlantce acoiyledonecB. Without any cotyledons.<br />
Fungi, Lichens.<br />
Monocotyledon, monocolyledonea. With only one cotyledon.<br />
Grasses, Palms, Liliaceoe, Orchideae.<br />
Dicotyledon, dicotyledouece. With two cotyledons. Labiatae,<br />
Rasiunculacea?, Gruciferae, Leguminosee.<br />
Polycotyledon, polycolyledonecF. Y/ith many cotyledons,<br />
|?*inus5 Abies, Ceratophyllum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 4S<br />
^ Dermollast(E. The cotyledon formed -of a membrane<br />
that bursts irregularly. Fungi ?<br />
NemohlastcB. The cotyledon threadshape. Mosses,<br />
Ferns.<br />
Plexeollastce. The cotyledons come out of the ground<br />
in two lobes, which change to leaves different from the<br />
common leaves. ^<br />
Geohlast(E. The cotyledons remain under ground. Pensj,<br />
Grasses.<br />
1. Rhizohlastce. The embrio throws out a root.<br />
2. Arhizoblastm. The embrio has no root. Parasitic<br />
plants.<br />
Sph(Erohlast(E. The cotj^ledons do not divide into two<br />
pieces, but come out of the ground like small balls with<br />
footstalks. Juncus bufouius.<br />
13. Surface.<br />
Smooth, Planice leves. Without any inequalities:.<br />
Funiaria vulgaris, Adoxa Moschatellina.<br />
Bald-, glahrcE. Without any downiness. Ruscus aucu-<br />
leatus, Opulus palustris.<br />
Polished, levigatce. Bald and smooth. Veronica fontinalis,<br />
Valeriana rubra.<br />
Shining, luc'/dcB. Polished and reflecting light like po-><br />
lished metal, or a varnished substance. Arum maculatum,<br />
Chenopodium raurale.<br />
' Rough, aspercB. Rubia tinctorum. Galium uncinatum.<br />
Nipply, papulosis.. Having round protuberances, filled<br />
with a fluid. Mesembryanthemum papulosum.<br />
Glutinous, sticky, glut'niosm^ viscosce. Covered with a<br />
substance sticking to the fingers. Hyoscyamus niger,<br />
Silene Anglica.<br />
Powdery, pulverulentce. Covered with a dust which<br />
comes off easily. Primula farinosa.<br />
Glaucous, glaucce. The dust with which they are covered<br />
is of a sea-green colour. Chlora perfoiiata, Fumaria<br />
oflicinalis, Crambe maritima.<br />
Downy, puhescentes. With short, soft hairs, not very<br />
close. Galium verum, Circse Lutetiana, Althasa officinalis.<br />
Velvety, iwlutincB. With soft, close, short hairs, of an<br />
equal length. Digitalis purpurea.<br />
Hairy, piloses. With scattered, long, soft hairs. Hyoscyamus<br />
niger, Githago segetum, Hieracium Pilosella.<br />
Villous, villoscs. With nuniserous soft hairs. Veronica<br />
officinalis, Geranium pratense. Lychnis dioica.<br />
2
46 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Silky, sericece. With long, soft, brilliant hairs, lying<br />
flat. Absinthium vulgare.<br />
Woolly, lanatcE. With long hair, lying flat, and more<br />
or less clotted, like coarse cloth.<br />
Clothlike, nappy, tomenloscR. With close hairs, more or<br />
less matted, like fine cloth.<br />
Hispid, hispidcB, hispidosce. With rough hair.<br />
Hispidulous, hispidulce. With hair rather rough.<br />
Hirsute, hirsidcB, hiriuoscPf hirtce. With rough, pricking<br />
hair. Borago officinalis.<br />
Strigose, strigosce. With stiff^ long hair, swelled at<br />
their root.<br />
Echinate, echinatcp, spinettosce. With points, spinellce^<br />
stronger, thicker, and harder than hairs. Dipsacus fuUonum,<br />
D. laciniatus.<br />
Prickly, acideutcE. With woody points adhering only to<br />
the bark, and easily broke ofl'. Rosa.<br />
Thorny, spinosce. With points growing out of the wood<br />
of the plant. Ulex Europseus, Prunus spinosa.<br />
14. Stations.<br />
Land, Plantce terrestres, ierranece.<br />
Sand, arenaricB, sahulosce. Psamma arenaria, Ulex.<br />
Rock, saxatiles, rupestres, petroscB. Sedum.<br />
Gravel, glareoscB. Aira flexuosa.<br />
Wall, ruderales. On walls and ruins. Chenopodium<br />
murale, Urtica dioica, Parietaria officinalis.<br />
Cavern, cavernari(E. In caves and mines. Byssus,<br />
Boletus.<br />
Clay, argilloscE.<br />
Chalk, cretacecF. Hippocrepis comosa, Caucalis daucoides,<br />
orchideae.<br />
Granitic, graniticcB.<br />
Slate, sclmtoscE.<br />
Limestone, calcarece.<br />
Garden, hortenses. Lamium amplexicaule, Galium uncinatum,<br />
Al&ine media. These are usually called Weeds.<br />
Vineyard, vineales. Aristolochia infesta.<br />
Eield, agrestes. Growing in ai'able land. Chrysanthemum<br />
segetum, Githago segetum.<br />
Fallow land, arvenses. Growing in fallowed fields. Melampyrum<br />
arvense, Aphanes arvensis, Acetosa repens.<br />
Meadow, pratenses. Growing in grass-land. Trifoliura<br />
pratense, Ranunculus acris.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 47<br />
Woodland, sylvaticcB, nemoroscR. Anemone nemorosa,<br />
Paris quadrifolia, Adoxa moschatelJina.<br />
Shady, umhrosce. Most woodland plants.<br />
Open ground, campestres, apricce.<br />
Draba verna, Echium vulgare.<br />
Artemisia campestris,<br />
Hill, collina. Dianthus collinus. Daphne collina.<br />
Mountain, mo?itan(F, alpesires. Valeriana montana.<br />
Alpine, alpince. Bartsia alpina, Thalictrum alpinum.<br />
Snow, glaciales, nivales. Growing among the snow and<br />
ice of high mountains. Gentiana nivalis.<br />
Cold country, frigidce, hyperhorecB. Growing only in<br />
cold countries. Linnsea borealis, Saxifi-aga Groenlan-<br />
dica.<br />
Salt, salincB, salscE. Growing in soils impregnated with<br />
salt, or Glauber's salt. Salicornia, Salsola.<br />
Freshwater shore, litturales, riparice. Eupatorium cannabinum,<br />
Scutellaria, Lythrura.<br />
Saltwater shore, marithnce. Glaux maritima, Limonium<br />
commune. Hippophae rhamnoides.<br />
% Water, aquatiae. As the following<br />
Sea, marince. Fucus, Ulva, Zostera marina.<br />
Lake, lacustres. Isoetes Pilularia, Scirpus lacustris.<br />
Spring, f&ntinales. Veronica Beccabunga, Sisymbrium<br />
Nasturtium.<br />
River, fluviatiles^ fluviales. Potamogeton, Platanaria<br />
natans.<br />
. Sunken, siilmergce, demerscp, immersce. Growing under<br />
water. Conferva ^igagropila, Myriophyllum spicatum.<br />
Emerging, emerscB. Rising above the surface of the<br />
water in which they grow. Hottonia palustris, Myriophyllum<br />
verticillatum.<br />
Floating, jiuitanles. Rooted in the ground, but the<br />
leaves, 8tc. floating, Potamogeton lucens.<br />
Swimming, natantes. Not rooted in the ground, but<br />
floating freely. Lemna.<br />
Marsh, palustres, paludosce. In marshes and still waters.<br />
Chara, Phellandrium divaricatum, Menyanthes.<br />
Bog, uliginosce. Vaccinium uliginosum, Pinguicula.<br />
Moss, torfacece. In peat mosses. Sphagnum palustre.<br />
% Amphibious, amphihice. Growing indifferent on land<br />
or in water. Cicuta virosa, Apium graveolens.<br />
f Parasitic, epiphytcR. Growing upon other plants.<br />
False parasitic, pseudo-pnrasit,ic(B, Not hurting the plant<br />
en which they grow. Mosses-<br />
:
4S INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
True parasitic, parasiticce. Growing at the expense of<br />
the plant on which the}? fix themselves.<br />
1. On the root, epirhizce. Orobanche, Hypopithys<br />
lutea.<br />
2. On the bark, cortkales. Many lichens.<br />
S. On the wood, epixylonece . Most hypoxylese.<br />
4. On leaves, epiplnjUcB. Uredo, jEcidium, Puccina.<br />
% Subterranean, suhterranece. Growing under the ground.<br />
Tuber cibarium.<br />
% Growing on dead animals, epizoaricB.<br />
15. Country.<br />
Native, indigence. Natural to the soil on which they<br />
grow, whether wild or cultivated.<br />
Foreign, exoticce. Brought from foreign countries.<br />
16. Fertility.<br />
Fertile, plmitcR fertiles. Producing fruits ; Female, Hermaphrodite,<br />
and polygamous plants.<br />
Barren, steriles. Not producing fruit ; Male an^ neuter<br />
plants.<br />
ROOT.<br />
Radix,—rhizos. That part of the plant, which is usually<br />
luried in the earth, and absorbs the nutriment of the plant.<br />
1. Species.<br />
Root, Radix. A root of the common sort, and of a large<br />
size.<br />
Rootlet, Radicula. A smaller root th^n common.<br />
Radicelle, Radicella. The new roots when first emitted<br />
in germination.<br />
2. Parts.<br />
Main root. Radix, Descensus, Truncus subterraneus. The<br />
part next the stem, not yet divided into radicles.<br />
Radicles, RadiculcE. The ramifications from the maia<br />
root.<br />
Head of the root. Caput radicis. The part which touches<br />
an herbaceous stem.<br />
Extremity of the root, Caudex radicis. That part of a<br />
main root not branched, which is further from the stem.<br />
Fibres, FibrillcE. The fine hair-like extremities of the<br />
radicles. PI. 2; fia;. 1. c. c; 11. d.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 4©<br />
Root stigmata, Stigmata radicis, S[iongiolcB radicales^<br />
OroB radicum. Spongioles at the end of the root; very<br />
visible in lemna and pandanus.<br />
Tuber, Tuherculum. A thick, solid part, usually filled<br />
with feculse, placed either upon the root, as in turneps,<br />
earthnuts, filipendula, or on those lower branches of the<br />
stem which are subterraneous and rootlike, as in the po-<br />
tatoe.<br />
Exostosis. A tuber of a woody consistence, not containing<br />
feculae. Cyperus disticha.<br />
yimpullce. Hollow globular bodies found on the roots<br />
of some "svater plants. Utricularia.<br />
3. Situation.<br />
Subterraneous, Radix sulterranea. Most roots.<br />
Exposed, aeria. Growing upon some part exposed to<br />
the air. Viscum.<br />
Aquatic, aquatica. Growing in the water. Lemna,<br />
Utricularia, Trapa natans.<br />
4. Suhsta72ce.<br />
Woody, Radix Ugnosa. All trees, shrubs, and undershrubs.<br />
Fleshy, carnosa. Thick, juicy, mostly formed of cellular<br />
texture. Iris palustris. Beta vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum,<br />
5. Form.<br />
Threadshape, Radix Jiliformis. Lemna.<br />
Fibrous, Jihrosa. The threads being of some thickness.<br />
Cepa es.culenta. Ranunculus flammeus.<br />
^Thongshape, Jiagellijorviis. Long, supple, slender.<br />
Arenaria maritima, Carduus arvensis.<br />
Cordshape, funiliformis. Of thick fibres like ropes.<br />
Palms, Pandanus, Dracena.<br />
Spindleshape,yz/.si/br7?iz,s'. Simple, long, swelled out in<br />
the middle, and small at each end. Raphanus sativus.<br />
Turnep shape, napijhrmis. Simple, globular. Brassica<br />
macrorhiza.<br />
Conical, conica. Gradually decreasing from top to bottom,<br />
Daucus vulgaris.<br />
Cylindrical, teres. Dictamnus albus.<br />
Roundish, suhrotunda. Bunium majus, B. minus.<br />
Tuberous, tuberosa. In thick fleshy masses. Cyclamen,<br />
Solanum tuberosum, Bryonia dioica.<br />
VOL. I. E
50 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Scrotiformj scroiiformis, testiculata. Formed of two<br />
roundish lumps connected together. Orchis maculata,<br />
O. mihtaris. PL 2. fig. 1.<br />
1. The old tuber, Tuherculum senior. That part of the<br />
^crotiform root which supported the stem of the former<br />
year. PI. 2, fig. 1, d.<br />
2. The new tuber, Tuherculum jimior. That part of the<br />
scrotiform root which would have supported the stem of<br />
•the next year. PI. 2, fig. 1, b.<br />
Handed, palmaia. Tuberous, flat, divided by a few<br />
slight slits so as to resemble an open hand. Orchis maculata,<br />
Satyrium nigrum.<br />
Fingered, digitata. Tuberous, divided by deep slits so<br />
as to resemble fingers. Dioscorea alternifolia.<br />
Grumose, grurnosa. Tuberous, and resembling a col-<br />
lection of small seeds. Neottia abortiva. PI. 2, fig. 3.<br />
Knotty, ?2odosa, monUiformh. Composed of tubercles, or<br />
knots connected together in strings. Avena elatior nodosa.<br />
PL 2. fig. 5.<br />
¥\\\pend\AQ.Y,Jilipenduia. In threads having tubercles at<br />
their ends.<br />
Jointed, articulata. Appearing as if composed of several<br />
joints. Gratiola officinalis. PL2. fig. 4.<br />
Kneed, gemculata. Jointed and bent at each joint.<br />
Gratiola officinalis.<br />
Bent, conioria. Bent in various directions. Bistorta<br />
major.<br />
Truncated, bitten, iruncata, prcrrnorsa. Appearing as<br />
if the end was bitten off. Scabiosa succisa, Leontodon autumnale.<br />
PL 2. fiijj. 7.<br />
6. Divuion.<br />
Simple, Radix simplex. Carota vulgaris, Brassica macrorhiza.<br />
Branchy, ramosa. Subdivided into radicles. Most trees<br />
and shrubs.<br />
Fasciculate, fasciculata. Divided to the head into several<br />
long fleshy parts, connected together in a bundle. Asphodelus<br />
ramosus. PL 2. fig. 9.<br />
Capillary, capillaris. Composed of many fine threads.<br />
Anthoxanthum odoratum, and most grasses.<br />
Comose, comosa. Garnished with numerous capillary<br />
ramifications. Rhododendron, Erica.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 51<br />
7. Surface.<br />
Seal-like, Radix sigillata. Having at certain distances<br />
scars resembling- impressions of seals, these being the places<br />
where herbaceous stems have formerly grown. Polygonatum<br />
vulgare. PI. % fig. 11, b.<br />
Bladdery, utriculosa. Having small bladders which<br />
appear to serve the purposes of leaves. Utricularia.<br />
Scaly, squamosa. These scales are abortive leaves.<br />
Lathrsea squamosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 2, fig. 10.<br />
Toothed, dentata. Furnished with appendages like<br />
teeth, which are abortive leaves. Cardamine amara, Adoxa^<br />
Dentaria pentaphylla.<br />
8. Duraiio72.<br />
Annual, Radix annua. Dying with the year.<br />
Biennial, biennis. Lasting a second year.<br />
Perennial, perennis. Lasting more than two years.<br />
9. Growth.<br />
Perpendicular, Radix perpendicularis. The principal<br />
root growing right down into the ground. Daucus, Fraxinus,<br />
Quercus.<br />
Horizontal, horizontalis. Growing level with the ground.<br />
Iris, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 2, fig. 4.<br />
Creeping, repens. Growing horizontally, but sending<br />
off shoots and stalks. Mentha, Achillea millefolia. PI. 2,<br />
fig. 4 ; pi. 8, fig. 9.<br />
Progressive, progrediens. Extending itself one way, and<br />
dying away in another part. Polygonatum vulgare, Bistorta<br />
major, Anemone nemorosa, Allium nutans. PI. 2,<br />
fig. 2, 4, 11.<br />
Sucker-bearing, stolojiifera. GEnanthe fistulosa, Fragaria.<br />
Bulb-bearing, hdbifera. Having a bulb, or onion, at<br />
the top. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus. PI. 2, fig. 8 ; pi. 3,<br />
fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.<br />
Sprouting, iuriojiifera. Bearing eyes or asparagi. Aspa-^<br />
ragus officinalis, Solanura tuberosum. Pi, 2, fig. 2,<br />
E 2
52 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
STEM.<br />
Caulis. Truncus ascendens, AdscensuS;,—caulon. The<br />
support of those parts of the vegetable ivhich usually appear<br />
above ground, and bear the flowers and fruit.<br />
1. Species.<br />
Trunk, Truncus. That part of a tree which is naked,<br />
and without branches.<br />
Head, Cymus. That part of a tree where the stem is<br />
divided into branches,<br />
Straw, Culmus. The cyhndrical, usually hollow, stem<br />
of a grass, with solid knots at certain distances. Triticum,<br />
Avena.<br />
Reed, Calamus. A simple stem, more or less hollow,<br />
without knots. Juncus.<br />
Root-sucker, Surculus. A branch springing from the<br />
root, capable of being separated, and of becoming a new<br />
individual. Rosa.<br />
Stool, Stolo. A branch from the head of the root, bending<br />
down, taking root, and emitting leaves here and there.<br />
Pilosella.<br />
Runner, Flagellum, Safmentum, Viticula. A naked<br />
branch lying on the ground, taking root with a tuft of<br />
leaves at certain distances. Fragaria vesca.<br />
Offset, Propaculmn. A runner terminated by a leaf-bud<br />
capable of taking root when separg,ted. Sedum, Sempervivum.<br />
Rhizoma. Caudex desce?idens. A subterraneous, or su-<br />
perficial shoot, which emits radicles. Iris, Filices.<br />
Base of the bulb. Lecus. The flat plate of a bulb,<br />
throwing out radicles beneath, and from its upper surface<br />
the leaves and flowers. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus.<br />
Bulbo-tuher. Comhus. A solid tuber placed on the<br />
neck of the plant, and frequently covered with the base of<br />
the leaves. PL 2, fig. 8. Crocus sativus.<br />
Crown, Caudex. The part of an annual stem that remains<br />
attached to a perennial root, and throws up the<br />
next season a fresh stem.<br />
2. Internal Parts.<br />
Pith, Medulla. The fine cellular texture, usually white,<br />
contained in a cylindrical cavity in the centre of the stem<br />
of dicotyledon plants, and seeming to nourish the young<br />
shoots. PI, 1, fig. 2, i to k.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 55<br />
Medullary canal, Canalis medullaris. The cylindrical<br />
cavity containing the pith.<br />
Medullary sheath, Vagina medullaris. The internal rank<br />
of fibres immediately next to the pith.<br />
Medullary rays. Silver grain. Radii. Productiones. In-<br />
sertiones meduUares. Vertical flakes, similar to the pith,<br />
pushed out towards the circumference; appearing, in a<br />
transverse section of a stem, like the spokes of a wheel.<br />
PI. 1, fig. 2, e. It is in the direction of these rays that<br />
wood, however hard, may be easily riven.<br />
Ligneous portion. Corpus ligneum. Lignea portio. The<br />
part of a stem between the pith and the bark, by which the<br />
juices pass from the root to the leaves. PL 1, fig. 2, b to i.<br />
In monocotyledon plants it composes the whole of the<br />
stem. PI. 1, fig. 4, a to d.<br />
Wood, heart. Lignum, — xylon. That part of the<br />
ligneous portion of a stem which has acquired its utmost<br />
hardness : in dicotyledon plants it forms the centre of the<br />
stem, in monocotyledon plants the circumference.<br />
Alhurnum, Alhurna. That part of the ligneous portion<br />
of a stem which has not acquired its utmost hardness, and<br />
is generally of a paler colour than the rest.<br />
Woody layers. Spurious grain. Strata lignea. Involucra<br />
lignea. Zones formed round the pith or centre of<br />
a stem, appearing in a transverse section like concentric<br />
circles, usually supposed to denote the growth of each successive<br />
summer that the plant has existed. PI . 1 , fig. 2, b, g, h.<br />
Bark, Cortex, — derma. A part of the stem (and root)<br />
of dicotyledon plants, which encloses the woody portion,<br />
separating easily at certain seasons, or by maceration, and<br />
through which the juices of the plant do not pass in going<br />
from the root-sponges to the leaves. PI. 1, fig. 2, a, b.<br />
Cortical layers. Strata corlicalia. The layers, or con-<br />
centric circles to be observed in the bark. PI. 1, fig. 2,<br />
a, b, c, d.<br />
Inner bark. Bast. Liber. The internal cortical layers,<br />
which may be easily separated from the others. PI. 1,<br />
fig. 2, b to d.<br />
Corky substance, Stratum cellulosus, Complexus cellulosuSf<br />
Parenchyma. A layer of cellular tissue, lying on the out-<br />
side of the cortical layers, and in some plants very thick.<br />
Epidermis, Epiderma. A membrane which covers every<br />
part of the plant as well as the stem.
54 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
3. Duration.<br />
Annual, Caulis annuus. From annual roots, and those<br />
biennials which do not throw np the stem till the second<br />
year.<br />
Perennial, perennis. The stem of trees, shrubs, and<br />
undershrubs.<br />
4. Consistence.<br />
Woody, Caulis ligneus. Lasting many years, forming a<br />
solid wood.<br />
Herbaceous, herlaceus. Of a softer nature.<br />
Succulent, succulentus. Orobanche major, Sempervivum<br />
tectorum.<br />
Pithy, medullar is. Filled with pith. Helianthus annuus,<br />
Sambucus humilis.<br />
Spongy, spangiosus. Filled with a compressible, elastic<br />
tissue, which retains moisture like a sponge. Typha lati-<br />
folia, Zea Maya, Hypericum elodes.<br />
Solid, plemis, solidus. Having no internal cavity. Zea<br />
Mays, Orchis maculata, Saccharum officinale.<br />
Yio\\o\y , fistulosus. Having in its middle, a cavity, either<br />
continued uninterrupted through the whole length, or<br />
parted in cells by midriffs. Equisetum, Gramineee, Orchis<br />
latifolia. Sonchus arvensis.<br />
5. Form.<br />
Cylindrical, Caulis cylindricus, teres. Long, the transverse<br />
section being circular; nearly the same size throughout<br />
the greatest part of its length. Chenopodium spinacifolium,<br />
Abies, Stramonium foetidum.<br />
Lengthened, virgatus. Long, straight-lined, and weak<br />
growing narrower from the bottom to the top. Campanula<br />
esculenta, Reseda salicifolia. Althaea officinalis.<br />
Flagelliform, Jlagelliformis. Thin, and supple like a<br />
thong. Vinca major. Clematis Vitalba, Rubus saxatilis.<br />
Melon-shaped, melonijbrmis. Cactus Melocactus, Euphorbia<br />
cucumerina.<br />
Compressed, compressus. Flattened on two opposite<br />
sides, Poa compressa, Cactus Opuntia.<br />
Two-edged, anceps. Compressed with two sharp edges<br />
like a dagger. Androssemum officinale.<br />
Leaf-like, phylloideus. Flattened and herbaceous like<br />
leaves. Cactus Phyllanthus, Platylobium scolopendrium.<br />
Obtuse-angled, ohtusb ajigulatus. When it has angles<br />
ivhich are obtuse. Salvia pratensis, Melissa officinalis.<br />
;
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Acute-angled, acutb angulaius. When it has angles<br />
which are acute. Hypericum quadrangulare, Lathyrus<br />
pratensis.<br />
Three-sided, Irigonus. When it has three faces, and of<br />
course three corners, Carex acuta, Scirpus sylvaticus.<br />
Four-sided, tetragonus. When it has four sides. Mentha<br />
sativa, Lamium album, and other labiateae.<br />
Five-sided, pentagonus. Cactus pentagonus.<br />
Six-sided, hexagonus. Cactus hexagonus.<br />
Three-cornered, triangularis.<br />
Four-cornered, quadrangularis : and so onwards.<br />
Three-edged, triqueler.<br />
Four-edged, tetraqueter : and so onwards.<br />
Angular, angulosus. When the angles are not, or can<br />
not be counted. Polygonatum vulgare, Solanum nigrum,<br />
Achillea millefolia.<br />
jointed, articulatus. Formed of joints connected endways<br />
"with each other, with or without knots. Fucus articulatus,<br />
Equisetum, Viscum album, Graminese.<br />
Knotted, nodosus. Having swellings or knots at certain<br />
distances. Many of the gramineae, Persicaria acris.<br />
Kneed, geniculatus. Jointed and bent at each joint.<br />
Alopecurus geniculatus, Geranium sanguineum, Stellaria<br />
media, Spergula arvensis.<br />
Stipiform, stipiformis. Stem of a dicotyledon plant,<br />
growing like those of palm-trees ; with a bunch of leaves<br />
at top, and bearing the marks where the old leaves have<br />
fallen off. Statice fasciculata, Brassica oleracea capitata.<br />
6. Strength and thickness.<br />
Stiff, Caulis rigidus, stricius, rigens. Straight, not easily<br />
bent, although it be slender. Bistorta major. Bupleurum<br />
rotundifolium.<br />
Brittle, fragilis. Stiff, and breaking as soon as it is attempted<br />
to be bent. Sonchus oleraceus. Geranium Robertianum.<br />
Sarmentose, sarmentosus. Woody, and climbing or<br />
rampant. Hedera communis, Vitis vinifera, Rubus fru-<br />
ticosus.<br />
Weak, delilis. Too feeble to keep upright. Irasekia<br />
alpina. Geranium lucidum, Sedum dasyphyllum.<br />
Slender, gracilis. Long in comparison with its thick-<br />
ness. Orchis maculata, Stellaria holostea.<br />
Threadshaped, Jiliformis. Zanichella palustris, Hydrocotyle<br />
vulgaris.<br />
Hairlike, capillnris. Eleocharis acicularis.<br />
'<br />
55
S§<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
7. Number.<br />
Single, Caidis unlciis. When the root produces only<br />
one stern.<br />
Many, multiplex. When the root pi^oduces several<br />
stems.<br />
8. Composition.<br />
Very simple, Canlis simplicissimus. When it has no<br />
branches whatever, Fritiliaria tessellata, Bistorta major.<br />
Orobanche major.<br />
Simple, simplex. Without any large branches, but with<br />
some weak ones only. Verbascum decurrens, Swertia<br />
perennis.<br />
Branchy, ramosus. Divided into branches.<br />
Very branchy, ramosissimus. Cucubalus bacciferus,<br />
Uiex Europseus.<br />
Shrubby, decomposlius. Branched from near the root,<br />
so as to have scarcely any main stem. Ulex Europseus.<br />
Two-forked, dlchotomus. Divided and subdivided into<br />
two parts at each division. Stramonium foetidum, Viscum<br />
album.<br />
Three-forked, triciiotomus. Divided and subdivided into<br />
three parts at each division. Mirabilis Jalapa.<br />
Continued, integer. Growing up from the root to the<br />
top of the plant like an axis from which the branches<br />
spring out. Abies excelsa, Abies pectinata.<br />
9. Direction of the main Stem.<br />
Upright, Caulis verticalis, perpendicular is, erectus. Growing<br />
perpendicular to the horizon. Mentha sylvestris, Androsffimum<br />
officinale. Abies.<br />
Oblique, oUiqims. Growing sloping to the horizon.<br />
Poa annua.<br />
Curved, curvatiis, arcuatus. Forming a curve.<br />
Inclined, inclinatus. Growing in a very marked curve,<br />
bending to the ground.<br />
Nodding, nutans^ cernuus. The top inclining to the<br />
ground. Polygonatum vulgare, Cedrus.<br />
Ascending, ascendens. Forming a curve, bending up<br />
towards the sky. Veronica spicata, Trifolium pratense,<br />
Circsea alpina.<br />
Procumbent, procunilens, prostratus, immifusiis. Spread<br />
upon the ground, and not striking root. Polygonum aviculare,<br />
I-lerniaria hirsuta, lllecebrum verticillata, Arenaria<br />
rubra. Uva-ursi buxifolia.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 57<br />
Creeping, repens, reptans. Spread upon the ground, and<br />
striking root in it. Veronica officinalis. Glechoma he-<br />
deracea, Potentilla reptans. '<br />
Climijing, scandens. Incapable of keeping itself upright<br />
without support, but I'aising itself by laying hold of other<br />
bodies.<br />
a. by its own twisting. Cuscuta minor, Fagopynim carinatum,<br />
Convolvulus sepium.<br />
b. by tendrils. Vitis vinifera, Pisum.<br />
c. by holdfasts. Hedera communis.<br />
d. by the twisting of the leaf-stalks. Clematis Viticella.<br />
Twining from left to right, voluhilis s'mistrorsum. Lupulus<br />
communis, Tamus communis.<br />
Twining from right to left, voluhilis dextrorsum. Convolvulus<br />
sepium, Phaseolus vulgaris.<br />
F\e'^no%e,flexuosys. Bent in various irregular directions.<br />
Aristolochia, Serpentaria, Solidago flexicaulis.<br />
Tortuous, tortiLosus. Bent many times in different directions.<br />
Cuscuta minor, Cakile maritima.<br />
Straight, reciilineics, rectus. Without any bending.<br />
Lilium album, Rumex aquaticus, Verbascus decurrens.<br />
10. Clothing and appendages.<br />
Leafed, Caulisfoliatus. Furnished with leaves.<br />
Leafless, aphyllus. Without leaves. Cassytha major.<br />
Scaly, squamosus. Furnished with leaves like scales.<br />
Orobanche major. Neottia abortiva.<br />
Sheathed, vaginatus. Clothed with sheaths formed by<br />
the bottom part of leaves. Graminese.<br />
Stipuled, stipulatus. Furnished with stipules. Vicia<br />
sativa, Lathyrus aphyllus.<br />
Winged, alatus. Furnished lengthways with membranous<br />
or leafy expansions. Verbascum decurrens, Symphytum<br />
officinale, Lathyrus latifolius, Onopordum vulgare.<br />
Carduus palustris.<br />
Tendrilled, cirriferus. Furnished with tendrils. Vitis,<br />
Bryonia dioica.<br />
Rooting, radicans. Throwing out roots by which it fixes<br />
itself. Hedera communis, Bignonia radicans.<br />
Naked, nudus. Without leaves, scales or tendrils. Teesdalia<br />
irregularis.<br />
Bulbiferous, hulbiferus. Throwing out bulbilli which<br />
fall off and take root. Cardamine bulbifera.<br />
11. Surface.<br />
Smooth, Caulis IcBvis. Tamus communis, Carduus ar-<br />
vensis, Fagus sylvatica.
58<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Bald, glaher. Illecebruin verticillatum, Vinca major,<br />
Cuscuta. Oenanthe fistulosa. Imperatoria major.<br />
Smoothened, Icevigatus. Geranium lucidum.<br />
Shining, lucidus. Lysimachia nemorum.<br />
Powdery, pidvendentas. Covered with a powder produced<br />
by itself. Primula farinosa.<br />
Glaucous, glnucus. The dust is of a sea-green colour.<br />
Oenanthe fistulosa, Angelica sylvestris, Cucubalus in-<br />
flatus.<br />
Dotted, punctatus. Sprinkled with dots, either sunk in,<br />
or projecting, or only spots of colour. Hypericum perforatum.<br />
Spotted, maculatus, maatlosus. Marked with spots.<br />
Phlox maculata, Conium maculatum.<br />
Rough, asper, scaler. Equisetum hyemale, Melampyrum<br />
arvense, Jasione montana, Sphondylium vulgare,<br />
Lychnis plumaria.<br />
Warty, verrucosus. With small callous excrescences.<br />
Evonymous verrucosus.<br />
Tubercular, iuherculatus. With small protuberances.<br />
Genista pilosa, Malpighia tuberculata.<br />
Streaked, str'ialus. With small raised lines lengthways.<br />
Aristolochia infesta, Acetosa pratensis. Erysimum cor-^<br />
difolium. Orobus tuberosus.<br />
Grooved, sulcatus. Grooved lengthways. Chara hispida,<br />
Equisetum hyemale, Lampsana communis, Conium<br />
maculatum.<br />
Wrinkled, rimosus. Ulmus campestris, Castanea vesca.<br />
Corky, suherosns. Covered with a bark of the nature of<br />
cork. Quercus Suber, Ulmus suberosa.<br />
12. Villosity.<br />
Downy, Caulis puhescens. Orobanche major. Digitalis<br />
purpurea, Ornithopus perpusillus, Sempervivum tectorum,<br />
Saxifraga granulata.<br />
"'^<br />
Velvetty, velutinus. Cotyledon coccinea.<br />
Hairy, pilosus. Clinopodium vulgare, Ranunculus acris,<br />
Erodium cicutarium, Agrimonia vulgaris.<br />
Villous, villosus.<br />
mintha vulgaris.<br />
Veronica montana, V. agrestis, Cala-<br />
Silky, sericeus. Protea argentea, Aster sericeus.<br />
Woolly, lanatus. Stachys Germanica, Marrubium vulgare,<br />
Carlina vulgaris. a<br />
Tomentose, tomentosus. Verbascum decurrens, Gera^<br />
nium rotundifolium.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 59<br />
Hispid, hispidus, Mrsutus, hirtus. Galeopsis nodosus,<br />
Scabiosa arvensis, Sinapis arvensis, Geranium dissectum.<br />
Spinose, spinel tosus, eclmialus. Dipsacus fullonum.<br />
13. Armature.<br />
Prickly, Caulis aculeatus. Arms affixed to the bark,<br />
Rosa rubiginosa, R. centifolia, Rubus fruticosus.<br />
Thorny, spinosus. Arms affixed to the wood. Genista<br />
Anglica.<br />
Branches.<br />
First branches, Ramus. First divisions of the stem.<br />
Second branches, branchlets, twigs, Hamuli. First divisions<br />
of the branches.<br />
Third branches, small twigs^ RarmmcuU. Second divisions<br />
of the branches.<br />
1. Attachment.<br />
Alternate, Rami alterni. Shooting out singly in different<br />
directions at nearly equal distances. Alcea rosea, Rhamnus<br />
catharticus.<br />
One rowed, secundi.<br />
Algae varise.<br />
Shooting out on one side only.<br />
l^wo-rowed, disticlii. Ranged in two opposite rows.<br />
Ulmus vulgaris, Abies Canadensis.<br />
Opposite, • oppositi. Growing in pairs from opposite<br />
points. Fraxinus, tEscuIus Hippocastanum.<br />
Crossing, decussati. Growing in pairs which cross each<br />
other at right angles. Syringa vulgaris, Acer major.<br />
Whorled, verticillati. Placed in circles round the main<br />
stem. Equisetum fluviatile, Abies pectinata, Pinus syl-<br />
vestre.<br />
Scattered, sparsi. Placed without any determinate order.<br />
Usually owing to abortion.<br />
2. Direction.<br />
Erect, Rami erecti. Growing almost perpendicular to<br />
the horizon. Salsola fruticosa, Euphrasia officinalis, Populus<br />
fastigiata.<br />
Closed, appressi. Converging very close to the main<br />
stem. Genista tinctoria, Populus fastigiata.<br />
Inflected, inirqflexi, inciirvi. Anastatica Hierunchita, &c.<br />
Open, patentes, patuli. Forming with the main stem<br />
an angle of about 45°. Galium vulgare, Erysimum offi-<br />
cinale.
60<br />
INTBODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Very open, patentissimi. Growing at right angles with<br />
the stem. Asparagus officinalis, Arctium major, Pyrus<br />
sylvestris.<br />
Divergent, divergentes. Very open and verticillate.<br />
Abies.<br />
Arm-like, hrachiati. Very open and crossing each other<br />
in pairs. Melampyrum cristatum, Hypericum crispum.<br />
Divaricated, divaricati. Very open and growing in many<br />
different directions. Rumex pulcher, Teucrium fruticans,<br />
Cichorium sylvestre. Ranunculus hederaceus.<br />
Diffused, diffusi. Growing without any order. Campanula<br />
hederacea, Fumaria officinalis, Geranium dissectum.<br />
Bent outwards, rejiexi^ recurvati. Bent with the convexity<br />
upwards. Equisetum sylvaticum, Larix Europsea.<br />
Hanging, pendidi. Falling below its origin perpendicu-<br />
larly towards the earth. Salix Babylonica, Betula alba,<br />
Fraxinus excelsior pendula.<br />
Bent back, retroflect'i, refracti. Bent back upon themselves.<br />
Rumex pulcher. Dulcamara flexuosa.<br />
Thorn-ended, Spinescens. Ending in a thorn instead of<br />
a bud. Ononis arvensis, Hippophae littoralis.<br />
OUTLINE OF THE RAMIFICATIONS.<br />
Rounded, Ramificatio suhrotunda. Malus communis.<br />
Flat-topped, corymhoso, fastigiata Linnaeus. When the<br />
ramifications end all at the same height from the ground.<br />
Dodartia Orientalis, Pinus Pinea.<br />
Pyramidal, pyramidalis. Spread horizontally, and growing<br />
smaller as they approach the top. Abies pectinata.<br />
Fastigiate, fastigiata Mirbell. All the branches growing<br />
close to the stem, and their divisions pointing to the sky.<br />
Populus fastigiata, Quercus fastigiata.<br />
LEAF SCAR.<br />
Cicatricula. A mark left on the stem by the jointed<br />
leaves, when they fall off.<br />
REMAINS OF LEAVES.<br />
ReliquicB foliormn. Ramenfa. The remains of leaves<br />
which remain attached to the stem, after the death of the<br />
principal part.<br />
CUSHION.<br />
Pulvinus. A small protuberance, frequently found under<br />
the leaf scar.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 61<br />
PROJECTURES.<br />
ProjecturcB. Small rising edges, which beginning at the<br />
setting on of a leaf, are prolonged upwards and downwards.<br />
lieguminossB.<br />
LEAA^ES.<br />
Folium, in composition —phyllum. Expanded organs<br />
generalhj attached to the stem, flat, green, horizontal, formed<br />
for inihibing and exhaling different fluids.<br />
1. Situation.<br />
Seed, Folia seminalia. Placed immediately below the<br />
plumule, formed of the cotyledons which rise above ground.<br />
Raphanus sativus.<br />
Root, radicalia, fundi. Growing from the top of the<br />
root. Alisma major, Taraxacum officinale, Drosera ro-<br />
tundifolia. PL 8, fig. 5, e.<br />
Stem, caulinaria, caulina. Growing on the stem.<br />
Branch, ramealia, ramea. Growing on the branches.<br />
Joint, articular es. Growing from the knots or joints of<br />
the stem or its branches. Gramineae, Dianthus.<br />
Inferaxillary, inferaxillaria.<br />
Tilia, Aster Chinensis.<br />
Growing under the branch.<br />
Flower, floralia. Growing at the bottom of flowers,<br />
and not differing from the other leaves. Periclymenum<br />
perfoliatum. These are not to be confounded with hractece.<br />
2. Disposition.<br />
In whirls, Folia verticilkita, stellata. More than two<br />
leaves growing at the same height on the stem. Hippuris,<br />
Asperuia odorata, Spergula avvensis. PI. 6, fig. 6.<br />
By threes, terna. Forming a whirl of three leaves.<br />
Lysimachia vulgaris, Verbera triphylla.<br />
By fours, quaterna. Valantia cruciata, Rubia tinctorum.<br />
By fives, quina. Myriophyllum verticillatum, Galium<br />
Witheringii.<br />
By sixes, sena. Galium uliginosum.<br />
By eights, octona. Asperuia odorata. PI. 6, fig. 6.<br />
% Opposite, opposita. Two by two, on opposite sides of the<br />
stem. Veronica officinalis, Labiatse, Gentianeae. PI. 6, fio-, 8.<br />
Crossed, decussates. Opposite, the pairs placed near together,<br />
and crossing each other. Hypericum quadrangu-<br />
lare, Euphorbia Lathy ris.
62<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Alternate, alterna. One by one by spaces along the<br />
stem. Graminese, Acetosa vulgaris, Hesperis matronalis,<br />
Rosa, P3'rus.<br />
Spirally, spiralia. Alternate in two, three, or more parallel<br />
series round the stem. Abies Picea, Lycopodium<br />
abietiforme.<br />
Orderless, scattered, sparsa. Growing without any regular<br />
order. Antirrhinum majus, Hedera communis, Reseda<br />
salicifolia.<br />
Two-ranked, disticha. With their points of attachment,<br />
and tbeir direction on two opposite sides. Ulraus cani-<br />
pestris.<br />
% Distant, remota. Placed at a greater distance from one<br />
another than usual.<br />
Crowded, approximaia, conferta. Placed at a less distance<br />
from one another than usual. Daphne sempervirens.<br />
Tile-like, imhricata. One covering another like the tiles<br />
of a house. Saxifraga oppositifolia, Sedum acre, S. rupestre.<br />
Roselike, rosaceous, roselata. Alternate, numerous,<br />
crowded, and diverging, so as to appear like a double rose.<br />
Sempervivum tectorum, Saxifraga pyramidalis.<br />
Crowning, coronantia. Roselike, and terminating the<br />
stem or its divisions. Palmae, Filices arborese, Oarica<br />
Papaya.<br />
^ In hunAle'^, fasciculata. Several leaves from the same<br />
point. Berberis vulgaris, Larix.<br />
Twin, gemmaia, Una. In bundles of two leaves each.<br />
Galanthus nivalis, Atropa lethalis, Pinus sylvestris, P. ma-<br />
ritima.<br />
In bundles of three, ler7ia. Pinus Tseda, P. palustris.<br />
In bundles of five, quina. Pinus Strobus, P. Cembro,<br />
3. Attachment.<br />
Squatted, Folia sessilia. Growing without any footstalk.<br />
Mentha sylvestris, Androssemum officinale. Genista, Telephium.<br />
Decurrent, decurrentia. Sessile, and the lower part of<br />
the leaf extended along the stem. Symphytum officinale,<br />
Carduus lanceolata. PI. 6, fig. 11.<br />
Embracing, amplexicaidia. Embracing the stalk, by an<br />
enlargement of their base. Silybum Marise, Papaver soniniferum.<br />
PI. 6, fig. 7.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 63<br />
Perfoliated, perfoUata. Having the disk pierced by the<br />
stem. Bupleurura perfoliatum. PJ. 6, fig. 10.<br />
Grown together, connala^ coadnata. Opposite or whirled<br />
leaves sessile and conjoined together by their lower part.<br />
Dipsacus fullonum, Saponaria officinalis, Lychnis plumaria,<br />
Periclynienum perfoKatum. PI. 6, fig. 8.<br />
Sheathing, vaginantia. The base enveloping the stem<br />
like a sheath. Orchis latifolia.<br />
4. Direction.<br />
Reversed, Folia deviata, ohliqua, adversa. When the<br />
upper surface of the leaf is not turned from the ground.<br />
Lactuca virosa, Allium obliquum.<br />
% One-rowed, unilateralia, seainda. When they' grow<br />
all on one side. Convallaria multiflora.<br />
Two-sided, hilatercdia. When they grow on two opposite<br />
sides. Taxus baccata, Abies taxifolia.<br />
f Adpressed, appressa. When the face of the leaf is<br />
applied close to the stem. Buchnera gesnerioides.<br />
Erect, erecta. Forming an acute angle with the utmost<br />
part of the stem. Typha latifolia, Sagittaria, Pinus syl-<br />
"vestris.<br />
Inflected, injlexa, i?icurva. Bent inwardly, Araucaria<br />
excelsa, &c.<br />
Open, patentiu, patula. Forming an angle of about<br />
45 deg. with the upper part of the stem. Veronica fontinalis.<br />
Antirrhinum vulgare.<br />
Very open, patenlissima. Forming an angle of about<br />
90 deg. with the stem. Glechoma hederacea, Cucubalus<br />
bacciferus, Androsfemum vulgare.<br />
Reflected, rejiexa, recurva. Bent down towards the<br />
ground. Bryum pellucidum, Pulicaria uliginosa.<br />
Hanging, dependentia, demissa. Growing down perpendicular<br />
to the ground. Laureola sempervirens. Convolvulus<br />
sepium.<br />
Lying down, humifusa. Growing flat on the ground.<br />
Bellis perennis.<br />
^y Floating, natans. Lying flat on the water. Potamogeton<br />
natans, Nympheea alba, Nuphar luteum.<br />
Sunken, submersa, demersa. Growing in the water.<br />
Hottonia palustris.<br />
Emergent, emersa. Rising by their footstalk above the<br />
water. Sagittaria sagittifolia, Alisma major.
.<br />
64f INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
5. Substance.<br />
Herbaceous, Polia herlacea. Green and soft. Spinacliia<br />
oleracea.<br />
Membranous, memhranacea, memlrafiosa. Soft, supple,<br />
very thin. Most plants.<br />
Paper-like, papyracea. Thin, dry, may be bent like<br />
paper. Dracaena terminalis.<br />
Scarious, scariosa. Thin, dry, semitransparent. Potamogiton<br />
crispum.<br />
Soft, moll'ia. Althaea officinalis.<br />
Leathery, coriacea. Viscum album.<br />
Stiff, rigida. Arundo arenaria, Ruscus aculeatus, Pinus<br />
sylvestris.<br />
Fleshy, carnosa. Thick, and formed of a cellular tissue<br />
resembling the<br />
tectorum<br />
pulp of an apple. Lemna, Sempervivura<br />
Succulent, succulenta, siiccosa. Thick, and formed of a<br />
cellular tissue resembling the pulp of a plum. Sedum reflexum,<br />
S. dasyphyllum.<br />
^ Hollow, cava. Having an internal cavity. Cepa esculenta.<br />
Pitchershaped, utricidaria. Hollo^y and bellied out<br />
like a pitcher. Aldrovanda.<br />
Bilocular, bilocularia. Hollow and divided into two<br />
parts by a partition. Lobelia Dortmanna.<br />
Many-locular, loculosa. Hollow and divided into several<br />
parts by partitions. Juncus articulatus, &c.<br />
6. Formation.<br />
Tetiolean, Folia peiiolanea. Formed from footstalks.<br />
Mimosa suaveolens, Mimosae of New Holland.<br />
Ramean, rcLmeanea. Formed from branches. Ruscus<br />
aculeatus.<br />
7. Production,<br />
Flowerbearing, Folia Jlorifera. Producing flowers.<br />
Lemna, Xylophylla falcata. PI. 8, fig. 3.<br />
Rooting, 7-adicantia. Producing roots. Asplenium rhizophyllum.<br />
Thornbearing, spinifera. Producing thorns. Solanum<br />
Pyracantha.<br />
Proliferous, prolifera. Producing other leaves. Lemna.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 65<br />
8. Figure.<br />
Round, Folia orhicularia. Outline resembling a circle.<br />
Hydrocotyle vulgaris.<br />
Rounded, subrotunda^ rotundata. Approaching to a<br />
round figure. Lysimachia repens, Mentha rotundifolia,<br />
Marrubium vulgare, Corylus sylvestris.<br />
Oblong, ohlonga. Longer than broad, the ends being<br />
rounded. Carlina vulgaris. Inula dysenterica.<br />
Elliptic, elliptica Mirbel, ovalia Linnaeus, once and a<br />
half or twice as long as broad, with rounded ends equal to<br />
each other. Convallaria majalis, Hieracium repens.<br />
Oval, ovalia Mirbel, ovata Linnaeus. Resembling elliptic<br />
leaves, the lower end larger than the other. Hernaria<br />
glabra, Vinca major, Alsine media, Androsaemum vulgare.<br />
Reverse oval, obovalia. Resembling elliptic leaves, but the<br />
upper end larger than the other. Samolus Valerandi, Vitis<br />
Idaea punctifolia.<br />
Parabolic, paraholica. Oblong, diminishing insensibly<br />
to its end, which is obtuse. Amaranlhus minor.<br />
Wedgelike, cunearia. Enlarging from the base to the<br />
end, which is very obtuse, or eventruncated. Galarhoeus<br />
helioscopius.<br />
Fanshaped, JlaleUiformia. Wedgelike, rounded at the<br />
top. Salisburia aspleniifolia.<br />
Lanceshaped, la?iceolala. Longer than broad ; diminishing<br />
each way from the middle. Daphne florida, Plantago<br />
lanceolata, Salix alba.<br />
Spatulashaped, spathulata. Drawn in at the bottom,<br />
broad and round at the top. Bellis perennis, Silene parviflora,<br />
Montia fontana.<br />
Three-corneredj iriangularia. The face has three straight<br />
sides. Atriplex hortensis, Betula alba, Chenopodiura<br />
urbicum.<br />
Four-cornered, quadrangular ia. The face has four<br />
straight sides. Trapa natans.<br />
Rhombic, rhomlea. The leaf is four-sided, the opposite<br />
ones being parallel. Hibiscus rhombifolius.<br />
Trapezoid, trapezoidea. The leaf is four-sided; the opposite<br />
sides, or at least two of them, are not parallel. Populus<br />
nigra.<br />
Scalelike, squamiformia. Partly embracing the stem,<br />
short and broad, like a scale. Orobanche major.<br />
^ Long, elongata. Long and narrow ; to which belong<br />
the five following ones.<br />
VOL. I. F
66 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Linear, linearia. Long, not above one twelfth of an<br />
inch broad; with the sides parallel, from bottom to top.<br />
Lolium perenne, Taxus baccata, Juncus bufonius, Poa annua.<br />
Ribband, fascialia^ graminea. Like linear leaves, but<br />
much larger. Typha latifolia.<br />
Awlshape, suhuluta. Linear at the bottom, but becoming<br />
narrower by degrees, and ending in a point. Ulex Europseus,<br />
Juniperus communis.<br />
Hairlike, capillaria. Very fine, and very flexible, resembling<br />
hairs. Asparagus tenuifolius.<br />
Needlelike, acerosa, acicularia, selacea. Long, fine, stiff,<br />
and sharp, resembling bristles or needles. Asparagus<br />
aculifolius, Juniperus communis.<br />
^y Dissimilar, dissimilia. Of different figures on the same<br />
plant. Quercus nigra, Broussenetia papyrifera, Dorstenia<br />
arifolia, Boehmeria, Ludia heterophylla.<br />
9. Form or Substance.<br />
Cylindrical, Folia cylindrica, teretia. Long, and like a<br />
rod. Sedum album, Cepa tenuifolia.<br />
Half-cylindrical, hemicylindricu, liemicylindraceu^ semicyl'mdrica.<br />
Long, one face being flat, the other convex.<br />
Isoetes, Pinus sylvestris, Typha angustifolia.<br />
V\peY\ke,Jistulosa. Cylindrical and hollow. Cepa esculenta,<br />
Allium oleraceum.<br />
Compressed, compressa. Flattened sideways, so that they<br />
are much thicker than broad. Mesembryanthemum dolabriforme.<br />
Very much compressed, compressissima. So much flattened<br />
sideways, that the sides appear like faces. Iris, many<br />
lycopodia.<br />
Swordshape, ensiformia, gladiata. Rather thick in the<br />
middle, sharp-edged, and narrower from their bottom to<br />
their point. Iris, and many irideae.<br />
Sabreshape, acinaciformia. Fleshy, and flattened so as<br />
to have two edges, one thick and blunt, the other sharp,<br />
bent backwards. Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme.<br />
Adzeshape, dolabrij'ormia. I*'leshy, nearly cylindric at<br />
bottom, flat at top with two edges, the one straight and<br />
thick, the other circular, broad, and cutting. Mesembryanthemum<br />
dolabriforme.<br />
Tongue-shape, Unguiformia. Fleshy, long, convex below,<br />
blunt at top. Sempervivum tectorum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. '67<br />
Gibbous, oihhosa. Fleshy and raised up in a hunch upon<br />
both surfaces. Crassula Cotyledon, Sedum dasyphyllum,<br />
S. Anglicum.<br />
Deltoid, deltoidea. Short, narrow at the two ends, having<br />
three faces. Mesembryanthemum deltoides.<br />
Three- sided, triqueira, irigona. Long, prismatic, having<br />
three faces. Butomus umbellatus, Asphodelus luteus.<br />
Four-sided, tetragona. Long, prismatic with four faces.<br />
Gladiolus tristis.<br />
10. Bottom.<br />
Heartshape, Folia cordiformio, cordata. Longer than<br />
broad, parted at bottom into two lobes. Tamnus communis.<br />
Erysimum cordifolium, Tilia Europaea, Nymphaea.<br />
Oblique heartshape, ohliqua cordata. Heartshaped, with<br />
the point on one side. Begonia obliqua.<br />
Kidneyshape, reniformia, renaria. Rounded and divided<br />
into two broad obtuse lobes. Asarum Europseum, Glechoma<br />
hederacea.<br />
Halfmoonshape, semilunata, licnata. Rounded and divided<br />
into two narrow lobes. Hydrocotyle lunata.<br />
Arrowshape, sagittata. Bottom lengthened into two<br />
sharp-pointed lobes, not or but little spread out. Sagittaria<br />
sagittifolia, Fagopyrum esculentum.<br />
Halbert-shape, hastata. Bottom prolonged into two<br />
lobes spread out wide apart. Arum maculatum, Elatine<br />
hastata.<br />
If Unequal at bottom, hasi incegualia. Bottom lengthened<br />
more on one side than the other. Stramonium foetidum,<br />
Ulmus campestris.<br />
Narrowed at bottom, basi attenuata. Becoming narrow<br />
at bottom. Polygonum aviculare, Hieracium sylvaticum,<br />
Chenopodium.<br />
n. Point.<br />
Sharp, Folia acuta. The two edges forming an acHtG<br />
angle. Epilobium angustifolium, E. hirsutum, Scrophularia<br />
nodosa.<br />
Pointed, acuminata. The two edges change their direction<br />
when they approach each other, and are prolonged<br />
beyond the place where they would otherwise meet. Cornus<br />
mascula, Corylus sylvestris, Cerasus racemosa.<br />
Cuspidated, cuspidata. Long, narrowing by degrees,<br />
ending in a sharp hard point resembling awlshape leaves,<br />
but much larger. Bromelia Ananas.<br />
r 2
68 INTllODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Dagger-pointed, mucronata. Finishing in a narrow<br />
point. Seinpervivum tectorum, Amaranthus minor.<br />
Hooked, unciiiata. Ending in a crooked point or hook,<br />
Mesembryanthemum uncinatum.<br />
Obtuse, ohtusa. Rounded at top. Berberis vulgaris,<br />
Corrigiola littoralis.<br />
Bluntly notched, retusa. Ending in a'blunt notch. Vitis-<br />
Idaea punctifolia, Amaz*anthus lividus.<br />
Notched, nicked, emarginata. Ending in a sharp notch.<br />
Asarum Europaeum, Buxus sempervirens. PL 5, fig. ] 5.<br />
Truncated, truncata. Ending abruptly by a transverse<br />
line. Aloe retusa.<br />
Bitten, prcsmorsa. Ending as if bittfen by the teeth.<br />
Caryota ui'ens.<br />
Three-toothed, tridentata. Ending in three teeth. Saxifraga<br />
tridentata. Genista tridentata.<br />
Five-toothed, quinquedentata. Hydrocotyle tridentata,<br />
Saxifraga ascendens.<br />
Reverse-heartshape, olcordata^ ohcordiformia. Oblong<br />
and parted at the end into two rounded lobes. Leaflets of<br />
Oxalis vulgaris.<br />
% Circinated, circinata^ apice cirrosa. Lengthened out at<br />
the end into a long point rolled upon itself. Gloriosa<br />
superba.<br />
Ascidiated, ascidiata. Ending in a hollow vase, ascidium,<br />
covered with a moveable cover. Nepenthes distillatoria,<br />
N. phyllamphora.<br />
12. Contour,<br />
Not in the least notched. Folia integerrima. The edge<br />
being without the least incision whatever. Lysimachia repens,<br />
Periclymenum vulgare, Androsaemum vulgare.<br />
Crenate, crenaia. The edge cut into small rounded<br />
parts. Chamsedrys palustris, Betonica officinalis, Marru-^<br />
bium vulgare, Glechoma hederacea, Caltha palustris, Populus<br />
tremula.<br />
Doubly crenate, duplicato-crenata. The crenules of the<br />
edge crenulated also. Chrysosplenium alternifolium.<br />
Reversely crenate, obcrenata. The edge cut into sharp<br />
points, separated by rounded sinuses. Theophrastus Ame-<br />
ricana.<br />
Serrate, serrata. The edge cut into teeth, serratur
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 69<br />
Evonymus Europaeus, Acer Pseudoplatanus, Viburnum<br />
Lantana.<br />
Doubly<br />
PI. 6, ^g. 2.<br />
serrate, duplicalo-serrate. The serratures of<br />
which are also serrate themselves. Ribes rubrum, Ulmus<br />
campestris, Corylus Avellana.<br />
Toothed, dentata. The edge cut into teeth, which do<br />
not incline either to the tip or bottom of the leaf. Tussilago<br />
vulgaris, Senecio vulgaris, Erysimum cordifoHum,<br />
Sinapis alba.<br />
Denticulated, dendculala,! When the teeth or serratures<br />
Serrulated, serrulata. J are extremely small. Lactuca<br />
virosa, Circaga Lutetiana, Inula dysenterica, Senecio Doria.<br />
Gnawed, erosa. The edge cut into small unequal parts,<br />
as if eaten by an insect. Senecio Doria, Sinapis alba.<br />
Sinuated, sinuatu. The edge cut into rounded jags, separated<br />
by sinuses also rounded. Stramonium fcetidum,<br />
Carduus natans,<br />
PL 4, fig. 8.<br />
Quercus longseva, Onopordium vulgare.<br />
Violon-shaped, panduriformia. Oblong, with a rounded<br />
sinus on each side. Rumex pulcher, Convolvulus pandu-<br />
ratus. PI. 4, fig. 9.<br />
Repand, sinuolata^ repanda. When the sinuses are very<br />
shallow. Solanum nigrum, Inula dysenteria, Chrysople- .<br />
nium oppositifolium, Alnus glutinosus.<br />
Angulous, angulosa. The edge having several angular<br />
jags, whose number is indeterminable. Stramonium fcetidum,<br />
Tussilago vulgare, Chelidonium glaucum, Ficaria<br />
verna. PI. 6, fig. 7.<br />
Five-angled, qiun(]ue-angulata. Pelargonium peltatum,<br />
&c.<br />
Seven-angled, septem-angidata. Hibiscus Abelmoschus,<br />
&c.<br />
Fringed, ciliata. Bordered with straight hairs like eyelashes.<br />
Juncus pilosus, Sempervivum tectorum, Eremocallis<br />
glomerata. PI. 4, fig. 9.<br />
13. Edge.<br />
Callous, margtne calloso. Covered with small hard tumours.<br />
Saxifraga Cotyledon.<br />
Gristly, cartiiagineo. Plard, elastic, and of some other<br />
colour than green. Vitis Idaea punctifolia. PI. 4, fig- 6.<br />
Thorny, spinoso. Armed with hard prickles. Agave<br />
Americana, Carduus lanceolatus, Silybum Mariae, Cariina<br />
vulgaris. PI. 6, fig. 9.
70;= INTRODUCTION TO B0TANY. ,<br />
Rolled up, revoluio. Rosmarinus officinalis, Andromeda<br />
polifolia, Oxycoccus palustris, Eremocallis glomerata.<br />
14. Incisions.<br />
Cut, Folia incisa Mirbel, lohata De Candolle. With<br />
deep incisions on the edges, the size and form being left<br />
undetermined.<br />
Jaffffed, lacimata. The incisions irregular.<br />
Feather-cut, pinnatiasa. Incisions disposed sideways<br />
like the feathers of a quill.<br />
Lyrate, lyrata. Feather-cut leaves, the side lobes being<br />
much smaller than the end one. Barbarea prsecox, Brassica<br />
Eruca, Geum urbanum, Raphanistrum vulgare. PI. 4,<br />
% 10.<br />
Runcinate, runcinata. Feather- cut leaves, the side lobes<br />
sharp-pointed and bent towards the stem like a hook^<br />
Taraxacum officinale, Sonchus arvensis, S. oleraceus, Prenanthes<br />
muralis, Hypochseris radicata. PI. 4, fig. 11.<br />
Eared, auriculaia. Having two small lobes at their base.<br />
Salvia officinalis.<br />
*\ Lobed, lohala Mirbel, partita De Candolle. The<br />
incisions penetrating more than halfway into the face of<br />
the leaf, but not reaching the middle rib so as to separate<br />
the parenchyme of the leaf into segments.<br />
Two-lobed, biloha, bilobata. Bauhinia porrecta.<br />
Three-lobed, triloba. Anemone hepatica, Opulus pa-<br />
lustris, Ribes alpinum. P1.6, fig. 18.<br />
Five-lobed, cjuinqueloba. Veronica hedersefolia, Cymbalaria<br />
hederacea, Acer majus, Bryonia officinalis, Ribes<br />
rubrum. PI. 5, fig. 6.<br />
Seven-lobed, septemloba. Malva sylvestris.<br />
Nine-lobed, novemloba. Alchemilla vulgaris, A. hybrida.<br />
Many-lobed, multiloba, &c.<br />
II Split, j?i5a. Cut leaves like the lobed, but the incisions<br />
are straight.<br />
Two-cut, bifida.<br />
Three-cut,<br />
monogyna.<br />
trifida. Chamaedrys officinalis, Mespilus<br />
Four-cut, qiiadrifida.<br />
Feather-cut, pinnatifida Mirbel, pinnatipartita De Candolle.<br />
Divided sideways into shallower or deeper lobes,<br />
the parenchyme of the leaf not being interrupted by<br />
the divisions. Polypodiura vulgare, Silybum Mariae, Coronopus<br />
coadunatus. PI. 4, fig. 13.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY; 71<br />
Pedately cut, pedatifida. Cut into two lobes, and each<br />
of these divided into segments on the side next the division*i.j<br />
Helleborus niger, H. foetidus. PI. 5, fig. I.<br />
Combhke, pect'mata. Feather-cut leaves, the lobes being<br />
straight and placed parallelly like the teeth of a comb.<br />
Lavandula dentata, Achillea pectinata.<br />
1[ Parted, partita Mirbel, secta De Candolle. Side<br />
incisions penetrating to the middle rib of the leaf the parenchyme<br />
being interrupted by the division ; and the longitudinal<br />
incisions beyond two-thirds of the face.<br />
Two-partedj Upartita. Divided into two, by a very deep<br />
longitudinal incision. Bidens tripartita, Passiflora incarnata.<br />
Five-parted, qu'wque-partita. Iporaea quinque-loba.<br />
Many-parted, multi-par tit a.. Consolida regalis, Trollius<br />
Europaeus.<br />
Palmate, palmata. Many-parted leaves, with longitudinal<br />
divisions like fingers. Ipomsea quinque-loba, Passi-<br />
flora caerulea. PI. 5, fig. 7.<br />
Forked, dichotoma. Ceratophyllum demersum.<br />
Feather-parted, pennatiparlita Mirbel, pinnatisectiis De<br />
Candolle. Cut sideways to the middle rib of the leaf, the<br />
parenchyme being interrupted by the divisions. Valeriana<br />
Sibirica, Polypodium unitum.<br />
Twice feather-cut, Bipennaticisa. The segments of the<br />
leaf cut again in a similar manner.<br />
Twice feather-parted, Bipennatipartita<br />
Thrice feather-cut, Tripiennaticisa.<br />
ments cut again in a similar manner.<br />
The secondary seg-<br />
15. Composition.<br />
Compound. Folia composita. Footstalk not divided,<br />
but bearing several leaflets.<br />
One leafletted, unifoliata. A jointed footstalk bearing<br />
only one leaflet. Citrus Aurantium, Rosa simplicifolia,<br />
Hedysarum vespertilionis, &c. Analogy, and the joint<br />
of the footstalk, causes these to be considered as compound<br />
leaves.<br />
Fingered, digitaia, palmata De Candolle. Leaflets terminating<br />
the common footstalk, like fingers, instead of<br />
being placed on the side.<br />
Two-fingered, bidigitata, digitata-bifoUolata, hinata Linnaeus.<br />
No example known. Zygophyllum Fabago, quoted<br />
by Linnaeus, is one-paired.<br />
.
72<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Three fingered, tridigitata, digitata trjjoliolaia, ternata<br />
Linnaeus. Menyanthes trifoliata, Oxalis vulgaris, PI. 5,<br />
fig. 9.<br />
Four-fingered, quadridigitaia, digitata qiiadrifoliolata.<br />
Marsilia quad rife lia.<br />
Five-Hngered, qiiinqjiedigilata, qidnata Linnaeus. Po-<br />
tentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosa, Lupinus albus.<br />
Seven-fingered, 5ep/e;72G?/o'z7a/a. ^sculus Hippocastanum.<br />
PI. 5, fig. 8.<br />
Nine-fingered, novemdigitata. Sterculia foetida.<br />
Many-fingered, multidigitata. Lupinus varius.<br />
Vertebral, vertebrata Mirbel, lomentacea De Candolle,<br />
Leaflets narrowed at distances, and at each narrowing there<br />
is a joint. Cussonia spicata, Citrus Aurantium. PI. 5,<br />
fig. 10.<br />
Pinnate, pinnata. Leaflets disposed upon two sides of a<br />
foostalk.<br />
Three-leafletted, trifoliolata. Dolichos, Hedysarum gyrans.<br />
PI. 5, fig. 13.<br />
Paired, cofijugata, opposite-pinnala. Leaflets in pairs.<br />
One-paired, Unijuga, corijugata Linnseus. One pair<br />
only of leaflets.<br />
L. sylvestris.<br />
Zygophyllum Fabago, Lathyrus pratensis,<br />
Two-paired, hijiiga. Mimosa nodosa.<br />
Three-paired, trijuga. Orobus tuberosus, Vicia lathry-<br />
roides.<br />
Four-paired, quadrijuga. Cassia longisiliqua.<br />
Five-paired, quinqiujuga. Cassia occidentalis.<br />
Many-paired, muUijuga. Orobus sylvaticus, Vicia multi-<br />
flora. Pi.4., fig. 15.<br />
Alternately disposed, foliolis altervatim positis. Leaflets<br />
alternate, instead of being opposite and in pairs. Potentilla<br />
rupestris.<br />
Abruptly terminated, ahrnple pinnnta, ahrupte terrn'mata,<br />
pari-pinnata. Leaflets in pairs, without an odd leaflet, or<br />
tendril, at the end of the footstalk. Orobus tuberosus.<br />
Ph4, fig. 15.<br />
With an odd leaflet, yb//oZo imparl, impari-pinnuta. Pinnate,<br />
terminated by an odd leaflet. Asplenium saxatile,<br />
Fraxinus excelsior, Cardamine impatiens, Erodium cicuta-<br />
Tium, Rosa. PI. 4, fig. 14.<br />
Terminated by a tendril, cirrho terminalo. Pinnate, terminated<br />
by tendrils instead of an odd leaflet. Fumaria<br />
claviculata, Vicia, Pisum sativum, Lathyrus odoratus.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 73<br />
Interruptedly pinnate, foliolis interruptis, interrupte pin-<br />
nata. Leaflets alternately large and small. Solanum tuberosum,<br />
Agrimonia vulgaris, Spiraea odorata, Sp. vul-<br />
garis, Potentilla anserina. PI. 4, fig. 14.<br />
Decreasingly. pinnate, foliolis decrescentilus. Leaflets<br />
diminishing in size as they approach the top. PI. 4, fig. 17.<br />
Decursively pinnate, foliolis decursiuis, decursive pinnata.<br />
Footstalk winged by the prolongation of the bottom of the<br />
leaflets. Melianthus major.<br />
% Twice compounded, decomposita. Second degree of<br />
composition; the common footstalk divided into secondary<br />
ones.<br />
Fingered-pinnate, digitato-phmataj conjugato-pinnata.<br />
Secondary footstalks, arising from the end of the common<br />
footstalk.<br />
Two-fingered-pinnate, lidigiiato-pimiata. Secondary<br />
footstalks, two in number. Mimosa purpurea. PI. 5,<br />
fig. 14.<br />
Bigeminate, ligeminata, hicojijugata. Two secondary<br />
footstalks, each of which have one pair of leaves. Mimosa<br />
Unguis cati. PI. 5, fig. 12.<br />
Trigeminate, tergimifia, tergeminaia. Two secondary<br />
footstalks, each of which have one pair of leaves, and a<br />
third pair of leaves is borne at the parting of the two secondary<br />
footstalks. Mimosa tergimina.<br />
Three-fingered pinnate, tridigitalo-pkinata, iernato-pin-<br />
nata. The common footstalk has three secondary footstalks<br />
from its tip, all of which have leaflets attached on<br />
their sides. Hoffmanseffsia.<br />
Four-fingered pinnate, quadndigitato-pinnata. Mimosa<br />
pudica.<br />
Many-fingered pinnate, muUidigitato-pinnala.<br />
Bipinnate, hipimmta^ duplicato-pinnata. The secondary<br />
footstalks, to the sides of which the leaflets are attached, are<br />
placed on the sides not the tip of the main footstalk. Carum<br />
officinale, Fumaria officinalis. PI. 4, fig. 16.<br />
Biternate, hiiernata, dupUcato-ternate. The common<br />
footstalk is parted into three secondary footstalks, each of<br />
which has leaflets. Fumaria bulbosa, Cicuta virosa, Imperatoria<br />
major.<br />
Pedate, pedata. The common footstalk is parted at top<br />
into two diverging branches, bearing leaflets on that side<br />
only which is next the fork. PI. 5, fig. 2.<br />
*^ Thrice compounded, supra-decomposita. Third degree
74* INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
of composition : the primaiy footstalk divided into secondary<br />
footstalks, and those into third-rank footstalks.<br />
Triternate, trUernata. The primary footstalk divided!<br />
into three, and each of these into three others; all the nine?<br />
bearing three leaflets each. Epimedium ^Ipinum, Crithmum<br />
maritimum,. Smyrnium vulgare, Acteea spicata. PI. 6,<br />
Tripinnate, tripinnata. The common footstalk has on<br />
its sides secondary footstalks, and these have also on their<br />
sides third-rank footstalks, to the sides of which leaflets are<br />
attached. Daucus vulgaris, Phellandrium aquaticum, Thalictrum<br />
minus.<br />
The leaflets of compound leaves admit most of the<br />
characters of simple leaves.<br />
16. Expansion.<br />
Flat, Folia plana. Most plants.<br />
Convex, convexa. The upper face convex, the lower'<br />
concave. Ocymum Basilicum raajus.<br />
Concave, concava. The upper face concave, the lower<br />
convex, Drosera rotundifolia, tjmbilicus pendulinus, Saxifraga<br />
oppositifolia.<br />
Grooved, channelled, canaliculata. Long, with a hollow<br />
channel throughout their whole length. Lygeum Spartum,<br />
Salsola decumbens, Pinus sylvestris.<br />
Keeled, caritiata^ Grooved, with a projection on the<br />
under surface the whole length, like the keel of a vessel.<br />
Sparganium erectum, Tragopogon pratense, Stellaria ho-<br />
lostea. Narcissus biflorus, Ajax fenestralis.<br />
Folded, plicata. Having sevei'al folds lengthways. Veratrum<br />
album, Altheea officinalis, Malva sylvestris.<br />
Puckered, crispa. Wrinkled irregularly over the whole<br />
surface. Rumex crispus, Mentha crispa, Malva crispa,<br />
Hypericum crispum.<br />
BuUate, hullata. With the upper surface raised up in<br />
bubblelike or conical tubercles, which are hollowed on the<br />
under side. Lamium Orvalla, Ocymum Basilicum majus.<br />
PI. 6, fig. 2.<br />
Wrinkled, riigosa. With the veins sunk in a little, so<br />
as to form a number of wrinkles. Salvia officinalis, Scorodonia<br />
solitaria, Marrubium vulgare.<br />
Waved, undulala. The edge rising and falling alternately<br />
in roundish folds like waves. Persicaria acris, Bis-<br />
torta major, Jasione montana, Inula pulicaria.
. tinosa,<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANT. 7*<br />
Capped, cucuUata. Rolled up lengthways like a cornet.<br />
Geranium cueullatum, Plantago maxima.<br />
1 7. Nervature.<br />
Ribbed, Folia nervata, nervosa. With one or more ribs.<br />
Linum perenne, Plantago media, P. lanceolata, Opulus<br />
palustris.<br />
One-ribbed, uninervia, uninervaia. With only one rib.<br />
Linum perenne.<br />
Three-ribbed, trinervia. With three ribs extended<br />
lengthways the leaf, from the base. Saponaria officinalis,.<br />
Linum usitatissimum. PI. 5, fig. 16.<br />
Five-ribbed, quinquenarvia. With five ribs, lengthways<br />
the leaf, from the base. Gentiana lutea.<br />
Seven-ribbed, septem-nervia. Alisma major.<br />
Nine-ribbed, novem-nervia. Melastoma grandiflora.<br />
Many-ribbed, multinervia. Cypripedium ferrugineum.<br />
PI. 4, fig. 2.<br />
Triple-ribbed, triplinervia. The rib is tripled, throwing<br />
out two side-branches a little above the base of the leaves.<br />
Melastoma multiflora. PI. 6, fig. 3.<br />
Quintuple-ribbed, qumtupli-nervia. With four side<br />
branches. Melastoma discolor.<br />
Multiple-ribbed, multipli-nervia. With many side<br />
branches. Hydrogeton fenestralis. PI. 5, fig. 15.<br />
^ Straight-ribbed, rect'mervia^ penninervia. Ribs running<br />
in a straight line. Alnus glutinosa, Cutanea vesca, Carpinus<br />
ulmoides. PI. 4, fig. 4.<br />
Curve-ribbed, curvijiervia, converginervia. Ribs describe<br />
a curve. Plantago media. PL 5, fig. 15; PI. 4, fig. 2.<br />
Parallel-ribbed, parallelinervia. Ribs keep at an equal<br />
distance from one another. Crataegus alpina, Alnus glu-<br />
Castanea vesca, Carpinus ulmoides.<br />
Diverging-ribbed, diverginervia. Ribs spread out as they<br />
go from base to tip. Opulus palustris, Alchimilla vulgaris.<br />
P1.6, fig. 16.<br />
Star-ribbed, stelUnervia, peltinerv'ia. Ribs run from the<br />
middle of the leaf to the circumference. Hydrocotyle vul-<br />
garis, Ricinus communis. PI. 6, fig. 9.<br />
% Nervato-veined, nervato-venosa. Ribs divided several<br />
times, and divided into veins. Tropaeolum majus.<br />
Ribless, innervia. The ribs being enveloped with parenchyme<br />
do not appear externally, and the leaves are<br />
considered as being without ribsj Sempervivum tectorum.
76 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
% Veined, venosa. With veins appearing on the surface<br />
of the leaf. Androsaemum officinale, Lithospfermum offici-<br />
nale, Vitis Idaea punctifolia.<br />
Parallel, paralleli-venosa. Musa Sapientum.<br />
Diverging-veined, divergi-venosa. Salisburia asplenii-<br />
folia.<br />
Reticulate-veined, reikulaio-vejiosa. The veins anastomosing<br />
in all parts. Stachys Germanica, Uva-ursi buxi-<br />
folia, Salix aurlta, Salix reticulata.<br />
Veinless, avenia. Limonium commune, Lithospermum<br />
arvense, Arenaria maritima.<br />
18. Ribs or veins.<br />
Straight, iiarvis vel venis reclis. Ribs or veins running<br />
in a straight line. Betula. Castanea vesca.<br />
Curved, curvi5,,convergentibus. Running in a curve line<br />
so as to meet at each end. Piantago media.<br />
Featherlike, pez/rtaZ/^. A main rib throwing out branches<br />
on each side, which keep parallel to one another. Castanea<br />
vesca.<br />
Footlike, pedatis. Two main ribs throwing out branches<br />
on the side next to each other. Helleborus fcetidus. PI. 5,<br />
fig. 1.<br />
Handlike, pnlmatis. Several main ribs thrown out from<br />
the insertion of the leaf, and tending to the circumference.<br />
Vitis vinifera.<br />
Shieldlike, peltatis, siellatis. Several main ribs thrown<br />
out from the insertion of the petiole, in the disk of the<br />
leaf. Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PI. 6, fig. 9.<br />
Netted, relicidalis. Ribs and veins anastomosing in all<br />
parts. Stachys Germanica, Uva-ursi buxilolia, Salix aurita.<br />
19. Surface.<br />
Pierced, Folia pertnsa. Pierced with large holes irregularly<br />
distributed, Menispermum fenestratum.<br />
Fretted, cancellala. Having no parenchyme, but only<br />
nerves and veins which anastomose and form an open network.<br />
Hydrogeton fenestralis. PI. 5, fig. 15.<br />
Furrowed, sulcata. Digitalis ferruginea, Asphodelus<br />
luteus. ••<br />
Streaked, striata. Scirpus maritimus.<br />
Even, Icevia. Convallaria majalis, Nymphsea.<br />
Smooth, glabra. Tamnus communis, Androseemum<br />
officinale, Linum usitatissimum, Reseda salicifolia, Acer<br />
Pseudo-platan us.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 77<br />
Shining, liicida, nitida, splendentia. Tamnus communis,<br />
Vitis Idsea punctifolia, Silybum Mariae, Hedera communis,<br />
Prunus Lauro-cerasus, Ficaria ranunculoides.<br />
Dotted, punctata. Anagallis Phoenicea, Thymus campestris,<br />
Calamintha vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum.<br />
Rough, scdhra, aspcra. Lithospermum officinale, Jasione<br />
montana, Ulmus campestris, Tordylium maximum.<br />
Papulous, papulosa. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.<br />
Papillous, warty, papulosa, verrucosa. The surface covered<br />
with round firm eminences.<br />
Glutinous, viscous, glutinosa, viscosa. Nicotiana gluti-<br />
nosa, Inula viscosa.<br />
20. Villosity.<br />
Downy, Folia puhescentia. Cynoglossum officinale, Althaea<br />
officinalis. Geranium molle, Circaea Lutetiana.<br />
Velvetty, velulina. Cotyledon coccinea.<br />
Hairy, pilosa. Scorodonia solitaria. Antirrhinum spurium,<br />
Daucus vulgaris.<br />
Villous, villosa. Valantia cruciata, Epilobium hirsutum.<br />
Silky, sericea. Potentilla anserina.<br />
Woolly, lanaia. Stachys Germanica, Verbascum decurrens.<br />
Cottony, tomentosa. Geranium rotundifolium, Onopordum<br />
acanthium.<br />
Floccy, Jloccosa. Covered with hair matted together,<br />
which come off' in small lumps. Verbascum floccosum.<br />
Hispid, hispida. Galeopsis nodosa, Pulmonaria offi-<br />
cinalis, Borrago officinalis, Lycopsis arvensis.<br />
Spinellose, spinellosa, echinata. Helminthia echioides.<br />
21. Colour.<br />
Green, Folia viridia. As in most leaves.<br />
Coloured, colorata. Of another colour than green.<br />
Atriplex hortensis rubra.<br />
Glaucous, glauca. Brassica oleracea, Stellaria holostea,<br />
Arenaria rubra, Sedum dasyphyllum.<br />
Spotted, maculata. Orchis mascula, Persicaria maculosa,<br />
Pulmonaria officinalis, Hieracium murorum.<br />
Variegated, variegata. Amaranthus tricolor, Silybum<br />
Mariae.<br />
Banded, yajcio^o. Phalaris arundinacea picta.<br />
Differently coloured, discoloria. The two faces of the leaf<br />
are of different colours. Cymbalaria hederacea, Lemna<br />
polyrrhiza, Oxalis purpurea.
178 ' INTRODUCTION<br />
TO BOTANY.<br />
Zoned, zonata. Having coloured bands disposed round<br />
a central point. Geranium zonale.<br />
22. Petiolaiion.<br />
Nearly sessile, subsessilia. The footstalk of the leaf very<br />
short. Epilobium angustifolium, Buxus sempervirens.<br />
Footstalked, petiolata. The footstalk very distinct.<br />
Pyrus, and most plants. PL 6, fig. 9.<br />
Peltate, peltata. The leaf attached to the leafstalk by<br />
its lower surface, and not by its edge. Tropaeolum majus,<br />
Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PI. G, fig. 9.<br />
23. Duration.<br />
Fugacious, Folia fugacia^ caduca. Falling soon .after<br />
their first appearance. Cactus Opuntia.<br />
Annual, decidua, annua. Falling off in autumn. Pyrus,<br />
j^sculus, and most plants which are natives of temperate<br />
climates.<br />
Evergreen, persistentia, sewpervirentia, perennia. Keeping<br />
on the plant for more than a year. Daphne sempervirens,<br />
Vinca major, V. minor, Uva-ursi buxifolia, Hedera communis,<br />
Pinus, Taxus.<br />
24-. Time of appearance.<br />
Anticipating the flowers. Folia proteranthea. Coming<br />
out before the flowers appear. Most plants.<br />
Accompanying the flowers, synanthea. Coming out at<br />
the same time as the flowers.<br />
Succeeding the flowers, hysteranthea. Coming out after<br />
the flowers have begun to appear. Amygdalus communis,<br />
Tussilago vulgaris.<br />
25. Disposition duririg sleep.<br />
Connivent, somno conniventia. Simple leaves, opposite,<br />
turned up at night, and applied against the stem by the<br />
upper face. Atriplex hortensis.<br />
Including, inchidentia. Simple leaves, alternate and applied<br />
against the stem. Sida Abutilon.<br />
Surrounding, circumsepientia. Rolled inwards, and surrounding<br />
the young shoots. Malva Peruviana.<br />
Sheltering, munientia. Bowing towards the earth, and<br />
forming a shelter above the lower flowers. Impatiens pa-<br />
lustris.<br />
Conduplicant, conduplicantia. Opposite and brought up<br />
so as to be applied to each other by their upper surface.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 79<br />
Cradling, involventia. The leaflets of a trifoliolated leaf<br />
bend their tops towards each other so as to form a cradle<br />
which hides the flowers. Lotus ornithopodioides.<br />
Diverging, divergenlia. The leaflets of a trifoliolated leaf<br />
rise up and come near each other by their base, but further<br />
separated by their tips. Melilotus.<br />
Hanging, dependentia. The leaflets of a compound leaf<br />
fall below their footstalk, and turn their tip to the ground.<br />
Oxalis.<br />
Turning, invertentia. The leaflets turn half round on<br />
their footstalk, so that the upper face of the leaflets is turned<br />
where the lower face was, and vice versa. Cassia.<br />
Tiling, imhricantia. The leaflets, directing their tips<br />
towards the top of the leaf, apply themselves to the footstalk,<br />
and cover one another. Mimosa pudica.<br />
Bent back, retrorsa. The leaflets, directing their tips to<br />
the base of the leaf, apply themselves to the footstalk, and<br />
cover one another. Galega Caribaea.<br />
LEAFSTALK.<br />
Petiole, Petiolus. The support of the leaf, connecting it with<br />
the stem, or root.<br />
Simple, Petiolus simplex. Without any division or joint,<br />
Pyrus.<br />
Compound, compositus. Divided into petiolules or partial<br />
footstalks, which bear the leaflets. Epimedium alpinmn.<br />
PL 6, fig. 1; Ph4, fig. 16.<br />
^Jointed, articulatus. Appearing as if formed of pieces<br />
connected together lengthways, by having at its point of<br />
attachment, or at the places where it is divided, a swelling,<br />
or contraction, or a change of direction, of colour, or of<br />
substance. Rodinia Pseudo-acacia, Gleditsia. PI. 4, fig. 16".<br />
Jointless, inarticulatus. Without any joint. Umbelli-<br />
ferse.<br />
^ Primary, common, primarius, communis. Common to<br />
several leaflets, or to several secondary leafstalks. Pha-<br />
seolus. PI. 4, fig. 15 and 16 ; PI. 6, fig. 1.<br />
Secondary, secundarius. First division of the primary<br />
leafstalk.<br />
Partial, proper, partial, proprius. Prcculiar to one leaflet.<br />
•[[ Two-forked, dichotomus. Divided and subdivided into<br />
secondary, &c. leafstalks by being split each time into two.
80<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Three-forked, tricholomus. Divided and subdivided into<br />
secondarj', &c. leafstalks by being split eacii time into<br />
three. Epimedium alpinum. PI. 6, fig. 1<br />
*[ Tendril-bearing, cirriferus. Bearing tendrils. Smilax<br />
horrida. PL 8, fig. 2.<br />
Tendril-like, cirriformis. Twining like a tendril. Fumaria<br />
capreolata. Clematis orientalis. PI. 6, fig. 14.<br />
Stipuled, stipidifenis. Leafstalk, or the primary leaf-<br />
stalk, if compound, furnished at the bottom with stipules.<br />
Rosa, Ononis, Mespilus Germanica, Oxalis corniculata.<br />
Stipellated, slipellaii. Secondary, &c. leafstalks furnished<br />
at their base with small stipules.<br />
Gland-bearing, glanduliferus. Furnished with glands.<br />
Opulus palustris, Prunus.<br />
Margined, winged, marginatus, alatus. Furnished with<br />
expansions on the sides. Pisum Ochrus, Citrus Aurantium.<br />
Sheathing, vaginans. Forming a sheath round the<br />
stem or scape. Gramineae, Cyperacese, Umbelliferee. PI. 4,<br />
fig. 1.<br />
Convolute, convolulus. Resembling a lamina rolled<br />
round the stalk. Gramineae.<br />
Tubular, iuhulatus. Forming a tube sheathing the stem.<br />
Cyperaceae.<br />
Inflated, inflatus. Hollow and swelling. Trapa natans.<br />
Locular, loculosus. Hollow and divided by partitions.<br />
Eryngiura corniculatum.<br />
Thorned, spinescens. Ending in a thorn. Robinia<br />
Halodendron.<br />
Beside these characters, it is necessary to attend to the<br />
form of the leafstalk, whether cylindrical, clubshape,<br />
grooved, compressed, depressed ; to its length compared<br />
with that of the leaf; and to its length in respect to our<br />
common measures.<br />
LIGULE.<br />
Ligula, Collare. A memhranous appendage surmounting<br />
the sheathing petiole, at the junction between the sheath<br />
and the blade of the leaf.<br />
Uncut, Ligula integra. Poa pratensis.<br />
CXehf fissa. Phleum crinitum.<br />
Torn, lacera. Milium lentigerum.<br />
Fringed, ciliata. Holcus lanatus.<br />
Truncated, truncata. Avena fatua.<br />
Acuminated, acuminata. Phalaris paradoxa.<br />
Scalelike, squamiformis. Poa arenosa. PI. 4, fig. 1.<br />
.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 81<br />
STIPULE.<br />
Stipula. A leqflike appendage accompanying the proper<br />
leaves of the plant.<br />
1 . Attachment to the plant.<br />
Cauline, Stip^dce caulinares. Attached to the stem rather<br />
than to the leaves, Rubiacea?, Malvaceee, Lathyrus<br />
aphyllus, Alnus glutinosa.<br />
Araplexicaul, a?nplexicaules. Embracing the stem. Cardamine<br />
impatiens, Morus, Ficus.<br />
Sheathing, vaginantes, tubuloscc. Forming a tube round<br />
the stem. Polygoneas, Alchemilla vulgaris.<br />
Hypocrateritbrm, hypocraleriformes. Forming a tube<br />
round the stem, terminating at top by an enlarged flat<br />
Polygonum orientale, Platanus.<br />
rim.<br />
Int'eraxillary, inferaxillares. Attached to the stem below<br />
the leaves. Berberis, Ribes spinosum.<br />
Intermediate, intermedice. Growing upon the stem between<br />
opposite leaves. CofFea. In the rubiaceae they<br />
unite with the leaves in forming a whirl,<br />
really abortive leaves.<br />
and appear to be<br />
Lateral, laterales. Placed on the stem on each side of<br />
the base of the leafstalk.<br />
glutinosa.<br />
Tilia, many leguminosae, Alnus<br />
Ambiguous, amhiguce. Attached nearly equally to the<br />
stem and to the leaves. Polygonese, Lotus siliquosus.<br />
^ Petiolar, petiolares.<br />
Mespilus, Ononis.<br />
Attached on the leafstalk. Rosa,<br />
Marginal, marginales, adnatcp. Attached along the sides<br />
of the leafstalk. Rosa canina. Piper nigrum, Nymphaea.<br />
Detached,<br />
base only.<br />
solutce. Attached to the leafstalk by their<br />
Anterior, anferiores, intrafoliacecB. Joined at their base<br />
only to the anterior part of the leafstalk, free at their upper<br />
part, and so forming a lamina placed between the stem and<br />
the leafstalk. Melianthus, Trifolium pratense, Illecebrum<br />
verticillatum, Arenaria rubra.<br />
Petiolular, petiolulares. Growing at the base of the<br />
leaflets of a compound leaf, upon the petiolules. Dolichos.<br />
P1.5, fig. 13.<br />
2. JSlumber.<br />
Single, Stipulce solitarice. A single stipule to each leaf.<br />
Berberis. In ruscus the solitar}^ stipule appears to be an<br />
TOL. I. G
82: INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
abortive leaf, and the apparent leaf in reality a metamorphosed<br />
branch.<br />
Twin, gemince. 'Pwo stipules to each leaf. Almost all<br />
plants that have stipules.<br />
3. Connexion.<br />
Distinct, Stipules distinctcB. Separated from one another<br />
throughout their whole length. Almost every plant that<br />
has stipules.<br />
Conjoined, connate, connatcB. Joined one fo the other.<br />
Melianthus, Humulus.<br />
4. Nature.<br />
Leaflike, StipulcB foliacece. Resembling leaves in colour<br />
and consistence. Agrimonia vulgaris, Lathyrus aphyllus>,<br />
Lotus corniculatus.<br />
Membranaceous, memhranacece. Polygonum amphibium,<br />
Herniaria glabra, Corrigiola.<br />
Scarious, scarioscE. Thin, dry, semitransparent. Polygonum<br />
aviculare, Illecebrum verticillatum, Erodium cicutarium,<br />
Potentilla fruticosa.<br />
Spinescent, spinescentes. Becoming spines, or thorns.<br />
Berberis vulgaris, Ribes spinosum. PI. 6, fig. 16.<br />
Very small, minutcB. Gleditsia triacanthos, Ceratonia<br />
Siliqua.<br />
5. Figure.<br />
Rounded, Stipulce subrotundce. Spiraea odorata.<br />
Oval, ovales. Erodium cicutarium, Trifolium pratense,<br />
Astragalus glycyphyllos.<br />
Semioval, semiovales. Trifolium procumbens, Medicago<br />
sativa.<br />
Rather heartshaped, sulcordiformes, suhcordalce. Geranium<br />
inquinans, Lotus tetragonolobus.<br />
Obliquely heartshaped, ohlique-cordatcE. Pisum sativum.<br />
Half-heartshaped, semi-cordiformes. Mespilus Pyracantha.<br />
Kidneyshape, renaria, reniformes. Salix capraea.<br />
Halfmooned, lunatcB, se7ni-lunaice. Agrimonia vulgaris,<br />
Mespilus digyna, Crataegus Crus galli.<br />
Sagittate, sagittatcs. Galea officinalis.<br />
Semi-sagittate, semi-sagittatce. Vicia multiflora, Vicia<br />
sativa, Lathyrus odoratus, Lathyrus annuus, Lathyrus<br />
sylvestris, Orobus vernus.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 85<br />
Lanceolate, lanceolatcs. Viola odorata, Hippocrepis<br />
comosa.<br />
Linear, lineares. Pyrus sylvestris, Pyrus communis,<br />
Trifolium arvense.<br />
Awlshape, suhulalce. Rubus Idaeus, Lathyrus Nissolia,<br />
Cytisus Laburnum.<br />
Bristlelike, setacece. Populus tremula.<br />
Edge and incisions.<br />
Uncut, Stipules integrce. Polygonum amphibiura, La^<br />
thyrus aphyllus, Trifolium procumbens.<br />
Toothed, dentatce. Mespilus digyna, Medicago polymorpha,<br />
Pisum sativum, Vicia sativa.<br />
Pinnatifid, pinnatifidce. Viola tricolor, Viola grandi-<br />
flora.<br />
Jagged, laciniatce. Medicago orbicularis, Medicago<br />
coronata.<br />
Torn, lacerce. Illecebrum verticillatum, Arenaria rubra.<br />
Fringed, ciLiatce. Persicaria maculosa, Cardamine impatlens,<br />
Trifolium procumbens.<br />
Duration.<br />
Fugacious, yw^ace^. Falling off before the leaves. Tilia,<br />
Gleditsia, Ficus Carica.<br />
Deciduous, caducce, deciduce. Falling with the leaves.<br />
Most plants.<br />
Remaining, persistentes. Remain after the falling of the<br />
leaves. Coccoloba pubescens.<br />
The stipules may also have the other characters of the<br />
leaves, of which they are in fact a species.<br />
Sheath.<br />
Vagina. A portion of certain leaves, surrounding the<br />
stem, and considered by some botanists as a kind of pe-<br />
tiole.<br />
Not cut. Vagina integra. Forming a perfect tube. Cyperaceae.<br />
Slit, Jissa. Slit down lengthways. Gramineae.<br />
OCREA.<br />
A membranous sheath, not completely surrounding the<br />
stem. Polygonese. Some look upon it as a stipule.<br />
G 2
84 introduction to botany.<br />
Reticulum.<br />
A fibrous sheath at the base of the leaves of the palmae.<br />
Pericladium.<br />
A hollow part of the base of the leaves which surrounds<br />
the branches or peduncles. Umbeiliferae.<br />
Phyllodium.<br />
A greatly expanded petiole of compounded or deeply<br />
cut leaves, which assumes the appearance of a real leaf.<br />
Sunk leaves of the Alismacese, Bupleurum, Batrachium.<br />
Some botanists call these, petiolaneous leaves, folia petiolanea.<br />
Support.<br />
Stipes, Peridroma, Rachls. The petiole of a fern, dif-<br />
fering from the proper petiole, as bearing the fructification<br />
as well as the leaf, or leaflets.<br />
Stipelle.<br />
Stipella. A kind of stipule placed at the base of the<br />
leaflets on the common petiole. Phaseolus.<br />
Hypophyllium.<br />
A small sheath, representing the true leaf, having<br />
branches at the axillee similar to leaves. Asparagi.<br />
Vaginelle.<br />
Vaginella. A small membranaceous sheath, embracing<br />
the base of bundles of leaves. Pinus, Larix.<br />
Auricle.<br />
Auricula, Amphigaster. A kind of stipule accompanying<br />
the leaves of the jungermanniae.<br />
Vesicles.<br />
Vesicula. A hollow enclosed part, full of air, found on<br />
the leaves, Fuci; or in the petiole, Trapa natans.<br />
Goblet.<br />
Ascidium, Vasculum. A kind of cup formed either by the<br />
leaf being rolled up and the edges soldered together, Sarracenia<br />
; or by the concavity of the leaf itself, Cephalotus<br />
or by a peculiar hollowing out of the extremity of the main<br />
rib, Nepenthes.<br />
;
introduction to botany. 85<br />
Cover.<br />
Operculum. A moveable leaflike expansion, which covers<br />
the goblec. Sarracenia, Nepenthes.<br />
BUTTONS.<br />
Gemmae. The rudiments ofyoung shoots, either naked or<br />
surrounded ivith peculiar coverings.<br />
Species.<br />
Bulb, Bulhus. Thick, placed on the roots. Liliacese,<br />
Asphodelese.<br />
Bulbille, Bulhillus. Small, growing on different parts,<br />
above the ground, falling off' and taking root. Lilium<br />
bulbiferum.<br />
Bud, Gemma. Growing on the stem or its branches,<br />
not falling off", but expanding itself on the place. Most<br />
trees in temperate and cold climates.<br />
Eye, Turio. Growing oh the root, smaller than the<br />
bulb. Arum Italicum, Asparagus officinalis, Solanum tuberosum.<br />
Sobole, Soboles, Bacillus. Growing in the pericarpium,<br />
instead of seeds. Crinum Asiaticum.<br />
Bulb.<br />
Tuberose, Bulhus tuherosus, soUdus. Uniform in its<br />
texture, without concentric coats or scales. Colchicum<br />
autumnale, Crocus, Gladiolus, Fumaria bulbosa.<br />
Coated, tunicaius. Enveloped with coats. Fumaria<br />
bulbosa.<br />
Scaly, squamosus, imhricatus. Composed of straight<br />
scales or tiles overlaying one another. Lilium, Saxifraga<br />
gi'anulata.<br />
Formed of coats, tunicosus. Composed entirely of fleshy<br />
coats, one surrounding the other. Cepa esculenta.<br />
IF Aggregated, composilus, aggregatus. Composed of<br />
several cloves, or bulbuli, Allium sativum.<br />
Bulbille and Sobole.<br />
Scaly, Bulhillus squamosus. Lilium bulbiferum.<br />
Solid, tuherosus, solidus. Crinum Asiaticum.<br />
% Axillary, axillaris. Growing at the setting on of the<br />
leaves. Lilium bulbiferum.<br />
Pericarpial, pericarpialis. Growing in the pericarpium.<br />
in the place of seeds. Crinum Asiaticum.
fIS<br />
nraHOBUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Floralis, Jloralis. Growing in the place of the flowers.<br />
Allium arenarium, A. carinatum.<br />
Bud and Turio.<br />
.Naked, GermncB nudce. Without any perule. Hippophae<br />
littoralis.<br />
Perulated, perulatce. Covered with a perule. Daphne,<br />
Syringa, Malui, Ficus, Pinus.<br />
•y External, exienicE. Appearing above the surface as<br />
soon as it begins to be formed. Daphne, Fraxinus, Pyrus,<br />
PL 3, fig. 5 and 6.<br />
Internal, internee. Hidden in the stem until it is developed.<br />
Du'caea, Robinia Pseudo-acacia.<br />
f[ Simple, simplices. Exhibiting the rudiments of only<br />
one branch. Fraxinus, Ficus, Alnus, Carpinus.<br />
Composite, compositce. Containing under a single perule,<br />
the rudiments of several branches, distinct even before<br />
their shooting. Pinus maritima.<br />
^ Leaf-bearing, yb/ii/er^z'. Producing a shoot of leaves<br />
only. Terminal bud of daphne florida, Populus, Alnus.<br />
Flower-beariug, Jloriferce. Producing flowers only.<br />
Daphne florida, Populus.<br />
Slixed, mixla, foliiflorifercB. Producing both leaves and<br />
flowers. Sjrringa. PI. 3, fig. 5.<br />
^ Sessile, sessiles. Growing upon the stem without any<br />
footstalk.<br />
Pedicelled, pedicellafce. Growing upon a small excrescence<br />
or support. Alnus communis.<br />
Perule.<br />
Ferula, The cover of a bud.<br />
Simple, Ferula Integrn. Formed of one piece, and<br />
therefore torn when the bud shoots. Persicaria and other<br />
polygon eae.<br />
Scaly, squamosa. Daphne, Syringa, Malus.<br />
Petiolane, petiolanea. Formed of enlarged and abortive<br />
leaf-stalks. Juglans,<br />
Stipulane, stipulanea. Formed of stipules. Persicaria,<br />
Carpinus, Ficus.<br />
Vernation.<br />
Vernutio, Disposition of the leaves, 8cc. in the bud.<br />
Revolute, Vernatio revoluta, revolutiva. The two edges<br />
of the leaves rolled to the outside. Persicaria maculosa,<br />
Carduus, Tussilago. PL 3, fig. 10 and 20.
iNTROtJUCTlON TO BOTANY. ^SY<br />
Involute, involute, involutiva. The two edges rolled to<br />
the inside. Periclymenum perfoliatum, Viola, Pyrus,<br />
Populus. PI. 3, fig. 9, 18 and 19.<br />
Convolute, convoluta, convolutiva. The leaves rolled on<br />
one only of their edges. Aster, Solidago, Berberis. PI. 3,<br />
fig. 8 and 16.<br />
Bent, curvativa. The leaves being very large the rolling<br />
up is but slight.<br />
Circinate, circ'maia, circinalia. Rolled up on their main<br />
rib from the tip to the base. The ferns.<br />
Conduplicate, condupl'icata, condiipUcativa. Rolled up<br />
lengthways, and placed side by side. Tilia, Rosa, Cerasus,<br />
Corylus, Quercus. PI. 3, fig. 11.<br />
Riding over one another, equitaritia, equitatiua, amplexa.<br />
One leaf folded lengthways receives into its folding another<br />
leaf folded in the same manner. Carex, Poa, Hem^rocallis.<br />
Iris. PI. 3, fig, 12, 17, and 21.<br />
Mutually riding, se invicem equitaniia, semi-amplexa, ol-<br />
voluta. One leaf folded lengthways receives into the fold<br />
only the half of a leaf folded in the same manner. Salvia,<br />
Marrubium, Saponaria, Lychnis. PI, 3, fig. 14.<br />
Opposite,<br />
Two leaves<br />
se invicem spectantia, imhricativa, imhricata.<br />
opposite to each other, and slightly folded<br />
lengthways touch one another's edges. Syringa, Ligustrum.<br />
PI. 3, fig. 13.<br />
Folded, plicata, pUcativa. Folded in small folds lengthways<br />
like a fan that is shut up. Opulus palustris, Acer,<br />
Vitis, Althaea, Crataegus, Alnus glutinosa. PI. 3, fig. 15.<br />
Inflected, inflexa, replicaliva, reclinata. Folded from tip<br />
to base. Cyclamen, Aconitum, Anemone Hepatica, Pul-<br />
satilla vulgaris.<br />
Applied together, adpressa. Faces of the leaves flat, and<br />
close to each other. Amaryllis. ><br />
' GLANDS.<br />
Gland ulse. Organs of secretion.<br />
Miliary, Glanclulce miliares. Visible by the microscope.<br />
Leaves of the grasses, larix, pinus, and almost all the parts<br />
of plants which are exposed to the air.<br />
Bladdery, vesiculares. Leaves, calices, corollae, pistils,<br />
fruits, cotyledons of most aurantiaceae.<br />
Globular, globulares. Anthers of cardiaca.<br />
Utricular, utriculares, Mesembryanthemura crystaliinum.
88<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Papillary, papillares. Satureja hortensis, Horminum<br />
Pyreniacum.<br />
Cupshape, cyatliiformis. Leafstalks of amygdalus Per-<br />
sica, Cerasus hortensis, Ricinus.<br />
5[ Sessiles, sessiles. Mimosa Julibrissin.<br />
Footstalked, pedicellatce. Rosa, Amygdalus, Croton pe-<br />
nicillatum.<br />
5f Stem, cmdinares. Upon the stem.<br />
Leafstalk, petiolares. Opulus palustris.<br />
Leaf,yb/wre,y. Pinguicula, Drosera, Amygdalus.<br />
Stipular, stipulares. Prunus Armeniaca.<br />
Calycine, calycina. Malpighia.<br />
Corolla, epipetalece. Delphinium, Berberis.<br />
Staminal, epistammales. Geranium, Dictamnus albus.<br />
HAIRS.<br />
Pili. Threadlike organs growmg upon different parts of a<br />
plant, and appearing to be excretory ducts.<br />
Simple, Pili simplices. Without branches, Borrago,<br />
Urtica dioica.<br />
Awlshape, suhiilati. Borrago laxiflora.<br />
Headed, capitati. Swelled to a head at their top. Dictamnus<br />
albus.<br />
Nailshape, claviformes. Swelling into a club from the<br />
base to the summit. Dictamnus albus.<br />
Jointed, articulati. Marked at certain distances by lines<br />
in rings, which mark the places of internal partitions.<br />
Brunella ovata, Lychnis Chalcedonicus.<br />
Beadlike, momliforynes. Jointed, with the joints narrowed.<br />
Miral)ilis Jalapa.<br />
Pointed, miicronati. Having a very small fine point at<br />
top. Dictamnus albus.<br />
Two-foiked, hij'urcati. Ending in a fork of two teeth.<br />
Three-forked, trifurcati. Ending in three teeth.<br />
Branchy, ramosi. Lavendula Spica, Turritis verna.<br />
Starred, siellati. Producing simple branches which diverge<br />
from a common centre. Althsea officinalis.<br />
Bottle-brush like, aspergilUJbrmes. Producing simple<br />
branches disposed round a common axis. Marrubium<br />
peregrinum.<br />
Two-pointed, li-aaiminati. With two points tending<br />
opposite ways, and appearing fixed by their middle. Lupulus<br />
communis.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 89<br />
Dotted, punctati. Brunella ovata, Lychnis Chalcedonies.<br />
Gland-bearing, glanduliferi. Rosa maxima, Croton penicillatum.<br />
These are identical with footstalked glands.<br />
Perforated, perj'orati. Perforated at top. Urtica dioica.<br />
Based, busilati. Raised upon cellular nipples. Lupulus<br />
communis, Urtica dioica.<br />
Sessile, squat, sessiles.<br />
pighia.<br />
Growing on a flat surface. Mal-<br />
^ Cobweblike, arnchnoides. Long and crossed like a<br />
spider's web. Sempervivum arachnoides.<br />
Flock-like, ^occo>jf. Resembling flocks of wool. Verbascum<br />
floccosum, Solanuni marginatum.<br />
In rows, seriales. The stalk-hairs of veronica bibarbata,<br />
and of alsine.<br />
Perpendicular, perpendictdares, patenti. Growing upright.<br />
Geranium Pyreniacum, Hieracium aurantiacum,<br />
Crepis foetida.<br />
Ascending, ascevdentes. Directed towards the top of the<br />
part on which they grow. Cerastites macrocephala.<br />
Descending, turned backwards, descendentes, reflexi.<br />
Directed towards the bottom of the part on which they<br />
grow. Bromus dumetorum, Veronica spicata, Geranium<br />
dissectum.<br />
Appressed, appressi. Applied close to the part on which<br />
they grow, throughout their whole length. Malpighia,<br />
Stem hairs of cerastites macrocephala.<br />
ARMS.<br />
Arma. IVbody excrescences, sharp-pointed, attached on<br />
various parts of the plant.<br />
1. Species. s<br />
Prickles, Aculei. Adhering to the bark only of the plant.<br />
Rosa, Rubus. PI. 6. fig. 17.<br />
Spines, thorns, Spince. Adhering to the internal tissue<br />
or wood of the plant. Prunus, Ribes spinosum.<br />
2. Situalion,<br />
Stem, Acidei fvel spince) caulini. Growing on the stem.<br />
Cactus, Gleditsia ferox, Rosa, Rubus.<br />
Terminal, terminales. Growing at the end of the<br />
branches. Elaeagnus.<br />
Leaf, foUures. Growing on the leaves. Solanum Melongena,<br />
Silybum Marise.
90<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Leafstalk, j&e/io/are5. Growing on the leafstalks. Chamaerops<br />
humilis.<br />
Axillary, axillares. Growing at the setting on of the<br />
leaves. Citrus Medica, Celastrus multiflorus.<br />
Infraxillary, inferaxillares. Growing below tlie setting<br />
on of the leaves. Ribes spinosum. PI. 6, fig. 16.<br />
Superaxillary, superaxillares. Growing above the setting<br />
on of the leaves. Gleditsia triacanthos. PL 4, fig. 16.<br />
Involucral, involucmles. Growing on the involucrum.<br />
Silybum Marise, Centaurea benedicta.<br />
Pericarpial, pericarpiales. Growing on the pericarp.<br />
Allamanda cathartica.<br />
3. Origin.<br />
Stipulean, Aculei stipideani. Growing near the leaves,<br />
and appearing to arise from stipules changed. Berberis,<br />
Ribes spinosum. Paliurus aculeatus.<br />
Petiolean, petioleani. Arising from leafstalks changed<br />
into arms. Mimosa verticillata.<br />
FoWolean, Jhlioleani. Arising from leaves changed into<br />
arras. Chamasrops humilis.<br />
Ramean, rameani. Arising from branches changed into<br />
arms. Prunus spinosi, Elaeagnus angustifolia.<br />
4. Direction.<br />
Bent upwards, Aculei infiexi. Bent and pointing to the<br />
upper part of the stem, or branch.<br />
cineraria.<br />
Rosa muscosa. Mimosa<br />
Bent downwards, reflexi. Bent and pointing to the<br />
lower part of the stem, or branch.<br />
rubiginosa, R. canina.<br />
5. Form.<br />
Rubus fruticosus, Rosa<br />
Awlshape, Aculei siihulali. Rosa villosa, Robinia<br />
Pseudo-acacia.<br />
Bristlelike, setacei. Very slender, Rosa spinosissima.<br />
Conical, conici. Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis.<br />
^ Straight, reciilinei, recti. Rosa spinosissima.<br />
Bent, curvi. Rosa muscosa, R. rubiginosa.<br />
6. Simplicity.<br />
Simple, Aculei simplices. Cactus, Celastrus.<br />
Branched, ramosi. Gleditsia horrida.<br />
Two-parted, bipartiti.<br />
Three-parted, tripartiti. Berberis vulgaris, Ribes syl-<br />
vestris. PI. 6, fig. 16.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 91<br />
Many-parted, multipartiti. Divided to the base.<br />
Feather-cut, pinnatifidi. Disposed on two opposite sides*<br />
Carduus. Centaurea.<br />
7. Number.<br />
Single, Aculei solltarii. Insulated from one another.<br />
Euphorbia cucumerina.<br />
Bundled, fascicidati. Several coming out from the<br />
same point. Cactus cylindricus, C. heptagonus, G. Peruvianus.<br />
TENDRILS.<br />
Cirri, Capreoli, Claviculi. Threadlike appendages twisting<br />
round other sulsta?ices, ly means of ivkich the plants are<br />
supported and raised above the ground.<br />
1. Situation.<br />
Axillar}?^, Cirri axillarii. Growing in the setting on of<br />
the leaves. Passiflora.<br />
Opposite to the leaves, Oppositifolii. Vitis vinif^ra.<br />
PI. 6, fig. 18.<br />
2. Origin.<br />
Petiolean, Cirri petioleani,petiolares. Resulting from the<br />
change of a leafstalk. Fumaria vesicaria, Pisum sativum,<br />
Lathyrus latifolius. PI. 4, fig. 17; PL 6, fig. 14.<br />
Leaf, foliares. The leaf itself is lengthened, and forms<br />
a twining appendage. Methonica superba.<br />
Stipulean, stipuleani. Resulting from the change of<br />
a stipule. Smilax horrida, S. herbacea. PI. 8, fig. 2 a.<br />
Leaf-rib, nervales. The main rib of the leaves lengthened<br />
into twining appendages. Nepenthes.<br />
Pedunculean, pedunmleani. Resulting from the change<br />
of a flower-stalk. Vitis vinifera, Passiflora. PI. 6, fig. 18.<br />
Corolla, corollares. The petals lengthened into twining<br />
appendages. Strophanthes.<br />
3. Simplicity.<br />
Simple, Cirri simplices. Single undivided threads. Lathyrus<br />
Aphaca, Vicia lathyroides, Bryonia officinalis.<br />
Two-cut, bifidi. Divided in two branches. Vitis, Ervum<br />
tetraspermum. PI. 6, fig. 18.<br />
Three-cut, trifidi. Bignonia Unguis cati.<br />
Many-cut, rmdtifidi, ramosus. Vicia multiflora, Cobea<br />
scandens. PI. 4, fig. 1 7.
92<br />
ixtroductioji' to botant.<br />
Suckers.<br />
Haustoria. Tubercles placed on the stem, fastening it<br />
to another plant, and also serving to extract nourishment<br />
from the supporting plant. Cuscuta.<br />
Holdfasts.<br />
Fulcra, Tubercles serving to fasten a plant to other<br />
bodies, but not organized so as to extract nourishment from<br />
the support. Hedera communis, Fucus.<br />
FLOWER.<br />
Flas, in composition. —anthos. A temporary part of a<br />
veseiable, in which the fecicvdation of the ovuhs take place<br />
and which consists essentially of the sexual organs.<br />
1. Situation,<br />
Root, Florei radicales. Proceeding from the crown of<br />
the root. Colchicum autumnale, Primula, Bellis, Sarracenia<br />
purpurea. PI. 8, fig. 5, b.<br />
Stem, caulinares. Proceeding from the stem. Cuscuta,<br />
Vicia sativa.<br />
Branch, rameales. Upon the branches. Daphne florida,<br />
Cucubalus bacciferus, Pvrus.<br />
Terminal, terminahs. From the tip of the stem and<br />
branches. Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Eremocallis glomerata,<br />
Pasiinaca.<br />
I^eaf.foliares. Up>on the leaves. Xylophylla montana,<br />
Ruscus aculeatus. PI. S, fig. 3.<br />
Petiolar. petiol/ires. Upon the footstalks of the leaves.<br />
Hibiscus moschatus.<br />
Axillary, axUlares. From the axiUce, or angles made by<br />
the leaves with the stem or branches. Polygonatum vulgare,<br />
Veronica lontinalis, Chamardrys officinalis, Stramonium<br />
foetidum, Vinca, Spartium scoparium, Vicia sativa.<br />
Extra-axillary, extra-axillares, laierales. Growing on<br />
the outside of the axillae. Sjolanum nigrum, Physalis,<br />
Capsicum.<br />
Super-axillary, superaxillares. Growing above the axillse<br />
of the leaves. Boragineee.<br />
Opposite to the leaves, cppositifolii. Growing from a<br />
point diametrically opposite to the setting on of the leaf.<br />
Dulcamara flexuosa, Sium nodiflorum, Tordylium maximum,<br />
Phellandrium divaricatum, Batrachium heterophyl-<br />
Kun, Erodium cicutarium, Vitis vinifera.<br />
j
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 95<br />
Interposed, inlerpositivl, intrafoliacei. Growing between<br />
a pair of opposite leaves, and alternately with them. Stellaria<br />
aquatica, Arenaria lateriflora, Asclepias Syriaca.<br />
By the side of the leaves, laterifoLii. Growing on the<br />
sides of leaves which are not opposite. Solanum Bonariense,<br />
Atropa physaloides.<br />
2. Attachment.<br />
Peduncled, Flores pedunculati. Borne on a peduncle.<br />
Cerasus. PI. 8. fig. 2, 5, 6.<br />
Sessile, sessiles. Not having any peduncle. Daphne<br />
florida, Salsola decumbens, Erythi'eea vulgaris, Cactus<br />
Opuntia.<br />
3. Disposition.<br />
Alternate, Flores alterni. Not placed opposite to each<br />
other. Vinca, Passiflora.<br />
Opposite, oppositi. Placed opposite to each other. Numniularia<br />
repens, Bugula arvensis.<br />
Scattered, sparsi. Daphne florida.<br />
One-rowed, unilaterales. All placed on one side of the<br />
peduncle or support. Digitalis purpurea, Scorodonia so-<br />
litaria.<br />
Facing one way, secundi. When they not only come out<br />
on one side only of the support, but also all face one way.<br />
- Polygonatum vulgare.<br />
Two-rowed, distichi. When they grow in two rows op-<br />
posite to each other. Triticum monococcum, T. Spelta,<br />
Zeocriton distichon.<br />
Four-rowed, tetrastichi. When they grow in four<br />
rows, two rows on one side of the support, and two on the<br />
other. Hordeura tetrastichum.<br />
Six-rowed, liexastichi. In six rows. Hordeuni hexastichum.<br />
Spiral, spirales. Disposed in a spiral line round the<br />
support. Neottia.<br />
i. Position.<br />
Upright, Flores erecti. Directing themselves to the sky.<br />
Colchicum, Crocus, Vinca minor, Ericala verna, Thalictrum<br />
flavum.<br />
Drooping, nodding, cernui, mdantes. Inclining to the<br />
earth. Galanthus^ nivalis, Fritillaria tessellata, C}-pripedium<br />
ferrugineura, Linncea borcalis, Viola odorata^ Geum<br />
rivale.
9.4<br />
INTRODUCTIot TO BOTANY.<br />
Hanging down, penduli. Hanging perpendicularly towards<br />
the ground. Impatiens palustris.<br />
5. Numler.<br />
Unique, Flos uniais. Only one flower on the plant.<br />
Tulipa Gesneriana, Narcissus majalis, Sarracenia purpurea.<br />
Single, Flores solitarii. Flowers many, but only one in<br />
a place. Stramonium foetidum, Vinca, Vicia lutea.<br />
y» By twos, linaii, bini geminaii. Flowers many, growing<br />
only two together in a place. Chamaedrys palustris.<br />
By threes, iernali. Flowers many, growing three together.<br />
Chamasdrys officinalis, C. laciniata.<br />
Aggregated, aggregati, congesli. Collected into a bundle.<br />
Polygonum aviculare, Trientalis Europsea, Cuscuta minor,<br />
Malva vulgaris, Buxus sempervirens, Ulmus campestris.<br />
Compound, composiil. Several flowers borne on the<br />
same peduncle in a regular manner. Salix, Graminese,<br />
Labiatae, Umbelliferse, Compositse. ^<br />
6. Perfection.<br />
Complete, perfect, Flores completi, perfedi. Composed<br />
of the organs of both sexes, with two covers, the outer<br />
usually green, herblike, the inner of a finer texture, and<br />
coloured. Viola, Rosa canina. PI. 9, fig. 10, 12; PL 10,<br />
fig. 15.<br />
Incomplete, incompleti. Wanting either the organs of<br />
one or both sexes, or one or both of the covers. Hyacinthus.<br />
Narcissus, Galanthus, Crocus, Lupulus communis,<br />
Cannabis sativa, Cucumis sativus.<br />
^ Regular, regulares. When they may be divided from<br />
the centre, in three or more parts perfectly alike in all re-<br />
spects. Tulipa. PL 9, fig. 9.<br />
Uniform, uniformes. When they may be divided by a<br />
longitudinal section into two parts perfectly alike. La-<br />
biatee, Cruciformes. PL 10, fig. 8.<br />
Irregular, difformes, irregulares. When they cannot be<br />
mentally divided into two or more parts perfectly alike.<br />
7. Sex.<br />
Hermaphrodite, Flores hermaphroditi. Containing the<br />
organs of both the sexes. Lilium, Tulipa, Dianthus, and<br />
most plants. PL 8, fig. 4; PL 9, fig, 7, 9, 12; PL 10,<br />
fi^. 1, 2, 5, 13, 15.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 9S<br />
Male hermaphrodites, hermaphroditi masculi. Appai^ent<br />
hermaphrodite flowers, in which, However, the female organs<br />
are too imperfect to perform their proper office.<br />
Musa Paradisiaca.<br />
Female hermaphrodites, hermaphroditi fcemmei. Apparent<br />
hermaphrodite flowers, in which, however, the male<br />
organs are too imperfect to perform their proper office.<br />
Musa Paradisiaca.<br />
Unisexual, unisexuales. Some of the flowers containing<br />
the organ of the male sex only, and others that of the<br />
female. Lupulus communis. Cannabis sativa, Cucumis<br />
sativus.<br />
Male, masculi. The flowers which contain the male<br />
organs only.<br />
Female, ycEmiwei.<br />
organs only.<br />
The flowers which contain the female<br />
Neuter, neutri, agami. Flowers in which the sexual organs<br />
have disappeared, or become too imperfect to perform<br />
their office, in consequence of monstrosity, Opulus palustris,<br />
Hortensia, Saccharum officinale.<br />
^ Fruitful, fertiles. Flowers which are succeeded by<br />
seeds. This includes the hermaphrodite, female hermaphrodite,<br />
and female flowers.<br />
Barren, steriles. Flowers which are not succeeded by<br />
seeds. This includes the male, male hermaphrodite and<br />
neuter flowers.<br />
8. Stamens.<br />
One-stamened, Flores monandri. Having only one anther<br />
in each flower. Hippuris, Salicornia, Valeriana rubra.<br />
Two-stamened, diandri. Having two anthers in each<br />
flower. Jasminum, Syringa, Olea, Veronica.<br />
Three-stamened, triandri. Having three anthers in each<br />
flower. Most cyperacese, most gramineae. Iris, Gladiolus.<br />
Four-stamened, tetrandri. Plantagineae, Labiatse, most<br />
rubiacese. PI. 9, fig. J 7.<br />
Five-stamened, pentundri. Most plants. PI. 9, fig. 12;<br />
pL 10, fig. 17.<br />
Six-stamened, hexandri. Asparagi, Liliaceae, Asphodelesej,<br />
Narcissus, Cruciferae.<br />
Seven- stamen ed^ heptandri. Trientalis, jEscuIus Hippocastanum,<br />
Saururus.<br />
Eight-stamened, octandri. Fagopyrum esculentum, Ericinee,<br />
Acer, Epilobium.<br />
Nine-stamened, etineandri. Butomus, Laurus, Rheum<br />
Rhaponticum.
96 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Ten-stamen ed, decandri. Many caryophyliege, most le-<br />
gutninosae. PI. 10, fig. 5.<br />
Dodecandrous, dodecandri. Having not less than twelve, ,<br />
nor more than nineteen anthers in each flower. Reseda,<br />
Sempervivum, Lythrum spicatum.<br />
Icosandrous, kosandri. Having twenty stamens, at least,<br />
inserted on the sides of the calyx. Rosaceae, Pomacese.<br />
Polyandrous, polyavdri. Having twenty stamens, at<br />
least, not attached to the sides of the calyx, but at the bottom,<br />
under the ovary. Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae. PI. 10,<br />
fig. 15.<br />
^ Gynandrous, gyimndri. When the male organs are<br />
seated on some part of the female. Orchidese, Aristolochia.<br />
% Isostemones. The stamens equal in number to the petals,<br />
or lobes of the corolla. Umbelliferae. PI. 10, fig. 17.<br />
Anisostemones. The stamens not equal in number to the<br />
petals, or lobes of the corolla.<br />
Meiostetnones. The stamens fewer than the petals, or<br />
lobes of the corolla. Veronica.<br />
Dyplostemojies. The stamens twice as many as the petals.<br />
Sedum, Caryophyllese.<br />
Polystemones. The stamens much more numerous than<br />
the petals. Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae.<br />
% Didynamous, didynami. Two of the stamens longer<br />
than the others. Labiatae.<br />
Tetradynamous, tetradyjiami. Four of the stamens<br />
longer than the others. Cruciferse. PI. 10, fig. 1.<br />
% Symphyostemones. Stamens soldered together.<br />
Monadelphous, monadelphi, cylindrohasiostemones. Filaments<br />
soldered together in a tube. Malvaceae, Jatropha.<br />
PI. 11, fig. 14.<br />
Diadelphous, diadelphi. Filaments in two divisions.<br />
Fumaria, most leguminosae, but in the latter one of the filaments<br />
remains separate. PI. 10, fig. 9.<br />
Polyadelphous, polyadelphi. Filaments soldered together<br />
in three or more bundles. Hypericum. PI. 10, fig. 1.5.<br />
Syngenesious, syngejies't^ symphytantheri, cylindrantheriy<br />
synantheri. Anthers soldered together. Compositse,<br />
Viola.<br />
Eleutherantheri. Anthers not soldered together. Most<br />
simple flowers.<br />
9. Pistils.<br />
One-styled, Flares monogyni. When each flower has<br />
only one style. Cruciferae, Lilium.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 97<br />
Two-Styled, digyni. When each flower has only two<br />
styles. Most gramineee.<br />
Three-styled, trigyiii. When each flower has only three<br />
styles. Dianthus.<br />
Four-styled, tetragyni. Potamogeton.<br />
Five-styled, pentagyni. Silene.<br />
Six-styled, hexagyni. Damasonium.<br />
Seven-styled, heptagyni. Septas.<br />
Twelve-styled, dodecagyni. Sempervivum.<br />
Many-styled, polygynL Anemone, Alisma.<br />
10. Multiplication.<br />
Flores multiplicati. Flowers which have more petals<br />
than is natural to them in a wild state.<br />
Double, duplicati. The petals are twice, thrice, or four<br />
times as many as are natural.<br />
Full, pleni. The petals are in very great number, and<br />
the stamens are wanting. Ranunculus Asiaticus flore<br />
pleno.<br />
Semidouble, multiplicati MirbelL The number of the<br />
petals is increased, but part of the stamens still remain.<br />
Hyacinthus orientalis flore duplicato. Ranunculus Asiaticus<br />
flore duplicato. Rosa.<br />
% Petaloid, petaloidei. Becoming double by the change<br />
of part or all the sexual organs into petals.<br />
Multiplied, multiplicati De Candolle. Becoming double<br />
by the increase in number of the parts of the corolla, or of<br />
tne sexual organs changed into petals.<br />
Changed, permutati. The abortion of the oi'gans of one<br />
or both sexes produces a remarkable change in the form or<br />
dimension of the floral covers.<br />
% Calycinarii. Petals increased by the parts of the calyx<br />
being changed into them.<br />
Corollarii. Petals increased in number.<br />
Staminarii. Stamens changed into petals. y<br />
Pistillarii. Pistills changed into petals.<br />
Perigoniarii. Perigonium changed into petals, or the<br />
calyx changed into petals, and the petals themselves mul-<br />
tiplied.<br />
Androgytiarii. Sexual organs changed into petals without<br />
any alteration in the floral covers.<br />
Corniculate, corniculati, antherogeni. Anthers changed<br />
into hornshape petals. Aquilegia vulgaris corniculata.<br />
Semis taminarii. Part of the stamens changed into petals.<br />
VOL. I. H
98 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Hemigoriiarii. Part of the organs of both the sexes<br />
changed into petals.<br />
Andropetalani. Petals increased in number, and the<br />
stamens changed into petals ; the pistil remaining unchanged.<br />
Olopetalarii. The floral coverings changed either entirely<br />
or in part, and the stamens and pistils changed into petals<br />
or petaloid lobes.<br />
Agynarii. The floral covers and changed stamens form<br />
the entire flower, the pistil being wanting.<br />
ylnandriani. The multiplied floral covers and pistils<br />
form the entire flower, the stamens being wanting.<br />
^ Bractearii. Changed flowers in which the change has<br />
taken place in the bracteae.<br />
Calycinarii. Flowers changed in respect to the calyx.<br />
Corollarii. Flowers changed in respect to the corolla.<br />
Perigoniarii. Flowers changed in respect to the perigonium,<br />
or single floral cover.<br />
% LiguliferL Compound flowers whose tubular flowrets<br />
are changed into ligulate flowrets. Aster Chinensis flore<br />
pleno.<br />
Tubiferi. Compound flowers whose ligulate flowrets are<br />
changed into tubular flowrets. Aster Chinensis flore pleno.<br />
•f[ Hen and chicken, childing, proUferi. When another<br />
flower, or a leaf-bud grows out of the centre of a flower.<br />
Anemone, Dianthus, Rosa, Bel lis.<br />
1 1 . Efivelopes.<br />
Naked, Flores nudi. Having neither calyx nor corolla.<br />
Arum maculatum, Fraxinus excelsior.<br />
Perimithei. Having a calyx or corolla, or both. Liliaceffi,<br />
Labiatae, Boraginese, Cruciferai, Carophyllese. P1.9,fig. 12.<br />
Petaloid, petaloidei, corollalU bracteati. Having a corolla,<br />
and consequently a calyx. Primulaceae, Boragineae, Ca-t<br />
ryophylleae. PL 9, fig. 10, 12, 13, 14 and 15.<br />
Apetalous, stamineous, apetali, staminei. Not having<br />
any corolla. Juncese, Polygonese.<br />
^ Glumaceous, glumacei. Sexual organs enclosed in<br />
glumes instead of a calyx or corolla. Graminete. PI. 11,<br />
fig. 12 to 19.<br />
Bracteated, bracteati. Sexual organs accompanied with<br />
bracteas.<br />
and 6.<br />
Origanum, Convolvulus sepium. PI, 7, fig. 5
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 99<br />
Spathaceous, spathati, spathacei. -Sexual organs accompanied<br />
with a spatlie. Arum maculatum, Calla, Palmse,<br />
Narcissus. PL 7, fig. 12.<br />
Involucrated, invoLucrati. Sexual organs accompanied<br />
with an involucrum. Daucus vulgaris. Anemone, Ammi<br />
majus. PL 7, fig. 1.<br />
Cupped, cupulati. Sexual organs accompanied with a<br />
cupula. Cupressideae, Corylideae.<br />
12. Time of fiowering.<br />
Springtide, vernal, Flores vernales, verni. Flowering in<br />
the spring of the year, that is in England, in April and<br />
May. Primula veris, Draba verna.<br />
Summer, estiuales. Flowering in summer, that is, June,<br />
July, and August. Most plants.<br />
Autumnal, autumnales. Flowering in autumn, that is,<br />
September and October. Crocus serotinus, Colchicum<br />
autumnale.<br />
Winter, Jujlerni, hyhernales, hiemales. Flowering in<br />
winter, that is, from the beginning of November to the end<br />
of March. Galanthus nivalis, Helleborus niger.<br />
5[ Early, precoces. Flowering earlier than those of the<br />
same division. Daphne florida, Cornus mascula.<br />
Late, serotini. Flowering later than other plants of the<br />
same division.<br />
13. Opening and shitting.<br />
Meteoric, Flores meteorici. Influenced by the weather<br />
which accelerates or retards their opening or shutting.<br />
Calendula pluvialis, Oxalis versicolor, Sonchus Sibiricus,<br />
Anagallis Phoenicia.<br />
Equinoctial, equinoxiales. Opening and shutting at<br />
certain hours.<br />
Ephemeral, ephemeri. Remaining open a few hours<br />
only, and then either fall offj or close never more to open<br />
again. Convolvulus purpureus, Cistus, Cactus grandi-<br />
florus.<br />
Periodical, periodici. Opening and shutting for several<br />
days successively. Ornithogalum umbellatuxn, Mesembryanthema.<br />
Day, diurni. Open and shut in the course of the day.<br />
Anagallis arvensis. Calendula arvensis, Cistus.<br />
Morning, matutini. Opening in the morning. Cichorium<br />
sylvestre, Leontodon officinale, Nymphsea alba.<br />
H 2
100 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Noon, meridiani. Not opening until the middle of the<br />
day. Meserabryanthemum crystallinum, M. nodiflorum.<br />
Night, nocturni. Open late in the evening, and close<br />
again in the morning. Mirabilis Jalapa, Geranium triste,<br />
Silene noctiflora.<br />
l-l-. Parts of ajiower.<br />
Sexual organs, Gejiitalia, — gonoi. The parts of the<br />
flower appropriated to the reproduction of the species;<br />
which include the pistil, stamens, and gymnostemium, and<br />
are essential to die very being of a flower.<br />
Pistil, Pointal, Pistilliim, — gyne, — gynos. The female<br />
organ of the plant, seated in the centre of the flower, and<br />
most commonly single. PI. 9, fig. 7, b; pi. 10, fig. 1, a, b<br />
5, d; 6, e; 9, c; 17, a.<br />
Chive, Stamen^ — stemon. The male organ of the plant<br />
surrounding the pistil, and most commonly five in number.<br />
PI. 9, fig. 7, c; pi. 10, fig. 1, c; 5, c ; 6, d ; 9, a, b.<br />
Gymnostemium, Colimina. An organ found only in some<br />
few plants, and formed by a union of the male and female<br />
organs, into a single columnar mass. Orchideoe. PI. 12,<br />
fig. 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.<br />
Floral integuments. Covers of the sexual organs, Tegumenta,<br />
Integumenta Jioralia, Perigynandra. The parts of<br />
the flower which cover and defend the sexual organs, at<br />
least while young ; usually two, but one or even both are<br />
wanting'in some plants : they comprise the corolla, calyx,<br />
and perigonium.<br />
Bloom, Blossom, Corolla, Auleiim, Perigy?ia?idra interior.<br />
The internal integument when there are two ; it is usually<br />
of a fine texture and gay colour, does not remain and adhere<br />
to the fruit, and is inserted on the receptacle either<br />
conjointly with the stamens, or at the same point. PI. 9,<br />
fig. 10, 11, 12; pL 10, fig. 5, b; 8, b, c, d; 13, 14, 15, 17.<br />
Empalement, Flower-cup, Calyx, Thalamus, Perianthium,<br />
Perigynandra exterior. The external integument when<br />
there are two ; it is usually of a coarse texture and green<br />
colour ; it frequently remains after the flowering is over,<br />
and adheres to the fruit, and is always perfectly distinct<br />
from the stamens. PI. 9, fig. 10; 12 a; 13; pi. 10,<br />
fig. 8 a; 15.<br />
Perigonium De Candolle, Perianthium Mirbel, Brown,<br />
Calyx Jussieu. The integument of a flower when there is<br />
but one, whatever may be its appearance. Convallaria,<br />
Lilium, Flyacinthus, Tulipa, Aristolochia, Daphne semper-<br />
;
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 101<br />
virens, Juncus : but Link and others with more propriety<br />
restrict the term perigonium to those single integuments of<br />
flowers whose appearance renders it doubtful whether they<br />
ought to be considered either as a calyx or corolla, or as<br />
a union of the two soldered together, the inner surface<br />
having the characters of a corolla, and the outer of a calyx<br />
and as to the others, they consider them either as calyces<br />
or corollas, according to circumstances.<br />
Receptacle of the flower, Seat of the flower, Receptaculumjioris^<br />
Sedes flor'is, Toms,—cl'mium,—thalammn. That<br />
part of the flower on which the sexual organs and corolla<br />
are placed, and which is surrounded by the calyx ; being<br />
an enlargement of the peduncle. PI. 10, fig. 4 e; 6f;<br />
pi. 11, fig. 12 a.<br />
Nectary, Nectarium. Glandular organs which in some<br />
flowers are situated on the receptacle, or base of the pistil,<br />
and secrete peculiar juices. Menyanthes nymphoides, Scrophularia<br />
sambucifolia, Scutellaria alpina. PI. 11, fig. 5,<br />
4, 12 b.<br />
^ Flowret, Floscidus. A small flower considered as part<br />
of a larger compound flower. Umbelliferss, Compositse.<br />
15. Modes of Composition,<br />
In catkins, amentaceous, Flores amentacei, in julos collecti.<br />
Disposed on bracte^ on a common axis. Betula,<br />
Salix, Pinus, Quercus. PI. 7, fig. 5 and 6; pi. 10, fig J 8.<br />
Spiked, spicati. Sessile on a common axis. Triticum,<br />
Chenopodium spinacifolium, Plantago. PL 7, fig. 3 ; pi. 8,<br />
Bunched, in bunches, racemosi. On single-flowered pedicells<br />
upon a common axis. Ribes rubrum, Cerasus racemosa,<br />
Borago officinalis. PI. 8, fig. 6.<br />
In panicles, paniculate, paniadaii, jubaii. On branched<br />
pedicells upon a common axis. Avena sativa, Juncus acu-<br />
tus. PI. 8, fig. 7.<br />
In thyrses, in thyrsos coUecii. In a close, oval panicle.<br />
Syringa vulgaris. PI. 7, fig. 4.<br />
Irregularly ^mbelled, corymbose, corymhosi. In umbels<br />
whose peduncles are irregularly branched. Achillea mille-<br />
folia, Cardamine pratensis, Iberis umbellata. PI. 7, fig. 2.<br />
Cymose, cymosi. In umbels whose peduncles are branched<br />
twice, and irregularly. Sambucus niger, S. humilis, Cornus<br />
sanguinea. PL 7, fig. 8.<br />
:
102 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
In bundles, fasciculate, fasciculati. Grouped together<br />
very close, and nearly of the same height. Dianthus bar-<br />
batus, D. Carthusianum . PI. 7, fig. 10.<br />
In umbels, umbellated, umbellati. On peduncles divided<br />
once or twice, the branches of each division being of equal<br />
length. Umbelliferse. PI. 7, fig. 1 and 9.<br />
In vehiiis, verticillate, verticilla ti. Attached in a ring<br />
round their support. Hippuris vulgaris, Myriophyllum<br />
verticillatum^DamasoniumDalechampii, Lapathum aureum,<br />
lUecebrum verticillatum. PL 8, fig. 4.<br />
In half whirls, semivertidUatl.<br />
pratensis, Lapathum acutum.<br />
In a half ring. Acetosa<br />
In heads, in cnpihdos collect!. Collected into a dense<br />
round head. Cephalanthus, Jasione montana. PI. 7, fig. 7.<br />
In glomerules, in glomerulos collecti. In small heads,<br />
placed along the stem, or uniting together to form a larger<br />
head, Blitum capitatum.<br />
In calathides, compositi, in calathides collecti. Sessile, in<br />
a flat or hemispherical head. Compositse. PI. 9, fig. ] 9.<br />
f Flosculous,^o5a//o5i. In calathides, the corollae of all<br />
the flowers being tubular. Carduus, Centaurium.<br />
Semiflosculous, semiflosculosi, pleni. In calathides, the<br />
corollse of all the flowers being ligulate. Leontodon,<br />
Hieracium.<br />
Radiated, radiati. In calathides, the corollse of the<br />
centre flowers being tubular, and those of the circumference<br />
ligulate, Aster, Helianthus. Or although tubular yet<br />
larger. Scabiosa. Also in umbels, cymes or cor^mbi,<br />
the flowers towards the circumference being enlarged,<br />
Caucalis, Heracleum, Coriandrum, Iberis.<br />
Flower-bud,<br />
Alahastrum, The flower previous to its full opening.<br />
Disposition of its contents.<br />
Simple, ^stivatio I^mnseus, PrefoHat io K'lchard, simplex.<br />
When the integuments of the future flower £W'e all disposed<br />
in a uniform manner.<br />
Compound, composita. When the calyx is disposed differently<br />
from the corolla, or the external divisions of the<br />
perigonium from the internal. Dianthus, Tradescantia<br />
Virginica.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 103<br />
% Valvular, valvariSf valvata. When the petals, or other<br />
parts, only touch each other at their edges. Compositse,<br />
Araliaceae.<br />
Induplicativa. When the petals, or other parts, only<br />
touch other, and are then folded inwards. Clematides<br />
viticellae.<br />
Twisted, olvoluta, contoria. When the petals, &c. are<br />
placed obliquely, and cover one another spirally. Dianthus,<br />
Apocynise.<br />
Alternate, alternaia, alternativa. When the petals, &c.<br />
are placed in two or more rows, so that each petal of the<br />
exterior rows cover two halves of the petals of the interior<br />
rows opposite to them. Liliacese.<br />
Quincuncial, quincuncialis. When there are five pieces,<br />
two interior, two exterior, and a fifth, one side of which<br />
covers the interior pieces, and the other side is covered by<br />
the exterior. Calyces of rosee and dianthi.<br />
Covei-ing, vexillaris. When one of the pieces, folded<br />
inwardly on the middle rib, encloses all the others which<br />
are placed opposite to each other. Leguminosas.<br />
Snail-like, cochlearis. When one of the pieces, being<br />
larger than the rest, and bent in a curve, covers all the rest.<br />
Aconitum, many labiatse.<br />
Tiled, imbricata, imbricativa. When the pieces are in<br />
diverse series, and the exterior series being smaller than<br />
the interior, cover them only at the base. Involucra of<br />
many of the compositee, petals of double peionies.<br />
Calycular, calycularis. The pieces being in two series,<br />
the external covers only the base of the internal. Involucra<br />
of the seneciones.<br />
Enveloping, convolutiva. When each exterior piece in<br />
succession is bent so as to cover all the pieces within it.<br />
Petals of cheiranthus, and of many other cruciferse.<br />
Rumpled, plicativa. The pieces are folded, or rumpled<br />
up without any apparent order. Corollse of the papaveraceae,<br />
Cistus, Punica.<br />
These are the principal variations that have been hitherto<br />
noticed, but the study of the flower-bud is still in its infancy,<br />
although of great use in ascertaining the natural<br />
affinity of plants.
I04f INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
SUPPORTERS OF THE FLOWER.<br />
Fulcra floris. Distinguished from the stem and its branches<br />
by not bearing any leaves like those of the other parts of<br />
the plant.<br />
Species.<br />
Scape, Scapus. A supporter of the flower arising immediately<br />
from the crown of the root, and appearing like a<br />
naked stem. Plantago, Hyacinthus, Tulipa, Cepa. PI. 8,<br />
fig. 5 c.<br />
Flower-stalk, Peduncle, Pedimcidi/s, — pes, — podos,<br />
— piis. A supporter of the flower growing out of the stem,<br />
or its divisions. Most plants, all trees. PI. 8, fig. 2.<br />
Spadix. A supporter accompanied with a spathe.<br />
Arum maculatum. Calla ^thiopica. PI. 7, fig. 12 c.<br />
y^nthurus. Long peduncles bearing flowers in bundles.<br />
Receptacle of the flower, Clinanthe. Receptaculum floris,<br />
Clinanthium, Phoranthium, Thalamus, Amphantium. The<br />
enlarged tip of a peduncle, supporting several sessile<br />
flowers. Compositae, Dipsaceae, Dorstenia, Ficus.<br />
Rachis, Axis, Receptaculum filforme. An elongation of<br />
the supporter bearing several flowers, either sessile, or<br />
upon pedicells. Graminese. PI. 8, fig. 1 , 6 and 7.<br />
Pedicell, pedicellus. The last divisions of a branched<br />
support, to which the flowers are attached.<br />
Scape.<br />
Simple, Scapus simplex. Plantago lanceolata. Taraxacum<br />
officinale, Hieracium repens, Statice pulchellum. PI. 8,<br />
fig. 5 c.<br />
Branched, ramosus. Limonium vulgare, Alisma major.<br />
% Intrafoliaceous, ijitrafoliaceus. Growing among the<br />
root-leaves. Hyacinthus, Plantago, Taraxacum officinale,<br />
Bellis perennis.<br />
Extrafoliaceous, extrafoliaceus. Springing from a different<br />
point than the root-leaves. Convallaria majalis,<br />
Limodorum purpureum.<br />
^ Cylindrical, cylindricus. Hyacinthus nutans, Tulipa,<br />
Butomus umbellatus, Taraxacum officinale, Bellis perennis.<br />
Half-cylindrical, hemicylindricus. Flat on one side, convex<br />
on the other. Convallaria majalis, Hyacinthus Orientalis.<br />
Allium ursinum.<br />
Compressed, compressus. Pancratium declinatum, Ama-<br />
ryllis longifolia.
. Two-edged,<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. lOS<br />
anceps. Ajax fenestralis, Narcissus majalis,<br />
Leucojum vernum.<br />
Cornered, angulosus. Triglochin palustre, Allium ur-<br />
sinuni.<br />
Three-sided, trigonus. Alisma major, Sagittaria aquatica.<br />
Vipejyjistulosiis. Cepa esculenta. Taraxacum oflicinale.<br />
Bellied, veniricosus. Swelled out in one part of its<br />
length. Cepa esculenta.<br />
% Scaly, squamosiLS. Clothed with scales, or rudiments<br />
of leaves. Tussilago vulgaris, Petasites vulgaris.<br />
Sheathed, vaginatus. Enveloped among leaves, or clothed<br />
with a sheathing petiole. Musa Paradisiaca.<br />
51 One-flowered, ''zmj/?07-z^^. Ajax fenestralis. Cyclamen.<br />
PL 8, fig. 5.<br />
Many-flowered, multifionis. Hyacinthus nutans, Butomus<br />
umbellatus. Primula elatior.<br />
Peduncle.<br />
Cylindrical, Pedunculus cylindricus. Statice pulchellum,<br />
Atropa lethalis, Ranunculus acris.<br />
Grooved, sulcatus. Ranunculus repens, R. bulbosus.<br />
Threadlike, fdiformis.<br />
cinea.<br />
Vicia tetrasperma, Fuchsia coc-<br />
Hairlike, capillaris.<br />
dens tenella.<br />
Elatine hastata, Erica vagans, Bi-<br />
Cornered, angulalus. Paris quadrifolia, Ranunculus<br />
bulbosus, Vicia multiflora.<br />
Three-sided, trigonus. Loranthus Stelis. ^<br />
Four-sided, teirngonus. Convolvulus sepium.<br />
Kneed, geniciilahis. Pelargonium.<br />
Thicker at top, apice incrassatus. Convolvulus arvensis,<br />
Solanum Melongena, Tragopogon porrifolium, Arnoseris<br />
pusilla. '<br />
Much thinner at bottom, apice attenuatus. Hieracium<br />
paniculatum.<br />
^ Stiff, rigidvs, stridus. Tropaeolum majus.<br />
Weak, dehilis. Ribes oxyacanthoides.<br />
Nodding, nutans. The end inclining to the ground.<br />
Atropa lethalis, Aquilegia vulgaris, Ribes spinosum.<br />
Hanging down, pendulus. Inclining perpendicular to<br />
the ground. Cytisus Laburnum, Ribes rubrum.<br />
Turned, backed, refractus, retrqflectus. Changing its direction<br />
suddenly, as if bent by force. Stellaria aquatica,<br />
Spergula arvensis.
106 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Spiral, heliacal, spiralis, heliacalis. Bent round like a bell-<br />
spring. Vallisneria spiralis foeminea. PL 8, fig. 5 b.<br />
%_ Very long, longissimus. When its length is very great,<br />
compared with that of the plant. Vallisneria spiralis<br />
foeminea, Stellaria holostsea, Geranium sanguineum, Anthemis<br />
montana.<br />
Very short, hrev'issimiis. Vallisneria spiralis mascula,<br />
Stramonium fostidum, Cuscuta minor, Galium rubrum,<br />
Ulmus campestris.<br />
^ Simple, imdivided, simplex. Asarum, Vallisneria,<br />
Viola canina.<br />
Compound, coniposi/us, Umbelliferse, Cerasus racemosa.<br />
PI. 7, fig. 1, '2, 4, 8 ; pi. 8, fig. 2, 6 and 7-<br />
Two-forked, dichotomus. Divided and subdivided into<br />
two partial peduncles, or pedicells. Dianthus carj'ophylleus,<br />
Cucubalus inflatus,<br />
Europaeus.<br />
Stellaria holostea, Evonymus<br />
5[ One -flowered, uniflorus. Asarum, Atropa lethalis,<br />
Glaucium luteum, Papaver somniferam.<br />
Two-flowered, hifiorus. With two flowers on each peduncle<br />
or pedicell. Geranium phaeum, G. pratense.<br />
Three-flowered, trijiorus. Convolvulus farinosus.<br />
Spadix.<br />
Simple, Spadix simplex. Arum, Calla. PI. 7, fig. 11<br />
and 12.<br />
Branched, ramosus. Phoenix dactylifera.<br />
^ Cylindrical, cyliiidricus. Calla ^thiopica.<br />
Spherical, sphcEricus. Pothos.<br />
Eggshaped, ovoideus. Artocarpus incisa.<br />
CUibshape, claviformis. Arum maculatum, A. Italicum.<br />
Compressed, compressus. Zostera marina.<br />
Straplike, linearis. Zostera marina.<br />
^ Fleshy, carnosus. Arum maculatum, Calla ^thiopica.<br />
^pey, ^slidosiis. Arum J3racunculus.<br />
51 Naked at top, aplce nuaiis. Ai'um maculatum, Calla<br />
iEthiopica. PL 7, fig. 11 and 12.<br />
Clinanthe.<br />
Flat, Clinanthium plamim. Matricaria vulgaris, Achillea<br />
millefolia, A. sylvestris, Dorstenia.<br />
Concave, concavimi. Ambora.<br />
Convex, cmivexum. Carthamus tinctorius, Erigeron<br />
Canadenscj Leucaullieniam vulgare.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 107<br />
Conical, conicum. Bellis perennis, Chamaemelum arvense,<br />
Helenium quadridentatum.<br />
% i)otted, punctatum. Marked, after the fruit has separated,<br />
with points, which distinguish the places where the<br />
fruit was attached. Taraxacum officinale, Leucanthemum<br />
vulgare, Inula grandiflora, Senecio vulgaris, Bellis perennis.<br />
Pitted, scrohicidatum. Covered with small holes in<br />
which the flowers are lodged. Erigeron Canadense, Antennaria<br />
montana, Tussilago vulgaris.<br />
Honeycombed, favosum^ alveolatum. Hollowed out in<br />
angular, regular pits, like those of a honeycomb. Crepis<br />
tectorum, Barkhausia foetida, Onopordum vulgare, Dor-<br />
stenia.<br />
% Villous, villosum. Andryala, Lagasca mollis.<br />
Hairy, piiosum. Absinthium vulgare.<br />
Bristly, setosum. Covered with long, straight bracteae,<br />
or setae. Carduus, Centaurea, Carthamus, Arctium majus,<br />
Maruta foetida.<br />
Chaffy, paleaceum. Covered with membranaceous or<br />
scarious bracteae, or chaflPs. Bidens tripartita, Anthemis<br />
arvenis, A. tinctoria, Achillea sylvestris, A. millefolia,<br />
Scabiosa.<br />
Tubercled, tuberculatum. Gnaphalium luteo-album,<br />
Filago filiformis, F. vulgaris, Conyza squarrosa.<br />
Nippled, papillous, papillosum. Inula grandiflora, Puli-<br />
caria uliginosa.^<br />
Naked, nudum. Taraxacum officinale, Hyoseris minima,<br />
Artemisia vulgaris.<br />
Axis.<br />
Simple, Axis simplex. Plantago, Trasus sylvaticus,<br />
T. chlorostachyos.<br />
Branched, ramosus. Dactylis glomerata, Alisma major.<br />
*f[ Straight, rectus. Triglochin palustre, Plantago.<br />
'Qent^ flexuosus. Bromus dumetorum, Dactylis glomerata,<br />
Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne.<br />
5[ Cylindrical, cylindricus. Zea Mays foeminea.<br />
Threadlike,j^/i/brmi5. Carex sylvatica, Phleuni pratense.<br />
Hairlike, capillaris. Briza media, B. maxima, Apera<br />
effiisa.<br />
Three-sided, trigonus. Alisma major.<br />
Four-sided, tetragonus. Salvia pratensis, S. verticillata.<br />
Spearshape, lanceolatus. Cycas.<br />
Compressed, compressus. Cycas.
108 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Jointed, articidatus. Composed of joints, placed end to<br />
end. Triticum, Secale, Hordeum, Lolium, j*]gilops.<br />
Vertebrated, vertehratus. Jointed, and the joints easily<br />
separating from one another when the seed is ripe. iEgilops<br />
ovata.<br />
Toothed, dentatus. Jointed, the joints bearing alternately<br />
^ to the right and left, and leaving between each a shelf on<br />
which the flowers are affixed. Triticum, Lolium„<br />
% Membranaceous, memhranaceus. Paspalum membranaceum.<br />
Fleshy, carnosiis. Bromelia, Ananas, Musa.<br />
COMPOUND FLOWERS.<br />
1. Catkin.<br />
Amentum, Catulus, Julus, Nucamentum. The Jiowers home<br />
vpon bractece luhich are themselves horns upon an axis.<br />
Male, Amentum masculiim. Having only male flowers.<br />
Betula, Taxus, Corylus.<br />
YemsAey fcemineum. Betula, Taxus, Corylus.<br />
^ Simple, simplex. The flowerbearing bractese are borne<br />
immediately on the axis. Populus, Salix. PI. 7, fig. 5 and 6.<br />
Compound, compositimi. The flowerbearing bractese are<br />
borne upon short branches springing from the axis. Juglans<br />
regia.<br />
% Single, soUtarium. Betula alba, Cedrus, Larix, Salix,<br />
Capraea.<br />
Grouped together, agglomeratum. Male flowers of pinus<br />
sylvestris, P. maritima.<br />
% Globular, sphserical, glohosum, sphcBricumf glohdosum.<br />
Platanus, Male flowers of taxus communis.<br />
Eggshape, ovoideum, ovatum. Female flowers of larix,<br />
cedrus, alnus glutinosa, salix caprsea.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindricum. Male flowers of fagus sylva-<br />
tica, corylus sylvestris, betula alba, juglans regia.<br />
^ Slender, gracile. Male flowers of fagus pumila, salix<br />
alba.<br />
Thick, crassum. Male flowers of juglans regia, salix<br />
capreea.<br />
Growing narrower, attenuatum. Diminishing in thickness<br />
towards the end. Castanea vesca.<br />
% Compact, compactum. Axis covered with flowers quite<br />
close to each other. Betula, Platanus, Salix capraea.<br />
6
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANV. 109<br />
Interrupted, interruptum. Flowers formed into groups<br />
at a distance from each other along the axis. Quercus<br />
longaeva, Q. Cerris, Q. fastigiata.<br />
^ Upright, erectum. Salix triandra, S. capraea, S. prunifolia,<br />
Pinus, Abies, Cedrus.<br />
Drooping, pendiihtm. Betula alba, Populus, Corylus.<br />
Pi. 7, fig. 5.<br />
5[ Naked, nudum. Flowers attached immediately upon<br />
the axis, and not accompanied with bracteae. Quercus,<br />
Castanea vesca.—These are in strict language spikes, but<br />
their analogy to other plants obliges botanists to consider<br />
them as naked catkins.<br />
Spike.<br />
Spica, — stachys. The sessile, or nearly sessile, Jiowers are<br />
home immediately upon an axis.<br />
Male, Spica mascula. Carex pilulifera, Trasus chlorostachyos.<br />
YemiAei fceminea. The same plants.<br />
^ Simple, simplex. The axis having no branches.<br />
Plantago, Orobanche, Verbascum decurrens, Heliotropiuni<br />
Indicum, Hyoscyamus niger, Phyteuma spicata.<br />
Branched, compound, composita, ramosa. The axis is<br />
divided into branches, and these branches entirely covered<br />
with sessile or nearly sessile flowers. Chenopodium spinacifolium,<br />
Heliotropiuni Europseum, Sempervivum tectorum.<br />
Spikeletted, spiculata. Composed of several small spikes,<br />
sessile or nearly so, and pressed close to the axis. Carex<br />
divulsa, C. muricata, Lolium perenne. PI. 8, fig. 1.<br />
Paniculated, paniculata. The branches of the axis disposed<br />
like a panicle. Verbena officinalis, V. triphylla,<br />
Mentha rotundifolia, M. viridis.<br />
Fingerlike, digitain. Axis divided to the bottom into<br />
several branches, not afterwards divided. Trasus digitatus,<br />
Andropogon Ischasmum, Chlora scoparia, Heliotropium<br />
Indicum^<br />
% Terminal, terminalis. Triglochin, Musa, Persicaria<br />
amphibia, Bistorta major, Lavandula Tragi, Verbascum<br />
decurrens, Hyos^amus niger, Fumaria lutea. Reseda lutea,<br />
Agrimonia vulgaris.<br />
Nearly terminal, suhapicilaris. When the top of the<br />
stem, or scape, without any branches or leaves, is prolonged<br />
a little beyond the spike. Acorus aromaticus.<br />
Axillary, axillaris. Melilotus officinalis.
110 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANl'.<br />
Opposite to the leaves, oppositifolia, Fumaria officinalis.<br />
•7 Cylindrical, cyUndrica. Trasus pendulus, Typha,<br />
Female flowers of zea mays, Loroglossum hircinum, Bistorta<br />
major, Verbascum decmrens.<br />
Eggshape, ovoidea. Luzula campestris, Persicaria amphibia,<br />
Poterium minus, Trifolium pratense.<br />
Oblong, ol-longa. Luzula spicata.<br />
Slender, gracilis. Listera ovata, Persicaria acris.<br />
Threadlike, ^/f/br;«f 5. Verbena officinalis, V. triphylla.<br />
Thick, cidssa. T}-pha latifblia. Female flowers of zea<br />
mays, Orobanche major.<br />
Four-cornered, quadrmisularis. Melampyrum cristatura.<br />
Compressed, compressa. Flattened on the sides. Triticum<br />
cristatum.<br />
^ Loose, open, laxa. Platanthera bifolia, Melampyrum<br />
arvense, Fumaria officinalis.<br />
Close, compact, compacta. The flowers pressed close<br />
towards each other, and hiding the axis entirely. Typha<br />
latifolia, Trasus pendulus. Orchis maculata, Persicaria<br />
amphibia, Bistorta major, Plantago media, Mentha sylves-<br />
tris, Phyteuma spicata, Trifolium arvense^ Melilotus offi-<br />
cinalis.<br />
Interrupted, interrupta. Flowers placed on the axis in<br />
groups, or whirls at some distance from each other. Potamogeton<br />
compressum, Daraasonium Dalechampii, Lavandula<br />
Tragi, Mentha rotundifolia, Lythrum spicatum.<br />
With flowers in whirls, verticilliflora. Composed of<br />
flowers in whirls. Lythru'm spicatum, Mentha rotundifolia,<br />
Myriophyllum spicatum.<br />
1. Whirls distant, vertidUis dhtantihus, v. remotis. At a<br />
good distance from one another. Rumex palustris, Pulegium<br />
aromaticum.<br />
2. Whirls slightly distant, verticillis approximatis, v. remotiusculis.<br />
At a small distance from one another. Mentha<br />
viridis.<br />
3. WTiirls crowded, verticillis confertis. Not sensibly<br />
distinct one from another. Rumex maritimus, Mentha<br />
sylvestris.<br />
Rolled up, circinalls. Rolled up on itsdf. Heliotropium<br />
Europaeum, Hyoscyamus niger. PI. 7) ng. 3.<br />
% Leafy, foliata. Rhinanthus glaber, Odontites rubra,<br />
Hyoscyamus niger, Orontium arvense.<br />
Crowned, cornosa. Terminated at top by leaves, or large<br />
bracteae. Salvia Horrainum, Lavandula Staechas, Euchomis<br />
regia, Bromelia Ananas.<br />
5
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. HI<br />
Bracteated, Iracteata. Orchidese, Melampyvum cristatum,<br />
M. arvense, Lavandula.<br />
Spathed, spatliata. Vallisneria spiralis foemina. Arum,<br />
Calla.<br />
Involucrated, i7ivolucrata. Having an invoiucrum at<br />
bottom. Brunella vulgaris.<br />
Upright, erecta. Triticum, Triglocliin palustre, Per-<br />
*f[<br />
sicaria amphibia, Bistorta major, Lavandula Tragi, Reseda<br />
lutea.<br />
Hanging, pendula. Trasus pendulus, Musa, Hura cre-<br />
pitans.<br />
Besides these distinctions, there are also to be considered,<br />
the number of the spikes, their disposition relative to each<br />
other, and the insertion of the flowers in each spike.<br />
Spikelets.<br />
Spiculae, Locustae. The small spikes which are the divishm<br />
of a compound spike, or panicle. PL 8, fig. 1.<br />
These admit most of the distinctions of the simple spike.<br />
Raceme.<br />
Bunch, Racemus, — botrys. The flowers are home upon<br />
pedicells, which are generally single-flowered, and these<br />
again upon an axis.<br />
Simple, Racemus simplex. The axis having no branches.<br />
Actea spicata, Cerasus racemosa. PI. 8, fig. 6.<br />
Branched, ramosus. The axis branched. Fagopjruni<br />
esculentuu). Borrago oflicinalis, Acer campestre.<br />
^ Upright, erectus. Acer campestre, Scrofularia nodosa,<br />
S. aquatica, S. scorodonifolia.<br />
Hanging, pendulus. Berberis vulgaris, Cerasus racemosa,<br />
Acer majus. PI. 8, fig. 6.<br />
% Axillary, axillaris. Acer majus, Cerasus raceraosus,<br />
Orobus sylvaticus. PI. 8, fig, 6.<br />
Opposite to the leaves, oppositifoUus. Herniaria glabra^<br />
Phytolacca.<br />
There must alsoibe noticed, the number of the racemeSj<br />
and their position in respect to one another.
112 introduction to botany.<br />
Panicle.<br />
Panicula, Juba. The flowers are home upon peduncles which<br />
are variously branched, and seated upon an axis.<br />
Terminal, Panicula terminalis.<br />
Arbutus serratifolia.<br />
Bromus, Juncus acutus,<br />
Not quite terminal, subapicularis, lateralis.<br />
glomeratus, J. effusus.<br />
Juncus con-<br />
Axillary, axillaris. Nepeta melisssefolia.<br />
^ Very much branched, ramosissima. A great number<br />
of ramifications on the axis.<br />
Lapathum obtusifolium.<br />
Juncus effusus, J. sylvaticus,<br />
(^pen, loose, laxa, effusa. The secondary, third, &c.<br />
peduncles are long, flexible, distant from one another, and<br />
inclined at the tip. Bromus arvensis, Avena sativa, A. fatua,<br />
Yucca gloriosa. Pi. 8, fig. 7.<br />
Divaricated, divaricata. Ramifications separate from<br />
one another in every direction. Juncus pilosus, J. sylvaticus,<br />
Prenanthes muralis, Gypsophila paniculata.<br />
Spread open, palula. Secondary peduncles very open,<br />
but not inclined. Prenanthes muralis.<br />
Pyramidal, pyramidalis. Becoming smaller, from the<br />
base to the top. Yucca, Agave.<br />
Closed, coarclala. Ramifications upright and pressed<br />
close to the axis.<br />
montanum.<br />
Achnatherium lanceolatum, Hypericum<br />
Jueafyifoliata. Ramifications intermingled with leaves.<br />
Rumex oppositifoiius, Rheum undulatum.<br />
Thyrse.<br />
Thyrsus. A panicle of floivers very closely compacted^ so<br />
as to form an oval head. — Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrum<br />
vulgare, Vitis vinifera, tEscuIus Hippocastanum.<br />
CORYMBE.<br />
Irregular umbell, Cor^'mbus. The flowers are home \ipo7i<br />
secondary peduncles, which, although springing from differeiit<br />
points of the main peduncle, are themselves of such<br />
different lengths as to raise the flowers nearly on a level.<br />
Simple, Corymhus simplex. The pedicells springing immediately<br />
from the main peduncle. Scilia bifolia, Ledum^<br />
Cardamine.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 113<br />
Branched, ramosus. The main peduncle divided into<br />
secondary and third peduncles. Achillaea crithmifolia.<br />
PI. 7, fig. 2.<br />
^ Close, coarctatus. The peduncles are brought close to<br />
each other. Achillea millefolia, Sedum triphyllum, Mespilus<br />
monogyna, Crataegus terminalis, Pyrus aucuparia.<br />
Loose, laxus. The peduncles are far apart from one<br />
another. Ornithogalum umbellatum.<br />
% Regular, regularis. The peduncles are so proportioned<br />
that all the flowers are on a regular height, either flat or<br />
convex. Achillea millefolia. PL 7, fig. 2.<br />
Irregular, irregularis. The peduncles are of such different<br />
length, that the flowers are of an irregular height.<br />
Many of the radiated compositee.<br />
The loose and irregular corymbi degenerate into panicles.<br />
The simple corymbi are only depressed racemes ; in<br />
many of the cruciferse the original corymbus lengthens out<br />
into a raceme.<br />
MUSCARIUM.<br />
A corymbus of flowers not all on the same level.—Eupatorium.<br />
Cyme.<br />
Cyma. The main peduncle throivs out secondary peduncles<br />
frorii one and the same point, and these separate again into<br />
pedicels which spring from differe7it parts of the secondary<br />
peduncles, and raise the, flowers nearly to the same height.—<br />
Sambucus, Cornus, Erythr^ea vulgaris, Nerium Oleander.<br />
The variations of it are nearly the same with those of<br />
the corymbus.<br />
Bundle.<br />
Fasciculus. The flowers are upright, grouped parallelly<br />
together very close, and are all nearly of the same height.—<br />
Dianthus barbatus, D. Carthusianorum.<br />
The variations are but slight, and easily made out by<br />
analogy.<br />
Umbel.<br />
Umbella. The flowers are home upon peduncles springing<br />
from the same point, the hranches leing of an equal length.<br />
Simple, Umbella simplex. The peduncle only once divided<br />
into rays. Butomus umbellatus. PI. 7, fig. 9.<br />
VOL. I. I
114;<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Compound, composita. The rays of the peduncles are<br />
again subdivided. Daucus vulgaris, Pastinaca, Ammi and<br />
many other umbelliferEe. PI. 7, fig. 1.<br />
51 Naked, ?mda. Without any involucra at the base of<br />
the rays. Solanum nigrum, Pimpinella major.<br />
Involucrated, involucrata. With involucra. Daucus<br />
vulgaris.<br />
Spathed, spathata. Proceeding from a spathe. Allium.<br />
51 Rounded, sphcBrica. Forming a spherical head of<br />
flowers. Allium Itetum. Cepa esculenta.<br />
Convex, convexa. Forming a rounded surface. Asclepias<br />
Syriaca, Daucus hispida.<br />
Fiat, plana. Forming a flat surface. Sphondylium vulgare,<br />
Fceniculum vulgare, Imperatoria major.<br />
Concave, concava. Forming a concave surface. Daucus<br />
vulgare v^^ien in fruit.<br />
^ Loose, laxa. The peduncles at some distance from<br />
each other. Athamanta latifolia.<br />
Close, conrctata, densa. The peduncles very near each<br />
other. Cepa vulgaris, Daucus vulgaris, Hydrocotyle vul-<br />
garis.<br />
% Few-rayed, pauciradiata, depaiiperata. Having only a<br />
few rays. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Scandix vulgaris.<br />
Proliferous, prolifera. If one or more of the peduncles<br />
of a simple umbel throw out; one or more umbellules. Hydrocotyle<br />
vulgaris.<br />
^ Like-flowered, uniform, simlUflora. All the flowers<br />
alike, Sium verticillatum, Imperatoria major.<br />
Unlike-flowered, radiant, dlversijiora, radians. The<br />
flowers in the centre regular, and those in the circumference<br />
irregular, the outside petals being larger than those<br />
towards the centre. Tordylium officinale, Co'riandrum<br />
sativum.<br />
Umbellule.<br />
Umbellula. A small partial umbel, being part of a large<br />
umlel, andformed by the secondary rays.—Daucus vulgaris,<br />
and many other umbellifer£e. PI. 7, fig. 1.<br />
BoUgUET.<br />
Sertulum. A simple umbel in which the peduncle is only<br />
Qltce divided into rays.—Buttomus umbellatus. PI. 8, fig. 2.
INTllODUCTION TO BOTANV. 115<br />
Head.<br />
Capltulum, Glomus, Glomerulus, Corymbus Pliny, Caput<br />
florum,— cephalum. Flowers collected into a ball, and<br />
so close together that at a distance they might he taken<br />
for a single Jloiver.<br />
Naked, Capitulum nudum. Cephalanthus.<br />
Involucrated, involucratum, Gomphrena globosa, Jasione<br />
montana. PI. 7, fig. 7.<br />
Compound Flower.<br />
Calathide, Flos compositus absolute compositus, Anthodium,<br />
Cephaknthium, Calathidis. Sessile fioivers, or<br />
oiearly sessile, upon a clinanthe, surrounded ly an involucrum.<br />
Radiated, Calathidis radiata. Having tubular flowrets<br />
in tlie centre, and ligulate flowers at the circumference.<br />
Calendula, Helianthus, Bellis, Chrysanthemum.<br />
Yloscnlous, Jlosadosa. All the flowrets tubular, both in<br />
the centre and the circumference, Carduus, Centaurea,<br />
Cynara.<br />
Semiflosculous, semijlosculosa, ligulata. All the flowrets<br />
ligulate. Taraxacum officinale, Lactuca, Sonchus.<br />
% Open, aperta. The involucrum open, so that all the<br />
flowrets are visible. Carlina, Hieracium, Helianthus and<br />
the other compositae, Scabiosa, Dorstenia.<br />
Half open, semi-aperta. The involucrum brought partly<br />
over the flowers so as to hide them in some degree. Ambora.<br />
Closed, clausa. The involucrum brought entirely over<br />
the flowers, so as to leave only a very small opening, and<br />
thus hiding them entirely. Ficus.<br />
51 One-flowered, uniflora. Echinops. This is considered<br />
as a compound flower from the analogy of its other parts<br />
to those of compound flowers in general.<br />
Few-flowered, paucijiora. Knautia.<br />
Many-flowered, multiflora. Helianthus annuus, Euphorbia,<br />
Ficus, Dorstenia.<br />
Disk, Discus. The flowrets composing the central part<br />
of a compound flower.<br />
Rays, Radii. The flowrets composing the circumference<br />
of a compound flower.<br />
I 2
116<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
BRACTE^.<br />
Leaf-like organs accompanying the Jloivers.<br />
Floral Leaf.<br />
Bractca. Leaf-like organs, placed near the- flowers^ and<br />
frequently very slightly diferingfrom the common leaves.<br />
Rounded, Bractea suhrotunda. Salix viminalis.<br />
HLeartshape, cordiformis, cordata. Melampyruni cristatum,<br />
Salvia pratensis, S. bicolor, Lactuca virosa.<br />
Spearshape, lanceolala. Orchis morio, O. mascula,<br />
Orobanclie major, Melampyrnm arvense, Mentha rotundi-<br />
folia, Ribes alpina.<br />
Awlshape, suhidata. Cephalanthera ensifolia.<br />
Bristlelike, setacea, Mentha viridis.<br />
Keeled, carinata. Goraphrena globosa.<br />
Fringed, ciliata. Mentha viridis, Calamintha vulgaris,<br />
Brunella vulgaris, Carpinus ulmoides.<br />
Thornlike, spi?iesce?is. Salsola decumbens.<br />
Palmate, pahnata. Fumaria bulbosa, Anthyllis vulne-<br />
raria.<br />
Fealher-cut, pinnatifda. Melampyrum vulgatum.<br />
QovcvhlWie, pectinata. Melampyrum cristatum,<br />
^[ Crowning, coronans. Forming a crown above the<br />
flowers. Fritillaria imperialis, Eucomis regia.<br />
Coloured, colorata. Melampyrimi cristatum, Salvia nemorosa.<br />
Flower-bearing, j?orj/fc'7'a. Bearing the flowers. Populus,<br />
Corylus, Salix, Larix, Cupressus. PL 7? fig. 6.<br />
Bracteole.<br />
Bracteolfe. Smcdler floral leaves attached to the divisions oj<br />
an assemhlaoe of floivers.<br />
'<br />
Tuft.<br />
Coma. An assemblage of floral leaves crouming the tip of<br />
some spikes or racemes.— Salvia Horminum.<br />
Spathe.<br />
Spatha, Calopodium, Valva. A leaflike organ, ivhich at<br />
frst envelopes the flowers, hut afterivards opens and lets<br />
them escape.<br />
Common, Spatha comynimis, Encipsing several flowers..<br />
Arum, Phoei]ix.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 117<br />
General, generalis. Enclosing several flowers, each furnished<br />
with its particular spathille.<br />
Particular, propria. Enclosed in a larger spathe.<br />
% Hoodlikcj ciLCulUforrnis, convoluta. Rolled up like a<br />
cornet. Arum. PI. 7, %. 12.<br />
One-leafed, monop/iylla, imivalvis. Formed only of one<br />
piece. Arura, Calla, Phoenix, Chamserops.<br />
Tyvo-leayed,'diph2/lla, hivaluis. Formed of two pieces.<br />
Allium olerace'um, A. carinatum.<br />
Many-leaved, polyphylla. Caryota, Corypha.<br />
^ Tearing, ruptUis. Tearing instead of opening regtilarl}'.<br />
Ajax fenestralis, Narcissus majalis.<br />
*|T Two-flowered, bijiora. Narcissus biflorus.<br />
Many-flowered, miililflora. Arum, Calla, Narcissus Jonquilla,<br />
N. Tazetta.<br />
% Blossom-like, petaloidea. Soft and coloured like a<br />
blossom. Calla ^thiopica.<br />
Leaf-like, herbaceous, ^b/iccea, herhacea. Similar in substance<br />
and colour to leaves. Gladiolus communis.<br />
Membranaceous, viemhranacea. Allium.<br />
Woody, lisy'nnsa. Having the consistence and structure<br />
of wood. Phoenix dactylifera.<br />
% 'Fuga.ciows^ fIIgax, caduca. Falling off soon after it<br />
opens. Allium Isetum.<br />
Lasting, persistens.<br />
Arum Calla.<br />
Continuing until<br />
Spathilles.,<br />
the fruit is ripe.<br />
Spathillse. Smaller spathes enclosed hi a larger one.<br />
Involucrum.<br />
Livolucrum. A collar of one or more hractecB placed under<br />
ihejiower.<br />
Single-flowered, Involucrum unifiorum. Placed under<br />
only one flower. Anemonanthea nemorosa.<br />
Many-flowered, multifiorum, commune. Placed under<br />
several flowers. Umbelliferse, Compositae, Euphorbia,<br />
Ficus.<br />
^ Umbel-flowered, umlelliferum. Surrounding the bottom<br />
of an umbel. Androsace, many Umbelli ferae.<br />
General, generals. Surrounding the bottom of a compound<br />
umbel. Daucus vulgaris, Tordylium ofiicinale.<br />
Particular, proprium. Surrounding the bottom of an.<br />
umbellule. Daucus vulgaris, Amrai majus.
118 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Halved, dhnldiatum. Only surrounding one half of the<br />
peduncle. Petroselinum vulgare.<br />
Turned back, reflexam. Turnnig over from the top to<br />
the bottom. Meum Athamanticum.<br />
^ Calathide-flowered, calathidijiorum. S^urrounding a<br />
clinanthe and resembling a basket. Compositse.<br />
Globular, globulosum, glohosum. Achillsea sambucina,<br />
Centaurea nigra.<br />
Pitchershape, urceolatum. Swollen at bottom, contracted<br />
at top, and dilated at its orifice like the calyx of a<br />
rose. Crepis biennis, Cirsium palustre.<br />
Reverse topshape, olturhlnatum. Swollen and rounded<br />
at bottom, growing narrow to the top, Carthamus tinc-<br />
torius.<br />
»<br />
Bellshape, campanulatiim. Lampsana lyrata, Chrysocoma<br />
Coma aurea.<br />
Hemispherical, hemisphericum. Like a bason, Matri-<br />
caria vulgaris, Anthemis tinctoria.<br />
Egglike, ovoideum.<br />
garis, Tagetes patula.<br />
Cirsium lanceolatum, Artemisia vul-<br />
Reverse conical, olconicum. Growing narrower from<br />
the bottom to the top. Aster fruticosus, Anthemis clavata.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindr
*"<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 119<br />
Scarious, scariosum. The bracteas that form the involucrum<br />
are thin, dry, semitransparent. Xeranthemum,<br />
Gnaphalium Staschas, G. dioichum.<br />
Squarrose, squarrosum. Composed of stiff bracteae, close<br />
together, the upper part bent back. Cnicus cernuus, Carduus<br />
pycnocephalus, Cynara Cardunculus.<br />
Spinous, spinosum. The bracteag are armed with spines.<br />
Hippophaestum vulgare, Silybum Marias, Onopordum vul-<br />
gare.<br />
Burlike, fish-hooked, lappaceum, hamosum. The bracteas<br />
bend down at the tip like a fish-hook. Arctium.<br />
Involucelle.<br />
Involucellum. The Iractece that are attached to umhellules,<br />
or the partial divisions of compound flowers that have an<br />
mvolucrum attached to the whole assemhlage.<br />
Calycule.<br />
Calyculus. An involucrum that is attached to a single<br />
flower, and adheres hy its base to the true calyx.<br />
Collar.<br />
Collare. The involucrum of an umlel when composed of a<br />
single row of bractece, placed in a whirl.<br />
Pericline.<br />
Common calyx, Periclinium, Calyx communis, Perigynandra<br />
communis, Periphorantium. The involucrum of' a<br />
true compound flower, surrounding the clinanthe. Composite.—The<br />
same as the involucrum calathidiflorum, mentioned<br />
in the preceding page.<br />
CUPULE.<br />
Cupula. An envelope containing the female flowers, never<br />
perfectly closed, and remaining attached to the fruit.<br />
One-flowered, Cupula uniflora. Ephedra, Taxus baccata,<br />
Pinus, Abies, Larix, Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuya,<br />
Corylus.<br />
Two-flowered, biflora. Fagus sylvatica.<br />
Three-flowered, triflora. Castanea vesca.<br />
% Double, duplex. The inner woody, one-flowered ; the<br />
exterior succulent, one or two-flowered, at first only a<br />
slight embossment, but grows larger, and assumes the form<br />
of a berry. Taxus baccata.
120<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
The principal distinctions of the cupule must be taken<br />
from its appearance in the fruit.<br />
In general the cupule is very different from the common<br />
leaves, but there is a regular series of changes from the<br />
cupule of the corylus avellana, which resembles two leaves<br />
united together by their edges, through the quercus composed<br />
of small scales or bracteae soldered together by their<br />
lower part, and scarcely differing from some involucrums,<br />
and the ephedra, in which the sheaths at each joint are<br />
evidently opposite leaves soldered together, approaching<br />
near the fruit, and composing a series of cupules set one<br />
within another; and so on to the cupule of pinus,' abies, &c.<br />
Glume.<br />
Bale, Calyx, External glume, Gluma, Calyx, Gluma exterior,<br />
Gluma calycinalis, Tegmen, Lepicena. The ex-<br />
ternal common involucnim of the Jiowers of the grasses,<br />
situated at the bottom of the locusta.<br />
Cupule-like, Gluma cupuUformis. Having the appearance<br />
of a cupule. Alopecurus agrestis.<br />
Involucrated, involucrata. Surrounded by an involucrum.<br />
Cynosurus cristatus.<br />
5[ One-flowered, unifiora. Alopecurus agrestis, Oryza<br />
sativa, Hordeum, Zeocriton.<br />
Two-flowered, Uflora.<br />
natus, Aira caryophyllea.<br />
Panicum, Holcus mollis, H. la-<br />
Three-flowered, trifiora. Antlioxanthum odoratum.<br />
Many-flowered, mult'ifiora. Briza, Cynosurus, Festuca<br />
fluitans, Lolium, Avena, Bromus, Secale.<br />
% Longer than the glumelle, glumeUd longlor. Avena<br />
fatua, A. sterilis, Achnatherium lanceolatum.<br />
Shorter than the glumelle, glumelld Irevior. Bromus<br />
arvensis, Secale cereale.<br />
% One-spathelled, unispatheUata, nnipaleacea. Formed<br />
of only one spathelle. Eleocharis palustris.<br />
Two-spathelled, bispathellafa, bipaleacea. Formed of<br />
two spathelles. Bromus, Triticum, Avena, Secale.<br />
Spathelles.<br />
Valves, Glumes, Chafls, Spathellse, Valvulee, Glumse,<br />
Paleee. The pieces that compose the glume.<br />
Opposite, Spathellce oppositce. Two pieces, attached<br />
opposite each other at the same height. Triticum, Secale,<br />
^gilops. PI. 12, fig. 12.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 121<br />
Conjointed, connatoB, coadiinatcB, coa.dna(cE, coal'UcB. Two<br />
pieces, attached opposite to each other, and joined by<br />
their edges. Alopecurus pratensis, A. agrestis, A. bulbosus.<br />
One-sided, unilaterales. Attached side by side, on one<br />
side only of the axis, at the same height. Hordeum.<br />
Alternate, alternw. When the two spathelles are attached<br />
on opposite sides of the axis, but with one rather<br />
higher than the other. Agrostis canina, Phleum, Phalaris,<br />
Briza, Melica, Bromus, Avena. PI. 12, fig. 14.<br />
^ Similar, similares. When both the upper and lower<br />
spathelles are alike.<br />
Dissimilar, diss'unilares. When the spathelles are dif-<br />
ferent. Bromus, Vulpia, Festuca.<br />
^ Equal, cequales. Spathelles of equal length. Triticura,<br />
Secale, Hordeum, Phalaris.<br />
Unequal, inequales. Arrhenatberum elatius, Panicura,<br />
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lolium temulentura.<br />
\ Herbaceous, herhacece. Milium effusum.<br />
Membranaceous, me77ibranace
122 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
% Awned, aristatcB. Furnished with awns. Secale.<br />
Unarmed, 7mUiccB. Without awn, or point. Briza*<br />
Glumelle.<br />
Stragule, Corolla, Interior glume, Glumella, Stragula,<br />
Gluma interior, Glum a corollina, Perigonium. The in-<br />
ter7ial particular involucrum of the flowers of the grasses,<br />
similar in structure to the glumes, hut peculiar to each<br />
flower, and situated next the sexual organs.<br />
One-spathelluled, Glumella unispathellaia, unipaleacea.<br />
Composed of one piece only. Agraulis caninus, Alopecurus.<br />
PI. 12, fig. 13, 14, and 19.<br />
Two-spathelluled, lispathellulata, hipaleacea. Composed<br />
of two pieces. Broraus, Avena, Secale, Briza.<br />
Spathellules.<br />
Valves, Spathelles, Chaffs, Spathellulffi, Valvulae, Spathellse,<br />
Glum^, PaleaB. The pieces that compose the glumelle.<br />
Similar, Spathellidce similares. When both spathellules<br />
are alike.<br />
Dissimilar, disshnilares. When the lower spathellule is<br />
different from the upper.<br />
% Two-rowed, distichce. Briza, Bromus.<br />
Tiled, imbricates. Briza, Bromus.<br />
Conjoined, connatce, coadnutcE, coalitcz. Alopecurus<br />
agrestis, A. pratensis, A. bulbosus.<br />
Rounded, sulrotundce. Briza.<br />
Oval, ovules, Melica nutans.<br />
Lanceolate, lanceolate^. Bromus, Avena.<br />
Truncated, trmicatcs. Phleum.<br />
Concave, concava. Briza, Melica nutans.<br />
Compressed, compressce. Oryza sativa.<br />
Boatlike, navicidares.<br />
Phalaris Canariensis.<br />
Triticum sestivum, Secale cereale^<br />
Uncut, integrce. Briza,<br />
^ Membranaceous, memhranacece. Melica 41tissima.<br />
Leatherlike, coriacece. Olyra pauciflora, Stipa.<br />
'R\hhcdL,nervatce, nervosce. Secale cereale. PI. 12, fig. 12,<br />
Two-teethed, bidentatcE. Agraulis caninus, Bromus ar-<br />
vensis, Achnatherium lanceolatum, Aira caryophyllea.<br />
Four-teethed, quadridentatcE. Achnatherium lanceolatum.<br />
^ Pointed, mucrojiatce. Uniola.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 12S<br />
Awned, aristatce. Alopecurus, Apera effusa, Agraulus<br />
caninus, Holcus, Avena, Hordeumj Triticum, Secale,<br />
Bromus. PI. 12, fig. 14 and 17.<br />
Awns.<br />
Aristae, — athera. A stiff hair, or threadlike point, inserted<br />
on the spathelles and spathelhdes, and not appearing<br />
to he the continuation of a rib or nerve, hut arising sud-<br />
denly from the hack or end.<br />
Straight, Aristce rectilinece, rectce.<br />
Kneed, geniculatcB. Bent in the middle, Avena.<br />
Twisted, torsce. Avena, Agraulus caninus. PI. 12, fig. 14<br />
and 17.<br />
Jointed, ariiculatie. Stipa.<br />
Featherlike, phcmosce. Stipa pennata.<br />
^ From the tip, apiculares. From the tip of the glumes.<br />
Below the tip, suhapiculares. PL 12, fig. 16.<br />
Dorsal, dorsales. From the back of the glumes. Avena,<br />
Agraulus caninus. PI. 12, fig. 17.<br />
From the base, hasilares.<br />
^ Persistent, persistentes. Avena.<br />
Falling off^ caducce. Stipa.<br />
Bristles.<br />
Setse, — chaeta. A stiff hairlike point, inserted on the spathelles<br />
and spathellides, heing a visihle continuation and<br />
elongation of a rih or nerve. PI. 12, fig. 12.<br />
The bristle admits the same distinction as the awn, and<br />
has been generally confounded under the same name.<br />
LODICULE.<br />
Nectary, Glumelle, Corolla, Lodicula, Glumellula, Glumella.<br />
An involucriimformed of very small petaloid scales<br />
attached to the receptacle of the graminecB with the sexual<br />
organs, and surrounded hy the glumelle.<br />
One-paleolated, Lodicula unipaleolata. Composed of a<br />
single paleole.<br />
Two-paleolated, hipaleolata. Of two paleoles. Avena,<br />
Bromus, Triticum, Secale. PI. 12, fig. 15.<br />
Three-paleolated, tripaleolata. Of three paleoles. Rambusia<br />
arundinacea.
i24< INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Paleoles.<br />
Scales, Paleolas, Squamae. The pieces that compose the<br />
lodiciile.<br />
Eggshape, PaleolcE ovatcB. Secale cereale, Triticum.<br />
gestivum, PI. 12, fig. 15.<br />
T 1 7<br />
Lianceolate, lanceolatce. Bambusa arundinacese.<br />
Awlshape, suhulata. Arrbenatherum elatius, Miliuin<br />
eiFusuni.<br />
Truncated, iruncaice. Melica nutans.<br />
Bunched, gibbosce. Brachypodium pinnatum.<br />
*f[ Velvety, vlUosce. Elynius giganteus.<br />
Fringed, ciliata. Secale cereale, Triticum sestivum.<br />
The bristles that accompany the ovary of some cyperaceiB,<br />
PI. 12, fig. 13, and the inflated nectary of others,<br />
PI. 12, fig. 18, which afterwards covers the akenium, are<br />
considered by some botanists as lodicules.<br />
CALYX.<br />
Empalement, Flower-cup, Perianthium, Perigynandra exterior,<br />
Thalamus. The outer- cover of the flower, defending<br />
the blossom f there he any, and the sexual organs; or<br />
a coarse, green, single cover.<br />
1. Coynposition.<br />
Gamo-sepaled, one-leafed, Calyx ononosepahis, gamosepa-<br />
Ins, monophyllus. Formed of one piece, however deeply it<br />
may be divided. Labiata?, Hyoscyamus, Dianthus, Cucu-<br />
l^alus, Leguminosas. PL 9, fig. 12, 13, 14, and 15; pi. 10,<br />
fig- 7, 8, 11, and 14.<br />
Two-sepaled, two-leaved, disepalus, diphyllus. Composed<br />
of two pieces. Papaver, Fumaria, Impatiens pa-<br />
lustris.<br />
Three-sepaled, three-leaved, trisepalus^ triphyllus. Tradescantia,<br />
Ficaria.<br />
Four-sepaled, four-leaved, tetrasepalus, tetraphyllus.<br />
Cruciferse, Epimedium, Sagina.<br />
Five sepaled, five-leaved, pentasepalus, pentaphyllus.<br />
Six-sepaled, six-leaved, hexasepalus, hexaphyllus. Ber-<br />
beris vulgaris.<br />
Many-sepaled, many-leaved, polysepalus, polyphyllus.<br />
All calyces that are adherent to the ovary, or which<br />
support the corolla or stamens, or which accompany a ga-
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 125<br />
mopetaloLis corolla, are gamosepalous, and of course persistent.<br />
It is very rare that a calyx which is not gamosepalous<br />
is persistent.<br />
2. Regularity.<br />
Regular, Calyx regularis. When all its parts as taken<br />
from the centre of the flower are perfectly alike. Cucubalus,<br />
Adonis, Androsasmum, Tormentilla.<br />
Irregular, irregularis. When the several parts are not<br />
all alike. Salvia, Delphinium, Tropaeolum.<br />
3. Form.<br />
Tubular, Calyx tululatus. In form of a tube.<br />
Pipelike, tuhulosus. The tube very long, and narrow at<br />
top. Primula, Stramonium, Nepeta longiflora, Silene,<br />
Dianthus.<br />
Conical, conicus. In form of a cone. Stachys coccinea,<br />
and manylabiatsB.<br />
Topshape, pearsliape, turlinatus. Conical, but slightly<br />
contracted towards the orifice. Spireea trifoliata.<br />
S\\oWen, ijijiatus. Membranous and dilated like a bladder.<br />
Rhinanthus glaber, Cucubalus infiatus, Anthyllis<br />
leguminosa.<br />
Pitchershape, urceolatusy ventricosus. Swollen in the<br />
middle, contracted towards the top, the limb spread out.<br />
Hyoscyamus niger, Rosa.<br />
Cupshape, cupularis. Very short and quite open. Citrus<br />
Medica, Verbena glomerata.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindricus. Forming a pipe which is nearly<br />
equal throughout its whole length. Dianthus.<br />
Clubshape, claviformis, clavaius. Tubular, long, and<br />
swollen at top. Silene latifolia.<br />
Bellshape, campanulatus. Hollow, and becoming more<br />
and more open from its bottom to the top. Statice pulchella,<br />
Melittis grandiflora, Cucubalus bacciferus.<br />
Compressed, coinpressus. Large, and flat as if squeezed<br />
sideways. Rhinanthus glaber^ Pedicularia palustris<br />
Prismatic, prismaticus. Having longitudinal angles and<br />
flat sm'faces. Stramonium foetidiim, Pulmonaria officinalis.<br />
Angular, angiuosus. Having longitudinal angles. Pedicularia<br />
sylvatica, Silene latifolia.<br />
Ribbed, costaius. With raised ribs. Pedicularia pa-<br />
lustris. Thymus campestris. Lychnis segetum, Silene conica,<br />
S. nutans, S. quinquevulnera.<br />
S
126 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Furrowed, sulcatus. Calamintha vulgaris.<br />
Spurred, calcaratus. Having a hollow elongation, resembling<br />
the spur of a cock. Delphinium, Tropaeolum.<br />
Two-lipped, hilahiatus. With two principal divisions,<br />
one above, the other below ; not quite equal, and open so<br />
as to resemble two lips. Salvia, and many other labiatae.<br />
Calyculate, calycidatus. Having a calycule, or involucrum<br />
resembling a second calyx. Calluna sagittsefolia,<br />
Limisea borealis.<br />
4. LimJj and edge.<br />
Not cut, Calyx 'integer. Having neither teeth nor lobes,<br />
used indefinitely in opposition to toothed or lobed.<br />
Truncated, truncatus. Appearing as if cut off across.<br />
Fissilia.<br />
Torn, erosus. Edge uneven, as if bitten by some insect.<br />
Chenopodium spinacifolium.<br />
Crenated, crenatus. Guarea trichilioides.<br />
Toothed, dentatus. With slight angular cuts.<br />
Tine toothed, dentlcukUus. With very slight angular<br />
cuts.<br />
Three-toothed, tridentatus. Triphasia, Cneorum.<br />
Four-toothed, quadridentatus. Ligustrum, Cornus.<br />
Five-toothed, quinquedentatiis. Stachys and many other<br />
labiat£e. Coriandrum, Dianthus, Cucubalus, Silene.<br />
Divided, incisus, divisus. Split, lobed, or parted, used<br />
in opposition to not cut.<br />
^ Cut, Jissus. Divided, the incisions reaching to the middle<br />
of the length of the calyx ; the divisions being narrow.<br />
Two-cut, blfidus. Divided into two divisions. Utricularis,<br />
Pedicularia palustris, Verbena nodiflora.<br />
Three-cut, trrfidus.<br />
Four-cut, quadrifidus. Rhinanthus, Reseda salicifolia.<br />
Five-cut, quinquefidus. Hyoscyamus niger, Cucubalus<br />
bacciferus, Rosa.<br />
Six-cut, seocfidus.<br />
Eight-cut, oclojidus. Tormentilla.<br />
Ten-cut, decemfidus. Potentilla, Fragaria.<br />
Twelve-cut, duodecemfidus. Peplis.<br />
^ Lobed, hiatus. Divided into cuts, ^xxt the divisions<br />
ar& broad.<br />
Two-lobed, hilohatus.<br />
Three-lobed, trilobatus, &c.<br />
5F Parted, partitus. Divided, and the incisions reaching<br />
nearly to the bottom.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 127<br />
Two-parted, lipart'itus. Orobanche.<br />
Three-parted, tripartitus. Alisma major^ Sagittaria<br />
aquatica.<br />
Four-parted, quadripartiius. Veronica officinalis, Erythalia<br />
campestris.<br />
Five-parted, quinquepartiius. Digitalis speciosa, Orontium<br />
majus, Borrago officinalis.<br />
Many-parted, pUiripartitus. The number of divisions<br />
not being required to be exactly expressed, or being really<br />
indefinite.<br />
5. Length, in relation to the corolla.<br />
Long, Calyx corolla lo7igior. Longer than the corolla.<br />
Lychnis segetum, Stellaria media, Arenaria rubra, A. te-<br />
nuifolia.<br />
Equal, corolla equalis. Stellaria. vulgata.<br />
Short, coroUdbrevior. Shorter than the corolla, Dianthus,<br />
Stellaria arvensis.<br />
6. Attachment.<br />
Adherent, Calyx adherens. United throughout its v^^hole<br />
length to the ovary. Compositae, Myrtus, Agrimonia,<br />
Pyrus.<br />
Superior, superus. United to the ovary, but with the<br />
limb free. Punica granatum.<br />
Semi-adherent, semi-adlierens, semi-inferus. The calyx<br />
adhering to the ovary only part of its length. Limosella<br />
aquatica.<br />
Not adherent, free, inadherenSj liler, inferus. The calyx<br />
totally detached from the ovary. Labiates, Caryophyllese,<br />
Fragaria, Rubus, Rosa.<br />
7. Colour.<br />
Coloured, Calyx coloratus. Of some other colour than<br />
green. Tropaeolum, Andromeda polifolia, Fuchsia, Punica<br />
Granatum.<br />
Blossomlike, petaloideus. Aquilegia.<br />
Doubtful, ambiguus. Appearing like a calyx externally,<br />
and like a corolla internally. Grewia.<br />
8. Duration. ^<br />
Fugacious, Calyxfugax, caducus. Falling off as soon as<br />
the flower opens. Papaver, Epimedium.<br />
Deciduous, deciduus. Falling off after the fecundation<br />
of the ovules, at the same time with the corolla, Actsea<br />
spicata, Chelidonium majus, Cruciferse, Berberis.
128 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Persisting, persistans. Remaining after the flowering is<br />
over. Anagallis, Rhinanthus, Labiatse, Hyoscyamus niger,<br />
Boragineee, Convolvulus, Androsasmuni officinale, Cucubalus<br />
bacciferus, Saxifraga, Rubus.<br />
Withering, marcescens. Persisting, but withering and<br />
becoming dry. Anagallis, Rhinanthus, Rubus.<br />
Enlarging, acrescens. Persisting, and continuing to<br />
grow and increase in size along with the fruit. Physalis<br />
Alkekengi/ Fissilia disparilis, Heisteria coccinea.<br />
Induvial, induvialis. Persisting and enclosing the fruit.<br />
Physalis, Rosa.<br />
Se PALES.<br />
Leaves, Sepala, PliylU, Foliul'i calycini. The distinct segments<br />
into which the calyx is divided.<br />
Upright, Sepala erccta. Parallel to the axis of the<br />
flower. Primula, Nicotiana, Erythrsa vulgaris, Cheiranthus,<br />
Silene, Dianthus.<br />
Contiguous, contigua, conniventia lateraliter, clausa.<br />
Placed side by side, without any considerable intervals.<br />
Raphanus, Cheiranthus.<br />
Imbricated, imhricata. Covering one another by their<br />
edges. Convolvulus, Thea.<br />
Connivent, comiiventia. Converging together at top.<br />
Trollius Europteus.<br />
Diverging, spreading, pateiitia, paiula, divergentia. Separating<br />
from one another, and placed nearly parallel to<br />
the base of the flower. Bbrrago officinalis, Hydrophyllum,<br />
Reseda, Adonis, Nigella, Ptanunculus acris, R. repens.<br />
Lychnis segetum, Saxifraga aizoides.<br />
Turned back, reflected, reflexa, dejlecta. Turned over<br />
outwards, so as to show their internal surface. Ranunculus<br />
bulbosus, R. flammea, Andrososmum officinale, CEnothera<br />
biennis, Cerasus hortensis.<br />
Rolled over, revoluta. Turned over, and rolled up.<br />
Proteaceas.<br />
Rolled inwardly, involtita. Valeriana rubra.<br />
% Equal, cEgualia. All of one size. Primula, Borrago<br />
officinalis, Adonis, Ranunculus, Nigella.<br />
Unequal, inequalia. Of different sizes, Salvia, Erythralia<br />
camp€stris, Androsaemum officinale, Tormentilla, Poten-<br />
tilla.<br />
The lobes, segments, and teeth, admit of similar distinc-<br />
tions to the sepales.
introductio:n to botany. 129<br />
COROLLA.<br />
Blossom, Bloom, Auleum, Perigynandra interior. The<br />
wtenial integument of the sexual orgajis, when there are<br />
two ; or a fine and coloured single integument of the same<br />
texture as the stamens, and either inserted along with<br />
them on the receptacle, or hearing them itself.<br />
1. Insertion.<br />
Hypogynous, Corolla hypogyna. Growing out from<br />
telow the ovary, whether the ovary be sessile. Cheiranthus,<br />
Cruciferse; or seated on a gynophore, Dianthus,<br />
Silene, Cucubalus, and other caryophylleee, Cleome. PI. 10,<br />
fig. 4,6.<br />
Perigynous, perigyna. Growing out from the internal<br />
surface of the calyx. Campanulaceae, Salicaria, Rosaceae.<br />
Epigynous, epigyna. Growing from tlie top of the ovary.<br />
Compositae, Caprifoliaceae, Rubiacess, Umbelliferae.<br />
2. Structure,<br />
Polypetalous, Corolla polypetala. Composed of several<br />
separate pieces, or petals. Umbelliferae, Cruciferae, Caryophylleae,<br />
Saxifragese, Rosacea^, Pomaceae, Dryadeae, Leguminosae.<br />
Gamopetalous, monopetalous, Corolla gamopetala, monopetala.<br />
Composed of only one piece, surrounding the<br />
sexual organs on every side, the several divisions or petals<br />
being soldered together. Labiatae, Borragineae, Apocyneae,<br />
Compositas. PI. 9, fig. 10, 11, 1:^, 13, 14, 15,20,21.<br />
II Regular, regularis. Borrago, Convolvulus, Aquilegia,<br />
Cruciferse, Carophylleae, Rosaceae, Dryadeae, Pomaceae.<br />
Irregular, irregularis. Labiatae, most leguminosae.<br />
3. Compositioji<br />
Two-petaled, Corolla dipetala. Formed of two pieces.<br />
Circaea.<br />
Three-petaled, tripetala. Formed ofthree pieces. Alisma,<br />
Sagittaria.<br />
Four-petaled, tetrapetala. Of four pieces. Cruciferae,<br />
Chelidonium.<br />
Five-petaled, pentapetala. Umbelliferae, Adonis, Ranunculus,<br />
Caryophyllese, Rosa.<br />
Six-petaled, hexapetala. Berberis, Anona.<br />
Eight-petaled, actopetala. Nigella Hispanica.<br />
VOL. I. K<br />
.
130 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. .<br />
^ One-petaled, movopetala, unipetala. A single petal<br />
not entirely surrounding the sexual organs, as in the gamopetalous<br />
corollse. Amorpha.<br />
4. Form.<br />
Crosslike, Corolla cruciformis. Regular and composed<br />
of four petals with long claws, and the expansion open,<br />
disposed in a cross. Cruciferse.<br />
Roselike, rosacea, roselata. Regular and composed of<br />
three, four, or five petals, with short claws, and diverging<br />
from one another. Rosacese, Dryadeae, Chelidonium,<br />
Papaver.<br />
Clovegilliflowerlike, caryophyllata. Regular and composed<br />
of five petals, the claws being very long, but surrounded<br />
and hidden by the calyx. Dianthus, Silene.<br />
Butterflylike, papilionacea. Composed of five petals, of<br />
three different forms and sizes, and to which peculiar<br />
names have been assigned. Leffuminosae.<br />
1. The standard, Vexillum. The large wide petal,<br />
usually turned back, that overtops the others.<br />
2. The two wings. Alee, Talarce. The two side petals.<br />
3. The keel. Carina, Scaphium,— tropis. Formed of the<br />
two lowermost petals usually turned up at their tip, and<br />
either touching each other, or soldered together.<br />
Irregularly many petaled, polypetala anomala. Composed<br />
of irregular petals, but not buttei'flylike. Aconitum,<br />
Delphinium, Tropaeolum, Viola.<br />
Tubulate, tuhulaia. Monopetalous, regular, with a tube.<br />
Many labiatse.<br />
Tubulous, luhdosa. Monopetalous, regular, with a tube<br />
longer than the diameter of the tube. Hamelia, Spigelia<br />
Marylandica.<br />
Bellshape, campanulata, campaniformis. Monopetalous,<br />
regular, in form of a bell. Atropa lethalis, Pneumonanthe<br />
vulgaris, Vitis-Ideea punctifolia, Campanula urticifolia.<br />
Globular, globosa, glohidosa. Andromeda polifolia.<br />
Eggshape, ovata. Arbutus, Eremocallis glomerata,<br />
Menziesia polifolia.<br />
Pitchershape, urceolata. Vaccinium montanum.<br />
Clubshaped, clavijormis, clavata. Erica pinea, E. cerinthoides.<br />
Funnelshape, infundihuliformis. Neriura Oleander, Nicotiana<br />
Tabacum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 131<br />
Oldfashion-salvershape, hypocrateriformis. The tube<br />
long, the limb regular and spread out flat, or nearly so.<br />
Vinc^i, Phlox, Ericala verna.<br />
Gobletshape, cyathifqrmis. Tube long, slightly dilated<br />
at top, the limb regular and upright. Symphytum tuberosum.<br />
Wheel-like, rotata. Tube very short, limb regular,<br />
open, flat, with broad divisions. Borrago oflicinalis, Verbascum<br />
decurrens, Ph3'salis Alkekengi.<br />
Starlike, stellata. Tube very short, limb regular, open,<br />
flat, with pointed divisions. Galium verum, Valantia cru-<br />
ciata.<br />
^ One-lipped, unUauiatn. Monopetalous, irregular, tlie<br />
lower part of the limb prolonged beyond the rest. Acanthus.<br />
Scooplike, ligidata. One-lipped, the lip very long and<br />
straight. Taraxacum officinale, Helianthus, and many<br />
other compositae.<br />
Two-lipped, lilahiata. The limb split on the sides into<br />
two lips, of different forms. Labiatoe, Rhinanthus, Pedi-<br />
cularis.<br />
Gaping, ringens. The two lips being placed apart resemble<br />
the throat of an animal. Salvia officinalis, Lamium<br />
album, Dracocephalum, Stachys.<br />
Masklike, personata. The two lips are closed b}' an internal<br />
projection of the throat of the flower, called the palate,<br />
palatium. Orontium majus, Antirrhinum vulgare.<br />
Some include under this<br />
various anomalous forms.<br />
irregular monopetalous corollse of<br />
Turned over, resiip'mata. Two-lipped, and appearing at<br />
the first view, as if the lips had changed their usual places.<br />
Ocymum Basilicum, Plectranthus punctatus.<br />
5. Appendages.<br />
Appendiculated, Corolla appendicidala. Having an<br />
elongation or additional part, more than the ordinary form<br />
of petals, either at the base, Hypericum iEgypliacum, or<br />
at the summit, Silene.<br />
Hooked, undnata. With an appendage like a hook,<br />
placed at the top of the petals. Heisteria coccinea, Ximenia<br />
aculeata.<br />
Glanduliferous, glandidifera. With glands. Statice monopetala,<br />
Ranunculus, Berberis.<br />
k2<br />
—
13fi INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
6. Colour.<br />
Red, Corolla rubra. Rosa Damascena, DIanthus Caryophyllus<br />
ruber.<br />
Reddish violet, ruhro-violacea. Ly thrum spicatum, Ce-<br />
losia cristata.<br />
Violet, violacea. Aconitum Napellus, Campanula Car-<br />
patbica.<br />
Bluish-violet, cceruleo-violacea. Convolvulus tricolor,<br />
Cyanus vulgaris, Cineraria amelloides.<br />
Blue, ccerulea. Pneumonanthe vulgaris. Delphinium<br />
grandiflorum.<br />
Bluish-green, ccBruleo-vindis.<br />
Green, viridis.<br />
Greenish-yellow, viridi-lutea. Hedera communis, Acer<br />
majus, Silene parviflora.<br />
Yellow, lutea. Ranunculus longifolius.<br />
Yellowish-orange, luteo-aurantiaca. Calendula officinalis.<br />
Orange, aurantiaca. Tropaeolum majus.<br />
Reddish-orange, riilro-aurantiaca. Salvia coccinea, Papaver<br />
erraticum.<br />
% White, alba. Parnassia palustris.<br />
7. Duration.<br />
Persisting, withering. Corolla pers'istenSf mnrcescens.<br />
Lasting after the fecundation of the ovules, but in a withered<br />
state. Trientalis Europaea, Erica, Campanula,<br />
Corrigiola, Trifolium pi'ocumbens, Cucumis.<br />
Passing away, decidua, transiloria. Falling soon after<br />
the fecundation of the ovules. The generality of flowers.<br />
Fugacious, fugax, caduca. Falling off" as soon as the<br />
flower is completely open, or even befoi*e. Actaea, Thalictrum,<br />
Chelidonium corniculatum, Glaucium violaceum,<br />
Cerastites macrocephala, Peplis Portula.<br />
Betals.<br />
Peiala. The several pieces into which the corolla is<br />
divided.<br />
1. Posilion.<br />
Opposite, Petala opposltiva, calyci opposita. Placed before<br />
the divisions of the calyx. Berberis, Epimedium.<br />
Interposed, alternate, i?ite7-posifiva, calyci alterna. Alternating<br />
with the divisions of the calyx. Cruciferse, Rosa,<br />
and most plants.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ISS<br />
2. Attachment.<br />
Clawed, Petala unguiculata. Attached to the other<br />
parts of the flower by a long claw. Cheiranthus and other<br />
cruciferjE, Dianthus and other caryophyllese, Statice pulchellum.<br />
Sessile, sessilia. The claw very short. Vitis, Elatine,<br />
Gypsophila.<br />
3. Direction.<br />
Bent inwards, Petala injlexa. Curved towards the centre<br />
of the flower. Astrantia major.<br />
Involute, involuta. Bent and rolled from the top towards<br />
the centre of the flower. Ancthum graveolens.<br />
Upright, erecta. Placed parallel to the axis of the flower.<br />
Geum, Hermannia.<br />
Incumbent sideways, lateraUter incumheniia. Covering<br />
the sides of one another. Oxalis versicolor, Hermannia.<br />
Open, spreading, palcnfia. At right angles with the<br />
axis of the flower. Rosa, Fragaria, Geum urbanum.<br />
Bent back, rejlexa. Turned over from the centre of the<br />
flower. Ai'alia arborea.<br />
One-sided, unilateralia. Inclining to one side of the<br />
flower. Cleome.<br />
Ascending, ascendentia. Inclining to the top of the<br />
flower. Cleome.<br />
4. Form.<br />
Roundish, Petala suhrolnnda. Silene latifolia, Ranunculus<br />
bulbosus, Potentilla fruticosa, Fragaria vesca.<br />
Oval, ovalia. Statice pulchellum, Linum usitatissimum.<br />
Elliptic, elUpticuin. Saxifraga decipiens.<br />
Lanceolate, lanceolata. Hypericum montanum, Saxifraga<br />
sarmentosa.<br />
Linear, I'mearia. Fraxinus Ornus, Chionanthus, Hamamelis<br />
Virginiana.<br />
Spatulashape, spathulata. Dictamnus albus, Cleome<br />
pentaphylla.<br />
Wedgeshape, cunearia. Linum Austriacum.<br />
Heartshape, cord/formia, obcordiformia. Heartshape,<br />
the notch being at top. Parnassia palustris, Geranium<br />
Pyreniacum, Cerastium arvense, Stellaria holostea, CEnothera<br />
odorata.<br />
Concave, concava. Parnassia, Tilia Europsea, Ruta<br />
graveolens.<br />
Boatshape, navkiilaria. Cookia punctata.
1S4. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Helmetshape, galeiformia. Hollow, arched, and open<br />
in front. Aconitum.<br />
Cornetshape, cuculUformia. In the form of a cone. Delphinium,<br />
Aquilegia.<br />
Spurred, calcarata. Prolonged at bottom in a hollow<br />
point, like the spur of a fowl. Viola.<br />
Two-lipped, h'dahiata. Tubular with a limb having two<br />
lips, Nigella, Helleborus, Isopyrum.<br />
Mis-shapen, difformia. Irregular, and not to be compared<br />
to any known form. Epimedium.<br />
Unequal, incequalia. Different, either in form, or size,<br />
or in both. Anona, Viola, Pisum, and other leguminosae.<br />
Conjoined, coadunata. Joined and soldered together by<br />
their edges, but so feebly that they may be separated without<br />
any visible tear in the texture. Statice monopetala,<br />
Fissilia disparilis. This junction is sometimes by their<br />
tips, Vitis; or their base, Oxycoccus palustris.<br />
^ Radiating, radiantia. The petals next the circumference<br />
of an assemblage of flowers larger than those next<br />
the centre. Tordylium.<br />
5. Edge.<br />
Wavy,<br />
strasmia.<br />
Petala undulata. Geranium phaeum, Lager-<br />
Gnawed, erosa. Glaucium luteum, Frankenia Isevis.<br />
Crenated, crenata.<br />
tatissimum.<br />
Dianthus Caryophyllus, Linum usi-<br />
Toothed, dentata. Dianthus barbatus, D. capitatus,<br />
Silene Lusitanica.<br />
YringQA, fimhriata. Cucubalus fimbriatus.<br />
Lashed, ciliata. Edged with fine jags or hairs like the<br />
eyelashes. Tropaeolum, Ruta.<br />
Notched, emarginata. Cheiranthus sinuatus. Geranium<br />
sanguineum, G. dissectum, Agrosterama coronaria, Dianthus<br />
prolifer, Rosa rubiginosa.<br />
6. Divisio?!,<br />
Jagged, Petala lacin'mta. Cut into slips. Reseda, Dianthus<br />
plumarius.<br />
Two-cut, bifida. Draba verna, Cucubalus inflatus,<br />
Lychnis vespertina, L. diurna, Silene conica.<br />
Three-cut, trifida. Hypecoum procumbens.<br />
Four-cut, quadrifida. Lychnis plumaria.<br />
Two-parted, hipartita. Silene nutans, Stellaria aquatica,<br />
S. media.
introduction to botany. 135<br />
Lacinule.<br />
Lacinuln. A small claw or appendage to the petals.<br />
Uncut, Lacinula Integra. Astrantia, Sanicula.<br />
Bent, wflexa. CEnanthe.<br />
Hooked, uncinata.<br />
Straight, recta.<br />
Torilis, Sphondylium.<br />
Oblique, ohliqua. Chserophjdlum.<br />
Linear, linearis. Bulbocastanum.<br />
Linear pointed, linearis acuta, ^thusa tenuifolia.<br />
Linear blunt, linearis obtusa. ^thusa elata.<br />
Furrowed, sulcata. Tragium.<br />
Notched, emarginata. Cnidium.<br />
Streaked, striata. Selinum.<br />
Channelled, canaliculata. Sanicula.<br />
Waved, undulata. Athamanta.<br />
Dilated, dilata. Athamanta.<br />
Narrowed, angustata. Pimpinella minor.<br />
Awlshape, subulata. CEnanthe.<br />
Long, longa.<br />
Sanicula.<br />
As long as the petals themselves. Astrantia,<br />
Crenulated, crenulala. Peucedanum.<br />
Wavy-crenulated, undulaio-crenulata. Heracleum.<br />
Apiculate, apiculata. With a point. Heracleum.<br />
Toothed, denticulata, Astrantia, Sanicula.<br />
Blunt, obtusa. Conium, Apium.<br />
Three-pointed, tricuspidata. Astrantia.<br />
Tube.<br />
Tulm. The lower part of a gamopetalous corolla.<br />
PI. 8, fig. 4.<br />
Straight, Tubus rectilineus, rectus. Not having any<br />
curvature. Vinca, Hamelia.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindricus. Mirabilis Jalapa.<br />
Threadlike, gracilis, filiformis. Plumbago rosea.<br />
Bellied, ventricosus, injlatus. Erica inflata, E. ventricosa.<br />
Clubshape, clavifctrmis, clavatus. Spigelia Marylandica.<br />
Pi'ismatic, prismaticus. Hamelia.<br />
With an internal appendage, intern^ appendiculatus.<br />
Furnished with an appendage (nectary, Linnaeus) in the<br />
interior part of it. Hydrophyllum, Lithospermum tenuifolium,<br />
Cuscuta.<br />
^ Bent, curvatics, ai-ataius, curvus. Martynia, Nepeta<br />
longiflora.
136 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Compressed, compressus. Many of the labiatse. Justicia<br />
quadrifida.<br />
Punched, glhlnis, gihhosus. Having externally a kind of<br />
bunch, hollow like a pocket on the inside. Orontium majus,<br />
Valeriana Cornucopiee, Martynia.<br />
Spurred, calcaratus. Having a hollow elongation like<br />
the spur of a fowl. Valeriana rubra, Linaria. PL 9,<br />
fig. 11a.<br />
Spht, Jissus. The tube is split down lengthways, sothat<br />
it may be spread out flat without tearing. Goodenia,<br />
Lobelia.<br />
Throat.<br />
Faux. The orifice of the tube.<br />
Circular, Faux clrcularis. Phlox, Mirabilis.<br />
Cornered, aiigulata. Having a determined number of<br />
angles. Vinca rosea.<br />
Dilated, dllaiata. Larger than the tube itself. Mirabilia<br />
Jalapa, Nicotiana Tabacum. PI. 9, fig. 12 and 13.<br />
Contracted, contracta. Smaller than the tube. Verbena<br />
officinalis, Scrofularia lutea, Vinca rosea.<br />
Obstructed, ohsiructa. Furnished with hairs, Ijishes,.<br />
glands, or other appendages that block up the entrance.-<br />
Verbena multifida, Erythalia pulchella.<br />
Villous, villosa. Obstructed by hairs. Verbena multifida.<br />
Thymus.<br />
Lashed, ciliala. Obstructed by stiff hairs like the eye-<br />
Krythalia pulchella, E. campestris.<br />
Bunched, gihhifem. Obstructed by bunches; the throat,<br />
being enlarged and dilated in some parts, rises up in<br />
bunches which are hoUov,', and open beneath. Lycopsi&<br />
' lashes.<br />
arvensis, Cynoglossum officinale, Borrago, Anchusa. PI. 9,<br />
fig. 10 a. "<br />
Horned, corniculifera. Obstructed by hollow horns^<br />
open beneath, like the bunches just mentioned. Symphytum<br />
tuberosum.<br />
Flakey, lamelUfera. Furnished with lamellar appendages.<br />
Nerium Oleander.<br />
Naked, nuda. Without any hairs, bristles, bunches,<br />
or the like. Nicotiana Tabacum, Cerinthe major, Phlox.<br />
Palate.<br />
Palatium. An internal swellino- of the throat, bein^j the<br />
two lips of a masklike flower.—Orontium majus, Linaria.
introduction to botany.<br />
Crown.<br />
"<br />
137<br />
Cup^ Corona. A cuplike appendage, placed on the throat<br />
of the flower.— Silene, Narcissus.<br />
Orbiculus.<br />
A circular swelling of the base of the corolla, surrounding<br />
the sexual organs.— Stapelia.<br />
Limb.<br />
Tuimhus. The upper expanded part of a gamopetalou?<br />
corolla.<br />
Folded, Limhus plicatiis. In regular folds like a fan.<br />
Convolvulus, Pneumonanthe vulgaris.<br />
Twisted, tortus^ contortiis. The divisions of the limb<br />
are cut obliquely, and cover one another, before the opening<br />
of the flower, by twining round the axis of the flower.<br />
Nerium Oleander, Vinca, and other Apocyneee.<br />
Upright, erectus. Parallel to the axis of the flower.<br />
Hydrophyllum, Cynoglossum officinale, Cerinthc.<br />
Spreading, patens. Forming a right angle with the<br />
tube. Verbena multifida, Anchusa Italica, Nerium Oleander,<br />
Chironia, Centaurium.<br />
Turned back, rejiexiis. Turned over outwardly. Cyclamen,<br />
Dulcamara flexuosa, Asclepias, Oxycoccus palustris.<br />
Revolute, revolutus. Rolled over outwardly. Cestrum<br />
cauliflorum, C. fastigiatum, C. odontospermum.<br />
Upper Lip. i<br />
Lahlum superlus. The upper division of a two-lipped<br />
gamopetalous corolla.<br />
Spread forward. Labium superius porrectiim. Carried<br />
out in the fore-part, in the same direction as the tube.<br />
Monarda, Phlomis Leonurus, Galeopsis nodosa.<br />
Ascending', ascendens. Following at first the direction<br />
of the tube, and then rising up. Nepeta longlflora, Stachys<br />
annua, Betonica officinalis. PI. 9, fig. 13.<br />
Turned back, reflectum. Turned over on the tube.<br />
Plectranthus punctatus. PI. 9, fig. 15.<br />
Turned in, injieclum. Turned inwards on the lower lip.<br />
Brunella.<br />
S\ck\e\\ke,falcatum. Bent like a reaping-hook. Salvia<br />
bicolor. S. pratensis.
138 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Arched,fornicai'iim, galeatum. Bent and hollowed within,<br />
Pedicularia palustris, Phlomis, Lamium, Galeopsis.<br />
Compressed, compressum. Folded in two lengthways,<br />
and flattened sideways. Rhinanthus, Pedicularia palustris.<br />
Many salvias, Many phlomides, Trichostema.<br />
Flat, planum. Melittis grandiflora.<br />
Uncut, integrum. Molucella loevis.<br />
Notched, emarginatum. Lycopus.<br />
S\)\\\., fissum. Euphrasia officinalis, Salvia bicolor, Nepeta<br />
longiflora.<br />
Parted, partitum. Divided to the very orifice of the<br />
tube. TeucriuiT), Lobelia Cardinalis. L. syphilitica.<br />
Lower Lip.<br />
Lahium inferius. The lower division of a two-lipped<br />
gamopetalous corolla.<br />
Longer than the upper, Lahium inferius superiore longius,<br />
Molucella Igevis, Phlomis Zeylanica.<br />
Shorter than the upper, inferiore brevius. Phlomis Leonurus.<br />
Prolonged, porrecium. Melampyrum vulgatum, Salvia<br />
bjcolor, Molucca laevis.<br />
Fallen down, demissum. Eriostomum Germanicum.<br />
PI. 9, fig. 13.<br />
Turned back, rejiexum. Turned over backwards upon<br />
the tube. Chelone barbata.<br />
Turned in, infiexum. Bent inwards towards the orifice<br />
of the tube. Plectranthus punctatus. PI. 9, fig, 15.<br />
PERIGONIUM.<br />
Perianthium, Calyx. The integument of a jiower when there<br />
is but one, and its appeara?ice renders it doubtful whether<br />
it ought to be esteemed a calyx or a corolla.<br />
This admits all the various distinctions of both calyx<br />
and corolla.<br />
Galea.<br />
The upper hollow part of the perigonium of the orchideae.<br />
Lip.<br />
Lahellum. The lower spread out part of the perigonium<br />
of the orchidese; which is sometimes divided into two dissimilar<br />
parts.<br />
Epichilium. The upper part of the labellum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 139<br />
Hypochilimn. The lower part of the labellum.<br />
Spur, Calcar. A hollow spur formed by an elongation<br />
of the labellum.<br />
Perule.<br />
Perula. A hollow part, often resembling a spur, formed<br />
of two elongated and soldered sepales. Orchideae.<br />
STAMENS.<br />
Chives, Attire, Stamina,—stemon. The male organ of the<br />
plant, usually placed next within the corolla^ and immediately<br />
surrounding the pistill.<br />
1. Origin.<br />
Hypogynous, Stami?ia hypogyna, receplaculo inserta.<br />
Exserted from the receptacle, either below the ovarj', or<br />
even with its bottom. Graminese, Cruciferse, Ranuncu-<br />
laceae.<br />
Perigynous, perigyna, calyci inserta. Exserted from the<br />
internal surface of the floral integument, above the part<br />
where it is detached from the ovary. Thymeleae, Rosaceae,<br />
LeguminosaB, Myrtacese.<br />
Epigynous, epigyna, pistillo inserta. Exserted from the<br />
pistill itself. Arislolochia, UmbelliferEe.<br />
% Immediate, immediata. Exserted from the receptacle,<br />
calyx, or pistill. Cruciferse, Rosaceae, Umbelliferse.<br />
Mediate, mediata, epipetala. Exserted from the co-<br />
rolla, and therefore judged to have the same insertion in<br />
respect to the ovary as the corolla itself. Labiatae, Campanulaceae,<br />
Compositse.<br />
2. Number.<br />
Definite, Stamina definita. The number constant and<br />
not exceeding twelve. 1 Hippuris, 2 Syringa, 3 Iris,<br />
4 Plantago, 5 Lonicera, 6 Lilium, 7 iEsculus, 8 Fuchsia,<br />
9 Butomus, 10 Saxifraga, II not yet discovered, 12 Ha-<br />
lesia.<br />
Indefinite, indejinita. More than twelve, and not usually<br />
counted, or constant. Papaver^ Ranunculus, Rosa.<br />
3. Connexion.<br />
Distinct, Stamina distincta, discreta. Not united together<br />
either by their filaments, or their anthers. Lilium, Ranunculus.
140 INTKODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Conjoined, coalita, connata. United together, either by<br />
their filaments or their anthers. Malvaceae, Compositae.<br />
% Adelphous, adelphica, adelpka. The filaments united<br />
together into an androphore.<br />
Monadelphoup, monadelpha. Having a single androphore<br />
in a flower, carrying several anthers. Malvaceae,<br />
Meliacese.<br />
Diadelphous, diadelpha. Two androphores in each<br />
flower, each carrying several anthers. Fumaria, Monniera.<br />
— But Linnaeus has applied this term to the leguminosae^<br />
in which nine of the stamens have their filaments united<br />
into an androphore, and the tenth is distinct. PL JO,<br />
fig. 9, a, b.<br />
Triadelphous, iriadelpha. Three androphores, each carrying<br />
several anthers. Hypericum ^gyptiacum. PI. 10,<br />
%. 15.<br />
Pentadelphous, pentadelpha. Five androphores. Melaleuca<br />
hypericifolia.<br />
Polyadelphous, polyadelpha. Several androphores. Me-<br />
laleuca.<br />
% Syngenesous, syfigenesa, syngenesica. Several stamens<br />
ioined by their anthers. Most compositse, Lobelia, Viola.<br />
PI. 11, fig. 27.<br />
4. Proportion.<br />
'Equal, SlamiJia ceqi/alia. All of the same length. Butomns,<br />
Lilium, Borrago, Ledum, Tribulus.<br />
Unequal, 'inceqiialia. Some longer than the others,<br />
Labialse, Crucifer^, Oxalis, Lychnis, Silene, Gypsophila.<br />
Didynamous, didynama. Four in number, two longer<br />
than the other two. Labiatse.<br />
Tetradynamous, tetradynama. Six in number, of which<br />
four are longer than the others. Cruciferae. PI. 10, fig. 1.<br />
5. Disposition.<br />
Oppositive, Stami?ia oppositiva, peta lis opposita. Placed<br />
opposite to the lobes of the corolla, or of the perigonium.<br />
Lilium, Morus, Urtica, Statice, Primulaceae, Loranthese,<br />
Vitis.<br />
Interpositive, interpositiva, petalis alterna. Placed between<br />
the divisions of a corolla, Boragineae, Umbelliferae ;<br />
or of a simple perigonium, Elaeagnus.<br />
^ Distant, distanlia. Lycopus.<br />
Close, approximata. Touching the sides of one another.<br />
Solanum, Borrago.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 141<br />
Coherent, coherentia. Fastened to one another, either<br />
by crossed hairs, or by a glue. Lycopersicon esculentum,<br />
Calluna sagittaefolia, Viola.<br />
Crowded, conferta. Numerous and squeezed close together.<br />
Agglomerated, agglomerata. Collected together into a<br />
ball. Anona triloba.<br />
Tiled-like, imhricatu. Disposed in rows, one covering<br />
another like the tiles of a roof. Liriodendrum tulipifera.<br />
Magnolia.<br />
In stages, serialia. Disposed in stages of circular rows.<br />
Daphne, Passerina.<br />
6. Lengthy in relation to the floral integuments.<br />
Exserted, Stamina exserta. Coming out beyond the<br />
orifice of the floral integuments. Plantago, Mentha,<br />
Lycium Europseum, Scabiosa, Fuchsia. PL 9, fig. 12.<br />
Included, inclusa, non exserta. Shut up in the floral integuments,<br />
and not appearing outwardly. Jasminum,<br />
Syringa, Verbena officinalis, Leguminoste. PI. 1 0, fig. 8.<br />
7. Direction.<br />
Bent inwards. Stamina inflexa. The top bent in towards<br />
the centre of the flower. Salvia, Dictamnus, Gypsophila<br />
fastigiata.<br />
Upright, erecta. Keeping of itself in the direction of<br />
the axis of the flower.<br />
fig. 5.<br />
Tulipa, Lilium, Nicotiana. PI. 10,<br />
Spreading, patentia. Standing horizontally in respect to<br />
the base of the flower. Pyrola minor, Hedera communis.<br />
Bent back, reflexa. Bent outwards. Urtica, Parietaria.<br />
Hanging down, pendentia. Hanging downwards through<br />
weakness. Gramineee, Clerodendrum infortunatum.<br />
Sidelying, wiilateralia. Hanging on one side. Pyrola<br />
rotundifolia. Salvia, Amaryllis formosissima.<br />
Ascending, ascendentia. Rising towards the upper part<br />
of the flower.<br />
biatae.<br />
Salvia, Teucrium, Phlomis, and most la-<br />
Declining, decumlentia, decUnata. Inclining towards the<br />
lower part of the flower. Amaryllis formosissima, Hemerocallis<br />
fulva, iEsculus Hippocastanum, Dictamnus albus.
142 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
8. Abortion.<br />
Antherless, inantherata, castrata. The filaments being<br />
without anthers. Many filaments of sparmannia Africana,<br />
two filaments of gratiola officinalis, and the greater part of<br />
the orchideas.<br />
Merely rudimental, rudimentaria. So very imperfect,<br />
and so small, that it is only by analogy that their nature<br />
can be determined. Orchideas, Salvia, CoUinsonia Canadensis.<br />
9. Parts.<br />
Anther, Summit, Anthera, Capiiulum, Theca, Capsida^<br />
Apex, Testiculus, Testis, Spermatocystidium. The upper<br />
part of the stamen usually at the top of it, and containing<br />
the fecundating powder, in two distinct cells. PL 11,<br />
fig. 15, 16, 19, and 20.<br />
Cells, Lociili, TheccB. The two cells that contain the<br />
fecundating powder. PL 11, fig. 20.<br />
Lobes, Lohi. The cells when they are perfectly distinct<br />
and at some small distance from each other.<br />
Connective, Connectmnn, Filameiiium Link. A fleshy<br />
part that connects the lobes; or that part of a jointed filament<br />
which is immediately next the anther.<br />
Basillary appendages, Set(P. Small threads formed by<br />
the elongation of the cells in their lower part.<br />
Fecundating powder. Pollen. The powder contained in<br />
the cells of the anthers, and which is composed of globules.<br />
Globules, Uiriculi. Small bladders appearing like dust,<br />
forming the substance of the pollen.<br />
Fovilla. The fine substance, imperceptible to the naked<br />
eye, which the pollen discharges on the moist surface of the<br />
stigma.<br />
Filament, Thread, Filamenta, Pedicidiis, Capillamentum,<br />
St'ipellus,— nema. The footstalk raising the anther from<br />
the receptacle or corolla.<br />
Androphore, A/idrophora, Columna, Fasciculus, — adelphia.<br />
Filaments soldered together in one or more bundles.<br />
Antherbearing joint, Articulus antlieriferus. That part<br />
of a jointed filament that is next to but below the anther.<br />
Terminal appendage, Appendix terminalis. That part<br />
of a jointed filament that is above the anther.
•introduction to botany. 143<br />
Flat, Filamentiim planum .<br />
Filament.<br />
1. Form.<br />
Allium fragrans, Kcempferia,<br />
Fissilia, Heisteria coccinea, Hermannia denudata.<br />
Petal-like, petaliforme. Broad, thin, flexible and coloured<br />
like a blossom. Kcempferia, Maranta arundinacea,<br />
Calothamnus.<br />
Two-edged, sword-edged, anceps. Canna Indica.<br />
Awlshape, siibulatum. Tulipa, Butomus, Acer majus.<br />
Wedgeshape, cuveiforme. Thalictrum petaloideum.<br />
Nailshape, claviforme, clavatum. Thalictrum atro-pur-<br />
pureum<br />
.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindricinn. The generality of plants.<br />
Threadlike, capillare. Gram.inese, Plantago.<br />
% Knobbed, iorulosum, nodosum. With swellings at a<br />
small distance from one another. Sparmannia Africana.<br />
Crenate, crenatum. Marked on the internal edge with<br />
"wrinkles lying across, and forming creases.<br />
Kneed, geniculatum. Bent like a knee or elbow joint.<br />
Mahernia pinsata.<br />
Appendixed, appendiculatum. Having an appendage,<br />
which does not seem to belong to the filament, but to be<br />
an extraneous addition. Borrago, Zygophyllum.<br />
Spiral, spirale, tortum. Bent like a bellspring. Hirtella.<br />
2. Base.<br />
Enlarged, Filamentum dilatatum. Ornithogalum pallidum,<br />
Campanula, Geranium pratense, Tamarix Gallica.<br />
Arched, fornicatum. Enlarged and concave. Asphodelus.<br />
Campanula.<br />
3. Tip.<br />
Sharp, Filamentum acutum. Lilium, Tulipa, Scutellaria<br />
alpina, Ternstromia.<br />
Blunt, ol'tusum. Anona triloba.<br />
Headed, capitatum. Swelled into a head. Dianella,<br />
Cephalotus.<br />
Notched, emarg'inatum. Having a re-entering angle at<br />
the tip. AUiumlsetum.<br />
Two-forked, hifurcatum. Brunella, Crambe-<br />
Three-pointed, tridentaium, tricuspidatmn. Allium porraceum.<br />
Prominent, prominens. Lengthened out beyond the an-<br />
ther. Paris quadrifolia, Anona triloba, Ternstromia el-<br />
liptica.
144 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
4. Surface.<br />
Velvetty, Filamentum villosum. Laiirus Persea, Gual-<br />
teria.<br />
Bearded, larlatum. Hairy in some parts and not in<br />
others. Anthericum, Anagallis, Verbascum.<br />
Glandbearing, glanduliferum. Dictamnus albus.<br />
5. Motion,<br />
Elastic, Filamentwn elasticuyn. Springs back again after<br />
it has been forcibly bent.<br />
Irrital)le, irritahile. Moving at the moment of fecundation<br />
without any apparent mechanical force. Berberis,<br />
Iluta, Parnassia.<br />
Androphore.<br />
Simple, Androphoriim simplex,. In a single body without<br />
any branches whatever.<br />
Divided, divisum. Parted into several filaments at top.<br />
Hypericum ^gyptiacum, Melaleuca. PI. 10, fig. 15; pi. 11,<br />
fig. 14.<br />
Branched, ramosum. Divided and subdivided. Ricinus.<br />
PI. 11,%. 16.<br />
Solid, solidum. In a solid mass. Hura crepitans,<br />
Stylidium.<br />
Thick, crassum. Hura crepitans.<br />
Slender, gracile. Typha.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindricum. Stylidium, Xylophylla, Hura<br />
crepitans.<br />
Pillarlike, columnare. Rising upright in the centre of<br />
the flower like a small column.<br />
Tubular, tuhidosum. Malvaceae. PI. 10, fig. 13.<br />
Split, Jissum. Tubular, and split lengthways. Most<br />
leguminosse. PI. 10, fig. 9, a; fig. 12.<br />
Sheathing, vaginalis. Tubular, and forming a sheath<br />
round the pistill. Malvaceae. PI. 10, fig. 13.<br />
Ringlike, annulare. Anacardium occidentale.<br />
Blossomlike, corolliforme. Gomphrena globosa, Guarea<br />
trichilioides.<br />
Crenate, crenatum. Crenated on its edge. Gomphrena<br />
globosa.<br />
Hoodlike, cucuUiferum. Furnished with appendages in<br />
form of hoods. Asclepias.
introduction to botany. 145<br />
Anther.<br />
1. Attachment.<br />
Sessile, A7ithera sessilis. Without any filament or androphore.<br />
Aristolochia, Grevillea.<br />
Adnata, adnata. Annexed to the filament throughout<br />
its whole extent, and consequently without any particular<br />
connective. Asarum, Soldanella, Podophyllum peltatum.<br />
Ranunculus. PI. 11, fig. 18.<br />
Jointed, articulata. The union of the filament and anther<br />
having some change of form, colour, shape, or other<br />
visible mark. Salvia, Scutellaria.<br />
51 Lateral, lateralis. Fastened on one side of the filament.<br />
Canna Indica.<br />
Terminal, termmalis. Fastened to the end of the filament.<br />
Cyperacese, Datura, Raphanus, Cleome.<br />
^ Base-fixed, basifixa. Attached by one end, which is<br />
looked upon as the base of the anther. Iridese, Compositae.<br />
Middle-fixed, medifixa. Attached by the middle. Lilium.<br />
^ Immoveable, immobilis. So solidly attached to the<br />
filament that it cannot be moved without injury. Compositae,<br />
Limnanthes peltata.<br />
Moveable, mohilis. Attached by a single point which<br />
acts like a hinge. Lilium, Limodorum.<br />
Turning, vacillans, versatilis. Long, fastened by its<br />
middle, and moveable. Lilium, Tulipa, Amaryllis.<br />
^ Opening inwards, adversa, antica, introrsa. The suture<br />
of its<br />
plants.<br />
valves turned to the centre of the flowers. Most<br />
Opening outwards, inversa, postica, extrorsa. The suture<br />
of its valves turned towards the circumference. Iridese,<br />
Cucumis. Most ranunculaceae.<br />
2. Direction.<br />
Upright, Anthera erecta. Long, fastened by its base,<br />
and holding itself parallel to the axis of the flower. Tulipa,<br />
Solanum, Compositae.<br />
Lying alon^, incumlens. Fastened by its middle, so that<br />
its lower half is close to the filament. Amaryllis formo-<br />
sissima, Hypopitys lutea.<br />
Flat, horizontalis. Lying across the filament. Lilium.<br />
VOL. I.
