Journal of the Federated Malay States museums - Sabrizain.org

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1. LIST OF MICROCHIROPTERA, OTHER THAN' 

LEAF-XOSE BATS. IN THE COLLECTION OF 

THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES MUSEUMS. 

By Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S. 

,1 owe to the kindness of Mr. H. C. Robinson the opportunity 

of examining certain of the bats preserved in the 

collection of the F.M.S. Museums, and at his suggestion I have 

written the following list. It contains the Microchiroptera 

other than the Leaf-nose bats, with which latter Dr. Andersen 

is dealing. By the generosity of the authorities of the F.M.S. 

Museums the British Museum has been permitted to retain a 

number of the specimens here enumerated, including the tvpes 

of the three new forms described. 

Eptesicus dimissus, sp. nov. 

Eptesicus pachyntis, Robinson & Kloss, Journ. Fed. Malay 

States Mus. V. p. 116 119141. 

Type. 9 in al. Kao Nawng, Bandon, Malay Peninsula 

3,500'. June 1913. F.M.S. Mus. No. 529/13. Collected by 

H. C. Robinson and E. Seimund. 

A medium—sized species related to E. pachyotis. Size 

rather greater than in E. pachyotis. Body proportionally rather 

larger compared with the wings. Fur short (hairs of back 

about 3 mm. in length 1, rather >parse, mostly confined to the 

body except on the interfemoral, on a triangle at the base of 

the tail. Colour chestnut brown above, lighter below, the 

haiis of the mesial area of the understirface broadly tipped with 

dull whitish or huffy. Ears short, rattier narrow, inner base 

with a rounded basal lobe; inner edge slightly convex, tip 

rounded off, outer edge straight above, convex lower down, 

with a low antitragal lobe. Tragus short, its inner margin, 

which is scarcely longer than its breadth, slightly concave, tip 

rounded, outer margin convex with a fleshy basal lobe. Wings 

to the middle of the metatarsals. A distinct post-calcarial 

lobule. 

Skull broad and stoutly built, with a well marked occipital 

"helmet." Upper incisors with less disparity 111 size than in 

the allied species, the tip of the outer attaining three fourths 

the height of the inner, the latter rather small but still of the 

characteristic Eptesicus shape, parallel sided, bicuspid terminally; 

the outer tricuspid, obliquely concave. Last lower 

molar with its posterior portion nearly equal to the anterior 

part in area, and similar to it, as in nvst of the smaller species 

of the genus 

Dimensions of the type, measured on the spirit specimen. 

Forearm, 42 mm.

2 JoUmul of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

Head and body, 57; 

tail, 39; ear, 14; tragus, length on 

inner edge 3, width 2-3. Third finger (epiphyses not fully 

ossified), metacarpus 39; first 

hind foot with claw, 25.5 mm. 

phalanx, 15; lower leg and 

Skull, greatest length. 17.4; condyle to front of canine 

15.8; basi-sinual length, 12.4; palato-sinual length. 6.3; front 

of canine to back of m 3 , 

6.2 mm. 

Habitat and Type, as above. 

This bat has been determined as E.paphyotis t Dobs, of 

Assam, to which it is no doubt closely allied. But it may be 

distinguished by its larger size (the type being barely adult), 

the attachment of the wing membrane to the middle of the 

metatarsus instead of to the base of the toes, and by its 

proportionally much larger outer upper incisor. 

Nyctalus stenopterus, Dobs. 

Nyctalus stenopterus, Thomas & Wroughton, Journ. F.M.S. 

Mus. IV. p. no (1909). 

$ in al. Krian Road, Larut. Perak. 

7 „ Singapore. 

Pipistrellus tenuis, Temm. (?) 

Kirivoula tenuis, Cantor Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XV, 

p. 185, 1846. 

V Telok Bahang, Penang. 

All the pigmy pipistrels of this region aie very rare in 

collections, and it is impossible at present to make out their 

relations to each other, or even to identify with certainty the 

original P. tenuis. 

Glischropus tylopus, Dobs. 

Vesperugo tylopus, Bonhote, P. Z S., 1900, p. 876. 

j Krian Road, Larut, Perak. 

Hesperoptenus blanfordi, Dobs. 

Hesperoptenus blanfordi. Robinson & Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. 

Mus. V. p. 116 (1914). 

Vesperugo blanfordi, Anderson Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus., 

1, p. 133 (1881). 

2,700 ft. 

2 skins. Semangko Pass, Selangor—Pahang Boundary. 

$ in al. Gunong Tampin, Negri Sembilan. (Malacca 

boundary). 

$ in al. Telok Bahang, Penang. 

9 ., Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. 

I ,, Kao Nawng, Bandon, Peninsular Siam.

iqib.j Thomas: Some Malayan Microchiroptern. 3 

A rare bat, not hitherto received at the British Museum. 

These specimens quite agree with Dobson's description of the 

type from Tenasserim. A rather strongly maikeri naked pad 

or wart just under the symphysis mcnti is not mentioned by the 

describer, but is present in all the specimens. 

Scotophilus castaneus, Horsf. 

Scotophilia Umminckii, Cantor. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 

xv, p. 185 (18461. 

Nycteceius kuhlii, Flower. P. Z. S. 1900, p. 34b. 

Scotophilus castaneus, Bonhote. P. Z. S. 1900. p. 142 ; id. 

Fasciculi

4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

Myotis muricola, Hodgs. 

Myotis muricola, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 

1898, p. 321; Bonhote, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 876; id. Fasciculi 

Malayensis, Zool. Pt. i, p. 18 (1903) ; Robinson and Kloss, 

Journ. F. M. S. Mus. V, p. 116 (1914). 

Vespertilio muricola, Flower, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 347. 

2 in al. Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. 

$ Kao Nawng, Bandon. 

$ Batu Caves, Sehmgor. 

Leuconoe hasselti, I'emm. 

Myotis adversus ? Thomas and Wroughton, |ourn. 

F. M. S. Mus. IV, p. no (1909). 

2 5 Lekop, Karimon Id. Rhio Archipelago. (1,578, 80). 

The middle lower premolar quite as in typical hasselti. 

Leuconoe horsfieldi, Temm. 

j in al. Jugra, Selangor. 

9 ,, Selangor. 

9 ,, Batu Burong, Pahang. 

Kerivoula papillosa, Temm. 

g. 

2,700 ft. 

5. Semangko Pass, Selangor.— Pahang Boundary, 

A rare species. The British Museum contains examples 

from Cambodia (Mouhot) and Borneo (Everett). The 

specimens recorded from Calcutta (Pearson), now prove to be 

distinguishable and have been recently described as K. lenis, 

Trios. 

] 1916. Thomas: 

Some Malayan Microchiroptera. 5 

Emballonura amimbensis. Kloss, Journ. F. M. S. Mus. IV, 

p. 186 (1911). 

25 in al. from various localities, including Aor and 

Tiornan Is. Skins from Kao Nawng, Bandon (2); Bliah, Pulau 

Kundur (2); Pulau Tiornan (1); and Kuala Lumpur (1). 

Taphozous melanopogon fretensis, snbsp. nov. 

Taphozous melanopogon, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 

Bengal, 1846 p. 180; Flower P. Z. S., 1900 p. 347. 

5 skins and 9 in al. Terutau Id. Straits of Malacca. 

11 ,, 14 ., Pulau Angsa, Coast of Selangor. 

12 ,, Batu Caves, Selangor. 

Essential characters as in true melanopogon, but colour 

both of fur and membranes far paler. 

Cieneral colour above pale brown, near " avellaneous " of 

Ridgway, varying a good deal in intensity, the hairs 

white for the greater part of their length, avellaneous terminally, 

or with their extreme tips again light. Undersurface 

"drab grey," the black beard when present contrasting 

markedly with the general light colour of the underside. In 

some specimens the brown parts of the upper hairs may be 

considerably darker, but never or very rarely as dark as in 

ordinary melanopogon, the average colour of all Peninsular and 

Straits specimens being conspicuouslv lighter. Membranes 

pale brown throughout. 

Dimensions of type :— Forearm 60 mm. 

Head and body (measured in flesh) 80; tail 25, ear 17. 

Skull, greatest length 21 ; condvle to front of canines 20, front 

of canine to back of m 3 9. 

Habitat. Islands and coast of the Straits of Malacca. 

Type from Pulau Terutau. 

Type. Adult male. F. M. S. Mus. No. 391/12. Original 

number 5,163. Collected 1st December. 1912 by native 

collector. 

The light colour of the fine series of this bat is in 

striking contrast to its dark hues elsewhere. A large number 

of specimens are in the British Museum from other parts of 

the range of T. melanopogon; but none show the peculiar 

pallor of the present set. The Terutau specimens average on 

the whole the lightest, then those from Pulau Angsa, and the 

Batu Caves, Selangor. Other peninsular examples, of which 

there are few available, appear to average rather darker than 

in the extreme of fretensis. lighter than in true melanopogon. 