146 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
3. Form,<br />
Globular, Anthera globulosa. Mercurialis, Juniperus.<br />
Mis-shapen, difforynis. Of an irregular x)r singular form.<br />
Justicia hyssopifolia, Commelina tuberosa.<br />
Twin, didyma. With two rounded lobes united by a<br />
small point. Chenopodiura, Spinacia, Mercurialis, Euphorbia.<br />
Egg-like, ovoidea. Fuchsia.<br />
Oblong, ohlonga. Ledum, Lilium, Sparganium erectum.<br />
Lanceolate, lanceolata. Cerinthe major.<br />
Linear, linearis. Campanula.<br />
Awlshape, siilulata. Borrago officinalis.<br />
Thxevn[\\ke,filiJormis. Ternstromia.<br />
Arrowheadlike, sagittata. Crocus, Limnanthes peltata.<br />
Heartshape, cordiformis, cordata. Ocymum basilicum.<br />
Kidneyshape, reniformis. Glechoma hederacea, Lavan-<br />
dula, Digitalis.<br />
Shielded, peltata. Broad, and fastened to the filament<br />
by its centre.<br />
Compressed, compressa. Flattened sideways. Iris.<br />
Four-cornered, iefragona. Tulipa.<br />
^ Straight, recta, rectilinea. Without any windings. Tulipa,<br />
Borrago.<br />
Bent, arcuata. Trollius Europseus.<br />
Twisted, torsa. Bent in a spiral form. Erythrsca vul-<br />
garis.<br />
Winding, sinuosa.<br />
Cucurbita.<br />
Long, linear, and zig-zag. Cucumis,<br />
H Truncated, truncata.<br />
cut off.<br />
Appearing as if its top had been<br />
Pointed, acuta. Borrago, Cerinthe.<br />
Two-cut, bifida. Having a fork at<br />
Many gramineae, Sparganium erectum.<br />
one or both ends-<br />
Two-horned, hicornis. Having two diverging horns<br />
formed by its pointed lobes.<br />
num, Pyrola, Many ericae.<br />
Arbutus, Vaccinium monta-<br />
Four-horned, quadricornis. Gualteria procumbens.<br />
Appendixed,appe;2c?fc2//a/a.<br />
collina, Inula grandiflora.<br />
Nerium Oleander, Centaurea<br />
Awned, aristata. Furnished with appendages like awns.<br />
Euphrasia officinalis, Vaccinium uliginosum, Andromeda<br />
polifolia.<br />
Crested, cristaia. Furnished with appendages like crests.<br />
Erica triflora, E. comosa. PI. 11 , fig. 2 1<br />
.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 147<br />
Tailed, caudata. Furnished with appendages like a tail.<br />
Steehelina.<br />
Opercular, opercularia, operculiformis. Shutting up, like<br />
a lid, the cavity in which the pollen is contained. Serapias,<br />
Neottia, Limodorum.<br />
4. Proportion.<br />
Shorter than the filament, Anthera JUamento hrevior<br />
Lilium, Fuchsia.<br />
As long as the filament, Jilamenti longitudine. Hermannia<br />
denudata.<br />
Longer than the filament, Jilamenio longior. Cerinthe<br />
major.<br />
•jf Unlike, Antherce diss'imiles. .Different in the same<br />
flower. Cassia.<br />
5. Surfaces.<br />
Smooth, Anthera Icevis. The greatest part of flowers.<br />
Bald, glabra. Orobanche major.<br />
Downy, puhescens. Digitalis ferruginea.<br />
Shaggy, hispida, hirta. Lathrsea simplex.<br />
Fringed, ciliata. Orobanche minor, Brunella, Lavandula,<br />
Galeopsis segetum.<br />
Bearded, barhata. Having a tuft of hairs in some peculiar<br />
part. Pedicularis, Acanthium, Carpinus.<br />
Glanduliferous, glandidifera. Having glands. Cardiaca<br />
vulgaris, Marrubium Hispanicum, Molucella levis.<br />
6. Lobes.<br />
One-lobed, Anthera uniloha. Pinus, Larix, Cupressus,<br />
Juniperus, Thuya.— In pinus, larix, abies, the anthers appear<br />
to be two-lobed, because, as they are fixed two together<br />
upon scales that appear like filaments, they resemble the<br />
two lobes of a single anther; but their analogy to other<br />
plants show that they are two single distinct anthers.<br />
Two-lobed, biloba. The generality of plants. PI. 11,<br />
fig. 15, 19 and 20.<br />
Many-lobed, multiloba. Taxus.<br />
7. Cells.<br />
One- celled, Anthera unilocularis. Cycas, Larix, Cupressus,<br />
Juniperus, Thuya.<br />
Two-celled, bilocularis. Orchis, Ephedra.<br />
Four-celled, quadrilocularis. Most plants.<br />
Many-celled, multiloadaris. Taxus.<br />
L 2
148<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
^ Fertile, fertiUs, fecunda. Containing pollen. Most<br />
plants.<br />
Barren, sterilis. Kot containing pollen. Five stamens<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ]49<br />
Diverging, divergentes. When they are nearer together<br />
at one end than at the other. Digitalis.<br />
Distant, remoti. Kept at a distance from one another,<br />
either by the filament. Begonia dichotoma ; or by the connective,<br />
Salvia, Melissa grandiflora.<br />
Two-sided, lilaterales. Separated from one another bybeing<br />
placed on different sides of the filament. Koempferia,<br />
Begonia dichotoma, or of the filament, Tradescantia<br />
Virginica.<br />
5[ Alike, similes. Not differing from one another. Most<br />
flowers.<br />
Unlike, dissimiles. Most salviae.<br />
Connective.<br />
Long, Connectivum extensum. Of a notable length.<br />
Salvia, Melastoma.<br />
Loose, taxum. Separating the lobes so that they do not<br />
touch. Melissa grandiflora.<br />
Contracted, corUractum. Very short, and the lobes close<br />
together. Lilium.<br />
None, nullum. The anther being inserted immediately<br />
upon the filament, or some part of the flower. Gramineae,<br />
Aristolochia, Acetosa pratensis.<br />
Pollen.<br />
Powdery, Pollen pulvendentum. Composed of many<br />
distinct utricles, like a fine dust.<br />
^ Elastic, elasticum. Lengthens when pulled, and contracts<br />
itself again. Orchis, Limodorum.<br />
Horny, corneum.<br />
Asclepias.<br />
In a hard mass, flexible like horn.<br />
Grumous, grumosum, granulatum. Composed of many<br />
corpuscles united together, and placed on a receptacle<br />
these corpuscles, attached to an axis, are squeezed together<br />
so as to form an ovoid mass, parted in two by a longitudinal<br />
groove. Orchis, Ophrys, Satyrium. PL 12, fig. 9 and 10.<br />
Lobed, lohaium. The pollen mass is divided into several<br />
lobes. Limodorum.<br />
Synstigmatic, synstigmaticum. The pollen mass is terminated<br />
below by a thread having at its end a corpuscle<br />
which adheres to the stigma. Many orchidese and ascle-<br />
piadeee.<br />
^ Sea-green, glaucum. Some irides.<br />
Whitish, albidum. Actaea spicata. Salvia formosa.<br />
Yellowish, ^aye^cewJ. Impatiens palustris.<br />
;
150 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Yellow. ^oi7^m. Lilium album.<br />
Sulphur-colour, sulphureum. Pinus.<br />
Orange-colour, aurantiacum. Lilium croceum.<br />
Blue, ccEruleum. Epilobium angustifolium.<br />
Utricles.<br />
Agglutinated, Utr'icitli agglut'mati. Connected together<br />
by a moist humour. Serapias.<br />
Tied, ligati. Attached by threads. Azalea viscosa,<br />
CEnothera.<br />
% Smooth, IcEves. Asphodelus fistulosus, Vicia hirsuta.<br />
Shaggy, hispidi. Covered with fine points. Malva mi-<br />
niata, Cucurbita esculenta.<br />
Thorny, miiricuti. Covered with points, strong in proportion<br />
to their size. Hibiscus Syriacus.<br />
% Globular, sphcerici. Phleum nodosum, Malva miniata.<br />
Hibiscus Syriacus, Cucurbita esculenta.<br />
Egglike, ovoidei. Impatiens Balsamina.<br />
Oblong, ohtoncri. Anethum segetum.<br />
Nearly cylindrical, sulcyUndrici. Cerinthe major.<br />
Kidneyshape, reniformes. Commelina tuberosa.<br />
Angular, angulati. Tropaeolum majus.<br />
Three-lobed, trilohi. Serapias longifolia.<br />
Four-lobed, qiindriloli. Azalea viscosa.<br />
Twelve-sided, dodecaedri. Geropogon.<br />
Twenty-sided, icosaedri. Tragopogon.<br />
Exhausted Anther.<br />
Anthera deflorata. The state of its cells after the emission<br />
of the pollen.<br />
PISTILL.<br />
Pointal, Pistillum, — gyne, — gynos. The female organ of<br />
the plant, placed in the centre of the flower.<br />
Parts.<br />
Ovary, Germen, Ovarium. The lower part of the pistill><br />
containing the ovules. PI. II, fig. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 12.<br />
Ovules, Ovula, Ova, The rudiments of future plants,<br />
not yet impregnated. PI. 11, fig. 4.<br />
Podogyne, Podogynium. A narrow pedicell, on which<br />
the ovarium is sometimes placed. Papaver, Robinia.<br />
Gynohasis. The bottom part of the style, when it is<br />
swelled, and distinguishable from the other. PI. 11, fig. 2.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 151<br />
Style, SiyluSf Tuba, Vagina. An elongation of the<br />
ovavy supporting the stigma. PI. 11, fig. 2, 6, 7, and 9.<br />
Collectors, Colleciores. Branches of the style, or hairs,<br />
serving to irritate the anthers, cause them to discharge the<br />
pollen, and at the same time to collect it.<br />
Summit, Siigina. The part of the pistill which is spread<br />
out, generally on the top of the style, to receive the fecundating<br />
powder of the anthers. PL 11, fig, 2, 6, 7, 8,9,<br />
and 10.<br />
Cornua. The branches of the stigma.<br />
Siyliscus, Chorda pistillaris, Vasa adducentia aurce seminalis.<br />
Fibrelike vessels passing from the stigma to the<br />
ovules. PI. 11, fig. 4.<br />
Ovary.<br />
Single, Ovarium unicum. Convolvuli, Cruciferae, Papa-<br />
veracese. PI. 11, fig. 6 and 7.<br />
Manifold, multiplex. Several in the same flower. , La-<br />
biatae, Ranunculacese. PI. 11, fig. 2 and 3.<br />
% Free, calici inadherens, liberum, superum. Not having<br />
any adhesion to the calyx or perigonium ; being attached<br />
to the flower by its bottom only. Lilium, Labiatse, Cruci-<br />
ferse, Papaveracese, Ranunculacese, Leguminosse. PI. 10,<br />
fig. 1 and 4.<br />
Semi-adherent, scmi-adherens. Connected to the calyx<br />
or perigonium at bottom, but not in its upper part.<br />
fraga granulata, S. casrulea.<br />
Saxi-<br />
Adherent, adherens, inferum. Enveloped within the calyx,<br />
or perigonium, only the limb of the calyx surmounting<br />
the whole. Narcisseae, Iridese, Rubiacese, Caprifoliacese,<br />
Umbelliferse.<br />
% Raised, sullatum. Placed on a gynophore, or narrowed<br />
into a podogyne.<br />
minosse.<br />
Most caryophyllese, many legu-<br />
Sessile, sessile. Having neither gynophore nor podogyne.<br />
Lilium, Prunus, Saururus.<br />
% One- celled, uniloculare. The interior cavity not divided<br />
by any partition.<br />
Juglans.<br />
Anagallis, Dianthus, Amygdalus,<br />
Celled, pluriloculare. The interior cavity divided into<br />
two or more cells. Lilium, Rhododendron.<br />
^ Two-celled, hiloculare. Divided internally into two<br />
cells, either by a general partition, Cheiranthus, or two<br />
partial ones, Syringa, Ruellia.
152 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Half-two-celled, sul-liloadare. With partitions that do<br />
not entirely join, but leave a small interval between them.<br />
Three-celled, triloculare. Lilium, Tulipa, Convolvulus,<br />
Euphorbia,<br />
Four-celled, quadriloadare.<br />
Many-celled, midtiloculare. Citrus Medica, Cassia fistula.<br />
Gaping at top, h'ndcum. Open at top while the plant<br />
is in flower. Parnassia, Reseda, Datisca.<br />
'<br />
51 One-styled, monostyhim. Having only one style.<br />
Convolvulus, Cynoglossum, Prunus, Rosa.<br />
Two-styled,<br />
Gypsophila.<br />
distylum, Apium, Dianthus, Saponaria,<br />
Three-styled, tristylum. Acetosa scutata, A. pratensis,<br />
Hypericum<br />
PL 11, fig. 6.<br />
perforatum, Silene, Cucubalus, Arenaria.<br />
Four-styled, teirasiylum. Spinacia.<br />
Five-styled, pentastylum. Statice pulchellum, Lychnis,<br />
Agrostemma, Cerastium, Spergula, Linum.<br />
Many-styled, polystylum. Phytolacca, Illicium.<br />
Style-less, acephahun. Not having any styles. Labiatae,<br />
Ochnaceffi.<br />
The form of the ovary admits most of the distinctions<br />
of the pericarpium.<br />
The number of the cells, and the number or position of<br />
the ovules, are not the same in the ovary as in the ripe<br />
fruit, on account of the abortions that take place.<br />
Style.<br />
Single, Stylus unicus. When there is only one style to<br />
one ovary, Lilium, Centaurea, Compositse, Citrus; or to<br />
many ovaries, Labiatse, Boragineae, Apocynese.<br />
Many, multiplex. Many styles upon a single ovary.<br />
Phytolacca.<br />
None, mdhis. Paeonia, Crambe maritima.<br />
^ Terminal, terminalis. On the geometric summit of<br />
the ovary, which in this case is also the organic summit.<br />
Liliacese, Apocynece, CruciferEe.<br />
Lateral, lateralis. When the organic summit on which<br />
the style is placed is on the side in respect to the geometric<br />
summit. Thymeleee, Rosaceee.<br />
Basilary, basilaris. The organic summit on which the<br />
style is placed is confounded with the base, and consequently<br />
opposite to the geometric summit. Artocarpus<br />
incisa, Hirtella Peruviana.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 153<br />
Receptacular, receptacularis. Placed upon the receptacle<br />
instead of the ovary. Borrago officinalis, Anchusa, Symphytum.<br />
Gynophorian, gynophorianus. Growing out of a prominent<br />
receptacle or gynophore. Scutellaria, Gomphia.<br />
% Very long, hngissimus. In respect to the ovary. Zea<br />
Mays, Tamarindus. PI. 11, fig. 9.<br />
Very short, hrevissimus* Asarum, Aristolochia.<br />
Included, incliisus, nun exsertus. Not appearing above<br />
the opening of the floral integuments. Narcissus, Verbena,<br />
Syringa.<br />
Exserted, exserted.<br />
_<br />
Rising above<br />
,<br />
^<br />
the opening of the<br />
floral integuments. Salvia bicolor, Centranthus marinus,<br />
Fuchsia. PI. 8, fig. 4 ; pL 9, fig. 9.<br />
5[ Cylindrical, cylindriaLs, teres. Cynoglossum linifolium,<br />
Hypopitys lutea.<br />
Hair-like, capillaris. Cucubalus bacciferus.<br />
j^/j/brrww. Vicia tetrasperma, Helesia te-<br />
, Thread-like,<br />
traptera.<br />
Awlshape, sululatus. Slender, and growing narrower<br />
from the base to the tip, which ends in a point. Allium<br />
album.<br />
Three-sided, trigonus. Lilium bulbiferum, L. croceum,<br />
Ornithogalum luteum, Pisuni.<br />
Swordshape, ensiformis, Canna.<br />
Cliibshape, claviformis, clavatus. Leucojum eestivum.<br />
Conical, conicus. Lecythis.<br />
Topshape, turhinatus. Viola Rothomagensis.<br />
Pipey, tuhulosus. Long an^l hollow along its whole<br />
length. Lilium.<br />
Funnelshape, wfundiluliformis. Hura crepitans.<br />
Petal-like, petaliformis. Thin and coloured like a blossom.<br />
Iris.<br />
5[ Bald, glaler. Lilium.<br />
Velvetty, villosus. Statice pulchella, Echium vulgare.<br />
Bearded, larlaius. Salvia formosa.<br />
, •[[ Upright, verticalis. Relative to the ovary. Lilium,<br />
Nicotiana, Vinca rosea.<br />
Straight, rectilineus, rectus. Without any bending. Lilium,<br />
Nicotiana, Convolvulus inflatus, Vinca rosea.<br />
Bowed, arcuata, Amaryllis, Pisum, Phaseolus.<br />
Ascending, ascendens. Departing in an irregular flower<br />
from the axis, and growing up towards the top. Salvia,<br />
Lamium, Scutellaria alpina, Teucrium.
154 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Declining, decl'uiatus. Growing clown towards the lower<br />
side of the flower. Hemerocallis fulva, Amai^llis, jEscuIus<br />
Hippocastanum, Dictamnus albus.<br />
Spiral, spiralis. Bent in a spiral form. Glycine.<br />
Bent inwards, hijiexus^ incurvus. Bent towards the<br />
centre of the flower. Grevillea, Vicia tetrasperma.<br />
. Bent outwards, reflexus. Bent from the centre of the<br />
flower.<br />
Kneed, geniculaius. Bent suddenly, so as 'to form an<br />
angle, more or less acute. Geum urbanum.<br />
^ Simple, simplex. Without any division whatever.<br />
Cepa esculenta.<br />
Cat, ^ssus. Divided lengthways in the upper part.<br />
Two-cut, lifidus. Salicornia.<br />
Three-cut, trifidus. Gladiolus communis, Ixia Chinensis,<br />
Iris.<br />
Five-cut, quinqitefidus. Hibiscus.<br />
Many cut, mi/lltfidus. Lavatera, Malva.<br />
Parted, partilus. Divided more than halfway down.<br />
Two-parted, hipartilus. Limeum, Casuarina.<br />
Three-parted, tripartihiSy &c.<br />
Two-forked, dichotomus. Forked, and each branch<br />
forked again. Cordia, Varronia.<br />
^ Falling ofi^, caducus. Withering as soon as the fecundation<br />
is effected, and leaving no vestige on the fruit.<br />
Scilla, Prunus, Amygdalus.<br />
Persisting, persistens. Not falling off as soon as the fecundation<br />
is effected. Ornithogalum, Anagallis, Pulsatilla<br />
vulgaris. Geranium, Cruciferje, Buxus.<br />
Increasing, accrescens. Persisting, and continuing to<br />
enlarge. Pulsatilla vulgaris, Clematis, Geum.<br />
Stigma.<br />
Single, Stigma unicmn. Only one stigma to each style.<br />
Primula, Raphanus, Cleome.<br />
Double, duplex. Two stigmas to each style. Triticum,<br />
Convolvulus sepium, Dianthus.<br />
Triple, triplex. Iris, Gladiolus, Ixia, Crocus, Rheum<br />
Lapathum, Silene.<br />
Quintuple, quintuplex. Hibiscus, Campanula aurea.<br />
Sextuple, sextuplex. Aristolochia infesta.<br />
Multiple, fnulliplex. Empetrum, Nigella Hispanicum,<br />
Lavatera Malva.<br />
if Terminal, lerminale. Placed at the end of the style.<br />
Lilium, Tulipa, Mirabilis Jalapa, Vinca.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 15S<br />
Lateral, lateralis. Placed on the side of the style or<br />
ovan^, Platanaria natans, Ranunculacese, Caryophyllse,<br />
Platanus.<br />
Opposed, adversum. Turned from the centre, and facing<br />
the circumference of the flower. Cucurbitaceae.<br />
Facing inwards, inuersum. Several in each flower, turned<br />
to the centre. Ranunculacese, Saxifragese.<br />
Anterior, anterius. In an irregular flower, facing ihe<br />
fore part of the floral integuments. Orchideae.<br />
Sessile, sessile, Cleome, Parnassia.<br />
^ Fleshy, carnosiim. Thick, strong, and juicy. Lilium.<br />
Blossomlike, petalifoime. Having the appearance of a.<br />
petal. Iris,<br />
^ Globular, glohosum. Mirabilis Jalappa, Primula,<br />
Hottonia, Linnsea, Limosella.<br />
Headed, capitatum. Thick, more or less rounded.<br />
Atropa lethalis, Vinca.<br />
Hemispherical, hemisphericum. Hyoscyamus aureus,<br />
Tournefortia mutabilis. Hibiscus Syriacus.<br />
Conical, coiiicuin. Heliotropium.<br />
Egglike, ovoideum. Genipa.<br />
Clubshape, clavatum^ clav'iforme . Jasione montana.<br />
Cinchona, Epilobium tetragonum.<br />
Arrowhead-like, sagittahim. Thalictrum elatum.<br />
Lineal', lineare. Sparganium erectum, Campanula,^<br />
Dianthus, Silene.<br />
Awlshape, suhulatum. Hippuris vulgaris, Tripsacum<br />
dactyloides, Castanea vesca.<br />
ThxeaAWke^Jiliforme, capillare. Zea Mays, Casuarina.<br />
Angular, angulosum. Muntingia.<br />
Three-cornered, trigonum^ triquetrum. Tulipa sylvestris,<br />
Aibuca major, Peganum.<br />
Four-cornered, tetragonum. Ludwigia.<br />
Five-cornered, pentagonum.<br />
Dilated, dilatatmn. Spreading out in a plate from the<br />
centre to the circumference. Rumex scutatus, Orobanche<br />
major, Hura crepitans.<br />
Orbicular, orhioulare. Round and flat. Berberis, Lythrum<br />
spicatum.<br />
Bucklershape, peltatum. Fixed upon the ovary or style<br />
by its centre, and spread out into a large surface. Sibthorpia<br />
Europeea, Arbutus Unedo, Pyrola minor, Stapelia,<br />
Sarracenia, Hypopitys lutea.
156<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Radiated, radiatum. Base enlarged into a buckler, limb<br />
forming rays.<br />
phssa.<br />
Papaver somniferum, P. erraticum, >^ym-<br />
Starlike, stellatum. Cut into lobes like a star. Asarum,<br />
Pyrola uniflora, Garcinia.<br />
Umbilicated, umUlicatuni. Having a depression in the<br />
centre. Hura crepitans.<br />
Funnelshape, infundihuliforme. Koempferia longa.<br />
Perforated, perforatum. Pierced with a hole in the<br />
middle. Lilium, Viola Rothomagensis.<br />
Folded, plicatum. Limnanthes plicata.<br />
^ Hooked, uncinaium, hamatum. Bent at the end like<br />
a hook. Verbena glomerata, Colutea.<br />
Pointed, acutum. Leucojum aestivum, Salix viminalis.<br />
Blunted, ohiusum. Allium porraceum, Tulipa sylvestris,<br />
Physalis Alkekengi, Andromeda, Brassica, Crambe Tar-<br />
tarica.<br />
Truncated, truncatum. Maranta.<br />
Nicked, emarginatum. Butoraus umbellatus, Lathraea<br />
simplex, Jasione montana, Cheiranthus fruticulosus, Circaea.<br />
Halfmoonlike, semilunatzim, hmahim, lumdatum. Fumaria<br />
lutea.<br />
^ Toothed, dentatum. Hura crepitans.<br />
Fine-toothed, denticulatum. Fumaria sempervirens.<br />
Crenated, crenatum, crenulatum. With rounded cuts.<br />
Crocus sativus, Pyrola.<br />
Frino-ed, ciliated. Furnished with fine hairs on the<br />
edge. Acetosa scutata, Sanguisorba media.<br />
% Simple, simplex. Not divided. Pedicularia palustris,<br />
Borrago officinalis, Centranthus marinus.<br />
Divided, divisum. Divided more or less deeply.<br />
Jagged, laciniatiim. Xylophylla.<br />
Two-cut, hijidum. Most labiatoe, Compositse, Salix alba.<br />
Three-cut,<br />
Cneorura.<br />
trifidum. Narcissus, Phlox, Poleraonium,<br />
Four-cut,<br />
ropaeum.<br />
quadrifidum. Plumbago, Heliotropium Eu-<br />
Many-cut, multifidum. Crocus multifidus, Turnera.<br />
Two-lobed, hilohatum. Divided into two large segments.<br />
Glaucium luteum, Scrofularia sambucifolia.<br />
Three-lobed, triLohatum. Lilium, Tulipa, Campanula.<br />
Four-lobed,<br />
spicatum.<br />
quadrilohatum. Parnassia, Chamasnerion<br />
Five-lobed, quinquelolatum. Moneses grandiflora, Mat-<br />
thiola sinuata.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 157<br />
Parted, partiUim. When it is difficult to determine<br />
whether the stigma be cut or lobed.<br />
^ Two-flaked, hilamellatum. Composed of two flakes.<br />
Gratiola, Iris.<br />
Sheathing, vaginans. Composed of two flakes, one<br />
sheathing the other. Sideritis.<br />
^ With a ring of hairs, annido villoso instructum. Lobelia.<br />
With a glandular ring, annulo glanduloso instructum.<br />
Tournefortia mutabilis.<br />
With a membranaceous border, limlo memhranaceo instructum.<br />
Vinca rosea.<br />
With a membranaceous pitcher, urceolo memhranaceo instructum-.<br />
Scsevola.<br />
% Upright, erectum. Long, and in the direction of the<br />
axis of the flower. Statice pulchella.<br />
Oblique, ohliquum. Not in the direction of the axis.<br />
Actsea.<br />
Twisted, torturn. Bent like a corkscrew, or twisted<br />
pillar. Nigella Hispanica, Begonia.<br />
Bent inwards, injiexum. Maranta, Goodenia.<br />
Revolute, turned outwards, rejiexum, recurvum. Bent<br />
towards the circumference of the flower. Many campanulse,<br />
Acer majus, Chamaenerion spicatum.<br />
•[f Bald, glalrum. Castanea vesca.<br />
Velvety, velutinum. Glaucium luteum, Hyoscyamus<br />
aureus.<br />
Downy, puhescens. Acer majus, Platanus.<br />
Villous, villosiim. Tripsacum, Gramineae, Myriophyllum<br />
spicatum.<br />
Hairpencil-like, penicilliforme. Covered with hairs collected<br />
together like a painter's brush. Triglochin marl*<br />
timum, Oxyria rotundifolia.<br />
Bottlebrushlike, aspergilliforme. Hairs disposed in<br />
whirls round an axis, like a bottlebrush, holywater sprinkle,<br />
or gunbrush. Arundo vallatoria. Many other gramineae.<br />
Feathery, plumosum. Hairs placed along the sides like<br />
the vanes of a feather. Avena elati6r, and many other<br />
graminese. PL 1 1, fig. 7.<br />
Granular, granulosum. Covered with small nipplelike<br />
rains. Mirabilis Jalapa, Convolvulus inflatus,<br />
f<br />
tosa-Sinensis, H. Syriacus.<br />
Hibiscus<br />
Viscous, viscosum. Nicotiana fruticosa.<br />
Furrowed, sulcatum. Salix rosea, Musa.
158 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
The colour of the stis;ma ouoht also to be observed.<br />
It IS sometimes difficult to distinguish between the style<br />
and the stigma, especially when the stigma is lateral as in<br />
colutea.<br />
GYNOSTEMIUM.<br />
Column, Columna, Pistillum antheriferum. A sexual organ<br />
formed hy the union of those of the two sexes into one columnar<br />
mass. PI. 12, fig. 2, S, 4, 6, and 8.<br />
Parts.<br />
Filaments, Synema. The part that appears to support<br />
the male organs.<br />
Stigma, Gynizus. The moist and viscous surface of the<br />
female organ. PL 12, fig. 2 a; 4- b ; 6 c; 8 d.<br />
Rosiellum. An elongation of the stigma above the<br />
gynizus, frequently covering it. PJ. 12, fig. 6 e.<br />
Caudicle, Caudicula. The pedicell, or solid filament,<br />
that carries the pollen masses. PI. 12, fig. 1 b ; 5 a.<br />
Retinacle, Retinaculum. The globular, viscous body to<br />
which the caudicles are attached, and by which the pollen<br />
masses are connected together. PI. 12, fig. la; 5 b.<br />
Clmandrum. The cavity in the upper part of the gymnostemium<br />
above or behind the gynizus, in which the anthers<br />
or pollen masses are lodged. PI. 12, fig. 2, e; 4 f<br />
Locellus. The particular cavity in which each anther or<br />
pollen mass is lodged. PI. 12, fig. 2 e.<br />
Pollen mass, Anther Linnaeus, Massa pollinica, Anthera,<br />
The whole mass of pollen, or naked anther. PI. 12.<br />
fig. 1 c, d ; 2 e ; 4 f.<br />
Massula. The two separate pieces of which each pollen<br />
mass is composed in some genera. PL 12, fig. 9 and 10.<br />
Septulum. The division between the two locelli. PL 12,<br />
fig. 2 f ; 4 g.<br />
Proscolla. The glandular swelling at the top or middle<br />
of the rostellum, secreting a viscous humour, which enables<br />
the pollen masses to slide down, when the clinandrium<br />
opens. PL 12, fig. 2 c; 5 b.<br />
Staminodium. Appendages which appear to be abortive<br />
anthers. PI. 12, fig.2 d; 3 e; 4 e; 6 f g.<br />
Bursicle, Bursiada. The end of the rostellum forming<br />
a hollow in which the retinacle nestles. PL 12, fig. 2b; 4 a.<br />
As this construction is found only in the orchideas, it is<br />
needless to mention the several variations ; the principal<br />
.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 159<br />
ones will occur in the explanation of the twelfth plate.<br />
The Orchidece are the 2 1 st family of the second series, and<br />
are described in vol. ii. p. 197 to 215.<br />
RECEPTACLE OF THE FLOWER.<br />
Receptaculum, Torus, Sedes floris. Thalamus, Discus, —<br />
thalamum— clinium. The expanded point of the peduncle<br />
from which the several parts of the flower arise.<br />
Contracted, Receptacidum contractum. The dimension<br />
being small.—The limits of the receptacle are the points<br />
from whence the corolla arises, if there is one, or the<br />
sexual organs, if there is not any corolla.<br />
Dilated, dilatatum, latum. Potentilla.<br />
Flat, planum. Potentilla.<br />
Hollow, cavum. Rosa.<br />
Convex, convexum. Rubus.<br />
Prominent, with a gynophore, prominens, gynophoratum.<br />
Having a prominent projection, or gynophore. Cleome,<br />
Reseda, Dianthus, Silene.<br />
Gynophore.<br />
Carpophore, Gynophorum, Carpophorum. A prominency<br />
arisingfrom the receptacle^ supporting the pistill.<br />
One-styled, Gynophorum monosiylum. Supporting a<br />
single ovary. Cleome, Dianthus, Silene.<br />
Many-styled, polystylum. Myosurus, Ranunculus, Gomphia<br />
nitida.<br />
Stamen-bearing, staminiferum. Supporting the stamens<br />
also. Thalictrum, Cleome pentaphylla, Silene, Passiflora.<br />
Blossom-bearing, corolliferum. Supporting the petals<br />
also. Dianthus, Silene.<br />
^ Conical, conicum.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindricum.<br />
Hemispherical, hemisphericum.<br />
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the gynophore<br />
and the nectary.<br />
Disk.<br />
Discus. A protuberance on the receptacle of the flower,<br />
from whence the petals and stamens arise. Rhamnus,<br />
—
160<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
GONOPHORE.<br />
Gonophorum. An elongation of the receptacle of the<br />
flower, from whence the stamens and pistills arise. Annonacese,<br />
Magnoliaceae.<br />
Anthophore.<br />
Anthophorum. An elongation of the receptacle of the<br />
flower, arising from the bottom of the calyx, and throwing<br />
out by the petals, stamens, and pistills. Caryophylleae,<br />
especially in Silene.<br />
:<br />
Thecaphore.<br />
Thecaphorum, Basigynium. A gynophore from whence<br />
only one ovary arises. Phaca, Cleome.<br />
POLYPHORE.<br />
Polypliorum. A gynophore from whence several ovaries<br />
arise. Fragaria.<br />
NECTARY.<br />
Nectarium. A glandular organ, situated upon the receptacle<br />
ofthejiower, distilling peculiar juices.<br />
Position.<br />
On the receptacle, Nectarium epiclinum. To which belong<br />
the following variations<br />
Gynobasic, gynohasicum. Growing under the ovary,<br />
and not extending beyond it. Labiatse, Ruta, Cneorum<br />
tricoccum.<br />
Epigynophoric, epigynophoricum. Placed under the<br />
ovary, on the top of the gynophore. Cucubalus.<br />
Contracted, contractum. Under the ovary, and not<br />
wider than it. Aurantiacese, Cneorum tricoccum.<br />
Marginal, marginans. Broader than the base of the<br />
ovary. Menyanthes, Boraginese, Rhamnus. PI. 1 1 . fig. 5.<br />
Adherent, adherens. The edge extends along the surface<br />
of the ovary, and is united with it throughout its whole<br />
extent. Lyciura, Physalis Alkekengi, Convolvulus—sometimes<br />
this nectary can only be distinguished from the ovary<br />
by its diiferent colour, and glandular appearance.<br />
Half-adherent, semi-adherens. The edge adheres only<br />
to the bottom of the ovary, and is free at the upper part.<br />
Melampyrum, Scrofularia.<br />
Free, liherum. The edge not connected with the ovary.<br />
Menyanthes.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 161<br />
One-sided, urdlateral. Attached to one side only of the<br />
ovary. Melampyrum arvense, Saxifraga sarmentosa.<br />
Peristomic, peristomicum. Spread over the receptacle,<br />
as far as the place from whence the stamens arise. S^pin-<br />
deae, Myrtese, Rosaceae, Leguminosse. — This nectary is<br />
found only in flowers whose calyces are gamosepalous and<br />
stamens perigynous, or in those which have only a single<br />
floral integument of one piece; and seems to push the<br />
stamens towards the opening of the calyx or perigonium.<br />
Periandric, periandricum. Placed round the stamens.<br />
Xylophylla raontana. — Found only in monadelphous<br />
flowers.<br />
Peripetalic, peripetaliim. Surrounding the corolla. Chironia<br />
frutescens.<br />
^ Epigynous, epigynum. Placed upon the ovary.<br />
Cornus, Rubiaceae, Umbelliferae, Cucurbita esculenta.<br />
Crowning, coronans. Forming a crown upon the ovary.<br />
Compositse, Astrantia.—When this nectary is situated on<br />
the junction of the ovary with the calyx, it is difficult to<br />
distinguish it from a peristomic nectary. Campanula.<br />
Expanding, expansum. Extended upon the top of the<br />
ovary. Saxifraga hypnoides.<br />
2. Form.<br />
Gynophore-like, Nectarium gynophoro'ideum. Rising up<br />
the ovary, like a gynophore. Creorum tricoccum, Zygophyllum<br />
Morgsana, Corchorus hirsutus.—This is usually<br />
of a closer and more glandular texture than a true gynophore.<br />
Disk-like, discoideum, disciforme. Flat, orbicular, and<br />
serving as a basis for the ovary to rest upon. Gratiola<br />
officinalis.<br />
Ringlike, annular'mm. In form of a ring. Scrofularia<br />
sambucifolia, Cestrum, Polemonium vulgare, Chironia<br />
frutescens, Passiflora caerulea. PI. 11, fig. 4.<br />
Sack-like, sacelliforme. Forming a purse in which the<br />
ovary is placed until it is fully grown. Balanites .^gyp-<br />
tiaca.<br />
Scale-like, sqiiamiforme. In the form of a scale. Gre-<br />
villea.<br />
Bunched, gihhosum. Swelled out upon one side. Salvia.<br />
Beaked, rostratum. Lengthened out in a beak upon<br />
one side. Scutellaria. PI. 11, fig. 12.<br />
Fine-toothed, denticulatiim. The edge divided into small<br />
teeth. Datura, Tatula.<br />
VOL. I. M
162 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Sinuated, sinuatum. Cut into sinuses, the divisions not<br />
being very deep. Cobea scandens.<br />
Lobed, lohatum. Cuts very deep.<br />
Two-lobed, hilohatum.<br />
Three-lobed, trilobatum. And so forth.<br />
3. Duration.<br />
Persisting, Nectarmm persistens. Remaining after the<br />
ripening of the fruit. Cobea scandens.<br />
Vanishing, evanescens. Becoming smaller as the fruit<br />
ripens, and disappearing at last. Saxifraga hypnoides.<br />
Nectariferous Flakes.<br />
LamincB nectarifero', Glandulcp nectariferce. Small<br />
rounded flakes, performing the office of nectaries. Cotyledon<br />
and some other crassulacess, Crambe, Biscutella and<br />
other cruciferae, Hypericum jEgyptiacum, Xylophylla<br />
montana, Jatropha pandursefolia.—Tilia alba.<br />
APPENDAGES TO THE FLOWER.<br />
Nectaria Linnceus, Appendicula florum. All those anomalous<br />
integuments or organs, not included in the heforementioned<br />
parts ; some of ivhieh appear to he abortive organs j<br />
others to he destinedfor the secretion of peculiar Juices ; and<br />
a third set to he formedfor the sake of variety, and of affording<br />
means to distinguish the several races and families of<br />
vegetables ; so that a polylheist ivlio should consider the work<br />
creation to he performed by subordinate agents, under the<br />
of<br />
inspectio?! of The Supreme, might reasonably infer them to he<br />
mint marksfor each agent to recog?iize his ow?i handywork.<br />
Spur, Calcar, Froductum, Nectarotheca,—cenlhrum. A<br />
hornlike or tubular projection of one of the floral integu-<br />
ments ; as of the calyx, Balsamine ; of the corolla, Linaria<br />
or of the perigonium, Orchidese: it generally contains a<br />
nectariferous gland.<br />
Bunch, Gibbositas. A very short and obtuse spur.<br />
Cornet, Hood, Helmet, Cornu, Capulum, Galea. Broad<br />
spurs resembling the articles mentioned.<br />
Perapetalum, Nectarilyma. Any appendages attached<br />
to the corolla or its petals. - Menyanthes.<br />
Peraphyllum. Any appendages attached to the calyx^<br />
or to the perigonium. Soda.<br />
Scutellaria j<br />
;
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 163<br />
Crown, Cup, Corona, Scyphus, Paracorolla. A kind of<br />
corolla placed within the real corolla, or corollalike perigonium.<br />
Narcissus.<br />
Parapetala. Apparent petals seated within the true petals.<br />
Helleborus.—They appear to be abortive stamens.<br />
Parastades. Barren filaments, composed of cells in<br />
divers rows, situated between the petals and the stamens.<br />
Passiflora, Sparmannia.<br />
Nectaristigmata. Coloured spots at the base of the<br />
petals. Papaver.<br />
Scales, Sc/uamce. Small appendages to flowers.<br />
Periphyllia, Appendices. Scales surrounding the ovary.<br />
Gramineae.<br />
LamellcB. Scales, or petal-like appendages upon the<br />
corolla. Silene, Nerium, Oleander.<br />
Parastyli, Prospliyses. Abortive or imperfect pistills,<br />
mixed with the perfect ones.<br />
Paracarpium. An abortive or imperfect ovary ; or that<br />
part of a male floWer where the ovary would be placed, if<br />
it were hermaphrodite.<br />
Parastamina. Abortive stamina, or parts which resemble<br />
stamina, but do not perform their office.<br />
Perisponim. Filaments surrounding the ovary. Cype-<br />
raceaea.<br />
Lepisma. A membranaceous or slightly fleshy scale at<br />
the base of the ovary. Pseonia, Aquilegia vulgaris : these<br />
appear to be in some cases abortive stamens, in others expansions<br />
of the receptacle, which latter sometimes entirely<br />
surround the ovary. Paeonia Moutan papaveracea.<br />
Sarcoma. A fleshy part, of various shape, either surrounding<br />
the ovary, or placed near it. Cobaea.<br />
Urceohis, Perigynium. A small cartilaginous, or membranaceous<br />
bladder, surrounding the ovary, and open at<br />
top, to let the style pass through. Carex. Some call this<br />
a nectary, although it does not secrete a nectareous juice;<br />
others a corolla, although it is seated within the stamens<br />
others a capsule, although it is no part of the pistill or<br />
fruit ; others a lodicule.<br />
Hood, Siylotegium. A hollowing out of the united filaments<br />
of the stamens, covering the ovary like a hood.<br />
Asclepiadeee.<br />
Saccus, Corona, Stylotegium. Filaments of the stamens<br />
united together. Stapelia.<br />
Horns, Cornua. The hornlike appendages by which<br />
the stylotegium is terminated. Stapelia.<br />
m2<br />
;
y^4^<br />
' INTRODUCTION<br />
TO BOTANY.<br />
Beak, Rostrum. Cornu clavatum. The upright points<br />
of the horns. Stapelia.<br />
Wing, Ala, Appendix. A compressed appendage on the<br />
back of the stylotegium. Stapelia.<br />
Tongues, Lingulce. Appendages from the bottom of th^<br />
stylotegium, alternating with the horns, and resting upon<br />
the corolla. Stapelia.<br />
Shield, Scutum. A circular disk surrounding the stylotegium.<br />
Stapelia.<br />
FRUIT.<br />
Fructus,—carpon. The ovary arrived at its maturity.<br />
Ge?ieral Distinctions.<br />
Simple, Fructus simplex. Coming from a single ovary.<br />
Ceraaus.<br />
Compound, compositus, multiplex. Arising from several<br />
ovaries, all belonging to the same flower. Rubus.<br />
Aggregated, aggregatus. Arising from several ovaries<br />
originally belonging to different flowers. Morus.<br />
5[ Autocarpicus. Growing without adhering to any organs,<br />
or being covered by them.<br />
Heterocarpicus. Conjoined to other parts that alter its<br />
appearance.<br />
Pseudocarpiais. Hidden by the surrounding parts, which<br />
appear to constitute the fruit itself.<br />
^ Gymnocarpicus. Naked, without any cover. Cerasus.<br />
Angiocarpicus. Enclosed in a cover, either a cupule, Quercus<br />
; aggregated bractese, Pinus, Larix ; or an involucrum,<br />
Compositae.<br />
Carpelle, Carpellum, Chorion, The separate parts of a<br />
compound fruit ai'ising from each ovary.<br />
Carpidium. The separate fruits, in an aggregated fruit,<br />
that arise from each flower.<br />
Pericarp, Pericarpium, Conceptaadum seminum. That<br />
part of the fruit that contains the seeds.<br />
InduvicB, Induvice florales, Folliculi. Parts of the flowers<br />
that remain and accompany the pericarp.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. l6B<br />
PSEUDOSPERMIC FRUITS.<br />
Naked seeds, Fructus pseudospermi, Fructus carcerulares,<br />
Semina nuda. Simple fruits, not opening of themselves<br />
when ripe, co?itaini?ig only a single seed, or at most<br />
lut Jew, and having the pericarp so exactly joined to the<br />
seed) that the latter appears to have only its own covers.<br />
Cariopsis.<br />
Seed, Grain, Cerio, Cerium. F^-uit simple, dry, one"<br />
seeded, with the pericarp strictly united to the proper covers<br />
of the seed. Graminese. PL IS, fig. 1, 2 and 3.<br />
Globular, Cariopsis glolulosa. Panicum Italicum.<br />
Roundish, suhroiunda. Zea Mays, Holcus succulentus.<br />
Oblong, ohlo7iga. Triticum,<br />
Grooved, canaliculata. Hollowed out in a groove,<br />
Triticum, Secale, Avena, Hordeum.<br />
^ Beaked, rostrata. Having a kind of beak or point at<br />
top, the remains of the style. Phleum pratense.<br />
Two-beaked, hirostrata. Having two points or beaks at<br />
top. Briza, Ehrharta panicea.<br />
% Enveloped, induviata, glumelld tecta. Enveloped in a<br />
persistent glumelle. Oryza sativa.<br />
Naked, nuda. Zea Mays.<br />
Akenium.<br />
Seed, Achsena, Achenium, Akena, Acenium, Cypsela.<br />
Fruit simple, one-seeded, usually dry, the pericarp more or<br />
less intimately united with the proper covers of the seed, and<br />
with the tube of the calyx. Compositse. PI. 13, fig. 4, 5, 6.<br />
Egglike, Akenium ovoideum. Balliera.<br />
Reverse egglike, ohovoideum. In form of an egg, the<br />
small end being the basis. Hippophsestum vulgare, Ono-^<br />
pordum vulgare, Polymnia.<br />
Topshape, turUnatum. Galardia, Agriphyllum, Galinsaga<br />
triloba.<br />
Three-sided, trigonum. Baltimora.<br />
Compressed, compressum. Flattened sideways. Careopsis^<br />
Zinnia, Silphium, Bellis.<br />
Bent, curvatum. Tragopogon pratense. Calendula.<br />
Angular, angulatum. Sigesbeckia.<br />
"Winged, alatum. Having a thin, broad edge. Achillea<br />
millefolia, Ximenesia encelioides.
166 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
•[ Drupe-like, drupeolatum. Having a succulent sarcocarp<br />
resembling that of a drupeole, Clibadium.<br />
^ Pappous. papposujn, lam/gi?i0ium. The edge of the<br />
top having hairs or bristles, the remains of the limb of the<br />
calyx. Taraxacum vulgare, Lactuca, Carduus, Senecio,<br />
Inula, Aster.<br />
Awned at the tip, apice aristatum. Having awlshape<br />
awns at the tip. Coreopsis, Bidens.<br />
Two-horned, licorne. Having two hornlike points at<br />
top. Silphium.<br />
Chafiv' at the tip, ap'ice paleaceum. Having at top small<br />
scales or chaffs, not sufficiently numerous to form a pappus.<br />
Helianthus.<br />
Two-chaffed, hipaleaceum.<br />
Three- chaffed, tr'ipaleaceiim.<br />
Fringed at the tip, apice ciliata. With hairs like eyelashes.<br />
Echinops.<br />
Margined at top, apice marginalum. Having a membranous<br />
ring round the edge of the tip. Cotula, Tanacetura<br />
Matricaria vulgaris, Anthemis tinctoria, Pyrethrum<br />
inodorum.<br />
Notched at top, apice emarginntum. Silphium Encelia.<br />
Narrow-necked, colliferum. Narrowed at top, and surrounded<br />
by a pappus. Taraxacum.<br />
Bald., unarmed, calvum, niuticum. Having neither pappus<br />
nor any other remains of the calyx. Lapsana communis,<br />
Hippophasstum vulgare, Tanacetum, Artemisia,<br />
Anthemis, Leucanthemum vulgare.<br />
The calyx sometimes forms a double crown of two different<br />
kinds.<br />
Collum.<br />
Stipes, Pedilis. The narrow elongated tip of the akenium,<br />
destined to support the pappus.<br />
Pappus.<br />
Lanugo. The liml of the abortive calyx that surmounts<br />
the akeniujn in many plants. PL 13, fig. 5.<br />
Sessile, Pappus sessilis. When the limb of the calyx<br />
which forms the pappus is not contracted at bottom.<br />
Hieracium, Sonchus, Centaurea, Carduus, Senecio, Erigeron<br />
Cineraria. PI. 13, fig. 5.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 16^<br />
Pedicelled, pedilalus, stipiiatus. When the pappus is<br />
placed upon an ovary that is contracted and drawn out<br />
into a pedile or stipes. Taraxacum vulgare, Tragopogon,<br />
Lactuca.<br />
Simple, simplex, pilosits, pilaris. The hairs which form<br />
the pappus appear to the naked eye to have neither teeth<br />
nor branches. Lactuca, Sonchus, Centaurea, Erigeron,<br />
Senecio.<br />
Feathery, plumosus, ramosus. The hairs having other<br />
hairs upon them. Taraxacum vulgare, Achyrophorus ra-<br />
dicatus, Urospermum picroides.<br />
Silky, sericeus. Composed of soft, brilliant hairs, like<br />
silk. Lactuca, Sonchus.<br />
Bristly, setosus. Composed of stiff hairs like hog's<br />
bristles. Hyoseris hedypnois, Arctium major.<br />
Chaff-like, paleaceus. Composed of small narrow chaffs,<br />
Cyanus vulgaris, Phrygia nigra, Bidens tripartita.<br />
Equal, cequalis. All the hairs are of equal length. Most<br />
Pappi-<br />
. .<br />
Unequal, mcequalis.<br />
, .<br />
Some of the hau's<br />
, , ,<br />
longer than the<br />
others. Picris hieracioides, Serratula tinctoria, Cyanus<br />
vulgaris, Onopordium vulgare.<br />
Wanting, nnlius. The calyx has no pappus. Lapsana,<br />
Tanacetum.—This is only used when the plant has a considerable<br />
analogy to those that are pappose.<br />
Ckemocarpium.<br />
Fruit, Polakena, Polachena, Carpadelium. Fruit simple,<br />
composed of tivo cells, or coques united, and shut iip i?i the<br />
calyx, but separable lengthivays ivhen ripe. Umbelliferse.<br />
PI. ] 3, fig. 7 and 8.<br />
Sphserical, Cremocarpiuin sphcericum. Coriandrum sativum.<br />
Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Carum officinale, ^thusa tenui-<br />
folia.<br />
Egglike, ovoideum, ovatum. Bupleurum.<br />
Oblong, oblongum. Myrrhis odorata.<br />
Awlshape, subulatum. Sandix vulgaris.<br />
Orbicular, orbiculare. Tordylium.<br />
Compressed sideways, utroque latere compressuvi. Carum<br />
vulgare, Apium, Smyrnium vulgare.<br />
Compressed on the two faces, utrdquefacie compressum,<br />
Cicuta, Smyrnium vulgare.<br />
Angular, angulosum. Smyrnium vulgare, Myrrhis odo-<br />
rata.<br />
^
168<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
"Winged, alatum. Laserpitum triquetrum.<br />
Crowned, coronaium. The limb of the calyx left and<br />
forming a crown on the summit. QEnanthe, Coriandrum<br />
sativum.<br />
5[ Indivisible, impartibile. When the fruit of an umbelliferous<br />
plant is not separable into two cells— Sanicula<br />
Marylandica—A very rare case, referred here by analogy.<br />
Two-partible, bipartibile. Partible into two cells. Most<br />
umbelliferae.<br />
Latuscules.<br />
Latusculse. The external surface of the cells, or coques^<br />
opposed to that by which they are united. PL 1 3, fig. 7 d.<br />
Convex, Latusculce convexce. Bolax, Cachrys.<br />
Turgid, turgidcB. Smyrnium.<br />
Contracted, con'tractce. Pimpinella, Sison.<br />
Bent in and wrinkly, introfiexo rugulosce. Hasselquistia.<br />
Flattened, explanatcR. Spread out into a membranaceous<br />
margin.<br />
5[ Uncut, integrce. Mulinum.<br />
Nicked, emarginatcB. Pastinaca, Heracleum Sphondylium.<br />
Winged, alatce. Imperatoria, Angelica.<br />
Crenulated, creindatce. Hasselquistia.<br />
Toothed, denticidatce. Hasselquistia.<br />
Thickened, incrassatce. Tordylium.<br />
Ringed, annulatce. Cachrys dichotomum.<br />
Sinuatedly lobed, s'muato-lobatcB. Artedia.<br />
Glochidated, gloch'idaicB. Drusa.<br />
Commissures.<br />
Commissuree. The internal faces of the cells, or cogues,<br />
which are next to each other, before the fruit is parted^<br />
Ph IS, fig. 7 c, c.<br />
Flat, Commissurce plance. ^Ethusa.<br />
Streaked, striatce. Exoacantha.<br />
Convex, convexcE. Angelica.<br />
Ribbed, costata. Fischera.<br />
Concave, concavce. Hollow, with a membrane spread<br />
over it. Coriandrum sativum.<br />
Furrowed, sulcatce. Chaerophyllum.<br />
Holed, ybra/rt?. Coriandrum testiculatum.<br />
Smooth, cequahiles.<br />
Transversely wrinkled, transversim i-uguloso-lamellatce,<br />
Artedia,
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 169<br />
Raphe.<br />
The line of junction of the two cells, or cogues, of a cremocarpium.<br />
Plain, Raphe simplex. Cachrys odontalgica.<br />
Straight, rectiliiiea.<br />
Narrowed, attenuata.<br />
Acute, acuta.<br />
Blunt, ohtusa.<br />
Thickened, incrassata.<br />
Ribbed, costat a. Coriandrum sativum.<br />
"Waved, undulata. Tordylium.<br />
Wrinkled, rugulosa. Cachrys microcarpa.<br />
Sinuatedly waved, sinuato-undiilata. Artedia.<br />
Toothed, denticulata.<br />
Bristly, setosa. Scandix.<br />
Marginal, marginalis. Imperatoria.<br />
Nearly axile, subaxilis. The cells being contiguous to<br />
each other by their flat sides, either about the middle of<br />
the commissure or behind the axis. Mulinum.<br />
Lateral, lateralis. The axis being in the narrowest part<br />
of the fruit, which is compressed sideways. Hydrocotyle,<br />
Smyrnium.<br />
Spermapodium.<br />
The axis thai is between and supports the two cells, or cogues<br />
of a cremocarpium of the umbellifercej usually 2-parted at<br />
top. PI. 13, fig. 7 a.<br />
Spermapodop hore<br />
Sperraapodophorum. The thickened bottom part of the<br />
axis. PI. 13, fig. 7 f.<br />
Vallecules.<br />
Valleculee. Depressions between the ribs, stricp, 2^c. of the<br />
€elis, or cogues, of a cremocarpium. PI. 13, fig. 7 e.<br />
Flat, Valleadce plance.<br />
Convex, convexce.<br />
Acute, acutcB.<br />
Obtuse, obtusce.<br />
Smooth, (Bguabiles.<br />
Polished, Iceves.<br />
Streaked, striates.<br />
Wrinkled, ru^nlosce.<br />
Waved, undidatce. Coriandrum sativum.<br />
Scrobiculate, scrobiculatce. Hydrocotyle, Solandra,<br />
.<br />
'
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Reticulate, reticulatcB. Hydrocotyle, Solandra.<br />
Warty, verrucoses. Odontites, Ammi Copticum.<br />
•[[ One-vittated, univittatcB. With one vitta under each<br />
vallecule.<br />
Two-vittated, hiviltatce.<br />
Many-vittated, multivittatcB. Chserophyllum.<br />
Without vittae, evittatce. ^gopodium.<br />
^ Thorny, muricatcE. Odontites, Ammi Copticum.<br />
Hairy, piloses.<br />
Roughish, hispidulcE. Anisum, Bubon Macedonicum.<br />
Downy, puhescenles. Tragium.<br />
Villous, villosce. Libanotis.<br />
Clothlike, tomeniosce. Erioclaia.<br />
Bristly, setoscB. ToriUs.<br />
Prickly, aculeutce. Caucalis.<br />
Hooked, kamosce. Sanicula.<br />
Glochidated, glochidatce. Caucus.<br />
Ribbed, cosfatce. Anisum.<br />
Winged, alatce. Laserpitium.<br />
VittcB.<br />
Bands or channels filled iv'ith aji aromatic resin, or oil, contained<br />
in the cells, or coques, of a cremocarpium.<br />
In the external integument of the cells, Fittce integumento<br />
externo, epicarpicce. Physospermum, Cuminum, Anisum.<br />
In the internal integument, integumento i?iter?io, endocarpiccB.<br />
Pleurospermum, Cachrj's, Coriandrum sativum.<br />
In the proper membrane of the albumen, memlrana.<br />
alhiimini propria, epispermio. Agasyllis, Ferula.<br />
In the cortical or corky substance, suhstantid corticali<br />
vel suberosd, mesocarpio. Phellandrium. .<br />
^ Dorsal, dorsales. In the vallecules of the latuscules.<br />
Siler, Cuminum. In which case, the cells being embossed,<br />
the vittee have been confounded with the ribs.<br />
Commissural, commissurales. In the commissures. Most<br />
umbelliferous plants ; Coriandrum sativum has only these,<br />
wanting the dorsal.<br />
^ From the stylopodium (or calyx) to the base of the<br />
fruit, a stylopodio (vel calycej ad basin, ^thusa.<br />
From the tip of the commissure, in an acute angle,<br />
ex apice commissurarum sub angulo acuto, conjugate. Sphondylium.<br />
From the tip of the commissure, distant bent, ex apice<br />
commissurarum, distantes incurvcB. Heracleum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 171<br />
^ Bowed, arcuaicB. ^flthusa.<br />
Elliptical, ellipticce. Tordylium Syriacum.<br />
Concentric, concentricce. Tordylium Apuluin.<br />
Excentric, excentriccB. Ferula nodiflora.<br />
Simple, simplices. Anethum.<br />
Double, duplices. Atharaanta.<br />
Multiple, multiplices. Ferula.<br />
Anastomosing, anastomosantes. Ferula Tartarica.<br />
% Undivided, integrce.<br />
Jointed, articulates.<br />
Necklaceshape, moniliformes.<br />
Antennceformes. Like the feelers of insects. Ammi<br />
Boeberi.<br />
Fills succosis muscorum similes. Like the succulent<br />
threads of mosses. Ferula, Peucedanum Ruthenicum.<br />
Partitioned, septulis distincte. Cuminum.<br />
Waved, undulatcB. Agasyllis Caucasica, Cachris latifolia.<br />
Linear, lineares.<br />
Acute, acutce.<br />
Acuminate, acuyninatcB. Coriandrum sativum.<br />
Narrow, attenuaice. Pastinaca.<br />
Blunt and clubshape, ohluscB claviformes. Heracleuni<br />
sphondylium.<br />
Tubular, tululoscR. In most umbelliferse.<br />
Solid threadlike, soUdaJiliformes. Myrrhis, Caucalis.<br />
POLAKENA.<br />
Fruit, Polachena, Carpadelium. A eremocarpium composed<br />
of more than two cells, or coques. Araliaceae.<br />
Carcerule.<br />
Carcerula. Fruit simple, not opejiing, nor adhering closely<br />
to the proper coals of the seed ; being neither a cariopsis nor<br />
an akenium.<br />
Globular, Carcerula glohulosa. Lagetta.<br />
Roundish, subrotunda. Ternstromia punctata.<br />
Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Zostera marina.<br />
Reniforme, reniformis.<br />
Orbicular, orhicidaris. Neurada prostrata.<br />
Three-cornered, trigona, triqueter, triangularis. Fagopyrum<br />
esculentum, Rumex, Rheum.<br />
Four-cornered, tetragona. Halesia tetraptera.<br />
Compressed, cqmpressa. Flattened on two opposite sides.<br />
Fraxinus, Ulmus.
i72 INTRODUCTIOl? TO BOTANY.<br />
Depressed, depressa. Flattened downwards. Neurada<br />
prostrata.<br />
Tongueshape, Unguiformis. Compressed and drawn out<br />
like a tongue. Fraxinus.<br />
Winged, alata. Extended out into a wing.<br />
One-winged, monoptera, u?iialaia. Fraxinus.<br />
Winged at top, epipterata. Fraxinus, Casuarina.<br />
Winged all round, peripterata. Ulmus, Paliurus.<br />
Three winged, triptera. Rheum, Polygonum emarginatum.<br />
Four winged, teiraptera. Combretum laxum.<br />
Five winged, pentaptera. Combretum secundum.<br />
^ Adhering, adhcerens. United to the calyx. Trapa<br />
natans, Halesia tetraptera.<br />
Free, inadhm-ens. Not united to the calyx. Rumex,<br />
Rheum Polygonum, Ternstromia.<br />
Induviated, induviata. Covered by a persistent calyx.<br />
Salsola Fragus.<br />
^ One-celled, unilocularis. Scirpus, Polygonum, Salsola.<br />
Two-celled, lilocularis. Circaea ovalifolia, Ternstromia<br />
punctata.<br />
Many-celled, multilocularis. Punica Granatum.<br />
^ One-seeded, monosperma. Rumex, Salsola.<br />
Two-seeded, disperma. Circsea ovalifolia.<br />
Three-seeded, trisperma, &c.<br />
Many-seeded, polysperma. Ternstromia punctata.<br />
Cystidium.<br />
Utriculus. Fruit one-seeded^ not adhering to the calyx,<br />
pericarp scarcely visible, umbilical cord distinct. Amaran-<br />
thaceae. Pi. 13, fig. 9 and 10.<br />
Sacellus.<br />
Fruit consisting of a seed covered ivith a membranaceous<br />
envelope. Soda. PI. 13, fig. 12 and 13.<br />
Thecidion.<br />
Thecidium. Pericarp dry, hard, crustaceous. Polygonum.<br />
PI. 13, fig. 6.<br />
ACHENA.<br />
Pericarp leatherlike, not woody, not adhering to the seed.<br />
Cyperaceae. PL 13, fig. 15 and 16.
IlfTBOnUCTION TO BOTANY. 17S<br />
Catoclesium.<br />
Pericarp leatherlike, not woody, covered ly the enlarged,<br />
hut not fleshy calyx. Chenopodium. PI. 13, fig. 18 and 19.<br />
Sphalerocarpe.<br />
Sphalerocarpium. Pericarp leatherlike, not ivoody, covered<br />
ly the calyx Iecomefleshy . Blitura.<br />
SCLERANTHE.<br />
Scleranthum, Dyclosium. Fruit consisting of a seed<br />
united with the hottom part of the hardened perigonium.<br />
Mirabilis Jalappa. PL 1 3, fig. 20 to 23.<br />
Samara.<br />
Pterides, Pteridium. Fruit few-seeded, membranaceous,<br />
much compressed, one or tivo-celled, not opening, frequently<br />
enlarged on the edges into a wing or appendage. Fraxinus.<br />
PL 13, fig. 24,25 and 26.<br />
Glans.<br />
Calybion. Fruit fleshy and feailent, one-celled, one-<br />
seeded, pericarp adhering closely to the seed, fastened ly its<br />
lasis into a kind of leatherlike cup, cxxpvle, formed of the<br />
scales of the involucrum.<br />
Open, Calybion apertum. Pericarp not totally hidden<br />
by the cupule. Quercus longseva. Corylus sylvestris.<br />
PL 14, fig. 2.<br />
Closed, clausum. Pericarp totally hidden. Fagus syl-<br />
vestris, Castanea vesca. PL 14, fig. 4.<br />
^ One-corned, uniglans. Cupule containing only one<br />
pericarp. Corylus sylvestris, Quercus. PI. 14, fig. 1.<br />
Three-corned, triglaiis. Castanea vesca.<br />
% Opening, dehiscens. Cupule opening by valves, like<br />
a capsule, when ripe. Castanea vesca, Fagus sylvestris.<br />
Not opening, indehiscens. Cupule remaining closed<br />
when ripe. Taxus, Ephedra.<br />
Drupelike, drupaceum. Cupule formed of two substances,<br />
the inner woody, the exterior juicy so as to resemble a<br />
drupe.<br />
Cupule, when in fruit. Vide p. 119.<br />
Sphaerical, Cupula sphcerica, globosa. Castanea vesea.<br />
tiemisTpheYicai, hcemisphcBrica. Quercus longseva. PL 14,<br />
fig. 2.
174 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Ovoid, avoidea. Ephedra.<br />
^ Upright, erecta. The orifice turned towards the point<br />
opposite to the base of its support. Taxus, Ephedra.<br />
Reversed, resupinata. Fixed so that the orifice faces the<br />
base of its support. Podocarpus.<br />
For the characters of the pericarp, reference may be<br />
made to akenium.<br />
Nucule.<br />
Nucula, Nux. Fruit one-celled, one-seeded, not opening<br />
when ripe, with a long covering, the pericarp only slightly,<br />
or not distinct from the seed ; frequently sunk in an iiivoluerum.<br />
Corylus sylvestris, Corylus tubulosa. PI. 14-, fig. 4*.<br />
Xylodium.<br />
Fruit like a nucule, hut without a cupule, and home upon a<br />
fleshy support. Anacardium. PL 14, fig. 7.<br />
Carcerulus.<br />
Bacca sicca, Capsula indehiscens. Fruit not opening, dry,<br />
many-celled, many-seeded. Tiha. PI. 14, fig. 8 and 9.<br />
Amphisarca.<br />
Capsula indehiscens. Fr7dt not opening, dry, many-celled,<br />
woody on the outside, pulpy internally. Adansonia. PI. 14,<br />
fig. 13.<br />
GYNOBASIC FRUITS.<br />
Fructus gynobasici, Cenobionares, Cenobia. Fruits simple,<br />
hut composed of four or more cells, eremi, so far apart that<br />
they appear like so many separate fruits ; hut are all home<br />
upon a gynohasis, more or less dilated and heing the hase of a<br />
single style. PI. 14, fig. 16 to 20.<br />
Two-celled, Cenohium hieremum. Cerinthe.<br />
Four-celled, quadri-eremum. Labiatae, Boraginese.<br />
Five-eremed, quinque-eremum.<br />
fig. 16.<br />
Six-eremed, sex-eremum, &c.<br />
Gomphia nitida. Pi. 14,<br />
Eremes.<br />
Globular, Eremi glohulosi. Collinsonia Canadensis,<br />
Salvia officinalis.<br />
Ellipsoidal, ellipsoidei. Salvia Hispanica, S, bicolor.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 175<br />
Ovoid, ovoidei. Lithospermum officinale, ^gonychon<br />
arvense, Gerinthe major.<br />
Reverse ovoid, ohovoidei. Gomphia nitida. PI. 14, fig. 16.<br />
Three-sided, irigoni. Molucella laevis, Lamium album.<br />
^ Leathery, coriacei. Phlomis fruticosa.<br />
Crustaceous, crustacei. Salvia officinalis.<br />
Boney,' stonelike, osse'i, lapidei. Lithospermum officinale,<br />
^gonychon arvense.<br />
Drupe, drupeolati. Prasium majus.<br />
5[ One-celled, uniloculares. Labiatse, Borrago officinalis,<br />
Gomphia nitida. PL 14, fig. 16.<br />
Tvi^o-celled, hiloculares. Cerinthe major, C. minor.<br />
% One-seeded, monospermi. Labiatse, Gomphia. PI. M,<br />
fig, 16.<br />
Two-seeded, dispermi. Cerinthe major, C. minor.<br />
Sarcobasis.<br />
Fruit formed of a very large, veryfleshy gynohasis, hearing<br />
Jive or more eremi, which were always very distinct. Ochnaceae,<br />
Simaroubeae, Castela. PI. 14, fig. 16.<br />
MiCROBASIS.<br />
Exostylus, Polexostylus. Fruit formed of a very small,<br />
slightly fleshy gynobasis, bearing four eremi, but slightly<br />
parted when in flower. Labiatse, Boraginese. PI. 14,<br />
fig. 17 to 20.<br />
SUCCULENT FRUITS.<br />
Pructus succulenti, Fructus carnosi. Fruits having a<br />
soft or pulpy ^ sarcocarp, containing also only afew seeds, and<br />
not opening when ripe. PI. ,1 5.<br />
Drupe.<br />
Stone fruit, Drupa, Prunus. Fruit simple, fleshy, co?itaining<br />
a single boney or woody cell. PI. 15, fig. 1<br />
Flesh, Caro. The sarcocarp, or pulpy part surrounding<br />
the stone.<br />
Stone, Pyrena, Nucleus, Ossiculus. The boney or woody<br />
cell, in the middle of the drupe, being the endocarp or<br />
panninterne.<br />
Shell, Puiamen. The boney or woody part of the stone.<br />
.
176<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Sphaerical, Drupa sphcerica. Pruhus Mahaleb, Cerasus<br />
racemosa.<br />
Rounded, sulrotunda. Prunus spinosa, Amygdalus Per-<br />
sica, Juglans regia.<br />
Ovoid, ovoidea, ovata. Amygdalus communis.<br />
"Three-sided, trigona. Cocos nucifera.<br />
One-furrowed, unisulcata. Daphne florida, Amygdalus.<br />
% Large, magna. Cocos nucifera.<br />
Small, parva. Daphne florida, Rivinia.<br />
Utricular, utricularis. Very small, and having only<br />
a simple, membranous pannexterne. Chenopodium.<br />
Pulpy, pulposa. Sarcocarp pulpy. Cerasus hortensis.<br />
Fleshy, carnosa. Sarcocarp fleshy. Amygdalus communis,<br />
Juglans.<br />
Thready, jifZ/roiff. Sarcocarp thready. Cocos nucifera.<br />
Juiceless, dry, carcerularis, exsucca. Pannexterne and<br />
sarcocarp dry, so thin and closely united with the stone<br />
that they can scarcely be distinguished. Ceratophyllum<br />
cornutum, Poterium minus.<br />
% Adherent, adhcerens. Juglans.<br />
Free, inadhcerens. Cocos, Prunus, Amygdalus.<br />
Pannexterne.<br />
Persistent, Pannexterna persistans. Cocos nucifera.<br />
Falling off, caduca. Falling off when ripe, and leaving<br />
the stone. Juglans regia.<br />
Slone.<br />
Globular, Putamen glohulosum, glolosum. Cerasus.<br />
Ovoid, ovoideum. Cocos nuciferum.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindraceum. Cornus mas.<br />
Compressed, compressum. Prunus domestica.<br />
Lobed, lohatum. Guettardia speciosa.<br />
^ Valveless, evalve. Olea.<br />
Two-valved, bivalve. Prunus, Amygdalus, Juglans.<br />
Three-valved, trivalve^ &Co<br />
Furrowed, sulcatum. Cornus sanguinea, C. mas.<br />
Engraved, scrohiculatum. With deep furrows, Amygdalus<br />
Persica.<br />
Dotted, punciaium. Amygdalus communis.<br />
^ One-celled, uniloculare. Amygdalus, Juglans.<br />
Two-celled, hiloculare. Cornus sanguinea, Zizyphus.<br />
Three-celled, triloculare. Trixis palustris.<br />
Four-celled, quadriloculare. Tectona grandis.<br />
Six-celled, sexloculare. Guettarda speciosa.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 177<br />
^ Boney, osseum. Cocos nucifera, Cornus sanguinea,<br />
Araygdalus, Mespilus.<br />
Paperlike, chartaceum. Areca Faufel.<br />
Membranaceous, membranaceurti. Phoenix dactylifera.<br />
^ One-seeded, monospermum. Juglans.<br />
Two-seeded, dispermwn, &c.<br />
Drupeole.<br />
Drupeola. ^ drupe smaller than a pea.<br />
Utricle.<br />
Utricula. An utricular drupe. Chenopodium.<br />
Nut.<br />
Nux. Fruit containing a stone, the sarcocarpe being rather<br />
leathery<br />
fig. 2.<br />
than fleshy. Juglans regia, Amygdalus. PI. 15,<br />
Rind, Naucum. The leatherlike sarcocarpe of a nut.<br />
NUCULANE.<br />
Nuculanium. Fruit fleshy, not crowfied ly the lobes of<br />
the calyx (the ovary not adhering to itj ^and containing<br />
several distinct stones.<br />
Pips, PyrencEy<br />
nuculane.<br />
Nuculce. The small stones included in a<br />
Pome.<br />
Pomum, Melonida, Pyridion, Melonidium, Antrum.<br />
Fruit fleshy, crowned by the limb of the calyx, coJitaining<br />
several cells, disposed round the axis of thefnj.it. PL 1 5,<br />
fig. 12 and 13.<br />
Spherical, Pomum sphericum. Pyrus aucuparia.<br />
Roundish, subrotundum. Pyrus sylvestris.<br />
Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Mespilus Oxyacantha.<br />
Topshape, turbinatum. Pyrus sylvestris, P. Cydonia.<br />
^ Cartilaginous- celled, loculosum. Panninterne thin<br />
cartilaginous, with a fleshy sarcocarp. Pyrus sylvestris.<br />
Woody-celled, nuculosum. Panninterne woody or boney.<br />
Mespilus Germanica, M. digyna.<br />
Pyrenarius.<br />
'A woody-celled pome. Mespilus. PI. 15, fig, 16.<br />
VOL. I. N
J78 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Bala uSTA.<br />
Fruii adherent to the calyx, crowned by its lobes, having<br />
a hard, leatherlike bark, with rather irregular cells containing<br />
seeds like nuts. Punica Granatus. PI. IB, fig. 17.<br />
Malicoriiim. The boney seeds of the punica granatus.<br />
Pepo.<br />
Peponida, Peponium. Fruit Jleshy or pulpy, bearing the<br />
seeds towards the circumfereiice, which is harder than the<br />
centre, the latter being frequently empty. Cucurbita. PI. 15,<br />
fig. 21.<br />
Globular, Pepo sphcericus, globosus. Cucurbita esculenta,<br />
Bryonia ruderalis.<br />
Oblong, oblongus. Cucumis sativus.<br />
Bottleshape, lagemformis. Cucurbita lagenari'a.<br />
Spindleshape,y«5i/b7-»2i5. Cucumis chate.<br />
Reverse topshape, ohturbinatus. Sicyos angulata.<br />
Kidneyshape, reniformis. Elaterium.<br />
Curved, curvatus. Cucumis flexuosus.<br />
^ One-celled, unilocularis. Sicyos angulata.<br />
Three-celled, irilocularis. Bryonia ruderalis, Cucumis<br />
prophetarum.<br />
Ten-celled, decemlocularis. Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita<br />
esculenta.<br />
In general a pepo has originally six or ten radiant partitions,<br />
three or five of which, taken alternately, have placentaria<br />
; but these characters are only visible in the ovary<br />
after the fecundation the barren partitions are absorbed,<br />
and frequently the placentarian partitions also.<br />
Hesperidium.<br />
Aurantium, Bacca corticata. Fruit fleshy, divided inter'<br />
nally into several membranaceous cells, which may be divided<br />
without any tearing, pannexterne tough, covered with vesi-<br />
cular glands. Citrus, Limon. PI. 15, fig. 23.<br />
Berry.<br />
Bacca. Fruit fleshy, without any stone, not included in<br />
the preceding kinds ofjruit. PI. 17, fig. Ij 2, 4 and 5.<br />
True, Bacca vera. Cells none, seeds not disposed in any<br />
order. Ati'opa Mandragora. PL 17, fig. 11.<br />
False, spuria. Divided into cells with seeds disposed<br />
in a regular order. Ribes. PI. 17, fig. 4 and 5.<br />
:
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 179<br />
% Globular, sphcerica, glohulosa. Ruscus aculeatus, Asparagus<br />
officinalis, Empetrura nigrum, Vitis, Ribes rubrum.<br />
Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Ribes alpinum, Coffea Arabica.<br />
Topshape, turhinata. Psidium pyriferum.<br />
Discoid, discoidea. Phytolacca.<br />
5[ Adherent, adhcerens. United with the calyx, Ribes ;<br />
or with the perigonium, Musa.<br />
Free, inadhcerens. Not united to the calyx, or perigonium.<br />
Asparagus, Physalis, Vitis.<br />
i[ Crowned by the calyx, coronata calyci. Bearing at<br />
top the limb of the calyx. Ribes.<br />
Crowned by the stigma, coronata stigmate. Bearing at<br />
top the stigma. Nymphaea.<br />
^ Barked, corticosa. The pannexterne strong, thick, dry<br />
or but slightly succulent. Citrus, Arbutus serratifolia.<br />
Gourdlike, cucurlitina. Barked, thick, round, and like<br />
a pumpkin. Crescentia Cujete.<br />
Camare-like, camarea. Having, like a camare, a furrow<br />
lengthways, and on the inside a placentarium corresponding<br />
with that furrow. Actea.<br />
% One-celled, unilocularis. Cucubalus bacciferus.<br />
Two-celled, bilocularis, Ligustrum vulgare.<br />
Three-celled, irilocularis. Asparagus officinalis, Androsaemum<br />
officinale.<br />
Four-celled, quadrilocularis. Paris quadrifolia.<br />
Five-celled, quinquelocidaris. Arbutus, Cookia punctata.<br />
Many-celled, multilocularis. Citrus.<br />
5F Nuculaneous, nuculosa. Contains nucules. Sambucus<br />
nigra, Ilex vulgare. PI. 15, fig. 3 and 4.<br />
Two-seeded, disperma. Berberis.<br />
Few-seeded, oligosperma. Asparagus.<br />
Many-seeded, polysperma. Paris quadrifolia, Solanum»<br />
Vaccinium, Citrus, Ribes, Atropa lethalis.<br />
AciNos.<br />
A very soft berry, full of juice, transparent, one-celled^<br />
with honey seeds. Vitis vinifera. PI. 15, fig. 3 and 4.<br />
ACROSARCUM.<br />
Bacca infera. A lerry crowned ly the limh of the calyjp..<br />
Ribes spinosum.<br />
n9
180 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
CAPSULAR FRUITS.<br />
Fructus capsulares, Fructus dehiscentes. Fruits dry,<br />
many-seeded, and opening of themselves when ripe.<br />
Follicle.<br />
Folliculus, Conceptaculum. Fruit membranaceous-) univalve,<br />
long, and opening by a longitudinal suture. Asclepiadeae.<br />
PI. 17, fig- 12.—They are never found single, unless<br />
by abortion.<br />
Cylindrical, Folliculi cylindracei. Ceropegia.<br />
Bellied, ventricosi. Asclepias Syriaca, Plumaria.<br />
Swollen, injiati. Asclepias fruticosa.<br />
Spindleshape, jusiformes. Nerium Oleander. N. Zeylanicum,<br />
Asclepias niger.<br />
% Upright, erecti. Nerium Oleander.<br />
Spreading, divergentes, divaricati. Tabernaemontanaj<br />
Vinca major, Cameraria, Asclepias nigra.<br />
Camare.<br />
Camara. Fruit more or less membranaceous, tivo-valved,<br />
alivays several united together proceeding from a single<br />
flower, each containing one or more seeds attached to the internal<br />
suture. Ranunculacese. PL 17, fig. 13, 14, 15, 16,<br />
17 and 19.<br />
^ Deltoid, Camarce deltoidece. Triangular, Ranunculus<br />
bulbosus.<br />
Cod-like, legitminiformes. Delphinium, Aconitum.<br />
Swollen, turgidce. Poeonia.<br />
Compressed, compresscB. Alisma major, Helleborus vi-<br />
xidis.<br />
Winged, alatcB. Liriodendrum tulipifera.<br />
Beaked, rostratce. Helleborus, Sempervivum.<br />
Tailed, caudatce. Clematis recta, Atragene, Dryas.<br />
% Upright, erectcB. Aconitum, Delphinium, Sedum.<br />
Spreading, divergentes. Poeonia.<br />
In v/hirls, verticillatce. Poeonia, Clematis, Sempervivum.<br />
Tiled-like, imbricates. Liriodendrum, Magnolia.<br />
Soldered together, coadunatce. Rubus.<br />
% Dry, sicccB. Ranunculus, Trollius, Aconitum.<br />
Drupelike, drupeolatce. Potamo'geton, Rubus.<br />
^ One-seeded, monospermy. Anemone, Adonis, Ranunculus,<br />
Rubus.<br />
Many-seeded, polyspermce. Delphinium, Poeonia, Aconitum,<br />
Trollius.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ISl<br />
1[ Opening inwardly, ifiius dehiscenfes. Aconitum,<br />
Trollius Europ£eus, Poeonia. PI. 17, fig. 18.<br />
- Opening outwardly, exius dehiscentes. Magnolia.<br />
Not opening, indehiscentes. Ranunculus, Liriodendrura.<br />
Hemigyrus.<br />
Fruit ivoody, opening on one side, one or two-celled, each of<br />
which are one or two-seeded. Proteacese.<br />
Cod.<br />
Legumen. Fruit irregular, -memhranaceous, two-valued,<br />
rarely three or four-valued, with a pistillary cord divided into<br />
two branches running parallelly along the upper suture, so<br />
that the seeds are attached along this suture, alternately to<br />
one and the other value. Leguminosse. PL 16, fig. 1, 2.<br />
Ovoid, Legumen ouoideum. Lotus hirsutus, L. Gi'aecus.<br />
Halfmoonlike, semilunatum. Cynometra.<br />
Sabreshape, acinaciforme. Bent like a sabre. Phaseolus<br />
lunatus, Dolichus ensiformis.<br />
Oblong, oblongian. Ulex Europseus, Trifolium repens.<br />
Cylindrical, cyUndricum. Cassia Fistula. '<br />
Nearly cj'lindrical, cylindraceus. Lotus corniculatus.<br />
Linear, lineare. Lathyrus gramineus, Indigofera.<br />
Compressed, compressum. Pisum sativum, Lathyrus<br />
apliyllus.<br />
Inflated, inflatum. Membranaceous, dilated, filled with<br />
air like a bladder. Colutea.<br />
Swollen, iurgiditm. Swelled out, but not membranaceous.<br />
Genista Anglica, Ononis.<br />
Bowed, arcuatum. Ornithopus.<br />
Bent, curvatum, recurvatum. Astragalus glycyphyllus,<br />
Medicago falcata.<br />
Spiral, spirale. Medicago sativa, Scorpiurus vermicu-<br />
lata.<br />
Strombus-like, cochleatum, stromlndiforme. Bent in a<br />
long spiral like the shell so called, Medicago strombulifera.<br />
M. polymorpha.<br />
Four- sided, tetragonum. Dolichos tetragonolobus.<br />
Four-winged, tetrapterum. Lotus siliquosus.<br />
Top-winged, epipterum. Securidaca volubilis. ^<br />
Reverse-crenated, ohcrenatum. Bisserula pelecinus.<br />
Jointed, articulatum. Formed of pieces, united endways<br />
to one another, each containing a single cell.<br />
Scorpiurus, Hedysarum.<br />
Ornithopus,
182 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Knobby, nodosum. Swollen nt certain distances. Scor«<br />
piurus.<br />
Beadlike, moniliforme. Divided by contractions into<br />
small round pieces placed close together, like the beads of<br />
a necklace. Ornithopus perpusillus, Hedysarum moniliforme.<br />
Vertebrated, vertebratum. Jointed, the joints parting<br />
from one another when ripe. Ornithopus scorpioides, Hedysarum<br />
Canadense. PI. 16, fig. 6.<br />
Carcerular, carcerulare. Dry, not opening, resembling<br />
a carcerule. Cassia Fistula, Securidaca volubilis.<br />
Transversely divided, phragm'igerinn. Divided into two<br />
or more one-seeded cells by transverse partitions. Cassia<br />
Fistula. PL 16. fig. 1.<br />
Drupe-like, dnipaceum. Pannexterne succulent and<br />
fleshy, panninterne woody. Detarium, GeofFrsea.<br />
Induviated, iiiduviatum. Enveloped in a persistent calyx.<br />
Trifolium repens.<br />
Channelled, canaliadatum. Having two edges, that form<br />
a groove along the placentarium-bearing suture. Pisum<br />
Ochrus.<br />
1[ One-celled, uniloculare. Pisum, Lathy rus, Genista.<br />
Two-celled, hiloculare. Astragalus.<br />
Many-celled, rmdtilocidare. Cassia Fistula. PL 16,<br />
5[ Opening, deldscens. Opening when ripe. Genista.<br />
Keeping closed, indehiscens. Cassia Fistula, Securidaca<br />
volubilis. Considered as legumes by analogy. PL 16, fig. I.<br />
One-seeded, monospermum. Medicago lupulina, Securidaca<br />
volubilis, Pterocarpus.<br />
Two-seeded, dispermum, Trifolium fragiferum. Vicia<br />
hirsuta, Arachis hypogaea.<br />
Few-seeded, oligospermum. Vicia vulgaris.<br />
Many-seeded, polyspermum. Lathyrus, Ornithopus perjjusillus,<br />
Genista Hispanica.<br />
LOMENTUM.<br />
A legume?! divided into two or more one-seeded cells hj<br />
transverse joints. Hippocrepis. PLl6, fig. 6.<br />
Pod.<br />
Siliqua. Fridt dry, two-valved, bearing the seeds on the<br />
two sides of a placentarium dilated into a Longitudinal par-<br />
iition. Cruciferae. PL 16, fig. 8, 9 and 11.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 18S<br />
Four-sided, Siliqua ietragona. Brassica orientalis, Erysimum<br />
alpinum.<br />
Linear, linearis. Arabis hirsuta, Cheiranthiis cuspidatus.<br />
Nearly cylindrical, cylindracea. Brassica oleracea, Cheiranthus<br />
annuus.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindj-ica. Barbarea vulgaris.<br />
Awlshape, subulata. Sisymbrium officinale.<br />
Swollen, turgida. Raphanus sativus.<br />
Brawny, tonilosa. Sinapis alba, Brassica, Raphanus,<br />
Arabis major.<br />
Compressed on each face, utraqiie facie compressa. Flattened<br />
in the direction of the valves. Arabis major.<br />
Beaked, rostrata. Terminated hy a beak formed by the<br />
elongation of the partition. Sinapis alba, S. nigra, Raphanistrum<br />
vulgare. PI. 16, fig. 9 and 11.<br />
% Spurious, spuria. Having the seeds attached to the<br />
edges of the valves, instead of the edges of the partitions.<br />
RueUia.<br />
Pouch.<br />
Silicula. A siliqua less than four times as long as it is<br />
Iroad. Thlaspi. PI. 16, %. 14, 15 and J 6.<br />
Carcerular, Silicula carcerularis. Coronopus coadunata,<br />
Crambe, Bunias.<br />
Four-cornered, quadrangularis. Bunias Erucago.<br />
Nicked, emarginata. Iberis, Thlaspi campestre.<br />
Two-horned, licornis. Thlaspi ceratocarpon.<br />
Reverse-heartshape, obcordiforjnis. Teesdalia irregularis,<br />
Thlaspi perfoliatum, Ti cuneatum.<br />
Beaked, roslrata. Bunias Balearica.<br />
Elliptic, elliptica. Draba verna, Lepidium latifolium.<br />
PI. 16, fig. 15.<br />
Oval, ovalis. Alyssum argenteum.<br />
Orbicular, orliadata. Lunaria annua, Alyssum cam-<br />
pestre.<br />
Twin, didyma. Biscutella didyma, B. laevigata, B. leiocarpa.<br />
Globular, glohulosa. Cochlearia officinalis, Myagrum<br />
saxatile, Crambe maritima.<br />
Inflated, inflata. Camelina sativa.<br />
Compressed sideways, tdroque latere compressa. Thlaspi<br />
arvense, Isatis tinctoria, Coronopvis coadunata.<br />
Compressed on the faces,<br />
naria, Alyssum campestre.<br />
utraque facie compressa. Lu-<br />
Winged, alata. Bunias Erucago.
184 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Jointed, articulata. Myagrum perenne.<br />
Drupe-like, drupeolata. Pannexterne succulent, and<br />
panninterne woody. Crambe maritima.<br />
Pyxis.<br />
Pyxidium, Capsula circumscissa. Fruit dry, glohular,<br />
opening of itself into two heviispherical valves, hy a trans~<br />
verse horizontal suture. PI. 16, fig. 19 and 20.<br />
Amphora, The lower valve, attached to the peduncle.<br />
Cover, Operculum. The upper valve which is detached<br />
when ripe.<br />
Globular, Pyxis glolulosa. Anagallis phcenicea, Centunculus<br />
minimus.<br />
Roundish, suhrotimda. Gomphrena globosa.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindrica. Lec3'this.<br />
Ovoid, ovoidea, ovata. Hyoscyamus niger, Plantago.<br />
5[ One-celled, 7miloc2iIaris. Centunculus, Anagallis. Le-<br />
cythis.<br />
Two-celled, hilocularis. Hyoscyamus, Plantago.<br />
^ Two-seeded, disperma. Arnoglossum lanceolatum.<br />
Many-seeded, polysperma. Plantago major, Centunculus.<br />
DiERESILE.<br />
Dieresilis, Sinochorium, Sterigmum, Capsula dissepimentis<br />
valvaribus. Fruits dry, capsular, regjilar, manycelled,<br />
cells forjned of re-entering valves, a?id ranged round a<br />
central axis. Malvaceae, Galium. PI. 16, fig. 24 and 25.<br />
Two-celled, Dieresilis dicocca. Galium, Acer.<br />
Three-celled, tricocca. Tropseolum majus.<br />
Four-celled, tetracocca. Clerodendrum infortunatum.<br />
Five-celled, pentacocca. Geranium.<br />
Six-celled, hexacocca. Triglochin maritimum, Lavat,era<br />
arborea.<br />
Many-celled, polycocca. Alisma major.<br />
^ Starry, stcllata. Cells pointed and diverging. Althaea,<br />
Damasoniura Dalechampii.<br />
Ovoid, ovoidea. Helicteres Baruensis.<br />
^ Adherent, calyci adhcerens. Rubiacese.<br />
Free, calyci non adherens. Lavatera arborea.<br />
% Axilled, axillata. The cells disposed round an axis,<br />
which, when they fall off, is left standing. Geraniuni,<br />
Lavatera arborea, Cynoglossum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 185<br />
Berrylike, laccata. Pannexterne succulent at first.<br />
Clerodendron infortunatum, Sapindus.<br />
Cenobionare, cenohionaris. The cells, differing slightly<br />
from eremes, are attached to an axis which supports the<br />
style. Cynoglossum officinale, C. montanum.—These fruits<br />
are intermediate betwixt cenobions and dieresiles.<br />
Coques.<br />
Hemispherical, Cocca hemisphcerica. Lineum Africanum<br />
Three-sided, trigona. Knoxia stricta.<br />
Compressed, compressa. Alisma major.<br />
Spiral, spiraUa. Helicteres.<br />
One-celled, unilocularia.<br />
Lavatera.<br />
Alisma major, Galium, Althaea,<br />
Many-celled, multilocularia. Tribulus terrestris.<br />
Not opening, indehiscentia. Tropaeolum majus.<br />
Opening, dehiscentia. Geranium.<br />
Winged, alata. Acer.<br />
Regma.<br />
Elaterium, Capsula di-, tri-, vel multi-cocca. Fruit with<br />
sides frequently embossed, formed of several bivalve cells disposed<br />
round an axis, and not adhering to the calyx.<br />
fig. 17, 18 and 19.<br />
PI. 17,<br />
Two-celled, Regma dicoccum. Mercurialis.<br />
Three-celled, tricoccum. Euphorbia, Ricinus, Croton.<br />
Five-celled, pentacoccum. Dictamnus albus.<br />
Many-celled, polycoccum.<br />
% Ptound, rotundaturn.<br />
Hura crepitans.<br />
Twin, didymum. Mercurialis.<br />
Discoid, discoideum. Hura crepitans, Bradleya.<br />
Lobed, lobatum. Dictamnus albus.<br />
Dyplotegia.<br />
Capsula infera. Fruit dehiscent, adherent to the calyx.<br />
Campanulaceae, Orchideae. PL 16, fig. 25.<br />
Capsule.<br />
Capsula. Fruit dry, opening tvhen ripe, not belonging to<br />
the former kinds. PI. 16, fig. 24, 25, 26, 27, 29 and 30.<br />
Podlike, Capsula siliqticeformis. Chelidonium majus<br />
Corydalis, Hypecoum, Cleome.<br />
Pouchlike, siliculaformis. Bocconia.<br />
Brawny, iorulosa. Chelidonium majus, Hypecoum.<br />
"Cylindrical, cyVmdrica, Silene alpina, Arenaria tenuifolia*<br />
.
186 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Nearly cylindrical, cylindracea, siihcyUndrica. Aloe per-<br />
foliata.<br />
Three-sided, irigona. Iris, Tamarix.<br />
Four-sided, tetragona. Erysimum officinale.<br />
Five-sided, penlagona. Oxalis.<br />
Six-sided, hexagona. Fritillaria imperialis, Yucca dra-<br />
conis.<br />
Linear, linearis. Chelidonium majus, Glaucium luteum.<br />
Spherical, globular, sphcerica, glohularis. Asphodelus<br />
luteus, Antirrhinum repens, ^Esculus Hippocastanum, Stel-<br />
laria holostea.<br />
Roundish, suhrolunda. Scrofularia aquatica, S. scorodonifolia,<br />
Buxus sempervirens.<br />
Ovoid, ovoidea. Digitalis speciosa, Verbasum thapsoides,<br />
Scrofularia nodosa, Polemonium vulgare, Cucubalus in-<br />
flatus.<br />
Reverse ovoid, ohovoidea. Anthericum annuum, Spiranthes<br />
autumnalis.<br />
Topshape, turhinata. Lilium Martagon.<br />
Reverse topshape, obturhinata. Digitalis purpurea.<br />
Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Acanthus mollis, Silene latifolia,<br />
L.y thrum spicatum.<br />
Compressed, compressa. Rhinanthus glaber, Veronica<br />
arvensis, V. verna, Melampyrum cristatum.<br />
Flattened, depressa. Illicium anisatum.<br />
Radiating, radians. With many cells disposed in rays.<br />
Illicium anisatum.<br />
^ Reverse heartshape, ohcordiformis, ohcordala. Veronica<br />
officinalis, Sibthorpia Europsea.<br />
Halfmooned, semiliinata, lunula. Melampyrum cristatum.<br />
Orbicular, orbicnlaris. Rhinanthus glaber, Sibthorpia.<br />
Elliptic, elliptica. Veronica multifida.<br />
^ Three-winged, iriptera. Dioscorea sativa.<br />
Five-winged, pentaptera. Evonymus latifolius.<br />
•Six-winged, hexaptera. Fritillaria imperialis.<br />
% Blunt-pointed, ohtusa. Antirrhinum minus, Evonymus<br />
latifolius.<br />
Pointed, acuta. Scrofularia aquatica, S. scorodonifolia.<br />
Truncated, truncata. Nemesia.<br />
Notched, emarginala. Euphrasia officinalis.<br />
One-headed, mo?iocephala. Coming from an ovary which<br />
has only one organic summit. Rhododendron, Silene.<br />
Two-headed, beaked, dicephala, hirostris. Coming from<br />
an ovary that has two organic summits. Saxifraga.<br />
Three-headed, tricephala. Buxus.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 187<br />
Many -headed, polycepliala. Coming from an ovary that<br />
has many organic summits. Nigella Hispanica.<br />
Dieresilean, partible, dieresilea, partibilis. The cells<br />
formed of re-entering valves, separate when ripe, into<br />
many open coques, which only differ from those of the<br />
dieresiles because they do not separate completely after<br />
they have opened. Rhododendron, Kalmia, Linum perenne.<br />
Two-parted, lipartihilis. Two-coqued, dieresilean. Di-<br />
gitalis, Scrofularia.<br />
Three-parted, tripartih'ilis, &c.<br />
Etairion-like, et(£rwnea. Many-headed, nearly completely<br />
divisible into several camare-like lobes, lllicium<br />
anisatum, Thea viridis.<br />
^ One-celled, unilocularis. Glaucium violaceum, Papaver,<br />
Viola, Silene.<br />
Two-celled, hilocularis. Veronica, Digitalis, Scrofularia,<br />
Antirrhinum, Glaucium luteum, Saxifraga, Ly thrum.<br />
Three-celled, trilocularis. Lilium, Tulipa, Iris, Allium,<br />
Juncus, Campanula. PI. 16, fig. 23 and 24-.<br />
Four-celled, guadrilocularis. Epilobium.<br />
Five-celled, gui?iquelocularis. Rhododendrum, Oxalis,<br />
Evonymus.<br />
Six-celled, sexlocularis. Asarum, Aristolochia.<br />
Many-celled, rmdlilocularis. Nigella Hispanica, Linum.<br />
^ One-valved, follicleshape, univalvis^ folliculiformis.<br />
With a single valve, whose edges being turned over form<br />
a suture, like that of a follicule. Avicennia.<br />
Several valved, plurivalvis. Used in opposition to onevalved.<br />
Two-valved, hivalvis. Veronica, Syringa, Ruellia.<br />
Three-valved, trivalvis. Viola, Tulipa, Glaucium violaceum,<br />
Polemonium.<br />
Four-valved, quadrivalvis. Epilobium.<br />
Five-valved, quinquevalvis. Rhododendrum, Evonymus.<br />
Many-valved, muUivalvis. Nigella Hispanica, lllicium.<br />
^ One-seeded, monosperma. Plumbaginese.<br />
Two-seeded, disperma.<br />
Three-sided, trisperma. Montia, Claytonia.<br />
Four-seeded, tetrasperma. Melampyrum cristatum. M.<br />
arvense.<br />
Few-seeded, oligoiperma. Koelreuteria.<br />
Many-seeded, polysperma. Lilium, Nigella, Silene, Epilobium,<br />
Saxifraga.
188<br />
INtRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
% Adherent, adhcerens, infera. United to the caljoc, or<br />
perigonium, which covers it entirely. Campanulaceoe, Iris.<br />
Semi-adherent, semi-adhcerens. United at bottom with<br />
the calyx. Samolus.<br />
Free, inadhcerens, supera. Not united with the calyx or<br />
perigonium. Lilium, Papaveraceae, Caryophyllese.<br />
^ Opening outwards, exterius dehiseens. Lilium, Orchis,<br />
Convolvulus, Oxalis.<br />
Opening inwards, interiua dehiseens. Opening in the<br />
centre, which can only take place in many-headed capsules.<br />
Nigella Hispanica, Saxifraga. PI. 16, fig. 24.<br />
Opening by the teeth, dentihus dehiseens. Statice, Primula<br />
officinalis, Silene.<br />
Opening by cracks, Jissuris dehiseens. Canna,~Epidendron.<br />
Opening by holes, foraminihus dehiseens. Antirrhinum,<br />
in which the holes are irregular, and produced by the rupture<br />
of the sides of the pericarp. Papaver, in which the<br />
holes are regular, and produced by the gaping of the upper<br />
part of the valves. Ledum, Campanula. PI. 16, fig. 31.<br />
Opening at top, apiee dehiseens. Antirrhinum majus,<br />
Papaver.<br />
Opening at bottom, hasi dehiseens. Ledum, Campanula<br />
rigida, Fumaria bulbosa. PI. 16, fig. 25.<br />
Septifragal, septifraga. Opening opposite the partitions.<br />
Saxifraga, Ipomsea purpurea. PI. 16, fig. 29.<br />
Septicidal, septieida. Opening between the cells, the<br />
cells parting from one another, the partition splitting into<br />
two flakes, one of which remains attached to each valve.<br />
Rhododendrum Ponticum. PI. 16, fig. 27.<br />
Loculicidal, loculicida. Opening in the middle of the<br />
cells. Irideae. PI. 16, fig. 26.<br />
If a one-celled capsule, having parietal placentaria,<br />
opens so as to divide the latter longitudinally, the dehiscence<br />
is analogous to the septicidal ; but if it divides into two or<br />
more valves, each furnished with a parietal placentarium<br />
in its middle, the dehiscence is analogous to the loculicidal.<br />
COMPOUND FRUITS.<br />
Fructus etasrionares, Fructus chorionares. Fruit com'<br />
posed of several simple fruits united together.
introduction to botany. 189<br />
Double Follicle.<br />
Bifolliculus. Follicula. Fruii composed of two long mem-<br />
Iranaceous, univalve pericarpiums, each opening Vy a longi-<br />
tudinal suture. Asclepiadese. PL 17, fig. 12.<br />
Erythrostomum.<br />
Syncarpa, Etaerio. Fruit composed of several small berry"<br />
like utricles, seated upoji a scarcely apparent polyphore.<br />
Rubus. PI. 18, fig. 8.<br />
Baccalaurius.<br />
Fruit analogous to the erythrostome, hut the pericarps are<br />
fewer, and not so close. Drymis.<br />
ASIMINE.<br />
Asimina. Fruits analogous to the erythrostome, hut the<br />
fleshy carpelles are more or less soldered together. Anona,<br />
PI. 18, fig. 21.<br />
Etjerion.<br />
Etaerio, Plopocarpium. Fruit composed of several ca~<br />
mares, united together round a real or ideal axis. Crassu-<br />
laceae, Aconiti, Spireas. PI. 17, fig. 17, 18 and 19.<br />
Sphaerical, Etcerio sphcericus, gloLosus, capitatus. Ranunculus<br />
bulbosus. Magnolia, Liriodendrum.<br />
Nearly ovoid, sulovoideus, Rubus.<br />
Dishlike, discoideus. Alisma major.<br />
Spikelike, spiciformis. Myosurus minimus.<br />
Berrylike, baccatus. Composed of juicy camares which<br />
unite together as they ripen, and form a kind of berry by<br />
their union. Anona, Rubus.<br />
Induviated, induviatus. Enclosed in the persistent calyx.<br />
Rosa.<br />
^ Three-camared, tricamarus. Veratrum album, Aconitum<br />
lycoctonum.<br />
Four-cam ai'ed, tetracamarus. Potamogeton natans.<br />
Five-camared, pentacamarus. Paeonia, Clematis erecta,<br />
Sedum.<br />
Many-camared, polycamarus. Ranunculus, Magnolia,<br />
Lyriodendrum, Rubus.
190 introduction to botany.<br />
Hip.<br />
Cynarhodon. Fruit composed of several small utricles<br />
enclosed in the calyxj which, grows fleshy after the fecunda-<br />
tion is over. Rosa. Pi. 18, fig. 2.<br />
Amalthea.<br />
Fruit similar to the hip, but the calyx does not lecome<br />
fleshy. Agrimoniaceae. PI. 18, fig. 3.<br />
PoLYCHLORION.<br />
Polychlorio, Polychorionides, Polysecus. Fruit composed<br />
of several cariopsides or akenia united together on a<br />
receptacle. Ranunculaceae, Dryadeae. PI. 18, fig. 4.<br />
AGGREGATED FRUITS.<br />
Fructus aggregati. Fruits composed of many simple<br />
tericarpia united together, the form of ivhich is concealed or<br />
altered ly the floral leaves, luhich frequently grow larger<br />
after thefecundatioUi and unite ivith some part of thefruit.<br />
SOROSE.<br />
Syncarpa, Sorosus. Fruit composed of several fleshy<br />
utricles, united together ly succulent floral leaves. PI. 18,<br />
fig. 6, 8.<br />
Oblong, Sorosus ollongus. Morus.<br />
Oval, ellipsoideus. Artocarpus incisa.<br />
Ovoid, ovoideus. Bromelia Ananas.<br />
The nature of the pericarpia and the floral leaves must<br />
be noted.<br />
Fig.<br />
Ficus, Syconus. Fruit composed of several carcerules or<br />
drupeoles, united upon a fleshy and succulent involucre. PI. 18,<br />
fig 11.<br />
Flat, Syconus planus. Dorstenia.<br />
Hemispherical, hemisphcsricus. Ambora.<br />
Pearshape, pyriformis, turlinatus. Ficus carica, Ambora.<br />
Sphaerical, sphcericits, globosus. Ficus.<br />
The form and nature of the pericarpia must be noted.
introduction to botany. 191<br />
Cone.<br />
Strobile, Conus, Strobilus. Fndt composed of many<br />
membranaceous utricles^ concealed in the axillcB of very large,<br />
dry hractecB, disposed in theform of a cone. PI. 18, fig. 12.<br />
Roundish, Strobilus subrotundus. Cupressus semperrirens,<br />
Juniperus communis.<br />
Conical, conicus. Pinus sylvestris.<br />
Ovoid, ovoideus. Pinus Pinea.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindraceus.<br />
bus.<br />
Abies pectinata, Pinus Stro-<br />
^ Berrylike, baccatus. Bractese juicy, and unite with<br />
one another. Juniperus communis.<br />
Bractean, bracteanus. Strobile formed of bracteas only<br />
Alnus glutinosa, Juniperus comumnis, Thuya.<br />
Pedunculean, pedunculeunus. Strobile formed of peduncules.<br />
Pinus, Abies, Cedrus, Larix.<br />
Cupule.<br />
Ovoid, Cupida ovoidea, ovata. Pinus.<br />
Angular, angulosa. Juniperus communis, Cupressus<br />
sempervirens.<br />
^ Woody, lignosa. Pinus Pinea.<br />
Membranaceous, membranacea. Thuya occidentalis.<br />
Boney, ossea. Schubertia disticha.<br />
5[ Upright, erecta. Thuya, Cupressus, Juniperus.<br />
Reversed, resupinata. Abies, Pinus, Larix, Cedrus.<br />
^ Winged at bottom, hypopterata. Pinus, Abies, Larix,<br />
Cedrus.—At first sight the cupule appears winged at top,<br />
because it is reversed, but it is enchased in a prolongation<br />
of the wing, which only grows at the bottom, and falls off.<br />
Winged all round, peripterata. Thuya occidentalis.<br />
5[ Headed, capitata. Limb swelled into a head. Larix.<br />
Two-horned, bicornis. Limb prolonged into two small<br />
diverging horns. Pinus.<br />
OhWc^e, obliqua. Limb oblique and jagged. Cedrus.<br />
The form, &c. of the utricles should be remarked.<br />
Galbule.<br />
Nut, Nux, Pseudocarpium, Galbulus. A kind of cone,<br />
in which the bractecB are enlarged at top, form a sphere, and<br />
scarcely open when ripe. Cupressus. PI. 18, fig. 15.
192<br />
introduction to botany.<br />
Arcesthide.<br />
Berry, Bacca, Pseudocarpium, Arcesthida. A cone whose<br />
Iractece are fleshy, and do not separate when ripe. Juni-<br />
perus.<br />
PERICARP.<br />
Pericarpium, Conceptaculum seminum. That part of<br />
the fruit that contains the seeds.<br />
1. Surface.<br />
Smooth, Pericarpium lave. Asphodelus, Cerefolium sylvestre,<br />
Sisymbrium absinthioides, Malus.<br />
Bald, glaher. Pastinaca, Coriandrum.<br />
Shining, lucidum, nitidum. Lithospermum officinale,<br />
Onopordum vulgare, Isatis tinctoria.<br />
Rough, scahrum. .^gonychon arvense, Curainum.<br />
Dotted, punctatum. Ceratophyllum, Citrus Medica,<br />
Mespilus Germanica.<br />
Warted, verrucosum. Tragopogon undulatum, Euphorbia<br />
verrucosa.<br />
Veiny, venosum. Koelreuteria, Staphylea pinnata.<br />
"Wrinkled, rugosum. Geranium Robertianum, Melilotus<br />
officinale.<br />
Striated, striatum. Anethum graveolens.<br />
Furrowed, sulcatum, Tragopogon pratense, Carum<br />
officinale, Myrrhis odorata, Meum Athamanticum.<br />
One-furrowed, unisulcatum. Amygdalus communis.<br />
Two-furrowed, hisulcatum. Veronica officinalis.<br />
Three-furrowed, trisulcatum. Ornithogalum pyramidale.<br />
Four-fiirrowed, quadrisulcaium, and so on.<br />
2, Pubescence.<br />
Velvetty, Pericarpium velutinum. Amygdalus Persica,<br />
Characias purpurea.<br />
Downy, puhescens. Digitalis speciosa, Aquilegia vulgaris,<br />
Amygdalus Persica.<br />
Hairy, pilosum. Geranium pratense.<br />
Villous, -villosum. Pseonia officinalis.<br />
Woolly, lanatum. Alyssum clypeatum.<br />
Nappy, tomentosum. Amygjlalus communis.<br />
3. Arms.<br />
Scaled, Pericarpium squamosum. Sagus, Calamus Ro-<br />
tang.<br />
Thorny, muricatum. Arbutus serratifolia, Canna Indica.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY'. 193<br />
Hooked, lappaceum. Furnished with hooked points,<br />
like the involucrum of arctium lappa. Sanicula Europasa,<br />
Myosotis Cappula.<br />
Spinous, spiiiellosum, echinatum. Stramonium foetidum,<br />
iEschylus Hippocastanum, Cucumis prophetarum.<br />
4. Substance.<br />
Membranaceous, Pericarpium memhranaceum. Salsola<br />
Tragus, Col u tea.<br />
Paperlike, ckartaceum. Anagallis phoenicia, Cerefolium<br />
sylvestre, Coriandrum.<br />
Leatherlike, coriaceum. Helianthus annuus, Trapa natans,<br />
Lupinus, Arachis hypogcea.<br />
Crustaceous, crustaceum. Dry, thin, and brittle. Pas-<br />
serina.<br />
Woody, lignosum. Lecythis, Cassia Fistula, Hymensea<br />
Courbaril.<br />
Corky, suherosum, fungosum. ^Ethusa cynapium, Raphanus<br />
sativus. -<br />
Pulpy, pulposum. Ribes, Vitis, Rubus.<br />
Fleshy, carnosum. Mains.<br />
Valves.<br />
Valvse, Valvulae. The pieces composing the sides of<br />
some pericarps, which open when ripe, and separate. Pi. 16,<br />
fig. 8, 14, 15 and 29.<br />
Longitudinal, Falvce lojigitudinales. The suture perpendicular<br />
to the base of the pericarp. Cheiranthus fruticu-<br />
losus, Ruellia ovata.<br />
Transverse, transversa'. The suture parallel to the base<br />
of the pericarp. Anagallis arvensis, Hyoscyamus.<br />
Re-entering, mtrojiexce. Edges bent inwards towards<br />
the centre of the pericarp. Colchicum, Rhododendrum.<br />
Re-entering conjointly, conjunctim introjiexce. The<br />
contiguous re-entering valves united together in that part<br />
which penetrates within the pericarp. Rhododendron<br />
Ponticum<br />
.<br />
Re-entering distinctly, distinctim-introjiexce. The contiguous<br />
re-entering valves not united together in that part<br />
Tj'hich penetrates into the pericarp. Colchicum.<br />
Parting, hipartihiles. Splitting when they open into two<br />
parts lengthways. Veronica, Digitalis speciosa, Nicotiana^<br />
—These bipartible valves are evidently composed of two<br />
VOL. I.
194) INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
valvules united by their contiguous edges; nevertheless<br />
custom compels botanists to look upon them as a single<br />
valve.<br />
Elastic, elasticce. Dentaria, Cardamine impatiens. Ri-<br />
«inus. P1.16, fig. 8.<br />
Partition-bearing, septiferce. Ruellia ovata.<br />
Seed-bearing, serrmiiferc^, placent'iferce. Gentianese.<br />
Flat, plance. Lunaria, Alyss'um clypeatum.<br />
Concave, concave.^ Alyssum utriculatum.<br />
Boatlike, naviciilares. Keeled like a boat. Ruellia ovata,<br />
Subularia aquatica, Isatis tinctoria.<br />
Keeled, carinatce. Lepidium, Isatis tinctoria.<br />
Cover-like, opercM/orej). Like the cover of a bowl. Plan-<br />
tago, Anagallis, Centunculus. PI. 16, fig. 17.<br />
Sutures.<br />
Suturse. The line of junction between two contiguous<br />
valves.<br />
Prominent, Suturce prominenies. Placed upon an elevated<br />
surface.<br />
Winged, pteroidecs. The elevations extended into wings.<br />
Evonymus latifolius.<br />
Sunk, recesscB. Placed at the bottom of a channel of<br />
greater or less depth. Rhododendron.<br />
Partitions.<br />
Dissepimenta, Lignum intergerinum, Distinctio.— The<br />
doublings of the panninterne of tlie pericarpium which divide<br />
its cavity into two or more celts.<br />
Longitudinal, Dissepimenta longitudinalia. Extending<br />
from the bottom to the top of the pericarp, parallel to the<br />
axis. Lilium, Ruellia ovata, Thlaspi, Cheiranthus.<br />
Cross, transversalia. Extending from side to side, pa-<br />
rallel to the plane of its base. Cassia Fistula.<br />
Indeterminate, vaga. Without any determinate direction.<br />
Many partitions of punica granatum.<br />
False, spuria. Formed only of cellular tissue. Glaucium<br />
luteum.<br />
^General, generalia. With edges that reach the internal<br />
surface of the pericarpium all round, so that each of<br />
them divides the cavity into two parts. Plantagineae, Cru-<br />
ciferse, Astragalus, Cassia Fistula.<br />
Partial, partialia. With edges that reach the internal<br />
surface of the pericarp on one side only, and on the other
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 195<br />
side toitch a placentarium, or some other partition ; so that<br />
each partition, taken separately, does not divide the hollow<br />
of' the pericarp into two cells. Syringa vulgaris, Citrus,<br />
'Nigella Hispanica.<br />
^ Complete, completa. Dividing the cavity of the pericarp<br />
completely, by being either a general partition itself,<br />
Cheiranthus, or if partial, by touching some other par-<br />
tition.<br />
Incomplete, incompleta. Only dividing the cavity incompletely,<br />
being partial partitions that do not touch one<br />
another, nor abut upon a placentarium. Papaver.<br />
^ Valvean, valveaiia. Formed by the expansion of the<br />
substance of the valves,- and remaining fixed to them, when<br />
the pericarpium splits open.<br />
Median, media?ia, medivQlves, valvis contraria, valv'is medio<br />
sepliferis. Valvean and arising from the middle of the<br />
valves. Lilium, Syringa, Acanthaceee, Polemonium, Helianthemum.<br />
Marginal, marginalia, valvis ulroque margins inlrojiexo<br />
singulis loculum conslilutendbus, valvares. Valvean, and<br />
formed by the edge of the valves, which turns into the<br />
interior of the pericarp, towards a real or imaginary central<br />
axis. Antirrhinum, Rhododendriim, Astragalus.<br />
Two-flaked, hilamellares. Marginal, and formed by the<br />
union of the edges of two contiguous turned- in valves,<br />
which separate when the fruit<br />
dendrum.<br />
opens. Digitalis, Rhodo-<br />
Placentarian, placentariana. Produced by the expansion<br />
of the placentarium, or its lobes, so as to reach the internal<br />
surface of the pericarpium, or its sutures, and separate<br />
when the fruit is ripe. Plantaginese, Crucifer^e, Punica<br />
Granatum, Cucurbitacese.<br />
Interposed, interpositiva, valvis margine apposili^ anri^ulis<br />
dissepimenti. Several placentarian partitions diverging<br />
from the centre of a many-valved pericarpium to the sutures,laceae.<br />
so that they alternate with the valves. Convolvu-<br />
Obsutural, ohsuturalia. The placentarian partitions<br />
applied only to the sutures, and not fastened between the<br />
edges of the contiguous valves. Convolvulus.<br />
Opposite, opposiliva, valvis contraria. The edges of the<br />
^placentarian partitions<br />
Paullinia pinnata.<br />
applied to the middle of the valves.<br />
Parallel, parallelica, valvis parallela. The placentarian<br />
partition expanded parallel to the valves of a bivalve perio<br />
2
196 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
carpium, and joining by its edges the two opposite sutures.<br />
Cruciferae.<br />
Doubtful, amhigua. Connected with the centre and<br />
sides of a pericarp that does not open ; and whose origin,<br />
therefore, cannot be determined exactly. Citrus.<br />
Fixed, Jixa. Remaining immoveable, and attached as<br />
usual when ripe; which seldom takes place except in inde-<br />
hiscent pericarpiums, or those that open by pores or slits.<br />
Antirrhinum, Campanula, Papaver, Nigella Saxifraga.<br />
Free, libera. Formed of a placentarium that becomes<br />
free by the dehiscence of the pericarpium. Plantaginese.<br />
Persisting, pershteniia. Remaining in their place after<br />
the opening of the fruit, Cruciferee.<br />
Meeting, olcurrentia. Partial partitions meeting together,<br />
and dividing the cavity of the pericarpium into several<br />
cells. Acanthace^, Antirrhinum, Convolvulacese, Saxi-<br />
frageae.<br />
Whirled, verticillala. Several partial partitions disposed<br />
in the jiericarpium like the spokes of a wheel. Convolvulacese,<br />
Rhodoracese, Aurantiaceae.<br />
Seed-bearing, semhnfera, placentifera. Carrying the<br />
seeds. Ruellia, Nymphsea, Helianthemum.<br />
The distinctions are usually taken from their appearance<br />
after the pericarpium has split open ; but this is frequently<br />
a bad guide to their original formation.<br />
Septum.<br />
A Partition that is lo?igitudi?ial. Lilium, Cruciferae.<br />
PI. 16, %. 8, 14 and J 5.<br />
Phragma. '<br />
A Partition that is transverse. Cassia Fistula. PI. 16,<br />
%. 1.<br />
Placentarium.<br />
^<br />
Placenta, Trophospermum, Spermophorus, Colum, Receptaculum<br />
seminum. That part of the pericarpium toivhich<br />
the seeds are attached. PL 17, fig- 4, 5.<br />
Fleshy, Placeiiiarium carnosum. Vaccinium, Ruta, Saxifraga<br />
granulata.<br />
Corky, suherosum. Centunculus, Anagallis, Hyoscyamus,<br />
Nicotiana, Stramonium.<br />
Leatherlike, coriaceum. Papaver, Begonia.<br />
'Woody^ lignosum. Svvietenia Mahogani.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 197<br />
% Honeycombed, alveolatum. Centunculus, Anagallis.<br />
Tuberculated, tuberculatum. Stramonium.<br />
Villous, villosum,. Cucubalus, Silene.<br />
•[ Partitioning, septiforme. Enlarged into a partition.<br />
Plantaginese, Cruciterse. This is the same as the placen-<br />
tarian partition, but considered in another light.<br />
Globular, sphccricurn, glohosum. Centunculus minimus,<br />
Anagallis phoenicea.<br />
Cylindrical, cylindraceum. Lychnis, Silene, Cerastium.<br />
Th readlike, Jilijorme. Velezia.<br />
Awlshape, suhukitum. Dodecatheon, Dianthus.<br />
Three- sided, trigoman, iriqueter. Poleraonium vulgare,<br />
Dodonaea viscosa.<br />
Four-sided, tetragonum^ tetracpieter. Adoxa tuberosa.<br />
Five- sided, pentagonurn, pentaqueter. Swietenia Maho-<br />
gani.<br />
Lobed, lohatum. Forming thick projections within the<br />
cavity of the pericarp. Rhododendrum, Cucurbitaceae.<br />
Radiating, radiaium. Rhododendrum, Cucurbitacete.<br />
^ Central, centrale. Placed in the centre of the pericarpium.<br />
Antirrhinum, Campanula, Saxifraga.<br />
Axile, axile. Growing up from the bottom to the top<br />
of the pericarpium, in the direction of its diameter. Lilium,<br />
Digitalis, Polemonium.<br />
Apicilar, apicilare. Placed at the top of the cavity of<br />
the pericarpium. Umbelliferae.<br />
Basilary, hanlare. Placed at the bottom of the cavity of<br />
the pericarpium. Berberis, Chrysosplenium.<br />
Fixed at bottom, basi/ixum, libenim. Attached only to<br />
the bottom of the cavity of the pericarpium when ripe.<br />
Primulaceffi, Silene.<br />
Sessile, sessile. Fixed at bottom without any footstalk.<br />
Footstalked, /jefl'?ce//fl/z/w.<br />
Parietal, parieiale. Attached to the sides of the cavity<br />
of the pericarpium. Ribes, Punica Granatum.—An axile<br />
placentarium in a multilocular ovary, sometimes becomes<br />
parietal in consequence of the absorption of several of the<br />
cells.<br />
One-sided, unilaterale. Attached to one side only of<br />
the pericarpium. Many apocynese, Actsea, Leguminosae.<br />
PI. 16,%. 2.<br />
Two-sided, bilaterale. Ribes. PI. 17, fig. 4 and 5.<br />
Three-sided, trilatsrale, and so on.<br />
Valvular, valvare. Attached to the valves of a dehiscent<br />
pericarpium. Orchis, Bixa, Orellana.
198 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Mid.dle-valved, medivalue, mediis valvis adnatum. Fixed<br />
along the middle line of the valves. Lathrsa, Parnassja.<br />
Suturalj ohsuturale, mturcB applicatum. Applied over<br />
against the sutures. Asclepias, Argemone.<br />
Marginal, marglnale. Fixed solidly either to the edges<br />
of the valves, or of the partitions when these latter are not<br />
themselves formed of an enlarged placentarium. CEnothera,<br />
Leguminosas.<br />
Fartitiojial, septlle. Fixed to the partitions. Ruellia,<br />
Helianthemum mutabilej Papaver, CEnothera.<br />
Fastened, adnatiwi. ' Fixed throughout their v/hoie<br />
length, either to the internal surface of the pericarpial ca-<br />
vit;/, Orchidese, Ladir^a; or to the edges of the partitions,<br />
Tulipa; or the central axis, Ixia Chinensis; or the edges<br />
of the valves, Viola.<br />
Free, liherimi. Totally detached from the pericarp, and<br />
not adhering to an%part when it opens. Plantaginess.<br />
% Two-parted, bipartiium. Divided into two branches.<br />
Ribes, Bixa Orellana.<br />
Three-parted, iripartilum. Orchidese, Passiflora.<br />
Four- parted, quadripart'ilum. Parnassia palustris.<br />
Five-parted, quinijuepurtiium. Argemone Mexicana.<br />
Many-parted, midlipartiLum. Papaver, Punica.—These<br />
divisions of the placentarium are usually fastened to the<br />
sides of the pericarpial cavity, but sometimes they are only<br />
attached to the pericarpium by their extremities, as in the<br />
portulacea3.<br />
51 Two-parting, hipartihile. Splitting, when ripe, into<br />
two seed-bearing portions, which remain fixed, either to<br />
the edges of the valves, Leguminosae ; or to the partitions,<br />
Rueliia.<br />
Three-parting, tripariilnle. Splitting when ripe into'<br />
three seed-bearing portions, which remain attached to the<br />
edge of the partitions. Lilium, Koeireuteria.<br />
Four-parting, &c.<br />
Remaining, persis/ens. Not splitting when ripe, but remaining<br />
whole. Digitalis, Polemonium, Rhododendrum,<br />
Swietenia Mahogani.<br />
51 One-ribbed, unmerve.<br />
Two-ribbed, hlnerve.<br />
Three-ribbed, trinerve.<br />
Many-ribbed, mult'merve.<br />
The position of the placentarium maybe discovered in<br />
dry pericarps when the seeds are loose, or have even been
INTRODUCTIO^f TO BOTANY. 199<br />
taken out, by the scar or hollow in the panninterne, as that<br />
covering is always interrupted at the place where the placentarium<br />
is connected with the sarcocarp to which it is<br />
always united.<br />
Ribs of the placentarium<br />
Collected, Nervi colligaii Collected into a single mass<br />
by cellular tissue. Lilium, Rhododendruni, Silene.<br />
Distinct, distincti. Forming separate cords. Portulaca.<br />
Intervalvular, hiiervalves. Placed in the sutures between<br />
the valves. Cruciferse.<br />
Axile, circumaxiles. Surrounding a central axis which<br />
separates when the fruit splits open. Epilobium, CEno-<br />
thera.<br />
Umbilical Cord.<br />
Funiculus, Funiculus umbilicalis, Poclospermium. A<br />
vascular cord, that fasteris the seeds to thg pericarpium.<br />
Threadlike, FuniculusfiUformis . Cheiranthus, Alyssum<br />
campestre, Ribes spinosum glabium. Cassia Fistula.<br />
Hooked, uncinatus. Acanthus, Ruellia, Justicia, Bar-<br />
leria.<br />
.Pappus-like, pappiformis. Formed of silky threads<br />
united into a pappus. Asclepias Syriaca, A. nigra. PI. 17,<br />
fig. 12.<br />
Cells.<br />
Loculi, Loculamenta, Thecse. The hollow spaces in the<br />
pericarpium formed hy the doubling of the paiininlerne.<br />
CoouE.<br />
Coccum. yl cell that opens elasticall?/ by a 7nemhranaceous<br />
spring, placed at the bottom. Euphorbiaceee.<br />
Retinacles.<br />
Retinaculae. Crooked points growing from the placentarium,<br />
close to the seeds, hut not serving to support them.<br />
Acanthacese. PI. 16, fig. 21.<br />
Pannexterne.<br />
Pannexterna, Epicarpium. The external skin of the<br />
epicarpium.<br />
Panninterne.<br />
Panninterna, Endocarpium. The internal skin of the<br />
pericarpium, which in celledfruits forms the partitions by its<br />
doublings.<br />
.
200 introduction to botany.<br />
Flesh..<br />
Care, Sarcocaipiuni. The more or less fleshy substance<br />
which in some fruits is placed betweeii the pamiexterne and<br />
panninterne^ and is always intimately connected luith the<br />
placentarium.<br />
Pulp.<br />
Pulpa. The soft and half-liquid siihsiance, found in the<br />
cells of some fruits, surrounding the seeds.<br />
Induvi^.<br />
Induviae florales, Folliculus. Those parts of the flower<br />
that remain afterfecundation, and accompany the fruit.<br />
Calycine, Induvice calycince. Arising from the calyx.<br />
Labiatse, Rosa.<br />
Perigonal, perianthiance, perigonales. Arising from the<br />
perigonium. Basella, Salsola tragus.<br />
GlumeJlar, glumelleance. Arising from glumes. Oryza.<br />
^ Free, lilerce. Not united to the fruit. LabiatEB,<br />
Hosae.<br />
Adherent, adherentes. United with the fruit. Basella.<br />
Induviated fruits always proceed from a single flower^<br />
whose ovary or ovaries did not adhere to the calyx; and<br />
are thus distinguished from covered or angiocarpic fruits.<br />
SEED.<br />
Grain, Corn, Vegetable egg, Semen, Granum, Ovum,<br />
— sperm urn. The fecnndated rudiment of a new plant contained<br />
in the fruit.<br />
1. Situation in the fruit.<br />
Upright, Setnen erectum. The hile being placed directly<br />
above the placentarium, is the lowest part of the seed in<br />
the pericarpial cavity. Ranunculus, Berberis,<br />
Rising, ascendens. The hile being on a level with the<br />
placentarium, or nearly so, is situated a little above the<br />
lowest part of the seed in the pericarpial cavity. Malus,<br />
Mespilus,<br />
_ Reversed, hanging, resupinalum, pendens, pendulum. The<br />
hile being below the placentarium, is the highest part of<br />
the seed in the pericarpial cavity. Fraxinus, Asclepias,<br />
Umbelliferae; Myriophyllum. PI. 1 3, fig. SI.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 201<br />
Hanging, pendens, pendulum. Attached to the sides of<br />
the pericarp by its funicular cord only. Ceratophyllum<br />
cornutuni.<br />
Appendent by the end, appendens ah extremitate. The<br />
hile being on a level with the placentarium, or nearly so,<br />
is placed below but near the uppermost part of the seed,<br />
Prunus, Amygdalus. PI. 15, fig. 1.<br />
Appendent by the middle, appendens a medio. The hile<br />
being on a level Avith the placentarium, or nearly so, is<br />
placed in the middle of the side. Quassia Simarouba.<br />
Shieldlike, peltalum. Hanging by the middle, which is<br />
connected by a large surface to the placentarium. Ruta,<br />
Plantago stricta.<br />
Falling, cadens. The hile being opposite to the upper<br />
part of the pericarpial cavit}^ and the placentarium seated<br />
in the lower part, the umbilical cord is forced to elongate<br />
itself to i-each the level of the hile, and to pass over one of<br />
the sides of the seeds. Piumbagineoe. PI. IS, fig. 17-<br />
Horizontal, liorhontale. The seed being flat, or long,<br />
is fastened to the placentarium by its edge, or one of its<br />
ends, in a })lane parallel to the base of the fruit. Lilium,<br />
Cucumis prophetarum. PI. 15, fig. 21.<br />
Nestling, scattered, Semhia nidulantia, vaga. Placed<br />
without any order, like eggs in a nest. Nymphjea.<br />
Spread, perfusa. Spread over the whole surface, either<br />
of the valves, Butomus, Gentiana; or of the partitions,<br />
Plantaginese, Papavcr.<br />
In rows, serialia. Disposed in rows. Tulipa, Lilium,<br />
Poleraonium.<br />
Tiled-like, imhricata. Asclepias, Cobea scandens.<br />
Enchased, placentario semi-inclusa. Fixed single in the<br />
pits of an alveolar placentarium. Primulaceae.<br />
Footstalked, Semen funiculatum. Fastened by an umbilical<br />
cord. Plumbagineae, Magnolia.<br />
Sessile, sessile. Attached to the placentarium without<br />
any umbilical cord. Plantagineae, Primulaceee.<br />
% Naked, nudum. The seed expanding after fecundation,<br />
and not the ovary, the latter is ruptured and the seed<br />
protrudes, Leontice; or the pericarpium opening, the seed<br />
is exserted and hangs by its umbilical cord^ Magnolia.
W2 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
2. Form.<br />
Globular, Semen sphceriaim, glohosum. Brassica, Sinapis,<br />
Pisum sativum, Vicia sepium.<br />
Globulous, glohulosum. Globular, and also small.<br />
Nearly globular, suhglohosum.<br />
Roundish, subrotundum. Asparagus officinalis, jEscuIus<br />
Hippocastanum, Vicia lutea.<br />
Cubical, ciibicum. Vicia lathyroides.<br />
Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Once and a half, or twice as<br />
long as broad, equally round at each end, and swelled insensibly<br />
in the middle. Quercus longaeva.<br />
Egglike, ovoideum. Once and a half, or twice as long<br />
as broad, round at each end, the one end sharper than the<br />
other. Nymphaea, Ribes spinosam glabrum, Aconitum,<br />
Cocos nucifera.<br />
Tearlike, lachrymcEJ'orme . The<br />
small end sharper than<br />
in the egglike, and frequently compressed. Pyrus, Malus,<br />
Amygdalus, Linum. -<br />
Elliptic, elUpticum. Sisymbrium latifolium, Isatis tinc-<br />
toria.<br />
Oblong, ollo?ig7/m. At least twice and a half as long as<br />
broad, and I'ounded at each end. Phoenix dactylifera,<br />
Lonicera Zeylanica.<br />
Topshape, turhinatum. Conical with a round base; the<br />
cone at least once and a half as high as broad. Bixa.<br />
Straight, reclili?ieum, reclum. Chaerophyllum aroi^naticum,<br />
Hieracium glaucum.<br />
Kidneyshape, rentfonve, Papaver somniferum, Acer<br />
majus, Many malvaceae, Silene, Phaseolus.<br />
Bent, curved, arcuatum, curvatum. Slightly bent. Eroteum<br />
undulatum, Tournefortia mutabilis.<br />
Much bent, recurvum, recurvatum. Bent so that the two<br />
ends nearly meet. Potamogeton.<br />
Folded, replicatum. Folded in two, so that the two<br />
halves are close together, and even united. Alisma major,<br />
Damasonium Dalechampii, Sagittaria.<br />
Compressed, compressuvi. Broader than thick. Fraxi-<br />
nus, Vicia vulgaris, Cucurbita esculenta.<br />
Orbicular, orhiculare. The edge circular. Carex di-<br />
vulsa, Ervum lens.<br />
Lentilshape, lentiadare, roiimdato-compressnm. Convex<br />
on both sides, with a sharp edge. Carex muricata, Amaranthus<br />
minor.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ^ 203<br />
Discoid, diicoideum. Thick, with two flat parallel faces,<br />
and a bluntly rounded edge. Dioscorea, Strychnos Nuxvomica.<br />
Flat, planum. Lilium, Tulipa.<br />
Angular, angnlosum. Having prominent corners upon<br />
its surface. Trasus syivaticus, Cepa esculenta, Rumex,<br />
Fagopyrum esculentum, Primula.<br />
Three-cornered, irigo?iia?i, iriquetrum. Rumex, Rheura,<br />
Fagus sylvestris.<br />
Four-cornered, ielragonum, &c.<br />
Sawdust-like, scoLiforjne. Fine, long, like sawdust.<br />
Orchidese, Rhododendron.<br />
Grooved, canaliculalum . Hollowed out into a gutter<br />
lengthways. Ph^nix dactylifera.<br />
3. Surface,<br />
Bald, Semen glahrum. Asparagus officinalis, Nymphsea,<br />
Brassica, j^Escuius Hippocastanum.<br />
Smooth, iceve. Nymphaea, ^S^sculus Hippocastanum.<br />
Polished, Icevigatum. Geranium Robertianum, G. molle,<br />
Melampyrum arvense.<br />
Shining, nitidum^ hicldum. Polygonum aviculare, Amaranthus<br />
minor, Nymphsea, Linum usitatissimum, Spartium<br />
scoparium, j$1scu1us Hippocastanum.<br />
Streaked, striatum. Lysimachia stellata.<br />
Furrowed, sulcatum. Digitalis speciosa. Viburnum farinosum.<br />
Networked, reticulatu.m. Geranium rotundifolium, G.<br />
disseclura, G. columbinum.<br />
Wrinkled, rugosiim. Damasonium Dalechampii, Aconitum,<br />
Cymbalaria hederacea, Elatine hastata.<br />
Pitted, scrobiculatum,. With irregular pits. Arum Italicum,<br />
Datisca cannabina.<br />
Honeycombed, alveolatum^faveolatum. With pits, placed<br />
regularly. Antirrhinum, Papaver. *<br />
Rough, scabrum. Ruta graveolens, Primula veris.<br />
Dotted, punctatum. Covered either with rising points.<br />
Cyclamen vernum, Anagallis Phoenicia, Geranium columbinum;<br />
or with coloured dots, Clausena.<br />
Tubercular, tuhercutatum. With elevated lumps. Vicia<br />
lathyroides.<br />
Warty, carimculatum. With spongy or pulpy excrescences.<br />
Chelidonium majus, Ricinus.
•204 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Furnished with an operculum, operculahun. Having<br />
an operculum, or embryo-cover, placed over the radicular<br />
extremity of the embryon, and tallinfr oft' when the seed<br />
germinates. Phoenix dactylifera, Asparagus officinalis.<br />
Villous, villosuvi. Roellia cristata, Murraya exotica.<br />
Woolly, lanatum. Bombax, Gossj'pium.<br />
Edged, marginatum. With a prominent narrow edge.<br />
Spergula pentandra, Matthiola sinuata.<br />
Fringed, cilialum. Edged, and the edge cut into fine<br />
jags like eyelashes. Limnanthes peltata.<br />
Winged, alatum. Furnished with large thin expansions<br />
of the edges or corners.<br />
One-winged, uni-alaium, mo?iopterum'<br />
Winged all round, peripleratum. Surrounded by the<br />
wing. Veratrum alburn, Rhinanthus glaber.<br />
Winged at top, epipteralum. Banksia, Bignonia.<br />
Two-winged, bi-alatuin, dlpterum.<br />
Three-winged, tri-alalum, triptenim. Moringa, Fterospermum.<br />
Tufted, comahim. With a tuft of hairs or coma, produced<br />
either by an expansion of the seed-covers, Tamarix;<br />
or by the umbilical cord drying, and splitting into fine<br />
filaments, Asclepias, Epilobium.<br />
Bald-headed, calvum. Without any tuft. Vinca.<br />
Drupelike, dntpeolatum. Surrounded with pulp and<br />
like a stone-fruit. Ixia Chinensis, Punica Granatus.<br />
Arilled, ar'illatum. Having an arill. Myristica, Oxalis,<br />
Evonymus.<br />
Parts of the seed.<br />
Seed covers, Integumenla propria seminum, TuniccE seminales.<br />
The covers that grow along with the ovule, and are<br />
not very distinct until the ovary is ripened into a pericarp ;<br />
they comprise the arill, the outer and the inner skin.<br />
The kernel, Amygdala. The seed stripped of its covers,<br />
being either a simple embryo, or an embryo accompanied<br />
with a perisperm.<br />
Arill.<br />
Arillus, Calyptra. An appendage to the hile, usually<br />
Jormlng an expansion' round the seed, which falls off of itself<br />
mid is peculiar to afew seeds only.<br />
Complete, Arillus complelns. Covering the seed entirely.<br />
Oxalis.<br />
,
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 205<br />
Incomplete, incompletus. Covering the seed only partially.<br />
Evonymus verrucosus, Bocconia frutescens.<br />
^ Cuplike, mpiilaris. In form of a hollow cup. Evonymus<br />
verrucosus, Bocconia frutescens.<br />
Caruncular, strophiolate, caruncularis, stropliiolatus.<br />
Formed of one or more caruncles. Polygala vulgaris.<br />
Parted, partitiis. Divided into several broad parts.<br />
Three-parted, tripartitus. Polygala vulgaris.<br />
Many-parted, multipart itiis. Myristica.<br />
Jagged, laciniaius. Divided into nari'ow strips. Rave-<br />
nala.<br />
Pulpy, pulposus. Texture cellulai-, very fine, full of<br />
juice. Bocconia frutescens.<br />
Fleshy, caniosus. Texture thick, juicy, but firm. My-<br />
ristica.<br />
Elastic, elasticus. Extending as the seed enlarges, to<br />
a certain length, then tearing open, and retracting, in consequence<br />
of its tenacity. Oxalis.<br />
Tearing, ruptilis. Tearing irregularly when the seed<br />
enlarges. Meliaceee.<br />
Pellicle.<br />
Pellicula, Epidermis. A very thin nrill which hears the<br />
hairs thai accompany some seeds. Bombax, Gossypium.<br />
Tuft.<br />
Coma. A small tuft of hairs growing at one end of some<br />
ieeds. Asclepias, Epilobium, Tamarix.<br />
Skins of the Seed.<br />
Spermoderme, Spermodermis, Perispermum, Epispermum.<br />
The coats of seeds in general, surrounding and covering<br />
their kernel, including the outer and inner skin, and.<br />
the flesh of the seed.<br />
Outer Skin.<br />
Shell, Testa, Lorica. The smooth, scalelike, external<br />
covering of the kernel, which, notwithstanding its appeara?ice,<br />
easily imbibes moisture. PI. 15, fig. 22 a.<br />
Crustaceous, Lorica Crustacea. Thin, dry, brittle like a<br />
snail-shell. Papaver orientale, Ricinus.<br />
Bony, ossea, lapidea. Dry, solid, thick, and resembling<br />
a bony or stony substance in its appearance. Nymphsea<br />
alba, Nuphar luteum.
206 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Leatherlike, coriacea. Camellia Japonica, Hura cre-<br />
pitans.<br />
Fungous, corklike, fungosa, suherosa. Tulipa, Lilium,<br />
Iris.<br />
Pulpy, pvlposa. Juicy externally, giving the seed the<br />
appearance of a stone-fruit. Ixia Chinensis, Punica Granatus,<br />
Magnolia.<br />
Bladdery, vesicularis. Membranaceous, and much larger<br />
than the parts they cover. Philadelphus coronarius.<br />
Flesh of the Seed.<br />
Sarcodermis. A parenchymatous suhstance, placed helween<br />
the outer and inner skin of the seed, frequently scarcely visible,<br />
hut sometimes very apparent. Iris fsetidissima.<br />
Inner Skin.<br />
Tegmen, Endopleura, Tunica interior, Integumentum,<br />
Hiloferus. A thin pellicle placed next the kernel, scarcely<br />
separable from the flesh of the seed, and which, notwithstajid-<br />
ing its appearance, is not permeable to moisture. PL 15,<br />
fig. 22 b.<br />
Membranaceous, Tegmen membranaceum. Nymphaea<br />
alba, Amygdalus, Cerasus, Castanea vesca, Fagus sylvatica.<br />
Paperlike, chartaceum. Dry, smooth, flexible, tough<br />
like a card or parchment. Pyrus communis.<br />
Leatherlike, coriaceum. Cocos nucifera.<br />
Crustaceous, crustaceum. Areca Faufel.<br />
Cobweblike, arachnoideum. Ixia Chinensis.<br />
Partition-bearing, septiferum. Expanding internally in<br />
the form of incomplete partitions, that divide the kernel<br />
into several lobes. Castanea vesca, Juglans regia.<br />
Gummy, gummatum. Covered with a gummy substance.<br />
Pyrus Cydonia.<br />
Distinct, a loricd distinctum. Separable from the outer<br />
skin, vi'ithout any tearing. Nymphaea, Hydrocharideas.<br />
Coherent, loricce cohcerens. Not separable from the outer<br />
skin without tearing. Citrus, Murraya.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 207<br />
HiLE.<br />
Eye of the seed. Base of the seed, HUum, Hyliis, Umbilicus,<br />
Cicatricula, Fenestra. A scar upon the surface of' the<br />
outer skin of th'e seed, which shoivs the point hy ivhich the<br />
umbilical cordfastened the seed to the mother-plant.<br />
The liile is frequently placed in the middle of a spot,<br />
hollow, or elevation, and in describing plants this spot, &c.<br />
is included in the signification of the word hile.<br />
Dotlike, Hilum punctiforme. Cruciferse.<br />
Linear, lineare. Long, narrow, with the sides parallel.<br />
Faba.<br />
Line-like, lineolare. Resembling a plain stroke, Commelina<br />
communis.<br />
Orbicular, orliculare. ^sculus.<br />
Elliptic, ellipticum. Phaseolus. :<br />
Heartshape, cordforme. Areca, Cardiospermum.<br />
Convex, convexum. jEscuIus.<br />
Concave, concavum. Cyclamen vernum.<br />
Strophiolate, strophiolatum. Composed of a row or rows<br />
of tubercles. Polygalese. ^<br />
Comose, comosum. Woolly, Polygalese. '<br />
Ambiguous, amhiguum. Corresponding at the same time<br />
to the two ends of a bent or folded seed.<br />
Omphalode.<br />
Omphalodium. A protuberant point, usually placed in<br />
the middle of the cicatrix, where the nutrimental vessels en-<br />
tered the seed.<br />
Foramen.<br />
Micropyla. A point near the hile, which appears to he<br />
the place where the fecundatmg vessels entered the seed.<br />
Spile.<br />
Spilus. A small spot under thefirst cover of the fruit of<br />
the graminecB at the internal base, which appears to be the<br />
real umbilicus or point where the vessels of the pericarpium<br />
enter the spermoderme, which is closely united with the peri-<br />
carp.<br />
Prostype.<br />
Prostypum, Prostypum funiculare. A slight elevation<br />
on the surface of the seed-covers, formed by the internal<br />
elongation of the vessels of the umbilical cord.
208 introduction to botany. '<br />
Raphe.<br />
Rapha. The prominent rib of the proslype that passes<br />
from the hile to the chalaze.<br />
Straight, Kapha rectiliiiea, recta. Labiatse.<br />
Winding, sinuosa. Passing along in a serpentine line.<br />
Cookia.<br />
^ Simple, simplex. Passing in a single uniform line,<br />
without any ramifications. Labiatse, Most aurantiacese.<br />
Branched, racemosa. Throwing out branches, on each<br />
side, which usually anastomose, and form a network.<br />
Amygdala.<br />
Chalaze.<br />
Chalaza, Umbilicus internus. A mark on the inner skiUf<br />
shoiving where the umhilical cord pierces it : this point is<br />
usually directly u?ider the hile, but sometimes at a distance,<br />
and connected with it by the raphe.<br />
Tubercular, Chalaza tubercuhsa. Swelled out in bunches.<br />
Labiatse.<br />
Cuplike, cupularis. Dilated within the flesh of the seed<br />
into the form of a cup, or such like vessel. Most aurantiacese,<br />
especially Citrus Medica, Cookia punctata.<br />
% Coloured, colorata. Of a different colour than that of<br />
the skin. Citrus Medica.<br />
Not coloured, Incolor. Phaseolus.<br />
Kernel.<br />
Nucleus, Amygdala. The internal part of the seed, con-<br />
tained zuithin the skins, and composed of' an embryo either<br />
alone, or accompanied with a perisperm.<br />
Coated, Amygdala iunicata. Covered with skins very<br />
distinct from the inside of the ovary. Polygonum, OEno-<br />
thera.<br />
Tegmined, tegminata. Covered with a tegmen. ScirpuSj<br />
Heisteria coccinea.<br />
Loricated, lor irata. Covered with a lorica. Eroteum<br />
undulatum, CEnothera.<br />
Naked, 7iuda, sine tunica. Naked within the sides of the<br />
ovar}^ Abietidese, Cupressidese, Taxideas.<br />
^ Free, libera. The surface not adhering to the covera<br />
which envelope it. Amygdalus, Phaseolus, Faba.
"^<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 209<br />
Adherent, adIicBrens. Adhering to its covers. Graminese,<br />
Umbellifersg.—This only takes place when there is a perisperm,<br />
and in this case the true place of the hile, and consequently<br />
the base of the seed, is frequently very difficult to<br />
be ascertained.<br />
% Single, unica. Only one kernel in a seed. Most<br />
plants.<br />
Double, duplex. Two in each seed. Eriolithus.<br />
% Perispermed, penspermata, perispermica, alhuminosa,<br />
endospermica. Having a perisperm. Cyperaceae, Gramineae,<br />
Rubiaceae, Unibelliferae.<br />
Not-perispermed, aperispermata, exalluminosa, episperm-<br />
ica, epiperispermica. Without a perisperm. xilismaceae,<br />
Compositse, Faba, Phaseolus.<br />
Tuberous,' tuherosa. Composed of an uniform mass, with<br />
several germinating points. Aroideee, Calladium.<br />
Perisperm.<br />
Perispermum, Albumen, Endospermum, Secundinse in-<br />
ternse. Medulla seminis. Cellular tissue accompanying the<br />
emhryo in the kernel, hut scarcely ever adhering to it, and<br />
having no vascular organization ; furnishing, during germi-<br />
nation, the first nourishment to the young plant. PI. 18,<br />
fig. 20 e ; 22.<br />
Central, Perispermum centro^e. Forming a mass in the<br />
centre of the kernel, and surrounded by the embryo. Cuscuta<br />
Europeea, Silene, Nyctaginese.<br />
Circumferential, periphcBricitm. Surrounding the embryo,<br />
and concealing it. Abietideae, Cupressideae.<br />
One-sided, unilaterale. Placed on one side, and the embryo<br />
on the other. Gramineee.<br />
If Dry, siccum, aridum. Gramineae.<br />
Mealy, J'arinosum. Dry, and reducible by ti'ituration<br />
into a fine, soft powder. Triticum, Avena, Secale.<br />
Friable, frialile. Dry, and crumbling by a slight rubbing,<br />
Piper nigrum, Gunnera scabra.<br />
Oily, oleagineum. Greasy to the touch, and yielding oil<br />
by expression. Euphorbiaceae, Nyssa sylvatica.<br />
Mucilaginous, mucilaginosum. Having, while moist, the<br />
consistence of a gummy matter slightly wetted. Convol-<br />
vulus.<br />
Pellicular, membranaceous, pelliculare, memhrariaceum.<br />
Formed of a thin flake or pellicle. Most labiatse, Prunus,<br />
Amygdalus.<br />
VOL. I. p<br />
'
^10<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Fleshy, camosum. Euphorbiacese.<br />
Horn}'^, corneum. Tough, elastic, hard like horn. Palm^,<br />
Aristolochia, Rubiaccas.<br />
Leathery, cartilaginous, corlaceum, cartilag'meum, dense<br />
camosum. Tough like leather, or a cartilage. Umbel-<br />
life rse.<br />
Transparent, pellucidum. Oryza saliva.<br />
Opake, opacum. Triticum.<br />
51 Lobed, lohaiiim.<br />
Three-lobed, trilohatum. Coccoloba, Lontarus,<br />
Five-lobed, quinquelobatum. Aquilicia.<br />
Creviced, rimosum. Having more or less deep incisions,<br />
into which folds of the seed-covers are inserted. Uvaria,<br />
Anona.<br />
*f[ Large, magnum. Relatively to the embryo. Graminef)e,<br />
Umbelliferae, Ranunculacea?.<br />
Thick, crassum. Having a notable thickness. Graminese,<br />
Hydrophyllum.<br />
Thin, tenue. Labiatae, Rosaceae, Thymeleae.<br />
^ White, alhuvi. In most plants.<br />
Green, viride. Viscum album.<br />
5[ Hollow, cavum. Having another internal cavity besides<br />
that containing the embryo. Cocos, Myristica.<br />
Wrinkled, corrugatum, coniortuplicatum. Folded together<br />
in different senses along Vi-ith the embryo. Convol-<br />
vulus.<br />
Hile-bearing, hiliferum. Bearing the hile. Abietideae,<br />
Cupressideae, Taxidese.<br />
Chorion.<br />
A pulpy liquor which appears io form the whole sidjstance of<br />
the kernel before its feamdation, and disappears before its<br />
maturity.<br />
Amnios.<br />
A trausparejit gelatinous or emulsive liquor that is not io be<br />
ieen before fecwidation, in which the embryo swims, and<br />
ivhich appears to serve for its nourishment ; the concrete residuum<br />
forming the perisperrn. Cocoa.<br />
Naked, Amnios nudum.<br />
Enclosed, inclusum. Enclosed in a sac.<br />
Embryo.<br />
Proper seed. Heart of the seed, Corculum, Cor seminis.<br />
The rudiment of the new plant. PI. 15, fig, 22 d; pi. 18,<br />
fig. 20 f ; 22 a.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 211<br />
Not cotyledonic, Emhrio acotyledoneus. Without any<br />
cotyledons, and of course conoisting only of a blasteme.<br />
Cuscuta, Confervas.<br />
One-cotyledon, monocohj iedoiieus. With only one cotyledon.<br />
Gramineee, Liiiacese, Cyclamen Europseus, Zani-<br />
dieilia.<br />
Two-cotyledon, dicotyledoneiis . With<br />
two cotyledons.<br />
Labiatee, Compositse, Umbelliferse, Criiciferae, Rosacese,<br />
Leguminosce.<br />
Many-cotyledon, polycotyledon eus. With more than two<br />
cotyledons. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Cedrus, Ceratophyllum.<br />
^ Spherical, globular, sphcericus, glohulosus.<br />
Ellipsoid, eilipsoideus. Quercus longseva.<br />
Egglike, ovoideus, Juncus, Corylus, Nelumbo.<br />
Conical, conicus. In form of a sugar-loaf. Epilobium<br />
hirsutum.<br />
Topshaped, iz^r^f7za/z/5. Nymphaea alba, Scirpus sylva-<br />
ticus.<br />
Threadlike, filiformis. Slender and cylindrical like a<br />
thread. Typha, Allium, Atriplex, Damasonium Dalechampii.<br />
Spindleshape, fusiformis. Long, and growing narrower<br />
at each end. Triglochin palustre.<br />
Clubshape, claviformis. Hyacinthus nutans.<br />
Mushroomshape,y2i!wgz/br;72w. Having a hemispherical<br />
broad head placed upon a cylindrical stem. Musa sapientum,<br />
M. coccinea.<br />
Heartshape, cordiformis. Azarum, Aristolochia, Gunnera.<br />
Saucerlike, patelUformis. Flagellaria Indica.<br />
Bucklershape, scutelliformis. Broad, more or less round,<br />
dilTers but little from the preceding. Holcus.<br />
Cylindrical, cylmdricus. Antirrhinum.<br />
Sheavelike, irochlearis. Cylindrical, very short, narrower<br />
in the middle, like the sheave of a pulley. Commelina<br />
communis.<br />
Lenticular, lenticularis. Ervum lens.<br />
^ Straight, rectUineus, rectus. Neither bent, nor twisted.<br />
Abietideae, Cupressidese, Taxideee, Aroideae.<br />
Bent, arciiatus, curvatus. Vaccinium montanum. Galium<br />
uncinatum, Papaver.<br />
Bent back, recurvus, recurvaius. Bent so that the tip of<br />
the cotyledons either touches the radicle, or approaches<br />
Yevy close to it. NyctaginesS, Morus.<br />
p 2
212 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. '<br />
Knee-bent, gejiiculatus . Folded so as to form an angle..<br />
Guettarda speciosa.<br />
Folded, replicatus, conduplicaius. Folded in two, and<br />
the folds brought close together. Alisma, Sagittaria, Damasonium.<br />
Ringlike, annularis. Slender, long, bent so that the<br />
cotyledon end touches the radicular. Salsola, Silene.<br />
Pill-like, in orhem contractus. Bent so as to form a ball.<br />
Sin apis alba.<br />
Spiral, spiralis, cochleatus. Bent in a spiral. Salsola<br />
tragus, Cuscuta Europasa. PI. 13, fig. 14.<br />
Qvooked., flexuosus. Bent in different directions. Anguillaria<br />
Bahamensis.<br />
% Enclosed, reclusus, inclusus. Shut up in the perisperm.<br />
Anagallis phoenicia, Campanula, Galium.<br />
Axile, axilis. Slender, surrounded with a perisperm,<br />
and placed in a straight line from one point to that diametrically<br />
opposite. Typha, Plantagineee, Fraxinus, Campanula,<br />
Berberis, Saxifrageee.<br />
Medial, 7nediaris. Spread out broad, placed in the<br />
middle of the perisperm, and dividing it into two nearly<br />
equal parts. Cassia Fistula, Ricinus, Hura crepitans.<br />
Central, centralis. In the centre of the perisperm.<br />
Taxus baccata. Ph 13, fig. 22.<br />
Excentric, exceniricus. Enclosed in the perisperm, but<br />
not placed in the centre. Cyclamen.<br />
External, exterior. On the surface of the perisperm.<br />
Scirpus, Gramineae, Nymphsea.<br />
Peripheric, periphcericus, alhumine circumpositus. External,<br />
and surrounding the greater part of the perisperm.<br />
Mirabilis, Silene. Very rare.<br />
Nearly peripheric, sulperiphcericus. The perisperm that<br />
forms the central part of the kernel throws out the embryo,<br />
which spreads in a very thin flake over its surface. Atriplices,<br />
Amaranthidese.<br />
Crosswise, transversus. Long, and nearly parallel to<br />
the hile. Asparagus officinalis, Plantaginese, Cyclamen<br />
Europseum, Primulacese, Polemonium, Many boraginese.<br />
Oblique, ohliquus. One end further from the axis of the<br />
seed than the other. Graminese.<br />
On the side, lateralis. Thrust on one side. Gramineae,<br />
Polygonum scandens. Cyclamen.<br />
At the base, hasilaris. Placed entirely at the bottom of<br />
the seed near the hile. Cyperacese, Juncus, Asarum,<br />
Aristolochia, Pedicularis, Umbelliferse, Papaver, Aconitum,<br />
Ranunculus.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 21Ss<br />
At the tip, apieilaris. Placed opposite the hile. Colchicum.<br />
Vague, vagus. Placed in the perisperm, but neither at<br />
the bottom, top, or side of the seed.<br />
Nestling, nidulatus. Placed in a sac formed by a fold of<br />
the inner skin of the seed. Commelina.<br />
If White, alhus., lacteus. Most embryos.<br />
Yellowish, lutescens. Ribes spinosum glabrum.<br />
Green, viridis. Acer majus, Pistachia Terebinthus.<br />
Leadcolour, plumbeus. ^chinops.<br />
Purplish, purpureiis. Bidens and Zinnia when the seeds<br />
are fresh.<br />
il Large-footed, macropodius. The radicle very large,<br />
and bulging out like a head.<br />
Large-headed, macrocephalus . The cotyledons swelled<br />
out into a mass much larger than the other part.<br />
Roots within, e?idor/iizus. Radicles growing from the<br />
base of the embryo and piercing the covers.<br />
Roots without, exorlilzus. Radicles completely developed<br />
in the embryo, and only lengthening in germination.<br />
Roots united, synorhiziLS.<br />
with the perisperm.<br />
Radicle united in some degree<br />
CoTYI,EDONS.<br />
Cotyledones, Lobi, Valvae seminum. Tlie part of the<br />
kernel that forms the first leaves of the plant during gej-mi-<br />
natio7u PI. 14, fig. 12; pi. 15, fig. 19, 22 c; pi. 16, fig. 13.<br />
In one-cotyledon embryos, the cotyledon forming nearly<br />
the whole mass of the embryo, the external characters are<br />
common both to the embryo and the cotyledon, and it is<br />
indifferent whether it be said that the embryo or the cotyledon<br />
of holcus is bucklershape ; but in other embryos,<br />
the cotyledons are in general very distinct.<br />
Fleshy, Cotyledones carnosce. Thick, juicy, firm, and<br />
breakable. Corylus, Faba, Amygdalus communis, A.<br />
Persica.<br />
Leaflike, foliacecE. Thin, and frequently ribbed like<br />
leaves. Nyctaginese, Tilia, Cassia Fistula, Euphorbiaceae.<br />
PL 14, fig. 12.<br />
% Dotted, punciatce. Surfaces with either transparent<br />
points, Aurantiaceae ; or coloured ones. Anagallis when,<br />
germinating.<br />
K\h\)eA,nervat(E. Surface ribbed. Tilia, MirabilisJalapa.<br />
RiblesSj enerves. Faba.
214 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
^ 'La.Y'ye, magjice. Relatively to the radicle. AmygdaluSy<br />
Faba, Quercus, Castanea vesca.<br />
Middlesize, mediocres. Polygonum, Galium, Pisius,<br />
Small, parvce. Orontium majus, Polemonium.<br />
'Mevy &maW, parvidcE. Rhododendron.<br />
Long, longce. Salsola.<br />
Short, breves. Hopea.<br />
Shortened, abbreviates. Short, but broad.<br />
Broad, /a^tc. In respect to their length. Avicennia.<br />
Narrow, angusfo'. Salsola, Hieracium, Pinus.<br />
Thick, crassce. iEsculus, Amygdalus, Phaseokis, Quercus,<br />
Castanea vesca.<br />
51 Side, laterales. On one side of the blasteme, which<br />
position is peculiar to the one-cotyledon embryos. Gramineae.<br />
Opposite- oppositcs. Placed at the same height on the<br />
blasteme, but diametrically opposite, as in two-cotyledon<br />
embryos. Phaseolus, Faba, Pisum.<br />
In whirls, verticiltatce. Many, and placed round the<br />
blasteme at the same height. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Ceratophyllum.<br />
Contiguous, conligU(S. Their internal faces closely applied<br />
to each other.. Most two-cotjdedon plants, Rosaceffi^<br />
LiCguminosas.<br />
Incumbent, incumbenles. Contiguous and lying upon<br />
one another, the one towards the summit of the seed, the<br />
other towards the hile. Hesperis, Smyrnium.<br />
Accumbent, accumbenies. Contiguous, and lying side by<br />
side. Nasturtium, Cardamine.<br />
Wide apart, dlvergentcs. Separating from one another<br />
by their tips. De]i)hinlum puniceum, Myristica.<br />
Turned back, reflcxce. Bent, and turning their tip to<br />
the tip of the radicle, Nyctagyne^e, Dorstenia ; and that<br />
cither by their faces, a fadebus, Mirabilis Jalapa; or by<br />
their side, a laleribus, Genista Hispanica, Cheiranthus,<br />
Helianthemum.<br />
Rolled lengthways, circhiatce. Forming a spiral by their<br />
iip being rolled inwards to the bottom. Basella, Anabasis,<br />
Rolled sideways, convuLiitce. Forming a spiral by one<br />
of their sides being rolled inwards. Punica Granatum.,<br />
PI. 15, %. I9-_ \<br />
Riding, sa invlcem equ'Uaiites, obvoluico, opposite. The<br />
half of one cotyledon folded sideways receives into the fold<br />
the half of the ether folded in a similar manner. Coldenia<br />
procumbens.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 215<br />
Folded together, condupUcatoi. Applied close to one<br />
another, and folded togther. Avicenna.<br />
Folded up, fdicatce. In regula.r folds like those of a fan.<br />
Fagus sylvatica.<br />
Rumpled, con^ortuplicatce, corrugatce. Folded irregularly,<br />
in different directions, like a rumpled stuff. Convolvulus,<br />
Malva, Gossypium.<br />
Joined together, coalitce. United after the seed ripened,<br />
and forming only a single mass. Tropseolum.<br />
Pierced, pertuscp-. Pierced with large holes. Menispermum<br />
fenestratum.<br />
% Rounded, orliculares, suhrolundcc. More or less<br />
rounded. Acanthaceae, Hura crepitans.<br />
Oval, ovules. Resembling the longitudinal section of an<br />
ecTff, one end bein^ rounder than the other. Cheiranthus<br />
• 'All •<br />
Cheu'i, Amygdalus communis.<br />
Elliptic, ellipticce. One third longer than broad, edge<br />
rounded, the two- ends equal. Quercus longasva.<br />
Kidneyshape, reniformes. Anacardium orientale.<br />
Heartshape, cordiformes, Ixora, Coffsea, Phyllis Nobla.<br />
Lanceolate, lanceolato:. Two thirds longer than broad,<br />
and ending in an acute angle.<br />
Linear, lineares. Flat, long, narrow, with the sides<br />
nearly parallel. Llieracium glaucum.<br />
Long, elongatce. At least twice and a half as long as<br />
broad. Salsola radiata.<br />
Semicylindrical, hemicylindriccE. Long, with one face<br />
flat and the other convex. Salsola radiata.<br />
Sickleshape, falcatce. Long and bent like a reapinghook.<br />
Ceratospermum, Hypecoum.<br />
% Alike, similares. Equal in size and form. Faba,<br />
Amygdalus, and indeed most cotyledons.<br />
Unlike, dissimiles. Differing from one another. Trapa<br />
natans, Ceratophyllum demersum.<br />
*|[ Lobed, lobatce. Cut to the middle, or even deeper.<br />
Juglans, Hernandia.<br />
Two-lobed, hilobatcB. Brassica oleracea.<br />
Five-lobed, qui7iqueloljatcB, Tilia alba.<br />
Feather-cut, pinnatijidce. Long, and divided on the<br />
sides. Geranium moschatum.<br />
Uncut, inlegrce. Having neither teeth, sinuses, nor lobes.<br />
Most cotyledons.<br />
If Footstalked, petiolatcB. Narrowed at bottom into a<br />
kind of footstalk. Mirabilis Jalapa when germinating,<br />
jEscuIus Hippocastanum, Trapseolum when germinating,<br />
Dorstenia Contrayerva.
216<br />
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Sessile, sessiles. Without any petiole. Most cotyledons.<br />
Jointed, articulatce. Narrowed at bottom, and appearing<br />
as if united to the blastema by a joint. Mespilus Germanica.<br />
Indistinct, confluentes. Not narrowed at bottom, but<br />
confounded together and with the blasteme. Compositse,<br />
Nelumbo.<br />
^ Hypogeous, hypogece. Remaining under ground during<br />
germination. Graminese, ^Esculus.<br />
Epigeous, epigece. Rising out of the ground during<br />
germination. Abietidese, Faba, Mirabilis.<br />
The t)ther characters of cotyledons are to be sought for<br />
by considering them as leaves.<br />
Primordial Leaves.<br />
Folia primordialia. Those synall leaves which, besides the<br />
cotyledo7is, are sometimes visible in the seed.<br />
PiLEOLE.<br />
Pileola. A primordial leaf, closed, and covering like an<br />
extinguisher, the other leaves of the sprouting seed. Scirpus.<br />
PL 13, fig. 2 c.<br />
Main Body.<br />
Corpus Cotyledoneum. The cotyledonary massformed of<br />
cotyledons closely united together.<br />
Synzygia.<br />
The place vjhere two opposite cotyledons are united.<br />
Lobule.<br />
Lobula. That cotyledon of two opposite ones which is<br />
placedfarthest from the radicle.<br />
COLEOPTILE.<br />
Coleophyllum, (!!Ioleoptila. A small sheath formed by<br />
the cotyledons, and surrounding the base of the plumule. Alismacese,<br />
Liliaceae,<br />
Seed Roots.<br />
Radices seminales, Vasa mammaria. The small vessels<br />
proceeding from the plumule into the cotyledons.
intkoduction to botany. 217<br />
Blasteme.<br />
Blastema. That part of the embryo that remains when<br />
the cotyledons are taken away.<br />
Lateral, Blastema laterale. The axis on one side relatively<br />
to the mass of the embryo. Graminese.<br />
Plumule.<br />
Plantule, Plumula. That part of the blasteme that is,<br />
destined to rise above ground andform the fature plant.<br />
Conspicuous, Plumula visibilis. Visible before germination,<br />
either by the naked eye, Gramineae, ^sculus Hippocastanum,<br />
Faba, Nelumbo, Ceratophyllum ; or by the assistance<br />
of glasses. Damasonium Dalechampii, Triglochin<br />
palustre. PL 1 3, fig. 1 e.<br />
Inconspicuous, i?2visibilis, inconspicua. Commelina, Cepa<br />
esculenta. Cyclamen Europaeum.<br />
Coleoptiled, coleoptilata. Enclosed in a coleoptile.<br />
Alismaceae, Liliacese.<br />
Naked, niida^ acoleopiilata. On the surface of the blasteme,<br />
without any coleoptile. Gramineae, Faba.<br />
Dotlike, punctiformis. So very small, that it appears<br />
like a dot only. Abies.<br />
Tigellated, tigellata. Having a visible tigelle. Faba.<br />
Leaved, foliata. The gemmule so far developed that<br />
small leaves may be seen in it. Faba, Ceratophyllum.<br />
Caulicle.<br />
Cauliculus. That part of the plumule ivhich is seated between<br />
the cotyledons and the radicle.<br />
Radicle.<br />
Rostellum, Radicula. That part of the blasteme that<br />
forms the future root of the plant ; but is generally taken<br />
for all beneath the insertion of the cotyledons.<br />
Visible, Radicula visibilis. Faba.<br />
Invisible, invisibilis. Not to be seen before the seed germinates.<br />
Commelina communis.<br />
Coleorhized, coleorhizata. Enclosed in a coleorhize.<br />
Gramineae, Tropaeolum majus.<br />
Naked, iiuda. Not enclosed in a coleothize, Faba,<br />
Phoenix dactylifera.<br />
Hilebearing, hilifera. The kernel being naked, the radicle<br />
receives its vessels immediately from the umbilical<br />
cord. Avicennia.<br />
Prominent, prominens. Prolonged below the insertion<br />
of the cotyledbns. Cheiranthus, Genista.
218 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Drawn in, retracia. Hidden by the cotyledons wliick<br />
are prolonged below their insertion on the blasteme.<br />
Acanthus, Quercus, Cory] us.<br />
% Slendei', gracilis. Cheiranthus fruticulosus.<br />
Conical, conica. In form of a reverse cone. Faba, Labiatae,<br />
Cucurbitacese.<br />
Roundish, subrotunda. Nearly globular. Visc-um album,<br />
Berberis, Cassia Fistula.<br />
Eggshape, ovoidea. ' Ribes, Castanea vesca, Glaucinm<br />
luteum.<br />
Clubshape, clavceformis. Rhizophora.<br />
Flatted, depressa. Flattened as from top to bottom.<br />
JEgle Marmelos, Thea.<br />
Pointed, acuta. Faba major.<br />
Blunt, obtusa. Cassia Fistula.<br />
Short, hrevis. Shorter than the cotyledons. Cassia<br />
Fistula.<br />
Long, longa.<br />
Symploca.<br />
Longer than the cotyledons. Abies, Pin as,<br />
^ Straight, reclilinea, recta. In the same direction as<br />
the axis of the cotyledons. Abietideae, Compositae.<br />
Bent back, recurvata. Bent, so that it becomes nearer<br />
to the hile. Genista Hispanica.<br />
Bent backwards, regressa. Bent, but with the tip pointing<br />
from the hile. Cornucopiae cucullatum.<br />
Opposite, adversa, obversa, umbilicum spectans. Turned<br />
towards the hile.<br />
Directly opposed, directe adversa. The point of the radicle<br />
turned towards the hile. Fraxinus, Composites, Umbelliferae,<br />
Genista.<br />
Opposed sideways, lateraliler adversa. Radicle turning<br />
its side to the hile. Rosacea, Ricinus.<br />
Inverted, i?iversa, aversa. Turned diametrically opposite<br />
to the hile. Polygonum scandens. Acanthus, Ceratophyllum<br />
cornutum.<br />
Lateral, lateralis. Turned towards -some other point<br />
than the tip or bottom of the seed. Commelina.<br />
Superficial, superjidalis. The seed having a perisperm,<br />
the radicle spread on the surface of the kernel. Phcenix<br />
dactylifera, Commelina.<br />
. 51 High, alia., supera. Turned towards the summit<br />
of the fruit. Borragineae, Prunus, Amygdalus, Ricinus,<br />
Abietideae.<br />
Low, demissa. Turned towards the base of the fruit.<br />
Galium, Polemonium, Plantago stricta.
INTRODUCTION<br />
TO BOTANY. 21 9><br />
Centrifugal, centnfiiga. Directed horisontally to the<br />
side of the fruit. Ribes, Cucurbitace^e.<br />
Centripetal, centripeta. Directed towards the centre of<br />
the fruit. OEnothera, Citrus.<br />
COLEORHIZE.<br />
Appendage to the radicle. .<br />
Coleorhiza.<br />
A fleshy sac<br />
enclosing the radicle; like a sheath. Gramineae, Cycas^^<br />
Nj'mphaea, Saururus, Piper.<br />
VlTELLUS.<br />
I<br />
A7iif part adhering to the emhryo, ivliich is neither cotyledon,<br />
nor plumule, nor radicle, not extending heyond the seed,<br />
and withering during germination.<br />
bacillus. A fleshy part growing in the seed of hyacinthus<br />
instead of the cotyledon, from which it does not seem<br />
to diiTer.<br />
Blastus. That part of an embryo with a large radicle<br />
that enlarges during germination.<br />
Blaslophore. That part that supports the blastus. This<br />
is usually the vitellus of Gsertner.<br />
Epihlastus. An anterior appendage to the blastus of<br />
some gramineoe.<br />
Rhiziophysis. Appendages prolonged beyond the extremities<br />
of the radicles. Nenuphar.<br />
TiaELLE.<br />
Tigella. That part of the plumule ivhich lies between<br />
the collar and the gemmule.<br />
Visible, Tigella visibilis. Apparent before germination,<br />
Trophseolura, Faba, Nelumbo, Damasonium Dalechampii.<br />
Inconspicuous, invisibilis. Scarcely developed before the<br />
seed germinates. Allium, Pinus.<br />
Gemmule.<br />
Gemmula. The small bud that is at the end of the<br />
tigelle.<br />
Sessile, Gemmula sessilis. The tigelle being inconspicuous,<br />
the gemmule appears as if seated on the collar without<br />
any tigelle. Calla iEthiopica.<br />
Pileolated, pileolata. Hidden under a pileole. Gua-<br />
jnineee, Scirpus.
^20 introduction to botany.<br />
Collar.<br />
Collum, Coarctura, Limes communis, Fundus plants,<br />
Nodus vitalis. The plane interceding hetween the plumule<br />
and the radicle, which afterwards becomes that hetween the<br />
root and the stem; or the place where the Jihres commence on<br />
the one hand to rise up, and on the other hand to descend.<br />
Ascending, Collum ascendens. Rising out of the ground<br />
in germination, along with the plumule and cotyledons.<br />
Abies, Mirabilis Jalapa, Avicennia.<br />
Descending, descendens. Burying itself deeper in the<br />
ground, during germination, along with the radicle. Damasonium<br />
Dalechampii.<br />
As it is most frequently impossible to distinguish the<br />
collar while in the seed, from the radicle, it is usually comprehended<br />
under that name.<br />
Plantule.<br />
Plan tula. The embryo when in a state of germination.<br />
Acrospire, Acrospira. The plumule when it first bursts<br />
out of the seed covers.<br />
Seed leaves, Folia seminalia. The cotyledons when expanded<br />
by germination, and rising out of the ground.<br />
Such are the different varieties of form to be found in<br />
plants, taken m general; but a few tribes of them, such as<br />
terns, mosses, lichens, algse or marine plants, and mushrooms,<br />
differ so much in their structure, especially in the<br />
organs destined for reproduction, that they require peculiar<br />
terms to describe their parts.<br />
AGAMOUS AND CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.<br />
Cormus, Anabasis, Frojis. Every part of an agamous or<br />
cryptogamous plant, except the roots or holdfasts, and the<br />
organs of reproduction.<br />
Sporangium, Perisporium. The part that immediately<br />
contains the seeds or sporae, analogous to the fruit of phanerogamous<br />
plants.<br />
Spore, Spora, Sporata, Gongylus, Besimen. The reproductive<br />
corpuscles of agamous plants, analogous to the seed<br />
ot sexual plants
introduction to botany. 221<br />
Ferns.<br />
Stipes. The stem, or rather leafstalk of a fern, as it i»<br />
not alike on every side. PL 8, fig. 8. '<br />
Sori. The groups-of capsules, usually seated on the back<br />
of the frons or leaf. PI. 19, fig. 15.<br />
Invohicncm, Indusium, Memhranula, Glandules squamosce.<br />
A membrane that covers the sori, when young. PI. 19,<br />
fig. 15.<br />
Capsule, Capsula. The vessel containing the sporse,<br />
usually torn open when ripe by the force of the elastic ring.<br />
PI. 19, fig. 15 b, 16 and 17.<br />
Elastic ring, Anriulus elasticus, Gyrus, Gyroma. A strong<br />
ligamentous belt surrounding the capsules, fl. 19, fig. 16<br />
and 17.<br />
Lycopgdiace^, &c.<br />
Involucrum.<br />
marsileacese.<br />
The indehiscent envelope of the spori of the<br />
Conceptacles, Conceptacula, Nephrosta. The coques that<br />
contain<br />
and 11..<br />
the sori of the lycopodiacese.<br />
Mosses.<br />
PL 19, fig. 3, 6, 7<br />
Surculus, The stem of a moss.<br />
PerichcBtium, Perocidium, Perigonium. An involucre<br />
composed of small floral leaves which surround the base of<br />
the organs of reproduction i^ mosses. PL 20, fig. 7, 1 1.<br />
Perichsetial leaves, Folia perichetialia. Imbricated, leaf-<br />
like organs surrounding the reproductive organs. PL 20,<br />
fig. 11a. ,<br />
Paraphyses, Fila succulenia. Fistular hairs divided into<br />
cells, intermixed with the organs of reproduction in the<br />
perichastia of mosses. PL 20, fig. 6 e, lib.<br />
Urn, Capsule, Urna, Theca, Pyxidium, Capsula, Sporangium,<br />
Anthera, Aggedula. The fruit of the mosses. Usually<br />
dry, oblong or round, and covered with an operculum,,<br />
which separates when ripe by a transverse division. PL 20,<br />
fig. 3, 4, 5 g, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17.<br />
Culpa. The urn of fontinalis.<br />
Pedicell. Seta, Stipes, Pedicellus. The footstalk that<br />
supports the urn. PL 20, fig. 4, 8 a.<br />
Gynocidium. A small enlargement at the base of the<br />
pedicell.<br />
Vaginule, Vaginula. A small membranaceous sheath<br />
that surrounds the bottom of the pedicell.
2*22 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
Apophysis, Stroma. A swelling at the base of the urn.<br />
Polytrichum, Splachnum.<br />
Calypira. The scarious or membranaceous remams of<br />
the perigonium, which is carried up with the urn when the<br />
pedicell lengthens, and v/hich covers the operculum like<br />
a hood. PL 20, fig. 3.<br />
Operculum. A cover that lies over the orifice of the urn..<br />
PI. 20, fig. 9.<br />
Conjunctorium. The very small operculum of the Andrsea.<br />
Peristome, Peristoma. The edge of the opening into the<br />
urn, which is sometimes naked, sometimes surrounded with<br />
a single or double row of teeth. PL 20, fig. 9, 10, 12, 14,<br />
15,16.<br />
Memhranida. The fine membrane that supports the<br />
teeth of the peristome.<br />
Teeth of the peristome. Denies peristomaiis, Blepharce,<br />
— pogon. The small jags that sometimes surround the<br />
peristome. PL 20, fig. 15, 16.<br />
Barhula. The bearded edge of mosses, formed by the<br />
union of the teeth of the peristome. Tortula.<br />
Epiphragme, Epipliragma. A membrane stretched across<br />
the peristome, which shuts up the urn. Polytrichum.<br />
PL 20, fig. 10.<br />
Fringe, Annulus, Fimbria. An elastic toothed membrane,<br />
situated under the operculum,<br />
Sporangidium. The panninterne of the urn. PL 20,<br />
fig. 5.<br />
Colunielle, Columella, SporangidiiLm. A threadlike pil-<br />
lar in the centre of the urn to which the seeds are attached.<br />
PL 20, fig. 5 c.<br />
_<br />
Prospkyses. Threads intermixed with the seeds or spores.<br />
PIepatic/e, Sec.<br />
Capsule, Capsula, Involucrum, Receptaculum. The vessel<br />
containing the seeds or sporse. PL 19, fig. 20, 21, 23.<br />
Fjlaieres, criiiulcB. The elastic, membranous, twisted<br />
threads that first attach the sporse to the capsule, and when<br />
ripe, by their elasticity, disperse them. PL 19, fig. 20 e.<br />
Rap/iida: A kind of bivalve pericarpium containing<br />
sporae. Anthoceros, Tai'gionia.<br />
Globulus. The globular capsule of the jungermanniag.<br />
Colesula. A small membranaceous bag, containing sporse.<br />
JungermanniEe, Marchantia.<br />
Origoma. A conceptacle placed on the frond, resembling<br />
a basket. Marchantia. PI. 19, fig. 23 b.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 223<br />
Lichens.<br />
Frond, Frons, Thallus, Recepiaculum uniuersale. The<br />
frond or cormus of a lichen, containing sporee or gongyli<br />
dispersed through its substance.<br />
Fibrits, Filrillce. The rootlike holdfasts.<br />
Cortical substance, Sulstantia corticalis. The external<br />
substance of the frond.<br />
Medullary substance, Sulstantia medullaris. The internal "<br />
substance of the frond, when it can be distinguished.<br />
Podetium. An elevation of the thallus raising up the<br />
apothecia.<br />
Podlcellum. A very small, short podetium.<br />
Apothecimv, Thalamus, Receptaciilam partiale. The partial<br />
receptacle of the gongyles either sessile or raised upon<br />
a podetium, that are placed on the frond.<br />
Apothecia vera, Organafcemina. The apothecia that are<br />
more constant in their appearance, and of which only one<br />
kind are found in the same individual.<br />
Apothecia spuria, Apothecia accessoria, Organa mascula.<br />
The apothecia less constant, and of which several kinds are<br />
sometimes found on the same plant, including cephalodia,<br />
cypheilse, pulvinuli, and perhaps soredia.<br />
Scutellce. Orbicular sessile apothecia surrounded by an<br />
edge similar to the thallus. Parmelia.<br />
PatellulcE. Orbicular sessile apothecia, with a border<br />
not similar to the thallus. Lecidea.<br />
LireUce. Sessile, linear, winding apothecia, opening by<br />
a longitudinal slit. Opegrapha.<br />
Pilidia. Orbicular, hemispherical apothecia, whose surface<br />
resolves into a powder. Calycium.<br />
Orhillo:. Apothecia placed on podetia, enlarged into a<br />
disk, fringed or radiated on the edge. Usnea.<br />
Peltce. Rather leatherlike apothecia, on the edge of the<br />
thallus, without any edge, or a very narrow one, and covered<br />
at first with a thin, gelatinous membrane. Physcia.<br />
TriccB, Gyromata. Orbicular, sessile apothecia, wath<br />
rising folds in a spiral form, opening longitudinally, and<br />
emitting capsules, or elytrae, containing eight spores each.<br />
Mammula. Apothecia which are sessile, but are more<br />
convex than the scutellee or patellulse, and have neither<br />
edge or border. Coniocarpon.<br />
TuberculcF. Spherical apothecia, which contain within<br />
them agglomerated globular spores. Verrucaria.
S^* INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
CistulcB. Globular apothecia, at first closed, and filled<br />
with spores adhering to filaments, afterwards splitting irregularly.<br />
Sphaerophorus.<br />
Cephalodia. Apothecia like the patellulse, but with<br />
scarcely any edge, and the disk more convex. Stereocaulon.<br />
Globules, Glohulce. Globular apothecia, falling off and<br />
leaving a hollow wherein it-was inserted. Isidium.<br />
Orhiculus. Flat orbicular apothecia, placed in the peridium<br />
of the nidularia.<br />
Sirofna. Irregular apothecia in which the sporae are<br />
immersed. Sphaeria.<br />
Spherules, Sphcerulce. Globular receptacles, opening at<br />
top, and emitting the sporse, mixed with a gelatinous pulp.<br />
Cyphellce. Tubercles on the lower surface of the thallus,<br />
from the cortical substance, and usually white or pale.<br />
Sticta.<br />
Pulvinuli. Branched tubercles, or shapeless masses cohering<br />
together, and appearing like little shrubs or globes<br />
formed from the cortical substance of the thallus : they are<br />
usually black or dark green. Parmelia.<br />
Soredia. Whitish powder collected in small heaps, composed<br />
apparently of unattached gongyli. Ramalina, Alec-<br />
toria.<br />
Nucleus proligerus, Ijumina proligera. A cartilaginous<br />
disk, distinct from the substance of the thallus, scarcely<br />
ever split, but coming out whole from the apothecia, or<br />
sometimes dissolving into a gelatinous substance, containing<br />
sporae or gongyli-<br />
Peril hecium. The visible cartilaginous or transparent<br />
skin containing the nucleus proligerus. Verrucaria.— It is<br />
probably present in all apothecia, but in many cannot be<br />
seen.<br />
Thalamia. Apothecia which consist of a nucleus proligerus<br />
contained in a perithecium. Variolaria.<br />
Gongyles, Gongylcs, Propagines, Propagacula, Sporce,<br />
Semina. Opake, globular corpuscles, sometimes nestling<br />
on the surface ; still more frequent in the substance, particularly<br />
the cortical, of the thallus ; and constantly present,<br />
v€ry copiously in the apothecia.
introduction to botany. 225<br />
Mushrooms,<br />
Stem, Stipes. The round footstalk that supports the<br />
cap of pileiferous mushrooms. Agaricus.<br />
Cap, Pileiis. An expansion of the stem, usually hemispherical<br />
or conical. Agaricus.<br />
Volva. A membranaceous envelope surrounding the<br />
whole mushroom while quite young, or in the egg-state.<br />
Agaricus.<br />
Collar, AnnuliLS. A membranaceous envelope covering<br />
the cap while the plant is young, afterwards ruptured and<br />
remaining round the stipes like a collar, either fixed,<br />
Boletus annulatus ; or moveable, Agaricus procerus.<br />
Curtain, Cortina. A kind of thready collar, or network,<br />
which, after the rupture of it by the growth of the plant,<br />
remains attached to the edge of the cap, Agaricus arane-<br />
osus, Agarici cortinarii.<br />
Hymeniunif Memhranafriictificans. The part of the pileus<br />
that contains the sporse or gongyles.<br />
Gills, LamellcE, Fena. Thin expansions of the hymenium,<br />
either single, in pairs, or other determined number;<br />
sometimes distinct, sometimes anastomosing together.<br />
Agaricus, Merulius.<br />
Tubes, Tubi. Tubular expansions of the hymenium.<br />
Boletus, Poria.<br />
Capsule, Peridium, Involucrum. A dry, membranaceous<br />
hollow vessel, filled with sporae or gongyles. Lycoperdon.<br />
Perithecium. A hard, hollow receptacle, containing a<br />
gelatinous substance filled with thecae.<br />
Capellitmm. Hairlike fibres, or elateres interwoven<br />
with sporse into a globular or oval form, and contained in<br />
a peridium.<br />
Slime, Latex. A mucilaginous liquid containing the<br />
sporae floating in it. Phallus, Clathrus.<br />
Vesicles, Veskulce. Collections of sporse united together.<br />
Sporidia. Conceptacles containing sporae. Puccinia.<br />
Flocci. Tubular threads intermixed with the sporae.<br />
Cisti. Very small round conceptacles containing sporae,<br />
borne upon small footstalks. Mucor,<br />
Cistophori. The footstalks that support the cisti. Mucor.<br />
Seeds, Sporcp, Spondee. The reproductive corpuscles of<br />
mushrooms.<br />
TOL. I.
226 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
APPENDAGES.<br />
Appendices, Appendicula. Small accessory parts of<br />
plants added to other organs. The following have had<br />
special names given to them.<br />
51 Wing, Ala. A membranous or leaflike appendage.<br />
Ear, Auricula. A short, roundish appendage, placed on<br />
the side of any part.<br />
Tail, Cauda, — ura. A long, soft, flexible appendage,<br />
placed at the end of any part, like the tail of an animal.<br />
Wart, Verruca. A small, roundish protuberance, rather<br />
soft and compact.<br />
Nipple, Papilla. A small, long, soft, compact protuberance.<br />
Papule, Papula. A roundish, soft protuberance, containing<br />
a fluid.<br />
Lens, Lenticula. A roundish or oblong spot on the<br />
smooth bark of young trees.<br />
Pit, Fovea. A slight depression.<br />
^ Fleeciness, Villosity, Villus. Numerous soft hairs»<br />
placed close together.<br />
Down, Pules. Soft hairs, not very close to one another*<br />
Rough coat, Hirsuties. Numerous long hairs.<br />
Wool, Wooliness, Lana, Lanugo, — erion. Long, soft<br />
hairs, much interwoven together.<br />
Cotton, Tomentum. Long, crisp hairs, much interwoven.<br />
Velvet, Velumen. Very close, soft, short, even-topped<br />
hairs.<br />
Fringe, Cilium. Rather stiff hairs, placed on the edge<br />
of any part.<br />
Beard, Barha, — pogon. Hairs disposed in a tuft, or in<br />
any regular order.<br />
Awn, Arista, — athera. A stiff hair, or threadlike point<br />
inserted at the end, or on the back of any part, and not<br />
arising from the lengthening out of any rib.<br />
Bristle, Seta, — chceia. A stiff hair, usually attached to<br />
the end of any part, and appearing to be the prolongation<br />
of a rib.<br />
Crine, Crinus. Stiff hair, like that of horses' tails, growing<br />
on any part.<br />
Apicule, Apiculus. A hair, or hairlike point, not very<br />
stiff, but acute and short, placed at the end of any part.<br />
Cusp, Cuspis. A long, needlike, rather stiff termination<br />
of any part.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 227<br />
Mucro. A stiflfj straight terminal point to any part.<br />
Hook, Hamiis, RosteUum, Uncus, A crooked point.<br />
Glochis. Fine, stiff hair, with branches bent back.<br />
Sting, Stimulus. Fine hair, rather stiff, causing an itching<br />
when touched. Urtica.<br />
1[ Scale, Sqtiama, — lepis. A small, membranaceous, or<br />
scarious appendage to any part.<br />
Chaff, Palece. Small scales intermixed among flowrets<br />
or seeds.<br />
Slriga. A narrow, long scale, approaching to a hair.<br />
CHARACTERS.<br />
The authors of the Linnsean school have introduced<br />
the uses of characters to denote terms that often occur.<br />
The following are those most usually employed, as being<br />
found in most printing-houses, and not requiring any extra<br />
expense of casting on purpose.<br />
0. An annual plant; because the earth takes a year to<br />
perform its motion round the sun.<br />
i228 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
4. On making a Collection of dried Plants, Fruits, and Seeds.<br />
The most exact description, and the most accurate<br />
drawings or engravings of plants, are necessarily imperfect;<br />
and it is absolutely necessary for a botanist to see the<br />
plants themselves. And as plants soon go out of flower,<br />
and perish, it is also equally requisite to devise some method<br />
of preserving them, or at least their most important<br />
parts, so that they may be re-examined at any subsequent<br />
period, and compared together at pleasure.<br />
For this purpose Botanists have at all times made collections<br />
of dried plants, under the name of an herbarium,<br />
or hortus siccus : and since the examination of the fruits<br />
and seeds of plants have been found of such great use in<br />
detecting the natural analogies of plants, there has been<br />
added to this collection that of fruits and seeds.<br />
The drying of plants is a very simple operation, if the<br />
botanist is provided with plenty of paper. A plant in full<br />
flower, or if too large, a branch only, is the most necessary<br />
specimen to be kept; but if opportunity will admit, others,<br />
in various stages of growth should be collected and pr^'<br />
served.<br />
'\j^'.'<br />
The specimen should be laid down flat upon a leaf of<br />
paper, and spread out so that the several parts may not<br />
cross over each other, nor be put into an unnatural and<br />
forced position. The sheet thus charged with the plant is<br />
then to be placed between several other leaves or sheets of<br />
dry paper, and slightly compressed, either by weights put<br />
upon a board placed over<br />
commonly used for linen.<br />
them, or by the screw-press,<br />
When several plants are laid<br />
down at once, a number of empty sheets, or leaves of paper,<br />
should be placed between each charged leaf; the more the<br />
better and the seldomer do they require to be changed,<br />
which must be done every day, or oftener, especially if the<br />
paper is used sparingly. When only a few specimens are<br />
dried at once, and they are not very succulent, it is sufficient<br />
to put them between the leaves of an old book of<br />
sufficient size and thickness. The great point is to prevent<br />
the colours of the flowers from changing, and this is best<br />
obtained by hastening the drying; which, when the botanist<br />
is pressed for time and convenience, is sometimes done by<br />
ironing them over with a hot smoothing iron, such as are<br />
used by laundresses, and which can be procured by the tra-
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 229<br />
Teller at most inns, the plant being covered with paper to<br />
protect it from the iron.<br />
Some plants are so vivacious that they continue to grow,<br />
even when dried and placed upon paper; and others are<br />
apt to lose their leaves ; the remedy for both these defects is<br />
to dip them for a few minutes in boiling water.<br />
When the plants are dried, they should be placed upon<br />
leaves of paper of a proper size, either foolscap folio, or<br />
demy quarto; which last size is in general sufficient, and<br />
should a long grass occasionally require more room it may<br />
be laid down on a double leaf, and then folded. The<br />
mosses, being almost universally minute plants, require only<br />
an octavo or even duodecimo leaf. The plants are gene-<br />
rally fastened down with paste, gum-Avater, isinglass-jelly,<br />
or, still better, a mixture of the two latter: other botanists<br />
sew them down, or fasten them by narrow slips of paper<br />
passed through slits made in the leaf. In the first method,<br />
it is difficult to take the plants off for re-examination<br />
and comparison, and paste is apt to attract insects ; while,<br />
in the second method, the threads and ends of the slips<br />
catch hold of the plants placed on the sheet below them,<br />
and derange, if not in some measure destroy, these plants:<br />
upon the whole, the fastening of the specimens by slips of<br />
paper glued down at each end seems preferable to any<br />
other mode, and attended with the fewest inconveniences.<br />
No more than one species of plants should be fastened<br />
upon the same leaf, and the leaf should be subscribed with<br />
its different names, or at least with that of the botanical<br />
author in most repute; to diis name should be added the<br />
place and time, where and when it was gathered, or fi'om<br />
whom procured.<br />
Botanical writings being usually arranged either in the<br />
alphabetical order of the names as in dictionaries, or in<br />
what are called artificial systems, according to the differences<br />
observable in any particular set of organs chosen by<br />
the author, as the phanerogamous plants are arranged by<br />
Xjnnseus, according to the number, situation, and connexion<br />
of their sexual organs, and the ci'yptogamous plants<br />
by their general appearance; or, lastly, in the natural<br />
method, founded upon the analogy and relation subsisting<br />
between plants, so far as they have been discovered : so the<br />
specimens thus collected may be arranged in either. While<br />
the collection is yet in its infancy, the alphabetical order is<br />
not improper ; as the student advances in the science, the<br />
artificial system adopted as a guide will be found more
230 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
convenient ; but he cannot too soon endeavour to becoraie<br />
acquainted with the natural method, and ai-range his col-<br />
lection by it : this being the ultimate goal of the science, to<br />
which the two other arrangements are merely subordinate.<br />
Whatever arrangement is adopted, the leaves charged<br />
with the plants of the same genus, or, in other words, which<br />
bear the same common or family name, as the various<br />
kinds of poppy, pnpaver^ mint, mentlia, &c. ai'e to be collected<br />
together and placed between the fold of a sheet of<br />
paper, inscribed with the common name: when this common,<br />
or generic name as it is called, comprises a great<br />
number of species, as in willow, salix, rose, rosa, the genus<br />
must be divided into sections, and a sheet allotted to each<br />
section.<br />
These genera, or first divisions, are then to be distributed<br />
into larger collections, either by their initial lettersj<br />
orders, or families, and each of these grand divisions placed<br />
in a kind of port-folio, usually made of strong blue or cai^<br />
tridge paper, and inscribed with its proper distinction.<br />
Lastly, these port-folios are to be placed methodically<br />
in a cabinet of a proper size, the shelves of which are<br />
either the size of the port-folios, or which will hold two or<br />
more of them. Linnaeus and Withering have given sections<br />
of such cabinets, with the shelves placed at different distances,<br />
so as to hold the plants of one of their classes in<br />
the order in which they occur in their systems ; but as the<br />
greater divisions of both the natural and artificial arrangements<br />
are very unequal, so that some shelves are ordered<br />
by them to be only two and others fourteen inches apart;<br />
•this is very awkward, and it is far better to have the shelves<br />
at equal distances, and to mark, by appropriate labels, the<br />
contents of each shelf.<br />
When, instead of a general collection, the botanist intends<br />
only a collection of the plants of the country in which<br />
he lives, and there exists any good systematic catalogue of<br />
them, it may be sufficient, if he procure a sufficient number<br />
of folio or quarto volumes of blue or cartridge paper, having<br />
the alternate leaves cut out within an inch of the back, as<br />
arc sufficient for the large plants, and writing the names of<br />
the several species at the head of the pages, allowing one to<br />
each, fills them up as he procures the plants, and dries them:<br />
in many cases, when the plants are not succulent, they may<br />
be put at once in their place. The mosses may have a<br />
similar series of octavo or duodecimo volumes allotted for
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 231<br />
them. In like manner medical students may proceed with<br />
respect to the plants of the materia medica.<br />
Succulent fruits and seeds can only be preserved in spirit<br />
of wine, or saturated brine, changing it when it becomes<br />
too highly coloured : the dry fruits and seeds require no<br />
other care than to prevent tlie ravages of insects.<br />
Mushrooms may be dried by being buried in very dry<br />
sand, and placed in a warm situation: but some of these<br />
are so watery, that they cannot be preserved even in this<br />
or any other known method.<br />
To prevent the destruction of this collection by the in-<br />
sects, which soon begin to attack some tribes of plants,<br />
especially the acrid" and pungent families of the cruel ferae<br />
and euphorbiacese, as also the compositse and umbelliferse,<br />
the best method seems to be the washing over of the specimens<br />
with a hair pencil charged with a solution of corrosive<br />
sublimate in spirit of wine, after which no insect<br />
can touch them: but as foreigners always examine plants;<br />
by their taste, as well as their other characters, it will be<br />
necessary to notice this impregnation, either at the commencement<br />
of the series, or by annexing some markvtb<br />
each plant thus treated.<br />
5. On the Names of Plants.<br />
The old botanists, studying things rather than words,<br />
and more engaged in finding the uses of the plants ihat<br />
grew the most abundantly around them, or were imported<br />
by the merchants, than in forming catalogues to comprehend<br />
all that nature or the province produced, contented<br />
themselves with the names given to the best known plants<br />
by the peasantry of the country, and which, when we can<br />
discover their true etymology, are usually strikingly significative<br />
of them, or refer to their use in medicine, economy,<br />
or the arts; and as to the less known ones, they referred<br />
them from their appearance to some of the better known<br />
plants; and if they had occasion to mention them, they<br />
added to the name of the better known plants such short<br />
phrases as they judged necessary to explain the difference.<br />
By this means each of the well known plants, the rose, rue,<br />
pea, &c. and sometimes the cultivated varieties of them, as<br />
chasselas, muscats, became, to use our modern language,<br />
the type of a genus, the species of which were distinguished<br />
by descriptive phrases, of greater or less length, as the differences<br />
were more or less distinctly marked, as the white
2.32 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
rose, musk-rose, garden-rue, meadow-rue. In some cases,<br />
when the smallness of the plants, as in mosses, or their<br />
common use did not require accurate discrimination, as in<br />
grasses, thpse genera were inconveniently long, and they<br />
required a-Kne or two of description for their distinction,<br />
as Gramen paniculatum nemorosum, latiore folio, glabrum,<br />
panicula nutante non aristata (now called schenodorus<br />
elatior, see vol. ii. p. 115): but in justice to the old botanists<br />
it must be confessed that these long names, the plants not<br />
being of any use, were to be found only in catalogues;<br />
whilst those which frequently occurred seldom exceeded<br />
two or three words, and most commonly were designated<br />
by a single word.<br />
The distress induced by the conquest of the South of<br />
Europe by the Northern nations having abolished the use<br />
of garlands in feasts, and of course the cultivation of<br />
flowers, there remained only the economical and medicinal<br />
uses of plants to engage persons in the study of them<br />
hence the appellation of physic-gardens given to the oldest<br />
collections of living plants: but the conquest of Mexico<br />
jby the Spaniards having introduced a taste for the cultivation<br />
of flowers from that city, and the novel appearance<br />
of the vegetation of the new Continent a similar taste for<br />
collecting rare plants, the name of physic-garden became<br />
changed into that of botanic-garden.<br />
These new plants requiring new distinctions, they not<br />
being in many cases referrible to European types, and their<br />
native names, either unknown, or barbarous to our ears and<br />
refractory to our mode of orthography, occasioned bo-<br />
tanists to turn their attention to the forminir of a reo-ular<br />
nomenclature. Gesner fiist proposed that all plants having<br />
similar flowers and fruits should be called by a common<br />
name; a rule which, in many cases, required the disuse of<br />
the old substantives, and the supplying of their place by<br />
adding distinctive phrases to those substantives that were<br />
retained. Rivinus, agreeing with Gesner in the main, first<br />
limited the accompanying discrimination to a single adjec-<br />
tive. Linnaeus adopted this restriction of what he called<br />
the trivial name, to a single word; but used, in some cases,<br />
the old substantive denoting the plant in apposition with<br />
the new one, as Triticum Spelta, Artemisia Absinthium.<br />
In a few instances he violated his own rules, and used two<br />
words for his generic or specific name, as Liquid ambar<br />
styraciflua, Ros marinus officinalis, Alistna Plantago aqua-<br />
tica, Amomum Granum Paradisi. Mimosa Unguis cati.<br />
;
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 23S<br />
The regularity of this nomenclature was hailed as a great<br />
improvement, and as a means of fixing the names of plants;<br />
indeed, as long as the Species Plantarum of Linnaeus himself<br />
was considered as the common repertory of botanists,<br />
it was such; and this advantage would have remained if<br />
he had been incapable of error, or botany remained stationary<br />
: but further researches have shown that many of<br />
his species do not agree with the generic character, and<br />
of course they have since been removed to other genera;<br />
that several are collections of a number of species, or even<br />
of several genera of plants, and of course have been divided;<br />
while new plants have been discovered which are<br />
not comprehended in his writings.<br />
The rapidity of these alterations, and the number of the<br />
works in which they are scattered, exceeding the power of<br />
the enumerators of plants to collect together as fast as they<br />
are proposed, obliges those writers who have occasion to<br />
mention a number of plants, not only to quote once for<br />
all the repertory, or pinax, from whence the generality of<br />
the names they use are taken, whether it be the Species<br />
Plantarum of Linneeus, or of Willdenow, the Synopsis<br />
Plantarum of Persoon, the Dictionnaire de la Botanique<br />
of Lamarcke, the Systema Vegetabilium of Roemer and<br />
Schultze, the Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale of De<br />
CandoUe, or any other similar work; but also to annex to<br />
the other names not taken from this more common repertory,<br />
the books, and frequently the editions, from<br />
whence they are taken, as modern botanical authors often<br />
change the names they have themselves given to plants.<br />
This necessity of quoting the works from whence the<br />
names are taken, because the same name has been used by<br />
different authors, or even by the same author in different<br />
works, or editions, to denote different plants, renders the<br />
supposed advantage of what is falsely called the Linnoean<br />
nomenclature, since Rivinus was the original proposer,<br />
and which appears so brief and regular in theory, not only<br />
a mere nullity in practice, but in reality proves its infe-<br />
riority to the old method of adding specific differences<br />
to the generic name, when this method is corrected by the<br />
caaon of Linneeus, that the distinctions should be taken<br />
from what may be observed in the plant itself, and not<br />
from its place of growth or other extraneous circumstances,<br />
although the convenience of these being noted as accessories<br />
are acknowledged and used by all; since neither have the
234 TNTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.<br />
majority of readers the power of referring to so manyworks,<br />
some probably very expensive; nor does the mere<br />
quoting of these trivial names, and the works in which<br />
they are used, give the same satisfaction to the reader, as<br />
common types with specific differences, while it is equally<br />
long in reading, although, from the contractions used in<br />
printing the titles of the books, it appears much shorter<br />
to the eye, it is not so easy to remember.<br />
To avoid in part these inconveniences, it has lately been<br />
proposed, when plants are removed from one genus to another,<br />
to give the preference, in all cases, to the adjunct<br />
given by Linneeus himself, or the first of his followers who<br />
has mentioned the plant, unless this adjunct has been already<br />
applied to some other species in the genus into which<br />
it is removed : but the changes made by Linnaeus, and still<br />
more those by his followers, have so embroiled the science,<br />
in applying the names of the older authors to far different<br />
plants than those to which they were originally applied; as<br />
melia, a name given by the ancients to a species of ash, is<br />
applied by them to an Indian shrub; bromelia, another<br />
species of Grecian ash, to an American tree; and gingidium,<br />
the name of a Greek umbelliferous plant, to a plant of the<br />
South Sea Islands; that it would appear necessary to go<br />
still further back, and to establish as a canon, that the<br />
name given to a plant by the oldest author, who has so<br />
described, or otherwise designated the plant, in the language<br />
in which we speak or write, as to render us certain,<br />
of its due application to the plant of which we treat, shall<br />
be esteemed the preferable name for it, although the substantive<br />
should not be the same as the name of the genus<br />
'Under which it is arranged in the system that may happen<br />
to be in fashion; indeed, if this anomaly should, contrary<br />
to the opinion and practice of Ray, who always used" the<br />
names of the authors whose writings were in common circulation,<br />
although the substantive might be different, be<br />
esteemed of any consequence, the method used by Boerhaave,<br />
of connecting the name of the genus when different<br />
from the substantive, by the introduction of the relative<br />
and the ellipsis of the substantive verb, in the manner by<br />
which the synonyms of Ptay have been quoted, as for example,<br />
the adiantum album crispum alpinum of Schwenck-<br />
feld being placed by Ray in his genus, Filix foemina, is<br />
thus quoted in vol. ii. p. 16, Filix foemina quae (est) Adi-<br />
" antum album, &c. By this means alone can the perma-
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 235<br />
nence of names be secured and joined with the advantages<br />
derived from a systematic arrangement, since it appears of<br />
little consequence to retain the adjective, common perhaps,<br />
as latifolius, multiflorus, and the like, to an hundred<br />
plants, if the substantive, or original generic name, be<br />
alterable at the pleasure of every systematist.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE FIRST.<br />
ANATOMY OF THE STEM.<br />
Fig. 1. Platanus orientalis, SalicincE. A transverse<br />
section of a young branch, to exhibit the organization,<br />
-which is similar to that of the grei^ter part of dicotyledon<br />
trees.<br />
Fig. 2. A magnified representation of a portion cut out<br />
of the above section.<br />
a to b. Bark.<br />
'<br />
a to c. Outer part of the bark, dry and disorganized.<br />
I to c.<br />
c to d.<br />
The live part of the bark.<br />
A part of the bark which is continually pushed<br />
to the circumference.<br />
Ij to d. Inner part of the bark, called the liber or bast.<br />
e. The origin of the medullary radii that fill up the in-<br />
terstices of the wood, and which are formed of the cellular<br />
tissue of the bark.<br />
The extremity of the filaments that form the inter-<br />
J'.<br />
stices of the wood.<br />
b to i. The woody mass, composed of three zones, or<br />
layers, b— g, g — h, and h—i.<br />
h to i. The oldest of the three layers.<br />
gto h. The second layer.<br />
b to g. The third or youngest layer.<br />
b, g, and h. Zones which show the periods when the vegetation<br />
slackened.<br />
i to k. Pith.<br />
Fig. 3. Ptychosperma gracilis. Palmes. Vertical and<br />
transverse section of the stem, to show the diiference between<br />
the stems of monocotyledon plants and those of dicotyledon<br />
plants.<br />
Fis- '^- A mao;nified figure of the same.<br />
a to b. That part of the stem where the hardest woodj<br />
iibres are the most closely collected together.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 237<br />
h to c. Fibres less numerous, less thick, less compact,<br />
and less hard.<br />
c to d. Weak fibres at a greater distance from one another<br />
: in the centre of each of which there is a tube which<br />
has been filled up in the fibres a to h and b to c. The cellular<br />
tissue is evidently more considerable in this part than<br />
in the space b to c, and still more than in the space a to 0^<br />
where the wood predominates.<br />
e. The oldest fibres.<br />
J'.<br />
g.<br />
The fibres of a middle age.<br />
The youngest fibres. This arrangement shows that<br />
the growth of the wood is entirely different from that in<br />
the stem of dicotyledon plants.<br />
h. Union of the woody fibres as they run along the stem.<br />
Fig. 5. Vitis vinifera. V'm'if'erce. A vertical and diametrical<br />
section of a young branch magnified.<br />
a to b. Bark.<br />
b to c. Wood.<br />
c to d. Pith.<br />
e. Woody fibre of the bark.<br />
f.<br />
g.<br />
Medullary rays.<br />
Cellular tissue, constituting the solid part of the wood.<br />
h. Large porous or slit tubes.<br />
i. A double trachea, or air vessel.<br />
k. Cells of the pith.<br />
/. Porous cells.
—<br />
$3& EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE SECOND.<br />
Roots.<br />
Fig. I. Orchis militaris. Orchidece. Root scrotiform.<br />
a. Old tuber, that sent up and nourished the stem of<br />
the preceding season.<br />
b. New tuber, that sent up and nourished the present<br />
year's stem.<br />
c. Fibrous radicles.<br />
Fig. 2. Arum Italicum. Aroidece. Root progressive,<br />
tuberous.— a. Turions.<br />
Fig, 3. Neottia abortiva. Orchidece. Root grumous.<br />
Fig. 4-. Gratlola officinalis. Scrofularincei Root horizontal,<br />
progressive, jointed, fibrous at the joints. This<br />
root, or rhizoma, formed by the base of the stem, is frequently<br />
kneed.<br />
Fig. 3. Arrhenatherum elatius. Graminecs, Root knotty,<br />
jointed, comose at the joints.—This root is formed by the<br />
base of the culm, the joints of which are swollen.<br />
Fig. 6. Helianthus tuberosus. Compositce. Root fibrous<br />
and tubercular.<br />
Fig. 7. Succisa Fuchsii. DipsacecB. Root bitten, and<br />
having fibrous radicles.<br />
Fig. 8. Ixia polystachia. Iridece. Root fibrous, bulbbearing.<br />
a. Bulb placed above, coated.<br />
Fig. 9. Asphodelus ramosus. Asphodelece. Root fasci-<br />
culate.<br />
Fig. 10. Saxifraga granulata. SaxifragecB. Root comose,<br />
bulbille-bearing ; bulbilles scaly.<br />
Fig. II. Allium nutans. Asphodelece. Root progressive,<br />
bulb-bearing at «, seal-like at b, fibroui at d.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 23&<br />
PLATE THE THIRD.<br />
Bulbs.<br />
Fig. 1. Allium sativum. AsphodelecB. - Rdbt fibrous,<br />
bulb-bearing; bulb ovoid, rounded, compound, coated.a.<br />
Cloves.<br />
Fig. 2. Lilium candidum. Liliacece. Root fibrous.<br />
bulb-bearing; bulb ovoid, scaly.<br />
Fig. 3. Cepa esculenta. AsphodeLece. Root fibrojisy<br />
bulb-bearing ; bulb roundish, coated.—Cut transversely to<br />
show the fleshy coats of which it was composed.<br />
Fig. 4!. Gladiolus. Iridece. Root fibrous, bulb-bearing<br />
bulb roundish, tuberous, coated ; coats fibrous.— Cut transversely<br />
to show the structure of the turion.<br />
Fig. 5. Syringa vulgaris. Jasmi/iecE. Branch bearing<br />
buttons; buttons mixed, opposite, covered with a scaly<br />
perule.—Cut transversely to show the thyrse of flowers<br />
formed in the autumnal buttons.<br />
Fig. 6. Daphne florida. ThymeleoB. Branch with flowerbearing<br />
buds on the sides, and a leaf-bearing bud at the<br />
end ; pejules scaly. Cut transversely to show the internal<br />
structure of the leaf-bud.<br />
Fig. 7. Hippophae littoralis. Elfsagnece. Part of a<br />
young stem, cut vertically.<br />
a. Bark.<br />
I. The second layer of wood in the stem which becomeA<br />
the first in the branches.<br />
c. Stem.<br />
d. Branches.<br />
e. The first layer of wood in the stem, which being<br />
formed before the branches does not enter into them.<br />
Figs. 8 to 21. Represent various diposition of the leaves<br />
and floral covers in their buds.<br />
Fig.<br />
Fig. 15. Folded.<br />
Fig. 16. Enveloping.<br />
Fig. If. Riding, alternately.<br />
Fig. 18. Involute, oppositely.<br />
Fig 19. Involute, alternately.<br />
Fig. 20. Revolute, oppositely.<br />
Fig. 21. Riding, oppositely.
240 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE FOURTH.<br />
Leaves.<br />
Fig. 1. Poa arenosa. GraminecB.<br />
a. Leaf long, linear.<br />
b. Petiole sheathing ; sheath slit.<br />
c. Ligule scalelike.<br />
Fig. 9.. Plantago. Plantaginece. Leaf oval, rounded,<br />
pointed, many-ribbed.<br />
Fig. 3. Chamserops humilis. Palmce. Leaves terminal,<br />
crowning, petioled, fanshaped, digitate, folded when young<br />
petioles having foliolean spines.<br />
Fig. 4. Podocarpus elongata. Co7iifercB. Leaf linear.<br />
Fig. 5. Pinus Strobus. Abietidece. Leaves fasciculate,<br />
in fives, needlelike.<br />
Fig. 6. Vitis-Idsea punctifolia. Vhcciniece. Leaf oval,<br />
not in the least cut, dotted ; edge cartilaginous.<br />
Fig, 7. Sida rhombifolia. Malvacece. Leaf nearly rhomboid,<br />
lanceolate, toothed.<br />
Fig. 8. Quercus longseva. Corylidece. Leaf oblong,<br />
sinuated.<br />
Fig. 9. Barbarea vulgaris. Cniciferce. Leaf lyrate.<br />
Fig. 10. Salvia officinalis. Labiatce. Leaf oval, lanceolate,<br />
eared, crenulate.<br />
Fig. 1 1 . Taraxacum officinale. Composite. Leaf run-<br />
cinate.<br />
Fig. 12. Solanum pyracanthos. Solanece. Leaf lanceolate,<br />
nearly pinnatifid, thorny.<br />
Fig. 13. Sonchus fruticosus. Compositce. Leaf lanceo-<br />
late, pinnatifid.<br />
Fig. J 4. Potentilla anserina. Dryadece. Leaf interruptedly<br />
pinnate, jointless.<br />
Fig. 15. Cassia occidentalis. LeguminoscB. Leaf paripiunated,<br />
jointed; petiole having a cupshape gland a at<br />
the base.<br />
Fig. 16. Gleditsia monosperraa. LeguminoscB. Leaf<br />
pari-pinnate, jointed ; secondary petioles three-paired ; leaflets<br />
many-paired; spine super-axillary, three-forked.<br />
Fig. 17. Vicia. LeguminoscB. Leaf impari-pinnate,<br />
jointed, tendril bearing.<br />
Fig. 18. Coreopsis lerulaefolia. Compositce. Leafbipin-<br />
nate, twice compounded, jointless.<br />
;
.<br />
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES* 241<br />
PLATE THE FIFTH.<br />
Leaves.<br />
Fig. 1 . Leaf pedate.<br />
Fig. 2. Leaf compound, pedate.<br />
Fig. 3. Leaf pedately ribbed.<br />
Fig. 4. Cercis Canadensis. Leguminosce. Leaf rounded,<br />
heartshape, pointed, wrinkled.<br />
Fig. 5. Fagopyrum esculentum. Polygonece. Leaf heartshape,<br />
arrowshape.<br />
Fig. 6.<br />
iobed.<br />
Sterculia platanifolia. Stercidiacece. Leaf five-<br />
Fig. 7. Passiflora serrata. Passijiorece. Leaf sevenparted,<br />
divisions lanceolate, toothed ; petiole glandular<br />
glands pedicelled.<br />
Fig. 8. iEsculus macrostachia. AcerinecB. Leaf digi-<br />
tate, seven leafletted, jointed.<br />
Fig. 9. Rhus glaucum. Terelinthacece. Leaf three-<br />
leafletted, jointed; leaflets reverse-heartshape.<br />
Fig. ]0. Cussonia spicata. Araliacece. Leaf digitate,<br />
seven leafletted ; leaflets pinnately vertebrated.<br />
Fig. 1 1 . Pseonia officinalis. Rammculacece. Leaf threeparted,<br />
twice compounded.<br />
Fig. 12. Mimosa Unguis cati. Leguminosce. Leaf bigeminate.<br />
Fig. IS. Hedysarum gyrans. Leguminosde. ' Leaf pin-<br />
nate, three leafletted, jointed.<br />
Fig. 14
.242 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE SIXTH.<br />
Leaves,<br />
Fig. 1. Epimedium alpinum. Berheridece. Leaf thrice<br />
compounded, triternate; leaflets heartshape, fringed.<br />
Fig. 2. Melastoma Lima. Melaslomece. Leaf elliptical,<br />
pointed, toothed, buUate, rough, quintuple ribbed.<br />
Fig. 3. Melastoma multiflora. Melastomeoe.. Leaf lanceolate,<br />
toothed, triple ribbed.<br />
Fig. 4. Erythroxylum cocca. Malpighiacece. Leaf lan-<br />
ceolate, not in the least cut, three-ribbed with veins continued<br />
over the ribs.<br />
Fig. 5. Orobanche major. OrobanchecB. Leaf scalelike.<br />
Fig. 6. Asperula odorata. Rubiacece. Leaves in whirls<br />
by nines, lanceolate.<br />
Fig. 7. Glauciuni luteum. PapaveracetF. Leaves heartshape,<br />
angular, embracing.<br />
Fig. S. Silphium perfoliatum. Compositce. Leaves trapezoid,<br />
toothed, opposite, conjoined.<br />
Fig. 9. Hydrocotyle vulgare. Umhelliferce. Leaf orbi-<br />
cular, deeply crenulated, peltate.<br />
Fig. 10. Bupleurum rotundifolium. Umbelliferce. Leaf<br />
oval, pointed, perfoliated.<br />
Fig. 11. Coreopsis alata. Compositce. Leaves opposite,<br />
nearly lanceolate, decurrent.<br />
Fig. 12. Persicaria maculosa. Polygonece. Leaf oval,<br />
lanceolate.<br />
a. Stipule sheathing.<br />
Fig. 13. Passiflora glauca. PassiflorecB. Leaf three-<br />
lobed, nearly peltate; petiole glandular; stipules cauline,<br />
half-moonlike ; tendrils axillary.<br />
Fig. 14. Clematis orientalis. BanunculacecB. Leaves<br />
three-lobed; petioles tendril-like.<br />
Fig. 15. Genista sagittalis. Leguminosce. Branches<br />
two-winged, or three-winged ; leaves oval, sharp.<br />
Fig. 16. Ribes spinosum. Grossularice. Leaf fivelobed<br />
; spine inferaxillary, three-parted.<br />
Fig. 1 7. Paliurus aculeatus. RhamnecB. Prickle stipulean,<br />
reflected.<br />
Fig. 18. Vitis Virginiana. ViniferoR. Leaf heart- shape,<br />
three-lobed; tendril opposite.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 243<br />
PLATE THE SEVENTH.<br />
Inflorescence.<br />
Fig. 1 . Ammi majus. UmbeUiferce. Flowers in a compound<br />
umbell.<br />
a. Involucrum.<br />
/'. Involucellum.<br />
Fig. 2. Achillaea crithmifolia. Compositce. Calathides<br />
disposed in a corymbus.<br />
Fig. S. Heliotropium Indicum. Boraginecc. Spike cir-<br />
cinate; flowers one-sided.<br />
Fig. 4. Syringa vulgaris. Jaiminece. Flowers in a<br />
thyrse.<br />
Fig. 5. Populus tremula. Salicinece. Flowers of the<br />
female plant in a catkin.<br />
Fig. 6. A detached flower of the same, to show the<br />
palmated, fringed bractea upon which it is supported.<br />
Fig. 7. Cephalanthus occidentalis. RuMaceiC. Flowers<br />
in a head.<br />
Fig. 8. Sambulus humilis. Caprifoliacece. Flowers in<br />
a cyme.<br />
Fig. 9. Allium obliquum. Asphodelecc. Flowers in a<br />
simple umbell or bouquet ; spathe two-valved ; scape three-<br />
sided.<br />
FiV. 10. Dianthus capitatus. Caryophyllem. Flowers in<br />
a bundle.<br />
Fig. II. Arum maculatum. Aroidece. Spadix separated<br />
from the spathe.<br />
a. Tip clubshaped. J<br />
h. Ring of glands, about the middle, each terminated by<br />
a filament. ^<br />
c. Ring of ses^sile anthers, below the glands.<br />
d^ Ring of sessile conglomerated ovaries, at the base.<br />
Fig. 12. The flowers of the same, ni their spathe.<br />
^1. The hoodlike spathe.<br />
h. The lower bellying part of the spalhc.<br />
c. The spadix.<br />
R 2<br />
^
244 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE EIGHTH.<br />
Inflorescence.<br />
Fig. 1. Lolium perenne. GratninecE. Spike spikeletted.<br />
Fig. 2. Smilax lierbacea. Smilacece.<br />
a. Tendrills stipulean.<br />
I. Umbell simple or bouquet, axillary, pedunculated.<br />
c. Leaf nearly heartshape, oval, seven-ribbed.<br />
Fig. 3. Xylophylla montana. Fuphorhiacece. Flowers on<br />
the edge of the leaf; leaf lanceolate, toothed.<br />
Fig.^. Monarda didyma. Lahiatce. Whirl true, manyliowered,<br />
leafed, bracteated.<br />
Fig. 5. Cyclamen vernum. Primulacece.<br />
a. Root tuberous, depressed.<br />
I. Leaves and flov>^ers radical.<br />
c. Scape one-flowered, spiral before the flowering.<br />
d. Flower drooping.<br />
Fig. 6. Cerasus racemosa. DrupacecB. Raceme hanging<br />
Fig. 7. Holcus Halepensis. Graminece. Panicle loose.<br />
Fig. 8. Polypodium aureum. Filices.<br />
a. Root progressive.<br />
I. Leaves pinnatitid, bearing the fructification upon the<br />
lower face.<br />
Fio. 9. '<br />
Pilularia globulifera. MarsileacecB.<br />
a. Stem creeping.<br />
h. Leaves threadlike, awlshape.<br />
c. Livolucrums globular, closed, axillary.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. ^45<br />
PLATE THE NINTH.<br />
Flowers.<br />
Fig. 1. Cupressus sempervirens. CnpressidecB. Male<br />
catkin, long, composed of about twenty opposite bractese,<br />
dilated at top into a scale, and having at bottom four globular<br />
anthers, one-celled and sessile, as at a.<br />
Fig. 2. A bractea detached from the male catkin of the<br />
same, and seen from behind, with its four anthers opened.<br />
Fig. 3. The bottle-shape cupule of the same cut lengthways,<br />
and much magnified.<br />
a. The female flower 5 perianthium simple, adherent;<br />
stigma sessile.<br />
Fig. 4. The female catkin of the same. The orifices of<br />
the minute cupules are visible among the bractese.<br />
Fig. 5. Larix Europaea. Abietidece. A scale or bractea<br />
of the female catkin, having at its base two cupules.<br />
a. The two cupules, bottleshape.<br />
h. The scalelike peduncle supporting the cupules ; these<br />
peduncles enlarge after flowering, much more than the<br />
bractea itself.<br />
Fig. 6. Hura crepitans. Euphorbiacece. A male flower<br />
detached from the catkin.<br />
a. The perianthium.<br />
b. Androphore thick, cylindrical, with two rows of an-<br />
thers in whirls.<br />
Fig. 7. Euphorbia Illyrica. Euphorbiacece. The manyflowered<br />
calathide.<br />
a. Involucrum.<br />
b. Female flower in the centre, formed of a pedicelled<br />
ovary, with three two-lobed stigmata.<br />
c. Male flowers several, composed of a single stamen,<br />
articulated upon a pedicell ; anthers twin.<br />
d. Filament jointed.<br />
Fig. 8. Hyacinthus cernuus. Asphodelece. Perigoniuni<br />
monosepalous, six-parted.<br />
'<br />
Fig. 9. Ixia Chinensis. Iridece. Perigonium adherent,<br />
lobes spreading, stamens three, style three-cut.<br />
Fig. 10. Borrago officinalis. Boraginecs. Calyx fiveparted,<br />
open ; corolla wheel-like, five-parted, orifice of the<br />
tube having bosses, a; surrounding it.<br />
Fig. 1 1 . Centranthus marinus. f^alerianece. The entire<br />
flower ; calyx adherent, limb rolled inwards, which becomes<br />
a pappus after the flowering-,; corolla tubular, spur-<br />
red, Jimb irregular; stamen one; style one.
246 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
Fig. 1-2. Echiuni vulgare. Boraginecc. Caly^. fiveparted;<br />
corolla irregular, tube short, orifice bellsliape*<br />
limb oblique, 5-lobed, lobes unequal : stamens 5 ; stigma<br />
2-cut.<br />
a. A bractea, or floral leaf.<br />
Fig. IS. Eriostomum Germanicum. LaliatcB. Corolla<br />
U-lipped, tube short : upper lip or galea ascending, lower<br />
lip bent down.<br />
Fig. 14r. Sideritis Canariensis. LobiaffP. Calyx tubular.<br />
5-toothed : corolla tubulous, '2-lipped, lips short and equal.<br />
Fig. 15. Plectranthus punctatus. Lahiaicr. Calyx fivetoothed,<br />
upper tooth the largest; corolla two-lipped«<br />
lying down, upper lip short, turned back, 2-Iobeci ; lower<br />
lip bent in. 3-lobed, middle lobe hollow; stamens lying<br />
down.<br />
Fig. \6. Scabiosa agrestis. Dipsacete. Calathide flos-<br />
cular.<br />
Fig. IT. A central flower of the same; calyx double*<br />
corolla tubular, limb lobed, unequal; stamens 4, exseited.<br />
0. External calyx, bottleshape.<br />
1. Internal calyx, divided into awns.<br />
Fis.. IS, A flower from the circumference of the same<br />
calathide : having the limb of the corolla much larger;<br />
style 1.<br />
Fig. 19. Andryala cheiranthifolia. Compo
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 24t<br />
PLATE THE TENTH.<br />
Parts of the Flowers, especially the Sexual Organs.<br />
Fig. 1. Crambe Tatarica. Cruciferce. A flower from<br />
which the integuments have been pulled off, magnified.<br />
a. Ovary.<br />
I. Stigma sessile.<br />
c. Stamens four, tetradynamous; filaments of the four<br />
longest stamens two-forked at top.<br />
d. Nectaries, two.<br />
Fig. 2. The entire flower of the same, of its natural size<br />
calyx 4-sepaled, rather open ; corolla i-petaled ; tetradynamous.<br />
Fig. 3. Reseda Phyteuma. ResedatecB. Petal irregular,<br />
iagged, magnified.<br />
Fig. 4. Gypsophila fastigiata. CaryophyllecB. Flower<br />
magnified and cut longitudinally to show the insertion of<br />
the petals and stamens on the gynophore.<br />
a. Calyx.<br />
h. Corolla.<br />
c. Stamens.<br />
d. Ovary.<br />
e. Gynophore.<br />
Fig. 5. Silene bupleurifolia. Caryophyllece. A flower with<br />
the tubular, 5-toothed calyx slit down, and pulled back<br />
that the insertion of the petals may be seen ; petals 5,<br />
clawed, also having the limb pulled back to show the filaments.<br />
a. Gynophore from whence grow the petals, stamens,<br />
and pistill.<br />
h. Petals, the limb two-cut, with a claw appendiculated<br />
to their tips.<br />
c. Stamens ten, five opposite and five alternate.<br />
d. Ovary with three styles.<br />
e. Calyx slit down.<br />
Fig. 6. Ranunculus bulbosus. Ranunculacecc, A vertical<br />
section of the flower to show the insertions of the different<br />
parts.<br />
a. Calyx.<br />
h. Corolla.<br />
c. Nectariferous gland scalelike at the claw of each petal.<br />
d. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous.<br />
e. Ovary.<br />
f. Gynophore.<br />
:
248 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
Fig. 7. Hypericum ^gyptiacum. Hypericinece. Calyx<br />
.5-p'^arted, corolla 5-petaled.<br />
a. Bractese two.<br />
Fig. 8. Robinia liispida. Leguminosce. Flower with a<br />
papilionaceous or butterflylike corolla.<br />
a. Calyx four-cut, irregular.<br />
L The standard of the corolla.<br />
c. The wings.<br />
d. The keel.<br />
Fig. 9. The same, having the calyx and corolla pulled<br />
off, to show the diadelphous stamens, and magnified.<br />
a. The tubular androphore, split longitudinally into nine<br />
filaments at top.<br />
L The single free stamen.<br />
c. Stigma velvetty.<br />
Fig. 10. Ilubus odoratus. Dryadea. Longitudinal<br />
section of the flower to show the insertions.<br />
a. Gynophore convex.<br />
h. Stamens indefinite, perigynous.<br />
Fig. 11. Polygala Heisteria. Polygalece. Calyx fiveparted,<br />
lobes equal ; corolla monopetalous, irregular, twolipped,<br />
split above, and rolled up into a tube at bottom.<br />
fig. 12. The tubular androphore, split longitudinally,<br />
embracing the pistill, and divided at top into seven short<br />
filaments, bearing the anthers.<br />
Fig. 13. Malva fragrans. MalvacecB. Flower polyanodrous,<br />
monadelphous.<br />
'Fig. 14. Linaria. Personatce. Calyx five-parted ; corolla<br />
gaping, spurred at the base, limb 2-lipped; above 2-cut,<br />
turned back, below 3-lobed; palate rather prominent in the<br />
throat.<br />
Fig. 15. Hypericum quadrangulare. Hypericinece. Calyx<br />
5-cut, lobes uncut; petals 5; stamens indefinite, on three<br />
androphores ;<br />
styles three.<br />
Fig. 16. Epipactis palustris. Orchidece. Ovary pedi-<br />
celled, not twisted, pubescent; pei'igonium spread; lip<br />
crenate, blunt, spurless, as long as the sepales, not clasping;<br />
jhypochilium concavely bunched ; epichilium inwardly<br />
2-bunched at the bottom.<br />
Fig. 17. Selinum caruifolium. Umbelliferce. Flower<br />
magnified. Petals five, bent in at the tip, and appearing<br />
as if notched; stamens five, alternate; styles two.<br />
Fig. 18. Corylus sylvestris. Corylidece. Male flowers<br />
collected into a catkin.
Plate SI.<br />
SISLXTA^ :©iK(K.AS"S,<br />
£ride>n,J\iMsheefbi-Jia7fiiVW-/hicloc7c.iJc'v.J'atef-iio,vrr/-Iwn\:^oyrJ-^l''i?l.<br />
J\
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 24
250 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
F/"£j-. 11. Viola Rotbomagensis. Violacecp.. Magnified.<br />
Pistill surrounded with five stamens united by fringes, two<br />
of the stamens having each a basilary appendage; style<br />
turbinate ; stigma globular, perforated, operculated.<br />
Fig.\2. Scutellaria alpina. LabiatcB. Pistill magnified,<br />
and cut longitudinally to show the insertion of the ovaries<br />
and style.<br />
a. Gynophore, which supports four ovaries.<br />
h. Nectary beaked.<br />
c. Style cut off.<br />
Fig. 13. Asphodelus annuus. AsphodelecE. Stamens and<br />
pistills magnified. Stamens unequal, three long, three<br />
short, alternate; filaments fusiform, enlarged, and vaulted<br />
at their base.<br />
a. Anthers heartshape; stigma three-lobed.<br />
Fig. 14. Jatropha pandursefolia. Fuphorbiacece. Stamens<br />
of the male flowers, having at the base a nectary<br />
composed of five glands.<br />
a. Androphore divided into ten filaments, five long and<br />
five short.<br />
Fig. 15. Tamarix Gallica. Tamariscince. Stamen mag-<br />
nified.<br />
a. Anther,<br />
I. Filament dilated at bottom.<br />
Fig. \6. Ricinus inermis. EuphorliacecB. A part of the<br />
branched androphore, magnified.<br />
Fig. 17. Borrago laxiflora. Boraginea: Stamen magnified,<br />
as seen sideways.<br />
a. Anther awlshape.<br />
b. Filament appendiculated.<br />
Fig. 18. Begonia dichotoma. Family doubtful. Stamen<br />
magnified, having the filament enlarged at the tip.<br />
a. Lobes of the anther two, adnate on the side, parallel,<br />
distant.<br />
Fig. 19. Zygophyllum Morgsana. RutacecB. Stamen<br />
magnified; filament appendiculated at the base; appendix<br />
doubly tootlied ; anther oval, vacillating.<br />
Fig. 20. Tradescantia Virginica. Commelinece. Stamen<br />
magnified ; filament bearded at the base ; anther two-lobed^<br />
lobes kidneyshape, adnate laterally, cut transversely to<br />
show the two cells of each lobe.<br />
Fig. 21. Erica comosa. Ericinece. Stamen magnified,<br />
seen sideways ; anther having two basilary crests.<br />
Fig. 22. Mahernia pinnata. TiliacecB. Stamen magnified<br />
and seen sideways; anther arrowshape; filament kneed<br />
and glandular in the middle.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 251<br />
Fig. 23. Laurus Persea. Lmirinece. Stamen magnified.<br />
a. Glands heartshape, pedicelled.<br />
h. Filament velvetty.<br />
c. Anther fixed, opening by four valves, from top to<br />
bottom.<br />
Fig. 24. Scutellaria alpina. LaliafcB. Stamen magni-<br />
anther two-lobed, fringed.<br />
Fig. 25. Galeopsis parviflora. LahiatcB. Stamen mag-<br />
anthers fringed.<br />
fied ;<br />
nified ;<br />
Fig.2Q. Solanum. SolanecB. Stamen magnified ; anthers<br />
two-holed at the tip.<br />
Fig. 27. Cucumis leucantha. CuciirlilacecB. Stamens;<br />
filaments three, distinct at their base, united at their upper<br />
part; anthers soldered, linear, sinuated.<br />
Fig. 28. Scutellaria galericulata. Labiaice. Stamen<br />
magnified.<br />
a. Lobe fringed, single in consequence of the abortion<br />
of the corresponding lobe.<br />
I. Connective bearded.<br />
Fig. 29. Thymus Patavinus. Labiaice. Stamen magni-<br />
fied.<br />
a. Part of the filament.<br />
I. Connective.<br />
c. Lobes of the anther divergent.<br />
Fig. 30. Anona triloba. AnonetB. Stamen magnified;<br />
filament truncated at the tip ; lobes distinct, adnate, pa-<br />
rallel.<br />
Fig. SI. Melastoma discolor. Melastomece. Stamen.<br />
a. Filament.<br />
b. Connective threadlike, long.<br />
c. d. Lobes distant.<br />
c. The fertile lobe, two-holed at the tip.<br />
d. The barren lobe, of a different form.
SS2 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE TWELFTH.<br />
Flowers of the Orchidece and Gramineee.<br />
Fig. 1. Orchis.<br />
a. Retinacle.<br />
h. Caudicle.<br />
e. Pollen mass.<br />
d. Pollen mass cut off transversely to show the septulum,<br />
cells, and grains, of which it is composed.<br />
Fig. 2. Orchis.<br />
a. Gynizus.<br />
I<br />
If. Bursicle.<br />
c. Proscolla.<br />
d. Staminodia, or imperfect anthers.<br />
e. Clinandra filled with the pollen masses.<br />
f. Septulum.<br />
Fig. 5. Cypripedium.<br />
a. Gynostemium.<br />
I. Supports of the anthers.<br />
c. Anthers. *<br />
d. Gynizus.<br />
e. Staminodium.<br />
Fig. 4. Nigritella.<br />
.<br />
a. Bursicle and rostella.<br />
I. Gynizi.<br />
c. Bursicle cut open.<br />
d. Retinacles.<br />
e. Staminodia.<br />
f. Pollen masses in the clinandra.<br />
g. Septulum.<br />
Fig. 5. Loroglossum.<br />
a. Caudicles.<br />
I. Proscolla seated on the rostellum.<br />
Fig. 6. Liparis.<br />
a. Lower lip turned down, and part cut off.<br />
I. Gynostemium.<br />
c. Gynizus.<br />
d. Winged edges of the gynostemium.<br />
e. Clinandrium.<br />
f and g. Staminodia.<br />
h. Anther.<br />
i. Pollen masses.<br />
Fig. 7. Liparis. The solid pollen mass.<br />
,<br />
i
JYateJdl. ©^ROBiroas & G3S-^araA<br />
y.ondon.TnMM,nlMJIaId«7n.(ha,ixl&7oK/'af>Tno.
Fig. 8. Epipactis.<br />
EXPLANATION OT THE PLATES. 25$<br />
a. Part of the ovary.<br />
h. Gynizus.<br />
c. Gynostemium.<br />
d. Proscolla.<br />
e. Filament.<br />
J". Rostellum.<br />
g. Pollen masses.<br />
h. Anther.<br />
i. Staminodium.<br />
Fig. 9. Epipactis. The granular pollen masses.<br />
Fig. 10. Epipactis, The pollen mass cut to show the<br />
granules, and magnified.<br />
Fig. 11. Granules of pollen, magnified.<br />
Fig. 12. Secale cereale. Graminece. Axis toothed,<br />
jointed ; spathelles opposite, inserted parallelly.<br />
Fig. 13. Eleocharis palustris. Cyperacece. Glume one-<br />
spathelled, one-flowered; glumelle bristlelike, bristles 4,<br />
denticulate; stamens three, attached under the ovary;<br />
stigmata two, featherlike.<br />
Fig. 14. Agrostis rubra. Graminece. Spathelles alternate,<br />
lower largest, longer than the spathellules ; lower<br />
spathellule 2-cut at the tip, awned below the middle, awn<br />
twisted ; upper much shorter, 2-cut, toothed ; stamens 3<br />
style short, 2-parted, stigmata villous.<br />
Fig. 15. Hordeum nigrum. Gramifiece. Ovary ovate:<br />
styles 2; lodicules not cut, bald.<br />
Fig. 16. Bromus mollis. Graminece. Locusta many-<br />
flowered ; awns not knee-jointed, subapicular.<br />
Fig. 17. Avena. Graminece. The lower spathellule twopointed;<br />
awn dorsal, twisted.<br />
Fig. 18. Trasus vesicarius. Cyperacece. Spathellules or<br />
lodicules soldered together, persisting, cartilaginous,<br />
ing a bottleshape urceolus.<br />
form-<br />
a. Ovary.<br />
I. Style, with its three stigmata.<br />
Fig. 19. Isolepis paniculata. Cyperacece. Spathelle 1;<br />
glumelle ; stamens 3 ; ovary with two styles.<br />
;
254 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE THIRTEENTH.<br />
Fruits.<br />
Fig. 1 . Hordeum Zeocriton. Graminece. Cariopsis magnified,<br />
and partly uncoated.<br />
a, Perisperm.<br />
leaf.<br />
h. Posterior cotyledon saucerlike.<br />
c. Root mamillae, three, enclosed in a coleorhize.<br />
d. Radicles two, each in a coleorhize.<br />
e. Plumule; the gemmule having a piieolar, primordial<br />
Fig. 2. Embryo of the same, magnified.<br />
a. Cotyledon.<br />
I. Root mamillae 3, in their coleorhizes.<br />
c. Piieolar primordial leaf.<br />
F'ig, 3. Orj^za sativa. Graminece. Cariopsis cut lengthways<br />
and magnified.<br />
a. Gemmule with its pileole, enclosed in the coleoptile.<br />
I. Radicle in its coleorhize.<br />
Fig. 4. Hieracium glaucum. Compositce. Embryo mag-<br />
nified.<br />
Fig. 5. Akenium of the same, magnified ; pappus sessile,<br />
bristled, appearing simple to the naked eye : the pericarp is<br />
cut open, and the seed divided longitudinally.<br />
Fig. 6. Polygonum scandens. Polygonece. Carcerule cut<br />
lengthways and dissected. Carcerule boney ; seed coated,<br />
upright, perispermed ; embryo 2-cotyledon, lateral, threadlike,<br />
bent; radicle opposite the hile, above.<br />
Fio. 7. Chaerophyllum aromaticum. Umhelliferce. Cremocarpe<br />
with the two coques separated, but remaining suspended<br />
to the axis : magnified.<br />
a. Spermapodium axile, 2-parted at top.<br />
h. Styles persisting on the fruit.<br />
c. Commissures, or the faces applied to each other,<br />
d. Latuscule, or face opposite to the commissure.<br />
e. Vallecules between the ribs of the coques.<br />
J. Spermapodophore.<br />
g. Stylopodium.<br />
Fig. 8. A coque of the same cut lengthways and mag-<br />
nified.<br />
a. Perisperm, horny.<br />
h. Integument of the coque.<br />
C Embryo small, basilary.
®<br />
^'''^'''•^'^'M«:/iyJi,7^„,},,r;.,^^,^.,(.,r„,.j.^^^^^,j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^<br />
't^'KlfflTS. r,ipc 3S/,.
EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES. 255<br />
Fig. 9. Amaranthus hjpochondriacus; Aniaranthidece.<br />
Pyxidium uncovered, and magnified, membranaceous.<br />
-Fig". 10. Valves of the same, separated.<br />
Fig. 1 1 . Kernel of the same magnified ; perisperm central;<br />
embryo peripherical, annular ; cotyledons semicylindrical,<br />
incumbent; radicle threadlike, below.<br />
Fig. ] 2. Salsola decumbens. Chenopodece. Periphyllum<br />
magnified, containing the utriculus.<br />
Fig. 13. Perigonium of the same cut vertically, and<br />
magnified, to show the seed.<br />
Fig. 14. Embryo of the same, highly magnified ; threadlike,<br />
rolled in a ball, cotyledons very long, linear; radicle<br />
nearly cylindrical, placed horizontally in the uppermost part<br />
of the seed.<br />
'<br />
Fig. 15. Carex vulpina. Cyperacece. Persistent spathel-<br />
lules cut longitudinally and magnified; akenium pedicelled,<br />
enclosed in the spathellules.<br />
Fig. 16. Akenium of the same cut longitudinally and<br />
magnified; style persistent; embryo at the base of the<br />
seed.<br />
Fig. 17. Gomphrena globosa. Amaranthidea. Pyxidium<br />
cut longitudinally and magnified; style persistent; seed<br />
single, inverted, hanging by the umbilical cord, proceeding<br />
from the bottom of the pyxidium.<br />
Fig. 18. Beta vulgaris. Chenopodece. Utriculus enclosed<br />
within the fleshy perigonium, and magnified.<br />
Fig. 19. The utriculus of the same cut transversely and<br />
magnified; embryo annular.<br />
Fig. 20. Thesium alpinum. Santalacece. Pericarpium<br />
magnified; crowned by the persistent perigonium.<br />
Fig. 21. The same cut transversely.<br />
Fig. 22. The seed of the same cut longitudinally and<br />
magnified ; embryo straight, central.<br />
Fig. 23. Embryo of the same, highly magnified.<br />
Fig. 24. Fraxinus excelsior. Fraxinece. Samara opened<br />
before it is ripe ; two-celled ; ovules four, hanging two side<br />
by side in each cell.<br />
Fig. ^25. The ripe samara of the same; opened; having<br />
only one seed, pendulous; the others having perished.<br />
Fig. 26. Ulmus Americana. Ulmacece. Samara with the<br />
cell opened; seed pendent.
256 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE FOURTEENTH.<br />
Fruits.<br />
Fig. 1. Quercus longeeva. CorylidecB. Glands cut<br />
lengthways, coriaceous, one-celled, one-seeded ; seed pend-<br />
ent, without a perisperm ; radicle adverse ; cotyledons large,<br />
fleshy.<br />
Fig. 2. The cupule of the same, with two abortive<br />
glands.<br />
Fig. 3. Carpinus ulmoides. CorylidecB. Nucule, or<br />
calybion, boney, ovate, angular, with threadlike, longitudinal<br />
ribs.<br />
Fig. 4. Corylus tubulosa. CorylidecB. Cupule tubular,<br />
cylindrical, jagged, toothed.<br />
Fig. 5. Corylus sylvestris. CorylidecB. Nucule, or calybion,<br />
parted lengthways to show the seed ; umbilical cord<br />
rising from the base and ascending ; seed pendent.<br />
Fig. 6. Cotyledon of the same, with the place in which<br />
the embryo is seated.<br />
Fig. 1. Anacardium officinale. Tereliniacece. Xylodium,<br />
or carcerule, seated upon a fleshy receptacle.<br />
Fig. 8. Tilia parvifolia. Tiliacece. Carcerule opened;<br />
cells two-seeded.<br />
Fig. 9. The carcerule of the same cut transversely, cells<br />
five.<br />
Fig. 10. Asarum Europeeum. Ariatolochice. Carcerule<br />
cut transversely; cells six; partitions mcomplete.<br />
Fig. 1 1 . Carcerule of the same opened, cells four-seeded,<br />
seeds ascending.<br />
Fig. 12. Embryo of tilia parvifolia; cotyledons leaflike,<br />
three-lobed, toothed, incumbent.<br />
Fig. 13. Adansonia Baobab. Malvacece. Amphisarca<br />
cut transversely, cells ten.<br />
Fig. 14-. A portion of the spongy, farinaceous pulp taken<br />
out of the cells of the same, interwoven with thready<br />
fi,bres.<br />
Fig. 15. The point of the pulp dissected to show the<br />
seeds, of the natural size.<br />
Fig. 16. Gomphia nitida. Ochnacece. Sarcobasis five-<br />
eremed ; gynophore ovoid ; eremes one-celled, one-seeded<br />
seed straight, coated, without a perisperm ; embryo straight,<br />
radicle opposite.<br />
;
^s^/r JPaqe ZW<br />
l^ndon,/\Jilivm..O-adiH^.i: Jov.Paian-tstrrRiviJSovrt'PlSXl.<br />
J S/aoy sca^._
I'fate s2iK tm T/irii's -Pa^c ?57.<br />
tMidon.Puh/islitd hy 7iaUwin,&aifoeli &JoyJ'atrrnosM-J)owJCvt>r/-'.'MZI.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 257<br />
Fig. 17. Symphytum officinale. Borag'mea. Microbasis.<br />
Calyx five-parted, one lobe cut away ; eremes, or<br />
nuts, four ; style persisting.<br />
Fig. 18. Cynoglossum Isevigatum. Boraginece. Internal<br />
surface of one of the cariopsides, nut lodged in the hollow<br />
part of the shield-like cariopsis, or ereme.<br />
Fig. 19. The whole microbasis of the same.<br />
Fig. 20. The same, with the several cariopsides cut<br />
transversely, nuts immersed in the shield-like eremes.<br />
PLATE THE FIFTEENTH.<br />
Fruits.<br />
Fig* 1 . Prunus domestica. Dryadece. Drupe cut lengthways<br />
: umbilical cord passing within the suture to the tip<br />
of the stone ; seed pendent.<br />
Fig. 2. Amygdalus nana. Dryadece. Stone of the drupe<br />
split open; umbilical cord passing within the suture to the<br />
tip of the stone ; seed pendent, ovate rounded, acuminated<br />
at top, deeply lenticular, pale with painted veins.<br />
Fig. 3. Vitis vinifera. Vi7iiferce. Acinos cut longitudinally<br />
sphserical, free, seeds boney.<br />
Fig. 4. The same, cut transversely. Acinos five-seeded.<br />
Fig. 5. Sparganium ramosum. Typhacece, Drupe juiceless,<br />
bark taken off in part to show the stone, with a small<br />
hole at the tip.<br />
Fig. 6. The same: stone cut transversely.<br />
Fig. 7. Vitis vinifera. Viniferce. Embryo taken out of<br />
the seed.<br />
Fig. 8. The seed cut longitudinally, coated, perispermed<br />
embryo at the base, straight; radicle opposite.<br />
Fig. 9. The seed cut transversely.<br />
Fig. 10. Aquifolium spinosum. CaprifoUacece. Nuculane<br />
with part of the flesh taken away; pyrense four.<br />
Fig. 11. Pyrene of the same, with the seed cut trans-<br />
versely.<br />
Fig. 12. Pyrus domestica. Pomacece. Pome cut trans-<br />
versely; cells five, two abortive.<br />
Fig. 13. The same cut longitudinally; cells cartilaginous<br />
; ovules in each cell always 2, the fertile cells usually<br />
one-seeded ; seeds rather large.<br />
VOL, I. s
258 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
Fig. 14. Seeds of the same; the covers cut off in part, to<br />
show the kernel.<br />
Fig. 1 5. Embryo of the same : cotyledons elliptic, fleshy.<br />
Fig. 16. Mespilus Germanica. Pomacecs. Woody celled<br />
pome, or pyrenarius, cut transversely, one of the cells<br />
opened : ovules two.<br />
Fig. 11. Punica Granatum. Myrti. Balausta with part<br />
of the rind taken off, crowned by the tube of the calyx<br />
partitions indeterminate, some longitudinal, some crossways<br />
: seeds numerous, drupelike.<br />
Fig. 18. Seeds of the same, of the natural size; drupelike,<br />
outer skin pulpy.<br />
Fig. 19. Embryo of the same, cut transversely, and much<br />
magnified; cotyledons convolute, leaflike, very thin.<br />
Fig. 20. Seed of the same, cut lengthways, and the embryo<br />
uncovered ; embryo oblong, pointed at each end.<br />
Fig. 21. Cucumus sativus. Cucurhitacece. Pepo cut<br />
transversely; cells three, parted ; placentarium parietal.<br />
Fig. 22. Cucurbita esculenta. Cucurhitacece. Seed cut<br />
longitudinally.<br />
a. Outer skin leatherlike.<br />
h. Inner skin green.<br />
c. Cotyledon, veiny and wrinkled, on the internal face.<br />
d. Embryo.<br />
Fig. 23. Citrus Medica. Aurantiacea,. Hesperidium<br />
ovate, cut transversely ; outer bark glandular; inner bark<br />
spongy; cells nine, each lined with a fine skin, filled |with<br />
a pulpy flesh.
^late XFI.<br />
FJRTCnTS,<br />
london.FuU^lad bySaUw!n,/raAxk AJfy.IitM-nMt^Ktn^-.jVai-a-'^S^-'J-<br />
Paffe259.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 259<br />
PLATE THE SIXTEENTH.<br />
Fruits.<br />
Fig' I- Cassia Fistula. Leguminosce. Tip of the legume,<br />
partly opened; legume phragmated, many-celled; cells<br />
one-seeded ; placentarium unilateral ; umbilical cord threadlike;<br />
seeds ovoid, compressed.<br />
Fig. 2. Genista candicans. Leguminoscs. Cod, or legume,<br />
opened ; legume deeply scrobiculate, nearly celled ;<br />
umbilical cords short, from the convex suture, seeds affixed<br />
alternately to each valve.<br />
Fig. 3. Seed of the same magnified; hile or umbilicus<br />
prominent.<br />
Fig. 4. The same, with the hile facing the spectator, hile<br />
crescentlike, surrounded by a glandular prominent edge.<br />
Fig. 5. The kernel of the same magnified; seed perispermed;<br />
embryo bent, cotyledons ovate; radicle bent,<br />
centrifugal.<br />
Fig. 6. Scorpiurus sulcata. LegummoscE. Legume<br />
jointed^ nodose, furrowed, spiral.<br />
Fig. 7. Astragalus uliginosus. Leguminosce. Legume<br />
cut transversely, two-celled ;<br />
marginal.<br />
partition longitudinal, valvean,<br />
Fig. 8. Cardamine Graeca. Cruciferce. Siliqua, or pod,<br />
when dehiscent. Valves flat, ribless, flown back and roiled<br />
up spirally ; partition very narrow, thin ; seeds four in each<br />
cell ; umbilical cord fixed alternately to each edge of the<br />
partition.<br />
Fig. 9. Sinapis alba. Cruciferce. Siliqua hispid, two-<br />
celled, two-valved; valves marked with three hispid ribs<br />
lengthways; upper joint valveless, sometimes containing<br />
one imperfect seed, or partition produced far beyond the<br />
valves into a swordshape beak.<br />
Fig. 10. Embryo of the same, magnified : cotyledons<br />
rounded, nearly leaflike, the outer involving the interior<br />
radicle lying in the furrow of the folding, centrifugal.<br />
Fig. 11. Raphanistrum vulgare, Cruciferce. Part of<br />
the siliqua; valveless, many-celled, jointed, becoming necklaceshape;<br />
cells boney, separate, in a longitudinal series,<br />
perforated at each end for the passage of the two umbilical<br />
cords, which enter all of them, each cord bearing a seed<br />
in the alternate cells; seeds one in a cell.<br />
Fig. 12. Boney cell of the same cut transversely.<br />
s 2
260 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
Fig. 13. Cotyledons of the same inicovered; radicle in<br />
the furrow of their fold, centrifugal.<br />
Fig. 14. Thlaspi cuneatiim. Cniciferce. Silicule ovate,<br />
rounded, compressed, two-celled, two-valved ; valves boat-<br />
shape ;<br />
partitions opposite or contrary to the valves.<br />
Fig. 15. Draba verna. Cruciferce. Silicule oval; two-<br />
celled; valves flat; cells many-seeded; partition parallel to<br />
the valves.<br />
Fig. 16. Vella annua. Cruciferce. Silicule nearly glo-<br />
bular, with soft bristles, two-celled, two-valved ; partition<br />
parallel to the valves, transparent, bearing three or four<br />
seeds in each cell ; style persistent, leaflike.<br />
Fig. 17. Transverse section of the same.<br />
Fig. J 8. Anagallis phoenicea. Primulacece. Seed much<br />
magnified, ovate, slightly acuminate on each side, roughly<br />
dotted ; hile in the middle of the belly.<br />
Fig. 19. Pyxidium of the same when dehiscent.<br />
Fig. 20. P3'xidiura of the same magnified, and opened<br />
on one side; placentarium globular, spongy, honeycombed,<br />
free.<br />
Fig. 21. Dianthera Malabarica. Acanihiacece . Capsule<br />
oblong, two-valved, pointed at the tip, two-celled, twovalved<br />
; partition opposite, or contrary to the valves, with<br />
retinacles close to the seeds.<br />
Fig. 22. Serapias Helleborine. Orchidea-. Diplotegia<br />
cut transversely, elliptical, sphserical, one-celled, threevalved,<br />
six-ribbed; placentaria three, on the middle of the<br />
valves.<br />
Fig. 23. The three alternate, sutural ribs of the same,<br />
remaining after the falling off of the valves.<br />
Fig. 24. Iris Sibirica. Iridcce. Diplotegia when dehiscent;<br />
three-ceiled, three-valved, loculicidal; valves oneribbed,<br />
rib prominent; placentarium on the internal edge<br />
of the valves, whicii re-enter conjointly; seeds numerous,<br />
horizontal, depressed, flat on both sides, one side straight,<br />
the other semicircular.<br />
Fig. 25. Campanula rigida. CampmmlacecE. Capsule<br />
crowned with the withered corolla; calyx five-cut, segments<br />
turned back, opening by pores at the base.<br />
Fig. 26. Lysimachia quadrifolia. PrimulacecB. Capsule<br />
cut transversely and magnified, one-celled, five-valved; placentarium<br />
globular, spongy, pitted, free, central.<br />
Fig. 2?. Capsule of the same when dehiscent, mag-<br />
nified.
Fiate xrir. JFIKCTICTS. Taqe ?6J.<br />
Zondon.fuiUshetlfySalJwih.O-aJock AJey.Ihtej-no,-neiA„v.2^ofrj.-'f]8?J.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 2GI<br />
Fig. 28. Saxifraga granulata. Saxifragece. Capsule half<br />
adherent, two-headed, opening in the middle of the head ;<br />
calyx.<br />
Fig. 29. Ipomea purpurea. Convolvulacece. Capsule cut<br />
transversely, after its dehiscence, three-celled, three-valved,<br />
septicidal; partitions verticillate, interposilive, persistent;<br />
placentaria basilary.<br />
Fig. 30. Orontium majiis. Scrofulariecc. Capsule cut<br />
transversely ; two-celled ; partitions two, valvean, marginal,<br />
meeting; placentarium central, tv/o-lobed.<br />
Fig. 31. Capsule of the same entire, three-holed at the<br />
summit.<br />
PLATE THE SEVENTEENTH.<br />
Fruils.<br />
Fig. 1. Actffia spicata. Ranunculacece. Berry cut transversely,<br />
fleshy, camareiike; seeds in two rows, nearly semi-<br />
circular.<br />
Fig. 2. The same, with part of the covering removedy<br />
to show the seeds lying over one another in two rows.<br />
Fig. 3. The seed cut lengtlnvays; perisperm the shape<br />
of the seed; embryo very small, nearly ovate, at the base.<br />
Fig. 4. Ribes spinosum. Grossidarice. Acrosarcum, or<br />
berry crowned with the persistent calyx, cut longitudinally;<br />
placentaria two, lateral, opposite.<br />
Fig. 5. The same cut transversely; placentaria lateral,<br />
triple.<br />
Fig. 6. Perisperm of the same cut longitudinally and<br />
magnified, with the umbilical cord, as it passes through the<br />
gelatinous pulp surrounding the seed : embryo very small,<br />
at the tip.<br />
Fig. 7. Vaccinium montanum. Vaccinice. Acrosarce, or<br />
crowned berry, spherical.<br />
Fig. 8. The same cut transversely: acrosarce five- celled<br />
placentaria central.<br />
Fig. 9. Androsaemum officinale. HypericinecB. Berry cut<br />
transversely, one-celled ; placentaria three, lateral, spongy,<br />
at first solid, but when ripe leaving a vacant space between<br />
their two divisions.
262 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
Fig. 10. Mandragora acaulis. SolanecB. Berry cut transversely,<br />
globular; seeds immersed, towards the periphery,<br />
all around.<br />
Fig. 11. The same, with the pannexterne taken, off:<br />
seeds many, kidneyshape ; calyx four cut.<br />
Fig. 12. Asclepias nigra. ApocinecB. Follicle operrcrd,<br />
one-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent; placentarium sutural,<br />
becoming free by the dehiscence; umbilical cord pappuslike,<br />
or seeds comose.<br />
Fig. 13. Veratrum album. Colchicacece. Etterion threecamared,<br />
camares oblong, slightly compressed, connected<br />
at bottom, separate at top, and ending in a short style;<br />
perigonium six-lobed.<br />
Fig. 14. Camares of the same dehiscent, and emptied of<br />
their seeds.<br />
Fig. 15. Transverse section of the etaerion, towards the<br />
bottom.<br />
Fig. 16. Rhododendron maximum. Rhodode7idra. Cap- 1<br />
sule cut transversely, five-celled ; placentarium central, ra- -*<br />
diating, lobed.<br />
Fig. 17' Caltha palustris. Rammculacece. Etasrion eightcamared,<br />
camares compressed, spreading horizontally at<br />
top.<br />
Fig. IS. A camare of the same opened; placentarium on<br />
the edges of the suture.<br />
Fig. 19. The capsule of the rhododendron maximum,<br />
in dehiscence; cells five, septicidal ; style persistent on the<br />
central placentarium.<br />
Fig. 20. Seed of the same cut lengthways, and magnified;<br />
outer coat produced in a kind of beak; kernel ovate<br />
oblong, shorter than the seed; embryo straight; cotyledons<br />
very short.<br />
Fig. 21. Butomus floridus. Buiomacece. Dieresile magnified,<br />
six-coqued, ovate-beaked, connected together about<br />
half their height, membranaceous, opening inwards.<br />
Fig. 22. One of the coques cut transversely; seeds parietal,<br />
very numerous, small, spread all over the internal<br />
surface of the coque.<br />
Fig. 23. Napaea dioica. Malvacece. Calyx magnified,<br />
five-cut; central axis of the dieresile winged, pyramidal,<br />
furrowed.<br />
Fig. 24f. One of the ten coques of the same cut longitudinally,<br />
semicircular, tip ending in a bent-back point;<br />
umbilical cord very small ; seed kidneyshape, single.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 26S<br />
Fig. 25. Lavatera arborea. Malvacece. Fruit cut verti-<br />
cally and magnified : dieresile axile, compressed, 6-coqued ;<br />
coques one-celled, one-seeded; seed peltate; embryo bent;<br />
cotyledons plaited ; radicle basilary.<br />
Fig, 26. RLcinus communis. Eupfiorbiacece. Regma cut<br />
longitudinally and magnified ; three-celled, covered with a<br />
pannexterne that separates; coques one-celled, two-valved,<br />
one-seeded; placentarium under the tip; seed coated, carunculated,<br />
perispermed, hanging.<br />
a. Perisperm.<br />
l. Embryo two-cotyledon, straight, in the middle; cotyledons<br />
leaflike.<br />
c. Caruncle.<br />
d. Umbilical cord.<br />
Fig. 27. The same, with one of the coques taken away<br />
from the two others; placentarium central, columnar, threesided,<br />
with three blunt beaks passing into the cells, regma<br />
covered with soft spines.<br />
Fig. 28. The same, cut transversely, showing the three<br />
coques, emptied of their seeds.<br />
Fig. 29. The seed of the same cut across; embryo twocotyledon.<br />
Fig. 30. The seed cut lengthways; embryo nearly the<br />
size of the albumen.
264 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE EIGHTEENTH.<br />
Fruils.<br />
Fig. I. Rubus Idseiis. Dryudece. Fruit cut lengthways;<br />
polychlorion succulent, composed of several drupeolated<br />
akenia soldered together, one-seeded; seed coated, without<br />
a perisperm, hanging.<br />
Fig. 2. Kosa canina. Rosacece. Hip cut longitudinally;<br />
calyx become fleshy, ovate; utricles in pits on the internal<br />
surface of the hip, the central utricles pedicelled; pedicells<br />
fleshy, yellow, rather hairy; style persisting.<br />
Fig. ?j. Agrimonia repens. y^gilmonacece. The amaltliEea<br />
cut transversely; calyx five-toothed, echinated; seeds three,<br />
ovate, not fleshy, slightly compressed, pointed at top, blunt<br />
at bottom.<br />
Fig.4!. Ranunculus muricatus. Ramniculacece. The polychlorion<br />
formed of many cariopsides, prickly on both sides.<br />
Fig. 5. Cariopsis of the same cut lengthways; embryo<br />
very small, in the base of the seed.<br />
Fig. 6. Fragaria' vesca. Dryadece. The polychlorion.<br />
Calyx ten-cut; receptacle fleshy, wider than the calyx,<br />
ovate, globular, very large? akenia numerous, small, ovate,<br />
acuminate, slightly compressed.<br />
Fig. 7. An akenium of the same.<br />
Fig. 8. Morus alba. UrticecB. The sorose composed of<br />
several fleshy utricles, soldered v/ith the calycine segments<br />
of the several flowers.<br />
Fig. 9. A single utricle of the same, with the fleshy segments<br />
of its calyx displayed, magnified.<br />
Fig. 10. An utricle of the same opened and magnified.<br />
Fig. 11. Ambora Tamburissa. Urticece. Sycone, or fig,<br />
cut transversely, to show tlie several carcerules, immersed<br />
in the internal surface of the involucrum.<br />
Fig. V2. Finns Americana, ylbietidece. Strobile eggshape;<br />
cupules leatherlike, thick, triangular, rounded on<br />
the outer edge.<br />
Fig. 13. A cupule of the same; nucules two, winged<br />
upon the outward side.<br />
Fig. 14. Embryo of the same, magnified; cotyledons<br />
four.<br />
Fig. 15. Cupressus sempervirens. Cupressidece. Galbule<br />
ovate, globular ; cupule angular, upright, headed, edge of<br />
the head oblique and jagged, centre radiated.<br />
Fig. 16. A cupule of the same.
'/atffJJTZT. F1KTITIIT3 Far/e 26'4.<br />
Zcrulem.JPuhbj7ia1 byBaliiurin.6'a-}nrJc £-Jr
'explanation of the plates. 265<br />
Flo; 17. The nucules of the same, as seen on either side,<br />
small, boney, irregularly angular.<br />
Ficr. 18. Juniperus Virgiuiana. Cupressidea. Arcesthide<br />
magnified, ovoid, berrylike, composed of 1-secded glandes,<br />
soldered along with succulent bracte^ : cupules woody,<br />
close.<br />
Fig. 19. A single glans of the same, magnified, with<br />
small vesicles at the base filled witli turpentine.<br />
Fig. 20. A glans of the same cut longitudinally, and.<br />
magnified.<br />
a. Cupule.<br />
b. Pericarpium membranaceous, crowned by the limb of<br />
the calyx.<br />
c. Limb of the calyx.<br />
d. Remains of the stigma.<br />
e. Perisperra.<br />
Embryo axile, two-cotyledon.<br />
f.<br />
Fi
"266 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
PLATE THE NINETEENTH.<br />
Filices and Lycopodiacece.<br />
Fig. 1. Lycopodium. Lycopodiacece. Part of a branch<br />
magnified; leaves oblong, linear, much compressed, tworowed<br />
;<br />
stipules single, lanceolate, one-sided, tiledlike.<br />
a. Capsular conceptacles, with bractese.<br />
b. Another kind of capsular conceptacles, with bracteas.<br />
Fig. 2. The second kind of conceptacle, much magnified<br />
three-lobed, two-valved, three-seeded.<br />
Fig. 3. A seminule taken out of these conceptacles, and<br />
much magnified.<br />
Fig. 4>. The same opened.<br />
a. The lorica.<br />
b. The kernel.<br />
Fig. 5. The first kind of conceptacles much magnified<br />
kidneyshape, two-valved, many-seeded.<br />
a. The seminules.<br />
b. The same, very much magnified, to show they are<br />
angular.<br />
Fig. 6. Bernhardia dichotoma. Lycopodiacece. A capsular<br />
conceptacle magnified, three-lobed, three-valved, partitions<br />
median.<br />
Fig. 7. A branch of the same plant magnified.<br />
a. Capsular conceptacles, with two bractese.<br />
Fig. 8. a. Seminules magnified.<br />
b. The same, very much magnified, to show they are<br />
angular.<br />
Fig. 9. Tmesepteris Tannensis.* Lycopodiacece. Conceptacle<br />
magnified, capsular, opening, 2-valved, 2-celled ;<br />
one of the two leaves between which it was placed.<br />
with<br />
Fig. 10. Lycopodium umbrosum. Lycopodiacece. Conceptacle<br />
magnified, capsular, kidneyshape, 2-valved, manyseeded.<br />
a. Seminules.<br />
Fig. 11. The same very much magnified to show that<br />
they are angular, and collected together by threes or fours<br />
into globules.<br />
Fig. 12. Equisetum palustre. Equisetacece. Spike mag-<br />
nified, with the terminal anient.<br />
a. Involucra.<br />
b. Conceptacles attached to the under side of the invo-<br />
lucra.<br />
Fig. 13. A seed? of the same much magnified, with the<br />
hygrometrical threads.
JFULttCES & Xrr'CcD)F©]II)IEA.C]E^ .<br />
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jPaqe?66.
it.<br />
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES- 267<br />
Fig. 14. The same, with the threads rolled spirally around<br />
Fig. 15. Aspidium nemorale. Filices. A pprtion of the<br />
leaf magnified, with a single indusium.<br />
a. Miliary glands.<br />
b. Conceptacles each girt with its elastic, incomplete,<br />
perispheric ring.<br />
c. Indusium kidneyshape, umbilicated, opened on the<br />
sides.<br />
Fig. 16. A conceptacle of the same much magnified,<br />
with its elastic ring and peduncle.<br />
Fig. 17. A conceptacle of the same torn open by the<br />
force of the elastic ring when ripe, and throwing out the<br />
seminules.<br />
Fig. 18. Gleichena circinata. Filices. A conceptacle<br />
very much magnified, having an elastic ring completely<br />
surrounding it.<br />
Fig. 19. Schizea dichotoma. Filices. A conceptacle<br />
much magnified, having an elastic ring surrounding it at<br />
the tip.<br />
Fig-. 20. Marchantia polymorpha. Hepaticce. Fructification<br />
when ripe, and much magnified.<br />
a. Perichsetium split lengthvv'ays.<br />
I. Sheath.<br />
€. Pedicell.<br />
d. Capsule opened, valves or teeth turned back.<br />
e. Elastic threads dispei'sing the seminules.<br />
Fig. 21. A globule or capsule of the same not quite ripe,<br />
and much maonified.<br />
a. Paraphyses.<br />
h. Perichsetium.<br />
c. Sheath, being in fact the detached pannexterne.<br />
d. Pedicell.<br />
e. Capsule or globule.<br />
Fig. 22. A fructification of the same, in its early stage,<br />
and much magnified.<br />
a. Paraphyses.<br />
h. The jaggs of the perichajtium.<br />
c. The ovary, according to some authors.<br />
d. The style of the same.<br />
e. The stigma of the same.<br />
Fig.2S. A part of the frond of the same magnified,<br />
having two origomes.<br />
a. An origome beginning to show itself.<br />
h. Another entirely developed, with lenticular bulbilles.
^^^ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
¥ig. 24, Umbell of what is called the male plant of the<br />
same, cut vertically and magnified.<br />
a. The stamens according to some authors, entire, ovoid,<br />
and sunk into the substance of the umbell.<br />
b. Other stamens cut vertically, to show their cavity.<br />
c. Small vascular threads of the stamen, each of which<br />
abut on a mamilla, or nipplelike eminence, on the surface<br />
of the umbell.<br />
Fig. 25. The umbell of what is considered by some as<br />
the male plant of the same; the upper surface slightly<br />
concave, with nipplelike eminences.<br />
Fig' 26. The umbell of what is considered by some as<br />
the female plant of the same; many-iobed, having the<br />
fructifications, fig. 20, 21 or 22, beneath.<br />
PLATE THE TWENTIETH.<br />
Mosses and Lichens.<br />
Fig. 1. Tortula muralis. Musci. Entire plant magnified;<br />
the female flower just beginning to appear; surcule short,<br />
leaves oval lanceolate, terminated with a long hair; perichastium<br />
0; bristle terminal; urn upright, cylindrical.<br />
a. Ovary, according lo some authors.<br />
I. Style.<br />
c. Stigma.<br />
Fig. 2. Fruit of the same, yet young, and magnified.<br />
a. Calyptra.<br />
h. Vaginule.<br />
c. Pedicell beginning to lengthen and separate them.<br />
Fig. 3. Fruit of the same, more advanced in its growth,<br />
the calyptra split lengthways, and ready to fall off.<br />
Fig, 4. Entire plant of the same, when the pedicell has<br />
acquired its full growth, magnified.<br />
Fig. 5. Urn of the same when ripe, split longitudinally<br />
and highly magnified.<br />
a. The urn whose sides are composed of two flakes, the<br />
external one called sporangium, the internal, sporangidium.<br />
h. Seminules contained in the cavity of the urn.<br />
c. Columella.<br />
d. Operculum of the urn.<br />
e. Teeth of the peristome twisted spirally.
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Zo,ufm.ruUMal t.r SaUwm. (hadcdk ,ifov. fatm-nnm- Ktn, _T}frfr2''fl;:?J<br />
I'mjc .'ViVV.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 269<br />
Fig. 6. The female flower of tlie same, stripped of the<br />
perichfctium, and very much magnified.<br />
a. Ovaiy.<br />
l>. Style.<br />
c. Stigma.<br />
d. Abortive female flowers.<br />
e. Paraphyses,<br />
J'. Clinanthe.<br />
Fig. 7. Polytrichum commune. Musci. Proliferous stem<br />
magnified.<br />
a. Bractees imited into bellshaped perichaetia containing<br />
male flowers.<br />
Fig. 8. Stem of the same, bearing the fruit, showing the<br />
pedicell, and urn covered with its hairy calyptra.<br />
Fig. 9. Urn of the same, with the operculum taken off:<br />
the whole magnified.<br />
a. Operculum.<br />
I'. Peristome with its epiphragra.<br />
Fig. 10. Urn of the same, the calyptra, the operculum,<br />
and the epiphragm taken off"; the whole magnified.<br />
a. Epiphragm.<br />
l>. Seminules dispersing.<br />
Fig. 11. A male perichaetium of the same cut vertically,<br />
and very much magnified.<br />
a. The bracteoles.<br />
I. Paraphyses.<br />
c. Stamens.<br />
Fig. 12. Splachnum ampullaceum. Musci. Fruit mag-<br />
nified.<br />
a. Urn, with the calyptra and operculum taken off.<br />
b. Apophysis very large, cruetlike.<br />
c. Peristome simple, eight-toothed.<br />
Fig. 13. A stamen of polytrichum commune, with two<br />
paraphyses placed on watei^ and very much magnified.<br />
a. The stamen.<br />
h. Paraphyses.<br />
c. The beak-like opening at the tip of the stamen.<br />
d. The fecundating fluid discharged through the beak,<br />
and floating on the water.<br />
Fig. 14. Grimmia apocarpa. Musci. Fruit, the calyptra<br />
and operculum being taken oflj magnified.<br />
a. Pei'istome.<br />
Fig. 15. Peristome of the same detached from the urn,<br />
spread out and much magnified, to show the sixteen teeth
270 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
Fig. 16. Hypnum cupressiforme. Musci. Peristome<br />
split, laid open, and magnified, to show the fringe and<br />
teeth.—Peristome double; teeth 16, lanceolate; cilias 16,<br />
opposite, membranaceous, united at bottom; bristles 16,<br />
interposed.<br />
Fig. 1 7. Sphagnum palustre. Musci. Part of the plant<br />
magnified; surcule branched, leaves oval, blunt, concave,<br />
tiled-like ; pedicell short ; urn ovoid, upon a disk-like<br />
apophysis; peristome 0.<br />
a. Urn, the calyptra and operculum being taken off.<br />
b. Orifice naked.<br />
c. Apophysis.<br />
Fig-. 18. Gymnostomum pyriforme. Musci. Germination<br />
of its semiimle, as observed by Hedwig, very much magnified;<br />
showing the seminule throwing out a radicle, and<br />
a succulent thread, considered as a cotyledon, which appears<br />
to be jointed, and having nipples which elongate into<br />
branches.<br />
Fig. 19. Variolaria tumida. Lichenes. Entire plant mag-<br />
nified.<br />
a. Thallus thin, crustlike, growing upon trees.<br />
I. Patellules whitish, conrex at first, slightly concave<br />
afterwards.<br />
Fig. 20. Patellaria ocellata. Lichenes. Entire plant mag-<br />
nified.<br />
a. Thallus adherent to stones, solid, crustlike, wrinkled,<br />
areola.ted, greyish white.<br />
h. Scutelles black, concave; edge elevated, of the colour<br />
of the thallus.<br />
Fig. 21. Isidium corallinum. Lichenes. Entire plant<br />
magnified.<br />
a. Thallus.<br />
I. Podetia solid, cylindrical, branched, crowded, whitish.<br />
c. Terminal globules.<br />
Fig. 22. Tips of the podetia of the same.<br />
a. A globule still adhering to the podetia.<br />
I. Pitt remaining after the globules have fallen off.<br />
Fig. 23. Cenomyce pyxidata. Lichenes. Entire plant.<br />
a. Podetium proliferous, fistular, funnelshape at top.<br />
h. Podetia growing on the edge of the lower podetium.<br />
c. Cephalodium thick, irregular, sinuous, brown.
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I.onc/onMi/>lis7Lni /; S,i!an-in.
^^^-/^^JXl^Al^^N OF THE^LATES. 271<br />
PLATE THE TWENTY-FIRST.<br />
Asphyllous Plards.<br />
Fig. 1. Conjugata decimina. Hydrophytce. Two plants<br />
coupled together, and very much magnified.<br />
«. The several cells that are coupled together.<br />
Jj. A cell throwing out a tube to meet that of the op-<br />
posite cell, of the other plant.<br />
c. Cells in which small grains are to be perceived, disposed<br />
in a spiral form, as they appear before the coupling<br />
of the plants.<br />
d. Grains passing out of the cell of one plant into the<br />
conjoined cell of the other plant.<br />
e. The cell that is being emptied.<br />
The cell into which the grains are passing.<br />
f.<br />
g. Seminules that have arisen from the union of the<br />
grains of the two plants.<br />
Fig. 2. A seminule of the same, which has ruptured its<br />
cell, and is in a state of germination.<br />
Fig. 3. Conferva rivularis. Hydrophytce. Part of the<br />
plant very much magnified, as it floats in rivulets : the cells<br />
filled with an immense number of small grains, appearing<br />
to be seminules, which by enlarging rupture the mother<br />
plant and disperse.<br />
Fig. 4. Fucus vesiculosus. ThalassiophytcR. Part of the<br />
frond.<br />
a. Tubercles terminal, containing a great number of<br />
ostiolated conceptacles.<br />
h. Mouths, or ostioles of the conceptacles.<br />
c. Starlike hairs sprinkled over the surface of the frond,<br />
called stamens by Reaumur, and considered by him as excretory<br />
organs.<br />
d. Bladders, globular, frequently in pairs.<br />
Fig. 5. A part of a tubercle of the same, containing a<br />
conceptacle cut through vertically, and very highly mag-<br />
nified.<br />
a. The conceptacle.<br />
I. Elytrae ovoid, floating in a mucilage.<br />
c. Ostiole, or mouth of the conceptacle.<br />
Fig. 6. Sphaerophoron coralloides. IdiothalamecB. Apart<br />
of the plant magnified. 'i- yVy<br />
a. Podetium solid, cylindrical, branched.<br />
I. Branches divaricated.<br />
c. A cistule.
272 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.<br />
Fig. 7. A cistule of the same, cut transversely, and very<br />
much magnified.<br />
a. Fibrous fungosity, supporting the seminules.<br />
h. Seminules escaped from the cistule.<br />
Fig. 8. Sphaeria stigma. Sarcotkalamece. Cut vertically<br />
as it grows within the bark of the hazel-nut-tree, and very<br />
much magnified. /^S/^<br />
a. Partition dividing the sphserule into two cells.<br />
Fig. 9. Physarum. Fungi. Several plants as they growon<br />
dead timber, magnified.<br />
a. Peridium cracked at top, showing the internal cells<br />
containing the seminules.<br />
Fig. 10. Puccinia rosse. Frotomyci. A group of plants<br />
as they grow on the under surface of the leaves of the<br />
rose-tree; very much magnified.<br />
a. Pedicell transparent, swelled out at bottom.<br />
I. Peridium black, oblong, pointed, many-celled, par-<br />
titions transverse.<br />
c. A very young plant.<br />
d. An old plant, the peridium of which is torn, and the<br />
seminules have escaped.<br />
Fig. 11. Ceramium polymorphum. Thalassiophytce. Extremity<br />
of a branch very much magnified.<br />
a. Conceptacles globular, solitary, sessile, just under<br />
the tip.<br />
I'. Small pappus on the tip of the conceptacles.<br />
c. Extremity of a branch, extending beyond the con-<br />
ceptacle.<br />
d. Barren branch, terminated by two small lanceolate<br />
frondilles.<br />
Fig. 12. Girardia atropurpurea. Hydropliytce. Parts of<br />
the plants, as they float in water, very much magnified.<br />
a. A young filament, having only a dark line, without<br />
any appearance of cells.<br />
b. A filament in a more advanced state of growth, in<br />
w^hich the partitions begin to be visible, with a small rectangular<br />
seminule in each.<br />
c. A filament still more advanced in growth, in which<br />
the seminules have changed their position.<br />
d. A filament containing two seminules in each cell.<br />
e. K filament in which the two seminules have changed<br />
position.<br />
f. A filament in which the cells are become obliterated,<br />
and being ruptured, let the seminules escape.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 273<br />
Fig. 13. Agaricus coprophilus. Hymenothecece. Plant<br />
cut vertically.<br />
a. Stem pipelike.<br />
b. «Pileus lamellar beneatli; gills radiated, scytheshape,<br />
unequal.<br />
c. Umbilicus.<br />
Fig. 14. Part of a gill of the same, very much magnified.<br />
a. Seminules.<br />
h. Fringed edge, taken by Micheli for stamens, and by<br />
Hedwig for stigmata.<br />
c. Seminules separated from the gill, which served them<br />
as a placentarium. y, ^. ,•<br />
Fig. 15. Sphsdna.^Sarcothalamece. A part of the plant<br />
cut vertically, and niagnified. / /y -<br />
a. Spherules ovoid, enchased in the stroma. /^"<br />
b. Strome upon the bark of a tree.<br />
Fig. 16. Calycium sphaerocephalum. Idiothalamece. Entire<br />
plant magnified. ,«. ^/.^<br />
a. Thallus adherent 6n bark of old trees, very thin,<br />
scarcely visible.<br />
b. Podetion simple, upright, black.<br />
c. Pileus topshape, black. j^Xf. ^ 'jT^<br />
Fig. 17. Opegrapha. Idioinalaniecc. Entire plant mag-<br />
jnified.<br />
^<br />
a. Thallus adherent on the bark of trees, crustlike, flaky,,<br />
thin, split, irregular, whitish.<br />
h. Lirelles branchy, black.<br />
Fig. 18. Umbilicaria murina. Coenothalamece. Entire<br />
plant magnified. ' - r.'^J'<br />
a. Thallus free, membranaceous, leatherlike, wavy,<br />
brown.<br />
I. Gyromes sessile, hemispherical, black.<br />
VOL. I.
THE<br />
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT<br />
OF<br />
BRITISH PLANTS.<br />
PLANTS.<br />
Natural bodies formed of dissimilar parts, of<br />
an organic structure, and although entirely destitute of the<br />
pov/er of voluntarily moving from place to place, or of any<br />
organs of sensation, yet possessed of a living principle by<br />
which they grow and increase, acquiring nourishment, not<br />
by the ingestion of their food into an internal organ, i. e. a<br />
stomach, the assimilation of one part and the rejection of<br />
the remainder, but by the intus-susception of liquid matters<br />
through a portion of their external surface, generally<br />
by the part, roof, buried in the ground : capable of producing<br />
other individuals similar to themselves, either by<br />
the thrusting forth and subsequent spontaneous separation<br />
of sporse, gongyli, or turiones, organized from the first<br />
similarly to themselves, and expanding without fecunda-<br />
tion, or by the formation and dispersion of a kind of eggs,<br />
seeds, produced in one set of reproductive organs, the pistills,<br />
fecundated and rendered capable of expansion into a<br />
plant similar to its parent by the intromission of a fluid<br />
secreted by a different set of organs, the stamens, placed<br />
either upon another individual, more commonly on the<br />
same but separate, and still more commonly witiilii the<br />
same covers, oxjiowers. These reproductive organs, when<br />
present, are rarel)^ solitary, usually numerous, in each individual,<br />
and enclosed in two covers, the inner cover, or<br />
lloom, of a gay and lively colour, seldom uncovered. The<br />
T 2
276 PLANTS.<br />
seed-bearing, or female organs of Linnaeus, usually occupying<br />
the centre of the flower, and single ; the fecundating,<br />
or male organs of Linnaeus, generally more numerous,<br />
mostly five, surrounding the females in a circle: neither of<br />
these organs serving for more than a single fecundation and<br />
production of seeds, but withering and falling oW, although<br />
new organs of the same kind are frequently produced on<br />
the same plant in the following years. The fecundation<br />
effected by the motion of the atmosphere, or the passage<br />
of insects, either carrying the fecundating liquid from the.<br />
one organ to the other, or occasioning the approach of the<br />
two organs, and the moisture of the one then causing the<br />
rupture of the other, and the consequent emission of the<br />
fecundating fluid. The seeds sometimes growing until they<br />
become similar to their parent before they fall off and are<br />
dispersed.<br />
Plants are primarily divided into three series.<br />
1. PLANTS CELLULOSiE.<br />
Structure cellular ; embryo 0, reproduced by sporae.<br />
2. PLANTS ENDOGENiE.<br />
Structure vascular; trunk cylindrical, homogeneous, the<br />
centre youngest; emhryo undivided; cotyledon 1 ; plumule<br />
extra-axile.<br />
3. PLANTS EXOGEN^.<br />
Structure vascular; trunk conical, composed of wood<br />
covered with bark, the outer part of the wood youngest;<br />
emhryo divided; cotyledons 2 or many; plumule axile.<br />
Series I. PLANTS CELLULOS.E.<br />
PLANTS composed entirely of cellular texture, having<br />
neither lymphatic, spiral, nor proper vessels, nor any cortical<br />
pores. Corculum simple; cotyledons 0; propagation<br />
mostly gemmaceous.<br />
Divided into two subseries : A, aphylleae ; B, foliaceae.
PLANTS CELLULOSE APHYLLE.^. 277<br />
Subseries I. A. PLANTiE cellulosje aphylle^.<br />
Fungi and Algce, Linnseus. GyncecicB, Stokes. AnandrcB^<br />
Link.<br />
Planls similar in all their parts, formed into an universal<br />
receptacle, fhallus, or several partial receptacles, ihecce either<br />
loose, or fastened to the place of growth by peltate or<br />
fibrous holdfasts; absorbing their nutriment by their whole<br />
surface. Propagation by budlike spores, which are generally<br />
enclosed in sporidia, and these sporidia placed in or<br />
upon the receptacles.<br />
FAMILIES.<br />
] . Aquatic or marine : thallus filamentous.^ or memlira-<br />
naceous, ofteji gree7i. Algse.<br />
Thallus tubular; plants aquatic, greenish ;<br />
sporidia in the tubes HYDROPHYTE. 1.<br />
Thallus fibrous, or netted ; plants marine<br />
sporidia in thecse or in the thallus<br />
THALASSIOPHYT.E. 2,<br />
2. Terrestrial or parasitical : thallus crusfaceous, or leather-<br />
like, green when wet, and grazed; sporidia enclosed in<br />
apothecia of various co?istruction. Lichenes.<br />
Thallus corklike or deshy;<br />
apothecia dissimilar, covered SARCOTIlALAMEE. 3.<br />
Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike<br />
apothecia dissimilar, covered . . IDIOTHALAMEE. 4..<br />
TA«//?/,? crustaceous or leatherlike;<br />
5.<br />
Thallus leatherlike or cartilaginous;<br />
apothecia dissimilar, naked . . CGENOTHALAMEtE.<br />
apothecia similar HOMOTHALAMEiE. 6.<br />
S. Terrestrial or parasitical : thallus threadlike or ficshy,<br />
not green, sometimes wanting. Fungi.<br />
Thallus ; sporidia free, naked, or in<br />
a simple theca PROTOMYCEE. 7.<br />
Thallus threadlike, sometimes jointed<br />
sporidia attached, naked NEMATOMYCEE. 8.<br />
Thallus ; sporidia scattered in<br />
a bladder-like theca GASTEROMYCEE. 9.
278 PLANTiE CELLULOSE APHYLLEiE.<br />
Thallus solid, fleshy; covering<br />
membranaceous: sporidia scattered<br />
within the substance SARCOTHECE^. 10.<br />
Thallus cellular, fleshy ; sporidia<br />
in oblong thccae<br />
naceous covering<br />
on the membra-<br />
HYMENOTHECEiE. 11.<br />
Thallus fleshy ; sporidia in longitudinal<br />
thecse<br />
covering<br />
on the deliquescent<br />
LYTOTHECE^. 12.<br />
Fam.I. 1. HYDROPHYTyE. Algarum pars.lAnn^&xxs<br />
and Jussieu.<br />
Thallus tubular, membranaceous, leatherlike or gelatinous,<br />
continuous or jointed; tubes filled with sporidia;<br />
sporidia globose or elliptical ; plant aquatic, rarely marine.<br />
A. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia transverse^ in a single<br />
longitudi?ial row, ivithin the tuhe. Oscillatorideae.<br />
Threads gelatinous, simple, several together<br />
enclosed in a cylindrical sheath . . . Vaginaria. 1.<br />
Threads gelatinous, simple, decumbent,<br />
upon a gelatinous stratum Oscillatoria. 2.<br />
Threads gelatinous, simple, decumbent,<br />
free, tranquil Humida. 4.<br />
Threads gelatinous, tufted, upright,<br />
free, tranquil Elisa. 4.<br />
Threads gelatinous, upright from a<br />
common centre, forming a mass Rivularia. 5.<br />
Threads leatherlike, free Scytonema. 6.<br />
B. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia in many transverse annular<br />
series. Banidece.<br />
Sporidia globular Girardia. 7.<br />
C. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia in tufts, on the- inside of<br />
the title. Lemanideae.<br />
Threads torulose; sporidia elliptical Lemania. 8.<br />
D. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia scattered in the tuhe and<br />
branches. Vaucherideae.<br />
Thallus pinnate; branches linear Bryopsis. 9.
PlcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 279<br />
Thallus mostly branched ; branches bladdery<br />
Vaucheria. 10.<br />
lliallus entangled, in a determinate form<br />
Iranches clublike Codium. 11,<br />
E. Thalliis jo'mted, jilanientous ; Jilaments flat, Irittle.<br />
Diatomideee.<br />
Joints not banded ; sporidia in transverse<br />
lines Fragilari A. 1 2.<br />
Joints banded transversely, with a cen-<br />
tral spot BiDDULPHIA. 13.<br />
Joints banded longitudinally Diatom a. 14.<br />
F. Thallus jointed, filamentous ; filaments cylindricaly<br />
coupling. Conjugatideae.<br />
Filaments parallel; granules spiral . ^. Conjugata. 15.<br />
Fil. parallel; granules 2-dotted Zygnema. 16.<br />
granules scattered<br />
Fil. bent ;<br />
spores elliptical, in the joint Choaspes. 17.<br />
granules scattered<br />
Fil. bent ;<br />
sporcB cruciform, in the contracted joint . . . Agardia. 18.<br />
Fil., bent ; graiiules scattered ;<br />
sporcB round, in the transverse tubes . . . Serpentina. 19.<br />
G. Thallus cylindrical, anastomosing, netlike. Hydrodictyanide£e.<br />
Filaments anastomosing; spores netlike<br />
Hydrodictyon. 20.<br />
H. Thallus cylindrical, simple, or branched, not couplings<br />
nor anastomosing. Confervideoe.<br />
Thallus from a common base ;<br />
Iratiches pointed, pellucid Myriodactylon. 22.<br />
Thallus fi'om a common base;<br />
branches obtuse, clublike Leathesia. 23^<br />
Thallus from a common axis CniETOPHORA. 21.<br />
Thallus uniform, simple or branched . . Conferva. 25.<br />
Thallus difForm; branches pencilshaped,<br />
jointed DraparnAldia. 24.
580 l.Vagiiiaiia. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Plcell.aph.<br />
A. OsciLLATORiDE-E. TJiallus Cylindrical, tubular,<br />
jointless, membranaceous, gelatinous, or rather leatherlike,<br />
mostly unbranched ; sporidia ringlike, often becoming globular,<br />
in a single, parallel, transverse series within the<br />
tube, so that the tube appears annulated, with a pellucid<br />
border and interstices.<br />
'<br />
Gen. I. 1. VA GINARIA. Sheath-moss.<br />
Threads simple, gelatinous, parallel, decumbent, enclosed<br />
several together in a slippery membranaceous sheath ; ends<br />
exserted, radiating, oscillating— Green.<br />
Vaginaria vulgaris. Common sheath- moss.<br />
Sheath simple or branched, glaucous green, slippery:<br />
threads equal, rings weak.<br />
Oscillatoria vas;inata, Vaucfier, 202.<br />
Conferva vaginata, DiUwyn Syn. 40; Engl. Bot. 1995.<br />
Oscillatoria autuinnalis vaginata, j4gardli Syn. 107.<br />
Oscillatoria clUhonoplastes ;S, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 92.<br />
Damp gravel-walks, garden-pots.<br />
Tvft blackish or bluish green ; sheath twining, attenuated;<br />
when cut or pressed, it divides into smaller plants of<br />
the same kind, these interior plants being thrust out at the<br />
end or bursten sides gives it a branched appearance ;<br />
grows very quickly.—Another species of this genus grows<br />
at the bottom of the sea, where, by fixing the sand, it favours<br />
the deposition of mud.<br />
II. 2. OSCILLATORIA, Vaucher. Quick-moss,<br />
Threads simple, membranaceous, gelatinous, straight,<br />
decumbent on a gelatinous, slimy bed ; oscillating. Plant..<br />
aquatic.<br />
1 . Oscillatoria limosa. Mud quick- fnoss.<br />
Bed blackish green, slipper}', very compact ; threads ra-<br />
diating, very long, stiff, straight, bluish green.<br />
Conferva limosa, Roih Catal. 3, 197.<br />
Conferva fontinalis, DiUwyn, HA, partly.<br />
Oscillatoria Adansonia, Vauch. 194.<br />
Oscillatoria liraosa, Agardh Dinp. Alg. 33.<br />
Bottom of Still waters; becoming free in the spring.<br />
Threads entangled; radii an inch long, blunt, oscillate<br />
very lively ; rings very close.
PLcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYT.E. 2. Oscillat. 281<br />
2. OsciUatoria nigra. Black quick-moss.<br />
Bed black, slippery ; threads radiating, very long, stiff,<br />
straight, grayish yellow.<br />
OsciUatoria nigra, Vauch. 192.<br />
Conferva fontinalis, DlUwyn, 64, fig. and partly tiie description.<br />
Bottom of running waters ; becoming free in the spring.<br />
Threads entangled; radii about an inch long, blunt,<br />
oscillating very lively ; rir/gs rather distant.<br />
3. OsciUatoria tenuis. Slender quick-moss.<br />
Bed green, slippery; threads radiating, short, rather<br />
stiff, straight, light green.<br />
Conferva gelatinosa, omnium tenerrima et minima, aquarum limo innascens,<br />
Dilkn in Rail Syn. 477.<br />
OsciUatoria viridis, Vauchev 195.<br />
Conferva fontinalis, Rutli Catal. 3, 195.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2058.<br />
Conferva limosa, Dlllwyn Syn. 30 ;<br />
OsciUatoria tenuis, Agardli Decad. 2, 17.<br />
Still waters on mud ; Summer.<br />
Threads half an inch long, very slender ; rings very close.<br />
4. OsciUatoria tenuissima. Very-slender quick-moss.<br />
Bed velvetty, shaggy, dark green; threads crowded in<br />
ascending tufts, straight, rather stiff, pellucid, very slender.<br />
Conferva tenuissima, Engl. Bot. 2584.<br />
OsciUatoria tenuissima, ^gard/i Disp. ed. 2, 33.<br />
Warm springs, as at Bath.<br />
Beds very irregular ; threads about one-hundredth of an<br />
inch in diameter.<br />
5. OsciUatoria P ochracea. ' Ochry quick-moss.<br />
Bed thick, ochre brown, brittle; threads very slender,<br />
yellowish green, incumbent.<br />
Conferva ocliracfa, Rotk Cat. 1, 165; D'tllw. 162.<br />
OsciUatoria ochracea, Lyngbye Ilydr. D. 89*<br />
In chalybeate springs.<br />
Bed thick, slippery, drying to an ochry powder; threads<br />
slightly bent- rings very close, intermixed with distant<br />
ones.<br />
III. 3. HUMIDA. Humida.<br />
Threads simple, membranaceous, bent, entangled, decumbent,<br />
free, not oscillating, nor lengthening.—Damp,<br />
shady places.
2S2 3. Humida. J. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cellaph.<br />
1. Humida muralis. Wall humida.<br />
Threads green, rather stiff, bent, twining, rather thick,<br />
entangled so as to form a close green matt.<br />
Conferva muralis. Roth Cat. 3, IS" ; Dillw. 7; Engl. Bot. 1554.<br />
Conferva rigida, liot/i. Cat. 1, 166.<br />
Osciliatoriii parietiiia, Vuuch. 193,<br />
Oscillatoria muralis, Agardh Disp. 1, 27.<br />
Garden-walls, damp areas; all winter.<br />
2. Humida decorticans. Slip-coat humida.<br />
Threads very slender, bluish green, bent, entangled into<br />
a very close green mat.<br />
Conferva muscosa coiifrajjosa rivulis innascons, DUlen. Muse. 15,<br />
Conferva confra^oia, L'ghtf. Scot. 9Tfi.<br />
Conferva violacea, Hudson Fl. -4ngt. 592.<br />
Conferva decorlicans, DiHicijn, 'cQ.<br />
Oscillatoria decorl'icni)?, Lyngbye IJydr. Dan. 95.<br />
Damp woods and bark of trees ; summer.<br />
Threads three times as slender as those of humida muralis.<br />
3. Humida cyanea. Shj-hlue humida.<br />
Threads very slender, glaucous blue, covered with a deciduous<br />
coat, entangled into a close sky-blue mat.<br />
Conferva cyanea, Engl. Bot. 2518.<br />
Oscillatoria cyanea, Agardh Disp. ed. 2,33.<br />
Damp walls and stones.<br />
IV. 4. ELISA. Elisa.<br />
Threads simple, rarely adhering to one another, as if<br />
branched, membranaceous, gelatinous, upz-ight,^tufted, free,<br />
not oscillating, nor lengthening.<br />
1. Elisaf072 tinalis. Spring elisa.<br />
Fresh ivater; threads simple, very slender, nearly hyaline,<br />
rather stiff, upright, short, forming a dark green mat.<br />
Conferva fontinalis fiisca omnium minima mollis, DUlen in Raii Syn, 58»<br />
Conferva fontinalis, Fl. Dun. 651 ; Engl. Bot. 2054.<br />
Oscillatoria fontinalis, jdgnrdii Syn. 110.<br />
Stones and posts in water ; summer.<br />
Tufts very small, dark or light green ; threads aggregated,<br />
a quarter of an inch long, straight; adheres to paper.<br />
2. Elisa hicolor. Tivo-coloured elisa.<br />
Fresh water; threads simple, slender, bright green,<br />
weak, very long, forming a bright green fluctuating mat.<br />
Conferva bicolor, Engl. But. 22SS.
PlcelLaph, 1. HYDROPHYTE. 4. Elisa. 283<br />
Stones ill rapid rivulets.<br />
Rings close, rounded off at each end, leaving pellucid<br />
intervals here and there.<br />
3. Elisa distorta. Mis-shape?i elisa.<br />
Fresh water; threads branched, bluish green, rather<br />
stiff, upright, tufted.<br />
Conferva distorta, Engl. Bot. 2577.<br />
Oscillatoria distorta, Jgardli Disp. ed. 1,37.<br />
Decayed grass in boggy pools.<br />
Tvfts thick, short; threads equal, entangled; branches<br />
rather distant.<br />
4. Elisa mirahilis. IVbnderful elisa.<br />
Fresh water; threads rather short, stiff, bluish green,<br />
bending and uniting side by side at the bend, entangled<br />
into a close mat.<br />
Conferva mirabilis, Dillvsyn 96.<br />
Fresh waters.<br />
Rings very close.<br />
5. Elisa genujlexa. Kneelent elisa.<br />
Marine ; threads rather short, stiff, pale blue, bending<br />
and uniting side by side at the bend, entangled into a close<br />
mat.<br />
Conftiva mirabilis, Engl. Bot. 2219.<br />
On marine plants.<br />
Tufts half an inch high, uniting and divaricating, then<br />
uniting again ; covered with a rather horny coat ; sporangia<br />
as long as broad.<br />
6. Elisa majuscula.<br />
Largish elisa.<br />
Marine; threads very long, yellowish, entangled into a<br />
very dense, cylindrical, oblong, fluctuating mat.<br />
Oscillatoria majuscula, Jurin Alg. Dec. 4, 7.<br />
Oscillatoria aeruginosa violacea, Agardh Syn, 109.<br />
Floating in the sea and on zostera marina.<br />
Tufts four inches long and three broad, blunt, brown<br />
or blackish ; threads equal ; rings very close.<br />
,S. ramosa. Filaments uniting as if branched, either by<br />
the end, or side by side.<br />
Conferva majuscula, Dillwyn Syn. 40, 15.
284 4. Elisa. 1 . HYDROPHYTE. PL cell. aph.<br />
7. Elisa scopulorum. Rocky-shore elisa.<br />
Marine; threads green, rather stiff, twining, pointed,<br />
very short, forming an upright, close, blackish green mat.<br />
Conferva scopulorum, Weber et Mohr Suec. 195; Engl. Bot.2ni.<br />
Oscillatoria scopulorum, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,37.<br />
Rocks, planks, and large marine plants.<br />
Tiifts very close, very thin ; threads not branched, agglutinated<br />
at bottom ; rings very close.<br />
8. Elisa confervicola. Conferva elisa.<br />
Marine; threads simple, verdigris green, rather stiff,<br />
upright, attenuated, short, slightly bundled together.<br />
Conferva marina, parasitica tenuissima et brevissima glauca, Dillen<br />
Muse. 552.<br />
Conferva confervicola, Ruth Cat. 3, 193; Dillie. 8.<br />
Oscillatoria confervicola, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,37.<br />
On cylindrical marine plants ; summer.<br />
Threads a line long, in scattered minute tufts, upright,<br />
often hyaline, free at bottom.<br />
9. Elisa zostericola. Glasswrack elisa.<br />
Marine; threads simple, brown, rather stiff, upright,<br />
attenuated, very short, in tufts.<br />
Conferva zostericola, Fl. Dan. 1599, 1.<br />
Oscillatoria Mucor, Jgardh Disp. 3, 27.<br />
Oscillatoria zostericola, Lyngbye IJydr. Dan. 91.<br />
On zostera marina.<br />
T'lifts brownish, about a quarter of an inch long ; threads<br />
very slender.<br />
V. 5. RIVULARIA. Agardh. Rivulet-moss,<br />
Filaments gelatinous, membranaceous, not branched,<br />
straight, attenuated, not oscillating, arising from a common<br />
centre, forming a gelatinous, globular or elongated<br />
blackish green mass.<br />
1. Rivularia atra. Deep-Hack rivulet-jnoss.<br />
Marine; titfts hemispherical, solid, very hard, shining;<br />
threads straight, pointed, agglutinated at bottom, free at<br />
top, hyaline, greenish.<br />
Tremella hemispherica, Linn. Syit. Nat. 2, 714.<br />
Fucus Tremella hemispherica, Gmel. Hist. Fuc. 225.<br />
Batrachospermum hemisphericum, De Cand. Ft. Fr. 2,591.<br />
ChsEtopliora atra, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,43.<br />
Rivularia atra. Roth Cat. 3, 340; Engl. Bot. 1798. ;<br />
Linckia hemispherica, Schumach. Enum. 2, 1 14.<br />
Linckia atra, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 195.
PLcell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYT^E. 5. Rivularia. 285<br />
' black-green<br />
Stones and posts in the sea, also on fuci.<br />
Tufts 1 or 2-tenths of an inch in diameter, mostly single.^<br />
2. Rivularia natans. Floating rivulet-moss.<br />
Fresh-water ; tufts globular, hollow; threads stiff, not<br />
branched, attenuated ; sporidia nearly globular.<br />
Tremella utriculata, Huds. Fl.Angl. 564.<br />
Tremella natans, Hedwig Theor. gen. 2,218.<br />
Rivularia angulosa, Roth Cat. 3, 340.<br />
Ulva pruniformis, Eng. Bot. 968, not of Linnaeus.<br />
Boggy ditches and ponds.<br />
Tifts of various sizes, brownish or greenish ; threads<br />
very stiff, attenuated ; sheath thin, transparent at the base<br />
of the threads.<br />
3. Rivularia dura. Hard rivulet-moss.<br />
Fresh-water ; tufts globular, solid, hard, green ; threads<br />
not branched, straight, agglutinated together at bottom,<br />
free above, awlshape ; rings inconspicuous.<br />
Tremella globulosa, Roth Fl. Germ. 3,551.<br />
Tremella verrucosa. Roth Fl. Germ. 3, 554.<br />
Rivularia dura. Roth Cat. 3,338.<br />
On aquatic plants ; annual ; summer.<br />
Tifts the size of a large pin's head.<br />
4. Rivularia nitida. Shining rivulet-moss.<br />
Fresh-water ; tufts hemispherical, solid, hard, shining,<br />
; threads very close, equal, very slender, light<br />
green.<br />
Rivularia calcarea, Engl. Bot. MQQ.<br />
Rivularia nitida, Agardh Disp. ed. J , 44.<br />
Inundated places and sides of rivers.<br />
Tifts about a quarter of an inch in diameter, often<br />
uniting and forming an uneven bed,<br />
VI. 6. SCYTONEMA. Agardh. _<br />
'<br />
Leather-thread,<br />
Threads nearly leatherlike, free, not gelatinous, simple<br />
or branched, orange-colour in dark and blackish tufts.—<br />
Inundated places ; appearing like lichens, and being perhaps<br />
the young state of some of their families.<br />
a. Branches given out at right angles,<br />
1. Scytonema myochrous. Mouseskin leather-thread.<br />
Threads olive yellow, very closely entangled into a<br />
blackish brown mat ; branches in pairs, simple, facing one<br />
way ; sporidia. ringlike.
#<br />
286 6. Scyton. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. PL cell. aph.<br />
Conferva myochrous, var. Dillvo. Syn. 3T ; Engl. But. 1555.<br />
Scytonema myochrous, jigurdh Disp. ed, I, 38.<br />
Caves and sides of rocks.<br />
Tufts green when dry ; threads olive-yellow, rather<br />
weak, slightly attenuated, branches coming out at right<br />
angles ; sporidia black, rarely globular.<br />
2. Scytonema seriatum. Rowed Leather-thread.<br />
Tufts very thickly entangled, blackish brown ; threads<br />
slender, purplish brov/n; IraJiches in pairs, facing one way;<br />
sporidia roundish.<br />
Conferva myochrous, Dillw. 19; Engl. Bot. 1555. -<br />
Conferva scriata, Wahl Ft. Lap. 984.<br />
Scytonema myochrous inundatum, jigardh Disp, ed. 1,39,<br />
Alpine inundated places.<br />
Tufts a quarter of an inch thick, wool-like ; threads twice<br />
as long.<br />
iS. simplex. Tufts brown-green ; thread simple, very<br />
rarely emitting branches.<br />
Scytonema myochrous simplex, ^gardh Disp. ed. 1, 38.<br />
S. Scytonema ocellatum. Eyed leather-thread.<br />
Tufts very dense, blackish ; threads very slender, orange,<br />
weak ; branches facing one way, simple ; sporidia beadlike.<br />
Conferva ocellata, Dillta. Syn. CO ; Engl. Bot. 2530.<br />
Scytonema myochrous ocellatum, yfgard/i Disp. ed. 1 , 38.<br />
Scytonema ocellatum, Lyngbye Uydr. Dan. 97.<br />
Floating wood and fresh-water plants in alpine lakes.<br />
Threads slightl}' bent ; branches sometimes solitary.<br />
b. Branches rodlike,<br />
4. Scytonema comoides. IVigUke leather-thread.<br />
Tufts loose, iron black ; threads bent, hair-brown<br />
branches single, rather distant, ascending, truncated at the<br />
tip.<br />
Conferva rufa. Roth Cat. 3, 280 ?<br />
Conferva araneosa, Mohv in Schrad. Journ. 1806, 196.<br />
Conferva comoides, DiUie. 27 ; Engl. Bot. 1700.<br />
Scytonema comoides, Agardli Syn. 112.<br />
Stones on the shores, and marine plants.<br />
Ijifts oblong; threads much branched, an inch long;<br />
sporidia beadlike.<br />
5. Scytonema radicans. Rooting leather-thread.<br />
Tufts dark olive-brown, loose ; threads creeping, straight,<br />
rather stiff; branches single, simple, scattered, upright,<br />
blunt, thinner at bottom.
Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 6. Scytonema. 287<br />
Conferva radicans, Dillw. Syn. 57 ;<br />
Rocks covered by the sea ; August.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2138.<br />
TiiJ'ts an inch thick ; sporidia globular.<br />
B. Bangide.^. T^a//z^^ tubular, cylindrical, not jointed,<br />
membranaceous, leatherlike, simple or branched; sporidia<br />
elliptical, globular, in several parallel transverse series,<br />
afterwards free, in the tubes.<br />
VII. 7. GIRARDIA. Girard.<br />
Sporidia spherical.<br />
1. Girardia atrovirens. Blackish-green sirard.<br />
Threads branched, stitlt'; branches coriaceous, scattered,<br />
divaricated ; sporidia 3 or 4, in each transveise series.<br />
Lichen pubesccns? Linn. Fl. Suec. 1126.<br />
Conferva atrovirens, Dillw, 25.<br />
Scytonema atrovirens, Agardh Disp. ed, 1, 39.<br />
Cornicularia pubescens, Acharius Syn. Lick. 302.<br />
Eaiigia atrovirens, Lyngbtje Hydr. Dan, 85.<br />
Rocks.<br />
Tufts 3 inches long, black ; threads aggregated, upri'^ht<br />
at bottom, then decumbent, very much bi-anched ; hraiiches<br />
thinner at both ends, spi'eading.<br />
&. prolifera. Threads hispid, spinulose.<br />
Scytonema atrovirens prolifera, Jgardh Disp. ed. 1,39,<br />
Cornicularia pubescens hispid ula, Acharius Syn. Lich. 302.<br />
2. Girardiafuscopurpurea. Brownish-purple girard.<br />
Threads simple, straight, unequally torulose; sporidia<br />
many in each transverse series.<br />
Conferva fusco-purpurea, Dillv:. 92.<br />
Oscillatoria fusco-purpurea, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 34.<br />
Bangia fusco-purpurea, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 83.<br />
Piles and stones in the sea.<br />
Tufts pendulous; threads aggregate, [a quarter of an inch<br />
long, elastic, blunt; sporidia 4 to 10 in eaclj scries.<br />
^. atropurpurea. Threads blackish purple.<br />
Conferva airopurpurea, U/Wio. 103.<br />
Conferva trichodes, Ducltiz. Essai, 30.<br />
Oscillatoria atropurpurea, Agnrdli Syn. 109.<br />
Bangia fuscopurpurea /S, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. S3.<br />
On piles, just below the surface of the sea.<br />
Holdfasts fibrous.
ms 8. Lemania. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.aph,<br />
C Lemanide^. Thallus tubular, cylindrical, not<br />
jointed, torulose, inflated at intervals, cartilaginous, membranaceous,<br />
regularly cellular; sporidia in branched, beaded<br />
filaments in pencilshaped tufts, scattered on the inner surface<br />
of the tube, afterwards free and filling the tube.<br />
VIII. 8. LEMANIA. B.de St. Vincent, Leman.<br />
Thallus simple or branched, olive green, papillose on the<br />
outside; sporidia elliptical.—Fresh-water.<br />
1. Lemania fluviaiilis. River leman.<br />
Threads olive-colour; internodes cylindrical, 5 times as<br />
long as broad; papillae mostly 3 together; branches and<br />
second branches narrower at both ends.<br />
Conferva fluviatilis lubiica setosa equiseti facie, Dillen Muse. 7, 47.<br />
Conferva fluviatilis, Lin. S. P. 1635; Engl. Bot. 1763.<br />
Polj'spermiim fluviatilis, Voucher, 99.<br />
Chantransia fluviatilis, De CandoUe Fl. Gall. 2, 50.<br />
Lemania corallina, Bory in Bert. Mag. 1809, 277.<br />
Nodularis, Link in Schrad. Journ. 1809, 9.<br />
Lemania fluviatilis, Jgardh Syn. 70.<br />
Nodularia fluviatilis, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 99.<br />
On stones in rapid rivers; summer.<br />
Holdfasts callous, blackish ; threads numerous, simple<br />
or branched, 6 inches long, each knot is composed of 2 or<br />
3 papillae, brittle when dry.<br />
2. Lemania torulosa. Swollen leman.<br />
Threads mostly simple, narrower at bottom, generally<br />
thicker at top, olive-colour; i?iternode about 3 times as long<br />
as broad.<br />
Conferva fluviatilis nodosa, fucum Eemulans, Dillen Muse. 39.<br />
Conferva torulosa, Mohr in Schrad, Journ. 1801, 324.<br />
Conferva fluviatilis /S, Engl. Bot. 1763.<br />
**<br />
Lemania torulosa, jigardh Disp, 28.<br />
In mountain-streams.—A doubtful species.<br />
D. Vaucheride^. Thallus threadlike, tubular, not<br />
jointed, mostly branched, cartilaginous, membranaceous,<br />
regularly cellular; branches vesicnlax^ clubshape or linear;<br />
sporidia globose, scattered in the tubes of the thallus, or<br />
in the branches or ends of the thallus.<br />
IX. 9. BRYOPSIS. Lamouroux. Moss-weed.<br />
Thallus pinnate, tubular, not jointed, membranaceous,<br />
gelatinous, cellular ; branches linear ; sporidia globose,<br />
green, scattered in the stem and branches.—Marine.<br />
%
Pl.cellaphyl 1. HYDROPHYTE. 9. Bryopsls. £8ft? D<br />
Bryopsis arhuscula. Shruhlike moss-weed. L<br />
TliaUus rather compressed, bright green, branched |<br />
branches naked at bottom, pinnate at top; lobes numerousj ,,<br />
long, parallel, linear, opposite.<br />
Ulva plumosa, Hudson Fl. /tngl. 671 ; Engl. Bot. 2375.<br />
Bryo|)sis arhuscula, Lnmoiir. Journ. Bot.<br />
Fuciis arbusculus, Dc Cand, Ft. Fr. 2,35.<br />
1809,134. ,<br />
On stones and rocks on the coast.<br />
Thallus 2 inches long; sporidia clustering towards thfrr z<br />
circumference leaving the centre pellucid.<br />
X. 10. VAUCHERIA. De Candolle. Vaucher. -.<br />
Thallus threadlike, tubular, mostly branched above, not*, z<br />
jointed, rather stiffj mostly cut, angled ; membrane of the -<br />
threads hyaline ; sporidia green, minute, globose, scattered ii<br />
in the tube ; side-branches vesicular, single or aggregate^ ,,<br />
elongating into new individuals, or barren incurved.<br />
a. Vesicles single.<br />
1. Vaucheria dichoioma. Twoforked vaiicher
^m lOvVatfch. 1, HYDROPHYTiE. m.c€l^,aph:<br />
Ectospprmn hainata, Vtiurher, '26. ^<br />
Vaucheria hamala, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2, 63.<br />
Ditches; April.<br />
Ti/J'ls very dense, floating in water; peduncles mostly<br />
facing one way, 4 times as long as the vesicle.<br />
4. Vaucheria terresiris. Land vaucher.<br />
La7id; threads hairlike, ascending, branched ; ro?Kt^/?<br />
v©ry short, facing one way ; vesicles sessile, single, globose.<br />
Ectosperma terrestris, Vaucher, 27.<br />
Vaucheria terresiris, De Cand. FL. Fr. 2,62.<br />
Naked ground, damp shady places ; April and August.<br />
Tvfls entangled, very dense ; upper branches spreading,<br />
sKottj vesicles in the fork, or at the side of the brunches^<br />
5. Vaucheria Dillivyiiii. Dillwyjis vaucher.<br />
Lfccnd ; threads hairlike^ flexuous, branched; vesiciesi<br />
nearly sessile, single, globose.<br />
Riccia arachnoidea, Flor. Dan. 1,890.<br />
Ceramium Dili'.xj'nii, Roth Cat. 3, 117.<br />
Conferva frio;idn, Dillw. 16.<br />
Conferva Dillwynii, Weber and Mohr, in Dillw. 16.<br />
Vaucheria Dilhvynii, FL Dan. 1595, 1.<br />
Damp shady places.<br />
Ti/J'is very close ; threads decumbent, entangled ; vesicles<br />
rarely peduncled; peduncles very slight.<br />
6. Vaucheria granulata. Granulated vaucher.<br />
Land; threads branched, creeping, or buried in the<br />
vesicles solitary, globular, terminal.<br />
gfound ;<br />
Ulva graniiiaia, Lin. S. P. 1633.<br />
Treinella granulata, Hudson Fl. Angl. 560 ;<br />
Linkia granuiat;i, Wigg Prim. Fl. Hols. 94.<br />
Uiva radicata, Retz. Prodr. 303.<br />
VAlicheria radicata, Agardli Disp.ed. 1,22.<br />
Vaucheria granulata, Lyngbye Ilydr. Dan. 78.<br />
Engl. Bat. 324.<br />
Dried-up ditches on clay; ephemeral; autumn.<br />
Threads very short, green above ; vesicles globular, about<br />
the size of mustard-seeds, cracking under the feet.<br />
7. Vaucheria clavata.<br />
- Cluhhed vaucher.<br />
Marine : threads hairlike, branched at the tip ; vesicles<br />
solitary, in the clublike tips of the reflex branches.<br />
Ectosjierma clavata, Vaucher, 34.<br />
Vaucheria clavata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2,60.<br />
Conferva dilaiata. Rath Cat. 3, 183.<br />
Cnr>ferva vesicata, MuUer N. Act. PelvtS, 95.<br />
Salt-water ditches; annual; April and September.
PLcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. lO.Vauck ^1<br />
Tufts very densely entangled, an ell long, floating;<br />
branches divaricating.<br />
8. Vaucheria ornithocephala. Birds-head voucher.<br />
Fresh-ivater ; threads branched; branches scattered;<br />
peduncles perpendicular.<br />
vesicles ovate, obliquely beaked ;<br />
Conferva vesicaia, Dillm, 74.<br />
Vaucheria ornithocephala, jigardh Syn. 49.<br />
Ditches ; autumn.<br />
Tiifts entangled, floating; threads scattered, rather<br />
straight; vesicles 2 or 4? together, 1-sided, resembling a bird's<br />
head peduncles very short.<br />
;<br />
b. Vesicles i?i pairs, with a barren branch between them.<br />
9. Vaucheria sessilis. Sessile vaucher.<br />
Fresh-water; /Ar(?oc?5 hairlike, branched ; vesicles se?:S\\e,<br />
mostly in pairs, ovate, intermediate barren branch turned<br />
back.<br />
Ectosperma sessilis, Vaucher, 31.<br />
"Vaucheria sessilis, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 63; Engl. Bot. 1765.<br />
Stagnant waters and ditches ; April.<br />
Ti/J'ts very dense, floating; vesicles sometimes solitary,<br />
10. Vaucheria gemi?iata. Doubled vaucher.<br />
Fresh-ivater ; threads hairlike, forked ; vesicles in pairs,<br />
globose, opposite, on a common horned peduncle ;<br />
termediate, straight.<br />
Ectosperma geminata, Vaucher, 29.<br />
Vaucheria geminata. Be Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 62 ; Engl. Bot. 1766.<br />
horn in-<br />
Stagnant ditches ; February.<br />
Tufts very close, floating ; peduncles 3 times as long a^<br />
broad, horizontal ending in a slightly jointed, barren^<br />
straight point.<br />
1 1 Vaucheria ccespitosa. Turf vaucher.<br />
Fresh-water ; threads hairlike, tufted, forked, branched;<br />
last branches horizontal, facing one way, vesicle-bearing<br />
vesicles in pairs, sessile, terminal, with a short, straight,<br />
intermediate point.<br />
Conferva canalicularis, Lin. S. P. 1634.<br />
Conferva fontinalis, Blumenbach in Goett. Mag. 17S1, 80.<br />
Ectosperma caespitosa, Vaucher, 28.<br />
Vaucheria caespitosa, yJgardh Syn. 43.<br />
Springs, in clayey so^ ;<br />
April.<br />
u 2
292 lO.Vauch. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.apL<br />
Tufts very close, blackish green ; threads light green,<br />
bent at bottom, lying down, above upright ; last branches<br />
horizontal, spreading.<br />
12. Vaucheria racemosa.<br />
c. Vesicles numerous.<br />
Bunch vaucher,<br />
Fresli-water ; threads hairlike^ forked ; vesicles crowded?<br />
peduncled, in racemes.<br />
Ectosperma racemosa, Vaucher, 32.<br />
Vaucheria racemosia, JDr Candolle Fl, Fr. 2, 61.<br />
Stagnant ditches; annual; April.<br />
luj'ls close, entangled, floating; threads bent, branched;<br />
peduncles coming out at right angles, short, racemose<br />
vesicles 4, or many, crowded together.<br />
13. Vaucheria multicapsnlaris. Many-fruited vaucher.<br />
Land : threads very minute, creeping, much branched;<br />
branches upright, simple, thicker at the tip; vesicles on the<br />
branches, spherical, crowded.<br />
Conferva muhicapstilari?, Dillioyn. 71.<br />
Vaucheria muiticap«uiaris, Li/ngbye Ilydr. Dan. 89. ,<br />
Damp shady places, among mosses.<br />
Titfts small, entangled, irregular; ///reflf?^ appearing as<br />
if stoloniferous ; branches sometimes forked ; vesicles stuffed<br />
with sporidia, sometimes solitary; sporidia greenish, cylindrical,<br />
oblong.<br />
XI. 11. CODIUM. Stackhonse. Codium.<br />
TJiallus threadlike, tubular, continuous, very closely entangled<br />
into a forked, spherical, or flat dark green spongelike<br />
mass; hranclies horizontal, sometimes clublike at the<br />
tip, or divided, all pointing to the surface of the mat;<br />
sporidia granular, green, in the tubes and branches. —<br />
Marine^ dark green becoming white by exposure to the air«<br />
1. Codium suhglol'osum. Globular codium><br />
3Iass spherical, hollow.<br />
Bursa marina, liaii Syn. 31,3.<br />
Alcynnium Bursa, Lin. Syst. Nat.<br />
Sponsj diiiin Bursa, Lamaroux Essni.<br />
T'ucus suhslobnsus, Clementi in AlSS.<br />
Pucus Bursa, Turner ]Iist.3,6; Engl. Bot. 2183,<br />
Codium Bursa, ^gardh Visp..2i.<br />
Sea coasts.
Plcell.aph. 1. HyDROPHYT^. 11. Codium. 295<br />
;<br />
2. Codium dichotomum. Two-forked codium,<br />
Mass nearly cylindrical, threadlike, forked.<br />
Spon^ia dichotomos teretifolia, viridis, Raii Syn. 29, 3.<br />
Spongia dichotomos compressa ex viride splendens, Raii S^n. 29, 4.<br />
Fuciis toraentosiis, Hudson Fl. Jngl. 584 ; Engl. Bot. 717.<br />
Fucus fungosus, Des Font. Fl. All. 2, 428.<br />
Spongidium dichotomum, Lamouroux Essai.<br />
Codium tomentosum, Stackh. in Agardh Disp.<br />
South-west coast ; perennial ; June and July.<br />
Trunks from a dilated base, many, 6 inches long ; fork<br />
obtuse-angled; Iranches even-topped, blunt at the tip.<br />
&. marginifer. Mass two-forked, beset all over with<br />
short, horizontal, forked segments.<br />
E. DiATOMiDEJE. Tliallus threadlike, tubular, flat,<br />
jointed, sometimes united parallelly through their whole<br />
length ; joints often separating but still cohering at the<br />
angles; spordia granular, enclosed in the joints—often parasitic<br />
on marine plants, forming when dry a shining white<br />
crystalline crust.<br />
XII. 12. FRAGILARIA. Lyngbye. Breaking-up,<br />
Thallus threadlike, jointed, flat, not branched, very<br />
brittle; joints without any band, separating but cohering<br />
by one of their corners ; sporidia granular, enclosed in the<br />
Joints.<br />
1. Fragilaria striatula. Streaked Ireaking-up.<br />
Threads yellowish green, compressed, even ; joints shorter<br />
than broad, in pairs, regularly streaked tr^nversely.<br />
Conferva striatula, Engl. Bot. 192S.<br />
Fragilaria striatula, Lyngbye Hydr Dan. 183.<br />
On rocks and marine plants ;<br />
April.<br />
Threads about a tenth of an inch lonsr.<br />
e'<br />
2. Fragilaria icEniccformis. Tapeworm Ireaking-up.<br />
Threads compressed, pale green, even ; joints three times<br />
broader than long, obscurely variegated.<br />
Conferva taenisL'formis, Engl. Bot. 1883.<br />
Diatoma ? tsnia^formis, Agardh Disp. 35.<br />
On marine plants ; February.<br />
Tufts a twelfth of an inch long.
mj> 12. Fragil. 1. HYDROPHYTE. PL cell, aph<br />
5. Fragilaria peclinalis. Fifdike Ireakin^-up,<br />
Threads simple, flat, stiff, narrow, very brittle, growing<br />
narrower; joints three times broader than long, pellucid in<br />
the middle.<br />
Conferva peciinaiis, Muller inN. Jet. Petr. 3,91 ;<br />
Conferva jjrancliialis;. Roth Cat. 1, 1S6,<br />
Diatoma pectinalis, yjgardfi Bisp. 35.<br />
On decaying leaves in ditches ; March.<br />
Engl. Bot. 161 1,<br />
Xni. 13. BIDDULPHIA. Biddulph.<br />
Thallus threadlike, jointed, compressed; joints nume-<br />
yous, formed of several longitudinal filaments united together<br />
by a transverse pellucid band ; sporidia granular,<br />
purplish, forming a spot under the tranverse band.—Marine<br />
plants, green or white.<br />
1 . Biddulphia pulchella. Pretty biddulph^<br />
Threads simple, pale green; joints nearly as long as<br />
broad, four-cornered, granular, reddish.<br />
Conferva Biddulphiana, Engl. Bot. 1762.<br />
On marine plants ; November and December.<br />
Threads half an inch long; sporidia reddish, scattered;<br />
joints appearing as if furrowed longitudinally, crenate<br />
where they join.<br />
2. Biddulphia ohUqnata. Crooked liiddulph^<br />
Threads nearly simple, in tufts, brownish white; jom^f<br />
aggregated, obliquely four-cornered, connected with the<br />
next by one corner.<br />
Conferva obliquafa, Engl. But. 1869, left-liand fig.<br />
Diatoma obliquata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 181.<br />
On marine plants.<br />
Joints about as broad as long ;<br />
granules red or brownish,<br />
6. longa. Joints nearly twice as long as broad.<br />
Conferva obliquata, Engl. Bot. 1869, right band fig.<br />
3. Biddulphia stipitata. Stipitated biddulph.<br />
Threads simple, few-jointed, inserted laterally on a long,<br />
hairlike stipes ; joints twice as broad as long.<br />
Conferva stipitata, Engl. Bot. 248S.<br />
Covering marine plants.<br />
Tufts golden yellow, when dry greyish ', threads composed<br />
of 3 to 5 joints,<br />
bent upwards.<br />
twice or jthrice as long as broad, rather
£LcdL:aph. 1. HYDROPHYT.E. 14-. JDiatoma. 2S^<br />
,jaV. U. DIATOMA. De Candolle. Diatome.<br />
Threads jointed, flat, simple, coupled throughout their<br />
whole length; joints separating, but remaining adherent<br />
by their alternate angles, with a longitudinal band formed<br />
by the coupling together of the threads.<br />
J. Dialoma Stoartzii. Swarfz's dialome.<br />
_Fresh ivater ; threads light-green; /o?/?^^ half as longas<br />
'j^rostd, crenately notched on both edges, when uncouple<br />
j:i:iangular.<br />
Diatoma Swartzii, Agardh Syn. US.<br />
Ditches and stag'nant waters, among confervse.<br />
Threads very brittle, slimy, when coupled separatmg<br />
suddenly into joints on the least touch.<br />
2. Dialoma Jlocculosi/m. Flocailent diatome.<br />
Fresh-water; threads hyaline, forming brownish tufts<br />
joints rather broader than long, transversely streaked ; band<br />
longitudinal, pellucid.<br />
Conferva flocculosa, iio/« Cat. 1, 192 ;<br />
Engl.Bot.\1&\.<br />
Diatoma flpcculosa, Agardli Disp. ed. 1,35.<br />
Tiift small; threads very minute; joints 4-cornered, edge<br />
even.<br />
3. Diatoma tenue. Slender diatome.<br />
.Fresh-waler ; threads very small, reddish and brownish<br />
joints 3 times as long as broad, transversely streaked ;7?a7zc?<br />
longitudinal, pellucid.<br />
Conferva flocculosa, Fl. Ban. 1487.<br />
Diatoma tenuis, Agardh Decad, 10.<br />
Diatoma flocculosa 13, Agardh Syn. 120.<br />
In ditches, on confervas.<br />
Threads very minute, stiff, hyaline.<br />
4. Diatoma marinum. Sea diafOfiK^,<br />
Marine; threads simple, in tufts, yellowish ; /om/.f half<br />
as long again as broad, with ovate, transverse granules.<br />
Diatoma flocculosiim ? De. Candolle Fl. Fr. 2,48.<br />
Diatoma marinum, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan. 180.<br />
On marine plants; summer.<br />
Tufts small, brownish; threads very sl^n4:er; joints as<br />
long or twice as long as broad.
? ^96 15. Zygnema. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. Pl.cell.apk.<br />
F. CoNJUGATiDE^. TfialUis cylindrical, threadlike,<br />
K tubular, jointed ; coupling laterally, either by pushing out<br />
X a transverse tube from the middle of the joint, or by uniting<br />
^ at the angles ; i,pore one in each joint.—Fresh-water, green,<br />
1 XV. 15. ZYGNEMA. Agardh. Zygneme.<br />
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular ; jointed ; coupling<br />
r; parallelly by a short traverse tube emitted from the middle<br />
- ^f each joint, thi-ough which the granules in the joints of<br />
- one plant pass into the opposite joint of the other plant,<br />
r and there form a single spherical spore; granules form-<br />
i; ing spots in each joint.<br />
1 . Zygnema peclinatum. ComlUke zygneme.<br />
Threads shining, rather longer than broad ; spots two,<br />
®r oblong or 3-toothed in each joint.<br />
Conjugafa pectinata, Vattc/ier, 77.<br />
Zygnema peciina(uin, Agardh Syn. 102.<br />
Conferva pectinata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 56; Engl. Bot. 1610.<br />
On stones, or floating in running waters.<br />
Tiijts light green, growing blackish ; sporcB spherical,<br />
^ lodged in the transverse tube, according to Agardh.<br />
(3. con/luens. Joints as long as broad ; spots dense and<br />
K nearly confluent.<br />
Conferva bipuiictata, Dllhv. 2.<br />
.' 2. Zygnema hipunclatmn. Two-dotted zygneme.<br />
Threads shining, twice as long as broad ; spots 2, stellate.<br />
Conferva bipunctata. Roth Cat. 2, 204; not of Engl. Bot.<br />
Conferva Stcllina, Mutfer in N. Act. Petr. 3, 93.<br />
Conferva cruciata, De Candolle. Ft. Fr. 2, 56.<br />
** Conjugala stellina. Voucher, 75.<br />
' - Coiijngata cruciata, Faucher, 76.<br />
-.' Zygnema cruciaitim, Agardh Syn. 102.<br />
Ditches and stagnant waters.<br />
Ttifts entangled, floating ; spots starlike, radiated or<br />
IS. angular.<br />
^. gracile. Joints three times as long as broad ; spots 2,<br />
tc roundish.<br />
Cunjugata gracilis, Vauchcr, 73.<br />
Conferva gracilis, De Cando'le Fl. Fr, 2, 55.<br />
Zygnema gracilis? Agardh Syn. 103.<br />
y. unipundatitTn. Joints as long as broad ; spot 1,<br />
R roundish.
Plcellaph. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. 16. Conjugat. 297<br />
XVI. 16. CONJUGATA. Vaucher. Conjugate.<br />
Tliallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed ; coupling<br />
parallelly, by a traverse tube, exserted from the middle of<br />
the joints, through which the granules in the joints of one<br />
plant pass into the opposite joint of the other plant, and<br />
there form an ovate spore ; granules forming spiral lines<br />
in each joint.<br />
a. Granules in a s'mgle spiral line.<br />
1 Conjugata quinina. Roman-five conjugate.<br />
Threads equal, slippery, coupling; joints three times as<br />
granules in a single, very close spiral line.<br />
long as broad ;<br />
Conferva quinina, MuUer N. Act. Pctr. 3, 94.<br />
Conferva spiralis, Roth Cat. Dot. 2, V02; Engl. Hot. 1636.<br />
Conjugata quinina, yigardh Disp. ed. 1,27.<br />
Zygnema quininum, Agardh Decad. 2, 26.<br />
Ditches and pools.<br />
Tufts dark green ; joints from once and an half to four<br />
times as long as broad ; spiral angles acute, like the letter<br />
V often repeated.<br />
j3. porticalis. Spire bent like an arched gateway.<br />
Conferva porticalis, Mtiller, ut supra.<br />
Conjugata porticalis, Vaucher, 66.<br />
Zygnema quininum porticale, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 173.<br />
y. monstrosa. Tube proceeding from the joints uniting<br />
with the tube proceeding from the next joint of the same<br />
plant.<br />
2. Conjugata hiflata.<br />
Blown conjugate.<br />
Threads<br />
open spire.<br />
here and there inflated; granules in a single<br />
Conjugata inflata, Vaucher, 68.<br />
Conferva sordida. Roth Ft. Germ. 3, 504.<br />
Conferva inflnta, Engt. Dot. 2316.<br />
Zygnema intlatum, Agardh Syn. 101.<br />
Ditches.<br />
Tufts cloudlike, yellowish green ; threads very slender<br />
joints three times as long as broad, thicker in the middle;<br />
spot rarely obsolete.<br />
3. Conjugata longala. Long conjugate.<br />
Threads equal, slippery; joints 6 to 12 times as long ai<br />
broad; granules in a simple, very open spire, forming very<br />
blunt angles.
-m^ 16. Conjug. 1 . HYDKOPHYTiE.<br />
PL cell aph,<br />
Conjiigata longata, Vnucher, 71.<br />
Conferva longata, Dillwyii Syn. 49.<br />
Conjugata quinina longata, Agardh Disp. ed, 1, 27.<br />
Zjjgneina longatum, jlgardli Syn. lOJ.<br />
Ditches and stagnant waters.<br />
Tufts yellowish green ; threads very slender.<br />
4. Conjugata tmnichda. Swollen conjttgaie.<br />
Threads here and there swollen ; granules<br />
Conferva tumid ula, Engl. Dot. 1670.<br />
Ditches and marshes.<br />
Threads very slender, about one 700th of an inch diameter<br />
; jo'nits 3 times as long as broad ; spore elliptical.<br />
Perhaps a variety of c. inflata.<br />
b. Spiral lines two in each joint.<br />
5. Conjugata condensata. Condensed conjugate.<br />
Threads equal ;jo//?/i about as long as broad; spiral lines<br />
very close, two in each joint.<br />
Conjugata condensata, Vaucher, 67.<br />
Zvgneina condensatum, uigardh Syn. lOO.<br />
Ditches.<br />
Threads crisp, brittle, harsh ;<br />
spore spherical.<br />
.6. Conjugata decimina. Roman-ten conjugate.<br />
Threads ec\[\Q[; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad;<br />
spiral lines open, 2 in each joint, crossing each other.<br />
Conferva decimJna, MuUer N. jdct. Pttr. 3, 94.<br />
Conferva iiitida, Dtl.luyn, 4.<br />
;Coj]ferva jugalis, Dilfwyn, 5.<br />
Conferva setiformisliibrica, Roth Cat. 3,267.<br />
Conjugata deciinina, Agardh Disp, ed. 1,26.<br />
Zygneina deciniinutn, Agardfi Syn. 99.<br />
Stagnant waters.<br />
Threads light green, slenderer than in c. nitida; spiral<br />
lines like X many times repeated.<br />
%. X Conjugata nitida. Shining conjugate.<br />
Threads equal joints about as long ; as bro^d ; spkaldw^s<br />
ery open, many in each joint.<br />
Conjugata Piinceps, Vaucher, 64.<br />
Conferva nitida, F/. Dfln. S19; Engl. Bof. 2351.<br />
Conferva jiigalis, F/. Dan. 883.<br />
jConferva scalaris, Roth Cat. 2, 196.<br />
iConfervasetiformis conjugata, /?oi/j Cat. 3,266.<br />
Conferva multistriatn. Roth Cat. 3,271.<br />
Conjugata nitida, ^^arrf/i Disp ed. 1,26.<br />
Z)>gne(na nitidum, Jgardh Decad. 3, 25.
P:l.,cejl..aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 16. Conjug. sm<br />
Ponds; August. .<br />
Tiifls thick, dark green, floating ; threads as thick as a<br />
horse-hair; transijerse tulles very short.<br />
XVII. 17. CHOASPIS. Choaspis.<br />
Tkallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, kneebent;<br />
coupling at the bend, b}' a perforation in each joint, which<br />
transmits the granules from one plant to the other, where<br />
they form an elliptic spore ; granules scattered. — Not<br />
slippery.<br />
Choaspis serpentina. Serpentine choaspis.<br />
Threads slender, stiffs here and there slightly bent, ao^<br />
coupling; joints four times as long as broad; granules in a<br />
triple irregular series.<br />
Conferva stictica, Engl. Bot. 2463.<br />
Ditches.<br />
Tufts floating, pale yellowish green above^ blackish<br />
green beneath ; joints when young pale green.<br />
XVIII. 18. AGARDHIA. ylgmdh.<br />
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, bent, approximating<br />
and uniting here and there with others, the<br />
.coupled joints becoming shortened; granules in a single<br />
Jine, spore formed in the shortened couple(;l joints, cr
500 19. Serpent. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. Plcell.aph.<br />
1 Serpentinuria compressa. Compressed serpentinare.<br />
Threads brittle, bent, coupling; j'om/s three times as long<br />
granules in a compressed mass.<br />
as broad ;<br />
Conferva serpentina, MuUer N. j4ct. Petr. 3,<br />
Conju°;
Plcell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. 21. Chaetoph. 301<br />
H. CoNFERVOiDE.^. Tfiallus cylindrical, threadlikej<br />
tubular, jointed, simple or branched, uniform or biform ?<br />
joints pellucid; sporcB granular, green, scattered in the<br />
joints; fruit external, but the granules often grow in the<br />
joints themselves.<br />
XXI. 21. CH^TOPHORA. Schrank. Chatophore.<br />
Mass threadlike, branched ; threads springing from the<br />
axis, jointed, branched, growing slenderer, and ending in<br />
a long transparent hair extended beyond the surface of the<br />
mass granules in the joints, sometimes growing while still<br />
;<br />
in the mass.— Reddish.<br />
Chcetophora rubra. Red chcstophore.<br />
Mass cylindrical, threadlike,<br />
jointed, red.<br />
forked ; threads branched;,<br />
Ulva rubra, Hudson Fl Jngl. 571 ; Engl Bot. 1627.<br />
Rivularia miiltifida, Weber and Mohr, lieise, 3, 193.<br />
Chaetophora rubra, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,42.<br />
Chordaria muUifida, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 51.<br />
Rocks on the sea-shore ; annual ; August and September.<br />
Mass crowded, 3 to 6 inches<br />
tip of the branches rather blunt.<br />
long, from a callous base?<br />
XXII. 22. LEATHESIA. Leathes.<br />
Mass globular, leatherlike, gelatinous, brownish ; threads<br />
branched, jointed, springing from a common basis; branches<br />
clubshape, blunt; spores scattered in the swollen joints.<br />
Marine.<br />
Leathesia tuheriformis. Tuberous leathes^<br />
Mass globular, rather leatherlike, hollow ; outer surface<br />
smooth, brown; threads very close, forked, branched"<br />
tranches level at the top ; tips clubshaped.<br />
Tremella difformis, Lin. Sp. PI. 1626.<br />
Rivularia tuheriformis, Engl. Bot. 1956.<br />
Nostoc marinum, Agnrdh Disp. ed. 1,45.<br />
Chaetophora marina, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 193.<br />
On marine plants ; annual; summer.<br />
XXIII. 23. MYRIODACTYLON. DesVaux.<br />
Myriodactyle^<br />
Mass elongated or globular, gelatinous, light green<br />
threads branched, jointed, springing from a common basis ;<br />
Iranches growing finer and ending in a long, hyaline fila*<br />
znent ; knots pellucid.
302 23. Myriodact. 1 . HYDROPHYTE. PI. cell. aph.<br />
1. Myriodaclylon endivifolium. Endive-lenf jnyriodactyle.<br />
Fresh-water ; mass liglit green, long, flattish, solid, palii!»ate,<br />
many-cut; lobes roundish, blunt; ilireads very much<br />
fel?anched ; branches even-topped, spreading.<br />
Tremella palustris gelatinosa, damas c(»rnuuiti facie, Dillen Muse. 51.<br />
Ciinferva gelatinosa, ilamae coniua repraesentans. Dill, in Raii Syn. 60,<br />
17.<br />
Ulva incrassata, Hudson Fl. Jngl. 572 ; Engl. Bot. 967.<br />
Batrachospermum fasciculalum, Vauclier, 116.<br />
Rivularia cornudainae, Rolh Cat. 3,332.<br />
Rivularia endivifolia. Roth Cat. 3,334.<br />
Chastophora eiidivifolia, ^gardh Disp. ed. 1,42.<br />
Ditches; annual; summer.<br />
Mass tufted, 2 inches long ; threads nearly parallel<br />
branches rather one-rowed, closer above; lotver joints five<br />
times as long as broad, upper equal.<br />
2. Myriodaclylon plarmm. Flat myriodactyle.<br />
Mass flat, orbiculate, c-^ntre brown, edge greenish ;<br />
threads concentric, slender, crowded, green.<br />
Tremella adnata, Lin. S. P. 1672 ?<br />
Chastophora plana, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 43.<br />
Rocks and stones in the sea ; May.<br />
Mass one inch in diameter, pressed close to the rocks<br />
havincp the habit of a lichen.<br />
XXIV. 24. DRAPARNALDIA. St.Vine. Draparnaud,<br />
Thallus gelatinous, composed of two kinds of threads<br />
pimary thread equal, jointed; joints having a transverse<br />
zone ; secondary threads pencilshape, in bundles, jointed,<br />
ending in a long, pellucid hair; spores granular, green.<br />
1. Draparnaldia glomerata. Conglomerated draparnaud.<br />
Threads much branched; branches in bundles, many-<br />
cut, pencilshape, pencils mostly alternate, ovate, blunt,<br />
spreading ; joints twice as long as broad.<br />
Conferva gelatinotia ;3, Hudson Fl. udngl. 598.<br />
Cunferva Chara, Roth Cat. 3, 285.<br />
Batrachospermum glomeratuin, Vauclier, 114.<br />
Draparnaldia mutabilis, St. Vincent, Ann de Mus. 12, 4 02.<br />
Draparnaldia glomerata, /tgardh Disp. ed. 1, 41.<br />
In rivers ; annual ; winter and spring.<br />
Tufts four inches long, appearing like a green gelatinous<br />
jelly; threads slender, vaguely branched; joi7iis with a<br />
transverse spore in the middle.
PhcetLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 24.. Draparn. 30$<br />
2. Draparnaldia plumosa. Feathery draparnaud.<br />
Threads very much branched ; branches in bundles, manycutj<br />
penciishape, mostly opposite, lanceolate, acute, upright<br />
; jo//z/^ rather longer than broad, with a transverse<br />
band.<br />
Batracliospennntn plumosmn, Vaucher, 113.<br />
Conferva tnutabilis, Roth Cat. i, 197.<br />
Dniparualdia liypnosa, St. Vincent, ^nn. Mus. 12,405,<br />
Draparnaldia plumosa, Agardii Disp. ed, 1,42.<br />
€ih vi^oods and stones in rivers; annual; summer.<br />
Tiifls three inches long; jast division of" the branches<br />
much the longest.<br />
XXV. 25. CONFERVA. Pliny, CrowsilL<br />
Threads uniform, simple or branched, greenish, jointed ;<br />
^no/^ pellucid; spores granular, enclosed in the joints.<br />
a. Pla?rt greenish, sunk, hra?iched.<br />
1 Conferva lubrica. Slippery crowsilk^<br />
Threads very much branched, very slender, minute, gelatinous,<br />
slippery, green; branches divaricating, scattered,<br />
close, awlshape; tip long, transparent; joints 2 or 3 times<br />
as long as broad, with a central, transverse band.<br />
Conferva lubrica, DiUwpn, 57 ; Engl. Bot. 2081.<br />
Drap^imaldia tenuis, Agardh Decad. 3,30.<br />
On wood and stones in rivers or stagnant waters; summer.<br />
Tufts glaucous green, dense, 1<br />
wfeak, flaccid, attenuated.<br />
or 2 inches long; threads.<br />
i3. exigua. Threads less than a quarter of an inch lono-;<br />
joints about as long as broad.<br />
Conferva exigua, Dillvcyn Syn. 62.<br />
2. Cojferva prote?7sa. Extended a'owsilk.<br />
Threads branched, slippery, green ; branches diffused,<br />
very long, attenuated ; tip pellucid ; joints rather longer<br />
than broad.<br />
Conferva protensa, Dillwyn, 67.<br />
3. Conferva nigricans. Blackish crowsilk:<br />
Threads forked, rather stiff, straight, thick, equal; branches<br />
distant, long, spreading at bottom ; joints 4? times as long<br />
as broad.<br />
^<br />
Conferva nigricans, Roth. Cat, 3,277 ; Dillvoyn, 6S.<br />
Ponds.
304. 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE, Pl.cellaph.<br />
7 hreads in tufts, 3 or 4 inches long; small branches short,<br />
•'O<br />
scattered, orreenish black, does not 111*1*' adhere in drvinff to<br />
either glass or paper,<br />
1<br />
becomes blackish joints ; sometimes<br />
contracted alternately,<br />
4'. Conferva crispata. Crisped crowsilk.<br />
Fresh-water; threads branched, crisped, dark green;<br />
Iranches alternate, very remote ; /ofw/^^ cylindrical, four or<br />
six times as long as broad, when dried alternately compressed.<br />
Conferva crispata. Roth Cat. 1, 178; Engl. J5o^ 2350.<br />
Conferva rivularis crispata, ^gardli Syn. 86.<br />
Stagnant pools ; July.<br />
T/tJ'ts very dense, about 2 feet long; threads very closely<br />
entangled.<br />
5. Conferva flavescens. Yellowish crowsilk.<br />
Fresh-water ; threads very much branched, bent ; branches<br />
alternate, divaricating; lateral twigs short, spreading horizontally<br />
; joints cylindrical, 8 or 10 times as long as broad.<br />
ConftTva flavescens. Roth Cat. 2, 224 ;<br />
Conferva pennatula, Dillioyn Syn. 6-1?<br />
Fresh-water ditches; summer.<br />
Eng. Bot. 2088.<br />
Tit/'fs very thick; threads entangled, very slender, 9 inches<br />
long; branches attenuated, blunt.<br />
6. Coifervafracta.<br />
Broken crowsilk.<br />
Threads much branched, hairlike, stiff, bent; branches<br />
and twigs divaricating, mostly alternate; joints 4- to 8 times<br />
as long as broad, becoming oblong.<br />
Conferva bullosa, Lin. Sp. PI. 1637,<br />
Conferva vagabunda, Hudson Fl. Angl. 601 ;<br />
Dillvs. 5.<br />
Conferva divaricaia. Roth Cat. 1, 179.<br />
Conferva fracia, Fl. Dan. 916; Billw. 14; Engl. Bot. 2338.<br />
Ditches and pools.<br />
Tufts expanded, very thick, floating, buUated; threads<br />
2 to 4 inches long; branches attenuated, tip acute.<br />
(3. hlrta. Knots obsolete, by reason of the echijiellae parasitic<br />
upon them.<br />
Conferva iiirta, Fl. Dan. 947.<br />
Conferva fracta Iiirta, Lynghye Ilydr. Dan, 152.<br />
y. elongnta. Marine threads straight ; upper Irancha<br />
very long, simple.<br />
Conferva divaricata elongata, Roth Cat. 1, ISl.<br />
Conferva fracta eiongata, Lyngbye Uydr. Dan. 152.
Plcellaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 305<br />
^. marina. Threads thicker, greenish yellow.<br />
Conferva fracta marina, Roth Cat. 3,234.<br />
Conferva vagabunda, Roth Fl. Germ. 3,465.<br />
Conferva refracta, Roth Cat. 2, 193.<br />
7. Conferva jiexuosa. Bent crowsilk.<br />
Threads very much branched, rather stiff, dark green:<br />
Iranches bent, twigs mostly simple, alternately 2-ranked,<br />
spreading; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva flexaosa, J^/.XJaR. 882; Dillwyn, 10; Engl. Bot.\9i
S06 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. PLcell.aph.<br />
Alga sive Conferva fontinalis (richoides, Park. 1261, 1.<br />
Conferva<br />
Syn. £9, 8.<br />
fontinalis ramosissima, glomeratim confesta,<br />
Engl. Bot. 2192,<br />
Dillen in Rait<br />
Conferva glomerata, Lin. Sp. Fl. 1637 ;<br />
Conferva cristata, Roth Cat. 1, 193.<br />
Conferva can;i!icularis, Girod Chantr. Conf. 173.<br />
Polysperina glomerata, Vaucher, 99.<br />
Cliantransia glomerata, De CandoUe Fl. Fr. 2, 51.<br />
Stones in running waters ; summer.<br />
Threads aggregate, 3 inches long, crowded, attenuated;<br />
branches bundled towards the tip, stiff.<br />
11. Conferva Iceteviretis. lAght-green crowsilk.<br />
Threads very much branched, rather stiff', bent like a<br />
bow, light green ; branches approximate, pointed, twigs<br />
short, alternately, facing one way ; joints 5 times as long<br />
as broad.<br />
Conferva laefevirens, Dillwyn, 48; Engl. Bot. 1834.<br />
Conferva glomerata marina, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 154.<br />
Stones on the sea-shores.<br />
Tiifh bushy, light green ; iivigs pointing many together<br />
all on one side, then several together all to the other.<br />
12. Conferva albida. Whitish crowsilk.<br />
Threads very much branched, in close tufts, greenish<br />
white, rather opake; ^ra^zcAcs clustered about 4 together;<br />
twigs opposite, zigzag, the smallest nearly parallel; joints<br />
4 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva marina tonientosa, (enerior et albicans, Dillen in Raii Syn.<br />
59, 13.<br />
Conferva albida, Hudson Fl. Jngl. 595 ;<br />
Sea-coasts ; June and July.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2327.<br />
Titfts dull, opake, cottonlike, whitish ; threads 3 mc\\e%<br />
long, densely interwoven ;<br />
twigs nearly horizontal.<br />
/3. protensa. Threads 7 or 6 inches long, rather bushy,<br />
twigs spreading, mostly opposite, straight.<br />
13. Conferva pellucida. Transparent crowsilk.<br />
Threads very much branched, stiff, light green ; branches<br />
mostly three together, blunt; joints 4 or 6 times as long as<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva pellucida, Hudson Fl. Angl. 601 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1716.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Tufts large, green, shining, pellucid, 6 inches long;<br />
threads naked below, repeatedly branched above, cylin-<br />
drical.
Plcell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 307<br />
14. Conferva riparia. Bankside crowfoot.<br />
Threads nearly simple below, branched above, yellow<br />
green; bra?iches remote, divaricating, long, mostly simple,<br />
coming out at a rounded angle; joints twice as long as<br />
broad; ^720/5 pellucid.<br />
Conferva riparia, Dillwyn Syn. 69 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2100.<br />
Conferva ubtusangula, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 159.<br />
Sea- shore, or banks of" salt pools.<br />
Tifts thickly entangled ; joints divided in the fork,<br />
rounded.<br />
15. Co>?ferva lanosa. Woolly crowfoot.<br />
Threads branched, very slender, straight, clustered, yellowish<br />
green ; twigs remote, long ; joints lower twice, upper<br />
5 or 6 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva lanosa, Roth Caf. 3,291 ;<br />
Engl. 5o
308 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Fl. cell. aph.<br />
18. CoJiferva Hutchinsia. Hutcliins' crowsilk.<br />
Threads very much branched, bent, rather cartilaginous.<br />
brittle, glaucous green ; branches and twigs scattered, smallest<br />
l-rowed, adpressed ; j'om^i torulose, twice as long as broad.<br />
Conferva Hutchinsia, Diihvyn, 65.<br />
Conferva centralis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 161 ?<br />
Sea-shores ; spring.<br />
19. Conferva nana. Dujarf crowsilk.<br />
Threads pale reddish green, branched, very minute, in<br />
tufts; branches and twigs alternate, pointed, remote; joints<br />
2 or 3 times as long as broad ; knots obscure.<br />
Conferva nana, Dillwyn, 30.<br />
On fontinalis antipyretica, in alpine rivers.<br />
Tiifis about half an inch long, pale reddish.<br />
20. Conferva vifii. Wine crowsilk.,<br />
Tifts brownish yellow; threads hyaline, much branched,<br />
entangled; branches attenuated, acute, twice as long as<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva vini, Agardh Syn. 72.<br />
In Madeira wine.<br />
Tifts cloudlike, floating, an inch broad, brownish yellow<br />
threads very slender indeed.<br />
21. Conferva stellar is. Starry crowsilk.<br />
Threads hyaline, arising parallelly from an orbicular<br />
basis, very minute, equal.<br />
Conferva stellaris, Fl. Dan. 660.<br />
On the inside of glass bottles.<br />
Shoots green, about a line in diameter, edges stellate;<br />
threads about an inch long, branched ; branches remote, alternate<br />
; j'oi?its 4- or 5 times as long as broad.<br />
22. Conferva csgagropilaris. Hairball crowsilk.<br />
Threads arising from a common centre, forming a globe,<br />
much branched; branches rather crowded, blunt; joints<br />
4 times as long as broad ; rather swollen above.<br />
Conferva jEoagropila, Lin. Sp. PI. 1637 ;<br />
Moor balls.<br />
Bottom of alpine lakes.<br />
Engl. But. 1377.<br />
Balls dark green, from the size of a pea to 3 inches<br />
diameter, exactly spherical, hollow ; branches rather spreading;<br />
knots pellucid, when dry contracted.
Pl.cellaph. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. 25. Conferva. 30»<br />
23. Conferva Brownii. Brown's crowsilk,<br />
Tufls close; threads much branched, rather stiff, short,<br />
green; hranches sh'ghtly 1 -rowed, bkint ; joiw/5 4 times as<br />
long as broad, rather thicker above.<br />
Conferva Brownii, Dilltetjn, 5S.<br />
On wet rocks in caves.<br />
Ttifi flat or convex ; threads upright, about the eighth<br />
of an inch long, rather thick, resembling those of c. sega-<br />
gropilaris.<br />
24-. Conferva velutina. Velvetly crowsilk,<br />
Tift close, green, velvetty; threads branched, bent, en~<br />
tangled at bottom, rooting, hj'aline, at top blunt ; joints<br />
longer than broad.<br />
Byssus fenerrima viridis, ve'utum referens, Dillen in Eaii Syn, 56, 1,<br />
Byssns velutina, Lin. Sp, PL 1638.<br />
Conferva varia, Hoth Cat. 3, 301.<br />
Conferva velutina, Dillwyn, 77 ; Engl. Bot. 1556.<br />
On the ground in damp places.<br />
Tifts very close; hranches alternate, bent, lower distant,<br />
tv/igs nearly one-rowed, short, bent, blunt, diffuses a sweet<br />
fragrance not only when growing, but also for some time<br />
after being dried.<br />
25. Conferva cryptarum. Cave crowsilk.<br />
Threads green, entangled, much branched ; branches<br />
forked, divaricating, pointed; /oi/z/^ twice as long as broad,<br />
rather gibbous.<br />
Conferva cryptarum, Dillwyn, 59 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2588.<br />
Conferva muscicola cryptarum, ^g-arrfA Syn. 73.<br />
Caves and caverns.<br />
Branches recurved, entangled; when dry rather stififj<br />
elastic, pellucid.<br />
26. Conferva umlrosa. Shade crowsilk.<br />
Tift blackish green, velvetty ; threads entangled, branched,<br />
brittle, branches upright, blunt: joints longer than<br />
broad ; those of the tips inflated, as long as broad.<br />
Conferva umbrosa. Roth Cat. 1, 191.<br />
Conferva arenaria, Roth Cat- 2, 217.<br />
Damp shady places; summer.<br />
Tifts very close ; threads short ; hranches rather crowded.
SIO 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.aplu<br />
b. Threads greenish^ simple.<br />
27. Conferva P echinulata. Hedgehog-like croivsilk.<br />
Threads simple, very short, blunt, spreading every way<br />
from a centre, and forming a globe, glaucous green; joints<br />
as long as broad.<br />
Rivularia echimilata, En^l. Bot. 1378.<br />
Floating on lakes.<br />
Threads rather clubshape ; joints about 5 or 6.<br />
28. Conferva sordida. Dirty crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, very slender, cobweblike, tenacious, yellow<br />
green ; joints 4 times longer than broad; knots pellucid.<br />
Conferva sordida, Roth Cat. 1, 171 ;<br />
Conferva calycina, u4gardh Syn. 78 ?<br />
Engl. Bol.2303.<br />
Stagnant water adhering to grass; April to July.<br />
Mass cloudlike, yellowish green; threads shining, curved;<br />
hyaline, equal.<br />
^.fuscata. Threads very slender, very closely entangled<br />
into a light brownish cloud.<br />
y. utricnlata. Threads very slender; granules collapsed<br />
into several, distinct, oblong globules in each joint ; laiots<br />
here and there contracted.<br />
29. Conferva foccosa. Flocklike crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, very slender; joints about twice as long<br />
as broad, hyaline with a pellucid, globular spot ia the<br />
centre.<br />
Prolifera floccosa, Vauclier, 131.<br />
Conferva floccosa, Agardli Dispos, 29.<br />
Ditches and running water.<br />
Tufts straight, 2 or 3 inches long.<br />
30. Cojferva fus^acissima. Fugacious crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, very slender, slimy, rather straight<br />
joints rather longer than broad, with a granular band in<br />
the middle.<br />
Conferva fiig'acissima, Roth Cat. 3, 176.<br />
Ditches adhering to grasses.<br />
31. Conferva oscillator ioides. Oscillaloria crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, cobvveblike, very slender, very long;<br />
joi?its longer than broad, with a granular band in the<br />
middle.
PLcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 311<br />
Conferva oscillatorioides, j4gardh Disp, ed. 1,29.<br />
Conferva fugacissima oscillatorioides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 137.<br />
Ditches, adhering to grass.<br />
32. Conferva punctalis. Dot crows'ilk.<br />
Threads simple, very slender, rather slimy, \ox\g; joints<br />
about twice as lonsf as broad ; granules collapsing into a<br />
solitary globule.<br />
Conferva punctalis, Dillwyn, 51.<br />
Conferva brevi-articuhita, Mohr in Schroder Journ. 1801,475.<br />
Ditches and running water.<br />
Tufls about an inch long; threads twice as thick as<br />
e. floccosa, pale yellowish green.<br />
33. Conferva zonata. Girded crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, slimy; joints as long as broad;<br />
granules in a transverse band.<br />
Conferva zonala, Roth Cat. "i, 269.<br />
Conferva lucens, Dillwyn, 47 ; Engl. Bot. 1655.<br />
Lakes and rapid streams.<br />
Tufts gelatinous; threads 2 to 4 inches long, tapering,<br />
acute.<br />
34. Conferva dissiliens. Parting crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, equal, straight, slimy, brittle;<br />
joints half as long as broad ; at length separating from one<br />
another.<br />
Conferva disiliens, Dillwyn, 63 ;<br />
Diatoma? disiU'i ens, yJgardh Disp. ed. 1,34.<br />
Ditches.<br />
Engl. Bot. 4464.<br />
Tufts floating; joints hyaline, with a transverse or ovate<br />
spot in the centre.<br />
35. Corferva mucosa. Mvcons crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, very slender, slimy, yellowish green<br />
joints rather torose, about as long as broad.<br />
Conferva mucosa, Dillwyn, 46.<br />
Stagnant pools.<br />
Tufts floating; threads straight, 3 inches long, very<br />
slimy.<br />
36. Conferva vesicata. Bladdered crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender ; jom/i here and there inflated,<br />
and proliferous, rather longer than broad.
512 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTtE. PhekU.aph.<br />
Prolifera vesicata. Vaucher, 132.<br />
Conferva vesicata, Jlgardh Disp. ed. 1,30.<br />
Conferva alleniafa, Dillwyn, 43 ; Engl Bot. 2304,<br />
Chantransia vesicala, Ds CandoUe Fl. Fr. 2, 52.<br />
Floating in ditches and rivulets.<br />
Tvfts closely entangled ; threads 6 or 8 inches long<br />
joints sometimes alternately green and brownish.<br />
^.fusca.<br />
Threads brownish.<br />
Conferva allernata /S, Dillwyn.<br />
37. Conferva capillar is. Hair crowsilfu<br />
Threads simple, slender, crisp, proliferous, entangled<br />
joints even, about twice as long as broad, alternately compressed<br />
when dry ; spores scattered, or in an oblong spot.<br />
dry.<br />
Conferva fluitans tilamentis geniculatis, Dillon Muse. 26.<br />
Conferva capillaris, Lin.S.F. 1636.<br />
Conferva crispa, Dillwyn, 46.<br />
Chantransia crispa, Ds CandoUe Fl. Fr. 2, 52.<br />
Stones in rapid rivers.<br />
Threads 8 to 20 feet long, slimy, rough and brittle when<br />
(3. ramnsa. Threads proliferous.<br />
Conferva capillaris, Engl, Bot. 2364.<br />
Prolifera crispa, Vaucher, 130.<br />
38. Conferva rivularis. Rivulet croivsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, straight, very long, dark green<br />
joints about 3 times as long as broad, alternately com-<br />
pi'essed when dry ; knots pellucid.<br />
Conferva Plinii, Ger.em. 1570,2; Park. 1261,2; Raii Syn. 5S, 1.<br />
Conferva fluviatiiis sericea vulgaris et fluitans^ Dillen Muse. 12.<br />
Conferva rivularis, Lin. Sp. PI. 1633.<br />
Prolifera rivularis, Vaucher, 130.<br />
Conferva funiformia. Roth Cat. 1, 169.<br />
Crow-silk. Hairy river-iveed.<br />
Running waters : June to September.<br />
Tifts 1 to 2 feet long, fluctuating, loosely entangled;<br />
threads rather stiff.<br />
i3. aculeata. Branches many, very short, acute.<br />
39. Conferva compacta. Compact croivsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, compactly entangled, dark<br />
green ; joints rather longer than broad ; alternately compressed<br />
when dry.
Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 313<br />
Conferva compacta, Roth Ft. Germ. 497.<br />
Conferva riviilaris, i>27/tt'J/'!, 39 ; Engl. Bot. IQ54.<br />
Rivers and rivulets ; June and July.<br />
Threads about 100th of an inch thick, sometimes less.<br />
40. Conferva hipartita. Two-parted crowsilL<br />
Threads simple, slender, very long, densely compacted,<br />
yellow green ; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad ; granules<br />
forming 2 transverse bands in each joint.<br />
Conferva bipartita, Dillwyn, 105; Engl. Bot. 2302 ?<br />
Conferva ^emistriangulata, Roth,<br />
Salt ditches; July.<br />
Jomts vary from, as long as broad, Eng. Bot. to 3 times<br />
as long as broad, as in Dillwyn.<br />
41. Conferva linoides. Flaxlike croivsilk.<br />
Threads simple, very long, rather thick and stiff, curled,<br />
brittle, loosely entangled, green ; joints as long as broad<br />
when dry cylindrical.<br />
Conferva jjalustris seu Filum mariniim Anglicum, Raii Syn. 60, 16.<br />
Conferva iilameutis longis geniculjiiis simplicibus, Dillen Muse. 25.<br />
Conferva capillaris, Hudson Ft. Angl. 598.<br />
Conferva Liniim, Ft. Dan. 771 ; Engl. Bot. 2364.<br />
Conferva Melagonium, Fl. Dan. 1438.<br />
Marsh thread.<br />
Stagnant salt-ponds, and in the sea.<br />
Threads dull green, elastic, slimy, rather even; knots<br />
pellucid.<br />
B. minor. Threads 3 times slenderer.<br />
Inland ditches.<br />
42. Conferva area. Brazen croivsilk.<br />
Threads simple, stiff, rather thick, straight, light green<br />
joints broader than long; knots pellucid.<br />
Conferva aerea, Dillwyn, 80 ; Engl. Bot. 1929.<br />
Sea-coasts on wood or stones.<br />
Tifts bright verdigris green, 3 to 5 inches long, fluc-<br />
granules forming two bands.<br />
tuating ;<br />
^. luhrica. Threads very soft, slippery, glossy.<br />
43. Conferva Melagonalis. Blacksided crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, stiff, rather thick, straight, dark green;<br />
joints cylindrical, 3 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva Melag"nium, Weber et Mohr. Reise, 194.<br />
Conferva aerea, var. Dillwyn Descript. 80.
314 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cellapli.<br />
Sea-coasts on wood.<br />
Threads 6 to 9 inches long, appearing like polished iron<br />
when in the sea, when dry dark green; lower joints short,<br />
alternately compressed when dry; granules contracting in<br />
drying, and forming a black line on each side of the knot.<br />
44. Conferva tortuosa. Winding crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, rather stiff, curled, twisted,<br />
loosely entangled, dark green ; joints cylindrical, 3 times<br />
as long as broad.<br />
Conferva tortuosa, Dillwyn, 46; Engl. Bot. 2220.<br />
Sea-shore, or salt-water ditches.<br />
Ti//ts rather elastic; k7iots pellucid.<br />
^. ramosn. Threads with open lateral branches.<br />
45. Conferva ramosa. Branched conferva.<br />
Threads simple, very slender, curled, entangled, even<br />
soft, dark lurid green; joints even, rather longer than<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva impleia, Dilluiyti, 46.<br />
Bangia viridis, FL Dan. 1601.<br />
Rocks, salt-water ditches, and on marine plants.<br />
Tnj'ts closely entangled ; threads rather silky not stiff;<br />
knots and edges hyaline; spores ovate.<br />
46. Conferva nummuloides. Money croivsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, brittle, yellowish brown; joints<br />
shorter than broad, becoming close, beadlike, and nearly<br />
oval.<br />
ConffTva niimmuloides, Dillwyn, 44.<br />
Fragilaria nummuloides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 184.<br />
Leaves of fresh-water plants.<br />
47. Conferva Yonngana. Young's crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, bristlelike, in tufts, weak, blunt,<br />
equal, light green; joi7iis as long as broad; knots con-<br />
tracted.<br />
Conferva Youngana, Dillwyn, 102.<br />
Conferva isogona, Engl. Bot. 1930.<br />
Sea-shores, on wood and marine plants.<br />
Tnfi.s yellowish green, half an inch long; threads rather<br />
stiff, not attenuated.
Fl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYT^E. 25. Conferva. 315<br />
48. Covferva flacca.<br />
Flagging crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, bristlelike, very minute, flaccid;<br />
joints rather shorter than broad ;<br />
knots pellucid, contracted.<br />
Conferva flacca, Dillvcyn, 49.<br />
On stones, or wood in the sea, and on marine plants.<br />
c. Coloured^ Irownish, marine.<br />
49. Conferva ciirta. , Short crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, in bundles, nearly cartilaginous, short,<br />
attenuated below, olive brown joints ; rather longer than<br />
broad ; knots pellucid, contracted.<br />
Conferva ctirfa, Dillwyn, 76; Engl. Bot.20M.<br />
On marine plants.<br />
Threads nearly upright, light brown.<br />
50. Conferva jlaccida. Flaccid crowsilk.<br />
Tlireads simple, in bundles, short, flaccid, straight,<br />
broader at bottom, attenuated at the tip, light brown;<br />
lower joints shorter than they are broad ; upper longer.<br />
Couferva flaccida, Dillwyn, 6.<br />
On marine plants.<br />
Tiifts hall" an inch long; threads I'ather cartilaginous.<br />
5 1 . Conferva fucicola Fuciis crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, tufted, straight, short, blunt,<br />
iron-brown ; joints twice as long as broad ; knots pellucid-<br />
Conferva fucicola, Vtlley Marine, PI. 4 ; Dillwyn^ 66.<br />
Conferva ferruginea, Ruth Cat. 3, iJ74.<br />
Conferva fucorum, Rotli Cat. 3, 273.<br />
On marine plants.<br />
Tifls half an inch long; threads from a shieldlike base,<br />
tip attenuated, blunt.<br />
52. Conferva scutellata. Saucer crowsilk.<br />
Tvfts depressed, peltate, closely entangled, rooted in the<br />
centre ; threads branched at the bottom ; joints as long as<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva sciitellala, Engl. Bot. 2311.<br />
Parasitical on the apothecia of himanthalla loreus.<br />
Threads above simple, long; below having a few short<br />
alternate branches, entangled into a dense, viscid, pale apparently<br />
homogeneous mass.
316 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. PLcelLapL<br />
e. Cotoured, simple, Irittle. Chantransia.<br />
53. Conferva Jasciala.<br />
Banded crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, slimy, purplish brown ; joints<br />
as long as broad, with a narrow, central, transverse band.<br />
Conferva fasciata, Dillisyn, 23.<br />
On decayed sticks and leaves, in fresh water.<br />
Threads about half an inch long.<br />
54- . Conferva lineaia. Lined crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, brittle, brown ; joints two or<br />
three times as long as broad, with one or two transverse<br />
lines at uncertain distances from each other ; knots con-<br />
tracted.<br />
Conferva lineata, Dillwyn, 44.<br />
Fragilaria lineata, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 184,<br />
Leaves of fresh-water plants.<br />
55. Conferva Borreri.<br />
Borrer''s crowsilk.<br />
Threads simple, slender, brittle, palish brown ; joints rather<br />
shorter than broad, combined in pairs ; spores in the<br />
centre of each joint.<br />
Conferva nummuloides, Engl. Bot. 2287.<br />
On marine plants.<br />
Threads short, tortuous, cylindrical, dirty white.—These<br />
three last species, as also c. dissiliens, might be formed<br />
into a very natural genus, bordering upon the diatomidese,<br />
from which they differ by the threads being cylindrical and.<br />
solitary.
PI. cell apL 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. sir<br />
Fam. II. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. Lamouroux.<br />
Algariim pars, Linnaeus and Jussieu.<br />
Thallus coriaceous, membranaceous, or fleshy; continuous<br />
or jointed ; fibrous or cellular ; sporidia enclosed in thecse,<br />
or immersed in the substance of the thallus.— Plants mostly<br />
marine, olive green or red, absorbing water by their surface<br />
in the immersed part, but not transmitting it to other<br />
parts ; emit oxygen gas by the action of light.<br />
A. Thalkis jointed, membranaceojis, tubular ; jointsformed<br />
of a simple tube; sporidia enclosed in theccE. Ceramidese.<br />
Thallus olive-green, gelatinous,<br />
from a common axis Mesogloja. 26.<br />
Thallus green ; secondary branches<br />
simple, bristlelike, swollen at bottom . . BuLBOCHiETE. 27-<br />
Thallus brownish<br />
branches jointed; theccB naked Ectocarpus. 28.<br />
Thallus red; hiois pellucid;<br />
iheccB naked Callithamnign. 29.<br />
Thallus red ; knots coloured<br />
thecce involucrated Ceramium. 30.<br />
Thallus red; knots pellucid;<br />
sporidia involucrated Griffitsia. 31..<br />
Thallus red, gelatinous;<br />
branches mvfh'vcls; thecce noked Borkichius. 32^<br />
Thallus green, gelatinous;<br />
branches in whirls ; thecce naked Batrachospemum. 33.<br />
B. Thallus jointed, coriaceous, or membranaceous ; main<br />
stem solid, or compoundlyjointed ; sporidia enclosed in thecce-.<br />
Hutchinsideffi.<br />
Thallus olive-green<br />
branches in whiris; joints simple.... Cladostephus. 34.<br />
Thallus olive-green<br />
branches 2-rowed; joints compound .. Sphacelaria. 35.<br />
Thallus red<br />
branches scattered; joints simple; Ellisius. 36.<br />
Thallus red<br />
branches scattered ; joints compound . . . Hutchinsia. 37.<br />
Thallus red, pervaded by a<br />
central, jointed axis Vertebrata. 38.
318 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. Plcell.aph.<br />
C. Thallus with a continued Jihrmis axis; bark chalklike,<br />
jointed. Corallideae.<br />
Thallus forked ; joints cylindrical Jania. 39.<br />
Thallus three-forked ; jof/z/5 wedgelike Corallina. 40.<br />
D. Thallus contiimtus green or reddish ; Jibres parallel,<br />
diverging from the base; hark chalklike or hairy. Zonarideae.<br />
Thallus ribless, fanshaped Zonaria. 41.<br />
Thallus ribless, forked . . . . < Dictyota. 42.<br />
Thallus ribbed, forked Dictyopteris. 43.<br />
E. Thallus co7ifinuo7is, cellular, green becoming tvhite<br />
inrk smooth ; sporidia scattered, immersed. Ulvoideae.<br />
Thallus compressed ; sporidia prominent<br />
ASPEROCOCCUS. 44.<br />
TA
Plcell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. 319<br />
I. Thallus contimied, fibrous, memlranaceous or leather-<br />
like, purple or red; sporidia immersed or in ihecce. Floridese.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, veined;<br />
sporidia immersed and in tubercles .... Delesseria. 59.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, veined<br />
thecce podshaped, axillary Odonthalia. 60.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless<br />
iheccB tubercular Sph^rococcus. 61.<br />
Thallus linear, compressed or round,<br />
much branched ; thecce tubercular Gigartina. 62.<br />
Thallus linear, round or compressed;<br />
sporidia immersed and in thecss Gastridium. 63.<br />
K, Thallus cnntiraiQus, woody, Jibrous, coriaceous; olivehrowii<br />
becoming black ; sporidia in thecce or immersed. Fu-<br />
coidea.<br />
Ka. Sporidia superjicial among gelatinousfibres.<br />
Thallus membranaceous, flat;<br />
fruit scattered ; holdfasts peltate Fascia. 64.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, flat;<br />
fruit scattered; holdfasts fibrous Laminaria. 65.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, flat;<br />
fruit on the stirps; holdfasts fibrous .... Phasgonon. 66.<br />
Thallus threadlike, tubular, supple<br />
sporidia scattered on the surface Chorda. 67.<br />
Thallus threadlike, solid, branched<br />
sporidia scattered on the whole surface . . Chordaria. 68.<br />
Kb. Sporidia in scattered, immersed thecce.<br />
Thallus threadlike, cartilaginous .... Sporochnus. 69.<br />
Thallus compressed, membranaceous Desmarestxa. 70.<br />
Kc. Sporidia in a terminal theca.<br />
Thallus shrubby, compressed Lychina. 71.<br />
Kd. Sporidia in ihecce, immersed on an apothecium.<br />
TA«Z/;^>y cupshaped ; vesicles 0',<br />
apothecia compressed, forked Himanthalia. 72.<br />
Thallus round, forked, ribless;<br />
vesicles 0; apothecia terminal Cervina. 73.
320 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. VI. cell. aph.<br />
Thalkis confluent, flat, ribbed, forked<br />
vesicles innate or 0; apoihecia terminal Fucus. 74-.<br />
Thallus confluent, compressed, ribless;<br />
vesicles innate ; apoUiecia pedicelled Hah,drys. 75.<br />
Thallus ieaflike, branched<br />
vesicles innate ; apoihecia terminal ....... Mackaia. 76.<br />
Thallus leaflike, branched ;<br />
vesicles pedicelled, globular Baccalakia. 77.<br />
Thallus confluent; vesicles pedicelled,<br />
podshape; apothecia lateral Siliouaria. 78.<br />
Ke. Sporidia scattered in the swollen tips of the branches.<br />
Thallus threadlike, forked Furcellaria. 79.<br />
A. Ceramide^. Thallus threadlike, membranaceous,<br />
or leatherlike, tubular, ]om\.ed. ijoijits all formed of a single<br />
tube; knots generally pellucid ; sporidia enclosed in a naked,<br />
or involucrated capsular theca.— Generally rose-red, rarely<br />
brown or green, mostly marine.<br />
I. 26. MESOGLOJA. Agardh. , Slime-gui.<br />
Thallus threadlike, jointed, forked ; branches springing<br />
horizontally from an imaginary central axis; the whole<br />
forming a branched, threadlike, olive, gelatinous mass<br />
inner part very compact, outer looser ; thecce ovate at the<br />
end of the threads, surrounded by the swollen beadlike<br />
branches.—Marine.<br />
Mesogloja vermiculata. JVorinlike slime-gut.<br />
Mass much branched, cylindrical ; branches scattered,<br />
crooked, attenuated, mostly divided ; thallus. branched :<br />
branches alternate; joints rather longer than broad; knots<br />
contracted.<br />
Rivularia vermiculata, Engl. Bot. 1818.<br />
Sea-shores; July and August.<br />
Mass 4 to 9 inches long, olive-brown, very unequally<br />
branched. It differs from the M. vermicularis of Agardh,<br />
Syn. 126, and Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 165, by the lower joints<br />
being 3 or four times as long as broad, and the mass not<br />
beina: so much branched.
Pl.cellaph. S.THALASSlOPHYTiE. 27.Bulboch. 32^1<br />
II. 27. BULBOCHiETE. Agardh. Bristle-weed.<br />
Thallus green, membranaceous, much branched, jointed;<br />
branches bristlelike, continuous, bulbous at the bottom,<br />
from the end of the joints; tliecce ovate, capsular, sessile,<br />
lateral, alternating with the branches.<br />
Bulbochcete Rothii. Roth's hristle-weed.<br />
Thallus branched, flexuous, yellowish-green ; branches<br />
bulbous at the base ; joints 3 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva vivipara, Dillwyn, 59.<br />
Conferva setigera, Roth Cat. 3,238.<br />
Bulbochaete setigera, Agardh Syn.ll.<br />
Fresh-water plants.<br />
Ti/J'ls half an inch long, upright, weak; stem forked?<br />
hranches very slender, simple, straight, very long.<br />
III. 28. ECTOCARPUS. Lyngbye. Brown-iveed.<br />
Thallus threadshape, jointed, membranaceous, very<br />
much branched, brown; joints all simple; knots pellucid;<br />
theccB ovate or podshape, on the side or ends of the twigs.<br />
— Mostly marine; threads entangled into a branched tuft.<br />
1. Ectocarpus tomentosus. JVbollike brown-weed.<br />
Thallus very slender, very closely entangled into a ropelike,<br />
spongy mass, very much branched; branches vague,<br />
divaricated ; joints 4 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva marina lomentosa minus tenera et ferrnginea, Dillen in Rait<br />
Syn. 39, 15.<br />
Conferva fomentosa, Dillwyn Conf. 56.<br />
Ceramium totnentusum, Agardh Syn. Gi.<br />
Ectocarpus tomentosus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 132.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Tufts 2 or 3 inches long, very much branched, pale<br />
green; threads equal; branches spreading; /Aec^ capsular,<br />
lateral, podshaped terminal.<br />
2. Ectocarpus littoralis. Shore brotoU'Weed.<br />
Thallus ropelike ; threads very slender, entangled<br />
branches upright, opposite and alternate ; joints as long as<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva marina capillacea longa ramosissima mollis, Dillen in Rail<br />
Syn. 59, 9.<br />
Conferva littoralis, Dillwyn, 31 ; Engl. Bot. 2290.<br />
Ceramium tomentosum, Roth Cat. 3, 147.<br />
Sea-shores on rocks, shells, or other sea-plants.<br />
Thallus pale green, not spongy, less densely entangled.<br />
VOL. I. Y
mS 28.EGtocar. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.ceU.aph.<br />
$, Eclocarpus granulosus. Granular brown-weed.<br />
Threads slender, free; branches scattered, compound,<br />
spreading, with pellucid, taper points; jozw/^ as long as<br />
broad, becoming tumid, terminal joints the longest.<br />
Conferva granulosa, Engl. Bot. 2351.<br />
Sea-shores; July.<br />
Tufts olive-green, flaccid; Iranclies various, spreading;<br />
ihgc(B lateral, scattered, sessile, reverse-ovate.<br />
4. Ectocarpus silicidosus. Pouch hroiun-iueed.<br />
Threads very slender, free ; hraiiches numerous, upright,<br />
alternate, awlshape; joints leather longer than broad.<br />
Conferva siliculosa, Billwi/n, 69; Engl. Bot. 2319.<br />
.Ceraniiiim confervoides, Roth Cat. 3, 148.<br />
Ceramium siliculos.uin, Agardh Disp. IS.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Tufts greenish or yellowish brown, 3 to 6 inches high*<br />
^accid ; threads membranaceous, not entangled; branches<br />
alternate, nearly upright.<br />
5. Ectocarpus brachiatus. Cross-armed brown-weed.<br />
Threads slender, wavy, entangled ; branches very numerous,<br />
op])osite, crossing each other, widely spread, taper,<br />
pointed ; joints cylindrical, about as broad as long.<br />
Conferva brachiata, Engl. Bot. 2571.<br />
Ceramium biachiatum, Agardh Syn. 67 ?<br />
Salt-marshes and the sea-shore.<br />
Light yellowish-brown, woolly, very soft.<br />
6. Ectocarpus chalybeus. Steel brown-weed.<br />
Threads crowded; branches stiff, ascending ;jom/5 three<br />
times as long as broad; theccB ovate, racemose.<br />
Conferva chalybea, Roth Cut. 3, 286; Billie. 91.<br />
:Conferva corymbifera, Engl. Bot. 1996.<br />
Ceramium chalybeum, ^gardh Disp. 19.<br />
Ceramiurn pukhellum clialybeum, Agardh Sun, 69.<br />
Fresh-water.<br />
Tufts small, close, 2 or 3 lines broad ; .threads iiTegu-<br />
larlv' branched; branches i^res&Qdi close.<br />
IV. 29. CALLITHAMNION. Lyngbye. Frelly-weed,<br />
Thalhis rose-red, threadlike, jointed, very much branched;<br />
joints formed of a single longitudinal tube; knots pel-<br />
lucid ; theccB ovate-globular, capsular, naked, nearly sessile,<br />
©n the side of the twigs at the tips of the joints.—Marine.
PLcelLapk. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 29.Callith. 325<br />
1. Callith. purpurascens. Purplish pretty-iveed.<br />
Threads thrice pinnately divided, very slender, membranaceous,<br />
purplish red ; branches and twigs spreading; knots<br />
contracted; joints 3 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva inarina nodosa, coralloidis montani instar ramosa, JOiUen<br />
Jltisc, 36,<br />
Conferva purpurascens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 600 ; Engl. Bot. 2469.<br />
Cooferva rosea, DiUicyn Conf. 17.<br />
Ceramium roseura, Roth Cat. 2, 182,<br />
Callithamnion roseum, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan, 126.<br />
Sea-shore, on stones or marine plants.<br />
Thallus tufted, 2 or 3 inches long ; branches many, alternate;<br />
twigs very numerous; capsules on the upper side of<br />
the twigs.<br />
&. rosea. Tuft closer, rose red.<br />
Conferva rosea, Engl. Bot. 966.<br />
2. Callithamnion corymbosum. Corymbus pretty-weed.<br />
Thallus branched like network, corymbose, slender,<br />
tufted, rose-colour; branches alternate, many-cut, in bundles;<br />
apex 2-cut; joints slightly dilated above, about twice<br />
as long as broad ; knots pellucid ; thecce ovate, scattered,<br />
peduncled ; peduncles very short.<br />
Conferva corymbosa, Engl. Bot. 2352,<br />
Ceramium pedicellatum, Fl. Dan. 1596,<br />
Callithamnion corymbosum, Lynghye Hydr, Dan. 125.<br />
Sea-shores,<br />
Thallus outline round.<br />
8. Callithamnion Borreri. Borrer's pretty-'Weed.<br />
Thallus repeatedly branched, hairlike, bright red;<br />
branches all alternate, spreading in 2 directions, zigzag,<br />
level-topped; joints cylindrical, about twice as long aa<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva Borreri, Engl. Bot. 1741.<br />
Sea-shore; October.<br />
Thallus tufted, about 2 inches high, becomes orangeyellow<br />
by weathering, very slender; tivigs corymbose ; iwo/s<br />
slightly contracted.<br />
4. Callith. thujoides. Arbor-vitcB pretty-weed,<br />
Thallus repeatedly branched, A'^ery slender, tufted<br />
branches alternate, zizgag ; side-shoots alternate, compound;<br />
joints very short, cylindrical.<br />
Conferva thujoides, Ep§?.J3of. 2205.<br />
Y 2
:324 29. Callith. g.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
Sea-coast; September, October.<br />
Thallus tufted, 1 or 2 inches long; joints of the stem<br />
to 6 times as long as broad, of the twigs only as long.<br />
5. Callith. tetragoniim. Four-sided pretty-weed,<br />
Thallus much-branched, red; twigs bundled, short,<br />
spreading horizontally attenuated at bottom, pointed at<br />
the tip ; joints ovate-cylindrical, twice as long as broad.<br />
Conferva tetragona, Withering Bot. 4,405; Engl. But. 1690.<br />
Sea-shore, or parasitical on other sea-plants.<br />
Thallus tufted, 2 or 3 inches long; branches "i-sided,<br />
sides hollowed ; joints of the twigs about as long as broad<br />
theccp. globular.<br />
6. Callithamnion tetricum. Dirty pretty-weed.<br />
Thallus several times pinnated, brown red, lurid ; segments<br />
and lobes alternate ; points rather curved ; joints<br />
about 3 times as long as broad ; theccR single, slightly pe-<br />
dicelled.<br />
Conferva tetrica, Dillwyn Conf. 81 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1915.<br />
Sea-shore, on stones and marine plants.<br />
Stems many, tufted, 6 or 8 inches high, alternatelj<br />
doubly pinnate ; twigs pinnate ; joints equal.<br />
7. Callithamnion Hookeri. Hooker s pretty-weed.<br />
Thallus very much branched; stem thick, not visibly<br />
jointed, pale reddish- brown ; twigs crowded, short, pinnate<br />
; lobes alternate, jointed ; joints rather longer than<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva Hookeri, Dillw. Conf. 106.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
8. Callithamnio7i floccosum. Flock prelty-weec<br />
Thallus branched, rose-colour ; branches alternately pin-^<br />
nated ; segments opposite, pectinated, horizontally recurved]<br />
lobes pointing one way ; joints about 3 times as long ai<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva Turneri, Engl Bot. 1637.<br />
Conferva Plumula, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57, 425 ; Dillw. Conf. 50.<br />
Conferva floccosa, Fl. Dan. 828.<br />
Ceramiutn floccosum. Roth Cat. 2, 185.<br />
Ceramium Plumula, Jtgardh Syn. 62,<br />
Sea-shore ; May to July.<br />
Thecce sessile, globular, on the lobes.
Pl.celLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 29.Callith. 325<br />
9. Callilhamnion Turneri. Turner's pretty-weed.<br />
Thallus pinnated, rose-colour; lohes opposite, simple,<br />
or rather pinnate; joints '6 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva Turneri, Dillw. Conf. 100.<br />
Ceramium Turneri, Rolh Cat. 3, 128.<br />
Sea-shore, on sea-plants.<br />
Thallus closely tufted, an inch high, upright, linear,<br />
lanceolate.<br />
10. Callilhamnion repejis. Creeping pretty-weed.<br />
Thallus creeping, closely entangled, branched, minute,<br />
light rose-red; branches and twigs mostly pointing one<br />
way; knots slightly contracted; joints 3 times longer than<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva repen?, DUlw. Conf. 13; Engl. Bot. 1608.<br />
Ceramium repens, Agardh Syn. G3.<br />
Callithamnion repens, Lyngbije Hydr, Dan. 128.<br />
Sea-shore on shells and marine plants; Autumn.<br />
Ti/fts rather stiff, brownish red; stem creeping; branches<br />
upright, mosily divided ; twigs spreading.<br />
^. tenellum. Thallus light rose-red, flaccid, very slender;<br />
branches simple.<br />
Conferva tenell.i, Dillw. Syn. 72.<br />
Callilhamnion repens tenellum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 128.<br />
11. Callithamnion phtmosum,. Feather pretty-weed,<br />
Thallus creeping, branched, minute, deep rose-colour;<br />
branches upright, below rather naked, above pinnated;<br />
segments opposite, close ; joints twice as long as broad.<br />
Conferva Pluma, DUlw. Syn. 72.<br />
Parasitic on larger marine plants.<br />
Thecce globose, mostly terminal.<br />
12. Callilhamnion Daviesii. Davies's pretty-iveed.<br />
Thallus branched, tufted, upright, very minute, free,<br />
rose-red; branches and twigs alternate, scattered, pointed;<br />
joints 3 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva Daviesii. Dillu:. Syn. 73; Engl. Bot. 2329.<br />
Callilhamnion Daviesii, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 129.<br />
Sea; on marine plants.<br />
Thallus rarely more than a quarter of an inch long, not<br />
entangled ; thecce placed in rows along the upper side of<br />
the twigs.
3m 29, Callith. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. PlcdLaph,<br />
IS. CaUiihamnion Roihii. Roth's pretty-weed.<br />
Thalhis forked, branched, tufted, upright, short; tuft<br />
close, scarlet ; brunches and twigs alternate ; joints about<br />
3 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva phoeiiicia, R. Brown MSS. With Bot. 4, 165.<br />
Conferva Rothii, Turion's Sysi. Nat. 6,1806', Dillw. Conf.l3; Engl.<br />
Bot. 1702.<br />
Conferva vioL-icea, Roth Cat. 1, 190.<br />
Callithamiiion RoUiii, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 129.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Tufts oblong, bright red, when dry crimson or purplish;<br />
ihallus about half an inch high; IruTiches below distant,<br />
above crowded.<br />
14. Callithamnion lanuginosum. Woolly pretty-weed.<br />
Thallus short, slender, mostly branched, light reddish;<br />
Iranches simple, upright, scattered, going out horizontally.<br />
Conferva lanuginosa, Dillw. Conf.<br />
Callithamnion lanuginosum, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 131.<br />
On marine plants.<br />
Threads very minute, coming out horizontally from the<br />
base, simple or branched above.<br />
15. Calliih.Jioridulum. Smallfloivered pretty-iveed.<br />
Thallus short, slender, tufted, entangled, mostly branched,<br />
very light rose-red ; branches scattered, mostly simple,<br />
remote, placed towards the apex; joints about 3 times as<br />
long as broad.<br />
Conferva floridula, Dillw, Syn, 73.<br />
Roclis on the sea-shore.<br />
Threads very fine, about half an inch long; becomes dull<br />
reddish green when dry.<br />
16. Callilh. intcrruptum. Interrupted pretty-weed.<br />
Thallus branched, short, purplish; branches and twigs<br />
alternate ; joints dilated above, truncated, about four times<br />
as long as broad ; theco! lateral, elliptical, with a transverse<br />
separation, on short pedicells.<br />
*^ Conferva internipta, Engl. Bot. 1838.<br />
On marine plants.<br />
Thallus dull rose-red, about an inch high.<br />
17. Callith. pedicellaturru Pedicelled pretty-weed.<br />
Thallus much branched, forked, hairlike, red; twigs<br />
many-cut; joints slightly dilated above, 5 or 6 times as
PLcelLapL 2.THALASSIOPHYT^.. 29. Callith. 3^7)^<br />
long as broad; tkeccB reverse ovate, pedicelled, solitary<br />
pedicells short, in the forks.<br />
Conferva pedicellata, Engl. Bot. 1817; Dillw. Conf, 108.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
ThalliLS 2 inches high, forming straight, stiff tufts of a.<br />
very pale dull rose-colour.<br />
V. 30, CERAMIUM. Agardh. Horn-weecL<br />
Thalliis rose- red, threadlike, jointed, forked, branched';<br />
joints (solid?) when magnified coloured in fine network;<br />
ilieccE ovate, lateral, involucrated with the sliort branches.<br />
1 Ceramiiim ruhritm. Red korn-iveed.<br />
Threads very much branched, red, cartilaginous; twigs<br />
bristlelike, forked at the tip ; joints ovate, about as long as<br />
broad ; knots contracted.<br />
Conferva marina geniculala ramosissima lubrica, longis .sparsisve ramulis,<br />
Dillen in Rati Syn. 61. 23.<br />
Conferva rubra, Htids. Fl. Angl.QQO; Dillw. Conf. 34.<br />
Conferva nodulosa, Lightf. Scot. 994.<br />
Conferva flosculosa, Ellis Phil. Tr. 57, 425,<br />
Ceram'uiin virgatiim, Roth Cat. 1.<br />
Ceratnium elongatiim, Roth Cat. 2, 178.<br />
Ceramium rubriun, Agardh Syn. 60.<br />
Ceramiiim diapbanum purpurcum, Roth Cat. 2,228.<br />
Fuciis Lagasca, Clem. Ens. 315.<br />
Parasitic on other sea-plants.<br />
T'lifts dark red, becoming yellow by decay; joint pel-<br />
lucid in the centre.<br />
j3. maculatum. Thallus small, thin ; joints with a dark<br />
central spot.<br />
2. Ceramium diaphamim. Transparent horn-weed.,<br />
Thallus threadlike, very much branched, rather membranaceous,<br />
variegated with transparent and purple ; twigs<br />
forcepshape at the tip; joi/z/5 cylindrical, hyaline; knots<br />
elevated, coloured.<br />
Conferva marina nodosa lubrica<br />
Dillen in Rati Syn. 62, 25.<br />
ramosissima et elegantissima rubens,<br />
Conferva diaphana, Lightf. Scot. 996 ; Engl. Bot. 1742.<br />
Conferva nodulosa, Huds. Ft. Angl. 600.<br />
Conferva elegans, Roth Cat. 1.<br />
Conferva fastigiata, Roth Cat. 2, 224.<br />
Corifef\'iig\oh\\\osa, Roth Cat. 2, 233.<br />
Conferva moniliformis. Roth Cat. 2,236.<br />
Ceramium diaphanum, Roth Cat. 3, 154,<br />
Ceramium forficatum glabellum, De Cand. Ft. Fr. 2,46.
328 SO.Ceram. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. Plcell.aph,<br />
Sea-coasts on rocks and large marine plants.<br />
Threads divaricated ; joints vary in length ; sporidia immersed<br />
in the joints.<br />
S. Ceramium ciliatum. Fringed hnrn-iveed.<br />
Thallus threadlike, forked, slender, very much branched,<br />
variegated, transparent, and pale red; ^zf i^-i forcepshape<br />
at the tip ; joints cylindrical, hyaline, scarcely longer than<br />
broad ; knots fringed, in a single whirl.<br />
Conferva ciliata, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57,423; Dillw. Conf. 53; Engl. Bot.<br />
2428<br />
Ceramium ciliatum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 121.<br />
Conferva pilosa, Rvt/i Cat. 2,225.<br />
'Ceramium forcipatuin ciliatum, De Cmid. Fl. Fr. 2, 46.<br />
Sea-shore, on stones and sea-plants.<br />
Thalbis tufted; k?iots red, fringed with short, white,<br />
spreading, pellucid spines; thecce aggregated.<br />
VI. 31. GRIFFITSIA. Agardh. Grijiths.<br />
branches forked,<br />
Thallus rose-red, threadlike, branched ;<br />
whirled, or scattered ; joints pearshaped, composed of a<br />
.«;ingle tube ; knots pellucid ; thecce lateral, appearing like<br />
a young shoot, surrounded by many jointless threads ;<br />
sporidia roundish.— Marine.<br />
1. Griffitsia setacea. Bristle griffiths.<br />
Thallus forked, branched, rodlike, stiff, deep rose-colour,<br />
shining; branches long; joints nearly cylindrical, five times<br />
as long as broad.<br />
Corallina confervoides gelatinosa riibens, lamulis et geniculis peran-<br />
gnstis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 34, 8.<br />
Conferva marina gelatinosa corallinae instar geniculata tenuior, Dillen<br />
Muse. 33.<br />
Conferva setacea, Huds. Fl. Angl. 599; Eng. Bot. 1689; Dillm, Conf.<br />
82.<br />
Grifiitsia setacea, Agardh Disp. 28.<br />
Sea-shores ; June to September.<br />
Thallus very bushy, becoming orange-coloured by exposure<br />
to the air; hranckes rather obtuse; fruit peduncled.<br />
2. Griffitsia corallina. Coralline griffiths.<br />
Thallus forked, shining, fine gold en- red ; joints thickened<br />
above, 4 times as long as broad.
Pl.celLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Sl.Griffit. 329<br />
Corallina confervoidcs gelatinosa alba, geniculis crassiusculis pellucidis,<br />
Dillen in Raii Syn. 34, 8.<br />
Conferva<br />
ien Muse. 33.<br />
marina, gelatinosa, corallinse instar geniculata crassior, Dj7-<br />
Conferva geniculata, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57, 425.<br />
Conferva coralloides, Lin. S. P. 1636.<br />
Conferva corallina, Lin. Syst. Feg.<br />
2815.<br />
973; Dillwyn Conf. 98; Engl. Bot.<br />
Callilhamnion corallinum, Lynghye Ilydr. Dan. 126.<br />
Sea-shore; July.<br />
Thallas 2 or 3 inches high ; thecce sessile.<br />
3. Griffltsia larhnta. Bearded griffitJis.<br />
Thalliis forked, branched, pale crimson, fibrous at the<br />
tip; twigs opposite, many-cut, very slender ; joi/2/5 thickened<br />
above, 5 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva florifera, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57,425.<br />
Conferva bai bata, Engl. Bnt. 18)4; Dillw. Syn. 75.<br />
Griffitsia barbata, Agardh Disp. 28.<br />
Sea-shores; July.<br />
Thallas 2 or 3 inches high; lower Iranches divaricating;<br />
iheccB lateral, often sessile.<br />
4. Griffitsia miiU'ifida. Many-cut griffiths,<br />
Thallas branched, red ; tivigs opposite or ternate, dis-<br />
tant, many-cut ; joints cylindrical, 4 or 5 times as long as<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva niultifida, Engl. Bnt. 181S, not of Hudson; Dillw. Syn. 75.<br />
GrifB(sia muUifida, Agardh Disp. 23<br />
TlialU several, 3 to 5 inches high, fugacious rose-colour;<br />
iranches unequal.<br />
5. Griffitsia equisetifoUa. Horsetail griffiths.<br />
Thallas very much branched, thick, purplish red<br />
branches attenuated at both ends; tiuigs in whirls, tiledlike,<br />
short, many-cut, covering the stem entirely ; jow//5 3 to<br />
5 times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva iinbricata, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603.<br />
Conferva muUifida, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603.<br />
Conferva equisetifoUa, Light/. Scot. 984; Engl. Bot. 1479; Dillw.<br />
Conf. 54.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallas 3 or 4 inches long, branched, bright red when<br />
young ; purplish brown when older ; branches cylindrical,<br />
alternate.
330 32.Bomch. 2.THALASS10'PHYTM, PL cell. aph.<br />
VII. 32. BORRICHIUS. Borrichius.<br />
Thallus rose-red. threadshape; Ira'nches forked, verti-<br />
cillate ; joints cylindrical, composed of a single tube ; knots<br />
pellucid ; ihecce ovate, naked, on the side of the twigs.<br />
Gelatinous, marine.<br />
Borrichius gelatinosus. Gelatinous borrichius.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, much branched, very gelatinous,<br />
very pale pink; ^?07/c/26'i^ alternate, very numerous, cylindrical,<br />
blunt, recurved.<br />
Rivularia verticillata, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 127 ;<br />
Sea-coasts ;<br />
July and August.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2466.<br />
VIII. 33. BATRACHOSPERMUM. B. de St.Vincent.<br />
Knot weed.<br />
Thallus green or brown, threadlike, branched ; tivigs<br />
forked, in whirls; ;om/5 cylindrical, composed of a single<br />
tube ; knots pellucid ; iheccc ovate, naked, on the side of<br />
the twigs.— Very gelatinous, beadlike, appearing like a<br />
dotted picture when dry, in marshes.<br />
1. Bairachospermum moniliforme. Necklace knot-weed.<br />
Thallus much branched, forming tufts, attenuated<br />
branches alternate, spreading; twigs in whirls, forked, very<br />
close ; joints ovate, necklacelike.<br />
Conferva fontana nodosa, spermatis ranarum instar lubrica, major et<br />
fusca, Dillen in Rail Syn. 62, 26.<br />
Ciiara batrachosperma, Weiss Crypt. Gott. 33, 1.<br />
Chara gelatinosa, Roth Cat. 125.<br />
Conferva gelatinosa, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 720; mUu). Conf. 32: Engl.<br />
Bot. 689.<br />
Batrachosperma ludibunda, B.de S. Vine. An>i. Mus. 12,310,<br />
Batrachofperminn moniliforme. Roth Gerjn. 3,480.<br />
In clear rivulets and springs, on pebbles.<br />
Thallus 1 to 3 inches long; lower joints very long, upper<br />
shorter.<br />
/3. purpurascens. Branches more pointed ; thallus pur-<br />
plish blue.<br />
y. detersum. Twigs wanting ; thallus appearing like<br />
naked, knotted threads.<br />
Conferva fontana nodosa, lubrica; filamentis tenuissimis nigris, Dillen<br />
Muse. 39.<br />
Conferva atra, Huds. Angl. 597 ; Dillm. Conf. 11 ; Engl. Bot. 690.<br />
Ceramium tiodnlosum, Agardh Dec. 23.<br />
Batracliospermum moniliforme detersum, Agardh Syn. 122.
Tl.cellaph. 2.THALASS.IOPHYT^. S3. Batrach. 331<br />
2. Balrachosperminn vagum. Vague hiot-tveed.<br />
Thallus forked, round, equal ; Iranches spreading ; tivigs<br />
in whirls, forked, very close ; joints ovate, beadlike.<br />
Conferva alpina lubrica, filamentis nodosis cseri'.leis, Dillen Muse,<br />
Conferva gelatinosa o, Huds. Fl. Jngl. 598.<br />
Chara gelatinosa vaga, Roth Germ. 1, 127.<br />
Conferya gelatinosa casrulescens, fVakl, 510.<br />
Batrachosperma turfosa, B. de St. Vine, ^nn Mus. 12, 310.<br />
Batracliospermnm moniliforme vagum, Roth Cat. 3,482.<br />
Batrachospermum vagum, Agardh Syn. 123.<br />
Ponds in boggy soils.<br />
Thallus less slimy, stiflPer and more slender than the<br />
preceding; not appearing like a row of beads.<br />
E. HuTCHiNSiDE.E. T/wllus threadlike, main stem solid,<br />
continuous, jointed or with an internal jointed axis; joints<br />
composed of man}'^ veins or tubes ; iwigs jointed, joints<br />
simple or compound; knots mostly coloured; sporidia enclosed<br />
in a capsule-like theea. — Reddish or greenish<br />
mostly marine.<br />
IX. 34. CLADOSTEPHUS. Agardh. Bottlehrusli-weed.<br />
Thallus olive, branched ; main JUamenl solid, jointed ;<br />
/zt'fg'^ jointed, in whirls, mostly simple; 70272/5 simple; theece<br />
ovate, peduncled, on the side of the twigs.<br />
1. Cladoslephus verticillatus. JVkirl lottlelrush-weed.<br />
Thallus forked, branchedj brownish olive; iwigs mostly<br />
2-cut, incurved, in regular Avh iris, short, tilediike; jom/5<br />
broader than long; thec(£ elliptical, oblong.<br />
Conferva verticillata, LigMf. Scot. 984 ; Dillw. Conf. 55 ; Engl. Bot<br />
1718.<br />
Conferva myriopliyllum. Roth Cat. 3,212.<br />
Cladostephus verticillatus, Agardh Disp. 26.<br />
Ceramium verticillatiira, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 39.<br />
Fucus verticillatus, Wulf. Crypt. Gott. 13.<br />
Sea-coasts.<br />
Main stem very thick, spreading; thecce. on the twigs of<br />
the old main stem.<br />
2. Cladostephus spojigiosus. Spongy hotllehnish-weed.<br />
Thallus branched, olive-green ; tivigs simple, bent inwards,<br />
scattered, tiledlike; joints little longer than broad;<br />
thecce reverse-ovate.<br />
Fucus teretifolius spongiosus pilosissimus, Rail Syn, 46.<br />
Fucus hirsutus, Lin. Mant, 134.<br />
Conferva spongiosa, Huds. Fl.Angl. 596; Dillw. Conf- 42.<br />
Cladostephus spongiosus, Agardh Disp. 26.
332 34.Cladost. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. PlcelLaph.<br />
Sea- shore.<br />
Theccc on the shorter twigs of the branches.<br />
3. Cladostephus niveits. White hotllehnish-weed.<br />
Thallus branched; branches slender, rather stiff, white;<br />
twigs in obscure whirls ; joints as long as broad, dark.<br />
Conferva nivea, Dillioyn Syn. 54 ; Engl. Dot. 2529 ; jigardh Disp. 30,<br />
B^ssiis lanuginosus, Willan Sulph. fVat. 10.<br />
Roots and dead leaves in sulphureous springs.<br />
Thalli very slender; branches very numerous, ringed<br />
with black, mostly covered with a white crust. Perhaps a<br />
thorea; but it is very imperfectly described by authors.<br />
X. 35. SPHACELARIA. Lyngbye. Rust-weed.<br />
Thallus olive-branched, jointed ; branches 2-rowed<br />
joints all compound; sporidia enclosed in the tip of the<br />
branches v/hich become sphacellated and open, rarely in<br />
lateral, ovate, capsular thecee.<br />
1 . Sphacelaria pennata. Pinnate rust-weed.<br />
Thallus much branched, slender; branches alternate,<br />
rather bipinnate, lobes 2-rowed, alternate and opposite<br />
joints as long as broad.<br />
Conferva cirrhosa, Roth Cat. 3, 294.<br />
Conferva pennata, Huds. Fl.<br />
-ssso,<br />
Jngl. 604; Billw. Conf. 86; Engl. Bot.<br />
Ceramium cirrhosum, Agardh Disp. 21.<br />
Sphaci'laria pennata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 195.<br />
Sea-shore, on rocks, corallines, and sea-plants.<br />
Tufts bushy, from one-half to two inches high; threads<br />
olive- brown.<br />
2. Sphacelaria scoparia. Shore rust-weed.<br />
Thallus much branched, stiff; branches in bundles, al-<br />
ternate, nearly bipinnate, crowded; lobes short, alternate,<br />
2-rowed, pressed close, pointed ; joints as long as broad.<br />
Muscus marinus rubens, Ger. emac. 1571 ; Park. 1296.<br />
Conferva marina pinnuta, Dillen in Rail Syn. 59, 14.<br />
Conferva scoparia, Lin. S. P. 1 6.S5 ; Engl. Bot. 1552 ; Dilliv. Conf. 52.<br />
Ceramium scnparium, Roth Cat. 2, 141.<br />
Sphacelaria scoparia, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 104,3.<br />
Sea-shores, on shells and pebbles; all the year.<br />
Thallus dull, olive-brown, 3 to 6 inches high; stems<br />
many, clothed with entangled jointed threads or twigs<br />
clustered.
Plcell.aph. 2.THALASSI0PHYT^. 35. Sphacel. 33S<br />
S. Sphacelaria Mertensii. Merte?i's rust-weed.<br />
ThaLlus branched, yellowish brown; branches pinnate;<br />
lohes mostly opposite, short; joints half as long as broad.<br />
Conferva Mertensii, Engl. Bot. 999 ; Dillw. Syn. 79.<br />
Tiifls 3 inches high; 5/ew5 many, cylindrical, pinnate;<br />
branches short, opposite, 2-rowed, from the base of the<br />
stem; pellucid.<br />
4. Sphacelaria ccespitula. Small-tiifted rust-weed.<br />
Thallus tufted, very small; branches mostly simple, alternate,<br />
long, blunt.<br />
Conferva olivacea, Dillw. Syn. 57.<br />
Sphacelaria csespitula, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 106.<br />
On Other sea-plants.<br />
Threads about a line high, aggregated, yellowish green.<br />
5. Sphacelaria fiisca. Brown rust-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike; branches distant, mostly alternate;<br />
twigs spreading, clublike ;yom/^ transversely banded in the<br />
middle, as long as broad.<br />
Conferva fusca, Huds. Fl. Angl. 602 ;<br />
Stones and rocks in the sea.<br />
Threads 3 or it inches long.<br />
Dillw. Conf, 95.<br />
XI. 36. ELLISIUS. Ellis.<br />
Thallus rose-red, branched ; main stem solid, continuous,<br />
or slightly jointed; branches and twigs scattered, jointed;<br />
joints of the twigs simple, composed of one tube; thecce<br />
ovate, lateral, or immersed in the tip of the branches. —<br />
Marine.<br />
1. Ellisius glaber. Bald ellis.<br />
Threads much branched, red; stem thick, jointless, netlike,<br />
naked below, very much branched above; twigs<br />
crowded, nearly in whirls, short, alternately branched^<br />
jointed ; joints as long as broad.<br />
Conferva Arbuscula, Dillw. Conf. 85 ; En^l. Bot, 1916.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus tufted, 2 inches high.
SS4. 36. Ellis. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Plcell.aph.<br />
2. Ellisius coccineus. Scarlet ellis.<br />
Threads much branched, scarlet; stem thick, shaggy,<br />
obscurely jointed ; branches alternately doubly pinnate;<br />
loles many-cut, tufted, jointed ; joints rather shorter than<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva coccinea, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603; Engl. Bot. lOib iJ)ilUa. Conf.S,<br />
Conferva plumosa. Light/. Scot. 966.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Main stem rough; younger branches bright scarlet; theco<br />
ovate and lanceolate.<br />
&. tenuior. Threads slender, twigs short, and less feathered.<br />
XII. 37. HUTCHINSIA. Agardh. Hutchins.<br />
Thallus rose-red, branched, ]omteA', joints with a central<br />
tube, all compound, streaked, or composed of many pa-<br />
rallel longitudinal lines ; thecce external, ovate, lateral,<br />
or immersed in the tips of the branches.—Marine.<br />
a. Threads pervaded by 4 tubes, veined in network; branches<br />
long, bristlelike.<br />
1 Hutchinsia elongaia. Long hutchins.<br />
Threads much branched, cartilaginous, purple; branches<br />
and twigs bristlelike, long, very slender, stiff"; joints half<br />
as long as broad ; lower joints obsolete, veined in network.<br />
.Conferva elongata, DHIk:. Conf. 33 ;<br />
Engl. Boi. 4229.<br />
Ceramiiim elongatura, Roth Cat. 3, 128.<br />
Hutchinsia elongata, Agardh Syn. 54.<br />
Lobster-iiorn conferva.<br />
Sea-shore; October.<br />
Thallus spreading, 3 to 12 inches high, purplish brown;<br />
branches and twigs narrower at both ends: joints Teiny,<br />
rather straight, angles of the branches rounded.<br />
2. Hutchinsia brachygona. Short-jointed hutchins.<br />
Thallus diff'used, vaguely branched ; branches rather remote,<br />
spreading ; twigs mostly simple, attenuated ; joints<br />
half as long as broad, veined in network.<br />
Fucus difFusns, Huds. Fl. Angl. 589.<br />
Ceramiiim brachygonura, Lynghye Hydr. Ban. 118.<br />
Sea-shore, on the rocks; annual; spring and summer.<br />
Thallus red, when dry blackish, stiff".
PLcdl.aph, 2.THALASSI0PHYT^. 37.Hutchin. S3S<br />
b. Thallus tubular, solid; joints streaked lengthways.<br />
3. Hutchinsiafucoides. JVracklike hidchins.<br />
Threads* very much branched, diffused, rather cartilaginous,<br />
brownish-black; twigs horizontally spi-eading, forked;<br />
last twigs alternate, bent inwards, pointed; joi^z/^ rather<br />
longer than broad.<br />
Conferva fucoides, Huds. Fl. Angl. 608 ; Billw. Conf. 75 ; Engl. Bot.<br />
1743.<br />
Ceramium violaceum, Roth Cat. 1, 150.<br />
Hutchinsia violacea, jigardh Syn. 54 ?<br />
Sea-shore ; July to September.<br />
Thallus very bushy, 3 to 12 inches high; outlijie orbicular,<br />
blackish brown when dry, elastic ; joints composed<br />
of a simple series of small oblique veins.<br />
4. Hutchinsia nigrescens. Blackish hutchins.<br />
Threads very much branched, stiff, rather cartilaginous,<br />
brownish black; twigs upright, forked, pointed; joints rather<br />
longer than broad<br />
Conferva nigrescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 602? Engl. Bot. 1717.<br />
Sea-coasts.<br />
Thallus closely tufted, 4 to 6 inches high, outline narrow<br />
wedgeshape; main filament very thick; branches stxid.<br />
twigs straight, upright.<br />
5- Hutchinsiafibrat a.<br />
'<br />
Threaded huichins.<br />
Threads branched, reddish purple ; branches forked ; tivigs<br />
rather bundled ;<br />
tips furnished with pellucid jointed fibres<br />
joints of the stem Icaig, of the twigs as long as broad.<br />
Conferva fibrala, Dillw, Syn. 159 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2139.<br />
Sea-shore, on marine plants.<br />
Thallus closely tufted, 2 or 3 inches high ; end of the<br />
twigs often pellucid, colourless, fringed v/ith many long,<br />
slender, forked, transparent fibres.<br />
6. Hutchinsia urceolata. Pitcher hutching.<br />
Threads much branched, diffuse, reddish brown ; twigs<br />
spreading, short; joints of the stem longer, of the twigs<br />
shorter than broad ; veins few ; thecce pitchershape.<br />
Conferva nigrescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 602 ?<br />
Conferva urceolata, Dillw. Syn. 156 ; Engl. Bot. 2365.<br />
Sea-shores on rocks, or marine plants.
336 37.Hutchin. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE.PZ. ce//.a/)A.<br />
Thallus slender, bushy, rich red brown, when dry dull<br />
black ; joints of 4 or 6 veins, long near the root but become<br />
gradually shorter.<br />
7. Hutchinsia hadia. Bay hutchins.<br />
Threads branched, stiff, reddish black; branches long;<br />
twigs short, distant, mostly simple ; joints rather longer<br />
than broad.<br />
Conferva badia, Dillw. Syn. 85, not of Agardli ?<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
8. Hutchinsia strict a. Stiff" hutchins.<br />
Threads branched, stiff, equal, level-topped, tender,<br />
scai'let ; branches forked, nearly upright ; joints about three<br />
times as long as broad.<br />
Conferva stric(a, Dillw. Conf. 40.<br />
Huichinsia stricta, Jgardh Syn. 56.<br />
Sea-coasts.<br />
Thailus tufted ; outline wedgeshape ; glossy red when<br />
dried ;<br />
threads of nearly equal thickness throughout.<br />
&. diffusa. Threads diffused; outline nearly orbicular,<br />
dull dirty brown when dry.<br />
9. Hutchinsia patens. Spreading hutchins.<br />
Threads branched, slightly diffused, rose-red; branches<br />
scattered, rather spreading; yoz«/5 about twice as long as<br />
broad.<br />
Conferva patens, DUlw. Syn, 83.<br />
Sea-coast; on marine plants.<br />
Thallus tufted, diffuse; branches lateral; twigs short,<br />
numerous.<br />
10. Hutchinsia fibrillosa.<br />
Threads much branched, red ;<br />
Fibrillous hutchins.<br />
branches scattered, rather<br />
truncated, ending in a close pencil and fibres; lower joints<br />
longer than broad, the upper shorter.<br />
Conferva fibrillosa, Dilla. Syn. 86.<br />
Hutchinsia fibrillosa, jigardh Syn. 57.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Thallus tufted, spreading, irregularly branched; twigs<br />
many ijibres simple, tubular, appearing as \f jo'mtedj joints<br />
much longer than broad ; iheccB slightly pedicelled.
PkcelLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 37. Hutchin. 337<br />
1\. Hut chinsia nigra.<br />
Black hut chins.<br />
_<br />
Threads branched, reddish black; branches long; twigs<br />
short, awlshape, distant, generally many-cut, nearly pencilshape;<br />
joints, of the stem longer than broad, of the twigs<br />
as long.<br />
Conferva nigra, Huds. Fl. Jngl 595; Engl. Bot. 2340; Dillu:. S
S^8 ST.Hutchin. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Plcell.aph.<br />
15. Hutchhisia parasitica.<br />
Parasitic hutcUvs,<br />
Threads doubly pinnate, rather stiff, brownish red ; segmenls<br />
and lobes Q.\ternaie; joints not quite so long as broad.<br />
Conferva parasitica, Huds. FlJngl. 604 ; Engl. Bot. 1429 ; Dillw. 87.<br />
Hutchinsia Mostingii, Lyngbye Ilydr. Dan. 116?<br />
Sea-shore; on marine plants.<br />
Tlialliis 1 or 2 inches long, slender; tivigs pointed,<br />
gradually smaller; tlieccc oblong, axillary, pedicelled.<br />
16. Hutchinsia Brodim. Brodie's hvichins.<br />
Threads very much branched, purplish black ; branches<br />
long; twigs scattered, spreading, many-cut, in bundles;<br />
joints of the branches obsolete, of the twigs rather longer<br />
^han broad.<br />
Conferva Brodiaji, Dillw. Conf. 107 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2589.<br />
Thallas 1 or 2 feet long, repeatedly and finely branched<br />
theccB lateral or axillary.<br />
17. Hutchinsia pulchella. Pretty hutchins.<br />
Thallus much branched, round ; tranches and twigs<br />
ascending, alternate, close, pointed, simple or 2-cut; joints<br />
shorter than broad.<br />
Fucus crisfatus y, Turner Uist. Fiic. 48.<br />
Fucus cristatusj Engl. Bot. 1925.<br />
v5ea-shores.<br />
Thallus 2 or 3 inches high, compressed, repeatedly alternately<br />
branched.<br />
JCIII. 38.VERTEBRATA. Backbone.<br />
Thallus round, forked, branched, smooth ; axis central,<br />
jointed ; joints composed of many tubes, with a cewtral<br />
opake spot; thecce. ovate, lateral, or in the tip of the twigs.<br />
Vertehrata fastigiata. Even-topped backbone.<br />
Threads forked, even-topped ; joints half as long as<br />
broad, with a central black spot.<br />
Conferva marina geiiiculata rainosissima lubrica, brevibus et palmatim<br />
congeslis ramulis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 61, 24.<br />
Conferva marina, nigra palma(a, Dillen Muse. 32.<br />
Conferva polymorpiia, Z,fra. S. P. 1636; Engl. Bot. UQi; Dillw. M.<br />
Fucr.s lanosiis, izn. Syst. Veg. e.d. 13, 815.<br />
Ceramium fastigiatum, Roth Cat. 2, 175.<br />
JHutchinsia fastigiata, Agardh Syn. 53.<br />
Sea and mouths of rivers; parasitic on fuci.<br />
'
Plcell.aph. S.THALASSIOPHYTiE. SS.Verteb. 339<br />
Tufts stiff, close, blackish brown, 2 or 3 inches high, not<br />
adhering to paper; joints composed of an internal annular<br />
series of interrupted cells.<br />
C. CoRALLiDE^. Thalhis threadshape, jointed ; axis<br />
membranaceous, fibrous, continuous; Zr/rA cellular, cretaceous,<br />
jointed; thecce. terminal or lateral.—Marine.<br />
XIV. 39. JANIA. Lamarck. Jania.<br />
Tliallus threadlike, hairlike, forked, jointed ; jom/i cylindrical;<br />
axw horny; bark thin, chalky.<br />
1. Jania ruhens. Reddish jania.<br />
Joints of the stem roundish, of the forks clubbed; theccB<br />
polymorphous, appendiculated, or naked.<br />
Jania rubra, Lamouroux Zooph. 272.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
)3. communis. Branches long ; thecoB 0.<br />
Corallina rubra, Ellis Corall. 64.<br />
^. cristata. Thecce appendiculated; appendix truncated.<br />
Corallina cristata, Ellis Corall. 65.<br />
S40 4-0. Coral. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. Vl.celLaph.<br />
Corallina, Rail Syn. 33, 1.<br />
Corallina Aiis;lica, Ger.em. 1379.<br />
Corallina officinalis, Ellis Zooph. 110; CoraU.24i.<br />
Rocks and shells in the sea.<br />
2. CoraUina eloncrata. Lon^ coralline.<br />
Three-forked ; joints of the stem roundish, wedgeshape,<br />
of the branches cylindrical; thecce terminal, obtuse or<br />
headed.<br />
Corallina elongata, Ellis Zooph, 119.<br />
Corallina, &c. Ellis Curall. 63, 4.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
. 3. Corallina sqiiamata. Scaled coralline.<br />
Three-forked ; joints of the stem round, compressed,<br />
wedgeshape, of the twigs compressed, flat ; i hec(E termmal^<br />
flattened, edge acute.<br />
Corallina squamata, Ellis Zooph. 117 ;<br />
Corallina abietina, Lamouroux Hist,<br />
Rocks in the sea.<br />
Corall. 63.<br />
D. DiCTYOTiDE^. Thallus continuous, membranaceous<br />
or rather leatherlike, flat, fanshaped or forked ; fibres parallel<br />
from the base to the tip, finely reticulated by concentric<br />
parallel lines; bark chalklike, hairy, conferva-like;<br />
spoiudia scattered ; colour green or reddish, permanent.<br />
XVI. 41. ZONARIA. Draparnaud. Girdleweed.<br />
Thallus flat, fanshaped, ribless ; base villous ; sporidia solitary<br />
in immersed, concentric lines.—Brownish.<br />
1 . Zojiaria pavonia. Peacock girdleiveed.<br />
Thallus flat, leatherlike, fanshaped, simple or lobed,<br />
streaked ; streaks crossing each other.<br />
Fuciis tnariti.'Rus gallopavonis pennas referens, Raii Syn. 43, 14 ; EUis<br />
Corall. 88.<br />
Ulva jiavonia, Lin, Syst, Nat. ed. 12, 2, 719.<br />
Frattinickia pavonia, Weh. and Mohr. Ind, Musv<br />
Zonaria pavonia, ^gardh Disp. 20.<br />
Dict^'ota (Padina) pnv on'ia, Lamvuroux Diss.<br />
Rock on sea-shore.<br />
Thalli several together from a central base, spreadirig<br />
circularly.
m.eeU.aph. 5?.THALASSI0PHYT^. 41. Zonar. 341<br />
2. Zonaria atomaria. Speckled girdleweed,<br />
Thallns flat, dilated above, fanshaped, palmate; lobes,<br />
linear, slightly divided.<br />
Ulva atomaria, Woodward in Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 53 ;<br />
Dictyota zonata, Lamouroux Diss. 25, 1.<br />
Zonaria zonaia, Agardh Dispos. 20,<br />
Sea-coasts.<br />
Thallus yellowish brown, edge not cut.<br />
Engl. Bot. 419.<br />
^. ciliata. Lobes slender; edge fringed, serrated.<br />
Dictyota ci'.iala, Lamouroux Diss.<br />
Ulva atomaria, Engl. Bot. the lower fig.<br />
Ulva serrata, De Cand. Fl. Gall. Syn. 3.<br />
XVII. 42. DICTYOTA. Lamouroux. Dlciyole.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless, mostly forked,<br />
much branched; sporidia immersed in interrupted series,<br />
or scattered.<br />
1. Dictyota dichotoma. Two-forked dictyote.<br />
Thallus olive, yellowish, membranaceous, forked; lobe»<br />
linear, not cut.<br />
Fucus membranaceus dichotomus graraineus, Raii Sijn. 'lb, 2.<br />
TJUadichntoma., Lightf. Scot. 915; Engl. Bot. 174:.<br />
Dictyota dichotoma, Lamouroux Diss.<br />
Zonaria dichotoma, Agardh Disp. 22.<br />
Sea-coast.<br />
|3. inequalis. Last lobes 3 or 4 times narrower than the<br />
primary ones.<br />
y. implexa. Thallus small, lobes very slender, linear,<br />
entangled.<br />
Ulva dichotoma, Engl. Bot. 775, lower fig.<br />
Dictyota implexa, Lamouroux Diss.<br />
2. Dictyota liguluta. Tonguelike dictyote.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, reddish, branched ; branches<br />
dilated, rather forked with obtuse angles, terminating with<br />
straplike fringed segments.<br />
Ulva ligulata. Woodward Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,54; Engl. Bot. 420.<br />
Zonaria ? ligulata, Agardh Disp. 21.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
XVIII. 43. DICTYOPTERIS. Lamouroux. Dictyoptere.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, midribbed, olive-green,<br />
forked, branched; sporidia in clusters; clusters prominentia<br />
scattered, in a line on each side of the midrib.
34-2 43.Dictyopt. 2.THALSSI0PHYT^. Plcell.aph.<br />
Dictyopteris elongata. Long diclyoptere.<br />
ThaUiis linear, membranaceous, pellucid, greenish brown;<br />
midrib slightly prominent, here and there proliferous ; edge<br />
not in the least cut ; branches long.<br />
Fucus membranaceus, Stackh. Nereis, 13 ;<br />
Dictyopteris elongata, Lamouroux Essai.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1758.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Holdfasts callous ; thallus woolly, very thin, when dry<br />
transparent, greenish.<br />
E. Ulvoide^. Thallus continuous, membranaceous,<br />
leatherhke or gelatinous, regularly cellular; integuments<br />
smooth, membranaceous; sporidia scattered in the substance<br />
of the thallus, or in prominent spots.— Greenish, either<br />
permanent, or becoming whitish.<br />
XIX. 'M. ASPEROCOCCUS. Lamour. Roughfruit.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, compressed, tubular ? branched,<br />
"brownish ; sporidia ped uncled, in scattered groups on the<br />
surface of the thallus; holdfasts shieldlike.<br />
• Asperococcus multifida. Mamj-cut roughfruit.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, brownish, repeatedly branched,<br />
rather palmate; lobes spreading, linear, various in length<br />
and breadth.<br />
Ulva mullifida, Engl. Bot. 1913.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Holdfasts shieldlike; thallus 4 or 5 inches long.<br />
XX. 45. ULVA. Linnaeus. Laver.<br />
Thallus membranaceous, flat, nerveless, mostly green,<br />
rarely purplish ; stirpsuone; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia<br />
4 together, immersed in the substance of the thallus.<br />
1. Ulva lacluccpfoUa. LeLluce-leaf laver.<br />
Thallus bright green, aggregate, oblong, undulated, bul-<br />
lated, below attenuated, above dilated, lobed, crisped.<br />
Ulva marina laciucJE similis. Rail Syn. 62, 1.<br />
Treraella marina vulgaris lactucEe similis, Dillen. Muse. 42.<br />
Ulva Lactuca, Lin. S. P. 1682; Engl. Bot. 1551.<br />
Green laver. Oyster green.<br />
Stones and shells in the sea; annual.<br />
^ Thallus pale green, very tender, thin, flaccid.—Salt and<br />
bitterish, eaten stewed with lemon-juice as an antiscorbutic,<br />
but acts strongly upon the bowels.
Pl.cellaph. S.THALASSIOPHYT^. 45. Ulva. S4>S;<br />
2. TJlva latissima. Broadest laver.<br />
Thallus yellow-green, solitary, oblong, very broad, flat^<br />
edge waved.<br />
Ulva laiissima, Lin. S. P. 1632.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Thallus 2 or 3 feet long, nearly a foot broad, edge waved,<br />
base not narrower.<br />
3. Ulca bullosa. Bullate laver,<br />
Thallus dark green, dilated, at first tubular, then flat-<br />
tened, sinuous, rather plaited, slippery.<br />
Ulva palustris lactucEe marinai similis, sed multo minor et tenerior^<br />
Dilkn in liaii Syn. 63, 6,<br />
Tremella palustris, vulgari similif, sed minor et tenerior, Dillen Mmc^.<br />
44.<br />
Ulla bullosa. Roth Cat. 3, 329.<br />
Ulva Lactuca /3, Hudson Fl. Angl. 567.<br />
On aquatic plants in ditches; annual; Sept. to May»<br />
Thallus solitary or aggregate.<br />
4-. Ulva lanceolata. Lance lavet^.<br />
Thallus pale green, ovate, spearshape.<br />
Ulva lanceolata, Lin. S. P.<br />
Rocks on the sea-shore.<br />
Thallus 9 inches to a foot long.<br />
5. Ulvafasciaia. Banded laver\.<br />
Thallus green, aggregate, lanceolate, not cut, narrower<br />
at both ends, flat ; edge flexuous.<br />
Ulva Linza, Lin. S. P. 1633.<br />
Tremella marina fasci^ita, Dilkn in Raii Syn. 62, 3 ;<br />
Thallus 6 to 12 inches long, an inch broad.<br />
Muse. 46.<br />
6. Ulva plicata. Folded laver,<br />
Thallus dark green, connate at bottom, imbricate, plaitedj.<br />
ovate, blunt.<br />
Lichen mariniis, TaberntEtn. Icon. 814.<br />
Bryon lactucaefolium, Lobel,2,2'il.<br />
Ulva plicata, Flor. Dan. 829.<br />
Rocks and the sea-shore.<br />
Thalli many, aggregate, umbilicated at bottom, in the<br />
centre.<br />
7. Ulva terrestris. Land laver^<br />
Thallus dark green, aggregate, ovate, crowded, slender,,<br />
decumbent, plaited, crisped.
344 45. Ulva. 2.THALASSI0PHYT^. Fl.eell.apL<br />
Ulva terresiris. Roth Cat. 211.<br />
Ulva crispa, Lightfoot Fl. Scot, 972.<br />
Ulva Lactuca, y, lliids. Fl.Angl. 667.<br />
Damp, shady places.<br />
Thalli many, aggregated, in a crisp and bullated bed.<br />
8. Ulva iimhillcata. Umhilicated laver,<br />
Thallus reddish brown, flat, tiled-hke, gregarious, nearly<br />
orbiculate, umbihcated, sessile, longitudinally plaited.<br />
Ulva marina ii'mhilicata, Dillen in Raii Sijn. 63,3.<br />
Ticineila marina unibilicafa, Dillen Muse. 45.<br />
Uiva iimbiliriilis, Lin. S. P. 1633 ; Engl. Bat. 2286.<br />
Fuctis Tieniella uti.biiicala, Gmel. 219.<br />
Uiva purpurea umbiiicala, Agaidh Sjn. 41.<br />
On stones, on the sea-shore.<br />
.9. Ulva purpurea. Purple laver,<br />
Tkallus purple, fiat, solitary, lanceolate; edge not cut,<br />
wavey, crisp.<br />
Ulva purpurea, jKo//i Cat. 1,209.<br />
Ulva umbiJicalis /3, Wald. Lapp. 967.<br />
Rock on the sea-shores.<br />
Thallus rounded and contracted at bottom.<br />
10. Ulva edulis. Eaiahle laver.<br />
Thallus very dark red, nearly opake, wedgeshape, not in<br />
the least cut, rounded at the tip, narrowed at bottom.<br />
Fuciis Scoticj.is, latissimvis eduSis diik'is, Raii Syn. 46,30.<br />
Uiva edulis. Be CandoUe Fl. Gall. 2, 12.<br />
Fucus edulis, Stackh. Nereis Brit. 12; Engl. Bot. 1307.<br />
Fucus dulcis, GmeJin, 189.<br />
Fucus Lactura, Esper, 64.<br />
Fucus carncsus, Esper, 76.<br />
Fucus palsnatus /3, Light/. Scot. 934.<br />
llaljmenia edulis, jigardh Syn. 35.<br />
Bulse.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Odour like tea ; eaten raw before dinner.<br />
1 1 . Ulva pahnaia. Palmate laver,<br />
Thallus purplish red, pellucid, palmate, not in the least<br />
cut; lobes oblong, mostly simple.<br />
Fucus intffrtbrannceits ceratioides, Rgii Syn, 46, 29.<br />
Ulva palmata. Be Cand. Fl. Gall. 2, 12.<br />
Halymenia palmala, Jlgardh Syn. 35,<br />
Fucus paluiatus, Lin. S. P. 1630 ; Turner Hist. 115 ; Engl. Bot. 1306.<br />
Fucus ovii>us, Fl. Norv. 00.<br />
Fucus ciprinus, Fl. Dan. 1128.<br />
Fucus bullatus, Fl. Dan. 770.<br />
Fucus rubrns, liiper, 75.
Plcell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 45. Blva. 345<br />
Rocks on the sea-shore.<br />
TliaUi gregarious, slenderer at bottom. 2-forked or palmate<br />
with 2 or 3 lobes.<br />
;3. marginifer. Thallus oblong, mostly simple, edge pro-<br />
liferous.<br />
Ulva caprina, Fl. Norv.2, 126.<br />
y. lac'mkita. Thallus finely jagged ; lobes linear.<br />
Ulvadelicatula, Gunn Fl.Nurv.8.<br />
Fucus delicatiila, Fl. Dan. 1190,<br />
Fuciis laciniatus, Wahl. 497.<br />
12. Ulva solol'ifera. Yonng-beanvg laver.<br />
Thallus rose-red, membranaceous, flat, pahnately lobed;<br />
edge proliferous; lobes dilated, tip many-cut, toothed. '<br />
Fucus soboiiferus, Fl. Dan. 1065; Engl. Bot. 2133 i Turner Hist. 1,9T.<br />
Halymenia sobolifera, Agardh Si/n.SQ.<br />
Ulva sobolifera, Lyiigbye Hydr. Dan. 27.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Thallus 3 to 6 inches long, branched.<br />
XXI. 46, SCYTOSIPHON. Lyngbye. Leathernpipe,<br />
Thallus round, tubular, continuous, even, .branched or<br />
simple, leatherlike, membranaceous; spondia solitary or<br />
crowded, scattered over the whole surface of the thallus<br />
stirps 0.<br />
a. Thallus greeny memhranaceous.<br />
1. ScytosiphoninteslinaUs, Gut leal her Jipipe.<br />
Thallus light green, membranaceous; lube simple, bent,<br />
wavey, puckered.<br />
Ulva marina tubulnsa, intestinonim figuram referens, liaii Syn. 62, 4.<br />
Ulva iniestinalis, Lin. S. P. 1632.<br />
Conferva intestinalis, Roth Cat. I, 159.<br />
Scytosiphon intestinalis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 67.<br />
Stagnant fresh-waters, and the sea-shore.<br />
Thalli ao-PTegate, resembles the intestines of animals as<br />
too O ~<br />
it floats on the water.<br />
i3. crispus. Thallus compressed, wrinkled and crisp.<br />
Ulva intestinalis, Roth Cat, 1, 159.<br />
Thallus olive green, leatherlike.<br />
2. Scytosiphmi compressus. Compressed ieOthernpipe.<br />
Thallus dark green, membranaceous, round, threadlike,<br />
tubular, branched, compressed ; branches scattered, simple,<br />
decumbent.
346 46.Scytosip.2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.celLaph.<br />
Ulva compressa, Lin. S. P. 1032 ; Engl. Bot. 1739.<br />
Ulva marina tenuissima et compressa, Raii Syn. 63,5.<br />
Treinella marina (eimissima et compiessa, Dillen Muse. 48.<br />
Conferva compressa, Roth Cat. !, 163.<br />
Conferva crinila, Ruth Cat. 2, 191.<br />
Scytos'iphon compyessus, Lyngbye Hydr, Van. 6i.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
TliaUiis polymorphous, narrower at bottom, simple or<br />
branched ;<br />
branches narrower at bottom, mostly simple.<br />
b. Clathrata. Thallus green, li-anched, veined in squares<br />
like casement-ivmdows ; sporidia in each cell.<br />
3. Sci/toslphon rajnulosiis. Smoll-Lranched leathernpipe.<br />
Thallus green, membranaceous, tubular, much branched,<br />
rather compressed; branches thickest above; tivigs scattered,<br />
very numerous, pointed.<br />
Ulva ramuiosa, Engl. Bot. 2137.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thalli numerous, aggregated, 2 inches high ; branches<br />
awlshaped.<br />
4
Pl.cell.aph S.THALASSIOPHYT^. 46. Scytosip. 347<br />
Conferva fceniculacca, Hudson Fl.ylngl. 59i.<br />
Ceramiiim inflexuin, Roth Cat. 3, 131.<br />
Hippuris setaceus, Barrelier Icon. 1123.<br />
Fucus subtUis, Turner Hist. 2,34.<br />
Scytosiphon fceniculaceus, Fl. Dan. 1595, 1.<br />
Halymcnia fceniculacca, AgarcUi Syn. 38.<br />
Hutcliirisia inflexa, ^gardh Syn. 58.<br />
Sea-shores; annual; spring.<br />
Thalli aggregate, 6 or 9 inches high, pale yellow or<br />
olive.<br />
7. ScytosiphonJistidosns. F'lstular lent hernpipe.<br />
Thallus olive, leatherlike, round, threadshaped, simple,<br />
narrower at both ends.<br />
Ulva fistulnsa, Hudson Fl. ytfngl. 569; Engl. Bot. 642.<br />
Conferva fistiilosa. Roth Cat. a, 169.<br />
Chordaria Filum jS, Agardh Syn. 14.<br />
Scytosiphon fistulosus, Agardh Disp. 24.<br />
Sea- shores attached to rocks.<br />
Thalli numerous, flexuous, gelatinous ; sporidia four to-<br />
gether, disposed longitudinally.<br />
d. Thallus olive ; sporidia clustered.<br />
8. Scytosiphon Jiliformis. Threadlike lealhernpipe,<br />
7 halLus reddish brown, gelatinous, soft, round or compressed;<br />
branches scattered, mostly simple, long.<br />
Conferva filiformis, Fl. Dan. 1480.<br />
Ulva filiformis, Hudson Fl. Angl. 570.<br />
Ulva purpurasfens, Engl. Bot. 641, not of Hudson.<br />
Ulva compressa purpurea, Agardh Syn. 45.<br />
Sea-shores; annual; spring and summer.<br />
Thallus 6 inches high ; tranches alternate, rarely slightly<br />
branched.<br />
9. Scytosiphon Tnrneri. ^ Turner's leathernpipe,<br />
Thallus yellowish brown, membranaceous, finely reticulated,<br />
round, threadshape, simple, attenuated at bottom,<br />
very obtuse at top.<br />
Ulva Turner!, Dillw. in Engl. Bot. 2570.<br />
Gastridlum Opiintia, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 71.<br />
Sea-shoi"es on rocks and plants ; annual; summer.<br />
Thalli aggregate, 1 to 6 inches long, rarely globose<br />
sporidia in clusters.
348 47. Palmel. ^.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.cellaph.<br />
XXII. 47. PALMELLA. Lyngbye. Trembler,<br />
Thallus cylindrical, simple or branched, solid ; integument<br />
membranaceous ; inside gelatinous, cellular ; sporidia<br />
globular, immersed in the thallus.—Marine.<br />
1 Palmella defracta. Broken tremhler,<br />
Thallus threadlike, simple, twisted, elastic, viscid, pel-<br />
lucid; sporidia globular, pale red.<br />
Ulva defracta, WUli. Bot. An: 4, 124; Engl. Bot, 1626.<br />
On sea-plants.<br />
Thallus 2 to 12 inches long, l-8th mch in diameter.<br />
2. Palmella elminthoides. " Wormlike tremhler.<br />
Thallus threadlike, mostly simple, opake, slippery, rather<br />
blunt; central line dark, parenchymatous; sporidia very<br />
minute, opake.<br />
Ulva elminthoides, With. Bot. An: 4, 141.<br />
Rocks in the sea; July.<br />
Thalli aggregated, 4 to 7 inches long, twisted.<br />
XXIII. 48. MERRETTIA. Merrett.<br />
Thallus flat, diversely shaped, solid; integuments membranaceous;<br />
inside cellular, gelatinous; sporidia scattered,<br />
immersed.<br />
1. Merreltia adnata. Adnate merrett.<br />
Thallus diversely shaped, gelatinous, wrinkled, brownish<br />
yellow; sporidia globular, brown.<br />
Tremel la adnata, /fttrfsoK F/.u^n^i. 555.<br />
Palmella adnata, Lyngbye. Uydr. Dan. 205.<br />
On rocks between high and low water in the sea.<br />
Thallus wrinkled, 3 to 6 inches in diameter, less than a<br />
quarter thick.<br />
2. Merreltia coriacea. Leathery merrett,<br />
Thallus flat, adnate, very wide, indeterminate, smooth,<br />
slippery, dull red; sporidia globular,<br />
Ulva rupestris, Engl. Bot. 2194.<br />
Upright faces of fells over which water trickles.<br />
Thallus 2 or 3 feet wide, resembles a spread-out piece of<br />
very wet reddish or greenish brown washed leather, but is<br />
not so tenacious; has been mistaken for flesh.
PLcelLapL 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 48. Merret. 349<br />
3. Merrettia alpicola. Alp-loving merrett,<br />
Thallus not uniform, lobes numerous, rounded, wrinkled,<br />
soft, reddish; sporidia very small, reddish.<br />
Ulva montana, Light/. Scot. 973 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2193.<br />
Palmella alpicola, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 296.<br />
Mountain dulse.<br />
Sides of mountains, among grass and moss.<br />
Thallus deep blood-red or dull green ; lobes several,<br />
flattish, rounded, ascending, imbricate, rather leatherlike,<br />
pulpy.—Used to purge calves.<br />
4. Merretlia protuberans. Protulerant merrett.<br />
Thallus thick, gelatinous, flashy, angular, pellucid, green<br />
sporidia large, elliptical, growing protuberant^ green.<br />
Ulva protuberans, Engl. Bot, 2533.<br />
Shady wet places, among mosses; September.<br />
T//a////,? composed of thick, fleshy, juicy, wrinkled, rough<br />
lobes ;<br />
sporidia the size of poppy seeds.<br />
XXIV. 49. OLIVIA. Olivi,<br />
Thalb/s ovate or globular^ solid, aggregated into a gelatinous<br />
or powdery crust ; sporidia globular, immersed, scat-<br />
tered.<br />
1. Olivia hairyaides. Bunch-of-grapes olivi.<br />
ThalU minute, globular, pellucid, green, aggregated int©<br />
a greenish crust.<br />
Byssus bofryoides saturate viren?, Dillen in Rait Syn, 56, 5.<br />
Byssus botryoides, Lin. S. P, 1639.<br />
Lichen botryoides, Acharius Prod. 10.<br />
Tremella botryoides, Schreber Spicil, 141.<br />
Nostoc botryoides, Agardli Syn. 135.<br />
Palmella botryoides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 205.<br />
Lepraria botryoides, Engl. Bot, 2148.<br />
K On the ground, or bark of trees, in damp places.<br />
K Thalli the size of maw-seed, solid ; stain the fingers when<br />
touched.<br />
2. Olivia ochracea. Okery olivi.<br />
Thalli minute, ovate, oker yellow, aggregated into thin,<br />
scattered, powdery patches.<br />
Lepraria ochracea, Turn, and Bor. Lich. Brit. 1, 8 ;<br />
Trunk of old trees and on. moss.<br />
^<br />
Engl. Bot. 2408.
350 49. Olivia. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.cellaph.<br />
3. Olivia cinerea. Ashcoloured olivi.<br />
Thalli very minute, roundish, ash-grey, aggregated into<br />
a powder crust.<br />
Byssus saxatilis, IVithering Bot. Arr. ed. 2.<br />
Lichen cinereiis, With. Bot. Arr. ed. 4.<br />
Limestone-rocks and stones.<br />
4. Olivia nigra. Black olivi.<br />
Thalli very minute, roundish, dull black; aggregated<br />
into a black powdery crust.<br />
Byssus anliquitatis, Lin. S. P. ?<br />
Lcpiaria nigra, Turn, and Borr. Lick. Brit, 1, 21 ; Eng. Bot. 2409.<br />
Tops of oak-posts and old wood.<br />
5. Olivia violacea. Violet olivi.<br />
Thalli minute, ovate, dull red, aggregated into a reddish<br />
crust.<br />
Byssus lolithus, Lin. S. P. 1638,<br />
Lichen lolithus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 3.<br />
Lichen rubens, Acharius Meth. Lich. 6.<br />
Lepraria I
PLcell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 50. Carrod. 351<br />
Salt marshes and the sea-shore.<br />
Thallus slippery, flaccid, 2 inches high.<br />
XXVI. 51. NOSTOC. Paracelsus. Nosloch.<br />
Thallus not uniform or globular, vesicular, greenish, gelatinous;<br />
sporidia globose, in curved, beadlike threads.<br />
This genus has much affinity with oscillatoi'ia, but the<br />
threads of that genus radiate, and have no integument<br />
over them.<br />
1. Nostoc commune. Comynonnostocfi,<br />
Terrestrial ; thallus not uniform, solid, plated, wavey;<br />
threads loosely interwoven.<br />
Ulva terrestris pinguis et fugax, Dillen in Rait Syn. 64, 11.<br />
Liiickia (errestris gelatinosa membianacea vulgatissima, ex pallida et<br />
Yirescente fulva, Micheli Nov, Gen. PI. 12(>, 1.<br />
Tremella Nostoc, Lin. S. P. 1625; Engl. Bot. 461.<br />
Fucus Tremella Nostoc, Gmel. Hist. Fiic. 222.<br />
Nostoc commune, Vaucher, 222.<br />
Nostoc vulgare, IVa/il. Ft. Lapp. 992.<br />
Linckia terrestri?. Roth Cat. 3, 345.<br />
Alcyonidium Nostoc, Lamouroux Thai. Ess. 71.<br />
Star-shoot. Star-slough.<br />
Damp, shady, gravelly places; summer and autumn.<br />
Thallus lobed, 2 or o inches in diameter; pale green,<br />
mostly seen after rain.<br />
2. Nostoc verrucosum. Warty nostoch.<br />
Thallus rather globose, rather leatherlike, hollow,<br />
plaited ; threads very closely interwoven.<br />
Linckia paliistris gelalinosa, saxis adnascens, ex obscure fulva, et coBcava<br />
vesicam referens, Micheli Nov. Gen. PL 126,2.<br />
Nostoc verrucosum, Vaucher, 225.<br />
Tremella flnviatilis, Dillen Mus. 10.<br />
Tremella verrucosa, Lin. S. P. 1625 ; Hudson Fl. Angl, 565.<br />
Tremella utricalata, Huds. Fl. Angl.56A}<br />
F'.icus Tremella verrucosa, G/ne^ F«c. 227.<br />
Linckia verrucosa, Roth Cat. 3, 345.<br />
Rocks and stones in rivers, often floating.<br />
Thalli aggregated ; when young solid, smooth, opake,<br />
when old, hollow, yellowish green.<br />
3. Nostoc muscorum,. Moss nostoch.<br />
Thallus 2-formed, napillose, tuberculate, rather leather-<br />
like.<br />
Nostoc muscorum, Agardh Syn. 132.<br />
Tremella intestinalis,"i^/. Dan. 885.<br />
Damp mossy places.<br />
Blackish green, harder and smaller than n. commune.
S52 51.Nostoc. 2.THALASSI0PHYT^ Pl.cell.aph.<br />
4. N'osloc pruniforme. Phimshape nostoch.<br />
ThaUus blackish, globose, solitary, solid, leatheiiike,<br />
gelatinous, smooth.<br />
Ulva pruiiiformis, Lin. S. P. 1633,<br />
Tremeila pruniformis, Roth Germ. 548,<br />
Linckia pruniformis, Roth Cat. 3, 343.<br />
l^ostoc pruniforme, Agardh Syn. 134.<br />
Adhering to trees, or floating in lakes; summer.<br />
Thallus gelatinous on the inside, coriaceous on the out-<br />
side.<br />
H. Nosloc sphcBricum. Sphcerical nostoch.<br />
ThaUus black green, globose, solid, smooth, aggregated.<br />
Ulva pruniformis, Hudson Fl. Angl, 572, not of Eng. Bot.<br />
Conferva Pyrum, Fl. Dan. 660, not of Linnaeus.<br />
Nostoc spiiffiricum. Voucher, 223.<br />
Lickia granulate, Roth Cat. 3, 342.<br />
Lakes and stagnant waters.<br />
Thallus hardish, gelatinous, mostly aggregated, the size<br />
of peas.<br />
6. Nosloc ccerulenm. Blue nostoch,<br />
Thallus small, globose, solid, solitary, smooth, pale blue,<br />
shining, pellucid.<br />
Nosloc CEEruieum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 201.<br />
Ditches and pools on hypni; summer.<br />
Thallus hard, slippery, about a quarter of an inch in<br />
diameter.<br />
7. Nosloc papyraceum. Paper nostoch.<br />
Thallus frothy, gelatinous, slippery, easily parted,<br />
bluish.<br />
Byssiis latissima papyri instar super aquara sparsa, Dillm in Rail Syn.<br />
S7, 12; Dillen Muse. 2].<br />
Bysfus Flos aquae, Lin. S. P. 1637.<br />
Nostoc Flos aquae, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 201.<br />
Stagnant waters, floating; spring and summer.<br />
ThaUus pale bluish green ; when it covers ponds, they<br />
are said to be in flower.<br />
G. Alcyonide^. ThaUus continuous, gelatinous, olive<br />
green becoming black, cellular; cells membranaceous,<br />
lono-, hexaedral; sporidia elliptical,scattered in the cells.<br />
XXVII. 52. ALCYONIDIUM. Lamour. Ualcyonide,<br />
Thallus roundish, long, gelatinous, branched, olive-green;<br />
inner cells<br />
— Marine.<br />
large, hexaedral, outer cells slender, closed.
PLcell.apk. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. 52. Alcyon. 353<br />
Alcyoyiid'ium d'laphanum. Transparent halcyonide.<br />
Tkallus nearly round, branched; branches short.<br />
Fuciis spongiosus nodosup, Rati Si/n. 49, 42; Ger. em. 1570.<br />
Spongia ramosa altera Anglica, Paik. I30i.<br />
Alcyonium gelalinosum, Lin, Stpt. Nat. 1, 1295.<br />
Ulva diaphana, Huds. FL Jngl. 570 ;<br />
Engl. Dot. 363.<br />
Alcjonitliiim diaphnnum, Lumour. Thai. 71.<br />
Sea ragged staff.<br />
Tkallus 6 to 12 inches long; branches irregular, rather<br />
acute; sporidia large, yellowish.<br />
^.Jiavescens. Branches obtuse.<br />
Ulva flavescens, Huds, FL Angl. 570.<br />
XXVIII. 53. EPHIDATIA. Lamouroux. Ephidate.<br />
Thalhis sessile, orbicular, lobed, gelatinous, cellular,<br />
greenish ; cells long, pentagonal, radiating from a common<br />
point, open at top; sporidia elliptical, enclosed in the cells.<br />
—Fresh-water.<br />
Ephidalia Gihlsii. Gihls' ephidate.<br />
Tkallus sessile, thick, slightly lobed, more or less orbi-<br />
cular, fetid.<br />
Bottom of the reservoir in the Green Park, Mr. Gibbs.<br />
Tkallus orbicular or oblong.—This may be the following<br />
species, but Lamarck describes the cells of spongilla as irregular;<br />
or it may be an alcyonella; I could not, however,<br />
per
554 54.. Spongil. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph,<br />
Spongia rnniosa fluviatilis, Rail Syn. 30, 5.<br />
SpongiUa rainosa, Lam. Hist, 2, 100.<br />
Spongia lacuslris, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 1299.<br />
Ephidaiia lacuslris, Lamour. Pol. 6.<br />
Bottoms of lakes and ponds.<br />
&. digitata, TliaUiis digitate, slightly branched.<br />
Sijongia fluviatilis ramosa fragilif, Raii Syn. 30, 6.<br />
y. gracilis. Tkallus and hranchss slender, branched.<br />
Spongia canaliiim, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 3S26.<br />
EpJitdati.a canalium, Lamouroux, 6.<br />
H. Spongidi.s. Thallus continuous, gelatinous, formed<br />
of interlaced, flexnous, horny fibres or asbestine spiculae,<br />
very porous, absorbing much water; spondia scattered in<br />
the jelly of the thallus.— Yellow or brown, becoming white;<br />
when dry tough and flexible.<br />
XXX. Bo. TUPHA. Tiiphe.<br />
Thallus fixed, roundish, solid, very porous, leaflike;<br />
bi'anches simple or compound; formed of interwoven, bentj<br />
horny, reticulated fibres, without any chalklike matter.<br />
a. Bra?2ched, hranches simple or compound.<br />
1. Tupha oculata. Eyelet iuphe..<br />
Thallus much branched, soft; branches roundish, blunt,<br />
dotted with marginal pores.<br />
Spongia oculata, Ellis Corall, 80.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus 9 inches high, bottom naked, tough, woody;<br />
above branched.<br />
^. elegans. Tkallus pale brown; branches divaricating<br />
and closing together at top ; tips blunt, 4 or 5-cut.<br />
2. Tupha stuposa. Towlike iuphe.<br />
Thallus branched ; branches towlike, round, covered<br />
Avith pointed hairs.<br />
Spongia stuposa, Ellis Zooph, 186.<br />
Spongia cervicornis, Pallas?<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
B. gracilis. Thallus very slender, beautifully white<br />
branches ascending, very hairj'.<br />
y. damicormis. Thallus palmate, divaricating, like the<br />
antlers of a buck.
Fl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 55. Tupha. 355<br />
3. Tupha palyiata. Palmate tuphe.<br />
Thallus palmate, with fingerlikc divisions on the edge,<br />
and small prominent pores irregularly disposed.<br />
Spongia palinata, Ellis Zooph. 189.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Texture similar to that oft. oculata, but not so soft when<br />
dry : pores more numerous, disposed over the whole surface.<br />
4. Tupha coallia. Coalesce/it iitphe.<br />
Thallus much branched, corky, brittle; branches irregu-<br />
lar, distorted, rather comjjressed.<br />
Spnnijia coaliia, Gmelin Syst.Nat. I, SS25.<br />
Spongia Lycopotiiuin, Esper, 2, 269.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
5. Tupha hispida. HUp'ui tuphe.<br />
Thallus branched; branches long, slender, round, tv.'oforked,<br />
covered with stiff hairs.<br />
Spongia iiispida, Montague in Weni. Tr. 2, 81.<br />
Sea- shore.<br />
Thallus a foot long, or more.<br />
^.J'urcaia. Thallus with short forked tips.<br />
6. Tupha dichotoma. Ttvo-forked iuplie.<br />
Thallus branched, upright, nearly cylindric, tornentose,<br />
covered with small pores.<br />
Spongia dichotoma, Ellis Zooph. IS7 ;<br />
Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, IS99.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus brown, long, two-forked, straight, tapering, becoming<br />
compressed at the fork, but not so nuicli as t. oculata;<br />
branches longer and straighter, texture firmer and<br />
less woody.<br />
7. Tupha digitata. Fius.er tuphe.<br />
Thallus branched; branches very slender, two-forked,<br />
fmgerlike at their tip; surface granulated.<br />
Spongia digitata, Montague JVern. Tr. 2, 84,<br />
Bottom of the sea.<br />
Thallus iron-brown at bottom, above pale yellow, not so<br />
thick as a straw, slightly compressed, tough, flexible.<br />
8. Tupha ramosa. Branched tuphe.<br />
Thallus palmated and fingered round the top.<br />
Spongia ramosa, Montague Wcrn. Tr. 2, S4.<br />
2 A 2
.'556 55.Tupha. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.ceU.aph.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus 5 inches long, stiff, slightly elastic.<br />
b. Thallus Iranched; hru?2ckes leajlike, on the sides or tips.<br />
9. Tuplia conica. Conical iuphe.<br />
Branches numerous, short, flattish, from the sides.<br />
Spongia Coims, Montague Wern. Trans. 2, 85.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus when dry dark yellowish brown ; texture rather<br />
coarse; outside covered with short bristles.<br />
10. Tiipha lohala. Lobed tuphe.<br />
Branches ovate, clustered.<br />
Spongia lobata, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, S5.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus yellowish brown, 2 inches high ; branches ovate<br />
or oblong, from an irregular kind of stem.<br />
W.Tupha perlcevis.<br />
'<br />
Very-light tiiphe.<br />
Thallus indeterminate; texture close; surface covered<br />
with blunt nipplelike prominences.<br />
Spongia perla;vis, Montague Wern. 2V. 2, 86.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus yellow, when dry light brown ; texture similar<br />
to that of t. tomentosa, equally light, not so soft or crumbly,<br />
cr so pale; nipples l-8th of an inch long.<br />
12. Tupha aurea. Golden iuphe.<br />
Thallus broad, flat, slightly divided at the tip.<br />
Spongia aurea, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 86.<br />
^ ' Sea-shore, covering the stones at low water.<br />
Thallus 2 inches high, 2 or 3 broad, orange-colour, vvhert<br />
dry brown ; not so much divided as Ellis's spongia pro-<br />
Jifera.<br />
13. Tupha rigida. Stiff iuphe,<br />
Thallus blunt, rather flat, spreading, irregular, arising<br />
irom a basis, generally a short stalk.<br />
Spongia rigida, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 87.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus about an inch high, orange-colour, which it<br />
partly retains on drying if tolerably freed from the paren-<br />
Pl.cell.aph, 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 55.Tiipha. SSr<br />
jS. minor. Smaller branches more numerous and distinct,<br />
spreading from a shorter pedicel!.<br />
XXXI. 56. SCYPHA. '<br />
Scyphe.<br />
Thallns shooting into tubular processes, either simple or<br />
compound, very porous, formed of interwoven, bent, reticulated<br />
horny fibres, without any chalklike matter.<br />
1. Scypha coronata. Crowned scyphe^<br />
Tube solitary ;<br />
tip crowned with radiating spines.<br />
Spongia coronata, Eilis Zooph. 190.<br />
On fuel and other marine bodies.<br />
Tliallus above an inch long, yellowish sometimes a<br />
shining, silvery white, not always crowned but covered<br />
with spiculae.<br />
2. Scypha lotryo'ides. Bunch-of-grapes scyphe^<br />
Thallns minute, ovate, tubular, in bunches^covered with<br />
radiated spmes.<br />
*<br />
Spongia botryoides, Ellis Zooph. 190.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Tlmllus composed of minute branches, oval like grapes,,<br />
each^ open at the tip, as if tubular.—The spines are the<br />
asterias radiata of Walker.<br />
3. Scypha papillaris. Nipple scyphe.<br />
Thallus sessile, flat, spreading with scattered tubular<br />
tubercles.<br />
Spongia papillaris, Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1,S824.<br />
Rocks rarely left uncovered by the sea.<br />
Thallus soft, yellow ; tubercles sometimes tipped with<br />
blue; when dry less soft, brown or gray; surface like gauze.<br />
iS. Sowerbeii. Tiibercles longer and more numerous.<br />
Spongia compacta, Brit. Miscell. 1,42.<br />
Bottom of the sea?<br />
4. Scypha tiibulosa. Tubular scyphe^<br />
Thallus tubular, branched, tough ; tubes erect, slightly<br />
tapering.<br />
Spongia tubulosa, Ellis Zooph. 188.<br />
Spongia fastigiata, Pallas Zooph. 392.<br />
Sea-shore at very low water, and bottom of the se.a.<br />
Thallus 3 inches high and 4 or 5 wide, yellow, when dry<br />
pale brown or dirty white.
S5S 56. Scypha. 2.THALASS10PHYT^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
5. Scypha foliacea. ^^'{fll scyphe.<br />
Thallus tubular, much compressed; texture fine, inside'<br />
finely reticulated.<br />
Spongia compressa, Fabricius Faun. Greenl. AiS.<br />
Sea- shore.<br />
Tliallus an inch long, dull yellow, pendent; from its<br />
thinness it may be mistaken for a flustra.<br />
6. Scypha IcBvigata. Smooth scyphe.<br />
Tkallus soft, compressible, elastic ; texture extremely<br />
fine and reticulated.<br />
Spongia Isvigata, Montague JVern. IV. 2,95.<br />
Bottom of the sea?<br />
Texture extremely fine, equal to that of the internal<br />
spongy part of some kinds of puff-ball.<br />
7. Scypha ovata. Ovate scyphe.<br />
ThalLus ovate, wrinkled, tubular ; summit crowned with<br />
spines surrounding the apertui*fe.<br />
Spongia Ananas, Montague Wern. Tr, 9, 96.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Thallus minute.<br />
|3. tomejitosa, Thnlliis clothlike.<br />
Upon cellaria scruposa.<br />
8. Scypha compLicata. Complicated scyphe.<br />
Thalius tubular ; branches numerous, most intricately<br />
interwoven, and frequently anastomosing.<br />
Spongia complicata, Montague Wern, Tr. 2, 97.<br />
On fuel.<br />
9. Scypha cancellata. Railwork scyphe.<br />
Fibres in network, inosculations tuberous, with a pore.<br />
Spongia cancellata, Brit. Misc. 131, not of Gmelin.<br />
Phallus yellowish ; fibres horny in railwork with large<br />
interstices.<br />
XXXII. 57. SPONGIA. Aristotle. Sponge<br />
Thallus sessile or pedicelled, of a compact or slightly<br />
h)bed indeterminate ibrm, composed of interwoven, bent,<br />
reticulated horny fibres, without any chalklike matter.
PLcell.aph 2.THALASSIOPHYT.E. 57.Spongia. 359<br />
a. Thallus pediincled, concave, fiinnelslinpe.<br />
1 Spojigia rnfundilmliformis. Funnelshape spojige.<br />
Thallus funnelshape, flexible; surface rather rough, ir-<br />
regular.<br />
Spongia infundibuliformis, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1296.<br />
Spongia crateriformis, Pallas Zooph. 386.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
2. Spongia foliascens. Leaflike sponge.<br />
Thallus stiff, but not woody, arising from a corky base<br />
and spreading into a cup ; edge slightly cut and indented ;<br />
pores fine.<br />
Spongi;i foliascens, Pallas Zooph. 395.<br />
Spongia Scyplia, Montague Wern. I'r. 2,107.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Thallus about 2 inches and a half high ; bowl 2 inches<br />
deep, and as wide at top, bottom half an inch wide, pale<br />
brown, impervious to light.<br />
b. Thallus peduncled, flat, funnelshape^ simple or lohed,<br />
3. Spongia cris'tata. Crested sponge.<br />
Thallus flat, upright, tender, resembling a cockscomb,.<br />
pores in rows, small, slightly projecting, along the top,<br />
Spongia cristata, Ellis Zooph. 186.<br />
Cocks comb sponge, Phil. Tr. 53, 288.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus said by Mr. Ellis to have a visible systole of the<br />
water in and out of its pores.<br />
4. Spongia ventilahrijormis. Fanshape sponge.<br />
Thallus fanshaped ; fibres reticulated, woody ; covered<br />
with large spongy pores.<br />
Spongia Ventilabnim, Lin. Syst. Nat. I, 1£96.<br />
Sea-fan sponge, Phil. Tr. 55, 289.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus 10 inches high, a quarter of an inch thick in the<br />
widest part, may be seen through if held pretty close to<br />
the eye.<br />
sponge.<br />
Pretty 5. Spongia pulchella. '<br />
-<br />
Thallus generally compressed and bald ; reticulations<br />
fine, smooth, soft.<br />
spongia pulchella, Brit. Misc. 87.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
*
260 57. Spoiig. S.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.celLapk.<br />
Thallus fanshaped, palmaled, or digitate; fibres in delicate<br />
network, pale brown changing to yellowish or reddish<br />
brown, coarser and stiffer than common sponge.<br />
c. Thallus sessilcy simple or lobed, often erect.<br />
6. SpoJio'ia limbata. Loled sponge.<br />
Fibres formed into circular pores resembling lace.<br />
Spongia limbata, MontaguR Wern. Tr. 2, HI.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus whitish, firm, elastic, pores very large, circular,<br />
iibres smooth.<br />
7. Spongiafrut'tcosa. Shrublike sponge.<br />
Thallus tough, elastic, in network; fibres smooth, slightly<br />
connected, distant.<br />
Spongia lichenoides, Pallas Zooph. 378.<br />
Spoiigia frulicosa, Montague. Wern. Tr. 2, 112.<br />
Sea- shore.<br />
Thallus 6 or 7 inches long, and half as wide, irregular,<br />
very light, elegant; fibres distant: network very irregular.<br />
8. Spongiafrogilis. Brittle sponge.<br />
Thallus brittle, friable, in coarse network ; ^^res wrinkled<br />
as if covered with minute sand.<br />
Spongia friabilis, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 114.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Thallus brown, breakinij between the fingers and soon<br />
11.. ^ .1 ."<br />
rubbing into a powder like sand with a micaceous lustre.<br />
9. Spongia parasitica. Parasitic sponge.<br />
Thallus coarse; form indefinite, determined by the body<br />
upon which it creeps; fibres imbricated.<br />
Spongia j)arasitica, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 114.<br />
On sertularioe.<br />
10. Spongia fiava.<br />
Honeycomb sponge.<br />
Thallus irregular, rather hard, brittle, extremely porous.<br />
Spongia fava, Montague' Wern. Tr. 2, 115,<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus 3 inches long, 2 broad, and half an inch thick,<br />
resembling a piece of old worm-eaten cork.
Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. 57. Spong. 361<br />
^ jelly.<br />
11. Spongia plumosa. Feathery sponge.<br />
Thalius irregular, rather soft, tough when deprived of its<br />
Spongia plumosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 116.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
Thalius 3 inches high, 2 inches Isroad, paler than common<br />
sponge, not so compressible or elastic, resembles compressed<br />
tow.<br />
d. Thalius sessile, simple, irregular, creeping ou other lodies.<br />
12. Spongia coriacea. Leathery sponge.<br />
Thalius indefinite, wrinkled, cavernous.<br />
Spongia coriacea, Montague JVern. Tr. 2, 116.<br />
Thalius 4 inches long, 2 broad, not unlike a piece of<br />
burnt leather.<br />
13. Spongia iomentosa. _ Clothlike sponge.<br />
Thalius irregular, soft, brittle, full of pores, interwoven<br />
with minute spines.<br />
Alcyonium ramosum inolle, medullae panis intiis simile, Raii Syn,3\, 1.<br />
Sponf!;ia tomentnsa, Lin. Synl. Nat. I, 1299.<br />
Spongia urens, Ellis Zoop/i. 187.<br />
Spongia panicea, Pall'as Zoop/i. 308.<br />
Sponge like crumb of bread, I'>His Coiall. 80.<br />
Sea-shores and adhering to fuci.<br />
Thalius orange-colour, soft ; when dry white, extremely<br />
light, and brittle; when broken resembles crumb of bread,<br />
and causes a stinging pain like cowage.<br />
14. Sponoia suherosa. ' Corkij sponge.<br />
Thalius crustaceous, compact, tough, without visible<br />
pores externally.<br />
Spongia suberosa, Montague Wern. I'r. 2, 100.<br />
On old univalve shells, covering them and filling up the<br />
aperture.<br />
Thalius indefinite, orauffe-brown turning; brown when<br />
dry.<br />
XXXIII. 58. TETHYA. Lamarck. Tethya.<br />
Thalius tubercular, orbicular, inside fibrous ; Jiires in<br />
bundles, stiffj asbestine, radiating from the centre to the<br />
circumference, scarcely gelatinous.
362 58.Tethya. S.THALASSIOPHYT^. PLcell.apk.<br />
1. Tethya verrucosa. War ted tethya.<br />
Thallus globose, externally warted, internally fibrous;<br />
Jibrous in bundles, stiff, asbestine, radiating.<br />
Alcynniutn Lj r.cuiinm, Lin. Syst, Nat. I, 1295?<br />
Alcyoiiiiim Auiaiitium, Pallas Zooph. 357 ?<br />
Spongia verrucoba, Montague XVern. Tr. 2, 117.<br />
Tethya Lyncurium, Lamarck Hist. 2, 386?<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus more than an inch in diameter, yellowish, slightly<br />
compressed, uncoated at bottom where it adheres to the<br />
rock, by which the asbestine spicules are shown.<br />
2. Tethya pilosa. Hairy tethya,<br />
Thallus globose, fleshy, covered with short, thick-set<br />
hair, internally fibrous ; Jihres in bundles, stiff, asbestine,<br />
radiating.<br />
Tethya piilvinata, Lamarck Hist. 2, 386.<br />
Spongia pilosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 119.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus not quite an inch diameter.<br />
S. Tethya P penicilliformis. Pencil-like tethya,<br />
Thallus yellowish, spreading horizontally ; surface tubebearing;<br />
tubes upright, white, flexible, fibrous; fibres entangled.<br />
Spongia Penicillus, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 95.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Perhaps only a species of tethya enwrapping a tubular<br />
sponge.<br />
I. Floride^. Thallus continuous, leatherlike or membranaceous,<br />
formed of interwoven longitudinal fibres, rose-<br />
red, sometimes growing white in the air ; sporidia either<br />
immersed in the substance of the thallus, or in capsular<br />
or tubercular thecte, rarely intermixed with jointed fibres.<br />
XXXIV. .59. DELESSERIA. Lamouroux. Delesser,<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, regularly veined ; sporidia<br />
immersed, scattered in the marginal processes of the ribs<br />
and in roundish spots in the thallus.<br />
1 . Delesseria son^uiuea. Blood-red delesser,<br />
Thallus round at bottom, branched; lohes distinct, oblong,<br />
ovate, simple, not in the least cut.
PLcell.aph. 2.THALx\SSIOPH^TjE. 59.Delesser. 363<br />
Fucus sive Alga folio mcmbranaceo pnrpuieo lapathe sanguine! figura<br />
et inagnitudine, Ran Sijn. 47, 35.<br />
Fucus sanguineus, Lin, Blant. 136; Engl. Bot. 1041.<br />
Delesseria sanguinea, Lamouroux Thai,<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
2. Delesseria s'muosa.<br />
Sinuous delesser,<br />
Thallus round at bottom, branched; lobes distinct, oblong,<br />
sinuated, pinnatifid; edge crenated or fringed.<br />
Fucns membranaceus purpureus latifolius pinnatus, Dillen in Rail Si/n.<br />
47, 34.<br />
Fucus rubens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 578.<br />
Fucus siniiosa, Turner Hist. 35; Engl. Bot. 829.<br />
Fucus roseus, Flor. Dan. 652.<br />
Fucus crenatiis, Gmcl, Fuci, 184.<br />
Fucus Palmella, var. Esper. 43.<br />
Delesseria sinuosa, Lamour. Thai.<br />
Sea-coasts.<br />
Thallus pale uniform red.<br />
/3. incrassata. Thallus rather cartilaginous; cilicB reverse-<br />
ovate.<br />
y. guercifolia. Thallus lobes rounded ; edge naked, with-<br />
out ciliee.<br />
3. Delesseria ruscifolia.<br />
Knee-holly delesser.<br />
Thallus branched, winged; /oki distinct, oblong, ovate,<br />
blunt, flat; edge not cut; midrib proliferous; veins pellucid,<br />
chainlike.<br />
Fucus ruscifolius. Turner Lin. Tr, 6, 127 ; Engl. Bot. 1395.<br />
Delesseria ruscifolia, Agardh Disp. 14.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; Jan. and Feb.<br />
Thallus about 4 inches long, and a quarter of an inch<br />
wide.<br />
B. minor. Thallus ovate, lanceolate, about an inch and<br />
a half long.<br />
3. Delesseria ligulata. Strap delesser,<br />
Thallus branched below, winged; lobes distinct, linear,<br />
lanceolate, pointed, flat, simple, not cut, reticulated; midrib<br />
proliferous.<br />
Fucus Hypoglossuni, Woodward Linn. Tr, 2, 30 ;<br />
Delesseria Ilvpoglnssurn, Lamour, Thai.<br />
Fucus ligulatus, Solunder in 3IS.<br />
Sea-shore; annual; June and July.<br />
Thallus 3 inches long and a quarter wide.<br />
Engl. Bot, 1396.
364 59.Deless. 2.THALASSI0PHYT^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
&. minor. Thallus very narrow.<br />
Fncus hjpoglossoidt's, Stackfi. Ner. Brit. 176,<br />
y. incrassifoUa. Thallus narrow, linear ; network scarcely<br />
visible.<br />
4. Delesseria alata. Winged delesser.<br />
Thallus winged, repeatedly and alternately branched;<br />
lohes confluent, decurrent, alternately branched.<br />
P'ucus dichotomus parvus costatus et mcmbranaceus, Dilkn in Ravi Syn.<br />
44, 20.<br />
Fiicus alatus, Lin, Mant. 135 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1S37.<br />
Delesseria alata, Lamour. Thai.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial.<br />
/3. dilatata. Thallus broad ; wings broad, waved.<br />
y. aiigustissima. Thallus very slender ; tvi/rgs very narrow,<br />
scarcely any.<br />
XXXV. 60. ODONTHALIA. Lyngbye. Sea-tooth.<br />
Thallus fiat, membranaceous,, confluent, reddish; midrib<br />
slightly prominent; edge toothed; sporidia in two lines on<br />
solitary or clustered lanceolate marginal processes ; iheccef<br />
pedicelled, wine-glass-shape. The thecse are by some<br />
thought to be parasitic animals.<br />
Odonlhalia pimiatijida. Vinnatifid sea-tooth.<br />
Thallus branched, alternately pinnatifid; iivigs alternate,<br />
toothed at the tip, teeth short.<br />
Fucus dentaltis, Lin. Mant. 135.<br />
Fucus piiinatifidus, Ft. Dan. 354.<br />
Delesseria dentaty, Lamour. Thai 36,<br />
Sphaerococciis dentatus, jlgardh Syn. 22.<br />
Odonthalia dentata, Lyngbije Hydr. Dan. 9.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; autumn.<br />
Thallus solitary, about 4' inches long.<br />
XXXVI. 61. SPH^ROCOCCUS. Stackh. RoundfruH.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous or coriaceous, confluent,<br />
ribless ; sporidia in roundish tubercles ; theccB scattered<br />
on the surface, or on the edge.<br />
a. Dromius, Thallus membranaceous, ribless, itilerclesjlat<br />
on the surface.<br />
1. Sphcerococcus punctatus. Dotted roundfruit.<br />
Thallus very thin, membranaceous, palmate, two-forked,<br />
lobes linear, tip two-cut, blunt, edge flat, tubercles oblong.
Pl.celLaph. S.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 61.Sphaeroc. 365<br />
Ulva piincfala, Siackhouse, Lin. Tr, 3, 236.<br />
Fucus punctatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4,405; Engl, Bot. 15T3; Turn. Hist.<br />
71,<br />
Delesseria punctata, Agaidh Disp. 14,<br />
On marine plants,<br />
Thallus delicate pale pink ;<br />
sporidia dark red.<br />
2. Sphcerococciis iilvqides. Ulva roiindfruit.<br />
Thallus membranaceous lobed; lobes blunt, pinnatifid,<br />
edges not cut ; tubercles hemispherical.<br />
Fucus ulvoides, Turner Hist. SO; Engl. Bot. 2154,<br />
Delesseria tilvoide!, Agardh Disp. 14,<br />
Sea-coasts;<br />
b. Sphasrococcifs. Thallus slightly rilled lengthivays at<br />
the base, proliferous ; tubercles flat on the surface.<br />
3. Sphcerococcus rulens. Reddish roundfruif.<br />
Thallus rather membranaceous, slightly ribbed lengthways<br />
at the bottom, mostly two forked; lobes linear, ellip-<br />
tical, tip round; edge jagged, wavy; surface proliferous;<br />
tubercles hemispherical.<br />
Fucus membrasiaceus purpureas varie ramosiis, Dillen in Rail Sun.<br />
47, 36.<br />
Fueus rubeiis, Lin. S. P. 1630; Engl. But. 1053; Turn, Hist.A2.<br />
Fucus epiphylhis, Fl. Ban. 708.<br />
Fucus prolifer, Lightf. Scot. 2.<br />
Fucus laciniatus, Gmel. 182.<br />
Fucus crispus, Hiids. Fl. ylngl. 580.<br />
Delesseria rubens, Lamour Essai.<br />
Sphaerococcus rubens, Agardii Syn. 23.<br />
Chondrtis rubens, Lynghye Uydr. Dan. 18.<br />
Sea-shore ;<br />
perennial.<br />
Mid-rib visible at the base of the thallus, but is afterwards<br />
lost in its substance.<br />
4. Sphcerococcus laceratus. Torn roundfruif,<br />
Thallus membranaceous, tender, slightly veined, mostly<br />
forked; lobes linear; tip rounded; edge waved and torn;<br />
tubercles hemisj)herical ; sporidia solitary, scattered.<br />
Fucus laceratus, Gmel. Fuci, 179 ; Turn. Hist. 68; Engl. Bot, 1067.<br />
Fucus crispalus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 718.<br />
Fuciis cristatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 103.<br />
Fucus laciniatus 1, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 102.<br />
Fucus endivifolia. Light. Scot. 948,<br />
Rocks and stones on the sea-coast; autumn,<br />
p. papyraceus. Segments and lobes linear.
S66 ei.Sphffiroc. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. PLcell.apk.<br />
y. granaiinus. Thallus roundish ; segments widen upwards<br />
mostly simple, lobed at the end.<br />
o'.Jimhriaius. Segments linear, proliferous at the edge.<br />
£. eJegans. Thallus roundish; segments widening upwards;<br />
tip repeatedly divided, sinuated.<br />
^. uncinatus. Segments linear; tip forked, hooked and<br />
cartilaginous.<br />
r}. Ugulatus. Seg77ie?its widening upwards; tip palmate;<br />
lobes simple, oblong, lanceolate.<br />
fi. mullifidus. Segments linear, repeatedly divided; extreme<br />
lobes very numerous, narrow, long, branched.<br />
I. incrassatus. Segments linear, flattish ; tip forked ; lobes<br />
linear, lanceolate, spreading, acute.<br />
c. Thallus ribless, lealherlike ; edge proliferous } tubercles<br />
flat, on the S7irja.ce.<br />
5. SphcErococcus Sarniensis. Guernsey roundfruit.<br />
Thallus membranaceous, cartilaginous, nerveless, palmately<br />
divided; edge proliferous; segments linear; tubercles<br />
immersed.<br />
Fucus Sarniensis, Turn. Hist. 95; Engl. Bot. 2132.<br />
Spiiaerococctis Sarniensis, uigardh Syn. 16.<br />
xSea-shores.<br />
Thallus purplish red, becoming brown when dry.<br />
6. Sphcerococcus reniformis. Kidneyshape roundfruit.<br />
Thallus membranaceous, cartilaginous; branches thread-<br />
like; segments dilated, kidneyshape or orbicular; tubercles<br />
hemispherical, immersed.<br />
Fuciis reniformis. Turn. Hist. 109; Engl. Bot. 2116.<br />
Sphserococcus reniformis, jigardh Disp, 16.<br />
Sea-coast.<br />
Thallus thin at the base, compressed, irregularly divided<br />
segments suddenly expanding, thin.<br />
B. tenuis. Thallus slightly expanded at bottom, edge irregularly<br />
ciliated.<br />
d. Thallus ribless, leatherlike, forked j tubercles on the<br />
surfoce, flat.