Taphozous leucopleurus albipinnis, Phos. 

Taphozous longimanus albipinnis, Thomas, Ann. and Mag. 

Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, II, p. 246 (1898). Thomas & Wroughton. 

Journ. F.M.S. Mus. IV, p. no (1909).

6 Journal of the F.M.S. Musemns. [Vol. VII, 

(1903)- 

Taphozous logimanus, Bonh. Fascic. Mai. Zool. i, p. 18 

$ Taiping. S. M. 1,054. 

As noted in my recent paper on Taphozous,* the peninsular 

representation of the longimanus group agrees best with the 

Bornean T. I. albipinnis, Thos. 

Chiromeles torquatus, Horsf. 

Chiromeles torquatus, Flower, P.Z.S., 1900, p. 350; 

Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. IV, p. 110 

(1909)- 

2 in ail. Terutau Id. 

5 sk. Juara Bay, Pulau Tioman. 

? 

Krian Rd., Larut. Ferak. 923/11. 

• Journ Bombay Nat Hist Soc. XXIV. p. 60 (1915).

— 

II. A NOTE ON THE VARIATION OF A LOCAL 

I 

RACE OF EPIMYS RATI - i RATTl S 

JARAN (BONHOTE), i ROM PULAU JARAK, 

STRAITS Of M vL.U CA. 

By H. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. 

I 

In an earlier number ol vol. i, pp. 70, 71 

119051. Mr. j. L. Bonhote 

specimen obtained by me ii 

described this rat 

1904. 

on a single 

The mth 1 1 

,:. rded it as a rao t the Sumatran 

rttink), but the acquisition ol lar.ye series of 

closely allied foi ud and from various 

groups of islands show that it is rather to be regarded as 

a form of the cosmopolitan E. rattus. 

( 

In view of the fact that Pulau Jarak is very isolated and 

is practically never landed on, 1: 31 mm h as it possesses no 

beach and is steep to right up to the masses of granite 

boulders that form the shore, it is probable that the local rat 

population is hardly, it ever, contaminated by the introduction, 

whether by man or by natural agencies, of fresh blood. The 

race has therefore, in bility, had time to attain 

a position of more murium and I have 

therefore compiled the follow ins; tables based on a very considerable 

series obtained during two 01 three days in April, 1915. 

The specimens wi by two natives and were 

ought it advisable to 

measured by them, but 1 

submit their* figures to analysis as the personal error is 

probably large nstant a race almost 

certainly masks the individual variation. It is, moreover, 

difficult to tell from skins whether tne tails are really perfect, 

while the fo it-measure, even for experienced European 

collectors, is subject to a. personal or individual error, which is 

relatively considerable. 

The measurements on the skulls have all been taken by 

myself with fine pointed dividers on a metal scale, the tenths 

of millimetres being estimated and in this connection it is well 

to consider the errors inherent to the methods of measurement, 

as ring on modern work 

in mammalol gy, lo al rai ften founded on small 

differences in measurements based on series which from a 

biometrical point of view are frequently small. 

Masking errors may therefore be introduced from the 

following cases : 

(1) A skull which has been comparatively recently 

cleaned, has been overboiled in the 

process of cleaning, will always give slightly 

larger measun to opening of the 

sutures; in the case of badly overboiled skulls 

this increase is permanent. 

August, 1916. 2


(2) There is probably a small error due to blacklash or 

spting in the dividers; this error is positive and 

is relatively greater in the smaller than in the 

larger measurements. 

(3) In the case of the measurement of total length old 

skulls may give a longer measurement than that 

really representing their morphological size due 

to the development of post-occipital ridges. The 

length is also increased at the anterior extremity 

in very old specimens owing to occasional 

ossification of the cartilage at the tips of the 

nasals. 

In the case of the measurement of the length of the 

nasals an element of uncertainty is often introduced by the 

irregularity of the suture with the frontal. This error may be 

either positive or negative. 

In the Zygomatic breadth, a negative (i.e. the measurement 

obtained is too small) error is introduced by the spring 

of the zygomatic arches. 

The Diastema is affected by the position of the roots ot 

the anterior premolars which spread forward to a variable 

degree. This error also is negative. 

The tooth-row measurement, which is taken on the 

alveolus, is affected in the same way, though the error in this 

case is positive (i.e. the result is too large); and also in old 

skulls by actual absorption of the teeth when the sign is 

negative. This is not very marked in most rats* but the genus 

Rhinoscinrus (Sciuridae) may be cited as an extreme case. 

The specimens which have been measured, have been 

selected as adult, those specimens which show no signs 

whatever of wear on the molars having been rejected. 

The arithmetic mean error, the error of mean square or 

Standard Deviation of Pearson have been calculated as also 

the Coefficient of Variation. It will be noted that the 

measurements in all cases, if plotted, form curves of a 

symmetrical type, the arithmetic mean agreeing very closely 

with the Median. 

In the case of the upper tooth-row I have not given the 

standard deviation or the arithmetic mean error as the 

measurement does not admit of sufficient accuracy to give 

consistent results, the actual dimensions being very small and 

the normal variation being apparently contained within very 

narrow limits. 

Table I. Measurements of Epimys ratttts jarah 

(Bonhote) 

Adult males. 

Table II. Do. 

Adult females.

[yiO., Robinson on Epimys rattus jarak y 

Table III. Measurements of skulls of Epimys rattus jarak 

(Bonhotel 

Total length = roo 

Adult males. 

Table IV. Do. 

Adult females. 

Table V. Skull Measurements of E'imys rattus jarak 

(Bonhote) 

column. 

Arithmetic Mean 

3 

Median 

4 

Arithmetic Mean Ermr 

Standard Deviation 

5 

Coefficient of Deviation 

ins used in Tables. 

M = much. 

V = very. 

Ml = moderately. 

SI = slightly.

a a ~ 

Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII.

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1916.] Robinson on Epimys riittus jarak 13 

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Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,

III. ON AN ABERRATION OF SCIURUS PREV0ST1 

FREVOSTI FROM SOUTH WESTERN PAHANG. 

By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. 

Three races of the handsome Raffles squirrel are recognizable 

in the Malay Peninsula, two very distinct, and the 

third somewhat indefinite both in range and characters. 

These are 

Sciurus prevostii prevostii, Desm. 

Desm. Mamiu. p. 335 (18221. 

Range. The Southern portion ot the Malay Peninsula not 

north of a line drawn from the northern border of the territory 

of Malacca to Kuala Kurau on the Pahang River. 

This form is at once distinguishable by having the white 

side stripe continuous from ankle to ear over the shoulder. 

Sciurus prevostii wrayi, Kloss. 

Kloss, Joum. Fed. Malay States Mus. iv, p. 148 (,1911). 

Range. From the Siamese Malay State of Trang, through 

the districts of Selama and Temengoh in northern Perak and 

across the main range of the Peninsula to the headwaters ot 

the Pahang and Tahan Rivers. Range northwards on the 

east side of the Peninsula not yet determined. 

This form is separable from the other two by having a 

wash of ochraceous fulvous on the shoulder, thereby breaking 

the continuity of the white lateral stripe. In the next race 

this wash is almost as deep in colour as the feet. 

Sciurus prevostii humei, Bonhote. 

Bonhote, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii, p. 170 (1901). 

Range. Central and Southern Perak to the south of 

Selangor. 

In this form the ochraceous chestnut of the shoulder is 

broadly in contact with the black of the back. 

Of the first race, Sc. p. prevostii, the Federated Malay- 

States Museums, possess a series of skins from Nyalas, 

Malacca, which are practically topotypes of the species and 

call for no special remark. They have the hands and feet 

chestnut, the extremities of the fingers and toes sometimes 

rather paler, tending to orange buff, while in one case the feet 

near the ankle are clad with speckled black and grey hairs 

mingled with the chestnut, though this colouring is not symmetrical.

20 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. vil. 

Two skins from Aver Kring, Negri Sembilan, on the 

eastern watershed of the Peninsula (Nos. 239, 240/12) are 

typical, but a third has the speckled markings on the feet well 

developed, while there is a tendency to the same change on 

the hands. (No. 241/121. 

But of seven skins from Triang, about 20 miles north from 

Ayer Kring, three, Nos. 475. 477, 480/12 are typical, though the 

feet are somewhat paler chestnut, while the others showmarked 

variations. 

One No. 479/12 has the hands and feet almost entirely 

white, the colour of the hands soiled with chestnut and the 

feet with a narrow ring of chestnut near the ankle. The bases 

of the hairs throughout black. 

Another, No. 478/12 has the hands dull chestnut, intermixed 

with many black and silvery white hairs and the feet 

silvery, dark maroon towards the ankle. The point of the 

shoulder blackish and the shoulder above much sprinkled with 

blackish hairs so that the white lateral stripe appears partially 

interrupted. No. 476/12 is more nearly normal but has the 

feet decidedly paler chestnut and the feet dirty whitish on the 

distal phalanges, chestnut on the proximal. No. 481/12 differs 

in the greater extension of white down the forearm towards 

the fingers, which are orange, and in the paler tint of the feet, 

which are clad with buffy golden hairs towards their 

extremities. 

These variations all occurring in specimens from one 

localitv and which are not correlated apparently either with 

the age of the individual or with that of the pelage, which is 

fairly fresh and uniform in the whole series, appears to indicate 

a state of unstable equilibrium in the species, parallel to 

but on a smaller and less striking sc;:l

1916.J H. C. Robinson on Sciurus Prevostii Prevostii 21 

Measurements (taken in flesh by native collectors) Head 

and body, 255; tail, 235; hindfoot, 52; ear, 22 mm. 

Skull: Total length, 57.0; condylo-basilar length, 49.2; 

palatilar length, 23.9; diastema, 14.0: uppei molar series 

including^m. 3 . 10.5; interorbital breadth, 22.4; cranial breadth, 

24.8; zygomatic breadth, 35.1; median length of nasals, 19. 1. 

mm. 

Should this aberration, as will not improbably prove to be 

the case, be found to occur in a definite area to the exclusion 

of the normal form, it will, of course, have to be classed as a 

subspecies.

Journ. F.M.S. Mus.—Vol. VII. PI. I.

IV. NOTES ON THE SAKA1 OF THE ULU 

KAMPAR. (Plates I— V). 

By Ivor H. N. Evans, B.A., Assistant ( urator and Ethno- 

graphical Assistant, F.M.S. Museums. 

l'he toll.. wing notes are the results of rather over a 

month's work among the Sakai of the Kampar River, above 

Gopeng, in the Kinta district of Penik ; my visit to these 

people having been made during the months of May and June, 

rgi5. Starting from Gopeng on May 29th, a three miles walk, 

chiefly through old and new tin workings, took me to 

" Kampong Ulu Pipe," a Malay settlement, about three miles 

distant from Gopeng, which is close to Messrs. Osborne & 

Chappel's new pip -li ie. On the hills near this village can be 

seen several Sak li clearings, so, with ihe idea of getting into 

touch with their inhabitants and of learning something of the 

ali irigines living round tin.; headwaters of the Kinta River, 

I made a few days stay in this locality. With regard to 

my second intention, I met with very small success. The 

Malays of the settlement are all foreigners, Sumatra men, who 

have come into the country within the last twenty years or so, 

and know practically nothing of the district with the exception 

of their own village and the road to Gopeng. I could not 

even obtain from them the name of a conspicuous mountain, 

which was clearly to be seen from the village. The information 

I got from the local Sakai was almost as unsatisfactory 

as that from th>' Malays, since they also seemed to move only 

within a small radius in the region of the foot-hills. The 

country of the Fahang border was to them unexplored 

territory, and they seemed to have no intercourse with the 

aborigines of that district. These tame Sakai inhabit the Kinta 

Valley from about Gopeng to localities some little w#y above 

the dam on the big pipe-line, and also those of the Guroh and 

Geruntum (Kuntun on the map) Rivers, tributaries of the 

Kinta, while they have some intercourse with the people 

of Sungei Raia, who are said to differ slightly from them in 

dialect. This particular section of the Sakai, which cannot 

well be called a tribe, falls within the large division of the 

Central Sakai. The aborigines who live near Gopeng have 

adopted Malay fashions in dress, and the blow-pipe seems to 

be falling into disuse among them, as do also their ancient 

customs and beliefs. 

Finding these people, therefore, too sophisticated to be 

likely to afford me much of interest, I moved to a Sakai 

settlement on the Kinta River, some two and a half miles 

above the dam on the larire pipe-line, and some ten miles from 

Gopeng. Here I staved for about a fortnight. Though the 

inhabitants of this settlement had been to a considerable 

August, 1916. 4


extent in contact witli Malays and Chinese, they were much 

less civilized than the Sakai living closer to Gopeng. Si Busu 

the headman of the settlement, which consisted only of one 

small house, gave me a good deal of interesting information 

about customs and beliefs, and I also had with me a 

Sumatran Malay named Dana; he had a Sakai wife who told 

me a good deal about aboriginal affairs, though I did not 

accept his statements before verifying them by questioning 

the Sakai themselves. 

Si Busu's settlement consisted of a rather small house, 

roofed and walled with palm leaves, which stood in a considerable 

clearing planted with tapioca. Access to the dwelling was 

gained by a bamboo ladder. The doorway could be closed 

with a sliding door of sheet bamboo, and on the left of this 

there was built ôut a small room, occupied by an old man; 

this had a window to the outside and another and a door 

opening into the house. A single large room occupied the 

rest of the space below, but above this, built out towards the 

back of the house and supported on high poles, was an upper 

room which was entered from below by means of a bamboo 

ladder. The co >king place, with its earthen floor, was built 

rather to one side of the large room and over it was a 

framework with shelves for storing firewood, cooking utensils, 

etc. The dart quivers belonging to the men of the house were 

hung against the uprights supporting the shelves. One or 

two store-bins for padi, made of tree-bark, were placed 

near the walls, while a space in one corner of the room, walled 

in to a height of about two and a half feet with tree-bark, but 

empty at the time of my visit, had also been used for holding 

padi grain. I spent a good deal of time in the house and was 

interested to notice that, unless asleep, the Sakai were never 

without occupation of some sort. Their appetites were 

insatiable, and shortly after a hearty meal of rice, gourd, and 

frogs or some other such delicacy, they would start roasting 

Indian corn or tapioca in the ashes of the fire. The consumption 

of Indian corn and tapioca, if the Sakai were at home, 

went on - 

intermittently all day long. Apart from eating, the 

men occupied themselves in making stocks of blow-pipe darts 

and snares for small game, or in repairing their casting nets; 

the women devoted themselves to the manufacture of mats 

and carrying baskets or the cutting and drying of tobacco, 

previously rolled leaves of the plant being shredded with a 

sharp sliver of bamboo on a billet of wood. This was placed 

on the slant, one end resting on the floor, the other against a 

wall of the house. 

The clearing in which the house was situated had been 

planted in the previous year, the Sakai's custom being first to 

sow a new clearing with rice and then to plant tapioca, a 

much slower growing crop, among the rice. Thus, after the 

rice harvest is over, and most of the crop consumed, they are 

able to fall back on their tapioca, which by that time is 

sufficiently far advanced to be dug up.

Journ. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol.VII.

igi6.J I. II. N. Evans: Sakai of the Ulu Kampar. 25 

It is not necessary to saj anything about the blow-pipes 

or the dart-quivers generally in use among the Kampar Sakai, 

as they are of the same type as those of the aborigines of the 

Batang Padang District of Perak, which have been fully 

described by Skeat and others. One quiver, however, which 

was hanging from t lie posts supporting the shelves above tne 

cooking place, immediately attracted my attention, since its 

cover was of quite a different type from the normal, being a 

hard and stiff cap of plaited rattan 17.5 cms. high. After a 

considerable amount of fruitless questioning I elicited the 

information that it had been bought from a Kinta River Sakai, 

and this of course explained its resemblance to the quivers 

used by the aborigines of the Kuala Kangsar and Upper 

Perak Districts. 

Customs, Religious Beliefs and Superstitions. 

1 gathered from the Sakai living on the clearings around 

" Kampong Ulu Pipe"' that they haw- some hazy idea of a 

supreme Being or Deity (the -inn, whom they call Yenong. 

This statement is supported by the information which 

Wilkinson obtained from one of the same people, whom he 

induced to live in Taiping for about three months. As 

among the Sakai of Sungkai and the Hill Sakai of the 

Temengoh District of Upper Perak, the shaman or magician 

is termed Halak and the familiar spirit, by whose aid he 

works his spells, his Anal; Yung. It is said that formerly the 

body of a dead Halak was left unburied in the house where he 

died. I was also told that the Halak's bumbun, or round hut, 

is built within a dwelling house, and consists of seven bertam 

palm-leaves plaited together and fastened to form a circle 

within a rectangular frame of wood, which is attached to the 

posts of the shelves over the fire-place and to some of the 

posts of the house. 

The rest of the information under this heading is derived 

from Si Busu and the people of his house. 

First, I will give some account of various superstitions 

and tabus which influence the people's daily life. As among 

so many aboriginal tribes, lightning ichilou) and thunder are 

held in dread. The following actions are thought to cause 

thunder storms, and are therefore tabu. 