Plcellaph. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. GLSpharoc. 367<br />
7- Sph(Erococcus Norvegiais. Norway roundfruit.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, forked, veinless; segments linear;<br />
edge not cut; tip blunt; tubercles hemispherical.<br />
Fucus Norve^icus, Turn. Syn. 222 ;<br />
Fucus crenulatiis |S, Turn. Tr. Lin. Soc. 17, 131.<br />
Fiictis polvmorphus, var. Lamour Diss.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1080.<br />
fipliaerococcus NorvegicHs, /Jgardh Disp. 15.<br />
Cliondrus Norvegicus, Lynghye Ifydr. Dan. 16.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; March.<br />
8. Sphcerococcus crispus. Crisp roundfruit.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, forked, crisp, palmate; segments.<br />
dilated; edge not cut; tulercles solitary, immersed in the<br />
tip of the thallus.<br />
Fucus niembranacens, ceranoides vn.rie dissectus. Rail Syn. 44, 16.<br />
Focus membranaceus ceranoides rainosus, per siccitatcm obsolete vi-<br />
rescens, Dillen in Raii Syn. 44, 17. ,<br />
Fucus crispus, Lin. Mant. 134.<br />
Fucus ceranoides, Huds. Fl. Angl. 582.<br />
Fucus polymorphus, Lam. Essai.<br />
Sphserococctis crispus, Agardh Syn. 24.<br />
Ulva crispn, De Candolle Fl. Tr. 2, 15.<br />
Sea-shores; perennial; October to May.<br />
0. vire?is. Thallus rather membranaceous; segments<br />
widening at top, flattish ; lobes long, pointed.<br />
y. siellatus. Thallus rather leatherlike; segmeiits widening<br />
at top; tip divided into many short, clustered lobes.<br />
Fucu« stellatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit, 53.<br />
J. cequalis. Thallus cartilaginous, thick ; segments all<br />
equal, linear; Zo^e? blunt.<br />
Fucus crispatus, FL Dan. 328.<br />
Fucus crispus, StackJi. Ner. Brit, 12.<br />
Fucus foliifer, Esper, 106.<br />
z.Jiliformis. TAaZ/z^5 cartilaginous, compressed; segments<br />
linear, flat; /oZ'eA^ long, acute.<br />
Fucus filiformis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 585.<br />
Fucus ceranoides albidus, ratnulorum apicibus stellalis, Dillen in Raii<br />
Si/w.44, 18.<br />
t,. patens. Thallus rather cartilaginous, linear, here and<br />
there channelled ; angles of the forks spreading.<br />
Fucus patens, Lin. Trans, 3, 173.<br />
K). lacerus. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed; tip very<br />
narrow, long, lobed.<br />
Fucus lacerns, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 1 1<br />
9. Sarniensis. Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous ; segments<br />
here and there rather channelled, dilated ; tip rounded,<br />
nicked.
368 61.Sph£eroc. S.THALASSIOPHYT^. P/. cell. aph.<br />
I. planus. Thallus leatherlike, flat, broad ; segments<br />
linear; tip blunt.<br />
e. Mammillaris. Thallus leatherlike, channelled ^ forked ;<br />
tubercles o?i tie surface and edge, nipplelike.<br />
9. Sphcerococcus mamillosus. Nipple roundfruit.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, forked, long, wedgeshape, channelled<br />
above ; segments dilated ; edge not cut ; thecce nip-<br />
plelike, pedicelled on the suriiice and edge of the thallus;<br />
pedicells short.<br />
Fueus mamillosus, Goocf. T/-. iin. Soc. 6, 174 ; Turn. Hist. 122; Engl.<br />
Bot. 1054.<br />
Fiicus canaliculatus /3, Huds. Fl. Angl. 583.<br />
Fiicus ceiaiioides t. Light/. Scot. 916.<br />
Fucus cerannides, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 99.<br />
Fiicuri alveolatus, Esper, 139.<br />
Fucus ceranoides S, Gmel. 115.<br />
Spaerococcus mamillosus, Agardh Disp. IG.<br />
Sea-shores ;<br />
perennial.<br />
|3. linearis. Thallus slender, linear: tip blunt, naked.<br />
y. prolferus. Thallus proliferous on the surface and<br />
edge, wrinkled; tubercles numerous, crowded, oblong, nip-<br />
plelike.<br />
S". echinatus. Segments widening upwards, nearly naked<br />
on one side.<br />
Fucus echinatus, Stackh, Ner. Brit. 65.<br />
s. incurvatus. Thallus nearly linear, tips rounded; tin<br />
bercles nearly terminal ;<br />
peduncles bent inwards.<br />
f. Chondrus. Thallus threadlike at bottom, wedgeshape<br />
at the tip J tubercles on the edge.<br />
10. Sphceroc.membranfolius. Membraneleaved roundfruit.<br />
Thallus threadlike at bottom and compressed; tip expanded,<br />
wedgeshape; segme?its 2-lobed, forked; tubercles<br />
globose, peduncled on the base of the thallus.<br />
Fucus membranifolius, Eiper, 115; Turn. Hist. 1 A:; Engl. Bot. 1965*<br />
Fucus rubens, Fl. Dan. 827.<br />
Fucus Paluietta, Gmelin, 22.<br />
Sphaerococcus membranifolius, Agardh Syn. 26.<br />
Dalesseria membrani folia, Lamour. Thai.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.<br />
B. lacerus. Segments ^ovkad.', lobes Ymeax tip acute.<br />
',<br />
Fucus parvus cauliculis teretibus, summitalibus meinbianaceis dilatatts<br />
et laceratis, Eaii Syn. 44, 19, excluding Morison's synonym.<br />
Fucus ceraneides y, Huds. Fl. Angl. 583.<br />
Fucus pseudoceranoides, Gmeifm, 119.
VLcellaph. 2,THALASSIOPHYT^. Gl.SpliEeroc. 369<br />
y. stellatus. Segments very numerous ; tips finely divided.<br />
^.Jimbriatiis. Segments fringed.<br />
Fiicus fimbriatiis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 514.<br />
Fnciis ceranoiries S, Lightf. Scut. 916.<br />
s. latifolius. Segments membranaceous, nearly orbicular,<br />
many-cut, palmate; lobes short', Zip rounded.<br />
^. roscus. Thallus simple; tip expanded, oblong, simple.<br />
1 1 SphiErococciis Brodicei. Brodie's rowidfnnt.<br />
Thallus bottom threadshape, round, branched ; tip expanded,<br />
oblong, simple or forked; edge proliferous; tubercles<br />
spherical, sessile or nearly sessile on the tip of the<br />
segments.<br />
Fucus Brodiaei, Turn. Hist. 72 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1966.<br />
Fuciis meinbranifolius, Lamour. Ess. 21.<br />
Delesseria BroriifBi, Lamour, Thai. 37,<br />
Sphcerococcus Brodisei, Jgardh Disp. ST.<br />
Sea-shores; perennial; March.<br />
Thallus aggregate; tubercles solitary or in pairs.<br />
12. Sphcerococciis palmatus. Vahnlike roimdfruit.<br />
Thallus round at bottom, mostly simple; tip expanded,<br />
"wedgeshape, palmated ; tubercles hemispherical, sessile^<br />
mostly on the edge of the lobes.<br />
Fucus Palmetta, Esper,AO% Turn. Hist. 13; Engl. Bof. 1120, not of<br />
Gmelin.<br />
Fucus Palmetia |S, Lamour. Essai, 19.<br />
'Delesseria Palmetta, Lamour. T'lial.<br />
SphjEiococcus Palmetla, Jlgardh Disp. 16.<br />
Sea-shores, on stones or marine plants.<br />
Thallus 2 or 3 inches long; erfo^e not in the least cut<br />
tiibercles superficial, without interwoven fibres.<br />
/3. bifidus. Thallus simple; tip expanded, wedgeshape,<br />
simple or 2-cut.<br />
Fucus bifidus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 581.<br />
y. crassiusculus. Thallus linear, much and irregularly<br />
divided ; tip pointed.<br />
?. linearis. Thallus linear ; segments long, simple or<br />
forked; /ip rounded.<br />
13. SphcBrococcus bifidus. Tiuo-cut roundfruli.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, linear, forked; segments<br />
divaricating; edges here and there united together by very<br />
VOL. I. 2 b
870 61.Sph£eroc. 2.THALASSIOPHYT.E. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
short scattered cilise ; tubercles hemispherical, immersed in<br />
the thallus near the edge.<br />
Fticu-; bifidus, Hiids. Ft. Angl. 581 ; Turn. Hist. 154 ; Engl. Bot. 773.<br />
Sphjerococcus bifidus, Agardh Disp. 16.<br />
Dflcsseria bifida, I. amour. Thai.<br />
Rocks and plants in the sea; perennial; Sept. to Jan.<br />
(3. ciliatus. Thallus linear, fringed along the edge; fringe<br />
Ininute, toothlike; tip lanceolate, pointed.<br />
y. decipiens. Thallus irregularly divided ; edge here and<br />
there fringed; tip oval and pointed.<br />
J. suhpalmalus. Thallus linear, nearly palmate, rounded<br />
at the tip.<br />
e. siniiosus. Thallus somewhat dilated, slightly sinuated<br />
towards the tip.<br />
C siipitatus. Thallus nearly cylindrical; tips either dilated<br />
and blunt, or narrow and pointed, proliferous at the<br />
edge.<br />
g. Thallus fiat, forked or palmate, fringed; tubercles on<br />
the edge.<br />
14. Splicerococcus lacinialus. Jagged rouudfruit.<br />
Thallus flat, leatherlike, lobed ; segments dilated up-*<br />
wards; tip palmate, blunt; edge crenated, proliferous;<br />
sporidia in the' thickened edge, or marginal fringe.<br />
Fucus laciniatiis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 579; Turn. Hist. 69; Engl. Bot. 1068.<br />
Fucus rainialHs, Fl. Dan. 769.<br />
Fucus cilialus, Gmel. 176,<br />
Fucus crispus, Esper. 18.<br />
Fucus crispatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15.<br />
Fucus laceratus y, Linn. Tr. 3, 156.<br />
On rocks and stones in the sea ;<br />
February to May.<br />
Thallus aggregated, smaller at bottom.<br />
|3. ovalfalius. Thallus proliferous on the edge ; marginal<br />
processes elliptical roundish, simple, on short petioles.<br />
edge.<br />
h. Thallus fiat, pinnately lobed, fringed j tubercles on the<br />
15. SphcBrococcus ciliatus.<br />
Fringed roundfruil.<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, cartilaginous, lanceolate,<br />
pinnately divided ; surface and edge fringed ; fringe mostly<br />
simple, awlshape, spread ; tubercles on the edge.
Pl.cell.aph. i'.THALASSIOPHYT^.ei.Sphseroc. 371<br />
Fucus membranaceus nibens anguslifolius, marginibus ligulis armatis,<br />
RaiiSyn. 47,33.<br />
Fucus ciliatus, Lin. Mant. 436; Turn. Hist. 70; Engl. Bot. 1069.<br />
Fucus holosetaceus, Gmel. 177.<br />
Fucus liguhitu?, Gmel. 17S.<br />
Uiva ciliata, De Cand. FL Fr. 2, 13.<br />
Sphaerococcus ciliatus, ^gardh Syn. 28.<br />
Delpi-seria ciliaia, Lamoiir. Thai.<br />
Dulesh.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.<br />
TliaUus 3 or 4 inches long; eaten as a salad either alone<br />
or after being sprinkled before drying with a little alkaline<br />
salt.<br />
/3. pivnatijidus. Thallus lanceolate, pinnately divided;<br />
segments long, lanceolate, simple.<br />
y. palmalus. Thallus lanceolate, rather naked, undivided<br />
or palmate.<br />
t.jiibalus. Fringes branched.<br />
Fucus jubatus, Linn. Trans, 3, 162.<br />
e. lanceolatiis. Thallus linear, lanceolate, very much di-<br />
vided ; fringes divided.<br />
Fucus lanceolatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 104.<br />
^. avguslus. Thallus lineai', very much divided; segments<br />
nearly hairlike, very slender, compressed.<br />
>]. spinosus. Thallus linear, compressed, much and irregularly<br />
divided, entirely covered with short, simple, awlshape<br />
cilise.<br />
XXXVII. 62. GIGARTINA. Plum-weed,<br />
Thallus linear, compressed or cylindrical, very much<br />
branched, nearly of equal thickness throughout; sporidia<br />
in roundish tubercles, either lateral or terminal.<br />
a. Gelidium. Thallus toothed o?i the edge, fringed j tU'<br />
lercles roundish, on the marginal cilicB.<br />
1. Gigartimis pistillatus. Pistilled plam-iveed,<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, linear, compressed, irregularly<br />
two-forked; twigs awlshape, rather two-rowed, horizontal<br />
tubercles on the twigs, globose.<br />
2 B 2
372 62. Gigart. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. PLcelLapL<br />
Fucus gigartmus, Liii. &i)st. Veg. 816; Turn. Hist. 28 ; Engl. Boi. 908,<br />
not of Fl. Dan.<br />
Fncus pistillati)?, Gmel. 156.<br />
Fuciib Oederi, Esp&r, 135.<br />
Ceramiiim gigarliniira, Roth Cat. 3, 109.<br />
Gigartina pistilla'.a, Lamour, Thai. 46.<br />
Gelidiiim j^igariinus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 41.<br />
Spliajrococciis gigartinus, ylgardk Disp. 16.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial.<br />
Thallus aggregate ; forks spreading.<br />
2. G'lgarlbnis coronopifoUa. Sw'mes-cress-leaf plum-it'eed,<br />
ThalUis cartilaginous, flattish, compressed, much and<br />
irregularly branched ; livigs two-forked, spreading, alternate,<br />
cylindrical; tubercles spherical, on the short horizontal<br />
two-rowed ciliae.<br />
Fucus coroiiopi facie, DWen in Rati Syn. 45,23.<br />
Fucus coronopifoliu?, Lin. Tr. 3, 185; Turn. Hist, 122; Engl. Bot.<br />
147S.<br />
Fucus cartilaginous, Hnds. Fl. Angl. 586.<br />
SpliiErocDCCus coronopifolius, Agardh Syn. 30, not the synonyms.<br />
Sea-shores; perennial; October.<br />
Thallus deep transparent red, flexuous ; lobes slightly<br />
veined and ddated, when barren palmate.<br />
b. Hypnea. Thallus compressed, branched; tubercles<br />
immersed in the lanceolate compressed twigs.<br />
3. Gigartina cartilaginea. Gristlelike plum-weed,<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, flat or compressed, naked below,<br />
repeatedly pinnate above; segments horizontal, mostly al-<br />
ternate, linear; ultimate segments very short, blunt; fruitbearing<br />
segments ovate, lanceolate, sharp- pointed.<br />
Fucus cariilagineuf, Lin. Syst. Veg. 810; Turn. Bisi. 124; EngU Bot.<br />
1477.<br />
Fucus Capensis, Gmel. 157.<br />
Fucus versicolor, Gmel. 158.<br />
Sea-coast; perennial.<br />
Thallus red, purple, greenish, brownish or tawny.<br />
4. Gigartina cornea. Hornlike plum-weed,<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, horny, compressed, irregularly<br />
branched; branches linear, narrowed at each end; pinnate<br />
or bipinnate; segments opposite, spreading, rather blunt.<br />
Fucus flavicans teretifolius ramulis pennatim enascentibus, Billen in<br />
jRaii Syn. 50, 49.<br />
Fucus corntus, Huds. FL Angl. 585; Turn. Hist. 257 ; Engl. Bot. 1970.<br />
Fucus seiicrus, Gmel. 149.<br />
Fucus sprnosus, Gmel. 161.<br />
Fucus pumilus, Slackh. Ner. Brif. 16, Ifi?<br />
JSea-coasts; perennial; May to October,
Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 62. Gigart. 373<br />
&. fiUcinus. Thallus very slender; lohes horizontal, di-<br />
lated, very blunt.<br />
;^ Fucus filicinus, Much. Fl. Angl. 586.<br />
Fucus iiereideus, Light/. 956.<br />
y. phinahis. Thallus narrow, tri-pinnate; lohes nearly<br />
linear, rather blunt.<br />
Fucus pinnatus, Huds. Fl. Angl.bSC.<br />
Fucus sericeus, Gmel. 149.<br />
d. renifor^nis. Branches and twigs spreading, scattered,<br />
narrow at bottom, tip blunt.<br />
E. capillaceus. Thallus slender; upper lobes crowded,<br />
bristlelike, nearly upright.<br />
Fucus capillaceus, Gmel. 146.<br />
(. defurmis. Thallus twisted, irregularly pinnated ; lobes<br />
divaricated, oblong, vex-y short, not divided.<br />
Yi. pulchellus. Thallus hairlike,^ compressed, tripinnate;<br />
lohes linear, clublike, blunt.<br />
L claviferus. Thallus cylindrical, hairlike, irregularlydivided;<br />
twigs reverse ovate; edge vf'ith. minute scattered<br />
teeth.<br />
s. coronatus. Thallus compressed, irregularly branched,<br />
naked below; having in the middle a few, simple, scattered<br />
lobes, and at top clusters of short twigs bent back.<br />
5. Gigartina IVigghii. Wiggh's plum-weed.<br />
Thallus slightly gelatinous, cylindrical, threadlike, much<br />
and irregularly branched; twigs ^evy numerous, on all<br />
parts, bristlelike, mostly simple, scattered ',<br />
twigs Loiiceolate, compressed.<br />
fruitbearing;<br />
Fucus Wigghii, Turn, in Lin. Tr. 6, 11 ; Turn. Hitt. 102; Engl. Bol.<br />
1135.<br />
Sphaerococcus Wigghii, Agardh Disp. 17.<br />
Hypnea Wigghii, Lamour. Thai.<br />
Sea-shore; annual; Midsummer.<br />
c. Thallus roundish^ branched; twigs threadlike; thecce<br />
globular, on the end of the twigs.<br />
6. Gigartina asparagoides. Asparagus plum-weed.<br />
Thallus slightly gelatinous, cylindrical, threadlike, much<br />
and irregularly branched; twigs simple, spreading horizontally,<br />
bristlelike, 2-roV,*ed, opposite, ending alternately<br />
in a spherical theca.
S74 62.Gigart. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. FlcelLapL<br />
Fucus asparagoidcs, Woodw. in Tr. Lin. Soc. 2,29,<br />
Sphasrococcus asparagoide-, Jgard/i Disp, 17.<br />
Plocamium a?paiagoidcs, Z/awiour. Thai.<br />
Sea-shoi'e.<br />
d. Tliallus threadlike, equal; tubercles lateral, ivartlikej \<br />
Jormed of jointed threads.<br />
7. Gigarfina fastig'iata. Even-topped phim-weed.<br />
ThaJlus cartilaginous, threadlike, 2-forked, level-topped,<br />
angle of the fork bluntish, tip acute; tuherchs irregular,<br />
hemispherical, sessile, lateral.<br />
Fucus rorundus, Gmd. Fuci, 110; Engl. Bot. 1739 ; Turn. Hi^t. 5.<br />
Fiici!5 radiatus, Gooden. Tr.Lin. Soc. 3,202.<br />
Fucus fasligialus, Stackh.Ner. Brit. 13.<br />
Fucus capriruis, Fl. Norv. 1,98.<br />
Chordaria rotunda, Jgnrdh Syn. 12.<br />
Furccllaria rotunda, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 49.<br />
Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. Thai.<br />
Sea-shore ; perennial ; September to February,<br />
ThaUus deep brownish purple, white when exposed to<br />
the weather; if//55 rather blunt.<br />
^ B. ieniiior. Tliallus with the extreme segments long and<br />
linear; tips bluntish,<br />
y.fastigiata. Tliallus very slender, about 2 inches high.<br />
Fucus fasligiatus, Lin. S. P. 1631.<br />
8. Gigarlina plicata. Pleated plum-weed.<br />
ThaUus horny, cylindrical, uniform, very much branched;<br />
hranckes mostly simple, clustered, entangled, horizontal,<br />
slightly one-sided; lips blunt; tubercles irregular, he-<br />
mispherical, sessile.<br />
Fucus Irichoides nostras aurei coloris, ramulorum apicibus furcatis,<br />
Itaii Syn. 45,26.<br />
Fucus coral loides ercctus, Haii Syn. 51, .57.<br />
J'ucus plicatus, Iltids. Fl. Angl. 5S9 ; Turn. Hist. 180 ; Engl. Bot. 1088,<br />
not of Esper.<br />
Fucus all)us, Fl. Dan. 408.<br />
Ceramium plicafum. Roth Cat. 2, 162,<br />
Gigartina plicata, Lamour. Thai. 48.<br />
SphiErococcus plicatur, Agardli Disp. 17,<br />
Sea-coast; perennial; October to April.<br />
ThaUus tufied, stiff, wirelike, entangled,<br />
^. elongata. Tliallus rather forked ; branches long,<br />
straight, level-topped.<br />
Fucus longissiinus, Esper^ 44,
PLcelLaph. S.THALASSIOPHYT^. 62. Gigart. 37S<br />
9. Gigartina Griffitsice. Griffith's plum-weed.<br />
Thullus cartilaginous, cylindrical, threadlike, foriced,<br />
level-topped ; tubercles lateral, oblong, embracing the<br />
thallus.<br />
Fucus Gi iffitsia?, Turn. Hist. 126 ; Engl. Bot. 1926.<br />
Spliasrococcui Griffitsiaj, jtgardh Disp.<br />
Gigaitina GrifRtsia?, Lyngbye Hydr. han. 43.<br />
Sea-shores; October to December.<br />
Tlmlhis 2 or 3 inches high, purplish ;<br />
of horizontally radiating filaments.<br />
tubercles composed<br />
10. Gigartina acicularis. Needlelike plum-weed.<br />
Thallus rather cartilaginous, soft, threadlike, irregularly<br />
dichotoraous; branches spreading, pointed; twigs scattered,<br />
short, spearshape, horizontal.<br />
Fucus acicularis, Turn. Hist. 126.<br />
Spliaerococcus acicularis, Agardh Disp. 17.<br />
Sea-shores; winter.<br />
Thallus 2 or 3 inches long; above slightly flattened.<br />
11. Girfartina covfervoides. Conferva plum-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike, much and irregularly branched<br />
branches long, mostly simple ; tivigs scattered, bristlelike,<br />
narrower at each end; tubercles hemispherical, scattered.<br />
Fucus inarinus purpurascens parvus, caule et rninulia seu foliulis iereti-<br />
bus, Rnii Syu. 30, .'JO.<br />
Fucus confervoidcs, Lin. S. P. 1629 ; Engl. Bot. 1669 ; Turn. Hist. 84.<br />
Fucus eioiigalHS, Ft. Narv.2, 14S.<br />
Fucus verrucosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 583.<br />
Fucus acerosus, Esper, 103.<br />
Fucus longissiinus, Gmel. 134.<br />
Gigartina confervoidcs, Lamour. Thai. 48.<br />
Sphaerococcus confervoides, Agardh Syn. 35.<br />
Sea-shores ; perennial ; September and December.<br />
^. procerrima. Branches very long, mostly simple, rather<br />
naked.<br />
Fucus teres rubens minus ramosus in longum prolenstis, Dillen in Rail<br />
Syn. 51,53.<br />
Fucus procerrimus, Espe.r, 133.<br />
Fucus longissimus, TVolf.Jacq. Coll. 1,361.<br />
Ceramium longissimum, Roth Cat. 3, 116.<br />
y. amplexa. Thallus entangled ; branches and ttvigs very<br />
numerous, crowded, twisted.<br />
I. gracilis. Thallus threadlike; tubercles lateral, clus-<br />
tered, minute, flaccid towards the tips.<br />
Fucus gracilis, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 100.
376 62.Gigart. 2.THALA!SSIOPHYTm Plcell.aph.<br />
s. alhida. Thalliis rather compressed, slightly forked;<br />
twigs awlshape.<br />
Fucus albidus^ Huds. Fl. yingl. 5S2. /<br />
Fucus verrucosus, Gmel. 1.36.<br />
^. inflata. Thalliis bent in, near the tip swollen here<br />
and there with lanceolate, podshape tumours.<br />
53. geniculata. Thullus bent as if broken at the tubercles.<br />
12. Gigarlmd Turneri. Turner'' s plum-weed.<br />
Thalliis threadlike, pale reddish brown, hairlike, uneven,<br />
much and very irregularly branched; twigs scattered; iii-<br />
lercles hemispherical, sessile, scattered.<br />
Conferva verrucosa, Turiierii, Engl. Hot. 1688.<br />
Sea-shores; annual; summer.<br />
Thalliis 3 inches long.<br />
13. Glgartina virid'is. Greeii pliim-iveed.<br />
Thalliis cartilaginous, threadlike, repeatedly and continually<br />
pinnate; branches and twigs opposite; tubercles he-<br />
mispherical, sessile.<br />
Fucus viridis, Fl. Dan. 886 ; Engl. Bot. 1659 ; Turner Hist. 9T.<br />
Desinaretia virldis, Lam. Thal.'ib.<br />
Chnrdaria? viridis, Agardh Syn. 14.<br />
Glgartina viridis, Lyngbyc Ilydr. Dan, 44.<br />
Sea-shore; annual; spring and summer.<br />
Thallus 1 or 2 feet long, fine orange, growing verdigris<br />
green.<br />
e. Glgartina. Thallus threadlike, equal ; iulercles round,<br />
immersed in the twigs.<br />
14. Glgartina lycopodioides. IVolfs- claw plum-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike, mostly simple, entirely covered with<br />
threadlike twigs, closely imbricated and slightly forked at<br />
the tip.<br />
Fucus lycopodioides, Lin. Syst. Nat. 7H; Turn. Hist. 12 ; Engl. Bof..<br />
1163.<br />
Conferva squarrosa, Fl. Dan. 367.<br />
Fucus Lycopodiuni, Slackli. Ner. Brit. 107.<br />
Fiircellaria lycopodioides, Agardh. Syn. 11.<br />
Gigartiiva lycopodioides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dun. 43.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thalli aggregate, naked at bottom, above densely imbricated<br />
with simple or pinnated twigs, brownish red growing<br />
black.
Pl.cellaph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. 62.Gigart. 37T<br />
15. Gigarl'ma siihfusca. Brownish plum-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike ; branches irregular, many, alternate,<br />
awlshape, spreading; twigs pencilshape, in bundles; tu-<br />
bercles unevenly pinnate, on the tip of" the twigs.<br />
Fucus siibfuscus, H^oodward Lin. Tr. I, 13 i ; I'urn, Hist. 10; Engl, Bxit,.<br />
1164.<br />
Fucus setaceus, fVuJff. Ciyplog. 40. ,<br />
Fucus variabilis, Goodtti in Lin. Trans. 3,222,<br />
Gigarlina subfusca, Lamour. Tlialas. 48.<br />
Splicerococcus subfuscus, Agardh Syn, 32.<br />
Sea- shore; perennial; spring.<br />
Thallus very variable in form ; twigs often appearing as<br />
if jointed.<br />
16. Gigartina purpurascens. Purplish plum-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike, soft, cartilaginous, much and irregularly<br />
branched ; twigs bristlelike, scattered; tubercles sphe-<br />
rical, solitary, immersed in the twigs.<br />
Fucus teres albus tenuissime divisis, Raii Syn. 50, .51.<br />
Fucus purpurascens, Ihtds. Fl. Angl. 588 ; Engl. Bot. 1243 ; Turn,<br />
Hist. 9.<br />
Fucus luberculatus, Lightf. Scut. 926,<br />
Fucus corailinus, Fl. Dan. 109.<br />
Fucus capillaceus, Esper, 35.<br />
Fucus acicularis, Esper, 91.<br />
Gigartina purpurea, Lamour. Thai. 48.<br />
Sphaerococcus purpurascens, .Jgardh Syn. 31.<br />
Sea-coast; perennial; summer and autumn.<br />
Thallus 1 foot long, light red, fleshy.<br />
;3. cirrhosa. Tips of the twigs twisted spirally.<br />
17. Gigartiva capillaris. Hair plum-vjeed..<br />
Thallus rather gelatinous, threadlike, much and irregu-<br />
larly branched ; twigs awlshape, pointed ; tubercles solitary,<br />
imbedded in the twigs.<br />
Fucus capillaris, Huds. Fl. Angl. 591 ; Turn. Hist. SI ; Engl. Bo/. 2191.<br />
Sphaerococcus capillaris, ^^are/A Disp. 18.<br />
Gigartina capillaris, Lamour. T/ial.'ib.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; April, October.<br />
Thallus 6 to 8 inches long, pale pink or crimson.<br />
1%. Gigartina furfuracea. Bramnj plum-weed.<br />
Thallus gelatinous, fleshy, reddish, round; repeatedly<br />
forked; twigs rather flattened, lanceolate, cloven; tubercles<br />
scattered, imbedded in the twigs.<br />
Ulva furfuracea, Turn.in Schi-ad.Jown.^, 301; Engl. Bot. 1891.<br />
Chondria furfuracea, Agardh Disp. 18.<br />
';'
378 62.Gigart. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
Sea-sbore, or submarine stones or rocks.<br />
Thalliis 1 to 3 inches high, more or less compressed,<br />
flattened.<br />
XXXVIII. 63. GASTRIDIUM. Lyngbye. Belly-weed.<br />
ThaUtis threadlike, round, tubular, gelatinqus, cartilaginous<br />
; tubercles roundish, lateral or terminal ; sporidia<br />
in the tubercles and also on the twiofs.<br />
a. Laurentia. Thallus compressed ; iuhercles ter'minating<br />
the twigs.<br />
1. Gastridium pinnatifidum. Feather-cut helly-iveed.<br />
Thnllus compressed, cartilaginous, branched ; branches<br />
mostly alternate, doubly pinnatifid; twigs blunt, callous.<br />
Fucus Dealcnsis pedicularis rubri folio, Dillen in Rail Syn. 48, 37.<br />
Fucus ramosus pi peris sapore, Dillen in Rait Syn. 51, 55.<br />
Fucus pinnatifidus, Buds. Fl. Ami. 581 ; Engl. Bot. 1202 ; Turn. Hist.<br />
SO.<br />
Fucus rauUificius, Hudson, 581.<br />
Fucus corymbifer, TVtilff. Crypt. 32.<br />
Fucus corvmbifeius, Esper, 94.<br />
Laurentia pinnaiifida, Lamour. Thall.<br />
Cliondria pinratifida, Agardh Syn. 35.<br />
Gelidium |)innatifidium, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 40.<br />
Pepper dulse. Faminkiren, Ireland.<br />
Sea-shore; annual; autumn.<br />
Tlialli aggregate, j'ellowish red, diaphanous; tasle hot,<br />
acrid.<br />
^.Jilicimim. Thallus roundish ; twi»s cylindrical, thickened<br />
upwards, clustered, mostly simple.<br />
Fucus Osmuiida, Nereis Brit. 46.<br />
Fucus filicinus, Lightf. Scot. 954, not of Hudson.<br />
y. angustum. Thallus compressed; twigs clublike, crowded,<br />
mostly simple.<br />
1. teriuissimum. Thallus compressed ; twigs divaricated,<br />
branches very slender.<br />
2. Gastridium oLtusum. Blimt helly-iueed.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, cylindrical, threadlike, repeatedly<br />
pinnated; branches generally opposite; twigs cylindrical,<br />
short, spreading, blunt.<br />
Fucus oblusus, Huds. FL Angl. 586 ; Engl. Bot. 1201 ; Turn. Hist. 21.<br />
Fuius spinosus, Wulf.in Jacq. Coll. 3, 156.<br />
Laurentia obtusa, Lamour. IVial.<br />
Chondria obtusa, Agardh Diss. 18.
Pl.celLaph. 2.THALASS10PHYTiE. 63. Gastrid. 319<br />
Sea-shores; annual; summer.<br />
Thallus 6 to 12 inches long, twice or thrice pinnate.<br />
6. hi/lridum. Thallus almost cylindrical, rather cartilaginous;<br />
twigs slightly attenuated at the bottom, and rounded<br />
at the tip.<br />
b. Gastridium. Thallus even^ or wieqiially contracted into<br />
apparent joints ; tubercles on the sides.<br />
S. Gastridium ovale. Oval bellif-iveed.<br />
Thallus nearly cylindrical, threadlike, irregularly twoforked,<br />
below naked, covered above on all sides with simple<br />
elliptical twigs.<br />
Fucns ovalis, Huds. Fl. ylngl. 573 ; Engl. Bot.in ; Turn. Hist. 81.<br />
Fiicus sedoicies, Stackh. Ner. Brit. fi7.<br />
Fucus vermiciilaris, Lightf. Scot. 958.<br />
Giffartina ovalis, Lamour, Thai.<br />
Chondria ovalis, yJgardh Disp, 18.<br />
Submarine rocks; annual; summer.<br />
Thallus 3 or 4; inches high; pale reddish brown.<br />
(3. lotryoides. Twigs short, nearly globular.<br />
Fucus botryoides, Wulf. in Jacq. Collect. 3, 146.<br />
7. suharticulatum. Twigs long, linear, contracted as if<br />
jointed.<br />
4. Gastridium tenuissimum. Very thin helly-weed.<br />
Thallus gelatinous, threadlike, cylindrical, pinnately<br />
branched ; branches alternate, spreading, mostly simple<br />
twigs cylindrical, simple, scattered.<br />
Fucus tenuissimus, Goodcn. in Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,215; Engl. BotA682<br />
Turn. Hist. 100.<br />
Ulva capillaris, Htids. 571.<br />
Giganina tenuissima, jigardh Disp. 18.<br />
Sea-shore, or on other marine plants ; annual ; summer.<br />
Thallus pale flesh-colour, tender, 6 to 10 inches long.<br />
5. Gastridium purpurascens. Purplish belly-treed.<br />
Thallus threadlike, branched ; branches and tivigs tworowed,<br />
nearly opposite ; last ones pinnate ; segments small,<br />
opposite.<br />
Ulva purpurascens, Huds. FL Angl. 569.<br />
Gastridium purpurascens, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 69.<br />
Sea-shore ; annual ; summer.<br />
Thallus 6 to 9 inches high, attenuated at bottom, tubular,<br />
apex acute ; branches smaller at each end, spreading<br />
segments lanceolate.
580^ ea.Gastrid. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. PlcellapH.<br />
6. Gastridium dasyphyllum. Tlnckleaved helly-weed.<br />
T/^aZ/z« gelatinous, threadlike; branches irregulai'ly pin-<br />
nate, spreading, mostly simple; tjvigs cylindrical, scattered,<br />
narrower at bottom, proliferous.<br />
-Fucus dasyphjllus, WuGdw. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 239 ; Engl. Bot. 847 ; Turn.,<br />
Hist. 22.<br />
Gigarirna dasyphylla, Lmnour, Thai.<br />
Clundria dasyphyUa, Agardh Disp, IS.<br />
Sea-shore; annual; svunmer.<br />
Thallus 3 to 6 inches high, pale red or reddish green.<br />
i3. ariiculatum. Thallus jointed.<br />
7. Gastridium clavellosum. Twiggy belly-iveed.<br />
Thallus threadlike, cylindi'ical ; branches many, irregular,<br />
mostly alternate, 2- rowed.<br />
Fucus clavellosu?, IWn. in Lin:Trans. 4, 10 ; Hht. 30 ; Engl. Bot. 1203.<br />
Gabtridium clavellosum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 70.<br />
Choiulria clavellosa, Agardh Disp. IS.<br />
Sea-shores, or parasitic ; annual; summer.<br />
/3. sedifolium. Tivigs oblong, oval, crowded, undivided.<br />
8. Gastridium kaliforme. Kali-like belly-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike; branches many, irregular, generally<br />
in whorls, contracted as if jointed.<br />
Fucus kaliformis, fVoodw. in Lin. Tr. .3,206; Twn.Hist.29; Engl.<br />
Bot. 640.<br />
Fucus verticillalus, Lightf. Scot. 962.<br />
Gigartiiia kalifi)rtnis, Lamvur. Thai. 49.<br />
Ceramii!m tubulosum, Roth Cat. 3, 124.<br />
Chondria kaliformis, Agardh Disp. 18.<br />
Gastridium kaliforme, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 70.<br />
Sea-shore; annual; summer.<br />
Thallus solitary; branches opposite, alternate, or in<br />
whorls, slender at bottom, blunt at top.<br />
|3. diaphanum. Thallus roundish ; tiuigs long, generally<br />
simple ; contractions very slight.<br />
7. nanum. Threads long, jointed; branches and twigs<br />
horizontal.<br />
9. Gastridium piisillum. Dwarf belly-weed,<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, compressed, threadlike, contracted<br />
as if jointed ; branches many, irregular ; twigs horizontal j<br />
bottom slenderest; tips dilated, roundish.<br />
Fucus pusillus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. Ifl ;<br />
Sphserococcus pusillus, Agardh Disp. 17.<br />
Sea-shores; annual; summer.<br />
'Turn. Hist. 108.
Plcell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 63. Gastric! . 381<br />
10. Gdstridmm repevs. Creeping^ belly-iveed.<br />
Thallus nearly cylindrical, threadlike, solid, contracted<br />
as if jointed, branched, with a network of internal fibres;<br />
hranches horizontal, pointed ; joints lanceolate, obsolete.<br />
Tremella marina caespitosa, segnienlis tenuibus, Dillen Hist, Muse. 30,<br />
Fucus repeiis, Liglitf. Scot. 961.<br />
Ulva articulata ^, Huds. FL yingl. 369.<br />
Fucus Opuntia, Gooden. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,219 ; Turn. Hist. 107.<br />
Tlivularia Opuntia, Engl. Bot. 1868.<br />
Sea-shores; annual; summer.<br />
/3. ccBSpitosum. Thallus entangled, half an inch high<br />
tip clublike.<br />
Fucns caespitosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 39.<br />
Gigartina pilosa, Lameur. Thai.<br />
c. Lomentaria. Thallus regularly contracted, appearing<br />
as if jointed ; hranches verticillate ; tubercles lateral,<br />
11. Gnstridium articulatum. Jointed belly-weed.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, threadlike, tubular, contracted<br />
throughout as if jointed ; branches level-topped, 2-forked<br />
or whirled; joints nearly cylindrical, piichershape.<br />
Corallina leiita [inrpurea coitipressa, Raii Sj^n. 34,9'.<br />
Ulva articulata, Huds. FL.Angl. 560.<br />
Fucus artieulatus, Liglitf. Scot. 939,<br />
Fucus sericeu?, var. Esper, 82.<br />
Gigartiua articulata, Lamour. Thul. 49.<br />
Casramiuin toruiusum. Roth Cat. 6, 125.<br />
Sea-shores; annual; June and July.<br />
|3. reptans. Thallus slender, creeping, shining.<br />
C»nferva.reptaiis, Roth Cat. 1, 186.<br />
d. Plocamium. Thallus compressed, membranaceous,<br />
mostly pinnate j tubercles lateral.<br />
12. Gastridium glandidosum. Glandular belly-weed.<br />
Thallus membranaceous, linear, compressed (tubular<br />
Engl. Bot.) branched; branches alternate, decumbent;<br />
iivigs 2-cut, bent inwards.<br />
Fucus glandulosus, Turn. Hist. 38; Engl. Bet. 2135.<br />
Delesseria glandulosa, Agardh JOisp. 14.<br />
Thallus 1 or 2 inches long, creeping, variously and repeatedly<br />
branched; sporidia immersed in the oblong, swol-<br />
len twigs.<br />
/
««2 es.Gastrid. 2.TIIALASSIOFHYTM. PL cell. apk.<br />
13. Gastridium amphilnum. Amphibious lelly-weed.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, hairlike, twice or thrice pinnate;<br />
Iranches and twigs horizontal, alternate, uppermost lan-<br />
ceolate, rolled inwards at the tip.<br />
Fucoides erectum fruticuli specie, suminifatibus inflexis, Dillen in Raii<br />
Syn. 38, 4.<br />
Fucus scorpioides, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1, 471.<br />
Fuciis amphibitis, Huds. ed. 2, 590; Turn. Hist. 101 ; Engl. Bot. 1428.<br />
Chondria amphibia, yfgardh Disp. IS.<br />
Plocamiuin ampiiibium, Laniour. Thai,<br />
Sea-shores; perennial; summer.<br />
14. Gastridium coccineum. Scarlet helly-iveed.<br />
Thallus compressed; branches many, irregular; twigs<br />
awlshape, pectinate, on one side.<br />
Miiscus marinus rubens pennatus, Raii Syn. ed. 2, 8.<br />
Furus Piocamium, Gmelin. 16.<br />
Fiicns coccineus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 586.<br />
Fiicus cartilagineus, CEder Enum.2, 131.<br />
Ceramiuni Piocamium, Roth Cat. 3, 107. ,<br />
Piocamium vulgare, Lamour. Thai. 50.<br />
Delesseria coccinea, Agardh Disp. 14.<br />
Piocamium coccineus, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 39.<br />
e. Rytiphlsea. Thallus threadshape ; bratiches 2-rowed<br />
twigs slightly jointed, incurved; tubercles lateral..<br />
15. Gastridium pinastroides. Pinasterlike belly-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike ; bra7iches numerous ; tip rolled inwards;<br />
iivigs mostly simple, awlshape, scattered, facing<br />
one way.<br />
Fucus pinastroides, Gmelin, 127 ; Turn. Hist. 11 ; Engl. Bot. 1042.<br />
Fucus incurvus, Huds. Fl, Angl. 590.<br />
Ceramium incurvum, De CandoUe Fl. Gall. 2, 43.<br />
llyfipliaja pinastroides, Agardh Disp. 25.<br />
Gigarfina pinastroides, Lyngbye Hort. Dan. 45.<br />
Sea-shores ; annual ; summer.<br />
Thallus 3 to 6 inches high, naked below; twigs very<br />
dense, tiledlike.<br />
f. Ptilota. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed, pinnate i<br />
sporidia in a globe surrounded ivith bristlelike involucra.<br />
16. Gastridium plumosum. Feathery belly-weed.<br />
Thallus much and irregularly branched ; Z'/oncAe^ pin-<br />
nate; segments opposite, pectinate.
PLcell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 63.Gastrid. 383<br />
Fucoides purpurcum elcganter pluinosum, Dillenin Rail Syn. 38,2.<br />
Fuciis plumosus, Lin. Sp. PL Turn. Hist. 60; Engl. hot. 1308.<br />
Fucus pcctinatus, Fl. Norv. 2, 132.<br />
Fucus ptilotus, Fl. Norv. 2, 135.<br />
Ceramium plumosuni. Roth Cat. 3, 135.<br />
Plocamiuin p\umosi\m, Lamour. Tliiil. 50.<br />
Ptilota plumosa, Agardh Syn. 39.<br />
Sea-shores; perennial; June, October.<br />
Thallus 9 to 12 inches long; branches 2-rowed; lobes<br />
close together, plumose, reddish growing purplish.<br />
/3. capillare. Thallus very narrow, nearly cylindrical,<br />
jointed.<br />
Fucus plumosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 105.<br />
K. Fucoides. Thallus continuous, leatherlike, cartilaginous,<br />
formed of longitudinallj'^ entangled fibres; colour<br />
olivaceous, growing black, flat or threadlike; often inflated<br />
into vesicles; Ao/^a5/5 fibrous or shieldlike* sporidia scattered,<br />
in the substance of the thallus, or among conferva-<br />
like threads either on the surface or in thecae immersed in<br />
the thallus.<br />
XXXIX. 64. FASCIATA. Rihlavd-weed,<br />
Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless ; stirps ; holdfasts<br />
peltate; sporidia immersed in superficial mucilaginous<br />
warts, formed of jointed fibres.<br />
1. Fasciata plantaginea. Plantain rihhand-weed.<br />
Thallus membranaceous, aggregate, narrow at bottom,<br />
lanceolate, blunt; ec(ge flat.<br />
Tremella marina calendulae folio, Dillen Muse. 46.<br />
Ulva plantasinifolia, Wuff. Aquat. 23.<br />
Ulva plantasiiiea. Roth Cat. .'i,326; Engl. Bot. 2136.<br />
Laminaria plantaginea, Agardh Syn. 20,<br />
Sea-shores, parasitic on zostera marina ; annual ; spring<br />
Thallus 3 to 6 inches high ; edge mostly uncut, seldom<br />
toothed.<br />
2. Fasciata attenuata. Narrowed rihhand-iueed.<br />
Thallus membranaceous, linear, narrower at both ends,<br />
waved, not cut.<br />
Fucus Fascia, Fl. Dan. 768 ;<br />
Turn. Syn. 187.<br />
Laminaria Fascia, Agardh Syn. 19.<br />
Sea-shores; annual; spring.<br />
Thalli aggregated, 6 to 9 inches high, waved or spirally<br />
twisted.
384 65. Lamina. 5.THALASSIOPHYT.E. Pl.cellaph.<br />
XL. 65. LAMINARIA. FLake-weed.<br />
Tlialliis flat, leatherlike, ribless; st'trps roundish; hold-<br />
fasts fibrous; sporidia placed horisontalh' in superficial<br />
mucilaginous warts, formed of jointed filaments.<br />
1. Lamuiar'ia meynhranacea. Memlranaceous fiake-tueed.<br />
Stirps roundish, compressed ; tliallus flat, linear, lanceo-<br />
late, narrower at both ends; edge cut.<br />
Fiiciis Plivllitis, Esper, 149 ; Turn. Hist. 164; EnsL Bot. 1331.<br />
Ulva PiiNllitis, D& Candolle Fl. Fr. ?, 15.<br />
Lnminaiia Pliyllitis, Lamour. Thai. 22.<br />
Sea-shore; parasitical: annual.<br />
TliaUl mostly aggregate ;<br />
edge not cut.<br />
2. Lajmnaria saccharina. Sugar fiake-^weed.<br />
Stirps roundish ; ihallus fiat, linear, lanceolate, edge not<br />
divided.<br />
Focus lonsi«>imo, latissimo, cra?=t>que folio, DiUen in Raii Syn. 39, 1.<br />
Fiicus saccl)arinu=, Lin. S. P. 1630.<br />
Ulva saccharina, Be Canii. Fl. Fi: 2, 15.<br />
Phasgonon balteiform's, fValk.<br />
Lamiiiaria saccliaiina, Lamour. Thai. 22.<br />
Sea-shores: perennial: summer.<br />
j3. hidlala. ThaJIus buUated ; edge waved.<br />
Fucus latissimus et loiigissinuis, oris crisp us, Dillen iri Raii Syn.SO, 1.<br />
Fucus folio sinsularijloiigissimo, lato, in m«(iin rugoso, qui balieiformis<br />
-^lici |)o(e>t, Raii Syn. 39, 1.<br />
Ulva laiissima, Lin. Syst. Nat. 719.<br />
Fucus saccharinus, Fl. Dan. 416 :<br />
Ulva raescntcrifbrmis, Roth Cat. 1,210.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1376.<br />
V. lojigiss'nna. T/inl/us oblong, membranaceous, pointed.<br />
Ulva longissima, Fl. Norv. 2, 128,<br />
.3. Lam'mar'ia laiissimn. Broadest flake-weed.<br />
Stirps short, roundish ; thallus expanded, flat, ribless,<br />
elliptical, orbicular, mucilaginous.<br />
Uiva ma\ima, Fl. Xorv. 2,7.<br />
Fucus saccliarinus latissimus, Turn. Hist. 163.<br />
L.amiiiaria saccluirina laiissima, .igardh Syn. 18.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thalll gregarious, yellowish, nearly as broad as long.<br />
3. Laminaria dig'itata.<br />
Fingered fluke-weed.<br />
Stirps roundish ; ihallus expanded into an oval, heart-<br />
jsbape, cut in many short, shalk)w lobes ; edge not cut.
PLcell.aph. S.THALASSIOPHYT.^. Q.5.Lamin. S85<br />
Foco? arhorcm pol3-5chide* edaH?, 7?
SS6 67. Chorda. 2.THALASSI0PHYT.E. PLceU.aph.<br />
XLII. 67. CHORDA. Lamouroux. Rope-need.<br />
Thalliis round, tubular, uot branched; holJfasts shield-<br />
like: sporidia in clubiike threads, scattered on the surface<br />
of the thallus.<br />
1. Chorda Jilifurmis. Threadlike rope-ueed.<br />
Thallus round, not in the least branched, narrower at<br />
each end ; when old twisted up spirally.<br />
Fuciis chordam referens teres praelongus, Rati Syn. 40, S.<br />
Fucus Filurn, Lin. S. P. 1631 ;<br />
Fucus Tendii, E^per, 22.<br />
Turn^Bist. S6; Engl. Bot. 2487.<br />
Ceraiiiiiim Filuni, Roth Cat. 1, 147.<br />
Chorda Fihisi, Stackh. Xer. Brit. Introd. 24 ;<br />
Chordaria, Link in Schrad. Journ. 1S09, S.<br />
Chordaria Filuin, Agardk Syn. 13.<br />
Flagellaria Filum, Xer. Brit. ed. 2. Intr. 9.<br />
Sea-lacM.<br />
Lamour. Thai. 27,<br />
Sea-shore; annual.<br />
ThaUi aggregate, from 1 to 20 feet long, often spirally<br />
twisted; tubes divided on the inside; sporidia pearshaped.<br />
2. Chorda iomentosa. JVoolIy rope-ueed.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, not branched, naked at the bottom,<br />
in all other parts covered with a very manifest slippery<br />
downiness, formed of jointed fibres.<br />
Chord.i tomentosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 74.<br />
Fucus Filum, var. Engl. Bet. 2487.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
XLIII. 6S. CHORDARIA. Link. Thong-weed.<br />
Thallus solid, round, threadlike, branched ; sporidia<br />
scattered in clublike threads on the surface of the thallus,<br />
Chorduria flageiliformis. IVhiplike thong-weed.<br />
Thallus slender, slippery; Iranches numerous, slightly<br />
5-rowed, very long, simple or forked, blunt.<br />
Fqci:= flagelliformij, Fi. Ban. 650; Turn. Hist. 85 ; Engl. Bot. 1222.<br />
Conferva dichoto-na, Fl. Dan. 353.<br />
Ceraraiuni longis^inium, Schum.Ennm.^, 111.<br />
Gig.rana flageUiforLsis, Lamour. Thai, 4S.<br />
Chordaria flagelliforaois, Agardh Disp. 12.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
ThaUi aofsrregate. 6 to 9 inches lonsr.<br />
B. tor fills. Thallus small, slender ; branches pinnate<br />
twigs spreading, clawlike, not branched, close.<br />
Conferva, 1172; Lin. Suec. 4,36.<br />
Chordaria flagelliformis minor: ^^ardA Syn. 13.<br />
Fucus flagelliformis tortilis, Turn. HiU. 85.
Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. 69.Sporoch. 387<br />
XLIV. 69. SPOROCHNUS. Agardh. Sporochnus,<br />
Thallus threadlike, cartilaginous ; branches pinnate ; spo-<br />
Tidia scattered in the ovate or globular ends of the twigs<br />
which end in jointed radiating filaments.<br />
1 Sporochnus pedimculatvs. Footstalked sporochmis,<br />
Thallus. cartilaginous, threadlike; branches irregularly<br />
pinnated, mostly alternate, elliptical.<br />
Fuciis pedunculatus, //uds. i^;. y4n^^. 587 ; Turn, Hist. \S8 ; Engl. Bot,<br />
54.5.<br />
Fuciis Gaertncri, Gmelin, 164.<br />
Gigartina j)edunculata, Laniour. Thai.<br />
Sporochnus pedunculatus, Agardh Disp, 12.<br />
Sea-shores.<br />
2. Sporochnus villosus. Villous sporochnus.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, threadlike ; branches opposite, dis-<br />
tant, pinnate, spreading; twigs elliptical.<br />
Conferva villosa, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603 ; Engl. Bot. 546 ; Dillw. 37 ?<br />
Chordaria? villosa, Agardh Syn. 14.<br />
Sea-shores; annual.<br />
XLV. 70. DESMARESTIA. Laraouroux. Desmarest.<br />
Thallus compressed, pinnately branched ; twigs slenderest<br />
at bottom ; edges serrate ; holdfasts shieldlike ; sporidia<br />
along with jointed threads from the serrated edges of the<br />
1. Desmarestia aculeata. Prickly desmarest.<br />
Thallus woody at the bottom, cylindrical, very much<br />
branched ; branches flat, cartilaginous, linear, ribless, repeatedly<br />
branched; twigs pinnate; edges spinose; spines<br />
upright.<br />
Fncns angustifolius, foliis dentatis, Raii Syn. 48,38.<br />
Fucus aculeatus, Lin. S. P. 1632; I'urn. Hist. 187 ; Engl. Bot. 2445.<br />
Fucus muscoitles, Gmelin, 130.<br />
Fucus virgatus, Fl. Norv. 45.<br />
Fucus contortus, Esper, 43.<br />
Fucus usneoides, Oeder Enum. 113.<br />
Desmarestia aculeata, Lamour. Thai. 25.<br />
Sporochnus aculeatus, Agardh Syn, 10.<br />
Desmia ligulala, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 34,<br />
Sea-shores; perennial; winter.<br />
Thallus obsoletely contracted, olive-green becoming<br />
black.<br />
2 c 2<br />
^<br />
\-'
388 70.Desmar. 'I.THALASSIO'PHYTJE. PL cell. aph.<br />
2. Desmare.itia ligulata. Slraplike desmarest.<br />
Thallus flat, nearly ribless, doubly pinnate ; hranches<br />
2-rowed, opposite, membranaceous, linear, lanceolate ; edge<br />
serrate with spinous teeth.<br />
Fucus ligulatus, Lightf. Scot. 949; Turn. Hist. 98; Engl. Bot. 1636.<br />
Fucus herbiiceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 582.<br />
Desmarestia ligulata, Lamour. 2'hal. 25.<br />
Laminaria ligulata, Agardh Disp. 13.<br />
Desmia ligulata, Lyngbjje Hydr, Dan. 34.<br />
Sea-shores; perennial; summer.<br />
Thallus 2 to 3 feet high, delicate, yellow, becomes pale<br />
green, when exposed to the air.<br />
/3. ajigustior. Thallus narrow, trebly pinnate j tivigs<br />
scarcely cut on the edges.<br />
7. dilatata. Twigs nearly elliptical^ narrowest at bottom.<br />
XLVI. 71. LICHINA. Agardh. Lichen-weed.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, roundish or angular, branched,<br />
shrublike ; sporidia ovate, intermixed with jointed fibres, in<br />
the ovate thecse immersed in the swollen apex of the twigs,<br />
leaving a hole at the top, then dilating and becoming concave.—<br />
Has the appearance of a lichen.<br />
1. Lichina pygmea. Pigmy licheji-iveed.<br />
Thcdlus compressed; branches very short, divaricating,<br />
dilated ; tulercles globose.<br />
Fucus pj gmseus, Lightf. Scot. 964 ; Turn. Hist. 258 ; Engl. Bot. 1322.<br />
Fucus pumillus, Huds. Fl. Ang. 584.<br />
Focus lichenoides, Gooden. in Linn. Tr. 3, 192.<br />
Gigartina pygmaea, Lamour. Thai. 49.<br />
Lichina pygraaga, Agardh Syn. 9.<br />
Gelidium pygmasum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 41.<br />
Rocks below low water; perennial.<br />
Thallus forming very thick tufts, upright, a quarter of<br />
an inch high.<br />
2. Lichina pumila. Dwarf lichen-weed.<br />
Thallus roundish ; hranches long, nearly cylindrical ; tulercles<br />
elliptical, at the ends of the branches.<br />
Fucus pygmffius /S, Turn. Hist. 4, 17.<br />
Lichen confinis, Achur. Prod. 208 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2573.<br />
Stereocaulon confinis, Achar. Meth. 317.<br />
Lichina pygmaea minor, Agardh Syn. 10,<br />
On rocks in the sea.<br />
Thallus tufted, upright.<br />
' • ~ \.' •~"»y .-^rr^-— t.«i|g:;--rgy "
Pl.cellaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 72.Himant. 389<br />
XLVII. 72. HIMANTHALIA. Lyngbye. Sea-strap.<br />
Thollus egglike, becoming shieldlike, stipitated ; holdfasts<br />
shieldlike; apothecia forked, compressed, arising from the<br />
centre of the thallus ; sporidia intermixed with jointed fibres<br />
in thecae immersed in the apothecia.<br />
Himanthalia elongala. Long sea-straps<br />
Fucus longo aiigiislo crassoque folio, Rail Syn, 43, 1 1.<br />
Fiicus fungis affinis, Sail Syn. 43, 15.<br />
Fucus loreiis, J'/. Dfl«. 710; Turn. Hist. W6 ; Engl. Bot. B69.<br />
Fucus elongratus, Lin, S. P. 16!27.<br />
Ulva pruniformis, Ft. Norveg. 2, S9.<br />
Sea-shore.<br />
Thallus 2 or 3 inches high ; apothecia solitary or aggregate,<br />
1 to 10 feet long; angles of the forks and tips acute.<br />
/3. inequalls. Receptacles irregular in breadth ; aiigles of<br />
the fork and tips blunt.<br />
XLVIII. 73. CERVINA. Horn-weed.<br />
Thallus roundish, forked, with a small black longitudinal<br />
line in the centre; vesicles 0; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia<br />
intermixed with jointed fibres in thecae immersed in terminal<br />
apothecia.<br />
Cervina tulerculata. Tuhercled horn-weed.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, threadlike, irregularly<br />
two-forked ; angles of the forks rounded ; apothecia oblong,<br />
cylindrical, blunt.<br />
Fucus kali geniculato similis, non tamen geniculatus, Raii Syn. 43, 13.<br />
Fucus tuberculatus, Htidi. Fl. ^ngl. 588.<br />
Fucus bifurcatus, IVithering Bot.Arr. 4, 109.<br />
Sea-shore ; perennial ; June to October.<br />
XLIX. 74. FUCUS. Theophrastus. Wrack.<br />
Thallus flat, confluent, forked, mid-ribbed ; vesicles<br />
or innate; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia intermixed with<br />
jointed fibres, in roundish thecae, immersed in terminal<br />
apothecia.<br />
1. Fucus serratus. Serrated wrack.<br />
Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, linear, forked ; edge serrated,<br />
toothed ; apothecia flat, linear, slightly pointed.<br />
Fucus sive alga lafifolia major deiitata, Rnii Syn. 42, T.<br />
Fucus serratus, Lin. S. P. 1626.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter and spring.
390 74..FUCUS. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. PLcell.aph.<br />
|3. latifolius. Upper lobes ovate, lanceolate, widening<br />
upwards.<br />
y. integer. Edges scarcely serrate.<br />
2. Fticus ceranoides. Horn wrack.<br />
Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, slightly forked ; edge not cut;<br />
side branches slender; apothecia compressed, linear, pointed.<br />
Fucus ceranoides, Lin. S. P. 1626 ; Turn. IlisL S9 ; Engl. Bot. 215.<br />
Fuciis disticUus, Esper, 139.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.<br />
3. Fucus vesiculosus. Bladdery wrack,<br />
Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, linear, forked ; edge not cut<br />
vesicles spherical, innate ; apothecia compressed, elliptical.<br />
Fucus sive alga marina latifolia vulgatissima, Raii Syn. 40, 4.<br />
Fucus vesiculosus, Lin. S. P. 1626,<br />
Fucus niauiillaris, Esper, 1 18.<br />
Fucus quercus marina, Gmelin, 60.<br />
Fucus divaricatus, Lin. S. P. 1627.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.<br />
/3. injlatus. Thallus inflated at the tip ; vesicles long.<br />
Fucus inflatus, Lin. S. P. 1G37.<br />
y. spiralis. Thallus twisted, spiral ; vesicles ; apothecia<br />
roundish.<br />
Fucus spiralis maritimus major, Raii Syn. 41,5.<br />
Fucus spiralis, Lin. S. P. 1G27 ; Engl. Bot. 1685.<br />
^. volubilis. Thallus twisted ; vesicles ; tips long, pointed.<br />
e. acutus. Thallus narrow; vesicles innate; tips long,<br />
lanceolate, pointed.<br />
K. august if'olius. Thallus narrow; vesicles 0; apothecia<br />
slightly pedicelled, linear, lanceolate, pointed.<br />
Fucus angustifolius, Withering Bot. Arr. 92.<br />
y]. Sherardi. Thalhis nari'ow, small ; vesicles ; apothecia<br />
short, oblong.<br />
Fucus Sherardii, Stackli. Ner. BrU. 72.<br />
^.linearis. Thallus narrow, small; vesicles 0', apothecia<br />
long, linear, lanceolate.<br />
Fucus linearis, IIuils. Fl. Jngl. 578.<br />
Fucus distichusj Liglitf. Fl. Scot, 912.
Fl.celLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 75.Halidrys. 391<br />
L. 75. HALIDRYS. Lyngbye. Sea-oah.<br />
Thallus compressed, confluent, forked, ribless ; vesicles 0,<br />
or innate; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia intermixed with<br />
jointed fibres in roundish thecee immersed in pedicelled,<br />
lateral apothecia.<br />
1. Halidrys nodosa. Knolbed sea-oak.<br />
Thallus pinnately branched.<br />
Fucus maritimus nodosus, Raii Syn. 48,41.<br />
Fuciis nodosus, Lin. S. P. 1628; Engl. Bot. 370; Turn. Hist. 91.<br />
Halidrys nodosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 37.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.<br />
Thallus 3 or 4 feet long, flat; apothecia roundish, mostly<br />
solitary.<br />
(3. minor, ylpothecia ovate, hardly wider than the pe-<br />
duncle.<br />
7. siliquatus. Apothecia linear, lanceolate.<br />
2. Halidrys canaJiculata. Channelled sea-oak.<br />
Thallus compressed, ribless, linear, grooved on one side,<br />
level-topped; edge not cut; tip 2-cut; apothecia oblong,<br />
2-cut, turned.<br />
Fucus pumilus dichotomus, scgmentis ex una parte gibbosis, ex altera<br />
excavatis, Raii Syn. 43, 12.<br />
Fucus canaliculatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. T 16; Engl. Bot. 823; Turn. Hist. 3.<br />
Fucus excisus, Lin. S. P. 1627,<br />
Fucus rotundus, Esper, 17.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial.<br />
Thalli aggregate, 2 to 4 inches long.<br />
3. Halidrys Mackaii. Mackay's sea-oak.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, cylindrical, threadlike, forked, leveltopped<br />
; tips blunt; vehicles scattered, innate, elliptical,<br />
solitary, wider than the thallus.<br />
Fucus Mackaii, Turn. Hist. 52; Engl. Bot. 1927,<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.<br />
Thallus 6 to 12 inches high, lower part compressed;<br />
angles of the fork roundish.<br />
LI. 71. MACKAIA. Mackay.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, rod-like, shrubby ; upper part<br />
branched, narrow, roundish compressed, below compressed,<br />
broad, leaflike; holdfasts shieldlike; vesicles 0, or innate<br />
in the branches; sporidia in roundish thecse intermixed<br />
with jointed fibres, or in terminal apothecia.
392 76.Mackaia. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
1. Mackaia ahrotanifoUa. Southern-ivond mackay^<br />
Thallus threadlike, compressed, bipinnate; lobes alternately<br />
forked, threadlike, spreading, edge not cut; vesicles<br />
innate ; apotliecia terminal, many cleft.<br />
Fucus abrotanifolius, Lin. S. P. 1629; Turn. Hist. 252; Engl. But.<br />
2130.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.<br />
Thallus 12 to 18 inches long; rough at the base.<br />
2. Mackaia discors. Discordant mackay.<br />
Thallus round, branched ; branches alternately pinnate;<br />
lower branches winged, serrated; upper branches<br />
linear ; upothecia terminal, oblong.<br />
Fucus discors, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2,717 ;<br />
Turn. Hist. 252; Engl. Bi)t.2l3\.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; summer.<br />
Thalli many, crowded, rough.— According to Mrs. Grif-<br />
fiths is the young state of the preceding species.<br />
S. Mackaia larlata. Bearded mackay.<br />
Thallus round, very much branched; branches alternate,<br />
threadlike; apotliecia oblong, acute, terminal.<br />
Fucus barbatus, Woodw. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 128 ; Turn. Hist. 250 ; Engl.<br />
Bot. 2\70.<br />
Fucus foeniculaceus, Gmel. 86.<br />
Sea-shores ; perennial ; summer.<br />
|3„ granvlata. Jlpotliecia linear, tubercular.<br />
Fucus graniilatus, Wuodw. Tr, Lin. Soc. 3, 131.<br />
4. MackaiaJihrosa. Fibrous mackay.<br />
Thallus compressed and woody at the base ; branches<br />
2-rowed, long, variously divided ; upper branches with<br />
bristlelike twigs, lower branches naked ; vesicles roundish,<br />
innate; apoihecia cylindrical.<br />
Fucus radicibus arborum fibrosis similis, Rati Syn. 49, 45.<br />
Fucus fibrosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. bib ; Eng. Bot. 19G9 ; Turn. Hist. 209.<br />
Fucus setaceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. bib.<br />
Fucus barbatus, Gmelin, 90.<br />
Sea-shores ; perennial ; Feb. and August.<br />
Thallus 1 to a feet high.<br />
5. Mackaia mucronaia. Stiff-pointed mackay,<br />
Thallus round, warty, very much bi-anched ; branches<br />
threadlike, spinous; young branches linear, flat, not cut,<br />
mid-ribbed; tip stiff pointed ; apoihecia cylindrical.
Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. 76. Mackaia. 393<br />
Fucus granulatus, Lin. S. P. 1629 ;<br />
Fhcus inucronatus, Turn. Syn. 73 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2169.<br />
Hist. 251,<br />
Fucus radicaulis. Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 111.<br />
Sea-shore ; perennial ; Feb. and August.<br />
6. Mackaia ericoides. Heathlike mackny,<br />
Thallus cylindrical and naked at bottom ; branched at<br />
the tip; Irnnches variously divided, long; twigs mostly<br />
simple, awlshape, imbricate, spreading; vesicles ronndish.<br />
Fucus foliis ericas seu tamarisci, Raii Syn. 49, 44.<br />
Fucus ericoides, Lin. S. P. 163! ; Engl. Bot. 1968; Turn. Hist. 191.<br />
Fucus tamariscifolius, Huds. Fl. yingl. 576.'<br />
Fucus Erica marina, Gmel, 128.<br />
Fucus selaginoides, Lin. Mant. 134.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; summer.<br />
Thallus reflects bright tints when in a growing: state.<br />
LII. 77. BACCALARIA. Gulf-weed.<br />
Thallus distinct as to its parts; holdfasts shieldlike; stirps<br />
threadlike, much branched; branches mid-ribbed, membranaceous,<br />
often pierced with holes, dilated at the tip,<br />
edges serrate; vesicles spherical, })eduncled, awnless or ending<br />
in a round or dilated awn; sporidia in roundish thecas<br />
intermixed with jointed fibres immersed in axillary, solitary<br />
or racemous apothecia.<br />
1 Baccalaria natans. Floating gulf-weed.<br />
Thallus compressed, bipinnated ; branches alternate,<br />
simple ; twigs linear, lanceolate, serrated ; vesicles spherical;<br />
peduncles flat; opo^/zecia cylindrical, racemose.<br />
Fucus natans, JLin.S. P. 1628; Engl. Bot, 2\\'^; Turn. Hist. 46.<br />
Sea-shores; perennial; summer.<br />
Thallus alternately bipinnate, twigs blunt, smooth.<br />
2. Baccalaria teres. Cylindrical gulf-weed.<br />
Thallus cyhndrical, threadlike, bipinnate; branches alternate,<br />
mostly simple ; twigs linear, serrated ; vesicles sphe-<br />
rical; peduncles cj^lindrical.<br />
Fucus nalans, Hnds. Fl. Angl. 572.<br />
Fucus bacciferus, Turn. Syn. 55 ; Mist. 27 ; Engl. Bot. 1967.<br />
Sea, floating in large masses ; perennial : winter.<br />
B. ohlongfolius. Twigs oblong, blunt, large toothed.
394 78.Siliquar. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Vlcellnph,<br />
LIII. 78. SILIQUARIA. Podweed.<br />
Thallus compressed, ribless, branched ; vesicles pedicelled,<br />
lanceolate, jointed; sporid'ia intermixed with jointed fibres<br />
in roundish thecse in terminal lanceolate podshaped apo-<br />
thecia.<br />
Siliquaria angust'ifnlia. ISJarrow-leaved podweed,<br />
Thallus branched ; branches alternate, 2-rowed ; vesicles<br />
beaked.<br />
Fucus angustifolius vesiculis longis siliqiiaruin semulis, Raii Syn. 49,39.<br />
Fucus filiquosus, Lin. S. P. 1629 ; Engl. Dot. 474 ; Turn. Hist, 159.<br />
Halymenia siliquosa, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan. 37.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.<br />
/3. minor. Thallus not more than 6 or 9 inches long.<br />
Fucus siliquosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit.<br />
y. denudata. Thallus long, much branched; vesicles 0.<br />
LIV. 79. FURCELLARIA. Lamouroux. Fork-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike, forked, level-topped ; sporidia immersed<br />
in regular lines in the swollen tips of the twigs.<br />
Flagellaria luhricalis. Slippery fork-weed.<br />
Thallus threadlike, forked, angles acute, tips blunt.<br />
Fucus parvus segmentis praelongis teretibus acutis, Raii Syn. 45,24.<br />
Fucus iubricalis, Gmelin, 108 ; Engl. Hot. 824 ; Turn, Hist. 6.<br />
Fucus fasligiatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15.<br />
Fucus furcellatus, Huds. Ft. Angl. 589.<br />
Furcellaiia Iubricalis, Lamour. Thai.<br />
Sea-shore; perennial; Nov. Feb.<br />
|3. fastigiata. Twigs compressed, transparent, ovate,<br />
lanceolate, short, pointed.<br />
Fucus sive alga exigua dichofoma, foliorum segmcniis longiusculis,<br />
crassis et subrotuiidis, Raii Syn. 45, 25.<br />
Fucus fastigiatus, Huds. Ft. Angl. 588.<br />
Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. Thai.<br />
Fam. III. 3. HOMOTHALAME.E. Lichenes homothalami.<br />
Acharius,<br />
Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous or shrubby; sporidia<br />
scattered, innate throughout the whole thallus, or in apothecia<br />
of the same colour and substJince as the thallus without<br />
any proligerous skin or central nucleus. Terrestrial<br />
or parasitic, perennial, greenish or becoming so when<br />
grazed, absorbing water at the surface and transmitting it<br />
to every part.
Pl.cellaph. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. 395<br />
A. Thallus gelatinous, when dry cartilaginous; Collematidese.<br />
Thallus crustlike, slightly figured or<br />
uniform<br />
Placynthium. 80.<br />
Thallus pleated tile-wise, roundish;<br />
lohes minute, thick, turgid Enchylium. 81<br />
Thallus rather leaflike, irregular<br />
loles thick, naked, turgid Scytenium. 82.<br />
Thallus leaflike<br />
loles rounded, downy beneath Mallotium. 83.<br />
Thallus leaflike ; lobes naked,<br />
rather membranaceous, blackish green Lathagrium. 84.<br />
Thalbis leaflike; loles naked,<br />
membranaceous, greyish Leptogium. 85.<br />
Thallus very finely torn and<br />
branched Polychidium. 86.<br />
B. Thallus with ajihrous axis, bark crustUke. Usneadeag.<br />
Apothecia shieldlike, terminal, edgeless .... Usnea. 87.<br />
C. Thallus cartilaginous, inside tow-like. Ramalinidese.<br />
Apothecia shicldlike, terminal, nearly<br />
marginless Cornicularia. 88.<br />
Apothecia saucerlike, edged, slightly<br />
pedicelled; thallus nearly solid Ramalina. 89.<br />
Apothecia saucerlike, edged, not<br />
pedicelled; thallus rather pipey Alectoria. 90.<br />
A. CoLLEMATiDEJB. Tkallus entirely gelatinous, homogeneous;<br />
when dry hard, cartilaginous, crustlike, leaflike,<br />
or branched ; apothecia shieldlike, sessile or sHghtly pedicelled,<br />
sometimes when dry coloured in the centre. These<br />
ought to be moistened before they are examined, as many<br />
of them have their apothecia of a different colour when<br />
dry.<br />
I. 80. PLACYNTHIUM. Acharius. Placynthe.<br />
Thallus crustlike, slightly irregular or uniform.<br />
Placynthium nigrum. Black placynthe.<br />
Thallus crustlike, nearly orbicular, broM-n-bhick ; marginal<br />
lobes deeply crenate; central lobes seedHke, slightly<br />
branched ; apothecia at length convex, black, edged.
396 SO.PIacynth. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PLcell.apL<br />
Lichen niger, Hudson Fl. Angl. 524; Engl, Bot. 1161.<br />
Lecidea corallinoides, Florke, Berl. Mag. 1809, 5.<br />
Lecidea nigra, Achar, Meth. Lich. 76.<br />
Stereocaulon corallinoides, Hoffm. FL Germ. 129.<br />
Collema nigrum, Achar. Lichen. Uniu. 628.<br />
On rocks, espcially limestone.<br />
11. 81.ENCHYL1UM. Acharius. Enchjie.<br />
Thallus plaited tilewise, nearly orbicular, composed of<br />
minute lobes, when moist turgid, very thick.<br />
1. Enchyllum micropliyllum. Small-leaved enchyle.<br />
Thallus slightly spreading, tilewise, blackish green; lobes<br />
thick, minute, crowded, deeply crenate; apolhecia sessile,<br />
crowded, pitchershape, hollow, colour of the thallus, edge<br />
not in the least cut, contracted.<br />
Collema microphyllum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 630.<br />
On the bark of old trees.<br />
2. EvcJn/lium fras^rnns. Sweet-scented ejichyle.<br />
Thallus nearly orbicular ; lobes round, expanded, naked,<br />
edge thick, crenate, ascending; apothecia scattered, minute,<br />
hollow, dark yellowish brown ; edge swollen outwardly,<br />
uneven.<br />
Lichen fragrans, Engl, Bot. 19, 12.<br />
Trujiks of trees.<br />
When moistened has a sweet odour.<br />
3. Enchylium crispum. Crisp enchyle.<br />
Thallus nearly orbicular; central lobes rather upright,<br />
granular; lobes of the circumference depressed, large,<br />
blunt, crenate; apothecia scattered, slightly concave, reddish,<br />
edfife granular.<br />
Lichenoides gelatinosum atrovirens, crispum et rugosum, 2)27/en iWMSc.<br />
139.<br />
Lichen crispus, Engl. Bot. S34.<br />
Lichen pulposus ;S, Bernh.in Schrad.Journ. 1799.<br />
Parmelia crispa, Achar. Meth. Lich. 254.<br />
Collema crispum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 100.<br />
Collema crenulatum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 103.<br />
Collema glaucescens, Hoffm, Fl. Germ. 105.<br />
Collema pulposum crispum, Achar, Lich. Univ. 652,<br />
On the ground among mosses, and on mountains.<br />
4. Enchylium turgidum. Swollen enchyle.<br />
Thallus irregularly expanded, depressed, slightly lobed<br />
and tiledlike; lobes raised, thick, wartlike, wrinkled, gra-
Pl.cell.aph. S.HOMOTHALAMEiE. Sl.Enchyl. 397<br />
nulated ; apothecia sessile, pitchei'shape, dark brown ; edffe<br />
slightly swollen ;<br />
outside wrinkled-granular.<br />
Collema turgidutn, Achar. Licli- Univ. 634.<br />
On rocks among mosses.<br />
5. Enchylium tenax. Tough enchyle,<br />
Tliallus nearly orbicular, tilewise ; lobes rather thick,<br />
flat, lying down, nearly round, deeply cut and crenate<br />
apothecia scattered, immersed in the lobes, concave, reddish,<br />
edge scarcely cut.<br />
Lichen tenax, Swartz in N. Act. Ups. 4, 249.<br />
Parmelia tenax, Achar. Meth. Lich. 231.<br />
Collema tenax ? Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 105.<br />
Collema tenax, Acliar. Lich. Univ. 635.<br />
Among mosses on rocks, adhering strongly to them.<br />
6. Ejichylium pUcatile. Folding echyle^<br />
Thallus round, tilewise; lohes thick, roundish, pleated in<br />
apothecia scattered,<br />
circles, wavey, rather upright, not cut ;<br />
sessile, hollow, colour of the thallus, edge not cut.<br />
Lichen plicatis, Achar. in N. Act. Stoch. \6, 11.<br />
Parmelia plicatilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 240.<br />
Collema plicatile, Achar. Lich. Univ. 655.<br />
On rocks.<br />
7. Enchyliimi fluviale. Biver enchyle.<br />
TAa//z/5 slightly cushion-like; lohes thick, crowded, blunt,<br />
complicately wavey, deeply cut ; apothecia near the edge,<br />
slightly globular, colour of the thallus, centre pitchershape<br />
edge nearly double.<br />
Lichenoides gelatinosutn opuntoides, Dillen in Raii Syn. 12, 58.<br />
Lichen Uuviatilis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 536.<br />
Parmelia fluviatilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 249.<br />
Collema fluviale, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 636,<br />
On stones under water in rivulets.<br />
8. Enchylium marginals. Marginal enchyle,<br />
Thallus orbicular, rather stellate, tiledlike; lobes deeply<br />
jagged, narrow, many-cut, winding, rather jflat, crenate;<br />
apothecia marginal and scattered, blackish-brown, edge not<br />
in the least cut.<br />
Lichenoides gelatinosum fuscum, jacobasK<br />
Muse. 140.<br />
maritimEB divisur&, Dillen.<br />
Lichen marginalis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 534 ; Engl. Bot. 1924.<br />
Parmelia melasna marginalis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 241.<br />
Collema laciniatum, Hoffm. FL Germ. 100.<br />
Collema melaenum marginale, Achar. Lich. Univ. 63T.<br />
On limestone rocks, occasionally overflowed.
S98 Sl.Enchyl. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PL cell. aph.<br />
9. Enchylium fasciculare. Bundled enchyle.<br />
Thallus nearly orbicular, folded tilewise ; ceyilral folds<br />
upright, winding, anastomosing ; folds in the circumference<br />
rounded, deeply crenate ; apothecia marginal, topshape,<br />
bundled; centre rather convex, reddish.<br />
Lichenoides gelatinosum palinatuni, tuberculis conglomeratis, Dill.<br />
Muse. 141.<br />
Lictien fascicularis, Lin.Mant. 133; Engl. Bot. 1162.<br />
Parmeliafascicularis, Achar. Meih. Lich. 239.<br />
Collenia fasciciilare, Achar. Lich. Univ. 639.<br />
On rocks, mountains, and trunks of trees.<br />
j3. aggregalum. Marginal lobes very small; central lobes<br />
obliterated by the crowded apothecia.<br />
Lichen fascicularis 13, Bern, in Schrad. Journ. 1799.<br />
Coilema polycarpon, HoJ/'m. Fl. Germ. 102.<br />
Collema fascicularc aggregatum, Achar. Lich. Un. 640.<br />
10. Enchylium corrugatum. Pursed-vp enchyle.<br />
Thallus thick, blackish green, with raised gutlike convo-<br />
lutions.<br />
Lichen corrugatus, Dickson PI. Crypt. Brit, 4.<br />
Parmelia plocina, Achar. Meth. Lichen. 247.<br />
Collema corrugatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 642.<br />
Mountains and rocks in the sea.<br />
11. Encliylinm cretaceum. Chalky enchyle.<br />
Thallus lobed starwise, blackish green ; apothecium cen-<br />
tral, raised, brownish flesh-colour, edge paler, not cut.<br />
Lichen cretaceus, Engl. Bot. 738.<br />
Parmelia cretacea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 248.<br />
Collema cretaceum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 642.<br />
Chalk-pits.<br />
III. 82. SCYTENIUM. Acharius. Scyiene.<br />
Thallus irregular, nearly leaflike ; lobes separate, spreading,<br />
thick, swollen, naked.<br />
Scytenium palmatum. Palmate scytene,<br />
Thallus neai'ly leaflike, brownish blue green ; hies thick,<br />
crowded, palmately cut, jags nearly linear, round ; apothecia<br />
reddish brown.<br />
Lichenoides gelatinosum tenerius laciniatum, ex fusco purpurascens.<br />
Rail Syn. 72, 54.<br />
Lichen palmatus, Huds. Fl, Angl. 535.<br />
Parmelia palmata, Achar, Meth. Lich. 242.<br />
Collema palmatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 643.<br />
Upon muddy ground and trunks of trees. J
Pl.cell.aph. S.HOMOTHALAME^. 83.Mallot. 399<br />
IV. S3. MALLOTIUM. Acharius. Mallote.<br />
TliaUus leaflike ; lobes rounded, underneath woolly or<br />
with small fibres.<br />
1, Mallotium Saiurnimim. Saturnine mallote.<br />
Thallus leaflike, blackish green, beneath sea-green, rather<br />
woolly; lobes oblong, rounded, wavey, not cut; apo-<br />
ihecia lateral, raised, flat, red, edge not cut.<br />
Lichen Salurniniis, Dickson PI. Crypt. Bot. 2, 21 ;<br />
Engl. Bot, 1980.<br />
Lichen myochrous, Erhh. PI. Crypt. Dec. 29,236.<br />
Lichen discolor, Achar. in Nov. Act. Stockh. 16, 16.<br />
Parmelia Saturnina, Achar. Meth. Lich. 221.<br />
Collema tomcntosum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 99.<br />
Collema Satiirninum, Achar. Lich. Univ. C44.<br />
Trunks of trees and rocks.<br />
2. Mallotium Burgessii. Burgess^ mallote.<br />
Thallus leaflike, slightly tiledwise, brownish sea-green,<br />
underneath grows spongy, villous; lobes rounded, jagged,<br />
crenular, crisp ; apothecia depressed, flattish, brown ; edge<br />
crisp, leaflike.<br />
Lichen ornatus, Lin. Suppl. PI.<br />
Lichen Burgessii, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 827.<br />
Parmelia Burgessii, Achar. Meth. Lich. 251.<br />
Collema Burgessii, Achar. Lich. Univ. 645.<br />
On trunks of trees.<br />
V. 84. LATHAGRIUM. Acharius. Lafhagrium.<br />
Thallus leaflike ; lubss nearly membranaceous, weak,<br />
naked, blackish green.<br />
1. Laihagrium, ?iigresce?is. Blackish lathagrium.<br />
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly one-leafed, orbicular,<br />
depressed, radiately plaited, round-lobed, blackish<br />
green ; apothecia central, crowded, at length convex, reddish<br />
brown, edge not in the least cut.<br />
Lichenoides saxatile membranaceum gelatinosum, tenue nigrescens,<br />
Billen in Raii Syn. 72, 53.<br />
Lichen nigrescens, Huds. Fl.Angl. 537.<br />
Lichen vespertilio, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 840.<br />
Lichen papyraceus, Wulf.inJacq. Coll. 3, 154.<br />
Parmelia nigrescens, Achar. Meth. Lich. 327.<br />
Collema vespertilio, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 98.<br />
Collema nigrescens, Achar. Lich. Univ. 646.<br />
On the trunks of trees, rocks, and stones.
400 Si.Lathag. 3. HOMOTHALAMILE. FLceU.aph.<br />
2. Lathasr'win Jlaccidum. Flaccid lathagriuvi.<br />
Thallui leaflike, membranaceous, smooth, blackish green;<br />
loles separate, reverse ovate, blmitly divided, not jagged,<br />
•weakj flexible: apciheda scattered, few. rather flat, reddish<br />
edge thin, not cut.<br />
Lichen nisrescens, Ehrh. PL Cr. 10, 9S.<br />
Lichen rBpestxii, Scartr yiith. Masc. 31.<br />
Lichen flaccirus Ackar. y. A. Stockh, 16, 14.<br />
Parmelia tlaccida, Ackar. Metk. lAch. 2s9.<br />
Coll ema flaccid um, AcAar. Lick. Uuic. 647.<br />
Amongf mosses on rocks exposed to the drip of water.<br />
3. Lathagnumfurcttm.<br />
Dusky lathagrium.<br />
Thallus leaflike- membranaceous, rather wrinkled, folded,<br />
blackish green, granular on both sides : Icles rounded<br />
irresul^^i frequently wavey- crisped, not cut: apothecia<br />
scattered, flat, blackish brown, edge not cut.<br />
Lichen jrannlofcs. FI. Dan. 4G2.<br />
Lichen furvas, Ackar. X. A. Stockh. 22, 164.<br />
Paraielia forva, Ackar. Metk. Lich. 330.<br />
CoUecia gracoloium, Hoffm. FU Germ. 99.<br />
Collenja fum m, Ackar. Lich. Vniv. 650.<br />
On the bark of old trees, rocks, walls, and wooden roofs.<br />
4. Lathasrium sinuatum. Jagged lathagrium.<br />
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, tiledlikej congregated,<br />
naked, black; hies deeply jagged, crisp, toothed: apothecia<br />
scattered, sessile, colour of the thallus, edge not cut.<br />
Lichenoides tenae crispnsi, foliis parTi: depresjis. Dilkn. Muse. 145.<br />
Lichen i.cnatus, Huds. F!. Arts'. . 309 • Engl. Bat. I'i^.<br />
Ccllema ^iooatam, Hoffm. FL G^rm. Add.<br />
Partnelia scotina sinnaia, Achar. ilztk. Lich. 257.<br />
CktUeuia scotinam sinoatam, Ackar. Lich. Unic. 652.<br />
Among grass and moss on the groimd.<br />
VL 85. LEPTOGIUM. Acharus. Leptogium.<br />
Thallus leaflike; lobes rounded, membranaceous, very<br />
tender, naked, greyish green, nearly tran^>arent; apothecia<br />
on very short pedicells.<br />
1. LeptoPium iremelloides. Tremella leptogium.<br />
Thallus leaflike, membrariaceous, very tender, nearly<br />
transparent, lead colour, slightly wrinkled and hollow dotted:<br />
loles oblong, rounded, cut, smooth-edged: apothecia<br />
scattered, with short pediceUs, flat, reddish brown, afterwards<br />
black, edge pale.
Pl.cell.aph. y. HOMOTHALAME-E. 85. Leptog. 401<br />
Liclien tremelloide?, Lin. Suppi. PI. 430.<br />
Parmelia tremelloides, .dehor, Mtth. Lich. 224.<br />
Collemaplicaturo, Hoffm. PL Lich. 2,41.<br />
CoUema tremelloides, Achar.Lich. Univ. 655.<br />
On trunks of trees and among mosses.<br />
2. Leptogimn marginellum. Edged lepiog'ium,<br />
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly transparent,<br />
sliorhtlv wrinkled, sea-o-reen : loles rather long: edsres wavev,<br />
pleated, crisp ; apcthecia minute, marginal, iron-brown<br />
edge pale.<br />
Lichen tnarginellu?, Bern, in Schrad.J. Bot. 1799,21.<br />
Partaelia marginella, Achar. Meth. Lich. 225.<br />
Collema marginile, Hoffm. PI. Lich. 2,47.<br />
CoUema marginelluin, Achar, Lich. Univ. 696,<br />
Upon mosses.<br />
3. Leptos'mm lacerum. Torn leptoglum.<br />
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly transparent,<br />
loLes small, rather<br />
slightly wrinkled in network, sea-green ;<br />
tiledlike, irregularly jagged, toothed, fringed ; apolhecia<br />
scattered, slightly concave, red, edge pale.<br />
Lichenoides sasaiile terne rufercen?. DilUn in Rati Syn. 77, S9.<br />
Tremella lichenoides, Lin. S. P. 1625.<br />
Lichen trenselloides, Hnds. Fl.Angl. 537.<br />
Lichen Tremella, Roth FI. Germ. 503.<br />
Lichen iacer, Engl, Bot. 19s2; Achar. Prod. 135.<br />
Parmelia laciniata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 225.<br />
Collema lacerurc, Achar. Lich. Univ. 657.<br />
On the ground among mosses.<br />
VII. 86. POLYCHIDIUM. Acharius. Polych'tde.<br />
Thallus very finely jagged and branched.<br />
1. Polychid'ium snltile. Fine poly chide.<br />
Thallus slightly starlike, jaggs very narrow, linear,<br />
pressed close, subdivided, blunt, radiating, edge smooth;<br />
apothecia central, rather flat, colour of the thallus, edge<br />
thin, not cut.<br />
Lichen sublilis, Schrad. Spic. 95 : I>icl:s, Cript, 4, 55 ; Engl. Bot, lOOS.<br />
Parmelia subtilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 243.<br />
Collema subtile, Achar. Lich. Univ. 659.<br />
On clay and limestone.<br />
Scarcely visible to the naked eye, but grows in patches.<br />
2. Polychidium tenuisiimum. Thinnest po-ychide,<br />
Thallus rather tiledlike: 'agcrs minute, linear, many-cut,<br />
unequal, granular, rather pointed, very crowded : apothecia<br />
scattered, rather flat, reddish, edged.<br />
TOL. I. 2d
402 86. Polychid. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PL cell apli,<br />
,<br />
Liclten hjssinus, Walil. Fl. Lapp. 442.<br />
Lichen lenuissiiniis, Dickson Crypt. 1, 12.<br />
Parmelia teiuiissima, Achar. Meili. Lich. 244.<br />
CoUema bys^innin, Jlojfjn. Germ. 105.<br />
Collema (eiiuisiimum, Achar. Lich. Univ. G59.<br />
Oil gravel-banks, walls, and mosses.<br />
3. Polyckidium Schraderi. Schraders pohjcMde,<br />
Thallus rather tufted ; jaggs linear, flat, irregularly undivided,<br />
wrinkled, blunt; edges turned over, siiglitly crenate;<br />
apotkecia scattered, colour of the thallus.<br />
Lichen Schraderi, Bern, in Schrad. Journ. 1799, 22.<br />
Parmelia Scliraderi, Achar. Mcth. Lich. 24.3.<br />
Collema Schraderi, Achar. Lich. Univ. 653.<br />
On rocks among mosses.<br />
4. Pohjchid'mm niiisckolum. Moss pohjchide,<br />
Thallus shrublike, cushioned, brownish; hraiulies cylindrical,<br />
ratiier upright, bent, knotted, nearly even-topped^<br />
biuntish; upotkecia nearly terminal, flat, brown, edged.<br />
Lichen Sluscicola, Swarlz in N. Jet. Ups. 4, 248 ;<br />
Dicks. Crvpt. 2, 8,<br />
Parmelia miiscicola, Achar. Meth. Lich. 244.<br />
Collema r»Iuscicola, Achar. Lich. Univ. 660.<br />
On the ground, and mountains among moss.<br />
5. Polychidhnn velutinum. Velvet polychide.<br />
Thallus cushioned, black ; j/o^g^ cylindrical, very tender,<br />
scarcely branclicd, bent, interwoven, even-topped ; apoihecia<br />
rather concave, minute, colour of the thallus, pressed<br />
close, edged.<br />
Lichen exilis, Light/. Scot. 894.<br />
Lichen velutinus, Achar. P.oii. SIS.<br />
Parmelia ijannosa, yicliar. Mcth. Lich. 246.<br />
Conferva ])aniiosa, Weh.et Mohr Rdsc, 105.<br />
Collema nigrum ? Ilojfin. Germ. 103.<br />
CoHema paniiosuui, Achar. Lich. Univ. 660, not of Hoffiuan.<br />
On rocks and mountains among mosses.<br />
6. Polychidium spongiosum. ^P^^gV poly chide.<br />
Thallus dark green ; jagc^s aggregated, branched, granular,<br />
cylindrical, blunt ; apoh'iccia scattered, hollow,<br />
brown; outside spongy, pale; edge upright, thin.<br />
Lichen spongiosus, Engl. Bot. 1374.<br />
Collema spongiosum, Achar. Lichen, Univ. 661.<br />
Durham; perennial.
Plcdl.aph. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. 87. Usnea. 403<br />
B. UsNEADE^. Tlialhis slightly crustlike, penetrated<br />
by an elastic, central bundle of ducts; apothecia regular,<br />
shieldlike, pedicelled, sometimes proliferous from the edge<br />
pedicels central, accompanied with cephalodia and sorediae.<br />
VIII. 87. USNEA. Dillenius. Usnea.<br />
Tkallus slightly crustlike, rather cylindrical, branched,<br />
mostly hanging down, enclosing a transparent, central,<br />
elastic, threadlike bundle of ducts ; apotliecia orbiculate,<br />
terminal, shieldlike, eatirely formed of the thallus, and<br />
covered in every part with its cortical substance, keeping<br />
nearly the same colour, circumference without any defined<br />
e^ge, generally fringed.<br />
1. Usnea Jiorida Florid usnea.<br />
Thallus rather upright, rough, pale grey; holdfasts slen-<br />
der, horizontal ; branches very much spread, scarcel}^<br />
branched ; apothecia flat, very broad, whitish, fringed ;<br />
fringe radiating, long.<br />
Liclienoides quod jMuscus arboreus ciun orbiculi?. Rail Syn. 65, 6.<br />
Lichen floridus, Lin. S. P. 1624; Engl. Bot. 872.<br />
Usnea florida, Achar. Meth. Lich. 307 ; Lick. Un. 620.<br />
On trunks of old trees and palings.<br />
^. rigida. Thallus long, stiff, straight, very slender,<br />
rather hanging, rough ; branches rather long, bent,<br />
branched, twiggy.<br />
y. rubiginea. Thallus rather hairy, rusty red : apothecia<br />
of the same colour.<br />
2. Usnea pUcata. Folded usnea.<br />
Thallus hanging, smooth, pale ; branches weak, very<br />
much divided, the last twigs hairlike; apothecia Hat, broad,<br />
fringed ; fringe very fine, very long.<br />
Liclienoides quod Ivluscus arboreus, Usnea ofticinarum, llaii Syn. 6J, 1.<br />
Liclien plicatus, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl, Bot. 257.<br />
Usnea plicata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 622.<br />
Hairy tree-moiS.<br />
From the trunks and branches of trees.<br />
|3. comosa. Thallus slightly upright, shrublike, pale<br />
white; side branches very much spread, diffuse, smooth,<br />
much divided; last twigs fibrelike, rather rough, slightly<br />
nodding; cepAa/orf^'a pale flesh-colour, growing brown.<br />
Lichen comosus, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 16,209.<br />
Usnea plicata comosa. Achar. Meth. Lich. 311 ;<br />
2 D S<br />
Lich, Univ. 623.
404 87. Usnea. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PLcellaph,<br />
y. h'lrta. Thallus slightly upright, rather shrublike, yellowish<br />
grey, much branched, rather powdery, roilghish;<br />
branches much divided, bent, intricate, slender, fibrelike.<br />
S. Usnea larlala. Bearded usnea,<br />
Thallus hanging, smooth, round, rather thick, pale<br />
greenish grey; branches diverging, frequently fibreiike, hair-<br />
like at the tip, beneath jointed.<br />
Lichen barhatii?, Lin. Sp. PL 1622 ; Engl. Hot. 258, fig. 2.<br />
Usnea barbata, Achar. Meth. Lich.SXb ; Lich. Univ. 624.<br />
On the branches of old trees.<br />
^. ankidata. Thallus bald, grey, branches long, forked,<br />
branched, jointed; joints bellied^ separate; last twigs hair-<br />
like, fibrelike.<br />
Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus nodosiis, Raii Syn. 65,4.<br />
Usnea barbata articulata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 605.<br />
Lichen articulatus, Lin. S. P. 1623 ; Engl. Bot. 258, fig. 1<br />
C. Ramalinide^s:. Thallus cartilaginous, branched<br />
inside stuffed with fibres like tow ; apotiiecia same colour<br />
as the thallus, formed entirely from it.<br />
IX. 88. CORN I CUL ARIA. Honi-moss.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, rather solid inside, towlike,<br />
branched, shrublike; apotiiecia orbiculate, terminal, oblique,<br />
shieldlike, entirely formed of the thallus, similar to its outer<br />
surface, become convex and rather inflated ;<br />
edge scarcely<br />
distinct, slightly toothed^ at length turned back, slightly<br />
altered in colon i'.<br />
1. Corn'icularia tristis. Dull horn-moss.<br />
Thallus pitch-black, compressed, cylindrical, rather<br />
smooth, 2-rowed, 2-forked; branches even-topped, black<br />
above ; apotiiecia plano-convex, brownish black, slightly<br />
margined, edge not toothed, not cut.<br />
Coralloides corniculauim, fuel (enuinris facie, Dillen Muse. 118.<br />
Liciien radiatus, Jhtds. Fl. AngL 559 ; Dicks. Crypt. 9, 25.<br />
Lifhen fucoides, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3.<br />
Lichen cornicr.latu?. Light/. Fl. Scot. 385.<br />
Lichen rigidiis, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2.<br />
Lichen tristis, Engl. Bot. 720.<br />
Lobaria rigida, Hoffm. Germ. 142,<br />
Coniicularia tristis, Achar. Metli. Lich. 300; Lich. Univ. 610.<br />
On rocks.<br />
Apothecia sometimes radiately toothed, and the branches<br />
tuberculated, toothed.
Pl.celLapL S.HOMOTHALAMEiE. SS.Cornicul. 405<br />
2. Cornicidaria aculeata. Prickly horn-moss.<br />
Thallus bald, chestnut-brown, rather cylindrical, angu-<br />
larly compressed, nakedish ; branches and twigs divaricated,<br />
bent, prickly; apothecia reddish, edge slightly toothed,<br />
turned back.<br />
Lichen aculeatus, Achar. Prod. 215.<br />
Cornicularia aculeata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 502 ;<br />
On drj', sunny mountains.<br />
Licit. Univ. 612.<br />
3. Cornicularia spaclicea. Chesi7iut horn-moss.<br />
Thallus bald, dark bay-colour, flatly compressed, rather<br />
indented ; edges toothed ; branches and liaigs short, spreading,<br />
narrow ; apothecia spinous, radiated, reddish brown.<br />
Lichenoides iion tiibulosum ramosissimum fruticuli specie, riifo-uigrescens,<br />
Rail Sijn. 66, 10.<br />
Lichen Islandicusy, Tluds. Angf. 539.<br />
Lichen hispidus, Ughtf. Scot. 883 ; Engl. Bot. 452.<br />
Lichen spadiceu?, Roth in lister Ann.<br />
Lobaria aculeata, IloJJm. Germ. 142.<br />
Cornicularia spadicea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 301 ; Lich. Univ. 611.<br />
On open places on rocks covered with earth.<br />
4. Cornicularia hicolor. Tivo-coloured horn-moss.<br />
Thallus roughish, black, cylindrical, nearly upright,<br />
branched, fibrous ; branches very short, scattered, spreading;<br />
tips nodding, greyish brown.<br />
Lichen bicolor, Ehrh. Bcytr.<br />
UiUea bicolor, Hoffni. Germ. 155.<br />
Cornicularia bicolor, Achar. Meth. Lich. 504; Lich. Univ. 615.<br />
Upon rocks among mosses.<br />
5. CorniculcLria lanala. JVoolly horn-moss.<br />
Thallus lying down, cylindrical, smoothish, forked,<br />
greyish black ; branches and twigs variously bent, interwoven,<br />
forked at the tip; apothecia slightly edged, flat,<br />
edge naked, granular.<br />
Lichenoides quod Muscus coralloities, ianje nigrjE insiar saxis adhaerenf,<br />
Dillen in Rati Syn. 65, 3.<br />
Lichens pubescens, Huds. Angl. 562.<br />
Lichen laneus, Ehrh. PL Crypt. 7,70.<br />
Liclien lanatus, Lin. S. P. 1623; Engl. Bot. 846.<br />
Usnea hinca, Hoffni. Germ. 135,<br />
Usnea lanata, Hoffm. Germ. 135.<br />
Usnea pubescens, Hoffm. Germ. 136.<br />
Cornicularia lanala, Achar. Meth. Lich. 304; Lic'i. Univ. 615.<br />
On dry barren places upon mountains.
406 SS.Cornicul. S.HOMOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph.<br />
6. Cornicularia P puhescens. Downy horn-moss.<br />
Thallus lying down, cylindrical, wrinkled, roughish,<br />
black ; branches interwoven, hairlike, twigs not branched ;<br />
apothecia same colour as the thallus, edge not cut.<br />
Lichen lanatus, Wulf. in Jacq. Misc. 2.<br />
Lichen intriciitus, E/ic/j, Crj//;^. 8,80.<br />
Lichen pubcscens, Lin.S. P. 162b'.<br />
U=nea intricata, Hojfm. Germ. 136.<br />
Cornicularia pubescens, ylchar. Metli. Licli, 505 ; Lick. Univ. 616. ^^<br />
Conferva? atrovirens, D«7/io. Co?;/. 25.<br />
Scyioneina? atrovirens, Agardh Disp. 39.<br />
On rocks and fells where water drips.<br />
ThcU'i aggregate, very similar to the preceding; apothecia<br />
rai'ely to be found; so that it is doubtful whether this and<br />
girardia atrovirens be one species or two.<br />
/3. hispidula. Thallus rather stellate, brownish black,<br />
proliferous in whirls, hispid, branchy; hranches slightly<br />
radiating, depressed, interwoven, very thin ; apothecia<br />
crenate, dark brown.<br />
Scytoneina atrovirens proliFera, A^ardh Disp. 39.<br />
Cornicularia hispidula, Achar, Lich, Univ. 617.<br />
X. 89. RAMALINA. Acharius. Branch-moss,<br />
Tliallus cartilaginous, inside like tow, rather solid,<br />
"branched, jagged, rather shrublike, mostly with soredia;<br />
apothecia saucershape, thickish, footstalked, somewhat shieldlike,<br />
flat, edged, entirely formed of the thallus, covered with<br />
ii similarly coloured cortical substance.<br />
1 . RamaUna fastigiaia. Even-topped Lrcmch-moss.<br />
Thallus compressed, cylindrical, smooth, pitted, branched,<br />
light sea-gi-een ; hranches thicker at top, even-topped;<br />
apothecia terminal, shieldlike, sessile, whitish.<br />
Lichen populinus, Ehrh. Crypt. 276.<br />
Lichen fasiigiatus, Engl. Hot. 890.<br />
Lobaria populina, Hoffm. Germ. 140.<br />
Parnielia fastigiata, Jchar. Meih. Lich. S60.<br />
Ranialiiia fastigiata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 603.<br />
On the trunks of old trees.<br />
2. Rarnalina scopulorum. Sea-shore Iranch-moss.<br />
Thallus compressed, smooth, slightly pitted, branched,<br />
pale grey; hranches linear, slender; apothecia pedicelled,<br />
of the same colour.<br />
Lic'aen calicari?, Lin. S. P. 1613 ; Engl. Bot. 688.<br />
Lichen scopulorum, Dicks. Crypt. 3, IS.<br />
Partnelia scopulorum, Achar. Me.lh. Lich. 261.<br />
Rairalina scopulorum, ylchar. Lich. Univ. 60J.<br />
On rocks bv the sea-side.
Plcell.aph. S.HOMOTHALAMEiE. 89.Ramalin. 407<br />
|3. cornuata. Brojiches cylindrical, compressed, seldom<br />
divided, bent, knobbed, rather pipey, interwoven.<br />
Coralloitles fascicnlare verritcosum et veliiti siliqiiosiun, Dillen Muse.<br />
119.<br />
Lichen siliqiiosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 559.<br />
I'armelia siliquosa, Achr. Mcth.Licli. 262,<br />
Ramalina scopuloruin, cornuata, Achar. Lick. Univ. 605.<br />
On insulated rocks scattered on plains, as the Grey<br />
wethers on Salisbui'y Plain.<br />
3. Ramalma far'macea. Floury hrancii-moss,<br />
Thallus cylindrical, compressed, bald, slightly pitted,<br />
stiff, branched, whitish grey, with soredia ; hrmiches linear,<br />
slender; apuihccia scattered, pedicelled, flat, scarcely bor~<br />
dered, whitish.<br />
Lichenoides segsneniis angiistioribus ad inargincs verrucosis et pulverulentis,<br />
Dillen 3Iusc'. 172.<br />
Lichen farinaccu?, Lin. S. P. 1613 ; En^l. Bot. SS9.<br />
Lobaria farinacea, Hoffni. Germ. lo9.<br />
Parmelia farinacea, Achar, Meth. Lich. 263.<br />
Ramalina farinacea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 606.<br />
On the trunks and branches of trees.<br />
Brandies simple or divided, sometimes fringed and<br />
slightly proliferous ; sometimes short and slender, or lon^^<br />
and strong, sometimes hanging; naked or covered with,<br />
rather elliptic soredia; apothecia rarely occurring.<br />
4. Ramalina pollmnria. Powdery hranch-moss,<br />
Thallus flat, slightly membranaceous, bald, rather pitted,<br />
white, slightly hoary, jagged; soredia dilated, flat, powdery;<br />
apothecia nearly terminal, growing dilated, very large, seagreen<br />
beneath; centre flesh-colour; edge raised, slightly<br />
bent inwards.<br />
Lichen pollinarius, Achar in N. Act. S/ocJch. 18,263.<br />
Liciien squarrosiis, Persoon in Uster Ann. Bot. 14, 35.<br />
Lobaria sqiiarrosn, Hoffm. Germ. 139.<br />
Lobaria dilacerata, Hojfm. Germ, 140.<br />
Parmelia pollinaria, Achar. Melh. Lich. 2G4.<br />
Ramalina pollinaria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 608.<br />
On rocks and stones, old timber-work and trees.<br />
XI. 90. ALECTORIA. Acharius. Cockscomh-moss^<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, nearly threadlike, inside towlike,<br />
branched, prostrate or hanging ; apothecia saucerlike, thick,<br />
sessile, rather flat, bordered, convex, entirely formed of<br />
the thallus, of the same colour and substance.
408 90.Alector. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph.<br />
1. Alectoria juhata. Mane cockscoml-moss,<br />
Thallus cylindrical, slightly shining, livid brown and<br />
black, compressed at the joints ; apothecia of the same co-<br />
lour, growing convex, border not in the least cut.<br />
Lichenoides quod Miiscus corallinus saxatilis foeniculaceus, Rail Syn,.<br />
65,7.<br />
Usnea jubafa nigricans, Dill. Muse. 64.<br />
Lichen jubatiis, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl.Bot. 1S80.<br />
Usneajubata, Hoffm. Germ. 134.<br />
Parmelia jubala, ylchar. Meth.Lich. 272.<br />
Alectoria jiibata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 592.<br />
On the trunks and branches of old trees.<br />
2. Alecloria chahjheiformis. Iron-iuire cockscoml-moss^<br />
Thallus and ['ranches rather simple, bent, stragglings<br />
tufted, stiffish, lead black, lying down. -<br />
Lichenoides quod Musciis caule rigido insfar fili chalybei, Raii Sijn^<br />
65,2.<br />
Lichen chaljbeiformis, Lin. S. P. 1623.<br />
Lichen jubatus B, Engl. Bot. 1880.<br />
Usnea implexa, Hoffm. Germ. 134.<br />
Usnea chalybeiformis, /fo/fw. Germ. 135.<br />
Parmelia jubata o, Achar. Math. Lich. 273.<br />
Alectoriajubata chalybeiformis, Achar. Lich. Univ. 595.<br />
On banks, palings, trees, and rocks.<br />
S. Alectoria sarmejitosa. Runner cockscoml-7hoss,<br />
Thallus rather cylindrical, angularly pitted, two-forked,<br />
pale whitish, tips much branched, weak, very slender;<br />
apothecia slightl}'^ concave, livid, hoary, afterwards spread<br />
out flat.<br />
Usuea loris longis dichotomis, extiemifatibus tenuioribus, Dillen Miisc.<br />
59.<br />
Lichen sarraentosus, Achar. Prod. 180; Engl. Bot. 2040.<br />
Lichen dichotomiis, ^c/jnr. Prodr. 181.<br />
Usnea dichotoma, Hoffm. Germ. 134.<br />
Parmelia sarmentosa, Achar. Blelli. Lich. 271.<br />
Jlamaiina sarmentosa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 595.<br />
On the trunks and branches of trees, and on rocks.<br />
Fam. IV. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Lichenes cenothalami,<br />
Acharius. Algarum pars, Linnasus.<br />
Lichenum, pars, Jussieu.<br />
Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike; sporidia scattered,<br />
innate in the substance, and in a naked proligerous flake of<br />
a different colour placed upon the thallus, without any<br />
internal nucleus or perithecium. Thallus perennial, terrestrial<br />
or parasitic, greenish or becoming so when wetted;<br />
absorbing water by the surface, and transmitting it to all<br />
parts.
Fl.cell.apL 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 40&<br />
A. yipothecia nearly glolose, not holdered, terminai'ing a<br />
solid podeiium. BEemycideae.<br />
Thallus shriiblike, branched, cartilaginous;<br />
bark crustaceous, unequal Stereocaulon. 9K<br />
Thallus rather crustaceous, uniform,<br />
lying close; apothecia at first bordered Isidium. 92-<br />
Tkallus crustaceous, uniform, close;<br />
podetia soft; apotliec'ia large Bjemyces. 93.<br />
B. /Ipothecia nearly globose, not bordered, terminating a<br />
hollow, cylindrical thallus or podeiium. Cenomycidese.<br />
Thollus cylindrical, soft, awishape ;<br />
axillcB not perforated Cerania. 94^<br />
Thallus leaflike, very small ; podetia cartilaginous,<br />
stifTj awishape ; axillce mostly<br />
perforated Cladonia. 95.<br />
Thallus leaflike; podetia cylindrical;<br />
apex fringed, radiated, rays fertile Helopodia. 96.<br />
Thallus leaflike; podetia dilated above,<br />
cuplike, cup open Schasmaria. 97-<br />
Thallus leaflike; podetia dilated above,<br />
cuplike, cup closed , Scyphophora.<br />
Thallus crustlike, uniform<br />
podetia hollow, short . = Pycnothelia.<br />
98.<br />
99^<br />
C. Apothecia shieldlike., bordered, lateral ; thallus nearly<br />
crustaceous, branched. Evernideee.<br />
Thallus compressed, inside towlike;<br />
apothecia sessile, circumference raised .... Evernia. 100-<br />
D. Apothecia shieldlike, bordered ; thallus leatherlike,<br />
cartilaginous, leafy.<br />
Peltideas.<br />
Apoth. adnate, terminal, ascending ;<br />
thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded Peltidea. 103.<br />
Apoth. adnate, terminal, resupinate;<br />
thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded Nephroma. 102.<br />
Apoth. adnate, subcentral, discoid<br />
thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded Solorina. 104-.<br />
Apothecia sessile, lateral<br />
iAoZ/i/5 branched, inside tovvlike Rocella. 101.
410 4. CENOTHALAME^. PlcelLaph,<br />
Apoth. sessile, oblique, marginal<br />
thalliis leaflike, smooth , Cetrarta. 106.<br />
Apotli. rather pedicelled, free<br />
ihallus cartilaginous; lobes fringed Borreria. 107.<br />
Apothccia nearly sessile, edge free<br />
thai, leaflike, interspersed with soredia Sticta. 105.<br />
Apoihecia nearly sessile, edge free;<br />
thai, leaflike, tips inflated ; soredia Physcia. 108.<br />
Apoihecia nearly sessile, edge free;<br />
thallus Icaflike, lips equal; soredia .... Parmelia. 109.<br />
E. Apoihecia skitldUke, bordered ; ihallus criLsiaceous,<br />
adnaie. Lecideadea;.<br />
Thallus figured, scaly, tiled-like,<br />
raised high around the apothecia Psoroma. lio.<br />
Thallus figured, lobed, raised<br />
high around the apothecia Placodium. 111.<br />
Thallus uniform, raised high<br />
around the apothecia Rinodina. 112.<br />
Thallus uniform, elevated around<br />
the immersed apothecia Urceolaria. 113.<br />
Thallus figured or leaflike;<br />
apothecia not sunk in the thallus Lepidoma. 114.'<br />
Thallus uniform; apothecia not sunk in Lecidea. 115.<br />
F. Apothecia Jlaltish, plaited, bordered; thallus shieldlike,<br />
free underneath. Gyrophoridece.<br />
Thallus leatherlike;<br />
ff/jo//i. meandering plaited Gyrophora. 116.<br />
G. Apothecia Jlaltish, difform, not bordered ; ihallus<br />
cruslaceous, fiat, adnate. Spilomidea?.<br />
Apothecia round, black, solid Arthonia. 117.<br />
Apoihecia coloured, powdery Spiloma. 118.<br />
H. Apothecia cupshaped, bordered ; thallus cruslaceous, or<br />
very thin. Calicidese.<br />
Apothecia nearly sessile Acolium. 119.<br />
Apothecia stipitate, border prominent Phacotium. 120.<br />
ylpothecia stipitate, centre swollen ;<br />
border Strongylium. 121.
PL cell. aph. 4r CEN0THALAMEJ3. 91. Stereoc. 411<br />
A. B^oMYCiDE^. y^pothecia nearly round, not bordered,<br />
placed upon a solid podetium.<br />
I. .91. STEREOCAULON. Schreber. Slereocaulon.<br />
Thnllus cartilaginous, rather woody, branched, shrub-<br />
like, bark unequal ; apolkecia topshape, sessile, solid, flat<br />
at top, bordered, becomes hemispberically convex; proligerous<br />
flake thick, covering the apothecium at top, flat,<br />
girt nearly equally with a border formed of the thallus,<br />
then dilated, convex, covering the border, turning over,<br />
coloured; inside. similar, slightly streaked.<br />
1 Slereocaulon paschale. Easter stereocaulon.<br />
Tliallus greyish green, branched, granulated, fibrilled ;<br />
branches crowded, much divided, short; apothecia scattered,<br />
terminal, becomino- convex, conglomerated, blackish<br />
brown.<br />
Lichenoides non tubulosvim cinereuui rainosum tolum crustaceuin, Rail<br />
Syn. 66, n<br />
Lichen paschalis, Lin. S. P. 1621 ; Engl. Uot. 2S2.<br />
Ba?omyces paschalis, Wahlenh. Lapp. 450.<br />
Corallinoides paschale, Hoffm. Lick. 25.<br />
Stereocaiilon paschale, Achar. 3Ieth. 315; Licli. 581.<br />
On dry hills and rocks on mica or lava.<br />
2. Siereocaulon nanum. Dwarf slereocaulon.<br />
Thallus white, greyish, very slender, thread, branched;<br />
branches nearly even-topped, flocky, powdery ; apothecia lateral,<br />
crowded, convex, black brown.<br />
Lichen quisquiiiaris, Leers Fl. Ilerhorn. 993.<br />
Lichen nanus, Achar. Prod. 206.<br />
Slereocaulon quisquilare, Hoffm. Geryn. 150.<br />
Stereocaulon nanum, Achar. Meth. 515 ; Lichen. 582.<br />
On the ground, in rocky countries.<br />
Tujts a quarter of an inch high.<br />
II. 92. ISIDIUM. Acharius. Isis-lichen.<br />
Thallus crusdike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; podetia<br />
solid, fertile, rather short; opo/Z^eck round, convex,<br />
growing nearly globular, solid, sessile on the top of the<br />
podetia; proUgerous flake included in the tip of the podetia,<br />
girt with a border formed of them, convex above, flat beneath,<br />
coloured, afterwards prominent, bordered, hemispherical<br />
; inside similar.
412 92.1sidium. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
1. Isidhun coraUinum. Coral isis-lichen.<br />
Crust tartarlike, afterwards cracked rather chequerlike,<br />
white, rather greyish; podetia become longish, cylindrical,<br />
simple or branched j'7?«Ae of the apothecia brownish grey.<br />
Lichen corallinus, Lin. Mant, 131 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1541.<br />
Stereocaulon inarireporiforme, Hojfm. Germ. 129.<br />
Stereocaiilon conillinum, Schrad. Germ.<br />
IsiiWum covdW'inum, u'lchar. Met/t. 153; Lichen. 575.<br />
On rocks and stones.<br />
2. Isidhmi Westri7igii. PVestring^s ish-licheji.<br />
Crust tartarlike, chequered, cracked, unequal, greyish;<br />
podetia nearly globular, afterwards long, cylindrical, simple<br />
or branched ; jiake of the apothecia brown.<br />
Lichen punclatus, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 3, 15,<br />
Lichen Westringii, Achar. Prodr. 88.<br />
Isidium Westringii, Achar. Meth. 138; Lich. 577.<br />
On rocks and stones.<br />
3. Is'idlum coccodes. Ijady-hird isls-llchen.<br />
Crust cracked, rather powdery^ hoary ; podetia nearly<br />
globular, nippleshape, very crowded ;j^f//(;e of the apothecia<br />
brown, greyish hoary.<br />
Lichen coccode?, Achar. Prod. 10.<br />
Lepra obscura, Ehrh. Crypt.<br />
Isidium coccodes, Achar. Meth. 139 ; Lich. 578.<br />
On the old bark of trees.<br />
III. 93. B^OMYCES. Ehrhart. Mushroom-nchen.<br />
Thallus crusllike, flat, expanded, adnate; podetia soft,<br />
solid, fertile ; apothecia headed, not bordered, solid, sessile<br />
on the top of the podetia; proligerous Jiake covering the<br />
entire apothecium, adnate to it, convex, turned back, rather<br />
thick, coloured ; inside similar.<br />
1 . Bceomyces roseus. Rose mushroom-Uclien,<br />
Crust uniform, warty, hoary; podetia very short; apothecia<br />
nearly globular, pale flesh-colour.<br />
Lichenoides fungiforme, criista leprosa Candida capitulis et pediculis<br />
incarnaiis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 70,40.<br />
Lichen ericetorum, Lin. S. P. IGOS ; Engl. Bot. 572.<br />
Baeom^'ces roseus, Achar, Lich. Univ. 572.<br />
On dry clays.
PLcell.apL 4. CENOTHALAME.E. 93. Baeomyc. 41S<br />
2. B(S07nyces rvfus.<br />
Red mushroom-lichen.<br />
Crust unifoi-m, vv^rinkled, granular, powdery, white,<br />
greyish, greenish; podelia short, slightly compressed; apothecia<br />
brown.<br />
slightly convex, growing conglomerate, reddish<br />
Lichenoides<br />
70,39.<br />
furgiforme terrcsfre, capitulis fuscis, Dillen in Raii Syn.<br />
Lichen byssoides, Lin. Mant, 135.<br />
Lichen peltifer, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3.<br />
Lichen fungiform is, Weber. Fl. Germ. 196.<br />
Lichen rutus, Huds. Fl.Angl. 527.<br />
Bseomyces rupesiris, Pers.in JJsler Ann.l, 19 ;<br />
Effiomvces rufus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 449.<br />
AcJiar. Lich. 373.<br />
On gravelly soils, and in the chinks of rocks.<br />
3. Bceomyces lignorum. Wood mushroom-lichen.<br />
Crust dark grey ; podetia white, broadest at top ; apothecia<br />
nearly simple, sessile on the crust or on podetia, not uniform,<br />
brow:n black.<br />
BiEomyces rupestris jS, Achar. Lich. bl3 ; Meth. 522.<br />
B. CenomycidEjE. Apothecia nearly round, not bordered,<br />
either terminating hollow podetia, or the branches<br />
of the tubular thallus itself,^<br />
IV. 94. CERANIA. Acharius. Horn-lichen,<br />
Thallus scarcely any, crustaceous ; podetia soft, nearly<br />
solid, slightly branched, branches barren, axillae not perforated<br />
; apothecia round, not bordered, growing convex<br />
and like a head, underneath hollow, attached by the edge<br />
to the podetia, terminal ; proligerous Jiake forming the<br />
upper part of the apothecia, rather thick, coloured, inside<br />
similar, convex turned over the edge and affixed, clothed<br />
beneath by the flocklike skin of the thallus.<br />
Cerania vermicularis. Wbrmlike horn-lichen.<br />
Podetia awlshaped, seldom branched, small, very white,<br />
slightly pipey, bent, lying down.<br />
Lichenoides tubulatus, nivei fere candoris, ramosus, apicibus recurvis<br />
acutis, DiU. Muse. 91.<br />
Lichen vermicularis, Swarf, in Lin. MetJi. Muse. 37 ;<br />
Lichen subullformis, Ehrh. 3, 82.<br />
Cladonia subuliformis, Hoffin. Lich. 29.<br />
Bceomyces vermicularis, Achar, Meth. 359.<br />
Cenomyce vermicularis, Achar. Lich. 566.<br />
Dicks. Crypt. 2.<br />
On the ground, among mosses and grasses, mostly of<br />
alpine hills.
414 95. Claclonia. 4. CEKOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
V. 95. CLADONIA. Schreber. Cladon'ia.<br />
Thallus leaflike, scarcely any; podetla cartilaginous, stiff,<br />
pipey, all pointed and awlshape, branched axillse mostly<br />
perforated; apothecia round, not bordered, growing convex<br />
and headlike, underneath hollow, terminal, fixed by<br />
the edge to the podetia; proUgerovs flake forming the upper<br />
part of the apotheciain, rather thick, coloured, inside similar,<br />
convex, turned over the edge and fastened, covered<br />
beneath the flocklike skin of the thallus.<br />
1. Cladon'ia racemosa. Bunched cladonia.<br />
Podetia long, smooth, growing scal3', greenish white, at<br />
length inflated, curved, branched; branches weak, rather<br />
one-rowed; tips diverging, slightly spinous ;ye?-///e branches<br />
with pale brown apothecia.<br />
Lichenoides tuhulosum ramosuiu rigidiss, majus et crassus, cinereofuscum,<br />
Rail Syn. 67, 16,<br />
Muscu5 coralloides saxatilis, Park. 1310, 1311.<br />
Licisen spiiiosus., Hucls. Fl. ylngl. 556.<br />
Cladoiii;i racemosa, i/o^/H. Ger)«. 114.<br />
Cladonia spiuosa, i/oJ^Hj. frer/n. 114.<br />
Cladonia spinescens, HoJJ'in. Germ. 1 15.<br />
Bceomyces spiiiosus, Achar. Mtth. 568.<br />
BEBoiiiyces lacemns us, IVakl. Lapp. 457.<br />
Ccnomyce fuicatii, Achar. Lic/i, 562.<br />
On the ground, and the trunlcs of I'otten trees. -<br />
Thallus variously formed, ::;o as to be scarcely recog-<br />
nisable.<br />
2. Cladonia furcata. Forked cladonia.<br />
Podetia long, smooth, livid inclining to bay, two-forked,<br />
axillae not perforated ; Iranc'ics needlelike, bent; tips forked,<br />
diverging; fertile branches v/itli brov.'n apothecia.<br />
Lichenoides tubiilosum cineicum, rainosus et crustaceum, Raii Syn. 67,<br />
18.<br />
Lichen furcatus, Iliids. Fl. Angl. 55S.<br />
CoraUoides furcata, liory. Voy. 3.<br />
Cladonia furcata, Hoffm. Germ, 115.<br />
BEeotnyces fu real us, Achar. Meth. 357.<br />
Cenomyce furcata, Achar. Lich. 560.<br />
On the ground, in v/oody lieaths.<br />
3. Cladonia subulata. Aujlshape cladonia<br />
Podetia long, slender, seltloai branched; branches rather<br />
erect; fertile branches headed with brown apothecia.
PI cell. aph. A'. CEl
416 95. Cladon. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PLcell.apk.<br />
On the ground on liigb hills.<br />
Podetia rather bald, slightly warty, sometimes scaly.<br />
VI. 96. HELOPODIUM. Michaux. Helopodium.<br />
ThalliLS leaflike; podetia rather pipey, cylindrical, simple;<br />
tips split, or radiated, nearly fingerlike, all the rays fertile;<br />
apoihecia round, not bordered, grows convex, headUke,<br />
beneath hollow, fixed by the edge to the podetia, terminal;<br />
proligerou^ flake forming the upper part of the apothecium,<br />
rather thick, coloured, inside similar, convex, edge turned<br />
over and affixed, clothed beneath with flocklike skin of<br />
the thallus.<br />
1. Helopodium delicatnm. Delicale helopodium.<br />
Thallus leaflike; lobes minute, gnawed, jagged, granu-<br />
lar ; podetia bald, granular, pale, divided at the tip<br />
branches very short; apoihecia conglomerate, brownish<br />
black.<br />
Lichen parasiticus, Hoffm, Licit. 39.<br />
Lichen delicatus, Ehrli. Crypt. 25, 247.<br />
Baeomyces quercinus, Pcrsoon in Uster Ann. 7, 19.<br />
BtEomyces delicatus, yJchar. Meth. 327.<br />
Cenomyce delicata, ^c/iar. Lich. Univ. 569.<br />
On the bark and rotten trunks of trees; also on the<br />
ground.<br />
2. Helopodium leptophyllam. Scale-leaf helopodium.<br />
Thallus leafiike; lobes very small, roundish, not cut and<br />
crenate intermixed ; podetia scarcely branched, rather bald,<br />
pale greenish ; apothecium terminal, usually single, reddish.<br />
Cenomyee leptophylla, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 583.<br />
On the ground.<br />
VII. 97. SCHASMARIA. Acharius. Schasmar.<br />
Thallus leaflike; podetia pipey, dilated at top, cupshaped,<br />
cups open ; apothecia round, not bordered, grow convex,<br />
lieadlike, inflated or hollow beneath, fixed by the edge to<br />
the podetia, terminal; proliferous fiake forming the top of<br />
the apothecium, rather thick, coloured, inside similar, convex<br />
turned over the edge and afiixed; clothed beneath with,<br />
the flocklike skin of the thallus.<br />
Schasmaria sparassa. Sprinkled schasmar.<br />
Thallus leaflike, small, lobed, crenate; podetia long, rather<br />
bellied, granulated, warty, scaly, cupbearing, cups
PL cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 97. Schasm. ill<br />
rather saucershaped, irregular, opert, toothed J prolific<br />
teeth radiated ; apothecia on the podetia ; pale brown.<br />
Lichenoides tnbulosum cinereum, Talde crastaceum, ramulis breviorU<br />
bus, et crebrioribus ex acetabulis enascentibus, Dillsri in Rati Syn, 68,26.<br />
Lichen caespitosus, Lamarck Encifcl.<br />
Lichen ventricosus, Hudson Angl. 554.<br />
Lichen squamulosus, Schroder Kr. SamL<br />
Cladonia squamosa, Hoffm. Germ. 125.<br />
Cladonia coronata, Hoffm. Germ. 125.<br />
Baeomyces sq'.iamosus, Wahl. Lapp. 456.<br />
Bsomyces sparassus a, |S, y, Achar. Meth. 346.<br />
Cenomyce gonoregae blasfica, Achat. Lick. 552.<br />
Cenomyce allotropa sparassa, Achar. Lich. 556.<br />
On the trunks of rotten trees.<br />
Podetia rather bald, pale, made rough by numerous granules<br />
and leafy scales ; in summer very different, greyish<br />
almost black, with cups at the beginning scarcely cut, and<br />
very small.<br />
Vlir. 98. SCYPHOPHORA. Acharius. Cup-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike; podetia pipey, dilated at top, cup-bearing,<br />
or slender, awlshape ; cups closed with a midriff; apothecia<br />
round, bordered, growing convex, headlike, hollow<br />
underneath; fixed by the edge to the podetia; proligerous<br />
flake forming the upper surface of the apothecium, rather<br />
thick, coloured, inside similar, convex, turned over the<br />
edge and affixed, clothed underneath with the flocklike integument<br />
of the thallus.<br />
a. Apothecia Irown or pale.<br />
1. Scyphophora caspiticia. Tuff cup-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, small ; jaggs pinnatifid, torn, crisp ; podetia<br />
very small, smooth, slightly bordered, toplike, cupshape,<br />
regular ; apothecia growing convex, conglomerate,<br />
nearly sessile in the lobes of the thallus.<br />
Lichen symphycarpus, Ehrh. Crypt. 267.<br />
Lichen epiphyllus, Achar. Prodr. 185.<br />
BaBomyces epiphyllus, Achar. Meth. 525.<br />
Baeomyces epiphyllus, Persoon in Uster Ann, 7,255.<br />
Cladonia fusca, Hoffm. Germ. 127.<br />
Capitularia caespiticia, Florke in Weber, 2,277.<br />
Cenomyce epiphylla, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 527.<br />
On the ground and rotten trees, also among mosses, and<br />
upon rocks.<br />
VOL. I. 2 E
418 98.Scyphoph. 4.CEN0THALAMEiE. Pl.cell.apl.<br />
2. Scyphophora alcicornis. Elk-horn cup-moss.'<br />
Thallus leaflike, large, pale, greenish ; jags slightly palmate,<br />
ascending, repand, toothed, blunt, bent inwards, with<br />
bundles of hairs on the edge ; podeiia long, toplike, all cupbearing,<br />
smooth ; cups regular, crenate ; edge becoming<br />
leafy, and proliferous ; opoMma brown.<br />
Lichenoides cartilaginosum, tubulis et pyxidulis exiguis, Dillen in Rati<br />
Syn. 10,38.<br />
Lichen foliaceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1, 457.<br />
Lichen pyxidatus foliaceus, Huds. Angl. ed. 2, 552,<br />
Lichen alcicornis, Lightf. Scot. 372.<br />
Ciadonia foliacea, Hoffm. Germ. 123.<br />
Cladonia phyllophora, Hoffm. Germ. 123.<br />
Ciadonia cornucopioides, Hoffm. Germ. 123.<br />
Capitularia alcicornis, Florke in Weber, 2, 336,<br />
Baeomyces alcicornis, Achar. Metli. 349.<br />
Cenornyce damaecornis, ylchar. Lich. Univ. 530.<br />
Cenomyce alcicornis, Achar. Lich. Univ. 529.<br />
On the ground on heaths and mountainous places.<br />
3. Scyphophora endivicefolia. Endive-leaf cup-moss^.<br />
Thallus leaflike, large, sea-greenish ; jags many-cut, bent,<br />
crenate, crisp ; podeiia toplike, cupshape, seldom branched ;<br />
apothecia reddish.<br />
Lichen endivifolius, Dickson Crypt. Br. 3, 17.<br />
Baeomyces endivifolius, Achar. Meth. 351.<br />
Cenomyces endivifolia, Achar. Lich. 528.<br />
On the ground, on barren heaths.<br />
4. Scyphophora cerv'icornis. Stags-horn cup-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, greyish green ; jags upright, many-cut,<br />
narrow, slightly toothed, repand podeiia ; cylindrical, short,<br />
bald, livid, afterwards black, all cupbearing; cups small,<br />
regular, dilated, not in the least cut, ' flattish ; proliferous<br />
from the centre; apothecia marginal, sessile, brownish black.<br />
Lichen cervicornis, Achar. in Act. Stockh. 22,342.<br />
BfEomyces cervicornis, Achar. Method. 336.<br />
Cenomyce cervicornis, Achar. Lich. 531.<br />
Upon the ground, on rocks and among mosses.<br />
Cups sometimes simple, sometimes proliferous from the<br />
centre of the midriff; podetia when old leafy.<br />
5. Scyphophora veriicillata. Whirl cup-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike; jags rather upright, crisp, crenately<br />
cut; podetia cylindrical, rather bald, livid greenish, all<br />
cnp-bearing ; cups regular, toothed, flattish, then rising<br />
up from the centre, and becoming repeatedly and aggregatedly<br />
proliferous ; apothecia marginal, brown.
Pl.cell.aph. 4.CENOTHALAME^. 98.Scyphoph. 419<br />
Lichen pyxidatus, Ehrh. Saml. Kr.<br />
Capitularia verticiJlata, Florlce in Weber. 2, 285.<br />
Cladonia cristata, Hoffm. Germ. 124.<br />
Cladonia pyxidata, Hoffm. Germ. 122.<br />
Cladonia dilatata, Hoffm. Germ. 126.<br />
Pyxidarla nigrescens, Bory Voyag. 3.<br />
Pyxidaria diploca, Bory Voyag. 3.<br />
Scyphopiiorus verticillaris, Michaux Ft. Amer, Supp.<br />
Baeomyces verticillatus, Wahlenb. Lapp.<br />
Baeomyces pyxidatus apolictus, Achar. Meth. 338.<br />
Basomyces turbinatus verticillatus, Achar. Meth. 340.<br />
Cenomyce allotropa verticillata, Achar. Lich. 555.<br />
Upon the ground in rocky, woody, and sunny places.<br />
6. Scypliophora pyxidata. Box cup-moss,<br />
Thallus leaflike ; jags crenate, ascending; podetia all toplike<br />
cupbearing, bald, afterwards granular, warty, rough,<br />
greenish grey; cup regular; edge frequently spread and<br />
proliferous ; apotkecia brown.<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum, Raii Syn, 68, 28.<br />
Muscus pyxidatus, Ger. em. 1560 ; Park. 1308.<br />
Lichen pyxidatus, Lin. S. P. 1619.<br />
Capitularia neglecta, Florke in Weler, 2, 506.<br />
Bseomyces negtectus, Wahhnh. Lapp. 454.<br />
Baeomyces pyxidatus, Achar. Meth. 35T.<br />
Cenomyce pyxidata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 534.<br />
Cup-moss. Chalice-moss,<br />
On the ground in heaths, and on rocks.<br />
Podetia various, sometimes pale or lead-grey, when old<br />
the edge of the cups becomes powdery.—Emetic in infusion,<br />
used as a specific in hooping cough,<br />
7. Scyphophorajimhriata. Fringed cup-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike ; jags small, crenate podetia ; long, cylindrical,<br />
cupbearing, some awlshape, dusty, white ; cups<br />
wineglass-shape, regular ; edge sometimes not cut, sometimes<br />
crenate, at last proliferous ; apothecia brown.<br />
Coralloides scyphiforme gracile, marginibus serratis, Dillen Muse. 84.<br />
Lichen fimbriatus, Lin. S. P. 1619.<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum proliferum, marginibus serratis, Dillen in Raii<br />
Syn. 69, 30.<br />
Capitularia pyxidata longipes fimbriafa, Florke in Weber, 2,290.<br />
Cladonia fimbriata, Hoffm, Germ. 122.<br />
Bfeomyces iimbriatus, Achar. Meth. 341.<br />
Baeomyces pyxidatus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 455.<br />
Cenomyce pyxidata fimbriata, Achar. Lich, 535.<br />
Upon rotten trees, and the ground on rocks and moun-<br />
tains.<br />
2 E 2
42i) 98.ISGypIia]ah.4.CENOTHALAME^. PLcelLaph.<br />
|3. radiata. Podeiia long, powdery, white, cupbearing j<br />
cups radiated on the edge, rays awlshape, mostly fertile<br />
apothecia brown.<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, putvertilentum et crustaceum, ramulis<br />
ex acetabulis enascentibus minus copiosis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 68, 25.<br />
Lichen radiatus, Schreb. Germ.<br />
Lichen ventricosus, Hudson Fl. -Angl. bh^.<br />
Capitularia pyxittata longipes radiata, Florfce in Weier, 2,300.<br />
Cladonia radiata polyceras, Hoffm. Germ. 120.<br />
Cladonia radiata furcellato-radiata, Hoffm. Germ, 12t>.<br />
Baeomyces radiatus, Achar. Lick. Univ. 542.<br />
Cenomyce radiata, Achar. Lich, Univ. 547.<br />
y. abortiva. Podetia long, powdery, white; tips blunt,<br />
or slightly cupbearing; cups slightly crenate, barren or<br />
apothecia small, nearly sessile, brown.<br />
fertile ;<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum non ramasum, Raii Syn. 68,27.<br />
Capitularia pyxidata longipes abortiva, Florke in Weber, 2,294.<br />
Cladonia cornuta, Hoffm. Germ. 119.<br />
Baeomyces cornutus proboscidalis, Achar. Meth. 344,<br />
Cenomyce cornuta proboscidalis, Achar. Lich. 546.<br />
Cenomyce radiata holoschista, Achar. Lich. 547.<br />
"^.jibularia. Podetia long, nearly cylindrical, powdery,<br />
white ; cups narrow or ; apothecia sessile, heaped, or<br />
slightly pedicelled, brown.<br />
Lichen Fibula, Achar, Prod, 194.<br />
Capitularia pyxidata longipes Fibula, Florke in Weber, 2,295.<br />
Cladonia macilenta, Fibula, Hoffm. Germ. 127.<br />
Baeomyces turbinatus, Fibula, Achar. Bfeth. 340.<br />
BjBomyces baciliarisapolepta, Achar. Meth. 350,<br />
Cenomyce bacillaris apolepta, Achar. Lich. 542.<br />
Cenomyce allotropa. Fibula, Achar. Lich. 554.<br />
s. prolifera. Podetia powdei'y, white, cupbearing ; cups<br />
proliferous on the edge.<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tubercnlis fusconigris, proliferum,<br />
Hillen in Raii Syn. 69, 34.<br />
Capitularia pyxidata longipes prolifera, Florke in Weber, 302.<br />
Cladonia pyxidata prolifera, //o^'m. Germ. 122.<br />
Cenomyce allotropa lomagona, Achar, Licli, Un. 555.<br />
?. nemoxyna. Podetia long, branched, powdery, white,<br />
branches divided, awlshape, barren or fertile ; apothecia<br />
terminal, solitary or conglomerated, brown.<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tnbeiculis fusconigris, Dillen Muse,<br />
81.<br />
Capitularia pyxidata longipes cladocarpa, Florke in Weber, 293.<br />
Baeomyces radiatus nemoxynus, Achar. Meth. 342.<br />
Cenomyce radiata nemoxjna, Achar, Lich. 548.<br />
Cenomyce radiata contortuplicata, Achar. Lich. 548.<br />
>]. cornuta. Podetia long, awlshape, simple or branched,<br />
powdery, white, sometimes barren.
PL cell. apk. 4* CENOTH ALAM EiE. 98. Scyphoph. 42<br />
Coralloidcs vix ramosum, scypliis obscuris, Dillen Muse. 90.<br />
Coralloides scyphiforine cornutuni, Dillen Muse, 92.<br />
Lichen cornntus, Lin. S. P. 1620.<br />
Capitularia pyxidata longipes eornuta, Florkt in Weber, 293.<br />
Cladonia eornuta, Hoffni. Germ. 1 19.<br />
Baeomyces cornutus, Achar. Metk. 345.<br />
Cenomyce eornuta chordalis, Achar, Lich. 545.<br />
8. Scyphophora conistcu Cone cup-moss,<br />
Podetia nearly topshape, powdery, greenish grey ; cups<br />
wineglass-shape, simple, edge rarely cut; apotliecm marginal,<br />
nearly sessile, small, brown.<br />
Capitularia pyxidata, Florke in Weber, 287,<br />
On the ground, and rotten trunks of trees.<br />
$. eotilis. Lohes of the thallus small, crenate, cut or<br />
somewhat seedlike; podetia short, greyish green ; cups crenate<br />
or iK)t cut; apothecia very few, nearly sessile, brown.<br />
Coralloides scyphis humilibus intu8 fuscis, Dillen Muse. 14; 11«<br />
Lichen exiguus, Hmls. Fl. Angl. 552.<br />
Ca])itiilaria pyxidata exilis, Florke in Weber, 2S9.<br />
Cladonia pyxidata exilis, Hoffni. Germ. 121.<br />
BEBomyces pyxidalus exilis, Achar. Meth. 353.<br />
tCenom^ce pyxidata exilis, Achar. L,ich. 555.<br />
9. Scyphophora ecmocyncu Long-siemmed cup-moss^<br />
Thallus leaflike, jags small, crenate; podetia long, awlshape,<br />
barren, cupbearing, smooth, livid, brownish; cups<br />
glass- shape, edge fine-toothed, frequently proliferous; apothecia<br />
brown.<br />
Cenomyce ecmocyna, Achar. Lich. Un. S4#,<br />
On the gTound, and rotten trunks of trees.<br />
/3. gracilis. Podetia longish, threadshape, very simple,<br />
few, cupbearing; cups narrow, edge small-toothed; apo-<br />
thecia small, sometimes both sessile and podicilled.<br />
Lichenoides pyxidatum cinereuin elatius, ramulis pyxidatum desinenli-<br />
&US, Dillen in Rail Syn. 69, 32.<br />
Lichen gracilis, Lin. S. P. 1619.<br />
Capitularia gracilis chordalis, Florke in Weber, 2, 524.<br />
Gladonia gracilis, Hoffm. Germ. 119.<br />
Bseomyces gracilis, Achar. Meth. 344.<br />
Cenomyce comuta chordalis, Achar, Lich. 545.<br />
Cenomyce ecmocyna gracilis, Achar. Lich. 550^<br />
10. Scyphophora oxyceras. Sharp-horned cyp-rmss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, scarcely any; podetia long, cylindrical,<br />
•curved, lying down, cupbearing ; prolification branched,<br />
awlshape, bald, pale, milky, tips brownish black; cups narrow,<br />
oblique, edge toothed, radiated and proliferous; apothecia<br />
small, brown.
422 98.Scyphoph.4.CENOTHALAMEiE. PlceU.aph.<br />
Capitalaria amanrocrcca, Florke in Weber, 2, 334.<br />
Baeomyces amaurociteus, fVahlenb, Lapp. 455.<br />
Cenomyce uncialis bolaciua, Achar. Lien, 559.<br />
Cenomyee oxycera, Achar. Lich. 557.<br />
On the ground, on mountains.<br />
^. cladonioides. Podet'ia upright, slender, straw-whitish,<br />
slightly forked, branched, bald, unarmed and spinous;<br />
aips narrow, edge black, radiated and proliferous.<br />
Capitularia amaurocrasa cladonioides, Florke in Weher^ 335..<br />
Bajomyces gracilis cladonioides, Achar. Meth. 545.<br />
b. Apothecia scarlet, or dark red.<br />
11. Scyphophora hacillaris. Stick cup-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply lobed, crenate, rather<br />
naked below ; podetia cylindrical, simple or slightly<br />
branched at the tip, greyish white, granular powdery, very<br />
rarely cupbearing; cups narrow, becoming radiated; apo-<br />
thecia scarlet.<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatumexigumn,fuscovirens,i?cn 5^n.70,3T.<br />
Lichen macilentus, Ehrh. Crypt. 27, 267.<br />
Lichen tubiformis, Light/, Scot. 871.<br />
Lichen filiformis, Huds. Fl, Angl. 552; Engl. Bat, 2028.<br />
Capitularia maciienta, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 214.<br />
Basomyces macilentus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 452.<br />
Baeomyces hacillaris, Achar, Meth, 529.<br />
Cenomyce bacillare, Achar. Lich. 5A2,.<br />
12. Scyphophora digitata. Fingered cup-moss^<br />
Thallus leaflike, small ; jags expanded, rounded, crenate,<br />
greenish yellow, powder}"^; podetia cylindrical, cupbearing,<br />
same colour as the thallus, also powdery; cups<br />
narrow, edge rather bent in, proliferous, growing large,<br />
with dilForm prolifications; apothecia scarlet.<br />
Capitularia digifata, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1S08, 216.<br />
Cladonia digitata, Hoffm. Germ. 124.<br />
Baeomyces digitatus, Achar. Meth, 333.<br />
Cenomyce deformis digitata, Achar. Lich. 539.<br />
On the trunks of trees, and rotten wood.<br />
&. montrosa. Podetia with branched, fingered, sometimes<br />
barren prolifications of the irregular and extremely small<br />
cups.<br />
Lichenoides coralliforme, apicibus coccineis, Rail Syn. 68, 24,<br />
Lichen digitatus, Lin. S. F. 1620.<br />
Scarlet-headed moss.<br />
13. Scyphophora defoj-mis. Deformed cup-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, small ; jags rather broad, deeply crenate,<br />
naked underneath ; podetia longish thick, rather beU
PLcell.aph. 4.CENOTHALAME^. 98.Scyphoph. 423<br />
lied, sulphur-coloured, dusty, cupbearing; cups narrow,<br />
crenately toothed, afterwards dilated and torn ; apothecia<br />
sessile and podicilled, scarlet.<br />
Lichenoides tiibulosum minus ramosum, cauliculis crassioribus difformi-<br />
^us, Rail Syn. 68, 22,<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum niagis ramosum, maxime difforme, Dillen in Rait<br />
St/n. 68, 23.<br />
Lichen deformis, Lin. S. P. 1620.<br />
Capitularia crenulala, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 219.<br />
Cladonia deformis, Iloffm. Germ. 120.<br />
Baeomyces deformis, Achar. Meth. 334.<br />
Cenomyce deformis, Achar. Lich. 538.<br />
Upon the ground in mountain woods.<br />
14- Scyphophora coccifera. Ladybird cup-moss.<br />
jags rounded, crenate, naked be-<br />
Thallus leaflike, small ;<br />
neath ; podetia long, topshape, naked, warty, rough, pale<br />
yellowish and greyish, all cupbearing ; cups glass-shape<br />
edge pushed out, fertile ; apothecia rather large, growing<br />
podicilled, scarlet.<br />
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis amcene coccineis, Rail<br />
Syn. 69-, 35.<br />
Lichen cocciferus, Lin, S. P. 1618.<br />
Capitularia extensa, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 222.<br />
Cladonia coccinea, florin. Germ. 123.<br />
-Cladonia extensa, Hoffm. Germ. 123.<br />
Baeomyces cocciferus, Achar. Meth. 331,<br />
Cenomyce coccifera, Achar. Lich, 537.<br />
On the ground on mountains, and sunny, woody hills.<br />
15. Scyphophora asotea. Leafless ciip-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, small, jags rounded, crenate, naked beneath<br />
; podetia reverse-conical, cupshape, naked, afterwards<br />
warty, rough, grey or greenish yellow; cups regular, glassshape,<br />
proliferous in heaps from the centre of the midriff";<br />
apothecia of the edges small, sessile, grow slightly podi-<br />
cilled, large, scarlet.<br />
Capitularia asotea, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 225.<br />
Baeomyces coccifera asotea, Achar. Meth. 332.<br />
Baeomyces coccifera polycephala, Achar. Meth, 332.<br />
Cenomyce coccifera asotea, Achar. Lich. 53T.<br />
On the ground, with the preceding.<br />
^. cornucopioides. Podetia short, cupshape; cups dilated,<br />
from the midriff*, edge crisp, leaflike ; apothecia slightly podicilled,<br />
scarlet, crowned, growing proliferous.<br />
Lichenoides pyxidalum, roarginibus eleganter foliatis, Dillen in Rati<br />
Syn. 69, 33.<br />
Lichen cornucopioides, Lin. S. P. 1619.<br />
Baeomyces cornucopioides, Achar. Meth. 533.<br />
Cenomyce coccifera cornucopioides, Achar. Lich, 538.
424 98.Scyphoph.4..CENOTHALAME^. Plcellaph,<br />
1 6. Scyphophora pleurota. Swollenside cup-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply crenate, naked beneath;<br />
podelia reverse conical, cupshape, powdery, white,<br />
pale greenish ; cups enlarged, grow swollen, slightly ribbed<br />
edge scarcely cut, afterwards sinuated and radiated ; apo-'<br />
thecia slightly podicilled, scarlet.<br />
Capitularia pleurota, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808,218.<br />
Cladonia incana, Hoffm. Germ. 121.<br />
Basomyces pleurotus, FFahlenb. Lapp. 452.<br />
Baeomyces pyxidatus macroscyphus, Achar. Mcth, 338.<br />
On sunny ground, and rotten wood.<br />
.17. Scyphophora Ijellidiflora, Daisy-Jiower citp-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply crenate, naked below<br />
; podetia long, cylindrical, stiff", bald, leaflike-scaly, pale,<br />
all cupbearing; cups narrow, edge fertile and proliferous;<br />
apoihecia very crowded, conglomerate, scarlet.<br />
Lichen bellidiflorus, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 22, 218.<br />
Capitularia bellidiflora, Florke Berl. Mag. 1808,224.<br />
Baeomyces bellidiflorus, Achar. Meth. 335.<br />
Cenomyce coc.cocephala bellidiiiora, Achar. Lich. 540.<br />
On the ground in hilly and mountainous places.<br />
IX. 99. PYCNOTHELIA. Acharius. Pycnoihelia.<br />
Thallus nearly crustlike, uniform ; podetia hollow ; apo~<br />
thecia round, not bordered, convex, headlike, hollow beneath,<br />
fixed by the edge, terminal ; proligerous flake forming<br />
the upper part of the apothecium, rather thick, coloured,<br />
inside similar, convex, turned over the edge and<br />
fastened, clothed beneath with the flocklike integument of<br />
the thallus,<br />
Pycnothelia papillaria. Papillary pycnothelia,<br />
Thallus nearly crustlike, uniform, granulated, grey ; podetia<br />
bellied, bald, white, simple and branched; branches<br />
short, confluent, nearly equal-topped ;<br />
dish brown.<br />
apoihecia small, red-<br />
Lichen papillaria, Ehrh, 2, 105.<br />
Cladoniii papillaris, jFfoJfm. Ger»i. 117.<br />
Cladonia molariformis, Hoffm. Germ. 1 17,<br />
Baeomyces papillaris, Achar. Meth. 324.<br />
Bffiomyces papillaris molariformis, Achar. Meth. .325.<br />
Cenomyce papillaria, Achar. Lich. 571.<br />
Cenomyce papillaria molariformis, Achar. Lich. 571.<br />
On the ground upon muddy and dry ground.
Pl,celUaph. 4.CENOTHALAME^. lOO.Evernia. 425<br />
C. EvERNiDE^, Thallus nearly crustaceous, branched<br />
apothecia shieldshape, bordered, lateral.<br />
X. 100. EVERNIA. Acharius. Evernia.<br />
Thallus nearly crustaceous, branched, jagged, angular<br />
or compressed, flat; rather upright or pendulous, inside<br />
towlike; apo^Aecia saucershape, sessile, raised up around;<br />
proligerous flake forming the centre, thin, concave, coloured,<br />
inside similar, bent in, with a thalloid border exceeding it.<br />
Evernia prunastri. Plum-tree everjua.<br />
Thallus palish white ; jags two-forked, many-cut, ascending<br />
almost upright, linear, narrow, flat, wrinkled, hollow<br />
underneath very white, slightly grooved ; apothecia reddish<br />
in the centre.<br />
Lichenoides<br />
RaiiSyn.lb,iiO.<br />
arboreum ramosum majus et moUius, colore candicante,<br />
Lichen arborum, Ger. em. 1377, fig. only.<br />
Lichen prunastri, Lin. S. P. 1614 ;<br />
Lichen sticlaceros, Engl. Bot. 1355.<br />
Lichen corniculatiis, Relh. Cantab.<br />
Engl. Bot. 859.<br />
Lobaria prunastri, Hoffm. Germ. 140.<br />
Parmelia prunastri, Achar.Meth. 257.<br />
Evernia prunastri, Achar. Lich. 442.<br />
On the trunks of trees, and wooden palings.<br />
Cephalodia black, sometimes occur in the tips of the jags,<br />
and scattered; soredia white, also found in very old plants.<br />
D. PjSLTiDEiE. Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous or<br />
leaflike; apothecia shieldlike, bordered.<br />
XL 101. ROCCELLA. Imperati. Rock-moss.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, branched, jagged, cylindrical<br />
or flat, erect or pendulous, inside towlike; apothecia<br />
saucershape, thick, innate in the thallus; proligerous<br />
Jlake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, cartilaginous;<br />
inside transparent, similar, girt with a thalloid<br />
border, at last prominent, sessile, and even with the centre,<br />
covering a black, compact, powdery rather lentilshape<br />
mass hidden within the substance of the thallus.<br />
1 . Roccella tinctoria. Dyeing rock-moss,<br />
Thallus cylindrical, sea-greenish, rather upright, branched<br />
; apothecia scattered, rsised ; centre flat, greyish, hoary,<br />
even with the thalloid border.
426 lOl.Roccel. 4..CENOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph,<br />
Coralloides corniculatum fascicolare tinctor'nim fuci teretis facie, Dilkn<br />
Muse. 190.<br />
Lichen Roccella, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl. Bot. 211.<br />
Parmelia Roccella, Achar. Meth. 274.<br />
Roccella tinctorla, Achar. Lich, Univ. 439.<br />
On rocks by the sea-side.<br />
Thallus used in dyeing, when moistened with urine or<br />
volatile alkali, to dye a beautiful but perishable purple, and<br />
to give a fine bloom to other colours.<br />
2. Roccella phycopsls. Tanglike rock-moss.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, compressed, rather angular, grey<br />
greenish, very much branched ; branches and twigs nearly<br />
even-topped ; apothecia scattered, centre hoary, flat, at last<br />
naked, black ; thalloid harder slightly irregular, very small.<br />
Lichen fucoides, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 2,22.<br />
Roccella phycopsis, Achar. Lich, 440.<br />
On rocks by the sea-side.<br />
3. Roccella fuciformis.<br />
WrackUke rockmoss.<br />
Thallus flat, grey, greenish, two-forked, jagged; jags<br />
narrow ; apothecia marginal.<br />
Lichenoides fuciforine tinctorium,corniciilislongioribus et aciitioribus,<br />
DiUen Muse. 1 68.<br />
Lichen fuciformis, Lin. S. P. 1614 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 728.<br />
Parmelia fuciformis, Achar. Meth. 258.<br />
lloccella fuciformis, Achar. Lich, 440,<br />
On rocks by the sea.<br />
XII. 102. NEPHROMA. Acharius. Kidney-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, membranaceous, expanded,<br />
lobed; underneath free, naked or slightly villous ; apothecia<br />
resupinate, formed above from the lobes of the thallus,<br />
produced, ascending; proligerous flake kidneyshape, adnata<br />
to the thallus on its under surface, coloured, flat; inside<br />
cellularly streaked ; thalloid edge bent inwards, outwardly<br />
close to the apothecia, inwardly more remote, rather raised.<br />
1. Nephroma resupinatum. Doivn-lying kidney-moss.<br />
Thallus chestnut colour, livid, rather pale, downy, granular;<br />
fertile lobes short; flake of the apothecia red.<br />
Lichenoides saxatile fuscum, peltis in aversa foliorum superficie localis,<br />
RaiiSyn. 11,91.<br />
Lichen resupinatns, Lin. S. N. 1615.<br />
Peltigera tomentosa, Hoffm, Germ. 103.<br />
Peltidea resupinata, Achar. Meth. 289.<br />
Nephroma resupinata, Achar. Lich. 522.<br />
On the ground among roots of trees and on hills.<br />
'
Plcell.aph. 4.CENOTHALAME7E.102.Nephrom. 427<br />
2. Nephroma parile* Equal kidney-moss.<br />
Thallus livid, brown; beneath naked, rather wrinkled,<br />
blackish; fertile lobes short; flake of the apothecia<br />
brownish.<br />
Lichen parilis, Acliar. Prod. 164.<br />
Peltidca parilis, Achar. Meth. 289.<br />
Nephroma parilis, Achar. Lich. Univ, 522.<br />
Upon mosses, on hills.<br />
XIII. 103. PELTIDEA. Acharius. Shield-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, expanded, nearly adnate,<br />
lobed; underneath woolly, veiny; apothecia formed underneath<br />
from the ascending, lengthened, proper lobes of the<br />
thallus; prolicierous flake round, adnate throughout, rather<br />
oblique to the thallus; the inward segment slightly elevated,<br />
coloured, flat, inside cellular, streaked ; thalloid lor"<br />
der thin, elevated, close all round.<br />
1. Peltidea venosa. Veiny shield-moss.<br />
Thallus gray, green, underneath veined ; veins branched,<br />
running about, grey brown ; lobes rounded, very slightly<br />
cut; apothecia marginal, flat, round, tumid, dark brown,<br />
rather crenate.<br />
Lichen venosus, Lin. S. F. 1615 ; Engl. Bot. 887.<br />
Peltigera venosa, Hoffm. Germ. 107.<br />
Peltidea venosa, Achar. Meth. 282 ; Lich. 514.<br />
On the ground, on the edges of paths and ditches.<br />
2. Peltidea scutata.<br />
Buckler shield-moss.<br />
Thallus greyish, underneath whiter, veinless ; lohes<br />
rounded; sinuately cut, crenate, crisp: fertile lobes very<br />
&\iori\ apothecia round, ascending, rather flattish, brown,<br />
scarcely cut.<br />
Lichen scufatus, Dickson Crypt. Bot, 3,18.<br />
Peltidea scutata, Achar. Meth. 285; Lich. 515.<br />
On the mossy trunks of trees.<br />
3. Peltidea horizontalis. Horizo?dal shield-moss.<br />
Thallus sea-green, brown, and greenish, bald ; underneath<br />
very white, networked with black veins ; fertile lobes<br />
very short ; apothecia terminal, flat, horizontal, transversely<br />
oblong, bay-colour, not in the least cut.<br />
Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus, Dillen Muse. 205.<br />
Engl Bot. 888.<br />
Lichen horizontalis, im. Mant. 1, 132 ;<br />
Pelligera horizontalis, Iloff. Germ. 107.<br />
Peltidea horizontalis, Achar. Meth. 288; Lich. 515. j<br />
Among mosses on stones in mountain woods.
428 4.Peltidea. lOS.CENOTHALAME^. Pl.eell.aph.<br />
4>. Peltidea aphthosa. Thrush shield-moss.<br />
Thallus livid greenish, smooth; underneath networked<br />
with black veins ; cephalodia wartshape, scattered ; fertile<br />
lobes rather long, narrow in the middle, edge turned over;<br />
apothecia terminal, large, ascending, red; thalloid border<br />
turned in, rather torn.<br />
Lichenoides digitatum l^te virens ; verrucis nigris notatum, Dillen<br />
Muse. 207.<br />
Lichen verrucosus, Weber Fl. Germ. 275.<br />
Lichen aphthosus, Lin. S. P. 1616; Engl. Bot. 1119.<br />
Peltigera aphthosa, Huffm. Germ. 107.<br />
Peltidea aphthosa, Achar. Meth. 287 ; Lichen. .516.<br />
On the ground and mosses in thick woods.<br />
5. Peliidea canina. Mad-dog shield-moss.<br />
Thallus grey, greenish, rather downy; underneath networked<br />
with grey-brown veins; y'er^i/e lobes rather long,<br />
edge turned over ; apothecia terminal, rather upright, rolled<br />
outwards, reddish; thalloid border thin, slightly crenulated.<br />
Lichenoides peltatum terrestre cinereum majus, foliis divisis, Raii Syn.<br />
76, 87.<br />
Lichen caninus, Lin. S. P. 1616.<br />
Peltigera canina, lloffm. Germ, 106.<br />
Peltidea spuria, Achar. Meth. 283.<br />
Peltidea canina, Achar. Lich. 617.<br />
Ashcolour ground-liverwort.<br />
On the ground in woody mountainous places.<br />
' Recommended by Dr. Mead as a specific for the bite of<br />
a mad dog, mixed with an equal weight of pepper.<br />
6. Peltidea crispa. Crisp shield-moss.<br />
Thallus many-leaved, grey, brown, reddish, rather<br />
downy ; lobes deeply sinuately-jagged ; jags narrow, edge<br />
raised, crisp ; fertile lobes very rare, short ; apothecia hood-<br />
ed, rolled over.<br />
Lichenoides peltatum terrestre rufescens, Raii Syn. 76,88,<br />
Lichen rufescens, Necker. Meth. 79.<br />
Peltigera rufescens, Hoffm. Germ. 107.<br />
Peltidea rufescens, Achar. Meth. 285.<br />
Peltidea canina crispa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 519.<br />
On the ground among and on stones.<br />
7. Peltidea polydactyla. Many-fingered shield-moss.<br />
Thallus sea-greenish, naked, bald ; underneath networked<br />
with brown veins ; fertile lobes very numerous,<br />
long ; apothecia teiminal, dark brown ; edge hooded, rolled<br />
over.
Pl.C8ll.aph. 4.C?:N0THALAME.K. 103. Peltidea. 420<br />
Lichenoides cineream polydactylon, Ditlen Muk. 907.<br />
Lichen caninat y, IJudn. Fl. Angl. 547.<br />
Lichen poljo'aclylu'^, jSc^k. Mtth. 85.<br />
Pfltij^fra ()olv
430 105.Sticta. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph.<br />
1 Sticta crocata. Saffron dot^moss.<br />
Thalliis pale red brownish, slightly hollowed, large, underneath<br />
downy; soredite minute, lemon yellow; jags torn,<br />
lobed; edges powdery, yellow; apothecia scattered, centre<br />
brown black ; thalloid border not in the least cut.<br />
Lichen crocatus, Lin. Mant. 310 ; Engl. Bot. 2110.<br />
Pulmonaria aurigera, Bory Voy. S.<br />
Sticta crocata, Achar. Meth. 217 ; Licit. 447.<br />
On rocks, and the trunks of trees.<br />
2. Sticta aurata. Gilt dot-moss.<br />
Thallus green shining, very broad, underneath downy<br />
soredise very small, yellow; jags rounded, sinuated, cut;<br />
edges waved, crisp, bent in, yellow, powdery.<br />
Lichenoides lacunosuin rntilum, marginibus flavis, Dillen Muse. 549.<br />
Platisma crocatum, Hoffm, Lich, 2, 52.<br />
Sticta aurata, Jchar. Melh. 277 ,• Lich. 448.<br />
On trees ?<br />
3. Sticta pulmonacea. Lung dot-moss.<br />
Thallus fallow, olive, netlike hollowed ; underneath villous<br />
; papulae naked pale ; jags sinuated, lobed, bluntly<br />
truncated ; apothecia nearly marginal ; centre flattish, red<br />
thalloid harder slightly wrinkled.<br />
Liclienoides peltatum arboreum maximum, Raii Syn. 76,86,<br />
Muscus pulmonarius, sive Lichen arbornm, Park. 1311, desc.<br />
Lichen sive hepatica vulgaris. Park. 1315, fig.<br />
Hepatica terrestris, Ger. em. 1566,<br />
Lichen pulmonarius, Lin. S. P. 1612; Engl. Bot. 572.<br />
Lobaria pulmonaria, Hoff. Germ. 146.<br />
Parmelia pulmonacea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 220.<br />
Sticta pulmonacea, Achar, Lich. Univ. 449,<br />
Lung-Kort.<br />
On the trunks of trees, especially on oaks.<br />
Thallus astringent, used in infusion to cure wounds and<br />
ulcers, and esteemed a specific in spitting of blood and<br />
consumption ; as a native plant it was despised by the regular<br />
facult}^, and the cetraria Islandica, as long as it was<br />
esteemed a foreigner, usurped its place; but that being<br />
now found to be a native, has fallen into the like disrepute.<br />
4. Sticta scrobiculata. Pitted dot-moss.<br />
Thallus nearly orbicular, lead grey, very broad^ smooth,<br />
pitted, underneath ash-colour, woolly, with white naked<br />
spots ; jags rounded, lobed, irregular, and very slightly<br />
cut ; apothecia scattered, centre rather flat, reddish ; thalloid<br />
border slightly crenate.
Pl.cellaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 105. Sticta. 431<br />
Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cinereum et sinuatum, inferne scabrum,<br />
Dillen in Rail Syn. 75, 77.<br />
Lichen plumbens, Roth Bot. Mag. 2.<br />
Lichen verrucosus, Huds, Fl. Angl. 545.<br />
Lichen scrobiculatus. Scop. Cam. 1391 ; Engl. Bot. 497.<br />
Lobaria verrucosa, Hoffm. Germ. 146.<br />
Parmelia scrobiculala, Achar. Meth. 219.<br />
Sticta scrobiculata, Achar. Lich. 453.<br />
On the ground amongst mosses, on rocks and the trunks<br />
of trees.<br />
5. Sticta herbacea. Herlaceous sticta,<br />
Tliallus nearly round, slightly membranaceous, smooth,<br />
lierbaceous, underneath paler, brown, woolly; spots few,<br />
naked; jags sinuated, cut, rounded, spreading, slightly crenate;<br />
apothecia scattered, centre slightly concave, red;<br />
thalloid border wrinkled, crenulate.<br />
Lichenoides arboreum cinerea virens tenue et Ireve ubique, scutelli5<br />
minoribus, Rait Syn. 73, 64.<br />
Lichen herbaceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 544.<br />
Lobaria herbacea, Hoffm. Germ. 147.<br />
Parmelia herbacea, Achar. Meth. 218 ; Lich. 459.<br />
On trunks of trees, also among mosses, and on rocks.<br />
6. Sticta limbata. Bordered dot-moxs.<br />
ThaLlus round, sea-green, brownish ; lobes round ; soredice<br />
nearly marginal, grey ; underneath villous ; cyphels hollow,<br />
whitish ; apothecia with a rust-colour centre.<br />
Lichen limbalus, En^Z. Bot. 1 104.<br />
Sticta limbata, Achar. Meth. 280 ; Lich. 453.<br />
On mossy rocks and the roots of trees.<br />
Y. Sticta fuliginosa. Sooty dot-moss.<br />
Tlialliis round, sea-green, lurid, rough with brown granules;<br />
underneath greyish, villous; c?/pAe/i^ plano-concave,<br />
whitish ; jags round-lobed, very slightly cut ; apothecia<br />
scattered ; centre rust-coloured and black ; thalloid border<br />
elevated, not in the least cut.<br />
Lichen ambavillarius, Bory Voy. 3, 100.<br />
Lichen fuligi|msus, Dicks. Crypt. Bril. 1, 13 ; Engl. Bot. 1103.<br />
Sticta ambavillaria, Achar. Lich. 455.<br />
Sticta fuliginosa, Achar. Meth. 281 ; Lich. 454.<br />
On the stems of trees and shrubs.<br />
8. Sticta sylvatica.<br />
IVbod dot-moss.<br />
Thalliis large, light brown, rather naked, slightly pitted<br />
cyphels IioUowed, white, palish<br />
underneath brown, villous ;<br />
white jags deeply cut ; lobes turned back, crenate ; apo-<br />
;<br />
thecia marginal, centre brown.
453 105. Sticta. 4. CENOTHAt AMEiE. PlcellapJu<br />
Licbeirordes polyschides viHosum et scabrnm, peltis parvis, Dill. Mine.<br />
199.<br />
Lichen sylvaticiis, Engl. Rot. 22&8.<br />
Peltigera sylvatica, Hnffni. Germ. 109.<br />
Slicla sylvatica, Achar. Meth. 231 ; Lich. 45t.<br />
On the roots of trees in forests, or among mosses.<br />
XVI. 106. CETRARIA. Acharius, Celraria.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous, ascending or expanding,<br />
lobed, cut; on both sides naked, and smooth;<br />
apoihecki shieldlike, obliquely adnate to the edge of the<br />
thallus; lower segment free, upper sessile; proUo^er oils flake<br />
forming the centre, coloured, plano-concave, inside similar<br />
or cellularly streaked; timlloid border exceeding.<br />
1. Celraria pmiperiiia. Jumper cetraria.<br />
Thallus pale yellow, underneath very yellow; jags flat,<br />
ascending, torn crenate, crisp; apoihecia elevated, centre<br />
bay colour; tlialloid border crenulate.<br />
Lichen jiMiiperinus, Lin. S. P. 1614.<br />
Lobaria jiiuiperina, llojfm. Germ. 145.<br />
Cetraria juniperina, Acliar. Meth. 298 ;<br />
Lich. 506,<br />
On the stems and branches of shrubs, especially of juniper.<br />
2. Cetraria pinaslri. Pinaster cetraria.<br />
Thallus pale yellow, underneath very yellow ; jags depressed,<br />
round lobed, crenate : edges crisp, powdery, very<br />
yellow.<br />
Lichen pinastri, Scopoli Carn. 1387.<br />
Lobaria pinastri, Huffm. Germ. 146.<br />
Cetraria juniperina pinastri, Achar. Meth. 298 ; Lich. 506.<br />
On the trunks of pines, near the ground.<br />
3. Cetraria scepincola. Hedge cetraria.<br />
Thalhis chestnut-colour, underneath livid; jags flat,<br />
ascending, lobed, wavey, slightly crenate; apothecia elevated,<br />
similarly coloured; thalloid border wrinkled, crenu-<br />
late.<br />
Lichen Ssepincola, Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 208.<br />
Lobaria ssepincoia, Hoffm. Germ. 145.<br />
Cetraria saepincola, Achar. Meth. 297 ; Lich. 507,<br />
On the stem and branches of shrubs iii hedges.
Pl.cell.nph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 106. Getraria. 433<br />
4. Cetraria glauca. Sea-green celraria,<br />
Thallus sea-green, rather shining, underneath brownish<br />
black, sinuately lobed ; jags deeply cut, torn, comjjlicated,<br />
ascending; apotliecia elevated, bright bay ; thalloid border<br />
wrinkled.<br />
Lichenoides endiviie foliis crispis splenderrtibus, subtus nigricaatibus^:<br />
Dillen Muse. 192.<br />
Lichen glaucus, Lin. S. P. 161 5.<br />
Lobaria gliiuca, Hoffni. Germ. 149.<br />
Cetraria glauca, Achar. Meth. 296; Lich. 509.<br />
On the trunks of trees, and rocks.<br />
^.fallax. Thallus white on bot-h' sides, uederneath frequently<br />
spotted with black.<br />
Lichen glaucus, IVulf.in Jncq. Coll. 4.<br />
Lichen fallax, Weber Fl. Germ. 244.<br />
Lobaria falJax, Hoffm. Germ. 149^.<br />
Cetraria fallax, j'c/iar. Meth. 29G.<br />
Cetraria glauca f;illax, AcJiur. Lich: 509.<br />
5. Cetraria nivalis. Snow cetraria.<br />
Thallus white, yellowish at bottom, net-worked in holes;<br />
jags rather upright, flattish, deeply and many-cut, torn,<br />
crisp, crenately toothed ; apothecia. pale flesh-colour; thal-<br />
loid border crenulated.<br />
Lichenoides lacunosumcandidumglabrum, endiviiE crispae facie, Dillen<br />
JIusc. 162?<br />
Lichen nivalis, JL?'«. S. P. 1612.<br />
Lobaria nivalis, Hoffm. Germ. 145.<br />
Cetraria nivalis, Achar. Bleth. 294; Lich. 510.<br />
On dry, gravelly, barren soils, especially if alpine;<br />
6. Cetraria Islandica. Iceland cetraria.<br />
Thallus olive-chestnut colour, whitish blood-colour at<br />
bottom, underneath whiter; jags rather upright, nearly<br />
linear, many-cut, grooved, toothed, fringed ; fertile jags<br />
dilated ; apothecia pressed close, flat, similarly coloured<br />
thalloid border elevated, not in the least cut.<br />
Lichenoides rigidum, eryngii foliis referens. Rail Syn. 77, 90.<br />
Lichen Islandicus, Lin. 'S. P. 1611 ; Engl. Bot. 1530.<br />
Physcia Islandica, Miclicnix Fl. Bav. Amer, 2, 326.<br />
Lobaria Islandica, Ho'fm. Germ. 143.<br />
Cetraria Llandica, Achar. Meth. 293 ;<br />
Iceland moss.<br />
Lich. 512.<br />
On the ground in dry soils, and mountain woods.<br />
Thallus bitter, but when soaked in water to get rid of<br />
this bitterness, it yields a nutritive farina, forming a jelly<br />
on being boiled in water, recommended in phthisis; forms<br />
the principal vegetable food of the Icelanders.<br />
VOL. I, 2 F
434 107.Borrera.4.CENOTHALAME.E. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
XVII. 107. BORIIERA. Acharius. Boner.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, jagged-branched ; jags free, underneath<br />
mostly grooved, edge iringed ; opotliecia shield-<br />
like, thick, formed underneath from the thallus, podicilled:<br />
proUgerous flake, forming the centre, coloured, inside similar<br />
or resided ; ihallo'id border elevated, bent inwards, exceeding.<br />
1. Borrera ciUaris. Fringe lorrer.<br />
Thallus greenish brown ; jags Hnear, branched, nai*rowed,<br />
tips fringed ; underneath whitish, grooved ; apothecia<br />
nearly terminal ; centre hollow, then flat, black<br />
brown and grey; thalloki border crcnated and fimbriated.<br />
Lichenoides arbiireum foliosum ciiiereiim, sculoUis nigris, foliorum ex-<br />
tremitatibus hispidis ot pilosis, Raii Sijn. T.'J, ()7,<br />
Lichen ciliaris, Lin. S. P. 1611 ;<br />
Lobaria ciliaiis, noffm. Germ. 144.<br />
Parmelia ciliaris, Achar. Metlt. 255.<br />
Borrera ciliaris, Achar. Lick. 49G.<br />
On the trunks of trees, and on rocks.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1352.<br />
2. Borrera teneHa. Tender borrer.<br />
Thallus greyish white; both sides naked, similarly coloured,<br />
rather slarlike, jags pinnately cut ; tips ascending,<br />
dilated, arched, fringed; apothecla scattered, centre flat,<br />
blackish grey ;<br />
ihalloid border not in the least cut.<br />
Liclien hispidus, Schreb. Fl. Germ. 126.<br />
Lichen tenellus, Scop. Cam. 1406: Engl. Bot. 1351.<br />
liobari.i hispida, Hoffm. Genu. 151.<br />
Parmelia tenella, Achar. Met/i. 250.<br />
Borrera tenella, Achar. Lick. 493.<br />
On the trunks and branches of trees, and on palings.<br />
3. Borrera leucomela. Pled lorrer,<br />
Thallus palish ; jags upright, linear, many-cut, narrowed..<br />
fringed; underneath very white, rather powdery, slightly<br />
grooved; centre of the apothecia flat, black grey; thalloid<br />
border fringed.<br />
Lichen comosus, Bory Voy.<br />
Lichen leucomelas, Lin. S.P. 1613.<br />
Physcia leucomelos, Mlchau.v Amer. 526.<br />
Parmelia leucomela, Achar. Meth. 256.<br />
Borrera leucomela, Achar. Lich. 499.<br />
On the trunks of trees.
Plcellaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE. lOT.Borrera. 435<br />
4. Borrera farfuracca.<br />
Branny horrer.<br />
jags linear, narrow, branched, un-<br />
Thallus grey, floury ;<br />
derneath grooved, naked, wrinkled, violet, blackish ; apo-<br />
thecia nearly marginal, cupshape, centre red ; thalloid harder<br />
thin, slightly bent in.<br />
Lichenoides cornutum amarum, superne cinereum, inferne nigrum,<br />
Dillen Muse. !57.<br />
Lichen fiirfuraceus, Lin. S. P. 1612.<br />
Lobaria furfuiacea, Hoffm. Germ. 143.<br />
Parmelia furfuracea, Achar. Meth. 254.<br />
Borrera furfuracea, Achnr. Lick. 500.<br />
On rocks, and the trunks of trees.<br />
5. Borrera Atlantka. Atlaiitic horrer.<br />
Thallus pale reddish, downy; jags divaricated, twisted<br />
linear, narrow; underneath grooved; apothecia scattered,<br />
centre brownish black ; thalloid harder thin, not in the<br />
least cut.<br />
Lichen intricatus, Desfont. Fl. AUant. 2,420.<br />
Parmelia AtlaiUica, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 50.<br />
Borrera Atlantica, Achar. Lich. 502.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
6. Borrera chrysophthalma. Gold-eye horrer.<br />
Thallus yellow, yelklike; both sides naked, alike coloured<br />
; jags linear, flattish, pinnately branched ; tips fibrillous;<br />
apothecia nearly terminal, centre orange; thalloid<br />
harder fibrilled, fringed.<br />
Lichen chrysophthalmus, Engl. Bat. 1083.<br />
Platisma annatum, Hoffm. Lich. 2, 43.<br />
Parmelia chrysophthalma, Achar. Meth. 261.<br />
Borrera chrysophthalma, Achar. Lieh. 502.<br />
On the trunks and branches of trees.<br />
7. Borrera Iceia. Pleasant horrer.<br />
Thallus very yellow, jags thin, vaguely branched, com-<br />
plicated, fibrilled, cirrous; apothecia scattered, centre flat,<br />
red ; thalloid harder not cut, naked.<br />
Lichenoides quod Muscus aureus lenuissimus, Dillcii in Rail Syn. 65, S.<br />
Lichen vulpinus, Lin. S. P. 1623.<br />
Physcia flavicans, De CanduUe Voy. Bot. 25.<br />
Borrera flavicans lasta, Achar. Syn. Lich, 225.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
XVIII. 108. PHYSCIA. Achard. Ph7jscia.<br />
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, slightly membranaceous,<br />
flat, expanded, pressed close, round starlike lobed or<br />
many-jagged ; underneath fibrillous, jags slightly inflated<br />
2 F 2
436 108. Pbyscia. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PI. cell. aph.<br />
at the tip; apothecia shieldlike, slightly membranaceous,<br />
formed underneath from the thai! us, free, affixed to the<br />
same by the centre; proligerous flake forming the centre,<br />
hollow, coloured, covering the apothecia entirely above;<br />
mside similar, streaked, with a few cellules; ihalloid border<br />
bent inwards.<br />
1. Physcia physodes. Wracklike physcia.<br />
Thallus slightly stellate, sea-greenish white; jags tiled-<br />
like, sinuate, many-cut, slightly convex, bald ; tips inflated,<br />
ascending; underneath blackish brown, naked ; apothecia<br />
red, edge not cut.<br />
Jjichenoides ceiati>phjllon obtusiiis et uiinus ramosum, Raii Syn,16,85.<br />
Lichen pliysodes, i/n. S. P. 1610; Engl. Bot. 126,<br />
Lobaria pliysodes, IlojJ'm, Germ. 150.<br />
Parmelia physodes, Jchur. Meth. 250; Lich. 492.<br />
On palings, trunks of trees, and rocks.<br />
2. Physcia diatrypa. Pierced physcia.<br />
Thallus slightly stellate, greenish white; jags sinuated,<br />
many-cut, flattish, smooth, perforated and with soredise<br />
tips inflated ; underneath wrinkled, folded, black ; inter-<br />
stices white; apothecia pale red; edge not cut.<br />
Lichen pertusus, Schrud. Fl. Germ. 06.<br />
Lichen dialrypus, .^cJiar. Prod. 116; Engl. Bot. 1248.<br />
Lobaria terebrata, Iloffin. Germ. 151.<br />
Parmelia diatrypa, Achar. MelJi. 251 ;<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
Lich. 493.<br />
XIX. 109. PARMELIA. x\charius. Border-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, leatheriike, slightly membranaceous,<br />
flat, spread out, pressed out, round and stellatel}^ lobed or<br />
many-cut, jagged; underneath fibrillous; jags all equal at<br />
their tips; apothecia shieldlike, slightly membranaceous,<br />
formed underneath from the thallus, free, connected onlj^<br />
by a central point; proligerous fiake forming the centre,<br />
hollow, coloured, covering the apothecia entirely at top<br />
inside similar, streaked, with a few cellules; thalloid border<br />
bent inwards.<br />
] . Parmelia glomulifera. Ballbearing border-moss.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, stifl", round, livid, smooth, interspersed<br />
v;ith blackish green pulvinuli ; underneath ochry<br />
white, downy; lobes sinuately jagged; jags angular and<br />
bordered ; apothecia reddish chestnut, border wrinkled.
Pl.celL aph. 4. CENOTHALAME/E. 109. Parmelia. 437<br />
Lichenoides subglaucuin eumatile, foliis lenacibtis, e'cganier laciniatis,<br />
Hillen Muse. 197.<br />
Lichen laciniatus, Hudson FL. An;^L 544.<br />
Lichen mutahiMs, Ehrh. Crypt. 5, 60.<br />
Lichen glomulifeni', Light/. Scut. 853.<br />
Lobaria glomuiifera, Huffin. Germ. \48.<br />
Parmelia glomulifera, Acliar. Meth. 218; Lich. 456.<br />
On the roots and trunks of trees.<br />
2. Parmelia caperata. Caper border-mass^<br />
Thalhis round, pale yellow, greenish, wrinkled, growing^<br />
granulated; underneath black, hispid; lobes folded, sinu-<br />
ated, jagged, rounded, slightly cut; apotliec'ia scattered,<br />
rather brown ; border bent, not cut, at length povvdery.<br />
Lichenoides crusta foliosa, ex cinereo et luteo viresccnte, iDferne nigra<br />
et laevi, Rail Syn. 73,62,<br />
Engl. Bot. 654.<br />
Liciien caperatiis, Lin. S. P. 1614 ;<br />
Lobaria caperata, Hoffni. Gfrm. 148.<br />
Parmelia caperata, Achar. Meth. 216 ;<br />
On rocks and the trunks of trees.<br />
Lick. 43T.<br />
S. Parmelia Borreri. Borrer's border-moss.<br />
Thallus round, grey, interspersed with grey-bordered<br />
sorediae; underneath brownish, spongy, fibrilied ; lobes<br />
concreted, folded ; outer lobes rounded, deeply crenate<br />
apoihecia red ; border svt'ollen, bent inwards.<br />
Lichen Borreri, Engl. Bot. 1780.<br />
Parmelia Borreri, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 148; Acliar. Lich. Univ. 461.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
4. Partnelia perlata. Pearl border-moss..<br />
Thallus round, greenish white, naked; underneath black-<br />
ish brown, rather naked or villous: lobes rounded, cut, fiat,<br />
edge slightly folded, not cut; apoihecia red; border thin,<br />
not in the least cut.<br />
Lichenoides glaucum perlatum, subtus nigrum ct cirrosmrs, Dillen Muic<br />
147.<br />
Lichen perlalus, IJuds. FL Angl. 543.<br />
Parmelia perlara, Achar. Meth. 2i6; Lich. 458.<br />
On the trunks of trees, and rocks.<br />
5. Parmelia perforata. Perforated border-moss..<br />
Thallus round, rather sea-green, naked ; underneath<br />
black, fibrilied; lobes rounded, cut, flat; edge folded, crenate,<br />
fringed ; apoihecia red, growing perforated ; border<br />
not in the least cut.
438 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph.<br />
Lichen melanoleucus, Willd. Boi. Mag. 4, 9.<br />
Lichen perforatus, Jacq. Cell. 1, 116.<br />
Platisma perforatum, Hoffm. Lich. 13, 1.<br />
Parmelia perforata, Achat-. Meth. 217 ; Lich. 459.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
6. Parmelia t'lUacea. Lhne-tree border-moss.<br />
Thallus round, membranaceous, greyish sea-green, rather<br />
hoary ; underneath blackish brown ; fibrils black ; lobes<br />
sinuated, jagged ; outer lobes rounded, crenate ; apothecia<br />
brownish ; border not cut.<br />
Lichen quercifolius, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3, 127.<br />
Lichen quercinus, Willd. Fl. Btrol. 7, 15.<br />
Lichen tiiiacens, Hoffm. Lich. 96; Engl. Bot. 700.<br />
Lobaria tiliarea, Hoffm. Germ. 149.<br />
Parmelia tiliacea, Achar. Meth. 215 ;<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
Lich. 460.<br />
7. Parmelia corrugata. IVrinkled horder-moss.<br />
Thallus round, membranaceous, very ihln, wrinkled,<br />
sea-greenish; underneath black, brown, fibrilled ; lobes<br />
cut, rounded, loose, folded, winding, not cut; apothecia<br />
winding, red ; harder crenulate.<br />
Lobaria A'Cetabuhiin, Hoffm. Germ. 147.<br />
Lichen Acetiibulum, NecJc. Delic. et Meth.<br />
Liciien corrugatus. Smith in Lin. Tr. I, S3.<br />
Parmelia corrugata, Achcir. Meth. 215; Lich. 462.<br />
On the bark of old trees.<br />
8. Parmelia olivacea. Olive horder-moss.<br />
Thallus round, olive umber, wrinkled, raised, dotted;<br />
imderneath paler, brownish, rough, slightly fibrilled; lobes<br />
radiating, pressed close, flat, dilated, rounded, crenate;<br />
apothecia flattish, nearly the same colour as the thallus;<br />
harder crenulate.<br />
Lichenoides crusta foliosa scuiellala, pulUim, Raii Syn. 72, 60.<br />
Lichen olivaceu?, Lin. S. P. 1610.<br />
Lobaria olivacea, Hoffm. Germ. 150.<br />
Parmelia olivacea, Achar.Melh. 215 ; Lich. 462.<br />
On the trunks of trees, and wooden palings.<br />
9. Parmelia parieiina, JVall horder-moss.<br />
Thallus round, very yellow; underneath paler, slightly<br />
fibrilled; lobes radiating, pressed close, flat, dilated at the<br />
tip, rounded, crenate, crisp; apothecia similar in colour;<br />
border not in the least cut.
Pl.cell.aph. 4.CEN0THALAME^. 109. Parmelia. 439<br />
Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutelJafa, flavescens. Rail Syn. 59.<br />
Lichen parietinus, Lin. S. P. 1610,<br />
Lnbaria parieiina, Hoffni. Germ. 158.<br />
Parmelia parietina, Achar. Meth. '213 ; Lich. 465.<br />
On walls, trunks of wood and stones.<br />
10. Parmelia elmna. Olive-brown border-moss.<br />
Thalliis round, nearly membranaceous, contiguous, folded,<br />
radiated, olive-brown ; circumference lobed, lobes<br />
deeply crenated, flat, nearly truncated; apothecia dark umber;<br />
border not in the least cut.<br />
Liclien elffiiniis, Wahlenh. Fl. Lapp. 425.<br />
Lecanora ehfiiiia, Achar. Lich. 429.<br />
Parmelia clisina, JVahknb. in Achar, Meth. Suppl. 45.<br />
On rocks.<br />
11. Parmelia pityrea. Pine border-moss,<br />
T/ialliis round, grey, powdery; underneath white; fibrils<br />
black ; central jags folded, torn, crisp, edge powdery ; outward<br />
jags flat, rounded, crenate, hoary ; apothecia concave,<br />
black brown, hoary; border not in the least cut.<br />
Lichen lanu^inosus, Hoffm. Lich. 32.<br />
Uchen iiityreus, Achar. Prod. 124; Ertgl.Bot.206i.<br />
Lnbaria pulveracea, Hoffm. Germ. 153.<br />
Parmelia pityrea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 483.<br />
On the bark of the trunks of trees.<br />
12. Parmelia Clementiana. Clement border-moss.<br />
Tkallits round, greyish white, granularly powdery; underneath<br />
the same colour ; fibrils very small, blackish ; jags<br />
of the circumference flat, deeply crenate, rather naked;<br />
apothecia pressed close, flat, brown black; border not in<br />
the least cut.<br />
Parmelia Clementiana, Turner in Traits. Lin. Soc. 9, 146.<br />
Lichen Clenienti, Engl. Bui.<br />
On the bark of oak-trees.<br />
13. Parmelia lanuginosa. Woolly border-moss,<br />
Thalliis round, white, slightly brimstone-yellow, powdery;<br />
underneath black, bluish, woolly; lobes tiledlike,<br />
flat, rounded, very finely crenated; apothecia red; border<br />
powdery.<br />
Lichen membranaceus, Dickson Crypt. 2,21.<br />
Lichen lannginosus, Achar. Prod. 120.<br />
Parmelia lanuginosa, Achar. Meth. 207 ;<br />
i?c/j.465.<br />
On the ground, and mosses on moist shady hills.
44G llO.Psoroma. 4. CENOTHALAME.^. Pl.ceU.apk.<br />
7. Psoroma muscorum. Moss psorome.<br />
Crust scalelike, brownish livid; lobes irregularly and<br />
deeply torn jagged; apotkecia thick; centre flat, obscurely<br />
blackish red, even with the thalloid border, which afterwards<br />
becomes very small.<br />
Lichen carnosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2,21 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 168-1.<br />
Lichen hypnortim, ylchar. Prod. 93.<br />
Parmelia hypnorum, ^4cliur. Mclli. 185,<br />
Lecanora hypnoiuKi, ^c/iar. jLicA. 417.<br />
Among and upon rather rotten mosses.<br />
8. Psoroma hrunneum. Brown psorome.<br />
Crust tiledlike, granulatedly lobed, liver-grey ; apothecia<br />
innate in the crust, very crowded, not uniform ; centre rather<br />
convex, brown red ; thalloid border raised, crenulate,<br />
persistent.<br />
Lichen. pezizoide-, Dicks. Crypt. 1,10.<br />
Lichen miiltiflorus, Ehrh. Crypt. 156.<br />
Lichen brunnciis, Swarlz Nov. ^4ct. Upsal. 4, 247 ; Engl. Bot. 1246.<br />
Psora ncbulosa, Hoffm. Germ. 166.<br />
Psora brunnca, Hoffm, Germ. 166.<br />
Parmelia brunnea, Achar. Mtth. 186.<br />
Lecanora brunnea, Achar. Lick. 419.<br />
On the ground, and upon rotten mosses.<br />
XXI. 111. PLACODIUM. Acharius. Placodium.<br />
Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform,<br />
the circumference figured, radiated, stellate, and slightly<br />
lobed; apothecia saucershnpe, thick, adnate, sessile; proligerous<br />
flake forming the centre, plano-convex^ coloured,<br />
covering the apothecium above ; inside cellularly striated;<br />
border rather thick, formed of the thallus ajnd the<br />
same colour, nearly free.<br />
1 . Placodium epigmrn. Ground placodium.<br />
Crust plaited, wrinkled, whitish; circumference smooth,<br />
lobed ; apothecia blackish brown, growing rather convex<br />
in the centre; thalloid border thin, not in the least cut.<br />
Lichen candicans, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 15; Engl. Bot. 1778.<br />
Lichen cpigeus, Persoon in Ulst. Ann. 7, 25.<br />
Parmelia epigea,-4c/ia.-. Jl/f
Tl.cellaph. 4-. CENOTHALAME.^. 111. Placed. 447<br />
2. Vlacodhim leiitigcrum. Lentil placodium.<br />
Crust slightly tiledlike, white; lobes rather concave,<br />
bent, deeply crenate; apolhecia flattish in the centre, reddish<br />
yellow; ihalloid border raised, tumid, bent in, sliglftly<br />
crenate.<br />
Lichen lenligerus, Web.Goett. 192; Engl. Eot. S71.<br />
Psora lentigera, Iloffni, Germ. 164.<br />
Paimelia leiitigera, .Ichar. Mtth. 192.<br />
Lecanora lentigera, Achar. Lich. 425.<br />
On the ground and mosses on mountains.<br />
.3. Placodium saxicolum. Rock placodium.<br />
Crust, slightly tiledlike, scaly, wrinkled, unequal, pale<br />
greenish ; circumference rayed, lobed ; apofhecia very<br />
crowded, centre flat, yellowish, pale red, rather ochry;<br />
thalloid border becomes bent, crenate.<br />
Lichen ochroleiiciis, TVulf.inJncq, Coll. 2.<br />
Lichen saxicola, Pollidi Palal. 225 ; Engl. Bot. 1695.<br />
Lichen miiralis, Dicks. Crt/pl. 1,11.<br />
Psora muralis, Huffin. Germ. 157.<br />
Parmelia saxicola, Achnr. Meth. 157.<br />
Lecanora saxicola, Achar, Lich. 451.<br />
On stones, walls, and timber-buildings.<br />
4. Placodium murorum. Wall placodium.<br />
Crust plaited, wrinkled, cracked, yelk oi" egg yellow;<br />
surface powdery, hoary ; circumference rayed, plaited ;<br />
jags linear, convex, cut; apotliecia crowded, centre growing<br />
convex, darker; thalloid border not cut, bent.<br />
Liclien candelariiis, ii;). S, p. I60S.<br />
Lichen murorum, Iloffm. Lich. 63.<br />
Lobaria saxiccila, Iloffm, Germ. 158.<br />
Parmelia murorum, Achar. Meth, 198.<br />
Lecanora murorum, Achar. Lich, 455.<br />
On stones and walls.<br />
5. Placodium fulgens. Shining-yellow placodium.<br />
Crust almost contiguous, pale-yellowish; circumference<br />
plaited, slightly lobed; lobes bent, flat; apolhecia scattered,,<br />
centre very red, plano-convex; thalloid border at length<br />
bent and crenate, very small.<br />
Lichen fulgens, Swarlz in Nov. Act. Ups. 4, 246.<br />
Lichen citrinus, Ehrhart.<br />
Psora citrina, Hoffm. Germ, 165.<br />
Parmelia fulgens, Achar, Meth. 192.<br />
Lecanora fulgens, Achar, Lich, 457.<br />
On the ground on limestone rocks.
442 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph.<br />
22. Varmella recurva. Bent-hack border-moss.<br />
Thallus stellate, pale, slightly greenish, bearing soredia;<br />
underneath black, fibrilled, spongy; jags in the circumference<br />
many-cut, very narrow, convex, nearly cylindrical;<br />
apothecia reddish brown ; harder scarcely cut.<br />
Lichen multifichjp, Dickson Crijpt. 3, 16.<br />
Lichen inciirvus, Persoon in tfster Ann. 7, 24.<br />
Parmelia recurva, Achar, Meth. 201 ; Lick. 490.<br />
On stones and hills.<br />
23. Parmelia s'lmiosa. Jagged horder-moss.<br />
Thallus stellate, pale grey, smooth; underneath black,<br />
fibrilled; jags linear, broader outwardly, sinuately pinnatifid,<br />
sinuses broad, circular; apothecia flattish, brown;<br />
larder thin, not cut.<br />
Lichen sinuosus, Engl. Bot. 2050.<br />
On walls, rocks, and trunks of trees.<br />
24. Parmelia diffusa.<br />
Spread horder-moss,<br />
Thallus round, contiguous, wrinkled, folded, pale, grey-<br />
ish, powdery; underneath the same colour, black, fibrilled;<br />
jags in the circumference separate, flat, rounded, wavey,<br />
deeply crenate; apothecia flat, brownish black; harder at<br />
length crenulate, powdery.<br />
Lichen dift\isus, Dicks. Cnjpt, 3, 1.<br />
Lichen aleurifes, Achar. Prod. 117; EngJ. Bot. 838.<br />
Lobaria diffusa, Hoffm. Germ. 156.<br />
Parmelia alcuritcs, Achar. Mtih. 208 ; Lich. 484.<br />
On joists, planks, and palings.<br />
25. Par^nelia conspersa. Sprinkled border-moss.<br />
Thallus round, pale, livid, smooth, dotted with black<br />
underneath brownish, fibrilled ; jags sinuated, lobed,<br />
rounded, crenate, flattish; apothecia central, chestnut; border<br />
very slightly cut.<br />
Lichenoides imbiicatum viridans, scutellis badus, Ditlen Muse. 180.<br />
Lichen cenirifui^us, Lin. S. P. 1609.<br />
Lichen coii5j)ersiis, ^c/iflc. Prod. 118.<br />
Lobaria ceiurifiign, Hoffm. Germ. 154.<br />
Parmelia conspersa, Achar. Meth. 205 ;<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
Lich, 486.<br />
26. Parmelia speciosa. Handsome horder-moss.<br />
underneath<br />
Thalhis stellate, bald, white, rather greyish ;<br />
milky, softish; fibrils dark, marginal; jags tiledhke, flat,<br />
cut, branched, crenate, divisions ascending, powdery; apothecia<br />
central, brownish ;<br />
wrinkled, crenate.<br />
border bent in, swollen, at length
PL cell aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 109. Parmelia. 443<br />
Lichen speciosu?, WulfinJacq. Coll. 3, 119.<br />
Lobaria speciosa, Hoff/n. Germ. 153.<br />
Parmelia speciosa, Achar. Melh. 198; Lick. 480.<br />
On the trunks of trees and rocks.<br />
27. Parmelia Icevlgata. Smooth border-moss.<br />
Thallus stellate, smooth, greyish white ; underneatli<br />
black, fibrilled ; jags many-cut, linear, broader outwardly<br />
cut, divaricated, pointed, frequently having soredia in the<br />
circumference; apoihecia concave, chestnut; border not cut.<br />
Lichen laevigalus, Engl. Bot. 1852.<br />
On rocks.<br />
28. Parmelia farrea. Floury horder-moss,<br />
Thallus round, greenish, grey, powdery; underneath<br />
whitish, fibrils brown-black ; jags short, deeply crenate,<br />
tiledlike, edges raised, granulated, powdery; apothecia<br />
black, grey, and hoary: border bent in^ swollen, slightlyhollowed.<br />
Parmelia farrea, Achai: LicJi. Univ. 475.<br />
On the ground, on trees, and rocks.<br />
29. Parmelia puluerulenta. Powdery border-moss.<br />
Thallus stellate, greyish white, hoary; underneath black,<br />
woolly, hispid ; jags linear, manj^-cut, separate in the circumference,<br />
flat, pressed close, wavey; tips blunt; apothecia<br />
grey; border not in the least cut, bent.<br />
Lichenoides arboreiim et saxatile, crusta foliosa leniii, fusco-vircnti<br />
in segmenia latioia plermnqiie divisa, Dillen in liai Syn. 74,74.<br />
Lichenoides aiboreum, criisla foliosa iiif'ormi, scutellis subnigris, limbo<br />
cinereo crispo cinefis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 75, 75.<br />
Lichen slellaiis /3 et >, Huds. Fl.Jngl. 534.<br />
Lichen allochroiis, EhrJi. Crypt. 19, 137.<br />
Lichen pulverulenlus, Srhreber Germ. 1 153; Engl. Bot. 2063.<br />
Lobaria piilverulenta, Hoffm. Germ. 152.<br />
Parmelia piilverulenta, Achar. Meili. 210; Lich. 475.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
30. Parmelia ccesia. Grey border-moss.<br />
Thallus starlike, greyish white or grey, bearing soredia;<br />
underneath grey; fibrils black; jags linear, many-cut,<br />
deep, slightly convex, the last jags flat; apothecia slightly<br />
concave, black ; border rather bent inwards.<br />
Lichen pulchellus, WulfinJacq, Coll. 2.<br />
Lichen ciE, ins, //q^/H. /.£c/(. 12, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1052.<br />
Lichen Psora, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 17.<br />
Lobaria caisia, Hoffm. Germ. 156.<br />
Parmelia caasia, Achar. Meth. 197 ; Lich, 479.<br />
On rocks, wood, mosses, and the trunks of trees.
444 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAME.^. PL cell. apk.<br />
31, Parmelia cycloselis. Circular border-moss.<br />
Thallus round, livid grey; underneath black, fibrilled,<br />
spongy ; jags grown together, tiledlike, rather flat, flnger-<br />
like, many-cut, crenately torn, slightly fringed; edges at<br />
length raised up, crisp rather powdery ; apotliecia scattered,<br />
black, brown ;<br />
border raised, not in the least cut.<br />
Lichen subtilis, Persoon, according (o Achar Syn. Licli. 217.<br />
Lichen dcntatiis, Persoon, according to Acharius 1, c.<br />
Liciien orbicttlarig, Neckar Meth. 88.<br />
Lichen cycloselis, ytchar. Prod. 115 ; Engl. Bot. 1942.<br />
Lobaiia oi hicularis, Huffm. Gimi. 155.<br />
Parmelia cycloselis, ^ckar. Meth. 199 ; Licit. 4S2.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
E. Lecide^. Thallus crustaceous, adnate; apotliecia<br />
shield Hke, bordered.<br />
XX. 110. PSOROMA. Acharias. Psorome.<br />
Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, indeterminately<br />
figured, scaly or tiledlike; apothecia saucershape,<br />
thick, sessile, adnate; proligerous Jiake forming the<br />
centre, plano-convex, coloured, covering the apothecium<br />
above; inside cellular, streaked; border thickisli, formed<br />
of the thallus and similar in colour, nearly free.<br />
1. Psoroma cervinum. Stags-horn psorome.<br />
Crust in beds, figured, scaly, rather lobed, chestnutcolour;<br />
apothecia immersed, flattish, brownish black; thalloid<br />
border at length prominent.<br />
Lichen Fquamulo?iis, Achar. Prod. 230; Engl. But. 2011.<br />
Lichen cervinn?, Persoon.<br />
Parmelia peli-cypha, Wuhlenb. in Jcha
PlceU.apk. 4. CENOTHALAME^. llO.Psoroma. 445<br />
3. Psoroma trihacium. Torn psorome.<br />
Crust scalelike, silvery, greyish white ; lobes irrep-ular,<br />
differently shaped, torn crenate, tiledlike; underneath the<br />
same colour, slightly fibrilled ; apothecia pressed close,<br />
centre flat, pale circumference at length crenated and<br />
lobed ; thalloid border raised, persistent.<br />
Lenanora tribacia, Jchar, Licit. Univ. 415.<br />
On the trunks of trees and rocks.<br />
4. Psoroma candelariiim. Candle psoro77ie.<br />
Crust scalelike, yellow ; lobes very crowded, torn-jao-o-ed,<br />
tiledlike; edges granulated, powdery ; apothecia flattish,<br />
similar in colour; thalloid border raised, not cut.<br />
Lichenoides crustosiim oibiculis et scuteliis flavis, Dillen Muse. 236-'<br />
Engl. Bot. \1M.<br />
Lichen candelariiis, Lin. S. P. 1608.<br />
Lichen concolor, Dickson Crypt. 3, 18.<br />
Parmelia caiidelaria, Achar. Meth. 187.<br />
Lecauora candelaria, Achar. Lich. 416.<br />
On the trunks of trees, palings, rocks, and walls.<br />
5. Psoroma polycarpum. Mamj-fndled psorome.<br />
Crust composed of conglomerated, granulated, lemonyellow<br />
lobes; apothecia crowded, bent; centre flat, dilated,<br />
similarly coloured, afterwards pale -red ; thalloid border ^t<br />
length crenulated.<br />
Lichen polycarpiis, Ehrh. Crypt. 14, 136.<br />
Verrucaria fulva, Hoffm. Germ. 193.<br />
Parmelia citrina, Achar, Meth. Lich 179.<br />
Lecanora candelaria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 416.<br />
On old wood and the trunks of trees.<br />
6. Psoroma hypnorum. Hypnum psorome.<br />
Crust scalelike, brownish yellow, flame-colour ; lobes<br />
small, roundish, dissimilar, edge granular, crenulate; apothecia<br />
slightly membranaceous; centre concave, at length<br />
flat, dilated, bay and black ; thalloid edge raised, bent in,<br />
crenate.<br />
Lychen hypnorum, Fl. Dan. 956 ; Engl, Bot. 740.<br />
Psora hypnorum, Hoffm. Germ. 166.<br />
Parmelia lepidora, Achar. Meth. 185.<br />
Lecanora lepidora, Achar. Lich. 418.<br />
On the ground, and on rotten moss.
U6 llO.Psoroma. 4. CENOTHALAME.E. PLceU.apk.<br />
7. Psoroma 7mis€orum. Moss psorome.<br />
Crust scalelike, brownish livid; lobes irregularly and<br />
deeply torn jagged; apotliecia thick; centre flat, obscurely<br />
blackish red, even with the thalloid border, which afterwards<br />
becomes very small.<br />
Lichen carnosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2,21 ;<br />
Lichen hypnorum, Jchar. Prod. 93.<br />
Parmeliii lijpnoium, ^4c/itir. Melh. 185.<br />
Lecanora hypnoi uei, Achar, Lick. 417.<br />
Among and upon rather rotten mosses.<br />
Engl. Hot. 1684.<br />
8. Psoroma hriinneum. Brown psorome.<br />
Crust tiledlike, granulatedly lobed, liver-grey ; apothecia<br />
innate in the crust, very crowded, not uniform ; centre rather<br />
convex, brown red ; thalloid border raised, crenulate,<br />
persistent.<br />
Lichen. pezizoide-, Dicks. Crypt. 1,10,<br />
Lichen uiuliifloriis, Ehrh. Crypt. 156.<br />
Lichen brunneus, Swarlz Nov. Act. Upsal. 4, 247 ; Engl. Bot. 1246.<br />
Psora nebuiosa, Hofffii, Germ. 166.<br />
Psora brunnea, Ilojf'm. Germ. 166.<br />
Parmelia brunnea, Achar. Mtih. 1S6.<br />
Lecanora brunnea, Achar. Lich. 419.<br />
On the ground, and upon rotten mosses.<br />
XXI. 111. PLACODIUM. Acharius. Placodium.<br />
Thallus cruslaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform,<br />
the circumference figured, radiated, stellate, and slightly<br />
lobed; apothecia saucershnpe, thick, adnate, sessile; pro-<br />
I'werous flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured,<br />
covering the apothecium above ; inside cellularly striated;<br />
border rather thick, formed of the thallus ajid the<br />
same colour, nearly free.<br />
1 . Placodium epigeiim. Ground placodium.<br />
Crust plaited, wrinkled, whitish ; circumference smooth,<br />
lobed ; apothecia blackish brown, growing rather convex<br />
in the centre; thalloid border thin, not in the least cut.<br />
Lichen candicans, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 15 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 177S.<br />
Lichen epigeus, Persoon in Ulst. Ann. 7,25.<br />
Parmelia epigen, Achar. Mcth. 191.<br />
Lecanora epigea, Achar. Lich. 4i'2.<br />
On the ground among the mosses on rocks.
Tl.cellaph. 4.. CENOTHALAME/E. lll.PIacod. 447<br />
2. Placodium lc?iligerum. Leiilil placod'mm.<br />
Crust slightly tiledlike, white; lobes rather concave,<br />
bent, deeply creiiate ; opolhecia flattish in the centre, reddish<br />
yellow ; ihalloid border raised, tumid, bent in, sliglftly<br />
oren ate.<br />
Lichen lenligerus, Weh. Goett. 192; Engl. But. S7I.<br />
Psora lentigera, Iloffni. Germ. 164.<br />
Parmelia leiitigeia, ^Ichar. Mtth. 192.<br />
Lecanora Ic-ntigera, Achar. Lich. 425.<br />
On the ground and mosses on mountains.<br />
.3. Placodium saxkolum. Rock placedium.<br />
Crust slightly tiledlike, scaly, wrinkled, unequal, pale<br />
greenish; circumference rayed, lobed ; apofhecia very<br />
crowded, centre flat, yellowish, pale red, rather ochry;<br />
ihalloid border becomes bent, crenate.<br />
Lichen ochroleuciis, TVulf.in Jacq. Coif. '2.<br />
Lichen saxicola, PolUch Palat. 225 ;<br />
Liclicn muralis, Dicks. Crypl. 1,11.<br />
Psora muralis, Jloffm. Germ. 15T.<br />
Parmelia saxicola, Achar. Meih. 157.<br />
Lecanora saxicola, Achar. Lich. 451.<br />
On stones, walls, and timber-buildings.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1695,<br />
4. Placod'mm murorum. Wall placodium.<br />
Crust plaited, wrinkled, cracked, yelk of eg^ yellov/;<br />
surface powdery, hoary ; circumference rayed, plaited ;<br />
jags linear, convex, cut; apofhecia crowded, centre growing<br />
convex, darker; ihalloid border not cut, bent.<br />
Lichen candelariiis, ii/f. S. p. 160S.<br />
Lichen murorum, Hoffm. Lick. 63.<br />
Lobaria saxicola, Hoffm. Germ. 158.<br />
Parmelia murorum, Achar. Meth. 198.<br />
Lecanora murorum, ^c/i«r. Z/icA, 455.<br />
On stones and walls.<br />
5. Placodium fulgevs. Shining-yellow placodium.<br />
Crust almost contiguous, pale-yellowish ; circumference<br />
plaited, slightly lobed ; lobes bent, flat ; apothecia scattered,<br />
centre very red, plano-convex; ihalloid border at length<br />
bent and crenate, very small.<br />
Liclien fulgens, Swarlz in Nov, Act. IJps. 4, 246,<br />
Lichen citrinus, Ehrhart.<br />
Psora citrina, Hoffm. Germ. 165.<br />
Parmelia fulgens, Achar. Meth. 192.<br />
Lecanora fulgens, Achar. Lich. 457.<br />
On the ground on limestone rocks.
M8 Ul.Placod. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.apk.<br />
6. Placodiiim circinatum. Compass placodium.<br />
Crust cracked in beds, greyish white ; circumfei'ence<br />
rayed, plaited, linear, jagged ; apothacia very crowded, at<br />
length angular; centre with innate beds, flat, brown-black;<br />
tlialloid edge nearly even.<br />
Lichen radiosiis, Hoffni. Lich. 4, 6.<br />
Lichen circinatus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 25; Engl. Bot. 1941.<br />
Lichen siibimbriciitiis, Relhan Cant. 459.<br />
Lob.'.ria radiosa, Hoffm. Germ. 157.<br />
Paruielia circinata, Jchar, MetJi. 189.<br />
Lecanora circinaia, Achar. Lich. 425.<br />
On limestone.<br />
7. Placodium gelidum. Cold placodium.<br />
Crust cracked, flesh- grey; circumference rayed, jagged;<br />
central wart brown, radiately wrinkled; apolhecia depressed<br />
thalloid border thick, raised, not cut.<br />
in the centre, red ;<br />
Liciicn 2;elidiis, Lin. Mnnt. 133 ;<br />
Lichen IL-clse, Fl. Dan. 470.<br />
Engl. Bot. 699.<br />
Paimelia gelida, Achar. Meth. 188.<br />
Lecanora gelida, Achar. Lich. 4'i8.<br />
On rocks.<br />
Thalloid wart in the centre very singular, it probably<br />
should form a separate genus.<br />
8. Placodium dispersum. Dispersed placodium^<br />
Crust dispersed, granulated, unequal, nearly grey, sometimes<br />
very small; o/^oZ/ieda scattered ; centre flattish, pale<br />
brown-grey, and black; thalloid harder raised, thin, crenulated.<br />
Lichen creniilatus, Dicks. Crypt. 5, 9 ; Engl. Bot. 930.<br />
Lichen dispersus, Fersoonin U1st. Ann. 7, 27.<br />
Parmelia dispersa, Achar. Meth. 169.<br />
Lecanora galactina dispersa, Achar. Lich. 424.<br />
On v/alls, stones, and limestone rocks.<br />
XXII. 112. RINODINA. Acharius. Rinodine.<br />
Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform<br />
apothecia saucershape, thick, adnate, sessile ; proligerous<br />
flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, covering<br />
the apothecium above; inside cellular, streaked; thalloid<br />
border rather thick, colour of the thallus, nearly free.
m.celLapk. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. ll2.Rinod. 4^4*^<br />
a. ylpothecia naked, black.<br />
1 Rinodina alra. Black rinodine.<br />
Crust indeterminately formed, cracked, granular, warty,<br />
greyish white; apothecia flat in the centre, afterwards<br />
slightly swollen, black ; thalloid hoi'der raised, free, at length<br />
bent and crenulated.<br />
Lichenoides crustaceiini et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus tnajoribus<br />
€t minoribus, Dillen Muse. 133.<br />
Lichen tephromelas, Ehrh. Crypt.<br />
Engl. Dot. 949.<br />
Lichen ater, Hudson Fl. Angl. 530 ;<br />
Parmelia atra, Achar. Meth. 154,<br />
Lecauora atra, Achar. Lich. 344.<br />
On stones, rocks, and the bark of trees.<br />
Thallus sometimes whiter, sometimes greyer; apothecia<br />
either very crowded, flat and then convex with the border<br />
not cut ; or varying in size, with the border crenate and<br />
bent.<br />
2. Rinodina ocnlata. Eyed rinodine.<br />
Crust bald, nippled, branchbearing, black; apothecia<br />
sessile, scattered, some slightly podicelled; centre rather<br />
concave, black, their proper edge at length bent; thalloid<br />
harder swollen.<br />
Lichen dactylinus, IVahl. Lapp. 414.<br />
Lichen oculatus, Dicks. Crypt. Brit. 2, 17.<br />
Isidium oculatuin, Achar. Meth. 140 ; Lich. 576.<br />
Forming a crust on alpine mosses.<br />
3. Rinodina coarctala. Contracted rinodine.<br />
Crust difliise, thin, cracked, slightly wrinkled, unequal,<br />
greyish; apothecia black, centre sunk, then raised, flat;<br />
thalloid border raised, bent in, irregular, contracted, pow-<br />
dery.<br />
Lichen coarctatus, Engl. Bot. 534.<br />
Parmelia coarclata, Achar. Meth, Lich. 158.<br />
Parmelia elacista, Achar. Meth. Lich. 159.<br />
Lecanora coarctata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 352.<br />
On stones and brick walls,<br />
4. Rinodina periclea. Shielded rinodine.<br />
Crust thin, nearly leprous and dispersed, whitish ; apo^<br />
Ihecia plano-convex in the centre, black, transparent, rough;<br />
thalloid border at the base, very small, powdery, becoming<br />
imperceptible.<br />
TOL. (• 2 a
450 112.Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAME.E. Pl.cell.apL<br />
Verrucaria abictina pilularis, Tloffm. Germ. 193.<br />
Parinelia periclea, Achar. Mtth. JJch. 156.<br />
Lecanora periclea, Achar. Lic/i. Univ. 355{<br />
Lichen pericleus, Achar. Prod. 78 ; Engl. Bot. 1850.<br />
Lichen abietinus, Ehrh. Crypt. 166.<br />
On the bark of fir-trees, and on old posts or palings.<br />
5. Rinodina exigua. Diminulive rinodine.<br />
Crust unequal, dark, blackish grey ; apolhecla very small,<br />
aggregate, flat, afterwards slightly convex; thalloid border<br />
white, crenulate, growing brownish and disappearing.<br />
Lichen exij^uus, Achar. Piodr, 69 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1849.<br />
Parmelia exi^iia, ^ic/tttc. ii/e
PLcelLaph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 112.Rinod. 451<br />
Lichen fuscatus, Schrad. Germ. 83.<br />
Lichen p'lctus, Dicks. Crypl. Brit. 4, 12.<br />
Lichen badius, Jlchar. Prodr. 67.<br />
Verrucai ia badia, i/oJ/'m.Gerw. 182.<br />
Lecidea piciiia, Achar. Metli. 51.<br />
Farnielia sqtiamulosa amaui.i, Achar. Meth. 182.<br />
Parmelia fuscata, Achar. Meth. 189.<br />
Lecanora bad la fuscata, Achar. Lick. 407.<br />
Lecanora badia amaura, Achar. Lich. 408.<br />
On stones and rocks almost everywhere.<br />
9. Rinodina ventosa. Bloivn-iip rinodine.<br />
Crust cracked in beds, rather pale ; beds convex, plaited,<br />
warted ; apothecia pressed close, at length irregular ; centre<br />
flat, swelling, brownish red ; thalloid border thin, not cut,<br />
lower than the centre.<br />
Lichenoides tartareum lividum, scutellis rufis ; inargine exili, Dilkn<br />
Muse. 13a.<br />
Lichen ventosus, Lin. S. P. 1607.<br />
Lichen srelidus, i/udAo?i F;._'ing-?. 528.<br />
Lichen flavesceiis, J acq. Misc. 2, 79.<br />
Lichen cruentus, Weber Goett. 1.<br />
Lichen scopulnnun. Ft. Van. 712.<br />
"Verrucaria ventosa, Hoffm. Lich. 27.<br />
Parmelia ventosa, yJchar. Meth. 166.<br />
Lecanora ventosa, Achar, Lich. 399.<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
10. Rinodina frustulosa. Broken rinodine.<br />
Crust tartarlike, much cracked, variegated black and<br />
white; apothecia flat, pale brown; thalloid border white^<br />
growing convex, blackish brown.<br />
Lichen frustulosus, Vickson Crypt. Br. 3, 13 ;<br />
Parmelia frustulosa, Achar. Meth. 172.<br />
Lecanora frustulosa, Achar, Lich. 405.<br />
On rocks.<br />
11. Rinodina effiisa.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2273.<br />
Spread rinodine.<br />
Crust spread, thin, rather powdery, grey, brassy; apothecia<br />
small, pressed close, centre flat afterwards convex,<br />
pale reddish brown ; thalloid border thin, soon disappearing.<br />
Lichen salignus, Schrad. Germ. 84.<br />
Lichen effusus, Persoon.<br />
Verrucaria eifusa, H'ffm. Germ. 174.<br />
Parmelia effusa, Achar. Milh. 174.<br />
Lecanora etfusa, Achar. Lich. 386.<br />
On the hollow trunks of willows.<br />
2 G 2
452 112.Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
12. Rinodina varia. Varialle rinodine.<br />
Cnist unequal, granulated, rather warty, pale greenish<br />
apothecia ci'owded ; centre flat, pale, brownish and variegated;<br />
ihnlloid harder raised, rather bent in, afterwards<br />
bent, slightly crenulate.<br />
Lichen varius, Ehrh. Crypt. 7, 68 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1G66.<br />
Vernicaria varia, Tlojjfm. Germ. 196.<br />
Parmelia varia, Achar, Meth. 178,<br />
Lecanora varia, Achar. Lich. 377.<br />
On planks, palings, and wooden buildings.<br />
13. Rinodina apochroea. Different-coloured rinodine.<br />
Crust scarcely any; apothecia thickly scattered in a very<br />
thin coat, smooth, sea-green white, naked, frequently with<br />
soredia, centre flattish, pale, yellow, livid brown or black<br />
thalloid border thin, rather crenulate, pale yellowish, even<br />
with the centre.<br />
Parmelia sulphiireo-nigricans, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1809, 197.<br />
Spiloma vitiligo, Achar. Lich. 138.<br />
Spiloma sorediatum, Achar. Lich. 139.<br />
Parmelia carina ravida, Achar. Meth. 175.<br />
Lecanora varia, Achar, Lich, 378.<br />
On timber-work.<br />
14. Rinodina rulricosa. Ruddle rinodine.<br />
Crust cracked in beds, slightly granular, whitish ; apothecia<br />
with the centre flat, rust-colour, afterwards brown<br />
thalloid border white or yellowish, at last bent.<br />
Lichen caesio-rufus, Schrad. Germ. 80; Engl. Bot, 1040.<br />
Patellaria arenaria ? Iloffrn. Lich. 58, 1.<br />
Lichen arenarius, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 4,23.<br />
Parmelia craspedia, Achar. Meth, 172.<br />
Lecanora craspedia, Achar. Lich. 391.<br />
Lecanora rubricosa, Achar. Lich. 386,<br />
On stones and roeks, especially sandstone.<br />
d. Apothecia always hoary ; centre greyish black, sea-green,<br />
or variously coloured.<br />
15. Rinodina tuberculosa. Tubercular rinodine.<br />
Crust greyish green, granulated with nearly globular<br />
warts, circumference fibrous, radiated; apothecia intermixed<br />
; centre rather concave, at last flat, sea-green black,<br />
hoary ; thalloid border raised, thick.<br />
Lichen tuberculosus, Engl. Bot. 1733.<br />
Lecanora (Rinodina) tuberculosa, Adiar, Syn. 164.<br />
On flint stones.
VLcell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 112.Rinod. 453<br />
16. H'lnodina glaucoma. Wall-eyed rinodine.<br />
CruH tartarlike, cracked in beds, even, greyish white<br />
apothecia sunk in the crust ; centre fiat, afterwards convex<br />
nearly globular, sea-green, hoary, at length becomes naked<br />
and black ; thalloid border not in the least cut, and when<br />
old disappears.<br />
Lichen rupicola, Lin. Mant. 132.<br />
Lichen comijositus, Wither. Bot.Jrr. 4, 14.<br />
Lichen glaucoma, Engl- Bot. 21.56.<br />
Lichen varians, Davies in Lin. Trans. 2, 18.<br />
Lichen albido csesius, Schrad. Germ. 87.<br />
Liclicn sordidus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,26.<br />
Urceohiria tessulata compositii, Achar, Mclh, 143.<br />
Parmelia gl.-iuoma, Achar. Meth. 161, except var. /3.<br />
Lecanora glaucoma, Achar. Lich. 552, except var, /3.<br />
On whinstone and other rocks.<br />
17. Rinodifia luiescens. YelloivisJi rinodine.<br />
Crust spreading, thin, membranaceous, warty, pale,<br />
sprinkled over with a pale yellowish green powder; apotliecia<br />
scattered; centre plano-convex, slightly bordered,<br />
hoary, upon a flesh-colour, reddish 3'ellow or grey ground<br />
thalloid border bent.<br />
Verrucaria lutescens, Hoffni. Germ. 195.<br />
Parmelia luiescens, Florke, Berl. Mag. 1807.<br />
Lecanora elatina, Achar. Lich. 387.<br />
Lecanora lutescens, Achar. Lich. 367.<br />
On the bark of fir and other trees.<br />
18. Rinodina alhella. JVtiiting rinodine.<br />
Crust thin, cartilaginous, smooth, milky white; apothecia<br />
scattered ; centre slightly concave, pale flesh-colour, afterwards<br />
convex, grey, hoary; thalloid border swollen, not in<br />
the least cut.<br />
Lichen albelhis, Persoon in Us^ vr/nH. 11, 18; Engh Bot. 2154.<br />
Verrucaria umhilicata, Hoffm.Germ. 171.<br />
Parmelia albella, Achar. Meth. 163.<br />
Lecanora albella, Achar. Lich. 361).<br />
On the smooth bark of young trees.<br />
e. Apothecia with the centre slightly jlesh-colonr, pale,<br />
pearly, yellowish, wax-colour or inclining to orange.<br />
19. Kinodina parella. Archel rinodine.<br />
Crust cracked, plaited, warty, very white; apothecia<br />
thick, crowded, mis-shapen by squeezing; centre slightly<br />
concave; thalloid border turgid, not cut, nearly the same<br />
colour as the centre.
454 112.Rinod. 4.CEN0THALAME^. Fl.cell.apK<br />
Lichenoides crustaceum<br />
70, 42.<br />
ct leprosum, scutellare, cinereum, Raii Syn.<br />
Lichen Parellus, Lin. Mant. 132 ; E»^/. Bot. 727.<br />
Verriicaria parella, Hoffin. Germ. 169.<br />
PaToieVia \y
PLcell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. llS.Rinod. 455<br />
24. Rinodina iarlarea. Tartar rinodine.<br />
Crust tartarlike, granular, glomerated, greyish white,<br />
apoiliecia scattered ; centre flat but very slightly convex,<br />
wrinkled, pale pearly; thalloid harder bent in, afterwards<br />
wrinkled.<br />
Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosiim, acelabilis majoribiis luteis, limbJs<br />
argeiiteis, Dillen in Rnii Syn, 71, 46.<br />
Lichen tar(areus, Lin. S. P. IGOB ;<br />
Lichen saxorum, Fl. Dan. 710.<br />
Engl. Bot, 156.<br />
Verrucaria tartarea, IJoffm. Germ. 173.<br />
Pannelia tartarca, Achcir. Meth. 165.<br />
Lecanora tartarca, Achar. Lich. 371.<br />
Cuthbert. Cudbear.<br />
On rocks.<br />
Thallus collected for the dyers, the rocks being scraped<br />
once in five years; when prepared by grinding and the<br />
addition of ammonia and alum used to dye woollen yarn,<br />
or give a bloom to other colours.<br />
25. Rinodina grajidinosa. Hailsione rinodine.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, warty granular; warts rather globular,<br />
bald ; apoiliecia with the centre concave, smooth,<br />
yellowish flesh-colour.<br />
Lecanora tartarea grandinosa, Achar. LicJi. 372.<br />
On the stems of broom.<br />
26. Rinodina frigida.<br />
Cold rinodine.<br />
Crust tartarlike, granular, glomerate, greenish white,<br />
forming nipples and thornlike branches; aputheda scattered:<br />
centre slightly convex, wrinkled, pale pearl-colour;<br />
thalloid border bent in, at length wrinkled.<br />
Lichen frigidus, Sicartz Meih. Muse. 36 ; Engl. Bot. 1ST9.<br />
Lichen tarfareus frisjidus, JVahlen. Lapp. 403.<br />
Lecanora tartarea frigida, Aeltar. Lich. i72.<br />
Incrusting mosses, on the highest mountains, near the<br />
line of perpetual snow.<br />
27. Rinodina Stonei. Stone's rinodine.<br />
Crust leprous, tartarlike, granulated, powdery, dirtywhitish<br />
; apothecia scattered, centre wax-colour, half-concealed,<br />
afterwaixls dilated, rather convex ; thau'Jd border<br />
nearly covering the centre of the apothecium, powdery^<br />
bent in.<br />
Lichen hsematomma, Ehrh. Beytr. 2, 157 ; Engl. Bot. 486.<br />
Lecidea Stonei, Achar. Meih. 65.<br />
Lecanora Stonei, Achar, Lich. 373.<br />
On brick walls and the bark of trees.
456 112. Rinod. 4-. CENOTHALAMEiE. PI. cell apL<br />
28. R'inodina ccrina. Wax-colour rinodine.<br />
Crust slightly granular, grey; cpo/Ama flat in the centre,<br />
then convex, wax-yellow; ihaUoid border raised, bent<br />
in, hoary white, at length black.<br />
Lichen ceriniis, Dickson Crypt. 3, 14 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 627.<br />
Verrucaria cerina, Hojfm. Germ. 179.<br />
Parmelia cerina, Achar. Meth. 175.<br />
Lecanora cerina, Achar. Lich. 390.<br />
On the bark of trees and palings.<br />
29. Rinodina stillicidiorum. Icicle rinodine.<br />
Crust granulated rathery powdery, greyish white, greenish<br />
; apothecia with the centre slightly concave, wax-yellow<br />
; thalloid border bent in, rather crenated, powdery.<br />
Lichen variiis, Dicks. Crypt.<br />
Lichen stillicidiorum, Fl. Dan. 1063.<br />
Lichen cerinus stillicidiorum, TVahlen. Lapp, 404.<br />
Verrucaria stillicidiorum, Hoffin. Germ, 179.<br />
Lecanora cerina stillicidiorum, Achar. Meth. 176; Lich, 390.<br />
On the ground, and overlaying rotten mosses.<br />
30. Rinodina salicina. Willow rinodine.^<br />
Crust granulated, unequal, dirty yellowish ; apothecia<br />
with the centre flat, afterwards convex, slightly orangecolour<br />
; thalloid border thin, slightly crenulated, at length<br />
even, bent.<br />
Lichen salicinus, Schrad. Germ. 82; Engl. Bot, 1305.<br />
Verrucaria salicina, //o^/«. Gfirm. 197.<br />
Parmelia salicina, Achar. Meth, 173.<br />
Lecanora salicina, Achar. Lich. 400.<br />
On the bark of willow and other trees.<br />
Thallus when moist smells strongly of saffron.<br />
.5. microthelia. Crust bald, plaited, warted, nipply yel-<br />
lowish ;<br />
nipples nearly globular ending in apothecia.<br />
3\. Rinodina erythrella. Reddish rinodine,.<br />
Crust cracked in beds, rather wrinkled, yellowish slightly<br />
greenish ; apothecia at length nearly globular, orange-red,,<br />
shining ; thalloid border not in the least cut, at last lost<br />
under the increased centre of the apothecia.<br />
Lichen flavovirescens, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll, 2, 25,<br />
Vcrrncaria viridi-rufa, Hoffm. Germ. 179.<br />
Lichen erj'threllus, Achar', Prod. 43; Engl. Bot. 1093.<br />
Parmelia eryibrella, Achar, Meth. 174.<br />
Lecanora erythrella, Achar, Lich, 401.<br />
On walls.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 112.Rinod. 457<br />
f. Apothecla with the centre red, scarlet, or pjirple and<br />
Hood- colour.<br />
32. Rinod'ma rulra. Red rinodine.<br />
Crust nearly membranaceous, smooth, becoming unequal,<br />
granulated, powdery, white; apothecia crowded, centre<br />
concave, red ; thalloid harder swollen, bent in, crenulated.<br />
Lichen ulmi, Swartz in N. Act. Upsal. 4, 247 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2218.<br />
Verrucaria rubra, jffojfm. Germ. 175.<br />
Parmelia rubra, Achar. Melh. 170.<br />
Lecanora rubra, Achar. Lick. 389.<br />
On the bark of trees, and running over mosses.<br />
.S3. Rinodina hcemalomma. Blood-spotted rinodine..<br />
Crust tartarlike, glebose, in beds, powdery, brimstonecolour;<br />
apothecia innate, scattered and confluent; centre<br />
very red, slightly bordered, rather convex ; thalloid border<br />
powdery, nearly over-run.<br />
Lichen coccineus, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 11,17.<br />
Verrucaria hEematomma, Hoffm. Germ. 198.<br />
Verrucaria frondosa, Hoffm. Germ. 199.<br />
Lecidca haematomma, Achar, Meth. 63.<br />
Lecanora hsematomma, Aehar. Lich. 388.<br />
On stones, and the trunks of oaks.<br />
34. Rinodina porphyria. Scarlet rinodine.<br />
Crust tartarlike, rather solid, granular, powdery, white<br />
and pale ; apothecia sessile ; centre flat, deep blood-red<br />
thalloid border raised, thick, wrinkled, crenulate, remaining.<br />
Lichen coccineus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 8.<br />
Lichen Yahlii, Fl. Dan. 1185.<br />
Lichen porphyrins, Persoonin Uster Ann. 11, 17.<br />
Lichen hsematomma, Wahlenb. Lapp. 406.<br />
Verrucaria porphyria, Hoffm. Germ. 199.<br />
Lecanora hsmatorama porphyria, Achar. Meth. 65 ;<br />
On stones and the bark of oak-trees.<br />
Lich. 389.<br />
XXIII. 113. URCEOLARIA. Acharius. Pitcher-moss.<br />
Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ;<br />
apothecia bucklershape; proligerous Jlake concave, coloured,<br />
immersed in the crust, inside streaked, cellular; thalloid<br />
edge same colour, sessile, raised.<br />
1. Urseolaria Acharii. Acharius' pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust slightly regular, smooth, very thin, cracked, pale<br />
pearl-colour; proligerous Jlake red', thalloid border swollen.
458 US.Urceol. i.CENOTHALAME^. Vl.celLaph.<br />
Lichen Acharii, Wahhnh. Lapp. 405 ;<br />
Lichen lacustris,<br />
Engl. Bot. 1087.<br />
JVither. Bot. Arr. 4, 21.<br />
Urceolaria Ach;!rii, ^c/iflr. itfeiA. 150;<br />
On stones inundated in winter.<br />
£zcA. 331.<br />
Tliallus varies in colour, red, yellowish, or rust-colour;<br />
apothecia flattish in the centre, rising up when old.<br />
2. Urceolaria cyrtaspis. Short-shielded pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust regular, smooth, very thin, cracked in beds, reddish,<br />
at last whitish : apothecia becoming elevated ; centre<br />
slightly convex, reddish brown ; thalhid border even with<br />
the centre.<br />
Lichen punctatus, Fl. Dan. 46S, 2 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 450.<br />
Lichen Acharii cvrtaspis, Wahlen. Lapp. 405.<br />
Urceolaria Acharii cyrlaspis, Achar. Meth, 151.<br />
Lecanora cyrtaspis, Achar. Lich. 597.<br />
On Stones.<br />
Thullus with a black border.<br />
3. Urceolaria diamarta. Rusty pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust nearly regular, cracked in beds, slightly wartlike,<br />
red ochre-colour; proligerous flake rather concave, black j<br />
thaUoid border raised, at last bent.<br />
Lichen Sinopicus, Engl. Bot. 1776.<br />
Lichen cliamartus, Wahlen. Lapp. 414.<br />
Urceolaria diamarta, Achar. Mclh. 15! ; Lich. 331.<br />
On rocks and stones.<br />
Confounded with endocarpon Sinopicum.<br />
4. Urceolaria gibbosa. Bunched pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust nipply warted, smooth, whitish, slightly greyish<br />
proligerous flake sunk in the tip of the warts, rather con-<br />
cave, black; thalloid border contracted, protuberant, crenate.<br />
Urceolaria gibbosa, Achar. Meth. 144; Lich. 334.<br />
On stones and mountains.<br />
IVarts conoid, bald; Ziwc^er of the apothecia rather sharp,<br />
afterwards thicker, wrinkled.<br />
^. fimbriata. Thallus black, radiated, fringed, covered<br />
with grey warts.<br />
Lichen fibrosus, En^/. jBo^ 1732.<br />
Urceolaria fimbriaia, Achar. Meth. 145.<br />
Urceolaria gibbosa fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 335.<br />
5. Urceolaria cinerea. Grey pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust cracked in wartlike beds, grey, divided by black;<br />
proligerous flake immersed in the warts, slightly concave,<br />
black, afterwards elevated ; thalloid border prominent, rather<br />
thick, not divided.
PI. cell aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 1 1 3. Urceol. 459<br />
Lichen cinereus, Lin. 3Iant. 132 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. \1i\, not S20.<br />
Verrucaria ocellaia, Hoffm. Germ. 183.<br />
Urceolaria ocellata, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1810, 317.<br />
Urceojaria cinerea, Achar^Meth. 143 ; lAch. 336.<br />
n stones and mountamsi<br />
^.^-tf^y'Ai<br />
Thallus sometimes white, sometimes smoke-grey; leds<br />
flat or convex; apothecia few, or very numerous, when old<br />
elevated, sometimes with a very small border.<br />
6. Urceolaria scruposa. Rugged pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust wrinkled, plaited, granulated, greyish white; proligerousJiake<br />
pitchershape, black ; thalloid border swollen,<br />
bent in, rather wrinkled, drawn over the centre.<br />
Lichenoides crustacnim et leprosiim, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus<br />
et minoribus, var, /3, Dillen Muse. 133.<br />
Lichen scruposus, Schreb. Germ. 1 133 ;<br />
Lichen excavatus, Relhan Cant, 426.<br />
Patellaria scruposa, Hoffm. Germ. 1S6,<br />
Engl. Bot, 266.<br />
Urceolaria scruposa, Achar. Metli. 147 ; Lich.SSS.<br />
On the ground, and on stones and rocks.<br />
Proligerous flake has a border of its own.<br />
7. Urceolaria calcarea. Calcareous pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust determinately figured, very thin, rather cracked,<br />
slightly powdery, very white, at last greyish ; proligerous<br />
flake minute, rather concave, black, with a little noary<br />
whiteness ; thalloid border slightly prominent, discoid, thin,<br />
at length separate, not cut.<br />
Lichen calcareus, jym. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2, 709.<br />
Verrucaria contorta, Hoffm. Germ. 186.<br />
Urceolaria contor(a nivea, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1810.<br />
Urceolaria cinerea, Fl. Dan. 1432.<br />
Urceolaria calcarea, .^cA«r. />/fiA. 142; Lick. 340.<br />
Thallus very vai'iable; proligerous flake with a border of<br />
its own.<br />
8. Urceolaria Hoffmaimi. Hofl^ma/m's pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust thin, cracked in beds, smooth, dirty greyish ; fer-<br />
tile beds raised in the middle, lead-white proligerous ;<br />
flake<br />
slightly concave, black, with a greyish hoar; thalloid border<br />
wrinkled, powdery, whiter.<br />
. On<br />
Lichen rupicola, Hoffm. Licit. 1,97.<br />
Urceolaria contorta, Fiorke in Berl. Mag. 1810.<br />
I Urceolaria Hoffmanni, Achar. Mcth. 145 ; Licfu353.<br />
stones and rocks of different kinds.