(i) To roast an egg in the fire. 

• 2i To laugh if a snake is met with in the jungle. 

(3. To pull a jungle-leech off the body and burn it. 

When a bad thunder storm comes on, the Sakai descend 

down from the house to the ground, strike their parangs into 

the earth and leave them there. Hot stones from the hearth, 

the supports for cooking pots, are also thrown out of the door 

of the house. Both these actions are thought to be helpful in 

dispersing the storm; and the hot stones, symbolically at any 

rate, dry up the rain.

26 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII. 

Should anyone in the house, a child at play for instance, 

break off the tail of a lizard, each person cuts a piece of hair 

from his. or her, head, burns it in the hie. and then, after 

collecting the ashes, blows them through the hands, placed 

trumpet iashion before the mouth, saying : " Usah, usah 

gelebeh " (don't any more). 

would be struck by lightning. 

If this were no; done, the house 

We will next take some beliefs and customs connected 

chiefly with sickness. 

If three men have planned to go on a journey or to fell 

jungle together, but one man remains at home without saying 

anything (i.e. excusing himself from going), and should one of 

the two companions fall sick, his illness is at once ascribed to 

the man who stopped behind. The two will immediately 

return, and the third man must say charms for the recovery 

of the patient. If, however, the man who stops at home 

makes some excuse for not going, no ill fortune encountered 

by his companions can be ascribed to him. 

If a man throws away the end of a cigarette or some 

scraps of food, and what he throws away falls into a hoie in a 

tree-stump, a mortar for pounding padi, the stump of a 

bamboo, or any place which holds, or can hold, water, and 

should he afterwards fall ill with pains in his stomach, he 

thinks that this action is the cause. He will, therefore, go to 

the place where he threw away the food fragments and remove 

them. If he did not do this, he would not recover from his 

illness. 

If a man is sleeping in the jungle on the ground (or sometimes 

if he is living in his house), and falls sick with itchy 

feelings in his body or swellings, he will dig up the ground 

under his sleeping place, and if he finds an ants' nest will 

destroy it. The ants, so he thinks, have caused him to fall 

sick, and the destruction of the nest insures his recovery. 

If a man who has been camping in the jungle falls sick, 

and should remember that he has left a pole of one of the 

shelters he has used standing in the ground, he will return and 

pull it up, otherwise he will not recover. 

If a man sits down on a spot where the roots of two trees 

interlace he will fall sick: for places of this kind are the 

abodes of spirits. 

If a man leans against a tree which has a creeper twining 

about it, he will become ill ; for this tree is the dwelling place 

of a spirit.' The sick man will, however, recover if he returns 

and cuts through the creeper. 

Tabus with regard to mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law 

are in force. A man must avoid his mother-in-law as much as 

possible, and a woman her father-in-law. 

Some very interesting information with regard to customs, 

now obsolete or nearly so, came to light during my 

conversations with Si Busu. He told me that he had seen

Joum. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol.VII. PI. III. 

1

1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Snkai of the L'ln Kampar. 27 

these observances practised while still a youth. In choosing 

a site tor a new clearing, a kind of divination was practised to 

see whether the Earth Spirit would allow the ground to be 

used. When a suitable piece of ground had been chosen, the 

Sakai went to the site proposed for iJie new clearing and 

spells. The} then swepl all rubbish from a 

small plot of ground, and enclosed it within a frame made of 

four pieces of wood each aboul a f< 01 and a half long. The 

pieces of wood were called galang dapor. Incense was burnt 

within the square, and, ll much smoke arose from it, this was 

that :! padi crop would be plentiful. 

Next, little cups made of lebnk leaves containing incense, 

water, lebak leaves and rice-flour were placed within the 

square. The man who performed the ceremony then covered 

the square over with leaves and everybody went home. If 

this man dreamed on that night that the place was not good 

another site was chosen for the clearing. Dreams about fire 

or of a piece of wood wrapped in a mat (i.e. a bod}- ready for 

burial) were bad. Providing that the celebrant's dreams were 

favourable, the Sakai went the next morning to the clearing 

site and uncovered the square of ground which they had 

swept. If the ground under the covering of leaves was undisturbed, 

the\- looked upon this as a sign that they might 

make the proposed clearing, but if they found any adventitious 

substances under the leaves, such as rubbish of any kind, or 

twigs and scraps of w-ood, another site had to be chosen and 

the performance repeated. If some rubbish had merely fallen 

on the leaves covering the square, the clearing might be made, 

though this was regarded as a sign that somebodv from 

another settlement would die in their house. If, however, a 

clearing were to be made after rubbish had been found under 

the covering leaves, it was thought, that this would result in 

the death of a man of the house. 

When the young padi has sprung up no bamboos or 

rattans must be cut near the clearing until the crop is ripe. 

The season for sowing padi is when the petai fruits are 

ripe and the durian and prah nearly so. 

Another curious Sakai superstition is that the earth must 

not be struck with a stick, this action being thought to irritate 

the Earth Spirit. 

Tabu signs are hung up across the approaches to the 

clearing and outside the houses on the first day of padi sowing 

to warn the people from other settlements that they may not 

enter, but the tabu period is only for one day. 

In making a clearing the first step is to cut away the 

undergrowth. This work proceeds for three days, and then a 

one day's stop is made. When the undergrowth has all been 

cleared the felling of the big trees begins, and heie again after 

working for three days the Sakai rest for a day. 

During the first three days of clearing undergrowth it rs 

tabu to touch the chopping knife of a man who is engaged in


the work. Similarly during the first three days of felling the 

big trees nobody may touch an adze belonging to another num. 

At the time of the reaping of the padi crop the settlement 

is laid under certain tabus for a period of six days. During 

this period cigarettes may not be smoked nor blow-pipes and 

lish be brought into the houses. Tabu signs of palm leaves are 

hung up as a warning to outsiders not to visit the clearing. 

On the first day of reaping seven ears of padi, the rice-soul, 

are tied up, and incense burnt to them. These seven ears are 

left till reaping is finished, and round them sufficient padi to 

fill two or three reaping baskets, this being the rice-soul's 

companion. The rice-soul is finally reaped, and incense is 

burnt under the place where it is hung up for six days. After 

this the grain from the rice-soul and its companion are taken 

and mixed with the seed padi. 

Si Busu also gave me a little information with regard to 

customs connected with child-birth. It appears that after a 

bii th the navel cord is buried under the house. Should the 

child fall ill and its body appear swollen, the cord is dug up 

and inspected to see whether white or other ants are eating it. 

Should this be the case, the ants are killed with hot water and 

the cord is re-buried in another spot. If no ants are found, 

the cord is again interred in the same place. 

After a woman has been delivered, spells are said over her, 

and when this has been done, she is allowed to eat every kind 

of food with the exception of chilies, which are forbidden to 

her for six days. 

I was told that articles of property, not necessarily belonging 

to the deceased, and food are placed on a newly made 

grave, and that a fire is kindled, morning and evening, at the 

spot for the first six days after burial. 

Contact with Malays and Chinese has tended to destroy 

the customs and beliefs of the Sakai living within easy reach 

of the settlements of these races. Consequently the Sakai 

around " Kampong Ulu Pipe " seem to have lost most of their 

distinctive customs, and the same is true in a less degree of 

those living above the dam. I gathered that some of the 

customs described above are obsolete or obsolescent among the 

people that I visited, though they probably remain in full 

force among the wilder aborigines in the headwaters of the 

Kampar River. 

ABORIGINES OF THE PAHANG BOUNDARY. 

Apart from the fact that aborigines of the foot-hills have 

little intercourse with the people of the main range and are 

therefore ignorant of the whereabouts of their settlements, my 

visit to the Kampar district was very ill-timed with regard to 

getting coolies for an expedition to the mountains, since the 

Sakai were engaged in making clearings for planting their padi. 

Repeated questionings of the Malays and Sakai gained me but 

little information about the people of the mountains, though

Journ. F.M.S. Mus.-Vol.VII. PI. IV. 

Mountain Sakai, Ulu Kampar, Perak.

1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Sakai 0/ the L'lu Kampar. 2y 

1 

I chanced to hear imports ot communal houses. Si Busu knew 

almost as little as the other Sakai from whom I made enquiries, 

but I arranged with him that he should go up country 

and try to bring down some wild people to see me. He lelt 

his house 011 May 51 h, and calling in at a relation's dealing, a 

little further up the Kampai River, took this man with him, 

since he iSi Busu's relation) occasionall} had dealings with 

the hill Sakai. On the afternoon oi May 8th Si Busu and his 

relation returned, bringing with them twelve wild Sakai, three 

men. two boys, and seven women. Ad ot them seemed very 

much frightened, the women keeping their e\es fixed on the 

ground, and the men beinu obviously extremely nervous. 