460 llS.Urceol. 4.CENOTHALAMEiE. PlcelLapk<br />
9. Urceolaria tessellata. Chequered pitcher-moss.<br />
Crust divided into very crowded beds, flattened, running<br />
together, at last cracked in chequers, rather bald, greyish<br />
white, those in the middle fertile; proUgeroiis flake raXher<br />
loose, black, with a greyish hoar; thalloid border raised,<br />
angular, whitish.<br />
Lichen tesselatus, Engl. Bot. 533.<br />
Verrucaria tessellata, Hoffm. Germ. 185.<br />
Urceolaria contorta tessellata, Florke in Berl. Mug.<br />
Urceolaria tessalata, Achar. Meih. 142.<br />
Urceolaria cinerea tcssiilata, Achar. Lick. 33T.<br />
On rocks and brick walls.<br />
XXIV. 114. LEPIDOMA. Acharius. Lepldome.<br />
Thallus crustaceous, expanded, adnate, figured, leaflike,<br />
towlike ; apothecia saucerlike, sessile, entirely covered with<br />
a cartilaginous membrane, including a similar, rather solid<br />
parenchyme, centre even, bordered.<br />
1. Lepidoma ca?ididiim. White lepidome^<br />
Crust nearly tiledlike, white, hoary: lobes crenate, comphcated,<br />
turned back, swollen ; apothecia pressed close,<br />
black, greenish hoarj-; edge at length waved.<br />
Psora Candida, Hoffm. Germ. 164.<br />
Lichen candidus, Weber Germ. 193 ;<br />
Lecidea Candida, Achar. Meth. 79 ; Lich. 212.<br />
On rocks and rotten mosses.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1138.<br />
2. Lepidoma vesiculare. Bladdery lepidome.<br />
Crust nearly tiledlike, brown-black, with a slightish grey<br />
hoariness ; lobes not cut, folded, reverse-ovate, bullate<br />
apothecia black, naked ; at last hemispherical, not bordered.<br />
Liciien caeriileo-nigricans, Light/. Scot, 805; Engl. Bot. 1139.<br />
Lichen versicularis, Achar. Prod. 94.<br />
Lichen paradoxus, Ehrh. Crypt. 206<br />
Patellaria vesicularis, Hoffm. Lich. 32, 3.<br />
Psora vesicularis, Hoffm. Germ. 16 3.<br />
Psora paradoxa, Hoffm. Germ. 163.<br />
Lichen gianifonnis, Ehrh. Crypt.<br />
Lecidea paradoxa, Achar. Bleth. 82; Lich, 214.<br />
Lecidea vesicularis, Achar. Meth. 78; Lich. 212.<br />
On the ground in mountainous places.<br />
3. Lepidoma liiridum. Lurid lepidome.<br />
Crust tiledlike, greenish brown ; lobes round, crenate,<br />
paler underneath; '^opo^/iecm flat, at last slightly convex,<br />
black.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 114. Lepid. 461<br />
Lichenoides pulmonarius saxatilis viridis, foliis vix conspicuis squamatim<br />
sibi incumbentibus, receptaculis floium nigris, Dill. Muse. 228.<br />
Lichen luridus, Achar. Prod. 95 ; Engl. Bot. 1329.<br />
Lecidea lurida, Achar, Meth. 77 ; Lich. 213.<br />
On rocks.<br />
4. Lepidoma atrorufum. Reddish black lepidoine.<br />
Crust nearly of one piece, lobetl in beds and tiledlike,<br />
dark brownish grey ; lobes at last bent, deeply crenate<br />
Qpothecia pressed close, with scarce any border, flattish, at<br />
length running into one another, blackish brown.<br />
Lichen luridus, Vahl. Fl. Dan.<br />
Lichen atrorufus, Dickson Crypt. 4,22; Engl. Bot. 1102.<br />
Lecidea atrorufa, Achar. Meth. 74 ; Lich. 200.<br />
On rotten mosses on the ground.<br />
5. Lepidoma testaceum. Pearly lepidome.<br />
Crust nearly tiledlike, greyish ; lobes thick, crenate<br />
turned back ; apothecia marginal, convex, red.<br />
Lichen saxifragus. Smith Lin. Tr. 2.<br />
Fsora testacea, Hoffm. Gertn. 162.<br />
Lecidea testacea, Achar. Meth. SO.<br />
Lecanora (estacea, Achar. Lich. 409,<br />
On stones, and limestone-rocks.<br />
6. Lepidoma scalare. Step lepidome.<br />
Crust nearly tiledlike, pale fawn-colour ; lobes slightly<br />
distinct, kidneyshape, rather erect, powder beneath and on<br />
the edge ; apothecia flat, bordered, greenish black.<br />
Lichen leucophfEUs, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 20.<br />
Psora ostreafa, Hoffm. Germ. 163.<br />
Lichen scalaris, Achar. N. Act. Stockh, 16.<br />
Lecidea scalaris, Achar. Meth. 78: JLicA. 214.<br />
On the bark of old sapless pines and juniper- trees, and<br />
on the slight coating of earth on rocks.<br />
7. Lepidoma riibijbrmis. Raspberry lepidome.<br />
Crust nearly tiledlike, lobes rounded, crenate, brownish<br />
livid, underneath white; apothecia hemispherical, conglomerate,<br />
dark brown, not bordered.<br />
Baeomyces rubiformis, Achar. Meth. 324.<br />
Lichen rubiformis, Engl. Bot. 2112.<br />
Cenomyce rubiformis, Achar. Lich. 5~6.<br />
Lecidea rubiformis, JVahlemb. Lapp. 479,<br />
On turfy earth.
462 ll'kLepid. 4.CEN0THALAME^. Pleellaph.<br />
8. Lepidoma decipiens. Deceiving lepidome.<br />
Crust nearly tiledlike; lobes separate, slightly shieldlike,<br />
roundish, flesh-colour and brownish, underneath wnitish ;<br />
apothecia marginal, convex, nearly globular, black, hardly<br />
bordered.<br />
Psora decipiens, Iloffm. Germ. IG?.<br />
Lichen decipiens, Eltrh. Crypt.; Engl. Bot, 870.<br />
Lichen incarnatiis, Thunb. Cap. 176.<br />
Lichen sCellatus, Rellian Cant. 430.<br />
Lecidea incimata, uicliar. Meth. 58; Lich. 199.<br />
Lecidea decipens, Achar. Meth. 80.<br />
On the ground upon limestone-rocks.<br />
9. Lepidoma glehulosum. Clodded lepidome^<br />
Crust tiledlike, greenish white; lobes small, rounded,<br />
convex ; apothecia convex, brown-red, at least blackish<br />
edge thin, not cut.<br />
Lecidea testacea, Winch Guide, 2,42.<br />
Lichen glebiilosus, Engl. Hot. 1955.<br />
Lecidea pliolidiola, Achar. Syn. Lich. 53.<br />
On quartz-rocks.<br />
10. Lepidoma iriplophyllum. Jagged-leaf lepidome.<br />
ThaUiis greyish fawn ; lobes near the centre pressed<br />
close, flattisli, irregularly jagged ; afterwards rising up in<br />
cylindrical branches, coral-like, very much crowded; apo-<br />
tliecia convex, brownish red.<br />
Lichen microphjllus, Schrad. Germ. 97 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2128.<br />
Lecidea microphylla corallinoides, Achar. Meth. 76.<br />
Lecidea (hriptophylla, Achar. Lich. 215.<br />
On old bark of trees.<br />
11. Lepidoma canescens. Grey lepidome.<br />
Crust round, wrinkled, folded, white ; circumference<br />
lobed, plaited ; apothecia central, plano-convex, black.<br />
Lichenoides cinereum, mere crustaceum, eleganter expansum, Dilkn in<br />
Rail Syn. 71,47.<br />
Lichen canescens, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot, 582.<br />
Lichen incanus, Relhan Cant. 424.<br />
Lecidea canescens, Achar. Meth. 84 ;<br />
On walls and trunks of trees.<br />
Lich. 216.<br />
XXV. 115. LECIDEA. Acharius. Lecidea.<br />
Thallus variable, crustaceous, expanded, adnata, uniform,<br />
towlike ; apothecia shieldshape, sessile, entirely covered<br />
with a cartilaginous membrane, including an uniform^<br />
nearly solid parenchyrae ; centre even, bordered.<br />
»
Pl.cell.aph, 4. CENOTHALAME^. 115.Lecidea. 46»<br />
a. Apothecia always black, naked.<br />
1. Lecidea atro-alha. Pied lecidea.<br />
Crust spreading, very thin, cracked, black ; beds tuber-<br />
cular, whitish ; apothecia plano-convexish, black ; inside<br />
of the same colour.<br />
Lichen atro-albus, Lin. S. P. 1607 ;<br />
Veirucaria cUro-aiba, Hoffm. Germ. \&-i.<br />
Lecidea atro-alba, ^c/iar. J»/e//i. 43; Lich. IQ'i.<br />
On stones.<br />
Thallus sometimes fringed on the edge.<br />
Engl Bot. 2336.<br />
2. Lecidea fusco-atra. Brown-Hack lecidea^<br />
Crust very thin, black; beds chestnut, flat, bordered,<br />
shining; afjothecia slightly convex, black, bordered; internally<br />
whitish.<br />
Lichen fusco-ater, Lin. S. P. 1607.<br />
Lichen dendiiticus, ^cAor. Prorf. 77 ; Engl. Bot. 1734.<br />
Verrucaria fusco-ater, Ilo/fm. Germ. 181.<br />
Psora dendritica, Hoffm. Germ. 168.<br />
Lecidea fusco-atra, Achar. Mel/i. 44.<br />
Lecanora fusco-atra, ^cArtr.iu/i. 359.<br />
On stones and exposed mountains.<br />
Thallus sometimes fringed, black.<br />
3. Lecidea fumosa. S7noky lecidia.<br />
Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked in beds, smooth, grey,<br />
brownish ; apothecia sunk in the crust, flat, bordered, afterwards<br />
convex and conglomerated, not bordered, black ; in-<br />
side blackish grey.<br />
Lichen artliroocarpus, Achar. Prod. 77;<br />
Lichen gibbosus, Dickn. Crypt. 2, 6.<br />
Verrucaria fumosa, Hoffm. Germ. 190.<br />
Engl. Bot, 1829.<br />
Lich, 157.<br />
Lecida cecumena, Achar. Melh. 42 ;<br />
Lecidea fumosa, >:fc/iar. Z,£cA. 137.<br />
On stones, and dry, exposed rocks.<br />
4. Lecidea petrcea. Rock lecidea.<br />
Crust thin, round, very finely cracked, nearly powdery,<br />
white; apothecia innate in the crust, thick, protuberant,<br />
nearly concentric, black ; inside same colour ; centre sunk<br />
in, edge swollen, raised, rather squeezed up.<br />
Lichen concentricus, Davies Lin. Tr. 5, 284 ;<br />
Lichen petra'us, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3, 116.<br />
Verrucaria petrasa, Hoffm. Germ. 184.<br />
Lecidaea petraea, Achat, Meth. 37 ; Lich. 155.<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
Engl. Bot. 246.
464. 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.apk.<br />
5. Lecidea confiuens. Confluent lecidea.<br />
Crust tartarlike, rather spreading, cracked in beds, even,<br />
smoke-grey; apothecia sessile, growing irregular, convex,<br />
nearly globular, confluent, black, not bordered ; inside the<br />
same colour, with a thin, grey bed under the centre.<br />
Lichen confiuens, Weber Germ. 130; Engl. Bot. 1964.<br />
Verrucaria confiuens, HoJFin, Germ. 184.<br />
Lecidea confluens, Achar. Meth. 40 ; Lich. 174, except 8,<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
Tliallus sometimes ; sometimes coloured ochre yellow.<br />
6. Lecidea Umitata. Bordered lecidea.<br />
Crust thin, rather membranaceous, white, greyish, bordered<br />
with black, grows spreading, slightly granular; apo-<br />
thecia flattish, sessile, bordered, black; inside blackish.<br />
Lichenoides leprosum, crusta cinereo-virescente, tuberculis nigerrimJs,<br />
Billen in Rail Syn. 7 1, 52.<br />
Lichen sanguinarius, Light/. Scot. 803, not of Linnaeus.<br />
Lichen parasemus, Achar. Prod. 64; Engl. Bot, 1450.<br />
Lichen litnitatus, Scopoli. Corn.<br />
Lecidea parasema, Achar. Meth. 35 ; Lich. 175, except $.<br />
On the bark of trees, and on timber-work.<br />
7. Lecidea aromatica. Spicy lecidea.<br />
Crust rather cartilaginous, scaly, granular, greyish, glau-<br />
granules flattish, frequently rather tiledlike, crenate<br />
cous ;<br />
apothecia sessile, plano-concave, bordered, growing bent,<br />
aggregated, black; inside solid, similarly coloured.<br />
Lecidea aromatica, Turner in Linn. Tr. 5, 2.<br />
Lichen aromalicus, Engl. Bot. 1777.<br />
On concreted sandy earth, or old flint walls.<br />
Thallus when rubbed emits a highly powerful and fragrant<br />
scent.<br />
8. Lecidea sariguinaria. Bloody lecidea.<br />
Crust wrinkly warted, whitish grey ; apothecia growing<br />
convex, hemispheric, slightly tubercular, black; inside<br />
horny, black, with a lower blood-coloured stratum.<br />
Lichen sanguinarius, Lin. S. P. 1607 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 155.<br />
Verrucaria sanguinaria, Hoffm.Germ. 194.<br />
Lecidea sanguinaria, Achar. Meth. 59; Lich. 170.<br />
On timber, dry branches, and rocks.<br />
9. Lecidea geochroa. Earth-colour lecidea.<br />
Crust spread, granulated, slightly coherent, whitish, grey<br />
or brownish grey ; apothecia hemispherical, nearly globular,<br />
often crowded, conglomerated, slightly shining.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEM 115.Lccidea. 465<br />
Lichen muscorum, Lin. Meth. Muse. 36; Engl. Dot. 626.<br />
Lecidea muscorum geochroa, Achar. Lich. 17,9.<br />
Leciclea sabulelorum syiicomisla, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 309,<br />
On verdant and healthy tufts of mosses.<br />
10. Lecidea miscella. Mixed lecidea^<br />
Crust tartarlike, broken, cracked; beds wartlike, bald,<br />
wrinkled, cracked, greyish; apothecia deeply sunk, convex,<br />
aggregated, conglomerated, very slightly bordered, black;<br />
mside similar.<br />
Lichen misccllu?, Achar. Prod. 62; Engl. Bot. 1831.<br />
Lecidea miscellif, Achar. Metk. 62; Lic/i. 167.<br />
Lichen escharoides ? Ehrh. Crypt. 313 ; Engl. Bot. 124T.<br />
On rocks and turfy ground.<br />
11. Lecidea atro-vire72s. Greenish-Hack lecidea.<br />
C?•^^5^ spread, thin, black; beds flattish, nearly contigu-<br />
ous, deep yellow; apothecia plano-concave, black; inside<br />
the same colour.<br />
Lichen atrovirens, Lin. S. P. 1607.<br />
Verrucaria atrovirens, Hoffm. Germ. 200.<br />
Lecidea atrovirens, ^-i/c/irtr. 7>fefA. 45 ; ifcA. 163.<br />
On rocks and stones.^<br />
^. geographica. Beds yellowish, flat, angular, half covering<br />
a blackish underlayer, intersected with black lines,<br />
and with a black border.<br />
Lichenoides nigroflavum, tabulae geographies instar piclum, DHL<br />
Muse. 126,<br />
Lichen gengrapliicus, Lin. S. P. 1607; Engl. Bot. 245.<br />
Verrucaria j^eographica, Hoffm. Germ. 199.<br />
Lecidea atrovirens geographicus, Achar. Meth, 46 ;<br />
Lich, 163.<br />
12. Lecidea silacea. Ochre lecidea.<br />
Crust tartarlike, winding, warted, very red; apothecia<br />
sessile, flat, growing convex, diffbrm, confluent, black;<br />
inside horny, black.<br />
Lichen silaceus, Achar. Prod. 66; Engl. Bot, 1118.<br />
Verrucaria silacea, Hoffm. Germ. 181,<br />
Lichen Oederi, JVebcr Germ. 182. »<br />
Lecidea silacea, Achar, Meth, 48; Lich. 164.<br />
On rocks.<br />
13. Lecidea Oederi. Oeder^s lecidea.<br />
Crust bedded, granular, slightly powdery, ochry rustcolour;<br />
apothecia minute, raised; edge swollen, centre<br />
depressed, powdery, black inside similarly coloured,<br />
VOL. I. 2 H
466 llS.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
Lichen leprosus ruber, tiiberciilis nigris, Oeder in Fl.Dan. 470.<br />
Lichen Oederi, Achar. Prod. 66; Engl. Hot. 1117.<br />
Lichen caesius ? Dicks. Cri/pt. 2, 19.<br />
Lichen Dicksoni, Wither. But. Arr. 4,20.<br />
Lecidea Oederi, Achar. Meth. 49.<br />
Lecidea Dicksonii, Achar. Lick. 165.<br />
On Stones.<br />
14. Lecidea flaviciinda. Yellow-stained lecidea.<br />
Crust very thin, cracked, pale-yellowish ochry, beds flat;<br />
opotliecia half sunk in the thalkis, flat, scattered, black,<br />
slightly hoary, inside black, with a transparent horny stratum<br />
under the centre.<br />
Lichen cjEsius? Dicks. Crypt. 2, 19.<br />
Lecidea flavicunda, -ic/;fl)-. .L(c^. 166.<br />
On rocks.<br />
15. Lecidea alba. White lecidea.<br />
Crust indeterminate, membranaceous, rather cracked,<br />
whitish, sprinkled over with a grey or greenish white conglomerated<br />
powder; apothecia minute, pressed close, flat,<br />
black.<br />
Bvssus candidissima calcis instar iiiuscos vestiens, Dillen Muse. 2.<br />
Byssus lacien, Lin. S. P. 1639.<br />
Liclien lacleus-, Schreber Spic.<br />
Lichen albiis, Achar. Prod. 7.<br />
Lepraria alba, Achar. 31eth. 3 ; Engl. Hot. 1349.<br />
Lecidea alba, Achar. Lich. 185.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
16. Lecidea citr'mella. Citron-yelloiv lecidea^<br />
Crust leprous, gi anulai'ly powdery, greenish yellow<br />
apothecia sessile, bordered becoming convex, black; inside<br />
similarly coloured.<br />
Lichen citrincllus, Achar. Prod. 64.<br />
Lichen flavo-virescens, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 13.<br />
Lecidea citrinella, Achar. Mclh. 47;<br />
On rotten mosses, and the cracks in walls.<br />
17. Lecidea scahrosa. Rough lecidea.<br />
Crust in warty clots, powdery, yellowish grey ; apothecia<br />
convex, rough.<br />
Lichen flavo-virescens, Dickson Crypt. 3, 13.<br />
Lecidea scabrosa, Achar. Meth. 48.<br />
Lecidea citrinella 13, Achar. Lich. 180.<br />
On naked gravelly soils.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 115.Leci(lea. 467<br />
18. Lecidea idiginosa. Bog lecldea.<br />
Crust granulated, rather gelatinous, brownish green;<br />
apolhecia pressed close, bordered, at last hemispherical,<br />
crowded, black ; inside similarly coloured.<br />
Lichen uligincsus, Schracler Spicil. 88 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1466.<br />
Lichen huinosiis, Ehrh. Crypt. 135.<br />
Verrucaria uliginosa, Ilcffm. Germ. 190.<br />
Verrucaria humosimilis, Hoff'm. Germ. 190.<br />
Lecidea uiiginosa, Achar. Meth. 43 ; Lich. ISO.<br />
On the ground in turfy, boggy places.<br />
b. Apothecia Hack, naked, when 7noistened reddish or<br />
brownish.<br />
19. Lecidea immersa. Sunk lecidea.<br />
Crust spreading, thin, scarcely lobed, whitish ; apothecia<br />
plano-concave, sunk even into the stone, bordered, black<br />
centre rather hoary, when moistened very dark blood-red,<br />
at last slightly convex, inside whitish.<br />
Lichen immersus, Schrad, Spicil. 1; Engl. Bot. 193.<br />
Lichen calcivorus, Ehrh. Crypt. 244.<br />
Verrucaria alrosanguinea, Hoffrn. Germ. 192.<br />
Verrucaria iininersa ? Iloffni. Lich. 12.<br />
Lecidea immersa, Achar. Meth. 34 ; Lich. 153.<br />
On limestone.<br />
Thallus almost as hard as the stone itself, although per-<br />
fectly distinct; apothecia fall out in time, leaving their cavities<br />
in the thallus, which is very permanent.<br />
20. Lecidea rivulosa. Rivulet lecidea.<br />
Crust cracked in beds, brownish grey divided by black<br />
lines; apothecia sessile, flat, growing convex, bordered, irregular,<br />
black; inside whitish; when moistened brown.<br />
Lecidea rivulosa, Achar. Meth. 38.<br />
Lichen rivulosus, Engl, Bot. 1737.<br />
Lecanora falsaria rivulosa, Achar. Lich. 356.<br />
On quartz rocks. 4<br />
Thallus when moistened umber-brown; apothecia when<br />
moistened brown in the centre, border keeps its own colour;<br />
small apothecia are scattered amongst the others.<br />
c. Apothecia black, greenish, grey, hoary.<br />
21. Lecidea cdho-ccBrulescens Bhdsh-wliite lecidea.<br />
Crust tartarlike, contiguous, even, when old cracked,<br />
whitish ; apothecia sessile and elevated, flat, black, with a<br />
bluish bloom ; border free, bent, naked, black.<br />
2 H 2<br />
•
468 llS.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^, Pl.celLapL<br />
Lichen pruinosus, Achar. Prod. 7T ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 224'i.<br />
Lichen pmiiuitus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 15.<br />
Vernicaria albo ccerulPscrns, Hoffni. Germ. 189.<br />
Lecidea yiruinosa, Achar. Me.th. b-b,<br />
Lecidea albo-cserulesceiis, Achar. Lich. 188.<br />
On rocks and stones.<br />
Tlialius varies according to tlie age of the plant, cracked,<br />
smooth, powdery, or even 0; and in colour white, grey or<br />
rust-colour.<br />
22. Lecidea aUetma. Fir lecidea.<br />
Crust spreading, very thin, smooth, greenish grey; apo~<br />
ihecia nearly sessile, flat, black, grey hoary ; edge raised,<br />
swollen.<br />
Lifhen abieliniis, Achar. Prod. 67 ; Engl. Bot. 1682.<br />
Lecidea abietina, ^cAar. X/icA. 188.<br />
On the bark of fir-trees, and the dead wood.<br />
23. Lecidea speirea. Veiled lecidea.<br />
Crust tartarlike, not broken, very white; apotlwcia sessile,<br />
thick, black v/ith a white hoariness, bordered, afterwards<br />
convex, naked, frequently surrounded with a thalloid base<br />
Inside black v/ith a greyish bed under the centre.<br />
Vernicaria calcarca ? Ilojfin. Germ. 135.<br />
Lichen rimosas, Dickson Crypt. 1, 12; Engl. Bet. 1736.<br />
Lichen speireiis ? Engl. Bot. 1542.<br />
Lecidea ainjiacea speirea, Wahlenh. Lapp. 476.<br />
Lecidea speirea, Achar. Mcth. 52 ; Lich. 184, excl. var. S-<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
24. Lecidea margaritacea. Pearly lecidea.<br />
Crust tartarlike, not broken, whitish green marked with.<br />
black; apothecia minute, sunk then rising up, sessile, thickj<br />
with a white hoariness, inside black ; border swollen,<br />
Lecidea margaritacea, Achar, Lich. 135.<br />
On rocks.<br />
,^<br />
25. Lecidea epipoUa. Wall lecidea.<br />
Crust tartarlike, spread regular!}^, cracked in beds,<br />
white; beds swollen, rough; o/Jo/Zzfcia sessile, hemispheri-<br />
cal, greyish hoaiy; inside black, edge of the base thin,<br />
persistent.<br />
Lichen niveo-ater, Dickson Crypt. 4.<br />
Lichen epipolius, Engl. Bot. 1137.<br />
Lecidea epipolia, Achar. Mefh. 65; Lich, 186.<br />
On walls and stones.
Pl.celLaph. 4. CENOTHALAME/E. 115.Lecidea. 469<br />
26. Lecidea cor I kola. Bark lecidea.<br />
Crust rather tartarlike, granularly bedded, rough, very<br />
white; apoikec'ia small, slightly sunk, grey hoary, growing<br />
globular, not bordered, naked, black; inside greyish.<br />
Lichen corticola, Acliar. Prod. 57 ;<br />
Lichen albo-ater, Ehrh. Crypt. 176.<br />
Lichen air.ylaceiH, Ehrh. Crypl. 303.<br />
Verriicai ia albn-atra, i/o^w Germ. 193.<br />
Lecidea corticola, Achar. Meih. 63 ; Lich, 186.<br />
On the bark and trunks of trees.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1892.<br />
d. ylpothecia broiim-black, broivuish, or hicUnhio lo hroivn,<br />
27. Lecidea Lightfoofii. Lighifooi's lecidea^<br />
Crust rather spreading, granulated, greenish grey; opoihecia<br />
pressed close, flat, brown black, inside dirty whitej<br />
edges thin, winding, paler than the center.<br />
Lichen Lightfootii, Engl Bot. 1451.<br />
Lecidea Lightfootii, .itZifir. Z-JcA. 177.<br />
On the bark of birch trees.<br />
28. Lecidea fuscnta. E-mlrowried lecidea.<br />
Crust leprous, rather powdery, blackish brown ; apnthecia<br />
bordered, dark red, when old blackish.<br />
Lichen fuscatiis, Lamarck Encycl.<br />
Lecidea obscura, Achur. Meih. 75.<br />
Lecidea fiiscata, Achar. Licit. 211.<br />
On stones.<br />
29. Lecidea quernea. Oak lecidea.<br />
Crjisf leprous, granular powdery, pale yellowish brown;<br />
apothecia rather sunk, afterwards convex, not borderedj<br />
brown and black.<br />
Lichen querneus, Dickson Crypt. 1,9; Engl. Bot, 485.<br />
Lecidea quernea, Acfiar. Metli. 62 ; Lich. 202.<br />
On the clefts of the bark of old oaks, and on other lichens^<br />
SO. Lecidea viridescens. Greenish lecidea..<br />
Crust thin, granulated floury, coppery green ; apothecia<br />
convex, wrinkled, irregular, confluent, brown-black.<br />
Lichen viridescens, Schrad. Germ. 1 , 8S ; Engl. Bot. 2217.<br />
Lecidea viridescens, Achar. Meih. 62 ; Lich. iiOO.<br />
Lecidea Iiypnophyla, Winch 2, 37.<br />
On ruins, and decayed mossess.
470 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
31. Lecidea incana.<br />
Silver-grey lecidea.<br />
Crust spreading, leprous floury, soft, uneven light greenish<br />
grey; apothecia scattered, sessile, brownish; border<br />
not cut, paler.<br />
Byssns<br />
56,2.<br />
pulverulenta incana, fariiiaj iiistar strata, Dilhn in Rail Syn.<br />
Byssus incana, Lin, S. P. 1639.<br />
Lichen incanus, Achar. Prod. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1683.<br />
Pulveraria incana, Florkein Berl.Mag. 1807,7.<br />
Lepraria incana, Achar. Met/i. 4 ; Lic/i. 6S5.<br />
On the bark of trees, on mosses and the ground,<br />
32. Lecidea vernaUs. Springtide lecidea.<br />
Crust very thin, greenish white; apothecia slightly bordered,<br />
afterwards nearly globular, crowded, conglomerated,<br />
rusty flesh- colour.<br />
Lichen vernal is, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 3, 234 ; E/igl. Bot. 845.<br />
Lecidea vernalis, Achar. Meth. 68; Lich. 198, excl. var. H.<br />
On mosses, which it encrusts.<br />
33. Lecidea sulphurea. Brimstone lecidea.<br />
CriLst tartarlike, cracked, broken, uneven, smooth, pale<br />
brimstone-colour; apothecia adnate, flat, scarcely bordered,<br />
brown and hoary, paler in the circumference, grow irregular<br />
and convex.<br />
Liciien sulphnreiis, Achar. Prod. 58; Engl. Bot. 1186.<br />
Verrncaria sulphurea, IIoffm. Germ. 190.<br />
Lecidea sulphurea, Wahlenb. Lapp. 477.<br />
Pannelia sulphurea, Achar. MkUi. 159.<br />
Lecanora sulphurea, Achar. Lich. 399.<br />
On rocks and stones.<br />
34. Lecidea oroslhea. Mountain lecidea.<br />
Crust cracked in beds, uneven, rather powdery, brimstone<br />
yellow; apothecia small, sessile, slightly convex, not<br />
bordered, nearly the same colour, grow hemispherical, pale<br />
brownish, paler towards the bottom.<br />
Lichen orostheus, Achar. Prod. 38; Engl, Dot, 1549.<br />
Lecidea oroslhea, Achar. Meth. 72.<br />
Lecanora orosthca, Achar. Lich, 400.<br />
On rocks.<br />
35. Lecidea decolorans. Bleached lecidea.<br />
Crust granular, greyish white, granules falling into powder;<br />
apothecia flattish, vermillion-red, flesh-grey, livid and<br />
brown, border raised, paler, grows bent.
Plcellaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. llS.Lecidea. 471<br />
Lichen muscnrum, Weher Spic. 183.<br />
Variolaria tenella, Achar, Lich. 326, tlie crust only.<br />
Verrucaria decolorans, Hoffm. Germ. 177.<br />
Lecanora minutula, Achar. Lich. 385.<br />
Lecaiiora granulosa, Achar. Lich. .384.<br />
Lecidea jungeimanniae, Achar. Melh. 1.<br />
Lccidea granulosa, Achar. Lich. 65.<br />
Lecidea decolorans, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1809, 193.<br />
On rotten moss and wood, and on the ground.<br />
36. Lecidea grnmdosa. Granular lecidea.<br />
Crust solid, granular, rather nipply; apothecia grow hemispherical,<br />
wrinkled, blackish brown and black, con-<br />
fluent.<br />
Lichen quadricnlor, Dickson Crypt. 3, 15; Engl. Bot. 1185.<br />
Lichen escharoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 313; Engl. Bot. 1247.<br />
Lichen granulosus, Ehrh. Crypt. 145; Dicks. Cr.?<br />
Verrucaria escharoides, Iloffni. Germ. 194.<br />
Verrucaria granulosa, Hoffm. Lich. 2,21.<br />
Lecidea granulosa, Achar. Bleth. 67.<br />
Lecanora granulosa aporelica, Achar. Lich. 384.<br />
Lecidea desertorum, Achar. Lich. 168.<br />
Lecidea escharoides, Achar, Lich. 167.<br />
On the ground, in heathy sandy places.<br />
,S7. Lecidea anomala. Anomalous lecidea.<br />
Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked, smoolhish, grows<br />
uneven, wartlike, greyish white; apolhecia pale flesh-colour.<br />
Thrown and black, flattish afterwards convex ; border paler<br />
and at length disappears.<br />
Lichen tricolor, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,20.<br />
Lichen ferruginosus. Turner in Lin. Tr. 7.<br />
Lecidea hamadryus, Achar. Lich. 072.<br />
Lecanora anomala ferruginosa, Achar. Lich. 281.<br />
Lecanora anomala tenebricosa, Achar. Lich. 382.<br />
On the bark and trunk of trees.<br />
Thallus very variable, and still more the apothecia.<br />
38. Lecidea cyrtella.<br />
Convex lecidea.<br />
Crust thin, nearly membranaceous, smooth, whitish<br />
apothecia crowded, small, convex and nearly globular, pale<br />
brown, afterwards blackish brown; edge when young<br />
thin, whitish, similarly coloured or disappearing.<br />
Lecidea cyrlella, Achar. Bleth. 67.<br />
Lichen cyrtellus, Engl. Bot. 2155.<br />
Lecanora
472 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph.<br />
39. Lecidea riipestris. Rock lecidea.<br />
Crust thin, tartarlike, not broken, greyish white; apoiliecia<br />
sunk, flat, bordered, when old convex, border sometimes<br />
disappearing, bald, brownish red, inside the same<br />
colour.<br />
Lichen rupe.-tris, Scopoli Cam. 1372.<br />
Lichen calvus, Dickson Crypt. 2, 1 S ; Engl. Eot. 948.<br />
Verrucaria rufescens? Hojfm.Germ. 173.<br />
Lecidea rupestris calv.i, Achar. iletli. 70.<br />
Lecidea rtipestriii, ^c/(ar./.zc/i. 206, exc. var. ;S.<br />
On rocks, especially lime-stone.<br />
40. Lecidea luteola. Yf^llowish lecidea.<br />
CruM thin, whitish, granules nearly globular, pale becoming<br />
dirty grey; apotliecia sessile afterwards convex,<br />
brownish yellow.<br />
Lichen vernal is, //o^jH. Lfc//. 5, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 8i5.<br />
Lichen luteolus, Schrad. Ge.rm. 85.<br />
Lichen porriginosus, Ttirner in Linn. Trans. 7,94.<br />
Lichen rubellus, Ehrh. Crypt. 14, ISf?.<br />
Verrucaria ruhella, Hoffm. Germ. 174.<br />
Verrucaria vernalis, llojffm. Ge.rm. 175.<br />
Lecidea luteola, Achar. Metli. 60; Licli, 195, a, B, y, 8, e, ?, exclu
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^.. 115. Lecidea. 473<br />
Lichen fnsco-liUeus, Dickson Crypt. 2, IS ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1007.<br />
Patellaria fusco-lutea, Hojfm. Lich. H, 10.<br />
Parmelia fusco-lutea, Acliar. Lich. 180.<br />
Lecidea ciiiaereo-fiisca jungeimanniiB, Achar. IJcli. 203.<br />
Lecidea fiisco-lulea, Jlchar. Lich, 198.<br />
On decayed mosses.<br />
Thallus envelopes the mosses so complete!}' as to appear<br />
branched.<br />
44'. Lecidea ccesio-rnfa. Reddish-orci/ lecidea.<br />
Crusi cracked in beds, wrinkled, green isii grey ; apoihecia<br />
flat, rusty red, edge at last crenated, grows convex,<br />
scarcely bordered, reddish black.<br />
Lichen ferrugineus, Huds. ytngl. 526,<br />
Lichen crenularius, TVither. Bot. Arr. 4, 23.<br />
Lecidea crenulata, Achar. Meth. 11.<br />
Lecidea cassio rufa, Achar. Meth. 71 ; Lich. 203.<br />
On stones and mountains.<br />
45. Lecidea icmadopliila. JVel-lovbig lecidea.<br />
Crust leprous, uneven, slightly granular, greenish-white;<br />
apoihecia nearly sessile, flat, flesh-colour, afterwards bent,<br />
centre wrinkled; edge thin, scarcely any.<br />
Liclien ericetoium, Lin. S. P. 1608 ; Engl. Bot. 372.<br />
Lichen aeruginosus, Scopoli Carn.2,3Q\.<br />
Lichen icmadophila, Lin, Suppl. 450.<br />
Lichen elveloides, Weber Gott. 186.<br />
Lecidea icmadophila a, jS, y, Achar. Meth. 58; «, iS, Lich. 191.<br />
On the ground, on mosses, trunks of trees and rotten<br />
wood<br />
46. Lecidea marmorea. JSIarlle lecidea.<br />
Crust thin, greyish-white ; apothecia nearly globular, afterwards<br />
pitchershape, white, centre flesh-colour, edge<br />
swollen, not cut.<br />
Lichen marmoreus, Scop. Cam. 1579; Eitgl. Bot. 739.<br />
Parmelia marmorea, Achar. Meth. 170.<br />
Lecidea marmorea, Achar, Lich. 192.<br />
On decayed mosses.<br />
47. Lecidea cupularts. Cup lecidea.<br />
Crust rather tartarlike, scarcely divided, greenish-white;<br />
apothecia superficial, pitchershape, white, centre pale brickred,<br />
externally frequently powdery.<br />
Lichen marmoreus. Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 24,<br />
Lichen cnpiiiaris, Dickson Crypt. 2, 58 ; Wither. B. Arr. 4, 23.<br />
Lecidea cupularis, Achar. Meth. 56.<br />
Lecidea marmorea cupularis, Achar. Lich, 193.<br />
On slaty and limestone rocks.
474- 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
48. Lecidea alahastr'inn. Alahaster lecidea.<br />
Crust thin, smooth, slightly hoary, rather greenish-white;<br />
afjothecia plano-convex, not cut, similarly coloured, centre<br />
rosy-white.<br />
Liclien albo-incarna(us, Widf. in J acq. Coll. 3, 107.<br />
Lichen gl.ibratu?, Dickson.<br />
Lecidea alabastrina, Achar. Lick, 190.<br />
On the bark of old trees.<br />
49. Lecidea sphceroides. Spherical lecidea.<br />
Crust thin, rather powdery, greenish white; apotkecia<br />
not bordered, growing nearly globular, conglomerate, pale<br />
flesh-colour.<br />
Lichen sphraroide?, Dickson Crypt. 1,9.<br />
Verrucaria conglomera(a, Hoffm.Germ, 174.<br />
Lecidea vernalis sphseroides, Achar. Meth. 68 ; Lich. 199.<br />
On the bark of old trees.<br />
50. Lecidea rosella. Rose lecidea.<br />
Crust nearly cartilaginous, broken, cracked, frequently<br />
granular and leprous, greenish grey ; apothecia plano-convex,<br />
rosy flesh-colour, afterwards brownish, edge paler.<br />
Lichen rosellus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,75.<br />
Lecidea rosella, Achar. Meth. 57.<br />
Lecidea alabastrina /3 and y, Achar. Lich, 199.<br />
On the bark of old trees.<br />
e. Apolhecia pale, yellowish, wax-colour, and nearly<br />
orange.<br />
51. Lecidea inelizea. Honey-yellow lecidea.<br />
Crust thin, white, powdery ; apothecia plano-concave,<br />
bordered, pale yellow.<br />
Lichen lulens, Dickson Crypt. 1, 11.<br />
Lecidea melizea, Achar. Lich. 194.<br />
On the mossy trunk of trees.<br />
52. Lecidea Ehrhartiana. Ehrhart lecidea.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, cracked, wrinkled plaited, granular,<br />
white, rather greenish ; apothecia nearly sessile, flat, afterwards<br />
slightly convex, bent, uTegular, conglomerated, pale<br />
yellowish.<br />
Lichen Ehrhartianus, Achar. Prod. 39; Engl. Bat. 1136.<br />
Lecidea Ehrartiana, Achar. Meth. 73; Lich. 191.<br />
On the bark and wood of trees.
P/.ce/^.fl/)^.
476 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME^. P/.ceZZ.op^.<br />
58. Lecidea aurantiaca. Orange lecidea.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, determinately figured, smooth, uneven,<br />
widely cracked, whitish ; apothecia crowded, growingconvex,<br />
hemispherical, orange-yellow ; border thin, paler,<br />
not cut, at length nearly disappearing.<br />
Lecidea aurantiaca, Achar. Melh. 69 ; Lldi. 204.<br />
On the trunk of the trembling poplar.<br />
F. Gyrophokide;e. Thallus shieldlike, free under-<br />
apothecia flattish, plaited, bordered.<br />
neath ;<br />
XXVI. 116. GYROPHORA. Acharius. Bra'in-moss.<br />
Thallus leaflike, leathcrlikc, cartilaginous, shieldiike,<br />
one-leaved, when luxuriant many4eaved, underneath free;<br />
apothecia nearly saucerlike, sessile, adnate, covered with a<br />
black cartilaginous membrane, including a similar, slightly<br />
solid parenchyme ; centre warty or meanderingly plaited in<br />
circles, and bordered.<br />
1. Gyrophnra gl lira. Bald hrain-moss.<br />
Thallus nearly bald, greenish black, underneath naked,<br />
smooth, very black ; apothecia grow convex, wrinkly<br />
folded.<br />
Lit lienoides leniie pnlltim, foliis iitrinque glabris, Dillen Muse. 225,<br />
Lichen
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. Iie.Gyroph. ^11<br />
Lichen proboscideus, Lin. S. P. 1617.<br />
Lichen deustus. Light/. Scot. 861.<br />
Lichen exa^pevatus, Gun. Norv,<br />
Lichen mesenteriformis, E/irh. Crypt. 89.<br />
Umbiiicaria mesenferica, Sclirad. Germ. lUS.<br />
Umbilicaria corrugaia, Huffm. Germ. 112.<br />
Gy.romium proboscideum, IVahlenb. Lapp. 483.<br />
Gyiophora Jacquinia, Achur. Meth. 104.<br />
GjTophora proboscidea a, /3, and y, Achar. Meth. 105; Lich. 220.<br />
Upon rocks.<br />
3. Gyrophora arct'ica. Arctic brain-moss.<br />
Thallus thick, hard, stiff, with raised dots, wrinkled,<br />
brown-olive afterwards blackish; underneath naked, bald,<br />
pale ochre-yellow, blackish in the middle : apothecia nearly<br />
globular, very much wrinkled.<br />
Gyrophora arnica a and ^, Achar. Meth. 106 ;<br />
Lich. 221.<br />
Gyromiiim proboscideum arcticum, Wahlcnb. Lapp. 4S3.<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
4. Gyrophora cyUndrica. Cylindrical brain-moss.<br />
Thallus rather naked, livid grey, plaited and- lobed,<br />
fringed; underneath smooth, pale with branched fibrils;<br />
apothecia raised, flattish, circularly and meanderingly<br />
plaited.<br />
Lichen cylindricus, JLzn. ^m(En. -^c«f?.<br />
Lichen criiiitus, Light/. Scot. 360.<br />
•Lichen prohoscideiis, Hedmig Cri/pt. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 522.<br />
Umbilicaria crinita, Hoffm. Germ. 1 12.<br />
Gyromium cylindricum, IVahlenb. Lapp. 483.<br />
Gyrophora cylindrica, Achar. Meth. 107 ; Lich. 223.<br />
Upon mountains and rocks.<br />
^. fimhriala. Thallus many-leaved, folded up, lobes<br />
round, underneath fibrilled, edge with very close, short,<br />
branched fringe ; apothecia saucershape, nearly plain.<br />
Gyrophora cylindrica fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 224.<br />
5. Gyrophora erosa. Torn brai?i-77wss.<br />
Thaltus wrinkled, olive-brown ; circumference perforated,<br />
sivelike, irregularly jagged; underneath greyish, bald, rather<br />
granular, slightly fibrilled; apothecia rather convex,<br />
meanderingly plaited.<br />
Lichenoides rugosum durum pullum, peliis atris verrucosis, Dillen<br />
3Iusc. 220.<br />
Liclien torrefaclus, Light/. Scot. 862.<br />
Lichen erosus, IVeber Gutt. 259.<br />
Umbilicaria lorrcfacta, i'cArarf. Germ. 1, 104.<br />
Umbilicaria erosa, Hoffm. Germ,. 111.<br />
Gyromium erosum, fVahlenb. Lapp. 482.<br />
Gyrophora erosa, Achar. Melh. 103; Lick. 224; Engl. Bot, 2066.
478 Ue.Gyroph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PLcell.aph.<br />
On mountains.<br />
Fibrils flat like shavings of wood.<br />
6. Gyrophora deusln. Burnt Irain-moss.<br />
Thallus rather rough, olive-brown, sprinkled with a<br />
sooty powder; underneath smooth, hollow dotted, pitted,<br />
naked, similarly coloured; apoihecia flat, plaited in circles,<br />
afterwards convex, very meandering.<br />
Lichen flocculosus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3,99.<br />
Lichen deustus, Lin. S. P. 1618.<br />
Uinbilicaria flocculosa, Hojfm. Germ. 110.<br />
Gyrophora deusta, Achar. Metk. 102; Lidi. 225; Engl. Bot. 2483.<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
7. Gyrophora pushdat a. Blistered Irain-moss.<br />
Thallus nipply, greenish-grey ; underneath deeply pitted,<br />
smooth, naked, pale brownish ; apothecia few, flat, bordered;<br />
centre rather even, nipply and plaited.<br />
Lichenoides pustulosum cineieuin et veliiti ambustum, Dillen Musc.22G.<br />
Lichen pustulattis, Lin. S. P. IGl'T ; Engl. Bot. 1285.<br />
Lecidea piistulala, Achar, Meth. 85.<br />
Uoibilicaria piiplniata, Hoffm. Germ. 111.<br />
G^irojjhora pustulala, Achar. Lich, 226.<br />
On stones and mountains.<br />
8. Gyrophora pelliia. Fleecy Irain-moss.<br />
Thallus smooth, sinuately lobed, brassy-brown; underneath<br />
black, fibrilled and clothlike; apothecia sessile, at<br />
length nearly globular, meanderingly plaited.<br />
Lichenoides pullurn superne et glabrum, inferne nigrum et cirrhosum,<br />
milen Muse. 226,<br />
Lichen scalopodora, Ehrh. Crypl.<br />
Engl. Bot. 931.<br />
Lichen pelliuis, yichar. Prod. 149 ;<br />
Umbilicaria vellea, Hoffm. Germ. ! 13.<br />
Gyrophora pellita, Ac/iar. Meth. 103 ;<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
Lich. 228.<br />
Thallus<br />
neath.<br />
generally many-leaved, sometimes naked be-<br />
9. Gyrophora murinn. Mouse brain-moss.,<br />
Thallus rather stifl", mouse- colour, underneath brownblack,<br />
rough with raised paler spots; apothecia slightly<br />
convex, circularly and meanderingly plaited.<br />
Lichen griseus, Achar. in Act. Holm. 1794, 91.<br />
Lichen murinus, Achar. Prod. 143.<br />
Gyrophora murina, Achar. Bleth. IIO; Lich. 251.<br />
On rocks and mountains.
Plcell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME^. 117. Arthon. 479<br />
G. SpiLOMiDEiE. Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate; apoihecia<br />
flattish, irregular, not bordered.<br />
XXVII. 117. ARTHONIA. Acharius. Sprinkled-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apothec'ia<br />
innate, sessile, roundish, not regular, not bordered,<br />
deep black, covered with a rather cartilaginous membrane<br />
parenchyme similar, solid.<br />
1. Arlhonia Swariziana, Swarlz spr'inkled-moss.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, whitish ; apothecia<br />
sessile, rather broad, slightly tumid, roundish, turned<br />
back, irregular, confluent, raised, dotlike, deep black.<br />
Arlhonia Swartziana, Admr. in Sckrader's Journ. 1,3, 13 ; Engl. Bot.<br />
2079,<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
2. jlrthoma astro'idea. Starred sprmkled-moss.<br />
Crust membranaceous, white, greenish-grey; apolkecia<br />
pressed to the thallus, flat, angular, rather stariike, irregular,<br />
deep black.<br />
Lichen astroiles, Acliar. Prod. 24.<br />
Opegrapha radiata, Persoon in Uster. Ann. 7, 29.<br />
Opegrapiia astroiflea, Achar. Meth. 25; Engl. Bot. 1847.<br />
Artlionia radiata astroidea, Achar. Lick. 144,<br />
On the smooth bark of trees.<br />
3. Arthonia olscura. Dark sprinkled-moss^<br />
Crust membranaceous, rather olive-colour ; apothecia,<br />
small, flat, slightly concave, rather membranaceous, oval,,<br />
elliptic, and kidneyshape, slightly sunk, wrinkled, deep<br />
black.<br />
Lichen obscuru?, Acliar. Prod. 20; Engl. Bot. 1752.<br />
Opegr.ipha obscnra, Achar. Meth. 22.<br />
Opegrapha reniformis, Achar. Meth. '23.<br />
Arthonia obscura a and /3, Achar. Lich. 146.<br />
On the bark of trees,<br />
4. Arthonia lyncea. Lynx sprinkled-jnoss.<br />
Crust thin, rather tartarlike, even, rather cracked, white<br />
apothecia crowded, flat, slighdy sunk, roundish oblong and<br />
bent, black with a grey hoar.<br />
Lichen lynceus, Engl. Bot. S09.<br />
Lecidea lyncea, Achar. Meth. 52,<br />
Arthdnia lyncea, Achar. Lich. 147.<br />
On the bark of old trees.
mo in.Arthon. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PLcell.apk.<br />
5. Arthona pndnQsa. Hoary sprhikled-moss.<br />
Crust thin, rather tartarlike, uneven, smooth, cracked<br />
white ; apothecia flat, sunk, roundish, many-sided, confluent,<br />
dark brown, with a greenish-white hoar.<br />
Liclii'ii impolitus, E/ir/i. Crypt.; Engl. Bot. 981.<br />
Verrucaria impoliia, Hoffm. Germ. 172.<br />
Parmelia impoliia, Achar. Meth. 160.<br />
Arthonia pruinosa, Achar. Lich. 147.<br />
On the bark of trees, especially oaks.<br />
XXVIII. 118. SPILOMA. Acharius. Spotted-moss.<br />
Tlialius crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apoihecia<br />
composed of aggregated corpuscules; mass compact,<br />
homogeneous, rather mealy, naked, irregular.— DiiFer from<br />
the nematomycese by the presence of the thallus, and by<br />
having no flocky threads mingled with the sporse.<br />
1. SpUoma ium'iduliim. SwoIUm spolled-moss.<br />
Crust rather cartilaginous, whitish ; apothecia crowded,<br />
swollen, oblong, irregular, rough, reddish afterwards blackish-brown<br />
and slightly hoary.<br />
SpliJEria gregaria, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 22.<br />
Arilionia tumidula, Achar. in Schrad. Journ. I, 3, 11.<br />
Spiloma fallax, Achar. Meth. 10.<br />
Spiloma tumidulum a and /S, Achar. Lich. 136.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
2. Spiloma versicolor. Charigeable spotted-moss.<br />
Crust rather cartilaginous, powdery, cracked, greyish<br />
and yellow; apothecia sunk, superficial, roundish, flat, afterwards<br />
rather convex, confluent, rough, deep black.<br />
Arthonia versicolor, Achar. in Schrad. Journ. 1,39.<br />
Spiloma versicolor, ^c/iar.Ivic/«. 138; Engl. Bot. 2016.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
/3. variolomm. Crust leprous, powdery, greyish, rather<br />
-warty; apothecia hemispherical, crowded, rather confluent,<br />
deep black.<br />
Spiloma variolosum, Engl. Bot. 207T.<br />
Spiloma versicolor variolosum, Achar. Lich. 138.<br />
3. Spiloma tricolor. Three-colour spotted-moss.<br />
Crust rather tartarlike, cracked, powdery, white; apothecia<br />
roundish, convex, aggregated, confluent, red, when<br />
rubbed yellowish rust-colour.<br />
Spiloma tuberculosum, Engl. Bot. 255G.<br />
Spiloma tricolor, ^c/iar. Li'cA. 137.<br />
On stones and the trunks of trees.
Vl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. us. Spiloma. 481<br />
4. Spiloma microclonium. Fine-hrmiched spotted-7noss.<br />
Crust very thin, greepish ; apolhecia bursting forth, small,<br />
convex, crowded and conflueRt, slightly branched, deep<br />
black.<br />
Spiloma microclonium, Achar. Meth. Svppl. 5 ; Engl. Bot. 215(},<br />
On old wood.<br />
5. Spiloma microscopicum. Microscopic spolted-moss^<br />
Crust spreading, very thin, membranaceous, greyish<br />
apothecia very minute, dotlike, black, lead-colour when<br />
dry.<br />
Spiloma microscopium, Turner and Burrer in Engl. Bot. 239G.<br />
On timber-work exposed to the air.<br />
Thallus scarcel}'^ conspicuous, except by the bluish colour<br />
it gives to the wood ; opothecia only discernible by a<br />
powerful microscope, yet stain the fingers black.<br />
6. Spiloma dispersum. Scattered spotted-moss.<br />
Crust very thin, film-like, greenish grey; apolhecia dispersed,<br />
hemispherical, sooty, internally yellowish-green.<br />
Spiloma dispersum, Turner and Borrer in Engl. But. 2398.<br />
On old rails, like a greenish stain.<br />
7. Spiloma decolorans. Staining spotted-moss.<br />
Crust spreading, very thin, membranaceous, greyish<br />
white, when rubbed yellowish-green ; apothecia minute,<br />
flat, confluent, purplish-grey.<br />
Spiloma decolorans, Turner and Borrer in Engl- Bot. 2399.<br />
On the bark of oak, on boarded buildings and pales.<br />
8. Spiloma punclatiim. Doited spotted-moss.<br />
Crust thin, rather powdery, white; apo/Aecm scattered,<br />
minute, dotlike, solid, black, with dark-brown hoar.<br />
Spiloma punctatum, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2472.<br />
On old oaks.<br />
G. Calicidije. Thallus crustlike or very thin, uniform;<br />
apolhecia cupshape, bordered, podicilled, including<br />
a naked powdery mass forming a flat or convex centre, rather<br />
solid internally; sporidia very crowded, among the<br />
powdery mass, accompanied with many twin vesicles, or<br />
scattered, nestling in the consolidated parenchyme of the<br />
swollen centre.—Differ from protomycese by the presence of<br />
a thallus and apothecia ; in very young plants the apothecia<br />
are covered with a membrane which soon disappears.<br />
VOL. I. 2 I
482 119.Acolium. 4..CEN0THALAMEiE. PLcell.aph.<br />
XXIX. 119. ACOLIUM. Acharius. Acolium.<br />
Tliailus crustlike, flat, expanded, pdnate, uniform ; apoihecia<br />
cuplike, nearly sessile, cartilaginous, composed of a<br />
compact powdery mass forming a naked centre, the upper<br />
part flat or nearly globular.<br />
1. Acolium tigillare. Rafter acolium.<br />
Crust in beds, wartlike, rather bald, lemon-yellow ;<br />
apo-<br />
thecia sessile, deep black, opake, centi-e flat, border swollen.<br />
Lichen tigiUaris, Achat: Prod. 67 ;<br />
"Lecideii tigillaris, Achar. Meth. 46 ;<br />
On old timber-work.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1530.<br />
Lich. 164.<br />
2. ylcoUum tympanellum. Little-drum acolium,<br />
Crust cartilaginous, smooth, afterwards rather warty,<br />
uneven, gray ; apothecia sessile, black, centre flat, with a<br />
o-reyish hoar; border thin, even with the centre.<br />
Liclien inqtiinans, Engl. Bot. 810.<br />
Calicium tympanellum, Achar. Meth. 89 ;<br />
Lich. 233.<br />
On timber-work.<br />
When touched stains the fingers black.<br />
3. JcoUum stigonellum.<br />
Dimpled acolium.<br />
Crust scarcely cracked, uneven, whitish, or 0; apothecia<br />
sessile, nearly globular, black, bald ; centre dotlike, afterwards<br />
flattish, opake; border thin, naked.<br />
Liclien gelasinatus, Withering Bot.Arr. 4.<br />
Lecidea gelasinata, Achar. Meth. 33.<br />
Sphaerocarpus sessilis, Ehrh. Crypt. 320.<br />
Spha^ria spliinclerica, Sowerby BrU. Fungi, 386, 1.<br />
Calicium sessile, Fersoon Tent, Fung. Suppl. 59.<br />
Calicium stigonellum, Achar. Meth. 88; Lich, 232.<br />
On the bark of oak-trees, and on the crust of porina per-<br />
tusa.<br />
XXX. 120. PHACOTRUM. Acharius. Phacotrum.<br />
Tkallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apothecia<br />
podicilled, centre powdery, flat or globular, border<br />
prominent.—The centre of the apothecia sometimes falling<br />
out, they are left hollow.<br />
1. Phacotrum microcephalum. Small-headed phacotrum.<br />
Crust rather tartarlike, not broken, wrinkled, olivecolour<br />
; apothecia nearly globular, black, shining ; centre<br />
depressed, opake ; podicils short, similar in colour.<br />
Lichen microcephalus, Engl. Bot. 1865.<br />
Calicium microcephalum, Achar. Syn. Lich. 57,8.<br />
On oak-wood.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME.E. 120.Phacotr. 483<br />
2. Phacotrum claviculare. Nail-head phacotrum.<br />
Crjist spreading, granular, slightly powdery, greyish;<br />
apothecia nearly globular, afterwards lentilshape, greyishblack;<br />
poc?2a7^ cylindrical, thickish, black.<br />
Lichen clavicularis, Engl. Bot. 1465.<br />
Caliciuni salicinum, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 20.<br />
Calicium claviculare, Achar. Meth. 90; Lich. 234.<br />
On beams, rafters, and the bark of old trees.<br />
3. Phacotrum sphcBrocephalmn. Round-head phacotrum.<br />
Crust very thin, smooth, greyish ; apothecia nearly lentilshape<br />
; centre brownish, edge greyish ; podicils threadlike,<br />
black.<br />
Coralloides fungiforme arboreum nigrum, vix crusfosum, Dillen Muse,<br />
78.<br />
Mucor lichenoides, Lin. S. P. 1655.<br />
Lichen sphi3erocephalus, Swart. N. Act. Ups. 4 ;<br />
Trichia lichenoides, Sibth. Oxon. 406.<br />
Clathrus cinereus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 631<br />
Engl. Bot. 414.<br />
Calicium claviculare sphaeroceplialum, Achar. Lich, 255.<br />
Calicium sphserocephalum, Achar. Meth. 91.<br />
On palings.<br />
4. Phacotrum hispidulum. Roughish phacotrum^<br />
Crust thin, greenish ; apothecia cupshape, as well as the<br />
centre roughish with a flocklike rust-coloured powder.<br />
Calicium trachelinum hispidiilum, Achar. Lich. 237.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
5. Phacotrum hypereUum. Bark phacotrum.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, wrinkled in beds, bald, greenishyellow;<br />
apothecia lentilshape, rust-colour, powdery; podicils<br />
thick, cylindrical, pitch-black, thickest at bottom.<br />
Lichen hypereUum, Achar. Prod. 85; Engl. Bot. 18S2,<br />
Calicium hypereUum, Achar. Meth. 93 ; Lick. 237.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
Sporidia combined in pairs.<br />
/3. roscidum. Crust granularly wrinkled, greenish or<br />
greyish; apothecia lentilshape, with a rust-colour powder,<br />
underneath greyish, afterwards irregular, conglomerated i<br />
podicils thick, short, black.<br />
Lichen graniformis, Dickson Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot. 1464.<br />
Calicium claviculare roscidum, Achar. Meth. 90.<br />
Calicium hypereUum roscidum, Achar. Lich. 238.<br />
On the bark of trees, and timber-worka<br />
2 I 2
484 120. Phacotr. 4. CENOTHALAME^. PI. cell, aph,<br />
6. Phacolntm chrysocephalum. Gold-head phacotrum.<br />
Crust granular, conglomerated, lemon-yellow; apothecia<br />
nearly topshape ; centre convex, umbei'-brown ; border<br />
yellow, powdery; underneath naked, black, shining; podic'lls<br />
threadlike, brassy, powdery.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2501,<br />
Liclien chrysoceplialus, I'urner in Lin. Tr, 7, 88 ;<br />
Calicium clilorellum elatiniim, Achar. Meth. 95,<br />
Caliciiim clirysocephalum a. and ;S, Jlchar. Meth. Suppl, 15 ; Lich. 239.<br />
On old wood, walls, and the bark of trees.<br />
7. Phacotrum trahinellum. Board phacotrum.<br />
Crust thin, greyish-white; apothecia at last lentilshape,<br />
centre black-brown, with a grey hoar ; border yeUowgreen.<br />
CaVic'mm tra.h\i)e\\um, Achar. 3Ieth. SuppL 15.<br />
Lichen trabinellus, Engl. Bot. 1540.<br />
Calicium claviculare iS and y, /Ichar. Lich. 255.<br />
Calicium xylonellum trabinellum, Achar. Meth. 95.<br />
Calicium chlorellum trabinellum, Wahl. Lapp. 487.<br />
On boarded buildings.<br />
8. Phacotrum canthereJIum. Beam phacotrum.<br />
Crust thin, whitish, rather powdery; apothecia lentilshape<br />
; centre flesh-colour afterwards reddish, with a white<br />
hoar; podicils threadlike, naked, pale, growing brownish<br />
and black.<br />
Lichen cantherellus, Achar. Prod. 85,<br />
Calicium pallidum, Persoon in Ust.Ann. 7,20.<br />
Calicium cantherellum, Achar. Meth. 96; Engl, Bot. 2557.<br />
Calicium peronellum, Achar. Meth. 96. ^<br />
Calicium cantharellurn a and /3, Achar. Lich. 240.<br />
On rotten wood and the bark of old trees.<br />
9. Phacotrum ferrugineum. Rust-colour phacotrum.<br />
Crust thin, granular, tartarlike, rusty-white; apothecia<br />
thick, black, often conglomerate ; centre pale rust-colour<br />
podicils short.<br />
Calicium ferrugiuf um, Engl. Bot. 2473.<br />
On pales,<br />
10. Phacotrum ceruginosum. Verdigris phacotrum.<br />
Crust thin, tartarlike, rather granulated, verdigris-grey;<br />
apothecia black, hemispherical, centre very convex, brownish-black<br />
; podicils slender black.<br />
Calicium aeru^inosum, Engl. Dot. 2502.<br />
On old boards.
Pl.cellaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 120. Phacotr. 485<br />
11. Phacotrum curturn. Short phacotrum.<br />
Crust very thin, filmlike, whitish; apothecia reverse eggshape<br />
or hemispherical, black ; centre covered with black,<br />
loose, powdery; podicils thick, black.<br />
Calicium curtum, Turn, and Borr. in Engl, Bot. 2503.<br />
On decaying wood in shady places.<br />
^XXI. 121. STRONGYLIUM. Acharius. Sirongijle.<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate, uniform; apothecia cupshape,<br />
podicilled, cartilaginous; centre swollen, nearly<br />
globular, running over the edge, formed of a compact<br />
powdery mass.<br />
1. Strongylium cup'itellalum. Headed stronoyle.<br />
Crust spreading, powdery, yellowish-green ; apothecia<br />
globular ; podicils threadlike, very long, bent, greenishyellow.<br />
Miicor furfuraceus, Z/zn. S. P. 1655.<br />
Lichen capilatus, Acluir. Prod. 86; Engl. Bot. 1639.<br />
Calicium sulphureiim, Schrad. Krypt.<br />
Caliciura furFiiracenm, Persoon 2'ent. Fung. Suppl, 60.<br />
Clathrus virescens, Hudson Fl.yJng!. 632.<br />
Trichia furfuracea, Witliering Bot. Arr. 4, 398.<br />
Calicium capitellatum, Achar. Meth. 98; Lick. 241.<br />
On stones, the ground, and rotten roots of plants.<br />
2. Strongylium aciculare. Pin strongyle.<br />
Crust leprous, powdery, pale greenish-j'ellow ; apothecia<br />
hemispherical globular, brown, powdery; podicils slender<br />
at bottom.<br />
Mucor fulvus, Lin. S. P. 1655.<br />
Lichen fulvus, Schviarlz in N. Act. Ups. 4.<br />
Lichen acicularis, Achar. Prod. 85 ; Engl. Prod. 2385.<br />
Calicium aciculare, Achar. Meth. 98 ; Lich. 242.<br />
On the bark of dry roots and dead branches.<br />
3. Stro?igylium dehile. JVeak strongyle.<br />
Crust membranaceous, very thin, white; apothecia black,<br />
convex; edge turned back; podicils long, slender, wavy,<br />
black.<br />
Coralloides fungiforme arboreuui nigrum, vix cruslosum, Dillen Muse.<br />
18.<br />
Calicium debile, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2462.<br />
On old timber, especially under thatched roofs.
486 5. IDIOTHALAME^. P/. cell aph.<br />
Fam.V. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. Mganim pars, Um^.<br />
Lichenum pars, Jussieu, Acharius.<br />
Thallus crustlike or leatherlike; sporidia scattered, innate<br />
in the substance, and in a nucleus or proligerous flake<br />
covered by the thallus, or by a single or double perithecmm.~ThaUus<br />
perennial, terrestrial, or parasitical; greenish<br />
or becoming so when wetted ; absorbing water by the sur-<br />
face, and transmitting it to all parts.<br />
'A. Thallus Icalherlike, shrublike; apothecia tubercular<br />
perithecium 0. Rhizomorphidae.<br />
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous,<br />
branched, shrublike, upriglit SpHiERoPHORON. 122»<br />
Thallus crustlike, membranaceous,<br />
branched, creeping, prostrate Rhizomorpha. 123.<br />
B. Thallus crusil'ike ; apothecia jvart like ; perithecium<br />
distinct. Variolaridee.<br />
Thallus crustlike Variolaria. 124.<br />
C. Thallus crust like ; apothecia wartlike; perithecium<br />
distinct. Porinida.<br />
Nucleus single<br />
perithecium simple, black Pyrenula. 125*<br />
Nucleus simple; perithecium double,<br />
first thick, second membranaceous. . . Thelotrema. 126.<br />
Nucleus mostly single, covered ;<br />
perithecium simple Porina. 127.<br />
D. Thallus crustlike; apothecia round, not bordered;<br />
perithecium distinct. Vcrrucaridse.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous,<br />
perithecium double Lejophlea. 128.<br />
Thallus crustlike, cracked in beds,<br />
or powdery; perithecium double Lithocia. 129.<br />
Thallus soft, towlike, spongy or<br />
cobwebby; perithecium Aovihlc Inoderma. 130.<br />
Thallus leaflike or shieldlike;<br />
perithecium single Endocarpon. 131.
Pl.cell.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 487<br />
E. Tliallus crustlike J apothecia Jiat, hordered, linear.<br />
Opegraphidae.<br />
Periihecium simple Graphis. 132.<br />
yipothecia hollow, grooved or flat;<br />
edges open ; perithecium Alexoria. 133.<br />
Apotkccia slitlike ,• edges swollen<br />
perithecium . . . Hystekina. 134.<br />
A. RHizoMORPHiDiE. Tliallus leatherlike, shrubby;<br />
apothecia tubercular; perithecitini 0.<br />
I. 122. SPHiEROPHORON. Persoon. Ball-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, branched, shrublike;<br />
inside towlike, rather solid ; apothecia nearly globular,<br />
sessile, terminating the branches of the thallus, and formed<br />
of it, which tearing open shows a black, powdeiy, globular<br />
mass included with it.<br />
1 SphcErophoron coralloides. Coral-like hall-moss.<br />
Thallus pale chestnut, scarcely divided; branches lateral,<br />
long, weak, divaricated, forked, pointed, fibrilled; apothecia<br />
nearly globular, smooth.<br />
Lichenoides rou tubulosum, ramulis scufellis nigris terminatis, Dillen in<br />
Rail Syn. 66, 13.<br />
Lichen globiferus, Lin. Mant. 133.<br />
Lichen globosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1, 460.<br />
Lichen fragilis j8, Huds. Fl. Angl. 558.<br />
Stereocaulon globiferum, Hojfin. Germ. 151.<br />
, Sphaerophoron coralloides, ^icAar. Me
4-88 133.Pthizomor. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PL cell apk.<br />
Lichenoides non (ubulosurn ramosissimum, fruticuli specie, cinereo-<br />
fuscura, liaii Si/n. 65, 10.<br />
Lichen fragilis, Lin. S. P. 1621 ; Engl. Bot. 114.<br />
Lichen inelanoc;ari)o:-, Sieariz Incl Ocdcl. 147.<br />
Sphaerophoron comprcssuii), Achar. Met/u 135; Lich. 586.<br />
On rocks and heaths in mountainous places.<br />
II. 123. RHIZOMORPHA. Hoot-ojioss.<br />
Tlialhis cartilaginous, membranaceous, cylindrical,<br />
branched repeatedly, creeping, prostrate, inside towlike<br />
fibrous; apotliecia globular, sessile, frequently conglomerated,<br />
formed of the cortical part of the thallus, opening<br />
irregularly, filled with powder.<br />
1. Rhizomorpha subcoriicalis. Bark root-moss.<br />
Thallus compressed, blackish-brown, shining; branches<br />
scattered, anastomosing in a network; apothecia conglomerate.<br />
Fimgoidcs q. Fungus niger compiessus, varie divaricatus et implexus,<br />
ir.fer lignum et cortieem, Rail Syn. 15,9.<br />
Lichen aidffih.s, Humboldt Fl. Fiib. 33.<br />
Clavaria phijsphorea, Sowerhi) Fungi, 100.<br />
Rhizomorpha fragilis, Rot/i Cat. Bot. 1,252.<br />
Rliizoiiiorpha subcoriicalis, Persoun Syn. Fung. 704.<br />
On the trunks of dead trees, especially firs; also in<br />
cellars.<br />
Thallus luminous in the dark, at the ends of the branches.<br />
/3. pate7is. Thallus dilated, broad, compressed.<br />
Rhizomorplia patens, Sowerhy Engl. Fungi, 392, 1 and 2.<br />
2. Rhizoinorpha spinosa.<br />
'<br />
Thorny root-moss.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, slightly compressed, spinous, dull-<br />
branches scattered, frequently ai:iastomosing.<br />
brown ;<br />
Clavaria hypoxylon, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,404.<br />
IlhizoiJiorph.i spinosa, Achar, Lich. 5SS; Suiccrby Fungi, S99.<br />
In lead^mines.<br />
3. Rhizomorpha sulterranea. . Underground root-moss.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, bald, black, very much branched<br />
branches and twigs crowded, pointed, free.<br />
Lichen radiciformis, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 2, 964.<br />
U.-nea radicifoniiis, Sco^'o.V DwA'. 1,95.<br />
Rhizomorpha subterranea, Acliar. Lich. 588.<br />
On half-rotten wood and stones in mines.<br />
4. Pihizomorpha dichotoma. Forked root-moss.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, greenish-brown; branches forked,<br />
spreading, long, cylindrical, naked, free. -
Pl.celLaph. 4. IDIOTHALAME^. ISS.Rhizom. 489<br />
Clavaria hypoxylon 2, Withering Bot, Arr. ^,AOi,<br />
Rhizomorpha dicbotoina, Jtchar. Lic/i. 589; Sowerby Fungi, 298.<br />
In mines.<br />
5. Rhizomorpha setiformis. Bristlelike root-moss.<br />
Tkallus cylindrical, very slender, black, shining, scarcely<br />
branched, tips divided.<br />
Lichen hippotrichoides, Weher Germ. 231.<br />
Usnea hippotrichoides, Hoffm. Germ. 137.<br />
Rhizomorpha setiformis, Achar, Lich. 589; Persoon Syn. Fung. 705.<br />
On dead fallen fir-leaves.<br />
6. Rhizomorpha tuberculosa. Tubercular root-moss.<br />
Thallus threadlike, slightly compressed, not branched;<br />
apothecia scattered, globular, acuminated, deep black.<br />
Lichen setosus, Leyser Fl. Halens, 1171.<br />
Hypoxjliim loculiferum ? BuUinrd Herb.<br />
llhizomorpha setiformis tuberciilata, Achar. Lich. 589.<br />
On wood long kept in cellars.<br />
7. Rhizomorpha Stokesii. Stokes' root-moss.<br />
Thallus dull foxy-brown, compressed ; branches divari-<br />
cated, rounded, blunt.<br />
Rhizomorpha Stokesii, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 430.<br />
On chalk-pits.<br />
Thallus flat, netlike, entangled, sometimes covered with<br />
the chalk.<br />
8. Rhizomorpha Harrimanni. Harrimans root-moss.<br />
Thallus dull-brown ; main stems irregularly angular,<br />
brittle; covering cracking transversely; branches long,<br />
wavy.<br />
Rhizomorpha Harrimanni, Soiverby Eng. Fungi, 431, 1.<br />
In mines.<br />
Thallus resembles bugle-trimming; inside white, cottony,<br />
tough.<br />
9. Rhizomorpha variegata. Variegated root-moss.<br />
Thallus long, round, nearly of uniform thickness<br />
branches in bundles, lighter coloured ; twigs still lighter,<br />
silky.<br />
Rhizomorpha variegata, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 431,2.<br />
Under ground.<br />
Thallus crowded ;<br />
pith scarcely any.
490 123.Iihizom. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PLcell.apL<br />
10. Rhhomorpha Martim. Martinis root-iyioss,<br />
Thallus brown, brittle, woody, in round threads branching<br />
in all directions, serpentine, hairlike and matted.<br />
Rhizomorpha Martini, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 431, 3.<br />
In mines.<br />
11. Rhizomorpha meduUaris. Pith root-moss.<br />
Thallus cylindrical, very much branched, inside snowwhite;<br />
cellules yellowish.<br />
Rhizomorplia medullaris. Smith in Lin. Tr. 12.<br />
In an old well upon boards.<br />
B. VAuioLARiDiE. TAo/Z;/5 crustlike ; opo/Ziecfa wartlike ;<br />
perithecium 0.<br />
III. 124. VARIOLARIA. Persoon. Smallpox-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, uniform ; apolhecia<br />
wartlike, formed of the thallus, most commonly sorediumlike,<br />
slightly bordered, white; nucleus naked and without<br />
a perithecium, compressed, cellular, hidden in the substance<br />
of the wart, and usually covered with the thalluSj<br />
sometimes becomes uncovered. Soredia very numerous.<br />
1 Variolaria velata. Veiled smallpox-moss.<br />
Crust regular, rather cartilaginous, bald, very white,<br />
nearly radiately plaited ; apolhecia smooth, compressed,<br />
swollen ; nucleus rather lentilshape, covered above with a<br />
thin powdery veil.<br />
Parmelia velata. Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 143.<br />
Lichen velalus, Engl. Bot. 5^062.<br />
Variolaria velata, Jchar. Lich. 319.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
2. Variolaria mullipimcta. Dotted smallpox-moss.<br />
Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked in beds, granular,<br />
greyish ; apothecia convex, crowded, granulated ; nucleus<br />
lentilshape, enclosed.<br />
Variolaria multipuncta, Turner in Lin, Tr. 9, 137; yichar, Lich. 321<br />
Lichen multipunctus, l^ngl. Bot. 2061.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
3. Variolaria globuli/'era. Globule smallpox-moss.<br />
Crust rather cartilaginous, greyish, sprinkled irregularly<br />
with granules and soredia, uneven ; apothecia nearly glo-<br />
bular, bald, becoming depressed above, bearing soredia<br />
nucleus concave, enclosed.
Pl.cellnph. 5.1DI0THALAME^. 1 24^. Variolar. 49t<br />
Variolaria globulifera, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 139 ;<br />
Lichen globuliferus, Engl. Bot. 2008.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
Achar. Lich. 322.<br />
4. Variolaria communis. Common smallpox-moss.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, smooth, whitish, growing uneven<br />
and grey, sprinkled with white, unbordered soredia;^<br />
apothecia sphseroid, powdery; nucleus rather membranaceous,<br />
flattish, pale, at length becoming naked.<br />
Variolaria communis, Achar. Lich. 322.<br />
On the bark of trees, old wood and stones.<br />
Thallus nearly insipid, varying from white to grey according<br />
to the age; soredia nearly globular, convex or flat.<br />
/3. orhiculata. Crust thin, granular, rather radiately<br />
cracked, marked with zones, grayish-white; soredia cen-<br />
tral and scattered, flattish, scarcely bordered, similar in<br />
colour.<br />
Verrucaria orbiculata, Hoffm.Germ. 170.<br />
Lichen pallescens ? Wulf, inJacq. Coll. 3.<br />
Variolaria orbiculata, Achar. Meth. 13.<br />
Variolaria communis orbiculata, Achar. Lich. 323.<br />
On wood and barked trees.<br />
y.Jhginea. Crust rather spreading, bald, wrinkled and<br />
cracked, whitish ; soredia heratspherical, scattered, not bordered,<br />
rather solid, powdery, very white.<br />
Lichen fagineus, Lin. S. P. 1608.<br />
Variolaria faginca, Persoon in Usler Ann. 1 ; Achar. Meth. 12.<br />
Verrucaria tubercularia, Hoffm. Germ. 170.<br />
Variolaria communis fagiuea, Achar. Lich. 323.<br />
On the bark of trees, especially on beech, also on stones.<br />
^. aspergilla. Crust tartarlike, cartilaginous, regular,,<br />
greenish; circumference smooth, cracked in rays; soredia<br />
scattered, superficial, flat, very slightly bordered, whiter<br />
than the thallus.<br />
Variolaria aspergilla, Achar. Meth. 13 ; Lich. 325 ; Engl. Bot. 2401.<br />
On rocks and stones.<br />
5. Variolaria amara. Bitter smallpox-moss.<br />
Crust wrinkled, cracked, uneven, rather powdery white,<br />
slightly greyish ; apothecia pressed close, plano-concave,<br />
bordered, bearing soredia, similar in colour to the thallus.<br />
Lichen fagineus, Engl. Bot. 1713.<br />
Variolaria amara, Achar. Lich. 324,<br />
On the bark of trees.
492 124. Variolar. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.apfu<br />
Thalhi.s very bitter, like Peruvian bark, not immediately<br />
perceptible, but extremely permanent ; nucleus not yet<br />
found.<br />
|3. dlscoidea. Crust powdery, whitish then greyish, naked;<br />
soredia very crov/ded, then dilated, wavy, plano-concave;<br />
border raised, swollen.<br />
Lichenoides cantlidum et farinaceum, scutellis fere planis, Dillen Muse.<br />
131.<br />
Lichen discoideu?, Engl. Bot. 1714.<br />
Variolaria discoideus, Achar. Meth. 14.<br />
Lichen albescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 529.<br />
Lichen carpi neiis, Light/. Scot. b09.<br />
Variolaria ainara discoid^a, Achar. Lich. S2o.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
6. Variolaria lactea. Milky smallpox-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, regular, cracked in beds, smooth, milky,<br />
circumference slightly radiated and crenately lobed ; apothecia<br />
crowded, bordered ; above very white, powdery.<br />
Lichen lac(eus, Lin. Mant. 132; Engl Bot. 2410.<br />
Variolaria lactea, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7 ; Achar. Meth. 14 ; Lich. 321.<br />
On rocks and stones.<br />
Nucleus not yet discovered.<br />
7. Fariolaria corallina. Coralline smallpox-ynoss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, cracked, white, frequently nipply,<br />
branched; apothecia hemispherical, rather depressed at<br />
top ; nucleus lentilshape, covered above with a thin powdery<br />
veil.<br />
Lichen dealbatus, Achar. Prod. 29.<br />
Isidiuin corallinum, Achar. Meth. 138.<br />
Variolaria dealbata, Dc Cand. FL Fr. 2,525; Engl. Z?of. S519.<br />
Variolaria corallina, Achar. Lich. 319.<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
Barren apothecia whiter and more convex, contain no<br />
nucleus.<br />
8. Variolaria griseo-virens. Greyish-green smallpox-moss.<br />
Crust elliptical, thin, slightly tartarlike, rugged, grey,<br />
scarcely limited ; apothecia roundish, narrow-bordered<br />
soredia greenish.<br />
Variolaria g: iseo-virens, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2400.<br />
On the bark of birch and cherry trees.
PLcelLaph. 5.IDIOTHALAMEiE. 12^. Variolar. 493<br />
9. Variolaria cinerea. Grey smallpox-moss.<br />
Crust round, tartarlike, thin, ash-coloilr, cracked; cir-<br />
cumference indeterminate ;<br />
apothecia orbicular, verj small,<br />
white, edge raised, soredia white.<br />
Variolaria cinerea, Engl. But, 24) l._<br />
On whin stone.<br />
C. PoRiD.E. Thallus crustlike; apothecia wartshape;<br />
perilhecmm distinct.<br />
IV. 125. PYRENULA. Acharius. Nut-moss,<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo-<br />
thecia wartshape, formed of the thallus, enclosing or surrounding<br />
at the base a single thalamium, with a simple,<br />
thick, black, nippled perithecium covering a globular, cellbearing<br />
throughout nucleus.<br />
a. apothecia open at the mouth, or surrounding a naked<br />
thalamium.<br />
1 Pyrenula umhonata. Button nut-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, regular, very finely cracked, greyishred;<br />
apothecia bald, reddish, rather depressed above, slightly<br />
surrounding the rather prominent, nipplelike opening of<br />
the thalamium.<br />
Vernicaria thelostoma, Achar.in Winch. Bot. Guide, 2,44.<br />
Lichen thelostomus, Engl. Bot. 2\53.<br />
Pyrenula umbonata, Achar. Lich. 316.<br />
On whinstone.<br />
b. apothecia closed, strictly surrounding the prominent<br />
nipple, or thalamium, hut without forming a lorder.<br />
2. Pyrenula tessellata. Tessellated nut-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, uneven, cracked in beds, yellowish-grey<br />
apothecia enlarged at bottom, depressed, closed, strictly<br />
surrounding the prominent part of the thalamium, which<br />
is terminated above by a slightly bordered mouth.<br />
Lichen tessellatus, Engl. Bot. 533,<br />
Verrucaria fuscelJa viridula, Achar. Lich. 290.<br />
Verrucaria tessellata, Achar. Melh. 115 ; Lich, 2S9,<br />
Pyrenula tessellata, Achar. Sjn. 126.<br />
On brick-walls and stones.
454 125.Pyrenula. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. Plcell.aph.<br />
3. Pyrenula nigrescens. Blackish nut-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, slightly cracked, uneven, brownishblack<br />
; apothecia enlarged at bottom, depressed, rather<br />
wrinkled, closed, strictly surrounding the greatest part of"<br />
the prominent, nipplelike thalamium.<br />
Lichen umbrinus, Achar. Prod. 14; Engl. Bot. 1499.<br />
Verrucaria umbrina, Achar. Meth. 122.<br />
Verrucaria atitiquitatis, Florkc in Berl, Mag. 1807, 1, 17,<br />
Pyrenula nigrescens, Achar. Sijn. 126.<br />
On stones.<br />
V. 126. THELOTREMA. Acharius. Opeii-wart-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate,<br />
uniform ; apothecia wartshape, formed of the thallu^, open,<br />
bordered; thalamium single, enclosed in the wart; perithecia<br />
double; one halved above, thick, black, seldom want-<br />
the other very thin, membranaceous, sometimes alone,<br />
ing ;<br />
or broken above ; surrounding a compressed, cellular,<br />
slightly streaked nucleus, placed in the bottom of the wart.<br />
1. Thelotrema lepadinum. Barnacle open-iv art-moss.<br />
Crust smooth, whitish ; apothecia smooth, nearly conoid,<br />
edge of the opening thin, simple, rather bent inwards, contracted<br />
; bottom covered with a membrane which becomes<br />
torn.<br />
Lichen inclusus, Engl. Bot. 678.<br />
Lichen lepadinns, Achar. Prod. 30.<br />
Thelotrema lepadinum, Achar. Meth. 132 ; Lich. 312.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
2. Thel. exanthematicum. Eruptive open-wart-moss.<br />
Crust rather tartarlike, thin, not cracked, greyish ; apo-<br />
thecia convex, half sunk, whiter; opening half closed,<br />
radiately cracked, becomes gaping ; bottom veiled, yellow-<br />
ish flesh-colour.<br />
Lichen volvatus, Villars Delph. 55.<br />
Lichen exanthcraaticus, Smith in Lin. 2V. 1,81 ; Engl. Bot. 1184.<br />
Urceolaria exanthematica, Achar. Meth. 146.<br />
Thelotrema exanthematica, Achar. Lich. 313.<br />
On rocks, especially limestone.<br />
Habit peculiar, but seems most referable to this geniis.<br />
3. Thelotrema agelcBum. Inelegant ope?i-wart-moss.<br />
Crust white, rather powdery, or sprinkled with very<br />
small granules or soredia; apothecia pressed close, few,<br />
slightly sunk in the crust.
Pl.cell.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. 126.Thelotr. 495<br />
Lichen argenu?, Achur. Prod. 8.<br />
Lichen agelaeus, Achar. Prod. 30; Engl. Bat. 1923.<br />
Urceolaria agelaea, Achar. Meth. 150,<br />
Lecidea argena, Aehar. Meth. 74.<br />
Lecanora verrucosa jS and y, Achar. Lich. 355.<br />
TheloJrema variolarioides agclaeum, Achar. in Act. Stockh. 33, 149,<br />
On the bark of old poplars and firs.<br />
yi. 127. PORINA. Acharius. Callus-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate,<br />
luiiform ; apothecia wartlike, formed of the thallus, not<br />
bordered; thalamium one or more, hidden within the substance<br />
of the wart; periihecium simple, very thin, membranaceous,<br />
transparent ; opening on the surface of the wart,<br />
coloured, thick; nucleus nearly globular, cellular, vesiclebearing.<br />
1. Forina periusa. Pierced callus-moss.<br />
Crust smooth, even, greyish white ; apothecia nearly globular,<br />
openings many, depressed, black.<br />
Lichenoides verrucosum et riigosum, cinereum, glabrum, Dillen Muse<br />
128.<br />
Lichen pertusus, Lin. Mant. 131 ; Engl. Bot. 67T.<br />
Endocarpon pertusum, Wahlenb. Lapp, 459.<br />
Sphaeria melanostoma, Bern, in Romer Archiv. 4, 10.<br />
Thelotreina pertusum, Achar. Meth. 131.<br />
Porina pertusa, Achar. Lich. 308.<br />
On the bark of the trunks of trees.<br />
2. Porina hymenea. Maidenhead callus-moss.<br />
Crust greyish, growing uneven; apothecia hemispherical,<br />
at length irregular, angular; openings many, cracked,<br />
widening.<br />
Lichen pertusus, Wiilf. inJacq. Coll. 2, 181.<br />
Lichen hyrneneus, Achar. Prod. 80; Engl. Bot, 1731.<br />
Thelotrema hymeneum, Achar. Meth. 133,<br />
Porina lejoplaca hymenea, Achar. Lich. 310.<br />
Porina fallax hymenea, Achar. Syn. 120.<br />
On the bark of old oak-trees.<br />
D. VERRUcARiDiE. Thollus crustlike ; apothecia round,<br />
without any border ; perithecium distinct.<br />
VII. 128. LEJOPHLEA. Acharius. Smooth-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, cartilaginous,<br />
membranaceous, not cracked, smooth; apothecia<br />
with a nearly globular hemispherical thalamium, innate at
49a 128. Lejoph. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. Fl. cell. aph.<br />
bottom in the thallus ; perithecia double ; the exterior rather<br />
cartilaginous, thick, hard, halved, with a nipple or<br />
opening above; the interior very thin, membranaceous,<br />
entirely enclosing a nearly globular, vesicular, cellular<br />
nucleus.<br />
1. Lejophlea puncl'iformis. Dotlike smooih-'inoss.<br />
Crust very thin, rather regular, smooth, brownish ; apo-<br />
iJiecia small, hemispherical, nearly globular ; raoutlis<br />
scarcely open ; nucleus globular, white.<br />
Lichen punctiformls, Achar. Prod. 18; Engl. Bot. 2412.<br />
Veirucaria puucliformis, Acliar. Meth. 119: Lich, 27-1.<br />
On smooth bai'ks of trees.<br />
2. Lejophlea analepta. Strengthening smooih-moss.<br />
Crust membranaceous, rather irregular, shining, olive;<br />
apothecia nearly sessile, scattered, hemispherical, conoid,<br />
nipplelike; nucleus compressed, nearly membranaceous,<br />
white.<br />
Lichen analeptus, ^cA«r. Pj-0(7. 15; Engl. Bot. i8i8.<br />
Verrucaria olivacea, Persoonin Uster Ann. 7,28.<br />
Verrucaria analepta, Achar. Meth. 119; Lich. 275.<br />
On bark of trees, especially beeches.<br />
3. Lejophlea stigynatella. Small-dot smooih-moss.<br />
Crust thin, cartilaginous, membranaceous, smooth, growing<br />
cracked, whitish ; apothecia small, hemispherical, crowded,<br />
nearly confluent ; mouths extremely small ; nucleus<br />
globular, greyish.<br />
Lichen stigmatellus, Achar. Prod. 15 ;<br />
Verrucaria cinerea, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 28.<br />
Verrucaria stigmaiella, Achar. Meth. 117 ; Lich. 276.<br />
On the smooth bark of trees.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1891.<br />
4. Lejophlea gemmata. Gemmed smooih-moss.<br />
Crust spreading, thin, smooth, silvery white ; apothecia<br />
scattered, hemispherical, nipplelike, shining; nucleus ^obular,<br />
transparent.<br />
Lichen melaleucus, Engl. Bot. 24fi.<br />
Verrucaria alba, Schrad. Germ. 109,<br />
Verrucaria melaleuca, ^c^ar. il/e
PLcell.uph. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. 129. Lithocia. 4.07<br />
Vlir. 129. LITHOCIA. Acharius. Stone-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, nearly tartarlike, unbroken, cracked<br />
in beds, or powdery, flat, expanded, adiiate, uniform; apo-<br />
thecia with a nearly globular hemispherical thalamium, innate<br />
at botton\ in the thallus ; perithecium double, the exterior<br />
nearly cartilaginous, thick, black, halved above, with<br />
a nipple or mouth; the interior very thin, membranaceous;<br />
enclosing all around a nearly globular, vesicular, cellular<br />
nucleus.<br />
1. Lithocia Schraderi. Schrader*s sione-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, unbroken, whitish ; opothecia small,<br />
crowded, sunk, nearly globular; inside dirty- white, transparent.<br />
Lichen Schraderi, Achar. Prod. 13; Engl. Bot. 1711.<br />
Lichea immersus, Hoffni. lAch. 24.<br />
Verrucaria itnmersa, Persoon in Uster. Ann, 1.<br />
Verrucaria rupestris, Schrader Germ. 109.<br />
Verrucaria Schraderi, ^cAar. ilfe
498 129.Lithocia. 5.IDI0THALAME^. Pl.celLaph.<br />
r 5. Lithocia maura. Blackmoor stone-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, thin, smooth, very much cracked, verydeep<br />
black ; apothecia minute, nearly globular, immersed<br />
tip umbilicated, prominent ; m/c/ez« blackish.<br />
. Crust<br />
Verrucaria maura, Achar. Meth, Suppl. 19; Lich, 291.<br />
Lichen maurus, Engl. Bot. 2456.<br />
On rocks and stones near the seaside.<br />
6. Lithocia striatula. Fiiie-streaked stone-moss.<br />
figured, shrublike, bordered with greenish-black,<br />
beds rather separate, branched, radiating; apothecia conoid,<br />
afterwards slightly concave above, bordered ; nucleus dot-<br />
like, transparent.<br />
Verrucaria striatula, Achar. Meth, Suppl. 21 ; Lich. 293.<br />
)3. acroteUa Beds of the crust dispersed, irregular,<br />
blackish-brown.<br />
Verrucaria acrotella, Achar. Meth. 123.<br />
Lichen acrotellus, £n^/. Bof. 1712.<br />
Verrucaria striatula acrotella, Achar. Lich, 293.<br />
On flint-stones.<br />
IX. 130. INODERMA. Acharius. Toiu-moss.<br />
Thallus soft, towlike, rather spongy, or thin cobwebby,<br />
adnate; apothecia containing a nearly globular or hemispherical<br />
thalamium, innate at bottom in the thallus; perithecium<br />
double, the external rather cartilaginous, thick,<br />
black, halved above, with a nipple or mouth ; the interior<br />
very thin, membranaceous; including all around a nearly<br />
globular, vesicular, cellular nucleus.<br />
1. Inoderma epigea. Above-ground toiu-moss..<br />
Thallus thin, nearly fibrous, uneven, pale yellowish<br />
apothecia very small, globular, sunk ; mouth prominent,<br />
inside black.<br />
Sphairia epigea, Persoon Syn. Fung. App. 27.<br />
Verrucaria epigea, Achar. Meth. 123 ; Lich. 295,<br />
On muddy ground.<br />
2. Inoderma lyssacea. Byssus tow-moss.<br />
Thallus rather leprous, cobwebby, dirty white ; apothecia.<br />
very small, nearly globular, half-sunk, pierced, inside<br />
black.<br />
Sphffiria byssacea, Persoon Syn. Fung. App. 32.<br />
Verrucaria byssacea, Achar. Meth. 116; Lich, 294.<br />
On the trunks of trees.
Plcell.npli. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. 131. Endocarp. 499<br />
X. 131. ENDOCARPON. Hedwig. Hidden-fndt.<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate, rather regular, or leaflike,<br />
and peltate ; apothecia composed of a gloi3ular thalamium<br />
hidden in the substance of the thallus; peritkecium single,<br />
membranaceous, thin, transparent, with a thick, nearly<br />
nippleUke prominent mouth, at the surface of the thallus<br />
and enclosing a globular nucleus, nearly similar to the<br />
thallus.<br />
1 Endocarpon sinopicum. Jasper hidden-fndt.<br />
Thallus crustlike, cracked in beds, slightly lobed, greenish,<br />
rusty, circumference depressed ; moulhs depressed,<br />
black.<br />
Endocarpon Sinopicum, Jchar. Meth. Supp. 30; Lich. 297.<br />
Lichen Sinopicus, Engl, But. 1776, but not the magnified figure.<br />
On slate.<br />
2. Endocarpon smaragdulum. Emerald hidden-fndt.<br />
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, rather leaflike, very<br />
small, slightly peltate, flat, pressed close, rounded, not<br />
cut, yellowish-green ; mouths depressed, reddish-brown.<br />
Endocarpon smaragdulum, ^char. Meih. Supp. S9 ;<br />
Lichen smaragdulus, Engl. Bot. 1512.<br />
On rocks, and in their cracks.<br />
Lich, 298.<br />
3. Endocarpon tephroides. Ash- colour- hidden-fndt.<br />
Thallus crustlike, membranaceous, spreading, rather<br />
leaflike, unbroken, wavy, frequently tiledlike, cracked, ashgrey,<br />
hoary; circumference -i'regular, crenately lobed, underneath<br />
black, rather spongy; mouths raised, convex,<br />
black, pierced.<br />
Lichen tephroides, Achar. Prod. 18; Engl. Bot, 2013.<br />
Endocarpon cinereum, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,28.<br />
Endocarpon tephroides, ^cAar. Jlfe
50G 131. Endocai-p. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PL cell. apL<br />
5. Endocarpon Hedwigii. Hedwig^s hidden-fruit.<br />
Thallus nearly cartilaginous, roundish, cornered and<br />
lobed, olive-colour; underneath at the edge paler, grow<br />
blackish, fibrilled; mouths I'ather prominent, blackish<br />
brown.<br />
Lichen trapeziformis, Dickson Crypt. 2,22; Engl. Bot. 595.<br />
Lichen Endocarpon, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,52.<br />
Endocarpon bepaticum a and jS, Achar. Lich. 298, 299.<br />
Endocarpon pusillum, Hedwig. Crypt. 2, 56.<br />
Endocarpon Hedwigii, Achar. Meth. 125; Lich. 298.<br />
On barren heaths and the sides of mountains.<br />
Thallus scarcely discernible except in wet weather, various<br />
in colour, both above and beneath, paler or darker,<br />
olive, rust-colour, brownish, brown, and blackish.<br />
6. Endocarpon lachneum. JVoolly hidden-fruit.<br />
Thallus nearly cartilaginous, lobed ; lobes aggregated,<br />
rather tiledlike; edge raised, turned over, wavy; underneath<br />
woolly, black.<br />
Lichen lachneus, Achar. Prod. 140; Engl. Bot. 1698.<br />
Endocarpon lachneum, Achar. Meth. 127 ; Lich. 299.<br />
On downs and rocks.<br />
7. Endocarpon pallidum. Pale hiddenfruit.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, membranaceous, leafiike, pale, greenish,<br />
crenately lobed, grows irregularly jagged; jag^ bent,<br />
rather tiledlike; external jags underneath paler, naked;<br />
mouths hemispherical, pale, with a black dot.<br />
Endocarpon pallidum, ^cArtr.ifcA. 301 ; Engl. Bot. 2b^\.<br />
Endocarpon muscorum, Achar. Li h- 300,<br />
Upon mosses, and rocks barely covered with earth.<br />
8. Endocarpon parasiticum. Parasitic hidden-fruit<br />
Thallus crustlike, leatherlike, coppery, underneath black,<br />
fibrilled ; lobes roundish, lobed, flat, smooth, afterwards<br />
convex, wrinkled, cracked, broken ; mouths depressed,<br />
slightly bordered, at length convex.<br />
Lichen parasiticus, Engi.Bo^ 1866.<br />
Endocarpon parasiticum, Achar. Syn. 100.<br />
Parasitic on parmelia omphalodes.<br />
9. Ejidocarpon viride. Green hidden-fruit.<br />
Thallus thin, membranaceous, leaflike, roundish, slightly<br />
concave ;- edge not in the least cut, light greenish, underneath<br />
whitish, naked.
PLcell.aph. 5.IDIOTHALAME.^. 131.Enclocarp. 501<br />
Endocarpon viride, ytchar.Lich. 300.<br />
On the ground among mosses.<br />
Mouths not yet discovered.<br />
10. Endocarpon miniaium. Scarlet hidden-fruit<br />
Thallus thick, crustlike, cartilaginous, leaflike, round<br />
peltate, greyish; circumference turned back, bent, plaited;<br />
underneath smooth, afterwards wrinkled, reddish brown<br />
mouths small, few, slightly prominent, red.<br />
Lichenoides coriaceum nebulosum cinereum punctatum, subtus fulvum,<br />
Dillcn Muse. 223.<br />
Engl. But. 593, I.<br />
Lichen miniatus, Lin. S. P. 1617 ;<br />
Endocarpon miuiatuin, Achar. Meth, 127 ; Lick, 302,<br />
On stones and rocks.<br />
11. Endocarp. lepiophyllum. Small-leaved hidden-fruit,<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, leaflike, round, peltate, blackbrown<br />
or rather grayish ; circumference turned back, bent<br />
underneath smooth, wrinkled rather plaited, black ; mouths<br />
black, slightly prominent.<br />
Lichen leplophyllus, Achar. Prod. 141 ;<br />
Endocarpon leptophyllum, Achar. Meth. 127 ;<br />
On rocks exposed to the drip of water.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2012.<br />
Lick. 502.<br />
12. Endocarp. complicatum. Complicated hidden-fruit.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, lobed, grey; underneath<br />
blackish-brown; lobes rather upright, roundish,<br />
plaited, convoluted; mouths cvo^vdedi, convex, black.<br />
Lichen polyphyllus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2.<br />
Lichen amphibius, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 66 ; Engl. Bot, 593, 2.<br />
Lichen complicatus, Swartz in N. Act. Ups. 4.<br />
Endocarpon complicatum, ^cAar, itfeiA. 123; Lich, 303.<br />
On rocks and stones near the water.<br />
Thallus sometimes simple, approaches nearer to E. Weberi<br />
in habit than to E. miniatus, although esteemed by<br />
some a variety of the latter; retains its colour when<br />
moistened.<br />
13. Endocarpon Weleri. Weber's hidden-fruit.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, nearly leatherlike, leaflike, lobed,<br />
greyish-brown-olive; underneath fawn-brown and black;<br />
each face smooth ; lobes jagged, bent, plaited, crisp, huddled,<br />
irregular; mouths slightly convex, black.
502 131 . Endocarp. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph.<br />
Lichen fluviatilis, TVeber Gotling. 265.<br />
Lichen aquaticus, Weiss Crypt. 11 ; Engl. Bat. 594.<br />
PJatisma aquaticum, Hojfm. Lich. 2, 64.<br />
Endocarpon fluviatile, Wahlenb. Lapp. 462,<br />
Endocarpon Weberi, Achar. Meth. 128 ; Lich. 304.<br />
On rocks and stones under water.<br />
Thallus while wet a fine green ; when dry blackish-brown<br />
or dark green ; underneath sometimes deep black.<br />
E. Opegraphide^. Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded,<br />
adnate, uniform ; apothecia sessile, flat, bordered, linear.<br />
XI. 132. GR APHIS. Adanson. Trait-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apothecia<br />
composed of a long thalamium immersed in the<br />
thallus; perithecium single, cartilaginous, halved, lateral,<br />
black, enclosing a linear nucleus on both sides ; centre<br />
naked above and below ; inside cellular-streaked.<br />
1. Graphls scripta. Written trait-moss.<br />
Crust membranaceous, smooth, rather shining, whitish<br />
and rather greyish, nearly regular ; apothecia slightly raised,<br />
naked, wavy, simple or branched ; centre slitlike; thalloid<br />
border raised, membranaceous.<br />
Lichenoides crusta tenuissiraa, peregrinis velut Uteris inscripta, Lillen<br />
in Rail Syn. 71,48.<br />
Lichen scriptus, Lin. S. P. 1606.<br />
Opegrapha scripta, Achar. Meth. SOj Engl. Bot, 1813.<br />
Graphis scripta, Achar. Lich. 265.<br />
On the smooth bark of trees in woods.<br />
Apothecia resemble Hebrew or Chinese characters.<br />
2. Graphis puluerulenta. Powdery trait-moss.<br />
Crust spreading, membranaceous, whitish ; apothecia<br />
slightly raised, wavy; centre grooved, gaping, grey-hoary;<br />
thalloid border raised, slightly swollen.<br />
Opegrapha pulverulenta, Persoon in Uster Ann. 1, 29 ; Engl. Bot. 1754.<br />
Graphis pulverulenta, Achar. Lich. 266.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
3. Graphis cerasi. Cherry-tree trait-moss.<br />
Crust very thin, grey, greenish, shining; apothecia<br />
slightly raised, straight, long, simple, pointed, nearly pa-<br />
rallel; centre grooved, slightly hoary; thalloid border thin.<br />
Opegrapha cerasi, Persoon in Uster Ann. 11, 20; Engl. Bot. 2301;<br />
Achar. Meth. 27.<br />
Graphis cerasi, Achar. Lich. 268.<br />
On the bark of cherry and sloe trees.
Ptc€ll.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 132. Graphis. 503<br />
4. Qraphis letulina. Birch trait-moss.<br />
Crust very thin, white, bordered, with black; apothecia<br />
sunk, nearly simple, elliptic, long or starlike ; centre broad,<br />
flat, rather hoary ; thalloid border raised membranaceous.<br />
Opegrapha betulina, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 31 ; Engl. Bot. 2281 ;<br />
Achar. Meth. 20.<br />
Graphis betulina, Achar. Lich. 268.<br />
On the bark of birch-trees.<br />
5. Graphis dendritica. Shrublike irait-moss.<br />
Crust rather cartilaginous, uneven, very white ; apothecia<br />
sunk, wavy, branched, black ; branches diverging, forked,<br />
pointed; centre broad, flat, naked; border of the perithecium<br />
scarcely any, thalloid border very slight.<br />
Opegrapha dendritica, Achar. Meth. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 1756.<br />
Graphis dendritica, Achar. Lich. 271.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
Apothecia when moistened becomes transparent, brownish.<br />
6. Graphis serpentina. Serpentine trait-moss.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, uneven, wrinkled,<br />
regular, white and grey ; apothecia sunk, long, crowded,<br />
bent, sometimes branched, blunt, grey-hoary ; centre<br />
grows flat; thalloid border thick.<br />
Opegrapha serpentina, Achar. Meth. 29 1 Engl. Bot. 1755.<br />
Graphis serpentina, Achar. Lich. 269.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
Habit singular, and quite distinct from G. pulverulenta.<br />
7. Graphis Lyelli. Ly ell's trait-moss.<br />
Crust membranaceous, smooth, pale olive-colour; apothecia<br />
crowded, seldom branched, curved, swollen, blunt;<br />
centre broad, convex, grey-hoary; thalloid border thick,<br />
white, powdery.<br />
Opegrapha Lyelli, Engl. Bot. 1876.<br />
Graphis Lyelli, Achar. Syn. 85.<br />
On rugged barks of trees.<br />
8. Graphis elegans. Elegant trait-moss.<br />
Crust round, granular, bald, white ; apothecia sunk, scat-<br />
tered, short, straight, seldom branched ; edge of the perlthecium<br />
grooved lengthways.<br />
Opegrapha elegans, Engl. Bot. 1832.<br />
Graphis elegans, Achar. Syn. 85.<br />
On the smooth bark of young trees.
504. ISS.Alyxoria. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PLcell.aph.<br />
XII. 133. ALYXORIA. Acharius. Wide-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-<br />
ihecia oblong or long, sessile ; covered with a black, cartilaginous<br />
membrane, enclosing a similar, rather solid parenchyme;<br />
centre linear, bordered on both sides, hollow,<br />
grooved or flat, open ; borders distant.<br />
1. Jllyxoria notha. Spurious wide-moss.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, rather leprous, whitish ; apolhecia<br />
sessile, scattered, rather roundish or oval, irregular; ce?itre<br />
flat, grows convex, hemispherical, slightly tuberculated,<br />
edge very small.<br />
Arthronia gibberulosa, Achar. Lick. 142.<br />
Opegrapha verrucaroides /S and S, Achar. Lick. 244.<br />
Opegrapha Lichenoides, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30.<br />
Opegrapha notha, Achar. Meth. 17 ; Lick. 252; Engl. Bol. 1S90.<br />
On the bark of old elms, fig, and other trees.<br />
2. Alyxoria diaphora. Variable wide-moss.<br />
. Cr7ist cartilaginous, membranaceous, dirty greyish-white;<br />
apotliecia sessile, variable, oblong, rather long, narrow both<br />
ways, opake; centre flat; edges persistent, rather bent.<br />
Opegrapha varia, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30.<br />
Opegrapha diaphora, ^cAar. itfe^A. 19; Lick. 254.<br />
Opegrapha diaphora spanista, Achar. Meth. 19; Lick. 254.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
XIII. 134. HYSTERINA. Acharius. Slit-moss.<br />
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; opo-<br />
thecia oblong or long, sessile, covered with a black cartilaginous<br />
membrane, enclosing a similar rather solid parenchyme;<br />
centre linear, very narrow, slitlike, enclosed on<br />
each side with a swollen, connivent border nearly close.<br />
1. Hysterina nimbosa. Cloudlike slit-moss.<br />
Crust slightly cracked, uneven, very white; apothecia<br />
crowded, small, oval oblong, turgid; centre closed.<br />
Opegrapha notha conferta, Achar. Meth, 18.<br />
Opegrapha nimbosa, Achar. Meth. 18 ; Lich. 245 ; Engl, Bat. 2316.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
2. Hysterina Persoonii. Persoon's slit-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, smoothish, coherent, uneven, whitish ;<br />
apothecia innate, oblong; centre slitlike, growing wrinkled,<br />
bent, plaited, irregular, slightly running into one another<br />
irregulai'ly slightly gaping.
Vl.celLaph. 5. IDIOTHALAME.E. 1 34. Hysterina. 505<br />
Opegrapha rupestris, Persoon in Uder Jnn. 11,20.<br />
Oppgiapha Persoonii, Achur. Meth. 17 ; L,ich. 246 ; Engl. Bot. 2345.<br />
On rocks and walls.<br />
/3. aporea. Crust tartarlike, leprous, uneven, powdery;<br />
apothecia roundish, irregular, wavy, plaited, serpentine, in<br />
various manners, gaping.<br />
Liclienis simplicis varietas, Davies Tr. Lin. Soc, 2, 284.<br />
Lpcidea privi2;na, Achar. Mtth. 49.<br />
Opegrapha Persoonii aporea, Achar. Meth. 17 ; Lich. 246.<br />
y. strepsodina. Crust very thin, scarcely any, smooth,<br />
greyish ; apothecia crowded, roundish, irregular, wrinkled<br />
and bordered.<br />
Opegrapha Persoonii strepsodina, Achar. Lich. 247.<br />
On slate-rocks.<br />
S. Hysterina petrcEa. Rock slit-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, cracked in beds, dirty-white ; beds<br />
smooth; apothecia sessile, oblong, nearly linear, swollen,<br />
straightish, rather shining; centre slitlike, between raised<br />
edges.<br />
. On<br />
Opegrapha petraea, Achar. Syn. 72.<br />
rocks.<br />
4. Hysferina calcarea. Limestone slit-moss.<br />
Crust tartarlike, powdery, very white; apothecia rather<br />
long, straight, swollen, opake, aggregated in stars ; centre<br />
slitlike.<br />
Opegrapha calcarea, Engl. Bot. 1790; Achar. Lich. 250.<br />
On the mortar of old walls, and on limestone.<br />
5. Hysterina macularis. Spotted slit-moss.<br />
Crust regular, mieven, brown-black; apothecia small,<br />
run together, roundish, elliptic, growing wrinkled, irregu- *^<br />
lar; centre slitlike.<br />
Lichenoides punctatiim et rugosum nigrum, Bilkn Muse. 125.<br />
Lichen rugosus, Lin. S. P. 1607.<br />
Lichen macularis, Relhan Cant- 446,<br />
Opegrapha quercina, Persoon in Usler Ann. 7,31.<br />
Opegrapha conglomerata, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 31 ; Achar, Meth.<br />
Opegrapha faginea, Persoon in Usler Ann. 7,31.<br />
Opegrapha macularis, Achar. Lich. 247 ; Meth. 21.<br />
Opegrapha epiphega, Achar. Meth. 24.<br />
Opegrapha macularis conglomerata, Achar. Lich, 247.<br />
Opegrapha macularis fagiuea, Achar. Lich. 248.<br />
On the bark of the branches of beech and oak trees.
506 134.Hysterina. 5.IDI0THALAME-E. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
6. Hysterina herpetica. Emption slit-moss.<br />
Crust nearly membranaceous, very finely cracked and<br />
wrinkled, rather rough, grey-brown ; apothecia very small,<br />
innate in the crust, crowded, convex, elliptically oblong,<br />
rather long, straight ; centre slitlike.<br />
Opegrapha herpetica, Achar. Meth. 25 ;<br />
Opegrapha rubella decolorata, Achar. Meth. 21 ;<br />
Lick. 248.<br />
Lich. 24S.<br />
Opegrapha fuliginosa, Persoon in Act. TVetteraw, 2,44.<br />
Opegrapha rimalis fuscata, Achar. Lich. 261.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
7. Hysterina disparata. Unlike slit-moss.<br />
Crust membranaceous, rather smooth, pale olive, or<br />
brownish with a green or red cast ; apothecia various, round-<br />
ish, oblong, longish, straight or crooked; centre slitlike.<br />
Opegrapha rubella, Persoon in Uiter Ann, 7, 31.<br />
Opegrapha aenea, Persoon in TJster Ann. T, 31.<br />
Opegrapha viridis, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,31.<br />
Opegrapha rubella a and S, Achar. Meth. 21 , 22.<br />
Opegrapha siderella aenea, Achar. Meth. 26.<br />
Opegrapha rubella a, y and 5, Achar. Lich. 249, 250.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
8. Hysterina vulgata. Common slit-moss.<br />
Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, broken, rather<br />
scaly, smoothish, greenish-white; apothecia sessile, variously<br />
formed, long, cylindrical, wavy, rather shining; centre<br />
slitlike.<br />
Opegrapha vulgata, Achar. Meth. 20 ; Lich. 250; Engl. Bot. 255, 18II.<br />
On the clefts of old trees, especially fir-trees.<br />
9. Hysterina epipasta. Sprinkled slit-moss.<br />
Crust very thin, rather irregular, smooth, grey; apothecia<br />
innate, slightly raised, very small, convex, wrinkled, opake,<br />
various; the smaller apothecia dotlike; the longer extremely<br />
narrow, crooked, sometimes branched ; centre and<br />
edges very slender, scarcely any.<br />
Opegrapha dispersa, Schrad. Krypt, 167.<br />
Opegrapha epipasta, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 258 ; Engl. Bot. 1828.<br />
On smooth bark of trees, particularly maple and horse<br />
chestnut-trees.<br />
10. Hysterina microscopica. Microscopic slit-moss.<br />
Crust very thin, rather shining, pale olive; apothecia<br />
rather elliptic, not branched, nearly parallel, growing star-<br />
like, branched and angular ; border very slight.
P/.a//.op//. 5.ID10THALAMEiE. 134.Hysterina. 507<br />
Graphis rnicroscopica, Ehrh. Crypt. 278.<br />
Opegrapha microscopica, Engl. Bot. 1911.<br />
Opegrapha epipasta caraganae, Achar. Mtth, 26; Lich. 258.<br />
On the smooth bark of trees, mostly in company with<br />
lejophlea analepta, gen. 128, 2.<br />
1 1 . Hysterina venosa. Veiny slit-moss.<br />
Crust powdery, white; apothecia close together, branch-<br />
ed, stuffed, prominent, bald.<br />
Opegrapha venosa, Persoon in Act. Wetter. 2, 44 ; Achar. Syn. 334.<br />
On the trunks of beech-trees ; always surrounded with<br />
arthonia obscura, gen. 11 7, 3.<br />
12. Hysterina denigrata. Smutted slit-moss.<br />
Crust regular, membranaceous, palish-white; apothecia<br />
sessile, crowded, rather shining, longish, bent, sometimes<br />
branched; ce/z/re slightly channelled.<br />
Opegrapha atra, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30.<br />
Opegrapha denigrata, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 259; Engl. Bot. 1753.<br />
Opegraplia denigrata melanochroa, Achar. Meth, 27.<br />
Opegrapha denigrata atra, Achar. Lich. 260.<br />
On the bark of wallnut, ash, oak, and beech trees.<br />
Fam. VI. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. Fungorum pars,<br />
Linnaeus. Hypoxylorum pars, De Candolle.<br />
Xylaria, Link. Myelomyci, Esenbeck.<br />
Algarum pars, Jussieu.<br />
Thallus corky, fleshy, or ; thecce mostly immersed in<br />
the thallus or substance of the plant, coriaceous or bony,<br />
of a different substance from the thallus, opening by a regular<br />
mouth, sometimes but rarely bursting irregularly;<br />
sporidia ringed, intermixed with a deliquescent, deciduous<br />
pulp.—Grows generally on decayed plants, under the epidermis.<br />
A. SporidiaJixed; thecce opening hy a slit ; thallus 0.<br />
Hysteridese.<br />
Theca roundish, erumpent;<br />
mouth valvular Actidium. 1 35.<br />
Theca long, erumpent ; woz^^A linear Hypoderma. Ifi6.<br />
Theca long, naked; mouth linear .... Hystekium. 137.
508 6. SARCOTHALAME.E. PlcelLapk.<br />
B. Sporidia deliquescent ; theccE with a mouth or ruptile^<br />
fixed. Spherideae.<br />
Thallns clublike, succulent;<br />
thec(F peripherical, horizontal Xylaria. 13S.<br />
Thallns clublike, corky<br />
iheccr peripherical, horizontal Hypoxylon. 139.<br />
Thalhis hemispherical, sessile;<br />
/-^ecrt? peripherical, horizontal .. PEiiiFHOROSTOMA. 140.<br />
Thallus cupshape, stipitate<br />
theccB vertical, immersed Poronia. 141.<br />
Thallus spreading, sessile;<br />
thec(^ vertical, immersed . . .• Nemaisia. 1V2.<br />
TA0////5 spreading, irregular;<br />
theccB clustered, naked Cucurbitaria. 143.<br />
Thallus spreading ; thecce immersed<br />
in the bark; mouths connivent Engizostoma. 144.<br />
Thallus 0; i/zecce immersed,<br />
connivent; mouths erumpent Circinostoma. 145.<br />
Thallus ; thecce immersed,<br />
upright; mouths erumpent Exormatostoma. 146.<br />
Thallus 0; thecce naked;<br />
mouths not discernible Astoma. 147.<br />
Thallus ; thecce naked<br />
77iouths conspicuous Sph.eria. 148.<br />
C Sporidia gelatinous ; thecce globular, projectile;<br />
thallus cupshaped. Theleobilideas.<br />
TheccB when mature projected Thelebolus. 146.<br />
D. Sporidia threadlike, waxy, persisting ; theccefixed,<br />
with a mouth. Nemasporidese.<br />
Sporidia tendril-like Nemaspora. 147.<br />
A. HYSTERiDEiE. Thallus 0; thecce long or round;<br />
mouth opening by one or more sUts; 5pon'^ia fixed, upright;<br />
spores, oval.<br />
I. 135. ACTIDIUM. Fries. Actidium.<br />
Thallus ; thecce round, bursting through the epidermis<br />
of plants ; mouth with many radiatijig slits.
PLcellaph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 135.Actid. 509<br />
Actidium Eseiiheckii. Esenheck's actidium.<br />
Thecce roundish, flat; mouth with five or six valves turned<br />
back.<br />
Hysterium %'alvatum, Esenbeck Syst. 1,2SI.<br />
On decayed wood.<br />
II. 136. HYPODERMA. De Candolle. Hypoderme,<br />
Thallus 0; thecce long, linear, bursting the epidermis<br />
mouth a simple, linear slit.<br />
1. Hypoderma fraxini. Ash-tree hypoderme^<br />
Thecce opake, blackish, ovate oblong, convex; mouth<br />
deep, lips turned back.<br />
Sphasria sulcata, Bolton Fungi, 124; Sowerby Engl, Fungi. 315.<br />
Hyslerium fraxini, Persoon Syn. Fung. 100.<br />
Hypoderma fraxini, De Cand. Syn. Fl. Gall. 64.<br />
On the branches of ash and maple.<br />
2. Hypoderma quercinum. Oak hypoderme.<br />
TheccB greyish-black, oblong, large, rather bellied, bent<br />
lips acute, crisped.<br />
Hyslerium nigrum, Tode Fung. 1,5.<br />
Variolaria corrugata, Bulliard Champ. 117.<br />
Sphaeria coUapsa, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 373.<br />
Hypoderma quercinum, De Cand. Syn. 64.<br />
On dead sticks.<br />
3. Hypoderma conigerum. Conelearing hypoderme.<br />
Thecce blackish, rather ovate, very small ; inside wrinkly,<br />
powdery.<br />
Hyslerium couigerum, Persoon Syn. 102.<br />
Hypoderma conigerum, De Cand. Syn. 824,<br />
On dried strobiles of fir-trees.<br />
4. Hypoderma crispum. Crisp hypoderme.<br />
Thecce long, convex, rather bellied ; lips thin, crisp.<br />
Hyslerium crispum, Persoon Syn. F. 101.<br />
Hypoderma crispum, De Cand. Syn. 826.* *<br />
On the bark of pine-trees.<br />
5. Hypoderma arundinaceum. Reed hypoderme,<br />
Thecce oval, depressed, greyish black, granular.<br />
Hypoderma arundinaceum, De Cand. Syn. 825.<br />
On dead stems of arundo vallatoria.
510 136.Hypod. 6, SARCOTHALAME^. PlcelLapk.<br />
6. Hypoderma xylomoides. Xyloma hypoderme.<br />
T^eccE elliptical, flat, shining, black.<br />
Xyloma hysteroides, Persoon Syn. 106,<br />
Hypoderuia xjlomoides, De Cand. Syn. 823.<br />
On dead hawthorn and laurel-leaves.<br />
III. 137. HYSTERIUM. Persoon. Hysterium.<br />
Thallus ; thecce long, naked ; mouth a simple line?a- slit.<br />
—On old dead wood.<br />
1 Hysterimn mytilinum. Mussel hyster'mm.<br />
Thecce aggregate, black-green, upright, lenticular,<br />
streaked crosswise, slightly pedicelled.<br />
Hysterium mytilinum, Persoon Syn. 97,<br />
On the bark of abies excelsa.<br />
2. Hysterium pulicare. Flea-hrown hysterium.<br />
Thecce gregarious, oblong, blunt, streaked, black; lips<br />
blunt.<br />
Hysterium pulicare, Persoon Syn. 9S.<br />
Liclien scriptus B, Lightf. Scot. 2, 801.<br />
Oh dead branches of oak-trees.<br />
3. Hysterium angustaium. Narroiv-mouth hysterium,<br />
TheccB crowded, linear, parallel, black ; lips sharp.<br />
Hysterium angustatum, Persoon Syn. 99.<br />
On decayed wood.<br />
B. Sphertde^. Thallus fleshy, leatherlike, crustlike,:<br />
or ; thecce fixed, roundish, opening by a roundish mouth,<br />
sometimes remaining closed ; sporidia long, mostly clubshape,<br />
twisted, deliquescing into a liquid slime; sporce. oblong,<br />
ringed.<br />
IV. 138. XYLARIA. Hill. Xylaria.<br />
Thallus long, clubshape, fleshy ; thecce roundish, in the<br />
circumference of the thallus ; mouths circular.<br />
a. Growing on the earth.<br />
1 . Xylaria militaris. Soldierlike xylaria,<br />
Thallus yellowish red, head rough, rather tubercular<br />
mouth slightly prominent.
Pl.ceU.aph. e.SARCOTHALAME^. 138.Xylar. 511<br />
Clavaria inilifaris, Lin. S. P. 1652,<br />
Sphaeria militaris, Persoon Syn. 1 ; Soieerby Fungi, 60.<br />
Among grass and mosses ; autumn.<br />
Thallus 2 or 3 inches long, club rarely 2 or 3-cut.<br />
2. Xylaria alutacea. Leathery xylaria.<br />
Thallus opake, ochraceous; duh smooth; mouth not<br />
prominent.<br />
Sphasria alutacea, Persoon Syn, 2.<br />
Pine-woods; autumn.<br />
Club gradually thickening.<br />
3. Xylaria albicans. _ Whitish xylaria.<br />
Thallus pale whitish; club and bottom of the stipes<br />
swollen, smooth.<br />
Sphaeria clavata, Soiserby Fungi, 159.<br />
Woods; autumn.<br />
Thallus hollow, 2 inches high.<br />
? ^. cylindrica. Thallus nearly cylindrical.<br />
Clavaria cylindrica, Sowerby Fungi, 90.<br />
4. Xylaria agariciformis. Mushroomlike xylaria.<br />
Thallus tuberous at bottom ; stipes yellow ; club ovate,<br />
dark chestnut, dotted.<br />
Sphaeria agariciformis, Bolton Fung, ISOj Sowerby Fungi,3B4.<br />
Sphaeria capitata, Persoon Syn. 3.<br />
In woods.<br />
Thallus 2-coated at bottom, inside black; stipes rather<br />
twisted.<br />
b. Growing upon dead insects.<br />
5. Xylaria entomorhiza. Insect~rooti?ig xylaria.<br />
Stipes long, very slender; club spherical, brown, granulated.<br />
Sphaeria entomorhiza, Dickson Crypt, 22 ; Persoon Syn, 4.<br />
On the dead larvse of wasps.<br />
Stipes simple or branched, compressed, 2 inches long.<br />
6. Xylaria apum. Bee xylaria.<br />
Stipes shortish, thick, tuberous at bottom ; club granulated,<br />
chocolate-brown.<br />
On the pupae of bees.<br />
Stipes an inch long ; head a quarter as long, one or two<br />
from the same base.<br />
6
512 139. Hypox. 6. SARCOTHALAMEM. PL cell. apL<br />
V. 139. HYPOXYLON. Hypoxyloii,<br />
Thallus long, slightly clubshape, or branched; leatherlike;<br />
inside blackish; outside whitish; thecce roundish;<br />
mouths circular, in the circumference of the thallus.<br />
\. Uypoxylon pedunculatum. Footstalked hypoxylon.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, bald ; inside white;<br />
stipes simple, roundish, slender; club ovate, conical.<br />
Sphoeria pedunculata, Sowe.rby Fungi, 437.<br />
Clavaria parasitica, Wilhering Bot. Arr. 4,397.<br />
On lycoperda.<br />
2. Hypoxylon ophioglossoldes. Adders-tongue hypoxylon,<br />
Thallus blackish ; inside yellowish green ; club ovate,<br />
roundish, thickened.<br />
Clavaria radicosa, Bulliard Champ. 195.<br />
Sphasria ophioglossoides, Persoon Syn. 4.<br />
Spha;ria radicosa, De Cand. Syn. 754.<br />
On heaths and pine-woods; autumn.<br />
Club sometimes 2-cut.<br />
3. Hypoxylon cornutum. Horned hypoxylon.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, compressed, gregarious<br />
; base hirsute ; tip white, powdery.<br />
Clavaria Hypoxylon, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1013.<br />
Sphaeria coriiuta, Hoffm. Crypt. 4, 11.<br />
Sphaeria Hypoxylon, Persoon Syn. 5; Sowerby Fungi, 55.<br />
On rotten wood in gardens.<br />
Thecce below the tip.<br />
^. cupress'iforme. Thallus small ; club bellied or round,<br />
pointed.<br />
Sphaeria cupressiformis, Woodward in Wither. Bot. Arr. 3,457.<br />
Lichen-agaricus nigricans, cupressiformis, ramosus et non rainosus,<br />
Hgnis aridis adnascens, Micheli N. Gen. PL 104.<br />
y. ramosum. Thallus slender, very much branched.<br />
Sphaeria ramosa, Sowerby Fungi, 395.<br />
4. Hypoxylon polymorphum. Very-various hypoxylon.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, bald, gregarious; in-<br />
side white, tip yellowish, compressed, branchy, tuberculate.<br />
Clavaria digitata, Fl. Dan. 900.<br />
Sphaeria digitata, Sowerby Fungi, 69,<br />
Sphaeria carcharias, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1474,<br />
Sphaeria polymorpha, Persoon Syn. 7.<br />
On rotten, decayed wood.<br />
Thallus very variable; tip of the club blunt.
Pl.csU.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 139.Hypox. 513<br />
|3. spalhulatum^ Thallus slightly compressed, reverse-<br />
conical; stipes very short.<br />
y. mammillanum. Club bellied, ending in a long barren<br />
point.<br />
5. Hypoxylon digitatum. Fingered hypoxylon.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black; inside white; stipes<br />
tip white, powdery, pointed, naked.<br />
connate at bottom ;<br />
Clavaria digitata, Lin. Sysl. Veg. ed. 15, 1010.<br />
Sphseria digitata, Persoon Syn, 7.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
VI., 140. PERIPHEROSTOMA. Peripherostome.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, corky, hemispherical, sessile, depressed;<br />
thecce in the circumference of the thallus.<br />
a. Thallus naked, free.<br />
1. Periph. concentricum, Conceiitric peripherostome.<br />
Thallus nearly globose, bald, uneven; thecce immersed,<br />
in concentric striae.<br />
Spliaeria conccntrica, BoUon Fungi, 160.<br />
Sphseria fraxinea, Somerby Fungi, 160.<br />
On ash and hornbeam trees.<br />
Thallus 2 or 3 inches in diameter.<br />
^. muUicapsulare. Thallus small.<br />
Sphasiia multicapsula, Sowerby Fungi, 436.<br />
2. Periph. fragiformis. Strawberry peripherostome,<br />
Thallus nearly globular, black ; surface granulated i<br />
thecce rather prominent, reddish-brown.<br />
Lycoperdon vnriolosum, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15,9, 1019.<br />
Spliaeria fragiformis, Persoon Syn. 9.<br />
On birch-trees.<br />
S. Peripherostoma fuscum. Broivn peripherostome,<br />
Thallus brown, hemispherical, flattened, confluent ; thecce<br />
swollen, umbilicated, tubercular.<br />
Sphseria confliiens, Willd. Berol. 416.<br />
Sphseria fragiformis, Hoffin^rypl. 1,20.<br />
Sphseria tuberculosa, Bolton Fungi, 123 ;<br />
Sphseria aciniformis, Sowerby Fungi, 273 ?<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 3T4.<br />
Sphseria fusca, Persoon Syn, 12.<br />
On the dried branches of hawthorn or of nut-trees.<br />
Thallus conical, scattered, dark opake dull brown ;<br />
sometimes even, not swollen.<br />
theccs<br />
VOL. I.<br />
2 L
3U I'iO.Periph. 6.SARCOTHALAME.E. PLcellapk.<br />
^. depression. Thallus flattened, rather wrinkled.<br />
y. inequale. Thallus wartlike, unequal, confluent.<br />
4. Periplierostoma confiaens. Conjiuenl peripherostojne.<br />
Thallus black, unequal, expanded ;<br />
theccB free above.<br />
Sphaeria cohacrens, Persoon Syn. 11.<br />
On the trunks of beech-trees.<br />
5. Peripherostoma irrcgulare. Irregular pei-'ipherostome,<br />
Thallus irregular, tubercular, black ; (hecce reddishbrown,<br />
irregularly scattered.<br />
Sphseria irregularis, Sowerby Fungi, 374.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
6. Peripherostoma grajudosnm. Granular per'ipherostome^<br />
Thallus light, spongy, knoblike, black; thecce immersed ;^<br />
•mouth level with the surface.<br />
Sphjeria granulosa, BuUiurd Champ.; Soit:erl/y Fungi. 356,<br />
On dead birch-trees.<br />
7. Per'iph. multlceps. Many-headed per'ipherosiome.<br />
Thallus flat, black, sooty, irregular, spreading; inside<br />
green ; thecce with a pointed acuminated mouth.<br />
Sphaeria inuUiceps, Sowerby Fungi, 395.<br />
On decayed Sticks.<br />
b. Bursling through the Lark.<br />
8. Per'iph. mclogrmnnia. Black-letler periphrostome..<br />
Thallus reverse- conical, soot-black : thecce rather prominent.<br />
Sphaerica ocellafa, Persoon Disp. 2,<br />
Variolaria inelogramrna, BuUinrd Champ. 182.<br />
8phasria obducta, BoUun Fungi, 125.<br />
Sphaeria inelogramma, Persoon Syn. 13.<br />
On branches of beech and birch trees.<br />
9. Peripherostoma rihis. 'iCurrant-tree peripherostome..<br />
Thallus elliptical, bursting forth across the branches,<br />
brown, grooved.<br />
Sphaeria Ribesia, Persoon Syn. 14.<br />
On dry branches of red-currant bushes, winter.
PLcell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. UO.Periph. 515<br />
10. Peripherostoma sambuci. Elder-tree peripheros tome.<br />
Thallus flat, grayish, soft; outside black; theccB prominent.<br />
Sphaeria sambuci, Persoon Syn. 15.<br />
On elder-trees.<br />
11. Peripherostoma parallehim. Parallel per'ipherostome.<br />
Thallus nearly smooth, blackish ;<br />
thecce embedded.<br />
Sphaeria parallela, Sowerby Fungi, 374,4.<br />
12. Peripherostoma popuU. Poplar feripherostome.<br />
Thallus scattered, orbicular, on poplar leaves.<br />
Spliaerla populi, Soicerby Fungi. 374, 2.<br />
] 3. Peripherostoma ulmi. Elm-tree peripherostome.<br />
Thallus scattered, orbicular; on the leaves of ulmus<br />
campestris.<br />
''<br />
Sphseria ulmaria, Soicerby Fungi, 374,3,<br />
14;. Peripheroslo)na depressum. Flattened peripherostome.<br />
Thallus orbicular, flat, black, inside white; theccB not<br />
prominent.<br />
Sphaeria depressa, Soicerby Fungi, 216.<br />
Variolaria punctata, BuUiard Champ. 432, 2.<br />
On rotten sticks.<br />
15. Peripherostoma aru?idi7iacea. Reed peripherostome.<br />
Thallus oblong, long, flat, black ; theca in a single longitudinal<br />
row.<br />
Sphaeria arundinacea, Soicerby Fungi, 336.<br />
On the stalks of arundo vallatoria.<br />
VII. 111. PORONIA. Willdenow. Poronia.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, stipitate, cupshaped ; centre orbi-<br />
cular, truncated ; theccB scattered, immersed vertically in<br />
the thallus.<br />
Poronia Gleditschii. Gleditsch's poronia.<br />
Thallus cupshape ; stipes sooty ; centre snow-white<br />
iheccB scattered, like black spots.<br />
Sphseria truncata, BuUiard Champ. 127,2.<br />
Spha;ria punctata, Sowerby Fungi, 54,<br />
Sphaeria Poronia, Persoon Syn. 15.<br />
Peziza punctata, Lin. Syst. ed. 15, 1017.<br />
Poronia (ileditschii, IViUd. Berol. 400.<br />
Sandy places, on horse-dung, rarely on cow^-dung.<br />
2 L 2
516 H2. Neman. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. Pl.celLapL<br />
¥111. 14.^. NEMANIA. Nemania.<br />
Thalliis sessile, spreading, orbicular or elliptical ; thecce<br />
scattered, immersed vertically in the thallus.<br />
a. Thallus naked, free.<br />
1. Nemania deusta. Burnt nemania.<br />
Thallus broad, thick, wrinkled, spreading, brown ; mouths<br />
promifient.<br />
Hypoxylon ustulatum, BulUard Champ, iSl, 1.<br />
Sphasiia deusta, Persoon Syn, 16.<br />
Sphferia maxima, fVebcr Germ. 286 ; Sowcrby Fungi, 338.<br />
Spliasrici versipellis, I'ode Fung. 2, 35.<br />
On the trunks of trees, in woods ; spring.<br />
Thallus centre gray, powdery; limb whitish, at length<br />
bullated, waved, ridged, entirely black.<br />
2. Nemania graminis. Grass nemania^<br />
Thallus black, equal, spotlike.<br />
Sphseria gramiuis, Persoon Syn. 30.^<br />
On the withered leaves of grasses.<br />
3. Nemania typhina. Bullrush nemania.<br />
Thallus dark yellow.<br />
Sphaeria typhina, Persoon Syn. 13.<br />
On withered leaves of grasses and bullrushes.<br />
4. Nemania serpens. Creeping nernania.<br />
Thallus black, flat, spreading lengthways \ thecae prominent.<br />
Sphaeria serpens, Persoon Syn. SO.<br />
On oak and beech-wood.<br />
5. Nemania uda. Moist nemaiiia,<br />
Thallus oblong, aggregate, black ; thecce very prominent.<br />
Spha?ria uda, Persoon Syn. 33.<br />
On dry oak-wood.<br />
6. Nemania picea. Pitchy, nemania.<br />
Thallus spreading, irregular, smooth, brownish-black,<br />
pitchy, cracked ; thecce embedded.<br />
SphcEiia picca, Soioerby Fungi, 374, 5.<br />
On the outside of wood.
PL cell. ap/i. 6. SARCOTHA'LAUEM. 142. Neman. 517<br />
7. Nemania inimersa. Sunken nemania^<br />
Thallus spherical, black, penetrating wood in various<br />
directions.<br />
Spha?ria immersa, Sowerby Fungi, 374, 1.<br />
8. Nemania diffusa. Spread nema?iia,<br />
Thallus spreading, irregular, black.<br />
Sphaaria diffusa, Sovserhy Fungi, 373, 10.<br />
On tiie bark of dry wood, under the epidermis.<br />
9. NemaJiia J'uHginnsa. Suoty nemonia,<br />
Thallus black; thec(S prominent.<br />
On rotten branches of oak-trees, on the epidermis.<br />
10. Nemania Crustacea. Crustlike nemania.<br />
Thallus spread; ihecce slightly prominent; mouth prominent.<br />
S-p!ia.M-ia criistacea, Sowerby Fungi, 372, II.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
b. Burstingforth from under the lark.<br />
11. Neviania stigma. Stigma nemania^<br />
Thallus broad, flat, equal, spreading under the epidermis;<br />
inside white, outside black; mouths immersed, flaltish,<br />
spotlike.<br />
Sphajiia stigma, Ifoffin. Crypt. 1,7.<br />
Hyposylon operculatum. Bull. Champ. 177.<br />
On dried branches of hawthorn.<br />
12. Nemcmia decorticata. Unharked nemania.<br />
Theca inside white, outside black; mouths rather prominent,<br />
conical.<br />
Spliseria decorticata, SoKerhy Fungi, 137,<br />
SpliEEiia stigma dccorticaia, Persoon Sijn.2l.<br />
On dead branches of hazel.<br />
13. Nemania maculata. Spotted nemania.<br />
Thallus broad, spread, quite flat, black; theicc pointed,<br />
globular, covered with a rust-colour veil.<br />
Sphajria cinerea, Sowerby Fungi, 373, II.<br />
Sphaeria macula, Tode 3IeckL2,d3,<br />
On dry branches of oak-trees.<br />
Spot black, large; ihecce wool-like; incuihs slightly protuberant.
518 142. Neman. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. PI. cell. aph.<br />
I*. Nemania lata. Broad nemania.<br />
Thallus scarcely any, spreading; theccB black; mouths<br />
rather conical, angular.<br />
Spliasria lata, Persoon Syn. 29,<br />
On dry branches and wood.<br />
15. Nemania quercina. Oak nemania.<br />
Thallus black-brown, nearly orbicular, girt by the epi-<br />
mouths rather prominent, quadrangular, blunt.<br />
dermis ;<br />
Sphaeria quercina, Persoon Syn. 24.<br />
On dry branches of oak-trees.<br />
like.<br />
16. Nemania disciformis. Dishlike nemania.<br />
Thallus black, nearly orbicular, flat; mouths sunk, spot-<br />
Sphaeria disciformis, Hoffm. Crypt, 1,15.<br />
On dry branches of beech-ti'ees.<br />
Thallus shining, inside whitish-gray.<br />
17. Nernania ferruginea. Iron-colour nemania.<br />
Thallus brown-black, inside iron-colour, transverse ;<br />
mouths prominent, thornlike.<br />
Spiiaeria ferrugiiiea, Persoon Syn. 35.<br />
On dry branches of hazel.<br />
18. Nemania cerato-sperma. Horn-seed nemania.<br />
Thallus convex, black, smooth, scattered; mouths spinulous,<br />
connate.<br />
Spiiaeria Ceratospermum, Tode Meckl. 2, 55.<br />
Under the bark of the dog-rose.<br />
Thalli gregarious ; inside white.<br />
19. Nemania protracta. Protracted nemania.<br />
Thallus bursting forth lengthways, protracted, black;<br />
thecce globular, approximated in pairs ; mouths very short,<br />
blunt, rather wrinklv, angular.<br />
Spiiaeria protracla, Persoon Syn. 34.<br />
On the branches of maple-trees.<br />
20. Nemania flavo-virens.<br />
Yellow-green nemania.<br />
Thallus roundish, flattish yet convex, black, inside<br />
greenish, powdery.<br />
Spliaeri;i flavovirens, Hoffm. Crypt. 1, 10.<br />
On dead branches and sticks in woods.
Plcell.aph. e.SARCOTHALAMEyE. U2. Neman. 519<br />
2 1 . Nemanla Icevis. Smooth nemania.<br />
Thalliis smooth, shining, oblong, black ; inside whitish<br />
thecce ovate.<br />
Spbssria laevis, Sowerby Fungi, 394, 5.<br />
On hazel-sticks ?<br />
IX. 143. CUCURBITARIA. Cncurhitaria.<br />
Thallus spreading, irregular ; thec(^ in tufts, placed on<br />
the thallus.<br />
1. Cucurhitaria herheridis. Berberry cucurh'itaria.<br />
Tiifts bui'sting out from the bark, irregular ; thallus<br />
thin, blackish ; thecce mouthless, ovate, cracked.<br />
Sphaeria berberidis, Persoon Syii. 52.<br />
On the branches of berberry bushes.<br />
Tiifls long.<br />
2. Cncurhitaria cupularis. Cup cucurhitaria.<br />
Tufts black; thecce wrinkled, mostly collapsed, mouth-<br />
less.<br />
Sphaeria cupularis, Persnon Syn. 53.<br />
On the dead branches of lime and hornbeam trees.<br />
3. Cucurhitaria rubra. Red cucurhitaria.<br />
Tufts roundish, pale vermilion-red ; thallus scai'cely any<br />
theccB collapsed, porringershaped, smoothish, mouthless.<br />
Splia?ria cucurbitula, Ihih Meckl. 38.<br />
On the branches of various trees.<br />
4. Cucurhitaria coccinea. Scarlet cucurhitaria.<br />
Tufts bursting out of the bark, nearly round, scarlet;<br />
thallus scarcely any; thecce ovate; mouths blunt.<br />
Sphsp.ria coccinea, Persoon Syn. 49,<br />
Splixria decidiia, Tode Meckl. 2,31.<br />
On the bark of beech-trees.<br />
X. 144. ENGIZOSTOMA. Engixostcme.<br />
Thallus scarcely any, filling up the interstices between<br />
the thecee which are sunk in the bark, concentrically connivent;<br />
mouths circular, connivent.
520 144-. Engiz. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. PL cell aph.<br />
1. Engizostoma c'lliatum. Fr'inp^ed eng'izostome,<br />
Thecce black; mouth bristlelike, flexible, diverging above.<br />
Splsseria ciliata, Persoon Syn. 35.<br />
On the branches of elm-trees.<br />
2. E7}gizos/oma cornicvlahmi. Inkhorn e?igizoslome.<br />
Thecce roundish, black; mou/hs cylindrical, congregated<br />
into a compact neck ; tip umbilicated.<br />
^ Sphaeriu corniculata, Persoon Syn. 40.<br />
Under the bark of trees.<br />
3. Engizostoma microslomum. Small-mouih engizostome.<br />
Thecce roundish; disk prominent, flattish, black; moutlis<br />
very numerous, growing together into a finely granular<br />
disk.<br />
Sphffiria inicrostoma, Persoon Syn. 40.<br />
On the branches of plum-trees.<br />
4. Engizosioma leucoslomum. Whilemouih engizostome.<br />
Thecce whitish; neck truncated, bursting forth; moiiths^<br />
2 or 3, black, dotlike.<br />
Sphseria Ipucostoma, Persoon Syn. 29.<br />
Sphaeria marginata, Sowerby Fungi, 512,1.<br />
On the branches of cherry and plum trees.<br />
5. Engizostoma scuteUatum. Saucerlike engizostome.<br />
TAa//«i saucerlike, bursting the bark; thecce bottleshape,<br />
loosely conglutinated, brown.<br />
Sphaeria scutellata, Persoon Syn. 31.<br />
On the branches of maple.<br />
Thallus at first simple, with a thick, central mouth, then<br />
enlarging and disclosing the thick bottleshape thecse.<br />
6. Engizostoma pustulatum. Eruption engizostome.<br />
Thallus blackish-brown, orbicular, plano-convex, contracted<br />
above, perforated with a single central, powdery<br />
pore; //2ec
PLctllaph. 6.SARC0THALAME.E. 145. Circin. 521<br />
1 Circinostoma pulchelliim. Pretly circinoslome,<br />
Theccs close, deep, very much crowded, inclined, black<br />
mouths very long, cylindrical, bent.<br />
SphKria puichella, Persoon Sjjn. 43.<br />
Upon cherry-trees.<br />
Thecce ovate, collapsed ;<br />
flexuous ;<br />
perforated at the tip.<br />
mouths pressed together, mostly<br />
2. Circinostoma amhiens. GircFmg circinosldme^<br />
TheccB rather ovate, girt with a white disk.<br />
Sphajria ambiens, Persoon Syn. 44.<br />
On hawthorn and beech trees.<br />
3. Circinostoma quaternatum. Quater?iio?i circinostome.<br />
Thecce in fours, depressed; mouths very short, blunt,<br />
joined together.<br />
Sphaeria quateniata, Persoon Syn, 45.<br />
On dry beech and maple trees.<br />
Thecce lying down ; mouths bent inwards, very short.<br />
4. Circinostoma conjuncium. Conjoined circinostome.<br />
Thecce 3 to 9, depressed ; mouths conjoined into a black.<br />
'shining, umbilicated disk.<br />
Sphssria conjuncta, Esenbeck Syst. SO.<br />
On the branches of hazel-trees; spring.<br />
5. Circinostoma convergens. Converging circinostome,<br />
Thecce ovate,, nearly upright; mouths straight, cylin-<br />
drical.<br />
Sphceria con\'ergeus, J'ode Meckl, 2, 39 ; Suicerby Fungi, 374, 6.<br />
On the branches of trees.<br />
Thecce scarcely decumbent ; mouths converging.<br />
6. Circinostoma umhillcatmn. Umhilicated circinostome,<br />
Thecce small, crowded, nearly cupshape, rough.<br />
Sphasria iimbilicata, Persoon Syn. 45.<br />
On hazel-trees.<br />
Mouths rather prominent; tip deeply umbilicated.<br />
XII. 146. EXORMATOSTOMA. Exormatostome.<br />
Thallus ; thecce growing under the epidermis of plants<br />
and perforating it, scattered ; mouths upright.
522 U6.Exorm. e.SARCOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aplu<br />
1. Exorm. rhodostomum. Rosy-mouth exormatostome.<br />
TheccB hemispherical, black, barked, aggregated into a<br />
black stratum ; tip flat, perforated, rosy-red.<br />
Sphaeria rhodostoma, Alh. et Scltw. Fung. 43.<br />
On rhamnus frangula.<br />
2. Exormatostoma tilice. Lhne-tree exormatostome.<br />
Thecce pitchershape, saucerlike, brownish-black; tip flat,<br />
Tfiembranaceous; containing within them an unattached<br />
utriculus.<br />
Sphasi'ia tiliaB, Persoon Syn. 84.<br />
On decayed branches of lime-trees.<br />
3. Exormatostome tessellatum. Chequered exormatostome.<br />
Thecce black, hollowed at the base; mouths dotlike, per-<br />
forating the epidermis in a regular series.<br />
Sphaeria tessellala, Persoon Syn. 48.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
Mouths placed in quincunx, in parallel lines, or in<br />
ellipses.<br />
4. Exormatostoma nehdosum. Cloudlike exormatostome.<br />
Thecce grey, very minute, forming irregular, interrupted,<br />
blackish-grey spots; mouths prominent, rather acute.<br />
Sphaeria nebulosa, Persoon Syn. 31.<br />
Sphaeria maculans, Sowerby Fungi, 394,9,<br />
On the stems of large herbaceous plants.<br />
Spots greyish, cloudlike, about a quarter of an inch<br />
broad.<br />
.5. Exor7?iatostoma herlarum. Herb exormatostome.<br />
Thecce scattered, flat, depressed ; mouths short, nipple-<br />
like.<br />
Sphaeria herbarum, Persoon Syn. 78.<br />
On dry stems of herbs.<br />
Thecce at first covered, afterwards naked, collapsed.<br />
6. Exormatostoma tuliforrne. Tubeshape exormatostome.<br />
TheccB hemispherical, brown, on leaves; mouths cyVia-<br />
drical, twice as long as the thecse, bursting forth.<br />
Sphaeria tubiformis, l^ede Meckl. 2, 51.<br />
On beech, hornbeam, and birch leaves.
FLcell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEjE, 146. Exorm. 523<br />
7. Exormaiostoma harhaium. Bearded exormatostome.<br />
Thecce nearly globular, brown, on leaves; moutha eight<br />
times as long as the thecse, bristlelike; tips bearded.<br />
Sphaeria barbata," Perioow Syti. 60.<br />
On the fallen leaves of oak-trees.<br />
8. Exormatost. sii,hcorticale. Underhark exormatostome.<br />
TheccE depressed, within the outer bark, piercing the<br />
epidermis, when dry collapsed at bottom.<br />
Spliceria subcorticalis, Soiserhy Fungi, 296.<br />
On the bark of plants and on rotten sticks.<br />
9. Exorm. suhimmerswn. Half-sunk exormastotome,<br />
Tkeca globular, black, pushing up the epidermis into a<br />
dark-grey hemisphere.<br />
Sphaeria subimmersa, Sowerby Fungi, 372, 8.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
10. Exormatostoma duplex. Double exormatostome,<br />
Thecce globular, within the outer bark, piercing the<br />
epidermis; woz^^A^ globular, black.<br />
Sphaeria duplex, Sowerby Fungi, 375, 4.<br />
On the stems of umbelliferous plants.<br />
XIII. 147. ASTOMA. Astome.<br />
Thallus ; thecce naked, innate or free, placed on wood,<br />
mouthless.<br />
a. Growing upon wood.<br />
1. Astoma cylindricum. Cylindrical astome.<br />
Thecce extremely small, gregarious, cylindrical, black;<br />
tipped with a whitish globule.<br />
Sphaeria cylindrica, Persoon Syn. 93.<br />
On willow-wood.<br />
2. Astoma paraholicum. Paraholic astome.<br />
Thecce extremely small, gregarious, conical, cylindrical,<br />
smooth, black, with a livid globule at the tip.<br />
Sphteria parabolica, Tode Meckl. 43.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
3. Astoma suhulatum. Awlshape astome.<br />
Thecce aggregate, awlshape, yellowish, larger at bottom,<br />
globule at the tip pale, deliquescent.<br />
Sphaeria subulata, Persoon Syn, 94.<br />
On rotten agarics.
524. 147.Astoma. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph,<br />
4. Astoma solidum. Solid astoma,<br />
Thecce elliptical, depressed, placed longitudinally, black,<br />
with bent bristles of" the same colour.<br />
Sphaeria solid:i, Soieerby Fungi, 314.<br />
On stems of herbs.<br />
3. Astoma carlonarium. CarlonacRoiis asiome.<br />
TheccB crowded, black, roundish, ovate, rather tuberculate;<br />
tip nipply.<br />
Sphaeria Pulvis pvrius, Persoon Syn. 86.<br />
Spliaeria Pulvis, Persoon JJisp, 51.<br />
On drv wood.<br />
6. Astoma mor'iforme. Mullerry asiome,<br />
Thecce aggregate, scattered, black, oval, tuberculate.<br />
Sphffiria moriformis, Pcrsovn Syn. 86.<br />
On dry trunks of trees.<br />
7. Astoma nigrum. Black asiome.<br />
TheccB flattish, small, tip indented, black.<br />
Sphaaria nigra, Sowcrby Fungi, 393, 1.<br />
On the decayed stems of umbelliferous plants.<br />
8. Asioma tuherosum. Tuberous astonie.<br />
Thecce wartlike, outside black, inside Vv^hite, protruding.<br />
Sphaeria tuberosa, Sowerhy Fungi, 393, 2.<br />
On the bark of plants.<br />
9. Asto}na Irasskce. Cabbage astome,<br />
Thecce tubercular, large, black, inside while.<br />
Spliaeria brassicae, Sowcrby Fungi, 393, 3.<br />
On rotten cabbage-leaves.<br />
10. Asioma guttceforme. Dropllke astome,<br />
Thecce black, nearly conical, very minute, brittle.<br />
Sphaeria Giitta, Soberly Fungi, 393, 5.<br />
On plants.<br />
b. Growing upo?i the leaves of plants.<br />
11. Astoma punctiforme. Dotlike astome.<br />
Thecce dotlike, scattered, at last collapsed, umbilicated,<br />
rather shining.<br />
Sphaeria punctifortnis, Persoon Syn. 90,<br />
On oak-leaves.
Pl.cell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 147.Astoma. 525<br />
12. Asioma liederce.<br />
Thecoi depressed, cupshape.<br />
Si)liaeri;i piinctiformis |S, Persoon Syn. 90.<br />
Sphasiia liederce, Soiocrby Fungi, 371,5.<br />
On ivy-ieaves.<br />
13. Astoma lofieldice.<br />
Tkecce depressed, partly immersed.<br />
Spliacria tofieldiae, Sowerby Fungi, 370, 3.<br />
On the leaves of tofieldia palustris.<br />
14. Astoma poteiitillce.<br />
Thecce naked.<br />
Spliaeria poteiitillae, Sowerby Fungi, 370,2.<br />
On the leaves of potentilla verna.<br />
15. Astoma arhuti.<br />
Thecce hemispherical.<br />
Sphaiiia arbiui, Sowerby Fungi, 370, 6.<br />
On the leaves of arbutus.<br />
Ivy astome.<br />
Tofield asiome.<br />
Potentilla astome.<br />
Arbutus astome.<br />
16. Astoma P lauri. Bay astome.<br />
Thecce conical, penetrating the leaves, and forming a<br />
black ring on the under side.<br />
Sphaeria lauri, Sowerby Fungi, 371,4.<br />
On bay leaves.<br />
11. Astoma salicinum. Willow astome,<br />
Thec(s conical, penetrating the leaves and forming a<br />
black, ring on the under side, sometimes dotted in the<br />
centre.<br />
Sphasria salicina, Sowerby Fungi, 372, 1.<br />
On willow-leaves.<br />
18. Astoma circumvnllatum.<br />
Thecce depressed, blackish.<br />
Sphasria circumvallata, Sowerby Fungi, 373,4.<br />
On oak-leaves.<br />
Fortified astome^<br />
1 9. Astoma bifrons. Two-faced astome,<br />
Thecce black, penetrating and rising a little above the<br />
surface on both faces of leaves.<br />
Sphaeria bifrons, Sowerby Fungi, 316.<br />
On holly-leaves.
526 147.Astoma. 6. SARGOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
20. Astoma concavum. Concave astome.<br />
Thecce flat, beneath concave, black, on the upper surface<br />
only of the leaves.<br />
Sphaeria concava, Sowerhy Fungi, 317.<br />
On holly-leaves.<br />
21. Astoma pustulalum. Pustule astome,<br />
Thecce flat.<br />
Sphaeria pustula, Sowerby Fungi, 370 and 375, 1.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
XIV. 148. SPHiERIA. Haller. Spheria.<br />
Thallus ; thec
PLcell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 148.Sph£er. 527<br />
5. Spheria hjssoldea. Bijssus spheria.<br />
Thecce rather large, globular, nippled, girt with a thick<br />
brown down.<br />
Spharia byssoidea fusca, ToAc Meckl. 2, 10.<br />
On branches of trees.<br />
6. Spheria ovina. Egglike spheria.<br />
Thecce scattered, globular, egglike, covered with a compact<br />
white wooliness ; months nipplelike, blackish.<br />
Sphaeria miicida /3, Tvde Meckl. 2, 16.<br />
Sphaeiia ovina, Persoon Syn. 71,<br />
Sphteria lichenoides, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 12?<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
7. Spheria hirsata. Shagsy spheria.<br />
Thecce rather crowded, brittle, black, ovate, with scattered<br />
bristle; mouths blunt, slightly angular.<br />
Sphajrla hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 73.<br />
Sphffiria terrestris, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 7.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees, and the ground.<br />
8. Sphceria hovilardica. Explosive spheria.<br />
Thecce nearly cylindrical, brownish-black, small, crowded,<br />
upright; mouths very short, nipplelike.<br />
Sphaeria Bombarda, Persoon Syn. 75.<br />
Naemaspora glabra, ^'illd. Bert. 1207.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
9. Spheria equina. Horsedung spheria.<br />
Thecce nearly crustlike, partly immersed ; mouths long,<br />
rather oblique.<br />
Sphaeria. fimefi, Persoon Syn. 64,<br />
On cow or horse dung.<br />
10. Sphceria stercoraria. Dung spheria.<br />
Thecce scattered, orbiculate, convex; mouths nipplelike,<br />
very short.<br />
Sphaeria stercoria, Sowerby Fungi, 357, 1.<br />
On dung.<br />
1 1 Sphceria soUtaria. Solitary spheria.<br />
Thecce scattered, nearly globular ;<br />
like ;<br />
on the ground.<br />
Sphaeria solitaria, Sowerby Fungi, 357, 2,<br />
On the ground.<br />
mouths acute, nipple
-528 I48.Spha?r. G.SARCOTHALAMEiE. Plcell.aph.<br />
' 12. Sphceria coriacea. Leatherlike spheria.<br />
TheccB reverse-ovate, often collapsed at the tip.<br />
Spha?ria coriacea, Soiverby Fungi, 371, 1,<br />
13. SphcBria rimosa. Cracked spheria.<br />
TheccB clustered, reverse-ovate, collapsed at the tip,<br />
conglutinated together; masses cracked.<br />
Sphasria rimosa, Sowerbi/ Fungi, 375,3.<br />
On plants.<br />
\^. Sphcpria Tupestris. Rock spheria,<br />
Thecce nearly globular, almost loose.<br />
Sphaeria rupestris, Sowerby Fungi, 371,2,<br />
On slate.<br />
15. Sphceria coynmunis. Coinmon spheria.<br />
Thecce depressed, orbicular becoming cupshape, blackish.<br />
Sphseria coiiimanis, Soiverby Fungi, 295.<br />
On walls.<br />
16. Sphceria insidens. Seated spheria.<br />
Thecce nearly globular, black, sometimes confluent,<br />
roughish, hard.<br />
SphaBria insidens, Sowerby Fungi, 312, 12,<br />
On wood.<br />
17. Sphceria ruhiformis. Raspberry spheria.<br />
Thecce nearly globular, crowded, finely tuberculated.<br />
"Sphasria rubiforrais, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 2.<br />
On wood.<br />
18. Sphceria vaccinii. Whortlelerry spheria,<br />
Thecce ovate, nearly eggshape, acute, crowded,<br />
Spharia vaccinii, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 1.<br />
On the stems of vitis Idsea punctifolia, surrounding them.<br />
19. Spheria viridis. Green spheria.<br />
Thecce nearly globular, black, inside green.<br />
Sphaeria viridis, Sowerby Fungi, 375,8.<br />
On wood.<br />
20. Sphceria lonicerce. Wooodhine spheria.<br />
Thecce oval or globular, black; mouths very minute,<br />
nippleshape.<br />
Sphaeria loniceras, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 6.<br />
On the stems of woodbine.
Pl.cell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 148.Sph£8r. 529<br />
21. Sphceria nidida. Nestling spheria.<br />
Thecce small, crowded, nearly globular, black ; mouths<br />
nippleshape. -<br />
Sphseria nidiila, Soicerby Fungi, 394, ?.<br />
On the roots of beans.<br />
22. Sphceria fusca.<br />
- Thecce round, brownish.<br />
Sphseria fiisca, Sowerby Fungi, 395,3.<br />
On rotten fir-wood.<br />
Brown spheria,<br />
23. Sphceria claviformis. Nailshape spheria.<br />
Thecce ovate, large, outside wrinkled, black; middle coat<br />
white; mouths ^ex^oraXed.<br />
Spliseria claviformis, Sowerby Fungi, 337.<br />
On rotten sticks.<br />
24. Sphceria Kirhii. Kirlys spheria.<br />
Thecce nearly globular, black.<br />
Sphaeria Kiibii, Sowerby Fungi, 371, 3,<br />
On the cores of apples.<br />
25. Sphceria suhsecreta. Nearly-hidden spheria.<br />
Thecce orbicular, black, partly immersed, collapsed<br />
above; mouths nippleshape, prominent, lips 4-parted.<br />
Sphaeria suhsecreta, Sowerby Fungi, 313,8.<br />
On rotten poplar sticks.<br />
26. Sphceria longa. Long spheria.<br />
Thecce black, immersed, oblong, small, inside white:<br />
mouth lightish, nipplelike.<br />
Sphaeria longa, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 4.<br />
On reeds, under the epidermis.<br />
b. Mouths round, as long as the thecce.<br />
27- Sphceria dryina. Oak spheria.<br />
TheccB extremely small, clustered, naked, globular,<br />
black; mouths eight times as Ions as the thecse, bristlelikc.<br />
very slender, flexible, drooping.<br />
Sphseria drjina, Persuon Syn. 58,<br />
Sphsria rostrata nigrofusca, Tode Meek'. Si, 14.<br />
Sphasria ciliaris, Soteerby Fungi, 339 ?<br />
On oak-timber.<br />
VOL. I. 2 m
530 US.Sphaer. e.SARCOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
28. Sphceria roslrnta. Beaked spheria.<br />
Thecce naked, globular, black, granulated ; months very<br />
long, bristlelike.<br />
Sphaeria rostrafn, Torfe Meckl. 2, 14.<br />
On rotten sticks ; July.<br />
29. Sphceria acuta. Pointed spheria.<br />
Thecce naked, gregarious, black, shining, nearly globular;<br />
mouth bristlelike, thickish, cylindrical.<br />
Sphaeria acuta, Hoffin. Crypt. l,-"2; Sowerby FuH^j, 11 .<br />
On decayed herbage under hedges; winter and spring.<br />
30. Sphceria ciirvirosira. Bent-heak spheria.<br />
Thecce partly immersed, ovate; wow/A^ cylindrical, bent<br />
obliquely on one side.<br />
Sphferia curvirostra, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 5.<br />
On the stems of herbs.<br />
31. Sphceria siylifera. Siylehearing spheria.<br />
Thecce mostly collapsed above; mouths clubshape, quite<br />
smooth.<br />
Sphaeria Gnouion, Persoon Syn. 61 ;<br />
On the leaves af the hazel ; spring.<br />
Sotcerby Fungi, 373, 6.<br />
32.' Sphceria Jioriformis. Flowerlike spheria.<br />
Thecce gregarious, immersed, large ; motiths as long as<br />
the thecse ; tip plaited, flowerlike.<br />
Sphieria floriformis, Sowerby Fungi, 297.<br />
On the bark of hornbeam.<br />
33. Sphceria acuminata. Acuminated spheria.<br />
Thecce partly immersed, ovale, conical, black; mouths<br />
conical, pointed, as long as the thecee.<br />
Sphffiria acuminata, Soicerby Fungi, 394,3.<br />
On the stalks of thistles.<br />
34-. Sphceria decomponens. Decomposing spheria.<br />
Thecce gregarious, immersed, large, globular; mouths<br />
as' long as the thecse, slightly prominent.<br />
Sphaeria decomponens, Sowerby Fungi, 217.<br />
On sticks destitute of bark. Black, giving the sticks a<br />
charred appearance.
PLcell.aph. e.SARCOTHALAMEiE. US.Sphser. 531<br />
c. Mouth very broad, compressed.<br />
33 .Sphceria compressa. Compressed spheria.<br />
TheccB immersed, scattered, elliptical, compressed<br />
mouth compressed.<br />
Spliseria compressa, Persoon Syn, 54.<br />
On dry wood.<br />
36. Sphceria cristata. Crested spheria^<br />
Thecce naked, scattered, globular, black ; mouth crested.<br />
Sphieria cristata, Persoon Syn. 54.<br />
On the branches of sloe-trees.<br />
C. THELEBOLiDEiE. Tkallus hemispherical; thecce immersed,<br />
nipplelike, afterwards ejected; sporidia deliquescent,<br />
gelatinous ; sporce granular.<br />
XIV. 149. THELEBOLUS.Tode. Thelelole.<br />
Thallus hemispherical, bellied, edge not cut; thecce im-<br />
mersed ;<br />
sporidia gelatinous.<br />
Theleholus terrestris. Earth thelelole,<br />
Thallus hemispherical, saffron-yellow, congregated on<br />
a yellowish, flocky basis.<br />
Theleholus terrestris, Albert, et Schwein, Fung. 71.<br />
•Peziza bydrophora, Bulliard Champ. 410.<br />
Lycoperdon hydrophoron, Sowerby Fungi, 23.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
D. NEMASPORiDEiE. Thallus 0, or spreading ; theccR immersed<br />
in wood; sporidia ejected, waxlike, threadlike<br />
twisted, persistent; sporce granular.<br />
XVI. 150. NEMASPORA. Nemaspore.<br />
Thallus spreading or 0; theccB immersed.<br />
1. Nemaspora profusa. Spreading nemaspore.<br />
Thecce orbicular, depressed, black, immersed, above<br />
yellowish, convex ; sporidia yellow, 2 or 3 from each thecae..<br />
Sphaeria profusa, Sowerby Fungi, 377.<br />
On the bark of trees and old wood.<br />
Thallus spongy, yellowish, spreading; thecce black.<br />
2 M 2
532 150.Nemasp. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. Plcell.apK<br />
2. Nemuspora chrysosperma. Gold-seeded nemaspore.<br />
Thecce rather conical, truncated; sporidia solitary, golden<br />
yellow.<br />
Sphaeria ctrrhata, Sowerby Fungi, 138.<br />
Nemaspora chrysosperma, Penoon Syn. 80,<br />
Under the bark of the black poplar.<br />
S. Nemaspora composiia. Compound nemaspore.<br />
Thecce orbicular, depressed, black; moiitlis many, in a<br />
circle ; central mouth largest, the rest small ; sporidia yellow.<br />
Sphffiria composiia, Sowerby Fungi, 237.<br />
On Sticks, and the bark of trees.<br />
4. lSIemaspc7-a dulna. Doubtful nemaspore^<br />
Thecce orbicular, rather depressed, black, cottony, solitary;<br />
5porf(/ia solitary, yellowish.<br />
Sphseria diibia, Sowerby Fungi, 375, 7.<br />
On the stem of vines. .<br />
5. Nemaspora carpini. Hornbeam nemaspore.<br />
Thecce orbicular, depressed, black, solitary, immersed r<br />
sporidia black, thick.<br />
Splia'ria carpini, Sowerby Fungi, 376.<br />
On the bai'k of the hornbeam.<br />
Fam.VII. 7. PROTOMYCE^. Mycetoidece, Esenbeck.<br />
Fimgorum pars^ Linneeus, Jussieu*<br />
Anandrce epiphytes. Link.<br />
Sporidia simple, free, sessile or pedicelled, one or manycelled,<br />
naked or innate on a stroma.<br />
A. Sporidia free, sessile or pedicelled, ii?ider the epidermis<br />
of living plants ; stroma 0. Coeomide^.<br />
Sporidia free, 1- celled, globular;<br />
false peridium tubular, cut Rgestelia. 151.<br />
Sporidia fi'ee, 1-celled, globular;<br />
false peridium calyxlike, short iEciDiDM. 152.<br />
Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular,<br />
naked, on the fructification of plants .... Ustilago. 153.<br />
Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular,<br />
naked ; epidermis ruptured Uredo. 154.
PI. cell. aph. 1. PROTOMYCE^. 53S<br />
Sporidia free, 1 -celled, globular,<br />
naked ; epidermis bullated Albugo. 155.<br />
Sporidia pedicelled, 1 -celled, ovate,<br />
naked; epi^ermw ruptured Cceomurus. 156.<br />
Sporidia pedicelled, 2-celled, ovate,<br />
naked; epidermis ruptured Diceoma. 157.<br />
Sporidia pedicelled, many-celled,<br />
naked; pediceUs free Puccinia. 158.<br />
Sporidia pedicelled, many-celled,<br />
naked; pedicells conglomerated Podisoma. 159.<br />
B. Sporidia many-celled, free.^ 7iaked ; stroma ; growing<br />
on decayed vegetables. Stiibosporideae.<br />
Sporidia spindleshape, pellucid Fusidium. 160.<br />
Sporidia oblong, blunt , , Stilbospoka. 161.<br />
C Sporidia Ludlike, under the epidermis of living plants.<br />
Xylomidese.<br />
CriLSl cellular, inside pale Xyloma. 162.<br />
D. Sporidia 1-celled, pedicelled ; tlieccB irregular, gelatinouSi<br />
on live plants. Gymnosporangidete.<br />
Erumpent; ^/ifcte irregular Gymkosporangium. 163.<br />
E. Sporidia l- celled, free, expanding • tliecce free.<br />
iEgeritideffi.<br />
Sporidia globular; fhecce round ^seiuta. 164.<br />
(Sj&o?ic?ia spindleshape ; ///ec^ globular Fusarium. 165.<br />
F. Sporidia l-celled,free,; theccc evolute, pedicelled, free.<br />
~~ Tubercularidese.<br />
S/io?-?"^. globular ; /Aec^ pedicelled Tubercularia. 166,<br />
A. CcEOMiDEiE. sporidia dustlike, free, heaped, sessile<br />
or pedicelled, one or many-celled, growing at first under<br />
the epidermis of living plants, then bursting through it,<br />
naked or covered with a false peridium or thec^ formed of<br />
the epidermis of the plant on which it grows.<br />
I. 151. RGESTELIA. Link. Restelia,<br />
Sporidia 1 -celled, free, sessile, globular, heaped together,<br />
girt with a false peridium ; peridium irregularly glomerated.
.534. ISl.Roestelia. 7. PROTOMYCE^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
1. Roestelia cancellata. Rail-like restelia.<br />
Tufts brown, aggregated ; thec(JE cancellated, bellied j<br />
tip closed.<br />
jEcidiuin cancelladim, Persoon Syn. 205.<br />
Lycopeidon ciincellatum, Jacq. Austr. 1, 13.<br />
Cancellaria pj ri, Sovcerby Fungi, 409 and 410<br />
On the lower surface of pear-leaves.<br />
2. RvesteUa lacerafa. Torn restelia.<br />
Tiifts iron-colour, aggregated; thecce cancellated, concave<br />
; tip toothed ; teeth separate, spreading.<br />
jEcidium laceradim, Sotcerby Fungi, 318.<br />
^cidium oxyacantlifE, Persoon Syn. 206.<br />
On the lower surface of the leaves of apple-trees, hawthorn,<br />
and mountain-ash.<br />
3. Roestelia cornuta. Horned restelia,<br />
T'lifts brown, aggregate; base reddish; thecce long conical,<br />
cylindrical ; tip toothed, turned back.<br />
^cidiuni coinutum, Persoon Syn. 205; Sowerby Fungi, 319.<br />
Lycopcrdon corniferum, Fl. Dan. 838.<br />
Lycopeidon corniculatuni, Ehrh. Crypt. 20.<br />
On the lower surface of the leaves of wild service.<br />
Leaves spotted red on the upper surface; peridia few<br />
together; sporidia greyish-red.<br />
4. Roestelia lerleridis. Berberry restelia^<br />
Tufts yellowish, round, convex ; thecce cylindrical, orangeyellow;<br />
mouth 5-toothed.<br />
^cidiuin beiberidis, Dc Cand. Syn. 51.<br />
Lycoperdon poculiforme, Jacq. Coll, 1, 122.<br />
On the lower face of berberry-leaves.<br />
5. Roestelia campanulata. Bellshape restelia^<br />
Tufts reddish-yellow, round, convex ; thecce cylindrical,<br />
bellshape; mouth not cut, yellowish.<br />
jEcidium berberidis, Sowerby Fungi, 397.<br />
iEcidium berbeiidis /3, Be Cand. Fl. Gall. 247.<br />
On the lower face of berberry-leaves.<br />
II. 152. ^CIDIUM. Persoon. Ecidium.<br />
Sporidia 1 -celled, sessile, globular, in heaps, bursting<br />
from the epidermis of plants, and girt with a short, calyxlike<br />
peridium or theca formed of it.
Pl.cellaph. 7. PROTOMYCE^. 152. ^cidium. 535<br />
a. TheccB crowded together irregularly.<br />
1. ^cidium ranunculi. Croiufool ecidium.<br />
Tujls few, peridiated ; thecce crowded, pale, prominent;<br />
mouths torn, edges turned back.<br />
jEcidiutn rnnuiiciili, De Cand. Syn. 31.<br />
jEcidium ranunculi acris, Persoon Syn. 210.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of ranunculus acris, and<br />
r. bulbosus.<br />
2. JEcidiwu hunii. Earth~7iut ecidium.<br />
Tuffs ovate or orbicular, bullate, irregular; thecce numerous,<br />
rather distinct, yellow and orange; mouths scarcely<br />
cut.<br />
jEcidiuin bunii, De Cand. Syn. 51.<br />
On the leaves of earth-nut.<br />
3. JEcidium irregulare. Irregular ecidium.<br />
Tufts brownish, thickish ; peridium pale-yellow, at first<br />
cylindrical blunt, then disappearing.<br />
jCcidiuKi irregulare, De Cand. Syn, 31.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of buckthorn.<br />
4. -Mcidium confer turn. Crowded ecidium.<br />
Tufts with a whitish edge; thecce crowded, confluent,<br />
white; 7nout h s iooihed; 5por/c?/'a yellow, become brown.<br />
jEcidium confertum, De Cand. Syn. 31.<br />
jEcidium crassum /3, Persoon Syn. 208.<br />
On the lower surface of the leaves of ranunculi.<br />
5. Ecidium crassum. Thick ecidium.<br />
Tufts irregularly crowded, thick, convex ; thecce pitchershape,<br />
orange ; sporidia pale-yellow.<br />
JEcidium crassum, Persoon Syn. 208.<br />
On the berry-bearing alder.<br />
6. Ecidium horharecc. French-cress ecidium.<br />
Thecce crowded, orbicular ; ?nouths whitish, crenulated<br />
sporidia orange-yellow.<br />
TEcidium barbarete, De Cand. Syn. 51.<br />
On both faces of the leaves of French cresses.<br />
Tifts girt with a brownish margin.
536 1 52. iEcidium. 7. PROTOMYCE^. PL cell apL<br />
7. JEcidium urticce.<br />
Nettle ecidium.<br />
TheccB bellsliape, yellow ; mouths toothed ; sporidia first<br />
yellow, then red.<br />
jEcidium urticJE, De Caml. Syn, 51,<br />
On common stinging-nettles.<br />
B. j^cid'mm petasitidis. Butterhurr ecidium.<br />
TheciT. bellshape, light-brown; mouths cracked, turned^<br />
black ; sporidia yellowish.<br />
JEcidium (ussilagitiis, Sowcrby Fungi, 397, 1.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of butter-burr.<br />
9. jEcidinm corni. JVild-cornel ecidium.<br />
Tufts crowded, base orange ; ihecce j^ellowish-orange j<br />
mouth not cut?<br />
Ecidium corni, Sowerhy Fungi, 39T,3.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of the wild cornel-tree,<br />
b. TheccB in concentric circles.<br />
10. JEcidium clematitis. Travellers-joy ecidium.<br />
Thecce pale-yellow; mouths slightly toothed, at length<br />
vanishing ; sporidia yellovf<br />
iEcidium clematitis. Be Cand. Syiu 50.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of travellers-joy.<br />
Leaves marked with brown spots on the upper face.<br />
1 1 . Ecidium asper'ifoliarum. jlsperifoUo' ecidium,<br />
TheccB white, confluent, vi^ineglass-shape, half-immersed,<br />
pale-yellow; sporidia yellov.'ish-white.<br />
yEcidiiun aspsrifolia;, Ds CanJ. Syn. 50.<br />
On the lovi'er face of the leaves of various boragiiiese.<br />
Leaves hollowed on the upper face.<br />
12. Ecidium. ruhellum. Small-red ecidium,<br />
Thecce very small, confluent, partly immersed, pale yel-<br />
sporidia yellowish-white.<br />
low ;<br />
jEcidimn rubelhim, D& Cand. Syn. 50.<br />
./Ecidium ruraicis, Persoon Syn. 207.<br />
On the lower face of great water-dock leaves.<br />
Leaves spotted red on the upper face.<br />
/3. sparsum. Spots scattered, on both faces, bordered<br />
with yellow.<br />
yEcidiuni rumicis, Somerby Fungi, 405.
Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 152. ^cidiura. 53T<br />
lo. ^cid'ium tussilaginis. Coltsfoot ecidium.<br />
TheccB immersed, confluent, very short, white ; edge<br />
toothed. ,<br />
JScidium tussilaginis, De Cand. Syn. 50.<br />
Lycoperdon cpiphyllum, Lin. S. P. 1655.<br />
On the lower face of cohsfoot leaves.<br />
Leaves spotted with purple on the upper face.<br />
c. TheccB dis(.i7ict.<br />
14. Ecidium characice. Unsavoury-spurge ecidium.<br />
Tlieccb remote; mouths scarcely cut, turned back; spo~<br />
ridia orange-colour.<br />
jEeidiuin euphorbiie-sylvaticae, De Cand. Syn. 50.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of characias amygdaioides,<br />
rarely on the upper.<br />
13. Ecidium periclymeni. IVbodbine ecidium.<br />
Thecce numerous, first nearly globular, then rather conical<br />
; mouths toothed ; sporidia orange-yellow.<br />
J3cidium perichymeni, De Cand. Syn. 50.<br />
On the upper face of woodbine-leaves.<br />
Leaves spotted with yellow on the upper face.<br />
16. Ecidium violarum. Violet ecidium.<br />
TheccB many, close together, rather prominent, whitish<br />
mouths toothed; sporidia orange, becoming brownish.<br />
yEcidium violarum, De Cand. Syn. 30.<br />
On the stems and leaves of hearts-ease.<br />
ll.JEcidium dehoracearmn. Succory ecidium.<br />
Thecce hemispherical, white; mouths unequally torn;<br />
lobes few, broad, turned back ; sporidia yellow.<br />
_^cidium cichoracearum, Dc Cand. Syn. 50.<br />
/Ecidium tragopogonis, Sowerby Fungi, 391,2.<br />
jEcidium tragopogi, Persoon Syn. 211.<br />
On the stems and leaves of yellow goats-beai'd.<br />
18. JEcidium leucospermum. White-seeded ecidium.<br />
Thecce cylindrical, prominent, whitish ; mouths thick,<br />
mostly toothed ; sporidia very copipus, white.<br />
Lycoperdon anemones, PuUney in Lin. Tr. 2, 331.<br />
/Ecidium anemones, Persooii Syn. 2! 2.<br />
^Ecidium leucospermum, De Cand. Syn. 50.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of wood anemonies.<br />
6. integra. Mouths not cut.
538 152.iEcidmm. 7. PROTOMYCE^. PLceU.apk.<br />
19. j^cid'tum pimctalum. Doited ecidium.<br />
TheccB hemispherical, pale-yellow; mouths not cut; sporidia<br />
brown.<br />
,<br />
jEcidium piinclatum, Persoon Syn. 212.<br />
jCcidiuin anemones, Hojfm. Germ. 2,2.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of yellow anemonies.<br />
20. j^cidlum ruhi. Bramble ecidium.<br />
T^gc
Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 154. Uredo. 539<br />
IV. 154. UREDO. Blight.<br />
Sporidia 1 -celled, globular, sessile, free, heaped, spread-<br />
ing, girt with the ruptured epidermis, gi'owing on living<br />
plants.<br />
a. Sporidia black or hrown.<br />
1. Uredo suaveolens. Sweet-scented blight.<br />
Tufts reddish-brown, flattish, running together.<br />
Uredo suaveolens, Persoon Syn. 221,<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of the common-way<br />
thistle.<br />
Odour grateful.<br />
2. Uredofabce. Bean blight.<br />
Tufts chestnut-brown, scattered, very numerous, roundish,<br />
irregularly depressed.<br />
Uredo faba', Be Cand. Syn. 47.<br />
Uredo viciae fabae, Persoon Syn. 221.<br />
On the stems and leaves of beans.<br />
S. Uredo cichoracearum. Succory blight.<br />
Tufts brown, distant, small, orbicular.<br />
Uredo cichoracearum, De Cand. Syn, 47.<br />
On both faces of the leaves of dandelion, and similar<br />
plants.<br />
4. Uredo anemones. Anemone blight .^<br />
Tufts black, oblong, orbicular.<br />
Uredo anemones, Persoon Syn. 223.<br />
On both faces of the leaves of wood anemonies.<br />
5. Uredo bfrons. Through-and-ihrough blight.<br />
Tufts reddish, distant, orbiculate.<br />
Uredo bifrons, De Cand. Syn. 47.<br />
On both faces of the leaves of curled-leaf dock.<br />
b. Sporidia yellowish.<br />
6. Uredo vitellina. Golden-osier blight.<br />
Ttfts orange-yellow, convex, orbicular, at last running<br />
together.<br />
Uredo vitellina, De Cand. Syn. 48.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of golden osier.
540 154. Uredo. 7. PROTOMYCE^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
7. Uredo tussilaginis. Coltsfoot blight.<br />
Tufts orange-yellow, rather concentric, running together.<br />
Uredo tussilaginis, De Cand. Syn. 48.<br />
On the lower surface of coltsfoot-leaves.<br />
8. Uredo senecionis. Groundsel Wight.<br />
Tufts saffron-colour, oblong or irregular, at length running<br />
together.<br />
Uredo senecionis, Tie Cand. Sijn. 48.<br />
On the lower surface of the leaves of groundsel.<br />
9. Uredo linearis. Linear blights<br />
Tufts yellow, becoming brown ; sporidia rather ovate.<br />
Uredo linearis, Persoon Si/n. 216.<br />
Uredo longissima, Sowerby Fungi, 139.<br />
On both faces of the leaves of wheat and other corn.<br />
10. Uredo confluens. Confluent blight.<br />
Tifts pale yellow, concentric, confluent; sporidia scarcely<br />
effused.<br />
Uredo confluens, Di Cand. Syn. 48.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of dogs-mercury.<br />
V. 155. ALBUGO. Persoon. Albugo.<br />
Sporidia globular, sessile, 1-celled, enclosed in the bullated<br />
epidermis of live plants.—White.<br />
1 /llbugo cruciferoru7n. Cruciferous albugo.<br />
Tifts broad, depressed ;<br />
Uredo candidum a, Persoon Syn. 222.<br />
Uredo thlaspi, Sou-erby Fungi, 340.<br />
Uredo cruciferarum, I)e Cand. Syn. 49.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of cruciferous plants.<br />
sporidia very copious.<br />
2. Albugo tragopogi. Goatsbeard albugo.<br />
Tifts white, scattered, oblong, minute.<br />
Uredo candidum fi, Persoon Syn. 223.<br />
Uredo tragopogi, De Cand. Syn. 49.<br />
On purple goatsbeard.<br />
3. Albugo peiroselini.<br />
' Parsley<br />
albugo.<br />
Tifts scattered, roundish, oblong, confluent ; sporidia<br />
very copious.<br />
Uredo petroselini, De Cand. Syn. 49.<br />
On the stem and leaves of parsley.
Pl.cell.aph. 7.PROTOMYCEiE. 156. Coeomurus. 541<br />
VI. 156. CCEOMURUS. Link. Ceomure.<br />
Sporidia ovate or globular, 1 -celled, pedicelled; girt with<br />
the ruptured epidermis of live plants*.<br />
1. Cceomunis phaseolarum. Kidney- bean ceomure.<br />
Sporidia ovoid; pedicells rather long; tufts blackishred,<br />
orbicular.<br />
Uredo appendiculata, Pcrsoon Syn. £22.<br />
Puccinia phaseolarum, De Cand. Syn. 46.<br />
On both faces of the leaves of kidney-beans.<br />
2. Coeomnri/s pisi. Pea ceomure^<br />
Sporidia ovoid; pedicells short; t?/fts brown, orbicular^,<br />
or oblong.<br />
Uredo appendiciilafa /3, Persoon Syn. 222.<br />
Puccinia pisi, De Cand, Syn. 46.<br />
On the stems and leaves of peas.<br />
S. CceomurusJicarice. Pilewort ceomure.<br />
Sporidia ovoid; pedicells rather long; tvfts brown, confluent;<br />
epidermis at first raised, then burst.<br />
Puccinia ficariae, De Cand. Syn, 46.<br />
On the stems, and upper face of the leaves of pilewort*<br />
4. Cceomurus irijhlii. Trefoil ceomure^<br />
Sporidia ovoid, nearly sessile; iiifts reddish-brown, oblong,<br />
or irregular, bursting the epidermis.<br />
Puccinia (rifQlii, De Cand. Syn. 46.<br />
On the stems and leaves of several species of trefoil.<br />
5. Cceomurus porri. Leek ceomure^<br />
Sporidia reverse, eggshape; peJiceZ/s rather short; it^ls<br />
reddish-brown, oblong, bursting the epidermis.<br />
Uredo porri, Sowerby Fungi, 41 1<br />
On both faces of the leaves of leaks.<br />
VII. 157. DIC^OMA. Diceome,<br />
Sporidia ovate, 2-celled, pedicelled, girt by the TUptuffed<br />
epidermis of the living plant.<br />
1. DiccBoma persicarice. Persicaria diceome,<br />
Sporidia clubbed ; upper cell thick, globular ; lower cell<br />
long, slender ; pedicells short ; tufts red-brown, small, or?<br />
bicuiar.
54-2 157. Dicseoma. 7. PROTOMYCE^. Pl.cell.apk.<br />
Puccinia polygon! nmphibii, Persoon Syn. 227.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of narrow-leaved pondweed.<br />
2. DiccEoma scirpi. Rush diceome.<br />
Sporidia rather clubbed ; upper cell large, globular<br />
pedicell short; itifts blackish, roundish, compact.<br />
Puccinia scirpi, -De Cand. Sjjn. 46.<br />
On the decaying stems of bullrushes.<br />
3. Dicceoma graminis. Grass dkeome.<br />
Sporidia rather clubbed ; upper cell large, globular<br />
pedicells short; tufts yellow, brown, or black, scattered,<br />
parallel.<br />
Puccinia graminis, Persoon Syn. 228,<br />
Uredo frumenti, Sowerhy Fungi, 140.<br />
On the stem and leaves of grasses.<br />
4. DiccBoma anemones. Anemone diceome.<br />
Sporidia oblong ; cells rounded ; pedicells short ; tufts<br />
brown, hemispherical, in rows or marginal.<br />
Puccinia anemones, Persoon Syn. 226.<br />
^cidiiim fuscum, Sowerby Fungi, 53.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of wood-anemonies.<br />
Plants on which this fungus is parasitic have been taken<br />
for a new species of fern, under the name of the Conjurer<br />
of Chalgrave's fern, he having been the first botanist who<br />
observed it.<br />
5. DiccBoma menthce. Mint diceome.<br />
Sporidia oblong ; cells rounded ; pedicells short ; tifts<br />
brown, threadlike, rather thicker at bottom ; tifts black,<br />
hemispherical, powdery.<br />
Puccinia menlhaj, De Cand. Syru 45.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of several species of mint.<br />
Sporidia cylindrical, blunt; pedicells short; tvfts brown,<br />
orbicular, girt with the epidermis.<br />
Puccinia ribis, De Cand. Syn. 45.<br />
On the upper face of the leaves of red currants.<br />
7. Dicceoma aviculare. Knotgrass diceome.<br />
Sporidia ovoid, blunt ; pedicells long, flaccid ; tifts brown,<br />
oblong, or roundish.
Pl.cell.nph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 157. Diceeoma. 50<br />
Piicclnia polygoiii aviculririae, Persoon Syn. 227.<br />
Puccinia aviculuriae, De Canil. Syn. 45.<br />
On the stem and leaves of knotgrass.<br />
8. Dicceoma adoxcB. Moscalell diceome.<br />
Sporidia oblong, blunt ; pedicells short ; tufts brown,<br />
irregularly confluent.<br />
Puccini.i adoxae, De Cand. Syti. 45.<br />
On the stem and leaves of tuberous moscatell.<br />
9. Dicceoma hexi. Boxtree diceome.<br />
Sporidia oblong, lanceolate, cells rather acute; pedicells<br />
long; tyfls black, orbicular, convex.<br />
Puccinia biixi, Sowerby Fungi, 439.<br />
On box-leaves.<br />
VIII. 158. PUCCINIA. Micheli. VucciiiL<br />
Sporidia cylindrical, many-celled, pedicelled, free, upon<br />
the epidermis of living plants.<br />
1 Puccijna roscB. Rose puccini.<br />
Sporidia cylindrical, 3 to 5-celled, pointed ; pedicells<br />
white, threadlike, thicker at the bottom ; tiifls black, rather<br />
powdery.<br />
Ascophora disciflora, Ihde Meckl. 3, 26.<br />
Puccinia mucronata, Persoon Syn, 230.<br />
Puccinia ross, De Cand. Syn. 44.<br />
On the lower face of rose-leaves.<br />
2. Puccinia ruhi. Bramble puccini.<br />
Sporidia cylindrical, 3 to 5-celled, bluntly pointed; pedicells<br />
white, threadlike, thicker at the bottom ; tufts black,<br />
rather powdery.<br />
Ascophora disciflora B, Tode Meckl. 3, 27.<br />
Puccinia mucronata /3, Persoon Syn. 230.<br />
Puccinia rubi, De Cand. Syn. 44 ; Sowerby Fungi, 400, 9.<br />
On the lower face of the leaves of blackberry bushes.<br />
3. Puccinia potentillce. Cinquefoil puccini.<br />
Sporidia cylindrical, 4-celled, blunt ; pedicells white,<br />
threadlike ; tifts black, compact.<br />
Puccinia poteiitillse, Persoon Syn. 229,<br />
On dry leaves of vernal cinquefoil.
5U 158. Puccinia. 7. PROTOMYCE.E. PLcelLapfu<br />
4. Pucc'mia ulmi. Elm puccinL<br />
Sporidia cylindrical, 3 or 4-celled, blunt; pedicells wh'itef<br />
threadlike ; tiifis free, black, rather powdery.<br />
Puccinia ulmi, De Cand. Syn, 44.<br />
On the lower face of elm-leaves.<br />
5. Puccrnia spergulce, Spurrey puccim.<br />
Sporidia cylindrical, 3-celled, blunt; pedicelis white,<br />
tufts compact, brown.<br />
threadlike ;<br />
Piiccinia spcrgulas, De Cand. Syn. 44.<br />
On the stem and leaves of spurrey.<br />
IX. 159. PODISOMA. Link. Podisome,<br />
Sporidia cylindrical, many-celled; pedicells long, united<br />
into a rather gelatinous or fleshy mass, protuberant from<br />
the live branches.<br />
Podisomn juniper i. Juniper podisome<br />
Tvfts yellow, conical.<br />
Pucciniu non ramosa major pyramidata, Mickeli N. Gen. 213,<br />
Clavaria resinosorum, Gniel. Linn. Si/st. Nat, 2, 1443.<br />
Puccinia cristala, Schmidel Ic, 3, 254.<br />
Puccinia junijieri, Persoon Syn. 228.<br />
Gymnoiporangium conicum. Da Cand. Syn. 44.<br />
Podisoma juniper!, Esenheck Syst. 2, 4.<br />
On the stems of juniper-bushes.<br />
B. Stilbosporide^. Sporidia dustlike, free, naked,<br />
many-celled, growing on wood and other dead substances.<br />
X. 160. FUSIDIUM. Link. Fusidium.<br />
Sporidia spindleshape, transparent, lying down.<br />
1. Fusidium griseum. Grey fusidium.<br />
Heaps grey, thin, spreading.<br />
Fusidium griseum, Link Berl. Mag. 1809,8.<br />
On oak-leaves.<br />
2. Fusidium ceruginosum. VerdigrisJusidium,<br />
Heaps verdigris-green, thin, spreading.<br />
Fusidium Eeruginosuui, Link Berl. Mag. 1809, 8.<br />
On dry leaves.<br />
3. Fusidium caiididum. Whitefusidium.<br />
Heaps snow-white, thick, irregular.<br />
Fusidium candidum, Link Bert. Mag. 1809j 8,<br />
On decayed beech-leaves.
Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 161. Stilbospora. 5^5<br />
XL 161. STILBOSPORA. Persoon. Stilhospore.<br />
Sporidia dark-coloured, ringed, in irregular heaps.<br />
1. Stilbospora asterosperma. Star-seeded slillospore.<br />
Sporidia starlike, 3 or 4-rayed.<br />
Stilbospora asterosperma, Persoon Syn. 96.<br />
On the branches of beech, birch, and maple-trees.<br />
2. Stilbospora sphcBrosperma. Round-seeded siilbospore.<br />
Sporidia globular, minute.<br />
Stilbospora splijerospenna, Persoon Syn. 97.<br />
On the dry stems of the common bankside reed.<br />
C. XYLOMiDEiE. Sporidia budlike, enclosed in a crust;<br />
crtist swollen, variable in shape; inside pale; texture ir-<br />
regular, cellulaf, under the epidermis of plants.<br />
XII. 162. XYLOMA. Persoon. Xyloma.<br />
Crust hard, inside fleshy, cellular.<br />
1 Xyloma salicinum. JVillow xyloma.<br />
Crust black, shining, thick ; inside granular, white.<br />
Xyloma salicinum, Persovn Syn. 103.<br />
On willow-leaves.<br />
Solitary, bossed.<br />
/3. conjluens. Crust confluent, disk naked.<br />
2. Xyloma acerinum. Maple xyloma.<br />
Crust black, flat, surface rather unequal with winding<br />
lines.<br />
Xyloma acerinum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 5.<br />
Xyloma punctatum, Persoon Syn, 104. "<br />
On the leaves of maple and sycamore-trees.<br />
Aggregate, orbicular.<br />
/3. conjluens. Crusts confluent.<br />
Xyloma acerinum, Persoon Syn. 104.<br />
3. Xyloma leucocreas. White-Jlesh xyloma.<br />
Crust thick, tubercular ; inside white.<br />
Xyloma leucocreas, De Cand, Syn. 63.<br />
On the leaves of different species of willow.<br />
VOL.1. 2 N
5^6 162. Xyloma. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. Pl.celLaph.<br />
4}. Xyloma mtiltivalve. Many-valved xyloma.<br />
Crusts dotlike, scattered, slightly convex ; epidermis<br />
raised round the tubercles in many valvelike divisions.<br />
Xyloma raultivalve, Be Cand. Syn. 63.<br />
On holly-leaves.<br />
5. Xyloma pezizoides. Peziza-like xyloma.<br />
Crusts scattered, orbicular, black; afterwards ruptured,<br />
border upright7 slightly crenate; centre pale.<br />
Peziza comitialis, Sowerby Fungi, 118.<br />
Peziza viridis, Bolton Fungi, 119, 1.<br />
Xyloma pezizoides, Persoon Syn, 105.<br />
D. GYMNOSPORANGiDEiE. Sporid'ia one-ringed, pedicelled;<br />
pedicells irregularly grown together into a firm<br />
gelatinous stroma.—On live plants.<br />
XIII. 163. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. Link. Soft-ball.<br />
Sporidia 1 -ringed ; pedicells long; stroma gelatinous.<br />
G^/mnosporangium juniperinum. Juniper soft-hall.<br />
Sporidia yolk-of-egg yellow, plaited.<br />
Agaricus membranaceus sinuosus, substantia gelatinae, Raii Syn. 21,3.<br />
Tiemella juniperina, Lin. S. P. 1625; Villars Dauph. 3, 1007.<br />
Gymnosporarigium juniperum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,6,<br />
On the stem of juniper-bushes.<br />
E. jiEGERiTADE^. Sporidlu 1-celled, free, naked, on an<br />
irregular expanded stroma.—On decayed vegetables.<br />
XIV. 164-. ./EGERITA. Persoon. Egerita.<br />
Sporidia globular, embedded on a round, sessile stroma.<br />
JEgerita Candida. White egerita.<br />
Tifts snow-white, hemispherical, scattered.<br />
Sclerotium Egerita, Hoffm. Crypt. 9, I.<br />
jEgerita Candida, Persoon Syn. 684.<br />
On alder-trees ; autumn.<br />
XV. 165. FUSARIUM. Link. Fusarium.<br />
Sporidia spindleshape, sessile, diffusible, on a globular<br />
sessile stroma.
PLcell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCE^. 16.5. Fusarium. 547<br />
Fiisarium roseiim. Rose-redfusar'mm.<br />
Stromata gregarious, hemispherical, rose-red ; sporidia<br />
lighter coloured.<br />
Ftisarium roseum, Link in Berl. Mag. 1809, 10.<br />
On the stems of the malvaceae.<br />
F. TuBERCULARiDiE. Sporidia I-celled, bursting forth<br />
from the top of a free, pedicelled stroma.<br />
XVI. 166. TUBERCULARIA. Tode. Tuhermlaria.<br />
Sporidia small, globular; strom.a wine-glass-shape, pedicelled;<br />
pedicell short, from an expanded gelatinous mass.<br />
1. Tulercidaria granulata. Granulated tulercularia.<br />
Siroma rather globular, nearly sessile, surface granular,<br />
brownish ;<br />
sporidia intermixed with flocks.<br />
Tubercularia granulata, Persoon Syn. 113.<br />
On the branches of maple- trees.<br />
2. Titlercularia vulgaris. Common, tubercularia.<br />
Siroma stipitate, thick, pale, furrowed, wrinkled.<br />
Tubercularia vulgaris, Persoon Syn. 112.<br />
Tremella purpHrca, Lin. S. Veg. 1004.<br />
Sphasria miniata, Bolt Fung. 127.<br />
Sphaeria tremelloidps, IJ'eis. Obs. Bot. 3, 1.<br />
Clavaria coccinea, Sowerby Fungi, 294.<br />
On the branches of trees.<br />
Fam.VIII. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Esenbeck. Fu?igor7im<br />
pars, Linnaeus. AIgarum pars, Linnaeus,<br />
Jussieu. Aiiandrcn Mucedines, Link.<br />
Sporidia naked, attached to the thallus ; thallus thread-<br />
like, simple or branched. — Plants terrestrial or parasitic,<br />
generally growing in damp places, minute : when put into<br />
water they expand, and may be displayed with ease for<br />
examination.<br />
A. Mucedinese. Thallus Jlocky, tubular ; sporidia free,<br />
scattered on the surface.<br />
Flocks rather branched<br />
sporidia single ; pedicells long Acremonium. 167.<br />
Flocks spreading;<br />
spar, loose, oblong; pedic. short Epochnium. 168.<br />
2 N 2
548 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
Flocks branched;<br />
spor. ovate, 2-celled, much scattered Tricothecium. 169.<br />
Flocks branched, entangled;<br />
spor. ovate or globose, scattered . . . Sporotrichum. 170.<br />
Flocks branched, radiated<br />
spor. small, globular, scattered Byssocladium. 171.<br />
B. Aspergillideae. Thallus tubular^ simple or jointed<br />
sporidia scattered, toivards the top.<br />
Flocks simple, or slightly branched<br />
spor. globular, in heaps Haplaria. 172.<br />
Flocks simple, aggregated, beadlike,<br />
with separated joints Acrosporum. 173.<br />
Flocks upright, twiglike, forked<br />
spor. globular, crowded at top Virgaria. 174'.<br />
Flocks upright, interwoven, corymbose<br />
spor. globular, on the tips Botrytis. 175.<br />
Flocks upright, branched in whirls;<br />
spor. globular, on the whirls Stachylidium. 176.<br />
Flocks upright, branched at top<br />
spor. globular Polyactis. 1 77.<br />
Flocks branched at the tip, headlike<br />
spor. globular, clustered, on the tip ... Penicillum. 178.<br />
Flocks dilated at the tip, clublike;<br />
5por. globular, clustered, on the tips , . Aspergillum. 179.<br />
C. Erineidese. Thallus Jibrous, unhranched, on the epidermis<br />
of plants.<br />
Fibres threadlike, twisted Erineum. 180.<br />
Fibres clublike, twisted Rubigo. ISl.<br />
D. Byssidese. Thallus Jibrous, free.<br />
Fibres upright, pellucid, crowded<br />
spor. in rows, ovate, falling off Cladosporium. 182.<br />
Fibres upright, opake, aggregated ;<br />
spor. oblong clublike, ringed Helmosporium. 183.<br />
Fibres upright, stiff;<br />
spor. spiral, ringed Helicosporium. 184.<br />
Fibres upright, jointed<br />
joints ovate Monilia. 185.<br />
Fibres decumbent, jointed<br />
joints globular, separating Torula. 186.
PLcelLaph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 549<br />
Fibres entangled, jointless, opake;<br />
granules formed of beadlike twigs Racodium. 187.<br />
Fibres decumbent, stiff, opake,<br />
branched; twigs jointless, persistent. . . . Dematium. 188.<br />
Fibres decumbent, very slender, opake,<br />
branched; twigs jointless, deliquescent .... Byssus. 189.<br />
Fibres decumbent, jointed, pellucid,<br />
entangled into a pellicle Typhoderma. 190.<br />
Fibres decumbent, jointless, entangled<br />
into a leatherlike mass Xylostroma. 191.<br />
E. Trichodermideae. Thallus tubular, jointed, entangled<br />
into a globe covering the sporidia.<br />
F/oc^5 branched ;<br />
sporidia gXohxAox Trichoderma. 192.<br />
F. Mucorideae. Thallus tubular ; sporce enclosed in a<br />
terminal, membranaceous, bladderlike sporidium.<br />
Thallus branched at bottom, simple at top<br />
spor. globose, solitary, terminal Thamnidium. 193.<br />
Thallus simple or branched<br />
spor. nearly globular Mucor. 194.<br />
7'/^gZ/m5 simple or branched;<br />
spor. globular, then inverted, bellshape. Ascophora. 195.<br />
Thallus simple, jointless, clublike<br />
spor. globular, projected Pilobolus. 196.<br />
G. Isaridese. Thallus tubular j tubes united at bottom to<br />
form a simple or branched stroma, free at the other end^<br />
Stroma membranaceous, branched<br />
flocks simple; spor. vanishing Ceratium. 197.<br />
Stroma cylindrical;<br />
j^oc^i- branched ; 5por. globular, scattered ... Isaria. 198.<br />
Stroma simple, headed at top<br />
flocks pencilshape; spor. scattered Coremium. 199-<br />
Stroma simple, threadlike;<br />
flocks entangled ; spor. globular, in heads<br />
Cephalotrichum. 200.<br />
H. Stilbidese. Thallusfbrous, entangled into a gelatinous<br />
stroma ; tip headlike, fleshy ; sporidia scattered.<br />
Stroma simple; head naked, soft Stilbum. 201.
550 167.Acremon. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
A. MucEDiNE^. Thallus threadlike, tubular, simple or<br />
branched, mostly jointed, fi-ee; sporidia naked, scattered<br />
on the surface.<br />
I. 167. ACREMONIUM. Link. Clung-mould.<br />
Thallus slightly branched ; sporidia single, on long pe-<br />
dicells.<br />
1 Acremoniiirn vertic'illatum. Whirled clungmould.<br />
Thallus expanded, white ; sporidia in whirls.<br />
Acremonium verticillatum, Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 15.<br />
On the bark of fir-trees.<br />
2. Acremonium aliernatum. Alternate clungmould.<br />
Thallus spreading, white ;<br />
sporidia placed alternately.<br />
Acremonium alternatum, Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 15.<br />
On fii'-trees.<br />
II. 168. EPOCHNIUM. Link. Slalked-mould.<br />
Thalli dispersed; sporidia separating, oblong, on short<br />
pedicells.<br />
Epochnium monilioides. Beadlike slalked-mould.<br />
Thalli tufted, white or grey, spotlike, round.<br />
Toriila fructigera, Persuon Obs. Mic, 2,20.<br />
Monilia fructigera, Persoon Syn. 693.<br />
Epochnium monilioides, Link in Bert. Mag, 3, 18.<br />
On dried plants and pears.<br />
III. 169. TRICHOTHECIUM. Link. Tivin-mould.<br />
Thallus branched ; sporidia ovate, 2-celled, copiously<br />
scattered.<br />
Trichoihecium roseum. Rose tivinmould.<br />
Thalli white, interwoven ; sporidia rose-red.<br />
Trichoderma roseum, Persoon Syn. 231.<br />
Triciiothecium roseur.i. Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 18.<br />
On rotten wood, especially willow and poplar trees.<br />
IV. 170. SPOROTRICHUM. Link. Dust-mould.<br />
Thalli branched, entangled ; sporidia globular or ovate,<br />
scattered here and there.
Pl.cell.aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. no.Sporot. 551<br />
1. Sporotrichum fusciim. Brown diistmould.<br />
Thalli in very thin tufts, brown, lying down ; sporidia<br />
small.<br />
SiJorotrichiim fuscum. Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12,<br />
On felled timber.<br />
2. Sporotrichum ladiwm. Bay duslmoidd.<br />
Thalli in thin tufts, bay, lying down ; sporidia small.<br />
Sporotrichum badium, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12,<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
3. Sporotrichum stuposum. Towlike dustmould.<br />
Thalli in rather thick close tufts, black-brown, lying<br />
down ; iporidia small.<br />
Sporotrichum stuposum, Link in Berl. Mag, 3, 12.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
4. Sporotrichum aureum. Golden dustmould.<br />
Thalli in thick tufts, gold-yellow, nearly upright ; sporidia<br />
minute.<br />
Sporotriciium aureum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 13.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
5. Sporotrichum candidum. White dustmould.<br />
Thalli in thin tufts, snow-white, lying down; sporidia<br />
small.<br />
Sporidium candidum, Z/inA; in fieri. Mag', 3, 13.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
V. 171. BYSSOCLADIUM. Link. Meal-mould.<br />
Thalli branched, spreading in rays; sporidia small, glo-<br />
bular.<br />
1. Byssocladium candidum. White mealmould.<br />
Thalli in thin tufts, snow-white, close, much branched<br />
tips pencilshape.<br />
Byssocladium candiduoi, Link in Berl. Mag. 7, 13.<br />
On rotten leaves, and wood.<br />
2. Byssocladium fenestrale. Window mealmould.<br />
Thalli tufted, grey, pressed close, very minute, branched,<br />
bent; branches spreading; joints indistinct.<br />
Conferva fenestralis, Dillw. Conf. 94,<br />
Byssocladium fenestrale, Link in Berl. Mag, 7,36,<br />
Sporotrichum fenestrale, Dittmar in Sturm. Germ. 3, 1,<br />
On neglected windows in damp places.
552 ni.Byssoclad. S.NEMATOMYCE^. Pl.cell.upk.<br />
3. ByssocLadium punctiformis. Dotlike mealmould.<br />
ThaUi in tufts, blackish-grey, opaque, pressed close<br />
very minute, rather torulose; branches slightly one-rowed;<br />
joints rounded.<br />
Conferva punctiformis, Roth Cat. 3,220.<br />
On neglected windows.<br />
Thallus rather beadlike, joints as long as broad.<br />
4. Byssus dendrilica. Treelike mealmould.<br />
Thalli in tufts, blackish-green, bent; branches slender,<br />
slightly pinnated.<br />
Conferva dendritica, Jgardh Syn. 96.<br />
Deraatium olivaceum, Albert et Schw. Consp,<br />
On old books in damp places.<br />
Tiifts circular, a quarter of an inch in diametei*.<br />
B. AsPERGiLLiDE^. Tkulhis flocklike, simple or<br />
branched, mostly jointed, tubular, free; sporidia naked,<br />
towards the tip of the thallus.<br />
VI. 172. HAPLARIA. Link. Skein-mould.<br />
Thalli simple or slightly branched, distant; sporidia<br />
globular, crowded in places.<br />
Haplaria grisea. Grey skei?imould.<br />
Thalli scattered, simple, 2-cut, forked, grey.<br />
Haplaria grisea. Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 11.<br />
On dry leaves of reeds, bur-reeds, Sec.<br />
VII. 173. ACROSPORIUM. Esenbeck. Chain-mould.<br />
Thalli simple, aggregated, beadlike at top ; joints separating<br />
by age.<br />
Acrosporium monilioides. Necklacelike chainmould.<br />
Thalli in tufts, snow-white, spreading, powdery.<br />
Acrosporium monilioides, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 14.<br />
Monilia hyalina, Fries Obs. Mycet. 1815, 210.<br />
Botrytis simplex monilis, Alb. et Schw. Consp. 363.<br />
On the leaves of grasses.<br />
VIII. 174. VIRGARIA. Esenbeck. Brush-mould.<br />
Thalli flocklike, upright, stiff; branches forked ; spo-<br />
ridia difluent, globular, crowded towards the tips.
Pl.cellaph. S.NEMATOMYCE^. ni.Virgaria. 553<br />
1. Virgaria nigra. Black brushmonld.<br />
Thalli in tufts, spreading, black, crowded.<br />
Botrytis nigra, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 14.<br />
Virgaria nigra, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 14.<br />
On felled trees.<br />
2. Virgaria oJivacea. Olive hrushmould.<br />
Thalli in tufts, spreading, very thin, olive-green, rather<br />
distant.<br />
Botrytis olivacea, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 14.<br />
On felled trees.<br />
IX. 175. BOTRYTIS. Micheli. Grape-mould.<br />
Thalli flocklike, upright, generally entangled at the bottom,<br />
much branched ; branches corymbose ; sporidia globular,<br />
collected about the ends of the branches.<br />
Botrytis allochroa. Shotten grapemould.<br />
Thalli in small tufts, upright, white afterwards reddish<br />
sporidia whitish.<br />
Botrytis allochroa, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 16.<br />
On dead stalks; autumn.<br />
X. 176. STACHYLIDIUM. Link. Ear-mould.<br />
Thalli flocklike, ascending, entangled at bottom; twigs<br />
whirled at top, short, blunt; sporidia globular, crowded<br />
about the whirls.<br />
1 Stachylidium hicolor. Tivo-coloured earmould.<br />
Thalli in tufts, white, the barren lying down, greenishgrey<br />
; the fertile upright, not branched at top.<br />
Dematium verticillatum, Persoon Syn. 694.<br />
Stachylidium bicolor, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 15.<br />
On the stem of herbaceous plants.<br />
2. Stachylidium terrestre. Land earmould.<br />
Thalli in tufts, spreading, white ; the barren lying down,<br />
few ; the fertile upright, branched.<br />
Monilia racemosa, Persoon Syn. 692.<br />
Aspergillus terrestris cjespitosus ac ramosus albua, Micheli N. Gen. PI.<br />
213.<br />
Stachylidium terrestre, Link in Berl. Mag, 3, 13.<br />
On the ground.
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Pl.ceU.aph. S.NEMATOMYCE^. 179.Aspergil. 555<br />
2. Aspergillus flavus.<br />
Yellow knol-mould.<br />
Thalli in loose tufts, not branched, white, erect; heads<br />
first white, afterwards yellow.<br />
Aspergillus flavus, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16,<br />
On dry plants.<br />
3. Aspergillus laneus. Woolly knot-mould.<br />
Thalli in close tufts, branched, entangled, yellowish-<br />
white, nearly upright; heads ye\\o'wis\i.<br />
Aspergillus laaeus, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 16.<br />
On rotten fungi.<br />
4. Aspergillus virescens. Greenish knot-mould.<br />
Thalli in close tufts, branched, entangled, greenish,<br />
nearly upright; lieads greenish.<br />
Aspergillus virescens, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.<br />
On rotten fungi.<br />
%<br />
. C. Erineide^. Thalli fibrous, not branched, nor<br />
jointed ; sporidia contained in the threads.—-On the epidermis<br />
of plants.<br />
XIV. 180. ERINEUM. Persoon. Rust-hyssus.<br />
Thalli threadHke, not branched, twisted, short, in tufts<br />
on decaying leaves.<br />
Erineum tiliaceum.<br />
Lime-tree rust-hyssus.<br />
Thalli in round tufts, whitish-violet, hooked.<br />
Erineum tiliaceum, Persoon Syn, 700.<br />
On the leaves of lime-trees.<br />
XV. 181. RUBIGO. Link. Fimnel-mould.<br />
Thalli funnelshape or clubshape, twisted, in tufts on decaying<br />
leaves.<br />
Beech funnel-mould.<br />
1. Ruhigofaginea.<br />
Thalli in round or oblong tufts, brown, globularly clubbed,<br />
tip mostly closed; tufts confluent, pale on the edge.<br />
Rubigo faginea, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 16.<br />
On beech-leaves ; spring.
556 181. Rubigo. 8. NEMATOMYCE^. PI. cell. aph.<br />
2. Ruhigo alnea.<br />
^<br />
Alder funnel-mould.<br />
Thalli in convex tufts, reddish-brown, shining, funnel-<br />
shape, open at the tip.<br />
Rubigo alnea, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 17.<br />
Erineum alneum, Persoun Syn. 701.<br />
On the leaves of black alder.<br />
3. Rubigo acerina. Maplefunnel-mould.<br />
Thalli in broad, flattish tufts, reddish-brown, when<br />
young pale.<br />
Mucor ferrugineus, Bull. Champ. 514.<br />
Erineiim acerinutn, Persoon Syn. 700.<br />
On maple-leaves, that have fallen.<br />
D. Bysside^. Thalli fibrous, sometimes jointed, mostly<br />
free ; sporidia mostly enclosed in the thallus.—On decayed<br />
wood.<br />
XVI. 182. CLADOSPORIUM. Link. Chain-lyssus.<br />
Thalli upright, simple or slightly branched, rather transparent,<br />
crowded; sporidia in rows on the thalli, ovate,<br />
falling off".<br />
Cladosporium herbarum. Herb chain-byssus.<br />
Thalli in close tufts, light olive-green.<br />
Dematium herbarum, Persoon Syn. 699.<br />
Acladinm herbarum, Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 12.<br />
Cladospermium herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 7,37.<br />
On decaying herbs.<br />
XVII. 183. HELMISPORIUM. Link. Ring-byssus.<br />
Thalli upriglit, stiff, slightly branched, opake, crowded<br />
sporidia oblong, clubshape, ringed, falling off.<br />
1. Helmisporium nanum. Dwarf ring-byssus.<br />
Thalli scattered, forked or simple, slightly knotted<br />
sporidia nearly cylindrical, scattered on the thalli, scarcely<br />
shorter than them.<br />
Helmisporium nanum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 67.<br />
On decaying plants.
PLcelLapL 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 183. Helmispor. 557<br />
2. Helmisporhim vehitlnum. Velvet ring-lyssus.<br />
Thalli spreading, black, forked, rather stiff; spondia<br />
pearshape, on the thalli, and much shorter than them.<br />
Helmisporium velutinum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 10.<br />
On rotten birch-wood.<br />
XVIII. 184..HELICOSPOR1UM. Esenb. Spiral-lyssus.<br />
Thalli upright, stiff, seldom branched, opake; sporidia<br />
spiral, distantly kneed, fugacious, interspersed among the<br />
thalli.<br />
Helicosporium vegetum. Quick spiral-lyssus.<br />
Thalli black, distant ; sporidia yellowish-green.<br />
Helicosporium vegeturn, Esenl/eck Syst. 2, I9»<br />
On oak-wood.<br />
XIX. 185. MONILIA. Link. Juinled-fbre.<br />
Thalli fibrous, upright, in tufts, dark colour, opake,<br />
distinctly jointed, lasting; joints ovate.<br />
Monilia antenncpformis. Feeler jointed-fihre.<br />
Thalli in velvet black close tufts.<br />
Dematium antennae forme, Hoffm. Germ, 13.<br />
Monilia antennata, Persoon Syn. 694.<br />
On trunks of trees, and plants ; autumn.<br />
XX. 186. TORULA. Link. CVmging-Jibre.<br />
Thalli threadlike, lying down, not branched, often crustlike,<br />
jointed ; joints globular, separating.<br />
Torula herharum. Herb clinging-Jihre.<br />
Thalli black, forming a broad crust.<br />
Monilia lierbarum, Persoon Syn. 693.<br />
Torula herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
On the dry stems of large herbs ; autumn.<br />
I<br />
XXI. 187. RACODIUM. Persoon. Headed-fbre.<br />
Thalli threadlike, closely entangled, not jointed, branched,<br />
opake; interspersed with granules conglobated from<br />
the beadlike twigs.<br />
Racodium cellare. Cellar headed-Jlbre.<br />
Thalli greyish-black, entangled into a silky clothlike<br />
substance.
558 187.Racod. 8. NEMATOMYCE^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
Fungus sponsinsus niger reticulatus, doliolis vinosis adnascens, Raii<br />
Syn. 57, 10.<br />
Byssus mollissima, Ehrh. Crypt. 217.<br />
Byssus septica, Roth Germ. 4, 561.<br />
Fibrillaria viimria, Sou-erby Fungi, 432.<br />
Racodium cellulare, Persoon Syn. 701.<br />
Mouse-skin byssus.<br />
On casks in wine-cellars, from the rotten hoops ; sometimes<br />
entirely covering the cask.<br />
When compressed, resembles the skin of a mouse.<br />
Used as an excellent styptic.<br />
XXII. 188. DEMATIUM. Link. Star-fibre.<br />
Thalli lying down or ascending, stiff, opake, branched,<br />
not jointed in any part, lasting.<br />
Demntium rupestre. Rock star-Jihre.<br />
Thalli black, interwoven, cushionlike.<br />
Byssus petraea nigerrima, Dillen in Raii Syn. 57, S.<br />
By^sus nigra, Hudson Ft. Angl. 606.<br />
Byssus aniiquitatis, Weiss Crypt.<br />
Conferva nigra, Roth Cut. 3, ^^99.<br />
Conferva eburnea, Dillwyn Conf. 101.<br />
Racodium rupestre, Persoon Syn. 701.<br />
Dematium rupestre, Esenbeck Syst. 2,21.<br />
On rocks, especially sandstone,<br />
XXIII. 189. BYSSUS. Micheli. Byssus.<br />
Thalli threadlike, lying or hanging down, very tender,<br />
opake, branched, not joihted in any part; soon melting<br />
away.<br />
Byssus lombycina. Cottony byssus.<br />
Thalli very long, slender, collected into close flocks, extremely<br />
white.<br />
Byssus bombycina. Roth Germ. 3, 563.<br />
Mucor fugacissima, Schrank Brief, 2, 321.<br />
Byssus floccnsa, Schreb. Germ. 144.<br />
Byssus subterrauea, Scopoli Cam. 2,411.<br />
On wood, in cellars.<br />
XXIV. 190. TYPHODERMA. Death-skin.<br />
Thalli fibrous, not branched, lying down, jointed, entangled<br />
into a pellucid pellicle.<br />
5
PLcell.apk, 8. NEMATOMYCE^. IDO.Typhoder. .'559<br />
1. Typhoderma Dillwynii. Dillwyn's death-skin.<br />
Thalli slightly branched ; joints as long as broad ; pellicle<br />
olive-green.<br />
Conferva typhoderma, Dillw. Conf. 83.<br />
Conferva atramenti jS, Lingby Hydr. Dan. 165.<br />
On a solution of" gum Arabic in water.<br />
2. Typhoderma sanguinea. Bloody death-skin.<br />
Thalli branched ; branches divaricating ; joints rather<br />
longer than broad ;<br />
pellicle red, gelatinous.<br />
Conferva sanguinea, Dillw. Conf. 55.<br />
On a solution of isinglass in water.<br />
3. Typhoderma pallida. Pale death-skin.<br />
Thalli iorked, bent different ways, even-topped; angles<br />
of the forks rounded ; joints very long ; pellicle pale ochry<br />
yellow, gelatinous, leatherlike.<br />
Conferva pallida, Dillw. Conf. 78.<br />
4. Typhoderma lactea. Milky death-skin.<br />
Thalli branched; joints very long; pellicle gelatinous,<br />
hyaline, dull milky yellow.<br />
Conferva lactea, Dillw. Conf. 79.<br />
XXV. 191.XYLOSTROMA. Tode. Oak-leather.<br />
Thalli fibrous, branched, lying down, not jointed, very<br />
closely entangled into a soft leatherlike mass.<br />
Xylostroma glganieum. Gigantic oak-leather.<br />
Mass very broad, soft, ochre-yellow.<br />
Xylostroma giganleum, Tode Meckl. 1,36; Soieeriy Fungi, 358.<br />
Racodium Xylostroma, Persoon Syn. 702.<br />
Dry rot.<br />
On rotten oak-trees and timber.<br />
The terror of house and ship-owners of late; destroying<br />
them with great rapidity, if built of too young or unseasoned<br />
timber, and not sufficiently ventilated ; destroyed by<br />
green vitriol, sal enixum, common salt, but especially by<br />
the admission of a free current of air.<br />
c
560 192.Trichoder. S.NEMATOMYCEiE. PLcell.aph.<br />
E. Trichodermide^. Thalli flocklike, tubular, jointed,<br />
entangled into a globule, covering the sporidia; sporidia<br />
globular.<br />
XXVI. 192.TRICHODERMA. Persoon. Hair-skin.<br />
Thalli branched, jointed, entangled, covering the sporidia<br />
; sporidia globular.<br />
1. Trichoderma viride. Green hair-skin.<br />
Thalli snow-white, in a nearly orbicular tuft ; sporidia<br />
green.<br />
Trichoderma viride, Persoon Syn. 231.<br />
Pyrenium lignorum vulgare, Tode Meckl. 1,33.<br />
Spiiaeria olivacea, Willden. Berol. 416.<br />
On the fallen branches of trees, and stems of herbs.<br />
2. Trichoderma tuherculahim. Tuherculated hair-skin.<br />
Thalli snow-white, in a nearly orbicular tuft; at first tomentose,<br />
then tubercular; sporidia grey.<br />
Trichoderma tuberculatum, Persoon Syn. 234.<br />
On the ground in shady woods; summer after heavy<br />
rain.<br />
F. MucoRiDEiE. Thalli flocklike, tubular, not jointed<br />
or partitioned ; sporidia terminal, membranaceous, bladder-<br />
like ;<br />
sporcB roundish<br />
XXVII. 193. THAMNIDIUM. Link. Branch-Jilre.<br />
Thalli branched at the bottom, branches each ending in<br />
a single spore ; sporidium terminal, globular, bursting.<br />
Thamnidium elegans. Elegant Iranch-fihre.<br />
Thalli white ; branches much divided.<br />
Thamnidium elegans, Link in Berl. Mag. 3,31.<br />
On paste.<br />
XXVIII. 194. MUCOR. Columella. Mould.<br />
Thalli simple or branched ; sporidia terminal, globular,<br />
bursting.<br />
1. Mucor Jlavidus. Yellounsh mould.<br />
Thalli branched, rather forked; sporidia globular, first<br />
yellowish, then blackish.<br />
Mucor flavidus, Persoon Syn. 199.<br />
On rotten mushrooms.
Plcellaph. 8. NEMATOMYCE^:. 19'kMucor. 561<br />
2. Mucor lotrytis. £uncli-of-grapes mould.<br />
Thalli branched, slightly forked; sporidia globular, white.<br />
Mucor botrytis, Sowerby Fungi, 359.<br />
Mucor erysimi, Sowerby Fungi. 400, 7.<br />
On cruciferous plants.<br />
3. Mucor hydrophora. Pitcher moidd.<br />
Thalli not branched, yellowish ; sporidia transparent, at<br />
first oval, growing globular.<br />
Hydrophora minima, Tode Meckl. 2,5.<br />
Mucor Hydrophora, Persoon Syn. 202.<br />
On decaying beech-trees.<br />
4. Mucor caninus. Dog mould.<br />
Thalli not branched, aggregated ; sporidia yellowish,<br />
nearly globular, umbilicated beneath.<br />
Hydrophora stercoraria, Tod» Meckl. S, 6.<br />
Mucor caninus, Persoon Syn. 201.<br />
On dogs' dung.<br />
5. Mucor murinus. Mice mould.<br />
Thallus not branched, scattered, minute, white, shortish,<br />
stiff; sporidia globular, yellow.<br />
Mucor murinus, Persoon Syn. 201.<br />
On mice-dung.<br />
XXIX. 195. ASCOPHORA. Tode. Boitle-mould.<br />
Thalli simple or branched ; sporidia terminal, globular,<br />
turning inside out and becoming bellshape.<br />
1. Ascophora grisea. Grey lottle-moidd.<br />
sporidia large, blackish-grey.<br />
Thalli not branched ;<br />
Ascophora Mucedo, I'ode Meckl. 1, 1.9.<br />
Mucedo grisea, Persoon Disp. 14.<br />
Mucor Mucedo, Persoon Syn. 201.<br />
On decayed vegetables, and on rotten wallnut-shells.<br />
2. Ascophora vidgaris. Common bottle-moidd,<br />
Thalli not branched, crowded; sporidia minute, blackish.<br />
Mucor Mucedo, Lin. S. P.<br />
Mucor Mucedo l3, Persoon Syn. 201.<br />
On rotten plants.<br />
XXX. 196. PILOBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-mould.<br />
Thalli not branched, not jointed, dilated at top, cupshape;<br />
sporidia globular, springing with a jerk from the<br />
tips of the thalli.<br />
VOL. I. 2 o
562 l96.PiloboIus. 8. NEMATOMYCE/E. PLcell.apJt.<br />
Piloholus crystallimis. Crystalline spring-mould.<br />
Thalli transparent, clear ;<br />
sporidia black.<br />
Pilobolus crysfallinus, Persoon Ohs.myc. 1,76; Syn. 117.<br />
Mucor urceolatus, Dickson Crypt. 1 , 25 ; Soioerby Fungi, 300.<br />
Hydrogora crystallina, JVigg. Fl. Huh. 111.<br />
Mucor roridus, Bolton Fungi, 123.<br />
On dunir of various animals.<br />
G. IsARiADE^. Thalli tubular, united at bottom into a<br />
stroma, free at the tip ; sporidia scattered in the flocklike<br />
heads.<br />
XXXI. 197. CERATIUM. Link. Plaited-tufi.<br />
Thalli not branched, united at bottom into a stroma<br />
stroma membranaceous, plaited ; sporidia globular, inter-<br />
spersed, fugacious.<br />
Ceraiium hydnoides. Hydnumlike plaited-hift.<br />
Stroma white, oblique, branched ; branches short, obtuse,<br />
Puccinia byssoides, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1462.<br />
ByssHs fruticolosa, FL Dan. 741.<br />
Clavaria Puccinia, Batsch Fungi, 49.<br />
Isaria mucida, Persoon Syn. 688.<br />
Ceratium hydnoides, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
On rotten wood, especially fir; summer and autumn.<br />
XXXII. 198. ISARIA, Persoon. Club-tuft.<br />
Thalli branched, united at bottom into a stroma ; stroma<br />
long, fleshy, clubshape, sometimes branched ; sporidia glo-<br />
bular, white, softish, interspersedk<br />
\, Isaria velutipes. Velvet-footed cluh-tuft.<br />
Stroma simple, clubbed at the top ; tips of the thalli<br />
snow-white.<br />
Isaria velutipes, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 20.<br />
Isaria velutina, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 23.<br />
On the larvae and pupse of lepidopterous insects.<br />
2. Isaria crassa. Thick cluh-tifi.<br />
Stroma not branched, thick, ratb.er conical ; pedicel!<br />
distinct, bald.<br />
Isaria crassa, Peisoon Syn. GST.<br />
On chrysalides covered with earth.
Plcellnph, 8. NEMATOMYCE^-. 198.isarla. 5^3<br />
ed ;<br />
3. Isaria eleutlieratorum. Beetle cluh-ivft.<br />
Stroma threadlike, twisted,<br />
branches spreading.<br />
slightly compressed, branch-<br />
Isaria eleutheratorutn, Esenbeck Syst. Sj23.<br />
On dead carabideas.<br />
XXXIII. 199. COREMIUM. Link. Pencil-tufL<br />
Thalli pencilshape, united at bottom into a stroma;<br />
stroma not branched, headed at top ; sporidia interspersed<br />
among the tip of the thalli.<br />
1. Coremium candidum. White pencil-tiift.<br />
Stroma snow-white | base flocular.<br />
Coremium candidum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,24.<br />
Monilia Candida, Persoon Syn, 692.<br />
On rotten fruit.<br />
2. Coremium glaucum. Glaucous pencil-tuft, -<br />
(S/rowa yellowish, short; 5/?onc?m greenish.<br />
Coremium glaucum. Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 19.<br />
Mucor glaucus, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed, 15, 1020.<br />
On rotten fruit.<br />
XXXIV. 200. CEPHALOTRICHUM. Tangle-tujL<br />
Thalli fibrous, entangled at bottom into a stroma, at top<br />
into a head ; stroma threadlike or awlshape, not branched<br />
sporidia interspersed, in the head.<br />
Cephalotrichum nigrescens. Blackish tangle-tuft^<br />
Stroma awlshape, flocklike, black ; head globular, brown.<br />
Cephalotrichum nigrescens, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 20.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
H. Stilbide^. Thalli tubular, entangled at bottom<br />
into a gelatinous stroma, at top into a fleshy head ; sporidia<br />
interspersed in the head.<br />
XXXV. 201. STILBUM. Persoon. Glance-head.<br />
Stroma not branched ; head rather naked, soft.<br />
1 . Stilbum piliforme. Hairlike glancehead.<br />
Stroma slightly bundled, awlshape, black ; heads globu-<br />
lar, hyaline, deliquescent.<br />
Stilbum minimum nigripes, Tode Meckh 1, 11.<br />
Stilbum piliforme, Persoon Syn. C81.<br />
On rotten stems of trees.<br />
2 o 2
564 201.Stilbum. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. PlceU.apL<br />
2. Stilhum vul^are. Common glancehead.<br />
Stromnta cylindrical, thickish, crowded into yellowish<br />
white tufts ; heads hemispherical, withering.<br />
Stilbum Tulgare, Persoon Syn. 682.<br />
On half- rotten stalks ; autumn.<br />
3. St'ilhim lullosum. Bullous glancehead.<br />
Stroma slender, bulbous at bottom, ochre-yellow; head<br />
spherical, white, strewed with a yellowish powder.<br />
Stilbum bulbosum, Persoon Syn. 682.<br />
On rotten plants, in covered situations; autumn after<br />
heavy rains.<br />
Fam. IX. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. Fungormn pars,<br />
Linnaeus, Jussieu. GasferomT/ci, Persoon.<br />
Thallus 0; peridium single or double, membranaceous<br />
or leatherlike, bladdershape ; sporidia naked, or intermixed<br />
with fibres, included in the peridium, at first generally liquid.<br />
A. Peridium thin, sessile, irregular, lecoming fihrmis, or<br />
skinny ; sporidia in heaps. Spumarideae.<br />
Peridium membranous, globular<br />
sporidia naked, conglomerate Eurotium. 202.<br />
Per. sessile, outside towlike, ins. flaky;<br />
sporidia naked, conglobate JEthalium. 203.<br />
Per. membranous, fibres membranous<br />
at the axillae ; spor. in heaps Lignydium. 204.<br />
Per. cellularly fibrous, ascending<br />
sporidia in heaps Spumaria. 205.<br />
Per. membranous; fibres upright;<br />
sporidia in cylinders Strongylium. 206.<br />
Per. membranous, becoming fibrous<br />
sporidia crowded Lycogala. 207.<br />
B. Peridium thin, sessile, irregular, vanishing in dust<br />
sporidia in heaps, Myrotheciadeee.<br />
Dermodium.<br />
Perid. flattened, branlike, brittle<br />
sporidia conglutinated Myrothecium. 208.<br />
Perid. flattened, covered with granules;<br />
sporidia conglobated . ., Dichosportum. 209.<br />
Perid. globular or cylindrical, thin;<br />
sporidia heaped Licea. 210.<br />
Perid. irregular, very thin, vanishing;<br />
sporidia conglobated, very numerous . .<br />
211.
PI. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE.E. 505<br />
C. Peridium thin, pedicelled or regular, Irittle ; Jibres<br />
growing from the base, enclosed; sporidia conglobated*<br />
Physarideae.<br />
Peridium double; columell distinct . . , Didymium. 212.<br />
Perid. double ; columell Di derma. 213.<br />
Perid. single, scaly; col. distinct Cionium. 214.<br />
Perid. single, scaly; col. Physarum. 215.<br />
Pmc?. single, membranous; coZ. distinct Leangium. 216.<br />
Peric?. single, membranous ; coZ. ... Leocarpus. 217.<br />
D. Peridium thin, pedicelled or regular, brittle ; Jibres<br />
exserted, springing elasticallyfrom the base. Trichiadete.<br />
Perid. bursting ; Jibres ascending in<br />
an irregular mass from the bottom Trichia. 218.<br />
Perid. vanishing, leaving a saucer<br />
Jibres rising elastically, falling off ....... . Arcyria. 219.<br />
E. Peridium thin, pedicelled, regular, becoming Jlocklike,<br />
tietworked. Cribaridese.<br />
Perid. becoming netlike at top Cribaria. 220.<br />
Perid. becoming netlike throughout . . DiCTvmuM. 221.<br />
F. Peridium thin, single pedicelled, vanishing aivay ;fbres<br />
free, in ?ietivork, perforated by the stem. Stemonitidese.<br />
Perid. globular or long Stemonitis. 222.<br />
G. Peridium thin, single, operculated ; fibres<br />
falling off with the sporidia. Craterideae.<br />
orfee and<br />
Peridium pedicelled ; fiocci many . . . Craterium. 223.<br />
Peridium sessile; fiocci Pyxidium. 224.<br />
H. Peridium crustlike, fibrous, single ; sporidia naked,<br />
conglobated. OnygenideaB.<br />
Perid. globular; pedicells fibrous OnycxENA. 225.<br />
I. Peridium leatherlike, double, outer peridium starlike,<br />
the inner projectile ; sporidia naked, conglobated. Sphsero-<br />
bolideffi.<br />
Perid. globular, sessile<br />
Sph^robolus. 226.
566 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. PL cell uph,<br />
K. Peridmrn leatherlikef double ; the innerfixed ^ sporidia<br />
fioccular, conglomerated. Lycoperdese.<br />
Perid. outer warty, rooting;<br />
spor. collected in heaps Scleroderma. 227.<br />
Perid. outer warty, rootless<br />
spor. collected in heaps Hypogjeum, 228.<br />
Perid. outer adnate, splitting in lobes<br />
spor. pedicelled BoviSTA. 229.<br />
Perid. outer, falling off like bran<br />
spor. scattered, crowded Lycoperdon. 230.<br />
Perid. outer leatherlike, stellate<br />
inner one-pedicelled or sessile;<br />
mouth 1 ; spor. pedicelled Geastrum. 231.<br />
Perid. outer leatherlike, stellate;<br />
inner many-pedicelled ; mouths<br />
many; 5/?or. pedicelled, from the first .... Polystoma. 232,<br />
L. Peridium single^ leatherlike, mouth cartilaginous, circular<br />
; sporidia conglobated. Tulostomidese.<br />
Peridium globular Tulostoma. 233.<br />
M. Peridium single, thin, membranaceous, containing pe~<br />
ridiola, filled with sporidia. Polyangidese.<br />
Peridiola ovate Polyangium. 234?.<br />
N. Peridium thick, leatherlike, containing peridiola filled<br />
with sporidia. Cyathideae.<br />
Peridium cuplike, open Cyathus. 235.<br />
A. Spumaride^. Peridium single or double, sessile,<br />
spread out irregularly, becoming fibrous or skinny, inside<br />
smooth or lamellar, membranaceous ; columella ; sporidia<br />
numerous, scattered or placed in lines between the laminae.<br />
—Plant at first liquid, afterwards powdery.<br />
I. 202. EUBOTIUM. Link. Purse-mould.<br />
Peridia merabranacepvis, nearly globular, innate on a<br />
jointed stroma.<br />
Eurotium herbarionun. Herlarist^ purse-mould>_<br />
Peridia dotlike, yellow ; stroma vyhitish.
PL cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE.^. 202. Eurot. 567<br />
Moiiilia nidulans. Roth Fl. Germ. 1, 559.<br />
Stemoiiitis suJpluirea, Roth. Fl. Germ. 1,443?<br />
Wiicor herbarionim, Fersoon Sijn. 202, 9.<br />
Eurotiuni herbariorum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
On dried plants, placed in damp situations, or on recent<br />
plants while being dried, if not changed often enough.<br />
II. 203. iETHALIUM. Link. Froth-mould.<br />
Sporangium irregular ; peridia sessile, double ; the outer<br />
towlike, vanishing ; the inner membranaceous, flakey<br />
sporidia naked, conglomerate.<br />
^thalinm flavum. Yellow froth-mould.<br />
Peridia yellow; becoming whitish, branny: sporidia purplish-brown.<br />
Reticularia lutea, Bulliard Champ. 87, 380 ; Sowerby Fungi, 399, 2.<br />
Reticniaria carnosa, Sowerby Fungi, 399, 3.<br />
Reticularia cerea, Sowerby Fungi, 399, 4.<br />
Reticularia hortensis, Sowerby Fungi, 391, 1,<br />
Bolton Fung. 134.<br />
Fuligo flava, Persoon Syn. 161, 4 ;<br />
yEthalium flavum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
On grasses, fallen leaves, &c.; autumn after rain.<br />
Resembles a froth fallen upon plants ; in a few hours it<br />
grows brittle, fibrous, and filled with sporidia.<br />
III. 204. LIGNYDIUM. Link. Leaf-mould.<br />
Sporangium nearly globular, adnate to a membranaceous<br />
stroma; peridium single, membranaceous, bursting, flocks<br />
adherent to the inside ; sporidia crowded, among the flocks.<br />
Lignydium griseo-flavurn. Greyish-yelloiu leaf-mould.<br />
Peridia grey; flocks yellow; sporidia brown.<br />
Lignydium griseo-flavum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3,24.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
From one-third to half an inch in diameter.<br />
IV. 205: SPUMARIA. Persoon. Fold-mould.<br />
Sporangium irregular, on a membi'anaceous stroma; peridium<br />
loose, cellularly flocky; inside with various twisted<br />
plaits arising from the stroma ; sporidia heaped in the folds.<br />
Spumaria alba. White fold-moulds<br />
Sporangium white; plaits iron-black; sporidia brown,<br />
Reticularia alba, Bulliard Champ. 92.<br />
Spumaria Mucilago, Persoon Syn. 163, 1.<br />
On the stem or leaves of plants ; autumn.
568 206. Strongyl. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. PL cell, aph,<br />
V. 206. STRONGYLIUM. Ditmar. Cylinder-mould.<br />
Sporangidium indeterminate in form; peridlum simple,<br />
membranaceous ; flocks upright, stiff, bundled, ascending<br />
from the bottom ; sporidia crowded into cylinders.<br />
Strongyllum fidiginnides. Smokelike cylinder-mould.<br />
Sporangium I'oundish, rather convex, brown.<br />
Trichoderma fuliginoides, Persoon Syn. 231, 1.<br />
Lycoperdon fuliginosum, Sowerby Fungi, 257.<br />
Lycogala atrum, ^Ib. et Schvsein. Fung. 131.<br />
On rotten trees, and floating timber.<br />
VI. 207. LYCOGALA. Micheli. Blood-mould.<br />
Sporangium globular, or slightly irregular; peridium<br />
membranaceous, becoming a mass of fibres; sporidia<br />
crowded.<br />
1. Lycogala punctata. Dotted Mood-mould.<br />
Sporangi hemispherical or globular, in tufts reddish<br />
grey-brown both inside and out ; surface dotted.<br />
Reticularia Lycoperdon S, Bulliard Champ, 95.<br />
Lycogala punctata, Persoon Syn. 158,3.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees.<br />
2. Lycogala turlinata. Topshape Hood-mould.<br />
Sporangium topshape, pale, smooth.<br />
Reticularia Lycoperdon 2, Bulliard Champ. 93.<br />
Lycogala turbinata, Persoon Syn. 138, 2.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
3. Lycogala argentea. Silvery Hood-mould.<br />
Sporangium nearly hemispherical, silver-grey, smooth.<br />
Lycogala griseum majus, Micheli N. Gen. Pi. 216.<br />
Reticularia Lycoperdon, Bulliard Champ. 95.<br />
Mucor Lycogalus, Bolton Fungi, 133.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees.<br />
4. Lycogala mmiata. Scarlet Mood-mould.<br />
Sporangia globular, aggregated; surface smooth, bloodred,<br />
afterwards brownish; sporidia rose-colour, afterwards<br />
pale.<br />
Mucor fragiformis, Schocffer Fung. 193.<br />
Lycoperdon Epidendruni, Sowtrby Fungi, 52, and 400.<br />
Lycogala mlriiata, Persoon Syn. 138,4.<br />
Lycoperdon variolosum, Hudson Angl. 64.5.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn after rain.