None of these people -poke Mala}', though 1 believe that one 

of the men understood a lew words of that language. On the 

day of their arrival I to a; a few photographs and some 

measurements of the men, and in the evening 1 got Si Busu to 

bring two of them to my tent. One kept his face averted 

the whole tunc and the oth spoke in whispers when answering 

questions. I took a vocabular] (printed with this paper), 

of rather more than thirty words, bill I did not ait. nipt to 

carry the matter furthei owing to the Sakai's uneasiness. 

fudging from the words obtained, however, their dialect 

belongs to the central Sakai gro ps, as does that ot the more 

civilized aborigines >~t tin Kampai River. I did my best to 

rind out from Si Busu where these people lived, what mountains 

their clearings were on. and what was tin nearest riser, 

but without much success, bul probably they wore from the 

Perak side of the main range. The next morning I was told 

that the women-folk being, I supposed, frightened, had tieparted 

at daylight. This was particularly annoying as some 

of them had tat 11 marks on the face, which I wanted to 

sketch. The men left at about 10 a.m. on the same day. I 

afterwards found out that Si Busu had got them down on false 

pretences, asking them. I believe, :o help him in making his 

clearing. This, no doubt, partly accounted for their nervousness, 

since, when thev found that I had called them, and that 

they hail been told a he. they pr >babl) 'bought that they were 

to be kidnapped. I reproached Si Busu f r having told the 

Sakai an untruth, but he said that if they had known that a 

European wanted to see them the} would have refused to 

come and would most likely have desert< d their clearing. The 

only other information that I was aide to gain about these 

people, partly from Si Busu, partly from themselves with Si 

Busu's assistance, was that theii houses were small, but had 

several fire-places, and that one family occupied each house. 

Each household appear-; to possess two clearings, one planted 

with quick-growing crops such as Sengkuai (millet), Indian 

corn and gourds, the other with slow -growing vegetables such 

as tapioca, keledek (convovulus batanas?) and caladium. 

When the quick-growing crops ire exhausted thev subsist on 

the produce of their second planting. I gathered that the 

Hill-Sakai only moved within a very small radius since they

jo Journal of -the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

said that they did not knjow the aborigines of the Kinta, Raia, 

Telom or any other rivers. They had never heard of the bow, 

nor did they know anything about the working of iron ; so it 

would seem that they are not in touch with the Northern 

Sakai. 

With regard to the tatu patterns mentioned above, 

except in one case where I have made a note that ,i man had 

a line tatued from the top of the forehead to the tip of the 

nose—only one man was tatued— I have to rely on my 

memory, owing to the Sakai women taking their departure 

as I have already related but, as far as I can recollect, the 

womens' patterns wire very similar to those affected b\ the 

hill Sakai men of the Ulu Temengoh, i.e., three pairs of 

parallel lines running slantingly across each cheek and some 

V shaped markings on the forehead. 

English. 

Head 

Ear 

Eye 

Nose 

Cheek 

Mouth 

Lips 

Tongue 

Tooth 

Chin 

Neck 

Nape of neck 

Shoulder 

Arm 

Elbow 

Hand 

Thumb 

Finger 

Nail 

Thigh 

Knee 

Shin-bone 

Font 

Heel 

Sole of foot 

Toe.-, 

Breast 

Back 

Liver 

Stomai li 

Navel 

Intestines 

Blood 

Bone 

Skin 

Hair 

Malay. 

Kepala 

relinga 

Mata 

Hidong 

Pipi 

Mulut 

Bibir 

Lidah 

Gigi 

Dagu 

Lcher 

Tengkok 

Bahu 

Lengan 

Siku 

Tangan 

Ibu tangan 

Jan 

Kuku 

Paha 

Lutut 

Tulang ker 

Kaki 

Tumit 

Tapak kaki 

fari kaki 

Dada 

Belakang 

Hati 

Prut 

P u sat 

Isi pei ut 

Da rah 

Tulang 

Kulit 

Rambut 

.Sakai. 

Jelbal. 

Lntak. 

Mat. 

Moh. 

Ming. 

Nynum. 

Xynum (?) 

Lentag. 

Lemoin. 

Lingkah. 

Tangun. 

Tangkok. 

Gelpol. 

Kengris. 

Kanang. 

Tok. 

Jaras (?) ok. 

Jaras tok. 

Chendros. 

Lempar. 

Kurul. 

Jong kemaun 

Juk. 

Chanong juk. 

Tapar juk. 

Jaras juk. 

Entok. 

Kenok. 

Gris. 

Ek. 

Suk. 

Chong ek. 

Behip. 

Je-ark. 

Getug. 

Sok.

V. NOTE ON A COLLECTION OF ROCK 

SPECIMENS FROM PULAU PISANG, WEST COAST 

OF JOHORE. 

By J. B. Sckivenor, Geologist, F.M.S. 

In May igi6 Mr. C. Boden Kloss sent me a collection of 

rock specimens from the small island, Pulau Pisang, off the 

southern part of the west coast of Johore. Mr. Kloss stated 

that only two of the specimens represent rock that he saw 

exposed in situ and that the remainder came from a shingle 

beach. All the specimens are from the north side of the 

island. 

These specimens are of sufficient interest to warrant a note 

on them and their relations to other rocks in the Malay 

Peninsula. On glancing over the collection one had the 

impression that they were largely rocks of the " Chert Series" 

indurated by metamorphism, and thin sections prepared for 

the microscope support this view, while a pebble of granite in 

the collection shows how the metamorphism was effected, but 

on the other hand they show that volcanic ashes are also 

represented on the island. The following is a brief description 

of the rocks. 

i. Granite. This pebble is too small to say what type of 

granite it was derived from. The slide contains only one mica, 

biotite, but a larger specimen might very likely show muscovite 

as well. There is nothing unusual about the rock. 

2.. Qua/rtz-mica-syenite-porphyry. Nothing exactly corresponding 

to this rock has been found before in the Peninsula 

and it is unfortunate that it is only represented by a pebble. 

Hornblende is common and there is an equal quantity of 

altered biotite also in fairly large flakes. There are numerous 

porphyntic crystals of felspar full of finely divided decomposition 

products. Some of them appear to be kaolinized 

orthoclase but others show traces of polysthenic twinning. 

The felspar crystals are generally bordered by a very delicate 

growth which in some cases looks like a radial arrangement of 

minute fibres of felspar, but with a high power much of it is 

resolved into a micropegmatitic intergrowth of quartz and 

felspar. Quartz is confined to this intergrowth and to the 

base, which does not form a large proportion of the rock and is 

of felspai and quartz in small grains. The quartz is a minor 

constituent, and the rock is a porphyry of same composition 

as quartz-mica-syenite. The nearest approach to this rock 

known as yet in the Peninsula are certain svenitic rocks found 

in the Benom Range of Pahang (vide "The Geology and 

August, 1916,


Mining Industries of Ulu Pahang," p. 59, 60) which are 

believed to be of the same age as the granite of that range and 

possibly to owe their distinct composition to a mixture of a 

basic magma with that of the granite. Some of these rocks, 

however, contain pyroxene. There is none in the Pulau 

Pisang pebble nor is there any reason to believe that the 

hornblende is derived from pyroxene, and a rock of this nature 

might consolidate at a shallow depth from a part of a 

hornblende-granite magma poor in quartz. There is a quantity 

of white opaque matter showing a trace of crystal outline 

which is probably a decomposed titaniferous mineral. 

j. This is a dark pebble, shown by the thin section to be 

altered volcanic ash rich in quartz and with orthoclase and 

soda-plagioclase as felspars. Alteration is proved by the hard 

compact nature of the rock and the presence of a secondary 

mineral, in minute grains. It may be zoisite. 

4. Another altered ash similar to 3. The secondary 

mineral is probably epidote. 

5. A finer grained ash, full of a granular mineral, probably 

secondary epidote. 

6. A rock with much secondary epidote which obscures 

its original nature. It may have been sandstone. 

7. A pale grey pebble of very fine but hard texture. It 

is impossible to say anything with certainty about its mineral 

composition even after examination under a 1/12" oil immersion 

objective. It is probably altered shale with minute granules 

of epidote. 

8. A pebble closely resembling black chert of the Chert 

Series, the resemblance being confirmed by the section. The 

secondary minerals are epidote, some forming minute veins, 

and a very finely fibrous mineral of which nothing definite can 

be said but which is probably an amphibole. There is no trace 

of radiolaria. 

9. A banded pebble showing black and grey rock. Both 

are very fine grained but the black rock is certainly altered 

chert, while the grey is either shale or fine ash. 

ro. This is one of the two specimens mentioned by Mr. 