PL cell aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 207. Lycogal. 569<br />
^.fuUg'meum. Sporangium covered with a spongy crust.<br />
Lycoperdon Epidendriim fuligineiun. Bull. Champ. 503.<br />
y. marginata. Sporangium blood-red, black at the base.<br />
B. MYROTHEciADEiE. Peridiiim thin, single or double,<br />
sessile, spread out, irregular, falling to pieces and vanishing;<br />
columella ; flocks ; sporidia in tufts, afterwards sepa-<br />
rating. Sporangium at first liquid, afterwards solid.<br />
VII. 208. MYROTHECIUM. Tode. Slime-viotdd.<br />
Sporangium irregular, flattened, sessile ; peridium simple,<br />
brittle, branlike, at length vanishing ; sporidia very small,<br />
globular, at length conglutinated,<br />
Myrothecium, inundatum. Inundated sUme-mouId.<br />
Sporangium snow-white, irregular, confluent; sporidia<br />
black-green.<br />
Myrothecium inundatum, Tot^e MecA^. 1,25.<br />
On rotten fungi ; autumn.<br />
VIII. 209. DICHOSPORIUM. Esenb. Double-mould.<br />
Sporangium fiattened, hemispherical; periffiz/w membranaceous,<br />
covered with a bed of granules ; sporidia at first<br />
fluid, then compact, conglutinated.<br />
Dichosporium aggregalum. Aggregated double-mould.<br />
Sporangia crowded; peridia brown; bed of granules<br />
sporidia black.<br />
snow-white, shining ;<br />
Spumaria physaroides, Persoon Syn. 163.<br />
Dichosporium aggregatum, Esenbcck Fungi, 2, 23.<br />
On rotten branches of trees ; autumn.<br />
IX. 210. LICEA. Link. Bare-mould.<br />
Sporangium nearly globular, or lengthened into a cylinder;<br />
peridium thin, membranaceous, becoming cracked;<br />
sporidia crowded.<br />
1 . Licea strobilina. Cone hare-mould.<br />
Sporangia crowded, orbicular or elliptical, smooth,<br />
sporidia ovate, yellow.<br />
brown ;<br />
Licea strobilina. Alb. et Schwein. Fung. 2, 20.<br />
On rotten pine-cones.
570 210. Licea. .9. GASTEROMYCEiE. PLcellaph.<br />
2. Liceafragiformis. Strawlerry hare-mould.<br />
Sporangia cylindrical, in hemispherical tufts, at first<br />
fulvous-red, afterwards pale- brown; sporidia brown.<br />
Tubifera ferruginosa, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1472.<br />
Tubulifera arachnoidea, Jacq. Miscel. 1, 144.<br />
Tubulifera Cremor, (Eder Fl. Dan. 659.<br />
Stemonitis ferruginosa, Batsch. Fung. 175.<br />
Tubulina fragiformis, Persoon Syn. 198.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn.<br />
X. 211. DERMODIUM. Link. Flight-mould.<br />
Spora?igium irregularly formed ; peridium single^, membranaceous,<br />
very thin, vanishing; sporidia very numerous,<br />
conglomerate.<br />
1. Dermodium inquinans. Dirtying Jlight-moidd.<br />
sporidia black.<br />
Sporangium widely expanded, black j<br />
Dermodium inquinans, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
2. Dermodium fallax. Deceiving flight-mould.<br />
Sporangium umber-brown; surface warty, cellular; spO"<br />
ridia in tufts, cylindrical, globular.<br />
Dermodium fallax, Esenbeclc Syst. 2,29.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
C. PHYSARiDEiE. Peridivm thin, single or double, rei^ular,<br />
mostly pedicelled, skinny, the outer falling into an-<br />
flocci adnate to the base of the peridium, not<br />
gular pieces ;<br />
extending beyond it; sporidia collected into a ball ; columella<br />
mostly distinct.<br />
XL 212. DIDYMIUM, Schrader. Skin-mould,<br />
Sporangium nearly globose; peridia double, both mem-<br />
laranaceous, crustlike, falling to pieces ; columella distinct,<br />
nearly globular ; sporidia globular.<br />
1. Didymium candidum. WJiite skin-mould.<br />
Sporangia sessile, smooth, globular or rather hemisphe*<br />
rical, snow-white.<br />
Diderma globosum, Persoon Syn. 167.<br />
On decayed leaves; autumn.<br />
Resemble the eggs of insects.
PLcelLaph. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. 21.2.DIdyni. 571<br />
2. Didymium testaceum. Pearly sk'/n-moidd.-<br />
Sporangia sessile, roundish, hemispherical, flesh-colour,<br />
afterwards whitish.<br />
Didymium testaceum, ScJirad. N. Gen. PL, 1, 25.<br />
Diderma testaceum, Persoon S^n. 167.<br />
On decayed leaves; autumn.<br />
3. Didymium diffhrme. Irregular bkiti-mouM.<br />
Sporangia sessile, smooth, difform ; outer peridium snow-white;<br />
inner bluish; sporidia dull-brown.<br />
Reticulari.i angulata, Gnielin Syst. Nat. 2, 1472.<br />
Diderma difiForme, Persoon Syn. 167.<br />
On the stems of the potatoe-plant.<br />
XII. 213. DIDERMA. Link. Tall-mould.<br />
Sporangium roundish or globular ; peridia double, both<br />
membranaceous, bursting; outer chaffy; columella 0; sporidia<br />
crowded.<br />
Diderma muricolum. Wall tall-mould.<br />
Sporangium roundish, lobed, rather angular, sessile;<br />
outer peridium white ; inner brown ; sporidia black-brown.<br />
Diderma Muricola, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
Diderma difforme, Alb. et Schwein, Fung. 90,<br />
On mosses.<br />
XIII. 214.. CIONIUM. Link. • Flock-mould..<br />
Sporangium globular, pedicelled; peridium single, membranaceous,<br />
bursting, separating into scales ; columella<br />
distinct.<br />
1. Cionium iridis. Flag Jlock-motdd.^<br />
Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium grey ; pediceU<br />
yellow, thickest at bottom.<br />
Cionium iridis, Ditmar in Sturm. Deutsch. Fl. 3, 1.<br />
On the leaves of the yellow water-flag ; summer.<br />
2. Cioniumfarinaceum. Floury Jlock-motdd.<br />
Sporangium globular, pedicelled; peridium grey; pcdicell<br />
grey, thickest at bottom.<br />
Didymium farinaceum, Schrad. N. Gen. 26.<br />
Trichia compressa, Trentepohl in Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 229.<br />
Pliysarura melanospermum, Persoon Disp. 3.<br />
Physarum farinaceum, Persoon Syn. 175, 15.<br />
. On the branches of pine-trees, or the mosses on thepi.<br />
Sporangia sometimes unite in pairs.<br />
4-
572 214..Cionium.9.GASTEROMYCEiE. Plcellaph,<br />
3. Cionium P muricatum. Thorned flock-mould.<br />
Sporangia sessile, blood-red, globular, woolly, clustered.<br />
Trichia polymorpha, Sowerhy Fungi, 180, part.<br />
On rotten cheese and wood.<br />
4. Cionium P lacteum. Milky flock-mould.<br />
Sporangia crowded, pedicelled, yellowish white, ovate,<br />
woolly ; pedicells yellow, thickest at bottom, upright.<br />
Trichia polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi, 180, part.<br />
On rotten wood and branches.<br />
5. Cio7iium P nigrescens. Blackish flock-mould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, pedicelled, whitish, growing black,<br />
globular; pedicell short, thick at bottom.<br />
Trichia sphaerocarpus, Sowerby Fungi, 240.<br />
On rotten wood and branches.<br />
6. Cionium Pfulvum. Red-lroivn flock-mould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, pedicelled, reddish-brown-yellow,<br />
globular ; pedicells long, narrowing upwards, pellucid,<br />
white.<br />
Mucor fulvus, Sowerby Fungi, 400, 4.<br />
On rotten dung.<br />
XIV. 215. PHYSARUM. Persoon. Scale-mould.<br />
Sporangium nearly globular; peridium simple, membranaceous,<br />
bursting and separating in scales or wartlike<br />
pieces; columella 0.<br />
1. Physarum cinereum. Grey scale-mould.<br />
Sporangia sessile, globular, grey, often confluent; flocci<br />
sporidia collected into a globe.<br />
white ;<br />
Lycoperdon cinereum, Batsch Fung. 249.<br />
Trichia caerulea. Roth Cat. Bot. 1,229,<br />
Physarum cinereum, Persoon Syn. 170.<br />
On trunks of trees ; autumn.<br />
2. Physarum bivalve. Two-valved scale-mould.<br />
Sporangia compressed, flexuous, greyish white, long,<br />
sinuous, opening on one side.<br />
Reticularia sinuosa, BuUiard Champ. 94.<br />
Trichia sphaerica B, Roth Cat. 1, 230.<br />
Physarum bivalve, Persoon Syn. 169.<br />
On dry leaves and branches ; autumn.
Pl.cellaph. 9.GASTER0MYCE^. 215.Physar. 573<br />
3. Physarum miians. Drooping scale-mould.<br />
Sporangia globular, beneath flattish, grey; Jiocci brown;<br />
pedicell long, slender, weak, brownish.<br />
Sphaerocarpus albus, Bullir.rd Champ. 137.<br />
Trichia haemisplierica, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,288?<br />
Trichia alba, Sowerby Fungi, 259.<br />
Physarum nutans, Persoon Syn. ITl.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
4. Physarum sulcatum. Furrowed scale-mould.<br />
Sporangium globular, beneath flattish, grey; Jiocci brown;<br />
pedicell long, slender, weak, white, furrowed.<br />
Physarum sulcatum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
5. Physarum nigripes. Blackfooted scale-mould.<br />
Sporangia globular, beneath flattish, grey ; Jiocci brown |<br />
pedicells long, blackish-brown.<br />
Physarum nigripes, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
6. Physarum viride. Green scale-mould.<br />
Sporangia globular, beneath umbilicated, yellowish-<br />
pedicells slender, weak, grey.<br />
green ;<br />
Sphaerocarpus viridis, BuUiard Champ, 115.<br />
Physarum viride, Persoon Syn. 172.<br />
On the ground, and on trees.<br />
7. Physarum luteum. Yellow scale-mould.<br />
Sporangia globular, beneath umbilicated, white ; Jiocci<br />
white ;<br />
pedicells long, cylindrical, slender.<br />
Sphaerocarpus luteus, BuUiard Champ. 136,<br />
Physarum luteum, Persoon Syn, 172.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
XV. 216. LEANGIUM. Link. Slash-mould.<br />
Sporangium globular ;<br />
peridium simple, membranaceous,<br />
brittle, bursting starwise ; columella distinct,<br />
1 . Leangium stellare. Star slash-mould.<br />
Sporangia pale-brown, beneath umbilicated; lobes of the<br />
peridium turned back; pedicells short.<br />
Didymium stellare, Schrader N. Gen. 25.<br />
Diderma stellare, Persoon Syn. 164.<br />
Leangium stellare, Link Berl. Mag. 3.<br />
On trunks of trees ; autumn.
574. 216. Leang. 9.GASTER0MYCE^. Vlcellaph.<br />
2. Leam^ium^florifurme.<br />
Flowershape scale-monld.<br />
Spo-rangia straw-colour, first globular, afterwards stel-<br />
pedicells long, slender, cylindrical.<br />
late, spreading ;<br />
Didymium floriforme, Schroder N. Gen. 1, 25.<br />
Spliasrocarpus iioriformis, BuUiard Champ. 142.<br />
Diderina floriforme, Persoon Syn. 161.<br />
On trunks of trees, and on hypna,<br />
XVI. 217. LEOCARPUS. Link. Glance-mmld.<br />
Sporangium roundish or ovate; peridmm simple, membranaceous,<br />
brittle, bursting ; columella 0.<br />
1. Leocarpi/s vernicosus. Varnished glance-mould.<br />
Sporangium reverse-ovate, shining, brown ; pedicells<br />
short, dilated at bottom, membranaceous.<br />
Lycoperdon fragile, Dickson Crypt, 1,25; Sowerby Fungi, 136,<br />
Trichia lutea. Roth Cat. Bat. 2, 330.<br />
Diderma veniicosiim, Persoon Syn. 16T.<br />
Leocarpus vernicosus, Link Berl. Mag, 3.<br />
On ivy-leaves, and large mosses.<br />
2. Leocarpus parasiticus. Parasitic glance-mould.<br />
Sporangium nearly globular, dull tawny ;<br />
drical, yellowish-white.<br />
Diderma veriiicosum parasiticum, Persoon Syn. 165.<br />
Lycoperdon cyiiDdricuni, Withering Bot.Arr. 414.<br />
"On grasses and mosses, in clusters.<br />
pedicells cylin-<br />
D. Trichiade^e. Peridium thin, single, regular, mostly<br />
pedicelled, smooth, bursting or falling into regular pieces<br />
Jlocci springing out from the bottom of the peridium, and<br />
extending elastically after its destruction; sporidia scattered<br />
among the flocci.<br />
'a<br />
XVII. 218. TRICHIA. Persoon. Hair-mould.<br />
Sporangium determinately figured ; peridium membranaceous,<br />
cracking ; j?occi ascending in a winding manner<br />
from the bottom ; sporidia angular.<br />
a. Sporangia creeping.<br />
1. Trichia reticulaia. Network hair-mould.<br />
Sporangia spreading, yellow; peridium very thin, in ir~<br />
regular network.<br />
G Lycoperdon lumbricale, Balsch Fungi, 1,259.<br />
Trichia reticulata, Persoon Sijn. 182.<br />
On the mossy trunks of trees; autumn.
Plccllaph. 8.GASTEROMYCE^. SlS.Trichia. 575<br />
b. Sporangia round.<br />
2. Trichia varia. Various hair-mould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, yellowish, lying down, roundish or<br />
kidneyshape.<br />
Stemonitis varia, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1470.<br />
Trichia varia, Persoon Syn. 181,<br />
Lycogala luteum, Micheli N. Gen. PL 2)6.<br />
On felled trees.<br />
3. Trichia nitens. Shining hair-mould.<br />
Sporangia crowded, sessile, roundish, shining-yellowj or<br />
cinnamon- colour.<br />
Stemonitis favaginea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1470.<br />
Lycoperdon favagineum, Batsch Fungi, 1,253.<br />
Triciiia nitens, Persoon Syn. 181.<br />
On rotten fir, or beech-trees ; autumn.<br />
c. Sporangia ovate,<br />
4. Trichia ovata. Ovate hair-mou!d><br />
Sporangia crowded, sessile, reverse-ovate, opake, ochreybrown.<br />
Clathrus turbinatus, Bolton Fungi, 43, 7.<br />
Trichia ovata, Persoon Syn. 180.<br />
Lycoperdon epiphyllum, Lightfoot Scot. 1069.<br />
In woods; autumn.<br />
Sporangium exactly reverse-ovate ; sporidia stellate.<br />
5. Trichia vulgaris. Common hair-mould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, roundish, topshape; pedicells very<br />
short, blackish.<br />
Trichia nigripes 8, Persoon Syn. 179.<br />
Trichia turfainata, Sowerhy Fungi, 85 ?<br />
On trunks of trees ; autumn.<br />
6. Trichia pyriformis. Pearshape hair-7nould.<br />
Sporangia gi'egarious, rather scattered^ pearshape, yel-<br />
pedicells shortish, blackish<br />
lowish ;<br />
Sphaerocarpus pyriformis, BuUiard Champ. 129.<br />
Trichia nigripes pyriformis, Persoon Syn. 178.<br />
On trunks of trees.<br />
7. Trichia fallax. Deceiving hair-mo7tJd.<br />
Sporangia gregarious, pedicelled, pearshape, beneatli<br />
plaited, brown-red, afterwards dull yellow, bursting at the<br />
tip.
Sie 218.Trichia. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. Pl.celLapk.<br />
Mucor miniatus, Jacqnln Austr. 299.<br />
Trichia f:illax, rersuon Si/n. 177.<br />
Sphsirocephalus hagiha, Sovserby Fungi, 219.<br />
\ On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn.<br />
8. Trichia ruhiformis.<br />
Bramhlelerry hair-mould.<br />
Sporangia pedicelled, cylindrical, purplish ; pedicells short,<br />
forming a membranaceous thallus.<br />
Stemonilis fasciculata, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1468.<br />
Ljcoperdou vesparium, Batsch Fungi, 1,254.-<br />
Lycoperdon favaceum, Schrank Bavar. 2,667.<br />
Trichia rubiformis, Persoon Syn. 176,2.<br />
On the trunks of trees in woods ; end of summer.<br />
XVIII. 219. ARCYRIA. Persoon. Ciip-mould,<br />
Sporangia ovate or cylindrical, pedicelled ; peridium<br />
membranaceous, upper half vanishing, lower half saucer-<br />
like, persistent ; Jiocci expanding elastically, falling off;<br />
sporidia globular.<br />
1 Arcyria punicea. Scarlet cup-moidd.<br />
Sporangia in tufts, dull scarlet, oblong, pedicelled ; Jiocci<br />
ovate, slightly persistent; sporidia blood-red.<br />
Stemonitis crocata. Roth Cat. Bot. 1,220,<br />
Trichia cinuabarina, Bidliard Champ. 12J.<br />
Trichia denudata, Souierftj/ Jan^z, 49.<br />
Clathrus denudatus, Lin. S. P. 1649.<br />
Arcyria punicea, Persoun Syn. 185,5.<br />
On rotten wood ; summer.<br />
2. Arcyria coccinea. Cochineal cnp-mouid.<br />
Sporangia in tufts, scarlet, spherical, pedicelled ; Jiocci<br />
fugacious.<br />
Tricliia coccinea, De Candolle Syn.Fl. Gall. 55.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
3. Arcyria hcemispherica. Hemispherical cup-mould.<br />
Sporangia spherical, depressed, snow- white, pedicelled;<br />
pedicells grey, thick at bottom ; sporidia reddish-brown, on<br />
an expanded disk.<br />
Rpticularia haemisplisrica, Soioerhy Fungi, 12.<br />
Tiichia cinerea ? Da Candolle Fl. Gall. 685.<br />
On sticks and rotten wood.
PL cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. 219. Arcyria. 577<br />
4. Arcyria Jiava. Yellow cup-mould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, yellow ; Jlocci long, drooping.<br />
Trichia nutans, Sowerhy Fungi, 260,<br />
Stemonitis ainrena, RotJi Cat. Bot. 1,220.<br />
Arcyria flava, Persann Syn. 184.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees.<br />
Flood weak, very long, lying down ; when young, milkwhite.<br />
5. ArcTjria turlnnata. Topshape cup-mould.<br />
Sporangia clustered, yellowish-white, globular, sessile.<br />
Trichia turbinata, Suwerby Fungi, 85.<br />
Clathrus turbinatus, Hudson Fl. Angl. 632.<br />
Lycoperdon luteuin, Relhan Cant. 1103.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
E. CRiBARiDEiE. Sporaugium regularly formed, pedi-<br />
celled; peridium thin, single, breaking into regular pieces;<br />
Jlocci expanding from the bottom, or forming a regular<br />
network; sporidia conglobated, or interwoven among the<br />
flocci.<br />
XIX. 220. CRIBARIA. Schrader. Sieve-mould,<br />
Sporangia globular, pedicelled peridium breaking ;<br />
above<br />
into regular pieces, remaining entire below.<br />
1 Criharia vulgaris. Common sieve-mould.<br />
Sporangia gregarious, globular, drooping, brown; pedicells<br />
brownish-purple.<br />
Cribaria vulgaris, Schrader N. Gen. 1 , 6.<br />
On rotten trees in woods, and on mosses.<br />
2. Criharia Bullidrdi. Bulliard's sieve-mould.<br />
Sporaiigia scattered, globular, upright; pedicells white,<br />
pellucid, slender.<br />
Sphaerocarpus semitrichoides, Sowerhy Fungi, 400, 5.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
S. Cribaria rufescens. Reddish sieve mould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, reverse-ovate, reddish ;<br />
ther bent.<br />
Cribaria fulva, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 5.<br />
Cribaria rufescens, Peisoon Syn. 193, 7.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees, near the ground ;<br />
VOL. I. 2 P<br />
pedicells ra-<br />
autumn.
578 221.Dictyd. 9.GASTEROMYCE^. Pl.ceR.aph.<br />
XX. 221.DICTYDIUM. Schrader. Net-mould.<br />
Sporangia globular, pedicelled ; peridium either entirely<br />
or for the greater part breaking off in regular pieces.<br />
1. Dictydium cernuum. Drooping net-mould.<br />
Sporangia gregarious, globular, brownish purple, droop-<br />
ing, umbilicated at the tip.<br />
Dictydium umbilicatum, Schrader N. Gen. I, H.<br />
Mucor canceliatus, Batsch Fungi, 2, 135.<br />
Cribaria cerniia, Persovn Syn. 189,<br />
Dictydium cernuum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 33,<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
2. Dictydium splendens. Resplendent net-mould.<br />
Sporangia upright, roundish^ shining ; pedicells bent,<br />
purplish-brown; sporidia yellow,<br />
Dictydium splendens, Schrader N. Gen. 1.4,<br />
Cribaria splendens, Persoon Syn, 191.<br />
On the trunks of fir-trees.<br />
F. SxEMONiTiDEiE. Sporangia regularly formed, pedi-<br />
celled; peridium thin, single, vanishing away ; Jlocci free^<br />
netlike, perforated by the stem.<br />
XXI. 222. STEMONITIS. Persoon. Thread-mould.<br />
Sporangium globular or long ; peridium membranaceous,<br />
vanishing ;j^occi entangled, netlike, perforated by the stem,<br />
diffluent,<br />
a. Flocci in an ovate mass.<br />
1. Stemonitis papillata. Papillated thread-mould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, reddish-brown, globular ; pedicell<br />
perforating the flocci to the top.<br />
Stemonitis reticulata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,223.<br />
Stemonitis papillata, Persoon Syn. 188.<br />
On bared branches of oak-trees.<br />
2. Stemonitis ovata. Eggshape thread-mould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, blackish, ovate or roundish ; pedicell<br />
perforating half-way through the flocci.<br />
stemonitis nigra, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1467.<br />
Stemonitis ovata, Persoon Syn. 189,<br />
Stemonitis atrofusca, Persoon Disp. 11,<br />
On rotten wood.
PLcell.apk. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 222. Stemon. 579<br />
b. Embolus. Flocci in a lovg mass.<br />
3. Stemonitisfasciculata. Bundled thread-mould.<br />
Sporangia clustered, on a shining base, dark-brown, long,<br />
tip drooping; pedicells passing through the flocci, exserted<br />
at the top.<br />
Stemonitis fusca, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,222.<br />
Trichia axifera, Bulliard Champ. 118.<br />
Stemonitis typhina, Gmelin Syst.Nat. 2, 1461.<br />
Trichia nuda, Sowerby Fungi, 50.<br />
Clathrus nudiis, Lin. Syst. Veg. 1017.<br />
Embolus lacteus, Hoffm. Crypt. 2, 8, when young.<br />
On trunks of trees ; autumn.<br />
4. Stemonitis typhina. Bull-rush thread-jnould.<br />
Sporangia scattered, cylindrical, blunt, slightly bent.<br />
Trichia typhoides, Bulliard Champ. 113.<br />
Embolus pertusns, Batsch Fung. 1,263.<br />
Stemonitis typhina, Persoon Syn. 187.<br />
On trunks of trees ; autumn.<br />
Sporangia smaller than S. fasciculata ;<br />
peridium does not<br />
vanish entirely, some pieces remaining; base none.<br />
G. Crateride^. Sporangium regularly formed, pedicelled,<br />
operculated ; peridium single, membranaceous<br />
Jlocci 0, or enclosed, free ; sporidia intermixed with the flocci.<br />
XXII. 223. CRATERIUM. Trentepohl. Pitcher-mould.<br />
Sporangium pitcher or cupshape, operculated, pedicelled<br />
peridium membranaceous; operculum flattish; Jlocci free,<br />
coming out with the sporidia.<br />
1. Crater, leucocephalum,. White-headed pitcher-mould.<br />
Sporangium funnelshape, reddish-brown ; operculum pale;<br />
Jlocci white ; sporidia globular, white.<br />
Arcyria leucocephala, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 6.<br />
Stemonitis leucocephala, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1467.<br />
Trichia cinerea, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,237.<br />
On mosses.<br />
2. Craterium vulgare. Cornmon pitcher-mould.<br />
Sporangium bellshape, greyish-brown ; mouth expanded<br />
pedicell dark-yellow ;<br />
sporidia brown.<br />
Craterium pedunculatum, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,224.<br />
Craterium vulgare, Sowerby Fungi, 239, lowest figure.<br />
Trichia minuta, Relhan Fl. Cant.<br />
Trichia capsulifer, De Candolle Syn. Fl. Gall. 35.<br />
On rotten wood and mosses.<br />
2 p 2
580 223. Crater. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. PlcelLaph.<br />
p'Ucher-mould.<br />
Eggshape 3. Crateriu7n ovatum.<br />
Sporangium eggshape,<br />
,<br />
truncated, straight, brownish ;<br />
pedicells yellow ; sporidia brown.<br />
Cyathi'.s minutus, Sowerby Fungi, 239, upper figure.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
XXIII. 224. PYXIDIUM. Gohlet-moidd.<br />
Spora7igium ovate, operculated, sessile; operculum large<br />
convex ; Jiocci very few or none.<br />
Pyxidium sessile. Squatted goblei-mould.<br />
Sporangia eggshape, clustered, yellowish-brown ; opercida<br />
brown.<br />
Sphserocarpus sessilis, Bull. Champ. 417 ; Sowerby Fungi, 258.<br />
Trichia gymnosperma, Persoon Obs. Myc, 63.<br />
Licea circumcissa, Persoon Syn. 196.<br />
On the trembling poplar, under the bark; autumn.<br />
Sporangia resembles the eggs of insects.<br />
H. OnygenadEjE. Sporangia pedicelled; peridium crust-<br />
like, formed of interwoven fibres; Jiocci 0; sporidia closely<br />
conglobated.<br />
XXIV. 225. ONYGENA. Persoon. Cap-mould.<br />
Sporangia globular, pedicelled; peridium crustlike, brittle,<br />
fibrous; pedicells B.hi'ous ; Jiocci 0; sporidia conglobated.<br />
Onygena equina. Horse-hoof cap-mould.<br />
Sporangia greyish-brown, hemispherical.<br />
Coralloides fiin2;iforme ex iingula equina, viride rufescens, Dilkn Muse.<br />
73.<br />
Lycoperdon equinum, TVilldenow Berl. 412; Sowerby Fungi, 292.<br />
Onygena equina, Persoon Syn. 203,<br />
On the hoofs and horns of animals, left on the ground.<br />
I. SPH^ROBOLiDEiE. Peridia double ; the outer leather-<br />
like, lobed starwise; inner fibrous, membranaceous, ejectile;<br />
sporidia naked, closely conglomerated.<br />
XXV. 226. SPH^ROBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-lag.<br />
Sporangium globular, sessile ; peridia double, outer lea-<br />
therlike, 5 or 6-cut; inner membranaceous, projected elastically;<br />
sporidia naked, closely conglomerated.
PL cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEM. 226. Sph^erob. 581<br />
SphcBToholus stellatus. " Starry spring-hag.<br />
Sporangium globular, white, becoming yellow, and afterwards<br />
brown.<br />
Carpobolus albicans, MicJieli N. Gen. 221.<br />
Lycoperdoii Carpobolus, Lin. S. P. 1634; Sowerhy Fungi, 22.<br />
Sphserobolns stellatus, Tode Meckl. 1,43.<br />
On rotten leaves and wood.<br />
Peridia covered at first with a white wool-like substance.<br />
K. LYCOPERDONiDEiE. Peridia double, the outer separating<br />
in .scaly, prickly flocci, or regularly formed pieces;<br />
the inner membranaceous, of interwoven fibres, torn by<br />
the expansion of the flocci.<br />
XXVI. 227. SCLERODERMA. Persoon. Skin-litter.<br />
Sporangia nearly globular, often attenuated below, with<br />
rootlike fibres; peridia double, the outer adnate, warty,<br />
cracked, bursting irregularly; sporidia collected into heaps,<br />
purplish brown or ferrugineous.<br />
1. Scleroderma citrinnm. Lemon-yellow skin-litter.<br />
Sporangia middle-size, romidish, depressed, pale lemonyellow,<br />
slightly scaly ; scales thick.<br />
Lycoperdon defossum, Batsch Fung. 2, 126.<br />
Scleroderma ritrinum, Persoon Syn. 153.<br />
Scleroderma Aurantiuin, Persoon Syn. 153.<br />
Lycoperdon cervinum, Bolton Fung. 162, not of Linnaus.<br />
Lycoperdon Aurantium, Bulliard Champ. 158; Sowerby Fungi, 268.<br />
On the ground and mosses at the roots of trees.<br />
Sporangia 1 or 2 inches in diameter, depressed ; sporidia<br />
purplish-brown.<br />
2. Scleroderma verrucosum. Warty skin-litter.<br />
Sporangia large, roundish, reddish-brown, scaly; scales<br />
small ; base pedicell-like, long, rooting.<br />
Lycoperdon verrucosum, Bulliard Champ. 157.<br />
Sclerodercna verrucosum, Persoon Syn. 154.<br />
Lycoperdon defossum, Sowerby Fungi, 331, not Batsch.<br />
On the ground at the root of trees.<br />
3. Scleroderma spadiceum. Chestnut skin-Utter.<br />
Spora?igia globular, depressed, smooth, chestnut-brown,<br />
stemlike basis thickest at bottom, hard, fibrous; sporidia<br />
purplish-brown.
582 227.Sclerod. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
Scleroderma spadiceum, Persoon Syn. 155,<br />
Lycoperdon spadiceum, Dickson Crypt. 1,25.<br />
On the ground at the roots of trees.<br />
4. Scleroderma cepoides.<br />
'<br />
Onionlike skin-litter.<br />
Sporangia roundish, depressed, rather smooth, shining<br />
stemlike basis short, thickest at bottom, scarcely fibrous.<br />
Lycoperdon cepae facie, Vaillant Bet. Par. 123.<br />
Tuber solidum, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,407.<br />
Scleroderma Cepa, Persoon Syn. 155, 10.<br />
In woods under oak-trees ; August.<br />
XXVII. 228. HYPOGiEUM. Persoon. H7jpogeum.<br />
Sporangia globular, rootless; peridia double, the outer<br />
adnate, warty, cracked ; sporidia in heaps, among the flocci.<br />
—Grows under ground.<br />
HypogcBum cervinum. ^^^g hypogeum.<br />
peridium. granulated.<br />
Sporangium round or oblong ;<br />
Lycoperdon cervinum, Lin. S. P. 1653; Sowerby Fungi, 269.<br />
Lycoperdastrum tuberosum, athizon fulvum, cortice duriore crasso el<br />
granulate, medulla ex albo purpurascente, semine nigro crassiore, Micheti<br />
N. Gen. 220.<br />
Hypogaeum cerviuum, Persoon Dispos. 7.<br />
Scleroderma cervinum, Fersoon Syn. 156.<br />
Under ground, near fir-trees. Perhaps a tuber.<br />
XXVIII. 229. BOVISTA. Dillenius. Bitll-fst.<br />
Sporangium globular, generally sessile, bottom rooted;<br />
outer peridium, adnate to the inner, separating into lobes,<br />
tip bursting irregularly, vanishing; sporidia pedicelled on<br />
the flocci, brownish-purple.— Grows on the ground, sometimes<br />
half-sunk in it.<br />
1. Bovista plumlea. Lead-colour hull-Jist.<br />
Sporangium globular, umbilicated beneath, rooting, leadcolour.<br />
Lycoperdon ardesiaceum, Bull. Champ. 146.<br />
Bovista plumbea, Persoon Syn. 137,2.<br />
On fields and grassy places, after rain.<br />
Outer peridium white, becoming lead-colour, vanishing<br />
entirely, except at the base.<br />
2. Bovista nigrescens. Blackish hull-Jist.<br />
Sporangium globular or roundish, brownish-black, beneath<br />
plaited.<br />
5
PL cell. aph. 9. GASTJEROMYCE^. 229. Bovista. 583<br />
Lycoperdon arrhizon, Bntsch Fung. 2,S9.<br />
Lycoperdon globosum, Bolton Fung. 118,<br />
Lycoperdon Bovista, Lin. S. P. 1653 ; Soiverby Fungi, 331.<br />
Bovista nigrescens, Persoon Syn. 136, I.<br />
In shady woods; autumn.<br />
Sporangium an inch and half in diameter.<br />
S. Bovista gigantea. -, Giant hull-Jist.<br />
Sporangium globular, pale-whitish ; scales scattered,<br />
scarcely distinguishable.<br />
Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch Fung. 135.<br />
Lycoperdon nia:ximuii], Schcsffer Bau. 4, 130.<br />
Lycoperdon Bovista, BulUard Champ. 154.<br />
Bovista gigantea, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 34.<br />
In grassy places ; autumn.<br />
Sporangium from 5 inches to 2 feet in diameter, at jSrst<br />
white, afterwards reddish strav^-colour ; root very slender.<br />
XXIX. 230. LYCOPERDON. Tournefort. Puff-hall<br />
Sporangium nearly globular, often narrowed at bottom<br />
into a stemlike appearance, rooting ; peridium mostly spinous<br />
or scaly, becoming chaffy, vanishing, bursting at the<br />
tip; sporidia in heaps, scattered among the flocci, green.<br />
Grows on the ground.<br />
1. Lycoperdon ccelatum. Latticed piff^-lall.<br />
Sporajigium globular, conical at the bottom, plaited,<br />
brownish-grey, scales rather broad.<br />
Lycoperdon gemmatum, Schceffer Fung. 4, 130.<br />
Lycoperdon areolatum, Schmffer Fung. 4, 190.<br />
Lycoperdon cailatum, BulUard Champ. 166.<br />
Lycoperdon Bovista, Persoon Syn. 141.<br />
Spunk.<br />
In grassy places; autumn.<br />
Sporangium about 4 inches in diameter ; the bottom part<br />
prepared by beating is used as tinder.<br />
2. Lycoperdon pra tense. Meadow puff-hall.<br />
Sporangium hemispherical, snow-white, soft; warts few,<br />
scattered; stem very short.<br />
Lycoperdon Proteus cepiforme. Bull. Champ. 143.<br />
Lycoperdon papiilatum, Scha;ff. Bav, 4, 127.<br />
Lycoperdon pratense, Persoon Syn. 142, 3.<br />
On grassy hills after rain; summer.<br />
Sporangium about an inch and half broad ;<br />
ground one half its depth.<br />
sunk in the
584. 230. Lycop. .9. GASTEROMYCE^. PL cell. aph.<br />
3. Lycoperdon idnforme. Bottle puJf-balL<br />
Sporangium reverse-ovate, cylindrical, pale smoke-grey,<br />
smoothish; steyn not distinct.<br />
Lycoperdon utrifortne, Bulliard Champ. 153.<br />
On grass-ground.<br />
4. Lycoperdon excipidiformis. Receiverlike puff-ball.<br />
Sporangium white, nearly globular, scaly ; scales spinous,<br />
scattered ; stem, roundish, long, plaited.<br />
Lycoperdon excipuliforme, Scopoli Cam. 1631.<br />
Lycoperdon Proteus excipuliforme, Bulliard Champ. !49.<br />
Lycoperdon Proteus, Sowerby Fungi, 332, in part.<br />
In fir-plantations on the ground; autumn.<br />
5. Lycoperdon perlatum. Pearly puff-hall.<br />
Sporangia in tufts, bossed, whitish; sle7n rather long,<br />
cylindrical; warts compact, round, deciduous, ending in a<br />
point.<br />
Lycoperdon gernmatum, Fl. Dan. 1120.<br />
Lycoperdon Proteus, BuUiard Champ. 14S.<br />
Lycoperdon excipali chemici forma, Vaillant Paris, 12, 15.<br />
Lycoperdon album, totum aculeatum, altiori basi donatani, Micheli N.<br />
Gen. 211.<br />
Lycoperdon perlatum, Persoon Syn. 145.<br />
In woods; autumn.<br />
6. Lycoperdon pyriforme.<br />
Pearshape puff-hall.<br />
Sporangia in tufts, pearshaped, bossed, pale smoke-grey;<br />
scales vehy thin; roots long, fibrous.<br />
Lyco])erdon pyriforme, Schtsffer Icon. Fung. 135.<br />
Lycoperdon Proteus ovoideum, Bulliard Champ. 143.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees, seldom on the ground;<br />
autumn.<br />
7. Lycoperdo7i gossypinum. Cottony piff-hall.<br />
'Sporangia gregarious, minute, globular topshape, slightly<br />
cottony, pale.<br />
" Lycoperdon gossypinum, Bulliard Champ. 147.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees.<br />
XXX. 231. GEASTRUM. Persoon. Shell-puff.<br />
Sporangium globular, sessile ; outer peridium leatherlike,<br />
expanding and turning back starwise; inner peridium membranaceous,<br />
sessile or pedicelled; apex ending in a cylindrical<br />
mouth; peduncle simple; sporidia pedicelled upon<br />
the flocci.
Pl.cell.aph. 9. GASTP:ROMYCEiE. 231.Geastrum. 585<br />
a. Inner peridium pedicelled.<br />
1. Geastrum quadrifidum. Four-cut shell-puff.<br />
Outer peridium four-cut, arched ; inner globular, pedicelled;<br />
mouth blunt, ciliated, greyish.<br />
Lycoperdon fornicatum, Hudson ylngl. 644; Engl. Bot. 198.<br />
Geastrum quadrifidum, Persoon Syn. 133,<br />
In pine plantations ; autumn.<br />
2. Geastrum stellatum. Starred shell-puff.<br />
Outer peridium many-cut, brownish, outside granular,<br />
rather flat; inner globular, pedicelled, centre flattish ; mouth<br />
broad, conical.<br />
Geastrum coronatum, Persoon Syn. 132.<br />
Geastrum niiiltifiduin (3, Persoon Disp. 1,6.<br />
Lycoperdon volvam explanans, Schmidel Icon. 179.<br />
Lycoperdon stellatum, Sowerby Fungi, 312.<br />
In woods.<br />
(3. PVoodwardi. Sporangium small, flat above; mouth<br />
acuminated, ciliated ; cilice and stem long.<br />
Geastrum coronatum Woodwardi, Persoon Syn. 132.<br />
On dry banks, among ivy.<br />
Sporangium dark-brown ; does not exceed an inch and<br />
half in diameter.<br />
3. Geastrum pectinatum. Comhlike shell-piff.<br />
Outer peridium many-cut, pale, arched ; inner pedicelled,<br />
dark-brown; mouth pointed, conical.<br />
Geastrum mnltifidum a, Persoon Disp. 6.<br />
Geastrum pectinatum, Persoon Syn. 132,<br />
In fir-plantations.<br />
b. Inner peridium sessile.<br />
4. Geastrum rufescens. Reddish shell-puff.<br />
Outer peridium many-cut, reddish; inner sessile, bald,<br />
pale.<br />
Geastrum rufescens, Persoon Syn. 134.<br />
Geastrum sessilis ? Sowerby Fungi, HO.<br />
In fir-plantations.<br />
5. Geastrum recolligens. Retracting shell-puff.<br />
Outer peridium many-lobed, spreading, lobes equal, out-<br />
side yellowish, inside brown; inner depressed spherical,<br />
sessile; mouth conical.<br />
'
586 231. Geastrum. 9. GASTEROMYCEtE. PL cell. aph.<br />
Lycoperdon stellatum, Bulliard Champ. 238.<br />
Lycoperdon recolligens, fVood in Lin. Tr. 2, 58 ; Sowerby Fungi, 401.<br />
In woods ; spring and auturan.<br />
Outer peridium expands with moisture, and contracts<br />
again on drying ; contrary to the other geastra.<br />
6. Geastrum cylindricum. Cyli7idrical shell-puff.<br />
Outer peridium many-cut; inner cylindrical, sessile.<br />
Lycoperdon cylindricum, Withering Bot. ^rr. 4, 41 1.<br />
In fir-plantations.<br />
XXXI. 232. POLYSTOMA. Pill-box.<br />
Sporangium globular or depressed, sessile ; outer peridium<br />
expanding starwise ; inner membranaceous, pedicelled ;<br />
pedicells and mouths many.<br />
Polystoma coliforme. Sievelike pill-box.<br />
Outer peridium many-cut; inner 5 or 6-pedicelled ; pe-<br />
cells short; mouths ciliated.<br />
Lycoperdon coliforme, Dickson Crypt. 24; Sowerby Fungi, 313.<br />
Geastrum coliforme, Persoon Syn, 131.<br />
On sandy banks.<br />
L. TuLOSTOMiDE^. Peridia single, leatherlike; mouth<br />
cartilaginous, circular; sporidia conglobated, scattered<br />
among the flocci.<br />
XXXII. 233. TULOSTOMA. Persoon. Tulostome.<br />
Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium single, lea-<br />
therlike; mouth single, cylindrical, cartilaginous; sporidia<br />
conglomerated, among the flocci.<br />
Tulostoma brumale. IVinter tulostome.<br />
Sporangium whitish ; pedicell slightly scaly ; peridium<br />
attached to the stem; ?noz^//i flattish.<br />
Lycoperdon pedunculatum, Lin. S. P. 1654; Soieerby Fungi, 406.<br />
Tulostoma brumale, Persoon Syn. 139.<br />
Among moss on walls ; autumn.<br />
M. PoLYANGiDEiE. Peridium single, thin, membranaceous,<br />
bursting irregularly, enclosing many peridiola;<br />
sporidia grumose, naked, in the peridiola.<br />
XXXIII. 234. POLYANGIUM. Ditmar. Bud-mould.<br />
Sporangium roundish, sessile ;<br />
- peridiola ovate, inside grunious.<br />
peridium membranaceous
PL cell aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE^. 234. Polyang. 587<br />
Polyangkim vitellinum. Yelk-of-egg ludmould.<br />
Sporangia gregarious, yellow ; periodola deep reddishyellow.<br />
Poljangium viiellinum, Ditmar in Sturm. Germ. 3,2,<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
N. Cyathide^. Peridium single, leatherlike, opening<br />
at the tip, containing many periodola; peridiola membranaceous,<br />
or coriaceous; enclosing the sporidia; sporidia<br />
naked, or floccular.<br />
XXXIV. 235. CYATHUS. Persoon. Cup-mushroom.<br />
Sporavgiiim cupshape, closed at first with an epiphragma,<br />
afterwards open at the top ; peridiola lentilshape, nestling,<br />
fleshy, inside woolly; sporidia naked, conglobate, in the<br />
centre of the periodola,<br />
1 . Cyallius striatus. Streaked cup-mushroom.<br />
Sporangium reverse-conical ; outside blackish-brown,<br />
shaggy; inside pale, streaked,<br />
Peziza quae fungus seminifer, externe hirsutiis, interne striatus, Rail<br />
Syn. 20, 22.<br />
Peziza lentifera ;8, Lin. S. P. 1650.<br />
Peziza striata, Hudson Fl. jlngl. 634.<br />
Nidularia striata, Sowerby Fungi, 29.<br />
Cyatlius striatus, Persoon Syn. 237.<br />
In woods on the ground ; summer and autumn.<br />
2. Cyathus ollaris. Skellet cup-mushroom.<br />
Sporangium bellshape; outside grey or brownish, rather<br />
downy ; mouth wide ; inside smooth, livid lead-grey.<br />
Cyathus laivis, Hoffman Crypt. 2, 31.<br />
Nidularia verrucosus, Bulliard Champ. 164.<br />
Nidularia laevis? Sowerby Fungi, 31, outside yellow.<br />
Peziza lentifera, Lin. S. P. 1650.<br />
Nidularia campanulata ? Sowerby Fungi, 28.<br />
Cyathus OUa, Persoon Syn. 237.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
3. Cyathus crucihuliformis. Crucibleshape cup-mushroom.<br />
Sporangium nearly cylindrical, hard, bald, ochry-yellow ;<br />
bottom woolly, whitish.<br />
Peziza leevis, Hudson Fl, Angl. 639.<br />
Nidularia laevis, Sowerby Fungi, 30.<br />
Cyathus Crucibulum, Hoffm. Crypt. 2, 29 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 238, 3.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
Sporangium at first cylindrical, afterwards reverse-conical.
588 235.Cyathus.9.GASTEROMYCE^. PLcellaph.<br />
4. Cyathus scutellaris. Saucer cup-mushronm.<br />
Sporangia globular, grey; inside pale whitish; peridiola<br />
white, afterwards blackish.<br />
Cyathoidcs scutellatiim, ore crispo, friictibus nigris majoribus, Micheli<br />
N, Gen. 202, 4.<br />
Persoon Syn. 239.<br />
Cyathus scutellaris, Roth Cat. 1,217 ;<br />
Cyathus coraplauatus, De Candolle Syn. 56 ?<br />
On the ground, in woods.<br />
Sporangia the size of a large pea, at first globular, then<br />
hemispherical ; edge not cut.<br />
Fam. X. 10. SARCOTHECEyE. Fungorum pars, Linnaeus,<br />
Jussieu. Fungi sarcocarpi, Persoon.<br />
Vegetabiliumfungosoram pars, Esenbeck.<br />
Thallus solid, entirely covered with a membranaceous<br />
or leatherlike epidermis ; ^e^/j becoming cellular; sporidia<br />
scattered in the substance of the flesh.<br />
A. Thallus solid, globular ; inside smooth. Sclerotidese.<br />
Thallus globular; basis radiated Erysibe. 236.<br />
Thallus tuberous; basis creeping,<br />
rootlike<br />
Thanatophyton. 237.<br />
Thallus roundish; basis not expanded<br />
SCLEROTIUM. 238.<br />
B. Thallus globular; inside cellular, or veiny. Tuberideae.<br />
Thallus subterraneous ;<br />
sporidia pedicelled<br />
inside veiny<br />
Tuber. 239.<br />
C. Thallus irregular, gelatinous Jibrous, cellular ; sporidia<br />
scattered, immersed. Tremellidese.<br />
Thallus variously formed<br />
spor. in the inside only Tremella. 240.<br />
Thallus dilated, in folds;<br />
spor. internal and external Gyraria. 241.<br />
Thallus caulescent, slightly branched<br />
spor. internal and external Coryne. 242.<br />
A. Sclerotide^. Thallus variously shaped, mostly<br />
lobular,<br />
f<br />
ermis.<br />
solid, obscurely cellular, covered with an epi
Pl.cell.aph. 10. SARCOTHECEiE. 236. Erysibe. 589<br />
I. 236. ERYSIBE. Rebentisch. Mould-kid.<br />
Thalli globular, upon a radiated basis.<br />
1. Erysile suffulta. Propped mould-'bud.<br />
Thalli lentilshape, brown; lasis fibrous, fulcrate, radiating<br />
irregularly.<br />
Erysibe sufi'ulta, Rebentisch Fl. Neomont.<br />
Sclerotiuin Erjsiplie coryleum, Persoon Syn. 124, 12.<br />
Erysiphe coryli, Be Candolle Fl. Gall. 730.<br />
On the lower face of hazel'leaves.<br />
2. Erysile alni. Alder mould-hud.<br />
Rays many, expanded, very long, free.<br />
Erysiphe alui, De Candolle Fl. Gall. 730.*<br />
On the lower face of alder-leaves.<br />
3. Erysibe aceris. Maple meuld-bud.<br />
Rays many, long, interwoven into a thin membranaceous<br />
pellicle ; thalli at length collapsing and becoming concave.<br />
Erysiphe aceris, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 732.*<br />
On the lower face of maple-leaves, rarely on the upper.<br />
4. Erysibe polygoni. Knot-grass mould-bud.<br />
Rays many, long, interwoven into a membranaceous<br />
pellicle ; thalli few.<br />
Erysiphe polygoni, De Cand. Fl, Gall. 733.<br />
On the lower face of knot-grass leaves.<br />
5. Erysibe pcpuli. Poplar mould-lmd.<br />
Rays many, interwoven into a slight crustlike pellicle.<br />
Erysiphe populi, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 733.*<br />
On the upper face of black poplar-leaves, rarely on the<br />
lower.<br />
6. Erysibe pisi.<br />
Pea mould-bud.<br />
Rays numerous, very long, very slender, sometimes interwoven<br />
into an irregular pellicule.<br />
Erysiphe pisi, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 734.<br />
On the leaves of peas.<br />
7. Erysibe convolvuU.<br />
Bindweed mould-bud.<br />
Rays numerous, interwoven into a slightly membranaceous<br />
adhering pellicle ; thalli scattered, or in rings.<br />
Erysiphe convolvuli, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 736.<br />
On the upper face of bindweed -leaves.
590 236. Erysibe. 10. SARCOTHECE^. Plcell.aplu<br />
8. Enjsile herheridis. Berberry mould-lud.<br />
Rays two-forked at the tip.<br />
Erysiphe berberidis, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 737.<br />
On the upper face of berberry-leaves.<br />
9. Erysibe acarijhrme. Ticklike mould-bud.<br />
Thalli heartshape, brown, rather downy; rays interwoven,<br />
torn, yellow.<br />
Lycoperdon arariforme, Sowerby Fungi, 146.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
10. Erysibe Sowerbii. Soiverby's moidd-bud.<br />
Thallus nearly globular, brown, woolly ; rays very slender,<br />
very long, radiately regular, yellowish.<br />
Lycoperdon radiatum, Sowerby Fungi, 145.<br />
On plaistered walls.<br />
II. 237. THANATOPHYTUM. Esenb. Death-mould.<br />
Thallus tuberous, expanded creeping, rootlike.<br />
Thanalophytum crocorum. Saffron death-mould.<br />
Thallus red.<br />
Tuber parasiticum, BulUard Champ. 81.<br />
Sclerotiiim crocorum, Persoon Syn. 119.<br />
Tlianatophytum crocorum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,38.<br />
La mort de saffron.<br />
On the bulbs of crocuses, the roots of dwarf elder and<br />
asparagus.<br />
Very destructive to saffron, speedily destroying a whole<br />
plantation of it. The French cultivators trench the ground<br />
very deep round the infected spot, throwing the earth of.,,<br />
the trench upon it, and no longer cultivate saffron thereon,<br />
as it will remain in the ground for 15 or 20 years.<br />
III. 238. SCLEROTIUM. Persoon. Corn-mould.<br />
Thallus variously shaped, mostly globular, without any<br />
expansion.<br />
1 . Sclerotium vaporarioriLm. Stove corn-mould.<br />
Thallus<br />
brown ;<br />
flat, often lobed, rather hard ; at first smooth-<br />
when old black, wrinkled.<br />
Sclerotium vaporariorum, Albert and Schioein. Nisk. 73.<br />
On the bark-bed of hot-houses.
PLcelLaph. 10. SARCOTHECEiS. 238. Sclerot. 591<br />
2. Sclerotium lacunosum. Pitted corn-mould.<br />
Thallus roundish, pitted, black ; inside palish.<br />
Sclerotium lacunosum, Persoon Syn. 121.<br />
On the roots of agaricus racemosus, and other plants.<br />
3. Sclerotium muscorum. Moss corn-mould.<br />
Thallus roundish or irregularly lobed, surface tubercular;<br />
inside yellow.<br />
Sclerotium subterraneum muscorum, Tode Meckl. 3.<br />
Sclerotium muscorum, Persoon Syn. 120,<br />
On the roots of mosses.<br />
4. Sclerotium Irassicce. Cabbage corn-mould.<br />
Thallus oblong, depressed, black ; inside black, dotted.<br />
Sclerotium Brassicos, Persoon Syn. 122.<br />
On the rotten leaves of cabbage, kept in cellars ; winter.<br />
5 Sclerotium varium. Various corn-mould.<br />
Thallus roundish or oblong, rather lobed, slightly wrinkled,<br />
whitish, becoming brownish-black,<br />
Elvella brassicae, Hoffm, Crypt. 2, 18,<br />
Sclerotium varium, Persoon Syn. 122.<br />
On the stems and ribs of cabbages ; winter.<br />
6. Sclerotium seminiforme Seedlike corn-mould.<br />
Thalli gregarious, nearly globular, scrobiculate, blackishbay,<br />
becoming wrinkled.<br />
Bolton Fungi, 119.<br />
Sphaeria brassicae, Dickson Crypt. 23 ;<br />
Sclerotium Semen, Tode Meckl, 1,4; Persoon Syn. 123.<br />
On potatoe-stalks<br />
spring.<br />
rotting in the fields ; autumn and<br />
7. Sclerotium quercinum. Oak corn-mould.<br />
Thalli scattered, nearly hemispherical, convex, smooth,<br />
dirty white, rather blackish.<br />
Sclerotium quercinum, Persoon Syn. 124.<br />
On dry fallen oak-leaves ; summer.<br />
8. Sclerotium scutellatwm. Saucer corn-mould,<br />
Thallus rounded, hollowed, black, inside white, slightly<br />
stemmed.<br />
Sclerotium scutellatum, Albert and Schwein. Nisk, 74.<br />
On the branches and leaves of willows.
B9^ 238.Sclerot. 10. SARCOTHECE^. PLcell.aph.<br />
9. Sclerotium complanntum. Flattened corn-movld.<br />
Thallus nearly orbicular, compressed, smooth, pale,<br />
slightly stemmed.<br />
Sclerotium complanatum, Tode Mecklen, 5.<br />
On rotten dung and straw ; winter.<br />
B. TuBERiDE^. Thallus solid, globular or irregular,<br />
inside cellular or veiny; sporidia scattered in the cells.<br />
IV. 239. TUBER. Matthioli. Truffle.<br />
Thallus globular, irregular, bark thick, cracked, inside<br />
veiny ; sporidia nearly globular, pedicelled, affixed to the<br />
veins.—Subterraneous.<br />
a. Root 0, grows deep in the ground.<br />
1 Tulwr cibarium. Food truffle.<br />
Thallus nearly globular, outside black, warty; ivarts<br />
large, blunt, angular.<br />
Tubera,<br />
Lycoyerdan Tuber, Lin. S. P. 1653.<br />
Lycoperdon gulosorum, Scopoli Cam, 2,491.<br />
Tuber gulosorum, Wigg Holsat, 109.<br />
Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp Oxon. 398.<br />
Truffs. Truffles.<br />
Subterraneous.<br />
Flavour very grateful in made-dishes ; procured by observing<br />
where hogs wish to turn up the ground, and there<br />
digging, or by having spaniels trained to point at them.<br />
2. Tuber moschatum. Musk truffie.<br />
Thallus roundish, smooth, black inside and out; flesh<br />
soft becoming wrinkled ; when fresh smelling like musk.<br />
Tuber moschatum, BuUiaid Champ. 79 ;<br />
Subterraneous.<br />
Used as the former.<br />
Sotcerby Fungi, 426.<br />
b. Root fibrous, grows near the surface. Tartufa.<br />
3. Tuher album. White truffle.<br />
Thallus smooth, inside and outside white, afterwards<br />
dull-red with red lines.<br />
Tuber album, Bulliard Champ. 30; Sowerby Fungi, 320.<br />
Lycoperdon gibbosum, Dickson Crypt. 2,26.<br />
White truffle.<br />
Under ground, near the surface.<br />
Inodorous, becoming yellow, and wrinkly when dry.—<br />
Used for sauce, but inferior to the common.
PLcelLaph. JO. SARCOTHECEiE. 240. Tremella. 593<br />
C. Tremellide^. Thallus variously shaped, rather<br />
gelatinous; epidermis thin; inside cellular, fibrous; sporidia<br />
naked, scattered in the substance, and very copiously on<br />
the outer surface.<br />
V. 240. TREMELLA. Dillenius. Tremelle.<br />
Thallus variously shaped ; sporidia scattered in the inside<br />
only.<br />
Tremella recisa. Cut-off^ tremelle.<br />
Thallus reverse-conical, umber-brown, inside rather<br />
fibrous.<br />
Peziza granulosa, Persoon Syn. 633, 4.<br />
Tremella recisa, Dilmar Fung,<br />
On dry willow-branches.<br />
VI. 241. GYRARIA. Esenbeck. Gyraria.<br />
Thallus dilated, meandering; sporidia scattered in the<br />
substance, and over the external surface.<br />
• On<br />
1 Gyraria mesenterica. Cawl gyraria.<br />
Thallus roundish, orange-colour ;<br />
plaits vertical, twisted.<br />
Tremella mesenterica, Jacq. Miscell. Austr. 1, 13.<br />
the fallen branches of trees.<br />
Becomes hard, but not much smaller when dry.<br />
2. Gyraria P alhida. Whitish gyraria.<br />
Thallus whitish, sessile, rather wrinkled, solid, semitransparent,<br />
variously shaped, jellylike.<br />
Tremella albida, Huds. Fl. Angl. 565 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2117.<br />
Tremella. cerebrina, BulUard Champ. 386.<br />
On half-rotten branches, or wet wood.<br />
3. Gyraria ferruginea.<br />
Iron-lrown gyraria.<br />
ThalLi clustered, rusty-brown, lobed; lobes waved; surface<br />
finely pulverulent, granulated ; inside white.<br />
Tremella ferruginea, Engl. Bot, 1454. ~<br />
On the dead b'ranches of trees.<br />
4. Gyraria intumescens. Sivellbig gyraria.<br />
Thalli clustered, twisted, swollen, brown, shining, jellylike;<br />
when dry thin, membranaceous.<br />
Tiemella intumescens, Engl. Bot. 1870.<br />
On rotten wood in wet weather.<br />
VOL. I. 2<br />
"
594> 24
Pl.cell.aph. lO.SARCOTHECE^. 241.Gyraria. 595<br />
il. Gyraria lackrymalis. Tear gyraria.<br />
Thallus roundish or slightly uneven, peziza-like, shining,<br />
pellucid, yellow.<br />
Tremella deliquescens, Bulliard Champ. 219.<br />
Tremella laclirynialis, Persoon Syn. 628.<br />
On rotten wood.<br />
1*2. Gyraria cinnalarina. Vermilion gyraria.<br />
Ihallus very small, slightly gelatinous, fleshy, builate,<br />
purplish; surface granular, rough.<br />
Tremella cinnabarina, Bulliard Champ. 218.<br />
On mosses and several other herbs.<br />
VII. 242. CORYNE. Esenbeck. Coryne.<br />
Thallus long, stemlike, slightly branched, thickened<br />
sporidia scattered in the cellular substance and on the out-<br />
side.<br />
1 Coryne duhium. Doubtful coryne.<br />
Thallus pale flesh-colour, nearly spatulashape j tip white,<br />
hoary.<br />
Tremella dubia, Persoon Syn. 630,25.<br />
Acrosperma dubium, Persoon Comm. 9i^.<br />
Tremella (Corjne) Acrospermuoi, Esenbeck Syst. 2,40.<br />
On the rotten trunks of trees.<br />
2. Coryne clavatum.. Clubbed coryne.<br />
Thallus solitary, reddish flesh-colour, clubshape.<br />
Tremella stipitata, Willd. Berol. 420.<br />
Tremella clavata, Persoon Syn. 630,24.<br />
Acrospermum clavatum, Persoon Comm, 90,<br />
On rotten branches ; autumn.<br />
Fam. XL 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Fungorum pars,<br />
Ray, Linnaeus, Jussieu. Fungi<br />
clavati et pileati, Esenbeck.<br />
Thalli long or expanded into an hemispherical cap, inside<br />
cellular or fibrous ; sporidia threadlike, on the whole<br />
surface, or the flat surface of the cap.<br />
A. Hymenium lamellar, gills decaying without changing<br />
colour ; cap fleshy or leathery, juiceless. Agaricideae.<br />
Volva, collar, and radical tnher, distinct Amanita. 243.<br />
Volva cylindrical ; collar Vaginata. 244.<br />
2q 2
P^4Ayp, %%€<br />
596 II. HYMENOTHEGE^. PL cell, aph,<br />
Volva ; collar distinct Lepiota. 245^<br />
Stem central, naked ; cap convex .... Gymnopus. 246.<br />
Stem central, naked ; cap concave .... Omphalia. 247.<br />
Stem eccentric, naked Pleuropus. 248.<br />
Stem marginal, naked Cuepidopus. 249»<br />
Stem ; cap sessile Apus. 250.<br />
Thallus attached by its back Resupinatus. 251<br />
B. Hymenium lamellar ; gills decaying without changing<br />
colour; cap Jleshy or membranaceous, juicy. Mycenadese.<br />
Texture venulose, cellular;<br />
cap fleshy ; stem naked , Russula. 252.<br />
Text, fibrous ; cap membranaceous<br />
stem naked ; sporidia short Mycena. 253.<br />
Text, fibrous; cap membranaceous;<br />
stem naked ; sporidia long Micromphale. 254*.<br />
Text, fibrous ; cap funnelshape<br />
gills milky Lactarius. 255.<br />
C. Hymenium lamellar ; gills becoming black, powdery ;<br />
cap fleshy or skinny ; textureJib rous. Pratellidese.<br />
Cap thick ; gills persisting<br />
sporidia single ; collar distinct , Pratella. 256.<br />
Cap thin ; gills persisting<br />
sporidia single; collar fibrous Cortinaria. 257-<br />
Cap thin; gzVZi persisting;<br />
sporidia in pairs ; collar Prunulus, 258.<br />
Cap thin ; ^zV/i diffluent;<br />
sporidia in fours; collar distinct or ... . Coprinus. 259.<br />
D. Cap beneath lamellar ; gills barreii ; apex woolly<br />
sporidia interspersed in the wool of the cap. Astei'ophorideae.<br />
Sporidia angular Asterophora. 260.<br />
E. Hymenium veined; veins superfcial, distinct; cap<br />
fleshy. Merulideae.<br />
Stem central; cap round, convex Merulius. 261.<br />
Stem cenixsX; cap round, concave Cantharellus. 262.<br />
Stem lateral; cap semicircular Corniola. 26:5.<br />
Thallus attached by its back Serpula. 264.<br />
Thallus clubshape, sessile, sides plaited Gomphus. 265.
Pi. cell aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 557<br />
F. Hymenium veined; veins anastomosing ; cap leatherlike,<br />
-corky, Daedaleadeae.<br />
Cap semicircular D^dalea. 266,<br />
G. Hymenmm tubular; tules shorty persistent, not cut;<br />
598 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PL cell aph.<br />
Thallus on its back, spreading Odontia. 285.<br />
Thallus branched or clublike, spinose . . Hericium. 286.<br />
L. Hymenium smooth, hairy or warty, expanded j thallus<br />
leatherlike, sometimes capped. Thelephoridese.<br />
Stem central; cap concave Cbaterella. 287.<br />
Stem ec
Vl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 599<br />
Cup pedicelledj soft, fibrous, cellular,<br />
surface woolly Dasyscyphus. 308.<br />
Cup pedicelled, soft, cellular, slightly<br />
fibrous, scaly or bristly Macroscyphus. 309.<br />
Cup pedicelled, thin, fibrous, cellular,<br />
bald Hymenoscyphus. 310.<br />
_Q. Hymenium smooth^ expanded ; sporidia cluhshape, inter'<br />
mixed with larrenjilaments, ejectile ; thallus fleshy. Asco-<br />
bolideas.<br />
T/io/Zz« dishlike or reverse-conical .. Ascobolus. 311.<br />
A. AGARiciDEiE. Hymenium lamellar; gills separable<br />
from the cap, not becoming black or juicy; cap thick,<br />
fleshy, or leathery ; texture vesicular or cellular.<br />
I. Si43. AMANITA. Dillenius. Amanite.<br />
Volva at first covers the whole thallus; fragments left<br />
on the cap ; stem central, bulbose at bottom ; collar distinct<br />
cap fleshy; gills crowded.—Poisonous.<br />
1. Amanita lulhosa. Bullous amanite.<br />
Thallus white ; cap convex ; stem long, slender, bulbous.<br />
Agaricus bulbosus, Scheeff. Fung. 241.<br />
Amanita bulbosa, Persoon Syn. 250, 7.<br />
In woods and pastures ; autumn.<br />
2. Amanita citrina.<br />
Cap bald, lemon-yellow ;<br />
Agaricus citrina, Schceff. Fung. 20.<br />
Amanita citrina, Persoon Syn. 251.<br />
In woods, on the ground, in sandy soils.<br />
' Lemon-yellow amanite.<br />
gills and stem white.<br />
|3. mappalis. Cap yellowish, with brownish warts.<br />
Agaricus Mappa, Willd. Berol. 381.<br />
Amanita citrina Mappa, Persoon Syn. 251.<br />
3. Amanita aurantiaca. Orange amanite.<br />
Thallus large; cap bellshape, orange-red; gills bellied,<br />
gold-yellow ; warts scattered, white ; stem white.<br />
Amanita aurantiaca, Bull. Herb. 120; Pers. Syn. 252, 10.<br />
In woods.
600 243. Amanit. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Plcell.aph.<br />
4. Amanita muscaria. Fly amanite.<br />
Stem white ; cap orange-red, shining, flattish ; warts and<br />
gills white.<br />
Amanita muscaria, Schaff. Fung. 27 ;<br />
Agaricus muscarius, 3,4, With. 218 ; Sowerby Fungi, 286,<br />
Persoon Syn. 253, 11.<br />
In plantations of firs.<br />
Powder in doses of gr. x. to xxx. with vinegar, cathartic<br />
and sudorific, useful in epilepsy and palsy occasioned by<br />
eruptions which have been improperly repelled ; also used<br />
externally sprinkled upon ulcers and gangrene : the juice<br />
rubbed upon bedsteads kills or expels bugs, and mixed<br />
with milk is used in Sweden to kill flies.<br />
^. minor. Tliallus small ; cap convex, warts generally<br />
wanting. ><br />
5. Amanita umhrina. Umber amanite.<br />
Stem white,- cap flattish, greyish-bay; warts and gills<br />
white.<br />
Agaricus verrucosus, Hudson ^ngl. 613.<br />
Agaricus marulatus, Schceff. Fungi, 90.<br />
Amanita umbrina, Persoon Syn. 254, 12.<br />
Agaricus muscarius, var. 6, With. Arr. 219.<br />
In beech-woods.<br />
6. Amanita rvlescens. Reddish amanite.<br />
Cap convex, opake, reddish ; ivarts crowded, white<br />
gills white.<br />
Agaricus margaritiferus, Schecff. Fung. 91.<br />
Amanita rubescens, Persoon Syn. 67.<br />
Agaricus muscaricus, var. 7, Withering Arr. 219.<br />
In beech-woods ; autumn.<br />
7. Amanita circinnata. Compassed amanite.<br />
Stem bulbous, rather scaly, reddish ; cap hemispherical,<br />
slightly umbilicated, reddish; tvarts oblong^round, whitish<br />
gills flattish, whitish.<br />
Aga-ricas myodes, Sch(pff. Fung. 26],<br />
Agaricus muscarius, var. 5. Wither. Arr. 4, 218.<br />
In woods; rare.<br />
8. Amanita aspera. Rough amanite.<br />
Stem long, fibrilled, slightly bulbed ; cap fleshy, com-<br />
pact, bossed, reddish grey; warts pointed, rough; gills<br />
crowded, white.<br />
Agaricus verrucosus, Bulliard Herb. 316, warts globular.<br />
Amanita aspera, Persoon Syn. 256.<br />
In woods ;<br />
late in autumn.<br />
Odour strong.
PI. cell aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 244.Vaginat. 601<br />
II. 244. VAGINATA. Esenbeck. Boot-mushroom,<br />
Stem cylindrical at bottom ; volva cylindrical ; collar ;<br />
cap fleshy; gills crowded, equal.—Poisonous.<br />
1. Vaginata livida. Livid boot-mushroom.<br />
. Stem long, white ; cap bossed, flattish, streaked, livid<br />
lead-colour; gills white.<br />
Agaricus vaginatus, Bulliard Herb. 512, M. ,<br />
Agaricus plumbeus, Scheeff. Fung. 35 & 36.<br />
Boders of shady woods, after long rains.<br />
2. Vaginata spadicea. Dark-lay loot-mushrooiti.<br />
Stem scaly, brown ; cap rather bellshape, bossed, streaked,<br />
brittle, bay ; gills white.<br />
Agaricus fuscus, Schceff. Fung. 95.<br />
Amanita spadicea, Persoon Syn. 248,2.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
3. Vaginata virgata. Stiff hoot-inushroom.<br />
Thalli in tufts; cap bellshape, conical, hairy, grey and<br />
black, stiff; gills powdery, cinnamon-red.<br />
Agaricus volvaceiis, Bulliard Herb. 261.<br />
Amaiiila virgata, Persoon Syn. 249,4.<br />
In the bark-bed of hot-houses ; summer.<br />
III. 245. LEPIOTA. Persoon. Lepiote.<br />
Stem central ; volua ; collar distinct ; cap fleshy ; pHIs<br />
equal in length, or mixed with shorter, juiceless, not variegated.—Wholesome.<br />
1 Lepiola procera. Tall lepiote,<br />
Thallus large ; steyn bulbous, very long ; collar moveable j<br />
cap fleshy, bossed, scaly, reddish-grey ; gills very far apart,<br />
whitish.<br />
Agaricus procerus, Scheeff. Fung. 22 & 23; Sowerby Fungi, 190.<br />
In woods.<br />
Thallus elegant, esculent.<br />
/3. excoriatus. Thallus small, whitish ; scales scarcely dis-<br />
cernible.<br />
Agaricus excoriatus, Schceff. Fung. 18 & 19; Sibth. Ox. 341.<br />
2. Lepiota coluhrina. Snake lepiote,<br />
Thallus large ; stem rather long, villous, soft ; collar<br />
decaying; cap bellshape, scaly, pale; scales large, scat-*<br />
tered, reddish ;<br />
gills whitish, free.<br />
^
602 245. Lepiot. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECE^. PL cell. aph.<br />
Agaricus calceolarius, Bull. Herb. 405.<br />
Agaricus colubrinus, Persoon Syn. 258,2.<br />
In woods, on moist land ; autumn.<br />
Stem 3 inches long ; cap about 2 broad, brittle.<br />
/3. cristata. Thallus small ; stem shortish, hollow, light<br />
reddish, bald ; ring vanishing ; cap bellshape, whitish<br />
centre and scales brown ; gills free, white.<br />
Agaricus cristatus, fVilld. Berol. 1104.<br />
Agaricus subantiquatus, Batsch Fung. 2, 59.<br />
In beech woods, on the ground, or stems.<br />
Stem 2 inches long ; cap half an inch broad ; odour heavy<br />
taste very ungrateful.<br />
y. pantherina. Stem middling, rather bulbous, slightly<br />
scaly ; cap rather fleshy, bossed ; scales crowded, darkcinnamon,<br />
pressed close; gills free, broadish, yellowish.<br />
In pine woods.<br />
Cap 2 inches broad ; collar scarcely any.<br />
3. Lepiota granulosa. Granular lepiote.<br />
Thalli middle-size, several together ; stem scaly, collared ;<br />
cap rather fleshy, bossed, rust-colour ; gills crowded, mostly<br />
pale.<br />
Agaricus granulosus, Batsch Fung. 79 & 170.<br />
Agaricus flavo-floccosus, Batsch Fung. 117.<br />
Agaricus ochraceus, Bull. Herb. 533.<br />
Agaricus croceus, Bolt. Fung. 51 } Sowerby Fungi, 19.<br />
In woods, and plantations of firs.<br />
Stem 2 inches long, 2 lines broad, hollow ; cap an inch<br />
over.<br />
4.. Lepiota sguarrosa. Rough lepiote.<br />
Thalli in tufts; stem rough, scaled, ochry-brown; cap<br />
fleshy, gills crowded, pale olive.<br />
Agaricus floccosus, Curtis Land. 264.<br />
Agaricus squarrosus, Willd. Berol. 380.<br />
At the root of oak trees; autumn.<br />
Stem stiff or ascending ; collar small ; cap 3 inches broad<br />
Jiesh lemon-yellow ;<br />
odour fishy.<br />
(3. aurivella. Thallus rusty yellow ; cap bellshape, scaly<br />
stem hairy, bent.<br />
Agaricus aurivellus, Batsch. Fung. 153.<br />
Agaricus filamentosus, Scheeff. Fung. 209.<br />
--
Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 2'i5.Lepiot. 603<br />
5. Lepiota aurea. Golden lep'iote.<br />
Thalli in small tufts, large, entirely reddish-brown ; stem<br />
stiff, bald, thickish ; collar rather small ; cap fleshy, flattish,<br />
slightly scaly or hairy; gills crowded, thin, slightly nicked.<br />
Agaricus aureus, Sovcerby Fungi, 7T.<br />
In woods, on the ground.<br />
Cap 3 or 45 inches broad ; Jlesh brimstone-yellow ; taste<br />
bitter.<br />
6. Lepiota polymyces. Many-stemmed lepiote.<br />
Thalli in close tufts ; stem collared, conical, greyisholive;<br />
cap bossed, scaly, greyish-yellow; gills rather decur-<br />
rent, pale-whitish.<br />
Agaricus melleus, Bolton Fung. 141.<br />
Agaricus congregatus, Bolton Fung. 140.<br />
Agaricus ainiularius. Bull. Herb. 540.<br />
Agaricus stipitis, Sowerhy Fungi, 101.<br />
Agaricus cumulafus, Withering Arr. 4, 193.<br />
Agaricus polymyces, Persoon Syn. 269.<br />
In woods, at the roots of trees, or on the ground.<br />
Stem solid, elastic ; collar thick.<br />
7. Lepiota caudicina. Stem lepiote.<br />
Thalli in tufts ; stem scaly, rather slender, cylindrical<br />
cap rather fleshy, bossed, bald, cinnamon- colour; gills<br />
slightly decurrent, pale rusty-brown.<br />
Agaricus mutabilis, Schceff. Fung. 9.<br />
Agaricus annularis, Bull. Herb. 543.<br />
Agaricus lignalilis, Bull. Herb. 534, I.<br />
Agaricus caudicinus, Persoon Syn. 27 i.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees; autumn.<br />
Cap quite bald, rather slimy; esculent.<br />
8. Lepiota helvola. Reddish-hrown lepiote.<br />
Thalli gregarious, middle-size ; stem rather long, cylin-<br />
drical, girt at bottom with a very small collar; cap rather<br />
fleshy, bossed, nearly cinnamon-coloured ; gills distant, of<br />
the same colour.<br />
Agaricus hinnuleus, Sowerft^ jfi'ung-f, 173.<br />
Agaricus helvolus, Persoon Syn. 273.<br />
In woods, grassy grounds, and paths.<br />
Cap half an inch over ; stem 3 inches long.<br />
^
604 246.Gymnop. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cellaph.<br />
IV. 246. GYMNOPUS. Persoon. Naked-foot,<br />
Stem central ,• collar and volva ; cap fleshy, orbicular,<br />
convex.—Wholesome.<br />
a. Cap lay, cinnamon, chestnut, reddish or brown.<br />
1. Gymnopus pratensis. Meadow naked-foot.<br />
Thallus brownish-red, rather hard; stem short, rather<br />
thin, smallest at bottom ; cap bellshape, bluntly bossed or<br />
flattish, bald ;<br />
gills thick, distant, decurrent.<br />
Agaricus ficoides, BulL Herb. 587.<br />
Agaricus miniatus, Sowerby Fungi, 141,<br />
Agaricus fulvosus, Bolt. Fung. 56.<br />
Agaricus pralensis, Persoon Syn. 304.<br />
In meadows, pasture-lands, and grassy hills.<br />
Stem solid gills rather yellowish.<br />
;<br />
0. vitidinus. Cap pale-reddish; gills and stem white.<br />
Agaricus oreades, BoUon Fung.?<br />
Agaricus jjratensis viiulinus, Persoon Syn. 305.<br />
2. GymnopiLS rimosus. Cracked naked-foot.<br />
Stem scaly, hoary, pale; cap conical, cvacked lengthways,<br />
rather reddish; gills broadish, olive clay-colour,<br />
white on the edge.<br />
Agaricus rimosus, Bull. Herb. 599-<br />
Agaricus aurivenins, Batsch Fung. 20, 107.<br />
In grassy woods, on the ground; August and September.<br />
Stem 2 inches long, 2 lines and a half thick, swollen at<br />
top and bottom ; cap 2 inches broad, 1 high, dirty ; taste<br />
and odour not unpleasant.<br />
3. Gymnopus refexiis. Reflected naked-foot,<br />
Thatli gregarious, ochry rust-colour ; stem long, slender,<br />
iibrous-scaly ; scales turned backwards ; cap rather fleshy,<br />
acutely boss«3, scaly, ochre-yellow; gills distinct, pale<br />
cinnamon-colour.<br />
Agaricus pilosus, SchtEff. Bav. 80.'<br />
Agaricus reflexus, Persoon Syn. 311.<br />
On stumps of apple and pear trees.<br />
4. Gymnopusfusipes. Spindle naked-foot.<br />
Thalli in tufts ; stem furrowed, bellied, rooted, bald<br />
cap rather tough, reddish-buff"; gills distant, reddish-<br />
white.
PLcell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 246.Gymnop. 605<br />
Agaricus fusipes, Bull. Herb. 516,<br />
Agariciis crassipes, Schcpff. Fung. 88; Sowerhy Fungi, 129.<br />
At the foot of decaying trees ; autumn.<br />
Stem 4 or 5 inches high, 3 quarters thick j cap 4 to 6<br />
inches over, often slopes very much.<br />
5. Gymnopus radkatus. Hooted naked-foof.<br />
Root long, spindleshape ; stem very long ; cap fleshy,<br />
bossed, slimy, wrinkled, grey-cow colour or brownish ; gills<br />
slightly decurrent, white.<br />
Agaricus inacrorhizus, Persoon Obs. Myc, 1, 47.<br />
Agaricus radicatiis, Relhan Cant. 1040; Somerby Fungi, 48.<br />
In felled woods, at the side of the fallen trees, after rain.<br />
6. Gymnopus pudens. Modest naked-foot.<br />
Root long, spindleshape ; stem very long, solid, downy,<br />
rooted, rust-brown ; cap rather fleshy, bossed, smooth,<br />
dun-colour ; edge villous ; gills ascending, white.<br />
Agaricus longipes, Bull. Herb. 232 ?<br />
Agaricus radicatus pudens, Persoon Syn. 314.<br />
In shady woods, at the foot of trees.<br />
7. Gymnopus velutipes. Velvet stem naked-foot.<br />
Thalli in tufts; stem downy, very dark bay; cap rather<br />
fleshy, turned up, bald, brown ;<br />
gills bellied, yellowish.<br />
Agaricus velutipes, Curtis Lond.; Sowerby Fungi, 163.<br />
Agaricus nigripes, Bull. Herb, 344.<br />
In willow plantations ; autumn and mild winters.<br />
Stem 2 inches long, 2-tenths thick ; cap 1 inch to 3 inches<br />
over ; fesh white.<br />
8. Gymnopus ladipus. Bay-stemmed naked-foot.<br />
Stem whitish, fibrilled, bay colour at bottom, rather<br />
tough; cap fleshy membranaceous, bellshape, blunt, bald,<br />
rather rust-brown ; gills broadish, flat ascending, similarly<br />
coloured.<br />
Agaricus badipus, Persoon Syn. 318.<br />
Agaricus cauliciaalis, Sowerby Fungi, 163,<br />
In plantations.<br />
b. Cap greenish, yellowish, pale, or light fawn-colour.<br />
9. Gymnopus rutilans. Brilliant naked-foot.<br />
Stem long, solid, thick at bottom, yellowish ; cap fleshy?<br />
flattish, same colour as the stem, mostly spotted red towards<br />
the edge ; gills pale.<br />
4~
606 lO.Gymnop. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. P I .cell. aph.<br />
Agaricus rufilans, SchcEff. 218.<br />
Agaricns xerampelinus, SoKerby Fung. 31.<br />
In woods.<br />
Siem 3 inches long, half an inch thick, sometimes bent,"<br />
spotted with red ; cap 2 inches and a half broad.<br />
10. Gymnopus luridus. Lurid naked-foot.<br />
Thalli rather gregarious ; stem solid, slightly scaly,<br />
pale; cap fleshy, rather bent, bald, greenish-grey; gills<br />
narrow, yellowish.<br />
Agaricus luridus, Schceff. Fung. 69.<br />
In woods ; autumn.<br />
Tliallus middle-size ; stem rather thick.<br />
11. Gymnopus mlphureus. Brimstone naked-foot<br />
Thalli gregarious, nearly brimstone-colour, odorous<br />
stem long, hollow, bent, pale ; cap fleshy, slightly bossed,<br />
bald; gills distinct, nicked.<br />
Agaricus sulphureus, Bull, Herb. 163 ;<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 44.<br />
In woods, on sandy soils, on the ground.<br />
Siem 4 inches long ; cap 3 inches over, dirty yellow<br />
odour of philadelphus coronarius.<br />
12. Gymnopus odorus. Scented naked-foot.<br />
Stem solid, slightly bent, green or greenish ; cap fleshy,<br />
flattish, smooth, greenish ; gills crowded, slightly decurrent,<br />
whitish.<br />
Agaricus odorus. Bull. Herb. 146; Soioerby Fungi, 42.<br />
In oak woods, among the fallen leaves.<br />
13. Gymnopus viridis. Green naked-foot.<br />
Stem long, solid, white; cap fleshy, bald, green; gills<br />
white.<br />
Fungus magnus viridis, Rati Syn. 2, 3.<br />
Agaricus viridis, Withering Arr. 4, 233.<br />
Agaricus cseruleus, Bolton Fung. 12.<br />
In woods ; August to October.<br />
Stem 3 inches long ; cap 3 inches broad.<br />
14. Gymnopus fertills. Fertile naked-foot.<br />
Thalli gregarious, large, pale white ; stem slightly<br />
bulbous, thickish ; cap flattish, same colour as the stem<br />
gills distinct ;<br />
sporce copious, brilliant.<br />
Agaricus phonospermus. Bull. Herb. 547.<br />
Agaricus pallidus, Sowerby Fungi, 143.<br />
In open spaces in woods.<br />
Cap 3 or 4 inches over.
Pl.cell.aph. 18.HYMENOTHECEiE.246.Gymnop. 607<br />
15. Gymnopus ohesus. Fat naked-foot.<br />
Thalli gregarious; stem bulbous, short, whitish, pale;<br />
cap fleshy, flattish, bent, pale; gills growchestnut-coloui.<br />
Agaricus obesus, BatscTi Fung. 216; Persoon Syn. 330.<br />
In pastures among mosses ;<br />
August.<br />
16. Gymnopus coUinus. Hill naked-foot.<br />
Thalli rather gregarious; stem long, tough, pale; cap<br />
rather fleshy, membranaceous, blunt, bossed, pale-red,<br />
streaked ; gills distant.<br />
Agaricus collinus, Schceff. Fung. 220; Persoon Syn. 330.<br />
Agaricus pratensis, Sowerby Fung. 12T ?<br />
Agaricus arundinaceus, Bull. Herb. 50.<br />
On grassy hills.<br />
17. Gymnopus peronatus. Shaggy naked-foot.<br />
Thallus pale; stem solid, whitish, rooted, yellow and<br />
shaggy at bottom ; cap fleshy, thin, convex, slightly bossed,<br />
wrinkled ; gills distinct.<br />
Agaricus peronatus, Sowerby Fungi, 37 ;<br />
In woods among the fallen leaves.<br />
Persoon Syn, 331. ^^<br />
c. Cap shining, scarlet, brownish-red or yellow.<br />
18. Gymnopus ccraceus. PVaxlike naked-foot.<br />
Stem yellow; cap hemispherical, smooth, yellow; gills<br />
watery yellowish.<br />
Agaricus ceraceus, Wulf. in Jacq. Aust. 2, 105 ; Persoon Syn, 336.<br />
On dry hills and edges of woods ; autumn,<br />
d. Capfiesh-red.<br />
19. Gymnopus russulus. Rosy naked-foot.<br />
Thallus large; stem solid, short, rose-red; cap fleshy,<br />
slightly convex, granular with small scales ; gills unequal,<br />
white.<br />
Fungus magnus rubentis seu incarnati coloris, Raii Syn, S,l.<br />
Fungus minor campestris rotundus, lamellatus, inferne albus, superne<br />
purpnreus, Dillen in Rail Syn. 3, 9.<br />
Agaricus Ilussula, Schccff. Fung. 58.<br />
Agaricus integer, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4,227.<br />
In woods and pastures under trees ; Aug. to November.
608 24.6.Gymnop. ll.HYMENOTHECE^.PZ.ceZ/.cr/y^.<br />
20. Gymnopiis purus. Pure naked-foot.<br />
Thalli gregarious ; stem hollow, villous and paler at the<br />
bottom ; cap nearly membranaceous, fose'colour^ shining<br />
gills broadish, veiny at the bottom, pale-rose.<br />
Agaricus roseus, Sowerhy Fungi, 72.<br />
Agaricus purus roseus, Persoon Syn. 339.<br />
Agaricus incarnatus, Relhan Cant. Suppl. 2, 1092.<br />
In woods, among dead leaves ; November.<br />
/3. purpureus. Stem purple ; cap hemispherical, purple<br />
gills three in a set.<br />
Agaricus purpureus, Bolton Fungi, 41.<br />
Agaricus purus purpureus, Persoon Syn. 339, 149, y.<br />
e. Cap more or less violet, purplish or grey.<br />
21. Gymnoptis geophihis. Earthlovivg naked-foot.<br />
Thalli gregarious, rather small ; stem nearly cylindrical,<br />
powdery, same colour as the cap ; cap bellshape, rather<br />
fleshy, pale-violet; centre brownish ; gills cinnamon clay-<br />
colour._<br />
Agaricus afBnis, Sowerhy Fungi, 124.<br />
Agaricus geophilus, Persoon Syn, 340.<br />
In woods, on clay-ground.<br />
22. Gymnopus chalybeus. Steel-grey nakedfoot.<br />
Stem rather slender, same colour as the cap ; cap rather<br />
fleshy, bellshape, rather scaly, at first steel-grey, afterwards<br />
blackish-grey j gills purplish-gre3\<br />
Agaricus columbarius, Sovcerby Fungi, 161,<br />
Agaricus chalybeus, Persoon Syn. 343.<br />
On grassy hills ; autumn.<br />
f. Cap grey, smoke-colour, or blackish.<br />
23. Gymnopus myomyces. Mouse-colour naked-foot.<br />
Thalli gregarious; stem bald, whitish-grey; cap fleshy,<br />
gills whitish-grey.<br />
bossed, scaly, grey ;<br />
Fungus superficie murini coloris ; lamellis albicantihus, Raii Syn. 5,21.<br />
Agaricus terreus, Sowerhy Fungi, 76.<br />
Agaricus myomyces, Persoon Syn. 345.<br />
In pine and beech woods.<br />
When broken, or rubbed, it emits the odour of burnt<br />
feathers.
Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 246.Gymnop. 609<br />
24. Gymnopus melea^ris. Turkey-fowl naked-foot.<br />
Root networked; stem solid, blackish at bottom; cap<br />
rather fleshy, flattish, scaly ; scales scattered, blackish.<br />
Agaricus meleagris, Sowerby Fungi, 171.<br />
Agariciis meleagris, Persoon Syn. 347.<br />
On hot-beds.<br />
25. Gymnopus plumosus. Feathery naked-foot.<br />
Stem long, slender, feathery ; cap hemispherical, feathery<br />
with scales, mouse-colour ; gills 3 in a set, whitish.<br />
Agaricus plumosus, Bolton Fung. 33 ;<br />
In woods.<br />
Persoon Syn. 347.<br />
26. Gymnopus nelularis. Cloudy naked-foot.<br />
Thalli gregarious, firm ; stem solid, rather bulbous,<br />
greyish-white; cap thick, bossed, livid-grey; gills crowded,<br />
slightly decurrent, pale-white.<br />
Agaricus nebularis, Batsch Fung, 193 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 349.<br />
Agaricus mollis, Bolton Fung. 40.<br />
Agaricus pileolarius, Sowerby Fungi, 61.<br />
Agaricus albellus, Sowerby Fungi, 122. Wm'<br />
In fir plantations ; autumn to November.<br />
27. Gymnopus limacinus. Snail naked-foot.<br />
Stem solid, naked, cracked transversely, same colour as<br />
the cap, tip snow-white; cap fleshy, rather narrow, planoconvex,<br />
glutinous, olive-grey, blackish ; gills decurrent,<br />
white.<br />
Agaricus limacinus, Schisff. Fung. 312 ; Persoon Syn. 335.<br />
In woods and plantations.<br />
28. Gymnopus Irevipes. Short-stemmed naked-foot.<br />
Thalli rather gregarious ; stem solid, very short, colour<br />
of the cap ; cap fleshy, bossed or rather smooth, grey<br />
centre blackish ; gills crowded, nicked, grey.<br />
Persoon Syn. 360.<br />
Agaricus brevipes, Bull. Herb. 521 ;<br />
On the ground.<br />
Stem<br />
broad.<br />
scarce an inch long, inside reddish ; cap 3 inches<br />
29. Gymnopus graveolens. Stinking naked-foot.<br />
Thallus heavy ; stem solid, rather disposed to split,<br />
whitish ; cap fleshy, thick, nearly hemispherical, bald,<br />
smoke-grey ; gills crowded, nicked.<br />
VOL. I. 2 R
610 246.Gymnop. H.HYMENOTHECEtE. Fl.cell.aph.<br />
Agaricus graveolens, Persoon Spi, 361.<br />
In grassy places, and plantations.<br />
Taste and smell very disagreeable, also heavy on the<br />
hand.<br />
30. Gymnopus compressus. Flattened naked-foot.<br />
Thallus brittle ; stem compressed, rather twisted ; cap<br />
thin, flattish, irregular, brown, waxy ; gills rather thick, distant,<br />
white.<br />
Agaricus compressus, Withering Arr. 4,278; Sowerhy Fungi, 66; Persoon<br />
Syn. 363.<br />
On grassy hills ; June.<br />
g. Cap white.<br />
31. Gymnopus alhus. fVhite 7iaked-foot.<br />
Thallus entirely wJaite, usually solitary ; stem thick, short,<br />
nearly upright, rather smaller at bottom ; cap fleshy, convex<br />
; gills distinct.<br />
Agaricus virgineus, Batsch Fung. 39.<br />
Agaricus albus, Persoon Syn. 363.<br />
On the ground, in sandy soils.<br />
Esculent.<br />
32. Gymnopus ehnrneus. Ivory naked-foot.<br />
Thalli gregarious, white; stem long, scaly at the tip;<br />
cap rather fleshy, viscous, plano-convex, edge smooth ; gills<br />
rather distant, slightly decurrent.<br />
Agaricus eburneus, Persoon Syn. 364.<br />
In beech woods, rarely among firs ; autumn.<br />
Esculent.<br />
^. nitens. Stem rather short.<br />
Agaricus Jozzolus, Scopoli Cam. 2,431.<br />
Agaricus eburneus, Bull. Herb. 551.<br />
Agaricus niteus, Sowerby Fungi, 71.<br />
33. Gymnopus parasiticus. Parasitic naked foot.<br />
Thalli rather small, in tufts, parasitic; stem bent, hairy,<br />
solid ; cap bellshape, rather turned back, pale-white ; gills<br />
distant, thickish, brown.<br />
Agaricus parasiticus, Bull. Herb. 574; Persoon Syn. 371.<br />
Agaricus umbratus, Wilh^ng Arr, 4, 235,<br />
On rotten fungi.<br />
'
PLcelLaph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 246.Gymnop. 611<br />
S^. Gymnopus pil'ipes. Hairy-stemmed riaked-foot.<br />
Tlialli in bundles, brown; stem covered throughout with<br />
scattered hairs; cap bellshape.<br />
Agariciis pilipes, Sowerby Fungi, 249.<br />
On rotten fungi.<br />
25. Gymnopus tuherosus. Tuberous naked-foot.<br />
Tlialli gregarious, small, whitish; stem short, rather<br />
reddish, innate in tubers ; cap convex, nippled.<br />
Agaricus tubeiosus, Bull. Herh. 256.<br />
Agaricus Amanitas, Batsc/i Fung. 1, 109.<br />
Agaricus alumnus, Bolton Fung. 155.<br />
Agaricus albus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 254.<br />
On rotten fungi; autumn.<br />
36. Gymnopus ramealis. Branch naked-foot.<br />
Tlialli gregarious, small, slightly persistent; cap bent,<br />
powdery; cap rather fleshy, hemispherical, whitish ;<br />
reddish gills narrow, crowned.<br />
;<br />
Agaricus ramealis, Bull. Herh. 336 ; Persoon Syn. 375. >,<br />
Agaricus candidus, Bolton Fung. 39.<br />
In beech woods, on sticks, after rain ; autumn.<br />
centime<br />
V. 247. OMPHALIA. Persoon. Navel-stool.<br />
Volva 0; stem central; collar 0; cap fleshy, orbicular,<br />
funnelshape or umbilicated ; edge smooth ; gills unequally<br />
long, decurrent.—All are supposed to be poisonous.<br />
a. Cap yellowish^ pale, liver-brown or chestnut.<br />
1. Omphalia involuta. Involved ?iavel-stool.<br />
Thallus large; cap fleshy, depressed, liver-colour; edge<br />
turned back, downy; gills two-forked, rather porous at<br />
bottom.<br />
Agaricus involutus, Batsck Fung. 1,39; Persoon Syn. 448.<br />
Agaricus contiguus, Bull. Herb. 240 ; Sowerby Fungi, 56.<br />
On sandy soils, on the ground.<br />
soft.<br />
(3. truncigena. Thallus small ; cap not quite expanded,<br />
Agaricus cyathiformis, Schceff. Fung, 252.<br />
Agaricus involutus truncigenus, PerSfs^p, Syn. 448.<br />
Agaricus castaneus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 198.<br />
2 R 2
612 247.0mphal. U.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
2. Omphalia gilva. Pale-red navel-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, rather large, yellow, ferrugineous,<br />
shining; stem thick, rather tuberous; cap funnelshape,<br />
stiiF, edge turned up.<br />
Agariciis infundibuliforniis, Bull. Herb. 553.<br />
Agariciis cyathiformis, Vahl, in Fl. Dan. 101 1.<br />
Agaricus gilvus, Persoon Syn. 448.<br />
Agariciis flaccidus ? Soieerby Fungi, \S5.<br />
In fir woods, on the ground.<br />
Thalli usually grow in regular rows.<br />
3. Omphalia gihha. Bunched navel-stool.<br />
Stem tough, slightly bulbous ; cap rather thin, pale, fun-<br />
nelshape, bossed in the centre ;<br />
Agaricus membranaceus, Fl. Dan. 1012.<br />
Agaricus gibbus, Persoon Syn. 449.<br />
In beech and fir woods.<br />
gills white.<br />
4. Omphalia lohata. Loled navel-stool.<br />
- Thalli gregarious ; stem oblong, thickest at top ; cap fun-<br />
nelshape, lobed, chestnut-brown ;<br />
Agaricus lobatus, Sowerby Fungi, 186.<br />
On the ground in gardens.<br />
gills crowded, pale.<br />
5. Omphalia cochleata. Snail navel-stool.<br />
Thalli in tufts ; stems furrowed, red, connate at bottom ;<br />
cap lobed, twisted, reddish-brown; gills serrate, pale.<br />
Agaricus cochleatus, Persoon Syn. 450.<br />
Agaricus confluens, Sowerby Fungi, 168.<br />
At the root of trees.<br />
(3. cornucopioides. Stem bent; cap lobed; gills 3 in a<br />
set, decurrent.<br />
Agaricus cornucopioides, Bolton Fung. 8.<br />
Merulius cornucopioides, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1429.<br />
6. Omphalia dryophilus. Grove-loving navel-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious ; stem hollow, yellowish, brilliant ; cap<br />
rather fleshy, hemispherical, umbilicated, pale ; gills pale.<br />
Agaricus dryophilus, Sowerby Fungi, 127.<br />
In fir plantations; autumn.<br />
7. Omphalia farinacea. Mealy navel-stool.<br />
Stem long, ochry-red; cap rather fleshy, umbilicated,<br />
slightly scaly; gills distant, rose-colour, at last mealy.<br />
Agaricus farinaceus, Hudson Fl. Angl. 616; Sowerby Fungi, 208.<br />
In woods, on the ground.
Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 247.0mphal. 613<br />
8. Omphalia rosella, Rose-hud navel-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, small; stem long, pinky-red; cap rather<br />
fleshy, slightly umbilicated, smootli, brown-red ; gills<br />
rose-red.<br />
Agaricus rosellus, Batsch Fung. 123.<br />
Agaricus farinaceus rosellus, Persoon Syn, 453.<br />
In grassy woods ; end of summer.<br />
9. Omphalia tortilis. Twisted navel-stool.<br />
Stem short; cap brown, streaked, wavy; gills fleshcolour.<br />
Agaricus tortilis, Bolton Fung. 41.<br />
Agaricus farinaceus tortilis, Persoon Syn. 454.<br />
In shady coppices, on rich mould.<br />
10. Omphaliafragrans. Sweet-scented navel-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, scented, brownish-white or pale<br />
stem long, solid ; cap umbilicated, smooth ; gills horizontal.<br />
Agaricus fragrans, Sowerby Fungi, 10.<br />
In meadows.<br />
Scent resembles that of new-made hay.<br />
b. Thallus white.<br />
11. Omphalia virginea. Virgin navel-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, white, rather small, pale ; cap fleshy,<br />
first convex, then slightly depressed, when full grown with<br />
the edge turned in, streaked ; gills distant, decurrent, connected<br />
by veins.<br />
Agaricus virgineus, Schaff. Fung. 232; Persoon Syn. 456.<br />
Agaricus ericeus, Bull, Herb. 183.<br />
In meadows, rarely in woods ; autumn.<br />
12. Omphalia candicans. Whitish navel-stool.<br />
Thallus tough throughout, shining-white; cap umbilicated,<br />
very smooth, at first convex.<br />
Agaricus umbilicatus, Bolton Fung. 17.<br />
Agaricus candicans, Persoon Syn. 456.<br />
In woods; autumn.<br />
13. Omphalia tigrina. Tiger navel-stool,<br />
Stem hard, rather scaly; cap fleshy, umbilicated, whitish,<br />
scaly ; scales rather hairy, blackish.<br />
Agaricus tigrinus, Sowerby Fungi, 68 ; Persoon Syn. 458.<br />
Agaricus squamosus, Schceff. Fung, 29 et 30.<br />
On trunks of trees.
614 24.7.0mphal. U.HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
c. Thallus blackish^ smoke-grey, grey, livid or inclining<br />
io violet.<br />
14. Omplialia adusta. Burnt navel-stool.<br />
Thallus rather large; stem solid, shortish, grey; cap<br />
fleshy, depressed, olive-grey, afterwards black, as if burnt<br />
gills thick, palish-white.<br />
Agaricus nigricans, Bull Herb. 379.<br />
Agaricus adus!\is, Persoon Syn. 459.<br />
In woods, on the ground; autumn.<br />
In their black state taken for the remains of fires made<br />
by gypsies.<br />
jS. elephantinus. Thallus large, at first white.<br />
Agaricus elephantinus, Sowerby Fungi, 3G.<br />
15. Omplialia clixa. Sodden navel-stool.<br />
Thallus large; stem solid, rather long; cap fleshy, slightly<br />
depressed, turned back, stiff, blackish-grey ; gills pale, rather<br />
decurrent.<br />
Agaricus elixus, Sovcerbyi Fung. 172 ;<br />
In damp meadows ; autumn.<br />
Perjoon Syn. 460.<br />
16. Omphalia cyathoides. Cyathus navel-stool.<br />
Roots numerous, fibrous ; stem very long, bulbous ; cap<br />
rather thin, at first flattish, then funnelshape, umber-brown<br />
gills decurrent, whitish-brown.<br />
Agaricus cyatlioides, Bolton Fung. 145 ; Persoon Syn, 460.<br />
On an old hot-bed ; February.<br />
17. Omphalia tarda. Late vavel-stool.<br />
Thallus tough, blackish-brown ; stem conical, elastic<br />
cap funnelshape ; edge turned back, smooth.<br />
Agaricus Infundibulum, Leyser Halens.<br />
Agaricus sericeus, Plan. Erfurt. 73.<br />
Agaricus sordidus, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 1, 16,<br />
Agaricus cyathiformis, Bull. Herb. bib.<br />
Agaricus tardus, Persoon Syn. 461.<br />
In woods on the ground, or on trees ; late in autumn.<br />
18. Omphalia amethystea. Amethyst navel-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, rather tough, when fresh light violet,<br />
turning greyish ; stem long, fibrilled, slender ; cap umbilicated<br />
; gills distant.<br />
Agaricus amethjsteus, Persoon Syn. 46b; Sowerby Fungi, 187.<br />
On trees, or at their roots, in shady woods ; early in autumn.
Plcellaph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 248.Plem'op. 615<br />
|8. incana. Cap smooth or slightly scaly, pale.<br />
Agaricus incanus, Bull. Herb, 570.<br />
VI. 248. PLEUROPUS. Persoon. ^ Side-foot.<br />
Volva 0; stem not in the centre of the cap; collar 0;<br />
cap fleshy, depressed, orbicular, oblique ;<br />
Poisonous, or at least suspected.<br />
gills decurrent.<br />
1 Pleuropus orcelliis. Litmus side-foot.<br />
Thalli gregarious ; stem pale ; cap elliptic or circular<br />
gills crowded, flesh-red.<br />
Agaricus orcellus, Bull. Herb. 575; Persoon Syn. 473.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
2. Pleuropus ulmarius. Elm side-foot.<br />
Stem ascending ; cap fleshy, very broad, uniformly pale<br />
or marked with stripes ; gills very broad, slightly nicked,<br />
connected.<br />
Agaricus ulmarius, Sowerby Fungi, 67 ; Persoon Syn, 473.<br />
On trees, especially on elm trees; autumn.<br />
3. Pleuropus palmatus. Palmate side-foot,<br />
Thalli in tufts ; stem nearly straight, whitish ; cap and<br />
gills opake, reddish-chestnut.<br />
Agaricus palmatus, Bull. Herb. 216 ;<br />
On trees, or carpenters' work.<br />
Persoon Syn, 474.<br />
|3. ruhescens, Thallus reddish throughout.<br />
Agaricus palmatus, Sowerby Fungi, 62.<br />
4. Pleuropus fornicatus.<br />
Arched side-foot.<br />
Thallus solitary, compact; stem very short, downy, slightly<br />
eccentric; cap flattish, rather livid; gills distinct, rather<br />
decurrent, brilliant red.<br />
Agaricus carnosus? Bolton Fung. 146.<br />
Agaricus fornicatus, Persoon Syn. 474.<br />
On trees.<br />
5. Pleuropus inconstans.<br />
Inco?istant side-foot.<br />
cap rather tough, depressed, whole<br />
Thallus rather large ;<br />
or halved, lobed, bent, rather reddish gills slightly<br />
;<br />
branched, crisp at bottom, white and rather brilliant-red.<br />
Agaricus flabelliformis, Sckmff, Fung. 43 et 44.<br />
Agaricus inconstans, Persoon Syn. 475.<br />
On the trunks of trees.
616 24.9.Crepid. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.apk.<br />
VII. 249. CREPIDOPUS. Esenbeck. Slipper-stool.<br />
Volva 0; stem marginal or 0; collar 0; cop fleshy, depressed,<br />
semicircular, oblique; gills decurrent.<br />
1 Crepidopus ostreatus. Oyster slipper-stool.<br />
Thalli slightly stipitate, in imbricated bundles ; cap convex,<br />
grey or brownish, reverse-ovate ; gills white, decurrent,<br />
anastomosing at bottom.<br />
Agariciis ostreatus, Curtis Lond. 216; Persoon Syn. 477.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
0. atro-alhus. Thalli in tufts; stem lateral, short, dirty<br />
white; cap fleshy, plano-convex, edge turned over, blackish<br />
gills decurrent, veiny, white.<br />
Agaricub nigricans, Fl. Dan, 892.<br />
Agaricus ostreatus, Suwerby Fungi, 241.<br />
2. Crepidopus mollis. -<br />
SoJ't slipper-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, soft; cop bald, bunched, pale; gills<br />
watery, brownish.<br />
Agaricus mollis, Dickson Crypt. 1, 17; Sowerby Fungi, 98; Persoon<br />
Syn. 480.<br />
On rotten trees; autumn.<br />
3. Crepidopus stypticus. Styptic slipper-stool.<br />
Thalli in close tufts ; stem compressed, ascending, dilated<br />
at bottom ; cap leatherlike, nicked, rather tough, somewhat<br />
powdery; gills very thin, connected by veins, cinnamoncolour.<br />
Agaricus stypticus, Bull. Herb, 140 ; Sowerby Fungi, 109; Persoon Syn.<br />
481.<br />
On dry trunks of trees ; autumn and mild winters.<br />
Taste at first nauseously sweet, afterwards styptic.<br />
4. Crepidopus variabilis. Variable slipper-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, stemless; cap rather woolly, white;<br />
gills whitish, afterwards rust-colour.<br />
Agaricus niveus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 17 ; Sowerby Fungi, 97.<br />
Agaricus sessilis, Bu//?ard ^er&. 152.<br />
Agaricus variabilis, Persoon Syn. 483.<br />
Agaricus pubescens. Ft. Dan. 1073.<br />
In damp woods or hedges, upon sticks.<br />
5. Crepidopus epigceus. Ground slipper-stool.<br />
Cap kidneyshape, brittle, reddish-grey ; bottom villous,<br />
whitish; gills distinct, watery, reddish, diverging.
PlcelLaph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 249. Crepid. 617<br />
Agaricusdepluens, BafscA Fwn^. 167.<br />
Agaricus epigaeus, Persoon Syn. 484.<br />
In woods, on the ground ; rarely on the side of rocks.<br />
^. tremulus. Stem short, slate-grey, downy; cap smooth.<br />
Agaricus tremulus, 5icA«^. -Fwn^. 53; Sowerby Fungi, 242.<br />
VIII. 250. APUS. Esenbeck. Footless-stool.<br />
Vo^va 0; stem 0; collar 0; cap corklike or leatherlike,<br />
sessile, semicircular.<br />
1. Apus aJneus. Alderfootless-stool.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, woolly, whitish-grey ; gills split,<br />
edges turned back, purplish-grey.<br />
Agaricus alneus, Z/in, S. P. 1645; Sowerby Fungi, 183; Persoon Syn,<br />
485.<br />
Agaricus muUifidus, Batsch Fung. 126.<br />
On timber.<br />
2. Apus coriaceus: heathery footless-stool,<br />
Thallus leatherlike, zoned, woolly, pale; gills slightly<br />
branched, pale, woody.<br />
Agaricus villosus, lamellis sinuosis et iuvicera implexis, Rail Syn, 24,<br />
19.<br />
Agaricus betulinus, Sowerby Fungi, 182, young? Withering Arr. 4, 339.<br />
Agaricus coriaceus, Bolton Fung. 158, old ? Persoon Syn. 486.<br />
On dry trunks of trees.<br />
Perhaps a species of daedalea : is often confounded with<br />
dsedalea quercina, 266, I.<br />
IX. 251. RESUPINATUS. Esenbeck. Tur7i-over.<br />
Vblva ; stem ; collar ; cap membranaceous, orbicular,<br />
attached by the back.<br />
Resupinatus applicatus. Applied turn-over.<br />
Cap thin, dark-grey ; gills broad, unequal.<br />
Agaricus applicatus, Batsch Fung. 171 ; Sowerby Fungi, 301.<br />
Agaricus epigaeus tepiiromelas, Persoon Syn, 484.<br />
On rotten sticks.<br />
B. MvcENADEiE. Folva ; stem central, juicy ; collar ;<br />
cap orbicular, thick, fleshy or membranaceous; texture,<br />
vesicular, cellular or fibrous; hymenium lamellar; gills<br />
separable from the cap, juicy, not becoming black when<br />
decaying.
618 2S2.Russul. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Plcell.aph.<br />
X. 252. RUSSULA. Persoon. Russule.<br />
Texture vesicular or cellular; stem mostly white; cap<br />
fleshy, mostly depressed ; gilh equal, not terminated by an<br />
annular margin.—Most are poisonous.<br />
a. Cap reddish.<br />
1 Russula rosacea. Rose russule.<br />
Cap plano-convex, rather smooth, rose or pale-red; gills<br />
and stem white.<br />
Ag;aricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi, 201.<br />
Agaricus roseus, Schceff. Fung. 58.<br />
Agaricus russula rosaeeus, Persoon Syn. 439.<br />
In shady woods.<br />
Tkallus smaller than r. emetica ; taste sometimes acrid,<br />
sometimes mild.<br />
2. Russula emetica. Emetic russule.<br />
Tkallus acrid ; stem white or pink ; cap depressed, edge<br />
furrowed, blood-red ;<br />
gills white.<br />
Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi, 201.<br />
Agaricus emeticus, Schceff. Fung. 15.<br />
Agaricus integer, var. 3, Withering jirr. 4,228.<br />
Agaricus russula emeticus, Persoon Syn. 43i).<br />
In woods.<br />
A favourite food of snails, so that a perfect specimen is<br />
rarely found.<br />
b. Cap reddish-brown or yellowish.<br />
3. Russula vilellina. Yelk russule.<br />
Thalhis small; stem slender, white; cap flattish, pale<br />
gills shining, pinky inclining to yellow.<br />
yelk-colour ;<br />
Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640 ; Sowerby Fungi, 201.<br />
Agaricus risigallinus, Batsch Fung. 67.<br />
Agaricus russula vitellinus, Persoon Syn. 442.<br />
In woods.<br />
4. Russula lutea. Yellow russule.<br />
pale ;<br />
Stem very long, white; cap rather slimy, umbilicated,<br />
gills distinct, yelk-colour.<br />
Agaricus luteus, Hudson Angl, 611,<br />
Agaricus russula luteus, Persoon Syn. 442.<br />
In woods.
Pl.cellaph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 253.Mycen. 619<br />
XI. 253. MYCENA. Persoon. High-stool.<br />
Texture fibrous ; steyn long, mostly pipey ; cap membranaceous,<br />
streaked, pellucid, convex, persisting; gills of the<br />
same colour; sporidia short. Thalli small, poisonous.<br />
l.Mycena porrea. Leek high-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, large ; stem long, rather downy,<br />
blood-red at bottom; cap rather membranaceous, hemi-<br />
gills same colour.<br />
spherical, yellowish ;<br />
Agaricus alliaceus. Scop. Cam. 2,454; Sowerbi/ Fungi, 81.<br />
Agaricus porreus, Persoon Syn. 376.<br />
In woods; autumn.<br />
Odour like garlick.<br />
2. Mycena galericulata. Helmetted high-stool.<br />
Thalli in tufts, scentless; stem smooth, rooted, juiceless,<br />
shaggy at the bottom ; cap membranaceous, bossed, livid<br />
brown ; gills distinct, white.<br />
Agaricus galericulatus, Schceff. Fung. 52; Persoon Syn. 316 ; Sowerby<br />
Fungi, 165.<br />
On stumps of willows ; autumn.<br />
3. Mycena polygramma. Many-streamed high-stool.<br />
Thalli solitary ; stem tailed, streaked lengthways, sattiny,<br />
grey; cap bellshape, bossed, greyish.<br />
Persoon Syn. 377.<br />
Agaricus poljgrammus, Sowerby Fungi, 222 ;<br />
On the ground among dead leaves ; autumn.<br />
4. Mycena atro-alla. Pied high-stool.<br />
Stem rooted, pipey, feathery at bottom ; cap smooth,<br />
edge whitish, tip black.<br />
Agaricus atro-albus, Bolton Fung. 137 ; Persoon Syn. 378,<br />
Agaricus varius, var. 8, Withering Arr. 4,278.<br />
On the ground ?<br />
5. Mycena flavipes. Yellow-stalked high-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious; stem long, rather slimy, yellowish;<br />
cap bellshape, streaked, whitish-grey ; gills the same colour.<br />
Agaricus plicatus, Schceff. Fung. 51.<br />
Agaricus flavipes, Sibthorp Oxon. 305; Persoon Syn. 3S2.<br />
In woods on the ground ; autumn.<br />
6. Mycena epipterygia. Top-winged high-stool.<br />
Thalli rather in tufts; stem brimstone-yellow, slimy;<br />
cap bellshape, smoothish, blunt or slightly bossed, dark-<br />
grey, rather slimy ;<br />
gills distant, white.<br />
5
620 253.Mycen. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PLcell.aph.<br />
Agariciis epipterygius, Persoon Syn. 382.<br />
In woods on dead sticks ; autumn.<br />
^. nutans P Cap when young nodding, reddish, edge<br />
toothed; teeth when young surrounding the stem.<br />
Agaricus nutans, Soteerby Fungi, 92.<br />
7. Mycena lutso-alla. Yellowish-white high-stool.<br />
ThalLus small; stem threadlike; cap conical, streaked,<br />
gills 3 in a set, white.<br />
yellow ;<br />
Agaricus luteo-albus, Bolton Fung. 38; Persoon Syn. 383.<br />
In woods.<br />
8. Mycena tenera. Tender high-stool.<br />
Thalli nearly solitary, rust-colour, small ; stem rather<br />
long; cap membranaceous, conical, smoothish ; gills distant.<br />
Agaricus tener, Sowerby Fungi, 33; Persoon Syn. 386.<br />
On osier grounds and grassy places ; summer and autumn.<br />
9. Mycena atro-rufa. Reddish-black high-stool.<br />
Stem very long, slender ; cap nearly conical, brown, dry,<br />
tough ; gills few, 3 in a set, brownish-red.<br />
Agaricus atro-rufus, Bolt. Fung. 52 ;<br />
In dry pastures, and among mosses.<br />
Persoon Syn. 386.<br />
10. Mycena racemosa. Racemelike high-stool.<br />
Stem racemelike; cap membranaceous, nipplelike, grey;<br />
gills white.<br />
Agaricus racemosus, Persoon Syn, 389 ;<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 287.<br />
In woods.<br />
Stem resembles a raceme of the currant-bush, from<br />
whence the berries have been plucked; branches terminated<br />
by hyaline heads which disappear.<br />
1 1 Mycena Hudsoni. Hudson's high-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious; stem hairy, reddish; cap convex,'<br />
whitish, hairy; hairs scattered, stiff, red.<br />
Agaricus pilosus, Hudson Angl. 622; Sowerby Fungi, 164.<br />
Agaricus Hudsoni, Persoon Syn. 390.<br />
On holly-leaves.<br />
12. Mycena Adonis. Adonis high-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious ; cap smooth, bellshape, whitish rose-<br />
red or green ;<br />
gills rather hooked, adnate, white.<br />
Agaricus Adonis, Persoon Syn. 391 ; Sowerby Fungi, 385.<br />
In woods.
Pl.cellaph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 253. Mycen. 621<br />
.13. Mycena variegata. Fariegated high-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, rather large ; stem white ; cap rather<br />
fleshy, bellshape, smooth or nippled, variegated with reddish<br />
lines; gills hooked, decurrent, white.<br />
Agaricus tentaculatuH, Bull. Herb. 560; Suwerby Fungi, 385.<br />
Agaricus variegatus, Persoon Syn. 391.<br />
In grassy places^ on the ground.<br />
14. Myceiia claviformis. Nail-like high-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, minute ; stem solid, slender, white<br />
cap rather fleshy, nippled, orange or red ; gills broadish,<br />
white.<br />
Agaricus Clavus, Bolt. Fung. 39 ; Persoon Syn. 392.<br />
On the ground, or on dead trees ; autumn.<br />
15. Mycena stroliliiia. Cone high-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, rather tufted, red ; stem solid, tailed<br />
at bottom, hairy; cap bellshape, rather fleshy, smooth.<br />
Agaricus coccineus, Sowerby Fungi, 197.<br />
*<br />
Agaricus strobilinus, Persoon Syn. 393.<br />
On the branches and cones of the Scotch fir.<br />
16. Mycena integrella. Small-entire high-stool.<br />
Thalli small, in bundles, white; stem downy at bottom;<br />
cap membranaceous, hemispherical ; gills decurrent, rather<br />
distant, mostly entire.<br />
Agaricus integrellus, Persoon Syn. 393.<br />
Agaricus Mycena integrella, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 51.<br />
In shady woods.<br />
1 7. Mycena corticola. Bark high-stool.<br />
Thalli minute, scattered, brownish; stem rather short,<br />
bent ; cap hemispherical, slightly plaited ; gills hooked,<br />
adnate, whitish.<br />
Agaricus corticalis, Bull. Herb. 519 ;<br />
On stumps of trees, in damp weather.<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 243.<br />
XII. 254. MICROMPHALE. Dimple-stool.<br />
Texture fibrous ; stem often pipey ; cap membr.anaceous,<br />
streaked, pellucid ; tip umbilicated ; sporidia long. Thalli<br />
small.
622 254.Microm. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. PlcelLaph.-<br />
\. Micromphalejlmhrlatum. Fringed dimple-si. ol.<br />
Thallus large; ste^n slender, short; cap funnelshape,<br />
edge crisp, elegantly lobcd, fringed, thin, semitransparent<br />
gills 3 in a set, very long, narrow, translucid.<br />
Agaricus fimbriatus, Bolt. Fung. 61 ;<br />
In grass land.<br />
Persoon Syn. 466.<br />
2. Micromphale venosum. Veiny dimple- stool.<br />
Stem compressed, blackish, hoary ; cap nearly membranaceous,<br />
tough, veiny, streaked, reddish-brown; gil/s few,<br />
nearly the same colour, glaucous, affixed nearly in a ring.<br />
Meruliiis fcetiilus ? Soioerby Fungi, 21.<br />
Agaricus venosus, Persoon Syn. 467.<br />
In woods ; August.<br />
Odour like garlick.<br />
3. Micromphale collarlatum. Collared dimple-siooL<br />
Thalli in tufts, white; stem blackish; cap deeply fur-<br />
gills annexed to a tube surrounding the stem.<br />
rowed ;<br />
Agaricus Rotula, Scop. Cam. 2, 1569; Sowerby Fungi, 95; Persoon<br />
Syn. 467.<br />
Agaricus coUariatus, Withering Arr. ed. 2.<br />
Merulius collariatus. Withering Arr. 4, 178.-<br />
On Sticks.<br />
Stem frequently branched repeatedly.<br />
4. Micromphale perforans. Perforating dimple-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, persisting ; stem dark bay ; cap flattish,<br />
slightly plaited, very slightly bossed ; gills simple, entirely<br />
annexed.<br />
Agaricus androsaceus, Sowerby Fungi, 94; Persoon Syn. 468.<br />
Agaricus perforans, Hoffman Nomencl. 4, 2.<br />
On the leaves of trees, perforating them.<br />
5. Micromphale epiphyllum. Leaf dimple-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, minute, white; stem blackish; cap<br />
membranaceous, convex, at length slightly umbilicated;<br />
gills distant, branched.<br />
Agaricus Squauiula, Sowerhy Fungi, 93.<br />
Agaricus epiphyllus, Persoon Syn. 468.<br />
Agaricus lacteus, Bull. Herb. 601.<br />
On beech and other leaves ; autumn.
Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 254.Microra. 623<br />
6. Alicromphale fragile. Brit lie dimple-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious ; stem pipey, chestnut ; cap hemispherical,<br />
umbilicated, streaked, rust-colour; gills deCur-<br />
rent.<br />
Agaricus fragilis, Schceff. Fungi, 230.<br />
Agaricus Campanella, Batsch, Fung. 74 ;<br />
On the trunks of fir-trees.<br />
Persoon Syn. 470.<br />
7. Micromphale fihulare. Button dimple-stool.<br />
Thalhis small ; stem long, solid ; cap umbilicated, smooth,<br />
reddish-ochry ;<br />
gills distant, white.<br />
Agaricus Fibula, Sowerby Fungi, 45 ; Persoon Syn. 471.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
8. Micromphale ericetorum. Heath dimple-stool.<br />
Thallus gregarious, entirely grey, membranaceous; stem,<br />
middle size ; gills distant, very broad at bottom.<br />
Agaricus ericetorum, Persoon Syn. 472.<br />
On heaths and woods on a sandy soil.<br />
XIII. 255. LACTARIUS. De Candolle. Milk'Siool.<br />
Texture fibrous ; cap fleshy, depressed or funnelshape<br />
gills unequal.—Emit a white yellow or red milky liquor ;<br />
they are all usually suspected to be poisonous, but some<br />
are eaten, after they have been thoroughly dressed.<br />
a. Cap whitish.<br />
1. Lactarivs piperatus. Pepper milk-stool.<br />
Cap funnelshape, edge spread out, bald, whitish ; gills<br />
crowded, forked, white, pale.<br />
Agaricus Listeri, Sovieriy Fungi, 104.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus piperatus, Persoon Syn. 429.<br />
Agaricus piperatus, Bolt. Fung. 21.<br />
In woods.<br />
Cap at first hemispherical, flattened ; jidce very acrid,<br />
pepperlike, does not tarnish steel ; when dried, green ; flesh<br />
when boiled becomes mild.<br />
b. Cap yellowish.<br />
2. Lactarius torminosus. Bellyach milk-stool.<br />
Cap umbilicated, zoned, pale ochry-yellow; edge turned<br />
back, downy.
624 255.Lactar. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
Agaricus piperatus. Withering Arr. 4,205.<br />
Agaricus torminosus, Scheeff. Fung. 12; Soieerhy Fungi, 103.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus torminosus, Persoon Syn. 450.<br />
In grassy places, near woodlands.<br />
Juice acrid.<br />
3. Lactarius Jlexuosus. Bent milk-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, bent ; stem very short, whitish ;. cap<br />
broad, umbilicated, reddish-yellow, slightly zoned.<br />
Agaricus zonarius. Bull. Herb. 104.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus flexuosus, Persoon Syn. 430.<br />
In mountain pastures, or woods; after rain.<br />
4. Lactarius theiogaJus. Brimstone milk-stool.<br />
Thalli small ; stem reddish ; cap depressed, nearly grown<br />
together, reddish ; juice yellowish red.<br />
Agaricus theiogalus, Bull. Herb. 567 ;<br />
Agaricus lactifluus theiogalus, Persoon Syn. 431.<br />
Withering Arr, 245.<br />
In woods.<br />
Poisonous; juice does not keep its colour.<br />
5. Lactarius aurantiacus. Orange milk-stool.<br />
Stem long; cap rather narrow, flattish, orange-colour;<br />
gills slightly decurrent.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus, Bolton Fung. 3.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus aurantiacus, Persoon Syn. 432.<br />
Agaricus dulcis, Withering Arr. 4, 206.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
6. Lactarius deliciosus. Delicious milk-stool.<br />
Cap umbilicated, nearly orange-colour; when dry, dirty<br />
white; gills and juice yellowish brick-red.<br />
Lactarius lateritius, Persoon Disp. Fung. 64.<br />
Agaricus deliciosus, Schceff. Fung. 11 ; Sowerby Fungi, 202.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus deliciosus, Persoon Syn. 432.<br />
September and October.<br />
In fir plantations ;<br />
Juice ungrateful, acrid ; yet when dressed this mushroom<br />
is highly esteemed.<br />
c. Cap reddish, pink, or luff.<br />
milk-stool.<br />
Red 7. Lactarius ruler. '<br />
Tholli gregarious, large; stem thickish, ochry-red ; cap<br />
flattened, red ochre-colour; gills yellowish.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus, Schceff. Fung. 5 ; Sowerby Fungi, 204.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus ruber, Persoon Syn, 433.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
Taste at first mild, but afterwards acrid.
PLcell.apL 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 255. Lactar. 625<br />
8. Lactarius suhdulcis. Sweetish milk-sLooL<br />
Cap funnelshape, reddish; gills pale ^vnk; juice sweetish.<br />
Agariciis rubescens, Schceff. Fung. 75.<br />
Tigaricus lactifluus dulcis, Bull. Herb 224.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus subdulcis, Persoon Syn. 433.<br />
In grass ground.<br />
/3. cimicarius. Stem longish ; cap opake, slightly umbilicated,<br />
scarcely zoned, buff"; gills yellowish, rather shining.<br />
Agaricus cimicarius, Batch Fung. 69 ;<br />
Odour strong, like that of bugs.<br />
With. Arr. 4, 206.<br />
d. Cap dark hrown, or blackish-grey.<br />
9. Lactarius necans. Destructive milk-stool.<br />
Cap olive-brown; edge woolly, turned in.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus necator, Bull. Herb. 529 ; Persoon Sijn. 435,<br />
In woods ; autumn.<br />
10. Lactarius plumheus. Lead-colour milk-stool.<br />
Stem dark grey ; cap very broad, funnelshape, blackish-<br />
grey ;<br />
gills yellowish.<br />
Agaricus plumheus, Bull. Herb. 559, 2.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus plumheus, Persoon Syn. 435.<br />
Agaricus Listeri, Sowerby Fungi, 245.<br />
In woods.<br />
1 1 Lactarius luridus. Dark milk-stool.<br />
Stem downy at bottom ; cap flattish ; edge turned up,<br />
slightly zoned, rather slimy, reddish-grey; gills short,<br />
whitish ; juice acrid.<br />
Agaricus fuscus ? Scheeff. Fung. 235.<br />
Agaricus zonarius, Withering Arr. 4, 227 j Sowerby Fungi, 202.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus luridus, Persoon Syn. 436.<br />
On heaths.<br />
12. Lactarius acris. Acrid milk-stool.<br />
Stem "whitish ; cap not zoned, flattish, rather oblique,<br />
dark grey ; gills at first white, then leathery ; juice reddishwhite.<br />
Agaricus acris, Bolton Fung. 60.<br />
Agaricus lactifluus acris, Persoon Syn, 437.<br />
In woods.<br />
Juice at first yellowish- white, very acrid.<br />
VOL. I. 2 s
626 256.Pratel. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. PLcell.aph.<br />
C. Pratellide^. Volva ; siem central ; collar distinct<br />
or 0; cap orbicular, fleshy or membranaceous; texture<br />
fibrous ; hymenium lamellar ; gills separable from the cap,<br />
becoming black, watery or powdery; thecce. single, in pairs<br />
or four together.<br />
XIV. 256. PRATELLA. Persoon. Mushroom..<br />
Stem collared ; collar distinct ; cap thick, fleshy, smooth,<br />
persistent; gills clouded becoming black, or uniform<br />
watery becoming darker; sporidia single, scattered. Flesh<br />
wholesome.<br />
a. Cap fleshy ; stem with a collar.<br />
1. Pratella edulis. Eatable mushroom.<br />
Thalli gregarious, large ; stem long, bulbous ; collar manifest;<br />
cap snow-white, smooth, or very slightly scaly;<br />
gills red.<br />
Fungus campestre albus superne, inferne rubens, Rail Syn. 2, 1.<br />
Fungus minor pileolo lato, superne candido, lamelHs subtus creberrimis<br />
pallide rubeutibus seu incarnati coloris. Rati Syn. 3,8.<br />
Agaricus edulis, Bull. Herb. 314 ; Persoon Syn. 418.<br />
Agaricus arvensis, Schceff. Fung. 310.<br />
Mushroom.<br />
In parks and pastures, also cultivated.<br />
Flesh of the cap delicately flavoured ; used in cookery,<br />
either eaten by itself, or dried and powdered as a sauce.<br />
2. Pratella campestris. Field mushroom.<br />
S/ew short; coZZor incomplete ; cap fleshy, flattish, with<br />
red scales; gills reddish-brown.<br />
Agaricus campestris, Lin, S, P. 1614; SchcEff. Fung. 33; Withering<br />
Arr. 4, 260, var. 2 ; Persoon Syn. 418.<br />
In fields and hilly pastures.<br />
/3. vaporaria. Thalhis large; stem tuberous, scaly; cap<br />
convex, hairy or scaly, reddish-brown; gills brown.<br />
On hot-beds ; also cultivated.<br />
Cap very broad, sometimes 9 inches or more across.<br />
3. Pratella cEruginosa. Coppery mushroom.<br />
Stem scaly ; cottar fugacious ; cap fleshy, glutinous, coppery<br />
; when dry yellowish ; gills flat, annexed, purple variegated<br />
with brown.
Plcell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 256. Pratcl. 627<br />
Agaricus seriiginosus, Curtis Land. 309? Pcrsoon Syn. 419.<br />
y^ga^icus viridiiliis, Sc/ttsff.Fung. 1.<br />
AgHr\cus cy-Anens, Bull. Herb. 530 Wither, Jrr. i<br />
4, 2i3.<br />
Agaricus politiis. Bolt. Fung. 30.<br />
Agaricus Beryllus, Balsch Fung.2\S.<br />
In woods, near trees.<br />
4. Pratella laieritia. ^ Brickred mushroom.<br />
Thalli in tufts, large, on trees; stem long, rather solid;<br />
collar fugacious, blackish ; cap fleshy, rather slimy, brickred<br />
; edge yellowish ; gills distinct, slightly clouded,<br />
greenish-grey.<br />
Agaricus lateritius, Scheeff. Fung. 49, 4, 5; Persoon Syn. 421.<br />
Agaricus amarus. Bull. Herb. 30.<br />
Agaricus auratus, Ft. Dan, 820.<br />
Agaricus pomposus, Bolton Fung. 5.<br />
On rotten trees.<br />
Taste bitter.<br />
5. Pratella foscicular is. Bundle mushroom.<br />
Thalli small, in tufts ; stem hollow, slender ; curtain<br />
hairy, blackish; cap rather fleshy, bossed, ochre-yellow;<br />
gills clouded, greenish.<br />
Agaricus fascicularis, Bolt.'Fung. 29; Persoon Syn. 421.<br />
Agaricus pulverulentus, Bull. Herb. 49.<br />
About trees, after long rain.<br />
XV. 257. CORTINARIA. Persoon. Curiain-iiool.<br />
Stem central, generally bulbous; collar separating into<br />
threads ; co,p mostly fleshy ; gills nicked, unequal, at first<br />
imiform coloured, afterwards clouded with brown.—Generail;^<br />
to be suspected.<br />
1. Coriinaria cyana. Blue curtaiii-slool.<br />
Thallus entirely violet, shining; stem bulbous, pale below<br />
the bulb; cap fleshy, bald.<br />
Agaricus cyanus, Schccff, Fung, 34; Persoon Syn. 276.<br />
In woods,<br />
/3. ccerulescens . Stem bulbous, blue ; bulb bordered, pale<br />
cap fleshy, convex, pale blue ; gills at first pale bliie, then<br />
cinnamon-colour.<br />
Agaricus csen\lescens, Schaff, Fung. 34.<br />
Agaricus cyanus caBrulescens, Pf.rsoun Syn. 277.<br />
2 s 2
628 257.Cortinar. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
2. Cortinaria violacea. Violet curtain'Stool.<br />
Stem bluish ; collar rust-colour ; cap split, edge violet,<br />
woolly.<br />
Agaricus violaceus, Bolton Fung, 52 ; Persoon Syn. 277.<br />
On the borders of woods.<br />
3. Cortinaria nuda. Naked curtain-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious; stem rather long, slenderish, cylin-<br />
drical, naked, pale violet ; collar mostly ; cap fleshy,<br />
plano-convex, edge expanded, changing from violet to<br />
reddish ; gills crowded, pale violet.<br />
Agaricus Dtidus, Bull. Herb. 439 ; Persoon Sjjn. 277.<br />
Agaricus violaceus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 24^.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
4. Cortinaria cinerea. Grey curtain-stool.<br />
Stem bulbous ; cap fleshy, hemispherical, dotted or scaly,<br />
wrinkled, violet-grey ; gills distinct, purplish-brown.<br />
Agaricus violaceus, Schmff. Fung. 3 ; Withering Arr. 4,242.<br />
Agaricus violaceo-cinereus, Persoon Syn. 279.<br />
In oak woods.<br />
b. Cap Iroum'bay.<br />
5. Cortinaria hicolor. Two-coloured curtain-stool.<br />
Stem thick, rather tuberous, woolly, pale violet; cap<br />
fleshy, convex, reddish-brown ; edge turned in, rather<br />
woolly ; gills pale violet.<br />
Agaricus violaceus, Sowerby Fungi, 209, not of Persoon.<br />
Agaricus bicolor, Persoon Syn. 281.<br />
Blewits.<br />
In woods.<br />
Taste inferior to that of the common mushroom; but<br />
sold for making katsup.<br />
C. Cap yellowish, or cinnamon-colour.<br />
6. Cortinaria collinita. Glued curtain-stool.<br />
Stem split transversely into cartilaginous, gelatinous<br />
scales ; collar nearly vanishing ; cap fleshy, bossed, covered<br />
with a viscous slime, drying on it.<br />
Agaricus coUinitHs, Sowerby Fungi, 9 ;<br />
Agaricus mucosus, Bull. Herb. 549.<br />
In woods.<br />
Persoon Syn. 2S1.
Tlcell.Qph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 257.Cortmar. 629<br />
7. Cortinaria glaucopa. Blue-footed curtain-stool.<br />
Thallus large ; stem rather short, bulbous, thick, bluish<br />
cap chestnut or brownish-olive ; gills bluish clay-colour,<br />
afterwards cinnamon-colour.<br />
Agaricus glaucopus, Soicerft!/ i^wn^?, 223} Persoon Sj«. 283»<br />
Agaricus araneosus, Bull. Herb. 598.<br />
Agaricus varius, Scheeff. Fung. 42,<br />
In woods.<br />
Esculent ?<br />
8. CortinaYia callochroa. Fair-coloured curtain-stooL<br />
Stem pale, bulbous; bulb bordered; cap rather broad,<br />
dry, yellow ;<br />
gills with a fine purple cast.<br />
Agaricus turbinatus, Snioerby Fungi, 102.<br />
Agaricus callocbrous, Persoon Sj/n. 283.<br />
In grassy woods.<br />
d. Cap more or less purplish, lividj red, hlood-colour, or<br />
scarlet.<br />
9. Cortinaria sanguinea. Bloody curtain-stool.<br />
Thallus saffron-red ; stem solid, long ; cap pink, convex<br />
gills distinct.<br />
Agaricus sanguineus, Sowerby Fungi, 43 ; Persoon Si/n. 290.<br />
Agaricus rubens, Bolt. Fung. 36.<br />
In woods.<br />
10. Cortinaria viscida* Viscid curtain-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious ; stem thickest at bottom, inside and<br />
bottom yellow ; collar blackish ; cap fleshy, first convex,<br />
afterwards depressed, gelatinous, purplish brown; gills<br />
decurrent, branched, rather grey.<br />
Agaricus glutinosus, Sowerby Fungi, 7.<br />
Agaricus viscidus, Persoon Syn. 291.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
/3. atropuncta. Stem thickish, whitish, with black scaly<br />
spots : cap bluntly bossed, viscid ; gills snow-white.<br />
11. Cortinaria rutila. Brilliajit curtain-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious ; stem long, scaly, flesh-red ; cap bossed,<br />
livid purple or flesh-red, rather slimy ; gills simple, decurrent,<br />
purplish-brown.<br />
Agaricus rntilus, Sowerby Fungi, 105,<br />
Agaricus gomphus, Persoon Syn, 292.<br />
In fir plantations.
630 257.Cortinar. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
'<br />
• e. Cap yelloLv, rust-colour, cinnamon or chestmtt,<br />
V2. Cortinarla bullosa. Bullous cur Ia in- s fool.<br />
Thallus bald, large, nearly chestnut ; stem solid, rather<br />
long, bulbous, ovate; collar vanishing; cap bellshape, edge<br />
thin ; gills distant.<br />
Agaricus bulbosus, Sowerby Fungi, 130; Perioon Syn. 295.<br />
In woods.<br />
13. Cortinaria crocea. Saffron curtain- stool.<br />
Tlialli gregarious, small ; stem rather slender, fibrijlcd,<br />
yellowish; collar vanishing; cap rather fleshy, bossed,<br />
slightly woolly, reddish cinnamon, opake; gills saffronyellow.<br />
Agaricus croceus, Batsch. Fiing. 117 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 297.<br />
Agaricus cinnamomeus, Bolt. Fung. 150.<br />
In woods.<br />
14. Cortinaria cinnamomeus. Cinnamon curtain-stool.<br />
Stem rather long, at first slightly bulbous, pale brown;<br />
cap rather fleshy, bossed, bald, shining, cinnamon or pale<br />
chestnut; gills broadish, cinnamon-red.<br />
Agaricus cinnamomeus, Sowerby Fung. 205 ; Fersoon Syn. 298.<br />
In woods.<br />
15. Cortinaria scalra. Rough curtain-stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, rather small, greyish-brown; stem<br />
fibrilled, pale, cylindrical ; cap scaly ; gills dark-coloured,<br />
Agaricus scaber, Sowerby Fungi, 207 ;<br />
In woods.<br />
Fersoon Syn, 301,<br />
XVI. 258. PRUNULUS. Cesalpini. Pru?ie-stooL<br />
Stem naked ; collar ; cap brittle, scaly, membranaceous<br />
gills persisting; sporidia in pairs.<br />
1 Prunulus denticulatus. Toothed prune-stool.<br />
Thallus rather watery, weak ; ster)i pipey, brownish ; cap<br />
hemisphei-ical, livid purple; gills toothed on the edge.<br />
Agaricus denticulatus, Bolt. Fung. 4; Persoon Syn. 425.<br />
In woods.<br />
2. Prunulus gracilis. Slender prune-stool.<br />
Thallus weak, very brittle; stem very long, bald; cap<br />
membranaceous, bellshape, pointed, very soft; gills linear,<br />
blackish-grey.
PL cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 258. Prunul. 631<br />
Agaricus gracilis. Persoon Sj/n. 425.<br />
In woods, amongst dead leaves.<br />
/3. cuspidata. Stem pipey; cap conical, pointed, I'eddishbrown<br />
; gills rather brown, narrow at bottom.<br />
Agaricus cuspidatus, Bolton Fung. 66.<br />
3. Prunulus papyraceus Paper prunestodt.<br />
Stem pipey, whitish ; cap hemispherical, membranaceous,<br />
whitish; gills 3 in a set, distant, pale.<br />
Agaricus membranaceus, Bolt. Fung. II.<br />
Agaricus papyraceus, Persoon Syn. 425.<br />
In shady places, near oak-trees.<br />
Thallus dry, and feels like paper.<br />
4. Prunuhis confer tus. Croivded primC'Stool.<br />
Thalli numerous, in tufts; stem whitish; cap whitish,<br />
gills pale brown.<br />
pointed ;<br />
Agaricus confertus, Bolt. Fung. 18; Persoon Syn. 426,<br />
On the bark-bed in hot-houses.<br />
5. Prunulus fcenislcii. Haymaking pnme'Stool.<br />
Thalli gregarious, brittle; stem rather thick, bald; cap<br />
bellshape, brownish-grey; gills slightly bellied, clouded,<br />
umberbrown.<br />
Agaricus fcenisicii, Persoon Syn. 411.<br />
In meadows, after haymaking ; also on cowdung.<br />
6. Prunulus ericceus. Heath prune-stool.<br />
Thalli solitary ; stem rather tough, long ; cap rather<br />
fleshy, hemispherical, slightly nippled, rusty brown; gills<br />
rather broad, clouded;, black.<br />
Agaricus helvolus, ScJia;ff. Fung. 210.<br />
Agaricus ericajus, Persoon Syn. 413.<br />
On heaths and commons.<br />
7. Prunulus varius. Variegated prune-stool.<br />
Thallus small ; stem slender, reddish, rather tough ; cap<br />
bellshape, shining, pale and livid, variegated ; gills variegated,<br />
ascending.<br />
Agaricus varius, Bolt. Fung. 66 ;<br />
In grass, among willows.<br />
Persoon Syn. 414.
632 258.PrunuL 11. HYMENOTHECE.E. Pl.celLaph.<br />
8. Prunulus Boltonil. Ballon' s pnine-stool.<br />
Thalhis weak ; slem rather thickish at bottom ; collar<br />
vanishing; cap hemispherical, bossed, pale-yellow.<br />
Agariclis flavidus, Boll. Fung. 149; Sotverby Fungi, 96; Per-ioon Syn.<br />
414.<br />
In meadows, and on cow-dung.<br />
9. Prunulus tituhans. Tottering prune-stool.<br />
Tkallus small, shining, brittle ; stem yellowish ; cap bellshape,<br />
streaked, viscous, rather pale; centre yellow; gilh<br />
distinct, pink.<br />
Agaricns tittibans, Sowerby Fung. 123; Persoon Syn. 415.<br />
On horsedung.<br />
10. Prunulus exlinciorlus. Extinguisher prune-stool.<br />
Stem rather bulbous, awlshape; cap bellshaped, whitish,<br />
gills brownish or snow-white.<br />
torn ;<br />
Agaricus extinctorius, BoU. Fung. 24 ;<br />
In sandy ground.<br />
Persoon Syn. 417.<br />
XVII. 259. COPRINUS. Persoon. Dung-stool<br />
Stem naked, sometimes collared ; cap thin, brittle, membranaceous,<br />
vanishing ; gills unequal, growing watery,<br />
black; sporidia in fours.— Poisonous.<br />
a. Cap slightly fleshy ; gills at last dark grey, spotted<br />
or cloudy.<br />
1. Coprinus semiglolatus. Hemispherical dung-stool.<br />
Stem long, collared ; cap fleshy, hemispherical, rather<br />
glutinous, yellowish; gills very broad, horizontal, clouded,<br />
black.<br />
Agaricus glutinosus, Curtis Land. 69.<br />
Agaricus semiglobatus, Sowerby Fungi, 248 ; Persoon Syn. 407.<br />
Agaricus virosus, Sowerby Fungi, 480 and 481.<br />
In meadows, pastures, and on dung.<br />
Poisonous, and has caused several fatal accidents by /<br />
having been mistaken for champignons, gen. 246, sp. 17. A /L^<br />
2. Coprinus semiovatus. Half-egg dung-stool.<br />
Stem long; collar small; cap bellshape, glutinous, yel-<br />
gills ascending, blackish-grey, clouded.<br />
lowish ;<br />
Agaricus semiovatus, Sowerby Fungi, 131 ;<br />
Agaricus fimiputris, Bull, Herb, 66,<br />
On cowdunai;.<br />
Persoon Syn. 408.
Pl.ceU.aph. U.HYMENOTHECE^. 259.Coprin. 6S3<br />
3. Coprinus veluthws. Velvetty dung-stool.<br />
Tlialli in tufts, brittle J stem fibrilled, collared; cap he-<br />
mispherical, bossed, hairy or scaly, rust-yellow ; gills<br />
crowded, clouded, brown ; edge whitish.<br />
Agaricus lacrymabundus, Sowirby Fung. 41.<br />
Agaricus velutinus, Persoon Syn. 408.<br />
In grass-land, or on trees; autumn.<br />
4. Coprinus papiUonaceiis. Butterfly dung-stool.<br />
Stem furrowed at top, covered with black powder; cap<br />
rather fleshy, bellshape, grey, almost black; gills entirely<br />
adnexed, variegated grey and black ; edge whitish.<br />
Agaricus papilionaceus, Bull. Herb. 561 ;<br />
Agaricus acuininatus, Schceff. 202.<br />
In pastui'es, and grassy woods.<br />
Persoon Syn. 410.<br />
5. Coprinus cinctulus. Girdle dung- stool.<br />
Stem long, pipey, brown ; cap convex, reddish-brown,<br />
with a dark ring towards the edge ; gills 3 in a set, broad,<br />
black.<br />
Agaricus cinctulu?, Bolton Fung. 152; Persoon Syn. 411.<br />
In meadows, and on dunghills.<br />
6. Coprinus cepcestipes. Onion-stalked dung-stool,<br />
Thalli in tufts, entirely yellow ; stem bellied, solid at<br />
bottom ; cap bellshaped, streaked ; gills free.<br />
Agaricus cepaestipes, Persoon Syn. 416; Sowerby Fungi, 2.<br />
Agaricus luteus, Bolt. Fung. 50.<br />
On dunghills.<br />
^. cretaceus. Thallus entirely white,<br />
Agaricus cretaceu?, Bull. Herb, 374.<br />
7. Coprinus ciliaris. Fringe dung-stool.<br />
Thallus large; stem bulbous, collared; cap conical, covered<br />
with a snow-white powder, afterwards glutinous<br />
edge fringed; gills 3 in a set, black.<br />
Agaricus ciliaris, Bolt. Fung. 53 ; Persoon Syn. 416.<br />
In meadows, and on fresh dunghills.<br />
b. Cap memlranaceous, running almost entirely into water ;<br />
gills very thin.<br />
8. Coprinus comatus. JVig'dimg-stooL<br />
Thalli gregarious ; stem very long ; collar moveable ; cap<br />
conical, scaly, whitish; scales yellowish ; gills crowded, at<br />
first purplish-white.
634 259.Copnn, ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.ccll.aph.<br />
Agaricus cylindricus, Sovscrby Fungi, 189.<br />
Agaricus porceilaneus, Schcrffer Fung. A6 & 47.<br />
Agaricus comatus, Persoon Syn. 396.<br />
In grass-ground, gardens, and on dunghills; autumn.<br />
9. Coprinus plicatus. Plailed diwg-stool.<br />
ThalU in tufts; cap bellshape, plaited, brownish grey,<br />
scaly at the tip, edge at last turned up; gills crowded,<br />
broad, at first purplish-brown, hoary.<br />
. In<br />
Agaricus plicatus, Curtis Lontl. 101 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 396.<br />
Agaricus fimetarius, Soicerby Fungi, 188.<br />
meadows, hedges, and near villages.<br />
10. Coprinus picaceus. Pitchy dung-slool.<br />
Stem very long, bulbous, naked ; cap bellshape, very tender,<br />
whitish, afterwards breaking into broad scattered<br />
scales; gills becoming bare, crowded, umber-brown.<br />
Agaricus picaceus, Sowerby Fungi, 397 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 397.<br />
Among rubbish, and heaps of rotting plants.<br />
11. Coprinus ohlectus. Attractive dung-stool.<br />
Stem collared at the bottom ; cap whitish, woolly, vanishing;<br />
gills becoming bare, at first red.<br />
Agaricus oblectus, Bolton Fung. 142; Persoon Syn. 397.<br />
On dunghills.<br />
12. Coprinus cinereus. Grey dung- stool.<br />
Stem long, scaly ; cap conical, furrowed, rather woolly,<br />
grey; tip smooth, livid; edge at last torn, bent in; gills<br />
linear, dotted, slightly bent.<br />
Agaricus cinereus, Schcsff. Fung. 100; Persoon Syn. 39S.<br />
In gardens and woods.<br />
&'<br />
|3. tomentosvs. Stem short, cylindrical, downy ; cap oblong,<br />
at first pyramidal, then bellshape, torn ; gills numerous,<br />
narrow, pale ; edge black.<br />
Agaricus tomentosiis, Bolt. Fung. 156.<br />
y. pullatus. Stem long, bellied, whitish; cap bellshape,<br />
plaited, black.<br />
Agaricus pullatus, Bolt. Fung. 20.<br />
In pastures and on dunghills.<br />
1.'5. Coprinus disseminatus. Disseminated dit?ig-stool.<br />
TlialU crowded, small, ephemeral; stem generally bent;<br />
cap half-oval, streaked, plaited, ochry-yellow, growing<br />
grey; gills distinct, half-annexed, brovvnisli-white.
Pl.cell.aph. ll.IIYMENOTHECEiE. 259.Copnn. 635<br />
Agaricus copriiius disseminatus, Persoon Syn. 403.<br />
On the trunks of willows, especially when hollow ; autumn.<br />
/3. strlatus. Thallus rather large.<br />
Agaricus striatus, Sowerhi) Fungi, 166.<br />
14. Coprinus domest'icus. House dung'-stool.<br />
Cap bellshape, blunt, waved, furrowed, smoke-grey<br />
scales branny ; gills crowded, linear, forming a collar,<br />
greyish-red, growing blackish-brown.<br />
Agaricus coprinus doinesticus, Persoon Si/n. 404.<br />
Agaricus domesticus, JBoU. Fung, 26.<br />
In houses near moist walls.<br />
\ 5. Coprinus pidcher.<br />
~<br />
Handsome ditng-sfool.<br />
Thallus tender, ephemeral ; stem long, reddish-white<br />
cap umbilicated, flattish, plaited; plaits broadish, grey;<br />
gills free, distant, forming a collar.<br />
Agaricus coprinus pulcher, Persoon Syn. 404.<br />
Agaricus semistriatus, Fl. Dan, 1134.<br />
Agaricus plicatus, Curtis Land.<br />
In well-dunijed 2;ardens.<br />
16. Coprinus radidtus. Radiated dung-stool.<br />
Thallus very minute, grey, ephemeral; stem threadlike;<br />
cap grows flattish, splitting in rays ; centre ochre-yellow j<br />
gills distant.<br />
Agaricus radiaUis, Bolt. Fung. 39 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 40T.<br />
Agaricus ephemerus, Bull. Herb. 342.<br />
In grass-land in woods, on horsedung ; autumn.<br />
Thallus very tender, blown down by the breath.<br />
D. AsTEROPHORiDEiE. Folua ; stem centra] ; collar ;<br />
cap hemispherical, texture fibrous, beneath lamellar, above<br />
woolly, at length bursting, becoming floccular; gills bar-<br />
ren, naked; sporidia stellate, intermixed with theflocci.<br />
XVIII. 260. ASTEROPHORA. Ditmar. Starhead.<br />
Stem central, orbicular ; sporidia stellate.<br />
yisterophora lycoperdoides. Lycoperdon starhead.<br />
Stem woolly, greyish; cap woolly, fawn-colour; gills<br />
rather gelatinous, thick, slightly prominent, gyey.<br />
Agaricus lycoperdoides, Bull. Herb. 519; Persoon Syn. 325.<br />
On rotten mushrooms, especially omphalia adusta.<br />
Stem above an inch long, rather bent; cap half an inch<br />
over.
636 261.Merul. 11.HYMENOTHECE.E. PlcelLoph.<br />
E. Merulide^. Volva ; stem central, lateral or 0^<br />
collar 0; cap fleshy or membranaceous; hymeniam veiny;<br />
veins superficial, distinct, simple or forked.— None are<br />
poisonous.<br />
XIX. 261. MERULIUS. Merule.<br />
Stem central; cap orbicular, fleshy, convex.<br />
Merulius aurantiacus. Orange meruJe.<br />
Stem ochry-yellow ; cap fleshy, woolly ; veins stiff",<br />
orange.<br />
Agaricus aurantiacus, Wulff. Misc.Austr. 2, 107.<br />
Merulius aurantiacus, Persoun Syn. 488.<br />
In grass land.<br />
XX. 262. CANTHARELLUS. Chanterelle.<br />
Stem central ; cap orbicular, fleshy or rather membranaceous,<br />
concave, umbilicated.<br />
1. Cantharelhis vulgaris. Common chanterelle.<br />
Thalli gregarious, entirely yelk-yellow; cap fleshy, bald,<br />
depressed.<br />
Agaricus Cantharelhis, Lin. S. P. 1641 ; Sowerby Fungi, 46.<br />
Merulius Cantharellus, Persoon Syn. 488.<br />
In woods.<br />
Esteemed as a sauce ; odour like ripe apricocks.<br />
2. Canlliarellus lutescens. Yellowish chanterelle.<br />
Stem hollow, yellow; cap umbilicated, bald, yellow; veins<br />
bright grey.<br />
Agaricus canfharelloides, Sotverby Funs^i, 47.<br />
Helvella cantharelloides, Bull. Herb. 473.<br />
Merulius lutescens, Persoon Syn. 489.<br />
In woods; autymn.<br />
2. Cantharelhis tulceformis. Trumpet chanterelle.<br />
Thalli gregarious, small; stem yellow, rather thick; cap<br />
membranaceous, umbilicated, wrinkly, scaly, brown; veins<br />
straight, yellow, rather grey.<br />
Helvella (ubfEformis, Bull Herb. 461.<br />
Peziza undulata. Bolt. Fung. 105.<br />
Merulius tubifonnis, Persoon Syn. 489.<br />
4. Cantharellus cor?iucopioides. Cor??ucopicB chanterelle.<br />
Thalli in tufts, blackish ; cap membranaceous, rather<br />
scaly; veins scarcely visible.<br />
7
Pl.celLaph. U.HYMENOTHECE^. 262.Canthar. G3.7<br />
Peziza cornucopioides, Lin, S. N. 1650 ; Sowerby Fungif '?4»<br />
Merulius cornucopioides, Persoon Syn, 491.<br />
In woods ;<br />
autumn.<br />
5. Cantharellus undidattis. Waved chanterelle.<br />
Thallus pale-livid; cap rather leatberlike, depressed;<br />
edge upright, waved, crisp, underneath wrinkled.<br />
Helvella crispn, Sowerby Fungi, 15.<br />
Merulius undulatus, Persoon Si/n. 493.<br />
In beech woods.<br />
XXI. 263. CORNIOLA. Corniole,<br />
Stem lateral ;<br />
cap semicircular, nearly membranaceous.<br />
1. Corniola muscigena. Mosshorn corniole.<br />
Stem short, rather thick ; cap pale brown ; veins<br />
branched.<br />
Helvella dimidiata, Bull. Champ. 1, 290.<br />
Agaricus muscigenus, Bull. Herb. 288.<br />
Merulius muscigenus, Withering Arr, 4, 183,<br />
On hypnum sericeum.<br />
2. Corniola lohata. Loled corniole,<br />
Thallus stemless, irregular, brownish; edge variously<br />
lobed, crisp ; veins branched, anastomosing.<br />
Helvella membranacea, Dickson Crypt. 1,21 ;<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 348.<br />
Merulius membranaceus, Withering Arr. 4, 184.<br />
Merulius lobatus, Persoon Syn. 494.<br />
In bogs, upon moss ;<br />
spring.<br />
XXII. 264. SERPULA. Persoon. Rot.<br />
Thallus stemless, affixed by its back.<br />
Serpula destruens. Destroying rot.<br />
Thallus spreading, large, yellowish-red ; edge whitish,<br />
woolly ;<br />
veins large, porous, crooked.<br />
Boletus lacrymans, Sowerby Fungi, 113.<br />
Merulius destruens, Persoon Syn. 496.<br />
Upon timber-work, where it joins the walls, in damp<br />
situations.<br />
Appears at first like a byssus ; when dry covered with<br />
brown powder; destroyed by spirit of vitriol, and other<br />
corroding substances, in the same manner as xylostroma<br />
ffiffanteum.
638 265. Gompli. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. PL cell. aph.<br />
XXIII." 265. GOMPHUS. Gomphe.<br />
Thallus clubshaped ; sides plaited, veiny ; capr not<br />
distinct.<br />
Gomphus clavaius. Clubbed gomphe.<br />
Tlialli in tufts, truncated, veiny on the sides.<br />
ClaTarra truncala, Schmid. Icon, 3,237.<br />
Merulius clavatus, Persoon Syn. 498.<br />
In grassy places in woods.<br />
F. D^DALiDEiE. Volvtt ; stem ; cap semicircular,<br />
leatlierlike or corklike, sessile ; hymenium veiny ; veins<br />
anastomosing and forming a network.<br />
XXIV. 266. D^DALEA. Persoon. Lalyr'mili-sLool.<br />
Cap semiorbicular, beneath netlike.<br />
1. Dcedalea qiiercina. . Oak lahjr'mth-stool.<br />
Thallus leatherlikc, pale woody ; cap wrinkly, bald,<br />
flakes branched, sinuated, sinuses large.<br />
Agaricus quercinus, Lin. S. P. 1644 ; Sowerhy Fungi, 181.<br />
Agaricus labj rinthiformis, BuU. Herb. 442.<br />
Merulius quercinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1431,<br />
Dasdalea qiiercina, Persoon Syn. 500.<br />
ylgaric of the oak.<br />
On the trunks of oak-trees.<br />
Texture delicately fibi'ous, flexible, and nia^^ be readily<br />
cut into slices ; used as a styptic to restrain the bleeding<br />
from wounded arteries.<br />
^. du}-a. Thalhis hard, thick, in network like peach-<br />
stones.<br />
2. Dcedalea simiosa. S'lmcous lahyrinth-sionl.<br />
Thallus downy, knobby, zoned and wavy in ridges j veins<br />
sinuous, oblong, or irregular.<br />
Boletus sinnosus, Sowerhy Fungi, 194.<br />
Daedalea gibbosa ,6 ? Persoon Syn. 301.<br />
On old poplar-trees.<br />
red ;<br />
3. Dcedalea conj'ragosa. Broken-i?i lahjriuth-stooL<br />
Thallus leatherlike, woody, rough zoned,<br />
sinuses labyrinthlike, grey.<br />
brown-brick-<br />
Boletus confragosus. Bolt. Fung. 160.<br />
Boletus labyrinthifonnis, Bull. Champ. 35T.<br />
Uaidalca confiagosa, Persoon Syn, 301.<br />
On the trunks of trees.
Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. 266. Daedal. 639<br />
4'. Dcedalea angustata. Narrow lahyrinth-stool.<br />
Cap flattish, much blotched with dull crimson, lobed,<br />
zoned ; edges sattiny, silvery-brown ; veins olive, long,narrow.<br />
Boletus angustatns, Sowerby Fungi, 193.<br />
Dtsdalea angustata, Persoon S^n. 302.<br />
At the feet'of poplar-trees.<br />
5. DcEdalea sitaveolens. Siv'eet-scented lalyrinth-stool.<br />
Thallus leathery corklike, sessile, bald, slightly reddishbrown<br />
; inside greyish-straw ; iuhea very long, reddish.<br />
Boletus suaveolens, Bull. Champ. 342.<br />
Daedalea ? suaveolens, Persoon St/n. 502,<br />
On the trunks of willows.<br />
G. BoLETiDE.E. Vulva ; ste77i central, lateral, or ;<br />
collar 0; cap thin, leathery or rather woody, rarely fleshy;<br />
hymenium tubular; tubes short, not longer than the thickness<br />
of the cap, not separable from it, united or distinct,<br />
not cut.<br />
XXV. 267. PORIA. Persoon. Honeycoml-stool.<br />
Thallus spreading, attached by its back, leatherlike or<br />
membranaceous.<br />
1. Poria vulgaris. Common honeycombs tool.<br />
Thallus spreading, inclining backwards, leathery corklike,<br />
bristled, zoned, greyish-brown ; tubes long, very wide,<br />
grey,' honey conibl ike.<br />
Bolettis Favus, Bull. Champ. S63 ; Persoon Syn, 542,<br />
On the trunks of trees, and fir-timber in damp-places.<br />
2. Porta cryplarum. Cellar honeycomb-stool.<br />
Thallus leathery, spongelike, sessile, rather greyish-red,<br />
thin; border above gaping; tubes very long.<br />
Boletus cryptarum. Bull. Champ. 330; Persoon Syn. 542.<br />
Upon beams in cellars.<br />
3. Poria destruens. Destroying honeycomb-stool.<br />
Thallus whitish, spreading; cap unequal, wavy, wrinkled;<br />
pores roundish, blunt.<br />
Boletus Destructor, Schrad. Germ. 166; Persoon Syn. 543.<br />
Boletus sebaceus, Leyss. Fl. Malens, 1230.<br />
On timber-work in damp houses.<br />
Substance fibrous, when dry iriable; odour heavy, but not<br />
uncrateful.
640 267.Poria. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.ceU.aph.<br />
4. Poria spongiosa. Spongy honey comh-slool.<br />
Thallus leathery, spongelike, sessile, rust-colour ; tubes<br />
very long, upright; pores minute, round.<br />
Boletus spongiosus, i?oW. -Fm«^. 165; Persoon Syn. b^S, not of Light-<br />
foot.<br />
On trees.<br />
5. Poria medullaris. Crumhlike honeycomb-stool.<br />
Thallus spreading, white, hard, flat, crustlike, above<br />
perforated ;<br />
tubes oblique and straight.<br />
Boletus Medulla panis. Bolt. Fung. 166; Persoon Syn. 545.<br />
On timber-work as old garden-gates, and old trees.<br />
XXVI. 268. BOLETUS. Dillenlus. Bolete.<br />
Cap sessile, semicircular, attached by the side.<br />
1 . Boletus ccBsius. Grey lolete.<br />
Thallus rather small, soft; cap fleshy, bald, streaked,<br />
pores white.<br />
wrinkled, whitish-grey ;<br />
Boletus albidus, Soioerby Fungi, 226.<br />
Boletus CBEsius, Schrad. Germ, 167 ; Persoon Syn, 526.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
Thalli mostly solitary, turn blue when bruised.<br />
1. Boletus hispidus. Shaggy bolete.<br />
Thallus rust-red ; cap thick, stiff'-haired ; underneath pale.<br />
Boletus hispidus, Bull. Herb. 493 ;<br />
Boletus villosus, Hudson Ft. Angl. 626.<br />
Boletus velutiuus, Sowerby Fungi, 345, not of Persoon.<br />
Boletus spongiosus r Lightf, Scot.<br />
On apple-trees.<br />
M.<br />
Persoon Syn. 526.<br />
3. Boletus heleroclitus. Mis-shapen bolete.<br />
Thallus sessile, lobed, irregular-shaped ; above villous,<br />
orange-colour; tubes short; pore^ variously shaped.<br />
Boletus heleroclitus, Bolt. Fung. 164 ; Persoon S^/n. 528.<br />
On the ground.<br />
4. Boletus alneus. Alder-tree bolete.<br />
Thalli gregarious, rather tiledlike ; cap unequal, rather<br />
woolly, rust-red; pores fawn-colour, shining, afterwards<br />
cinnamon-colour.<br />
Boletus radiatus? Sowerby Fungi, 196.<br />
Boletus aljieu^, Persoon Syn. 628,<br />
On fc.ickly aldcr-trces.
Plcell.aph. I l.HYMENOTHECE^. 268. Boletus. 641<br />
5. Boletus carpmeus. Hornbeam holete.<br />
Tlialli in tufts; cap bald, yellowish, bordered; underneath<br />
grey.<br />
Boletus carpineiis, Sowerby Fungi, 231.<br />
On the trunks of hornbeam.<br />
6. Boletus suaveolens. Sweetscented holete.<br />
Thallus scented, fleshy, rather corky ; cap slightly woolly,<br />
white; pores large, brownish, some prominent, pointed,<br />
with an unequal surface.<br />
Boletus suaveolens, Lin. S. P. 1646; Persoon Syn, 530,<br />
Boletus suberosu«, Bolt. Fung. 162.<br />
Boletus salicinus, Bull. Herb. 340.<br />
On the white willow and other trees ;<br />
mild winters.<br />
Odour grateful, when dry like that of anise-seeds.<br />
1. Boletus igniarius. Tinder holete.<br />
Thallus dilated, smooth ; skin wrinkly ; cap hard, blackish<br />
at bottom ; edge vermillion red, underneath ochry-yellow.<br />
Boletus igniarius, Lin. S. P. 1645; Persoon Syn, 534.<br />
On the trunks of fir-trees.<br />
When beaten, used for tinder, under the name of amadou.<br />
8. Boletus betuliniis. Beech holete.<br />
Thallus short-stemmed, rather large; cap fleshy cork-<br />
beneath whitish.<br />
like, kidneyshape, grey-reddish ;<br />
Boletus betulinus, Grme?. Sj/s^. iVa^ 2, 1436; Sowerby Fungi, 2\2 ^ Persoon<br />
Syn. 535.<br />
On the trunks of beech-trees.<br />
Taste acid.<br />
9. Boletus foynentarius.<br />
Spunk holete.<br />
Thallus halved, hard ; cap rather 3-cornered, slightly<br />
banded, smoke-grey ; pores whitish-grey, becoming rather<br />
rust-colour.<br />
Agaricus pedis equini facie, Raii Syn. 22,7.<br />
Boletus fomentarius, Sowerby Fungi, 153 ; Persoon Syn. 536.<br />
On sickly beech-trees.<br />
When beaten, used for tinder, or quick-match, also to<br />
restrain haemorrhage, instead of the true agaric, daedalia<br />
quercina, genus 266.<br />
VOL. I.<br />
2 T
642 268. Boletus. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. PLcell.aph.<br />
10. Boletus applanatus. Flattened holete,<br />
Thallus dilated, flattisli above and below ; cap tuberculated,<br />
wrinkly, reddish-grey ; pores very minute, white,<br />
becoming reddish-grey.<br />
Boletus Lipsieiisis, Batsck Fung. 130.<br />
Boletus foment.iriui li, P^rsoon Syn. 536.<br />
On dry rotten beech-trees.<br />
11. Boletus dryadtus. Oak lolete.<br />
Thallus very broad, soft ; cap rather flattened, wrinkled,<br />
tubercular, brown ; zones ; pores pale.<br />
Boletus pseudo-igniarius. Bull. Herb. 458.<br />
Boletus fomentarius y, Persoon Syn. 537.<br />
On oak-trees.<br />
12. Boletus ungulatus. Hoojlike lolete.<br />
Thallus nearly cylindrical, tall, greyish-brown, banded;<br />
bands prominent; pores flattened, whitish or rust-red.<br />
Boletus Hippocrepis, Schrank Bav. 1731 & 34.<br />
Boletus fomentarius 8, Persoon Syn. 537.<br />
On old willow= trees.<br />
13. Boletus oltusus. Blunt holete.<br />
Thallus thick, blunt, irregular; cap globular growing<br />
nearly horizontal, smooth, grey, edge and under surface<br />
cinnamon-colour ; pores convex, scarcely visible.<br />
Boletus igniarius, Bull. Herb. 361.<br />
Boletus fonaientarius £, Persoon Syn. 538.<br />
On old willow-trees.<br />
14. Boletus pomaceiis. Apple holete.<br />
Thallus halved, small, grey ; cap perpendicular, edge<br />
sharp, bands brownish-grey ; pores manifest, flat, rust-<br />
colour.<br />
Boletus fomentarius ?, Persoon Syn. 538.<br />
In orchards, at the foot of the trees.<br />
(3. prunastri. Cap nearly attached by its back, thick,<br />
smooth, truncated.<br />
Boletus prunastri, Persoon Syn, 538.<br />
15. Boletus versicolor. Changeahle holete.<br />
Thalli in tufts, leatherlike ; cap thin, blue, zoned of many<br />
colours ;<br />
pores white.<br />
Boletus versicolor, I^in. S. P. 3 643 ; Sowerby Fungi, 135 ; Persoon Syn.<br />
540.<br />
On trees and timber-work ; autumn.
PLceU.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 268. Boletus. 643<br />
16. Boletus ah'wtinus. Fir holete.<br />
Tlialli crowded, tiledlike ; ca[) spreading at bottom, thin,<br />
woolly, greyish-white ;<br />
porei acute, purple-brown.<br />
Boletus abietinus, Dickson Crypt. 3,9; Persoon Syn. 541.<br />
On decaying larch-trees.<br />
17. Boletus citrinus. Lemon holete.<br />
Thallus halved, tiledlike, fleshy, bald, lemon-yellow.<br />
Boletus citrinus, Plan. Erfurt. 26; Persoon Syn. 524.<br />
Boletus caudicinus, Scha-ff. Fung. LSI & 132.<br />
Boletus sulphureus, Sowerby Fungi, 135.<br />
On willow, old oak, plum and other trees : summer.<br />
When young soft like a custard : on drying exudes<br />
crystals of pure oxalic acid.<br />
XXVII. 269. GRIFOLA. Micheli. Grifole.<br />
Stem lateral ; cap semicircular.<br />
1. Grifolia frondosa. Frondose grifole.<br />
Thallus much branched; caps numerous, halved, smoke<br />
grey.<br />
Boletus entybaceus, Baumgart, Lips. 631.<br />
Boleius frondosus,<br />
Syn. 520,<br />
Bickson Crypt. 1, 18; Sowerby Fungi, 81 ; Persoon<br />
At the foot of oak-trees ; autumn.<br />
Eatable, but requires thorough dressing; about a foot<br />
wide.<br />
2o Grifola platypora. Wide-po?'ed grifole.<br />
Thallus large ; stem thick ; cap fleshy, corklike, ochre<br />
yellow; centre scaly, scales umber-brown or blackish;<br />
pores large, bent.<br />
Boletus juglandis,-ScAa"#. Fung. 101, 102.<br />
Boletus squamosus, Bolton Fung. 77.<br />
Boletus cellulosus, Lightf. Scot. 1052.<br />
On willows and other trees.<br />
3. Grifola cristala. Crested grifole.<br />
Thalli in tufts ; stem white ; cap fleshy, irregular, rather<br />
turned inwards, greenish ; pores white, growing light ochry.<br />
Boletus cristatus, Schmff. Fung. 316,317 ;<br />
Boletus floriformis, Schteff. Fting. 113.<br />
In shady beech woods.<br />
2 T 2<br />
Persoon Syn, 522.
64
PLcell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 270.Coltric. 645<br />
3. Collricia leptocepkala. Smooth-head coltricione.<br />
Stem rather eccentric, short, pale ; cap flat, thin, above<br />
fawn-colour; beneath white.<br />
Boletus leptocephalus, Persoon Sjjn. 519 ; Withering Arr. 4,346.<br />
On rotten sticks.<br />
XXIX. 271. STRILIA. Micheli. Striglia.<br />
Stem central; cap orbicular, umbilicated, fleshy.<br />
Strilia cinnamoyyiea. Cinnamon striglia.<br />
Thallus cinnamon, brittle; cap concave, villous, centre<br />
pores ringed.<br />
funnelshape, reddish-brown ;<br />
Boletus cinnamoineiis, Gmel. Sj/st, Nat. 2, 1433; Persoon Syn. 515.<br />
Boletus perennis, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4,349.<br />
In pastures.<br />
XXX. 272. ALBATRELLUS. Micheli. Alhatrello.<br />
Stem central ; cap orbicular, convex.<br />
\. Albatrellus alhidus. Whitish alhatrello.<br />
ThaUi gregarious, whitish; stem rather short, unequal;<br />
cap bald, fleshy, brittle ; pores minute, at last lemon-yellow.<br />
Boletus albidiis, Persoon Syn. 516.<br />
Boletus ovinus, Schcpff. Fung. 121 ?<br />
Boletus consirictus, Bolt. Fung.<br />
In fir plantations, on buried sticks ; Aug. and Sept.<br />
2. AlbatrellusfuUgineus. Smoke-grey alhatrello.<br />
Thallus nearly leatherlike, soft; cap nearly smoke-grey,<br />
flapping down all round ; flesh white, very thin.<br />
Boletus fuligineus, Persoon Syn. 516.<br />
Boletus polyporus, Bull. Chump 331 ; Withering Arr. 4,345.<br />
On the ground, at the foot of palings.<br />
XXXI. 273. POLYPORUS. Persoon. Sponge-stool.<br />
Thallus branched, lobed, every where porous.<br />
Poll/porous ramosits. Branched sponge-stool.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, brittle, reddish-yellow, branched,<br />
everywhere tubular ; branches nearly cylindrical ; flesh<br />
whitish; tubes short.<br />
Polyporus ramosus, Bull. Champ. 349; Persoon Syn. 549.<br />
Boletus sulphureus, Sowerby Fungi, 135, lower fig.<br />
In quarries and cellars, on rotten beams.<br />
When dry very friable.
646 274.. Suillus. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
H. SuiLLiDE^. Volva ; stem central, fleshy, nearly<br />
lateral; co/? fleshy, convex ; hy me/iiurn tubular ; tabes long,<br />
not shorter tluan the thickness of the cap, united or dis-<br />
tinct from one another, separable from the cap.<br />
XXXII. 274. SUILLUS. Micheli. Porcino,<br />
Stem central; collar distinct; cap circular; tubes adhering<br />
together.<br />
Suillus luteiis. Yellow porc'ino.<br />
Cap cushionlike, bellshape, glutinous, livid-yellow, va-<br />
pores yellow.<br />
riegated with brick-red spots ;<br />
Boletus liiteus, Scheeff. Fung. 114; Soieerhy Fungi, 265^ not of Linna3us.<br />
Boletus annularius, Bull. Champ. 316.<br />
Boletus annulatus, Persoon Syn. 503.<br />
In plantations ; autumn.<br />
XXXIII. 275. PINUZZA. Micheli. Pinuzzo.<br />
Stem central; collar fibrous; cap circular; tubes adhering<br />
together.<br />
Pinuzzajlava. • Yellow pinuzzo.<br />
Cap yellow, centi'e orange ;J'?e5/^ white, crisp, firm; tubes<br />
yellow ; collar white.<br />
Boletus flavus, Bolt. Fung. 169.<br />
Boletus annularius ? Bull. Champ. 332.<br />
Boletus cortinatus, Persoon Syn. 503.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
XXXIV. 276. LECCINUM. Micheli. Leccko,<br />
Stem central; collar 0; cap circular; tubes adhering<br />
together.<br />
1. Leccinitm aiirantiacum. Orange leccino.<br />
Stem long, white, with orange-yellow wartlike scales;<br />
cap fleshy, shining, orange-colour; pores minute, white.<br />
Boletus auranliacus, Bull. Champ. 300; Persoon Syn. 504.<br />
In beech woods ; autumn.<br />
Esculent.<br />
(3. leucopodium, '<br />
Stem-scales<br />
white; cap flattish, orange<br />
inclining to cinnamon, shining; pores white.<br />
y. rufiim. Stem long, wrinkly torn ; scales blackish<br />
cap swollen, plano-convex, reddish-streaked; pores whitish.<br />
Boletus aurantiacus. Bull. Champ. 48&, 2; Sowcrby Fungi, 110.
PLcelLaph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 276. Leccin. 647<br />
2. Leccimim scahrum. Rough Icccino.<br />
Stem slender, scales blackish ; cap rather wrinkled,<br />
opake, smoke-grey ; pores pale white, depressed round<br />
the stem.<br />
Boletus scalier, Soicerby, 175; Persoun Syn. 505,<br />
In beech woods; autumn.<br />
Esculent; pickled by the Russians and Poles.<br />
3. Leccimim lactifluum. Milk-yielding leccino.<br />
Stem pale-yellow; cap reddish-bufF, thick, convex, glutinous,<br />
flesh-white ; tubes yellow, filled with a milklikc<br />
juice.<br />
Boletus lactifluus, Withering Arr. 4, 355; Persoon Syn. 506.<br />
In parks.<br />
4. Leccinum subtomentosum. Rather-woolly leccino.<br />
Tlialliis middle-size ; stem rather slender, reddish in the<br />
middle, or imiformly yellowish ; cap cushionlike, planoconvex,<br />
rather woolly, reddish or greyish-yellow ; flesh<br />
scarcely altering ;<br />
pores large.<br />
Boletus subtomentosus, Lin. S. P, 1647 ;<br />
In woods ; autumn.<br />
Pcrsoon Syn, 507.<br />
5. Leccinum piperatuin. Pepper leccino-<br />
Stem yellow at bottom and in the inside; cap rather<br />
thick, cushionlike, bent, cinnamon; pores large, convex,<br />
rust-red.<br />
Boletus piperatus, SoicecJi/ Fungi, 34; Persoon Syn. 501.<br />
In woods.<br />
Taste acrid and burning, like capsicum.<br />
6. Leccinum cojistrictum. Bound lecci?io.<br />
Stem smooth, bellied, greyish-white at top ; cap broad,<br />
greyish ; flesh bluish ; pores white.<br />
Boletus cyanescens. Bull. Champ. 319 ;<br />
Boletus constrictus, Persoon Syn. 508.<br />
In gardens.<br />
IVithering Arr. 4, 345.<br />
7. L^eccinum edule. Ratable leccino.<br />
Stem tuberous, rather bellied, greyish-red, with network;<br />
cap cushionlike;, very wide, brownish-red; flesh not<br />
changing colour ; pores at first stuffed, whitish, grow yellow.<br />
Boletus edulis, Bull. Herb. 494; Persoon Syn. 510.<br />
In woods and heaths; autumn.<br />
Taste gratefiil, like that of the cocoa-nut.
648 27r).Leccin. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. Fl.cell.aph.<br />
8. Leccinum elephantinum. Elephant leccino.<br />
Stem yellow, short, thick; cap white, convex, very irre-<br />
gular ;<br />
tubes yellow, short.<br />
Boletus elephanlinus, Withering Arr. 4,351.<br />
Boletus edulis elephanlinus, Persoon Syn. 510.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
9. Lecclmim luridum. Lurid leccino<br />
Tliallus large ; stem long, reddish, networked, rather<br />
bulbous; cap cushionlike, brownish-olive; tubes equal, red,<br />
afterwards orange.<br />
Boletus luriihis, Sowerhy Fungi, 250; Persoon Syn. 312.<br />
In grassy woods.<br />
10. Leccinum rubeolarium. Measle leccino.<br />
Stem short, bulbous, thick, smoothish, olive; cap cu-<br />
shionlike, nearl}' hemispherical, olive, slightly woolly; tubes<br />
plano-convex, dark-red.<br />
Boletus rubcolarius, Sowerby Fungi, 230 j<br />
In oak woods ; autumn. *<br />
Persoon Syn. 512.<br />
XXXV. 277. FISTULINA. Persoon. Vipe-stool<br />
Stem, lateral, naked ; cap semicircular ; tules separate<br />
from one another.<br />
Fistulina hepatica. Liver pipe-stool.<br />
Tliallus fleshy, blood-red; tubes free, growing yellow.<br />
A£;aricns porosus rubens, carnosus, hepatis facie, Raii Syn, 23, 12.<br />
Boletus liepaticus, Sowerby Fungi, 58; Persoon Syn. 549.<br />
Boletus bnailossum, Fi, Dan. 1039.<br />
Fistulina buglossoides, Bull. Champ. 314.<br />
On oak-trees ;<br />
autumn.<br />
Resembles bullock's liver; esculent and thought to be<br />
equal in flavour to the mushroom.<br />
I. SiSTOTjREMiDE^. Volvu ; tJiallus leatherVike ; /iT/menium<br />
at first meandering, porous, becoming toothed ; teeth<br />
lamellar, torn.<br />
XXXVI. 278. SISTOTREMA. Persoon. Sistoireme.<br />
Stem distinct; cap round.<br />
1. Sistotrema bienne. Two-year sistotreme.<br />
Stem contracted, woolly ; cap cuplike, thick, rather rust-<br />
colour ;<br />
lubes grey, labyrinthlike.
Pl.cell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECEJi;. 278. Sistot. 649<br />
Boletus biennis, Bull. Champ. 333 ;<br />
Sistotrema bienne, Persoon Syn. 550.<br />
On rotten wood and the ground.<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 191 ?<br />
2. Sistotrema conjiuens. Conjiueni sistotreme.<br />
Thalli gregarious, usually in pairs, white, pale ; cap<br />
fleshy, bent, running together; teeth decurrent, whitish.<br />
Hj'dnum sublameilosum, Sowerby Fungi, 112.<br />
Sistotrema confluens, Persoon Syn, 551.<br />
In beech woods and fir plantations, on the ground.<br />
XXXVII. 279. CERRENA. Micheli. Cerrena.<br />
Stem distinct; cap semicircular.<br />
Cerrena c'merea. Grey cerrena.<br />
Thallus tiledlike, corklike; cap semicircular, rough, underneath<br />
grev.<br />
Boletus unicolor, Sowerby Fungi, 325.<br />
Sistotrema cinereum, Persoon Syn, 551.<br />
On trunks of trees.<br />
XXXVIII. 280. XYLODON. Persoon. Wood-tooth.<br />
Thallus attached by its back ; teeth irregular, cut.<br />
1. Xylodon guerc'mum. Oak wood-tooth.<br />
Thallus bald, pale reddish-grey; teeth thick, irregular,<br />
Gut, slightly tiledlike.<br />
Hydniiin candidum, Bull. Herb. 4Si.<br />
Odontia quercina, Persoon Obs. Myc. 2, 17.<br />
Sistotrerna quercinum, Persoon Syn. 552.<br />
On dry oak-sticks.<br />
2. Xylodon digitatum.<br />
'<br />
Fingered wood-tooth.<br />
Thallus white, diverging; teeth fingerlike, crowded.<br />
Hydniim paradoxum, Schracl. Germ, 179.<br />
Sistotrema digitatum, Persoon Syn, 553.<br />
On trees.
650 281.Hydnum. U.HYMENOTHECE^. PLcelLapL<br />
K. Hydnideje. Folva 0; collar 0', cap leatherlike or<br />
fleshy; liijmen'mm. prickly; prickles awlshape, not divided.<br />
—None are known to be poisonous.<br />
XXXIX. 281. HYDNUM. Dillenius. Prickle-stool.<br />
Stem central ; cap regular, round, fleshy, convex.<br />
Hydmim imhricatum.<br />
Tiled prickle-stool.<br />
Cap umbiiicated, umber-brown, scaly; scales thick,<br />
nearly upright, darker.<br />
Hydnura<br />
Syn. 554.<br />
imbricatum, Lin, S. P. 1647; Sowerby Fungi, 13; Persopn<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
Esculent.<br />
XL. 282. DENTINUM. Micheli. Dentino.<br />
Stem nearly central ; cap regular, round, fleshy, umbi-<br />
iicated.<br />
1. Dejitimim repandum. Spread dentino.<br />
Tkallus pale flesh-colour ; stem tuberous, rather eccen-<br />
tric; cap wrinkled, bent, slightly lobed, bald; prickles rather<br />
thick, many, compressed.<br />
555.<br />
Hyduuni lepanduni, Lin. S.P. 1647 ;<br />
In woods.<br />
2. Dentinum rufesceris.<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 176; Persoon Syn.<br />
Reddish dentino.<br />
Stem rather slender, nearly cylindrical ; cap rather thin,<br />
fleshy, slightly woolly, flesh-red; prickles pointed, slightly<br />
compressed, yellowish.<br />
Hydnum rufescens, Bolton Fung, 88 ;<br />
In woods.<br />
Persoon Syn. 555.<br />
XLI. 283. AURISCALPIUM. Earpick-stool.<br />
S/e-m lateral, naked; cap leatherlike, membranaceous,<br />
nearly round.<br />
Auriscalpium vulgare. Common eai'pick-stool.<br />
Thallus hay-colour ; cop halved, leatherlike.<br />
Hydnum Auriscalpium, Lin. S. P. 1648 ;<br />
Persoon Syti. 557.<br />
On the cones of fir ; all the year.
Pl.celLaph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECE^. 284.Steccher. 651<br />
XLII. 284. STECCHERINUM. Mich. Hedgehog-stool.<br />
Stem ; cap semicircular, horizontal.<br />
1. Sleccherhmm ochraceiim. Ochry hedgehog-stool.<br />
Thallus spreading, turned back, j'ather tiledlike ; cap<br />
ieatherlike, thin, zoned, ochraceous ; prickles minute, yellow<br />
flesh-colour.<br />
Hvdnum Daviesii, Sowerby Fungi, 15.<br />
Hydnum ochiaceum, Persoon Si/n. 559.<br />
On fir-trees.<br />
2. Sfecchcrinum gelat'inosum. Gelatinous hedgehog-stool.<br />
Thallus gelatinous, glaucous white; stem lateral; cap flat<br />
on both faces.<br />
Hydnum gelatinosum, Persoon Syn. 560.<br />
On the branches of firs.<br />
3. Steccherinum quercinum. Oak hedgehog-stool.<br />
Thallus large, convex, yellowish-white, leatherlike;<br />
prickles very long, hanging down in stages.<br />
Hydnum Erinaceus, Bull. Champ. 34; Persoon Syn. 550.<br />
On old oak-trees.<br />
Esculent.<br />
XLIII. 285. ODONTIA. Persoon. Toothless-stool.<br />
Thallus spreading, attached by its back; prickles round.<br />
—Wholesome.<br />
tip.<br />
1 Odontia ohtusa. Blunt toothless-stool.<br />
Thallus white; prickles cylindrical, blunt, villous at the<br />
Fungoides hiimile ex albido livescens, apicibiis tenuissinie crenatis,<br />
Dillen in Rail Syn. 14, 7.<br />
Hydnum obtusum, Schrader Germ. 178; Persoon Syn. 562.<br />
On felled trees.<br />
2. Odontia diaphana. Transparent toothless-stool.<br />
Thallus paperlike, transparent; prickles awlshape, scat-<br />
tered.<br />
Hydnum diaphanum, Schrader Germ. 178; Persoon Syn. 563,<br />
On beech-trees.
'652 286.Heric. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.ceU.aph.<br />
XLIV. 286. HERICIUM. Persoon. Spine-slool.<br />
Thallus clublike, simple or branched; prickles covering<br />
every part.— Wholesome.<br />
Hericmm coralloides. Coral-like spiiie-stool.<br />
Thallus large, much branched ; branches crowded, bent<br />
in; prickles iervumSiX, rather bundled.<br />
Hydnum coralloides, Sowerby Fungi, 232 ; Persoon Syn, 252.<br />
In woods, upon oak and other trees.<br />
Esculent.<br />
L. THELEPHORiDEiE. Tliallus leathery, rarely with a<br />
cap ; hymenium smooth, hairy or warty, expanded.<br />
XLV. 287. CRATERELLA. Persoon. Crater-stool.<br />
Stem central; cap round, umbilicated or funnelshape;<br />
centre shaggy.<br />
Cratella caryophyllea. Pink crater-stool.<br />
Thallus varying ; cap funnelshape, thin, brown then<br />
purple; edge generally cut, rather crisp.<br />
Craterella ambigua, Persoon Comment. 128.<br />
Helvella caryophyllea, Dickson Crypt. 1,20.<br />
Thelephora caryopiiyilea, Persoon Syn. 365.<br />
In fir plantations, on the ground.<br />
XLVI. 288. STEREUM. Persoon. Stereum.<br />
Cap semicircular, at length horizontal.<br />
J . Stereum laciiiiatum. Jagged stereum.<br />
Thallus tiledlike, dark brown; cap thin, jagged, crisp,<br />
beneath rough with nipples crowded together.<br />
stereum laciniatum, Persoon Obs. Myc. 1,86.<br />
Auricularia caryophyllea, Sowerby Fungi, 213?<br />
Thelephora laciniata, Persoon Syn. 567.<br />
On trees, near their roots.<br />
2, Stei-eum ruhiginosum.'<br />
Rusty stereum.<br />
Thallus tiledlike, stiff, rusty chestnut, smooth on both<br />
faces ; nipples scattered, large.<br />
Helvella rubiginosa, Dickson Crypt. 1,20.<br />
Auricularia rubiginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 26.<br />
Thelephora rubiginosa, Persoon Syn. 567.<br />
On the mossy trunks of oak and other trees.
PLcelLaph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 288.Stereum. 65.3.<br />
3. Stereum ferrugineum. Ferruginous stereum.<br />
Thallus spreading, turned back, rust-colour; cap thin,<br />
slightly woolly, smoothish ; beneath hairy.<br />
Tlielephora varieg;ata, Schrad. Germ. 185.<br />
Auricularia tabacina, Sowerby Fungi, 25.<br />
Tlielephora ferruginea, Fersuon Syti. 369.<br />
On fallen sticks, in woods.<br />
4. Stereum hirsutiim. Shaggy stereum.<br />
TlialU in tufts, leatherlike, yellowish, shaggy; underneath<br />
bald.<br />
Auricularia reflexa, Sowerby Fungi, 27.<br />
Thelephora hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 570.<br />
On trees and palings.<br />
5. Stereum mesenteriaim. Caivl stereum.<br />
Thallus large, leathery, gelatinous ; cap horizontal, rather<br />
thin, with impressed zones, woolly, greyish-brown ; beneath<br />
turning purple, with scattered, longitudinal folds.<br />
Helvella mesenlerica, Dickson Crypt. 1,20.<br />
Tlielephora mesenterica, Persoon Syn. 571.<br />
On trees.<br />
XLVII. 289. CORTICIUM. Persoon. Bark^ear.<br />
Thallus spread, attached by its back, nipply.<br />
Cortichim quercirium. Oak bark-ear.<br />
Thallus attached lengthways, leatherlike, wrinkly, rather<br />
fleshy; edge somewhat turned in ; beneath brown.<br />
Auricularia corticalis, Withering Arr. 4,377.<br />
Thelephora quercina, Persoon Syn. 573.<br />
On the branches of oak-trees.<br />
XLVIII. 290. MERISMA. Persoon. Branch-ear.<br />
Thallus branched, leatherlike, compressed, smooth; tip<br />
mostly hairy.<br />
1. Merisma cristatum. Crested branch-ear.<br />
Thallus rather lying down, encrusting, pale; branches<br />
jagged, thickened, wrinkly.<br />
Clavaria laciniata, Sowerby Fungi, 158.<br />
Merisma cristatum, Persoon Syn. 583.<br />
In woods, on the ground.
€54. 290.Merism. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
2. Merismafoetidum. Stinking hranch-ear.<br />
Thnllus brown-purplish ; branches palmate, close ; tips<br />
whitish, shining.<br />
' Clavaria palmata, ScopoH Cam. 2, 4S5.<br />
Clavaria anthocepiiala, Sowerby Fungi, 156.<br />
Merisma fostiduin, Persoon Syn. 584.<br />
In fir plantations, on the ground.<br />
Odo2ir very disagreeable.<br />
M. Clavaride^. Thalhis fleshy, long, uniform* simple<br />
or branched; liymenium smooth, expanded.<br />
XLIX. 29i. CORYNOrDES. Corynoide.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous or gelatinous, compressed ; sporidia<br />
scattered over the whole surface of the thallus.<br />
'<br />
I. Corynoides cornea. Horny corynoide.<br />
Thalli gregarious, small, glutinous, yellowish ; simple or<br />
branched, connate at bottom.<br />
Clavaria cornea, Sowerby Fungi, 40 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 596.<br />
On trees after rain in autumn, and on timber.<br />
2. Corynoidesfaharum. Bean corynoide.<br />
Tkallus brownish olive, scaly, divided above; branches<br />
blunt or nicked ; scales brown.<br />
Clavaria fabae, Sowerby Fungi, 404.<br />
On bean-stalks ; autumn.<br />
3. Corynoides farinosa. MeSly corynoide.<br />
Thalli pale-yellow, mealy, scattered, branched ; branches<br />
short, scalloped ;<br />
meal white.<br />
Clavaria farinosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 25 ;<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 308.<br />
On decayed pupae, at the bottom of walls or trees.<br />
4. Corynoides hyssoides. Byssuslike corynoide.<br />
Thalli snow-white, in tufts, entangled, much and irregularly<br />
branched.<br />
Clavaria byssoides, Sowerby Fungi, 335,<br />
On the stumps of old trees.
Pl.celLaph. IS.HYMENOTHECEiE. 292. Ramar. 655<br />
L. 292. RAMARIA. Holmskiold. Ramaria.<br />
Tliallus fleshy, cylindrical, branched, generally pipey,<br />
below slender; sporidia scattered on the upper part of the<br />
thallus.—None are poisonous.<br />
1. Ramaria ceranoides. Hornlike ramaria.<br />
TlialU in tufts; clubs toothed, or slightly branched, yel-<br />
branches irregular, brown at the tip.<br />
lowish ;<br />
Clavaria nigosa, Sowerby Fungi, 235.<br />
Clavaria ceranoides, Persoon Syn. 594.<br />
On the ground.<br />
2. Ramaria rugosa. Wrinkled ramaria.<br />
Thallus rather large, whitish, thick, wrinkled, simple or<br />
branches few, irregular.<br />
branched ;<br />
Clavaria rugosa, Bull. Herb. 448 ; Persoon Syn. 595.<br />
Clavaria elegans, Bolton Fung. 115.<br />
Clavaria corailoidcs, Sowerby Fungi, 278, centre fig. below.<br />
On the ground under trees ; September.<br />
3. Ramaria iuherosa. Tuberous ramaria.<br />
Thallus yellowish, scarcely branched, tuberous at bottom.<br />
Clavaria tuberosn, Sowerby Fungi, !99; Persoon Syn. 593.<br />
On the bark of trees.<br />
Tuber inserted into the bark.<br />
4. Ramaria cormculata. Horned ramaria.<br />
Thallus slightly branched, yellow; stem slender, long,<br />
twice or thrice forked ; branches acute.<br />
Fungus parvus luteus ramosiis, Rail Syn. 16, 15.<br />
Clavaria muscoides, Lin. S. P. 1652 ; Sowerby Fungi, 157.<br />
Clavaria cornicuJata, Persoon Syn, 589.<br />
In woods, on dry soils.<br />
/3. alba. Thallus white.<br />
Clavaria coralloides, Sowerby Fungi, 278, upper figure.<br />
5. Ramaria pratensis. Meadoiv ramaria.<br />
Thalli in tufts, yellowish; stem, short; branches kneed,<br />
twigs rather even-topped, blunt.<br />
spreading ;<br />
Fungoides coralliforme luteum foetidum et minus ratnosura, Dillen in<br />
Rail Syn. 479.<br />
Clavaria fasligiaia, Lin. S. P. 1652.<br />
Clavaria muscoides, Fl. Dan. 836.<br />
Clavaria praten-is, Persoon Syn. 590.<br />
Among grass; autumn.
656 292.Ramar. 1 1. HYMENOTHECE^. P/.ceZ/.ap/z.<br />
6. Ramalaria coriacea. Leatherlike ramaria.<br />
Thallu.s soft, leatherlike, flat, grooved, ends fringed, grey<br />
turning dark-brown.<br />
Clavaria coriacea, Bull. Herb. 45'^ ;<br />
On the ground, in plantations.<br />
f'Fithering ylrr. 4, 403.<br />
7. Ramaria amethystea. ylmethyst ramaria.<br />
Tliallus brittle, tender, very much branched, smooth,<br />
violet-colour.<br />
Clavaria coralloides, var, b. Bolt. Funs^. 1 13.<br />
Clavaria amethystea, Persoon Si/n. 590.<br />
On heaths and woods among fallen leaves ; autumn.<br />
8. Ramaria cinerea. Grey ramaria.<br />
Thallus brittle, tender, solid, greyish-brown, branched;<br />
twigs dilated.<br />
Clavaria coralloides, a, Bolt. Fung. 113.<br />
Clavaria cinerea, Persoon Syn. 1S6.<br />
Menottes grises. Gantelines,<br />
In woods.<br />
Esculent.<br />
LI. 293. CLAVARIA. Micheli. Cluh-stool.<br />
Thallus long, cylindrical, clublike, mostly simple ; stem<br />
scarcely distinct ; sporidia scattered on the tip.<br />
• 1 . Clavaria gracilis. Slender cluh-stool.<br />
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white ; club pipey, slightly<br />
thicker at the tip.<br />
Clavaria gracilis, Bolton Fung. 3, 1 ; Sowerby Fungi, 232.<br />
Clavaria eburnea a, Persoon Syn. 603.<br />
On decayed sticks.<br />
2. Clavaria cylindrica. Cylinder club-stool.<br />
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white; stem long, slender;<br />
club rather thick, cylindrical, blunt, pipey.<br />
Clavaria cylindrica, Sowerby Fungi, 90, part only.<br />
Clavaria fra2;ilis, Hobnskiold, a— e.<br />
Clavaria eburnea fi, Persoon Syn. 603.<br />
In damp woods.<br />
3. Clavaria soUda. . Solid club-stool.<br />
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-wjiite, nearly cylindrical<br />
tapering to a point, solid.
I<br />
VLcellaph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 293. Clavar. G.-ST<br />
Fiingoides clavatum incorvum in aciitum niucronem productum, Dillen<br />
in Rail Syn. 14,3.<br />
Clavaria pisiillaris, Lin. S. P. 1631.<br />
Clavaria vermiciilata, Lightf, Scot, in part.<br />
Ciavaria eburnea y, Persnon Syn. 603.<br />
On heaths, and in woods on a dry soil.<br />
4. Clavaria acuta. Pointed club-stool.<br />
Thallus solitary, snow-white; stem cylindrical, long, rather<br />
transparent ; cluh rather conical, pointed, opake,<br />
mealy.<br />
Clavaria acuta, Sowerhy Fungi, 333.<br />
In damp places, on the ground.<br />
5. Clavaria vcrmiculata. Worm club-stool.<br />
TfiaUi in clusters, brittle, snow-white, nearly cylindri-<br />
cal, pipey, bent, tapering to a point.<br />
Clavaria vermiculata, Lightf. Scot, in part.<br />
In woods and pastures ; autumn.<br />
6. Clavaria fusiformis. Spindlelike cluh-stool.<br />
Thalli in clusters, crowded, gold-yellow, rather tough,<br />
pointed at each end, cohering at the bottom.<br />
Clavaria fusiformis, Sowerby Fungi, 234; Persoon Syn. 601.<br />
Clavaria f'asciculaia, Persoon Comm, 73.<br />
On heath}^, mossy woods.<br />
7. Clavaria hifurca. Two-forked club-stool.<br />
Thalli in clusters, yellowish, brittle, solid, bald, simple<br />
afterwards becoming forked ; tips pointed.<br />
Clavaria bifurea, ZJu//. CAawjp. 207.<br />
Clavaria vermicularis, Lightf. Scot.<br />
Clavaria inequalis ,; , Persoon Syn. 601.<br />
In grassy woods, on the ground.<br />
8. Clavaria Ardenice. Lady-Arden^s cluh-stool.<br />
Thalli scattered, very long, chestnut-brown, hollow ;<br />
base woolly ; tip becomes truncated.<br />
Clavaria Ardeuia, Sowerby Fungi, 216; Persoon Syn. 599.<br />
On decaying hazel-sticks.<br />
Thallus above a span long.<br />
9. Clavaria Herculeana. Herculean club-stool.<br />
Thallus solitary, large, light chestnut-brown, wrinkled,<br />
tip cut off, depressed.<br />
solid ;<br />
Clavaria Herculeana, Lightf. Scot. 2, 1056.<br />
Clavaria pistillaris (8, Persoon Syn. 597,<br />
In fir plantations, on the ground.<br />
VOL. I. 2 u
658 293.Clavar. 11. HYMENOTHECE.E. Plcellaph.<br />
10. Clavana pistillaris. Pistil-like club-stool.<br />
Thallus solitary, large, yellowish-red, thicker at top,<br />
wrinkled, solid ; top rounded off.<br />
Clavaria Herculanea, Bull. Herb. 244 ; Soicerby Fungi, 277.<br />
Clavaria pistillaris, Persoon Syn. 597.<br />
In woods, on the ground.<br />
Taste very bitter.<br />
1 1 Clavaria erythropus. Bed-footed club-stool.<br />
Stem stiffi long, dark-red ; club cylindrical, short, white.<br />
Clavaria gyraiis, Bolton Fung. 112.<br />
Clavaria erythropus, Persoon Syn. 606.<br />
On sticks.<br />
12. Clavaria phacorhiza. Lentil-rooted club-stool.<br />
Thallus threadlike, bent, brown ; club pipey ; root lentilshape,<br />
black.<br />
Clavaria phacorhiza, Sowerby Fungi, 233 ;<br />
On the ground in gardens.<br />
Persoon Syn. 607.<br />
N. Geoglossideje. Thallus fleshy, long, expanded at<br />
the top, either clubshaped or capped ; cap smooth ; hymenimn<br />
smooth, expanded.<br />
LII. 294. GEOGLOSSUM. Persoon. Ground-tongue.<br />
Thallus clubshape; club fleshy, mostly compressed, short,<br />
edged ; edges prominent ; sporidia scattered over the whole<br />
surface of the club.<br />
1. Geoglossum hirsutiim. Shaggy ground- tongue.<br />
Thalli in clusters, large, black, woolly.<br />
Clavaria ophioglossoides, Sowerby Fungi, 83.<br />
Geoglossum hirsutum |S, Persoon Syn. 60S.<br />
In woods and pastures.<br />
2. Geoglossum glabrum. Bald ground-tongue.<br />
Thallus greyish-black, bald; stem rather scaly ; chibWgulate,<br />
not glutinous.<br />
Clavaria ophioglossoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 140.<br />
Geoglossum glabrum, Persoon Syn. 608.<br />
On grassy hills ; beginning of autumn.<br />
3. Geogl. atropurpureum. Dark-purple ground-tongue.<br />
Thallus bald, dark-purple.<br />
Geoglossum purpurascens, Persoon Comm. 39.<br />
Clavaria atropurpurea, Batsch. Fung, 2, 48.<br />
Geoglossum atropurpureum, Persoon Syn. 609,<br />
In grassy places.<br />
"<br />
,
\<br />
PL cell. aph. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE.<br />
294. Geogl. 659<br />
4. Geoglossum viride. Green ground-tongue.<br />
Tlialli in clusters, green ; stem rather scaly ; cluh blunt.<br />
Clavaria viridis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1443.<br />
Clavaria serpentina, Schrank Bavar. 2,571.<br />
Geoglossum viride, Persoon Syn, 610.<br />
In woods ; autumn.<br />
5. Geoglossum P herharum. Herb ground-tongue.<br />
Thalli in clusters, minute, lanceolate, rather tough,<br />
dark-olive.<br />
Acrospermum compressum, Tode Mecklenb. 1,3.<br />
Clavaria herbarutn, Sowerby Fungi, 353; Persoon Syn. 605.<br />
Sclerolium Esenbeck Syst. 1,11].<br />
On dry sticks, covered with leaves.<br />
6. Geoglossum obtusum. Blunt ground- tongue.<br />
Thalli scattered, small, solid, snow-white, bald ; club<br />
ovate.<br />
Clavaria obtusa, Sowerby Fungi, 334, 1<br />
On dead fern-stalks.<br />
7. Geoglossum oblongum. Oblong ground-tongue.<br />
Thalli scattered, small, solid, snow-white, rather woolly;<br />
club oblong.<br />
Clavaria obtusa, Sowerby Fungi, 334,2.<br />
On dead fern-stalks.<br />
8. Geoglossum minutum. Small ground-tongue.<br />
Thalli scattered, small; stem pale; club oblong, reddishyellow.<br />
Clavaria minuta, Sowerby Fungi, 391.<br />
On the bracteae of galedragon pilosus.<br />
9. Geogl. polymorphism. Many-formed ground-tongue.<br />
Thalli scattered, small; ste7n threadlike, brown; club variously<br />
formed, compressed, hollow, blunt.<br />
Clavaria polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi, 276.<br />
On fallen elm-leaves.<br />
LIII. 295. MITRULA. Persoon. Mitre-stool.<br />
Thallus with a club-head ;<br />
edge turned in ; sporidia on the whole surface of the club.<br />
2 u 2<br />
club conical or ovate, smooth,
660 295. Mitrul. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PI. cell. aph.<br />
red.<br />
1 . Mitrula Dicksoni. Dickson's mitre-stool.<br />
Stem pale yellow; cap father clubshape, blunt, hollow,<br />
Clavaria epiphylla, Dickson Crypt. 3,22; Persoon Syn. 612,<br />
In turf-bogs, upon half-rotten-leaves,<br />
ti. Mitrula Heyderi. Heyder's miire-siool.<br />
ThalU scattered, small; club ovate, light chestnut-brown.<br />
Elvella cucullata, Batsck Fung. 189.<br />
Clavaria ferruginea, Soieerby Fungi, 84.<br />
Leotia Mitrula, Persoon Syn. 611.<br />
On fir-leaves; end of autumn.<br />
LIV. 296. LEOTIA. Persoon. Leotia.<br />
Thallus capped, rather gelatinous; cap orbicular, smooth,<br />
edge turned in ; sporidia scattered on the gelatinous upper<br />
surface of the cap.<br />
1 Leotia marcida. Withered leotia.<br />
Thallus yellowish-green, rather gelatinous; stem very<br />
long, narrowed at bottom ; cap flattish, turned up.<br />
Phallus marcidus, Fl. Dan. 654, 1.<br />
Leotia marcida, Persoon Syn. 613.<br />
In woods.<br />
2. Leotia luhrica. Slippery leotia.<br />
Thallus yellowish-green, rather gelatinous ; stem cylindrical;<br />
cap convex,<br />
Helvella gelatinosa, BuU. Herb. 296; Sovoerby Fungi, 70.<br />
Leotia lubrica, Persoon Syn, 613.<br />
In woods, after heavy rains.<br />
LV. 297. HELOTIUM. Persoon. Head-stooL<br />
Thallus with a cap ; cap fleshy, hemispherical, smooth,<br />
edge turned in ; sporidia on the upper surface,<br />
1. Helotium aciculare. Needlelike head-stool.<br />
Thalli in clusters, small, white, lasting; cap at first<br />
slightl}^ hollowed.<br />
Leotia acicularis, Persoon Observ. 2, 20.<br />
Helvella agariciformis, Sowerby Fungi, 67.<br />
Helotium aciculare, Persoon Syn. 677.<br />
On decaj'ed oak-leaves.<br />
Stem often branched : cap consists of thecae each filled<br />
with S sporidia.
Pl.cell.apk. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 297. Helot. 661<br />
2. Helotium ceruginosimi. Brassy head-slooL<br />
Thalli in clusters, bright green ; cap concave, variously<br />
shaped, edge irregular.<br />
Helvella aeruginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 347 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 617.<br />
On decayed wood, vi'hich it turns of a light green.<br />
3. Helotium infundibuliformis. Funnelshape head-stool.<br />
Thalluslar^e; stem thick, pale-brovi?n ; cap hemispheri-<br />
cal ; above blackish, becoming concave ; beneath pale.<br />
Helvella infundibuliformis, Scheeff. Fung, 277 ;<br />
In damp shady places.<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 133.<br />
LVI. 298. RELHANUM. Relhan.<br />
Thallus stipitate; cap conical, bellshape, edge curtainlike,<br />
beneath smooth ; sporidia on the silky upper surface<br />
of the cap.<br />
Relhanum con'icmn. Conical Relha7i.<br />
Stem cylindrical, pipey, yellowish ; cap above brown,<br />
beneath yellow.<br />
Phallu? conirus, Fl. Dan. 654.<br />
Helvella Relhani, Sowerby Fungi, 11.<br />
Leoiia? conica, Persuon Syn. 613.<br />
On chalk-hills.<br />
0. Helve LLiDE^. Thallus fleshy, long; cap mitrelike,<br />
plaited or cellular, like network ; hymenium smooth, expanded.<br />
LVH. 299. MORCHELLA. Dillenius. Moretl.<br />
Stem hollow ; cap conical, above cellular in network<br />
sporidia over the whole surface.—Wholesome, and fine<br />
flavoured.<br />
1. Morchella esculenta. Eatable morell.<br />
Thallus yellowish ; stem filled up ; cap contracted at the<br />
bottom.<br />
Fungus favaginosus, Park. 1317; Rail Syn. 11,7. -.<br />
Phallus esculentus, Lin. S. P. 1648.<br />
Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, left-hand fig.<br />
Morchella esculenta, Persoon Syn. 618.<br />
White morells.<br />
In woods, especiallywhere fires have been madei spring.<br />
When dry, used to flavour soups, as also the following.
662 299.Morchel. lUHYMENOTHECE^E. Pl.celLapL<br />
tom ;<br />
2. Morchella vulgaris. Common morelL<br />
Thallus blackish ; stem filled up ; cap contracted at bot-<br />
cells nearly 4-sided.<br />
Helvell.1 esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, right-hand fig.<br />
Morchella esculenta (3, Persoon Syn. 619.<br />
In woods ; spring.<br />
3. Morchella patula. Open morelL<br />
Thallus yellowish ; stem hollow ; cap short, spreading at<br />
bottom ; cells rhomboidal.<br />
Phallus patulus, Gmelin Syst, Nat. 2, 1449.<br />
Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, centre fig.<br />
Morchella patula, Persoon Syn. 619.<br />
In woods ; spring.<br />
4. Morchella hyhrida. Bastard morelL<br />
Stem very long, cylindrical; cap short, conical; cells<br />
oblong, ribbed with anastomosing veins.<br />
Helvella hybrida, Sowerby Fungi, 238.<br />
In woods; May.<br />
LVIII. 300. HELVELLA. Linnaeus, Helvelle.<br />
Thallus plaited ; stem hollow ; cap membranaceous,<br />
plaited, sinuated mostly irregular, turned down on all sides<br />
sporidia scattered on the whole surface.<br />
1. Helvella sulcata. Furroived helvelle.<br />
Thallus large ; stem ribbed, grooved, whitish ; cap swollen,<br />
free, livid-black.<br />
Fungus terrestris pediculo striate et cavernoso, capitulo plicatili subtus<br />
piano, Rail Syn. 8, 39.<br />
Helvella Mitra, Scha;ff. Fung. 154 ; Persoon Syn. 615.<br />
Helvella sulcata, Wilden Berol. 398.<br />
On the ground.<br />
2. Helvella leucophcea. Light-grey helvelle.<br />
Stem ribbed, pitted, bellied at bottom ; cap free, crisp,<br />
light-grey.<br />
Phallus crispus, Scop. C«rn. 2, 475.<br />
Helvella nivea, Schrad. Bot. Journ. 2, 66.<br />
Helvella Mitra, Sowerby Fungi, 39.<br />
Helvella leucophoea, Persoon Syn, 616.<br />
In woods, on the ground ; autumn.<br />
J
Vlcell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. 300. Helvel. 663<br />
3. Helvella albida. Whitish helvelle.<br />
Thallus pale white ; stem long, narrow ; cap free, rather<br />
swollen.<br />
Helvella Miha, Bolt. Fung. 95 r<br />
Helvella fuliginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 154.<br />
Helvella albida, Persoon Syn. 616.<br />
In damp shady places.<br />
LIX. 301. SPATHULARIA. Persoon. Spathula-stnol<br />
Thallus with a stem ; cliih compressed, running down<br />
the stem on both sides ; sporidia on the upper part of the<br />
club.<br />
Spathularia Jlavida. Yellowish spatula-stool.<br />
Ciavaria Spathula, Dickson Crypt. 1,21.<br />
Helvella spathulata, Sowerby Fungi, 35.<br />
Spathularia flavida, Persoon Syn. 610.<br />
In fir plantations ; autumn.<br />
Grows in clusters ; pale white, when dried, becomes<br />
yellowish.<br />
P. Pezizadeje, Thallus fleshy or waxlike, hollowed<br />
out like a cup ; hymenium smooth, expanded ; sporidia<br />
clubshaped, intermixed with barren ovaries as in mosses,<br />
fixed.<br />
LX. 302. STICTIS. Persoon. Sunk-cup.<br />
Thallus leatherlike, membranaceous, dry, sunk in wood,<br />
edge only prominent.<br />
1 Stictis radiata. Radiated sunk-cup.<br />
"Edge snow-white, rather mealy, cut in rays, or undivided.<br />
Lycoperdon radiatum, Lin. S. P. 1654.<br />
Lichea excavaturn, Hoffm. Lichen. T,4.<br />
Sphserobolus rosaceus, Tode Meckl, 1,44.<br />
Peziza marginata, Sowerby Fungi, 16.<br />
Peziza stictis radiata, Persoon Syn. 6T4.<br />
On wood and dry sticks.<br />
2. Stictis cBcidioides. j¥lcidium sunk-cup.<br />
Edge orange-colour; accessory edge white, rather torn,<br />
mealy.<br />
Peziza secidioides, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 66.<br />
Upon the dead stems of herbs ;<br />
spring and autumn.
664 302.Stictis. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.apL<br />
3. Stictis terrestris. Ground sunk-cap,<br />
Tkallus globular, fleshy, when dry leatherhke, smooth<br />
on both sides.<br />
Peziza imtnersa, Sowerby Fungi, 389.<br />
Sunk in the ground, edge level with the surface.<br />
LXI. 303. PATELLARIA. Esenbeck, Flat-cup,<br />
Thallus leatherlike, dry, sessile, edged, edge flat.<br />
1. Patellaria populnea. Poplar flat -cup.<br />
Thalli in tufts, rather large ; cups when dry wrinkled,<br />
grey.<br />
Peziza spliarrioides, Roth Cat. 1, 239.<br />
Peziza populnea, Persoon Syn. 671.<br />
On dry branches of the trembling poplar ; winter and<br />
spring.<br />
2. Patellaria priinastri. Plum-tree flat-cup.<br />
Thalli in bundles, slightly stemmed, hard, black on<br />
both sides, opake.<br />
Peziza prunastri, Persoon Syn. 673.<br />
On the branches of sloe-trees.<br />
3. Patellaria cartilaginea. Cartilaginous flat-cup.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, bright scarlet.<br />
Peziza cartilaginea, Soieerby Fungi, 369,<br />
On damp walls, among moss; spring and autumn.<br />
4. Patellaria rimosa. Crackedflat-cup.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, white; when old cracked in the<br />
centre.<br />
Peziza rimosa, Sovserby Fungi, 369.<br />
On brown paper, left on a beer barrel in a cellar.<br />
B. Patellaria immersa. Sunk flat-cup.<br />
Thallus black, sunk in the wood, beneath rather woolly.<br />
Peziza immersa, Sowerby Fungi, 369.<br />
On wood.<br />
LXII. 304. PEZIZ/i. Pliny. Rough-cup.<br />
Thallus mostly small, sessile; outer surface shaggy, hairy,<br />
woolly or downy.<br />
'
PI. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 304. Peziza. 665<br />
1. Peziza sangtdnea. Blood-red rough-cup.<br />
Cups very minute, black, bald, placed on a blood-red<br />
woolly strome.<br />
Peziza saiiguinea, Persoon Syn. 657.<br />
On trees and planks.<br />
2. Peziza ccesia. Grey rough-cup.<br />
Thalli crowded ;<br />
cups grey, cohering on a white woolly<br />
strome.<br />
Peziza lichenoides, Persoon Ic.fung. 29, 31.<br />
Peziza cssia, Persoon Si/n. 637.<br />
On oak-branches bared of bark ; autumn.<br />
3. Peziza hcemispherica. Hemispherical rough-cup.<br />
Thalli gregarious, large, hemispherical ; cups internally<br />
white, greenish, externally brown ; hairs in bundles.<br />
Peziza hispida, Hudson yingl. 635 ;<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 147.<br />
Peziza fasciculata, Schrad. Journ. 60.<br />
Peziza hffimispiiserica, Persoon Syn, 648.<br />
In woods and moist places, on the ground ;<br />
autumn.<br />
4. Peziza sulphurea. Brimsto7ie rough-cup.<br />
Thallus sessile, nearly globular, shaggy, brimstone-yellow.<br />
Peziza hydiioides, Sowerby Fungi, ITS.<br />
Peziza sulphurea, Persoon Syn, 649.<br />
On dry large herbs among dead leaves.<br />
.5. Peziza scutellata. Saucerlike rough-cup.<br />
Thallus rather large, flat, orange-red, externally shaggy<br />
bristles diverging, black.<br />
Peziza pcutellata, Sowerby Fungi, 24; Persoon Syn, 630.<br />
In the moist parts of rotten trees, or wood.<br />
6. Peziza ccsrulea.<br />
Blue rough-cup.<br />
Thallus flat, sessile, blue ; edge blunt, hairy ; underneath<br />
black.<br />
Peziza caerulea. Bolt. Fung. 108 ;<br />
In moist places, on trees.<br />
Persoon Syn, 650.<br />
7. Peziza sfercorea. Dung rough-cup.<br />
Thalli in clusters, sessile, deep, entirely reddish-brown,<br />
bristly ; bristles bay, nearly upright.<br />
Peziza scutellala, Bolt. Fungi, 108.<br />
Octospora sciiteliata, Hedwig. Muse. 2.<br />
Peziza stercorea, Persoon Syn, 650.<br />
On horse and other dung.
666 30'kPeziza. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.aph.<br />
8. Peziza argillacea. Clay rough-cup.<br />
Thallus globular, narrow-mouthed, splitting when old,<br />
yellow.<br />
Peziza argillacea, Sowerby Fungi, 148,<br />
On black modelling clay.<br />
9. Peziza papillaris. Papillalike rough-cup.<br />
Thalli in clusters, flat, reddish-grey, externally hairy,<br />
hairs falling off.<br />
Peziza papillaria, Bull. Herb. 467 ;<br />
On rotten stumps of trees.<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 177.<br />
10. Peziza cellulariceformis. Cellularia rough-cup.<br />
Thallus large, spreading at top ; internally yellow, exter-<br />
nally woolly, wool white.<br />
Peziza cellularia, Sowerby Fungi, 91.<br />
Cellularia cyatbiformis, Fl. Dan. 1450,<br />
On timber.<br />
11. Peziza hyhrida. Mule rough-cup.<br />
Thallus hsemispherical, inside reddish, outside hairy,<br />
white.<br />
Peziza hybrida, Sowerby Fungi, 369.<br />
On the ground ?<br />
12. Peziza domestica. House rough-cup.<br />
Thalli in clusters, conical ; outside hairy, salmon-colour.<br />
Peziza domestica, Sowerby Fungi, 351.<br />
On new- plastered ceilings, or damp walls.<br />
1 3. Peziza nigra. Black rough-cup.<br />
Thallus cartilaginous, small, entirely black.<br />
Peziza nigra, Sowerby Fungi, 369,<br />
On old palings.<br />
14. Peziza equina. Horse-dimg rough-cup.<br />
Thallus globular, not expanded, dull fox-red; outside<br />
rough hairy.<br />
Helvella equina, Fl. Dan. 779.<br />
Peziza equina, Sowerby Fungi, 352.<br />
On horsedung in damp shady places.<br />
LXIII. 305. OCTOSPORA. Hedwig. Eight-seeds.<br />
Thallus soft, sessile, fibrous-cellular, naked; sporidia<br />
large, with 6 to 8 sporas in each.<br />
5
PLcell.aph. ll.HYMENOTHECE^. 305.Octosp. 667<br />
1. Octospora atrata. Blacke7ied eight-seeds.<br />
Thalll in clusters, hemispherical, hollowed out, black,<br />
edge greyish.<br />
Peziza atra, Persoon Syn. 669.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees ; spring.<br />
2. Octospora leucoloma. IVIiite-edged eight-seeds.<br />
Thallus very small, flat, scarlet; edge snow-white, jagged.<br />
Peziza cartilaginea, Bolt. Fung. 101,<br />
Octospora leucoloma, Hedwig Muse. 13.<br />
On clay banks, in mossy tufts ; sprin_g.<br />
3. Octospora cinerea. Grey eight- seeds.<br />
Thalli clustered, small, grey, rather gelatinous; edge<br />
upright, whiter.<br />
Peziza cinerea, Sowerhy Fungi, 634 ;<br />
On rotten trees ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 634.<br />
spring and autumn.<br />
4. Octospora kyalina. Transparent eight-seeds,<br />
Thalli in clusters, sessile, whitish, transparent, rather<br />
hairy.<br />
Peziza hyalina, Persoon Syn. 655.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees.<br />
5. Octospora inquinans. Dirtying eight-seeds.<br />
Thalli in clusters, large, black, dirtying ; at last convex,<br />
reverse conical, outside wrinkled, brownish.<br />
6. Octospora sarcoides. Fleshlike eight-seeds.<br />
Thalli in tufts, fleshy, gelatinous, flesh-red ; outside rather<br />
veiny.<br />
Peziza tremelioidea, Bull. Herb. 410.<br />
Peziza porphyria, Batsch Fung. 53.<br />
Peziza hepatica, Batsch Fung. 138.<br />
Peziza sarcoides, Persoon Syn. 633.<br />
Tremella sarcoides, Withering ^rr, 4,84.<br />
On rotten timber; autumn.<br />
7. Octospora lenticularis. Lenticular eight-seeds.<br />
Thallus convex, pressed, light-yellow ; stem scarcely any,<br />
nipplelike, blackish.<br />
Peziza flava, Willden. Prodr. 404.<br />
Peziza aurea, Sowerby Fung. 150.<br />
In woods, upon trees ; late in autumn.
668 305.Octosp. il.HYMENOTHECE^. PlcellapL<br />
8. Octospora lurida. Dark eight-seeds.<br />
Tkallus sessile, greyish white^ turned back; edge ochreyellow,<br />
dark yellow.<br />
Peziza lurida, Persoon Syn. 666.<br />
Peziza pineti, Batsck Fungi, 201.<br />
In fir plantations ; on the fallen leaves.<br />
LXIV. 306. SCODELLINA. Micheli. Spread-cup.<br />
Thallus fleshy, membranaceous, brittle, sessile, hemispherical,<br />
spreading; outside scaly or mealy.<br />
1. Scodellina leporina. Hares-ear spread-cup.<br />
Thallus rust-colour, long, open on one side, ear-shape,<br />
inside smooth at bottom.<br />
Peziza leporina, Persoon Syn. 6.<br />
In fir plantations.<br />
2. Scodellina onotica. Ear spread-cup.<br />
Thallus one-sided, long, pale-rose, woolly at bottom,<br />
inside plaited, wrinkled.<br />
Peziza leporina, Sowerby Fungi, 79.<br />
Peziza onotica, Persoon Syn, 637.<br />
In woods.<br />
3. Scodellina aurantiaca. Orange spread-cup.<br />
Thalli in tufts, one-sided, bent, often split; inside orange,<br />
outside white.<br />
Helvella coccinea. Bolt. Fung. 100.<br />
Peziza coccinea, Butt. Herb. 474.<br />
Peziza Aurantia, Persoon Syn. 637.<br />
At the foot of rotten oak-trees ;<br />
autumn.<br />
4. Scodellina umhrina. Umher-hrown spread-cup.<br />
Thalli large, in tufts, twisted, umber-brown.<br />
Peziza umbrina, Persoon Syn. 638.<br />
In grassy grounds, on sandy soils.<br />
5. Scodellina alutacea. Leathery spread-cup.<br />
Thalli in tufts ; outside whitish ; inside pale grey ; stem<br />
very short, woolly, whitish.<br />
Peziza alntacea, Persoon Syn. 638.<br />
In woods.
Pl.cell.apL ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. SOG.Scodel. 669<br />
6. Scodellina hadia. Bay spread-cup.<br />
Thallus nearly stemless, not divided ; edge turned in,<br />
dark brown ;<br />
externally rather olive.<br />
Peziza cochleata, Bolt. Fung. 99.<br />
Peziza badia, Persoon Si/n. 639.<br />
Mushroom flaps.<br />
In woods and damp places.<br />
Dried, and eaten in hashes and soups.<br />
7. Scodellina violacea. Violet spread-cup.<br />
Thallus flat, round, inside violet with black dots ; edge<br />
and outside whitish, granulated.<br />
Peziza violacea, Bull. Herb, 438 ; Withering Jrr. 4, 390, not of Persoon.<br />
On the bark of trees,<br />
8 Scodellina pyxidata. Box spread-cup.<br />
Thalli in small tufts, yellowish white; bottom rather tubercular<br />
on the inside.<br />
Peziza Marsupium /3, Persoon Syn. 640.<br />
Elvella pyxidata, Schceff. Germ. 230.<br />
Helvella vesiculosa, Bolt. Fung. 175.<br />
In woods ; summer and autumn, after rain.<br />
9. Scodellina vesiculosa. Bladderlike spread-cup.<br />
Thalli in tufts, large, olive brown, outside whitish yellow;<br />
mouth slightly connivent; hymenium separable from<br />
the outer bark.<br />
Peziza vesiculosa, Sowerby Fungi, 4 ;<br />
On dunghills.<br />
Persoon Si/n. 641.<br />
10. Scodellina pustulata. Pustuled spread-cup.<br />
Thallus not divided, brown ;<br />
outside branny-pustuled.<br />
Octospora pustulata, Hedwig Muse. G.<br />
Peziza pustulata, Persoon Syn. 646,<br />
Peziza cochleata 13, Batsch Fung. 223.<br />
In fir plantations, banks, and shady places.<br />
Eaten up, while quite young, by some insect or cater-<br />
pillar.<br />
LXV. 307. CALYCINA. Esenbeck. Funnel-stool.<br />
Thallus cuplike, pedicelled, dry, fibrous ; surface woolly<br />
or bald : barren ovaries copious.
670 SOT.Calycin. 11. HYMENOTHECE.E. PLcell.aph.<br />
1. Cali/cina firma. Firm funnel-stool.<br />
Thallus rather large, irregular, rather tough, water}-,<br />
brown ; stem long, growing black at the bottom ; cup glassshape,<br />
afterwards spreading, turned over.<br />
Peziza ochroleaca. Bolt. Fung. 105; Soicerby Fungi, 115.<br />
Peziza firraa, Pcrsoon Syn. 658.<br />
On trees in shady places.<br />
2. Cali/dna cilrina. Leynon funnel-stool.<br />
ThaUl crowded, of various sizes, entirely lemon-yellow<br />
stem thick, short, reverse-conical.<br />
Octospora citriua, Hcdicig Muse. 28.<br />
Peziza citrina, St'icfr.'ty Fungi, 151 ; Pcrsoon Syn. 663.<br />
On dr}- trees and sticks, especially beech.<br />
3. Calycina pallescens. Pale funnel-stool.<br />
Tlialli crowded, bald, whitish, afterwards pale brown<br />
stem rather tliick: cup neaii}- fuunelshaped.<br />
Peziza lenticularis, Hoffm. Crypt. 13.<br />
Peziza pallesceus, Persoon Syn. 664,<br />
In woods.<br />
4. Calycina hei'larum. Herb fimnel- stool.<br />
T/talli in clusters, nearly sessile, whitish-brown, grows<br />
convex; stem very short.<br />
Peziza herbarum, Persoon Syn. 664.<br />
On the dry stem of large herbs.<br />
5. Calycina 77ielastoma. Black-ynouth funnel-stool.<br />
Thalli scattered or in clusters' large, thick, hard, reddish-brown,<br />
woolly ; inside black, cracked when dry.<br />
Peziza melastoma, Sutcerby Fungi, 149.<br />
On the roots of common heatb or ling ;<br />
spring.<br />
LXVI. SOS. DASYSCYPHUS. Esenb. Houghfunnel.<br />
Thallus cuplike, soft, fibrous, cellular; surface woolly;<br />
sporidia large, with 6 spora in each.<br />
1. Dasyscyphus pulchellus. Handsome rough-funnel.<br />
Thalli scattered, nearly sessile, woolly, white; centre<br />
orange inclining to scarlet.<br />
Peziza bicolor, Soicerby Fungi, 17.<br />
Peziza pulchella, Persoon Syn. 653.<br />
On di*y branches of oak-trees, firs, &c. ; spring.<br />
Thallus closes up in dry weather.
Pl.cell.aph. 11.HYMENOTHECE.E. 308.Dasych. 671<br />
2. Dasyscypkiis virgineus. Virgin rough- funnel.<br />
Thalli gregarious, white; stem rather long; cap hemi-<br />
spherical, opeii, villous.<br />
Peziza nivea, Sowerhy Fungi, 65.<br />
Lachnum agaricinura, Itetz Scand. ed. 2,329.<br />
Peziza virginea, Persoon Syn. 653.<br />
On sticks and trunks of trees.<br />
3. Dasyscyphus patulus. Open rough-funnel.<br />
Thalli scattered, villous, white; centre flat, ochre-yellow.<br />
Peziza patula, Persoon Syn. 654.<br />
Peziza Abbotiana? Sowerhy Fungi, 389.<br />
On rotten oak-leaves ; autumn.<br />
4. Dasyscyphus fuscescens. Brownish rough-funnel.<br />
Thallus very small, entirely brown.<br />
Peziza fuscescens, Persoon Syn. 654.<br />
On rotten beech-leaves in shady places ;<br />
5. Dasyscyphus sessilis.<br />
spring.<br />
Squatted rough-funnel.<br />
Thallus very small ; inside smooth, whitish ; outside cottony,<br />
white.<br />
Peziza sessilis, Sovcerby Fungi, 389.<br />
On rotten sticks.<br />
6. Dasycyphus tricolor. Three-colour rough-funnel,<br />
Thallus very small, inside pale yellow; edge thick, outside<br />
dark grey, white at bottom.<br />
Peziza tricolor, Sowerby Fungi, 369.<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
LXVII. 309. MACROSCYPHUS. Esenb. Long-fimnel.<br />
Thallus cuplike, soft, cellular, rather fibrous ; surface<br />
scaly or slightly bristly ; sporidia with 6 or 8 sporse in each,<br />
in a single row.<br />
1. Macroscyphus radicatus. Rooted long-funnel.<br />
Thallus brown, hemispherical, bald ; root long, simple.<br />
Peziza radicata, Withering Arr. 4, 381 ;<br />
In mountain pastures ;<br />
spring.<br />
Persoon Syn. 642.<br />
2. Macroscyphus Sowerbei. Sowerhy's long-funnel.<br />
Thalli large, in tufts ; inside yellowish ; outside cottony,<br />
white ; root long, thick, cottony, white.
672-309. Macrosc. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. PLcelLaph.<br />
Peziza radiculata, Sotcerby Fungi, 114.<br />
Peziza Sowerbea, Persoon Syn. 642,<br />
In gardens.<br />
3. Macroscyphus cereus. JVaxUke long-funnel.<br />
Tkalli in tufts, large; v^ew thick, cottony, reverse-coni-<br />
cup nearly funnelshape, turned back, yellowish.<br />
cal ;<br />
Peziza cerea, Sowerby Fungi, 3 ;<br />
In hot-houses.<br />
Persoon Syn. 643.<br />
4. Macrosc, acetaluliforme. Eggcupshape long-funnel.<br />
Tkallus earthy-brown, eggcupshape, stalked; cup angular<br />
on the outside; veins branched.<br />
Peziza Acetabulum, Sowerby Fungi, 59; Persoon Syn. 643.<br />
In shady places.<br />
5. Macroscyphus tuherosus. Tuherous longfunnel.<br />
Root tuberous, irregular; stem very long; cup rather<br />
small, funnelshape, chestnut or bay.<br />
Peziza tuberosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 25 ; Sowerby Fungi, 63 ; Persoon Syn.<br />
644.<br />
In woods ; April.<br />
6. Macroscyphus perennis. Perennial long-funnel.<br />
Tkalli in tufts, stalked ; root tuberous, black, perennial<br />
cup funnelshape, reddish brown.<br />
Peziza Tuba, Batsch Fung. 121.<br />
Peziza perennis, Persoon Syn. 644.<br />
In woods ; April.<br />
7. Macroscyphus macropus. Long-stalked long-funnel.<br />
Thallus large; stem very long, smooth or pitted; cup<br />
hemispherical, inside mouse-colour, outside grey.<br />
Peziza macropus, Bolt. Fung. 96 ; Persoon Syn. 645,<br />
In woods; autumn.<br />
8. Macroscyphus coccineus. Scarlet long-funnel.<br />
Thallus stalked, rather large, topshape or funnelshape,<br />
inside scarlet ; outside slightly cottony, whitish ; edge generally<br />
crenate.<br />
Peziza coccineus, Bolt. Fung. 104; Persoon Syn. 652,<br />
Peziza poculiformis, Hoffm. Crypt. 2,27.<br />
Peziza epidendra, Bull. Herb. 467 ;<br />
Sowerby Fungi, 13.<br />
On dry sticks in woods; on mountains on the ground;<br />
March.
PLcell.aph. n.HYMENOTHECEiE. 310. Hymen. 673<br />
LXIX. 310. HYMENOSCYPHUS. Fruit-cup.<br />
Thallus cuplike, thin, fibrous cellular, bald ; sporidia<br />
clubshape, with 8 sporee in each, in two rows.<br />
1 Hymenoscypkus rapceformis. Rapelike fruit- cup.<br />
Thallus waxlike, light brown growing nearly chestnut,<br />
thin, brittle, bald ; stem long, with rooting fibres.<br />
Peziza Rapula, Persoon Syn. C54.<br />
On the ground.<br />
2. HymenoscyphusJlbulcsformis. Buttonsliape fruit-cup.<br />
Thallus stalked, cartilaginous, above yellowish white<br />
beneath dark brown; stem dark brown.<br />
Peziza Fibula, Bolt. Fung. 176; Persoon Syn. 660.<br />
On elm-trees.<br />
3. Hymenoscyphus tuhceformis. Trumpetshape fruit-cup.<br />
Thallus stalked, entirely yellow ; stem threadlike ; cup<br />
flat-edged.<br />
Peziza Tuba, Bolt. Fung. 106; Persoon Syn. C60.<br />
On rotten trees in bogs.<br />
4. Hymenosc. infundihuliformis. Funnelshape fruit-cup<br />
Thallus entirely pale brown ; stem thickish, stiff, rather<br />
short; ciip nearly funnelshape; edge upright.<br />
Peziza Caiyculus, Sowerby Fungi, 116; Persoon Syn, 660.<br />
Peziza Infunclibuium ? Batsch. Fung. 147.<br />
On rotten trunks of trees.<br />
5 . Hymenoscyphus fructigenus. Bear ing fruit- cup.<br />
Thalli in clusters or scattered; 5^e77i long, rather bent,<br />
narrowest at bottom ; cup nearly funnelshape, pale brov»n<br />
grows reddish.<br />
Peziza fructigena, Sowerby Fungi, 117 ;<br />
Persoon Syn. 660.<br />
On acoi'ns and other fruits; summer and autumn.<br />
Used, in decoction, in hooping cough.<br />
6. Hymenoscyphus radiatus. Radiated fruit cup.<br />
Thallus small, stalked, whitish turning pale brown; edge<br />
toothed; teeth bristlelike, upright.<br />
Peziza coronata, Bull. Herb. 411.<br />
Peziza armata, Roth Cat'. Rot. 1, 140.<br />
Peziza radiata, Persoon Syn. 662.<br />
Peziza inflexa, Sowerby Fungi, 306.<br />
In woods, on sticks and stems ; sunmier.<br />
VOL. I. 2 X
674 310. Hymen. 11. HYMENOTHECE^. Pl.cell.uph.<br />
7. Hymenoscyphus cyathoideus. Cyat huslikc fruit- cup.<br />
Thalli in clusters, whitish or pale brown ; stem long,<br />
rather thicker at bottom; cup glass-shape, unarmed, rather<br />
slender.<br />
Peziza cyalhoidea, Bull. Champ. 230; Persoon Sijn. 662.<br />
Peziza solani, Persoon Obs. 2, 80.<br />
On dry stems of iarge herbs ; autumn.<br />
8. Hymenoscyphus tenellus. Fery-tender fruit-cup<br />
Thalli in clusters, very minute, funnelshape, tender,<br />
snow-white growing yellow ; stem threadlike.<br />
Peziza tenella, Batsch Fungi, 150.<br />
On dry stems of large herbs; autumn.<br />
9. Hymenoscyphus chrysoconms. Gold-headfruit-cup.<br />
Thalli in clusters, globular becoming flat, dull yellow,<br />
smooth, brittle, thin.<br />
Peziza clirysocoma, Sowerby Fungi, 152.<br />
On bits of wood, especially the under side.<br />
Q. AscoBOLiDE^. Thallus fleshy; hymcnium smooth,<br />
expanded over the surface; sporidia clubshape, intermixed<br />
with barren filaments, flung out with force, usually containing<br />
three sporae in each.<br />
LXIX. 311. ASCOBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-cup.<br />
-<br />
Thallus dishlike, or reverse- conical, fleshy. -<br />
Ascoholus furfuraceiis. Branny spring-cup.<br />
Thalli in clusters, rather concave, greenish ; outside<br />
branlike.<br />
^.<br />
Peziza stercoraiia, BuU. Champ. 25Q ^ Soweiby Fungi, IS.<br />
AscoboVus furfuraceub, Persoon Syn. 676.<br />
On cowdung; late in autumn.<br />
Fam.XII. 12. LYTOTHECE^, Persoon. Fungorum<br />
pars, Linn. Fungi pistillares, Esenb.<br />
Thallus fleshy, clubshape, rising from a volva ; hymeniiim<br />
expanded, superficial, deliquescing into a slime containing<br />
the sporae.<br />
Cap hemispherical, above hairy<br />
involacrum triple Batarrea. 312,
Pl.celLaph. 12. LYTOTHECE/E. 312. Batarrea. 675<br />
Conjoined to the stem, tuberculate;<br />
involucnim double Ithyphallus. 313.<br />
Cap cellular, networklike, bare;<br />
involucrum double Phallus. 314.<br />
I. 312. BATARREA. Persoon. Balarrea.<br />
Thallus stipitate ; volva triple, filled with mucilage ; stem<br />
smooth ; cap hemispherical, bellshape, with sporiferous<br />
flocks under the crown.<br />
Batarrea phalloides. Phalluslike batarrea.<br />
Thallus brown.<br />
Lycoperdon phalloides, Dickson Crypt. 1,24; Sowerhy Fungi, 390.<br />
Batarrea phalloides, Persoon Syn, 129.<br />
On sandy banks.<br />
Stem at first short, then springing up on a sudden to a<br />
foot high.<br />
II. 313. ITHYPHALLUS. Dog's-acorn.<br />
Thallus stipitate; volva double, the outer large; stem<br />
networked; cap ovate, tubercled, confluent into the stem<br />
indusium 0.<br />
Ithyphallus iJiodorus. Scentless dog' s-acorn.<br />
Stem cellular; cap ovate, tip blunt, not perforated; edge<br />
undivided.<br />
Phallus caninus, Curt. Lonil. 235 ;<br />
Phallus inodorus, Suieerby Fungi, 330.<br />
On rotten wood ; autumn.<br />
Persoon Syn, 245.<br />
III. 314. PHALLUS. Micheli. AcotJi-stool.<br />
Thallus stipitate; volva double, the outer large; steTti<br />
networked; cap ovate, not cut, free from the stem, networked<br />
; indusium 0.<br />
1. Phallus impudicus. Immodest acorn-stool.<br />
Stem pitted obliquely ; cap cellular, perforated at top.<br />
Fiingus phalloides, Raii Syn. 12,8.<br />
Phallus impudicus, Lin. S. P. 1648; Bolt. Fung. 92.<br />
Phallus foetidus, Sowerhy Fungi, 242.<br />
Slink-horns.<br />
In shady woods ; autumn.<br />
Volva egglike ; cap dissolves into a very foetid slime,<br />
containing the sporse, greedily devoured by flesh-flies.<br />
2x2
676 314. Phallus. 12. LYTOTHECE^. PLcell.aph.<br />
Plant oftener smelt than seen, the fetor being so like that<br />
of carrion causing persons to avoid the spot, yet when<br />
near the nostrils it has only the pungent odour of spirit of<br />
hartshorn ; used by some Dutch villagers as a poultice in<br />
rheumatism, but infects the whole house for some days<br />
with its disagreeable odour.<br />
2. Phallus cancellatus. Rail-work acorn-stool.<br />
Stem cylindrical, smooth; cap networked, not perforated.<br />
Phallus cancellatus, Fersoon Syn. 243.<br />
On barren mossy grounds.<br />
Odour like that of the orchideae.
PLANTiE CELLULOSE FOLIOSvE. 677<br />
Subseries I. B. Plantje cellulose FOLioSiE.<br />
Muscorum et algarum pars, Linnaeus. Crypiogamia<br />
mouoecia and dioecia, Stokes. Cryptogamce cnlyptratcej<br />
Mohr,<br />
Plants having true foliaceous expansions or leaves mostly<br />
distinct, rarely united into a broad herbaceous frond, affixed<br />
to their place of growth by fibrous roots by which they<br />
absorb their nourishment, propagated by budlike sporae,<br />
or by seeds which are enclosed in capsules covered with<br />
calyptrse.<br />
FAMILIES.<br />
Capsule valvular; co'umella 0; operculum<br />
; seeds w\i\x eXoievs \nteYm\-Ke(\ HEPATIC^, 13.<br />
Capside operculated; columella distinct;<br />
elaters MUSCI. 14.<br />
Fam. I. 13. HEPATICiE. Jussieu. Algarum pars, Lin.<br />
Crypiogamia dioecia, Stokes. CalyptratcB<br />
deoperculatcE, Mohr.<br />
^Flowers unisexual. Male. Anthers oblong or spheerical,<br />
networked, bursting irregularly, either })edicelled in the<br />
axillae of the perichetial leaves, or sessile on the frond or<br />
on a peculiar receptacle ; pollen granular. Fem. terminal,<br />
axillary, lateral or marginal ; oyane^ many, clustered, seldom<br />
more than one fertile, covered with a calyptra ending<br />
in a style, and surrounded generally with a calyx ; calyx<br />
single or double, rarely 0, mostly surrounded with perichetial<br />
leaves; calyptra bursting and emitting the capsule;<br />
capsule mostly pedicelled, valvular, rarely bursting irregu-<br />
larly ; valves 2, 4, 8 or 16, equal ; columella 0; operculum 0;<br />
seeds P spherical, intermixed with elaters ; elaters membranaceous,<br />
tubular, containing a single or double helix<br />
helices twisted spirally. — Plants monoicous or dioicous,<br />
small, frondose or leafy; revive quickly after being dried<br />
by absorption of moisture; leaves undivided or simply cut,<br />
ribless, mostly bald ; texture loosely cellular ; sporidia budlike,<br />
roundish or lenticular, scattered on the leaves and<br />
frond, or collected in origomes of various shapes.
678 13. HEPATIC^. Fl.cell.fol.<br />
A. Fruii solitary ; capsule sessile^ Imrsting ; calyx 0.<br />
Ricciadese.<br />
Thallus starlike Riccia. 315.<br />
B. Fruit solitary ; capsule sessile, bursting ; calyx 2-valvecL<br />
Targionidete.<br />
Calyx closed above . . . , ... Targionia. 316.<br />
Calyx perforated at top Sph^rocarpus. 317.<br />
C. Fruit solitary ; capsule pedicelled, linear ; calyx tubular.<br />
Anthocerideae.<br />
Thallus oblong, lobed Anthoceros. 318.<br />
D. Fruit on a commoji receptacle ; capsules pedicelled,<br />
roundish. Marchantiadeae.<br />
Recept. crosslike; lobes tubular;<br />
caps. 4-valved; origornes moonlike.. . Staurophora. 322.<br />
Recept. hemispherical ; calyx ;<br />
caps, many-valved; calyplra tubular Cyathophora. 321.<br />
Recept. hemispherical; calyx 0;<br />
fop>9. 4 or 5-valved; calyptra tubular ... Strozzius. 320.<br />
Recept. peltate, lobed; calyx tubular;<br />
capsule 6 or 8-lobed Marchantia. 319.<br />
E. Fruit solitary J capsule pedicelled, rou?idish; calyx<br />
l-leajed or 0. Jungermannidese.<br />
Capsule bursting irregularly<br />
calyx simple; helix double Maurocenius. 328.<br />
Caps, seeming 4-valved, irreg. cellular;<br />
pedic. jointed ; cal. 5-angular ; hel. double<br />
Pandulphinius. 330.<br />
Caps, seeming 4-valved, irreg. cellular;<br />
pedic. jointless; cal. compressed;<br />
helix double Cavendishia. 332.<br />
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx ;<br />
helix single ; calyptra exserted Scalius. 338.<br />
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx ;<br />
helix double ; perich. leaves distinct ........ Cesius. 339,<br />
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx ;<br />
helix double; perich. leaves united .... Herbertus. 340.<br />
Capsule 4-valved ;<br />
calyx double<br />
helix double HgiivEititi iJ. 324.
PLcell.fol. 13. HEPATIC^. 679<br />
Capsule 4-valvecl ; calyx lateral;<br />
helix double ; valves of capsule spiral Kantia. 3't2.<br />
Capsule ^-valved ; calyx lateral<br />
helix double; valves of capsule straight .... Lippius. 341.<br />
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx basillary,<br />
triangular ; mouth contracted<br />
helix double Mauchesinius. 331.<br />
Cap5. 4-valved; ca/. basillary, compressed;<br />
mouth slit; hel. double .... Martinellius. 333.<br />
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, compressed;<br />
mouth 2-lipped; hel. double Mylius. 334.<br />
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, ovate,<br />
immersed; mouth acute; hel. double Blasia. 327.<br />
Ca/)5. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, ovate,<br />
imbedded; mou. open, toothed; Ae/. double Nardius. 335.<br />
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, ovate,<br />
exserted ; mo. circular, mostly toothed<br />
helix double Jungermannia. 336.<br />
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, ovate,<br />
exserted; mo. slit on one side; hel. donh. . . iBonni-^.<br />
,^<br />
337.-' ^^-'^ 1.^ '^-
680 315. Riccia. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cellfoL<br />
2. Riccia glmica. Greenish riccio.<br />
Tkallus oblong, forked, lobes blunt, dotted in network.<br />
Lichen sive Hepatica foliis crassis, riita? miirariEe aiit cliaina?dryos foliis<br />
laciniatis quodammodo siaiilis, Rail Syii. 116, I.<br />
Riccia glauca, Lin. S. P. 1605 ; Engl. Bot. 2546.<br />
On moist sandy heaths; annual.<br />
3. Riccia miniyna. Smallest riccio.<br />
Tkallus forked, lobes pointed, very slightly networked.<br />
Lichen omnium minimus, foliolis scissis, super terram expansis, Dillen<br />
in Rail Syn. 115, 2<br />
Riccia minima, Lin. S. P. 1605.<br />
Riccia bifurca, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 1127.<br />
On inundated sandy places.<br />
4. Riccia natans. Swimming riccio<br />
Thalliis reverse-heartshape ; beneath ciliated, fibrous.<br />
Lichen parvus vernus cordiformis, ima parte fimbriatus, lentis palustris<br />
modo aquas innatans, Dillen in Raii Syn. 116,2.<br />
Riccia natans, Lin. Sysi. Nat. 2, 708 ; Engl. Bot. 252.<br />
Floating on pools.<br />
jS. ovata. Tkallus reverse-ovate, rounded at the tip.<br />
5. Riccia P spuria. Bastard riccio,<br />
Tkallus membranaceous, lobed, pellucid; fructification<br />
beneath the sinuses of the lobes, solitary, exserted, topshape,<br />
toothed.<br />
Riccia spuria, Dickson Crypt. 4,20,<br />
On turf bogs in mountains.<br />
B. TargionidExE. Male . . . . ? Fem. Calyx globular,<br />
pitchershape, 2-valved ; capsule neax'ly sessile, enclosed in<br />
the calyx, globular, bursting irregularly at the tip ; seeds<br />
and elaters many.— Frondose.<br />
II. 316. TARGIONIA. Micheli. Targioni.<br />
Calyx globular, from the under sid^ of the extremities<br />
of the thallus, closed, becoming 2-valved.<br />
Targiunia kypopkylla. Underlying targioni.<br />
Tkallus dark-green, oblong ovate, beneath scaly, pur-<br />
plish.<br />
Lichenastrum capitulo omboide, Dillen in Raii Syn. 110,2.<br />
Targionia hypophyila, Lin. S. P. 1603 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 287.<br />
On heaths and sides of ditches; perennial; March to<br />
May.
PLcell.fol. 13. HEPATIC^. 317. Sph^rocarpus. 681<br />
III. 317. SPH^ROCARPUS Micheli. Ball-fndt.<br />
Calyx on the upper surface of the frond, topshape,<br />
tip truncated, perforated.<br />
2-valved ;<br />
Sphcerocarpus Michelu. Micheli' s ball-fndt.<br />
Tlialliis nearly orbicular; fruit crowded together.<br />
Spliaerocarpus terrestris minima, Slic/ieli N. Gen. PI. 4, 1.<br />
SpliEerocarpus terrestris, Eng. But. 299.<br />
Targionia Spliaerocarpus, Lin. S. P. 1603.<br />
In clover fields on sandy loams.<br />
C. Anthoceride^. Male. Anthers sunk in the thalius.<br />
Fem. solitary; calyx tubular, 1 -leafed, tip cut; capsule -pedjcelled,<br />
linear, 2-valved ; seeds and elaters numerous, entangled<br />
together; OT-f^OTwey cupshape, sunk.— Frondose.<br />
IV. 318. ANTHOCEROS. Micheli. Flower-horn.<br />
Calyx tubular; capsule linear, 2-valved.<br />
1 Anthoceros punctatus. Dottedflower- ho7-n.<br />
Thalius undivided, sinuated, edge waved.<br />
Lichenastriim gramlneuiii pediculo et capitulo oblongo, bifurco, Dillen<br />
in Rail Syn. 109, ].<br />
Anthoceros punctatus, Lin. S. P. 1606 ; Engl. Bot. 1537.<br />
On moist sandy heaths ; perennial ; August to April.<br />
2. Anthoceros IcBvis. Smooth flower-horn.<br />
Thalius undivided, flat, edge scarcely waved.<br />
Anthoceros lajvis, Lin. S. P. 1606; Engl. Bot. 1538.<br />
On damp shady places.<br />
3. Anthoceros multifidus. Many-cut flower-horn.<br />
Thalius bipinnately cut, lobes linear.<br />
Anthoceros multifidus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 13.<br />
On damp shady places.<br />
D. Marchantiade^e. Male. Anther oblong, imbedded<br />
in a flat, sessile or pedimcled fleshy disk. Female. Receptacle<br />
peduncled, peltate; fmet ificatio?i under the recep-<br />
tacle; calyx tubular, 1-leaf or 0; capsule slightly pedicelled,<br />
4 to 8-valved or toothed; seeds globular; elaters narrow at<br />
each end ; helices double ; buds lenticular, variously enclosed<br />
in origomes. Plants frondose, networked, areoles<br />
ending in a pore at the top.
682 319. Marchantia. 13. HEPATIC^. Plcellfol.<br />
V. 319. MARCHANTIA. Micheli. Marchant.<br />
Male. Receptacle of the anther peduucled, peltate,<br />
above wrinkled. Fem. Receptacle of the capsule stellately<br />
lobed, lobes deep ; calyx tubular, toothed; cnlyptra tubular;<br />
capsule globular, tip 5 to 8-lobed, lobes revolute;<br />
elaters tubular; helices double; orlgoynes tubular, reverse-<br />
conical.<br />
1. Marchantia laiifolla. Broad-!eaved marchant.<br />
Thallits oblong, dark gi'een, shining, in network ;<br />
areoles porous ; lobes blunt ; receptacle of the capsule with<br />
round rays.<br />
Lichen petraeus latifolius sive Hepatica fontana, Raii Syn. 11;>, I,<br />
Marchantia polymorpha, Lin. S. P. 160,'{ ; Engl. Bot. 219.<br />
Marchantia umbellata, Scop. Cam. 2,334. Male,<br />
Marchantia stellata, Scoj?. Carn, 2, 353. Female.<br />
On damp places; perennial; midsummer.<br />
2. Marchantia minor. Small marchant.<br />
Thallus oblong, opake, scarcely in network, lobes blunt<br />
receptacle of the capsule with round rays.<br />
Marchantia polymorpha /3, Engl. Bot. 210.<br />
On the sides of houses ; perennial ; midsummer.<br />
VI. 320. STROZZIUS. Strozzi.<br />
Dioicous. Male Fem. Receptacle of the capsules<br />
hemispherical ; calyx ; calyptra tubular ; capsule globular,<br />
tip 4 or 5-toothed ? 4 or 5-valved ; receptacle of the<br />
buds orbicular, flattish.— Pcdicells from beneath the lobes<br />
of the thallus.<br />
1. Strozzius hemisphericus. Hemispherical strozzi.<br />
Receptacle of the capsules hemispherical, lobed; lobes 5<br />
or 6, blunt; capsules 5 or 6, tip 4 or 5-valved.<br />
Lichen pileatus parvus, foliis crenatis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 114, 2.<br />
Marchantia hemi?pherica, Lin. S. P. 1604 ; Engl. Bot. 503.<br />
On banks of rivers and ditches ; perennial ; Mar. Apr.<br />
2. Strozzius conicus. Conical strozzi.<br />
Receptacle of the capsules ovate, conical, rather pointed,<br />
nearly 5 or 7-lobed ; capsules 5 to 7 ; tips 4 or 5-valved.<br />
Lichen pelraeus pileatus, Raii Syn. 114, 1 ; Park 1314, 1315.<br />
Marchantia conica, Lin. S. P. 1604.<br />
On damp shady places; perennial; March and April.
PLcelLfol. 13. HEPATIC/E. 321. Cyathophora. 683<br />
VII. 321. CYATHOPHORA. Cupbearer.<br />
Dioicous. Male .... Fem. Receptacle of the capsules<br />
hemispherical; calyx 0', calyptra tubular; capsules globu-<br />
lar, tip 4 or 5-toothed, many-valved, valves linear ; receptacle<br />
of the buds orbicular, flattish. Pedicells from beneath<br />
the lobes of the thallus.<br />
Cyathophora angusl'ifolia. Narrrow-leaved cupbearer.<br />
Receptacle of the capsules hemispherical, 4-lobed; cap-<br />
sules 4- ; thallus membranaceous, semi-pellucid ; edge sinuated.<br />
Marchantia androgyna, Lin. S. P. 1605.<br />
On damp places.<br />
VIII. 322. STAUROPHORA. Esenbeck. Crossbearer.<br />
Monoicous. Male .... Fem. Receptacle of the capsules<br />
-i-cut, crosslike; calyx 0? capsules ovate, 4-valved, valves<br />
spreading; receptacles of the buds crescentlike, flattish.<br />
Peduncle of the fruit from the upper face of the thallus,<br />
surrounded by a tubular perithecium.<br />
Staurophora pulchella. * Pretty crossbearer.<br />
Thallus oblong, forked, light green, opake, veinless.<br />
Lichen sive Hepatica lunulata, s7rt(pvK?-.6Ka^7ro;, Rail Sijn. ed. 2 ; 41, 6.<br />
Lichen pileatuj parvus, capitulo criicis instar se expandente, BiUen in<br />
Rail Syn. US, 2.<br />
Maiciiantia cruciata, Lin. S. P. 1604.<br />
Stauropliora pulchella, Esenh. in Berl. Mag.<br />
On shady places and garden walks ; perennial ; June to<br />
October.<br />
E. JuNGERMANNiDE^. Male. Anther round, sessile, or<br />
globular, pedicelled, axillary. Female solitary : calyx tubular,<br />
single, double, sometimes 0; capsules pedicelled,<br />
4-valved, very rarely valveless and bursting irregularly;<br />
elatprs tubular ; helices single or double ; buds oblong,<br />
scattered. Thallus frondose or leafy; areoles not ending<br />
in a pore.<br />
IX. 323. RICCARDIUS. Riccardi.<br />
Male. Anthers spherical, on the upper face of<br />
the thallus, imbedded in it, or surrounded by a perithecium.<br />
Fem. from near the edge of the lower face ; calyx<br />
single, bellshape, very short; mouth expanded, lobed,
684 323. Riccardius. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cellfol<br />
fringed ; calypira exserted ; capsule oblong, 4-valved ;<br />
valves streaked lengthways and crossways ; elaters in tufts,<br />
pencilshape, on the tip of the valves ; helices single, spindleshape.<br />
Tkallus fleshy, ribless, compressed, branched.<br />
1. Riccardius 77iiilt'ifidus.<br />
Mnny-cut riccardi.<br />
Thalli in crowded tufts, linear, ribless, compressed,<br />
branched pinnately ; calyx marginal; calypira tuberculated.<br />
Lichenastrutn ainbrosise divisura, Dillen Muse.<br />
Jungermaunia uuiltifida,<br />
Jung. 43.<br />
Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 186; Hooker<br />
Jungermannia palmala, Hedw. T/ieor. 159.<br />
-"<br />
On moist heaths and ditch sides ; spring.<br />
(3. sinnatus. Thallus broad, branched ; edge sinuated.<br />
Ulva paliistris foliis ivas moschatce instar divisis, Dillenin Rail Syn.<br />
64,10.<br />
Jungermannia sinuata, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 16; Engl. Bot, 1476.<br />
2. Riccardius pingins. Fai riccardi.<br />
Tkallus oblong, ribless, lying down, above flattish, beneath<br />
swollen ; branched vaguely, edges sinuated ; calyx<br />
under the edge; calypira smooth.<br />
Jungermannia pinguis, Lin. S. P. 2, 1602; Engl. Bot. 185; Hooker<br />
Jung. 46.<br />
In moist shady places and shallow pools ; summer.<br />
(3. angustlor. Thallus long, nearly linear, simple or rather<br />
pinnately branched.<br />
3. Riccardius dichotomus. Two-forked riccardi.<br />
Thallus linear, compressed, forked, branched.<br />
Ulva palustris furcata, augustioribus et firmioribus segmentis, Dillen in<br />
Rail Syn. 63,9.<br />
Riccia fluitans, Lin. S. P. 1686; Engl. Bot. 251.<br />
In ditches, stagnant waters, and damp places.<br />
X. 324.4*Bfe&ES3i«S#r-
Pl.cellfol. 13. HEPATIC^. 324. Herbertus. 685<br />
1 .'^i^rhei'^ts Hihernicus. Irish herher t,<br />
^ Thallus oblong, ribbed, forked, edge not in the least divided;<br />
outer calyx short, jagged; inner longly exserted,<br />
ovate, cylindrical; calyptra much shorter than the inner<br />
calyx.<br />
JuDgeraiaunia Ilibernica, Hooker Jung. 78.<br />
Among mosses ; April.<br />
2. Hevkertm Lyellii. LyeWs herhert^<br />
Thalli in loose tufts, oblong, ribbed, rather branched,<br />
edge scarcely cut; outer calyx short, jagged, toothed; inner<br />
longly exserted, cylindrical, slightly plaited ; calyptra rather<br />
longer than the inner calyx.<br />
Jungerinannia Ljellii, Hooker Jung. 77.<br />
On bogs; May.<br />
XL 325. HERVERUS. Herver,<br />
Dioicous. Male. Anthers in a perigonium, ovate, spherical,<br />
clustered ; pedicells very short, attached to the mid-<br />
rib. Fem. Calyx on the lower face of the mid-rib, single,<br />
scalelike, becoming 2-lobed ; lobes deeply conduplicate,<br />
fringed ; calyptra reverse-ovate, spinous, irregularly torn ;<br />
capsule ovate, 4
686 '<br />
326.<br />
Papa, 13. HEPATICiE Pl.celLfoL<br />
XII. 326. PAPA. Tapa.<br />
Monoicous or dioicous, Male. Anthers spherical, solitary;<br />
pedicells very short, deeply imbedded in the upper<br />
face of the mid-rib. Fem. Calyx on the upper face of<br />
the mid-rib, rather cylindrical; mouth rather dilated, cut,<br />
toothed; calyptra exserted ; capsule spherical, 4-valved,<br />
valves streaked lengthways and across, bent back ; elaters<br />
long, pencilshape, in tufts, attached to the base of the capsule<br />
; helices double, much twisted ; seeds irregular. Thallus<br />
rather membranaceous, scarcely mid-ribbed.<br />
Papa eplphylla. Overleaf papa.<br />
Thallus oblong, slightly ribbed, rather membranaceous,<br />
cut here and there, edge not cut, or sinuated ; fruit from<br />
near the tips.<br />
Lichenastrum capitulis lotnndatis, e foliorum medio enascentibiis, Rail<br />
Syn. 110,3.<br />
Jungermannia epiphylla, Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 771; Hooker<br />
Jung. 47.<br />
In wet shady places ; spring and autumn.<br />
(3. longifolia. Thallus long, simple, or with a few shoots.<br />
Jungermannia endivitefoiia, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19.<br />
Jiing«rmannia epipiiilla 13, Lamarcke Encycl, Bot. 3,286.<br />
y.furcigera. Thallus with narrow-forked shoots at the<br />
tips, twigs forked.<br />
XIII. 327. BLASIvi. Micheli. Blasius.<br />
Dioicous. Male. Aiithers elliptical, sessile, 2 or 3, imbedded<br />
in the upper face of the mid-rib, covered by the<br />
cuticle. Fem. Calyx from the upper part of the mid-rib,<br />
oblong, lanceolate, enclosed in the thallus ; mouth acute<br />
calyptra enclosed ; capsule ovate globular, 4-valved ; valves<br />
ovate, streaked lengthways and across ; elaters long ; helices<br />
double, closely twisted ; seeds girt with a pellucid border<br />
budsP spherical, gelatinous, enclosed in an ovate receptacle,<br />
placed on the upper face of the mid-rib, and ending in a<br />
long cylindrical tube. — Thallus branched, beneath with<br />
tufted scales.<br />
Blasia pusilla. Dwarf blasius.<br />
Thallus oblong, ribbed, lobed, branched ; beneath scaly,<br />
scales toothed.<br />
Mnium liclienis facie, DiUen BIusc. 237.<br />
Blasia pusilla lichenis pyxidati facie, Micheli N. G. P. 14, 7.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1328.<br />
Blasia pusilla, Lin. S. P. 1605 ,<br />
Jungermannia Blasia, Hooker Jung. 82, 83, and 84.<br />
On moist sandy alpine heaths ; spring.
PLcelLfol. 13. HEPATICiE. 328. Maurocenius. 687<br />
XIV. 328. MAUROCENIUS. Maurocejii.<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, scattered<br />
on the upper face of the stem, uncovered. Fem. Calyx<br />
terminal, simple, bellshaped, jagged, surrounded by<br />
five bracteaj-, peduncles continued; capsule spherical, very<br />
thin, networked, bursting irregularly ; seeds spherical,<br />
rough ; elaters short; helices ^o\\\Ae.—Leaves 2-rowed5 many-<br />
cut, base parallel to the stem ; stipules 0.<br />
Mauroceiiius pusillus. Tiny mauroceni.<br />
Stem lying down, nearly simple ; leaves bluntly crenated.<br />
Lichenastriim minimum capilulis nigris lucidis, DHlen in Rail Syn.<br />
110,3.<br />
JiinE;ermannia pusilla, Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 1175; Hooker<br />
Jung. 69.<br />
J imgerniannia angulosa, Dkfcson Crypt. 1,7.<br />
JungerQiannia pygmsea, TViilf in Berl, Mag. 8, 151.<br />
On moist banks in clayey soils ; October to May.<br />
Plant matted ; roots deep purple ; perichetial leaves ;<br />
odour similar to calamus aromaticus.<br />
XV. 329. SALVIATUS. Salviaii.<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, olive-green, pedicelled,<br />
scattered, axillary; pedicells long, streaked Across.<br />
— Fem. Calyx terminal or lateral, reverse ovate or reverse-<br />
heartshape, compressed below, triangular ; mouth con-<br />
tracted, dep];essed ; peduncle short ; capsule spherical,<br />
4-valved ; internal base orbicular ; valves regularly networked<br />
; seeds spherical, tuberculated ; elaters tubular, attached<br />
to the tip of the valves ; helix single. Thallus<br />
creeping, branched; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, 2-cut, segments<br />
unequal, conduplicate, lower segment smallest, sack-<br />
like, pressed close, inflated.<br />
1. Salviaius tamarisci. Tamarisk salviatii<br />
Stem pinnately branched ; leaves upper lobes ovate,<br />
roundish, lower lobes reverse-ovate ; stipules rather square,<br />
nicked, edge turned over; fruit terminal, on the branches;<br />
calyx reverse-ovate, smooth.<br />
Lichenastrum<br />
73, 31.<br />
imbricatum, tamarisci Narbonensis facie, DiUen Muse,<br />
JuDgermannia tamarisci, Lin. S. P. 1600 ; Hooker Jung. 6.<br />
Jungerraannia rubiginosa, Neckar Pal. 2, 447.<br />
Jungeimannia dilaUUa, Roth Germ. 3,406.<br />
Jiiiigermaiiuia nigricans, Lamarckc Encycl, 3,283.<br />
On exposed alpine hills.
688 329. Salviatus. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl.cell.fol<br />
2. Salviatus dilatatiis. Dilated salviati.<br />
leaves upper lobes roundish,<br />
Stem irregularly branched ;<br />
lower lobes rounded; stipules rounded, flat, nicked; fruit<br />
terminal ; calyx reverse-heartshape, tuberculate.<br />
Lichenastrum irabricatuin minus, liaii Syn. Ill, 11.<br />
Jungermaimia dilalata, Lin. S. P. 1600; Hooker Jung. 5.<br />
Juiigermannia tamaiiscifolia, Engl. Bot. 1086.<br />
On the trunks of trees ; winter.<br />
3. Salviatus HutchinsicB. Hutchins' salviati.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves upper lobes spinous, serrated<br />
lower lobes minute, mostly toothed at the base; stipules<br />
rounded, ovate, slightly serrate, acutely 2-cut ; fruit lateral;<br />
calyx reverse-heartshape, smooth.<br />
Jungerrnannia Hutchinsise, Hooker Jung. 1 ; Engl. Bot, 2480.<br />
On the side of mountain rivulets.<br />
XVI. 330. PANDULPHINIUS. Pandulphini.<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, solitary<br />
in the axillse of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx<br />
lateral, ovate or reverse-ovate, slender at bottom, 5-cornered;<br />
mouth contracted, elevated, tubular, toothed; pe^<br />
duncle short, jointed ; capsule spherical, seeming 4-valved ;<br />
valves u]5right, irregularly networked ; seeds roundish<br />
elaters tubular, membranaceous, dilated at the end, adhering<br />
to the tip of the valves ; helices double, slightly<br />
twisted. Thallus creeping; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, two-<br />
cut, segments unequal, conduplicate, lobes rolled in; stipules<br />
nicked.<br />
1 . Pand. calyptrifolius. Calyptra-leaved pandulphini.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves upper lobes calyptrilorm ; lower<br />
lobes bluntly 4-sided, rolled up; calyx oblong, top flat,<br />
5-toothed; mouth minute, contracted.<br />
Jungerrnannia calyptri folia, Hooker Jung. 43.<br />
On the stems of dwarf furze, near the ground.<br />
2. Pand. minutissimus. Minutest pandidphini.<br />
Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe hemispherical,<br />
lower lobe extremely minute; stipules ovate,<br />
rounded, 2-cut; calyx reverse-ovate, rounded, 5-sided.<br />
Lichenastrum quod JungermJiunia omnium minima, seu vix conspicua,<br />
serpylli aut herniarisB foiiis aurilis, floribus ex albo variegatis, vagina cordiformi<br />
Michelii, Dillen Muse. 72, 29.<br />
Jungermannia minutissima, Engl. Bot. 1633 ;<br />
Hooker Jung. 52.<br />
On rocks and trees.<br />
Thalli in tufts like a green stain.
Pl.cell.foL 13. HEPATICi^. 330. Pandulph. 689<br />
3. Pand. hamatifolius. Hook-leaved pandidph'mi.<br />
Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe ovate,<br />
pointed, tip mostly bent ; stipules ovate, acutely 2-cut<br />
calyx reverse ovate, 5-sided.<br />
Jungerraannia liainatifolia, Hoolcer Jung. 51.<br />
On rocks and trees ; March to May.<br />
/3. echinaius. Leaves elegantly spinous.<br />
4. Pand. serpyliifoUus. Thyme-leaved pandulpli'm'h<br />
Stem pinnately branched ; leaves upper lobes rounded,<br />
lower lobes minute; stipules rounded, acutely 2-cut; calyx<br />
broad, reverse-ovate, 5-sided.<br />
Liclienastrum quod Jungerniannia minima, foliis aurilis, ex. rotunditate<br />
acuminatis, punctatis ac veliiti perforatis, floribus virescentibus, vagina<br />
cordiformi, Dillen Muse. 12, 39.<br />
Jungermaunia serpyllifolia, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19; Hooker Jung. 42.<br />
On trees and rocks ; male in June ; female in April or<br />
May.<br />
|3. ovatus. Leaves small, ovate, rather pointed.<br />
XVII. 331. MARCHESINUS. Marchesini,<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, solitary,<br />
in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx<br />
lateral, sometimes terminal, reverse-heartshape, flattened,<br />
S-sided; mouth contracted, elevated, 4-toothed; peduncle<br />
not jointed, short; capsule spherical, 4-valved ; valves regularly<br />
networked, turned back ; seeds roundish ; elaters<br />
tubular, ends dilated, attached to the tips of the valves<br />
helices double, loosely spiral. Thallus creeping ; leaves<br />
2-rowed.<br />
Marchesinius Mackaii. Mackay's marchesini.<br />
Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe roundish<br />
lower lobe minute ; stipules large, rounded, reverse-heartshape.<br />
Jungerraannia Mackaii, Hooker Jung. 53; Engl. Bot.<br />
On lime-stone rocks and old trees ;<br />
Thalli in blackish green tufts.<br />
February and March.<br />
XVIII. 332. CAVENDISHIA. Cavendish.<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, solitary,<br />
in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx<br />
lateral, ovate, narrow at bottom, compressed, becoming<br />
VOL. I. 2 Y
690 332. Cavendishia. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cell.fol.<br />
cylindrical ; mouth truncated, serrate, slit on one side<br />
peduncle short, not jointed ; capsule spherical, seeming-<br />
4
PLcellfol 13. HEPATIC^. 333. Martinellius. 691<br />
a. Leaves 2-lohed., lobes unequal, coJiduplicate ; fruit<br />
terminal.<br />
\. Martinelliiis complanatus. Flattened martinellL<br />
Stem creeping, vaguely branched ; leaves 2-rowed, imbricate<br />
above; upper lobe largest, orbicular, lower lobe ovate,<br />
flat ; calyx oblong ; mouth naked.<br />
Licheuastrum imbricatum majiis, Rati Syn. Ill, 10.<br />
Jungermannia couiplanata, Lin. S. P. 1133; Engl. Bot. 2499; Hooker<br />
Jung. 8 i<br />
On the trunks of trees ; all the year.<br />
Leaves flat, pale green.<br />
(3. minor. Leaves more convex, brownish green.<br />
2. Martinelliiis resupinatus. Lying-down martinelli.<br />
Stem lying down, seldom branched ; leaves roundish,<br />
lobes nearly equal, edge not cut ; calyx oblong ; mouth<br />
toothed.<br />
Jungerinannia resupinata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Hooker Jung. 23.<br />
On loamy heaths, under heath ; May and June.<br />
3. Martinellius undidatus. Wavy martinelli.<br />
Stem upright, slightly forked ; leaves lobes roundish,<br />
wavy, lower lobes largest; calyx oblong; mouth naked.<br />
Lichenastrum piniiis auriculatis majoribus et non crenatis, Dillen Muse.<br />
71, n.<br />
Jungermannia undulata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Engl, Bot. 225; Hooker<br />
Jung. 22.<br />
On wet places, especially alpine ; May to July.<br />
4. Martinellius iimhrosus. Shady martinelli.<br />
Stem upright, two-forked; leaves lobes serrated at the<br />
end, lower lobes largest, ovate; upper roundish, ovate;<br />
calyx mouth naked.<br />
Jungermannia umbrosa, Schrader Samml, 2, 5 ;<br />
On damp mountainoiis places ;<br />
Hooker Jung, 24.<br />
April and May.<br />
5. Martinellius planifolius. Flat-leaved martinelli.<br />
Stem upright, slightly branched ; leaves nearly 2-parted<br />
at the base, toothed ; lower lobe largest, ovate ; upper<br />
heartshape, blunt.<br />
- On<br />
Jungermannia planifolia, Hooker Jung, 67.<br />
damp places, in mountains.<br />
Fructification unknown.<br />
2 Y 2
692 333. MartinelUus. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cell.fol.<br />
6. MartinelUiis nemorosus. Grove martineUi.<br />
Stem upright, rather forked ; leaves seeming 2-lobecl,<br />
toothed, fringed, lower lobes reverse ovate, upper nearly<br />
lieartshape, blunt; calyx mouth toothed, ciliated.<br />
Lichenasirum auriculatum, piuiiis niinoribus, crenatis, Dillen Muse. 7I»<br />
18.<br />
Lichenastrum auriculatum, piiiuuli:: rotuudis, crisDum, Dillen Muse. 71,<br />
19,<br />
Jungermannia nemorosa, Lin. S. P. 1598 ; Engl. Bot, 607 ; Hooker<br />
Jung. 21.<br />
Jungerm^iinia nemorea, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 706.<br />
Jungermannia resupinata, Engl. Bot. !iJ437.<br />
In woods and hedge banks ; April to August.<br />
|3. purpuraicens. Leaves turning purplish.<br />
Lichenastrum auriculatum ornithopodii minoris, pinnulis ciliatis, Dillen<br />
Muse. 71,21.<br />
Jungermannia purpurea, Engl. Bot. 1023, in part.<br />
Jungermannia cochleariformis. Withering Arr. 3, 858.<br />
y. reairvifolius. Leaves with the lobes turned back.<br />
^. denudatus. Leaves with the lobes scarcely cut.<br />
b. Leaves undivided, toothed ; fruit lateral and terminaL<br />
7. MartinelUus asplenioides. Spleenwort martineUi.<br />
Stem ascending, branched ; leaves reverse-ovate, round-<br />
ish, toothed, slightly bent back ; fruit terminal and lateral<br />
calyx oblong, mouth slightly fringed.<br />
Lichenastrum trichornanis facie, capitulis e folioruin summitale enascentibus,<br />
majus, Dillen in Rait Syn, 1 12, 16.<br />
Jungermannia asplenoides, Lin. S. P. 1597 ; Engl. But. 1061 ; Hooker<br />
Jung. 13.<br />
In woods and moist shady banks, among mosses.<br />
8. MartinelUus spinulosus.<br />
Thorny martineUi.<br />
leaves reverse-ovate, bent back,<br />
Stem upright, branched ;<br />
tip toothed, spinous; fruit lateral and axillary; capsule<br />
roundish ; mouth ciliated.<br />
Lichenastrum pinnulis alternis, quasi spinosis, Dillen Muse. 489.<br />
Lichenastrum ramosius, foliis trifidis, Dillen 3Iusc. 489.<br />
Jungermannia spinulosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 14; Hooker Jung. 14.<br />
Jungermannia serrata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 144.<br />
On mountainous places.<br />
The largest and handsomest of the jungermannidea?.<br />
/3. tridenticulatus. Leaves small, few; tips 3-spined.<br />
Jungermannia tridenticulata, Michaux Bor, Arr. 2,278.
Pl.ceU.foL 13. HEPATICE. 333. Martinellius. 693<br />
9. MartinelUus decipiens. Deceiving martinelU.<br />
Stem upright, bent, scarcely branched ; leaves lower<br />
smallest, ovate, not cut; upper rounded ovate or rarely<br />
4-sided, with one or two spinelike teeth.<br />
Jungermannia decipiens. Hooker Jung. 50.<br />
On rock}' places and heaths.<br />
XX. 334. MYLIUS. Mylius.<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clustered,<br />
in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx<br />
terminal, exserted, cylindrical, tip compressed, truncated,<br />
2-lipped, slit on both sides, slightly toothed ; peduncle short,<br />
not jointed; capsule ovate or spherical, 4-valved; valves<br />
streaked lengthways and across ; seed spherical ; elaiers<br />
tubular, on the valves ; helices double, closely twisted.<br />
Leaves 2-rowed.<br />
1. Mylius Taylori, Taylor's mylius.<br />
Stem upright, scarcely branched ; leaves all rounded<br />
stipules broad-awlshape;jf/'zzi/ terminal ; calyx ovate, mouth<br />
ciliated.<br />
Jungermannia Taylori, i/oo7fer l/'m?!^. 57,<br />
On mountainous rocks.<br />
2. Mylius anomalus. Aiiomalous myliiis.<br />
Stem lying down, not branched ; leaves round, or rounded<br />
ovate, or ovate pointed ; stipules broadish awlshape.<br />
Jungermannia anomala, Hooker Jung. S4.<br />
On bogs among mosses ; October and November.<br />
3. Mylius polya?ithos. Maiiy-flowered mylius.<br />
Stem lying down, slightly branched ; leaves horizontal,<br />
roundish, roundish 4-sided, flat, sometimes cut; stipules<br />
oblong, 2-cut ; fruit lateral, peduncled, from the lower<br />
part of the stem ; calyx half the length of the calyptra,<br />
2-lipped, jagged.<br />
Lichenastrum trichomanoides aquaticum odoratum fontis Sancfae Winifridae,<br />
Dillen in Raii Syn. 112, 118.<br />
Jungermannia polyanthos, Lin. S. P. 1597 ; Eiigl. Bat. 2479 ; Hooker<br />
Jung. 62.<br />
Jungermannia viticulosa /3, Weber Germ. 133.<br />
Jungermannia aquatica, Schranck Bav. 2, 496.<br />
Jungermannia fragilis, Roth Germ. 3,370.<br />
Jungermannia pallescens, Schradcr Samml, 2,7.<br />
On moist and very wet places.
694 334. Mylius. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cell.foL<br />
4. Mylius cuneifol'ms. Wedge-leaved mylius.<br />
Stem creeping, not branched ; leaves leather distant,<br />
wedgeshape, not cut or very bluntly nicked at the tip<br />
stipules small, ovate, pointed, rough.<br />
Jnngermannia cuneifolia, Hooker Jung. 64.<br />
On salviatus tamarisci; gen. 329, sp. 1.<br />
Flant extremely minute, like the filaments of a conferva<br />
in loose clusters.<br />
XXI. 335. NARDIUS. Nardi.<br />
Monoicous. Male. A7ithers spherical, pedicelled, clustered,<br />
in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx<br />
terminal, ovate ; mouth rather contracted, 4-toothed, imbedded<br />
in the perichetial leaves ; peduncle long, not jointed<br />
capsule roundish, 4-valved ; valves furrowed lengthways<br />
and across; seeds spherical; elaters on the valves; helices<br />
double, closely twisted. Leaves 2-rowed, uncut.<br />
1. Nardius scalaris. Stair nardi.<br />
Stem creeping, not branched; leaves roundish, hollow,<br />
not cut nor nicked ; stipules broad-^wlshape ; perichetial<br />
leaves united together.<br />
Jnngermannia scalaris, Schrader Samml. 2, 4 ;<br />
Hooker Jung. 61.<br />
Jungermannia lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 605.<br />
On hedge-banks, on loamy soil, or woods.<br />
2. Nardius compressus. Compressed nardi.<br />
Stem upright, slightly branched; leaves round: uppermost<br />
kidneyshape, pressed close ; stipules only on the shoots<br />
calyx oblong.<br />
Jungermannia compressa, Hooker Jung. 58.<br />
In mountain rivulets.<br />
Tiifts dense, purplish ; roots scarcely any.<br />
3. Nardius emarginatus. Nicked nardi.<br />
Stem upright, branched ; leaves loosely tiledlike, spread-<br />
ing, reverse-hearted, nicked ; calyx ovate.<br />
Jungermannia emarginata, Ehrhart Beitr. 3, 80; Engl. Bot. 1022;<br />
Hooker Jung. 27.<br />
Jungermannia macrorhiza, Dickson Crypt. 2, 16.<br />
In very wet places, or alpine rivulets ; early in summer.<br />
(3. multijlorus. Capsules 2 or 3 in the same calyx j pe-<br />
duncles short.
Pl.cell.foL 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. G95<br />
XXII. 336. JUNGERMANNIA. Ruppius. Jimgermaim.<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clustered<br />
or solitary in the axillge of the leaA^es. Fem. Calyx<br />
terminal or axillary, ovate, cylindrical, mostly plaited ;<br />
mouth contracted, exserted, toothed; peduncle long, not<br />
jointed ; capsule ovate or spherical, 4-valved ; valves regu-<br />
larly streaked lengthways and across ; seeds spherical ;<br />
elaters on the valves; helices double. Leaves 2-rowed or<br />
tiledlike ; buds at the tips of the branches.<br />
a. Siem compressed ; leaves Q,-rowed, 2-cut^ lohes unequal,<br />
condupUcate, stipuled.<br />
1 Jungermannia cil'iaris. Fringed jungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, pinnately branched; leaves very convex,<br />
unequally 2-lobed, lobes ovate, 2-parted, fringed ; cilise<br />
long, slender; stipules nearly 4-sided, 4 or 5-lobed at the<br />
end, with long cilise; fruit lateral; calyx reverse ovate;<br />
mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Lichenaslrum scorpioides pulchruin villosum. Dill, Muse. 69,3.<br />
JiiDs;ermannia ciliaris, Lin. S. P. 1601 ; Engl, Bot. 2241 ; Hooker<br />
Jung. 65.<br />
Jungermannia pulcherriraa, Weber Spic. 151.<br />
Jungermannia Leersii, ^oi/i Gecm. 2, 402.<br />
On rocks and heaths.<br />
2, Jungermannia Woodsii. JVbods'' jungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, 2 or 3-pinnate ; leaves very convex,<br />
unequally 2-lobed ; upper lobe 2-parted, spinous, toothed ;<br />
lower very minute, oblong, scarcely cut; stipules large,<br />
ovate, 2-parted, spinous, toothed ; spurred on each side of<br />
the base.<br />
Jungermannia Woodsii, Hooker Jung. 66.<br />
On mountains.<br />
b. Stem compressed; leaves 'Z-rowed, 2 or 4
696 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.celLfoL<br />
4'. Jiwgermannia albescens. Whitish jungermann<br />
Stem creeping, branched ; leaves verj concave, nearly<br />
hemispherical; sllpides ovate, lanceolate, blunt; fruit terminal,<br />
on short branches; calyx oblong, ovate; mouth<br />
toothed.<br />
Jiingermrinnia albescens, Hooker Jung. 12, et Svppl.^. _<br />
On the ground in shady places.<br />
5. Jungermannia harhata. Beardedjimgermann.<br />
Stem lying down, scarcely branched; leaves rounded,<br />
4-sided, 3 or 4-cut; stipules lanceolated, acutely 2-cut, edge<br />
jagged; ^n/z^ terminal; calyx ovate; mouth contracted,<br />
toothed.<br />
Lichenastrum trichornanis facie; foliolis miiltifidis, capitulis e suininis<br />
ranuilis nasceiitibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 113,21.<br />
Jungermannia barbata, Schreb. Lips. 107 ; Engl. Bat. 25, 7 ; Hooker<br />
Jung. 70.<br />
Jungermannia quinquedentata, Hudson Angl. 511.<br />
Jungermannia Florkii, Weber et Mohr. Germ. 410.<br />
Jungermannia dichotoma, Schleich. Cent. 2, 57.<br />
Jungermannia gracilis, Schleich. Cent, 3, 6.<br />
Jungermannia quadridentata, iViilf in Berl. Mag. 8, 154.<br />
On subalpine rocks and in woods on them ; March to<br />
May.<br />
jS. wi7ior. Stem elongated at top, ascending; lower leaves<br />
open, upper very closely tiledlike, bud bearing.<br />
6. Jungermannia Francisci. Francis' jungermann.<br />
Stem nearly upright, simple or branched ; leaves ovate,<br />
concave, acutely nicked; stipules minute, ovate, 2-cut ;y'/7«7<br />
terminal, on short branches ; calyx oblong cylindrical,<br />
slightly plaited; mouth toothed.<br />
Jungermannia bifida, Schmidel Icones, 244 et 250.<br />
Jungermannia Francisci, Hooker Jung. 49.<br />
On moist ground ; March to June.<br />
7. Jungerma7inia stipulacea. Large-stipuledjuiigermann.<br />
Stem lying down, simple; leaves round; tip acutely<br />
nicked, lobes pointed, straight ; stipules large, ovate,<br />
pointed, toothed on one side, near the base ; fruit lateral<br />
calyx reverse- ovate, tip slightly plaited; mouth contracted,<br />
bluntly toothed.<br />
Jungermannia stipulacea, Hooker Jung. 41.<br />
On shady rocks in woods.<br />
8. Jungermannia lidentata. Two-toothedjungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, branched ; leaves broad, ovate, decurlentj<br />
tip ^-cut, lobes very pointed, not jagged ; stipules 2
Pl.cell.foL 13. HEPATIC^. 336. Jungermannia. 697<br />
or 3-c«t or jagged ; Jhdt terminal ; calyx oblong, nearly<br />
three-cornered; mouth jagged.<br />
Lichenastrutn trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis, majus, jRflii Sj/n. 113,<br />
19.<br />
Jungermannia bidentata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Engl. Bot. 606; Hooker<br />
Jung. 30.<br />
On moist ground in shady places ; March to September.<br />
/3. ohlusata. Leaves bluntly nicked, blackish green ; stipules<br />
many-cut.<br />
9. Jungermannia heterophylla. Oddleavedjiwgermann.<br />
Stem lying down, branched ; leaves rounded, ovate, decurrent,<br />
tip rarely acutely nicked, mostly bluntly, or undivided<br />
; stipules 2 or 3-cut, sometimes rather jagged ; fruit<br />
terminal; calyx ovate, bluntly three-cornered; mouth<br />
jagged.<br />
Lichenastriim pinnulis obtusioribus bifidis, minus, Dillen Muse. 488.<br />
Jungermannia heterophylla, Schrad. Jour. Bot. 5, 66 ; Hooker Jung. 31.<br />
Jungermannia bidentata minor, Leers Herhon. 249,<br />
Jungermannia bicuspidata, Engl. Bot. 281, not the syn.<br />
On rocks and the bark of trees ; male, November ; female,<br />
spring.<br />
c. Stem compressed ; leaves 9,-rowed, 2-lohed ; hies un-<br />
equal, conduplicated ; stipules 0.<br />
10. Jnnger. cochleariformis. Snailshape jungerynann.<br />
Stem lying down, scarcely branched ;<br />
leaves closely tiledlike<br />
above; upper lobe largest, convex, tip 2-cut, toothed;<br />
lower lobes oblong, ovate, inflated.<br />
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, praelongum foliis concavis unam partem<br />
spcctantibus. Rail Syn. 112, 17.<br />
Mniura Jungermannia, Lin. S. P. 1379.<br />
Jungermannia cochleariformis, VFeiss Crypt. 123; Engl. Bot. 2500;<br />
Hooker Jung. 68.<br />
Jungermannia purpurea, Scop. Cam. 2, 347.<br />
On mountain-bogs.<br />
\\. Jungermannia exsecta. Cut-out jungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, scarcely branched; leaves unequally<br />
2-lobed, slightly folded together ; lower lobe largest, ovate,<br />
pointed, concave ; tip often 2-toothed ; upper lobe minute^<br />
toothlike.<br />
Jungermannia exsecta, Schmidel Icon, 241 ; Hooker Jung, 19.<br />
Jungermannia globulifeia, var. 1, Iloth Germ, 3, 381.<br />
On moist boggy heaths.
698 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl.cell.foL<br />
12. Jungermannia minula. Minute jiingermann.<br />
Stem upright, rather two forked ; leaves horizontally<br />
spread, slightly folded together ; upper leaves equally twolobed,<br />
lower leaves unequally, all rather pointed ; fruit terminal<br />
; calyx reverse-ovate, slightly plaited at the tip<br />
mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Liclienastrum, pinnulis minutissimis rofimdis, Dillen Muse. 69,2.<br />
Jungermannia minuta, Craniz Groenl. 285 ; Hooker Jung, 44.<br />
Jungennannia rupincola, Schleich. Crypt, exsic.<br />
Jungermannia bicornis, Mohr Crypt. Germ. 423.<br />
On alpine hills among mosses ; April to July.<br />
1 3. Jungermannia Dicksoni. Dickson^ s jungermann<br />
Stem ascending, seldom branched ; leaves unequally twolobed,<br />
folded together, lobes narrow, ovate, scarcely cut,<br />
pointed ; lower lobe largest ; fruit terminal ; calyx ovate,<br />
plaited; mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia Dicksoni, Hooker Jung. 48.<br />
On dry rocks, among mosses.<br />
14. Jungermannia ohtusifolia. Blunt-leaved jugermann.<br />
Stem ascending, simple ; leaves unequally 2-lobed ; lobes<br />
folded together, blunt, not cut; lower lobe largest, rather<br />
scymetarshape ; upper ovate; fruit terminal; calyx reverseovate;<br />
mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia obtusifolia, Hooker Jung. 26.<br />
On damp rocky places ; March and April.<br />
15. Jmigermannia albicans. Whitish jungerma?in.<br />
Stem upright, slightly branched ; leaves unequally twolobed,<br />
lobes folded together; tip toothed, middle, pellucid,<br />
whitish; lower lobe largest, nearly scymetarshape, upper<br />
oblong, ovate, pointed ; fruit terminal ; calyx reverse-ovate,<br />
cylindricd; mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, capitulis e foliorura summitate enascentibus<br />
minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 112, 14.<br />
Liclienastrum foliis variis, DUlen in Raii Syn. 113,23.<br />
Jungermannia albicans, Lin, S, P. 1599 1 Eng. Bot. 2240 and 1023,<br />
left-hand fig. ; Hooker Jung. 25.<br />
Jungermannia varia, Lin. S. P. 1601.<br />
On hedge-banks, in loamy soils.<br />
/3. procumhens. Stem lying down ; leaves nearly upright.
PLcelLfoL 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. 699<br />
d. Stem compressed; leaves 9,-rowed, equally 3 or 4 cut<br />
stipules 0.<br />
1 6 . Juvgermannia incisa. Cut jungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, depressed, seldom branched; leaves<br />
rather 4-sided, wavy, 3-cut, lobes toothed in places ; fruit<br />
terminal; caZ?/Jc revei'se-ovate ; mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia incisa, Schard. Samml. 2, 5; Hooker Jung. 10; Eng.Bot.<br />
On bogs, moors, and moist places on mosses.<br />
17 • JuJigermannia capita t a. Headedjungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves romided,<br />
4-sided ; lower 2-cut ; upper 3 or 4-cut ; fruit terminal<br />
calyx oblong, ovate, rather plaited ; mouth contracted,<br />
toothed.<br />
Jungermannia capilata, Hooker Jung, 80; Engl. Bot.<br />
On bogs and dry mountainous places.<br />
e. Stem compressed j leaves 2-roived, nicked or 2-cut<br />
stipules 0.<br />
18. Jungermannia curvifoUa. Curve-leaved jungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, branched starwise ; leaves roundish,<br />
very concave, 2-cut ; lobes pointed, bent ; fruit terminal,<br />
on very short branches ; calyx oblong, slightly plaited<br />
mouth slightly contracted, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia curvifolia, Dickson Crypt. 2, 15; Engl. Bot. 1304;<br />
Hooker Jung. 16.<br />
Jungermannia birostrata, Schleicher Cent. 3,59.<br />
On alpine rocks and decayed wood.<br />
19. Jungermannia connivens. Conniventjungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, branched starwise ; leaves round, concave,<br />
tip nicked, crescentlike; fruit terminal, on short<br />
branches ; calyx oblong ovate ; mouth contracted, fringed.<br />
Jungermannia connivens, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19; Hooker Jung. 15.<br />
On damp shady places ; April and May.<br />
20. Jungermannia hyssacea. Byssusjungerma7in.<br />
Stem lying down, branchwise; leaves nearly 4-sided,<br />
bluntly 2-cut, lobes pointed; fruit terminal; calyx oblong,<br />
plaited; mouth open, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia byssacea, Roth Cat. Bot. 2, 158 ;<br />
Jungermannia bifida, Schmidel Icon. 250.<br />
Jungermannia divaricata, Engl. Bot. 719.<br />
On sand-hills and exposed heaths,<br />
5<br />
Hooker Jung. 12.
700 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATIC^. Pl.cell.fol.<br />
21. Jiingermannia h'lcuspidata. Two-pointed jungermann.<br />
Si&r.n lying down, branched starwise ; leaves nearly foursided,<br />
pointedly 2-cut ; lobes pointed, straight, not cut;<br />
Ji-iiit terminal ; cah/x oblong, plaited ; mouth open, toothed.<br />
Lichenastrum<br />
113, 20.<br />
trichomanis facie, folioJis bifidis minimum, Rail Syn.<br />
Jiingermannia bicuspidata, im. S. P. 1589;<br />
Jung. 1 1<br />
Engl. Bot. 2239 ', Hooker<br />
Jungermannia globulifera, Pollich Pal. 3, 182.<br />
JuDgermannia sphserocephala, Roth Germ. 1,4S1.<br />
Jungeraianaia fissa, Scop. Cam. 1345.<br />
Jiingermannia bicornis, Fl. Dan. 888. a.<br />
On moist hedges and banks on heaths; Mar. and April.<br />
/3. patens, holes of the leaves spreading.<br />
In marshy places.<br />
22. Jungermannia Turneri. Turner^s jungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, bent, branched starwise; leaves broad<br />
ovate, acutely 2-parted ; lobes folded together, spinous,<br />
toothed ; fruit terminal ; calyx linear, oblong, plaited<br />
lengthways ; mouth rather contracted, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia Turneri, jFfoofcerJu?;^. 29.<br />
On shady banks of mountain rivulets ; March.<br />
-23. Jungermannia ventricosa. Belliedjungermann<br />
leaves open, nearly<br />
Stem lying down, slightly branched ;<br />
4-sided, bluntly and broadly nicked, sides bent in ; fruit<br />
terminal; calyx oblong; mouth contracted, plaited, toothed.<br />
Lichenastrum quod Jungermannia minima repens, foliis bifidis, vagini<br />
floruin ventricosa Miciielii, Dillen. Muse, 70, 14.<br />
Jungermannia ventricosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 14 ; Hooker Jung. 28.<br />
Jungermannia bidentata globulifera, Weber Goett. 134.<br />
Jungermannia bidentata, Schmidel Jung. 106,<br />
Jungermannia globulifera, Follich PaJat. 3, 182.<br />
Jungermannia bicornis, Hoffni. Germ. 2,89.<br />
Mnium fissum, Necker Muse. 237,<br />
On boggy soils, and in woods ; winter and spring.<br />
24. Jungermannia excisa. Cut-off^ jtinger7na?m.<br />
Stem lying down, nearly simple; leaves open, nearly<br />
4-sided, very deeply nicked ; fruit terminal ;<br />
mouth slightly contracted, plaited, toothed.<br />
calyx oblong<br />
Jungermannia excisa, Dickson Crypt. 3, 11 ; Hooker Jung. 9.<br />
Jungermannia globulifera, Roth Germ, 3, 379,<br />
Jungermannia Funckii, Mohrh Crypt, Germ. 492.<br />
In moist shady woods and hedge-banks.<br />
|3. crispata. Leaves wavy lengthways; lobes unequal,<br />
crisp.
Pl.cell.fol. 13. HEPATICvE. 336. Jiingermannia. 701<br />
25. Jungermannia inflata. Blmun-np jungermanni<br />
Stem lying down, simple or branched ; leaves roundish,<br />
concave, acutely ^-cut; lobes straight, blunt; /?mz7 terminal<br />
; calyx reverse pearshape ; mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia inflata, Hudson yingl. 511 ; Hooker Jung. 38,<br />
Jungermannia bicrcnata, Schmidel Icon. 246.<br />
Jungermannia bidenlata, var. 2, Withering Arr. 3, 853.<br />
In moist boggy places ; all the year.<br />
26. Jungermannia Orcadejisis. Orkney jungermann.<br />
Stem upright, not branched ; leaves closely tiledlike,<br />
upright or spreading, heartshape ovate, flat, tip notched,<br />
edge turned over.<br />
Jungermannia Orcadensis, Hooker Jung. 71.<br />
On moss, at the feet of mountains.<br />
f. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-roivedy undivided ; stipules 0.<br />
9,1 . Jungermannia hyalina. Tra7isparent jungermann.<br />
Stem ascending, bent, forked ; leaves rounded, w^avy ;<br />
fruit terminal; calyx ovate, cornered; mouth contracted,<br />
toothed.<br />
Jungermannia hyalina, Hooker Jung. 63.<br />
On boggy places, and rocks near waterfalls; April and<br />
May.<br />
2S.Junger. sphcerocarpa. Round-fruited junge^-mafm.<br />
Stem ascending, not branched ; leaves round ; calyx oblong,<br />
reverse-ovate, cylindrical, 4-cut; capsule spherical.<br />
Jungermannia sphaerocarpa, Hooker Jung. 74,<br />
On bogs ; March to May.<br />
29. Jungermannia crenulata. Crenidate jungermann.<br />
S^em lying down, branched; leaves rounded, bordered;<br />
fruit terminal ; calyx reverse-ovate, compressed, 4-cornered<br />
lengthways; mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia crenulata, Engl. Bot. 1463; Hooker Jung. 31.<br />
On bogs and wet places ; October to April,<br />
/3. gracillima. Stem rather slender; leaves minute, distant.<br />
Jungermannia gracillima, Eng. Bot. 2238.<br />
30. Junger7na?inia sphagni. Bog-moss jungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, seldom branched ; bud-bearing shoots<br />
only slipuled ; leaves round ; fruit terminal, on peculiar
702 336. Jungermannia, IS, HEPATIC^. Pl.cellfol.<br />
branches ; calyx oblong, smaller at both ends ; mouth contracted,<br />
slightly toothed.<br />
Jungermannia sphagni, Dickson Crypt. 1, 6; Engl. Bot. 2410; Hooker<br />
Jung. 33.<br />
In marshy places, among sphagna ;<br />
31. Jum^ermanma cordifolia.<br />
October to April.<br />
Heart-leaved pingermann.<br />
Stem upright, bent, forked ; leaves upright, hollow, heartshape,<br />
rolled round ; fruit terminal and axillary ; calyx<br />
oblong ovate, slightly plaited ; mouth minute, toothed.<br />
Jungernianuia cordifolia, Hooker Jung. 32.<br />
On moist places in alpine mountains; August to March.<br />
32. Jungermannia pumila. Divarf jungermann.<br />
Stem ascending, mostly simple; leaves elliptical, ovate;<br />
J'r7dt terminal ; calyx oblong, ovate, pointed ; mouth contracted,<br />
slightly toothed.<br />
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, minus, ab extremitate florens, Dillen<br />
Muse. 70, 10,<br />
Jungermannia pumila, Withering Arr. 3, 866 ; Engl. Bat. 2230; Hooker<br />
Jung. n.<br />
On alpine rocks and mountains ; May and June.<br />
(3. nigricans. Stem branched: leaves distant, growing<br />
black.<br />
33. Jungermamiia lanceolata. Spearshape jungermann.<br />
Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves spreading,<br />
ovate rather rounded ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, cylin-<br />
drical ; tip depressed, flat : mouth contracted, slightly<br />
toothed.<br />
Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, trichomanis facie, foliolis densius con-<br />
gestis, minus, Dillen in Raii Syn, 112, 13.<br />
Jungermannia lanceolata, Lin. S, P. 1597? Hooker Jung. 18.<br />
On moist places in woods, and trunks of rotten trees.<br />
g. Stem round; leaves scattered; stipules 0.<br />
34-. Jungermannia trichophylla. Hair-leavedjungermann.<br />
Stem creeping, irregularly branched ; leaves tiledlike on<br />
all sides, in bundles, bristlelike, jointed, spreading, straight;<br />
fruit terminal; calyx oblong; mouth contracted, fringed.<br />
Lichenastrum trichodes minimum, in extremitate florens, Dillen Mxisc.<br />
73,37.<br />
Jungermannia trichophylla, Lin. S, P. 1601 ; Engl. Bat. 2252; Hooker<br />
Jung. 7.<br />
On turfy heaths, and moist rocks.
Pl.cell.fol. 13. HEPATIC^. 336. Jungermannia. 703<br />
35. Jimgermannia setacea. Bristlelike jungermann.<br />
Stem creeping, nearly pinnately branched ; leaves tiledlike<br />
on all sides, in pairs, bristlelike, jointed, spreading,<br />
bent inwards ; fruit terminal ,• calyx oblong ; mouth open,<br />
fringed.<br />
Lichenastrum multiflorum exile, foliis angustissimis, Dillen Muse. 69, 4.<br />
Jimgermannia setacea, Weber Goett. 155; Hooker Jung. 8.<br />
Jungermannia miiltiflora, Hudson Angl. 510.<br />
Jungermannia sertularioides, Linn. Suppl. 449.<br />
Jimgermannia piiiciflora, Dickson Crypt. 2, 15.<br />
Jungermannia trichopliylla, var. 3, Roth Germ. 3, 366.<br />
On bogs, amongst mosses.<br />
h. Stem round; leaves 2-roiued, stipuled.<br />
36. Jungermannia tomentella. Fine-downy jungermann.<br />
Stem nearly upright, 2~pinnate ; leaves nearly flat, unequally<br />
2-lobed, many-cut, hairlike; upper lobes 2-parted,<br />
lower lobes very small ; stipules nearly 4-sided, jagged<br />
fruit axillary; calyx oblong, cylindrical, shaggy; mouth<br />
open, naked.<br />
Lichenastrum tilicinum crispum, Dillen in Rail Syn. 111,7.<br />
Jungermannia tomentella, Ehrhart Beitr. 2, 15; Engl. Bot. 2242;<br />
Hooker Jung. 36. i<br />
Jungermannia ciliaris, Weiss Crypt. 1S9.<br />
On moist places; October to March.<br />
i. Stem round ; leaves 2-rowed ; stipules 0.<br />
37. Jungermannia setiformis. Bristleshape jungermann.<br />
Stem upright, seldom branched ; leaves 2-rowed, closely<br />
tiledlike, upright, 4-sided, 4-cut; edge irregularly thorntoothed;<br />
friiit terminal and lateral; calyx oblong, plaited;<br />
mouth open, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia, setiformis, Ehrh. Beitr. 3,40; Hooker Jung. 20.<br />
Jungermannia concatenata, Linn. Ltipp.^SiS.<br />
(3. alpina. Leaves small; segments not divided.<br />
k. Stem round; leaves ^-rowed; stipules 0.<br />
38. Jit7igermannia julacea. Catkin jungermann.<br />
Stem nearly upright, irregularly branched, threadlike;<br />
leaves 4-rowed5 ovate, closely tiledlike, upright, acutely<br />
2-cut ; lobes lanceolate, pointed, slightly serrate ; fruit terminal;<br />
co/?/x oblong, plaited above ; mouth open, toothed.
704 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE. PLcell.Jol:<br />
Lichenastrura alpinum, bryijulacei argentei facie, Dillen Muse. 73,38.<br />
Jungermannia julacea, Lin. S. P. 1601 ; Engl. Bot. 1023 ; Hooker<br />
Jung. 2.<br />
Jungermannia concinnata, TVahlenh. Lapp. 3S4.<br />
On wet places, on alpine heights.<br />
/3. gracilis. Stem long; leaves small, distant.<br />
39. Jungermannia laxifolia. Lonsc-leaved jungermanii.<br />
Stem upright, scarcely branched, threadlike; leaves dis-<br />
tant, 4-rowed, upright, spreading, ovate, slightly keeled,<br />
acutely 2-cut \ fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, slightly plaited<br />
mouth contracted, toothed.<br />
Jungermannia laxifolia, Hooker Jung, 59.<br />
In mountain rivulets ; April to June.<br />
Perichetial leaves similar to the stem leaves, distant,<br />
often leaving the calyx quite exposed.<br />
XXIII. 337, BAZZANIUS. Bazzanio.<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anther spherical, pedicelled, in the<br />
axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx from the<br />
under side of the stem, pedicelled, oblong, tubular, narrow<br />
at top ; mouth slit down on one side, toothless ; peduncle<br />
long; capside ovate, 4
Pl.ceU.fol. l;j. HEPATIC^. 338. Scalius. 705<br />
larly; peduncle long; capsule ovate, 4-valved; valves regularly<br />
streaked lengthways and across; seeds spherical,<br />
clustered, in threes ; elaters affixed to the tops of the valves<br />
helices single, slenderer at each end. Root fleshy, branched;<br />
stipules 0.<br />
Scalius Hookeri. Hooker's scalius.<br />
Stem upright ; leaves distant, tiledlike, ovate, oblong or<br />
lobed and cornered.<br />
Jungermannia Hookeri, Engl. Bot. ^bob'. Hooker Jung. 54.<br />
On the sides of ditches ; October to May,<br />
XXV. 339. CESIUS. Cesius.<br />
Monoicous. Male. ? Fem. Calyx 0; calyptra<br />
terminal, ovate, bursting; peduncle long; capsule globular,<br />
^-valved; valves regularly streaked lengthways and across;<br />
seeds spherical ; elaters affixed to the valves ; helices double,<br />
rather slender at each end. Leaves 2-rowed ; stipules ;<br />
perichetial leaves embracing each other, and serving as a<br />
calyx.<br />
Cesius concinnatus. Braided cesius.<br />
Stem upright, branched, top enlarged and compressed<br />
leaves 2-rowed, closely tiledlike, compact, upright, hollow,<br />
ovate, nicked ; Jruit terminal.<br />
JuDgermannia concinnata, Light/. Scot. 2,7S6; Hooker Jung. 3.<br />
Jungermanuia julacea, Fl. Dan, 1002.<br />
On barren spongy places on mountains.<br />
XXVI. 340. HERBERTUS. Herbert.<br />
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, in<br />
clusters, in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx<br />
; calyptra terminal, ovate ; peduncle long ; capsule<br />
ovate, 4
706 340. Herbertus. 13. HEPATIC^. PlcellfoL<br />
JuDgermannia atlunca, Dickson Crypt. 3, 1'2.<br />
Jungermannia juniperina adunca, Hooker Jung. 4.<br />
On shady spots of alpine mountains.<br />
Tufts thick ; leaves yellowish brown.<br />
XXVII. 341. LIPPIUS. Lippius.<br />
Monoicous? Male. ? Fem. Calyx from the side of<br />
the stem, subterraneous, affixed to the upper edge, cylm-<br />
drical, pouchshaped; mouth circular, fringed with scales;<br />
calyptra enclosed; peduncle ]omWess, long; capsule oblong,<br />
4-valved; valves streaked lengthways and across; seeds<br />
spherical; elaters affixed to the valves ; helices double, ra-<br />
ther closely twisted.<br />
Leaves S-rowed, stipuled.<br />
Lipphis vitiadosus.<br />
Sprigged Uppjus.<br />
Stem lying down, branched; leaves slightly tiledlike,<br />
horizontal, flat, ovate, not cut; stipules broad, ovate, irre-<br />
gularlv toothed.<br />
Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, Irichomanis facie, foliolis densins cone:est\s.ma\us,<br />
Dillen in Rail Syn. iU, ^2.<br />
^<br />
Jungermaania viticulosa, Lin. S. P. 1597; Engl. Bot. 2513; Hooker<br />
Jung. 60.<br />
On mountains on the ground, and on mosses and other<br />
jungermannide^ ; spring.<br />
XXVIII. 342. KANTIUS. Ka?it.<br />
Monoicous? Male. ? Fem. Calyx from the side of<br />
the stem, subterraneous, affixed by the upper edge, cylin-<br />
drical, pouchshape; mouth circular, crenated; calyptra<br />
enclosed pe^^^^2c/e jointless, long; capsule oblong, 4 valved,<br />
;<br />
valves spiral, streaked lengthways and across seeds sphe-<br />
;<br />
rical elaters affixed to the valves ; helices double, rather<br />
;<br />
closely twisted.<br />
Kantius trichomanis.<br />
Leaves 2-rowed, stipuled.<br />
Trichomanes kant.<br />
Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves tiledlike,<br />
horizontal, convex, ovate, sometimes nicked ; stipules<br />
rounded, crescentshape.<br />
Mnium trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidi?, Billen Muse. 31,6.<br />
Milium trichomanis facie, foliis integris, mUen Muse. 31,5.<br />
Mnium Trichomanes, Lin. S. P. 1579.<br />
Mnium fibsum, izn. S. P. 1579.<br />
„ ., , ^ nn<br />
Jungermannia trichomanis, Dickson Crypt. 3,8; HooicerJung, 79.<br />
Jungermannia scalaris, Schmid. Jung. 20.<br />
Jungermannia fissa, ScopoU Cam. 2, 348.<br />
Jungermannia sphserocephala, Withering Arr. 3,S3^.<br />
On moist places in heaths and woods ; summer.<br />
Forms large patches of a glaucous green colour.
Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCI. 707<br />
Fam. II. 14. MUSCI. Most botanists. Cryptogamce<br />
calyptratcB opercidutce, Mohr.<br />
Flowers unisexual Male. Anthers oblong, spherical,<br />
networked, bursting irregularly, pedicelled, in the axilla of<br />
the perichetial leaves; pollen granular. — Fem. Flowers<br />
terminal or lateral ; pw^i//^ many, clustered, only one fertile,<br />
style terminal ; stigma expanded ; calyptra covering<br />
the pistiils, bursting across at bottom, rising up with the<br />
capsules; calyx. 0; perichetial leaves surrounding the calyptra<br />
; capsule pedicelled, valvelcss, operculated ; columella<br />
central ; mouth fringed, fringe single or double ; lid mostly<br />
deciduous ; seeds roundish, attached to the columeUa<br />
elaters 0. Plants small, texture compactly cellular; leaves<br />
mostly with a main rib, "undivided or slightly toothed.<br />
A. Perislo7ne 0.<br />
Capsule 4-valved Andrea, 34S.<br />
Caps, not cut, sessile; recept. pedicelled Sphagnum. ,344.<br />
Caps, not cut, pedicelled ; recept. sessile<br />
lid adnate Phascum. 345.<br />
Caps, not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile;<br />
lid deciduous, at last jagged Schistostega. 346.<br />
Caps, not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile;<br />
/id! deciduous ; ca /?//)/?•« bellshaped .. Anictangium. 347.<br />
Caps, not cut, pedicelled ;<br />
recept. sessile;<br />
lid deciduous ; calyptra halved .... Gymnostomum. 348.<br />
B. Peristome single, formed of a membrane only.<br />
Peristome conoid, folded Diphyscium. 349.<br />
C. Peristome single, formed of teeth or hairs.<br />
Teeth of the peristome 4 Tetraphis. 350.<br />
Teeth eight pair Splachnum. 351.<br />
Teeth 16, cohering at the tip Conostomum. 352.<br />
Teeth 32, tips joined by a membranePoLYTRiCHUM. 353.<br />
Teeth 32, twisted, anastomosing at<br />
bottom CiNCLiDOTUS. 354.<br />
Teeth 32, twisted, joined by a membrane<br />
, . . .' Tortula. 355.<br />
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;<br />
calyptra bellshape, or mitrelike, smooth Encalypta. 356.<br />
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;<br />
calyptra bellshape or mitrelike, furrowed Grimmia, 357.<br />
2 z 2
708 14. MUSCI. PLcell.fpL<br />
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;<br />
calyplra halved; fruii lateral Pterogonium. 358.<br />
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;<br />
calyptra halved ; fruit terminal Weissia. 359.<br />
Teeth 16, two-cut, straight, free Dicranum. 360,<br />
Teeth 16 pair, straight, free;<br />
calyptra raitreshape , . . Trichostomum. 361<br />
Teeth 1 6 pair, straight, free<br />
calyptra halved ; fruit lateral Leucodon. 362.<br />
Teeth 16 pair, straight, free;<br />
calyptra halved ; fruit terminal Didymodon. 363.<br />
D. Peristome double ; the interiial formed of cilice not<br />
connected together.<br />
Fruit terminal; teeth oblique;<br />
cilicB opposite to the teeth Funaria. 364.<br />
Fruit terminal ; teeth oblique<br />
cilicB alternating ; calyptra halved Zygodon. 365,<br />
Fruit texxmnai ;<br />
^ee/A oblique;<br />
a7i
PLcelLfoL 14. MUSCI. 343. Andr^Ba. 709<br />
1 Andrcea alpina. Alpine hlackmoss.<br />
Stems branched ; leaves obovate, suddenly pointed,<br />
straight, covering the stem on all sides tiledlike; main-rib<br />
none.<br />
Lichenaotrum alpinum atro-rubens feres, calycibus squamosis, Dillen<br />
Muse. 506,<br />
Jungermannia alpina, Lin. S. P. 1602.<br />
Andreas alpina, Hedwig Sp. Muse, 49.<br />
On rocks ; summer.<br />
2. ylndrcEa rupestris. Rock hlackmoss.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves ovate, pointed by degrees ; mainrib<br />
none ; upper leaves sickleshape.<br />
Jungermannia rupestris, Lin. S. P. 1601.<br />
Andraea rupestris, Hedw. S. Muse. 47 ; Engl. Bot. 1277.<br />
On rocky mountains.<br />
3. Aiidrcea Bfithii.<br />
Roth's hlackmoss.<br />
Stems almost simple; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, sicklelike,<br />
one-rowed, main-ribbed ; perichetial leaves oblong,<br />
ribless ; edges turned in.<br />
Liclienastrum<br />
Muse. 507.<br />
atpinum nigricans; foliis capillaceis reflexis, Dillen<br />
Jungermannia rupestris, Lin. S. P. 1601.<br />
Andrasa rupestris. Turner Muse. Hib. 14.<br />
Andraja Rothii, Mohr. Crypt. Germ. 11 ;<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2162.<br />
4. Andrcea nivalis. Snoiv hlackmoss.<br />
Stems slightly branched ; leaves loosely tiled-like, lanceo-<br />
late, slightly falcate, one-rowed, main-ribbed; perichetial<br />
leaves like the stem-leaves.<br />
Andraea nivalis, Hooker in Lin. Tr. 10,395; Engl. Bot. 2507.<br />
On rocks,<br />
II. 344. SPHAGNUM. Dillenius. Bogmms.<br />
Receptacle peduncled ; capsule sessile, not valved ; lid<br />
falling off; mouth toothless ; calyptra irregularly torn.<br />
Leaves whitish, with large network, meshes oblong, transversely<br />
streaked ; main rib : grow in bogs, or water.<br />
• I. Sphagmim ohtusifolium. y Bluntleaved hogmoss.<br />
Branches swollen ; leaves ovate, blunt, closely tiledlike-
710 SM. Sphagnum. 14-. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol.<br />
Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum paliistre moUe candicans, reflexis<br />
rainulis, foliolis latioribus, Raii Syn. 104, 1.<br />
Musciis tenestris vulgatissinius, Park, 1306.<br />
Sphagnum palustre, Lin. S. P. 1569.<br />
Sphagnum obtusifolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 241.<br />
Sphagnum latifolium, Hedwig. Engl, Dot. 14C5,<br />
Sphagnum cymbifolium, Swartz Suec.<br />
In bogs.<br />
Very retentive of moisture, used to pack up live plants<br />
to send to a distance.<br />
/3. minus. Stems in close tufts ; leaves closely tiledlike.<br />
Sphagnum compactum, Schwcegr. Supp, S.<br />
y.fluitans. Stems very long, slender; leaves scattered,<br />
distant.<br />
Spliagnum latifolium fluitans, Turner Muse. Hib. Q. .<br />
Old wives tow.<br />
2. Sphagnum squarrosum.<br />
Branches slender at the end ; leaves ovate, pointed,<br />
scurfy, turned back.<br />
Sphagnum squarrosum, Weber b; Mohr Helse, 2, 1 ; Engl. Hot. 1498.<br />
On bogs.<br />
3. Sphagmim acutifolium. Narrow-leaved logmoss.<br />
Branches slender; leaves ovate, lanceolate, crowded.<br />
Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum palustre molle candicans, reflexis<br />
ramulis, foliolis angustioribus, Raii Syn. 104,2.<br />
Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 72.<br />
Sphagnum capilli folium, Engl. Bot. 1406,<br />
On bogs.<br />
4. Sphagnum, cuspidatum. Pointed bogmoss.<br />
Branches slender; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, weak.<br />
Sphagnum cuspidatum, Ehrh. Crypt, 25 ; Engl. Bot. 2392.<br />
In water, on bogs.<br />
III. 345. PHASCUM. Haller. Sguat-moss.<br />
Receptacle sessile; capsule pedicelled; pedicell terminal -,<br />
peristome 0; lid adnate, persistent; calyptra halved. Plants<br />
often very minute.<br />
a. Shoots creeping, leafless, jointed, branched.<br />
I. Phascum serralum. Serrated squat-moss.<br />
Shoots branched, leafless, jointed ; perichetial leaves lan-<br />
ceolate, serrated, ribless.
Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCl. 315. Phasciim. 711<br />
Pliasciim serratum, Engl. Bot. 460 ; Dicks. Crypt. 1,1.<br />
Phascum stoloniferum, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 7 ?<br />
On shady sandy banks.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2006.<br />
Capsules large; seeds about 100 in a capsule, large.<br />
b. Creeping shoots Q\ leaves awlshape.<br />
2. Phascum altermfolium. Alternate-leaved squat-moss.<br />
Leaves uncut, lanceolate, awlshape ; shoots long.<br />
Phascum alternifolium, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 2 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2107.<br />
On moist banks.<br />
Perichetial leaves large, long; seeds about 16 in each<br />
capsule, very large, greenish, cornered, without any border.<br />
3. Phascum crispU7n. Crisp squat-moss.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, bent, crisp when dry.<br />
Phascum crispum, Ejigl. Bot. 1680.<br />
Phascum multicapsulare, Engl. Bot. 618.<br />
On banks and fie^lds.<br />
4. Phascum subulatum. Awlshape squaimoss.<br />
Leaver awlshape, bristlelike, straight: main rib disappearing<br />
below^ the point.<br />
Sphagnum acaulon trichoides, Rati Syn. 105,6.<br />
Phascum subulatum, Lin. S. P. 1570; Engl. Bot. 2177.<br />
On dry banks.<br />
5. Phascum axiUare. Axillary squal-moss.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, straight; main rib disappearing<br />
below the point; fruit becomes lateral.<br />
Phascum axillare, Dicks. Crypt. 1,2.<br />
Phascum nitidum, IJedwig St. Crypt. 1, 34.<br />
Phascum strictum, Dicks. Crypt. 1,2; Engl. Bot. 2093.<br />
On moist banks.<br />
c. Creeping shoots ; leaves ovate ; pedicell immersed in<br />
the leaves.<br />
6. Phascum patens. Spreading squat-moss.<br />
Leaves spread open, narrow, ovate, serrated; main rib<br />
disappearing below the point.<br />
Phascum patens, Hedvoig. Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot. 1279.<br />
On clay fields.<br />
(3. recurvifolium. Leaves very narrow.<br />
Phascum recurvifolium, Dickson Crypt.
712 345. Phascum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol.<br />
7. Phascum muticum. Unarmed squat-mos.<br />
Leaves ovate, rounded, pointed, concave, connivent, serrated<br />
at the point ; main rib reaching to the point.<br />
Sphagnum acaulon, foliis in bulbi forma congesiis, minus, DiWen. in Raii<br />
Syn. 105, 8,<br />
Phascum muticum, Sclireb. Phase, 8, 1 ; Engl. BoL 2027.<br />
Phascum acaulon 13, Lin. S. P. 1570.<br />
On moist banks.<br />
(3. minus. Plant very small ; leaves uncut.<br />
On banks near the sea.<br />
8. Phascum cuspidatum. Pointed sqvat-moss.<br />
Leaves ovate, pointed, upright ; main rib reaching the<br />
point.<br />
Sphagnum acaulon, foliis<br />
105,7.<br />
in bulbi formam congestis, majus, Raii Syn.<br />
Phascum acaulon, Lin. S. P. 1570.<br />
Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. Phase. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 2095.<br />
Phascum Schreberianum, Dicks, Crypt. 4, 2 ; Engl. Bot. 2026,<br />
Phascum curvisetuui, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 2 ; Engl. Bot. 2259.<br />
On moist hedge-banks.<br />
(3. piliferum. Leaves ending in a hair.<br />
Ph.iscura piliferum, Schreb. Phase. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1888,<br />
On barren pastures,<br />
d. Creeping shoots ; leaves ovate j pedicells exserted.<br />
9. Phascum hryoides. Bryum squatmoss.<br />
Leaves ovate, with a point ; capsule elliptical.<br />
Phascum bryoides, Dicks, Crypt. 4, 10; Engl. Bot. 1280.<br />
On banks, and in fields.<br />
10. Phascum rectum. Straight squatmoss.<br />
Leaves ovate, with a short point ; capsule globular ; peduncle<br />
nearly upright.<br />
Phascum rectum. Withering Arr. 4, 771 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 330,<br />
On moist banks, along with weissia Starkeana.<br />
1 1 Phascum curvicollum. Bent-necked squat-moss.<br />
Leaves narrow, ovate, pointed j capsule globular ; peduncle<br />
bent.<br />
Phascum curvicollum, Hedwig Crypt. 1,11; Engl. Bot. 905.<br />
On moist banks.
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 346. Schistostega. 713<br />
IV. 346. SCHISTOSTEGA. Mohr. Slate-moss.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal ; peristome ; lid<br />
jagged ; jaggs fall off.<br />
Schistostega pennata. Feathered slate-moss.<br />
Schistostega osraundacea, Mohr Germ, 92.<br />
Gymnostomum pennatum, Hedwig Crypt. 1, Crypt. 1,29 i Engl. Bot.<br />
2213.<br />
Mnium osmundaceum, Dicks. Crypt, 1,1.<br />
On banks.<br />
v. 347. ANICTANGIUM. Hedwig. BelUmoss,<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal ; peristome ; lid<br />
falling off; calyptra bellshape. Leaves without a main rib.<br />
1. Anictangium ciliatum. Fringed hell-moss.<br />
Leaves ovate, longly pointed, points transparent; peri-<br />
chetial leaves fringed at the tip.<br />
Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum saxatile hirsutuni incanum, capitulis<br />
vircntibus, Raii Syn. 105,4.<br />
Bryum apocarpum /3, Lin. S. P. 1579,<br />
Gymnostomum ciliatum, Szortr^s Swec. 19 ; Engl. Bot. 1179,<br />
Gymnostomum Hedvvigia, Hoffman Germ, 2,28.<br />
Hedwigia ciliata, Hedw, Crypt. 1, 107.<br />
Hedvvigia Anodon, Ehrh. Crypt. 192,<br />
Anictangium ciliatum, Hedw, Muse, 40,<br />
Bryum ciliatum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 6.<br />
Fontinalis albicans, Weber Gott. 38.<br />
Phascum piliferum. Withering Arr. 4,786.<br />
On high rocks; autumn.<br />
2. Anictangium imherhe. Beardless hell-moss.<br />
Leaves ovate, pointed, coloured at the tip; perichetial<br />
leaves serrated at the tip.<br />
Gymnostomum imberbe, Engl. Bot. 2237.<br />
Hedwigia integrifolia. Pal. de Beauv. Prod. 60.<br />
Anictangi\nn imberbe, Hooker fif Taylor Muse. 14.<br />
On mountains.<br />
VI. 348. GYMNOSTOMUM. Plaiii-mouth.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal; peristome 0; lid<br />
falling off; calyptra halved.<br />
a. Stem long, hranched.<br />
1. Gymnostomum Lapponicum. Lapland plain-mouth.<br />
Leaves linear, ' lanceolate, when dry crisp, edges turned<br />
in ; perichetial leaves broad, ovate ; capsule topshape,<br />
streaked.<br />
5
714 348. Gyinnostomum. J4. MUSCI. Pl.cetlfol.<br />
GjTnnoslomnm Lspponicnm, Hedtc. Crypt. 3. 5; EngL Hot. 2216.<br />
Anictan^rium Lapponicum, Hcdieig Sp. Muse, 40.<br />
Brjum Lapponicmn, Dickson Crypt. 4, 10.<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
2. Gyimijostomum cEstivum. Summer plain-moutk.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, when dry twisted, edges turned in ; pe~<br />
ridietial leaves broad, ovate ; capsule oblong, smooth.<br />
Gymnoitomam EBstivnm, Hcdic. Sp. Muse. 32, 2,<br />
GymDostomnm loteolnm, Engl. Bot. 2201 ; not of Smith Fl.Brit.<br />
GymDostomum tristichon, Wahlenh.Lapp.<br />
Anictanginm compactuca, ScJiKScgr.Suppl, 11.<br />
On wet rocks.<br />
3. Gymnostomum viridissimum. GreeneiL plahi-moulh.<br />
Leaves broad, lanceolate: capsule ovate.<br />
GymDostomum viridissimum, Engl. Bot. 1583.<br />
Bryum viridissimum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 9.<br />
Grimmia; Forsteri, Engl Bot. 2225.<br />
Brynni Forsteri, Dicks. Crypt<br />
On trees.<br />
4. Gymnostomum curvirostrum. Bent-heak plain-mouih.<br />
Leaves awlshape : capsule topshape, ovate, lid obliquely<br />
beaked.<br />
Bryum aDgxistissimis foliis crebrioribas. capinilis erectis brevibns, pediculis<br />
e surculis novis el longis enasceutibus, Dlllen in Rati Syn. 99,38.<br />
Brvum aestivum, Lin. S. P. 15S5.<br />
Gymnoilomum curvirostrum, Htdic. Crypt. 2,24; Engl. Bot. 2214.<br />
Bryum palustrC; Hiids. Jngl. ed. 1, 411.<br />
Bryum sielligernm, Dicks. Crypt^'i,3.<br />
Gymnostomum stelligernm, Engl. Bot. 2202.<br />
GymDostomum srugicosum, Engl. Bot. 2200.<br />
GymDostomum luteolnm, Smith Fl. Brit. 1163.<br />
GymDostomum rupestre, SckiMSgr. Suppl. 11.<br />
Dicrauum hvperboreum, EngL Bot. 2552?<br />
On moist rocks.<br />
b. Stem shorif not branched.<br />
5. Gymnostomum Griffitsii. Griffiths' plain-mouth.<br />
Leaves reverse ovate, rounded, networked; main rib not<br />
reaching to the point: pedicell fleshy, thick; lid hemispherical.<br />
Bryum Griffithsiauum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 8.<br />
Splacbanm Froelichiannm, JVithering Arr. 794.<br />
GymDostomum Griffithsiauum, Smith Fl. Brit. 1162; Engl. Bot. 1938.<br />
On mountains ; summer.<br />
The appearance is that of a splachnum.
Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCI. 348. Gymnostomum. 7L5<br />
6. Gymnostomum ovatum. Ovate plain-mouth.<br />
Leaves ovate, upright, concave, tip hairlike, main rib<br />
furnished with a granule-bearing membrane; capsule ovate;<br />
lid beaked.<br />
Bryum ovatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,4.<br />
Gymnostomum ovatum, Hedw. Sp. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 1S89.<br />
On banks and walls.<br />
B. gracile. Capsule oblong.<br />
7. Gymnostomum truncatum. Truncated plain-mouth.<br />
Leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, spreading, nearly flat; capsule<br />
topshape ; lid obliquely beaked.<br />
Bryum parvura, erectissubrotundis majusculis capitulis subfuscig; foliis<br />
serpilli pellucidis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 93.<br />
Bi'yum truncatuluni, Lin, S. P. 1584.<br />
Gymnostomum truncatum, Hedio. Sp. 30.<br />
Gymnostomum truncatulum, Iloffm. Germ. 2,27 ;<br />
On banks and walls.<br />
**<br />
Engl. Bot. 1975.<br />
/3. ifitermediiwi. Capsule ovate, long.<br />
Bryum exiguum, erectis parvis subrotundis creberrimis capitulis lufis,<br />
foliolis serpilli angustis pellucidis. Dill, in Raii Syn, 94, 8.<br />
Bryura truncatulum, Ehrji. Crypt, 14.<br />
8. Gymnostomum Heimii. Heim's plain-mouth.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, serrated at the point ; capsule ovate,<br />
oblong ; lid obliquely beaked.<br />
Gymnostomum Heimii, Hedw. Crypt. 1,30; Engl. Bot. 1951.<br />
Gymnostomum oblusum, Iledw. Sp. 2, 34; Engl. Bot. 1407.<br />
Bryum Heimii, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 4.<br />
Hryum ohtasum, Dickson Crypt. 2,5.<br />
On moist banks ; annual ; spring and summer.<br />
9. Gymnostomum conicum. Conical plain-mouth.<br />
Leaves oblong, ovate, sharp-pointed ; capsule ovate<br />
operculum conical, blunt.<br />
Gymnostomum conicum, Schweegr. Suppl. 9.<br />
In fields.<br />
10. Gymnostoynumfasciculare. Bundled plain-mouth.<br />
Leaves oblong, pointed, nearly flat, slightly serrated,<br />
bordered ; capsule pearshape ; lid flat, slightly nipply.<br />
Bryum ^gypti, Hasselq, Iter. 502.<br />
Bryum fasciculare, Dicks. Crypt. 3,3.<br />
Gymnostomum fasciculare, Hedw. Sp. 4,5; Engl. Bot. 1243.<br />
The hyssop that groweth on the wall. English Bible.
716 348. Gymnostomum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol.<br />
On mountains and barren pastures ; winter and spring.<br />
Abundant on the walls of Jerusalem.<br />
1 1. Gymnostomum pyriformeJ 7.7(^Pearskape plain-month.<br />
Leaves ovate, pointed, concave, serrated, not bordered ;<br />
capsule roundish, ovate ; lid convex, beaked, beak short.<br />
Bryum parvum, erectis piriformibus majusculis capitulis, foliis serpilli<br />
pellucidis, Raii Syn, 93, 7.<br />
Bryura pyriforme, Lin. S. P. 15S0.<br />
Gymnostomum pyriforme, Hedw. Sp. 38 ; Engl. Bot. 413.<br />
On wet banks and sides of ditches ; winter and spring.<br />
12. Gymnostomum tenue. Slender plain-mouth.<br />
Stem scarcely any; lower leaves very short, ovate, lanceolate;<br />
upper linear, lanceolate ; all upright, blunt; main<br />
rib strong, not reaching the point.<br />
Bryum paucifolium, Dicks. Crypt, 4,7.<br />
Gymnostomum tenue, Hedw. Sp. 4, 1.<br />
Gymnostomum paucifolium, Engl. Bot. 2506.<br />
Dicranum cylindricum, Smith Ft. Brit. 1221.<br />
On sandstone rocks and ruins.<br />
13. Gymnostomum Donnii. Demi's plain-mouth.<br />
Stem very short ; leaves avvlshape, straight ; capsule topshape.<br />
Gymnostomum Donnianum, Engl. Bot, 1582.<br />
On rocks.<br />
Appearance very similar to that of weissia calcarea.<br />
14. Gymnost. microstomum. Small-mouth plain-mouth.<br />
Leaves broad, awlshape, edge turned in above, bent,<br />
crisped when dry; capsule elliptical, contracted at the<br />
mouth ; lid awlshape, bent.<br />
Gymnostomum microstOQium, Hedvs. Sp, 33; Engl. Bot. 2215.<br />
Gymnostomum rutilans, Hedw. Sp. 3.<br />
Gymnostomum tortile, Schwcegr. Suppl, 10.<br />
On banks.<br />
Very like weissia controversa, but distinguishable by the<br />
mouth of the capsule, and short pedicell.<br />
VII. 349. DIPHYSCIUM. DouMe-hufich.<br />
Capsule valveless, gibbous, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal<br />
peristome single, membranaceous, conical, truncated, plaited;<br />
calyptra mitreshape.
Pl.celLfol. 14. MUSCI. 349. Diphyscium. 717<br />
Diphysciumfoliomm. I-'^ofl) douhle-hunch.<br />
Sphagnum acaulon<br />
253.<br />
maximum, foliis in centre ciliaribus, Dillen Muse,<br />
Buxbaumia foliosa, Suiartz in Lin. Meth. Muse. 33 ;<br />
Buxl)aumia sessilis, Schmidel Buxb. 22,<br />
Phascum montanum, Hudson Angl, 466.<br />
Phascum maximum, Light/. Scot. 693.<br />
Dicranum foliosiim, Mohr. Obs. Bot, 34.<br />
Engl. Bot. 329,<br />
On low alpine rocks, and in w^oods ;<br />
Capsule large, ovate, oblique.<br />
annual ; July.<br />
VIII. 350. TETRAPHIS. Hedwig. Four-tooth.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, pedicells terminal; perU<br />
stome single ; teeth four, equidistant, upright ; calyptra<br />
mitreshape.<br />
1. TetrapMs pellucida. Transparent four-tooth.<br />
Stems long; leaves ovate, pointed; perichetial leaves lan-<br />
ceolate; cap5z
718 351.SpIachnum. 14. MUSCI. PLcellfoL<br />
Bryum erectis gigartinis capUnlis, foliis scrpilli pellucklis obtusi-s<br />
Dillen in Rati Syn. 93.<br />
Phasciun pedunculatiim, Huds. dngl. ed. 1,397.<br />
Splachnum sphwericum, Lin. Fil. Muse. 33 ; Engl. Bot. 785.<br />
Splacltnum gracile, Dicks. Crupt. 4, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 1921.<br />
Splachnuin vasculosum, Huds. Avgl. 469.<br />
Spiaclmum ovatiiin, Hedwig S. Muse. 54, 8 ; Engl. Bot. 1 590.<br />
Splachnum rugosum, Dicks. Crypt. 4-, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 2094.<br />
On the dung of animals on alpine hiils.<br />
2. Splachnum- ienue. Slender glandmoss.<br />
Leaves reverse ovate, pointed, serrated ; apophysis reverse<br />
conical, narrower than the capsule; columella ex-<br />
serted.<br />
Splachnum lepue, Dicks. Crypt. 2,2; Engl. Bot. 1133,<br />
Splachnum serratum, Hedwig S. Muse, 8, I.<br />
Splachnum longicollum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,4.<br />
Grimmia splachnoides, Smith Fl. Brit. 1197 ; not of Engl. Bot.<br />
On turfy soils, but not on dung, on high mountains.<br />
a. Splachnum 7nniuides. Miihimlike ghmdmoss.<br />
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, much pointed, concave, not<br />
serrated ; apophysis reverse ovate, nearly as narrow as the<br />
capsule.<br />
Splachnum mnioide?, Lin. Fil. Muse. 6 ;<br />
Splachnum nrceolatum /3, Wahlenh. Lapp.<br />
Splachnum urceolatum, Dicks. Crypt. 2,2.<br />
Among mosses on high rocky mountains.<br />
(3. majus. Thallus pale ; stem long.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1539.<br />
Bryum ampullaceum, foliis et ampullis angustioribus, Dillen Muse. 345.<br />
Splachnum fastigiatum, Dicks. Crypt. 3,2; Engl. Bot. 786.<br />
Splachnum Brewerianura, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 38.<br />
4. Splachnum angustatum. Narroived glandmoss.<br />
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, much pointed, serrated ; apophysis<br />
reverse ovate, rather narrower than the capsule ; pe-<br />
duncles scarcely longer than the leaves.<br />
Splachnum angustatum, lAn. Fil. Muse. 33 ;<br />
On alpine hills, on turf and cowdung.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1132.<br />
5. Splachnum ampullaceum. ^/r-^ Crewet glandmoss.<br />
Leaves ovate lanceolate, pointed, serrated ; apophysis<br />
inverted crewetshape, twice as wide as the capsule.<br />
Splachnum ampullaceum, Lin. S.P. 1572; Engl. Bot. 144.<br />
Splacl:num Turnerianum, Dicks. Crypt, 4, 3 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1116.<br />
On the ground and on dung, on alpine hills.
Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCI. 351. Splachnum, 719<br />
b. Leaves Hunt.<br />
6. Splachnum vasculosian. Vasciilose glandmoss.<br />
Leaves rhomboid, rounded, blunt; main rib not reaching<br />
the point; apophysis globular, much wider than the capsule.<br />
- Splachnum vasculosiim, Hedioig Crypt. 2, 15.<br />
Splaclimim rugosiim, Engl. Dot. 2094, not of Dicksmi.<br />
On alpine bogs.<br />
7. Splachnum Frcellchii. Froelich's glandmoss.<br />
Leaves ovate, rounded at the points ; main rib disappearing<br />
; apophysis reverse ovate, much narrower than the<br />
capsule.<br />
Splaclinum Frcelichianum, Hedw. Crypt. 3,40.<br />
Bryum reticnlatum, Dicks, Crypt. 2, 4.<br />
Splachnum reticulatum, Engl. Bot. 250T.<br />
On alpine mountains.<br />
X. 352. CONOSTOMUM. Swartz. Cone-mouth.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peristojne<br />
single, toothed; teeth 16, equally distant, all united<br />
at the top ; calyptra halved.<br />
Conostomum loreale. Northern cone-mouth.<br />
Stem rather short ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled,<br />
slightly toothed.<br />
Conostomum boreale, Swartz in Schrad. Journ. 1,24.<br />
Grimmia Conostoma, Engl. Bot. 1135.<br />
Bryum tetragonum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 8.<br />
On very high mountains.<br />
XI. 353. POLYTRICHUM. Pliny. A '20 Hairy-cap.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; pmsto7ne<br />
single, toothed; teeth 32 or 64, equally distant, bent;<br />
tips united by a horizontal membrane ; calyptra small,<br />
halved. Leaves generally thick, opake, winged.<br />
a. Calyptra naked.<br />
1 . Polytrichum undulatum. JVavy hairy-cap.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, wavy ; edge flat, fine-toothed; main<br />
rib winged ; capsule cylindrical, bent ; lid awlshape.<br />
Brymn capitulis oblongis rubentibus, foliis oblongis angustis pellucidis<br />
iiigosis, Rail Syn, 95, 15.<br />
Biyiiin undulatum, Lin. S. P. 1582.<br />
Polytrichum undulatum, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 16; Engl. Bot. 1220,<br />
Catharinea Callibryon, Ehrh. Crypt. S3.<br />
Catliarinea undulata, Wehr ct Mohr Reise,<br />
Oligotrichum undulatum, De Cand, Ft. Gall. 1201.<br />
In shady places.
1^0 353. Polytrichum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL<br />
2. Polytrichum Hercynicum. Hercynian hairy-cap.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, stiff, not toothed ; sides turned in<br />
main rib broad, furrowed ; capsule oblong, nearly upright.<br />
Polytrichum Hercynicum, Hedw. Sp, Muse. 94 ;<br />
Catharinea Hercynica, Ehrh. Crypt. 12.<br />
Bryum incurvum, Hudson Angl. 479.<br />
Oligotriclium Hercynicum, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 1202.<br />
On high mountains.<br />
Engl. Hot. 1209.<br />
b. Calyptra covered with siicadent threads ; leaves not cut j<br />
edges turned in.<br />
3. Polytrichuvi pilifoUum. Hair-leaved hairy -cap.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape; edges turned in, not cut;<br />
tip hairlike; capsule ovate, bluntly 'i-sided, apophysed; lid<br />
conical.<br />
Polytrichum quadrangulare minus, juniperi foliis pilosis, Dillen. Muse,<br />
426.<br />
Polytrichum commune y, Lin. S. P. 1573.<br />
Polytrichum piliferum, Sehreb.Lips.li ; Engl. Bot. 1199.<br />
On dry sandy heaths ; perennial ; spring.<br />
4. Polytrichum juniperinum. Juniper hairy-cap.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape ; edge not cut, turned in<br />
tip pointed, coloured, slightly serrate; capsule ovate, bluntly<br />
4-sided, apophysed; /ic? conical.<br />
Polytrichum montanum et minus, capsula quadrangulari, Baii Syn,<br />
90, 2.<br />
Muscus capillaris sive Adiantum aureum minus, Ger. em. 1559.<br />
Polytrichum commune /3, Lin. S. P. 1573,<br />
Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw. Spec. 80, 18 ; Engl. Bot. 1200.<br />
Polytrichum juniperifolium, Hoffm. Crypt.<br />
Polytrichum strictum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 77 ;<br />
Polytrichum alpestre, Schwccgr. Suppl, 97,<br />
On mountain heaths.<br />
Eng. Bot. 2435.<br />
5. Polytrichum septenirionale. Northern hairy-cap.<br />
Leaves linear, awlshape, blunt ; edge slightly serrate and<br />
turned in, especially near the tip; capsule ovate, rather<br />
cornered, with a minute apophysis ; lid conical, pointed.<br />
Polytrichum septenirionale, Swartz Muse. Suec. 9, 18,<br />
Polytrichum sexangulare, Engl. Bot. 1906,<br />
Polytrichum Norvegicum, Hedic. Spee. 22,<br />
Polytrichum crassisetum, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 1270.<br />
On the highest mountains.
Pl.cell.fol 14-. MUSCI. 353. Polytrichum. m<br />
c. Calypira covered with succulent threads ; leaves serrated<br />
edges flat.<br />
Common hairy-cap.<br />
^'7 6. Polytrichum commune. ;<br />
Stem lonp; ; leaves spread open, linear, awlshape ; edges<br />
flat, serrated; keel serrated at the tip; capsule upright,<br />
4-cornered, apophysed.<br />
Polytrichum vulgare et majus, capsulji quadran^ulare, Rail Syn. 90, 1.<br />
Muscus capillaris sive Adiantuin aureurn majus, Ger. em. 1539.<br />
Polytrichum aureum majus. Park. 1052.<br />
Polytrichum commune, Lin. S. P. 1573; Engl. Bot. 1197.<br />
Polytrichum juccEsfolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 214.<br />
Great golden maiden hair.<br />
On heaths.<br />
Golden locks. Goldilocks.<br />
(3. attenuatum. Stera short; leaves short; edge trans-<br />
parent; capsule bluntly quadrangular; apophysis indistinct.<br />
Polytrichum attenuatum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 72 ; Engl. Bot. 1 198.<br />
Polytrichum formosum, Hedw. Spec. 92.<br />
Polytrichum gracile, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 73 ; Engl. Bot, 1827.<br />
Polytrichum longisetum, Swartz Muse. Suec, 103.<br />
Polytrichum aurantiacum, Hoppe,<br />
7. Polytrichum alpinum. Alpine hairy-cap.<br />
Stem long, branched; leaves spread open, awlshape<br />
lanceolate; edge flat, serrated; keel serrated at the tip;<br />
capsule nearly ovate ; apophysis indistinct.<br />
Polytrichum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 1593 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1905.<br />
Polytrichum sylvaticum, Menzies in T.L. S. 4,83.<br />
Polytrichum aureum, Swartz Muse. Suec, 76.<br />
On subalpine hills.<br />
8. Polytrichum urnigerujn. Urnhearing hairy-cap.<br />
Stem long, branched ; leaves slightly spreading, lanceo-<br />
late, pointed ; edge flat, serrated ; capsule upright, cylin-<br />
drical; apophysis 0.<br />
Polytrichum ramosum, setis ex alis urniseris, Dillen. Muse. 427.<br />
Polytrichum urnigerum, Lin. S. P. 1573 ; Engl. Bot. 1218.<br />
On the sides of mountain streams.<br />
9. Polytrichum aloides. Aloe hairy-cap.<br />
Stem short; leaves linear, lanceolate, blunt; edge flat,<br />
serrated especially at the tip ; keel serrated at the end<br />
capsule nearly upright, cylindrical; apophysis 0.<br />
Polytrichum parvum aloes folio serrate, capsulis oblongis, Dillen. Muse.<br />
429.<br />
Mnium polytrichoides )S, Lin. S. P. 1577.<br />
Polytrichum aloides, Iledwig. Crypt. \, 14; Engl. Bot. 1649,<br />
Polytrichum rubeilum, Menzies T.L. S. 2,79; Engl. Bot. 1939.<br />
On moist heaths.<br />
VOL, I. 3 a
722 353. Polytrichum. 14, MUSCI. Pl.ceU.fol.<br />
jB. Dicksojii. Pedicells very short; siems branched.<br />
Polytrichum Dicksoni, Turner M. Heb. 90; Engl. Bot. 1605.<br />
y nanum. Stem short ; capsules nearly upright, almost<br />
globular.<br />
Polytrichum cajisulis subrotundis, calyptra quasi lacera coionatis, R(tii<br />
Syn. 91,3.<br />
Polytrichum nanum, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 13; Engl. Bot. 1625.<br />
Polytrichum subrotuiidum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 69 ; Engl. Bot. 1624.<br />
Polytrichum pumilum, Sioartz M. Suec. 9, 19.<br />
XII. 354. CINCLIDOTUS. Pal. de Beauvois. Net-tooth.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peristome<br />
single, toothed; teeth 32, threadlike, twisted, anastomosing<br />
at the bottom ; calyptra mitreshape. Fruit on<br />
such short branches as scarcely to leave room for more<br />
than the perichetial leaves.<br />
Cindidotusfontinaloides. Fontinalislike net-tooth.<br />
Fontinalis minor, foliis triangularibus minus coinplicatis, capitulis in<br />
snmmis ramulis sessilis, Dillen.in Rail Syn. 79,2.<br />
Fontinalis minor, Lin. S. P. 157 I ; Engl. Bot. 557.<br />
Trichostomura fontinalcides, Hedw. Crypt, 3,36.<br />
Cinclidotus fontinaloides, i?ea«y. Prod. jEth. 28.<br />
On stones and wood in rivers ; perennial ; May to Aug.<br />
XIII. 355. TORTULA. Hedwig. / ^-4 ^ Screw-moss.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal ; peristome<br />
single, toothed; teeth 32, threadlike, twisted, united at<br />
bottom by a tubelike membrane; calyptra halved.<br />
1. Tortula rigida. Stiff screw-moss.<br />
Stem scarcely any; leaves spread open, oblong, stiff;<br />
edge much turned in, main rib broad; capsule oblong;<br />
lid conical, pointed.<br />
Bryum acaulon, ericae tenuifolia? Gerardi folio, Dillen Muse. 388.<br />
Tortula rigida, Swartz M. Suec. 40.<br />
Barbula rigida, Hedw, Crypt. 1 , 65.<br />
Bryum rigidum, Huds. Angl, 477 ; Engl, Bot. 180.<br />
On rocks, clay-banks, and chalk-cliffs.<br />
2. Tortula muralis,' IVall screw-moss.<br />
Stem short; leaves spread open, linear, oblong; edge<br />
turned over; main rib produced beyond the leaf into a<br />
white hairlike point; cop «//e oblong ; lid conical, pointed.
Pl.celLfoL 14. MUSCI. 355. Tortula. 723<br />
Bryiim minus, erectis minus falcatis capitulis, foliis latiusculis congestis,<br />
in pilum canescentem desiiientibus, Raii Syn. 94, II.<br />
Bryum murale, Lin. S. P. 1381.<br />
Tortula muralis, Hedw. Spec. 123 ; Eng. Bot. 2033.<br />
Barbula muralis, Moug. et Nestl. 127.<br />
Tortula aestiva, Bridel.<br />
On walls and stones ; perennial ; winter and spring.<br />
3. Tortula ruralis. Country screw-moss.<br />
Stems long; leaves oblong, keeled, spread open, bent<br />
back ; main rib ending in a long, usually transparent, serrated<br />
point; capsule oblong; lid awlshape; teeth of the<br />
peristome only united at bottom.<br />
Bryum majus, erectis falcatis capitulis, foliis latlusculis exlantibus, in<br />
pilum canescentem desineutibus, Raii Syn. 94, 10.<br />
Bryum rurale, Lin. S. P. 1581.<br />
Tortula rural is, Ehrh. Crypl. 184 ; Engl. Bot. 2070,<br />
Barbula ruralis, Hedw. Sp. Slufc. 121,<br />
Syntrichia ruralis, Bridel.<br />
On banks, trees, and roofs,<br />
4. Tortula subulata. Awlshape screwmoss.<br />
Stem very short; leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed ; main<br />
rib protruded, often forming a point ; capsule cylindrical<br />
lid conical, awlshape; teeth of the peristome united nearly<br />
to the end.<br />
Bryum erectis longis et acutis falcatis capitulis, calyptra subfusci, foliis<br />
serpylli pellucidis, Raii Syn. 92, 3.<br />
Bryum subulalum, Lin. S. P. 1581.<br />
Tortula subulata, Hedw. Spec. 122 ; En^l. Bot. 1 101.<br />
Barbula subulata, Moug. et Nestl. 126.<br />
Syntrichia subulata, Bridel.<br />
On banks ; perennial ; winter and spring.<br />
5. Tortula cuneifoUa.<br />
Wedge-leaved screiv-moss.<br />
Stem scarcely any ; leaves broad, reverse ovate, concave<br />
main rib protruded, forming a rather long and slightly<br />
serrated point; capsule oblong; lid with a short beak;<br />
teeth of the peristome united only at bottom.<br />
Bryum Iiumile, pilis carens, viride et pellucidum, Dillen. Muse. 386,<br />
Tortula cuneifolia, Roth Germ. 3,213; Engl. Bot. 1510,<br />
Bryum cuneifolium, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.<br />
On banks, and in sandy fields.<br />
6. Tortula slellata.<br />
Starred screw-moss.<br />
Stem scarcely any ; leaves ovate, concave ; main rib protruded;<br />
capsule owate, S'treaked ; lid beaked.<br />
3 A 2
724 355. Tortilla. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.foL<br />
Tortula stellata, Engl. Bot. 2384.<br />
Bryum stellatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 6,<br />
Barbula agraria, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 6.<br />
On banks and the edges of rivulets.<br />
7. Tortula tortuosa.<br />
Frizzled screw-moss.<br />
Stem long, branched; leaves Ihiear, awlshape, keeled,<br />
wavy, when dry twisted; capsule cylindrical; lid beaked.<br />
Bryum trichoides longifoliurn, crassiudculis cauliculis; capitulis erectis<br />
aduncis acutis, Dillen. in Rail Syn. 98,35.<br />
Bryum tortuosura, Lin. S. P. 1583.<br />
Tortula tortuosa, Hedw. Sp. M. 124; Engl. Bot. 1708.<br />
Barbula tortuosa, Schweegr. Stipp. 33.<br />
On limestone rocks.<br />
8. Tortula fallax.<br />
Deceiving screw-moss.<br />
Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,<br />
spread open or bent back ; edge turned over ; capsule oblong<br />
; lid beaked, nearly as long as the capsule.<br />
Bryum perangustis foliis et cauliculis, foliis crebrioribus et circa cxtremitates<br />
magis cougestis, capitulis erectis ad suinmilatem magis egredicntibus.<br />
Rail Syn. 99, 40.<br />
Bryum angustis viribus foliis, capiiulis erectis, brevibus pedici\!is insidentibus,<br />
calyptra falcata vel avium uiiguiculas referente, Dillen. in Raii<br />
Sj/n, 96,21.<br />
Bryum imberbe, Lin. Mant. 309.<br />
Tortula fallax, Swartz M. Suec. 40; Engl. Bot. 1708.<br />
Barbula fallax, Hedw. Crypt. 1,24.<br />
Bryura fallax, Dicks Crypt. 3, 3.<br />
Tortula unguiculata, Turner M. Hib. 47 ;<br />
Tortula imberbis, Engl. Bot. 2329.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2316.<br />
On walls and banks ; or among grass ; perenn. ; spring.<br />
9. Tortula revoluta.<br />
Turned-over screw-vioss.<br />
Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; edges much<br />
turned over; periclietial leaves sheathing, sides turned in;<br />
capsule oblong ; lid beaked, shorter than the capsule.<br />
Tortula revoluta, Bridel in Schr. Journ. 1800, 1 , 299.<br />
Barbula revoluta, Sckwcsgr. Stipp. 33.<br />
Tortula nervosa, Engl. Bot. 2383.<br />
On banks ; perennial ; March.<br />
10. Tortula unguiculata. Clawed screiv-moss.<br />
Stem branched; leaves linear, lanceolate, blunt; main<br />
rib prolonged into a point ; edges nearly flat ; capsule oblong<br />
; lid beaked, nearly as long as the capsule.
PLceU.fol. 14. MUSCI. 355. Tortula. 725<br />
Bryiim unguiculatum et<br />
384.<br />
barbatum, tenuius et stellatum, Dillen. Muse.<br />
Brj'um teniie<br />
385.<br />
barbatum, foliis aDsrustioribus et rarioribos, Dillen, Muse.<br />
Barbiila unguiculafa, Iledw. Crypt. 1,23.<br />
Tortula mucronulata, Swartz Muse, Suec. 40;<br />
Tortnla aristata, Engl. Bot. 2^92.<br />
Brynm aristatum, Dicks. Crypt.<br />
Tortula barbata, Engl. Bot. 2391.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1299.<br />
Tortula humilis. Turner M. Hib. 45 ; Engl. Bot. 1663.<br />
Tortula apiculata, Turner M. Hib. 46 ; Engl. Bot. 2494.<br />
On banks and hedges.<br />
1 1. Tortula convoluta. Rolled screiv-moss.<br />
Stem short; leaves oblong, rather blunt; main rib not<br />
prolonged; edge flat or only slightly bent; perichetial leaves<br />
sheathing, pointed, rolled up ; capsule oblong; lid beaked.<br />
Bryura trichoides exile pallidum, erectis capitulis e surculis annotinis<br />
egredientibus, Rail Syn. 96,24.<br />
Tortula convoluta, Swartz 31. Sued 41 ;<br />
Bryum convolutum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 6.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2382.<br />
Barbula convoluta, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 120.<br />
Bryum setaceum, Huds, Angl. 481.<br />
On heaths, banks, and walls.<br />
XIV. S5Q. ENCALYPTA. Hedwig. Extinguisher-moss.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, pedicells terminal ; peristome<br />
single, toothed ; teeth 1 6 ; calyptra bellshape, smooth,<br />
entirely enclosing the ripe capsule.<br />
1. Encalypta streptocarpa. Streok-Jruit extinguisher-moss.<br />
Stem long ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, rather blunt,<br />
main rib not prolonged; capsule, cylindrical, streaked, spi-<br />
rally; calyptra toothed at the base.<br />
Hypnum saxatile, erectum, ramulis teretibus, foliis subrotundis saturate<br />
viridibus, Dillen Muse. 335.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2163,<br />
Encalypta streptocarpa, Hedie. Sp. Muse 62 ;<br />
Bryum ciliare, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 15.<br />
On stony mountains.<br />
2. Encalypta vulgaris. Common extinguisher-moss.<br />
Stem short ; leaves oblong, elliptical, blunt ; main rib<br />
prolonged slightly ; capsule cylindrical, smooth ; calyptra<br />
not toothed at the base.<br />
Bryum erectis capitulis calyptra laxa conica, foliis serpylli pellucidis<br />
angustioribus, Raii Syn. 92, 4.<br />
Bryum e.ttinctorura, Lin. S. P. 1581 ;<br />
P^ijcalypta vulgaris, Hedw. Spec. 60.<br />
Encalypta exlinctoria, SiL'ariz 31. Suec. 24.<br />
Leersia vulgaris, Hedw. Crypt. 1,18.<br />
Engl. Bot. 558.<br />
Oil banks, limestone-rocks, and walls; annual; April.
72iS 356.Encalypta. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.fol.<br />
3. Encalypta ciliata. Fringed ext'inguisher-moss.<br />
Stem short; leaves oblong, pointed; main rib prolonged<br />
considerably; capsule cylindrical; calyptra toothed at the<br />
base.<br />
Bryum calyptra extiiictorii figura, majus et ramosum, DiUen. Muse. 350.<br />
Bryiim extinctorium /3, Lin. S. P. 1581.<br />
Encalyptra ciliata, Hedw. Sp. M 61 ; Engl. Bot. 1418.<br />
Leersia ciliata, Hedw. Crypt. 1,49.<br />
On rocks ; perennial ; summer.<br />
/3. alp'ina. heaves much pointed, points transparent<br />
capsule smooth.<br />
Enralypta alpina, Engl. Bot. 1419.<br />
Encalypta affinis, Hedw. fil. in Web. et Mohr. Beitr. 4.<br />
y. rhaptocarpa. Leaves pointed, points of the same colour;<br />
capsule when old streaked lengthways.<br />
Encalyptra rhaptocarpa, Schwcegr. Supp. 16.<br />
XV. 357. GRIMMIA. Hedwig. Grimm.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peristome<br />
single, toothed; teeth 16, entire or perforated, rarely<br />
cleft, equidistant ; calyptra mitreshaped, shorter than the<br />
capsule.<br />
1 . Grimmia apocarpa. Sessile-fruited grimm.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, bent back,<br />
open ; edges turned over ; mai?i rib of the perichetial leaves<br />
not prolonged; capsule ovate, nearly sessile; lid with a<br />
short beak.<br />
Sphagnum cauliferutn et ramosum saxatile hirsutum vircscens, capitulis<br />
obscure rubris, Raii Syn. 104, 3.<br />
Bryum apocarpon, Lin. S. P. 1579.<br />
Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. Cryp. 1,39; Engl. Bot. 1134.<br />
Grimmia alpicola. Smarts Muse. Suee. 1.<br />
Grimmia alpicola 13 & y, Wahlenb. Lapp.<br />
Grimmia rivularis, Bridel in Schrad. Journ. 3, 3.<br />
Grimmia gracilis, SchwcBgr. Supp. 23.<br />
On trees, and alpine rocks or rivulets.<br />
&. stricta. Stem long ; leaves narrow, reddish.<br />
Grimmia stricta, Turner M. Hiber. 20.<br />
5. Grimmia maritima. Sea-shore grimm.<br />
Stem short, cushionlike ; leaves lanceolate, pointed,<br />
nearly upright, crisp when dry ; edge turned over ; mai?i<br />
rib of the perichetial leaves prolonged ; capsule ovate,<br />
nearly sessile ; lid with a short beak.
Plcell.fol. 14. MUSCL 357. Grimmia. 727<br />
Grimmia maritimn, Turn. Muse. llib. 23; Engl. Bot. 1645.<br />
Grimmia alpicola S, Wahlenb. Lapp.<br />
On rocks by the sea ; perennial ; Septem. and October.<br />
3. Grimmia saxicola. Rockloving grimm.<br />
Stem scarcely any; leaves linear, awlshape, crisp when<br />
dry,- pediceUs long, bent, kneed; capmle ovate; lid beaked,<br />
beak straight.<br />
Dicranum saxicola, Mohr.<br />
Grimmia geniculata, Schweegr. Supp. 22.<br />
On rocks.<br />
4. Grim,mia pulvinata. Cushioned grimm.<br />
Stem short,-cushionlike; leaves narrow, elliptical ; edge<br />
turned over; points transparent, hairlike; pedicells long,<br />
bent ; capsule ovate, streaked ; lid conical, pointed.<br />
Bryum trichoides hirsutie canescens; capitulis subrotundis reflexis, in<br />
perbrevibus pediculis, Raii Syn. 100,46.<br />
Bryiini pulvinatum, Lin. S. P. 1586.<br />
Grimmia pulvinata, Engl, Bot. 1728.<br />
Dicranum pulvinatum, Swartz Muse. Suec. 32.<br />
Fissidens pulvinatus, Hedw. Sp. Muse 40.<br />
On walls and rocks.<br />
5. Grimmia Daviesii. Davies' grimm.<br />
Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled, not cut,<br />
very crisp when dry ; edge turned over ; perichetial leaves<br />
broad, rolled in ; pedicells longer than the leaves, straight<br />
capsule topshape ; lid beaked.<br />
Grimmia Daviesii, Turner M. Hihern. 24.<br />
Brj'ura Daviesii, Dickson Crypt. 3,3.<br />
Encalypta Daviesii, Engl. Bot. 1281.<br />
On rocks by the sea; perennial.<br />
6. Grimmia ovata.<br />
Ovate grimm.<br />
Stem slightly branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,<br />
points long, transparent, hairlike ; edge turned in ; pedicells<br />
long, straight ; capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome often<br />
perforated and split ; lid beaked.<br />
Grimmia ovata, Weber 5f Mohr. Suec. 2, 4.<br />
Dicranum ovatum, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 34.<br />
Dicranum ovale, Hedw. S. Muse. 140; Engl. Bot. 2165.<br />
Trichostomum ovatum, Mohr,<br />
Bryum ovale, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.<br />
Grimmia obtusa, Schwergr, Supp, 25.<br />
On alpine rocks.
728 357. Grimmia. 14. MUSCI. Pl.ceU.foL<br />
7. Grimmia Donnii. Donnas grimm.<br />
Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape ; points long,<br />
transparent, hairlike; edge turned in; pedicells long, straight;<br />
capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome entire ; lid beaked<br />
leak short.<br />
Grimmia Donniana, Engl. Bot. 1239.<br />
Grimmia sudetica ? Schweegr. Suppl. 24.<br />
On rocks, in alpine regions.<br />
XVI. 358. PTERIGONIUM. Swartz. Wmg-moss.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells from the side of<br />
the stem; peristome single, toothed; teeth 16, not cut,<br />
equidistant; CQ/^/p^ra halved.<br />
1. Pterigonium Smithii, Smithes wi7ig-moss.<br />
Stem much branched; branches pinnate; leaves tongueshape,<br />
blunt, not cut, crisp when dry ; edge turned over,<br />
main rib reaching more than half way up ; pedicells very<br />
short ; lid beaked.<br />
Pterogonium Smithii, Swartz in Schrad. Jour, 2, 173; Engl. iiot. 1326.<br />
Hypnum Smithii, Dickson Crypt. 2, 10.<br />
Polytrichum Smithii, Hull. Engl. Ft. 249,<br />
On the trunks of trees ; perennial ; spring.<br />
2. Pterogonium gracile. Slender wiyig-moss.<br />
Branches in bundles, bent; leaves broad, ovate, pointed,<br />
concave ; edge flat ; tip serrated ; base slightly 2-ribbed<br />
lid conical.<br />
Hypnum gracile ornithopodioides, Dillen. Muse. 320.<br />
Hypnum gracile, Lin. Mant. 310.<br />
Hypnum ornithopodioides, Huds. Angl. 508.<br />
Pterogonium gracile, Swartz M. Suec. 26 ; Engl. Bot. 1085.<br />
Pterigynandrum gracile, Hedw. Sp. 3Iusc. SO,<br />
Encalypta gracilis, Roth Germ. 3, 154.<br />
Grimmia ornithopodioides, Mohr.<br />
On subalpine rocks.<br />
3. Pterogonium filiforme. Threadlike iving-moss.<br />
Stem irregularly branched, bent; leaves ovate, rather<br />
pointed, concave; edges turned over, serrate; main rib<br />
single or forked, short, faintly marked; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum cylindricum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12.<br />
Pterogynandrum filiforme, Hedw. Crypt. 4,7.<br />
Pterogonium filiforme, Engl. Bot. 2297.<br />
Pterogonium csespifosum, Engl. Bot. 2526.<br />
Grimmia filiforrais, Mohr.<br />
On mountains.
PLcelLfoL 14. MUSCI. 359. Weissia. 729<br />
XVII. 359. WEISSIA. Hedwig. Weiss.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peristovie<br />
single, toothed) teeth 16, entire, equidistant ; ca/yp/m<br />
halved.<br />
a. Capsule ivith an apophysis.<br />
1 IVeissia splachnoides. Splachnumlike weiss.<br />
Leaves tongueshape, tip rounded; main rib not reaching<br />
the tip ; capsule reverse ovate ; apophysis reverse-conicarj<br />
lid convex, rather pointed.<br />
Weissia Splachnoides, ScImeEgr. Suppl. IT.<br />
Grimmia splachnoides? Engl. Bot. 21G4, leaves differ,<br />
Splachnum lingulatum, Dicks. Cnjpt. 4, 4 ;<br />
On alpine bogs.<br />
Engl. Dot. 2095.<br />
2. Weissia Templetoni. Templelo}^s weiss.<br />
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed; capsule with the apophysis<br />
narrow, pearlike; lid nearly flat.<br />
Weissia Templetoni, Hooker Fl. Land. ed. 2.<br />
Fiinaria Templetoni, Engl. Bol. 2524.<br />
On wet banks.<br />
b. Apophysis ; leaves ivlthout a main rib.<br />
3. Weissia mida. Nuked iveiss.<br />
Stem scarcely any; leaves oMxto, lanceolate, ribless; capsule<br />
ovate, bunched on one side, nodding.<br />
Bryum miritim, Dickson. Cri/p. 4,7.<br />
Grimmia nuda, Turner M. Bib. 25; Engl. Bot. 142}.<br />
Vv'eissoii rosea, WaMenb, Lapp. 19.<br />
Weissia incarnata, SchiacEgr. Suppl. IS.<br />
On clay soils.<br />
c. Apophysis ; leaves main-ribbed, ovale or lanceolate.<br />
4. Weissia nisrita.<br />
Negro weiss.<br />
Stem long ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; capsule reverseovate,<br />
nodding, bunched, furrowed ; lid hemispherical,<br />
blunt-pointed.<br />
Weissia nigrita, fle.clw. Sp. Muse. 72.<br />
Bryum nigrituin, Dicks. Crypt. 3,9.<br />
Grimmia nigrita, Engl. Bot. 1825.<br />
On moist banks on mountains.<br />
5. Weissia Starkeii _ Starkeifs iveiss.<br />
Stem very short; leaves ovale; main rib prolonged into<br />
a point; capsule ovate, upright; teeik of the peristome awlshape,<br />
acute ; lid conical.
730 359.Weissia. 14. MUSCI. PLcelLfol.<br />
Weissia Starkeana, ITedw. Sp. Muse. 65.<br />
Bryum minutum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 7.<br />
Griinmia Starkeana, Roth Germ. 3, 146; Engl. Bot. 1490.<br />
Brjum Starkeanum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 32.<br />
In meadows ; autumn.<br />
6. IVeissia affinis.<br />
Kindred weiss.<br />
Stem very short; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged;<br />
capsule ovate, upright ; teeth of the peristome short, broad,<br />
blunt; lid conical.<br />
Weissia affinis, Hooker Sf Taylor Muse. Brit. 44.<br />
On gravelly banks and in fields.<br />
7. IVeissia lanceolata. Lajiceolate weiss.<br />
Stem rather long; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged<br />
nearly into a hair; capsule ovate; lid beaked, beak oblique.<br />
Leersia lanceolata, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 63.<br />
Griinmia lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 1408.<br />
Grinimia aciphylla, Mokr.<br />
Encalypta lanceolata, Turner M. Hib. 19.<br />
Bryum lanceolatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 4.<br />
On heaths and banks; perennial; May.<br />
d. Apophysis ; leaves main-ribhed, linear or aivlsliape.<br />
8. Weissia striata. Streaked weiss.<br />
Leaves linear, fine-toothed, crisp when dry ; capsule<br />
ovate, topshape, furrowed, upright ;<br />
Grimmia striata, Schrad. Diar. Bot. 2, 37.<br />
Weissia fugax, Hedw. S. Muse. 13.<br />
Bryuas crispatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 3.<br />
Weissia striata, Hooker ^ Taylor Muse. 45.<br />
On alpine banks.<br />
/3. major. Leaves broad, linear.<br />
Weissia denticulata, Schwcegr. Suppl. 19.<br />
lid oblique, awlshape.<br />
9. Weissia irichodes. Hairlike weiss.<br />
Stem scarcely any ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, not cut<br />
capsule ovate, streaked ;<br />
lid beaked.<br />
Gymnostomum trichodes, Mokr. Cr. Germ.<br />
Anictangium tricliodes, Schwcegr. Supp. 12.<br />
Grimmia trichodes, Engl. Bot. 2563.<br />
On rocks.<br />
Resembles weissia pusilla and gymnostomum lenue.
PLcell.foL 14-. MUSCL 359.Weissia. 731<br />
10. Weissia cirrata. Tendrilled weiss.<br />
Leaves broadly awlshape; crisp when dry; edges turned<br />
over ; capsule ovate ; lid beaked.<br />
Brjuni trichoides exile, erectis capitulis in pediculis longioribus lubris,<br />
Dillen. in Rail Syn. 97, 25.<br />
Mniuiii cirrhatum, Lin. S. P. 1576.<br />
Weissia Dicksoni, Wilden.Berol. 303.<br />
Weissia cirrata, Hedw. S. Muse. 69.<br />
Encalypta cirrata, Swariz M. Suec. 25.<br />
Afzelia cirrhata, Ehr/i. Crypt. 232.<br />
Bryuin Dicksoni, Dickson Crypt. 3,4.<br />
On rails and posts, rarely on banks.<br />
1 1 Weissia curvirostra. Bent beak weiss.<br />
Leaves linear, awlshape; capsule ovate, cylindrical; lid<br />
beaked.<br />
Brynm stellare, lacustre, foliis rubris capiilaceis, Dillen. Muse. 382.<br />
Grimmia rccurvirostra. Roth Germ. 3, 144;<br />
Bryum curvirostruin, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 7.<br />
Weissia rccurvirostra, Hedw. S. Muse. 71,<br />
Bryiim recurvirostrum, f-FzVAer. ^rr. 829,<br />
Bryum setaceum ;S, Hudson Angl. 432.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1438.<br />
Weissia curvirostra. Hooker 8f Taylor Muse. 46.<br />
On moist banks in woods.<br />
Resembles the<br />
very stiff.<br />
tortulae, and accompanies them; leaves<br />
12. Weissia crispula. Small-crisped weiss.<br />
Stem divided ; leaves broad at bottom, lanceolate, awlshape,<br />
crisp when dry ; edges turned in ; capsule ovatoelliptical<br />
; lid beaked.<br />
Weissia crispula, Hedw. S. Muse. 68<br />
Grimmia crispula, Turner M. Hib. 28 ; Engl. Bot. 2203.<br />
On rocks ; perennial ; summer.<br />
Resembles w. cirrataj but is smaller, and darker green.<br />
13. Weissia cojitroversa. Controverted weiss.<br />
Stem nearly simple ; leaves linear, awlshape ; crisp when<br />
dry, edge turned in ; capsule ovate, elliptical ; lid beaked.<br />
Bryum trichoides exile, erectis capitulis in pedicellis brevissirais, -DiWen.<br />
in Raii Syn. 97, 26.<br />
Grimmia controversa, Sibth. Ox. 277 ; Engl. Bot. 1367.<br />
Bryum virens, Dicks. Crypt. 1,4.<br />
Bryum viridulum, Huds. Angl. 478.<br />
Weissia controversa, Hedwig Crypt. 3,5.<br />
On banks.
732 359. Weissia. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cellfol.<br />
14. Weissia calcarea. Limestone lueiss.<br />
Stem scarcely any ; leaves broad at bottom, linear, blunt,<br />
thick, main rib very broad ; capsule topshape j lid beaked.<br />
Weissia calcarea, Hedm. S. Muse. 66.<br />
Bryum calcareum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 3.<br />
Grimmia calcarea, Turner M. Hib. 25.<br />
On chalk ; perennial ; spring and summer.<br />
Resembles very strongly polytrichum aloides, but is<br />
smaller.<br />
15. Weissia recurvata. Bent-hack weiss.<br />
Stem scarcely any ; leaves awlshape ; capsule broad,<br />
ovate; pedicells bent; lid beaked.<br />
Grimmia recurvata, Hedia. S. Muse. 75 ;<br />
l^ryum recurvatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 7.<br />
Bryum setaceum, WulfinJaeq, Misc. 2,96.<br />
On sandstone-rocks.<br />
Engl. Dot, 1489.<br />
1 6. Weissia pusilla. Dwarf weiss.<br />
Stem scarcely any; leaves awlshape; capsule ovate; pedicells<br />
upright; lid beaked.<br />
Bryum paludosum, Lin. S. P. 1584.<br />
Grimmia pusiila, Jinth Germ. 3, 147 ; Engl. Dot. 255\.<br />
Weissia pusilla, Utdic. S. Muse. Gi,<br />
Afzelia pusilla, Ehrh. Crypt, 183.<br />
On limestone-rocks.<br />
17. Weissia verticillata. Whirled weiss.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves broad, awlshape, near]}' flat, rather<br />
weiik ; capsules ovate ; lid beaked.<br />
Bryum trichoides brevifolium, angiistis cauliciilis, capsulis erectis<br />
parvis et minus aciiincis, Dillen. in jRaii Syn. 98, S6.<br />
Bryum verticiUatum, Lin. S. P. 1535.<br />
Bryum fascicii latum, Diekson Crypt. 3, 3.<br />
Weissia verticillata, Schwa:gr. Supp. 20.<br />
Grimmia verticillata. Turner 31. liib. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 125S,<br />
In alpine rivulets, on limestone.<br />
Stem frequently encrusted at bottom with carbonate of<br />
lime.<br />
18. Weissia ocula. Pointed iveiss.<br />
Stem branched; leaves av^^lshape, bristlelike, nearly onerovi^ed,<br />
stiff, grooved ; capsule topshape ; lid beaked.
PLcelLfoL 14. MUSCI. 359. Weissia. 733<br />
Bryum pilosum, sphagni subulati facie, Dillen. Muse. 374.<br />
Weissia acuta, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 35.<br />
Weissia rupestris, Hedw. S. Muse. 14,<br />
Bryum verticillatum, Lightfoot Scot. 733.<br />
Bryum acatuia, Hudson Angl. 484; Dickson Crypt. 17,20.<br />
Bryum splachnoides, Dickson Crypt.<br />
Bryum ful vellum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 11.<br />
Dicranuui fulvellum, Engl. Bat. 226S.<br />
Grimmia acuta, Turner M, Hib. 29 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1644.<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
XVIII, 360. DICRANUM. Hedwig. Fork-moss.<br />
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells mostly terminal<br />
peristome single, toothed; teeth 16, mostly two-cut, equidistant;<br />
calyptra halved.<br />
A. Leaves in iujo rows. FIssidens,<br />
1. Dicranum Iryoides. Bryimilike fork-moss.<br />
Peduncles terminal ; perichetial leaves resembling the<br />
stem-leaves.<br />
Hypnuni repens filicifoliurn non raraosum, pediculis brevioribus, versus<br />
foliorum suiamilatcm egredientibu:-, Rail Syn, 88,42.<br />
Uypnum bryoides, Lin.S.P. 158S.<br />
Bryum viridulum, Lin. S. P. 1584.<br />
Dicranum bryoides, Swariz 31. Suec. 2, 4 ; Engl. Bot. 625.<br />
Fissidens bryoides, Hedwig Crypt. 3,29.<br />
Dicranum viridulum, Swartz 31. Suec. 2, 3 ; Engl. But. 1368.<br />
Fissidens exilis, Hedw. S. Miisc. 38.<br />
Dicranum osmundioide^. Turner M. Hib. 55; Engl. Bot. 1662.<br />
Fissidens osraundioides, Hedw. S. M. 40.<br />
Hypnuui asplenioides, Dickson Crypt. 2,5.<br />
Grimmia viridula. Roth Germ. 3, 141 ?<br />
Dicranum paucifolium. Withering Arr. S14.<br />
On moist banks and in woods.<br />
^. nutans. Capsule drooping,<br />
Dicranum tamarindifolium, Turner M, Hib. 55.<br />
Dicranum incurvum, Mokr.<br />
Fissidens incurvus, ScliwcEgr, Supp. 49.<br />
Fissidens palmatus, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 30.<br />
Fissidens iougifolius. Bridal,<br />
2. Dicranum adiantoides.<br />
Adiantumlikefork-moss.<br />
Peduncles lateral; perichetial leaves ovate, slightly con-<br />
volute, pointed,<br />
Hydnum ercctum filifolium ramosum pinnulis acutis, Rail Syn. 87,39.<br />
Hypnum adiantoides, Lin. S. P. 158S ; Engl. Bot. 264.<br />
Dicranum adiantoides, Swartz 31. Suec. 31.<br />
Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 62,<br />
Fissidens taxifolius ^, Wahlenb.Lapp.<br />
On wet banks and bogs.
734 360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.fol.<br />
3. Dicramim taxifolium. Yew-leaffork-moss,<br />
'Peduncles from the bottom of the stem among the roots<br />
perichetial leaves ovate, sheathing, rolled in, pointed.<br />
Hypnimi repens filicifolium non ramosura ; pediculis bsevioribus, ad<br />
radicem egiedienlibus, Rati Syn. 88,41.<br />
Hypnum tjixifolium, Lin. S. P. 1587 : Engl. Bot. 416.<br />
Dicranum taxi folium, Svonrtz M. Siiec. 31.<br />
Fissidens (axifolius, fledw. S. Muse. 155.<br />
On moist shady spots.<br />
b. Leaves all round the stem ; inain rib 0.<br />
4. Dicranum glaucum. Glaucous fork-moss.<br />
Stem branched ; branches level-topped ; leaves upright,<br />
spread, ovate, lanceolate, straight, ribless, not cut; capsule<br />
ovate, drooping ; lid beaked.<br />
Bryum trichoides, erectis capilulis, albidum, fragile, Raii Syn. 97,29.<br />
Bryum glaucum, Lin. S. P. 1582.<br />
Dicranum glaucum, Hedw. S. Muse. 135 ; Engl. Bot. 2166.<br />
On heaths and mountain pastures.<br />
c. Leaves not two-rowed, main-ribhed, with a point or hair<br />
at the tip.<br />
5. Dicra?mm latifolium. Broadleaffork-moss.<br />
Stem short; leaves oblong, concave, not cut, tipped with<br />
a point or hair; capside upright, ovate, oblong; lid beaked.<br />
Dicranum latifolium, Hedw. Crypt. 1,33.<br />
Bryum piliferura, Diekson Crypt. 4, 10.<br />
Trichostomum piliferum, Engl. Bot, 2535.<br />
On shady mountain banks.<br />
d. Leaves not 2-rowed ; main rib very broad ; tip not pointed.<br />
6. Dicranum longifolium. Long-leaf fork-moss.<br />
Stem long; leaves very long, awlshape, bristlelike, sicklelike,<br />
bent one way, slightly serrate; main rib very broad<br />
capsule oblong, ovate, nearly upright ; lid beaked.<br />
Dicranum longifolium, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 9.<br />
Dicranum flagellare, Funk.<br />
On wet rocks.<br />
7. Dicranum cerviculatum. Neckedfork-moss.<br />
Stem short; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, not cut, slightly<br />
facing one way ; main rib very broad ; capsule ovate,<br />
slightly nodding; lid beaked,
Pl.cell.fol. " 14. MUSCI. 360. Dicraniim. 735<br />
Dicraunm cerviciilatum, Hedio. S. Muse. 149 ; Engl. Bot. 1661.<br />
Bryum cerviculatuin, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.<br />
Dicranum pusilluiu, Hedw. S. Muse. 139 ; Engl. Bot. 2491.<br />
Bryum parvulum, Diekson Crypt. 3,7.<br />
Dicranum flaviduin, Schwcegr. Supp.<br />
Dicranum uncinatum, Engl. Bot. 2261.<br />
On banks and bogs.<br />
• 8. Dicranum jiexuosum. Bending fork-moss.<br />
Stem scarcely branched, stiff; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,<br />
pointed, straight; main rib very broad; pedicells<br />
bending; cap^z/Ze ovate, streaked ; /ic? beaked.<br />
Bryum trichoides, capiUilis erectis, pediculis intortis tenuibus virentibus,<br />
Raii Syn. 97,30.<br />
Sphagnum subulatum viridissimum ;<br />
Bryum flexuosum, Lin. S. P. 1583.<br />
Sphagnum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 1570.<br />
capsulis ovali.-:, Dillen. Muse. 245,<br />
Dicranum flexuosum, Hedw. S. Muse, 38 ; Engl. Bot. 1491.<br />
Bryum immersum, Dickson Crypt.<br />
Bryum fragile, Dickson Crypt. 3, 5.<br />
On wet rocks, turf-bogs, and on pastures.<br />
e. Leaves not two-rowed, not tipped with a point or hair<br />
main rib narrow ; capsule with a tumour at the base.<br />
9. Dicranum vircns. Greenish fork-moss.<br />
Stem long; leaves awlshape, crisp when dry, pointing<br />
every way ; base broad, sheathing ; edges turned over<br />
capsule smooth, oblong, cylindrical, slightly drooping, with<br />
a tubercle at bottom ; lid beaked.<br />
Dicranum virens, Hedw. Crypt. 3,32;<br />
On mountain-bogs.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1462.<br />
•<br />
10. Dicranum strumiferum. Strumoiis fork-moss.<br />
Stem long; leaves awlshape, not cut, crisp when dry,<br />
pointing every way; base broad, sheathing; edge flat;<br />
capsule furrowed, oblong, ovate, slightly drooping, with a<br />
tubercle at bottom ; lid beaked.<br />
Dicranum strumiferum, Ehrh. Crypt. 74 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2410.<br />
Fissidens struraifer, Hedw.'S. Muse. 160.<br />
Bryum strumiferum, Dickson Crypt. 3, S.<br />
On alpine bogs; perennial; summer.<br />
11. Dicranum falcatum. Sickleshape fork-moss.<br />
Stem scarcely branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, awlshape,<br />
sicklelike, facing one way, scarcely cut ; capsule<br />
ovate, slightly drooping, with a tubercle at the base ; lid<br />
beaked.
73C 360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL<br />
Dicranutn falcatiim, Iledw. S. Muse. 150; Engl. Bot. 1989.<br />
Bryuni longifoliiim, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.<br />
On alpine rocks, by the banks of streams.<br />
12. Dicramnn Starkii. Stark'sfork-rnoss.<br />
Stem rather branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,<br />
sicklelike, facing one way, not cut ; capsule oblong, ovate,<br />
nearly upright, with a tubercle at the base ; lid beaked.<br />
Dicranum Starkii, ScliwcBgr. Supp. 46 ; Engl. Bot. 2227.<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
f. Leaves not two-rowed, not tipped with a point or hair;<br />
main rib narrow ; capsule not tubcrcled at bottom.<br />
13. Dicranum Jiavcscens. Yellowish fork-moss.<br />
Stem branched; leaves long, lanceolate, finely serrated,<br />
pointing every way, crisp when dry ; capsules oblong, upright;<br />
lid beaked.<br />
Dicranum liavescens, Engl. Bot. 2263,<br />
Bryum flavescens, Dickson Crypt. 2, 4.<br />
Dicranum gracilescens, SchwcBgr. Supp. 46.<br />
On wet sand, on the banks of alpine streams.<br />
14. Dicranum squarrosJim. Scurfy fork-moss.<br />
Stein rather branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, bent<br />
over, spread open, crisp when dry, pointing every waj'<br />
base broad, sheathing ; capsule ovate, slightly drooping<br />
lid beaked.<br />
Brjum ereclis capidilis brevibus, folris reflexis, Haii Syn. 95, 18.<br />
Bryum pellucidum 13, Lin. S. P. 15S3.<br />
Dicranum squarrosura, Schrad. Journ. 1802; Engl. Eat. 2004.<br />
Bryum palustre, Dickson Crypt. 4, [ 1.<br />
On mountains, in wet situations ; perennial ; spring.<br />
15. Dicrammi pellucidum. Transparent fork-7nos$.<br />
Ste77i branched; leaves lanceolate, rather blunt, pointing<br />
every way ; edge slightly waved, serrated ; capsule ovate,<br />
slightly drooping ; lid beaked.<br />
Bryum erectis capitulis subrotundis fuscis foliis minoribus pellucidis<br />
rugosis, Raii Syn. 96, 19.<br />
Bryum pellucidum, Lin. S. P. 1583.<br />
Bryum aquaticum, Ilojfm. Geitn. 2, S5.<br />
Mnium pellucens, Withering yirr. 802.<br />
Dicranum pellucidum, Hedw. S. Muse. 142; Engl. Bot. 1346.<br />
Dicranum aquatium, Ehrk. Crypt. 213.<br />
On banks of streams in shady places; perennial; spring.
Pl.cellfol 14. MUSCI. 360. Dicranum. 737<br />
16. Dicranum spurium. Bastardfork-moss.<br />
Stein long; leaves in bundles, concave, upright, rather<br />
spreading, pointing every way, ovate; upper leaves lanceolate,<br />
finely serrate ; capsule oblong, bent ; Ud beaked.<br />
Dicraniua spurium, Iledw. S. Muse. 141 ; Engl. Bot. 2167.<br />
Bryiim spurium, Hojfm. Germ. 2, 38 ; Dickson Crypt. 4, 13.<br />
On bogs ; perennial ; May and June.<br />
Teeth of the peristome sometimes 3-cut.<br />
1 7. Dicranum crispum. Crispfork-moss.<br />
Stem short; leaves nearly 2-rowed, zigzag, turned back,<br />
crisp when dry; base bristlelike; capsule ovate, upright<br />
lid beaked ; beak long.<br />
Dicranum crispum, Hedw. S. Muse. 132 ; Engl. Bot. 1 151.<br />
Bryum vaginale, Diekson Crypt. 3,8.<br />
On moist banks and bogs ; perennial ; July.<br />
IS. Dicra?ni7n Scottii. Scott'sfork-moss.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves upright, spreading, pointing every<br />
way, awlshape, crisp when dry ; edge flat, slightly serrate<br />
capsule ovate cylindrical, nearly upright ; lid beaked, beak<br />
long.<br />
Dicranum Scottianura, Turner M. Hibern. 6, 1.<br />
Dicranum flagellare, Engl. Bot. 1977, not of Hedwig?<br />
Dicranum stricfura, Schwtsgr. Supp. 43.<br />
Dicranum montanum, Hedw. S. Muse. 35 ?<br />
On rocks.<br />
19. Dicranum polycarpum. Many-fruitedfork-moss.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves spread open, pointing every way,<br />
lanceolate, awlshape, crisp when dry ; edge turned over,<br />
zigzag, slightly serrated ; capsule reverse ovate, slightly<br />
drooping; lid beaked.<br />
Dicranum polycarpum, Ehrli. Crypt. 84; Engl. Bot. 2269.<br />
Pissidens polycarpos, Hew. S. Muse. 159.<br />
Dicranum Bruntoni, Engl. Bot. 2509.<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
Teeth of the peristome irregularly divided.<br />
20. Dicranum undulatum. Wavedforked-moss.<br />
Stems long ; leaves nearly flat, lanceolate, narrow, waved<br />
across, finely serrated at the tip ; capsule cylindrical, drooping;<br />
lid beaked, beak long.<br />
Dicranum undulatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 271 ; Engl. Bot. 2260, not of<br />
Schrader.<br />
Dicranum polysetum, Steartz M. Suec. 34.<br />
Bryum rugosura, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 39.<br />
FerichcBtium encloses 1 to 4? peduncles.<br />
xoi.. I. 3 b
ns 36(X Dicranimi. i 4. M US CI PL ceU.foL<br />
. $.\.,Dlcram£in stoparium. Broom fork-moss.<br />
Stem long; leaver narrow, awlshape. grooved, facing<br />
one way: capsule .€y\mdiica\, arched, drooping: lid beaked,<br />
beak Icwig.<br />
BrjcLEi erecris capitnlis aasBstifoliom, raale reGiinato, Rati Sm, ^. 14.<br />
Brj ca scopariam. Urn. S. P. 1582 ; EilsL Bol, 354.<br />
Dicranuin icoparinm. Hedse. S. iltisc. lio.<br />
DicranuJD maju5, En;l. Bof. Ii90.<br />
MnJGHi scopariuin^ JVithcj-itLs Arr. 799.<br />
In woods and hedges : perennial.<br />
'<br />
. 0,juscesc£as. Plant only half as large: leaves scarcely<br />
if at all facing one way, narrow, much crisped when dry.<br />
Dicmcnm fuicescens, TuTmr 31. Hii. 60 ; EagL BoL 1597.<br />
Dicrannm cao^^tam, Scixfe^r. Safp. 42.<br />
On mountains.<br />
25 . DicranwK varuaju Variallefork-mt^s.<br />
Stem short: leaies narrow, hastate, lanceolate; cflpsw/e<br />
orate: lid beaked.<br />
Brrari sfeplesTj Lin. 5. P. 155".<br />
Bttoe TMbaxsftf Hiidi -IngL ed. I. 4 IS.<br />
Dscraaaia xariaa, .Qf^eB.^. ^a>j. 133; £«^Z. £«;cra3aiii caliiitomam, Smith FL Brit. 1211.<br />
Brj na calliitomnoi. Dzdtvos Crypt, 3, 5.<br />
Ervnm purilluHi, Da&i3» Cntpt..'^, 6.<br />
Dicranaci sicaplei, Siytkorp Ox. 2a&.<br />
On moist banks ; annual : spring and summer.<br />
Leaies point every way, green ; capsules slightly<br />
droog^g,- . .._<br />
p- ijiifs^cens^-.-Lieaves rather facing one way, lanceolate,<br />
awLsKaLg^ reddish ; capsides upright.<br />
f<br />
Dicr^ncHi rafeicee?, E&§1. BoL 1216.<br />
'• 'IBrvuni rufesceci, Dickson Crypt. 3, 6.<br />
Errnia trichode;, capiclis mbrii cernuis, DiSen MuiC. 390.<br />
y. luridum: Leaves rather facing one way, awlshape,<br />
lurid ,: capsules slightly drooping.<br />
Dicranum Tarinm y, Hjoker iv' Taylor Muse Brit. 53.<br />
^.S.Dicramjm keteromalhivt. Odd-^tdedfork-moss.<br />
jS/em -branched; leaves awlshape, sicklelike, &cing one<br />
way, scarcely cat; capsule ovate, slightly drooping; lid<br />
beaked : beai long.<br />
Erruzn trichoides, reclinaili caulicali», capitolis erectii acotis. R^<br />
Sjt:. 96,23.-<br />
.-;ii.<br />
Ervnm lie tetoman'Bm, Lin. S. P. \'bSS,<br />
PLcell.fol 1 i. MUSCI. 360. Dicranura. 739<br />
21. Dicramim subulatum. Aulshape fork-moss.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, facing one<br />
way, not cut ; base broad, sheathing ; capsule Gvate, slightlydrooping;<br />
lid with a long beak.<br />
Dicranum subnlatam, Hedic. S. Muse. 34 ; Engl Bot. 1273.<br />
On moist banks.<br />
XIX. 361. TRICHOSTOMUM. Hairy-mouth.<br />
Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles terminal; peri"<br />
stome toothed; teeth 16, equal, divided to the bottom, or<br />
32, placed in pairs; calyptra mitreshape.<br />
a. Peduncles lent<br />
1. Trichostomum patens. Spreading hairy-mouth.<br />
Stems long: leaves lanceolate, pointedj keeled; edcres<br />
turned over ; capsule ovate ; peduncles bent : lid conical.<br />
Bnium hvpnoidei alpiniini, opercnlis obtusis, DilUnJlusc. 371.<br />
Tricbostomam pnten?, Schi£
no sei.TricIiostomum. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.foL<br />
Brj'um triclioides, erectis capitiilis, lauuginosum, Raii Syn. 97,27.<br />
Bryum hypnoides, capitulis<br />
in Raii Syn. 478.<br />
plurimis erectis, nou lanuginosum, Dillen<br />
Bryum hypnoides y, Lin. 9. P. 1585.<br />
Trichostomutn canescens, Hedw. S. Muse. HI ; Engl. Bot. 2534.<br />
Trichostouium ericiioides, Schrad. Germ. 62; En'^l, Bot. 1991.<br />
On mountain heaths, and the sea coast.<br />
4. Trichostovium heterostlchum. One-sided hairy-mouth.<br />
Stem long, branched; leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed;<br />
points transparent, slender, slightly serrated ; capsule oblong<br />
; teeth of the peristome rather short ; lid beaked.<br />
Tricliostomum heterosticliuni, Ilcdw. S. Muse. 109 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1347.<br />
Bryum heterosticlium, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.<br />
Bryum hvpnoides, hirsutie canescens, vulgare, Dillen Muse. 368, fig. A,<br />
¥, and G,<br />
On stones in mountainous countries.<br />
5. Trichostom. microcarpon. Small-fruited hairy-mouth.<br />
Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; points<br />
transparent, slender, slightly serrated ; capsules ovate; teeth<br />
of the peristome rather short; lid beaked.<br />
Bryum hypnoides alpinum, setis et capsulis exiguis, Dillen 3Iuse. 3T0.<br />
Bryum hypnoides S, Lin. Fl. Suec. 392.<br />
Trichostouium microcarpon, Hedw. S. Muse. 112 ; Engl, Bot. 1440,<br />
Dicranum aciculare y. Turner M. Hib. 67.<br />
Bryum macrocarpon. Withering Arr. 822.<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
c. Peduncles straight j leaves not transparent at the points.<br />
6. Trichostomum aciculare. Needlelike hairy-mouth.<br />
Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, tip fifiely<br />
serrated; main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule oblong;<br />
lid beaked.<br />
Bryum hypnoides erecfnm montanum, erectis capitulis acutis, DilleniHSaii<br />
Syn. 94, 12.<br />
Brvnm hypnoides repens aquaticum, erectis capitulis acutis, Raii Syn.<br />
94, 13l<br />
Bryum aciculare, JLin. S. P. 1583.<br />
Dicranum aciculare, Hedw. S. Muse. 135; Engl. Bot. 1978.<br />
Trichostomum aciculare, P. de Beauv. Prod. 90.<br />
On wet stones, or in water ; perennial ; spring.<br />
7. Tnchostomum fasciculare. Bundled hairy-tnouth.<br />
Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, not cut; tips<br />
never transparent ; copjz^/e ovate, oblong ; lid beaked.
Pl.cell.fol 14. MUSCL 3G1. Trichostomum. 741<br />
Biyum hypnoides, hirsutie virescens, fascictilare alpinum, Dillen Muse.<br />
370.<br />
Bryum hypnoides ^, Lin. S. P. 1585.<br />
Trichostomum fasciculare, Schrad, Germ. 61 ;<br />
Bryum fasciculare, Hnffm. Germ. 2, 42.<br />
Bryum lufescens, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.<br />
On mountain rocks.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2005.<br />
8. Trichostom. polyphyllum. Many-leaved hairy-mouths<br />
Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, edges turned<br />
over ; tips serrated, very much crisped when dry ; capsules<br />
oblong; /ic^ beaked.<br />
Bryum trichoides erecfis sublongis capitulis, extremi(atibus per siccilatem<br />
stellatis, Raii Syn. 98, 33.<br />
Trichostomum polyphyllum, Schtvesgi^. Siipp. 39.<br />
Dicranum polyphyllum, Engl. Bot. 1217.<br />
Bryum polyphyllum, Dickson Crypt.<br />
Bryum cirratum /S, Hudson Angl. 486.<br />
Trichostomum cirratum. Smith Fl. Brit. 1239.<br />
Encalypta crispata, Hedte. S. Muse. 10.<br />
On mountains and rocks.<br />
9. Trichostomum ellipticum. Elliptical hairy-mouth.<br />
Stem short, nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate, straight,<br />
main rib broad, edge flat ; capsule elliptical ; lid beaked.<br />
Dicranum ellipticum, Turner M.Hib. T6; Engl. Bot. 1901.<br />
On rocky mountains.<br />
XX. 362. LEUCODON. Schweegrichen. White-tooth,<br />
Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peristome<br />
single, toothed; teeth 32, closely united in pairs;<br />
calyptra halved.<br />
Leucodon sciuroides.<br />
Squirrel-tail white-tooth.<br />
Hypnum trichoides erectum, ramulis recurvis, obscuri coloris, Raii Syn.<br />
83,22.<br />
Hypnum sciuroides, Lin. S. P. 1596.<br />
Dicranum sciuroides, Swariz M. Suec. 32 ; Engl. Bot. 1903.<br />
Fissidens sciuroides, Hedw, S. Muse. 161.<br />
Trichostomum sciuroides, Mohr.<br />
Pterogonium sciuroides, Turfier M. Hih. 32.<br />
Leucodon sciuroides, Schwtrgr. Supp. 2, 1.<br />
Leucodon Morensis, Schwecgr. Supp. 2, 1<br />
On the trunks of trees.<br />
XXI. 363. DIDYMODON. Hedwig. Twin-tooth,<br />
Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles terminal; peri-<br />
stome single, toothed; teeth 16 or 32, closing together ia<br />
calyptra halved.<br />
pairs, or united at the bottom ;
742, 363. Didyrnodon. 11.. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol,<br />
^.,.,^„.,,a . ^. Capsuies inclined.<br />
1. Didymodoji piirpureum. Purple twin-tooth.<br />
Stem, scarcely branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed,<br />
keeled; edge turned over, not cut; capsule ovate, cylindrical,<br />
oblique, with a slight tubercle, furrowed when dry<br />
lid conical.<br />
Bryum perangiisfis crebrioribus foliis, capitulis erectis, longiusculis pediculise<br />
surciilis annotinis innascentibus, Dillen in RailSyn. 99,41.<br />
Bryuni CeL-ii, Lin. S. P. 1585 , , ; Dickson €it/pt. 3, 7.<br />
*': Mnium purpureum, Lin. S. P. 1575 ;<br />
Wither. Arr. 802.<br />
Dicranum purpureum, Iledie. S. Muse. 136; Engl. Bot. 2262.<br />
Dicranum intermedium, Hedvs. S. Muse. 138.<br />
Bryum bipartitura, Dickson Crypt.; Engl. Bat. 2357.<br />
Bryum strictum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 13.<br />
Bryum tenue, Dickson Crypt. 3,8.<br />
Bryum papillosum, Dickson Crypt, 4, 12.<br />
Dicranum strictum, Engl. But. 2294.<br />
Dicranum Celsii, Iltdw. S. 3Iusc.U9 ; Engl. Bot. 2418.<br />
Trichostomum papillosum, Engl. Bot. 2533.<br />
Red shanks.<br />
On moist banks.<br />
2. Didyrnodon inclinaiutn. Inclined twin-tooth.<br />
Leaves in two rows, awlshape, sheathing at bottom; cap-<br />
sule ovate, inclined ; lid conical.<br />
Didyrnodon inclinatum, Sivartz M. Suec. 28.<br />
Bryum inclinatum, Dickson Crypt, 3, 9.<br />
Swartzia inclinata, J/etZto. C/•]/p^ 2, 74.<br />
Cyuontodium inclinatum, Hedw, S. Muse. 58.<br />
Griramia inclinata, Engl. Bot, 1824.<br />
J On rocky mountains ; perennial ; summer.<br />
b. Capsules upright.<br />
3. Didyrnodon nervosum, Rihbed twi/i-tooth.<br />
Leaves reverse-ovate, main rib thickened above ; tip<br />
short; capsules ovate, upright; lid beaked; beak short,<br />
Grimmia atrovirens, Engl, Bot, 2015,<br />
On dry banks by the sea.<br />
Resembles weiasia lanceolata, gen. 359, sp. 7.<br />
4 . Didyrnodon flexifolium. Bent-leaf twin-tooth.<br />
Stem long; leaves oblong, ovate, bent, deeply serrated<br />
at the tip ; capsules upright, cylindrical ; lid beaked.<br />
Bryum flexifolium, Dickson Crypt, 3, 5.<br />
": Trichostomum flexifolium, EngL Bot, 2490.<br />
_j.j J<br />
UnbiiiTcn banks, .QT rp9f§. _,.,,. ,.,.;.., ,--...'- ...
Pl.ceU.fol. 14. MUSCI. 363. Didymodbn. 743<br />
5. Didyinodon rigldulum. Stiffish twin- tooth.<br />
Leaves -closely tiledlike on all sides, lanceolate, very<br />
pointed, keeled; main rib stiff, ranning be3^ond the point;<br />
capsules oblong, ovate, upright ; lid beaked.<br />
Didymodon rigitliilum, Hedw. S. Muse. 104.<br />
• Bryum rigiduluin, D/cfcson Cc^p^ 4, 12. '''•'./..<br />
Tricliostoinum ri2;iduliim, Turner M. Hib. 34 ;r.f^fff.f -Bof. 21TS.<br />
Bryimi lineare, Dickson Crypt. 3, 6. ., ,!<br />
Trichostnmum lineare, Engl. But, 1598.*'<br />
On rocks and walls; perennial; April.<br />
Very similar to tortula fallax, gen. 355, sp. 8.<br />
t. ''a fi'<br />
6. Didymodon trifariwn. Three-rowed twin-ioQih.<br />
Leaves rather distant, somewhat three-rowed, lanceolate,<br />
bluntish, keeled; main rib scarcely reaching the tip ; ^coji^-<br />
5?^/e oblong, ovate, upright; /zVi beaked. ,<br />
Didymodon trifarium, Sic«r/s Jlf. Swec. 28.<br />
Cynontodium trifarium, Hedw, S. Muse. 57.<br />
;;i,tWOUi \<br />
Swartzia trifaria, Hedw. Crypt.2 1CK<br />
X,^.,^^^\^^i^t.^ ji'.<br />
Bvyum trnarium, Dickson Crypt. 3,0. a ,<br />
Trichostomum trifarium, Engt. Dot. 1107. ' " -<br />
*"<br />
Tricliostomum linoides, Engl. Dot. 2295, not of Bicls5Hn»:<br />
On moist banks.<br />
7. Didymodon capillaceum. Hcriry twin-tooth.<br />
Stem long; leaves nearly 2-rowed, awlshape, bristlelike;<br />
capsule upright, ovate, cylindrical; lid conical.<br />
Cynontodium capillaceum, Hediv. S. Miisc. 57.<br />
Swartzia capiUacea, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 72. ,<br />
iitn^Qi<br />
;„Vft«*< .fi-rir.r*!.<br />
Didymodon capillaceum, Schrad. Germ. 64,.,.-.<br />
,;;^Ti' '<br />
Hryixm ^st'ivum, Hudson ^Ingl. 485.<br />
, i i r^v<br />
On mountam Danks.<br />
S. Didymodon heteromallum. Odd-sided tivin-toolL<br />
Stem rather short; leaves mostly facing one way, .awlshape;<br />
capsule ovate, cylindrical; Ud conicahr-^if-fjo^^ ^*^^'^*<br />
Grimmia heteromalla, Roth Germ. 3, 145 ;<br />
Weissia heteromalla, Hedw. S. Muse. 71.<br />
Afzelia heferomalla, Ehrh. Crypt. 173.<br />
Eryum Weissia, D/cfcvon C/,i/;j^ 2, 5.<br />
Didymodon heteromalluni, Hedw. S, Muse. 23. '<br />
Engl. Boi. 1899.<br />
i%Vi:,wiWj iSjVjO-j:\VCv<br />
^^«r<br />
-- iw^Juonoa snir^iH<br />
On mountains. -..'ijirtqMonEri^J)<br />
io &iau-ii nO
744- 364-. Funaria. 14. MUSCI. "<br />
PLcell.foL<br />
XXII. 364!. FUNARIA. Schreber. Cord-?noss,<br />
Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal; peristome<br />
double, oblique, outer 16-toothed, inner 16-toothed,<br />
teeth opposite to those of the outer. C
Pl.cellfol. 366. Orthotriclmm. 14. MUSCL 745<br />
XXIV. S66. ORTHOTRICHUM. Hedw. Bristle^moss^<br />
Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal; peristome<br />
double; outer of 16 teeth, in pairs; inner of 16 or<br />
8 ciliae lying horizontally over the mouth, sometimes ;<br />
calypira initreshape, furrowed, hairy.<br />
a. Peristome without cilice.<br />
1. Orthotriclmm anomalum. Odd bristle-moss.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, upright, rather spreading ; peduncles<br />
longer than the leaves; peristome of 8 double teeth; calyptra<br />
slightly hairy.<br />
Polytrichum capsulis subrotuudis, pediculis brevissimis insidentibus,<br />
calvptrk striata, arborentn et terrestre, minus ramosum et breve. Rail Syn.<br />
91, '5.<br />
Bryum striatum B, Lin. S. P. 1380.<br />
Ortliotrichum anomalum, Hedw, S. Muse. 162; Dickson Crypt. 4, 6.<br />
Bryum tectorum, Wither, ^rr. 810.<br />
Polytrichum striatum /S, Hudson Ang. 471.<br />
Polytrichum tectorum, HuU Br. Ft. 248.<br />
Weissia anomala, Sihthorp Ox. 287.<br />
On rocks and walls.<br />
^. Orthotnchum cupulatum. Cupped hristle-moss.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, upright, slightly spreading; capsule<br />
nearly sessile ; peristome of 16 double teeth ; calyptra<br />
slightly hairy.<br />
Orlhotrichum cupulatum, Huffm. Germ. 2, 2G.<br />
Orthotrichum nudum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 6 ; Engl. Bot. 1325.<br />
Bryum sessile, Withering Arr. 310.<br />
Orthotrichum anomalum, Em^^.jBo^ 1423.<br />
On woods and stones.<br />
3. Orthotrichum crispum.<br />
b. Peristome with 8 cilice.<br />
Crisp hristlemoss.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, much crisped when dry;<br />
peduncles very long ; capsule streaked ; peristome with eight<br />
cilise ;<br />
calyptra very hairy.<br />
Polytrichum capsulis obl.»ngo-rolundis, calyptris pilosissimis, Raii Syn.<br />
91,6.<br />
Bryum striatum 8, Lin. S. P. 1580.<br />
Orthotrichum crispum, Hedw. S. Muse. 162; Engl. Bot. 996.<br />
Bryum crispum, Withering Arr. 827.<br />
Polytrichum striatum S, Hudson Aug. 471.<br />
Polytrichum capillaceum, HuU Fl. Br. 249.<br />
Neckera ulophylla, Mohr.<br />
On trees and stones.<br />
Teeth apparently 8, but marked down the middle with a<br />
dark line ; cilice threadlike, jointed.
746 366. Ortliotrichum. 14. MUSCT. Pl.cell.foL<br />
4. Orihotrichunt.HiitchinsicE. Huicliins^ hrislle-moss.<br />
Leaves lanceolate, upright, nearly straight when dry<br />
peduncles very long; capsule streaked; peristome with eight<br />
ciliae; calyptra \ery hairy. ;Q:;lioii<br />
Orthotrichum Hutchinsiifi, E«^;. Bo^. 2523. -;.(!';-<br />
On rocks.<br />
Teeth eight, when turned over cleft deeply and regularly<br />
down the middle.<br />
. 5.<br />
Ortliotrichum affine. Kindred hrislle-moss.<br />
Leaves spreading, broadly lanceolate ; capsules sessile<br />
peristome with 8 cilise; calyptra rather hairy.<br />
Polytrichum capsulis sesailibus, foliis brevibiis, rectis, carinatis, DiUen<br />
3Iitsc. 432.<br />
'<br />
, . .<br />
Orthotrichum affine, ScArad. Ger»i. 67; Engl, Bot. 1323.<br />
Or/hotrichum striatum, SdiKCEgr. Supp. 49.<br />
Ortliotrichum rupestre, ScJiw
Vl.cell.foL 14. MUSCI. see.Orthotrichum. 747<br />
8. Orthotr'ichum rividare. River Irisile-moss.<br />
Stems long, much branched; leaves broad, lanceolate,<br />
blunt; capsules sessile; peristome with 16 slender cilias;<br />
calyptra smooth.<br />
Orthotricluim rivulare, Turner M. Hib, 96 ;<br />
On rocks and in streams.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2188.<br />
9. Orthotricluim striatum. Streaked Irisile-moss^<br />
Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, spreading,<br />
slightly twisted when dry; capsule sessile, ovate, smooth;<br />
peristome with 16 irregular strung-bead-like cilise;<br />
rather hairy.<br />
calyptra<br />
Polytrichum cnpsulis subrotiindis, pediculis brevissimis insidentibus,<br />
calyptra striata, arboieum ramosuin majus, Saii Syn. 91, 4.<br />
Eryum striatum, Lin. S. P. 1579.<br />
Polytrichum striatum, Huds. Angl. 471.<br />
Weissia striata, Sibthorp Ox. 287.<br />
748 367. Neckera. 14. MUSCI. Pl.ceU.fot.<br />
2. Neckera crispa. Crisp necker.<br />
peduncles very<br />
Leaves oblong, pointed, wrinkled across ;<br />
long ; capsule ovate.<br />
Hypnuai repens crispuoi, ramulis compressis, filicinorum more dispositis,<br />
RaiiSi/n. 89,47.<br />
Hypnum crispiim, Lin. S. P. 1589; Engl. Bot. 617.<br />
Neckera crispa, Hedw.S. Muse. 206.<br />
On trees and chalk-hills.<br />
XXVI. 368. ANOMODON. Hooker & Taylor. Odd-tooth,<br />
Capsules valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; pei-istome<br />
double, of 16 teeth, and 16 cilise placed between the<br />
teeth.<br />
1 Anomodon curtipendulum. Short-hanging odd-tooth.<br />
Leaves ovate, pointed, finely serrated, main rib disappearing<br />
below the point; peduncle twice as long as the<br />
perichetial leaves ; capsule ovate.<br />
Hypnum arboreum repens, capitulis reflexis, brevibu?, pediculis incidentibus,<br />
Raii Syn, 89,49.<br />
Hypnum curtipendulum, Lin, S. P. 1594.<br />
Neckera curtipeiidula, Iledw. S. Muse. 209 ; Engl. Bot. 1444.<br />
Anomodon curtipendulum. Hooker Sf Taylor Muse. 79.<br />
On trees, rocks, and the ground ; perennial ; spring.<br />
2. Anomodon vhiculosum. ^P'^'^gSV odd-tooi/u<br />
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, blunt, not cut ; main rib reaching<br />
the tip ; peduncles very long ; capsule cylindrical.<br />
Hypnum repens f richoidcs arboreum majus, capitulis et surculis erecfis,<br />
minus ramosis, Raii Syn. 85,30.<br />
Hypnum vitinulosum, Lin. S. P. 1592; Engl. Bot. 265.<br />
Neckera viticulosa, Hedw. S. .yiusc. 209.<br />
Anomodon viticulo5um, Hooker Si Taylor Muse. 79.<br />
On trees and rocks, rarely on the ground.<br />
XXVII. 369. DALTONIA. Hooker & Taylor. Dalton.<br />
Capsules valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; peristome<br />
double, consisting of 1 6 teeth, and 1 6 cilise one from<br />
the side of each tooth ; calyptra mitreshape.<br />
1 . Dallonia splachnoides. Splachnumlike dalton.<br />
Leaves oblong, lanceolate ; peduncles long ; calyptra<br />
fringed at bottom.<br />
Neckera splachnoides, Engl. Bot. 2564, not of Schwaegrichen.<br />
On mountains, by the sides of streams.
PLceU.foI. 14
750 372. Bartramia. 14. MUSCI. Fl.cell.fok<br />
Buxbaumia curiosa.<br />
*<br />
..<br />
Curious luxlmim,<br />
Muscus capillaceiis apliylhis, capitulo crasso bivalvi, Dillen Muse. 471.<br />
Buxbaumia aphyila, Lin. S. P. 1570; Engl. Dot. 1596.<br />
In woods.<br />
Stem 0; leaves palmately jagged; perichet'ium radical,<br />
bulblike ; peduncles long, red ; capsule large, ovate, greenish.<br />
XXX. 372. BARTRAMIA. Hedwig. Barlram.<br />
Capsules valveless, nearly globular, peduncled ; peduncles<br />
terminal; peristoyne double; the outer of 16 teeth; the<br />
inner membranaceous, divided into 16 segments, each of<br />
them 2-cut; ca/^p^ra halved.<br />
a. Peduncles lon^, straicrht.<br />
\. Bartramia pomiformis. Appleshape hartrarn.<br />
Leaves spreading, awlshape, strongly serrated ; main<br />
rib reaching the tip ;<br />
twisted when dry.<br />
Brvum trichoides virescens, erectis maJHSculis capi talis maliformibus,<br />
RauSyn.Ql,SV.<br />
Bryutn pomiforme, Lin. S. P. 1580.<br />
Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. S. Muse. 1G4; Engl. Bot. 998.<br />
Bartramia crispa, Sizartz M. Suec. 13.<br />
Bryum vulgaris, Mong. 6f Nestl. 137.<br />
On heaths and dry banks.<br />
Stem short; leaves bent.<br />
g. major. Stem long, branched ; leaves long, crisped<br />
especially when dry.<br />
cv Bartramia crispa, BrideZ itfusc. 2, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 1526.<br />
^v> bartramia pomiformis elongata, Turner in jinn. Bot. 1, 1526, /?.<br />
2. Bartramia ithyphylla. Stiff-leaded lartram.<br />
Stem short; leaves stiff, upright, rather spi-eading, awlshape,<br />
bristlelike, scarcely cut, main rib spreading into the<br />
substance of the leaves when about half-way<br />
peduncles very long.<br />
up, straight<br />
when dry ;<br />
Bartramia ttbyphylla, Bridtl Muse. 2, 1 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 17 10.<br />
Barjramia pomiforilttis, Swartz M. Suec. 73.<br />
On dry mountain banks.<br />
3. Bartramia gracilis. Slender hartrarn.<br />
Stem long; leaves turned over, spreading, lanceolate,<br />
peduncles lateral from young shoots.<br />
o-rooved, serrated ;<br />
Bartramia gracilis, Florke in Schrad.Journ. ; Engl. Bot. 1836.<br />
Bartramia CEdcriana, Sieartz in Schrad. Journ.<br />
Bartramia CEderi, Schwagr. Supp. 59.<br />
Bartramia longiseta, Brid. Muse.<br />
Bartramia grandiilora, Schiecegr. Su^P^ 58.<br />
ijvutvt . "/cvjiiiiiS'luiaJiii<br />
On alpine rocks.
Plcellfol. U. MUSCL 372. Bavtramia. 751<br />
4. Bartramiafontana. Sprmg lartram.<br />
Stejiis eventopped ; leaves closed tiledlike, stiffj upright,<br />
broad, ovate or lanceolate, pointed, nearly flat, serrated<br />
peduncles lateral from young shoots.<br />
Brjum quod Miiscus pahisfris adianto aureo aflinis, scapis tenuibus,<br />
foliolis bievibus, editionis primac, Rati Syn. 98,28.<br />
Muium fontanum, Liti, S. P. 1574.<br />
Bryum fontanum, Hudson Angl. 475 ; Engl. Boi. 390.<br />
Bartraraia fontana, Sit-'aris zrt Scy^rarfe/'t/ourtj.<br />
Grey marsh-moss.<br />
Siems 6 inches long; leaves ovate.<br />
^. Marchicum. Stem an inch long ; leaves lanceolate.<br />
Bartratnia Marchica, Swartz in Schrad.Jour. ; Engl. Bot. 2074.<br />
Mnium Marchicum, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 39.<br />
Bartramia fontana pumila, Turner M. Hib. 107.<br />
On turf bogs.<br />
b. Peduncles very short, bent.<br />
5. Bartramia Halleri. Hallers bartram.<br />
Stem very long, proliferous ; leaves long, awlshape, bent<br />
variously, serrated above; peduncles lateral, from young<br />
shoots very short, bowed.<br />
Bryum laterale, Hudson Ang. 483. ^<br />
Mniiim laterale, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 54.<br />
Bartramia Hallcriana, i/erfw. S. itfi/sc. 164; Engl. Boi. 9'J7.<br />
On mountain rocks, near streams.<br />
6. Bartramia arcuata. Bowed bartram.<br />
Stems very long, proliferous ; learns horizontal, spreading,<br />
ovate, lanceolate, pointed, serrated, streaked ; peduncles<br />
very short, bowed, become lateral; capsule smooth.<br />
Hypnum palustre erectura, coma lutea, basi nigricante, Dillen. in Raii<br />
Syn. 83, 21.<br />
Bartramia arcuata, Engl. Bot. 1237.<br />
Mnium arciiatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 2.<br />
Mnium chrysocomura, Hedw, S, 3Iusc, 74.<br />
Hypnum clirysocomum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12.<br />
On mountain bogs, and wet. roeksi.<br />
XXXI. 373. HOOKERIA. Smith. Hooker.<br />
Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peristome<br />
double; the outer of 1 6 teeth ; the inner membranaceous,<br />
divided into 16 uncut segments; calyptra mitreshape.<br />
1 . Hookeria lucens. Shining hooker.<br />
Leaves broad, ovate, uncut, blunt, ribless.
752 373.Hookena. 14. MUSCI. Pl.ceU.fol-<br />
Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, foliolis majoribns, magisque<br />
crebris, Dillen. in Rail Syn. 88, 45.<br />
Hypnum lucens, Lin. S. P. 15S9.<br />
Hookeria lucens. Smith in Lin, 2V. 9, 276.<br />
Leskea lucens, De CanduUe Fl. Gall. Syn.<br />
On moist banks and rocks.<br />
2. Hookeria la^fevirens.<br />
Light-green hooker.<br />
Leaves ovate, rather pointed, bordered, very obscurelyserrated<br />
at the tip, main ribs 2, reaching nearly to the end.<br />
Hookeria laete-virens, Hooker fif Taylor Muse. 89.<br />
On bogs.<br />
XXXII. 374. HYPNUM. Dioscorides. Feather-moss.<br />
Cap5z^/e5 valveless,peduncled; pedmicles lateral; peristome<br />
double; the outer of 16 teeth ; the inner membranaceous,<br />
segments 16, equal, sometimes with threads between them;<br />
calyptra halved.<br />
a. Stem with the leaves flat ; capsules upright.<br />
1. Hymnum trichomanoides. Trichomanesfeather-moss.<br />
Leaves broad, scymetarshape, serrated at the point,<br />
main-ribbed to the middle; capsule ovate, upright; li^l<br />
beaked.<br />
Hypnum erectum filicifolium ramosum, pinnulis obtusis, Dillen. in Rati<br />
Syn. 81, iO.<br />
Hypnum trichomanoides, Schreb. Lips. 88; Engl. Bot. 1493.<br />
Hypnum complanatum fi, Huds.Angl. 495.<br />
Leskea trichomanoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 234.<br />
On trunks of trees.<br />
2. Hypnum complanatum. Flattened feather-moss.<br />
Leaves oblong, pointed, uncut, ribless ; capsule ovate,<br />
upright; lid beaked.<br />
Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, ramnlis appressis et magis complanatis,<br />
Raii Syn. 87, S8.<br />
Hypnum complanatum, Lin.S. P. 1588; Engl. Bot. 1492. ~<br />
Leskea complanata, Hedgw. S. Muse. 231,<br />
On trees,<br />
b. Stem with the leaves flat j capsules drooping, or inclined.<br />
S. Hypnum riparium. Shorefeather-moss.<br />
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, main-rib nearly<br />
reaching the tip; capsules oblong, drooping; lid conical.
Plcell.foL 14. MUSCI. 374.. Hypnum. 753<br />
Hypnum ramosiim fluitans pennatiim, liaii Syn. 81, 6.<br />
Hypnum riparium, Lin, S. P. J5'J5; Engl.Bot. 2060.<br />
On river-banks, and inundated places.<br />
4. Hypnum undulatum. Wavy feather-moss^<br />
heaves ovate, pointed, waved across ; ribs 2 at the bottom,<br />
faint ; capsule oblong, furrowed, drooping ; lid beaked.<br />
Hypnum repcns crispum, cauliculis compressis, lycopodii in morem<br />
per terram spaisis, Eaii Syn. 88,46.<br />
Hypnum undulatum, Lin. S. P. ISSO; Engl. Bot. 1181.<br />
On woods, and dry heaths.<br />
Leaves white, membranaceous.<br />
5. Hypnum dentiadatum. Fine-toothedfeather-moss.<br />
Leaves ovate, inclining to lanceolate, pointed ; ribs 2 at<br />
the bottom, short ; capsule oblong, cylindrical, inclined<br />
lid conical.<br />
Hypntim repens filicifolium non ramosum, pediculis et capUulis longioribus<br />
ad radicem egredientibus; foliolis utrinquc duplicatis, i?aji S^rt.<br />
«8,43.<br />
Hypnum lepens filicifolium ramosum, pediculis ct capitulis longioribus<br />
e foliorum alls egredientibus, foliolis utrinque simplicibus, Dillen. in Rail<br />
Syn. 88, 44.<br />
Hypnum denticulatum, Lin. S. P. 1588 ; Engl. Bot. 1260,<br />
Hypnum sylvaticum, Lin. Mant, 2, 310.<br />
In woods.<br />
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, distant, quite flat.<br />
^. ohtusifoUum. Leaves ovate, blunt, slightly concave.<br />
Hypnum denticulatum obtusifnlium, Turner M, Hib. 146.<br />
Hypnum oblusatum, Wnhlenb. Lapp. 371.<br />
Hypnum Donnianum, Engl. Bot. 1446.<br />
On mountains.<br />
fS4> 3Y4. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL<br />
7. Hypnum tenelliim. Tenderfeather-moss.<br />
Leaves in bundles, upright, lanceolate, awlshape, uncut,<br />
main rib reaching the tip; capsule ovate, drooping; lid<br />
beaked.<br />
Hypnum tenellum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16; Engl, Bot. 1859.<br />
On limestone rocks and old walls.<br />
8. Hypnum serpens. Crawlingfeather-moss.<br />
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, rather blunt, spread open, un-<br />
cut, main rib reaching to the point; capsule cylindrical,<br />
crooked, drooping ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre minimum, capitulis majnsculis oblongis<br />
erectis, Raii Syn. 85, 27.<br />
Hypnum serpens, Lin, S. P. 1596 ; Engl. Sot. 1037.<br />
Hypnum tenue, Schroder.<br />
Hypnum contextum, Hedw. S. Muse.<br />
Hypnum spinulosum, //erfto. S. Masc. 269.<br />
Hypnum subtile, Dickson ; Engl. Bot. 2i96.<br />
On moist banks, trees, pales, and decayed wood.<br />
d. Stems with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem^<br />
uniform in their direction, serrated ; main rib reaching to<br />
or beyond the point.<br />
9. Hyp?ium populeum. Poplar feather-moss..<br />
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, edge slightly turned<br />
over ; main rib reaching the point ; capsule ovate, nearly<br />
upright ; peduncles rough ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum populeum, Hedw. S. Muse. 70,<br />
Hyimam'implexam, Steartz Jet. Holm. 1193; Engl. Bot. 158i.<br />
Hypnum plumosum, Swartz M. Suec, 66.<br />
On trees and rocks.<br />
10. Hypnum reflexum. Turned-overfeather-moss .><br />
Leaves heartshape, pointed, serrated, main rib reaching<br />
capsule ovate, droop-<br />
the point, edge slightly turned over ;<br />
ing ; peduncles rough ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum reflexum, Web. Sf Mohr Crypt. Germ. 306 & 476; Hooker 3f<br />
Taylor Muse, 95.<br />
On mountains.<br />
e. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem,<br />
unform in the direction, ovate or elliptical, uncut j main<br />
rib shorter than the leaf or 0.<br />
1 1 Hypnum molle. Softfeather-moss.<br />
Leaves loosely tiledlike, rounded, ovate, blunt, concave,<br />
uncut, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom, or with one short rib<br />
capsule ovate, drooping; lid conical.
PI. cellfol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 755<br />
Uypnum molie, Dickson Crypt. 2, 11 ;<br />
Engl, Bot. 1993.<br />
Hypnum alpestre, Swartz M, Suec. 63.<br />
In alpine rivulets.<br />
\2. Hypnum SchreherL Schreler^sjeather-moss.<br />
Leaves closely tiledlike, nearly upright, elliptical, pointed,<br />
concave, uncut, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule<br />
ovate, drooping; /iaf conical.<br />
Hypnum longum erectum,<br />
83,20.<br />
foliis angustis caulibus appressus, Raii Syn.<br />
Hypnum Schreberi, Willd. Berl. 325;<br />
Hypuum purum, Ehrh. Crypt. 311.<br />
Hypnura compressiim, ScAre6.X/ips. 96.<br />
Hypnum miUicum, Swartz M. Suec. 60.<br />
On banks in woods.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1621.<br />
1 3. Hypnum moniUforme. Bead-necklacefeather-moss.<br />
Leaves closely tiledlike, rounded, ovate, blunt, very concave,<br />
bellied, ribless; capsule ovate, nearly upright.<br />
Hypnum moniliforme, Wahlen. Lapp. 376,<br />
Leskea julacea, Mohr.<br />
Hypnum julaceum, SchwcBgr. Supp. 89.<br />
Prcrogoniura ? Totnad'ifoVmm, Engl, Bot. 2525.<br />
On the ground, among other mosses.<br />
Chained feather-moss.<br />
14
756 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. PLcellfo<br />
Ilypnum inyosuroides brevius et crassus, capsulis ceinuis, Dillen. Muse.<br />
318.<br />
Hypnum murale, Neclcer GaUobefg. 479; Dickson Crypt. 3, 10.<br />
Hypiiuin confertiim, Engl. Bot. 1.038.<br />
Hypniim abbreviatum, Hedio. S. Muse. 65.<br />
On walls and stones.<br />
1 7. Hypnum piirum. Pure feather-moss.<br />
Leaves closely tiledlike, oval, very concave, point very<br />
short, main rib reaching halfway; capsule ovate, drooping;<br />
lid conical.<br />
Hypnum leireslre creclum, ramulis teictibus, foliis inter rotunda et<br />
ucuta medio modo so habentibus, llaii Syn. 81,7.<br />
Hypnum purum, Lin. S. P. 1594; Engl. Bot. 1599.<br />
Hypnum elegans, E/irh. Crypt. 242.<br />
Hypnum illecebrum, Smith Fl. Brit. 1314; Engl, Bot. 2189, not of<br />
Hedvvig.<br />
In fields and moist woods.<br />
f. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides, ZiJiiJbrm<br />
271 their direction, lanceolate or awlshape, imcuf, without<br />
streaks ; main rib shorter than the leaf or 0.<br />
18. Uypnum fluitans. Floatingfeather-moss.<br />
Leaves loosely tiledlike, lanceolate, awlshape, scarcely<br />
serrated at the tip, main rib reaching more than halfway;<br />
the upper leaves sickleshape, one-rowed; capsule ovate,<br />
lid conical.<br />
dblong, bent, drooping ;<br />
Hypnum ereclum aut fluitans aquaticum, foliis oblongis perangustis<br />
acutis, Itaii Syn. 82.<br />
Hypnum fluitans, Lin. Fl. Suec. ed. 2, 399 ; Engl. Bot. 1448.<br />
In water, and inundated places.<br />
19. Hypjium plumosum. Plumosefeather-moss.<br />
Leaves upright, spreading, ovate, lanceolate, pointed,<br />
slightly serrated, main rib reaching above halfway; the<br />
upper leaves sometimes one-rowed; capsule ovate, drooping;<br />
lid conical.<br />
Hypnum plumosum, Lin. S, P. 1592 ; Engl. Bot.^Oli ; uot of Hedwig.<br />
Hvpnum pseudoplumosum, Bridel Muse.<br />
Hypnum alpinum, Turner M. Hib. 192 ; Engl. Bot. 1496.<br />
Hypnum flagellare, Hedw. S.M. 282.<br />
On rocks.<br />
20. Hypnum pulcheJlum. Pretty feather-moss.<br />
Leaves loosely tiledlike, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, rib-<br />
less; upper leaves slightly one-rowed; capsule ovate, cy-<br />
lindrical, nearly upright; /?c? conical.
PlceU.fol 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 757<br />
Hypnum pulcliellum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13, fig. bad, having a ribbed<br />
Jeaf; Engl. Bot. 2006; not of Hedwig.<br />
Hypnum nitidiilum, Wahhnh. Lapp.<br />
Leskea pulchella, Hedw. S.Musc. 220.<br />
On rocks and in woods.<br />
g. Stem iviih the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides, uniform<br />
in their direction, lanceolate or awishape, streaked; main<br />
rib shorter than the leaf' or 0.<br />
21. Hypnum ri/Jescens. Reddish feather-moss.<br />
Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,<br />
streaked, faintly 2-ribbed at the bottom ; capsule ovate,<br />
nearly upright ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum rufescen?, Dickson Crypt. 3, 9; Engl. Bot. 2296.<br />
Leskea rufesceus, Schvccegr. Supp. 88.<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
22. Hypnum sericeum. Silky feather-moss.<br />
Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,<br />
streaked, main rib reaching to three quarters of the length<br />
capsule o\ cite, cylindrical, upright; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum repens triclioides terrestie luleo-virens vulgaie uiajus, capitulis<br />
erectis, Rail Syn. 84, 23.<br />
Hypnum sericeum, Lin. S. P. 1595; Engl. Bot. 1445.<br />
Leskea sericea, Hedw. S. Muse. 223.<br />
On rocks, walls, and trees.<br />
23. Hypnum lidescens. Yellowish feather-moss.<br />
Leaves upright, spi'eading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,<br />
streaked, main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule ovate,<br />
drooping; peduncles rough; /i(i conical, pointed.<br />
Hypnum lutescens, Hudson ytngl. ed. 1,421 ; Engl, Bot. 1301.<br />
Hypnum sericeum y, Hudson Angl. 506.<br />
On banks and trees.<br />
94. Hypnum nitens. Shining feather-moss.<br />
Leaves upright, spreading, narrow, lanceolate, pointed,<br />
scarcely cut, streaked, main rib nearly reaching the tip<br />
capsule oblong, ovate, bent; peduncles smooth; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum paluslre erectum triclioides, ramulis crcbris, luteo et rufovirentibus,<br />
glabris, Dilltn. Muse. 303.<br />
Hypnum nitens, Schreb. Lips. 92 ; Engl. Bot. 1646.<br />
On bogs and marshes.
^3S 374. Hypnum. 14.. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol<br />
25. Hypnum alhicans. Whitish feather-moss.<br />
Leaves upright, spreading, ovate, lanceolate, pointed,<br />
streaked, uncut; main rib reaching halfway; capsules ovate,<br />
drooping; peduncles smooth; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum (errcslre erectum humilius<br />
in Rail Syn. S3, 19.<br />
albicans, ramulis teretibus, Dillen<br />
Hypnum albicans, Necker Muse. 180; Engl. But. 1300.<br />
- On sandy open places.<br />
h. Ste7n with the leaves not fiat^ lower part hare • leaves on<br />
all sides, imiform in their direction, serrated; main rib<br />
shorter than the leaf or 0.<br />
' 26. Hypnum alopecurum. Foxtail feather-grass.<br />
Stem upright ; below simple, naked ; above branched,<br />
branches in bundles : leaves concave, ovate, elliptical, pointed,<br />
serrated, main rib nearly reaching the tip, edge turned<br />
ovef; capsule ovate, droo])ing; lid beaked.<br />
Hypnum palusfre erectum, arbusculam referens, ramulis subrotundis,<br />
Rail Syn. 81,8.<br />
Hypnum alopecurum, Lin. S. P. 1594; Engl. Bot. 1182.<br />
On shady banks_, in woods.<br />
27. Hypnum dendroides. Treelike feather-grass<br />
Stein upright ; below simple, naked ; above branched,<br />
branches in bundles ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, streaked,<br />
serrated at the tip, main rib nearly reaching the tip ; capside<br />
upright, ovate, cylindrical; lid beaked,<br />
Hypnum erectum, arbusculam referens, ramulis subrotundis confertim<br />
nascentibus, Raii Syn. 81,9.<br />
Hypnvim dendroides, Lin. S. P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 1565.<br />
Leskea dendroides, Hedio. S. Muse, 228.<br />
JSieckera dendroides, Swartz M. Suec. 71.<br />
Ciimacium dendroides, Mohr, Germ.<br />
In woods and moist pastures.<br />
Columella in dry weather raises the lid spirally, and allows<br />
the escape of" the seeds, moisture contracts the columella<br />
in the same spiral manner, and again closes the cap-<br />
sule : inner peristome segments cleft at the base.<br />
i. Stem with the leaves not flat, leafy heloiu ; leaves on all<br />
sides, uniform in their direction, serrated, main rib shorter<br />
than the leaf or 0; capsules upright.<br />
28. Hypmim curvatum. Bent feather-moss.<br />
Branches in bundles, bent; leaves ovate, elliptical, concave,<br />
serrated at the tip; main rib disappearing beyond the<br />
middle; co/J5^^Ze ovate, upright ; lid beaked.
PLcell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 759<br />
Hvpnum repens, triangularibiis ansjuslis foliis, ramulis siibrotundis,<br />
Dillen. in Rati Syn. S3, 16,<br />
Hypnum cuivatum, Swarfz 31. Suec. G4 ; Erigl. Bof. 1566.<br />
HypiiUQi myosuroides, lledw. S. Muse. 266, not of<br />
Hypnum myosuron, TFithering ^rr. 865.<br />
On rocks and trees.<br />
Linnajus.<br />
29. Hypnum myosuroides. Mouselail fecifher-moss.<br />
Branches in bundles, bent; leaves lanceolate, pointed,<br />
serrated, edges turned over at bottom; main rib reaching<br />
to the middle ; capsule ovate, cylindrical, upright ; lid<br />
beaked.<br />
Hypnuin polvanthon, trian2;ularibiis angustis foliis, DUkn. in Rati Sun.<br />
S3, 17.<br />
Hypnum myosuroides, i/;i. S. P. 1596; Engl. Bot. 1567, not of Hedwig.<br />
Hypnum myosunim, Schrad. Krypt. 17.<br />
On limestone-rocks, and trees.<br />
k. Slem ivith the leaves not flat, leafy below, 2 or S-pimialc;<br />
leaves on all sides, unijorm in their direction, serrated;<br />
main rib shorter than the leaf or 0; capsules drooping.<br />
30. Hypnum splendens. Splendid feather-moss.<br />
Stems tripinnate; leaves ovate, concave; point suddenly<br />
acuminated, serrated; main ribs 2, faint, at the bottom;<br />
edge turned over at the base ; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid<br />
beaked.<br />
Hypnum repens filicinum, veluti spicatum. Rail Syn. 86,35.<br />
Miiscus filicinus, Gcr, wj. 1372; Park. ] 309.<br />
Hypnum splendens, IJedw. S. M. 262; Engl. Bot. 1424,<br />
Hypnum parietinum, Hudson Angl. 499.<br />
Hypnum prolifcrum, Elirh. Crypt. 95,<br />
In dry woods and heaths,<br />
31. Hypnum proliferum. Proliferous feather-moss.<br />
Stem tripinnate; leaves serrated, nipply on the back;<br />
stem-leaves iicartshape, pointed, streaked, main rib running<br />
nearly to the tip ; branch-leaves more ovate, with a single<br />
or double rib at the bottom.<br />
Hypnum repens filicinum minus, luteo-virens, Rati Syn. 86,36.<br />
Hypnum proliferum, Lin. S. P. 1590; Engl. Hot. 1494.<br />
Hypnum tamaribcimim, llcdio. S. Muse. 201.<br />
Hypnum tamariscifolium, Necker Muse, 158,<br />
Hypnum dclicatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 301.<br />
Hypnum delicatnhiin, Scliradtr Germ. 73.<br />
Hypnum recoji;ni(um, lledw. S. Muse, 261.<br />
Hypnum parietinum^ Willd. Bcrol, 322.<br />
On heathy banks and in woods.
760 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Vl.cell.Jol.<br />
32. Hypnum prcelongum. Very-longfeather-moss.<br />
Stem nearly bipinnate ; leaves distant, open, heartshape<br />
or ovate, pointed, serrated; main rib disappearing below<br />
the tip; cap52//e ovate, drooping; lid beaked.<br />
Hypnum repens filicinum, triangularibits parvis foliis, praelongum^<br />
Jtaii Syn. 80, 5.<br />
Hypiium praelongum, Lin, S. P. 1591 ; Engl. Bot. 2035.<br />
Hvpnum Stokesii, I'urntr M. Hib. 159.<br />
Hypnum Swartzii, Turner M. IJih. 151 ; Engl. Bot. 2034.<br />
Hypnum atrovirens, Swartz M. Suec. 65.<br />
On banks and decaying trees.<br />
1. Steni with the leaves notfiat, pinnate or irregularly Iranched;<br />
leaves on all sides, iinijorm in their direction, serrated,<br />
main rib shorter than the leaf or ; capsules drooping.<br />
33. Hypnum flagellare, IVhip feather -vioss:<br />
Stem pinnate, or irregularly bipinnate ; leaves thickly<br />
set, heartshape, pointed, serrated, very faintly 2-ribbed at<br />
bottom; cap^w/e oblong, drooping; Zit/ conical.<br />
Hypnum fla^ellarc, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12.<br />
Hypnum umbratum, Engl. Bot. 2565, not of Hedwig.<br />
On alpine rocks.<br />
34. Hypnum ahietinum. Fir feather-moss..<br />
Stem pinnate ; leaves serrated, nipply on the back, edge<br />
turned over, main rib nearly to the tip ; stem-leaves heartshape,<br />
sharp-pointed ; branch-leaves heartshape, pointed j<br />
capsule cylindrical, inclined ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum repens filicinum tiichoides montanum, ramulis (eretibus lutescentibiis<br />
non divisis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 86, 3i.<br />
Hypnum abielinum, Lin. S. F. 1591 ; Engl. Bot. 2037.<br />
On dry chalk-hills.<br />
35. Hypnum Blandovii. Bla?idofsfeather-moss.<br />
Stem pinnate ; leaves serrated, smooth on the back,<br />
edges turned over ; stem-leaves heartshape, pointed, with a<br />
short main rib ; branch-leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, main<br />
rib disappearing beyond the middle; capsule cylindrical,<br />
inclined ; /i(/ conical.<br />
Hypnnm Blandovii, fVcber &; Mohr Germ. 332.<br />
On rocks.
PLcellfol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 761<br />
36. Hifpnum piliferum. Hairy fealher-moss.<br />
Stem rather pinnate; leaves ovate, serrated; tip lonw,<br />
narrow; main rib not reacliing the middle; capsule ovate,<br />
drooping ; lid beaked.<br />
Ilypnum piliferum, Schreher Lips. 91 ; Engl. Bot. 1516.<br />
On moist shady banks.<br />
37. Hypnum rutalidiforme. Rakesliapefeather-moss^<br />
Stem variously branched; leaves open, ovate, pointed,<br />
serrated at the tip, streaked ; main rib reaching halfway<br />
capsule ovate, drooping; pedimcle rougli ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum repcns triangiilaribus minoiibKs foliis, Raii Syn. SO.<br />
Muscus terrestris vulgaris, Ger. em. 1370.<br />
Hypnum RululuiUim, Lin. S. I'. 1590.<br />
Hypnum brevirostre, Engl. Bot. 1647, not of Ehiliart.<br />
Hypnum crenulatum, Eng-/. i/o^. 1261.<br />
Ground-moss,<br />
On banks and trees.<br />
38. Hyp?uim velutinum. Velvet feat licr-moss..<br />
Stem variously branched ; leaves upright, spreading,<br />
ovate, lanceolate, pointed, serrated, streaked ; main rib<br />
reaching halfway; capsule ovate, drooping; pedimcle rough;.<br />
lid conical.<br />
Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre viridius<br />
bus cernuis, Raii Syn. 84. 24.<br />
minus, capitulis Uunidiori-<br />
Hypnum velutinum, Liii. S. P. 1595 ; Engl. Bot. 1568,<br />
Hypnum intricatum, ScAre&erX,/ps. 99 ; Engl. Bot. 2^21.<br />
Hypnum Teesdalii, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16.<br />
On hedge-banks, and in woods.<br />
39. Hypn. ruscifolium. Butchers'-broomleaffeather-moss^<br />
Stem variously branched; leaves loosely tiiedlike, rather<br />
spreading, broad, ovate, pointed, serrated, concave, main<br />
rib reaching to the tip ; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid beaked^<br />
Hypnum repens, triangularibus minoribus foliis, pediculis et capitulisbrevioribns<br />
ct tumidioribus, niajus, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 80,3.<br />
Hypnum ruscifolium, Necker Muse. 181 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1215.<br />
Hypnum rusciforme, Necker Gallob. 481.<br />
Hypnum Jlutabuliun 8, Hudson Angl. 497.<br />
Hypnum riparioides, Hedus:. S. Muse. 242.<br />
Hypnum prolixum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13.<br />
Hypnum Atlanticum, Desfont. Fl. .4tl.<br />
On wood and stones in rivers and pools.<br />
40. Hypnum striatum. Streakedfeather-inoss.<br />
Stem variously branched ; leaves open, heartshape, pointed,<br />
serrated, streaked ; main rib reaching beyond the
762 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cellfoL<br />
middle ; capsule oblong, ovate, drooping ; peduncle smooth ;<br />
lid beaked.<br />
Hypnum repens triangularibus minoribiis foliis, pediculis et cnpitulis<br />
brevioribus et tumidioribus, minus, Rail Syn. 80,4.<br />
Hypnum striatum, Schreb. Lips. 91 ; Engl. Bot. 1648.<br />
Hypnum longirostrura, Ehrh. Crypt. 75.<br />
Hypnum Rutabulum y, Hudson Angl. 49T.<br />
Hypnum Rutabulum ^, Relhan Cant. 433.<br />
In woods.<br />
41. Hypnum confertum. CrowdedJeather-mosK<br />
Stem variously branched ; leaves upright, spreading,<br />
ovate, pointed, concave, serrated, main rib reaching hal&<br />
way ; capsule ovate, drooping ; peduncle smooth ; lid beaked.<br />
Hypnum confertum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 17 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 2407.<br />
Hypnum serrulatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 60;<br />
On banks, trees, and old rails.<br />
Engl, Bot. 1262.<br />
m. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides, very<br />
irregular in their direction.<br />
42. Hypninn cuspidatum. Dagger feather-moss,<br />
heaves loosely set, ovate, concave, ribless, uncut; lower<br />
leaves irregular; top-leaves closely tiledlike into a sharp<br />
point ; capsule oblong, bent, drooping ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum repens palustre, foliis triangularibus per caules expansis, extremitatibus<br />
convolutis et acuminatis, Raii Syn. 82, 14.<br />
Hypnum cuspidatum, Lin. S, P. 1595 ; Engl. Bot. 2407.<br />
On bogs.<br />
43. Hypmmi cordifolium. Hearlshape-leafljeather-moss.<br />
Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, ovate, blunt,<br />
concave, uncut, main rib running to very near the tip<br />
capsule oblong, bent, drooping ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum cordifolium, Hedic. S. Muse. 254; Engl. Bot. 1447.<br />
Hypnum cuspidatum /3, Turner M. Hib. 177.<br />
On bogs.<br />
44. Hypnum polymorphum. Many-formedfeather-moss»<br />
Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, sharp-pointed,<br />
uncut, main rib disappearing halfway up; capsule oblong,<br />
ovate, bent, drooping; Zfc? conical.<br />
Hypnum polymorphum, Hedw. S. Muse. 66, rib omitted in fig.<br />
Hypnum chrysopliyllum, Bridel Muse. 2, 2.<br />
On limestone and chalk.
¥l,cellfol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 1^<br />
45. Hypnum stellahtm. Starry feather-moss^<br />
Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, sharp-pointed,<br />
uncut, ribless ; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid<br />
conical.<br />
Hypniim coma lutescente, extremitatibus stellatis, Dillen. Muse. 302.<br />
Hypnum stellatum, ScAreS. izpi. 92; Engl. Bot. \^02.<br />
Hypnum protensum, Bridel Muse,<br />
In marshes.<br />
/3. mi?ius. Plant smaller, less upright, greener; leaves<br />
more turned over.<br />
Hypmim squarrulosum, Bridel Muse. Engl. Bof. 1709.<br />
On rocks and stone walls.<br />
46. Hyp7ium loreiforme. Thongshapefeather-moss.<br />
Leaves turned over, irregular, lanceolate, much pointed,<br />
concave, serrated, streaked, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom;<br />
capsule globular, ovate, drooping; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum repens, surculis magis erectis, foliis reflex.is longioribus,<br />
ciuctis, operculo capituli magno, Raii Syn. 82, 12.<br />
Hypnum Loreum, Lin. S. P. 1393 ;<br />
On heaths among bushes.<br />
Engl. Bot. 2072.<br />
47. Hypmim triqiietrum. Three-corneredJeather-moss.<br />
Leaves irregular, heartshape, pointed, serrated, faintly<br />
streaked, 2-ribbed at bottom ; ca/)5z
764 374.. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol<br />
n. Stem and leaves not flat ; leavesfadng one way, l-rilled.<br />
49. Hypnum flliclmim. Fern feather-moss^<br />
Stem rather pinnate; leaves, especially the upper, sicklelike,<br />
facing one way, broad, ovate, pointed, serrated, mainrib<br />
reaching to the tip; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping;<br />
lid conical.<br />
Hjpnum repens filicinum crhpum, Raii Syn. 85,32.<br />
Hypnuiu filicinum, Lin. S. P. 1590; Engl, Dot. 1570.<br />
Hypiium dubiuin, Etigl. But. 2126.<br />
Hypnum fallax, Bridel Muse. 3, 2; Engl. Bot.<br />
On bogs and the side of streams.<br />
50. Hypnum atrovirevs. Dark-green feather-moss.<br />
Stem variously branched, lying down ; leaves slightly<br />
facing one way, broad, ovate; tip narrow, blunt; main rib<br />
rianning nearly to the tip; capsule ovate, drooping; lid<br />
conical.<br />
Hypnum atrovirens, X)/c/cso« Cri//?f. 2, 10; Engl, Bot. 2i22.<br />
Hypnum filameiitosum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 11.<br />
Hypnum ailenuatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13 ; Engl. Bot. 2420.<br />
Leskea incurvnta, Hedw. S. Mmc. 53<br />
On mountain rocks and trees.<br />
51. Hypnum palustre. Marshfeather-moss.<br />
Leaves facing one way, ovate, rather pointed, concave,<br />
uncut, edges turned in above ; main rib short, often forked,<br />
sometimes faint; capsule oblong, ovate, drooping; lid<br />
conical.<br />
Hypnum heterophyllum aqualicum polycephalum repens, Dilltn, Muse.<br />
293.<br />
Hypnum paluftre, Lin. S. P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 1665.<br />
Hypnum Juridum, Hedw. S. Muse. 291.<br />
Hypnum fluviatile, Turner M. Ilib. 192; Engl. Bot. 1303, not of Hedwig.<br />
Hypnum adnatum, Turner M. Hib. 165; Engl. Bot. 2i06, not of Hedwig.<br />
On wet rocks, and banks of rivers and of pools.<br />
52. Hypnum aduncum. Crooked feather-moss.<br />
Leaves sicklelike, facing one way, lanceolate, awlshape,<br />
concave or almost semicylindrical, uncut; main rib not<br />
reaching the tip ; capsule oblong, ovate, . bent, drooping<br />
lid conical.<br />
Hypnum palubtre ereclum, summifatibus erec'is, Raii Syn. 80, 15.<br />
Hypnum aduncum, Lin. S. P. 1592.<br />
Hypnum revolveos, Swartz U, Suec. 58 ; Engl. Bot. 2073.<br />
On bogs.
PLcelLfoL 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 765<br />
/3. rugosum. Leaves wide, slightly sickleshape, wrinkled.<br />
Hypnum liitcicens crispum, lycopodii facie, BUlen. Muse. 289.<br />
Hypnum rugosum, Lin, Mant. 131 ; Engl. Bot. 2250, not of Hedvvig.<br />
Hypnum lycopodioides, Schiasgr. Supp. 2,300.<br />
53. Hypnum iinc'inalum. Hookedfeather-moss.<br />
Leaves sickleshape, facing one way, lanceolate, awlshape,<br />
serrated, streaked, main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule<br />
cylindrical, bent, drooping: Zfcf conical.<br />
Hypnum unciuatum, Htdic. S. Muse. 289 ; Engl. Bot. 1600.<br />
On moist banks and walls, in hilly countries.<br />
54'. Hypnum rugJilosum. Slightly-wnnkled feath.er-moss.<br />
Leaves facing one way, ovate, lanceolate, serrated, nearly<br />
fiat, crisped across when dry; edges turned over; main<br />
rib reaching halfway.<br />
Hypnum riigulosum, TVeber ^" 3Iohr Cr. Germ. 366.<br />
Hypnum rugosum, Htdw. S. Muse, 293, not of Linnteus.<br />
On heaths.<br />
35. Hypnum commutatum. Changedfeaiher-moss<br />
Stems pinnate ; leaves sicklelike, facing one way, heartshape,<br />
very sharp-pointed, serrated, edges turned over;<br />
main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule oblong, ovate,<br />
drooping ; lid conical.<br />
Hypnum repens filicinum crispum, var. B. C. D. Dillen, Muse, 283. '<br />
Hypnum commutatum, Hedw, S. Muse, 284; Engl. Bot. 1569.<br />
On wet places, especially in chalky ground.<br />
o. Stem and leaves not flat ; leaves facing one ivay^ ribs 2<br />
'very indistinct, or 0.<br />
56. Hypnum scorpioides. Scorpion feat he-r-moss.<br />
Leaves facing one way, broad, ovate, bellied, blunt, un-<br />
cut, ribless ; capsules oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid<br />
conical.<br />
Hypnum scorpioides, Lin. S. P. 1592 ;<br />
On bogs.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1039.<br />
57. Hypnum Silesianum. Silesia feather-moss.<br />
Leaves loosely tiledlike, facing one way, narrow, lanceolate,<br />
pointed, serrated, ribless or very slightly 2-ribbed;<br />
capsule cylindrical, rather drooping; lid conical, blunt.<br />
Hypnum Silesianum, P. de Beauv. Prod. 70; Engl. Bot. 2016.<br />
Leskea Seligeri, Brid. Muse,<br />
On mountains.
766 S74?.Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL<br />
58. Hypnum ciipressiforme. t^rp'-^ Cypresslike foather-moss.<br />
Leaves closely tiledlike, sicklelike, facing one way, Ian-.<br />
ceolate, pointed, uncut, except the tip which is serrated,<br />
very faintly 2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule cylindrical, slightly<br />
drooping ; lid conical, pointed.<br />
Hypnum repens crispum cupressiforme, Rail Syn. 89, 48.<br />
Uypnurn myosuroides sericeura (enuius, capsulis erectis, Dillen. Muse.<br />
318.<br />
Hypnum cupressiforme, Lin. S. P. 1592; Engl. Bot. 1860.<br />
Hypnum nigro-viride, Dickson Crypt. 4, 18.<br />
On banks, and trees, also on walls.<br />
/3. compressum. Stem slender, compressed; leaves sicklelike,<br />
facing one way.<br />
Hypnum filicinum sericeum, moUe et pallidum, mucronibus aduncis,,<br />
mUen. Muse. 28&,<br />
Hypnum compressum, Z/in.JM"an/. 2, 310.<br />
In shady woods.<br />
y. tenue. Stem very slender ; leaves very slightly curved,<br />
narrow, lanceolate, uncut.<br />
Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre viridius minus, capitulis cernuis<br />
minus lumidis, Raii Syn. 84. 26.<br />
Hypnum polyanthos, Engl. Bot. 1664, not of Schreber.<br />
,<br />
' Hypnum<br />
Hypnum filiforme, .W«rf4on./rfn^Z. 497.<br />
filifolium. Withering Arr. 863.<br />
Leskea filiformis, Sibthorp Ox. 303.<br />
On trees.<br />
59. Hypnum cristceforme. Crestlike feather-moss.<br />
Stem closely comblike ;<br />
leaves sicklelike, facing one way,<br />
ovate, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrated, streaked, faintly<br />
2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping;<br />
lid conical.<br />
Hypnum CristafCastrensis, Lin. S. P. 1591 ; Engl, Bot. 2108, not of<br />
Hudson.<br />
In woods.<br />
60. HypTium molluscum. Softishfeather-moss.<br />
Stem comblike ; leaves sicklelike, facing one way, heartshape,<br />
sharp-pointed, serrated, not streaked, faintly 2 ribbed<br />
at bottom ; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid<br />
conical.<br />
Hypnum quod Muscus filicifolius luteus, foUo crasso et undulate D.<br />
Richardson!, Raii Syn, 86,32.<br />
Hypnum moUuscum, Hedw. S. Muse. 289; Engl. Bot. 132T.<br />
Hypnum Crista-castrensis, Hudson Angl. 498, not of Linnaeus.<br />
On dry chalk-hills.
Plcell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. 767<br />
XXXIII. 375. BRYUM. Theophrastus. Thread-moss.<br />
Capsule valveless, ped uncled ; peduncles terminal; peristome<br />
double; the outer of 16 teeth; the inner membranaceous,<br />
segments 16, equal, sometimes with threads between<br />
them ; calyptra halved.<br />
a. Capsulefurrowed.<br />
1 Bryum androgynum. Androgynous thread-moss.<br />
Stem nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate, serrated, edges<br />
turned over ; capsule nearly upright, cylindrical, furrowed<br />
lid conical.<br />
Mnium perangustis et brevibus foliis, Rail Syn, 78, 1.<br />
Mnium androgynum, Lin. S. P. 1574 ; Engl. Bot. 1238.<br />
Bryum androgynum, Hedw. S. Muse. 178.<br />
Gymnocephahis androgynus, Schvceegr, Supp, 2, 87.<br />
Cluster-headed golden locks.<br />
On banks, in woods.<br />
2. Bryum palustre. Marsh thread-moss.<br />
Stem much branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, uncut,<br />
edges rolled up ; capsule ovate, blunt, furrowed ; lid conicaL<br />
Mnium majus, ramis longioribus bifurcatis, Rail Syn, 78, S.<br />
Mnium palustre, Lin. S. P. 1574.<br />
Bryum palustre, Roth Germ. 3,233; Engl. Bot. 391.<br />
On bogs.<br />
b. Capsule notfurrowed; otiter teeth of the peristome shorter<br />
than the inner. ^<br />
S. Bryum trichodes. Hair-leaved thread-moss.<br />
Stem rather branched ; leaves linear, blunt, uncut, networked<br />
; capsule reverse-ovate, bent back, slightly droop»<br />
ing; peduncles very short.<br />
Bryum triciiodes<br />
len. Muse. 389.<br />
aureum, capsulis incurvis obtusis in setis longis, Di7-<br />
Bryum trichodes, Lin. S. P. 1585 ; Eng. Bot. 1517.<br />
Meesia uliginosa, Hedto. S. Muse. 173.<br />
Mnium uliginosum, Withering Arr. 800.<br />
Mnium trichodes, Hoffm. Germ. 2,47.<br />
On mountain bogs.<br />
4. Bryum triquetrum.<br />
Three-cornered thread-moss.<br />
Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, keeled, pointed,<br />
serrated, networked;<br />
peduncles very long.<br />
cap>y2//e pearsh ape, slightly drooping;
Vm 375. Bryum. 14. MUSCI., Plcell.fol<br />
Mnium triquetium, Lin. S. P. 1578.<br />
Meesia longisela, /i ed(£j. Cr^/p/. 1, 21.<br />
Diplocoiniuni longisctum, IVeber & Mohr Cr. Germ. 874.<br />
Bryum triquetrum, Turner M. Ilib. 115; Engl. Bot. 2394.<br />
On the edges of lakes.<br />
5. Bryum dealhatum. Whitened thread-moss.<br />
Stem short; leaves lanceolate, pointed, flat, serrated at<br />
the tip, networked; capsules pearshape, nearly upright.<br />
Bryutn dealbatum, DicA;.5on Cri/p^ 2,8 ; Engl, Bot. \bll, .;<br />
Meesia dealbatum, Swartz M. Suec, 44.<br />
On mountain-bogs.<br />
-c. Capsule not furronwd ; outer teeth of the peristome as long<br />
' as the inner ; leaves awlshape.<br />
6. Bryum pyriforme. Pearshape thread-moss.<br />
Stem slightly branched ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike,<br />
bent, serrated, rib very broad ; capsule pearshape, hanging.<br />
Bryum trichodes aurcum, capsulis pvriforniibus nutaptibus, Dillen.<br />
Jtfusc. 391.<br />
Milium pyriforme, Lin. S. P. 1576.<br />
Engl. Bot. SS9,<br />
-Bryum aureum, Sc//reft. iips. 81 ;<br />
jBryum mnioides, Withering ^rr. 838. ,,j^f,<br />
'"'<br />
-Bryum pyriforme, Swartz M. Suec. 45.<br />
^ebera pyriformis, Hedw. S. Muse. 169.<br />
On sandstone-rocks,<br />
houses.<br />
and the mould of pots in green-<br />
d. Capsule not furroiued ; outer teeth of the peristome as<br />
long as the inner ^ leaves not awlshape, very Hunt, edges,<br />
not thickened.<br />
7. Bryum, Julaceum. Catkin thread-moss.<br />
Stem branched; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,<br />
uncut, blunt, main rib nearly reaching the tip ; capsule reverse<br />
ovate, cylindrical, hanging.<br />
Bryum pendulum, surculis terctibus viridibas, Dillen, Muse. 394.<br />
Bryum argenteum /?, Lin. S. P. 1586.<br />
Bryum julaceum, Schrad. Germ. 70; Engl, Bot. 2270.<br />
Bryum filiforme, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16.<br />
On mountains.<br />
e. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as long<br />
as the inner; leaves not awlshape, pointed; edges not<br />
thickened.<br />
8. Bryum crudum. Raw thread-moss.<br />
Stem simple ; leaves stiff, lanceolate, flat, finely serrated.
PLcellfol. U. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. ^69<br />
main rib not reaching the tip; upper leaves narrowest,<br />
longest; capsule oblong, pearshape, drooping.<br />
Bryum pendulum hornum moUe, foliis et lanceolatis et gramineis, Di/len.<br />
Muse, 401.<br />
Milium crudum, Lin. S. P. 1576.<br />
Bryum crudum, /fM(fsonj^/i^/. 491 ; Engl. Bot, \60\.<br />
On mountain banks, and in the crevices of rocks.<br />
9. Bryum carneum. Flesh thread-moss.<br />
Stem simple; leaves lanceolate, networked, slightly serrated<br />
at the tip ; main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule<br />
reverse ovate, hanging.<br />
Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylli pellucidis anguBtioribus, reflexis capitulis<br />
subrotundis, carnei coloiis, in pediculis breviorlbus, Dillen in RaiiSyn.<br />
102.<br />
Bryum carneum, Lin. S. P. 1587 ; Eng. Bot. 360.<br />
Bryum delicatulum, Hedw. S. Muse. 179.<br />
Bryum pulchellnm, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 38.<br />
On banks.<br />
10. Bryum argenteum. Silvery thread-moss.<br />
Stem branched ; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,<br />
suddenly pointed, slightly serrated, very concave, main rib<br />
not reaching the point ; capsule ovate, pearshaped, hanging.<br />
Bryum capitulis subrotundis reflexis, cauliculis teretibus argenteis,<br />
Raii Syn. 100, 47.<br />
Bryum argenteum, Lin. S. P. 1586; Engl. Bot. 1602.<br />
On open ground, rocks, walls, and roofs.<br />
Leaves green at bottom, dry and white at the tip.<br />
1 1 Bryum Zierii. Zier^s thread-moss.^<br />
Stem branched; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,<br />
rather pointed, very concave, networked, main rib reaching<br />
nearly to the point; capsule clublike, drooping.<br />
Bryum Zierii, Bickson Crypt. 2, 8 ;<br />
On mountains.<br />
Engl. Bot. 1021.<br />
f. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long<br />
as the inner : leaves not awlshape, pointed^ edges not thick-^<br />
ened; main rib reaching the tip or beyond it.<br />
12. Bryum roseum. Rose thread-moss^<br />
Leaves reverse ovate, spatulashape, pointed, serrated,<br />
main rib reaching the point ; capsule oblong, ovate, hanging.<br />
VOL. I. 3d<br />
i
5
FLcell.foi. 14. MtTiSCI. 375. Bryura. 771'<br />
16. Bryum nutans. Nodding thread-moss^<br />
Stem short ; leaves upright, lanceolate, pointed, serrated<br />
above, main rib reaching to the tip ; capsule oblong, pearshape,<br />
hanging.<br />
Bryum trichodeslsete virenscapitulis cernuis oblongis, Rait Syn. 100,43^<br />
Bryuoi nutans, Schreber Lips. 81 ; Engl. Bot. 1240.<br />
Webera nutans, Hedw. S. M-usc. 16S.<br />
Bryum corapactum, Z>ickson Crypt. 4, 15; Engl. Bot. 1327.<br />
Bryum sericeum, Withering ^rr. 839.<br />
Mnium nutans, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 49.<br />
On mountain heaths and walls.<br />
17. Bryum elongatvm. Long thread-moss.<br />
Stem short; leaves upright, long, lanceolate, pointed,<br />
serrated, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule longj club-<br />
iike, inclined.<br />
Bryum elongatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 8 ;<br />
Engl, Bot. 1603.<br />
Pohlia elongata, Herfro. S. itfusc. 171.<br />
Mnium Pohlia, Iloffm. Germ. 2, 48.<br />
. Pohlia minor, Schvocegr. Supp. 64.<br />
Bryum longicollum, Swartz M. Suec. 6,<br />
Webera longicolla, Hedw. S. Muse.<br />
Bryum cylindricum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 12.<br />
in caves and clefts of rocks.<br />
18. Bryum alpinum. Alpine thread-mom.-<br />
, Stems stiff, long, branched ; leaves closely tiledlike, up-<br />
right, lanceolate, rather blunt, slightly serrated at the tip,<br />
edge turned over, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule<br />
oblong, ovate, hanging.<br />
Bryum hypnoides pendulum sericeum, coma insigni atro-rubente, Dilien<br />
Muse. 394,<br />
Bryum alpinum, Lin. Mant. 2,309 ; Engl. Bot. 1623.<br />
On rocks.<br />
19. Bryum ventricosum. Bellied thread-moss.<br />
Stems long, branched with young shoots ; leaves oblong,<br />
pointed, very slightly serrated; edges turned over; main<br />
rib reaching beyond the tip ;<br />
Changing.<br />
capsule oblong, reverse ovate,<br />
Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylll angustioribus, majus, Dillen in Eaii Syn..<br />
i02,56.<br />
Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylli pellucidis angustis, capitulis tumidis<br />
nutantibus, pra;altis<br />
Rail Syn. 102, 54,<br />
pediculis e surculis annotinis esjredientibus, Dillen in.<br />
Bryum ventricosum, Dicksoti Crypt. 1,4; Engl. Bot. 2270.<br />
Bryum bimum, Sc7i)-e6. L?ps. 83 ;<br />
Engl. Dot. i 518.<br />
Bryum cubitale, Dickson Crypt. 2, 9,<br />
JMniuQi pseudotriquetrum, Hedw. S. Muse. 190.<br />
Bryum triquetrum, Hudson .'Ingl. 490.<br />
Bryum pseudotriquetrum. Roth Germ, 3,243.<br />
Pvlnium triquetrum, Abbot Bed/. 235.<br />
Mnium bimum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 48.<br />
In marshes and wet crevices in rocks.<br />
3 D 2
T72 375. Bryum. 14.. MUSCI. Plcell.foh<br />
g. Capsule notfurrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long<br />
as the inner; leaves not awlshape, toothless, edges thickened.<br />
20. Bryum punctatum. Dotted thread-moss.<br />
Stem long; leaves reverse ovate, rounded, very blunt,<br />
networked, uncut, edges thickened ; main rib not reaching<br />
the tip ; capsule ovate, hanging ; lid with a short beak.<br />
Bryum iiitidiim, serpylli rotuudis et latioribus foliis pellucidis, Maii<br />
Syn. 103, 59.<br />
Mnium serpvUifolium «, Lin. S. P. 1577.<br />
Bryum punctatum, Roth Germ. 3,245; Engl. Bot. 1183.<br />
Bryum serpyllifolium, Swartz M. Suec. 51.<br />
Mnium punctatum, Hedte. S. Muse. 193.<br />
In marshy places, about the roots of alders and other<br />
trees.<br />
Leaves large.<br />
h. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as long<br />
as the inner ; leaves not awlshape, toothed, edges thickened.<br />
2\. Bryum ligulatum. Strap thread-moss.<br />
Stem long ; leaves wavy, straplike, networked ; edges<br />
thickened, toothed ; main rib reaching a little beyond the<br />
tip; capsule o\ate, hanging; lid conical.<br />
Bryum nitidum, foliis oblongis undatis, capilulis cernuis, arbusciiIaiB<br />
referens, Raii Syn. 103, 60.<br />
Mnium serpyllifolium S, Lin. S. P. 1578,<br />
Bryum ligulatura, Schreber Lips. 84 ; Engl. Bot. 1449.<br />
Bryum undulatuui, Sibthorp 0.t. 292.<br />
Mnium undulatiim, Hedw. S. Muse. 195.<br />
On moist banks and in woods.<br />
22. Bryum rostratum.<br />
Beaked thread-moss.<br />
Stem long ; leaves broad, ovate, networked ; edge thickened,<br />
blunt, toothed ; main rib reaching a little beyond the<br />
point; capsule owatc, hanging; /ic? beaked.<br />
Bryum pendulum, scipilii folio loDgiorc jiollucido, cipsuHs oblongiscuspldatis,<br />
Dillen. Muse. 416.<br />
Bryum rostratum, Schroder Germ. 72; Eng. Bot. 1475.<br />
Mnium rostratum, Schweegr. Supp. 79,<br />
Bryum serpyllifolium ,/3, Hudson Angl. 492.<br />
Bryum punctatum 2, Hull. Fl. 206.<br />
Mnium ellipticum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 52.<br />
Mnium punctatum 2, Withering Arr. S06.<br />
On mountain bogs.<br />
23. Bryum marginatum.<br />
Bordered thread-moss.<br />
Stems long; leaves ovate, pointed, networked; edges<br />
thickened, serrated ; main rib reaching a little beyond the<br />
lip; capsule ovate, hanging; lid with a short beak.
Pl.cell.foL 14-. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. 773<br />
Bryum marginatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 9 ; Engl. Bot. 1493.<br />
Mnium crudum, Lightf. Scot. 712.<br />
Bryum serratum, Schroder Germ.<br />
Mniiim serratum, Schwcegr. Supp. 78.<br />
On shaded banks, and in woods.<br />
24. Bryum hornum.<br />
Stem long; leaves lanceolate, pointed, networked; edges<br />
thickened, toothed ; main rib seldom reaching the point<br />
capsule oblong, ovate, hanging ; lid hemispherical, with a<br />
short point.<br />
Bryum nitidum, capitulis majoribus reflexis, calyptrk imiim vergente,<br />
pediculis oblongis e cauliculis novis egredientibus, Raii Syn. i02j 51.<br />
Mninm hornum, Lin. S. P. 1576.<br />
Bryum hornum, Huds. Angl. 491 ; Engl. Bot. 2271.<br />
In wet woods.<br />
25. Bryum cuspidatum. Pointed thread-moss.<br />
Stems long; leaves reverse ovate, pointed, networked;<br />
edges thickened, toothed at top ; main rib reaching beyond<br />
the tip;<br />
blunt.<br />
capsule ovate, hanging; lid conical, hemispherical,<br />
Bryum pendulum, foliis variis<br />
413.<br />
pellucidis, capsulis ovatis, Dillen. Muse<br />
Mnium serpyllifolium /S, Lin. S. P. 1577.<br />
Bryum cuspidatum, Schreber Lips. 84 ;<br />
Engl. Bot. 1474.<br />
Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw.S. Muse. 192.<br />
Bryum serpyllifolium y, Hudson Angl, 492.<br />
In woods, and on shady walls.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.<br />
;Page 340, 1. 6 from bottom. For Frattinickia read Trat-<br />
tinickia.<br />
P. 371, 1. 4 from bottom. For gigartmus pistillatus read<br />
gigartina pistillata.<br />
P. 372, 1. 10. JFor gigartinus read gigartina.<br />
P. 373. The varieties of gigartina cornea, |S, y, e, ri, 5,<br />
and
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 775<br />
Lichen subfnscus, Lin. S. P. 1609.<br />
Verrucaria subfusca, Hoffm. Germ. 180,<br />
Parmelia subfusca, Achar. Meth. 167.<br />
Lecanora subfusca, Achar, Lick. 393.<br />
On the bark of trees and old timber work.<br />
P. 460, 1. 13 from bottom. For lichen versicularis read<br />
lichen vesicularis.<br />
P. 476, 1. 14 from bottom. For gyrophora, Achar. read<br />
gyrophora glabra, Achar.<br />
P. 556, 1. 11 from bottom. For cladospermium read<br />
cladosporium.<br />
P. 656, line the first. For ramalaria read ramaria.<br />
P. 678, line the last. For Herverus read Pallavicinius.<br />
P. 679, 1. 20. For Donnia read Bazzanius.<br />
P. 679, 1. 22. For Pallavicinius read Papa.<br />
P. 679, 1. 28. For Papa read Herverus.<br />
P. 684. Change the name of the genus Herbertus into<br />
Pallavicinius—in English, Pallavicini.<br />
P. 724, 1. 21. For viribus read viridibus.
The fall of kings,<br />
The rage of nations, and the crush of states,<br />
Move not the man, who, from the world escaped,<br />
In still retreats, and flowery solitudes.<br />
To nature's voice attends; from month to month.<br />
And day to day, thi'ough the revolving year;<br />
Admiring sees her in her every shape."<br />
Thomson.—Autumn,
Abbot, 33.<br />
Abercrombie, 26.<br />
Acharius, 33—35.<br />
Acluarius, 10.<br />
AdansoD, 22, 30.<br />
iGgineta, 10.<br />
INDEX OF AUTHORS<br />
MENTIONED IN THE INTRODUCTION.<br />
iGtius, 10.<br />
Agardh, 35.<br />
Alton, 32.<br />
Allen, 32.<br />
Alston, 29, 30.<br />
Andrews, 33.<br />
Apulejus, S, 23.<br />
Aristotle, 6.<br />
Avicena, 10.<br />
Bar bier, 34.<br />
Batsch, 31.<br />
Bauhin, Caspar, 17,<br />
24, 25.<br />
— John, 25.<br />
Bergius, 31.<br />
Berkenhout, 30.<br />
Besler, 17, 24.<br />
Blackstone, 28, 29.<br />
Black well, Eliz. 28.<br />
Blair, 27, 28.<br />
Bobart, 25.<br />
JBodard, 35.<br />
Boerhaave, 27, 28.<br />
Bolton, 31, 32.<br />
Bonpland, 35.<br />
Borlase, 29.<br />
Boutcher, 31.<br />
Bradley, 27, 28.<br />
Brewer, 27.<br />
Bridel, 33, 36.<br />
Brotero, 34.<br />
Broughton, 31.<br />
Brow n, Rob. 35.<br />
Browne, Patrick, 29.<br />
— , Wm. 25.<br />
Brunsfel, 12, 23.<br />
Bullein, 15, 24.<br />
Buliiard, 30, 31,33.<br />
Caesalpinus, 16, 24.<br />
Catesby, 28, 30.<br />
Cato, 7.<br />
C«Tanillei, 31, 33.<br />
Clement, 14.<br />
Clusius, 24.<br />
Coel, 16.<br />
Cole, 25.<br />
Columella, 7.<br />
Columna, 24.<br />
Cordus, 13, 23.<br />
Coys, 16.<br />
Coyte, 32.<br />
Crantz, 30.<br />
Cratevas, 5.<br />
Crescentius, 23.<br />
Cuba, 12, 23.<br />
Cullen, 32.<br />
Cullum, 30.<br />
Culpeper, 25.<br />
Curtis, 30—32.<br />
Dale, 26, 28.<br />
Darwin, 32.<br />
Davis, 35.<br />
De CandoUe, 22, 34—<br />
36.<br />
Deering, 28.<br />
De Franqueville, 16.<br />
Dickson, 31.<br />
Dillenius,23,27,28, 31.<br />
Dillwyn, 33.<br />
Diodorus, 8.<br />
Dioscorides, 7, 11, 23.<br />
Dodoens, 14, 24.<br />
Donn, 33.<br />
Donovan, 32.<br />
Doody, 26.<br />
Douglas, 28.<br />
Dryander, 33.<br />
Dubois, 34.<br />
Dunal, 35.<br />
Ehret, 29.<br />
Ellis, 29.<br />
Esenbeck, 23, 36.<br />
Evelyn, 18, 25, 26.<br />
Falconer, 14.<br />
Fitzherbert, 13, 23.<br />
Flora Danica, 29.<br />
Forskahl, 30.<br />
Forster, I. R. 29.<br />
— Thomas, 31, 33, 35.<br />
Freeman, 33, 35.<br />
Fuchs, 13, 24,<br />
Gaertner, 23, 31,32,34.<br />
Galen, 9.<br />
Gal pine, 35.<br />
Gaudin, 34, 35.<br />
Geoffroy de St. Hilaire,<br />
34.<br />
Gerard e, 16, 24.<br />
Gesner, 13, 23.<br />
Giseke, 31,32.<br />
Glanville, 11.<br />
Glen, 26.<br />
Gmelin, 30, 33.<br />
Goodenougli, 32.<br />
Gordon, 32.<br />
Grew, 25.<br />
Hales, 28.<br />
Haller, 21, 29, 30.<br />
Happe, 31.<br />
Harrison, 27.<br />
Haworth, 32, 34—36.<br />
Hebensfreit, 28.<br />
Hedwig, 23, 31,33.<br />
Heister, 29.<br />
Herbal, the grete, 12,<br />
23,<br />
Herbarium, 12, 23.<br />
Hildeguard, 10.<br />
Hill, 30.<br />
Hippocrates, 5.<br />
Hoffmann, 31.<br />
Hooker, 35, 36.<br />
Hortus Sanitatis, 12, 23.<br />
Hoskert, 35.<br />
How, 18, 25.<br />
Hudson, 30, 31.<br />
Hughes, 29.<br />
Hull, 33, 3.5.<br />
Humboldt, 35.<br />
Hunter, 33.<br />
Imperati, 24.<br />
Isidore, 11.<br />
Jacob, 30.<br />
Jameson, 36.<br />
Jenkinson, 30.<br />
Johnson, 17, 25, 26,<br />
Johren, 27,<br />
Jones, 31.