Kloss and is like No. 7. It shows stratification. Thin sections 

of the rock point to it being fine shale full of granular epidote. 

11. The other specimen mentioned by Mr. Kloss consists 

of alternating bands of black and grey rock, the latter having a 

slight buff tint. The grey bands resemble 7 and 10 and mav 

be either altered shale or fine ash. The black bands are 

altered chert and fine black shale. The secondary minerals 

they contain are epidote, the fibrous mineral seen in No. 8, 

which, in one slide, has a distinct greenish tint, and brown 

mica.

fgifi.l ScRIVENOR on Pulau Pisang Rocks. 33 

There can be no doubt that these rocks are from a junction 

of Chert Series rocks and granite and there are two points 

concerning them that are worth attention. The first of these 

is the association of volcanic ash. 

The coarser specimens cannot be distinguished from some 

of the ashes of the Pahang' Volcanic Series, and this is the 

third instance in which these volcanic rocks have been found 

associated with chert. Another instance is at Lubok Plang, on 

the Pahang River, where a bed of chert was found between a 

flow of lava and a layer of ash. Epidote occurs in the chert 

and in the volcanic rocks but in the Pulau Pisang chert it is 

more abundant. Radiolaria are more abundant in the Lubok 

Plang chert. 

The second known instance of the association of volcanic 

ash and chert was afforded by specimens taken from a stoneheap 

in Singapore. The radiolaria in the chert are in some 

cases at any rate preserved as casts of chlorite and the same 

mineral occurs in the ash. Nothing definite could be learned 

about the locality whence these rocks came. One statement 

was to the effect that they might have come as ballast from 

Mauritius, but that is very unlikely, and in view of the nature 

of the Pulau Pisang rocks, they may have come from a neighbouring 

island.* 

Generally the radiolarian cherts are found close to thick 

beds of quartzite and shale, and in the coarser quartzites 

pebbles of chert are abundant. Lately Mr. E. S. Willbourn 

has reported chert and quartzite to be interbedded in certain 

sections in Negri Sembilan. These three cases of nsôciation 

with igneous rocks suggest that in some cases their origin may 

be the same as that put forward in the Geological Magazine 

for 191 1 (British Pillow Lavas and the rocks associated with 

them—loc. cit. pp. 202-209 and 241-248) by Messrs. Dewey 

and Flett, who think that silicate of soda from volcanic 

eruptions was dissolved in sea-water and created conditions 

favourable for siliceous protozoa such as radiolaria. A^ the 

eruptions that formed the Pahang Volcanic series were in part 

submarine, this may be a case of similar conditions ami similar 

results. 

The other point of interest is the resemblance of the pale 

grey rock (Nos. 7 & 10) to some of the boulders and pebbles 

found in Kinta with the boulders of tourmaline-corundum 

rock. These are light colored, sometimes oolitic, and some- 

times contain a little corundum and tourmaline. In a description 

- 

!" of the tourmaline-corundum rocks it was suggested that 

certain bodies in them may be replacements of casts of 

radiolaria, and a rock was found in Kinta actually showing 

• A fourth occurrence of chert associated with an igneus rock fs known 

on the Ginteng Sempah Road, Selangor. 

t Quart Journ Geol Soc. Ixvi 1910, pp. 435-449.

34 Journal of the F.M.S. Mitteums. [Vol. VII. 

radiolaria. The resemblance then, of the Pulau Pisang f^rey. 

fine-grained rock, to the light-coloured rocks forming part of 

"tourmaline-corundum rocks " and its association with chert, 

is further evidence for the tourmaline-corundum rocks being in 

part altered Chert Series rocks. 

But, assuming this to be correct, there is a great difference 

between the alteration by granite on Pulau Pisang and by 

granite in Kinta. In the former case the very fine grain makes 

determination of constituent minerals difficult, but epidote, 

fibrous amphibole, and brown mica seem to be the result of 

metamorphism, while in the latter the alteration produced 

large quantities of tourmaline and corundum, with rntile, 

spinel, white mica, and fluorite.

VI. A NOTE ON CALLOSCIURUS FINLAYSONI 

(HORSF* AND ALLIED FORMS. 

By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. 

In recent articles on Sciurus finlaysoni in the "Journal of 

the Natural History Society of Siam* Mr. C. B. Kloss has dealt 

with this species and its allied forms at considerable length 

and has erected for races inhabiting Koh Si Chang and Rok 

Phai, islands in the Gulf of Siam, close to the mouth of the 

Menam River, two new races, viz. Sciurus finlaysoni portus, 

inhabiting the former, and Sc. f. follctti, the latter, island. 

After discussing the literature in some detail Mr. Kloss 

has, after consideration, decided that the name Sc. finlaysoni, 

sensu stricto, shall be retained for the form inhabiting the 

mainland. 

He attempts to justify his contention by referring to the 

original description by Horsfield (Zool. Res. Java , 1824) 

in which that author states that " this species has hitherto 

been mentioned by Buffon alone from, the following concise 

notice in P. Tachard's travels" while, in addition, 

Mr. Kloss also refers to Anderson, who states that " the type 

of Sc. finlaysoni was obtained in Siam by Dr. Finlayson and 

another was procured by the same traveller in Sichang Island. 

These two squirrels are exactly alike, being white squirrels 

with a yellowish tinge.'* The latter clause shows that 

Dr. Anderson did not study these two specimens in any great 

detail. 

Further, Mr. Kloss quotes Horsfield (Cat. Mamm. E. Ind. 

Co. Mus., p. 154, 1851) as stating that the locality of the specimen 

in the Museum of the East India Company (transferred 

to the British Museum in 1879) was " Siam." This is, however, 

not strictly accurate. The habitat of the species is given 

as "Siam" while a specimen "A" is mentioned "from 

G. Finlayson's Collection during Crawford's Embassy to Siam 

and Hue," which is not quite the same thing. 

The whole crux of the matter, however, is that the older 

authors paid no very particular attention, either to the exact 

localities of their specimens or to minute subspecific differences, 

and Koh Si Chang is certainly near enough to Siam to be 

quoted as such by Horsfield. The conception also, of a 

definite specimen as a type of a species when one or more were 

available is of very much later date than Horsfield in 1824 or 

for the matter of that than Dr. Anderson, writing in 1878. 

We come, therefore, to the first detailed revision of the 

group on modern lines, that of Wroughton (Ann. & Mag. Nat. 

Hist. (8) ii, pp. 393 et seq., 1908). This paper has been 

* Vol. i, pp. 157—162 (March 1915) ; op 

1915) : Vol. ii, pp. 16, 30 (June igi6). 

cit. pp. 225—228 (December


quoted by Mr. Kloss but he has unfortunately omitted to note 

that therein the specimen from Koh Si Chang has been 

definitely selected as the type, as indeed had already been done 

by Bonhote in 1900. The dimensions given by Wroughton 

perfectly agree with those of the type of Sc. f. partus, Kloss, as 

is shown by the figures here repeated, those in parentheses 

being from the type of Sc. f. portus. Allowance must of course 

be made for the fact that the body measurements of the type 

of Sc. finlaysoni have presumably been taken on the dry skin. 

Head and body, 175 11971: tail, 175 (183); hindfoot, 43 

(44) mm. Skull: greatest length, 46 (46.5); interorbital 

breadth, 17.3 (16.7); zygomatic breadth, 28 (27.5); length of 

nasals, 13 (12.6) mm. 

Under the rules governing nomenclature, as almost universally 

recognised by zoologists, the first reviser has the right 

to designate the type of a species from the original material, if 

such has not been done by the author of the species. 

Sciurus finlaysoni portus therefore becomes a pure synonym 

of Caljosciurus finlaysonifinlaysoni 1 Raffles). 

The mainland animal being thus without a name I propose 

to dedicate it to the original discoverer. 

Callosciurus finlaysoni tachakdi. subsp. now 

Diagnosis. Similar to the typical form from Koh Si 

Chang but considerably larger, greatest length of skull 

53-5— 57-° mm - against 44.0—47.7 mm. in the typical form. 

Type. Male adult (skin and skull) in British Museum 

from R. Mee Nan, Siam, altitude, 75 m. collected by Mr. T. 

H. Lyle on April 4th, 1900 (spin. f. sub. Sciurus finlaysoni, 

Bonhote, P.Z.S. (i) 1901, p. 53.) 

Co-types. Krabin, Bangpakong R., Central Siam, collected 

by native collector in November, 1915. Nos. CBK. 2020, 

2037—8. 2046—8). (cf. Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, ii. 

pp. 16, 30 (1916).

VII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KEDAH PEAK. 

V. Botany. 

By H. \\ Ridley., M.A.. C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.S. 

Late Director of Gardens. Straits Settlements. 

\A short account of the physiography of the mountain and a list of 

the Vertebrates obtained during the expedition has already been 

published in this journal (Vol. VI. pp. 219, 244). H.C.R.] 

The Mountain of Kedah Peak, Gunong Jerai of the 

Malays, has been visited by several botanists, the first of 

whom appears to have been Thomas Lobb, who collected a 

few plants there which are now in the Kew Herbarium; later, 

Sir Hugh Low ascended it, accompanied by the well known 

orchid collector, Boxall. In 1893 I visited it myself and 

brought down a fairly extensive collection of the plants there. 

Some account of this trip was published in the Journal of the 

Royal Asiatic Society Straits branch, vol. 34, p. 23. Mohamed 

Aniff, of the Penang Gardens, has also been there,* and now we 

have an excellent collection made by Messrs. H. C. Robinson 

and C. B. Kloss in December, 1915. The specimens were 

gathered at a height of from 2,800 to 4,000 feet, and to these 

are added a few collected at Gurun at the foot of the Peak. 

Among these are especially noticeable the additions of 

two new genera to the flora and both of these species new to 

science, viz. Myrioneuron (Rubiaceae) an Indo-Malayan genus, 

and Eulalia, a fine grass allied to Indian species. There are 

a number of other interesting species in the collection, noticeably 

the beautiful Jasmine/. Kedahense. A tall, white-flowered 

Vaccinium V. eburueiun, another handsome new Xyris\, besides 

the X. Ridleyi formerly obtained by me here, and the very rare 

Acriopsis Ridleyi, of which the only specimen previously known 

was a single plant found in a pepper garden in Singapore. 

The flora of Kedah Peak bears a considerable resemblance 

to that of Mt. Ophir, especially in the occurrence of lowland 

seashore plants at this altitude, isolated as they are from the 

ordinary habitats of these plants by the forests which lie 

between them and the sea. Tnis is perhaps most marked in 

Mt. Ophir, but the occurrence here of such plants as Archytea 

Vahlii, Adinandra dunwsa, Euthemis leucocarpa, Vaccinuan 

Malaccense, Aneilema giganteum, Isachne rigida, typically plants 

of open and usually sandy country distinctly suggest an 

original flora of a sandy, littoral character of which these 

•Gardens Bulletin, Straits Settlements, I. No. 10, p. 353 (July 1916). 

[A small list of Monocotyledons collected by Mohamid Hariri shortly before 

our visit to the Hill.] 

t The Xyridaceas have unfortunately been omitted from Mr. Ridley's 

Manuscript but will be published In a subsequent number of this Journal.


littoral plants are the relics. There can be little doubt that 

Mt. Ophir was at one time an island detached from the mainland 

as Penang is to this day, and it seems highly probable 

that Kedah Peak may have been similarly isolated. The 

absence of any real Siamese element in the flora of Kedah 

Peak in spite of its practically over-looking the southern 

Siamese rice fields and heaths with their distinctive Siamese 

flora, has been noted by me previously, and this collection 

confirms it, although it includes the handsome Bauhinia 

bracteata, Grab.., a plant of Siam which was obtained in the 

low country round Gurun. The flora of Kedah Peak is typically 

Malayan, and it is the most Northern Malayan mountain 

in the peninsula, unless the Gunong Perak range, quite unknown 

botanically as yet, should also contain a Malayan flora. 

Magnoliaceje. 

I. Talauma longifolia, Sp. 110V. 

Talauma mutabilh, var. longifolia, 131. Anon. p. $J. 

A shrub io to 12 feet tall. Leaves thinly coriaceous, 

glabrous, lanceolate, long acuminate and shortly narrowed to 

the base, nerves 7 pairs, slender, reticulations conspicuous, 

6 to 8 inches long, 17 to 2-5 inches wide, petiole "5 inch long. 

Peduncle I-I"5 inch (in fruit) long, appressed, silky. Bud 

ellipsoid, beaked, appressed, silky. Petals glabrous, oblong, 

obtuse, cream or pale yellow, 7 inch long, "3 inch wide. 

glabrous, pustular 1*5 inch long, carpels about 6, beaked. 

Fruit 

Kedah Peak at 3,900 feet alt. Flowers cream (no. 6040), 

small tree, flowers pale yellow, scented (no. 6110), also collected 

here by Mohamed Aniff, Moulmein (Lobb), Pungah 

(Curtis), Java. The narrower leaves and much smaller flower 

distinguish this from T. mutabilis, Bl. 

ia. Illicium Cambodianum, Hance. At 3,900 feet (6002). 

Small tree, rosy cream flowers, at 3,000 feet (6089). Common 

in all mountain districts in the peninsula. 

DlLLENIACEJi. 

2. Acrotrema costatum, Jack. Flowers sulphur yellow, 

Gurun (6178), Kedah Peak (6067). Common in hill districts 

all over the peninsula. 

Anonace

1916.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak, 39 

This has the habit of S. oblongifolia but the leaves of 

S. cantoniensis reduced. This latter plant is usually a weed of 

cultivation and one would hardly expert to find it high upon 

Kedah Peak. 

Flowers purplish at 3,000 feet. No. 6064. 

Ternstroemiaceae. 

6. Adinandra dumosa, Jack. A variety with very rounded 

leaves at 3,000 feet. No. 5987. Common in the plains, but it 

also grows on Mount Ophir at 3,000 feet. 

6a. Eurya acuminata var glabra, HI. A form with rather 

larger flowers than the low country form. Small tree 15 to 

20 feet, flowers whitish. Gurun No. 6172. 

7. Archytaea Vahlii, Choisy. On dry ridges, yellowish 

white. No. 6083. Common in the low country and also on 

Mt. Ophir. 

8. Ternstroemia japonica, Thunb. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 

535- 

Small shrub, leaves rather thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, 

long acuminate, subacute base gradually narrowed, nerves 5-6 

pairs, rather conspicuous beneath for a Ternstroemia, 2~3 - 

25 

inches long, "] to 1 inch wide, petiole '2 inches long. Calyx 

lobes ovate obtuse. Fruit globose "3 inches long on a slender 

pedicel '5 inches long. Seed ellipsoid '25 inches long, red. 

Kedah 

6039. 

Peak. Small shrub, seeds brilliant scarlet. No. 

This resembles plants from Khasiya, Siam and Java. 

The leaves are thinner and more acuminate than in other 

eastern species. The specimens are all in fruit. 

Guttifer.e. 

9. Calophyllnni Prainianum, King ? Kedah Peak No. 

6039. 

Only leaf specimens with reniform galls, but apparently 

this species. 

10. Garcinia eugenifolia, Wall. At 3,000 feet. Distrib. 

Malaya. 

STERCULIACE.E. 

11. Buettneria Jackiana, Wall. Gurun No. 6169. 

Flowers whitish. Distrib. Penang. 

12. Leptonychia glabra, Turcz. Gurun No. 6153. Shrub 

about 10 feet. Common all over the Peninsula. 

Geraniace.e. 

13. Impatiens Griffithii, Hook. fil. 

Kedah Peak 6007. Flowers rich, rose pink. Also 

collected there by Lobb and myself. 

Ophir. 

It occurs too on Mt.


OCHNACE.E. 

14. Enthemis leucocarpa, Jack. Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet 

from Padang upwards. No. 5967. Small shrub, flowers white, 

anthers pale yellow. This is usually a sea shore plant, but 

occurs also at the top of Mt. Ophir far from the sea as here. 

15. Gomphia Hookeri, Planch. Tree about 20 feet tall. 

Flowers deep rose red at 3,000 feet. No 5989. 

Also usually a sea coast plant. 

Ilicine.e. 

16. Ilex patens, Kidl. var. tenuifolia. 

Differs from the type in Gunong Tahan in its thinner, 

more polished leaves and more distinctly winged petiole. 

Petals 5 or 6. 

Shrub, flowers white at 3,000 feet. No. 6105. 

Celastrine

1916.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 41 

Hamameude.e. 

21. Rhodoleia Teystnanni, Miq. At 3,000 feet. No. 5985. 

Small tree to 20 feet. Sepals yellowish, anthers rose pink. 

On most of the mountain ranges of the peninsula. 

Myktace.e. 

-'_\ Backea frutescens, Linn. From 3,000 to 6,000 feet. No. 

6071. Habit very variable. 

On all the high ranges. 

2j. Leptospertnum flavescens, Sin. At 3.000 feet. No. 6082. 

Usually with the last. 

24. Z 

> 

istania Mergiiinsis, Griff. At 3, 800 feet. No. 6034. 

24A. Eugenia claviflora, Koxb. At 2,500 feet. No. 6019. 

Tall shrub. Flowers white. 

25. Eugenia subdecussata, Duthie. At 3,000 feet. No. 6080. 

In fruit. Common in hill ranges. 