778 INDEX OF AUTHORS.<br />
Julius Bassus, 8.<br />
Jussieu, Antony, 22, 32.<br />
— Bernard, 22, 29.<br />
KEempfer, 28.<br />
Keith, 35,<br />
Kerner, 34.<br />
Knaut, the elder, 2
INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
English terms, which vary but slightly in their termination<br />
from the Latin, are not noticed separately.<br />
A?BREVIATUS, 214.<br />
Abrupte pinnalus, 72.<br />
Abrupte ferminatus, 72.<br />
Acauiis, 4^.<br />
Accessorius, 223.<br />
Accompanying, 78,<br />
Accrescens, 128, 134.<br />
Accumbens, 214.<br />
Acenium, 165.<br />
Acephalus, 152.<br />
Acerosus, 66.<br />
Achaena, 165.<br />
Achena, 172,<br />
Achenium, 165.<br />
Acicularis, 66.<br />
Acinaciformis, 66, 181.<br />
Aciaos, 179.<br />
AcoleoptiJatus, 217.<br />
Acoty ledoneus, 44, 21 1<br />
Acrosarcuin,179.<br />
Acroppira, 220.<br />
Aculeatu?, 46, 59, 170.<br />
Aculei, 89.<br />
Acuminatus, 67,80, 171.<br />
Acute angulatus, 55.<br />
Aciitus, 67, 135, 143,<br />
146, 156, 169, 171,<br />
186, 218.<br />
Adducens, 151.<br />
Adelpliicus, 140.<br />
Adelphws, 140.<br />
Adherens, 127,151,160,<br />
172, 176, 179, 184,<br />
188, 200, 209.<br />
Adnatus, 81, 145, 198.<br />
Adpressiis, 63, 87.<br />
Adscensus, 52.<br />
Advcifus, 63, 145, 155,<br />
218,<br />
Adzeshape, 66.<br />
^quabiliB, 168, 169.<br />
iEqiialis, 121,127, 128,<br />
140,167.<br />
Aerius, 49.<br />
jEstivalis, 99.<br />
jEstivatio, 102.<br />
Agamus, 43, 95, 220.<br />
Ageniiis,43.<br />
Aggedula, 221.<br />
Agglomeratuf, 108, 141.<br />
Agglutinatus, 150.<br />
Aggregatus, 85,94, 164.<br />
Agrestris, 43, 66.<br />
Agynarius, 98.<br />
Akena, 165.<br />
Akenium, 165, 190.<br />
Ala, 130, 164,226.<br />
Alabastrum, 102.<br />
AIatus,57,SO, 165,168,<br />
170, 172, 180, 183,<br />
185, 204.<br />
Albidus, 149.<br />
Albumen, 170, 209.<br />
Albuminosus, 209.<br />
Alburna, 53,<br />
Alburnnin, 53.<br />
Albus, 132,210,213.<br />
Alike, 149, 213.<br />
Alimonia, 40.<br />
Alpestris, 47.<br />
Alpinus, 47.<br />
Alternately disposed,72.<br />
AlterDatiin dispositiis,<br />
72.<br />
Alternativus, 103.<br />
Alternatiis, 103.<br />
Alteruus, 59, 62, 93,<br />
121, 132, 140.<br />
Altns, 218.<br />
Alveolatus, 107, 197,<br />
203.<br />
Atnalthea, 190.<br />
Arabiguus,81, 127,196,<br />
207.<br />
Ainenfaceus, 101.<br />
Amentum, 108.<br />
Amnios, 210.<br />
Ampliantium, 104.<br />
Amphibius, 47.<br />
Ampliigaster, 84.<br />
Amphisarca, 174.<br />
Amphora, 184.<br />
Amplexicaulis, 62,81,<br />
Amplexus, 87.<br />
Ampulla, 49.<br />
Amygdala, 204, 208.<br />
Anabasis, 220.<br />
Anandriarius, 98.<br />
Anastomosans, 17 1.<br />
Anceps, 34, 105, 143.<br />
Androgynarius, 97.<br />
Androgynus, 44.<br />
Andropelalarius, 98.<br />
Androphoram, 142,144,<br />
Angiocarpicus, 164.<br />
Angular, 55, 125, l^O,<br />
155, 165, 167,203.<br />
Angulatus,105,136,150,<br />
165.<br />
Angulosus, 55, 69, 105,<br />
125, 155, 167,203,<br />
Angustatus, 135, 214.<br />
Anispstemon, 96.<br />
Annual, 42.<br />
Annulares, 144, 212.<br />
Annularius, 161.<br />
Annulatus, 168.<br />
Annulus, 157,221,2*2,<br />
225.<br />
Annuus, 42, 51, 54.<br />
Anomalus, 130. ,^<br />
Antennaeformis, 171, yf<br />
Anterior, 81, 155.<br />
Anthera, 142, 145, 158,<br />
221.<br />
Aniherbearing, 142,<br />
Antheriferqs, 142.
780 INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Antherless, 142,<br />
Antiierogenus, 97.<br />
Anthodium, 115.<br />
Authuphorum, 160<br />
Anthurus, 104.<br />
Anticipating, 78.<br />
Amicus, 145, 148.<br />
Antrum, 177.<br />
Aperispermatus, 209.<br />
Apertus, 115, 173.<br />
Apetalus, 98.<br />
Apex, 142, 148.<br />
Apiiyllus, ,57.<br />
Apicilaris, 197,213.<br />
Apicularis, 123.<br />
Apiculatus, 135.<br />
Apiculus, 226.<br />
Ajjophysis, 222.<br />
Apotheciuin, 223.<br />
Appendage, 142, 162,<br />
219, 226.<br />
Appendeiis, 201.<br />
Appendicula, 226.<br />
Appendiculaius, 131,<br />
135, 143, 146.<br />
Appeiidiculnin, 162.<br />
Apjjendix, 142,163,164,<br />
226.<br />
Appendixed, 143, 146.<br />
Applicalus, lr08.<br />
Appliod, 87.<br />
Appositus, 195.<br />
Approximatus, 62, 140,<br />
148.<br />
Appresbus, 69, 63, 89.<br />
Apricus, 47.<br />
Aqnaticus, 47, 49.<br />
Arachnoides, 89, 206.<br />
Arbor, 36.<br />
Arborescf^nt, 42.<br />
Arbiiscula, 36.<br />
Arbustum, 36.<br />
Arcesfhida, 191.<br />
Arched, 138, 143.<br />
Arcuatus, 56, 135, 146,<br />
153,171,181,202,211.<br />
Arenarius, 46.<br />
Argiliosus, 46.<br />
Arhizohlastus, 45.<br />
Aridus, 209.<br />
Arillaius, 204.<br />
Arilliis, 204.<br />
Arista, 123, 226.<br />
Ari8tatiis, 122,123,146,<br />
166.<br />
Arma, 89.<br />
Armatus, 46.<br />
Armlike, 60.<br />
Arrnivheadlike,146,155<br />
Arrowsliape, 67.<br />
Articulatio, 3a<br />
Articnlaris, 61.<br />
Articulatus, 50, 55, 79,<br />
88,108,123,145,171,<br />
181, 184,216.<br />
Articulus, 39, 142.<br />
Arveusis,46.<br />
Ascendens, 52, 56, 89,<br />
133, 137, 141, 153,<br />
200, 220.<br />
AspergilIiformis,88,157<br />
Ascidiatus, 68.<br />
Ascidium, 68, 84.<br />
Asimina, 189.<br />
Asper, 45, 58, 77.<br />
Altenuatus, 67, 105,108,<br />
169, 171.<br />
Attire, 139.<br />
Auleum, 100, 129.<br />
Aura, 151.<br />
Aiiranlium, 178.<br />
Aurautiacus, 132, 150.<br />
Auricula, 84, 226.<br />
Auriculatus, 70.<br />
Autocarpicus, 164.<br />
Autumnalis, 99.<br />
Avenius, 76.<br />
Aversus, 218.<br />
Awlshape, 66, 83, 88,<br />
90,116,121,124,135,<br />
143, 146, 153, 155,<br />
167, 183, 197.<br />
Awn, 123, 226.<br />
Awned, 122, 123, 146,<br />
166.<br />
Axilla, 92.<br />
Axillaris, 85, 90, 91,92,<br />
109, HI, 112.<br />
Axillatus, 184.<br />
Axilis, 169, 197, 199,<br />
212.<br />
Axis, 104, 107.<br />
B.<br />
Bacca, 174, 178, 192,<br />
199.<br />
Baccalaurius, 189.<br />
Baccatud, 185, 189,191.<br />
Bacillus, 42, 85,219.<br />
Balausta, 178.<br />
Bald, 45, 58, 147, 15?,<br />
157, 166, 192,203.<br />
Baldheaded,204.<br />
Bale, 120.<br />
Banded, 77.<br />
Barba, 226.<br />
Barbatus, 144,147,153.<br />
Barbula, 222.<br />
Bark, 53.<br />
Barked, 179.<br />
Barren, 48, 95, 148.<br />
Base, 52, 207, 212.<br />
Based, 89.<br />
Basifixus, 145, 197.<br />
Basigynium, 160.<br />
Basilaris, 123, 152, 19T,<br />
212.<br />
Basilatus, 89.<br />
Basillary, 142.<br />
Basis, 148.<br />
Bast, 53.<br />
Beadlike, 88, 182.<br />
Beak, 164.<br />
Beaked, 161, 165, 180,<br />
183, 186.<br />
Beard, 226.<br />
Bearded, 144, 147, 153.<br />
Bellied, 105, 135, 180.<br />
Bellshape,118,l'
BJlocnIaris, 64,147,151,<br />
172, 176, 176, 179,<br />
182, 184, 187.<br />
Bilobii?, 70, 147<br />
Binatns, 71, 95.<br />
Binervis, 198.<br />
Bini, 62, 95.<br />
Bipaleaeeus, 120, 122,<br />
166.<br />
Bipaleolatus, 123.<br />
Biparlibilis, 168, 187,<br />
193, 198<br />
Bipaititus, 71, 90,127,<br />
134, 154, 198.<br />
Bipennatipartitus, 71.<br />
Bipcnnaticisus,71.<br />
Bipinnatus, 73.<br />
Birostratus, 165.<br />
Birostris, 186.<br />
Bispathellatus, 120.<br />
Bispatliellulatus, 122.<br />
Bisexualis, 44.<br />
Bisulcatus, 192.<br />
Bitcrnatus, 73.<br />
Bitten, 50, 68.<br />
Bivalvis, 117, 176,187.<br />
Biviltatus, 170.<br />
Bladders, 37.<br />
Bladdery, 51,87, 206.<br />
Blastema, 217.<br />
Blastus, 219.<br />
Blaslophora, 219.<br />
Blephora, 222.<br />
Bloom, 41, 100, 129.<br />
Blossom, 100, 129.<br />
Blossombearing, 159.<br />
Blossomlike, 117, 127,<br />
144,155.<br />
Blue, 132, 150.<br />
Bluish green, 132.<br />
Bluish violet, 132.<br />
Blunt, 135, 143, 156,<br />
169, 171,218.<br />
Blunt pointed, 186.<br />
Bluntly notched, 68.<br />
Boailike, 121,122,135,<br />
194.<br />
Bog, 47.<br />
Boney, 175, 177, 191,<br />
205.<br />
Bottlebiushlike,8S,157.<br />
Bottleshape, 178.<br />
Bouquet, 114.<br />
Bowed, 153, 171, 181.<br />
Brachiatus, 60.<br />
Bractea, 116.<br />
Bracteanus, 191.<br />
Braclearius, 98.<br />
Bractcatus, 98, 111.<br />
Bracteola, 116.<br />
Branch, 59, 61,92.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 781.<br />
Branched, .50, 90, 92,<br />
104, 106, 107, 109,<br />
111, 112, 144, 208.<br />
Branchy, 56, 88.<br />
Brawnv, 183, 185.<br />
Brevier, 127, 147.<br />
Brevis, 214, 218.<br />
Brevissimus, 106, 153.<br />
Bristle, 123, 226.<br />
Bristlelike, 83,90, 116,<br />
121.<br />
Bristly, 107, 167, 169,<br />
170.<br />
Brittle, 55.<br />
Broad, 214.<br />
Bucklershape, 155,211.<br />
Bud, 85.<br />
Bulbbearing, 51.<br />
Bulbiferus, 51,57.<br />
Bulbilliferns,42.<br />
Biilbillus, 42, 85.<br />
Bulbous, 42.<br />
Bulbo-tuber, 52.<br />
Bulbulus, 85.<br />
Bulbus, 85.<br />
Bullatus, 74.<br />
Bunch, 111, 162.<br />
Bunched,124, 136, 161.<br />
Bunches, 101.<br />
Bundle, 62, lis.<br />
Bundled, 91.<br />
Burlike, 119.<br />
Bursicula, 158.<br />
Bush, 36.<br />
Buttons, 85.<br />
Butterflylike, 130.<br />
Cadens, 201.<br />
Caducus, 78, S3, 117,<br />
123,127,132,154,176.<br />
Caeruleo violaceus, 132.<br />
Cseruleo viridis, 132.<br />
Cieruleus, 132, 150.<br />
Calamus, 52.<br />
Calathidis, 115.<br />
Calathiflorus, 118.<br />
Calathis, 102.<br />
Calcar, 139, 162.<br />
Calcaratus, 126,134,136<br />
Calcareus, 46.<br />
Calicistemon, 43.<br />
Callosus, 69.<br />
Calopodinm, 116,<br />
Calpa,221.<br />
Calvus, 166,204.<br />
Calybion, 173.<br />
Calyciflorus, 43.<br />
Calycinarius, 97, §8.<br />
Calycinus, 88, 120, 128,<br />
200.<br />
Calycularis, 103.<br />
Calyculatus, 118, 126.<br />
Calyculus, 119.<br />
Calypfra, 204, 222.<br />
Calyx, 100, 119, 120,<br />
124, 138.<br />
Calyx-flowering, 43.<br />
Camara, 180.<br />
Camare, 180.<br />
Camarelike, 179.<br />
Camareus, 179.<br />
Cambium, 40,<br />
Campaniformis, 130.<br />
Campanulatus, 1 18,125,<br />
130.<br />
Campester, 47.<br />
Canaliculatus, 74, 135,<br />
165, 182,203.<br />
Canalis, 53.<br />
Cancellatus, 76.<br />
Cap, 225.<br />
Capillamentum, 142,<br />
Capillaris, 50, 55, 66,<br />
105, 107, 143, 153.<br />
Capillitium, 225.<br />
Capitatus, 88, 143, 155-<br />
189, 191.<br />
CapitHlum,102,l 15,142.<br />
Capped, 75.<br />
Capreolus, 91.<br />
Capsula, 142, 174, 184,<br />
185,221,222,225.<br />
Capsularis, 180.<br />
Capulum, 162.<br />
Caput, 48, 115.<br />
Carcerula, 171.<br />
Carcerularis, 165, 176,<br />
182, 183.<br />
Carcerulus, 174.<br />
Carina, 130.<br />
Carinatus, 74,116,121,<br />
194.<br />
Cariopsis, 165, 190.<br />
Carnosu.s4 1,49,64,106,<br />
108, 155, 175, 176,<br />
193, 196, 205, 210,<br />
213.<br />
Caro, 175, 200.<br />
Carpadeliam, 167, 171.<br />
Carpellc, 189.<br />
Carpellum, 164.<br />
Carpidium, 164,<br />
Carpophorum, 159.<br />
Cartilagineus, 69, 210.<br />
Caruncularis, 205.<br />
Caryophyllatus, 130,<br />
Catkins, 101, 108,<br />
Catoclesium, 173.<br />
Catulu?, 108.
Cag'trdtus, 142.<br />
Cauda, 226.<br />
Caudatus, 147, ISO,<br />
Caudex, 52.<br />
Caudicula, 158.<br />
CaulesCens, 43.<br />
Gaiiliciilus, 2 IT,<br />
Caulinaris, 81, 88, 92.<br />
Caulihariiis, 61.<br />
Caul in us, 61, 89.<br />
Caulis, 52.<br />
Caulocarpicus, 42,<br />
Canlocarpjs, 43.<br />
Caul on, 52.<br />
Cavernarius, 46.<br />
Cavitates, 38.<br />
Cavus, 64, 159,210.<br />
Celled, 151.<br />
Cells, 37, 142, 199.<br />
Cellula2,37.<br />
CellulDSus, 53.<br />
Cenobionaris, 174, 185.<br />
Cenobium, 174.<br />
Centralis, 197,209,212.<br />
Cenirifugus, 219.<br />
Centripetus, 219.<br />
Cephalanthium, 115.<br />
Cephalodia, 224.<br />
Cerio, 165.<br />
Cerium, 165.<br />
Cernuus, 56, 93.<br />
Chaff, 120, 122, 227.<br />
Chaffy, 107, 166.<br />
Chafl'-like, 167.<br />
Chalaza, 208.<br />
Chalk, 46.<br />
Changed, 97.<br />
Channelled,74,l35,182.<br />
Chartaceus, 177, 193,206<br />
Childing, 98.<br />
Chive, 100, 139.<br />
Chorda, 151.<br />
Chorion, 164, 210.<br />
Chorionaris, 188.<br />
Cicatricula,39,60,207.<br />
Cicatrix, 39.<br />
Ciliatus, 69,80,83, 116,<br />
124, 134, 136, 147,<br />
156, 166, 204.<br />
Cilium, 226.<br />
Ci'rcinalis, 87, 10.<br />
Circinatus, 68, 87, 214.<br />
CirculariS, 136.<br />
Circumaxilis, 199.<br />
Circumcinctus, 212.<br />
CifCuraferenlial, 209.<br />
CircumscissHs, 184.<br />
Circumsepiens, 78.<br />
Cirrho terminatus, 72,<br />
Cirri ferus, 57, 80.<br />
Cirriformis, 80.<br />
INDEX OF TERM^:<br />
Cirrosus, 63.<br />
Cirrus, 91.<br />
Cistophorus, 225.<br />
Cistula, 224.<br />
Cistus, 225.<br />
Clavaeforoiis, 218.<br />
Clavatus,125, 130, 135,<br />
143, 153, 155, 164.<br />
Claviculus, 91.<br />
Claviformis, 88, 106,<br />
125, 130, 135, 143,<br />
153, 155, 171, 211.<br />
Clausus, 115, 128, 173.<br />
Clawed, 133.<br />
Clay, 46.<br />
Cleh, 80.<br />
Climbing, 57.<br />
Clinandrum, 158.<br />
Clinanthium, 104, 106.<br />
Close, 110, 114, 140.<br />
Closed, 59, 112, 113,<br />
115, 173, 182.<br />
Clothlike, 46, 170.<br />
Clovegilliflowerlike,<br />
130.<br />
Cloves, 85.<br />
Clubshape, 106, 125,<br />
130, 135, 153, 155,<br />
171,211,218.<br />
Coadnatus, 63, 121,134.<br />
Coadnutus, 122.<br />
Coadunatus, 121,<br />
Coalitus,12l,122, 140,<br />
215.<br />
Coarctatus, 113—114,<br />
118.<br />
Coarctura, 220.<br />
Coat, 226.<br />
Coated, 85,208.<br />
Coats, 85.<br />
Cobweblike, 89, 206.<br />
Coccus, 185, 199.<br />
Cochlearis, 103.<br />
Cochleatus, 181,<br />
Cod, 181,<br />
Codlike, 180.<br />
Coherens, 141, 206.<br />
Cold-couutry. 47.<br />
Coleophyllum, 216.<br />
Coleoptiia, 216.<br />
Coleoptilatus, 217,<br />
Coleorhiza, 219.<br />
Coleorhizatus, 217,<br />
Colesula, 222.<br />
Collar, 220, 225.<br />
Collare, SO, 119.<br />
Collected, 199.<br />
Collector, 151.<br />
Colliferus, 166.<br />
Colligatus, 199,<br />
CoHinus, 47.<br />
Collum, 166, 220.<br />
Coloratus, 77, 116,127,<br />
208,<br />
Coloured, 77, 116, 127,<br />
208.<br />
Colum, 196,<br />
Columella, 222.<br />
Columna, 100,142,153.<br />
Coluranaris, 144.<br />
Coma, 116.<br />
Comatus, 204,<br />
Comblike, 71, 116.<br />
Combus, 52,<br />
Commissura, 168.<br />
Commissuralis, 170.<br />
Common, 79, 116.<br />
Communis, 79, 116, 117.<br />
Comosus, 50, 110,207.<br />
Compactus, 108, 110.<br />
Completus, 94, 195,204.<br />
Complexus, 37, 53.<br />
Compositus, 71,79,85,<br />
86,94, 102, 106, 108,<br />
109, 114, 164,<br />
Compound, 71, 79, 94,<br />
106, 108, 109, 114,<br />
164.<br />
Compressissimus, 66.<br />
Compressus, 54, 66,104,<br />
106, 107, 110, 121,<br />
122, 125, 136, 138,<br />
146, 165, 167, 171,<br />
176, 180, 181, 183,<br />
185, 186, 202.<br />
Concavus,74, 106, 114,<br />
121, 122, 133, 168,<br />
194, 207.<br />
Concentricus, 171,<br />
Conceptaculum,164,130<br />
192, 221.<br />
Conduplicans, 78.<br />
Conduplicatus,212, 215»<br />
Confertus, 62, 141.<br />
Confiuens, 148,216.<br />
Congestus, 94.<br />
Conicus, 49, 90, 107,<br />
125, 153, 155, 159,<br />
191,211, 218.<br />
Conjoined, 82, 121,122,<br />
134, 140.<br />
Conjugal o pennatus,73.<br />
Conjugatus, 72, 170.<br />
Coiijunctorium, 222.<br />
Connatus, 63, 82, 12f,<br />
122, 140.<br />
Connectivum,142, 149.<br />
Connivens, 78, 129.<br />
Conspicuous, 217.<br />
Contextus, 37.<br />
Contiguus, 128, 214.<br />
Continued, 56.
Contortnplicatus, 210,<br />
215.<br />
Contortns, 50, 103.<br />
Coniracius, 118, 136,<br />
149, 159, 168.<br />
Coutrarius, 195.<br />
Conus, 190.<br />
Convergens, 76.<br />
Convergi-nerviu?, 75.<br />
Convexus,74, 106, 114,<br />
159, 168, 169,207.<br />
Convointivus, 87, 103.<br />
Convolutus,80,87, 117,<br />
214.<br />
Coque, 185, 199.<br />
Cor, 210.<br />
Corculiim, 210.<br />
Cordaius, 67, 116, 146,<br />
Cordiformis, 67,116,133<br />
146,207,211,215.<br />
Cordshape, 49.<br />
Cord, 199.<br />
Corlaceus, 41, 64, 121,<br />
122, 175, 193, 196,<br />
206, 210.<br />
Corklike, 206.<br />
Corky, 41,53,58, 193,<br />
196.<br />
Cormus, 220.<br />
Corn, 200.<br />
Cornered, 105, 136.<br />
Cornet, 162.<br />
Cornetfhape, 134.<br />
Corneus, 41, 149, 210.<br />
Corniculatiis, 97, 203.<br />
Corniculiferus, 136.<br />
Cornu, 151, 162—164.<br />
Coro11a,88, 91,100, 122,<br />
123, 129.<br />
CoroUaris, 91.<br />
Corollariiis, 97,9S.<br />
CoroUatus, 98.<br />
CoroUiferus, 159.<br />
Corolliformis, 144.<br />
Carona, 137, 163.<br />
Coronans, 62, 116, 161,<br />
lOS, 179.<br />
Corpus ligneUEi, 53,<br />
216.<br />
Corrugatus, 210, 215.<br />
Cortei> 53.<br />
Corticalis, 48, 53,223.<br />
Corticosus, 179.<br />
Cortina, 225.<br />
Corymbosus, 60, 101.<br />
Corymbus, 112, 115.<br />
Castatus,125, 168-^170.<br />
Cotton, 226.<br />
Cottony, 77.<br />
Cotyledones, 213.<br />
Cofyledonic,2ll.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 78#<br />
Contortus, 137.<br />
Contractus, 160.<br />
Cover, 85,. lOO, 148,<br />
184.<br />
Covering, 103.<br />
Coverlike, 194.<br />
Cracked, 58.<br />
Cradling, 79.<br />
Crassus, 108, 110, 121,<br />
144, 210, 214.<br />
Creeping, .51, 57.<br />
Cremocarpium, 167,<br />
Crenatus, 68, 126, 134,<br />
143, 144, 156.<br />
Crenulatus, 135, 156,<br />
168.<br />
Crested, 146.<br />
Cretaceus, 46.<br />
Creviced,'210.<br />
Crinula, 222,<br />
Crinus, 226.<br />
Crispus, 74,<br />
Cristatus, 146.<br />
Crooked, 212,<br />
Cross, 194.<br />
Crossed, 61.<br />
Crossing, 59.<br />
Crosslike, 130.<br />
Crossways, 148;<br />
Crosswise, 212,<br />
Crowded, 2, 141.<br />
Crown, 52, 137, 163.<br />
Crowned, 110, L68,<br />
179.<br />
Crowning, 62, 116,161.<br />
Crustaceous,41, 175,193,<br />
205.<br />
Cryptogaraus, 43, 220.<br />
Cub'icus, 202.<br />
CucuUatus, 75.<br />
CucuUiferus, 144.<br />
Cuculliformis, 117, 134.<br />
Cucurbitinus, 179.<br />
Culnius, 52.<br />
Cultivated, 43.<br />
Cunearis, 65, 133.<br />
Cuneiformis, 143.<br />
Cup, 137, 163.<br />
Cuplike, 118,205,208.<br />
Cupped, 99.<br />
Cupshape, 88, 125.<br />
Cupula, 113, 173, 191.<br />
Cupularis,l 18,125, 208,<br />
208.<br />
Cupulatus, 99.<br />
Cupuliforinis, 120.<br />
Curtain, 225.<br />
Curvativiis, 87.<br />
Curvatus, 56, 135, 165,<br />
178, 181,211.<br />
Curved, 56.<br />
Curve-ribbed, 75.<br />
Curvi-nervius, 73.<br />
Curvus,76, 90, 135,202.<br />
Cushion, 60.<br />
Cuspidatus, 67,<br />
Cuspis, 226.<br />
Cut,. 70, 154.<br />
Cuticle, 39.<br />
Cuticuia, 39.<br />
Cyathiformisj 88, 131.<br />
Cylindraccus, 118, 176,<br />
180, 181, 183, 185,<br />
191, 197.<br />
Cylindrantherus, 96.<br />
Cylindricus, 49, 54, 66,<br />
104—108, 110, 118,<br />
125, 135, 143, 144^:'<br />
153, 159, 181, 183-iiA«<br />
185,211.<br />
CylindrobasiosteiHOD,<br />
96.<br />
Cyma, 113.<br />
Cyniosus, 101.<br />
Cymus, 52.<br />
Cynarhodon, 190.<br />
Cyphella, 224.<br />
Cypsela, 165.<br />
Cystidium, 172.<br />
D.<br />
Dagger-poiuted, 68;<br />
Day, 99.<br />
Debilis, 55, 105.<br />
Decauder, 96.<br />
Decemfidus, 126.<br />
Decemlocularis, 178.<br />
Deciduus,83, 127, 132.<br />
Declinatus, 141, 154.<br />
Decorapositus, 56, 73i'<br />
Decreasingly pinnatej73<br />
Decrescens, 73.<br />
Decumbens, 141.<br />
Decuriens, 62.<br />
Decursive pinnatus,73.<br />
Decursiviis, 73.<br />
Decussatus, 6, 59.<br />
Definitus, 139.<br />
Deflectus, 128.<br />
Defloratus, 150.<br />
Del)isccBi,148, 173, 180<br />
—182, 185, 188.<br />
Deltoideus, 67, 180.<br />
Demersus, 47, 63.<br />
Demissus, 63, 138,21<br />
DensHs, 114,<br />
Dentatus,5I, 69, 83,108,<br />
126, 134, 136.<br />
Denticulatiis, 69, 126,<br />
135,156,161,168,169.
784. INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Denies, 222.<br />
Distinctus,82, 139, 148, Edged, 204.<br />
Depauperatus, 114. 199, 206<br />
Effusus, 112.<br />
Dependens, 63, 79. DisJylus, 152<br />
Egg, 200.<br />
Depressiis, 172, 186, Diurnus, 99.<br />
Egglike, 118, 146, ISO,<br />
218.<br />
Dermobiastus, 45.<br />
Divaricatus, 60,112, 180.<br />
Divergens, 60, 79, 128,<br />
155,<br />
211.<br />
165, 167, 202,<br />
Descendeus, 89, 220. 149, 180, 214. Eggshaped, 106, 108,<br />
Descensus, 48.<br />
Divergi-nervius, 75. ilO, 124, 130, 218.<br />
Detached, 81.<br />
De vial us, 63.<br />
Dextrorsum, 57.<br />
Divergi-venosus, 76.<br />
Diverging ribbed, 75.<br />
Diversiflorus, 1 14.<br />
Eight cut, 126.<br />
Eight petaled, 129.<br />
Eight stamened, 95.<br />
Diadelphus, 96, 140. Divided, 126, 144, 156. Eights, 61.<br />
Diander, 95.<br />
Divisiis, 126, 144, 156, Elater,222,<br />
Dicephalus, 186.<br />
Dodecaedriis, 150. Elaterium, 185.<br />
Dichotnmus, 66, 71, 79, Dodecagynus, 97.<br />
Elasticus, 144,149,194,<br />
106, 154.<br />
Dodecander, 96.<br />
205.<br />
Dicotyiedonens, 44,21 Dolabriforinis, 66. Elementarius, 36, 40.<br />
Dicoccus, 184, 185. Dorsalis, 123, 170. Eleutherantherus, 96.<br />
Didymus, 146, 183,185 Dotlike, 207,217. Ellipsoideus, 167, 171,<br />
Didynamus, 96, 140. Dotted, 58, 77, 89, 107, 174, 177, 179, 186,<br />
Dieresileus, 187.<br />
176, 192, 203, 213. 190,202,211.<br />
Dieresilis, 184.<br />
Double, 97, 118, 119, Ellipticus, 65, 133, 171,<br />
Diffoimis, 94, 134, 146. 154, 171,209.<br />
183, 186, 202, 207^<br />
Diffusus, 60.<br />
Doubly-crenate, 68. 215.<br />
Digitato-bifoliolatus,71 Doubly-serrate, 69, Elongatus, 65, 215.<br />
Digitato-pinnatus, 73.<br />
Digitato-trifoliolatus,<br />
Doubtful, 127, 196,<br />
Down, 226.<br />
Emarginatus, 68,<br />
135, 138, 143,<br />
134,<br />
156,<br />
72.<br />
Downy, 45, 58,77,147, 166, 168. 183, 186.<br />
Digitato-quadrifoliola- 157, 170, 192. Embracing, 62.<br />
tus, 72 .<br />
Drawn in, 218.<br />
Embryo, 210.<br />
Digitatus, 50,71, 109. Drooping, 93, 109. Embryo-cover, 204,<br />
Digynus, 97.<br />
Drupa, 175.<br />
Emerging, 47, 63.<br />
Dilatatus, 135, 136, 143, Drupaceres 173, 182 Emersus, 47, 63.<br />
155, 159. Drupe. 17.5.<br />
Empalement, 100, 124.<br />
Dilated, 135, 136, 155, Drupelike, 166, 17.'i, Enchased, 201.<br />
159.<br />
180, 182, 204. Enclosed, 210, 212<br />
Dimidiatus, 118, Drupeola, 177. Endocarpicus, 170,<br />
Di petal us, 129.<br />
Drupeolatus, 166, 175, Endocarpium, 175, 179»<br />
Diphyllus, 117, 124. 180, 184, 204<br />
Endogeuus, 43.<br />
Dipterus, 204.<br />
Dry, 176, 180, 209. Endopleura, 206,<br />
Disciforrnis, 161. Dumetum, 36.<br />
Endorhizus, 20.<br />
Discoideus, 161, 179, Dumus, 36.<br />
Endosperraicus, 209.<br />
185, 189, 203. Duodecemfidus, 126. Endospermum, 209.<br />
Discolor, 77.<br />
Duplicato-cren;;tus, 68 Enervis, 213.<br />
Discretus, 139.<br />
Duplicato-pennatus, 73, Engraved, 176.<br />
Discus, 115, 159.<br />
Duplicato-serratus, 69. Enlarging, 128.<br />
Disepalus, 124.<br />
Duplicato-ternatHS, 73, Enneandcr,95.<br />
Dioicus, 44.<br />
Duplicatus, 97.<br />
Ensiformis, 66, 153.<br />
Disk, 115.<br />
Duplex, 119, 154, 171, Enveloping, 103.<br />
Disk-like, 161, 189. 209<br />
Enveloped, 165.<br />
Dispermus, 172, 175, Dyclosium, 173. Ephemerus, 42, 99.<br />
177, 179, 182, 184, Dyplostemon, 96. Epiblastus, 219.<br />
187. Dyplotegia, 185.<br />
Epicarpicus, 170.<br />
Dissepimentum, 196,<br />
Epicarpium, 199.<br />
Dissimilaris, 121, 122, E,<br />
Epichilium, 139.<br />
215.<br />
Epiclinus, 160.<br />
Dissimilis, 66, 147, 149, Ear, 226.<br />
Epiderma, 39, 53.<br />
Distant, 62, 140, 149. Eared, 70.<br />
Epidermis, 39, 53, 205.<br />
Distichus, 59, 62, 93, Early, 99.<br />
Epigeus, 216.<br />
122.<br />
Echinatus, 46, 59, 77, Epigynophoricus, 160.<br />
Dietinctio, 194.<br />
121, 193. Epigynui, 129, 139,16).
Epiperispermicus, 209.<br />
Epipelaleus, 88.<br />
Epipet.il lis, 139.<br />
Epiphiagma, 222.<br />
Epiphyihis, 48.<br />
Epiphytus, 47.<br />
Pvpipteratus, 172,204.<br />
Epipterus, 181.<br />
Epirhiziis, 48.<br />
Epispermiciis, 209.<br />
Epispenniiis, 170.<br />
Episperinum, 205.<br />
Episfarainalis, 88.<br />
Epixyloneus, 48.<br />
Epizoarius, 48.<br />
Equal, 121, 140,167.<br />
£quinoxialis,99.<br />
Equitans, 87,214.<br />
Equitativus, 87.<br />
Erectus, 56, 59, 63, 93,<br />
109, 111, 128, 1.33,<br />
137, 141, 145, 157,<br />
174, 180, 191,200.<br />
Eremus, 174.<br />
Erosus, 69, 126, 134.<br />
Erythrostdrnuai, 189.<br />
Etjerio, 189.<br />
Etaerioiiaris, 188.<br />
EtaBrioiieus, 187.<br />
Evalvis, 176.<br />
Evanesceiis, 162.<br />
Even, 76.<br />
Evergreen, 78.<br />
Evitlatus, 170.<br />
Exalbiiminosus, 209.<br />
Excentriciis, 171,212.<br />
Exhausted, 150.<br />
Exogeiius, 43.<br />
Exorhizus, 213.<br />
Exostosis, 49.<br />
Exostylus, 175.<br />
Exoticus, 48.<br />
Expansus, 161.<br />
Exposed, 49.<br />
Exsertus, 141, 153.<br />
Exsuccus, 176.<br />
Extensus, 149.<br />
Exterior, 120,212.<br />
Exiernus, 86, 212.<br />
Extra-axillaris, 92.<br />
Extrafoliaceus, 104.<br />
Extrorsus, 145.<br />
Eye, 85, 207.<br />
Facing inwards, 155.<br />
Faemineus,95, 108, 109,<br />
225. ^<br />
V
Fluviaiis, 47.<br />
Fluviatilis, 47.<br />
Fliiitans, 47.<br />
Folded, 74,87, 137,156,<br />
202, 212, 215.<br />
Foliaceiis, 82, 117,118,<br />
213.<br />
Foliari5,88, 89,91.<br />
Foliatus, 57, 92, ilO,<br />
112,217,<br />
Foliiileaniis, 90.<br />
FoPuin, 61, 216, 220,<br />
221.<br />
Foliolum, 128.<br />
Folii-ferus, 86.<br />
Folii-flori-ferus, 86. r.<br />
Follicle, 180, 189.<br />
Follicle-shape, 187.<br />
Follicula, 189.<br />
Folliculiformis, 187.<br />
Folliculus, 164,180,200.<br />
F'ontinalis, 47.<br />
I'oollike, 76.<br />
Footstalk, 79.<br />
Footstalked, 78,88,197,<br />
201, 215.<br />
Foramen, 207.<br />
Foratus, 168.<br />
Fore, 148.<br />
Foreign, 48.<br />
Forked, 71.<br />
F'ornicatus, 138, 143,<br />
Four-camared, 189.<br />
Four-celled, 147, 152,<br />
174,176,179,184,187.<br />
Four-cornered, .55, 65,<br />
110, 146, 155, 171,<br />
183, 203.<br />
Four-cut, 70, 126, 134,<br />
156.<br />
Four-edged, 55.<br />
Four-fingered, 72.<br />
Four-fingered pinnate,<br />
73.<br />
Four-furrowed, 192.<br />
Four-horned, 146.<br />
Four-lobed, 150, 156.<br />
Four-paired, 72.<br />
Four-parted, 127, 198.<br />
Four-partinft, 198.<br />
Four-petaled, 129.<br />
Four-rowed, 93.<br />
F'our-seeded, 187.<br />
Four-sided,55, 67, 105,<br />
107,181,183,186,197.<br />
Four-stamened , 95.<br />
Four-styled, 97, 152.<br />
Four-toothed, 121, 122,<br />
126;<br />
Four-valved, 148, 187.<br />
Four-winged, 172, 181.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Fours, 61.<br />
Fovea, 226,<br />
Fovilla, 142.<br />
Fragilis, 55.<br />
Free, 127,151,160,172,<br />
1-76, 179, 184, 188,<br />
196, 198, 200, 208.<br />
Fretted, 76.<br />
Friabilis, 209.<br />
Frinse, 222, 226.<br />
Fringed, 69, 80, 83, 116,<br />
124, 134, 147, 156,<br />
166, 204.<br />
Frons, 220, 223.<br />
Frucius, 174, 175, 188,<br />
190.<br />
Fiuctificans, 225.<br />
Fruit, 164, 167,171,180,<br />
188, 190.<br />
Fruitful, 95,<br />
Frutex, 36.<br />
Fruticosus, 42.<br />
Fruticulus, 36.<br />
Fugacious, 127, 132.<br />
Fugax, 42, 78, 83, 117,<br />
127, 132.<br />
Fulcrum, 92, 104,<br />
Full, 97.<br />
Fundi folia, 61,<br />
Fundus, 220.<br />
Fungiformis, 211.<br />
Fungosus,41, 193, 206.<br />
Funiliformis, 49.<br />
Funiculatus, 201.<br />
Funiculus, 199.<br />
Funnelshape, 130, 153,<br />
156.<br />
Furrowed,76, 126, 135,<br />
157,168,176,192,203.<br />
Fusiformis,49, 178,180,<br />
211.<br />
G.<br />
Galbulus, 191.<br />
Galea, 138, 162.<br />
Galeatus, 138.<br />
Galeiforoiis, 134.<br />
Gamopetalus, 129.<br />
Gamosepalus, 124.<br />
Gaping, 131, 152,<br />
Garden, 46.<br />
Gelatinosus, 41.<br />
Geminatus, 62, 94.<br />
Geminus, 82,<br />
C^mmse, 85, 86,<br />
Gemmula, 219.<br />
General is, 117, 194.<br />
Geniculatus, 50, 55,105,<br />
123, 1431, 154,212.<br />
Geniculum, 39;<br />
Genitalia, 100,<br />
Geoblastus, 45.<br />
Germen, 150.<br />
Gibbiferus, 136.<br />
Gibbosus, 67, 124, 136,<br />
161.<br />
Gibbosita?, 162.<br />
Gibbus, 136.<br />
Gills, 225.<br />
Glaber, 45, 58,76, 14T,<br />
153, 157, 192, 203.<br />
Glacialis, 47.<br />
Gladiatus, 66.<br />
Gland-hearing, 80, 89,<br />
144.<br />
Gland, 39, 40,87.<br />
Glans, 173.<br />
Glanclula,38,39,40,87,.<br />
162,221.<br />
Glanduliferus, 80, 89,.<br />
131, 144, 147.<br />
Glareo3U5, 46.<br />
Glaucus,41,45, 58,77,<br />
149,<br />
Globosus, 108, 118,130,<br />
155, 173, 176, 178,<br />
189, 190, 197, 202.<br />
Globula, 224,<br />
Globular, 87, 130, 146,<br />
160, 155, 165, 171,<br />
174, 176, 178, 179,<br />
183, 184, 186, 197,<br />
202, 211.<br />
Globulosus, 108, 118,<br />
130, 146, 165, 171,<br />
174, 176, 179, 183,.<br />
184, 202, 211.<br />
Globulus, 142, 222.<br />
Giochidatus, 168, 170.<br />
Giochis,227.<br />
Glomerulus, 102, 115.<br />
Glomus, 115.<br />
Gluma, 120,122.<br />
Giumaceus, 98,<br />
Glumella, 122, 123,165..<br />
Glumellar, 200.<br />
Glumelleanus, 200,<br />
Glumellula, 123.<br />
Glutinosus, 45, 77,<br />
Gnawed, 69, 134.<br />
Goblet, 84.<br />
Gobletshape, 131,<br />
Gongjia, 224,<br />
Gongyliferus, 42.<br />
Gongylus, 220,<br />
Gonophorum, 160.<br />
Gourdlike, 179.<br />
Gracilis, 55, 108, 110^<br />
135, 144, 218.<br />
Grain, 53, 165,200,
Gramineus, 66.<br />
Graniticus, 46.<br />
Granular, 157.<br />
Granulatus, 149.<br />
Granulosus, 137.<br />
Granum, 200.<br />
Gravel, 46.<br />
Green, 77, 132,210,^13.<br />
Greenish yellow, 132.<br />
Gristly, 69.<br />
Grooved, 58, 74, 105,<br />
165, 203,<br />
Grouped, 108.<br />
Grovvn-logether, 63.<br />
Grumosus, 60, 149.<br />
Gummatus, 206.<br />
Gummy, 206.<br />
GyniHocarpicus, 164.<br />
Gynander, 96.<br />
Gynandrus, 43.<br />
Gynizus, 158.<br />
Gynobasicus, 160, 174.<br />
Gynobasis, 150.<br />
Gynocidiuin, 221.<br />
Gynoecius, 43.<br />
GynoplieraUis, 159.<br />
Gynopliorelike, 161.<br />
Gynophoroideus, 161.<br />
Gynopliorianus, 153.<br />
Gynophorum, 159.<br />
Gynosteraium, 100, 158.<br />
Gyroma, 221,223.<br />
Gyrus, 221.<br />
H.<br />
HajmisphcEricus, 173.<br />
Hairlike, 55, 66, 105,<br />
107, 153.<br />
Hairpencillike, 157.<br />
Hairs, 40, 88.<br />
Hairy, 45, 58, 77, 107,<br />
170, 192.<br />
Halbertshape, 67.<br />
Half-adherent, 160.<br />
Half-cyHndrical,66,104<br />
Half-heartshape, 82.<br />
Half-mooned, 82, 186.<br />
Half-moon like, 156,1 81<br />
Half-moon-shape, 67.<br />
Half-open, 115.<br />
Half-two-celled, 152.<br />
Half-whirls, 102.<br />
Halved, 118.<br />
Hamatus, 156.<br />
Hamosus, 1 19, 170.<br />
Hamus, 227.<br />
Handed, 50.<br />
Hanging, 63, 79, 111,<br />
200, 201.<br />
^<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 787<br />
Hanging down, 94, 105,<br />
141.<br />
Handlike, 76.<br />
Hastatus, 67.<br />
Haustorium, 92.<br />
Head, 48, 52, 114.<br />
Headed,S8,143,153,191<br />
Heads, 102.<br />
Heart, 33, 210.<br />
Heartshape, 67,1 16,133,<br />
146,207, 211,215.<br />
Heliaralis, 106.<br />
Helmet, 162.<br />
Heiaietsbape, 134.<br />
Hemi-cylindraceus, 66.<br />
Hemi-cvlindricus, 66,<br />
104, 215.<br />
HemigDniarius, 98.<br />
Hemigyrus, 181.<br />
Hemisp!iericiis,l 18,155,<br />
159, 185, 190.<br />
Hen-aiid-chickeu, 98.<br />
Hepatica;, 222.<br />
Hepiagynus, 97.<br />
Heptander, 95.<br />
Herba, 36.<br />
Herbaceus, 41, 54, 64,<br />
117, 121.<br />
Hermaphroditus,44, 94.<br />
llesperidium, 178.<br />
Heterocarpicus, 164.<br />
Hexacoccus, 184.<br />
Hexagoiuis, 55, 97.<br />
Kexaoder, 95.<br />
Hexapetaius, 129.<br />
Hexaphyllus, 124.<br />
Hexapterus, 186.<br />
Hexasepalus, 124.<br />
Hieinaiis, 99."<br />
High, 218.<br />
Hile, 47.<br />
Hilebearing, 210,217.<br />
Hiiiferus,206,210,217.<br />
Hilum, 207.<br />
Hind, 148.<br />
Hip, 190.<br />
Hirsuties, 226.<br />
Hirsutus, 46, 59.<br />
Hirtuosus, 46.<br />
Hirtiis, 46, 59, 147.<br />
Hispiiliilus, 46, 170.<br />
Hispidus, 46, 59, 77,<br />
147, 150.<br />
Hiulcus, 132.<br />
Holdfast, 92.<br />
Holed, 168.<br />
Hollow, 54,64, 159,210.<br />
Honeycombed, 19, 107,<br />
203.<br />
Hood, 162, 163.<br />
Hoodlike, 117, 144,<br />
Hook, 227.<br />
Hooked, 68, 131, 135,<br />
156, 170, 193, 199.<br />
Horizontalis, 51, 143,<br />
201.<br />
Horn, 163.<br />
Horned, 130.<br />
Horny, 41, 149,210.<br />
Hortensis, 46.<br />
Humifusus, 56, 63.<br />
Hunlor, 40.<br />
Hybernalis, 99.<br />
Hybernus, 99.<br />
Hybridus, 41.<br />
Hylus, 207,<br />
Hymenium, 225,<br />
Hyperboreus, 47.<br />
Hypochilium, 130,<br />
Hypocrateriformis, 81,<br />
130.<br />
Hypogeus, 216.<br />
Hypogynus, 129, 139.<br />
Hypophyllum, 84.<br />
Hypopteratus, 191,<br />
Hysteranthos, 78.<br />
Icosaedrns, 150.<br />
Icosander, 96.<br />
Idiogynus, 44.<br />
Imbricans, 79.<br />
Iiiibricaiiviis, 87, 103.<br />
Imbricatus, 62, 85, 87,<br />
103, 118, 122, 128,<br />
141, 180, 201.<br />
Immediatus, 139.<br />
Immersus, 47.<br />
Immobilis, 145.<br />
Immoveable, 145.<br />
Impar, 72.<br />
Impari-pinnatus, 72.<br />
Impartibilis, 168.<br />
Inadherens, 127, 151,<br />
172, 176, 179, 188.<br />
Incequalis, 67, 121,128,<br />
134, 140, 167.<br />
Inantheratus, 142.<br />
Inarticulatus, 79.<br />
Incisus, 70, 126.<br />
Inclinatus, 56.<br />
Included, 153.<br />
Includens, 78.<br />
Inclusns, 141, 153,210<br />
212.<br />
Incolor, 208.<br />
Incompletus, 94, 195,<br />
205.<br />
Inconspicuus, 217.<br />
Incrassafus, 105,1 68, 169<br />
3 E 2
788 INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Increasing, 154.<br />
Incumbent, 133, 145,<br />
214.<br />
Incurvus, 59,63, 154.<br />
Indefinitus, 139.<br />
Involucrum, 117, 221,<br />
222, 225.<br />
Involuiivus, 87.<br />
Involutus, 87, 128, 133.<br />
Invoiven.-., 79.<br />
Indehiscens, 173, 174, Inwards, 145, 157.<br />
181, 182, 185.<br />
Indeterminatus, 194.<br />
Indigenus, 48.<br />
Indistinct, 216.<br />
Indivisibilis, 168.<br />
liidupliGativns, 103.<br />
Indu^ium, 221.<br />
Induvia, 164, 200.<br />
Induvialis, 128.<br />
Indiiviatus, 165, 172,<br />
182, 189.<br />
Inermis, 461.<br />
Irregularis, 94, 113,125,<br />
129.<br />
Irritabilis, 144.<br />
Isosteinon, 96.<br />
J.<br />
Jagged, 70,83, 134, 156,<br />
205,215.<br />
Joined, 215.<br />
Joint, 39, 61, 142.<br />
Inferaxillaris, 61 ,81 ,90. Jointed, 50, 55, 79, 88,<br />
Inferos, 127, 151, 188, 108, 123, 145, 171,<br />
Inflatus, 80, 125, 135, 181, 184, 216.<br />
180, 181, 183. Jointless, 79.<br />
Infiectus, 59, 63, 87, Juba, 112.<br />
137. Jubatus, 101.<br />
Infiexus,63,87,90, 133, Juices, 40.<br />
135,138,141,154,157. Juiceless, 176.<br />
Infundibuliformis, 130, Julus, 101, 108.<br />
153,156. Junctura,39.<br />
Innervius, 75.<br />
Insertiones, 53.<br />
Inside-growing;, 43. K.<br />
Integer, 56, 80, 83, 86,<br />
121, 122, 126, 135, Keel, ISO.<br />
138, 168, 171,215. Keeled,74,l 16,121,194.<br />
Integerriinus, 68. Kernel, 208.<br />
Intcgumentuni, 100,204, Kidneysiiape, 67, 82,<br />
206. 146,150,178,202,215.<br />
Intergerinus, 194. Kneebent, 212.<br />
Intermedius, 81. Kneed, 50, 55, 105, 123,<br />
Internodium, 39. 143, 154.<br />
Internus, 86. Knobbed, 143.<br />
Interposed, 93, 132,195. Knobby, 182.<br />
Inierpositivus, 93, 132, Knot, 39.<br />
140, 195._ Knotty, 50, 55.<br />
Interrupt^ pinnatus,73.<br />
*nterruptus,73, 109,1 10.<br />
IiUervalvis, 199. L.<br />
Iniervalvular, 199.<br />
Intiafoliaceus, 81, 93, Labcllum, 138.<br />
104. Labinin, 137, 138.<br />
Introflexus, 59, 168,193, Lac, 41.<br />
195. Lacerus, SO, 83.<br />
Inversus, 145, 155,218. Lachrymaiformis, 202.<br />
Inverted, 218. Lacinialus, 70, 83, 134,<br />
Invertens, 79. 156, 205.<br />
Invisibilis, 217, 219. Lacinula, 135.<br />
luvolucellum, 119.<br />
Involucra, 53.<br />
Involucralis, 90.<br />
Lactescentes, 41.<br />
Lacteus, 213.<br />
Lacunae, 38.<br />
Involucratus, 99, 111, Lacustris, 47.<br />
114, 115, 120. La^vigadis, 45, 58, 203,<br />
Laevis, 45, 57,76, 147,<br />
150, 169, 192,203.<br />
Lageniforrais, 178.<br />
Lake, 47.<br />
Lamella, 163,225.<br />
Lamelliferus, 136.<br />
Lamina, 162, 224.<br />
Lana, 226.<br />
Lanaius,46,58,77,l92,<br />
204,<br />
Lanceshaped, 65.<br />
Lanceolatus, 65,83,107,<br />
116, 121, 122, 124,<br />
133, 146, 215.<br />
Laud, 46.<br />
Laiitiginosus-, 166.<br />
Lanugo, 166, 226.<br />
Lripideus, 175,205.<br />
Lappaceus, 119, 193.<br />
Large, 176, 210, 214.<br />
Largefooted, 213.<br />
Largeheaded, 213.<br />
Lashed, 134, 136.<br />
Lasting, 117,<br />
Late 99.<br />
Lateralis, 81, 92, 112,<br />
145, 152, 155, 169,<br />
212, 214, 217, 218.<br />
Laterifolius, 93.<br />
Latex, 225.<br />
Latus, 159, 214.<br />
LatuiLula, ICS.<br />
Laxus, 110, 112, 113,<br />
114, 149.<br />
Layers, 53.<br />
Leadcol(!ur,213.<br />
Leaf, 60,88,89,91,92,<br />
128,216, 220,221.<br />
Leaf- bearing, 86.<br />
Leaf, fl.iral, 116.<br />
Leafed, 57.<br />
Leafless, 57.<br />
Leatlike, 54, 82, 117,<br />
113, 213.<br />
Leafrib, 91.<br />
Leafstalk, 79, 90,<br />
Leafy, 110, 112.<br />
Leatherlikel93, 196,206<br />
Leathery, 41, 64, 121,<br />
122, 175,210.<br />
Leaved, 217.<br />
Leaves, 61.<br />
Lecus, 52.<br />
Legumeu, 181.<br />
Leguminiformis, 180.<br />
Lengthened, 54.<br />
Lengthways, 148.<br />
Lens, 226.<br />
L.niticula, 226.<br />
Leii(icularis,202,211.<br />
Lentilshape, 292.
Lepicena, 120.<br />
Lepism;i, 163.<br />
Liber, 53, 527,151, 160,<br />
195,197,198,200,208.<br />
Lichen, 223.<br />
Ligatus, 150.<br />
Ligneus, 53, 54.<br />
Lignosus, 41, 49, 117,<br />
19J, 193, 196.<br />
Lignum, 53, 194.<br />
Ligula, 80.<br />
Ligulatus, 115, 131.<br />
Liguliferus, 98.<br />
Like-flowered, 114,<br />
Limb, 137.<br />
Limbiis, 137.<br />
Limes, 220.<br />
Limestone, 46.<br />
Linearis, 66,83,106,121,<br />
133,135,146,155,171,<br />
181,183,186,207,215.<br />
Lioelike, 207.<br />
Lineolaris, 207.<br />
Linguiformis, 66, 172.<br />
Lingula, 164-<br />
Lip, 137, 138.<br />
Lirelia, 223.<br />
Littoralis, 47.<br />
Lobatus, 70, 126, 149,<br />
162, 176, 185, 197,<br />
210,215.<br />
Lobed, 126, 149, 162,<br />
185, 197,210,215.<br />
Lobula, 216.<br />
Lobns, 142, 148,213.<br />
Loceilus, 158.<br />
Loculamen'ura, 199.<br />
Locular, 80.<br />
Lociilicidiis, 188.<br />
Loculosiis, 64,80, 177,<br />
Locnius, 142, 199.<br />
L()cu=t;), HI.<br />
Lodicula, 123.<br />
Lomentacens, 72.<br />
Lomentum, 182.<br />
Long, 65, 127,149,215,<br />
Longior, 127, 147.<br />
Longissimus, 106, 153.<br />
Longitndinaliter, 148.<br />
Longitudinalis,193,196.<br />
Longiis, 135,214,218.<br />
Loose, no, 112, 113,<br />
114, 149.<br />
Lorica, 205.<br />
Loricatus, 208.<br />
Low, 218.<br />
Lucidus, 45,58,77, 192,<br />
203,<br />
Lunatns, 67,^2,156,186,<br />
Lunulatiis, 156.<br />
Lut€o-aurantiac(is, 132.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 789<br />
Lutescens, 213.<br />
Liitens, 132.<br />
Lycopodiaceae, 221.<br />
Lying along, 145.<br />
Lying down, 63,<br />
Lymplia, 40.<br />
Lymphajductus, 37,<br />
Lyratiis, 70. .<br />
M.<br />
Macrocephalus, 213.<br />
MacropodiuF, 213.<br />
Macniatus, 58, 77.<br />
Maculo.sus, 5S.<br />
Magnus, 176, 210,214.<br />
Main body, 216.<br />
Male, 44, 95, 108, 109.<br />
Malicorium, 178.<br />
Mammula, 223.<br />
Manifold, 151.<br />
Many, 56, 152.<br />
Many-camared, 189.<br />
Many-celled, 147, 152,<br />
172, 179, 182, 184,<br />
185, 187.<br />
Many-cotyledon, 211.<br />
Many-cut, 91, 156.<br />
Many-fiugered pinnate,<br />
73.<br />
Many-fingered, 72.<br />
Many-llowered, 105,<br />
115, 117, 120.<br />
Many-frniting, 42.<br />
Many-headeil, 187.<br />
Many-leaved, 117, 118,<br />
1 24.<br />
Many-lobed, 70, 147.<br />
JMaiiy-locular, 64.<br />
Many-paired, 72.<br />
Man\-par(ed, 71, 91,<br />
127, 19S, 205.<br />
Many-ribbed, 75, 198.<br />
Many-seeded, 172, 179,<br />
180, 182, 184, 187.<br />
Many-sepaled, 124.<br />
Many-styled, 97, 152,<br />
159.<br />
Many-valved, 187.<br />
Many-vittated, 170.<br />
Marcescens, 128.<br />
Marginalis, 81, 169,195,<br />
193.<br />
Marginans, 160.<br />
Marginatus, 80,166,204.<br />
Marinus, 47.<br />
Maritiraus, 47,<br />
Marsh, 47,<br />
Masculus, 44, 95, 108,<br />
109,223.<br />
Masklike, 131.<br />
Massa, 158.<br />
Massula, 158.<br />
Matutinus, 99.<br />
Meadow, 46.<br />
Mealy, 209.<br />
Meeting, 190.<br />
Medial, 212.<br />
Medianus, 195.<br />
Medians, 212.<br />
Mediatus, 139.<br />
Medifixus, 145.<br />
Mediocris, 214.<br />
Medivalvis, 195,198.<br />
Medulla, 52, 209.<br />
MeduUaris, 63,54,223.<br />
Meiostemon, 96.<br />
MHonida, 177.<br />
Melon id ium, 177.<br />
Meloniformis, 54.<br />
Melonshaped, 54.<br />
Membrana, 225.<br />
Membranaceiis, 41, 64,<br />
82,108,117,121,122,<br />
177,191,193,206,209.<br />
Membranosus, 64.<br />
Membranula, 221,222.<br />
Meridianus, 100.<br />
Mesocarpius, 170.<br />
Meteoricus, 99.<br />
Microbasis, 175.<br />
Micropyla, 207.<br />
Middle-fixed, 145.<br />
Middle-size, 214,<br />
Middle-valved, 198.<br />
Miliaris, 87.<br />
Miik, 41,<br />
Milky, 41.<br />
Minutus, 82.<br />
Misshapen, 134, 146.<br />
Mixtus, 86.<br />
Mobilis, 145.<br />
Mollis, 64.<br />
Monadelphus, 96, 140.<br />
Monander, 95.<br />
Moniliformis, 50, 88,<br />
171, 182.<br />
Monocarpicus, 42.<br />
Monocephalus, 186.<br />
Monocotyledoneus, 44,<br />
211.<br />
Monogynus, 96.<br />
Monoicus, 44.<br />
Monopetalus, 129, 130.<br />
Monophyllus, 117, 118,<br />
124.<br />
Monopterus, 172, 204.<br />
Monosepalus, 124.<br />
Monospermus, 172, 175,<br />
177, 180, 189, 187.<br />
MonostyUis, 152, 159.
790 INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Montanus, 47.<br />
Monthly, 43.<br />
Moss, 47.<br />
Mosses, 221.<br />
Morning, 99.<br />
Mouniain, 47,<br />
Moveable, 145.<br />
Mucilaginosus, 209.<br />
JMucro, 227.<br />
Mucronatus, 68,88, 121,<br />
122.<br />
Mule, 41.<br />
Multidigitatus, 72,<br />
Multiferus, 43.<br />
Multifidus, 91,156.<br />
Multiflorus, 105, 115,<br />
117, 120.<br />
MuHijtigus, 72.<br />
Multilobiis, 70, 147.<br />
Multilocularis,147,152,<br />
172,179,182,185,187.<br />
Multinervis, 198.<br />
Multinervins, 75.<br />
Miiltipartitns, 71, 91,<br />
198, 205.<br />
Multiplicatus, 97,<br />
Multiple-ribbed, 75.<br />
Multiplex, 56, 151,152,<br />
154,164, 171.<br />
Multivalvis, 187.<br />
Miiltivictatus, 170.<br />
Munieus, 78.<br />
Muricatus, 150,170,192.<br />
Muscarium, 113.<br />
Mushrooms, 225,<br />
Mushroomshape, 211.<br />
Muticus, 166.<br />
Mutually riding, 87.<br />
N.<br />
Nailshape, 88, 143.<br />
Naked, 57,86, 98, 106,<br />
107,109,114,115,136,<br />
165,201,208,210,217.<br />
Napiformis, 49.<br />
Nappy, 46, 192.<br />
Narrow, 171, 214.<br />
Narrowed, 67, 135, 169.<br />
Narrow-necked, 166.<br />
Natans, 47, 63.<br />
Native, 48.<br />
Naucum, 177,<br />
Navicularis, 121, 122,<br />
133, 194.<br />
Near together, 148.<br />
Nearly cylindrical, 181.<br />
Nearly ovoid, 189.<br />
Nearly sessile, 78.<br />
Nearly terminal, 109.<br />
Necklaceshape, 171.<br />
Nectar, 41.<br />
Nectariferus, 162.<br />
Nectarilyma, 162.<br />
Nectaristigmata, 163.<br />
Nectarium, 101, 123,<br />
160, 162.<br />
Nectarotheca, 162.<br />
Needle! ike, 66.<br />
Nemoblastus, 45.<br />
Nemorosus, 47.<br />
Nephrosta, 221.<br />
Nervalis, 91.<br />
Nervato-venosus, 75.<br />
Nervatus, 75, 121, 122,<br />
213.<br />
Nervi,39.<br />
Nervosus, 75, 121, 122.<br />
Nervus, 199.<br />
Nestling, 201,213.<br />
Netted, 76.<br />
Networked, 203.<br />
Neuter, 43, 95.<br />
Nicked, 68,156,168,183<br />
Nidulans,201.<br />
Nidulatus, 213.<br />
Night, 100.<br />
Nine-fingered, 72.<br />
Nine-lobed,70.<br />
Nine-ribbed, 75.<br />
Nine-stamened, 95.<br />
Nipple, 226.<br />
Nipply, 45, 107.<br />
Nitidus, 77, 192,203.<br />
Nivalis, 47.<br />
Noctnrnus, 100.<br />
Nodding, 56, 93, 105,<br />
Nodositas, 39.<br />
Nodosus,50,55,143,182.<br />
Nodus, 39, 220.<br />
None, 149, 152.<br />
Noon, 100.<br />
Not cut, 83, 121, 126.<br />
Notched, 68, 134, 135,<br />
138, 143, 166, 186.<br />
Novcm-digitatus, 72.<br />
Novem-lobus, 70.<br />
Novem-nervius, 75.<br />
Nucamentum, 108.<br />
Nucleus, 175, 208,224.<br />
Nucula, 174, 177.<br />
Nuculaneus, 179.<br />
Nuculanium, 177.<br />
Nuculosus, 177, 179.<br />
Nudus, 57, 86, 98, 106,<br />
107,109,114,115,136,<br />
165,201,208,210,217.<br />
Nulliis, 149, 152, 167.<br />
Nut, 177, 191.<br />
Nutans, 56, 93, 105.<br />
Nux, 174,177 191.<br />
Obconicus, 118.<br />
Obcordatus, 68, 186.<br />
Obcordiformis, 68, 133,<br />
183, 186,<br />
Obcrenatus, 68, 181.<br />
Obcurrens, 190.<br />
Oblique cordatus,67,82.<br />
Oblique heartshape, 67,<br />
82.<br />
Obliquus, 56, 63, 135,<br />
157, 191,212.<br />
Oblongus, 65, 110, 146,<br />
150, 165, 167, 178,<br />
181, 190,202.<br />
Obovalis, 65.<br />
Obovoideus, 165, 175,<br />
186.<br />
Obstructus, 136.<br />
Obsuturalis, 195, 198.<br />
Obturbinatus, 118,178,<br />
186.<br />
Obtuse-angulatus, 54.<br />
Obtusus, 68, 135, 143,<br />
156,169,171,186,218.<br />
Obversus, 218.<br />
Obvolutus, 87, 103,214.<br />
Ocrea, 83.<br />
Octander, 95.<br />
Octofidus, 126.<br />
Ootona, 61.<br />
Octopelalus, 129.<br />
Odd, 72,<br />
Offset, 52.<br />
Oily, 209.<br />
Oleagineus, 209.<br />
Oligospermus, 179, 182,<br />
187.<br />
Olopetalarius, 98.<br />
Omphalodius, 207.<br />
Once-bearirg, 43.<br />
Once-fruiting, 42,<br />
One-celled, "^<br />
147, 151,<br />
172,175,176,178,179,<br />
182, 184, 1S5, 187.<br />
One-corned, 173.<br />
One-cotyledon, 211,<br />
One flowered, 105, 106,<br />
115, 119, 120.<br />
One-fur rowed, 17 6, 192.<br />
One-headed, 1S6.<br />
One-holed, 148.<br />
One-leafed, 117,1 18,124<br />
One-leafletted, 71.<br />
One-lipped, 131.<br />
One-lobed, 147.<br />
One-paired, 72.<br />
One-paleolated, 123.<br />
One-petaled, 139.<br />
One-ribbed, 75, 198.
One-rowed, 59, 63, 93,<br />
172, 175, 177, ISO,<br />
182, 187,<br />
One-sided, 121,133,161,<br />
197, 209.<br />
One-spathelled, 120.<br />
One-si)athelluIed, 122.<br />
One-stamened, 95.<br />
One-styled, 96, 152,159.<br />
One-valved, 187.<br />
One-vittated, 170.<br />
One way, 93.<br />
One-winged, 172, 204.<br />
Opacus, 210.<br />
Open, 59,63, 110, 112,<br />
115, 118, 133, 173.<br />
Open ground, 47.<br />
Openings, 38.<br />
Opening, 145,173,181,<br />
182, 185, 188.<br />
Opercularis, 147, 104.<br />
Opercalatus, 204.<br />
Opeiculiformis, 147.<br />
Operculum,85,148,184,<br />
222.<br />
Gvoideus, 106, 108,110,<br />
118, 146, 150, 156,<br />
165, 174—176, 181,<br />
' 184, 186, 190, 191,<br />
202,211, 218.<br />
Oviilum, 150.<br />
Ovum, 150, 200.<br />
Opposed, 155.<br />
Opposite peniiatiis, 72.<br />
Oppositifolius, 91, 92,<br />
110, 111.<br />
Oppositive, 140.<br />
Oppositivus, 132, 140,<br />
195.<br />
Opposiius, 69, 61, 87,<br />
92, 93, 120, 132,195,<br />
214.<br />
Orts, 49.<br />
Orange, 132, 150.<br />
Orhiciilaris, 65, 155,<br />
167, 186, 202, 207,<br />
215.<br />
Orbiculatus, 183.<br />
Orbiculus, 137, 224.<br />
Orbi^la, 223.<br />
Orbis, 212.<br />
Orderiess, 62.<br />
Organicus, 40.<br />
Organ um, 36, 40, 100,<br />
223.<br />
Orig,oraa, 222.<br />
Osseus, 175, 177, 191,<br />
205.<br />
Ossiciilus, 175.<br />
Outside-growing, 43.<br />
Outwards, 145, 157.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 791<br />
Ovalis,65,82,133,183,<br />
215.<br />
Ovarium, 150, 151.<br />
Ovatus, 65, 108, 134,<br />
130, 167, 176, 184,<br />
191.<br />
Ovoideus, 167.<br />
Paired, 72.<br />
Palatium, 131, 136.<br />
Palea, 120, 122, 227.<br />
Paieaceus, 107, 166,167.<br />
Paleola, 124.<br />
Palmatus, 50, 71, 76,<br />
116.<br />
Paludosus, 47.<br />
Paluster, 47.<br />
Panduriformis, 69.<br />
Pauicula, 112.<br />
Paniculatus, 101, 109.<br />
Pannexterna, 176, 199.<br />
Panninterna, 175, 199.<br />
Paper-like, 64, 177,<br />
193, 206.<br />
Papilionaceus, 130.<br />
Papilla, 226.<br />
Papillaris, 88.<br />
Papillosus, 77, 107.<br />
Pappiforrais, 199.<br />
Papposus, 166.<br />
Pappus, 166.<br />
Pappus-like, 199.<br />
Papula, 226.<br />
Papulosus, 45, 77.<br />
Pa py race us, 64.<br />
Parabdlicus, 65.<br />
Paracarpiuui, 163.<br />
ParacoroUa, 163.<br />
Parapetalura, 162, 163.<br />
Parapliysis, 221.<br />
Parastadis, 163.<br />
Parastamen, 163.<br />
Parastylus, 163.<br />
Parallel icus, 195.<br />
Paralleli-nervius, 75.<br />
Paralleli-venosus, 76.<br />
Parallel-ribbed, 75.<br />
Parallelus, 148, 195.<br />
Parasiticus, 47, 48.<br />
Parenchyma, 39, 53.<br />
Parted, 71, 126, 138,<br />
154, 157.<br />
Partes, 36, 39, 40.<br />
Partialis, 79, 194.<br />
Parlibiiis, 187.<br />
Particular, il7.<br />
Parietal, 197.<br />
Parting, ?93.<br />
Partitional, 198.<br />
Partition bearing, 194,<br />
206.<br />
Partitioned, 171.<br />
Partitioning, 197.<br />
Partitions, 194.<br />
Partitus, 70, 71, 126,<br />
138, 157, 205.<br />
Parvulus, 214.<br />
Parvus, 176, 214.<br />
Passing away, 132.<br />
Patelliformis, 211.<br />
Patellula, 223.<br />
Patens, 59, 63, 89, 118,<br />
128, 133, 137, 141.<br />
Patentissimus, 60, 63.<br />
Patulns, 59, 63, 112,<br />
128.<br />
Pauci-florus, 115.<br />
Pauci-radiatus, 114.<br />
Pearshape, 125, 190.<br />
Pectinatus, 71, 116.<br />
Pedately cut, 71.<br />
Pedatifidus, 71.<br />
Pedatus, 73, 76.<br />
Pedicellatus, 86, 88,<br />
167, 197.<br />
Pedicellus, 104, 221.<br />
Peldiculus, 142.<br />
Pedilis, 166.<br />
Pedunculatus, 93.<br />
Pedunculeanus, 91, 101.<br />
Pedunculus, 104, 103.<br />
Peliicifla, 205.<br />
Pellicularis,209,,<br />
PelJucidus, 210.<br />
Pelta, 223.<br />
Pdtatus, 76, 78, 146,<br />
155, 201,<br />
Pelfi-nervius, 75.<br />
Pendens, 141,200,201.<br />
Pendulus, 94, 105, 109,<br />
111,200, 201.<br />
Penicilliformis, 157.<br />
Pennatipartitus, 71.<br />
Pennatus, 76.<br />
Penni-nervius, 75.<br />
Pentacamarus, 189.<br />
Pentacoccus, 184, 185.<br />
Pentadelphus, 140.<br />
Pentagonus, 55, 155,<br />
186, 197.<br />
Pentagynus, 97.<br />
Pentander, 95.<br />
Pentapetalus, 129.<br />
Pentaphyllus, 124.<br />
Pentapterus, 172, 186.<br />
Pentaqueter, 197.<br />
Pentasepalus, 124.<br />
Pen tasty Ins, 152
793 INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Pepo, 178.<br />
Peponida, 178.<br />
Peponium, 178.<br />
Peraphyllum, 162.<br />
Pereiiuis, 42, 51, 54,<br />
78.<br />
Perfectus, 94.<br />
Perfoliatus, 63.<br />
Prrforatus, 89, 156.<br />
Perfusiis, 201.<br />
Periandricus, 161.<br />
Periantheus, 98.<br />
Perianth ianus, 200.<br />
Perianthium, 100, 124,<br />
138.<br />
Pericarpialis, 85, 90.<br />
Pericarpium, 164, 192.<br />
Pericliaetialis, 221.<br />
Perichaetium, 221.<br />
Pericladium, 84.<br />
Periclinium, 119.<br />
Peridium, 225.<br />
Peridroma, 84.<br />
Perigonalis, 200.<br />
Perigoniarius, 97, 98.<br />
Perigonium, 100, 122,<br />
138.221.<br />
Perigyriandra, 100, 1 19,<br />
124, 129.<br />
Perigynium, 163.<br />
Perigynus, 129, 139.<br />
Periodicus, 99.<br />
Peripetaliim, 161.<br />
Periphaericus, 209, 212.<br />
Periphj'llium, 163.<br />
Periphorantiutn, 119.<br />
Peripteratus, 172, 191,<br />
204.<br />
Perispermatus, 209.<br />
Perispermicus, 209.<br />
Perispermum, 205, 209,<br />
Perisporiiim, 220.<br />
Perisporum, 163.<br />
Peristoma, 222.<br />
Peristomicns, 161.<br />
Perithecium, 224, 225.<br />
Permutatus, 97.<br />
Perocidium, 221.<br />
Perpendicularis, 51, 56,<br />
89.<br />
Persistens, 78, 83, 117,<br />
123, 128, 154, 162,<br />
176, 190, 198.<br />
Persistens marcescens,<br />
132.<br />
Persistent witherins:,<br />
132.<br />
Personafiis, 131.<br />
Pf-rtusiis, 76, 81 5.<br />
Peru hi, 86. 139.<br />
Perulatus, 86.<br />
Petaliformis, 143, 153,<br />
155.<br />
Petal-like, 143, 153.<br />
Petaloideus,97,98, 117,<br />
127.<br />
Petaliis, 132.<br />
Petiolaneus, 64,86,90,<br />
91.<br />
Petiolaris, 81, 90—92.<br />
Petiolatus, 78, 215.<br />
Petiolnlaris, 81.<br />
Petiolules, 79.<br />
Pelioliis, 79.<br />
Petrosus, 46.<br />
Phsenogamus, 43.<br />
Phoranthiura, 104.<br />
Phragma, 196.<br />
Phragmigerus, 182.<br />
Pbyllodiiim, 84.<br />
Phylloideus, 54.<br />
Phyllum, 128.<br />
Pierced, 76, 215.<br />
Pilaris, 167.<br />
Pileola, 216.<br />
Pileolatus, 219.<br />
Pileiis, S25.<br />
Pili, 40, 81.<br />
Pilidia, 223,<br />
Pillalike, H4.<br />
Pilosus, 45,58, 77, 107,<br />
167, 170, 192.<br />
Pill-like, 212.<br />
Pinnaiicisus, 70,<br />
Pinnaiifidus, 70,83,91,<br />
116, 215.<br />
Pinnatiparlitiis, 70.<br />
Piniiaiisectus, 71,<br />
Pinnatus, 72.<br />
Pipelike, 66, 125.<br />
Pipey, 105, 106,153.<br />
Pips, 177.<br />
Pistillares, 151.<br />
Pistiliarius, 97.<br />
Pistillum, 100, 150, 158.<br />
Pit, 226.<br />
Pitcher, 157.<br />
Piiciiershape, 64, 118,<br />
125, 1.30.<br />
Pith, 52,<br />
Pithy, 54.<br />
Pitted, 107, 203.<br />
Placenta, 196.<br />
Plarentarianus, 195.<br />
Placentariiim, 196.<br />
Placentifeius, 194, 196.<br />
Planiusculus, 118.<br />
Plan(a, 36.<br />
Plantul.-i, 217, 220.<br />
Planus, 74, 106, 114,<br />
1.S8, 143, 1.'59, 168,<br />
16lJ, 190, 194, 203.<br />
Plentis, 54, 97, 102.<br />
Plexeoblastus, 45,<br />
Plicativiis, 87, 103.<br />
Plicatus, 74, 87, 137,<br />
156, 215.<br />
Plopocarpium, 189.<br />
Plumbeus, 213.<br />
PUiniosus, 1.57, 167.<br />
Plumula, 217.<br />
Piurilocularis, 151.<br />
Pluripartitus, 127.<br />
Plurivalvis, 187.<br />
Pneumatophora, 37.<br />
Pod, 182.<br />
Podetium, 223.<br />
Podlike, 185.<br />
Podogynium, 150.<br />
Podospermiuin, 199.<br />
Pointal, 100, 150.<br />
Pointed, 67, 88, 121,<br />
122, 135, 146, 156,<br />
186, 218.<br />
PoJachena, 167.<br />
Polakena, 167, 171.<br />
Polexostvlus, 175.<br />
Polished," 45, 169,203.<br />
Pollen, 41, 142, 149.<br />
Po'.len-mass, 158.<br />
Pollinicus, 158.<br />
Polyadelphns, 96, 140.<br />
Polyander, 96.<br />
Polycaiiiarus, 189.<br />
Polycarpiciis, 42.<br />
Polycephalus, 187.<br />
Polychlorio, 190.<br />
Polychldiionidis, 190.<br />
Polycocnis, 184, 185.<br />
Polvcotyledoneus, 44,<br />
211.<br />
Polygamus, 44.<br />
Polvgynus, 97.<br />
Polypptalus, 129.<br />
Polvphorum, 160.<br />
Polyphyllus, 117, 118,<br />
124.<br />
Polysecus, 100<br />
Polysepalus, 124.<br />
Polysperraus, 172, 179,<br />
180, 182, 184, 187.<br />
Polyslemon, 96.<br />
Polystylus, 152, 159.<br />
Pomum, 177.<br />
Pori, 37, 39, 148,<br />
Porrectus, 137,<br />
Portio lignea, 53.<br />
Posticus, 145, 148.<br />
Pouch, 183.<br />
Pourhlike, 185.<br />
Po\vd< r, 14?.<br />
Powdery, 45, 58, 149,<br />
Praefoliatio, 102.
Praemorsiis, 50, 68.<br />
Pratensis, 46.<br />
Precox, 99.<br />
Prickles, 89.<br />
Prickley, 46,59, 170.<br />
Primarius, 79.<br />
Primigenius, 41.<br />
Primitive, 41.<br />
Prisrnaticus, 125, 135.<br />
Procumbens, 56.<br />
Productiones, 53.<br />
Productum, 162.<br />
Progrediens, 51.<br />
Progressive, 51.<br />
Projectura, 61,<br />
Proliferus, 64, 98, 1 14.<br />
Proligerus, 224.<br />
Prolonged, 138.<br />
Prominens, 143, 159,<br />
194,217.<br />
Propaculiferus, 42.<br />
Propaculum, 52.<br />
Propagaculiim, 224.<br />
Propago, 42, 224.<br />
Proprius, 79, 117.<br />
Proscolla, 158.<br />
Prosphysis, 163, 222.<br />
Prostratus, 56.<br />
Pro&typiim, 207.<br />
Proteranthos, 78.<br />
Pruina, 41.<br />
Priimis, 175.<br />
Pseud ocarpicus, 164.<br />
Pseudocarpium, 191.<br />
Pseiidoparasiticiis, 47.<br />
Pseudospermiciis, 165.<br />
Pteratus, 194.<br />
Pterides, 173.<br />
Pteridium, 173.<br />
Pubes, 226.<br />
Pubescens, 45, 58, 77,<br />
147, 157, 170, 192,<br />
Puckered, 74.<br />
Pulpa, 200.<br />
Pulposus, 176, 193,205,<br />
206.<br />
Pulpy, 176, 193, 205,<br />
206.<br />
Pulverulentus, 45, 58,<br />
149.<br />
Pulvlnulns, 224.<br />
Pulvinus, 60.<br />
Punctata?, 58, 77, 89,<br />
107, 176, 192, 203,<br />
213.<br />
Punctiforrais, 207,217.<br />
Purplish, 213.<br />
Purpureus, 213.<br />
Putamen, 175, 176.<br />
Pyramidalis, 60, 112.<br />
Pyrena, 175, 177.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 79^<br />
Pyrenarius, 177.<br />
Pyridion, 177.<br />
Pyriforiuis, 190.<br />
Pyxidium, 184, 221,<br />
Pyxis, 184.<br />
Q.<br />
Quadrangularis, 55, 65,<br />
110, 183.<br />
Quadricornis, 146.<br />
Quadridentatus, 121,<br />
122, 126.<br />
Quadridigatato - penuatus,<br />
73,<br />
Quadridigitatus, 72.<br />
Quadrieremus, 174.<br />
Quadrifidus, 70, 126,<br />
134, 156.<br />
Quadrijugus, 72.<br />
Quadrilobatus, 156.<br />
Qtiadrilohus, 150.<br />
Quadrilorul.iris, 147,<br />
152, 176, 179, 187,<br />
Quad ri parti t us, 127, 198.<br />
Quadrisuleatus, 19*^.<br />
Quadrivalvis, 148, 187.<br />
Quaterna, 61.<br />
Quinatus, 72.<br />
Quina, 6i, 62.<br />
Quincuncialis, 103.<br />
Quiiique-angulatvis, 69.<br />
Quinquedentatus, 68,126<br />
Quinquedigitatus, 72,<br />
Quiijquc-eremus, 174.<br />
Quiuquefidus, 126, 154.<br />
Qiiinquejugus, 72.<br />
Qiiiiiquelobatu^, 156,<br />
210,215.<br />
Quinquelobus, 70.<br />
Quinquelocularis, 179,<br />
187,<br />
Quinquenerviiis, 75,<br />
Qui nquepartitus,7 1,127,<br />
198.<br />
Quinquevalvis, 187.<br />
Quintuple ribbed, 75.<br />
Qnintuplex, 154.<br />
Quintupli-nervia, 75.<br />
R.<br />
Racemosus, 101,208.<br />
Racemus, 111.<br />
Rachis, 84, 104.<br />
Radiant, 114, 134, 186,<br />
197,<br />
Radiating, 134, 186,<br />
197.<br />
Radiatus, 102, 115,156.<br />
Radicalis, 61, 92.<br />
Radicans, 57, 64.<br />
Radicella, 48,<br />
Radicular, 48, 217.<br />
Radius, 53, 115.<br />
Radix, 48, 216.<br />
Raised, 151.<br />
Ramealis, 61, 92.<br />
Rameaneus, 64.<br />
Rameanus, 90.<br />
Ramenta, 60.<br />
Rameus, 61,<br />
Ramificatio, 60.<br />
Ramossissiinus, 66, 112.<br />
Ramosus, 50, 56, 88<br />
90,91,104,106, 107,<br />
109, 111, 112, 144,<br />
167.<br />
Ramuliis, 59.<br />
Rainunculus, 59.<br />
Ramus, 59,<br />
Kapha, 208.<br />
Raphe, 169.<br />
Raphida, 222.<br />
Rather heartshapc, 82.<br />
Rays, 53, 115.<br />
Receptacularis, 153.<br />
Receptaculum, 38, lOl<br />
104, 159, 196, 222,<br />
223.<br />
Recpssus, 194.<br />
Recliiiatus, 87.<br />
Rpclusns, 212.<br />
Rectilineus, 57, 90, 123<br />
135, 146, 153, 169'<br />
202,208,211,218.<br />
Recti-nervius, 75.<br />
Rectus, 57, 76, 90,107,<br />
123, 135, 146, 153,<br />
202,208,211,218.<br />
Recur vat us, 181, 202,<br />
211,218,<br />
Recurvus, 63, 157, 202,<br />
211,<br />
Red, 132.<br />
Reddish orange, 132,<br />
Redish violet, 132.<br />
Reed, 52,<br />
Re-entering, 193.<br />
Reflectus, 63, 137,<br />
Reflpxui, 63, 89, 90,<br />
118,128,133,137,138,<br />
141, 154,157,214.<br />
Refractus, 60, 105.<br />
Regma, 185,<br />
Regressus, 218,<br />
Regularis, 94, 113, 128,<br />
129,<br />
Reliquia, 60.<br />
Remaining, S3, 198.
Remains, 60.<br />
Remotus, 62, 149.<br />
Renarius, 82.<br />
Renifoimis, 67, 82,146,<br />
150, 178, 202, 215.<br />
ilepandas, 69.<br />
Rcpens, 51, 57.<br />
Keplicativus, 87.<br />
Ileplicatus,202, 212,<br />
Reptans, 57,<br />
Reservoirs, 38.<br />
Restibilis, 42,<br />
Resupinatus, 131, 174,<br />
191,200.<br />
Reticulato-venosus, 76.<br />
Retlculatus, 76, 170,<br />
203,<br />
Reticulum, 84,<br />
Retinaculum, 158, 199.<br />
Retracted, 218.<br />
Retroflectus, 105.<br />
Retroflexus, 60.<br />
Retrorsus, 79.<br />
Retusus, 68.<br />
ileverse conical, 118.<br />
Reverse crenated, 181.<br />
Reverse eggliiie, 165.<br />
Reverse heartshape, 68,<br />
183, 186.<br />
Reverse oval, 65.<br />
Reverse ovoid, 175, 186,<br />
Reverse topshape, 118,<br />
178, 186.<br />
Reversed, 63, 174, 191,<br />
200.<br />
Reversely crenate, 68.<br />
Revolnte, 157.<br />
Revolutivus, 86.<br />
Revolutus, 70, 86, 128,<br />
137.<br />
Riiizanthus, 43,<br />
Rhiziophybis, 219,<br />
Rliizoblastus, 45.<br />
Rhizocarpicus, 42,<br />
Rhizoma, 52.<br />
Rhombeus, 65.<br />
Ribband, 66.<br />
Ribbed, 75, 121, 122,<br />
125, 168—170, 213.<br />
Ribless, 75,213.<br />
Ribs, 199.<br />
Riding, 87, 214.<br />
Rigens, 55.<br />
Rigid us, 55, 64, 105.<br />
Rimosus, 58,210.<br />
Rind, 177.<br />
Rins, 157,221.<br />
Ringed, 168.<br />
Ringens, 131.<br />
Ringlike, 144, 161,212.<br />
Riparius, 47.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Rising, 200.<br />
River, 47.<br />
Rock, 46.<br />
Rolled, 70, 110, 128,<br />
214.<br />
Root, 48, 61, 92, 213,<br />
216.<br />
Root-flowering, 43.<br />
Rooting, 57, 64.<br />
Rootsucker, 52.<br />
Rootlet, 48.<br />
Rosaceous, 62, 130.<br />
Roselatus, 62, 130.<br />
Roselike, 62, 130,<br />
Rostellum, 58,217,227.<br />
Rostratus, 161,165,180,<br />
183.<br />
Rostrum, 164.<br />
Rotafus, 131.<br />
Rotundato compresus,<br />
202.<br />
Rotundatus, 65, 185.<br />
Rough, 45, 58, 77, 192,<br />
203.<br />
Rougiiish, 170.<br />
Round, 65, 185,<br />
Rounded, 60, 65, 82,<br />
114, 116, 121, 122,<br />
176, 215.<br />
Roundish, 49, 133, 165,<br />
171, 177, 184, 186,<br />
191, 202, 218,<br />
Rows, 89, 20!.<br />
Ruber, 132.<br />
Rubro-aurantiacus, 132.<br />
Rubro-violaceus, 132.<br />
Ruderalis, 46.<br />
Rudimental, 142.<br />
Rudimentarius, 142.<br />
Rugosus, 74, 192, 203.<br />
Ruguloso-lamellatus,<br />
168.<br />
Rugnlosus, 168, 169.<br />
Rumpled, 103, 215.<br />
Runcinatus, 70.<br />
Runner, 52.<br />
Rupestris, 46.<br />
Ruptiles, 117, 205.<br />
Sabre-shape, 66, 181.<br />
Sabulosus, 46.<br />
Sacelliforrais, 161.<br />
Sacellus, 172.<br />
Saccus, 163.<br />
Sacklike, 161.<br />
Sagittatus, 67, 82, 146,<br />
155.<br />
Saliiius, 47,<br />
Sa!suLs47.<br />
S.-ilt, 47.<br />
Salvershape, 131.<br />
Samara, 173.<br />
Sand, 46,<br />
Sap, 40.<br />
Sarcobasis, 175.<br />
Sarcocarpium, 175,200.<br />
Sarcodermis, 206.<br />
Sarcoma, 163.<br />
Sarmentosus, 55.<br />
Sarraentura, 52.<br />
Sativus, 43.<br />
Saucerlike, 211.<br />
Sautellae, 42.<br />
Sawdustlike, 203.<br />
Saxatilis, 46.<br />
Scaber, 58, 77, 192,<br />
203.<br />
Scale, 124, 163, 227.<br />
Scaled, 192.<br />
Scalelike, 65, 80, 161.<br />
Scaly, 51, 67, 85, 86,<br />
105.<br />
Scandens, 57.<br />
Scaphium, 130.<br />
Scapus, 104.<br />
Scar, 60.<br />
Scariosus, 64, 82, 119,<br />
121.<br />
Scattered, 59, 62,201.<br />
Schistosus, 46.<br />
Scleranthum, 173.<br />
Scobifonnis, 213.<br />
Scoopliiie, 131.<br />
Scrobiculatus, 107, 169,<br />
176,203.<br />
Scroti forrais, 50.<br />
Scutella, 223.<br />
Scutelliformis, 211.<br />
Scutum, 164.<br />
Scyphus, 163.<br />
Se invicem, 87.<br />
Sea, 47.<br />
Seagreen, 149.<br />
Seal-like, 51.<br />
Seat, 101.<br />
Secondaiius, 79.<br />
Sectus,71.<br />
Secundina, 209.<br />
Secundus, 59, 63, 93.<br />
Sedes, 101, 159.<br />
Seed, 165, 200, 210,<br />
225.<br />
Seed-bearing, 42, 194,<br />
196.<br />
Seed-covers, 204.<br />
Semen, 200, 224.<br />
Semi-adherens,127,151,<br />
leo, )8'-i.<br />
4
Semi-amplexns, 87.<br />
Semi apertus, 1 15.<br />
Semi-cordiformis, 82.<br />
Semi-cylindricus,66,215<br />
Semi-double, 97.<br />
Semi-flosculosiis, 102,<br />
115.<br />
Semi-inclusus, 201.<br />
Semi-inferus, 127.<br />
Semi-lun;Uus,67 ,82,156,<br />
181, 186.<br />
Seminalis, 61, 151.<br />
Seminifenis, 42, 194,<br />
196.<br />
Semi-ovalis, 82.<br />
Semi-sagittatus, 82.<br />
Semi-staminarius, 97.<br />
Semi-verticillatus, 102.<br />
Sempervirens, 78.<br />
Sena, 61.<br />
Sepalum, 128.<br />
Septem-ang;ulatiis, 69.<br />
Septem-digitatus, 72,<br />
Septem-lobus, 70.<br />
Septem-nervius, 75.<br />
Septicidus, 188.<br />
Septiterus, 193, 194,<br />
206.<br />
Septiformis, 197.<br />
Septifragus, 188.<br />
SepJilis, 198.<br />
Septulum, 158, 171.<br />
Septum, 195.<br />
Serialis, 89, 141, 201.<br />
Sericeus, 46, 53, 77,<br />
167.<br />
Serotinus, 99.<br />
Serratus, 68.<br />
Serrulatus, 69.<br />
Sertulum, 114.<br />
Sessilis, 62, 86, 88, 89,<br />
93, 133, 144, 151,<br />
155, 166, 197, Wl,<br />
216,219.<br />
Seta, 123, 142,221,226.<br />
Setaceus, 66, 83, 90,<br />
116, 121.<br />
Setosus, 107, 167, 169,<br />
170.<br />
Seven-angled, 69.<br />
Seven-fingered, 72.<br />
Seven-lobed, 70.<br />
Seven-ribbed, 75.<br />
Seven-etamened, 95.<br />
Seven-styled, 97.<br />
Seven valved, 187.<br />
Sex-eremiis, 174.<br />
Sexfidus, 126,<br />
Sexlocularis, 176, 187.<br />
Sextuplex, 154.<br />
Shady, 47.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 795<br />
Shaggy, 147, 150.<br />
Sharp, 67, 143.<br />
Slieatli, 53, S3.<br />
Sheathed, 57, 105.<br />
Sheathing, 63, 80, 81,<br />
144, 157.<br />
Sheave-like, 211.<br />
Shell, 175, 205.<br />
Sheltering, 78.<br />
Shield, 164,<br />
Shielded, 147.<br />
Shield-like, 76, 201.<br />
Shining, 45, 58,77,192,<br />
203.<br />
Shore, 47.<br />
Short, 127,214, 218.<br />
Shortened, 214.<br />
Shorter, 147. -<br />
Shrub, 36.<br />
Shrubby, 56.<br />
Siccus, 180, 209.<br />
Sicklelike, 137.<br />
Sickle-iiajje, 215.<br />
Side, 93, 214.<br />
Side-lying, 141.<br />
Sigillatus, 51.<br />
Silicula, 183.<br />
Siliculaaformis, 185.<br />
Silky, 46, 58, 77, 167.<br />
Siliqua, 182.<br />
Silio.Uceformis, 185.<br />
Silver grain, 53.<br />
Similaris, 121, 122,215.<br />
Siniililiorus, 114.<br />
Similis, l-i9.<br />
Simplex, 50,56,79,86,88,<br />
90, 91, 102, 104, 106<br />
—109, 111—113,118,<br />
144, 154, 156, 164,<br />
167, 169, 171, 208.<br />
Simplicissimus, 56.<br />
Single, 56,81, 95, 108,<br />
117, 151, 152, 154.<br />
209.<br />
Sinistrorsum, 57.<br />
Sinochorium, 184.<br />
Sinuato-lobatus, 168.<br />
Sinuato-undulatus, 169.<br />
Sinuately waved, 169.<br />
Sinuatus, 69, 162.<br />
Sinuolatus, 69.<br />
Siniiosus, 146, 208.<br />
Six-celled, 174, 176,<br />
184, 187.<br />
Six-cut, 126.<br />
Six-leaved, 124.<br />
Six-petaled, 129.<br />
Six-rowed, 93.<br />
Six-sepaled, 124.<br />
Six-sided, 55,<br />
Six-stamened, 95.<br />
Six-s(yled, 97.<br />
Six-winged, 186.<br />
Sixes, 61.<br />
Skin, 39, 205, 206.<br />
Slate, 46.<br />
Slender, 55, 108, 110,<br />
144, 218.<br />
Slime, 225.<br />
Slit, 83, 148.<br />
Slow-growing, 42.<br />
Small, 176, 214.<br />
Smooth, 45, 57,76, 147,<br />
150, 168, 1G9, 192,<br />
S03.<br />
Smuoihened, 58.<br />
Snail-like, 103.<br />
Snow, 47.<br />
Soboles, 42, 85.<br />
Soboliferus, 42.<br />
Soft, 64.<br />
Soldered, ISO,<br />
Solid us, 54, 85, 144, 171.<br />
Soliti.rius, 81, 91, 95,<br />
108.<br />
Soliitus, 81.<br />
Soredium, 224.<br />
Sarosus, 190.<br />
Sorus, 221.<br />
Spaces, 38.<br />
Spadix, 104, 106.<br />
Sparsus, 59, 62.<br />
Spatha, 116.<br />
Spathaceus, 99.<br />
Spaihutus, 99, 111, 114.<br />
SpatheUa, 120, 122.<br />
Spathellula, 122.<br />
Spathilla, 117.<br />
Spatula-shape, 65, 133.<br />
Spathulatus, 65, 13.'^.<br />
Spearshape, 107, 116.<br />
Spectans, 87.<br />
Spermapodium, 169.<br />
Spermatocystidium, 142.<br />
Spermoderniis, 205.<br />
Spermop()do|)hoium,lG9<br />
Spermopiiorus, 196.<br />
Sphaericus, 106, IQS<br />
114, 150, 167, 173,<br />
176—179, 186, 189,<br />
190, 197, 202, 211.<br />
Sphaeroblaslus, 45.<br />
Spha'rula, 224.<br />
Sphalerocarpium, 173.<br />
Spica, 109.<br />
Spicatus, 101.<br />
Spiciformis, 189.<br />
Spicula, 111.<br />
Spiculatus, 109.<br />
Spike, 109.<br />
Spiked, 101.<br />
Spikelet, 111.
796 INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Spikcletted, 109.<br />
Spike-like, 189.<br />
Spiius, 207.<br />
SpiiKi, 89.<br />
Spindleshape, 49, 178,<br />
180, 211.<br />
Spined, 121.<br />
Spinellatus, 121.<br />
Spinellosus, 46, 59, 77,<br />
193.<br />
Spiiiescens, 60, 80, 82,<br />
116.<br />
Spiniferus, 64.<br />
Spinosus, 46, 59, 69,<br />
119.<br />
Spinous, 193.<br />
Spiralis, 62, 93, 106,<br />
143, 154, 181, 185.<br />
Splenden?, 77.<br />
Split, 70, 136, 138, 144.<br />
Spongioid, 39, 49.<br />
Spongiosus, 54.<br />
Spongy, 54.<br />
Spora, 2'^0, 224, 225.<br />
8poiang:iiim, 220, 221.<br />
Sporangidiiim, 222.<br />
Sporiciium, 225.<br />
Spoiula,220, 225.<br />
Spoiled, 68,77.<br />
Spread, 201.<br />
Spre,iding,128, 133,137,<br />
141, lyo.<br />
Spread forward, 137.<br />
Spread open, 112.<br />
Spring, 47.<br />
Spriug-lide, 99.<br />
Sprouliiig, 51.<br />
Spuraesceii?, 41.<br />
Spur. 139, 162.<br />
Spurred, 126, 134, 136.<br />
SpuriuB, 53, 178, 183,<br />
194, 223.<br />
Squama, 124, 163, 227.<br />
Squarniforaiis, 65, 80,<br />
161.<br />
Squamosiis, 51, 57, 85,<br />
86, 105, 192.<br />
Squarrosus, 119.<br />
Squat, 89,<br />
Squatted, 62.<br />
Stages, 141..<br />
Stalked, 43.<br />
Stamen, 100, 139.<br />
Stamenbearing, 159.<br />
Staminal, 88.<br />
Staminarius, 97.<br />
Stamineus, 98.<br />
Statniniferus, 159.<br />
Staininodium, 158.<br />
Standard, 130.<br />
Starlike, 131, 156.<br />
Star-ribbed, 75.<br />
Starred, 88.<br />
Starry, 184.<br />
Steihaus, 61, 76, SS,<br />
131, 156, 184.<br />
Stellinervius, 75.<br />
Steui, 52, 61,88,89,92,<br />
225.<br />
Stem-fruiting, 43.<br />
Stemless, 43.<br />
Sterigmum, 184.<br />
Sterilis, 48, 95, 148.<br />
Stickv, 45.<br />
Stiff, 55, 64, 105.<br />
Stigma, 49, 151, 154,<br />
158.<br />
Stimulus, 227.<br />
Stiug, 227.<br />
Stipella, 84,<br />
Stipellatus, 80.<br />
Stipellus, 142.<br />
Stipes, 84, 16n, 221, 225.<br />
Stipiformis, 55.<br />
Stipitatus, 167.<br />
Stipula, 81.<br />
Stipulaneus, 86,90, 91,<br />
Stipularis, 88.<br />
Stipulatus, 57.<br />
Stipnled, 80.<br />
Stipuliferus, 80.<br />
Stolo, 52.<br />
Sloloniferus, 51.<br />
Stomatia, 39.<br />
StDne, 175, 176.<br />
Stonelike, 175.<br />
Stool, 52.<br />
Stoolbearing, 42.<br />
Straiglit,57,76, 90, 107,<br />
123, 135, 146, 153,<br />
169, 202, 208, 211,<br />
218.<br />
Stragula, 122.<br />
Straight-ribbed, 75.<br />
Strapiike, 106.<br />
Stratum, 53.<br />
Straw, 52.<br />
Streaked, 58, 76, 135,<br />
169, 203.<br />
Striatus, 58, 76, 135,<br />
169, 192, 203.<br />
Strictus, 55, 105.<br />
Striga, 227.<br />
Strigosus, 46.<br />
Strobilus, 19.<br />
Stroma, 222, 224.<br />
Strombuliformis, 181.<br />
Strombublike, 181.<br />
Strophiolatus, 205, 207,<br />
Styleless, 152.<br />
Styliscus, 151.<br />
Stylotegium, 163.<br />
Stylus 551, 152.<br />
Subapicilciris, 109, 112,<br />
123.<br />
Subaxilis, 169.<br />
Sub-hilocuiaris, 152.<br />
Subcortlatus, 82.<br />
Siibcoi diformis, 82.<br />
Subcylindricus, 150,186.<br />
Suberosus, 41,5b, 193,<br />
196, 206.<br />
Subglobosus, 202.<br />
Sublatus, 151.<br />
Submergus, 47.<br />
Submersus, 63.<br />
Subov
S word-edited, 143.<br />
Sword-shape, 66, 133.<br />
Svncarpa, 1S9, 190.<br />
Syconus, 190.<br />
Sylvaticus, 47,<br />
Sylvester, 43.<br />
Symphyostenion, 96.<br />
Symphytanlheriis, 96.<br />
Syngenesus, 96, 140.<br />
Syngenesicus, 140.<br />
Synanthos, 78.<br />
Synanther\is, 96.<br />
Synema, 158.<br />
Synorhizus, 213.<br />
Synsiigmaticus, 149.<br />
Syiizygia,216.<br />
Tail, 226.<br />
Tailed, 147, 180.<br />
Talara, 130.<br />
Tearing, 117,205.<br />
Tearlike, 202.<br />
Tegmen, 120,206.<br />
Tegiimentum, 100.<br />
Tegminatus, 208.<br />
Tela, 37.<br />
Ten-celled, 178,<br />
Ten-cut, 126.<br />
Teii-staniened, 96.<br />
Tendril, 72,91.<br />
Tendril-bcariiig, 80.<br />
Tendrille().57.'<br />
Tendril-like, 80.<br />
Tenuis, 210.<br />
Teres, 49, 54, 66, 153.<br />
Tergeininatus, 13.<br />
Tergiminus, 73.<br />
Tenninalis, S9, 92, 109,<br />
112,142,145,152,154.<br />
Tern a, 61, 6^2.<br />
Ternattis, 72, 94,<br />
Ternalo-pinnatus, 73,<br />
Terraneus, 46,<br />
Terrestris, 46.<br />
Testa, 205.<br />
Testicnlatiis, 50.<br />
Testiculus, 142.<br />
Testis, 142.<br />
Tetracamarus, 189.<br />
Tetracoccus, 184,<br />
Tetradynaimis, 96, 140.<br />
Tetragonus, 55, 67, 105,<br />
107,146,155,171,181,<br />
183, 186, 197,203.<br />
Tetragynus, 97.<br />
Tetrander, 95.<br />
Tetrapetalus, 129.<br />
Tetraphyllus, 124.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 197<br />
Tetrapteius, 172, 161.<br />
Tetraqueter, 55, 197.<br />
Tetrasepalus, 124.<br />
Tetraspermus, 187.<br />
Tetrastichus, 93.<br />
Tetrastylus, 152.<br />
Texture, 37.<br />
Tha'.amia, 224.<br />
Thalamiflorus, 43.<br />
Thalamus, 100,104,124,<br />
159, 223.<br />
Thallus, 223.<br />
Theca, 142, 199,221.<br />
Thecaphorum, 160.<br />
Tliecidion, 172.<br />
Theciriiuin, 172.<br />
Thick, 108,110,121,144,<br />
210, 214.<br />
Thickened, 168, 139.<br />
Thin, 210,<br />
Thongshape, 149.<br />
Thorn, 89.<br />
Thorn-bearing, 64.<br />
Thorned, 80.<br />
Thorn-ended, 60,<br />
Tliorn-like, 116,<br />
ThornY,46, 59, 69, 150,<br />
170," 192.<br />
Thread, 142,<br />
Thread-like, 105, 107,<br />
110, 135, 143, 146,<br />
153, 155, 171, 197,<br />
199, 211.<br />
Thread-shape, 49, 55.<br />
Thready, 176.<br />
Three-camared, 189.<br />
Three-celled, 152, 176,<br />
178,179,184,185,187.<br />
Three-chaffed, 166.<br />
Three-cornered, 55, 65,<br />
155, 171, 173,203.<br />
Three-cut, 70, 91, 126,<br />
134, 154, 156.<br />
Three-edged, 55.<br />
Three-fingered, 72.<br />
Thrce-fingered-pinnate,<br />
73,<br />
Tiiree-iaowered, 106,119<br />
Three-forked, 56,80,88,<br />
14. J,<br />
Three-furrowed, 192,<br />
Three-headed, 187.<br />
Thn-e-leadetted, 72.<br />
Three-lea'-ed, 124.<br />
Three-lobfd, 70, 126,<br />
150, 156, 162,210.<br />
Three-paired, 72.<br />
Three-paleolated, 123.<br />
Three-parted, 90, 127,<br />
154, 187, 198, 205.<br />
Three-parting, 19S.<br />
Three-pctalod, 129.<br />
'1 hree-pointed, 135.<br />
Three-ribbed, 75, 198.<br />
Three-seeded, 172, 187.<br />
Three-sepaled, 124.<br />
Three-sided,55,67,105,<br />
107, 153, 165, 175,<br />
).76, 185, 197.<br />
Three-stamened, 95.<br />
Three-styled, 97, 152.<br />
Three-toothed, 68, 126.<br />
Three-valved, 148, 176,<br />
187,<br />
Three-winged, 172,186,<br />
204.<br />
Threes, 61,94.<br />
Thrice-compounded, 73.<br />
Thrice-feather-cut, 71.<br />
Throat, 136,<br />
Thyrsus, 101, 112.<br />
Tied, 150.<br />
Tigella, 219.<br />
Tigellatns, 217.<br />
Tiled, 103, 118, 122.<br />
Tile-like, 62, 141, ISO,<br />
201.<br />
Tiling, 79.<br />
Tip, 148,213.<br />
Tornentosus, 46, 58, 77,<br />
170, 192.<br />
Tomentdm, 226.<br />
Tongue, 164.<br />
Tongueshape, 66, 172.<br />
Tooth, 222.<br />
Toot;ied,51,69,83, 108,<br />
126, 134, 135, 156,<br />
168, 169.<br />
Topshape, 125,15 3,165,<br />
177,179,186,202,211.<br />
Topwinged, 181,<br />
Torfaceus, 47.<br />
Torn, SO, 83, 126.<br />
Torsus, 123, 146.<br />
Tortuosus, 57.<br />
Tortus, 137,143, 157.<br />
Torulosus, 143, 183,185.<br />
Torus, 101, 159.<br />
Tracheae, 37.<br />
Transversus, 193, 212,<br />
Transitorius, 132.<br />
Transparent, 210,<br />
Transversalis, 194.<br />
Transversim, 148,<br />
Trapezoideus, 65.<br />
Tree, 36.<br />
Triadelphus, 140.<br />
Trialatus, 204,<br />
Triander, 95.<br />
Triangularis, 55,65,171.<br />
Trica" 223.<br />
Tricamarus, 1S9.
798 INDEX OF TERMS.<br />
Tricephalus, 187.<br />
Trichotomus, 56, SO.<br />
Tricocciis, 184, 185.<br />
Tricuspidatus, 135, 143.<br />
Tridentatus,68,126,U3.<br />
Tridigitato-pinnatus,73<br />
Tridigitatiis, 72.<br />
Trifidus, 70,91,126,134,<br />
154, 156.<br />
Triflorus, 106,119.<br />
Trifoliolatus, 72.<br />
Trifurcatus, 88.<br />
Trigeminate, 73.<br />
Triglaiis, 173.<br />
Trigonus, 55, 67, 105,<br />
107, 153, 155, 165,<br />
171, 175, 176, 185,<br />
186, 197,203.<br />
Trigynus, 97.<br />
Trijugus, 72.<br />
Trilateialis, 197.<br />
Trilobatus,126,156,162,<br />
210.<br />
Trilobus, 70, 150.<br />
Trilocularis, 152, lt6,<br />
178, 179, 187.<br />
Trinervis, 198.<br />
Trinervius, 75.<br />
Trioicns, 44.<br />
Tripaleaceus, 166.<br />
Tripaleolatus, 123,<br />
Tripartibilis, 187, 198,<br />
TripartUus, 90,127,154,<br />
198, 205.<br />
Tripennaticisus, 71.<br />
Tripetalus, 129.<br />
Tripinnatus, 74.<br />
Triple-ribbed, 75.<br />
Triplex, 154.<br />
Triplinervius, 75.<br />
Tripterus, 172, 186,204.<br />
Triqueter, 55, 67, 165,<br />
171, 197,203.<br />
Trispermus, 172, 187.<br />
Tristylus, 152.<br />
Trisulcatus, 192.<br />
Triternatus, 74.<br />
Trivalvis, 148,176,187.<br />
Trochlearis, 211.<br />
Troi)hnspermum, 196.<br />
True, 178.<br />
Truncatus, 50, 68, 80,<br />
122, 124, 126, 146,<br />
156, 186.<br />
Tr\incus, 52.<br />
Tuba, 151.<br />
Tuber, 49,50,<br />
Tubercular, 203,223.<br />
Tuberculatus, 58, 107,<br />
197, 203, 208.<br />
Tuberculuui, 49, 50,<br />
Tuberosus, 49, 85, 209.<br />
Tubiferus, 98.<br />
Tiibularis, 80.<br />
Tubular, 125,171.<br />
Tubulalus, 125, 130.<br />
Tubulosus, 81, 125, 130,<br />
144, 153, 171.<br />
Tubus, 37, 135,225.<br />
Tuft, 116.<br />
Tufled, 204.<br />
Tunica, 204, 206.<br />
Tuiiicatus, 85, 208.<br />
Tunicosus, 85.<br />
Turbinatus, 125, 153,<br />
163, 177, 179, 186,<br />
190, 202, 211.<br />
Turgidus, 168, 180, 181,<br />
183.<br />
Turio, 85.<br />
Turioniferus, 51.<br />
Turned back, 105, 118,<br />
128, 137, 138,214.<br />
Turned backwards, 89.<br />
Turned in, 137, 138,<br />
Turned over, 131.<br />
Turnepsliape, 49,<br />
Turning, 79, 145,<br />
Twelve-cut, 126.<br />
Twelve-sided, 150.<br />
Twelve-styled, 97.<br />
Twenty-sided,' 150.<br />
Twice-compounded, 73.<br />
Twice-feather-cut, 71.<br />
Twice-fc-ather-paried,<br />
71.<br />
Twice-flowering, 43.<br />
Twigs, h9.<br />
Twin, 62, 82, 146, 183,<br />
185.<br />
Twisted, 103, 123, 137,<br />
146, 157.<br />
Two-bea.ked, 165.<br />
Two-celled, 147, 151,<br />
172, 174—176, 179,<br />
182, 184, 185, 187.<br />
Two-chaffed, 166.<br />
Two-cotyledon, 211.<br />
Two-cut, 70, 91, 126,<br />
134, 146, 154, 156.<br />
Two-edged, 54,105,143.<br />
Two-fingered, 71.<br />
Two-fingered-pinnate,<br />
73.<br />
Two-flaked, 157, 195.<br />
Two-flowered, 106,117,<br />
119, 120.<br />
Two-forked, 56, 79,88,<br />
106, 143, 154.<br />
Two-furrowed, 192.<br />
Two-headed, 186.<br />
Two-ho!ed,14S,<br />
Two-horned, 146, 16G,<br />
183, 191.<br />
Two-leaved, 117,124.<br />
Two-lipped, 126, 131,<br />
134.<br />
Two-lobed, 70, 126,147,<br />
156, 162,215.<br />
Two-paired, 72.<br />
Two-paleolated, 123.<br />
Two-parted, 7 1,90,127,<br />
134, 154, 187, 198,<br />
Two-parting, 198.<br />
Two-partible, 168.<br />
Two-petaled, 129.<br />
Two-pointed, 88.<br />
Two-ranked, 62.<br />
Two-ribbed, 198.<br />
Two-rowed, 59, 93, 1 22,<br />
Two-seeded, 172, 175,<br />
177,179,182,184,187.<br />
Two-sepaled, 124.<br />
Two-sided,63, 149, 197,<br />
Two-spathelled, 120.<br />
Two-spathelluled, 122.<br />
Two-stamened, 92.<br />
Two-styled, 97, 152.<br />
Two-teethed, 121, 122.<br />
Two-valved, 176, 187,<br />
Two-vittated, 170.<br />
Two-winged, 204.<br />
Twos, 95.<br />
U,<br />
Uliginosus, 47.<br />
Unarmed, 166.<br />
UinbeHa, 112, 113.<br />
Umbellatus, 102.<br />
Umbelflowercd, 117,<br />
Umbelliferus, 117.<br />
TJmbellula, 114, 156.<br />
Umbiiicus,207,208,218,<br />
Urabrosus, 47.<br />
Uncinatus, 68, 131, 135,<br />
156, 199.<br />
Uncus, 227.<br />
Uncut, 80, 83, 122, 135,<br />
138, 108, 215.<br />
Undivided, 106, 171.<br />
Undiilato-crenujatus,<br />
135,<br />
Undulafus,74,I34,135,<br />
169, 171.<br />
Unequal, 67, 121, 128,<br />
134, 140, 167.<br />
Unguiculatus, 133.<br />
Uniaiatus, 172, 204,<br />
Unicus, 56, 95, 151,152,<br />
154,209.<br />
Uniferiis, 43,
tTnifloriis, 105, 106,115,<br />
117, 119, 120.<br />
Uniforatus, 148.<br />
tJnifoliatus,71.<br />
Uniformis, 94, 114.<br />
Uniglans, 173.<br />
Unijugiis, 72.<br />
Unilabiams, 131.<br />
Unilateralis, 63,93,121,<br />
133,141,161,197,209.<br />
Unilobus, 147.<br />
Unilocnlaris, 147. 151,<br />
172,175,176,178,179,<br />
1S2, 184, 185, 187.<br />
Uninervatiis, 75.<br />
XJuinervis, 198.<br />
Uninervius, 75.<br />
Unipaleaceiis, 120, ?22,<br />
Unipaleolalus, 123.<br />
Unipetalus, 130.<br />
Unique, 94.<br />
Unisi)atliellat(is,120,i22<br />
IJnisexualis, 44, 95.<br />
Unisukatus, 176, 192.<br />
Univalvis, 117, 187.<br />
Univittatus, 170.<br />
Unlike, 147, 149,215.<br />
Unlike-flowered, 114,<br />
Upright, 56,93,109,11 1,<br />
'128, 133, 137, 141,<br />
145, 153, 157, 174,<br />
180, 191, 200.<br />
Urceolaius, 118,125,130<br />
Urceolus, 157, 163.<br />
Urna, 221.<br />
Utricula, 177.<br />
Utricularis, 87, 176.<br />
Utricuiarius, 64.<br />
Utriciilosus, 51.<br />
Utriculus, 37, 142, 150,<br />
172.<br />
Vacilians, 145.<br />
Vanishino;, 162.<br />
Vagina, 53, 83, 151.<br />
Vagi naiis,6.i,S0,S 1,144,<br />
157.<br />
Vagiiiatiis, 57, 105.<br />
Vaginella, 84..<br />
Vaginula, 221.<br />
Vagus, 194, 201,213.<br />
Vallecula, 169.<br />
Valva,l 16,120,122,148,<br />
193,213.<br />
Valvaris, 103,195,197.<br />
Valvatus, 103.<br />
Valveanus, 195.<br />
Valveless, 176.<br />
Valvula, 120, 148^ 193.<br />
INDEX OF TERMS. 709<br />
,<br />
Variegatus, 77.<br />
Vas, 37,38,39,151,216,<br />
Vasculum, 84.<br />
Vegetabilia, 36.<br />
Vehied, 76.<br />
Veinless, 76.<br />
Veiny, 192,<br />
Velumen, 226.<br />
Velutinus, 45, 58, 77,<br />
157, 192.<br />
Velvet, 45, 226.<br />
Velvetty, 58, 77, 124,<br />
144, 153, 157, 192.<br />
Vena, 225.<br />
Venosus, 76, 192.<br />
Veiitvicosus, 105, 125,<br />
135, 180.<br />
Vernalis, 99.<br />
Vernatio, 86.<br />
Vernus, 99.<br />
Verruca, 226.<br />
Verrucosus, 58, 77, 170,<br />
192.<br />
Versatilis, 145.<br />
Vertebral, 72.<br />
Verlebratus, 72,108,182<br />
Verticalis, ."»", 153.<br />
Verticillatiis,59,61,102,<br />
180, 196, 214.<br />
Verticilliflorus, 110.<br />
Verlicillus, 110.<br />
Verus, 178.<br />
Very branchy, 56.<br />
Very long, 108, 153.<br />
Very much compressed,<br />
66.<br />
Very open, 60, 63,<br />
Very short, 106, 153.<br />
Very simple, 56.<br />
Very small, 82, 214.<br />
Vesicles, 37.<br />
Vesicula, 84, 225.<br />
Vesicularis, 87, 206,<br />
Vessels, 37, 88.<br />
Vexillaris, 103.<br />
Vexillum, 130.<br />
Villosity, 226.<br />
Villosiis, 45, 58,77, 107,<br />
124,136,144,153,157,<br />
170, 192, 197,204.<br />
Villus, 40, 226.<br />
Vinealis, 46.<br />
Vineyard, 46.<br />
Violacens 132,<br />
Violet, 132.<br />
Violpn-shaped, 69.<br />
Virgatus, 54.<br />
Viridis,77, 132,210,213.<br />
Viridi-lutens, 132.<br />
Viscosus, 45, 77, 157.<br />
Visibilis, 217,219.<br />
Vitellus, 219.<br />
Viticula, 52.<br />
Vitta,38, 170.<br />
Volubilis, 57,<br />
Volva, 225,<br />
W,<br />
Wall, 46,<br />
Wanting, 167.<br />
Wart, 226.<br />
Warted, 192,<br />
Warty, 58, 77, 170,203,<br />
Water, 47,<br />
Waved,74,134,135,16&,,<br />
171.<br />
Wavy crenulated, 135.<br />
Weak, 55, 105,<br />
Wedge-like, 65,<br />
Wedge-shape, 133, 143,<br />
Wheel-like, 131,<br />
Whirl, 61, 102,110,180,<br />
214,<br />
Whirled, 59, 196,<br />
White, 132,210,213.<br />
Whitish, 149.<br />
Wide-aoart, 214.<br />
Wild, 43,<br />
Winding, 146,208.<br />
Wing, 130, 164,226.<br />
Winged, 57,80,165,168,.<br />
170, 172, 180, 1S3,<br />
185, 191, 194, 204,<br />
Winter, 99.<br />
Withering, 128.<br />
Wood, 53.<br />
Woodland, 47.<br />
Woody, 41, 49, 53, 54,,<br />
117, 191, 196,<br />
Wool, 226.<br />
Woolliness, 226,<br />
Woolly, 46, 58, 77, 192,-<br />
204.<br />
Wrinkled, 58, 74, 168,<br />
169, 192,203,210,<br />
Wrinkly, 168.<br />
Xylopodium, 174.<br />
Y,<br />
Yellow, 132, 150.<br />
Yellowish, 149, 213,<br />
Yellowish orange, 132,<br />
Zonatiis, 78,<br />
Zoned, 78,
• anthos,<br />
800<br />
Terminations of derivatives.<br />
adelplios, 142.^*^/^/'/^. — dendron,36. i
INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
A.<br />
^tlialium, 567.<br />
Agaricus ceraceus, 607.<br />
Afzelia, 731,732,743. — chalybeus, 608.<br />
Acetabulum, 438, 672. AgaricidcEe, 599. — ciliaris, 633.<br />
Acladium, 556.<br />
Agaricus acris, 625, — cimicarius, 625.<br />
Acoliiim, 482. — aciiminatus, 633. — cinctulus, 633.<br />
Acorn, dog's, 675. — Adonis, 620. — cinereus, 634.<br />
Acremoniuu), 550. — adustus, 614. — cinnamomeus, 630.<br />
Acrospermum, 595,659. — aeruginosus, 627. — citrinus,599.<br />
Acrosporium, 552. — affinis, 608. — clavus, 621.<br />
Actidium, 508, 509. — albellus, 609. — cocciueus, 621,<br />
Adiantum aureum, 720, — albus, 610, 611. — cochleatus, 612.<br />
721.<br />
— alliaceus, 619. — collariatus, 622.<br />
Adonis, 620. — alneus, 617. — collinltus, 628.<br />
iEcidiura, 534—538. — alumnus, 611. — collinus, 607.<br />
— anemones, 537^ 538. — amanitas, 611. — colubrinus, 602.<br />
— - asperifolias, 536. — amarus, 627. — columbarius, 608.<br />
— asperifoliarnm, 536. — amethysteus, 614. — comatus, 634.<br />
— barbarese, 535. — androsaceiis, 622. — compressus, 610.<br />
— berberidis, 534. — anriularius, 603. — confertus, 631.<br />
~ bunii, 535. — applicatus, 617. — confluens, 612.<br />
— cancellatum, 534. — araneosus, 629. — congregatus, 603.<br />
— characese, 537. — arundinaceus, 607. — contiguus, 611.<br />
— cichoiacearum, 537. — arvensis, 626. — coprinus, 635.<br />
— cleraatitis, 536. — atro-albus, 619. — coriaceus, 617.<br />
— confertum, 535. — atrorufus, 620. — cornucopioides, 619.<br />
— corni, 536. — aurantiacns, 636.<br />
•— corticalis, 621.<br />
— cornutum, 534. — auratus, 627. — crassipes, 605.<br />
— crassum, 535. — aureus, 603. — cretaceus, 633.<br />
— epilobii, 538. — aurivellus, 602. — cristatus, 602.<br />
— euphorbiae, 537, — aurivenius, 604. — croceus, 602, 630.<br />
— fuscum, 542. — badipus, 605. — cumulatus, 603.<br />
— irregulare, 535. — Beryllus, 627. — cuspidatus, 631.<br />
— laceratum, 534. — betulinus, 617. — cyaneus, 627.<br />
— leucospermum, 537. — bicolor, 628. — cyanus, 627.<br />
— oxyacantha?, 534. — brevipes,609. — cyatbiformis, 611,<br />
— periclymeni, 537. — bulbosus, 599, 630. 612, 614.<br />
— punctatum, 538. — cseruleus, 606. — cyathoides, 614.<br />
— ranunculi, 535. — calceolarias, 602. — cylindricus, 634.<br />
— lubellum, 536. — callochrous, 629. — deliciosus, 624.<br />
— rubi, 538. — campanella, 623. — denticulatus, 630.<br />
— ruraicis, 536. — campestris, 626. — depluens, 617.<br />
— tragopogi, 537. — candicans, 613. — dnmesticus, 633.<br />
^- tragopogonis, 537. — Candidas, 611. — dryophilus, 612.<br />
—- tussilaginis,536,537. — canlharelloides, 636. — dulcis, 624.<br />
— urticae, 536. — cantharellus, 636. — eburneus, 610.<br />
— violarum, 53t. — carnosus, 615. — edulis, 626,<br />
^gagropila, 308, — castaneus, 611. — elephantinus, 614,<br />
^gerita, 546. — caulicinalis, 605. — elixus, 614.<br />
jEgeritadeas, 546. — cepaestipes, 633. — emeticHs,618.<br />
VOL. I.<br />
3f
802 INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
Agaricus epheraerus, Agaricus Listeri, 623, Agaricus porosus, 648".<br />
635.<br />
625.<br />
—<br />
— porreus, 619.<br />
epigssus, 617. — lobatus, 612. — pratensis, 604, 607.<br />
— epipliyllus, 622. — longipes, 605. — procerus, 601.<br />
— epipterygius, 620. — lurid us, 606.<br />
—<br />
— pubescens, 616.<br />
ertcetorum, 623. — luteo-albus, 620. — pullatus, 634.<br />
— ericeus, 613. — luteus, 618,633.<br />
— ericaeus, 631. —<br />
— pulverulentus, 627.<br />
lycoperdoides, 635,<br />
— excoriatus, 601. —<br />
— purpureus, 608.<br />
macrorhizus, 605.<br />
—<br />
— purus, 608.<br />
extiuctorius, 632. — maculatus, 600.<br />
—<br />
— quercinus, 638.<br />
facie, 641. — mappa, 599.<br />
—<br />
— radiatus, 605, 635.<br />
farinaceus, 619, 613. — margaritiferus, 600.<br />
— fascicularis, 627. —<br />
— racemosus, 620.<br />
meleagris, 609.<br />
— fibula, 623- —<br />
— ramealis, 611.<br />
melleus, 603.<br />
—<br />
— reflexus, 604.<br />
ficoides, 604. — niembranaceus, 546,<br />
—<br />
— rimosus, 604.<br />
filamentosus, 602. 612,631.<br />
—<br />
— risigallinus, 6iS.<br />
fiinbriatus, 622. T— miniatus, 604.<br />
—<br />
— rosellus, 613.<br />
fimetarius, 634. — mollis, 609, 616.<br />
—<br />
— roseus, 608, 618.<br />
fimiputris,632. — mucosus, 628.<br />
—<br />
— rotula, 622.<br />
flabellifoiiais, 615. — niultifidus, 617.<br />
—<br />
— rubens, 629.<br />
flaccidus,6i2^ — muscarius, 600.<br />
—<br />
— rubescens, 625.<br />
flavidus, 632. — muscigenus, 637.<br />
—<br />
— russula, 607, 618.<br />
flavipes, 619. — Mycena, 621.<br />
—<br />
— rutilans, 606,<br />
flavo-floccosus, 602. — myodes, 600.<br />
—<br />
— rutilus, 629.<br />
floccosus, 602. — myomyces, 60S.<br />
—<br />
— sanguineus, 629.<br />
foenisecii, 631. — nebularis, 609.<br />
—<br />
— scaber, 630.<br />
fornicatus, 615. — nigricans, 614, 616.<br />
— fragilis, 623. —<br />
— semiglobafus, 632.<br />
nigripes, 605. — semiovatus, 632,<br />
— fragrans, 613. — nitens, 610.<br />
—<br />
— semistriatus, 635.<br />
fulvosus, 604. — niveus, 616.<br />
—<br />
— sericeus, 614.<br />
fuscus, 601, 625. — nudus, 628. — sessilis, 616.<br />
— fusipes, 605. — nutans, 620.<br />
—<br />
— sordidus, 614.<br />
galericulatus, 619. — obesus, 607.<br />
—<br />
— squamosus, 613.<br />
geophilus, 608. — oblectus, 634.<br />
—<br />
— squamula, 622.<br />
gibbus, 612. — ochraceus, 602. — squarrosus, 602.<br />
— gilvus, 612. — odorus, 606.<br />
—<br />
— stipilis, 603.<br />
glaucopus, 629. — orcellus, 615. — striatus, 635.<br />
— 'glutinosus, 629, 632. — oreades, 604.<br />
—<br />
— strobilinus, 621.<br />
gomphus, 629. — ostreatus, 616. — stypticus, 616.<br />
— gracilis, 631. — pallidus, 606. — subantiquatus, 602.<br />
— granulosus, 602. — palraatus, 615. — sulphureus, 606,<br />
— graveolens, 610. — papilionaceus, 633. — tardus, 614.<br />
— helvolus, 603,631. — papyraceus, 631. — tener, 620.<br />
— hinnuleus, 603. — parasiticus, 610. — tentaculatus, 621.<br />
— Hudson!, 620. — perforans, 622. — terreus, 608.<br />
— iucanus, 615. — peronatus, 607. — tlieiogalus, 624.<br />
— incarnatus, 608. — petasitidis, 536. — tigrinus, 613.<br />
— inconstans, 615. — picaceus,634. — titubans, 632.<br />
— infundibuliformis, — pileolarius, 609. — tomentosus,634.<br />
612. — pilipes, 611. — torminosus, 624.<br />
— infundibulum, 614. — pilosus, 604, 620. — toPtilis, 613.<br />
— integer, 607, 618. — piperatus, 623, 624. — tremulus, 617.<br />
— integrellus, 621. — phonosperinus, 606. — tuberosus, 611.<br />
— involutus, 611. — plicatus,619,634,635 — turbinatus, 629.<br />
— jozzolus, 610. — plumbeus, 601, 625. — ulmarius, 615.<br />
— labyrinthiformis,638 — pluinosus, 609. — umbilicatus, 613.<br />
— lacrymabundus, 633. — politus, 627. — umbratus, 610.<br />
— lacteus, 622. — polygrammus. 619. — vaginatus, 601.<br />
— lactifluus, 623—625. — polymyces, 603, — variabilis, 616.<br />
•— lateritius, 627. — pomposus, 627. — variegatus, 621.<br />
'— limacinus, 609. — porGellaneus, 634. — varius,619,629>631..<br />
1
INDEX OF PLANTS. 803<br />
Agaric'js velutinns, 633,<br />
— velutipes, 605.<br />
— veuosus, 622.<br />
— verrucosus, 600.<br />
— villosus, 617.<br />
— violaceiis, 628.<br />
— violaceo-cinereus,<br />
Aurantia, 596.<br />
Auranlium, 362, 581.<br />
Auricula, 594,<br />
Auricularia, 652, 653.<br />
Auriscalpium, 650.<br />
Bartram, 750, 751.<br />
Bartramia, 750, 751.<br />
Batarrea, 675,<br />
Batrachospermura, 284,<br />
302,330,331,<br />
Bazzanio, 704.<br />
Bazzanius, 704,<br />
628.<br />
Bearer, cross, 683,<br />
— virgineus, 610, 613.<br />
— cup, 683,<br />
— viridis, 606.<br />
Beryllus, 627.<br />
— viridulus, 627. Baccalaria, 393.<br />
Biddulph, 294.<br />
— virosiis, 632.<br />
Bisomyces, 412, 413. Biddulphia, 294.<br />
— viscidiis, 629. — alcicornis, 418. Blasia, 686.<br />
— volvaceus, 601. — amaurocraeus, 422. Blasius, 686.<br />
— xerarapelitius, 606. — bacillaris, 420,422. Blewits, 628.<br />
— zoiiarius, 624, 625. — beUidiflorus,424. Bolete, 640—643.<br />
Agardh, 299.<br />
.— cervicornis, 418. Boletideae, 639.<br />
Agardhia,299. — cocci ferus, 423. Boletus, 630, 640—643<br />
Albatrello, 645. — cornucopioides, 423. — abietinus, 643.<br />
A 1 battel] us, 64.5. — cornutus, 420, 421. — albidus, 640, 645.<br />
Albugo, 540. — deformis, 423. — alneus, 640.<br />
AlcyonideEe, 352. — delicatus, 416. — angustaius, 639.<br />
Alcyonidiuai,351,f352, — digitatus, 422. — annularius, 646.<br />
353. — endivifolius, 418. — annulatus, 646.<br />
Alcyoniura,292,353,362 — epiphyllus, 417. — applanatus, 642.<br />
Alectoria, 407, 408. — timbriatus, 419. — aurantiacus, 646.<br />
Alga, 3€6. — furcatus, 414, — badius, 644.<br />
— exigua, 394. — gracilis, 421,<br />
=— betulinus, 641.<br />
— latifolia,389. — lignorum, 413. — biennis, 649.<br />
— marina, 390. — macilentus, 422. — buglossum, 648.<br />
Alga;, 408,436,507,547, — neglectus, 419. — caesius, 640,<br />
677. — papillaris, 424. — calceolus, 644.<br />
Alyxoria, 501. — paschalis, 411. — carpineus, 641.<br />
Amanita, 1599-601. — pleurotus, 424. — caudicinus, 643.<br />
Arnanile, 599, 600. — pungens, 415. — cellulosus, 643,<br />
Ananas, 358. — pyxidatus, 419, 421, — cinnamomeus,645.<br />
Anandra?, 532, 547. 424. — citrinus, 643,<br />
Andrea, 70S, 709. — quercinus, 416. — confragosus, 638.<br />
Anictangium, 713, 714, — racemosus, 414. — constrictus, 645,647.<br />
730. — radiatus, 420. — cortinatus, 646.<br />
Anomodon, 743. — rangiferinus, 415. — cristatus, 643.<br />
Anthoceride*, 681. — roseus, 412, — cryptarum, 639.<br />
Anthoceros, 681. — rubiformis, 461. — cyanescens, 647.<br />
Apus, 617. — rufus, 413. — destructor, 639.<br />
Arbuscula, 333. — rupestris, 413. — dryadeus, 642.<br />
Arcell, 440. — sparassus, 417, — durus, 644,<br />
Arcyria, f 576,577,579. — spinosus, 4l4. — edulis, 647, 648,<br />
Ardeuia, 657. — squamosus, 417, — elephantinus, 648.<br />
Arthronia, +479, 480, — subulatus, 415. — entybaceus, 643.<br />
504.<br />
— turbinatus, 419, 420. — fimbriatus, 644.<br />
Ascobolidese, 674. — uncialis, 415. — flavus, 646,<br />
Ascobolus, 674. — verniiciilaris, 413, — floriformJs, 643.<br />
Ascophora, 543, 561. — verticillatus, 419, — frondosus, 643.<br />
Aspergillideie, 552. Basomycideffi, 41 1. — fonientarius,641,642.<br />
Aspergillus, t553—555. Bag, spring, 580,581. — fuligii'eus, 645.<br />
Asperococcus, 342. Bali, moor, 308. — hepaticHs, 648.<br />
Asterophora, 635. — puir, 583, 584. — heteroclitus, 640,<br />
Asteroplioridea?, 635. — soft, 546, — hippocrepis, 642.<br />
Astoma, 523— 526. Bangia, 287,314. — liispidus, 640.<br />
Astome, 523—526. Bangidese, 287. — igniarius, 641, 642.<br />
Astroites, 479.<br />
Baibula, 722, 725, — juglandis, 643.<br />
3 F 2
80* INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
Boletus labyrinthifor- Bryum apocarpon, 726. Bryum hum'ile, 723,mis,<br />
638. — apocarpum, 713. — hygrometricum, 744..<br />
— laccatus, 644. — aquaticum,736. — hypnoides,739—741,,<br />
— lacrjmaos, 637. — argenteum, 768, 769. 771.<br />
— lactifluus, 647. — aristatum, 725. — iraberbe, 724.<br />
— lateralis, 644, — aureum, 744, 768. — immersum, 735.<br />
— leptocephalus, 645. — bicolor, 770. — inclinatum, 742.<br />
— Lipsiensis, 642, — bimum,771. — incurvum, 720.<br />
— lucidus, 644. — bipartitum,742. — julaceum, 76&.<br />
— luridus, 648. — boreale, 770. — lanceolatum, 730.<br />
— luteus, 646. — BrowDianum,717. — lanuginosura, 739.<br />
— medulla panis, 640. — caaspiticium, 770. — lapponicum, 7 14.<br />
— iiitens, 644. — calliscomum, 738. — laterale, 751.<br />
-— numrnularius, 644. — calyptra, 726. — ligiilatum, 772.<br />
— obtusus, 642. — capillaceum, 743. — linear, 743.<br />
— ovinus, 645. — capillare, 770. — longicoUum, 771.<br />
— perennis, 644, 645. — capitulis, 718, 719, — longifolium, 736.<br />
— piperatus, 647.<br />
723, 725, 736, 738, — longisetum,770.<br />
— polyporus, 645.<br />
769, 770. — lutescens, 741.<br />
— pomaceus, 642. — cariieum, 769. — macrocarpon, 740.<br />
— pruuastri, 642. — Celsii, 722. — maJHS,723.<br />
— pseudo-igniarius,642 — cerviculatum, 735. — marginatum, 772.<br />
— radiatus, 640. — ciliare,725. — minus, 723.<br />
— rubeolarius, 648. — ciliatum, 713. — minutum, 730.<br />
— salicinus, 641. — cirratum, 741. — minoides, 768.<br />
— scaber, 647, — compactum, 771. — murale, 723.<br />
— sebaceus, 639. — conoideum, 744. — nigricans, 770.<br />
— sinuosus, 638. — convulutum, 725, — nigri turn, 729.<br />
— spongiosus, 640. — crispatum, 730. — nitidum, 769—773.<br />
— squamosus, 643. — crispum, 745. — nutans, 771.<br />
— suaveolens, 639, 641. — crudum, 768, 769. — pailens,770.<br />
— suberosus, 641. — cubitale, 771. — pallescens, 770.<br />
— subtomentosus, 644, — caneifolium, 723. — paludosum, 732.<br />
647. — curvirostrum, 731. — palustre,7 14,736,76-7<br />
— sulpliureus, 643, 645. — cuspidafum, 773. — papillosum, 742.<br />
— ungulatus, 642. — cylindricum, 771. — parvulum, 735.<br />
— unicolor, 649. — Daviesii, 727. — parvum, 7 1 5, 7 1 6.<br />
— varius, 644. — dealbatum, 768. — patens, 739.<br />
— velutinus, 640. — delicatulum, 769. — paucifoliura, 716.<br />
— vernicosus, 644. — Dicksoni, 731. — pellucidum, 717,736.<br />
— versicolor, 642. — elongatum, 771. — pendulum, 768, 773.<br />
— viliosus, 640, — erytlirocarpum, 770. — piliferum,734.<br />
Bone, back, 338. — exiguum, 715. — pilosum, 733.<br />
Borrer, 434, 435. — extinctorium, 7 75,726 — polyphylluui, 741.<br />
Borrera, 434, 435. — fasciculare, 715, 741. — pomi forme, 730.<br />
Borrichius, 330. — fasciculalum, 732. — proliferum, 770.<br />
Botrytis,532,553,554, — filifonr.e,768. — pseudotriquetrum,<br />
Bovista, 582, 583. — flavescens, 736.<br />
771.<br />
Box, pill, 586. — flexifoliiim, 742. — pulchellum, 769.<br />
Bryon lactucaefolium, — flexuosum, 735. — pulvinatum, 727.<br />
343. — foliis, 714, 724, 742. — punctatum,772.<br />
Bryopsls,288,289. — fontanum, 751. — pusillum, 738.<br />
Bryum, 767—773. — Forsteri, 714. — pyriforme, 716, 768,^<br />
— acaulon, 722. — fragile, 735. — quod muscus, 751.<br />
— aciculare, 741. — fulvellum, 733. — recurvatum, 732.<br />
— acutum, 733. — glaucum,734. — recurvirostrum, 731.<br />
— ^gypti,715. — Griffithsianum, 714. — reticulatum, 719.<br />
— EBstivum, 714, 743. — Heimii, 715. — rigidulum, 743.<br />
— alpinum, 771. — lieteromallum, 738, — rigidum, 722.<br />
•— ampullaceum,718. — heterostichura, 740, — roseum, 769, 770,<br />
— horn lira J 773. — rsstratum, 772,<br />
— androgynum,767, .
INDEX OF PLANTS. 805<br />
Bryum rubrum, 738. Byssus botryoides, 349. Cenomyce dclicata, 41 6.<br />
— rufescens, 738. — candidissima, 466. — ecmocyna, 415, 421.<br />
— rugosum, 737. — chain, 556. — endivifolia, 418.<br />
— rurale,723. — floccosa, 558. — epiphylla, 417.<br />
— Schleicheri, 770. — flos aquae, 352. — furcata, 414, 415.<br />
— scopariiira, 738. — incana, 470. — gonorega;, 417.<br />
— sericciim,771. — jolithus,350, — ieptophylla, 416.<br />
— serpyllifolium, 770, — lactea, 466. — oxycera, 422.<br />
772, 773. — lanuginosa, 332, — papillaria, 424.<br />
— serratuin,773. — latissima, 352. — pyxidata, 419,421.<br />
— sessile, 745. — mollissiraa, 558. — radiata, 420.<br />
— setaceum, 725, 731, — mouseskin, 558. — rangiferina, 415.<br />
732. — nigra, 558. — rubiformis, 461.<br />
— simplex, 738. — petraea, 558. — uncialis, 415, 422.<br />
— splachnoides, 733. — pulverulenta, 470. — vermicularis, 413.<br />
— spurium, 737. — ring, 556, 557.<br />
Oenothalaraea?, 408.<br />
— Starkeanum, 730. — rust, 555,<br />
Cepa, 582.<br />
— stenare,731,770. — saxatilis, 350. Cephalotrichum, 563.<br />
— stellatuin, 724. — septica, 558.<br />
Ceramidcffi, 320.<br />
— stelligerum, 7 14. — spiral, 557.<br />
Ceramium asperum,305.<br />
— striatum, 745,747. — subterranea, 558. — bracheatum, 322,<br />
— striatum, 742. — tenerrima, 309. — brachygonum, 334.<br />
— strumiferum, 735. — velutina, 309. — byssoides, 337.<br />
— subulatmn, 723.<br />
— caespitosum, 289,<br />
— tectorum, 745.<br />
— chalybeum,322.<br />
— tenue, 725, 742.<br />
— ciliatum, 328.<br />
— tortuosum, 724.<br />
— cirrhosum, 332,<br />
— trichodes, 738, 767, Caeoma, 538. — confervoides, 322.<br />
768,771.<br />
Calceolus, 644. — diaphanum, 327.<br />
=— trichoides, 724,725, Calicidiffi, 481. — dichotomum, 289.<br />
727,731,732,734,735, Calicium,482,485. — Dilwynii, 290.<br />
738,740,741,750,770. Callibryon, 719. — elongatuin, 327, 334.<br />
— trifarium, 743. Callithamnion, 322,326, — fastigiatum, 338.<br />
— triquetrum,767, 768, 329. — ^filum, 386.<br />
770,771.<br />
Calycina, 669,670. — floccosum, 324.<br />
— truncatulum, 715. Calyculus, 673. — forcipatum, 328.<br />
— turbinatum, 770. Calyptratae, 677. — forficatum, 327.<br />
— undulatum, 719,772. Campanella, 623. — gigartinum, 372.<br />
— ungiiicuJatum, 725. Cancellaria, 534. — incurvum, 382.<br />
— vaginale, 737.<br />
Cantharellus, 636, 637. — inflexum,347.<br />
— ventricosum, 771. Cap, hairy, 719—722. — longissimum, 375,<br />
— verticillatum, 732, Capitularia,417— 424. 386.<br />
733.<br />
Carpobolus, 581. — molle,337.<br />
— vi reus, 731.<br />
Carrodori,350. — nodulosum, 330.<br />
— viridissimum,. 714. Carrodorus, 350. — pedicellatum, 323.<br />
— viridulum, 731, 733. Catharinea, 719,720. — plieatum, 374.<br />
— vulgare, 750.<br />
Cavendish, 689, 690. — plocamium, 382.<br />
— Wahlenbergii,770. Cavendishia, 689, 690. — pIumosum,383.<br />
— Weissia, 743.<br />
Cellularia, 666. — plumula, 324.<br />
— Zierii,769.<br />
Cenomycidese, 413. — pulchellum,322.<br />
Bud, mould, 589, 590. Cenomyce adunca, 415. — repeBs,325.<br />
BulbochiEte,321. — alcicornis, 418. — roseum, 323.<br />
Bursa, 292. — allotropa, 417, 419, — rubrum, 327.<br />
Buxbaum, 749,750. 420. — rupestre, 305.<br />
Buxbaumia, 717, 749, — baciUaris, 420, 422. — scoparium, 332.<br />
750. — cervicornis, 418. — sillculosum,322.<br />
Byssideae,556. — coccifora, 423, — tomentosura, 321.<br />
Byssocladium, 551, 552. — r.occocephala, 421. — torulosum, 381.<br />
Byssus, 558, +562. — cornuta, 420, 421. — tubulosura, 380.<br />
— antiquilatis, 350,538. — damsccornis, 418. — THrneri,325.<br />
— bombycina, 558. — deformis,422,42i'. — verticillatum, 331,
806 INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
Ceraminm violacettm, Clavaria ferruginea,660 Collema nignim,396 402<br />
335.<br />
— fragilis, 656. — palmatum, 398.<br />
— virgatum, 327. — fusiformis, 657, — pannosum,402.<br />
Cerania, 413. — gracilis, 656, — plicatile, 397.<br />
Ceratiiim, 562. — gyrans, 658, — plicatum,401.<br />
Ceratospermum, 518. — herbarum, 659. — polycarpon, 398,<br />
Cerrena, 649. — Herculeana, 657,658, — pulposum, 396.<br />
Cervina, 389. — hypoxylon,488,489, — Saturninum, 399,<br />
Cesius, 705.<br />
512.<br />
— Sciiraderi,402,<br />
Cetraria, 432, 433. — inequalis, 657. — Scotinxim, 400,<br />
Chffitophora, 284, 301, — laciniata, 653, — sinuatum, 400.<br />
302. — militaris, 511. — spongiosum, 402.<br />
Ch3etophore,S01, — minuta, 659, — subtile, 401.<br />
Chanterelle, 636, 637, — muscoides, 655. — tenax, 397,<br />
Chanlransia, 288, 306, — obtusa, 659. — tenuissimum, 402.<br />
312,316, — ophioglossoides, 658, — tomentosuai, 399.<br />
Chara, 302, 330, 331. — palraata, 654, — tremelloides, 401.<br />
Choaspis,299. — pedunculata, 512. — turgidum, 397,<br />
Chondria, 377,378,380, — j)hacorhiza, 658. — vespertilio, 399.<br />
382. — phosphorea, 488. Collematideas, 395.<br />
Chondrus, 365, 367,368, — pistillaris, 657, 658. Coltricia, 644,645.<br />
Chorda, 386, — polymorpha, 659. Coltricione, 644, 645.<br />
Chordaria, 301,347,374, — j»ratensis, 655. Conferva, 303—316.<br />
376, 386, 387. — puccinia, 562. — aegagropila, 308,<br />
Cinclidotus,729. — radicosa, 512, — aegagropilaris,308.<br />
Cionium, 571, 572. — resinosorum, 544. — a;rea, 313,<br />
Circinostoma, 520, 521. — nigosa, 655. — aeruginosa, 307.<br />
Circinostome, 520, 521. — serpentina, 650, — Agardhiana, 299,<br />
Cladonia, +413—415, — spathula, 663, — albida,306.<br />
417—424. — solida, 656, — alpina, 331.<br />
Cladosporium, 566, — truncata, 638. — alternata, 312.<br />
Cladostephus,331,+332. — tuberf)sa,655. — araneosa, 286.<br />
Clathrafa, 346. — vermicularis, 657. — arbuscula, 333,<br />
Clathrus, 483,485,576, — vermiculata, 657. — arcta, 307.<br />
577,579. — viridis, 659. — arenaria, 309.<br />
Clavaria, 656—658. Clavarideffi, 654. — atra, 330,<br />
— acuta, 657.<br />
Clavus, 621, — atraraenti, 559.<br />
— amethystea, 656. Climaciuni, 758. — atropiirpnrca, 287.<br />
— anthocephala, 654. Cod i urn, 292,293. —: atrorubescens, 337,<br />
— Ardenia, 637.<br />
CcEomideEe, 533. — atrovireiis, 287,406.<br />
— Ardeniae, 657. Cceomure, 541, — badia,336.<br />
— atropitrpurea, 658. Cceomuni?, 541. — barbata, 329.<br />
— bifurca, 657.<br />
Collema byssinum, 402. — bicolor,282,<br />
— byssoides, 654. — cornigatum, 398. — Biddulphia, 294.<br />
.— ceranoides, 655. — crenulatum, 396. — bipartita, 313.<br />
— cinerea, 656. — cretaceum, 398. — bipunctata,296,<br />
— cocciiiea, 547. — crispum, 396. — Borreri, 316,323,<br />
— coralloides, 655, 656. — f;isciciilare, 398, — brachiata, 322,<br />
— coriacea,656. — flaccidum, 400.<br />
'— branchialis,294.<br />
— cornea, 654. — fluviale, 397, — brevi-articulata,811.<br />
— corniculata, 655, — furvum, 400. — Brodiifii, 338.<br />
— cylindrica, 51 1, 656. — glaucescens, 396. — Brownii,309.<br />
— digitata, 512,513. — granulossum, 400, — bullosa, 304.<br />
— eburnea, 656. — laceruHi, 401, — bursata, 289.<br />
— elegans, 655. — laciniatutn, 397, — byssoides, 337.<br />
— epiphjUa, 660, — marginale, 401. — ca^rulescens, 299.<br />
— erythro])us, 658. — marginellum, 401. — calycina, 310.<br />
— fabse, 654. — melaenum, 397. — canalicuiaris, 291.<br />
.— farinosa, 654, — microphylinm, 396, — capillaris, 312,313.<br />
.— fascicnlala, 657. — muscicola, 402. — centralis, 308.<br />
— fastigiata, 655. — nigresceiis,399. — chalybea, 322.
INDEX OF PLANTS. 807<br />
Conferva chnm, 302. Conferva fluviatilis,288, Conferva multistriata,<br />
— ciliata, 328.<br />
312,<br />
298.<br />
— cirrhosa, 332. — fceniculacea, 347. — muralis, 282.<br />
— clathrata, 346. — fcetida, 350, — muscicola, 309.<br />
— coccinea, 334. — fontana, 330. — muscosa, 282.<br />
— comoides, 286. — fontinalis, 280—282, — mutabilis, 30.<br />
— compacta, 312, 313. 291,306. — myochrous, 286.<br />
— compressa, 346. — fracta, 304, 305. — myriophyllum, 331.<br />
— confervicola, 284. — frigida, 290. — nana, 308.<br />
— confragosa, 282. — fiicicola, 315. — nigra, 336, 538.<br />
— conjugata, 299. — fucoides, 335. — nigresccns, 335,<br />
— torallina, 329. — fucoriiin, 315. — nigricans, 303.<br />
— coralloides, 329. — fugacissima,310,311. — nitida, 298.<br />
— corymbifera, 322. — funiformis, 312, — nivn, 332.<br />
— corymbosa, 323. — fusca, 333. — nodulosa, 327.<br />
— crinita, 346. — fusco-purpiirea,287. — No. 1172, 386.<br />
— crispa, 312. — gelatinnsa, 281, 302, — nummuloides, 314,<br />
— crispata, 304.<br />
330, 331.<br />
316.<br />
— cristata, 306. — geniculata, 329. — obliquatvi, 294.<br />
— cruciata, 296. — genuflexa, 300. — obtBaangula, 307,<br />
— cryptarum, 309. — glauca, 305, — ocellata, 286.<br />
— curta, 315, — globulosa, 327. — ocliracea, 281.<br />
— cyanea, 282. — glomerata, 305, 306. — olivacea,333.<br />
— Daviesii, 325. — gracilis, 296. — oscillatoriodes, 310,<br />
— decimiiia, 298. — granulosa, 322.<br />
311.<br />
— decorticans, 282. — Griffithsiana, 337. — pallida, 559.<br />
— dendritica, 552. — hirta, 304. — palustris,313.<br />
— denudata, 337, — Hookeri,324. — pannosa, 402.<br />
— diaphana, 327, — Hiitchinsia, 308, — paradoxa, 346,<br />
— dichotoma, 289, 386. — imbricata, 329, — parasitica, 338.<br />
— diffusa, 305. — implexa, 314. — patens, 336.<br />
— dilatata, 290. -- inflata,297, — pectinalis, 294.<br />
— Dillwynii, 290. — inlerrupta, 326, — pectinata, 296.<br />
— dissiliens, 311. — intestinalis, 345, — pedicelJata, 326.<br />
— distorta, 283. — isogoiia, 314. — pel'.ucida, 306.<br />
— divaricata, 304. — jngalis, 298. — pennata, 332.<br />
— eburnea, 538. — lactea, 559. — pennatuia, 304.<br />
— echinulata, 310. — la?tevirens, 306. — Phoenicia, 326.<br />
— elegans, 327. — Ian osa, 307. — |)ilosa,328.<br />
— elongata,334. — lanuginosuni, 326. — Plinii,3l2.<br />
— equisetiFolia, 329. — limosa, 280, 281. — plunia, 325.<br />
— exigua, 303. — lineata, 316.<br />
'— plumosa, 334.<br />
— fasciata, 316. — linoides, 315. — plumula,324.<br />
— fastigiata, 327. — liniiiH, 313,<br />
-^ polymorpha, 338.<br />
— fenes trails, 551. — littoraliir,32I. — porticalis, 297.<br />
— ferniginea, 315. — lobster's horn, 334. — protcnsa, 303.<br />
— fibrata, 335. — longata, 298. — puiH-talis, 311.<br />
— ii brill osa, 336. — lubrica, 303. — punctiformis, 552.<br />
— filamentis, &c. 313. — lucens, 311. — purpurascens, 323.<br />
— filiformis, 347. — majuscula, 283. — pyrum, 352.<br />
— fist ul osa, 347. — marina, 284, 305 — qninina, 297,<br />
— flacca, 315.<br />
307, 321, 323,327— — radicans, 287.<br />
— flaccida, 315.<br />
329, 332, 338. — raniosa, 314.<br />
— flavescens, 304, — melagonalis, 313. — refracta, 305.<br />
— flexuosa, 305. — melagonium, 313. — repens, 325.<br />
— floccopa, 310. — Mertensii, 333. — reptans, 381.<br />
— flocculosa, 295. — mirabilis, 283. — reticulata, 300.<br />
— floridula, 326. — moniliformis, 327. — rigida, 282.<br />
— florifera, 329. — mucosa, 311. — riparia, 307.<br />
— flosculosa, 327. — multicapsularis,292, — rivniaris,304,312,313<br />
— flui^aiis, 312. — multifida, 329. — rosea, 323.
808 INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
Conferva Rothii,326.<br />
-- rubra, 327.<br />
— rufa, 286,<br />
— rupestris, 305.<br />
— sanguinea, 559.<br />
— scalaris, 298.<br />
:— scoparia, 332.<br />
— scopulorum, 284,<br />
— scutellata, 315.<br />
:— semistriangulata,313<br />
— seriata, 286.<br />
— serpentina, 300.<br />
— setacea, 328.<br />
— setlformis, 298.<br />
— setigera, 321.<br />
— siliculosa, 322,<br />
— sordida, 297, 310.<br />
— spiralis, 297.<br />
— spongiosa, 331.<br />
— squarrosa, 376,<br />
— stellaris, 308.<br />
— stellina,296.<br />
— stictica, 299.<br />
— stipitata, 294.<br />
— striatula, 293.<br />
— stricta, 336.<br />
— taeniaeformis, 293.<br />
— tenella, 325.<br />
— teniiissima, 281.<br />
— tetragona, 324.<br />
— tetrica, 324.<br />
— thujoides, 323.<br />
— tomentosa, 321.<br />
— tortuosa, 314.<br />
— torvilosa, 288.<br />
— trichoides, 287.<br />
— tiimidula,298.<br />
— Turner!, 324, 325.<br />
— typhoderma, 559.<br />
— umbrosa, 309.<br />
— urceolata, 335.<br />
— vagabunda, 304,305.<br />
— vaginata, 280.<br />
— velutina, 309.<br />
•— verrucosa, 376. — fruit, 673,674.<br />
— verticillata, 331. — rough, 664—666,<br />
— vesicata, 290, 291, — spread, 668, 669.<br />
311,312. — spring, 674.<br />
— villosa, 387. — sunk, 663, 664.<br />
— vini,308.<br />
Cuthbert, 455.<br />
— violacea,282,326. Cyathidese, 587.<br />
— virgata, 305.<br />
Cvathophora, 683,<br />
— vivipara, 321. Cyathus, 580, 587, 588.<br />
— Youngana, 314. Cynontodium, 742, 743.<br />
— zonata, 311.<br />
1^— zostericola, 284.<br />
Confervoidcae, 301.<br />
CoiijugaUi, 296, +297,<br />
298, 300.<br />
Conjugate, 297, 298.<br />
Conjugatideac, 296.<br />
Conostomum, 719,<br />
Conus, 356.<br />
Coprinus, 632—635.<br />
Corallideaj, 339.<br />
Corallina, 328, 329,<br />
+ 339,340,381.<br />
Coralline, +339, 340.<br />
Corallinoides, 411.<br />
Coralloides corniculatum,<br />
406, 426.<br />
— fasciculare, 407.<br />
— fragile, 487.<br />
— fungiforme,483,485,<br />
580.<br />
— furcatuin,4I4.<br />
— montanum,415.<br />
— scyphiforme,419,421<br />
— scyphis, 421.<br />
— vix ramosum, 421.<br />
Coremium,563.<br />
Cork, 440.<br />
Cornicularia, 287, 404<br />
—406.<br />
Corniola, 637.<br />
Corniole, 637.<br />
Corticium, 653.<br />
Cortinaria,627—630.<br />
Coryue, 595.<br />
Corynoide, 654.<br />
Corynoides, 654.<br />
Craterella, 652.<br />
Crateridejc, 579,<br />
Craterinm,579, 580,<br />
Cremor, 570,<br />
Crepidopus, 616.<br />
Cribaria, 577.<br />
Cribaridpse, .577.<br />
Crucibulum, 687,<br />
Cryptogamae, 707,<br />
Cryptogamia, 677,<br />
Cucurbitaria, 519.<br />
Cucurbitula, 519.<br />
Cudbear, 455.<br />
Cup, flat, 664.<br />
D,<br />
Dffidalea, 638, 639.<br />
Daedalidea;,ri38.<br />
Dalton, 748, 749,<br />
Daltonia, 748, 749.<br />
Dasyscypbus, 670, 671.<br />
Delesser, 362—364.<br />
Delesseria, 362—364,<br />
+365,368—371,381,<br />
382,<br />
Dematium, 552,553,556,<br />
,'i57, +558.<br />
Dentino, 650.<br />
Dentinum, 650.<br />
Dermodium, 570.<br />
Desmarest, 387, 388.<br />
Desmaretia, 376, +387,<br />
388.<br />
Desmia, 387, 388.<br />
Destructor, 639.<br />
Diatoraa,293,294, + 295,<br />
311,<br />
Diatonoe, 295.<br />
Diatomideae, 293.<br />
Dicaeoma, 541—543.<br />
Dichosporium, 569.<br />
Dicranum,7 14,716,717,<br />
727, +733—739, 740<br />
—742,<br />
Dictydinm, 578,<br />
Dictyoptere, +341,342.<br />
Dictyopteris, +341 , 343*<br />
Dictyota, 340, +341,<br />
Dictyote, 340,<br />
Dictyotideae, 340,<br />
Diderma,570, +57 1,573,<br />
574,<br />
Didymium, +570, 571,<br />
573, 574.<br />
Didymodon, +741—743<br />
Dipiiyscium, 716,<br />
Diplocomiuin, 768.<br />
Draparnaldia, 302, 303.<br />
Draparnaud,302, 303,<br />
Dromius, 364.<br />
Dulesh, 371.<br />
Dulse, 344, 349, 378,<br />
E.<br />
Ear, bark, 653.<br />
— branch, 653, 654.<br />
— Jews, 594.<br />
Ecidium, 534—538,<br />
Ectocarpus, +321, 322,<br />
Ectosperma, 289—292.<br />
Elisa, 282—284,<br />
Ellis, +333, 334,<br />
Ellisius, +333, 334,<br />
Elvella, 660, 669,<br />
Embolus, 579.<br />
Encalypta, +725, 726,<br />
727,728,730,731,741,<br />
Enchyle,396-398.
INDEX OF PLANTS. 809<br />
Enchylium, 396—398. Fucus acicularis, 375. Fucus discors, 392.<br />
Endocarpon, 495, f 499 — aculeatus, 387. — distichus,390.<br />
—503. — alatus, 364. — divaricatus,390.<br />
Engizostoma, 519, 520. — albidus, 376. — dulcis, 344.<br />
Engizostome, 519, 520. — albus, 374. — echinatus, 368.<br />
Ephidate, 353. — alveolatus, 368. — edulis, 344.<br />
Ephidatia, 353, 354. — amphibius, 382, — elongatus, 375, 389.<br />
Epidendrum, 568. — angustifolius, 387, — endivifolius,365.<br />
Epochnium, 550.<br />
390, 394. — epiphyllus, 365.<br />
Erica marina, 393. — arboreus, 385. — erica marina, 393.<br />
Erinaceus, 651. — arbusculus, 289. — ericoides, 393.<br />
Erineidese, 555. — articulatus, 381. — esculentus, 385.<br />
Erineiim, +555, 556. — asparagoides, 374, — excisus, 391.<br />
Erysibe, 589, 590. — bacciferus, 393. — fascia, 383.<br />
Eurotium, 566. — barbatus, 392. — fastigiatus, 374, 394.<br />
Evernia, 425. — bifid us, 369, 370. — fibrosus, 392.<br />
Evernideae, 425, — bifurcatus, 385,389. — filicinus, 373,378.<br />
Exormatostoiiia, 521— — botryoides, 379. — filiformis, 367,<br />
523. — Brodia;i, 369. — filum, 386.<br />
Exormatostome, 521 — bulbosus, 385. — iimbriatus, 369, 385.<br />
523. — bullatus, 344. — flagelliformis,386,<br />
— bursa, 292. — flavlcans,372.<br />
— byssoides, 337. — foeniculaceus, 392.<br />
F. — casspitosus, 381. — foliifer, 367.<br />
— canaliculatus, 368, — foliis erica?, 393.<br />
Faminkiren, 378.<br />
391.<br />
— folio longissimo, 384,<br />
Fan, sea, 359. — capensis, 372.<br />
longo, 389.<br />
Fascia, 383. — capillaceus, 373,377.<br />
singular!, 384,<br />
Fasciata, 383. — capillaris, 377. — fungisaffinis,389.<br />
Favus, 639. — caprinus, 344, 374. — fungosus, 293.<br />
Fibre, branch, 560. — carnosus, 344, — furcellatus, 394.<br />
— clinging, 557. — cartilagineus, 372, — Gasrtneri,3S7.<br />
•— iieaded,557.<br />
382. — gigartinus, 372.<br />
— jointed, 557. — ceranoides, 367 — gland ulosus, 381.<br />
— star, 558.<br />
369, 390. — gracilis, 375.<br />
Fibrillaria, 558. — chordamreferens,386 — granulatus, 392, 393.<br />
Fibula, 420, 023, 673. — ciliatus,370, 371. — Griffitsia;, 375.<br />
Filum, 313,347,386. — clavellosus,3S0. — herbaceus, 38».<br />
Fissidens, 727, 733— — coccineus, 382. — hirsutus, 331.<br />
735,737, 739,741. — corallinus, 377. — holosetaceus, 371.<br />
Fist, bull, 582, 583. — coralloides,374. — hyperboreus, 385.<br />
Fistulina, 648. — confervoides, 375. — hypoglossoides,364.<br />
Flagellaria, 386. — contortus, 387. — hypoglossum, 363.<br />
Flaps, mushroom, 669. — corneus, 372. — incurvus, 382.<br />
Florideae, 362. — coronopi facie, 372. — inflatus, 390.<br />
Flos aquai, 352. — coronopifolius, 372. — kali similis, 389.<br />
Fontinalis,7 13,722,747, — corymbifer, 378. — kaliformis, 380.<br />
+ 749. — corymbiferus, 378. — laceratus, 365, 370.<br />
Foot, naked, 604—611. — creiiatus, 363. — lacerus, 367.<br />
— side, 615. — crenulatus, 367, — ladniatus, 345, 365,<br />
Fragilaria, +293, 294, — crispatus, 365, 367, 370.<br />
314,316.<br />
370. — iactuca, 344.<br />
Fruit, bidden,499—501. — crispu5,365,367,370, — lagasca, 372.<br />
— rough, 342. — crislatns, 338. — lanceolatus, 37 1.<br />
— round, +364, 365, — dasyphyllus, 382. — lanosus, 338.<br />
366—370. — Dealensis, 378. — latissinius, 384.<br />
Fucoidea;, 383. — delicatuUis, 345. — lichenoides, 388.<br />
Fucoides, 382. — dentatus, 364. — lisulatus, 363, 371,<br />
Fiicus, 389, 390. — dichotomus,364,<br />
388.<br />
— abrotanifolius, 392. — diffusus, 334. — linearis, 390.<br />
— aceroaua, 375. — digUatuS, 385. — longi55iiaus,374,3
810 INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
Fucus loreus, 389. Fucus ramosns, 378. Fungus campestris, 626.<br />
— lubricalis, 394. — reniformis, 366. — coloris, 608,<br />
— lycopodioides, 376. — repens, 381. — favaginosus, 661.<br />
— lycopodiiim, 376. — roseus, 363. — magnus, 606, 607.<br />
— Mackaii,391. — rotundus, 374, 391, — minor, 607, 626.<br />
— mamillaris, 390. — rubens, 344, 363,365, — niger, 488.<br />
— mamillosus, 368. 368. — parvus, 655.<br />
— inarinus, 375. — ruscifoliiis, 363. — phalloides, 675.<br />
— maritimus, 340, 391. — saccharin us, 384. — seminifer, 587.<br />
— membranaceus, 341, — sanguineus, 363. — spongiosus, 558.<br />
342, 344, 363, 365, — Sarniensis, 366. — terrestris, 662.<br />
367, 371. — scorpioides, 382. Funnel, long, 671,672.<br />
— membranlfolitts,368, — Scoticus, 344, 3S5. — rough, 670,671.<br />
369. — scdoides, 379.<br />
Furcellaria, 374, 376,<br />
— ininiatus,370,<br />
•— selaginoides, 393. +394.<br />
— mucronatus, 393. — sericeus, 372,373,381 Fusarium, 546, 547.<br />
— muhifidus, 378, — serratus,389.<br />
Fusidium, 544.<br />
— muscnides, 387. — selaceus, 377, 392.<br />
— nataiis,393. — Sherardii, 390.<br />
— nereideus, 373. — siliquosus, 394.<br />
G.<br />
— nodosus, 391. — sive alga, 363, 389,<br />
— Norwegicus, 367. 390, 394.<br />
Gantelines, 656,<br />
— obtusus, 378. — soboliferus, 345. Gasteromj'CCfE, 564.<br />
— Oederi, 372. — spinosus, 372, 378. Giisteromyci, 564.<br />
— opuntia, 381. — spiralis, 390.<br />
Gastridium, 347,t378<br />
— osmunda, 378. — spongiosus, 353.<br />
383.<br />
— ovalis, 379. — stellatus, 367. Geastrum, 584—586.<br />
— ovinus,344. — subfuscus, 377. Gclidium, 37 1,378,388.<br />
— palmatus, 344, 385. — subglobosus, 292. Gpoglossidea', 658.<br />
— palmella, 363. — subtilis, 347.<br />
Geoglossum, 658, 659.<br />
— palmetta, 368, 369. — tamariscifolius, 393. Gigartina, +371—377,<br />
— parvus, 368, 394. — tendo, 386.<br />
379, 380—382, 386,<br />
— patens, 367. — teiiuissimus, 379. 387.<br />
— pectinatus,383. — teres, 375, 377, 385. Girard, 287.<br />
— pednnculatus, 387. — teretifolius,331. Girardia, 287.<br />
— phyllitis, 384. — tetragonus, 385. Glaucoma, 453.<br />
— pinastroides, 382. — tomentosus,293. Gomphe, 638.<br />
— pinnatifidus, 364,378 — tremella, 284, 344, Gomphus, 638.<br />
— pinnatus, 373, 385. 350.<br />
Graphis,+502,503,507.<br />
— pistillatus, 372. — triclioides, 374. Green, oyster, 342.<br />
— pllcatus, 374. — tuberculatus, 377, Griffiths, +328,329.<br />
— plocamiuni,3S2.<br />
389.<br />
Griflitsia, +328, 329.<br />
— plumosus, 383. — Hlvoides, 365.<br />
Grifola, 643, 644.<br />
— polymorphus, 367. — usneoides, 387. Grifole, 643, 644.<br />
— polyschides, 385. — variabilis, 377. Grimm, 726—728.<br />
— procerus, 375. — verrnicularis, 379. Griramia,714,717,718,<br />
— prolifcrus, 365. — verrucosus, 375,376. + 796—728,729—733,<br />
— pseudoceranoidcs, — versicolor, 372. 742,743,755,<br />
368, — verti(iilatus,331,380 Gut, slime, 320.<br />
_ ptilotus, 383. — vrsiculosus, 390. Gufta, 524.<br />
— pumillus, 388. — virgatus, 387. Gymnocejjhalus, 744,<br />
— pumilus, 372,391. — viridis, 376.<br />
767.<br />
— punctatus, 365. — Wiggbii, 373. Gymnopus, 604— 611.<br />
— purpurascens, 377. Fuligo, 567.<br />
Gymnosporangideae,<br />
— piirpureum, 383. Funaria, 729, +744. 546.<br />
— pusillus, 380.<br />
Fungi, 507 ,532,547,564, Gymnosporangium, 544,<br />
— PJ'g''^^"^,<br />
388.<br />
588, 595, 674.<br />
+ 546.<br />
Fungoides clavafum,657 Gymnostomum, +713<br />
— coralliforme, 655. 716,730.<br />
— liumile, 651.<br />
Gyraria, 593—595.<br />
— quod fungus, 488. Gyromiuui, 476,477.<br />
— quercHS marina, 390.<br />
»— radiatus, 374.<br />
.— radicaulis, 393.<br />
— radicibu3siniilis,392.
INDEX OF PLANTS. 811<br />
Gyrophora, 476—478. Hooker, 751, 752. Hypnuin curvalum,75S,<br />
Gyrophorideae, 476. Hookeria, 751,752. 759.<br />
Horn, flower, 681. — cuspidatum,762.<br />
Horns, stink, 675. — cylindricum, 728.<br />
H.<br />
Humida, +281,282. — delicatulum, 759,<br />
Hunch, double, 716. — delicatum, 759.<br />
Hasmatomma, 457. Hutchins, +334-338. — dendroides, 758,<br />
Hair, maiden, 721,744. Hutchiiisia, +334—338, — denticulatuni, 753.<br />
Halcyonide, 352, 353. 347, — diaphanura, 651.<br />
Halidrys, 391.<br />
Hutciiinsideae, 331. — Donnianum, 753.<br />
Halymenia, 344, 345, Hydnidese, 650, — dubium, 764.<br />
347, 394.<br />
Hydnum, 650. — elegans, 756.<br />
Haplaria, 552. — Daviesii, 651. — erectum, 733, 752,<br />
Head, glance, 563, 564. — paradoxum, 649. 756, 758.<br />
— star, 635. — repandum, 650, — erinaceus, 651.<br />
fledwigia, 713.<br />
Hydrodictyon, 300. — fallax,764,<br />
Helicosporium, 557. Hydrodictyonidcae, 300. — filamentosum, 764.<br />
Helmisporium, 656,557. Hydrophora, 561, 562. — filicinum, 764, 766.<br />
Helopodium, 416. Hydrophyta', 273. — filifolium,766,<br />
Helotium, 660, 661. Hymenoscyplius, 673, — filiforme, 766.<br />
Helvella, 662, 663.<br />
"674. — flagellare, 756, 760.<br />
— aeruginosa, 661. Hymenotheceae, 595. — fluitans, 756.<br />
— agariciformis, 660. Hypnea, 372, 373. — fluviatile, 764.<br />
— albida, 663. Hypnum, 752—766. — gracile, 728.<br />
— Candida, 649. — abbreviatum, 756. — heterophyllum, 753,<br />
— canUiarelloides, 636, — abietinum, 760.<br />
764.<br />
— caryoi)hyllea, 652. — adianfoides, 733. — illecebrum, 756.<br />
— oris pa, 637. — adnatum5 764. — implexum, 754.<br />
— dimidiata, 637. — aduncum, 764. — intricatum,761.<br />
— equina, 666.<br />
'— albicans, 75S. — inundatum, 753.<br />
— esculenia, 661, 662. — alopecurum, 758. — julaceum, 755.<br />
— fiiliginosa, 663. — alpestre, 755. — longirostrum, 762.<br />
— gelatinosa, 660. — alpinum,756. — longum, 755.<br />
— gelatinosa, 651. — arboreum, 748, — loreiforme, 763.<br />
— hybrida, 662. — asplenioides, 733. — loreum, 763.<br />
— infundibuliformis, — Atlanticuin,761. — l\icens, 752.<br />
661. — atrovirens, 760, 764. — luridum,764.<br />
leiicopliEea, 662. — attenuatum, 764, — lutescens, 757, 765.<br />
— membranacea, 637. — auriscalpium, 650. — lycopodioides, 765.<br />
— mesenleiica, 653. — Blandovii, 760. — medium, 753.<br />
— mitra, 662,663. — brevirostre, 761. — molle, 754, 755,<br />
— nivea, 662. — brevirostrum, 763. — molluscum, 766.<br />
— Relhani, 661. — bryoides, 733. — moniliforme, 755.<br />
— ruhiginosa, 652. — catenulatum, 755. — murale, 755, 756.<br />
— spatiiulata, 663. — clirysocommn, 751. — mulicum, 755.<br />
— sulcata, 662,<br />
•— chrysophyllnm, 762, — myosuroides, 756,<br />
— tnbasformis, 636, — coccinea, 668.<br />
759, 766.<br />
— vesiculosa, 669. — coma, 763, — myosuron, 759,<br />
Helvelle, 662, 663. — commHtatum,765, — myosurum, 759.<br />
Heivellideae, 661. — complanatum, 752. — nigroviride, 766.<br />
Ho patica, 430, 680,682, — conipresbum,755,766 — nitens, 757.<br />
683, — confertum, 756, 762, — nitidulum, 757.<br />
Hepaticae, 677. — contextum, 75i, — obtusatum, 753.<br />
Herbert, 684,685,705. — corallnides, 652. — obtusum, 651.<br />
Herbertus, 705,775. — cordifolium, 762, — ochraceum, 651.<br />
Jlericiuin, 652. — crenulafum, 761. — ornitiiopodioides,<br />
Ilerver, 685. — crispum, 748,<br />
728,<br />
Herverus, 685. — crista-castrensis,76G. — palustre, 751, 757,<br />
Himanthalia, 389. — cristieforme,766, 758, 764,<br />
Hippuris, 347. — cupressiforme, 766, — parietinum, 759.<br />
Ilomothalameas, 394, — cuiljpenduluui,748. — pennutum, 747.
812 INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
Hypnum piliferum, 761. Hypnum umbratum,760. Jungermannia eochlea-<br />
— pluniosum, 754, 756. — uncinatum, 765.<br />
riformis, 692, 697.<br />
— polyanlhon, 759. — undulatum, 753. — complanata, 691.<br />
— polyanthos, 766. — velutinum, 761.<br />
'— compressa, 694.<br />
— polymorphum, 762. — viticulosum, 748. — concatenata, 703.<br />
— populeum, 754. Hypoderma, 509, 510. — concinnala,704,705.<br />
— praelongum, 760. Hypodenne, 509, 510. — connjvens, 699.<br />
— proliferuni,759. Hypogseum, 582. — cordifolia, 702.<br />
— prolixum, 761. Hypogeum, 582. — crenulata, 701.<br />
— protensum, 763. Hypoglossum, 363. — cuneifolia, 694.<br />
— pseudoplumossum, Ilypoxyli, 507. — cupressiformis, 690,<br />
756.<br />
Hypoxylon, +512,513, — curvifolia, 699.<br />
— pulchelluni,756,757. 516,517,526. — decipiens, 693.<br />
— purum, 755, 756, Hypoxylum, 489. — dichotoma, 696.<br />
— ramosum, 753. Hyssop, 715. — dilatata, 687,688.<br />
— recognitum, 759. Hysteridcce, 508, — divaricata, 699.<br />
— reflexuiD, 754. Hysterina, 504—507. — Donniana, 704.<br />
— repens, 733, 734,748, Hysterium, 509, +510. — emarginata,694.<br />
—• 752, 754, 757, 759—<br />
endiviaefolia, 686.<br />
766.<br />
— epiphylla, 686.<br />
'— revolvens, 764.<br />
I. — excisa, 700.<br />
— riparioides, 761,<br />
— exsecta, 697.<br />
— riparium, 752, 753. Idiothalameae, 486. — fissa,700, 706.<br />
— rufescens,'65% 757. lolithus, 350. — Florkii, 696.<br />
— rugosum, 765. Infundibulum,614, 673. — fragilis, 693.<br />
— rugulosuin, 765. Inoderma, 498. — I'Vancisci, 696.<br />
— ruscifolium,761. Isaria, 562,563. — Funckii, 700.<br />
— rusciforme, 761. Isariadeas, 562. — furcata, 685.<br />
— rutabuliforme, 761. Isidium, +411,412,449, — globulifera, 697,700.<br />
— rutabulum,76I,762. 492, 774. — gracillima, 701.<br />
— saxatile, 725.<br />
Ithyphallus, 675. — gracilis, 696.<br />
— Schreberi, 755.<br />
— hamatifolia, 689.<br />
— sciuroides, 741.<br />
— heterophylla, 697.<br />
— scorpioides, 765.<br />
J. — Hiberoica, 685.<br />
— sericeum, 757.<br />
— Hookeri,698,705.<br />
— serpens, 754.<br />
Jania, 339. — Hutchinsia?, 688.<br />
— serrulatuin, 762. Jozzolus, 610. — hyalina, 701.<br />
— Silesianum, 765. Jungermann, 695. — incisa, 699.<br />
— Smithii, 728.<br />
Jungermannia, 695 — inflata, 701,<br />
— spirulosum, 754. 704. — julacea, 703, 705.<br />
— splendens, 759. — adunca, 706. — juniperina, 706,<br />
— squarrosum, 763. — albescens, 696. — Isevigata, 690.<br />
— squarrulosum,763. — albicans, 698. — lanceolata, 694, 702.<br />
— stellatum, 763. — alpina, 709. — laxifolia,704.<br />
— Stokesii,760. — angulosa, 687. — Leersii, 695.<br />
— stramiiieum, 755. — anoraala, 693. — Lyellii, 68.5.<br />
— striatum, 701,762. — aquatiea, 693. — Mackaii, 689.<br />
— sublamellosum, 649. — asplenioides, 692, — macrorhiza, 694.<br />
— subtile, 754. — barbata, 696. — minima omnium, 688'.<br />
— Swartzii, 760. — bicornis, 698, 700. — minima, 700. .<br />
— sylvaticum, 753. — bicrenata, 701, — minula, 698.<br />
— tamarisci folium, 759. — bicuspidata,697,700. — minutissima, 688.<br />
— tamariscinum, 759. — bidentata, 696, 697, — multifida, 684,<br />
1— taxi folium, 734.<br />
700, 701. — multiflora, 703.<br />
— Tecsdalii,761. — bifida, 696, 699. — nemorosa, 692,<br />
— tenellum,754. — birostrata, 699. — nigricans, 687.<br />
— tenue,754. — blasia, 686. — obtusifolia, 698,<br />
— terrestre, 756, 758. — byssacea, 699. — Orcadensis,701.<br />
— triclioides, 741, 753. — calyptri folia, 68Sj — pallescens, 693.<br />
— trichomauoides, 752. — capitala, 699. — palmata, 684.<br />
— triquetrum,763. — ciliaris, 695, 703. — paucillora,703.
INDEX OF PLANTS. SIS<br />
Jungcrmannia pinscuis, Lachnum, 671.<br />
Lecanora Turneri, 454^<br />
684.<br />
Lacfarius, 623—625, — varia, 452, 475.<br />
— pianifolia, 691. Lactuca, 342—344. — ventosa, 451.<br />
— platyphylla, 690. Lagasca, 327.<br />
Lecciuo, 646—648.<br />
— polyanthos, 693. Laminaria, 383, +384, Leccinum, €46—648.<br />
— pubescens, 685.<br />
385, 388.<br />
Lecidea,462—476.<br />
— pulcherrima, 695. Lathagrium, 399, 400. — abietiiia, 468.<br />
— pumila, 702.<br />
Laurentia,378. — alabastrina, 474.<br />
— purpurea, 692, 697. Laver, +342—345. — alba, 466.<br />
— pusillosa, 687, Leangium, 573, 574. — albo-caerulescens^<br />
— pygmaea, 687.<br />
Leather, oak, 559.<br />
467, 468.<br />
— quadiidentata, 696. Leathes, 301. — atnylacea, 468.<br />
— qiiinquedentata, 696. Leathesia, 301.<br />
—<br />
— anomala, 47 1,<br />
rad Scans, 704. Lecanora, 495.<br />
—<br />
— arcentina, 472.<br />
reptans, G95. — albella, 453. — argena, 495.<br />
— resupinata, 691, 692. — anomala, 471. — aroinatica, 464^<br />
— rubiginosa, 687. — atra, 449. — atro alba, 463.<br />
— rupestris, 709. — badia, 444, 451, — atroflava, 475,<br />
— rupincola, 698, — brunnea, 446. — atrorufa^ 461.<br />
— scalaris, 694, 706. — candelaria, 445, — atrovirens, 465.<br />
— serpyllifolia, 689. — carneo lutea, 454, — aurantiaca, 476.<br />
— scrrata, 692. — cerina, 456.<br />
—<br />
— caisio-rufa, 473.<br />
sertiilarioides, 703. — circinata, 448. — Candida, 460.<br />
— setacea, 703.<br />
'—<br />
— coarctata, 449. — canescens, 462,<br />
setiformis, 703. — craspedia, 452, — carneola,472.<br />
— sinuata, 684. — crassa, 444. — cecumena, 463.<br />
— sphagni, 70L — cyrtaspis, 458. — cinereofusca,473,475<br />
— sphserocarpa, 701. — efi'usa, 451. — citrinella, 4^6.<br />
~- splijerocephala, 700, — elceina, 439. — confluens, 464,<br />
706. — elatiua, 453. — corallinoides, 39#.<br />
— stipulacea, 696. — epigea, 446. — cornea, 472.<br />
— tamarisci, 687. — erytbrella, 456. — corticola, 469.<br />
— tamariscifolia, 688. — falsaria, 467. — crenulala, 473.<br />
— Taylori, 693, — fulgens, 447.<br />
—<br />
— cupularis, 473.<br />
thuja, 690. — fusco atra, 463. — cyrtella, 471.<br />
— tomentella, 703. — frustulosa, 451. — decipiens, 462.<br />
— tomentosa, 685. — galactina, 448. — decolorans, 470, 471^<br />
— triangularis, 704. — gelida,448. — desertorum, 47 1<br />
— trichomanis, 706. — glaucoma, 453. — Dicksoni, 466.<br />
— trichophylla,702,703 — granulosa, 471. — Ehrhartiana,474,4TS.<br />
— trideiiticulata, 692. — hasuiatomma, 457. — epipo]ia,468.<br />
— trilobata, 704, — halophaea, 444. — escharoides, 471.<br />
— Turner!, 700. — hypnorum, 446. — flavicunda, 466.<br />
— umbrosa, 691. — lentigera, 447. — furaosa, 463.<br />
— undulata,-691. — lepidora, 445, — fuscata, 469.<br />
— varia,693. — ]utescens,453. — fusco-atra, 463.<br />
— ventricosa, 700. — minutula, 471, — fusco-hitea, 472.<br />
— viticulosa, 693,706. — murorura,447. — gelasinata, 482,<br />
— Woodsi), 695. — orosthea, 470. — geochroa, 464.<br />
Jiingermannidea?, 683. — parella, 454. — granulosa, 471.<br />
— periclea, 450. — hiKmatoinma, 457.<br />
— rubra, 457, — hypnophylla, 469.<br />
K. — rubricosa, 452. — icinadophila, 473.<br />
— salicina, 456.<br />
iinmersa, 467.<br />
Kant, 706. — saxicola, 447. — incana, 470.<br />
Kantius, 706. — sophodes, 450. — jungerniannia!, 471.<br />
Kenkerig, 440. — sulphurea, 470. — Lightfootii,409.<br />
— tartarea, 455. — limitata, 464.<br />
L. — testacea, 461. — lucida, 475.<br />
— tribacia, 445. — lurida, 461.<br />
Laces, sea, 386. — tuberculosa, 452. — luteo alba, 475.
SI 4. INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
Lecldea liiteola, 472.<br />
— lyncea, 479.<br />
— margaritacea, 46S.<br />
— marmorea, 473.<br />
— melizea, 474.<br />
— microphylla, 462.<br />
— miscella, 465.<br />
— muscoium, 465.<br />
— nigra, 396.<br />
— obscura, 469.<br />
— Oederi, 465.<br />
— orosthea, 470.<br />
— papyracea, 475.<br />
— paradoxa, 460.<br />
— parasema, 464.<br />
— petrasa, 463.<br />
— pholidiota,462.<br />
— picina, 451.<br />
— polytropa, 475.<br />
— privigna, 450, 505.<br />
— pruinosa, 468.<br />
— pustnlata, 478.<br />
— quernea, 469.<br />
— rivulosa, 467.<br />
— rosella, 474.<br />
— ruhiformis, 462.<br />
— riipestris, 472.<br />
— sabuletorum, 465.<br />
— sanguinaria, 464.<br />
— scabrosa, 466.<br />
— scalaris, 461.<br />
— silacea, 465.<br />
— speirea, 468.<br />
— spIiaeroides,474.<br />
— stellata, 462.<br />
— Stonei,455.<br />
— snlphurea, 470.<br />
— testacea, 461, 462.<br />
— thriptophylla, 462.<br />
— tigillaris, 482.<br />
— nliginnsa, 461.<br />
— vernal is, 470, 474.<br />
—T vesicularis, 460.<br />
— viridescen3,469.<br />
Lecideas, 444.<br />
Leersia, 725, 726,<br />
730.<br />
Lejophlea, 495,498.<br />
Leman, 288.<br />
Lemania, 288.<br />
Lemanideae, 288.<br />
Leocarpus, 574.<br />
Leotia, +660, 661.<br />
Lepidoma, 460—462.<br />
Lepidonip, 460—462.<br />
Lepiola, 601—603.<br />
Leskea, 752, 753, 755,<br />
757,758,764—766.<br />
Leucodon, 741.<br />
Licea, +559, 670, 580.<br />
Lichen abietinus, 450,<br />
468.<br />
— acetabulum, 438.<br />
— Achar)i,458.<br />
— acicularis, 485.<br />
— acrotellus, 498.<br />
— aculeatus, 405.<br />
— aeruginosus, 473.<br />
— affinis, 440.<br />
— agelaeus, 495.<br />
— a'ida&lus, 488.<br />
— all)ellus, 453.<br />
— albescens, 492.<br />
— albido-caesius, 453.<br />
— albo-ater, 469,<br />
— albo-incarnatus, 474.<br />
— albus, 466.<br />
— alcicornis, 418.<br />
— allochrous, 443.<br />
— alenrites,442.<br />
— ambavillarius, 431.<br />
— amphibius, 501.<br />
— amylaceus, 469.<br />
— analeptus, 496.<br />
— anthnicinus, 476.<br />
— aplIiosufe,428.<br />
— aqualicus, 502.<br />
— aquilus, 441.<br />
— arborum, 425, 430.<br />
— arenarius, 452.<br />
— argenup, 495.<br />
— aromaticiis, 464,<br />
— arthroocarpus, 463.<br />
— articiilatus, 404.<br />
— astroites, 479.<br />
— ater, 449.<br />
— atroalbns, 463.<br />
— alroflavus, 475,<br />
— alrorHfus,461.<br />
— alrovirens, 465, 475.<br />
— aurantiacHS, 475.<br />
— badius, 451.<br />
— barbatiis,404.<br />
— bellidiflorus, 424.<br />
'— bicolor, 405.<br />
— Borreri, 437.<br />
— botrjoides, 349.<br />
— brunneus, 446.<br />
— Burgesii,399.<br />
— byssinus, 402.<br />
— byssoides, 413.<br />
— caBruleo-nigricans,<br />
Lcpiote, 601—603.<br />
Lepra, 412.<br />
Lepiaria, 349, 350, 466,<br />
470, 475.<br />
Li>ptogium,4005 401.<br />
460.<br />
— caesio-rufiis, 452.<br />
— cjEsius, 443, 466.<br />
— caespitoBUS, 417.<br />
— caespitosuin, 487.<br />
Lichen calcareus, 459,<br />
— calcivorus, 467.<br />
— calicaris,406.<br />
— calvus,472.<br />
— candelarius,445,447.<br />
— candicans, 446.<br />
— candidus, 460.<br />
— canescens, 462.<br />
— caninus, 428,429.<br />
— cantliarellus, 484.<br />
— caperatus, 437.<br />
— capitatus, 485.<br />
— cameo-luteus, 454.<br />
— carnosus, 446.<br />
— carpineus, 492.<br />
— cartilagineus, 444.<br />
— centrifugus, 442.<br />
— cerinus, 456.<br />
— cervicornis, 418.<br />
— cervinus, 444.<br />
— chalylieiforrnis, 408.<br />
— chrysocephalus, 484.<br />
— chrysophthalmus,435<br />
— ciliaris, 434.<br />
— cinereus, 350,459.<br />
— circinatus,448.<br />
— citrinellus, 466.<br />
— cifriuus, 447.<br />
— clavicularis,4S3.<br />
— Clementi, 439.<br />
— coarctatus,449.<br />
— cocci ferus, 423.<br />
— coccineus, 457.<br />
— coccodes, 412.<br />
— coinosus, 403, 434.<br />
— complicatus, 501.<br />
— compositns, 453.<br />
— concentricus, 463,<br />
— concolor, 445.<br />
— confiuis, 388.<br />
— confluens, 464.<br />
— conspersus, 442.<br />
— corallinus, 412.<br />
— corneus, 472.<br />
— corniculatus,404,425<br />
.— coinucopioides, 423.<br />
— cornutus,421.<br />
— corrugatus,398,438.<br />
— crassiis, 444.<br />
— crenularius, 473.<br />
— crenulatus, 448.<br />
— cretaceus, 398,<br />
— crinitus, 477.<br />
— crispurn,396.<br />
— crocatus, 430.<br />
— croceus, 429.<br />
— cruentus, 451.<br />
— cupularis, 473.<br />
— cycloselis, 444.<br />
— cylindricus, 47T.<br />
— cyrtclUis, 471.
INDEX OF PLANTS. 815<br />
Lichen dactylinus, 449. Li chen frustulosus,451. Lichen lanatus,405,406.<br />
— dealbatus, 492. — fucifoimis, 426. — laneus, 403.<br />
— decipit lis, 462. — fucoides, 404, 426. — lanuginosus, 439.<br />
— deformis, 423. — fnlgens, 447. — laqueatus, 444.<br />
— delicatus,4l6. — fuliginosiis, 431. — lentigeruo, 447.<br />
— dendriticus, 463, — fulvus, 485. — lepadinus, 494.<br />
— denlatus, 444. — fungi forrais, 413. — leprosus, 466.<br />
— deustus, 476, 478, — furcatus, 414. — leptophyllus, 501.<br />
— diamartus, 458. — furfuraceus, 435. — leucomelas, 434.<br />
— diatryphus, 436. — furvus,400. — leucophaeus, 461.<br />
— dichotomus,408. — fuscatus, 451, 469. — LightfoGtii,469.<br />
— Dicksoni, 466. — fuscellus,499, — limbatus, 431.<br />
— diffusus, 442, -—<br />
fusco-luteus, 473. — limitatus, 464.<br />
— digitafns,422. — gelasinatus, 482, — lucidus, 475,<br />
— discoideus,492. — gelidus, 448,451, — luridus, 461.<br />
— discolor, 399. — geographicus, 465, — luteo albus, 475.<br />
— dispersiis, 448, — gibbosus, 463, — luteolus, 472.<br />
— eflfusus, 451. — glaber, 476, — luteus, 474.<br />
— Ehrhartianus, 474. — glabratus, 474, — lynceus, 479.<br />
— eliBinus, 439. — glaucoma, 453. — macilentus, 422,<br />
— elveloides, 473. -—<br />
glaucus, 433. — macrocephalus, 482.<br />
— encaustus, 441 — glebuiosus, 462. — macularis,505^<br />
— endivifolius, 418, -—<br />
globiferus,487. — marginalis, 397.<br />
— endocarpon, 500, -—<br />
globosus, 487. — marginellus, 401.<br />
— epigeus, 446. — globuliferus, 491. — marinus, 343.<br />
— epiphyllus, 417, — glomuliferus, 437. — inarmareus,473.<br />
— epipolius, 468. — gracilis, 421. — maurus, 498.<br />
— ericetoriiRi, 412,473, -—<br />
graniformis,460,483. — melanocarpus, 48S.<br />
— erosus,477. — granulosus, 400,471. — melanoleuca, 438.<br />
— eiythrellus, 456, _ Griftithsii,472, — nielaleucus, 496.<br />
— escharoides, 465,471. -—<br />
griseus, 478, — membranaceup, 439.<br />
— exanthematiciis, 494. -—<br />
hiematomma,455,457 — meseiiteriforinis,476,<br />
!— exasperatus, 476. _ Hecla?, 448. — microphylliis, 462,<br />
— excavatus, 459. — herbaceus, 431. — ininiatus, 501.<br />
— excavatiim, 663, — hippotriclioides, 489. — minimus, 680.<br />
— exilis, 402. — hi
816<br />
INDEX OF PLANTS«<br />
Lichen orostheus,470. Lichen rangifer4nus,41 5. Lichen stygius,44l.<br />
— pallescens, 491. — resupinatus, 426. — subiinbricatus,44S,<br />
— palmatus, 398, — rigid us, 404. — subtilis,401,444.<br />
— papillarins, 424. — rimosns, 468. — subulatus, 415.<br />
— papyraceus, 399. — rivulosus, 467. — subuliformis,413.<br />
— paradoxus, 460. — roccella, 426. — sulphureus, 470.<br />
— parasemus, 464. — rosellus, 474. — sylvaticus, 431.<br />
— parasiticus, 416, 500, — rubellus, 472, — syEQphycarpus^4l7.<br />
— parellus, 454. — rubens, 350. — ^ tartareus, 455.<br />
— parietinus, 439. — rubiformis, 461. — tenax,397.<br />
—, — parilis, 426.<br />
rubiginosus, 440. — tenelius, 434.<br />
— parvus, 680. — rufescens, 428. — teuuissimus, 402.<br />
— paschalis, 411. — rufus, 413. — tephroides,499.<br />
— perforatus,«438. — rug05us,505. — tephromelas, 449.<br />
— pellitus, 478. — rupestris, 400, 472. — tesselatus, 459, 493.<br />
— pericleus, 450, — rupicola, 453, 459. — thelostomus,493.<br />
— perlatus, 437. — sacchatus, 429. — tigillaris, 482.<br />
— pertusus, 436, 495. — sa2pincola,432. — tiliaceus, 438.<br />
— petrasus,440,463,6S2 — salicinus,456. — torrefactus, 477.<br />
— pezizoides, 446. — salignus, 451. — trabinellus, 484.<br />
— physodes, 436, — sanguinarius, 464. — trapeziformis, 500.<br />
— piceus, 451. — sarmentosus, 408. — tremella, 401.<br />
_ pileatus, 682, 683. — saturniiius, 399. — tremelloides, 401.<br />
— pityreus, 439. — saxatilis, 440. — tricolor, 471.<br />
— plicatilis, 397. — saxicola, 447. — tristis, 404.<br />
— plicatus, 403.<br />
.— saxifragus, 461. — tuberculosus, 452.<br />
— plumbeus, 431,440. — saxorum, 455. — tubiformis, 422.<br />
— plumbosus, 497. — scalaris, 461.<br />
•— Turneri, 454.<br />
— pollinarius,407. — scalophora, 478. — uligiuosus, 467.<br />
— polycarpns, 445. — Schraderi,402,497. — ulmi, 457.<br />
— polydactylus, 429. — scopulorum,406,451. — nmbrinus,494.<br />
— polyphynus,476,501. — scriptus, 502, 510. — uncialis, 415.<br />
— polytropus, 475. — scrobicnlatus, 431. — Upsaliensis, 454.<br />
— populinus, 406. — scruposus, 459. — Vahlii,457.<br />
— porphyrius, 457. — scutatus,427. — varians, 453.<br />
— porriginosus, 47?. — setosus, 489, — varius, 452, 456,<br />
— proboscideus, 476, — silaceus, 465.<br />
475.<br />
477. — siliquosus, 407. — velatus, 490.<br />
— pruinatus, 468. — simplex, 450, 505. — velutinus, 402.<br />
— pruinosus, 468. — sinopicus, 458, 499. — venosus, 427.<br />
— prunastri, 425, 432. — sinuatus,400, — ventosus, 451.<br />
— psora, 443. — sinuosus,442. — ventricosus, 417,420,<br />
— pubescens, 287, 405, — sive hepatica, 430, — vermicularis, 413.<br />
406.<br />
680, 683. — vernalis,470,472.<br />
— pulchellus, 443, — suiaragdulus, 499, — verrucosus, 428,431.<br />
— pull us, 441. — sopliodes, 450. — vespertilio, 399.<br />
— pulposus,396, — sordidus,453. — viridesceiis, 469.<br />
— pulverulentus, 443. — spadiceus, 405. — volvatus, 494.<br />
— punctatus, 412,458. — speciosus, 443. — vulpinus, 435.<br />
— punctiformis, 496. — speiieus, 468. — Westringii, 412.<br />
— pungens, 415. — sphaerocephalus,483. Lichenastrum agaricus,<br />
— pustulatus,478. — sphseroides, 474. 512.<br />
— pyxidatus, 418, 419. — spinosus, 414. — alpinum, 704, 709.<br />
— quadricolor, 47L — spongiosus,402. — ambrosioe, 684.<br />
— quercifolius, 438. — squamulosus, 41 7,444 — arboris vitae, 690.<br />
.— quercinus, 438. — squarrosus, 407. — auriculatuin, 692.<br />
— querneus, 469. — stellaris,443, — capitulis, 686, 702,<br />
— quisquilaris, 411. — stellatus, 462.<br />
706.<br />
— radiatus, 404, 420. — stictaceros, 425. — capitulo oroboide,<br />
— radiciformis, 488. — stigmatellus, 496. 680.<br />
— radiosus, 448. — stilllcidionim,456. — filicinum,.703.
INDEX OF PLANTS. 817<br />
LichenaatrtiHi f(>liiSj69S. Lichenoides tubulatum, Lycoperdon gulosorutn,<br />
—- gramineutn, 681.<br />
— imbric;Uura,68T,GSS,<br />
691.<br />
— minimum, 687.<br />
— tiiihodes, 702.<br />
— tricliomanis, 692, 695<br />
—698, 700, 702.<br />
— tricliomanoides, 693.<br />
— pinnis, 691.<br />
— pinnulis, 697, 698,<br />
692.<br />
— ramosius, 692.<br />
Licheues, 394, 408,486.<br />
Lichenoides arboreum,<br />
425,431,434,44.^.<br />
— candidum,492.<br />
— cartiiagiiiosum, 418.<br />
— ceralophylion, 436.<br />
— ciiieieum, 429, 462.<br />
— coral llforme, 422.<br />
— coriaceum, 501.<br />
— cornutum,435.<br />
— crusta, 437—440,<br />
4;L1<br />
— tubuldsum, 414,415,<br />
417, 419, 420, 422,<br />
423.<br />
— vernicosiim, 495,<br />
Lichina, 388.<br />
Lignidium, 567.<br />
Linckia, 284, 290, 351,<br />
352.<br />
Linckidese, 350.<br />
Linum, 313.<br />
Linza,343,<br />
Lippius, 706.<br />
LiJhocia,497,498.<br />
Litter, skin, 581, 582.<br />
Lobaria, 404—407,425,<br />
430, 432—443, 447,<br />
448,<br />
Locks, golden, 721,744,<br />
767.<br />
Lomentaria, 381.<br />
Lorcum,763.<br />
Lycogala, 568,575.<br />
39^.<br />
— hydrophoroD, 531.<br />
— lumbricale, 574.<br />
— luteum, 377.<br />
— maximum, 583.<br />
— pedunculatum, 586.<br />
— |)erlatum, 584.<br />
— phalloides, 675.<br />
— poculiforme, 534.<br />
— praiense, 583.<br />
— Proteus, 583, 584.<br />
— pyri forme, 584.<br />
— radiatum, 590, 663.<br />
— spadiceum,582.<br />
— stellatum, 585, 586.<br />
— tuber, 592.<br />
— Utri forme, 584.<br />
— variolosum, 513,568.<br />
— verrucosum, 581,<br />
— vesparium, 576.<br />
— volvam explanans,<br />
585.<br />
Lycoperdonideae, 581.<br />
302.<br />
— crustaceum, 449,454,<br />
Lycogalus, 568,<br />
Lycoperdastnim, 582.<br />
Lycopodium, 355, 376.<br />
Lyncnrinm,362.<br />
453, 459.<br />
— crustosuin, 445.<br />
•— digitafuin, 428.<br />
— endiviaj f
\u<br />
INDEX OF- PLANTS.<br />
Mnium cirrliatum, 731. Moss,feather, 759—766. Mould, net, 57S.<br />
— conoideum, 744. — French rocJc, 454. — pencil, 554.<br />
— crudum, 769,773. — gland, 7 17—7 19.<br />
•— pitcher, 579, 580.<br />
— ciispidatum, 773. — grey marsh, 751,<br />
— ellipticum, 772. — ground, 761.<br />
_ fissum, 700, 707. — hairy tree, 403.<br />
— foliis, 767. — horn, 404—406,<br />
— fontanuni, 751. — Iceland, 433.<br />
— heteromallum, 738. — kidney, 426, 427.<br />
— hornnm, 773. — nil f, 493,494,<br />
— hygroir.etricum, 744. — open wart, 494.<br />
— jungermannia, G97. — pitcher, 457—460,<br />
.— lacustre, 770. — quick, 280,281,<br />
— laterale, 751. — rivulet, 284,285,<br />
— lichenis facie, 686. — rock, 425, 426.<br />
— majus, 767. — root, 488—490.<br />
— Marchicum, 751. — scarlet-headed, 422,<br />
— minus, 717. — screw, 722—725.<br />
— nutans, 770, 771. — sheath, 280.<br />
.— osmundaceum, 713. — slate, 713.<br />
— pellucens, 736. — slit, 504—507.<br />
•— pellucidum, 717. — sraall^pox,490—493.<br />
— pohlia,77I. — smooth, 495, 496.<br />
— polytrichoides, 721. — spotted, 480, 481.<br />
— proliferura, 770. — spring, 749.<br />
— pseudotriquetrum, — sprinkled, 479,480,<br />
771, — squat, 710—712.<br />
.— punctatum, 772. — stone, 497, 498,<br />
.— purpureum, 742. — thread, 767.<br />
i— pyriforme, 768. — tow, 498.<br />
— roseum, 770. — trait, 502,503.<br />
— rostratum, 772. — water, 749.<br />
— scopariura, 738. — wide, 504.<br />
— serpyllifolium, 770, — wing, 728.<br />
772,773.<br />
Mould, 560, 561,<br />
—i gerratum, 773. — bare, 569, 570.<br />
— trichoides, 767. — blood, 568.<br />
— trichomanes, 706, — bottle, 561.<br />
— tricliomanisfacie,706 — brush, 552, 653.<br />
— ti"iquetrum,768, 771. — bud, 586,587.<br />
— turblnatum, 770. — cap, 680.<br />
— uliginosum, 767.<br />
.^— chain, 552.<br />
— undulatum, 772, — clung, 550.<br />
Monilia, 550, 552—554, — corn, 590—592.<br />
f 557, 563,567. — cup, 576,577.<br />
Morchella,661,662. — cylinder, 568.<br />
Morell, 661, 662. — death, 590.<br />
Moss, ball, 487. — double, 569.<br />
_ black, 708, 709. -dust, 550, 551.<br />
— bog, 709,710. — ear, 553.<br />
— brain, 476—478. — flight, 570,<br />
— branch, 406, 407. — fold, 567.<br />
— brittle, 745—747. — froth, 567.<br />
— buckler, 429. — funnel, 555, 556.<br />
—: callus, 495. — glance, 574.<br />
I— chalice, 419. — goblet, 580,<br />
— cockscomb, 407,408. — grape, 553.<br />
— cord, 744, — hair, 574—576.<br />
— cup, 417—424. — knot, +554, 655.<br />
— dot, 42L'—4SL — leaf, 567.<br />
— e2.tiiiguisher,725p726 — meal, 551, S52;<br />
'<br />
— purse, 566.<br />
— rayed, 554.<br />
— scale, 572, 573.<br />
— sieve, 577.<br />
— skein, 552.<br />
— skin, 370,571.<br />
— slash, 673, 674.<br />
— slime, 569.<br />
— spring, 561,502,<br />
— stalked, 550.<br />
— tall,.571,<br />
— thread, 578, 579.<br />
— twin, 550.<br />
Mouth, cone, 719,<br />
— plain, 713—716.<br />
Macedlnese, 550.<br />
Mucedo, 561.<br />
Muc!lago,567.<br />
Mucor,284, +560,561.<br />
— botrytis,561.<br />
— cancellatus, 578.<br />
— caninus, 561.<br />
— erysimi, 561.<br />
— ferrugineus, 556.<br />
— Havidus, 560.<br />
— fragiformis, 568,<br />
— fugacissiraus, 558.<br />
— fulvus, 585,572.<br />
— furfuraceus, 485.<br />
— glaucus, 554, 563.<br />
— herbariorum, 567.<br />
— hydrophorus, 561.<br />
— lichenoides, 483,<br />
•— J cogalns, 568.<br />
1 .— miniatus, 576.<br />
— mucedo, 561,<br />
— murinus, 561.<br />
— roridus, 562.<br />
.— urceolatus, 562,<br />
Mucoridese, 560.<br />
Musci, 707.<br />
Muscus arboreus, 403,<br />
404.<br />
•— aureus, 435.<br />
— capillaceus,750.<br />
— capillaris, 720, 721.<br />
— caule rigido, 408.<br />
— corallinoides,416.<br />
— corallinus, 408.<br />
— coralloides, 405,414.<br />
— filicinus, 759.<br />
— marinus, 332, 382.<br />
— palustris,75i.<br />
— parvus, 770.<br />
— pulmonarius, 430.<br />
— pyxidatus, 419.<br />
— terrestris. 710, 761,<br />
Mushrooffi, 626, 627.
INDEX OF iPLANTS. 819<br />
Mushroom, boot, 601.<br />
— cup, 587, 5S8.<br />
Mycena, 619—621.<br />
MjcenadcK, 617.<br />
Mycctoideae, 532.<br />
Myeloinyci, 507.<br />
Myliiis, 693, 694,<br />
Myriodactyle,f301,302<br />
Myriodacfylon, +301,<br />
302.<br />
Myriophyllum,331.<br />
Myrotheciadcae, 569.<br />
Myrothecium, 569.<br />
N.<br />
Nardius, 694.<br />
Neck.eia,745,f747,74S,<br />
749, 758.<br />
Nemania, 516—519.<br />
Najmasspora, 527, 531,<br />
532.<br />
NemasporidejE, 531.<br />
Nematomycese, 547.<br />
Nepliioma, 426, 427.<br />
Net, water, 300.<br />
Nidularia, 587.<br />
Nodularia, 288.<br />
Nostoc, 301,349,-|-351,<br />
352.<br />
Nostoch,351,352.<br />
O.<br />
Oak, agaric of the, 638.<br />
— sea," 391.<br />
Octospora, 665, •f-666<br />
670.<br />
Odonthalia, 364.<br />
Odontia, 649,f651.<br />
Oligotrichum, 719,720.<br />
Olivia, 349, 350.<br />
Olla, 587.<br />
Omphalia, 61 1—614.<br />
Opegrapha epiphega, Parmelia, caperafa,43T.<br />
505. — carneo hi tea, 454.<br />
— faginea, 505. — cerina, 452, 456,475.<br />
— faliginosa, 506. — chrysophthalma,435.<br />
— herpetica, 506. — ciliaris, 434.<br />
— lichenoides, 504. — circinata, 448.<br />
— Lyellii, 503. — citriria, 445.<br />
— macularis, 505. — Clementiana,439.<br />
— microscopica, 507. — coarctata, 449.<br />
—• nimbosa, 504. — conspersa, 442.<br />
— notha, 504, 505. — corrugata, 438.<br />
— obscura, 479. — craspedia, 452.<br />
— Persoonii,505, — crassa,444.<br />
— petrffia, 505. — cretacea, 398.<br />
— pulverulenta, 502. — crispa, 396.<br />
— querciua, 505. — cycloselis, 444.<br />
— radiata, 479. — diatrypha, 436.<br />
— reniformis, 479. — diffusa, 442.<br />
— rimalis, 506. — dispersa, 448.<br />
— rubella, 506. — effusa, 451.<br />
— rupeslris, 505. — elacista, 449.<br />
— scripta, 502. — elseitia, 439.<br />
— serpentina, 503.<br />
"— encausta,441.<br />
-^ siderella, 506. — epigea, 446.<br />
•— varia,504. — erytlirella, 456.<br />
— venosa, 507. — exigua,450,<br />
— verrucaroides, 504. — Fahlunensis,441.<br />
— viridis, 506. — farinacea, 407.<br />
— vulgata', 506. — farrea, 443.<br />
Opegraphideae, 502. — fascicularis, 398.<br />
Opuntia,347,381. — fastigiata, 406.<br />
Orchal, 454. — flaccida, 400.<br />
Ortliotrichiim,717,f745 — fluviatilis, 397.<br />
—747. — frustulosa, 451.<br />
Oscillatoria,f280—283 — fuciformis,426.<br />
Oscillatoridete, 280. — fulgens, 447.<br />
Osniunda, 378. — furfuracea, 435.<br />
Over, turn, 617. — furva, 400,<br />
— fuscata, 451.<br />
~~ fusco lutea, 473.<br />
— gel i da, 448.<br />
'— glaucoma, 453.<br />
Pallavicinius, 684, 685, — glomulifera, 437,<br />
775.<br />
— lierbacea, 431,<br />
Palmella,t348, 349,363 — hypuorum, 446.<br />
Palraetta, 368, 369. •^ impolita,480.<br />
Onygena, 580.<br />
Pandulphinius,688,689. — jubata,408.<br />
Onygenadeae, 580. Papa, 686. — laciniata,401.<br />
Opegrapha seiiea, 506. Parellus, 454. — laevigata, 443.<br />
— astroidea, 479. Parmelia, 436—444. — lanuginosa, 439.<br />
—• aira, 507. — affinis, 440. — lentigera, 447.<br />
— betulina, 603. — albella, 453. ~" lepidora, 445.<br />
— calcarea, 505. — aleurites, 442.<br />
"~" leucomala, 434.<br />
— cerasi, 502. — aqtiila,441. — lutescens, 453.<br />
— conglomerata,503. — Atlantica, 435. — inarginelia, 401,<br />
— dendritica, 503. — atra, 449. — marmorea, 473.<br />
— denigrata, 507. — Borreri, 437. — melsena, 397.<br />
•— diaphor.a, 504. — brunnea,446. — murorum, 447.<br />
— dispersa, 506. — B«rgesii,399. — muscicola, 402,<br />
— elegans, 503. — cjEsia, 443. — nigrescens, 399.<br />
— epipasta, 506, 507. — candelaria, 445, — olivacea, 438.<br />
3 G 2
820<br />
INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
Parmelia omphalodcs, Perelle, 454.<br />
Peziza macropus, 67?,<br />
440.<br />
Peripherostoma, 513 — marginaia, 663.<br />
— palinata, 398.<br />
515. — niarsupium, 669.<br />
— pannosa,402. Peziza,526,t664—666. — melastoma, 670.<br />
— parella, 454. — Abbotiana, 671. — nigra, 666.<br />
— parietiiia, 438. — acetabulum, 672. — nivca, 671.<br />
i— peliscyplia,444. — fficidioides, 663. — ochroleuca, 670.<br />
— perforata, 437. — alutacea, 668. — onotica, 068.<br />
— periclea, 450. — argillacea, 666. — pallescens, 670.<br />
— perlata, 437. — armata, 673, — papillaria, 666.<br />
— physotles, 436. — atra, 667. — papillaris, 666.<br />
— pUjTca, 439. — aurantia, 668, — patula, 071.<br />
— plicatilis, 39T. — aurea, 667. — perennis, 672.<br />
_ plocina, 398. — auricula, 594. — pineti,.668.<br />
— plumbea, 440. — auriculain referens, — pocuiiformis, 672.<br />
— poUinaria, 407.<br />
594.<br />
— populnea, 664.<br />
— pulmonacea, 430. — badia, 669. — porphyria, 667.<br />
— pulverulenta, 443. — bicolor, 670. — prunastri, 664.<br />
— prunastri, 425. — caerulea, 665. — pulcliella, 670.<br />
—• — recurva, 442.<br />
cffisia, 665. — pustulata, 669,<br />
— roccella, 426. — calyculus, 673. — radiata, 673.<br />
— rubiginosa, 440. — cartilaginea, 664,667 — radicala, 67 I.<br />
— rubra, 457. — celliilaria, 666. — radiculata, 672.<br />
— saliciua, 456. — cellulariaeforuiis,666 — rap u la, 673.<br />
— sarmentosa, 408. — cerea, 672. — rimosa, 664.<br />
— Saturniiia, 399. — chrysocoma, 674. — sanguinea, 665.<br />
— saxatilis, 440. — cinerea, 667. — sarcoides, 667.<br />
— saxicola, 447. — citrina, 670. — scutellata, 665.<br />
— Schraderi, 402. — coccinea, 668, 672.<br />
•— sessilis, 671.<br />
— scopulorum, 406. — cochleata, 669. — solani, 674.<br />
— Scotiiia, 400. — comitialis, 546. — Soweibeana, 672.<br />
— scrobiculata, 431. — cornucopinides, 637. — sphjerioides, 664.<br />
— siliquosa,407. — coronata, 673. — stercoraria, 674.<br />
— sinuosa, 442. — cyathoidea, 674. — stercorea, 665.<br />
— sophodes,450. — domestica, 666. — stictis, 663.<br />
— speciosa, 442. — epidendra, 672. — striata, 5S7.<br />
— squamulosa, 444,451. — equina, 666. — sulphurea, 665.<br />
— sulphurea, 470. — faseiculata, 665. — tenella, 674.<br />
— sulphureo-nigricans, — fibula, 673.<br />
'— tremelloidea, 667.<br />
452.<br />
— firma, 670. — tricolor, 671.<br />
— Stygia,441. — fiava, 667. — tuba, 672, 673.<br />
— subtilis, 401. — fructigena, 673. — tuberosa, 672.<br />
— tartarea, 455. — fuscescens, 671. — umbrina, 668.<br />
— tenax, 397. — granulosa, 593, — tindulata, 636.<br />
— tenella, 434. — haemisphaerica, 665. — vesiculosa, 669.<br />
— tenuissima, 402. — hepatica, 667. — violacea, 669.<br />
— tiliacea, 438. — herbarum, 670.<br />
— tremelloides, 401. — iiispida, 665.<br />
— Turner), 454. — hyalina, 667.<br />
— varia, 452. — hjbrida, 666.<br />
— velata, 490. — hydnoides, 665.<br />
— ventosa, 451. — hydropiiora, 531.<br />
— vitellina, 475. — imraersa, 664.<br />
"Patellaria, 459,452,460, — intlexa, 673.<br />
473, — infundibulum, 673.<br />
t664.<br />
Peltidea, 426, t427— — laevis, 587.<br />
429. — lenticularis, 670.<br />
Peltideas, 425. — lentifera, 5S7.<br />
Peltigera,426—429,432 — leporina, 668.<br />
PeniciJlum, 554. — liciienoides, 665.<br />
Penicillus, 362, — lunda; 668.<br />
— virginea, 671.<br />
—• viridis, 546.<br />
Pezizadeae, 663.<br />
Phacotrum, 482—485.<br />
Phallus,660—662, te75<br />
676.<br />
Phascum, f710— 7lS,<br />
717,718,749.<br />
Phasgonoii, 384, f 385.<br />
Phyllitis, 384.<br />
Physaridea;, 570.<br />
Physarum, 571, +572<br />
573.<br />
Pilobolus, 561, 562,<br />
Pinuzza, 646.<br />
4^J^
Pinnitzzo, 616.<br />
Pipe, leather,-f345,346,<br />
347.<br />
Placodium, f 446—448,<br />
774.<br />
Placynthiiim, 395.<br />
Platisma, 430, 435, 438,<br />
502.<br />
Pleuropiis, 615.<br />
Plocamium, 374, 381—<br />
383.<br />
Pliima, 325.<br />
Pliimula, 324.<br />
Podisoma, 544.<br />
Pohlia, 771.<br />
Polyactis, 554.<br />
PolyangidecB, 586.<br />
Polyangiuin, 586, 587.<br />
Polychidium, 401, 402.<br />
Polyporus, 645.<br />
Polysperma, 306.<br />
Polysperimim, 288.<br />
Polysloma, 586.<br />
Porvtriclium, -|-719<br />
722,728,744—747.<br />
Poria, 639, 640.<br />
Porcino, 646.<br />
Poridffi, 493.<br />
Porina, 495.<br />
Poronia, 515.<br />
Pratella, 626,627.<br />
Piatellidefe, 626.<br />
Prolifera, 310, 312.<br />
Protomyceoe, 532.<br />
Pruniilus, 630—632.<br />
Psora, 443, 445—447,<br />
454, 460-463.<br />
Psoroma, 444—446,<br />
Psvchia,433,434,+435,<br />
436.<br />
Pterigynandruin, 728,<br />
755.<br />
Pleiogonium,f728,741,<br />
755.<br />
Ptilota, 382, 383.<br />
PucciDia,541,542,-|-543,<br />
544, 562.<br />
Puff, shell, 584—586.<br />
Pulmonaria, 430.<br />
Pulveraria, 470, 475.<br />
Pulvis,524.<br />
— pyrius, 524.<br />
Pustula, 526.<br />
Pycnothelia, 424.<br />
Pyrenium, 560.<br />
Pyrenula, 493, 494.<br />
Pyrum, 352,<br />
Pyxidaria, 419.<br />
Pyxidium, 580,<br />
Q.<br />
Quercus marina, 390,<br />
INDEX OF PLANTS, 821<br />
R.<br />
Sistotrema, 648, 649.<br />
Sistotremidea", 648.<br />
Racodium, f 557—559. Skin, death, 558, 559<br />
llanialina,t406—408.<br />
Raraalinideae, 404.<br />
Ramaria, 655, 656.<br />
Rapnia, 673.<br />
Relhanum, 661.<br />
Restenia,533,534.<br />
Resiipinatiis, 617.<br />
Reticiilaria, 538, 567,<br />
568,571,572,576.<br />
Rhi zomorpha,4S8—490<br />
Rhizomorphifleaa, 487.<br />
Riccardiiis, 683, 684.<br />
Riccia, 290, t679, 680,<br />
hair, 560.<br />
SImtgh, star, 351,<br />
Smut, .538.<br />
Solorina, 429.<br />
Sphacelaria, f332, 33.9.<br />
Spathularia,663.<br />
Sphffiria, 526—531.<br />
— acinifonnis, 513.<br />
— acuminata, 530,<br />
— acuta, 530.<br />
— agariciformis,5l I.<br />
— alutacea,511.<br />
— ambiens, 521.<br />
684. — araneosa, 526.<br />
Ricciadeae, 679. — arbuti, 525.<br />
Rinodina,448— 157,774 — arundinacea, 515<br />
Riviilaria, t284, 285, — anraiitia, 526.<br />
301, 302, 310, 320, — aurantiaca, 526.<br />
330, 381. — barbafa, 523.<br />
Roccel la, 425,426. — berberidis, 519.<br />
Roe?tellia, 533, 534. — bitVons, 525.<br />
Rot, 637. — bombarda, 527.<br />
— dry, 559. — bom bard ica, 527.<br />
Rotula, 622. — brass! cae, 524.<br />
Rubigo, 555, 556. — byssacea, 498.<br />
Rupicola, 453, 459. — byssoidea, 527.<br />
Russula, 607,-1-618. — capitata, 511.<br />
Rutabuluin, 761. — carcharias, 512.<br />
Rytiphlaja, 382. — carpini, 532.<br />
— ceratospermuin, 518.<br />
— ciliaris,529.<br />
— ciliata, 520.<br />
— cinerea, 517.<br />
Saffron, la inort de, 590, — circumvallata, 525.<br />
Salviatus, 687. — cirrhata, 532.<br />
Sarcothalameae, 507. — clavata, 511.<br />
Sarcotheccae, 588. — claviformis, 520.<br />
Scalius, 704, 705. — coccinea, 519.<br />
Schasmaria, 416. — cohaerens, 514.<br />
Schistostega, 713. — collapsa, 509.<br />
Scleroderma, 581, 582. — communh, 528.<br />
Sclerotium, 546, 589, — coniposita, 532.<br />
590, t590— 592, 659. — compressa, 531.<br />
Scodellina, 668, 669.<br />
•— concava, 526.<br />
Scypha, -1-357, 358, 359. — concentrica, 513.<br />
Scyphophora,417—424. — confluens, 513.<br />
Scytenium, 398 — conjuncta, 521.<br />
Scytonema, -1-285, 286, — convergens, 521.<br />
287, 406. — coriacea, 528.<br />
Scylosiulion,f345,346, — corniculata, 520.<br />
347.<br />
— cnrnuta, 512.<br />
Seeds, eight, 666—668. — cristata, 531.<br />
Semen, 591. — Crustacea, 51 T.<br />
Serpentinaria,-f-299,300 — cucurbitula, 519.<br />
Serpula, 637. — cnpressiformi3,512.<br />
" Shanks, red, 742. — cupularis, 519.<br />
Shoot, star, 351. — curvirostra, 530.<br />
Silk, crow, 303—316. — cylindrica, 523.<br />
Siliquaria, 394, — deciduaj5l9.
822 INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
SphiEria decomponciiSj<br />
530,<br />
,— decorticafa, 517,<br />
— depressa, 515,<br />
— deusta, 516,<br />
— diflfusa, 51T.<br />
— digitata, 512,513.<br />
— disciformis, 518,<br />
.— dryina, 529.<br />
— diibia, 532.<br />
— duplex, 523.<br />
— entomorhiza,5ll.<br />
— epigsea, 498.<br />
— equina, 527,<br />
— ferruginea, 518.<br />
— fimet'i, 527.<br />
— flavovirens, 518,<br />
— floriformis, 530.<br />
— fragiformis, 513.<br />
— fraxinea, 513.<br />
— fusca, 513, 529.<br />
— gnomon, 530.<br />
— graminis, 516.<br />
— granulosa, 514.<br />
— gregaria, 4S0.<br />
— gutta, 524.<br />
— herbarum, 522.<br />
— hederaB, 525.<br />
— hirsuta, 527.<br />
— hypoxylon, 512.<br />
— inimei'sa, 517.<br />
— insidens, 528,<br />
— irregularis, 514,<br />
— Kirbii, 529.<br />
— lasvis, 519,<br />
— lata, 518,<br />
— lauri, 525.<br />
— leucostoma, 520.<br />
— lichenoides, 527,<br />
— loiiga, 529.<br />
— louicerae, 528.<br />
— macula, 517.<br />
— maculans, 522.<br />
— inarginata, 520.<br />
— maxima, 516.<br />
— melanostoma, 495.<br />
— melogramma, 514.<br />
— microstoma, 520.<br />
— militaris, 511,<br />
— miniata,526,547.<br />
— moriformis,524.<br />
— mucida, 527.<br />
— multicapsula, 513.<br />
— multiceps, 514.<br />
— nebulosa, 522.<br />
— nidula, 529.<br />
I— nigra, .524,<br />
SpliEsria parabolica,523<br />
— parallela, 516.<br />
— pedunciilata, 512.<br />
— peziza, 526.<br />
— pezizasformis, 526,<br />
— picea, 516,<br />
— polymorplia, 512,<br />
— populi, 515.<br />
— poronia, 515.<br />
— potentillffi, 525,<br />
— profusa, 531.<br />
— protracta, 518.<br />
— pulchella, 521.<br />
— pulvis, 524.<br />
pyrius, 524.<br />
— punctata, 515.<br />
— punctiformis, 524,<br />
525.<br />
— pustula, 526.<br />
— pustulata, 520.<br />
— quaternata, 521,<br />
— quercina, 518.<br />
— rad!cosa,512.<br />
— ramosa, 512.<br />
— rhodostoma, 522.<br />
— ribesia, 514.<br />
— rimosa,528.<br />
— rostrata, 529, 530.<br />
— rubiformis, 528.<br />
— rupestris, 528.<br />
— salicina, 525.<br />
— sambuci, 515.<br />
— sanguinea, 526.<br />
— scutellata, 520.<br />
— serpens, 516,<br />
— solida, 524.<br />
— solitaria,527.<br />
— stercoraria, 527.<br />
— stigma, 517.<br />
— styJifera, 530.<br />
— subcortical is, 523.<br />
— subimmersa, 523.<br />
— subsecreta, 529.<br />
— subtilata, 523.<br />
— sulcata, 509.<br />
'— terrestris, 527.<br />
— tessellata, 522.<br />
— tilias, 522.<br />
— tofieldiae, 525.<br />
— tremelloides, 547.<br />
•— truncata, 515.<br />
— tuberculosa,513.<br />
'—' tuberosa, 524.<br />
— tubiformis, 522,<br />
— typhina, 516.<br />
— uda, 516,<br />
— ulmaria, 515,<br />
— obducta, 514, — umbilicata, 521.<br />
— ocellata, 514. — vaccinii, 528.<br />
— olivacea, 560. — versipellis, 516.<br />
— ophioglossoides, 512. — viridis,52S,<br />
— ovina, 527.<br />
Sphasrideas, 510.<br />
Sphaerobolideas., 5S0.<br />
Sphaerobolus, 580, 581^<br />
663.<br />
Splia2rocarpus, 482, 572<br />
—577,580,681.<br />
Sphaerocephalus, 576.<br />
SpliiBrococcus, -|-364—<br />
375,377,380.<br />
Sphasrophoron, 487.<br />
Sphagnum, -]-709—713,<br />
717, 726, 735,749.<br />
Spheria, 526—531.<br />
Spiloma, 452, -)-480,<br />
481.<br />
Sp!lomidea?,479.<br />
Splachnuni,714,f717<br />
719,729.<br />
Sponge, 358—361.<br />
Spongia, 293,353—302.<br />
SpongidiiE, 354.<br />
Spongidium. 292, 293.<br />
Spongilla, 353, 354.<br />
Sporochnus, 387.<br />
Sporotrichum, 550, 551.<br />
Spumaria, -|-567, 569.<br />
Spumaridea?, 566.<br />
Spunk, 583.<br />
Squamula, 622.<br />
Stachylidium, 553.<br />
Staff, sea ragged, 353.<br />
Staurophora, 683,<br />
Steccheriuum, 651.<br />
Stellina, 296.<br />
StemonitideiH, 578.<br />
Stemonitis,567,570,575<br />
—577, f578, 579.<br />
Stereocaulon, 338, 396,<br />
-1-411,412, 487.<br />
Stereuin, 652, 653.<br />
Sticta, 429—432.<br />
Stictis, 663—664,<br />
Stilbidete, 563.<br />
Stilbospora, 545.<br />
Stilbospore, 545.<br />
Stilbosporideas, 544.<br />
Stilbum, 563, 564.<br />
Stool, acorn, 675, 676.<br />
— club, 656—658.<br />
— crater, 652.<br />
— curtain, 627—630.<br />
— dimple, 621—623.<br />
— dung, 632—635.<br />
— earpick, 650.<br />
— footless, 617.<br />
— funnel, 669, 670.<br />
— head, 660,661.<br />
— hedgehog, 651,<br />
— high, 619—621.<br />
— honeycomb, 639,640.<br />
— labyrinth, 638, 639.<br />
— milk, 623—625.<br />
— mitre, 659, 660.
INDEX OF PLANTS. 823<br />
Stool, navel, 611—614. Tremella deliquescens, Ulva articulata, 3S1.<br />
— pipe, 648.<br />
.595.<br />
— atomaria, 341,<br />
— prickle, 650. — ditrormis, 301. — bulbosa, 343, 385.<br />
— prune, 630—632. — dubia, 595. — capillaris, 379,<br />
•— slipper, 610. — ferruginea, 593. — caprina, 345.<br />
— spathiila, 6(-3. — fluviatilis, 351. — ciliata, 371.<br />
— spine, 652. — foliacea, 594. — clathrata, 346.<br />
— sponge, 645. — globulosa, 285. — compressa, 346, S47.<br />
— toothless, 651. — granulata,290. — crispa, 344,367.<br />
Strap, sea, 3S9.<br />
.— hemispherica,284. — defracta, 34S.<br />
Strilia, 645. — intestinalis, 351. — delicatula, 345.<br />
Strongylium,4S5, 5G3. — intumescens, 593. — diaphana, 353.<br />
Strozzius, 682. — juniperina, 546, 594. — dichotoma, 341.<br />
Suillidete, 646, — lachryraalis, 595. — digitata, 385.<br />
Suillus, 646, — lichenoides,401. — edulis, 344.<br />
Swartzia, 742, 743. — marina, 342,^44,346, — elminthoides, 348.<br />
Sjntrichia, 723.<br />
381,583. — fasciata, 343.<br />
— mesenterica, 593. — filiformis, 347.<br />
— mesenterifosmis, 594. — listulosa, 347.<br />
T, — natan?,285. — tlavescens, 353.<br />
— nostoc,S51. — fostida, 350.<br />
Targionia, 6S0, 681. — palustri5, 302,342. — furfuracea, 377.<br />
Targionideffi, 6S0. — priinifoimis, 352. — granulata, 290.<br />
Teeth, paired, 744. — purpurea, 547. — incrassata, 302.<br />
Tendo,386. — sarcoides, 667.<br />
•— intestinalis, 345.<br />
Tethya, 361, 362. — spiculosa, 594. — lactuca,342—344.<br />
Tetraphis, 717. — stipitata, 595. — lactucsefolia, 342,<br />
Thalassiophytffi, 317. — ustnlata, 594. — lanceolata, 343.<br />
Thamnidium, 560. — utriculata, 285,351. — latissima, 343, 384.<br />
Thauatophyton, 590. — verrucosa, 285, 351. — ligulata, 341.<br />
Thelebolideffi, 531. — violacea, 694. — linza,343.<br />
Thelebolus,531.<br />
Tremeliideae, 593. — marina, 342, 344<br />
Thelephora, 652, 653. Trichia, 483,485,57l— 346.<br />
ThelephorideEe, 652. 573,t574-5S0. — maxima, 384.<br />
Thelotretua,<br />
-f-494, 495. Trichiadfcs,574. — mesenterica, 3S4.<br />
Thistle, St. Marv's, 385. Trichoderma, — 550,-f-560, montana, 349.<br />
Thread,leather,2B5,28G. 558. — mnltifida,342.<br />
— marsh, 3 13,<br />
Tricliodermidete, 560. — pahnata, 344.<br />
Thuja, 690.<br />
Tiicbostomum, 722,727, — palustris, 343,684.<br />
Tongue,ground,65S,659 734,739—743. — pavonia, 340.<br />
Tooth, four, 717.<br />
Trichothpcium, 550.<br />
—<br />
— Phyllitis,384.<br />
net, 722.<br />
Truffle, 592. — plantaginea, 383.<br />
— odd, 748.<br />
Truffb, 592.<br />
—<br />
— plantag!nifolia,3S3.<br />
sea, 364.<br />
Tnba, 672, 673.<br />
—<br />
— plicata, 343.<br />
while, 741.<br />
Tsiber, 682, 590, +592.<br />
—<br />
— plumosa, 289.<br />
wood, 649.<br />
Tubercularia, 547. — protuberans, 349.<br />
Tortula, 722—725. Tuberculatidea;, 547. — pruniformis,28S,339,<br />
Torula, 550, t557. Tuheride3B,592.<br />
389.<br />
Tow, old wives, 710. Tubifera, 570. — punctata, 365.<br />
Trattinickia, 340. Tubulifera, 570. — purpurascens, 347,<br />
Trembler, 348.<br />
Tnbulina, 570.<br />
379.<br />
Tremella,401,f593. Tuft, club, 662, 563.<br />
—<br />
— purpurea, 344.<br />
acrosperraum, 595.<br />
—<br />
— pencil, 563. — radicata, 290.<br />
adnata, 302, 348.<br />
—<br />
— plaited, 562. — ramulosa, 346.<br />
albida, 593.<br />
—<br />
— tangle, 563. — rubra, 301<br />
arborea, 594.<br />
Tulostoma, 686,<br />
—<br />
— rupestris, 348.<br />
auricula, 594.<br />
Tnlostomideae, 586.<br />
—<br />
— saccharina, 3S4.<br />
botryoides, 349. Tiipha, 354, 355.<br />
—<br />
— saxatiiis, 6S5.<br />
cerebri na, 593. Typhoderma, 558, 559.<br />
—<br />
— serrata, 341.<br />
cinnabarina, 695,<br />
—<br />
— sobolifera, 345.<br />
clavata, 595.<br />
U.<br />
— cruenta, 350.<br />
Ulvn, f342—345,<br />
— terrestris, 343, 344,<br />
331. -
824 INDEX OF PLANTS.<br />
lJWaTarneri,347,<br />
— uBabilicalis, 344.<br />
— umbiiscata, 344.<br />
Ulvoidese, 342.<br />
Umbilicaria> 476,478.<br />
Up, breaking, 293, 294.<br />
Uiceolaria, 453, f 457<br />
460, 494, 495.<br />
Uredo, 538,t539— 542,<br />
Verrucaria ciiierca,496. Verrucaria vernalis,472<br />
— confluens, 464. — viridirufa, 456.<br />
— conglomerata, 474. Verrucaridae, 495.<br />
— contorta, 459.<br />
Vertebrata, 338.<br />
— decolorans, 471. Vespertilio, 399.<br />
— elTusa, 451.<br />
VJrgaria, 552, 553.<br />
— epiga;a, 498.<br />
— escharoides, 471.<br />
— frondosa,457.<br />
W.<br />
Usnea, 403,404. — fulva, 445.<br />
— barbata, 404. — fiimo.sa, 463.<br />
Wall, hyssop on the,7 15.<br />
— bicolor, 405. — fuscella, 493, 499. Webera, 768, 770,771.<br />
.— chalybeiforrais, 40S. — fusco-ater, 463. Weed, belly, 378<br />
— dichotoma, 408. — gemmata,496.<br />
383.<br />
— floiida, 403. — geographica, 465. — bottle brush, +331,<br />
— liippotrichioides,489 — glaucina, 497.<br />
332.<br />
—" implexa,408. — granulosa, 471. — bristle, 321.<br />
— intricata, 406. — iiifimatomma, 457. — brown, +321,322,<br />
— jubaia, 408. — Harrimanni, 497. — flake, 384.<br />
— lanata, 405. — humosimilis, 467. — fork, 394.<br />
— lanea, 405. — immersa, 467,497. — girdle, t340,341.<br />
— loris longis, 408. — iaipolita,4S0. — gulf, 393.<br />
— oflicinarum, 403. — lulescens, 453. — hartshorn, 389.<br />
— plicata, 403. — maiira, 498. — horn, +327,328.<br />
— pubescens^ 405. — inelaleuca, 496. — knot, +330,331.<br />
— nidicifonBis,^488. r- ocenata,459, — lichen, 388.<br />
UsneadeiB, 403, — olivacea, 496, — rnoss, 288, 28&.<br />
Ustilago, 53s.<br />
,— orbiculata, 491.<br />
'"—<br />
— plum, 37 1—377.<br />
parella, 454. — pod, 394.<br />
— betrsea, 463. — pretty, +322,323.<br />
— pluinbea,497. — ribband, 383,<br />
— polythecia, 499. — river, 312,<br />
Vaginaria, 280. — poIytropa,475. — rope, 386.<br />
Vagiuata, 601. — porphyria, 457. — rust, +332,333.<br />
Variolaria, 47l,^490— — punctifonnis,496, — thong, 386.<br />
493,509,5l4,515. — rubella, 472.<br />
Wcissia, +729—732,<br />
Variolaridaj, 490. — rubra, 457,<br />
743,745,746.<br />
Vaucheria,289—292. — rufescens, 472. Wort, ground liver,428.<br />
Vaiicheridea', 288. — rui)estris,497. — lung, 430,<br />
Veiitilabrum, 359. — salicina, 456. Wrack, 389, 390.<br />
Vei riicaria abie(ina,450 — sanguinaria, 464.<br />
— acrotella, 498. — S hVaderi,497.<br />
—; _ alba, 496.<br />
siiacea, 465.<br />
X.<br />
— alboatra, 469. — gtigmatella, 496.<br />
— albo cerulescens,468. — stillicidiorum, 456. Xylaria, 507, + 510,511.<br />
— — analepta,496.<br />
striatula,498. Xylodon,649,<br />
—-antiquitatis, 494. — sulpiiurea, 470. Xyloma, 545, 546.<br />
atro alba,463, — tartarea, 455.<br />
Xylomideai, 545.<br />
— atrosanguinea, 467. — tesselata,459,493. Xylostroma, 559.<br />
— atrovirens, 465. — thelostoma, 493.<br />
aurantiaca, 475. — tubercularia, 491.<br />
—.badia, 451. — uliginoia, 467.<br />
Z.<br />
— byssacea. 498. — umbilicata,453.<br />
— byssina, 475. — uiiibrina, 494,<br />
Zonaria, +340,341.<br />
— calcarea, 468. — varia, 452.<br />
Zygodon,<br />
— ceiina, 456. — Tcntosa, 451.<br />
744.'<br />
Zygnema, 296—30Q.<br />
C. Baldwin, Printer,<br />
New Bridge-street. liOnilon.<br />
END OF VOL. I.