Ml-LASTUMACE.E. 

26. Sonerila erectti, Jack. At 3,000 feet No. 6063. Distiib. 

Penang— Perak. 

27. Sonerila linearis, Hook. til. Padang'to Seh upwards 

Nos. 5957. Flowers deep pink, anthers yellowish, leaves 

beneath purplish. 

First collected here bj Lobb., but overlooked by King, as 

the locality, Gunong Jerai, was referred to Burmah by error. 

Endemic. 

28. Sonerila calophylla, Ridl. Flowers pink. Stem and 

leaves very succulent. No. 6068. 

Endemic to Kedah Peak. First collected by me. 

29. Phyllagathis rotnndifolia, 151. Gurun. No. 6166. 

Flowers crimson. 

30. Medinilla Maingayi, Clark. Epiphytic on Hydnophytum. 

No. 6055. 

Common in low country south of the Peninsula. Also on 

Mt. Ophir. 

[I. Pternandra paniculata, Benth. At 1,500 feet. No. 

6148. Flowers whitish. 

Samydai 1 1 

Casearia Flexuosa, sp. nov. 

32. Branches flexuous with pale bark. Leaves glabrous. 

thinly coriaceous, lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, 

acute, nerves 4 pairs, reticulations tine, distinct 3-35 inches 

long, r-1/25 inches wide, petiole '2. Capitula dense, flowers 

about 20, rachis finally developing short ami thick. Bracts 

numerous, lanceolate, acute ciliate. Flowers glabrous 'I inch


long, pedicels. Sepals oblong glabrous. Petals (inner pair) 

obovate orbicular, slightly broader, edge ciliate, stamens 

nearly as long as the sepals, glabrous, filaments thick, anthers 

broad obtuse. Staminodes as long as the stamens, oblong 

linear, villous at the tips, glabrous below. Pistil elongated 

conic, stigma capitate. Fruit ellipsoid 75 inches long, apricot 

coloured. 

Kedah Peak (Ridley 5218, 5364), (Robinson & Kloss 

6025). Penang (Curtis 1019). 

Begoniace.e. 

33. Begonia sinuata, Wall. Flowers white. (No. 6005). 

Occurs also in Penang. 

34. Begonia sibthorpioides, sp. nov. 

Rhizome tuberous "2 inches long, oblong, covered with 

golden hairs, stems very slender, 2- 4 inches long, red, glabrous. 

Leaves in distant pairs, orbicular, cordate, crenulate, glabrous, 

nerves from base 6, "5 inches long and as wide, red beneath, 

petiole - 2- 

- 

8 inche long. Stipules hardly - 

i inch long, triangu- 

lar lanceolate, ciliate. Male flowers 2-3 subterminal en slender 

erect branches 1 to 3. Bracts sheathing, lanceolate, 

acuminate. Sepals 2, oblong obtuse, narrowed towards the 

base. Petals 2, as long and wide, but subacute. All white. 

Anthers in a small globose head on a filament-pedicel as long. 

Fruit - 

i inch long with one large oblong rounded wing - 

2 inches 

long, the other ones hardly developed. At 3,800 feet. No. 

6047. 

Flowers rose pink. Leaves red beneath. A very curious 

little plant with leaves like those of Sibthorpia europea in form. 

Akaliace.e. 

35. Arthrophyeum ovatum, sp. nov. 

A woody shrub. Leaves opp isite paired, ovate to elliptic, 

base cuneate. rather long and sharply acuminate, edge thickened, 

coriaceous, nerves 3 to 5 pairs, sunk above, elevate 

beneath, 3-5 inches long, 175 inches wide, petiole i"25-2 inches 

long. Umbels 2-5 inches long of 15 rays each, jointed half 

way, where is a caducous pair of small leaves. Flowers in 

umbellules of about 20. Pedicels '2 inches long. Buds subglobose, 

pointed. Calyx lobes short, rounded. Petals greenish 

yellow, triangular, lanceolate, acuminate 'I inch across. 

Stamens shorter. 

No. 5905. Woody shrub 10 feet high, flowers greenish 

yellow. Also on Gunong Semangkok in Selangor (Ridlev 

I56I7). 

36. Arthrophyllum nitidum, sp. nov. 

Small shrub. Leaves 12 inches long, pinnate, leaflets 

g-15 coriaceous, oblong or elliptic lanceolate, base often oblique 

2-5 to 3*25 inches long, 1 inch wide, petiolule 25 to -4


inches long, terminal leaflet ovate acuminate, narrowed to the 

base, 2-5 inches long, 175 inches wide, petiole 75 inches long 

polished above nerves, inconspicuous above, visible beneath, 

fine 3 to 4 pairs. Umbels 11 to 12, of 18 to 20 flowers, peduncle 

i-i'25 inches long, pedicels "2, umbels subtended by 1 

to 3 phyllous leaves longer than them. Buds obovoid, blunt, 

Calyx lobes distant, blunt, rounded, short. Petals oblong, 

obtuse subtriangular. Stamens as long. 

Small shrub (No. 6093). 

37. Dendropanax Maingayi, King. At 3,000 feet. No. 

6104. Shrub, flowers greenish. 

At 3,900 feet. No. 6014. Shrub, flowers waxy-white. 

Distrib. Mt. Ophir, Perak. 

RUBIACE.E. 

38. Ophiorrhiza tnmentosa, Jack. Kedah Peak (No. 6037). 

Distrib. Penang, Perak. 

Oldenlandia diffusa, Roxb. By sides of streams. Kedah 

Peak. Flowers white. No. 6147. 

Distrib. Trop. Asia. 

39. Hedyotis capitellata, Wall. Gurun. Creeper, flowers 

greenish-white. No. 6175. 

Common all over the peninsula. 

40. Hedyotis pedunculata, King, Kedah Peak. At 3,000 

feet. Flowers lilac. 

Endemic. 

41. Hedyotis flexuosa, Ridl. Kedah Peak. (5988). Also 

Mt. Ophir and Batu Pahat. 

42. Hedyotis macrophylla, Wa\\. Gurun. Flowers white. 

No. 6177. 

Distrib. Malacca, Penang. 

43. Myrioneuron microcephalia, sp. nov. 

A shrub, branches slender, pale coloured. Leaves 

lanceolate, membranous, long acuminate, narrowed to the 

base, nerves 6 pairs, inarching within the margin, 4 inches 

long, i-y inches wide, '2 inches long. Stipules - 

i inch long, 

tubular, with two broad acute points and two subulate 

bristles. Inflorescence terminal of 2-3 short branches, peduncle 

less than 'i to - 

2 inches long. Flowers few 3-4, 

subsessile. Bracts lanceolate as long as the flower, acuminate. 

Ovary obconic with wavy ridges. Calyx-lobes 5 linear, 

acuminate. Corolla hardly longer, tube very short, cylindric 

lobes much longer, linear acuminate, '2 inches long. 

Gurun. No. 6i8o«. 

The genus Myrioneuron occurs in India and Borneo, but 

this is the first species recorded from the Malay Peninsula. 

December, 1916. 2


It is very distinct from the other species, which have large 

heads of flowers in its only having- 3 or 4 quite small ones 

on a short peduncle. There is no fruit on any of the 

specimens and only a few flowers and some buds. The 

stamens and style in the two I could examine were destroyed 

by some hymenopterous insect. 

44. Argostemma unifolium, Benn. Kedah Peak, on rocks 

at 3,000 feet. Flowers white. No. 61 16. 

Distrib. Penang. 

45. Urophyllum streptopodium, Wa\\. Gurun. Mixed with 

Myrioneuron No. 6180a. 

Common whole Peninsula. 

46. Pavetta indica var polyantha. Kedah Peak at 3,500 

feet. No. 61 19. 

Common all over the Peninsula. 

47. Ixora Brunonis, Wall. Gurun. Flowers white, 

slightly scented. No. 6176. 

Distrib. Penang, Perak, also Burmah. 

48. Ixora stricta, Roxb. Gurun. Six feet tall. Flowers 

salmon pink. No. 6161. 

Distrib. Indo-Malaya. 

49. Ixora congesta, Roxb. Kedah Peak at 1,500 feet. 

Ten feet tall, orange red. No. 6150. 

Distrib. Burmah, Malaya. 

50. Ixora arguta, Br. Gurun. Shrub, flowers white. 

No. 6141. 

Distrib. Whole Peninsula. 

51. Canthium didy mum, Gaertn. Kedah Peak 2,500 to 

3,200 feet. Shrub, flowers greenish 6132. 

Common all over the Peninsula. 

52. Randia macrophylla, Benth. Gurun 6179, 6157. 

Whole Peninsula and Sumatra. 

53. Hydnophytum formicarium, Jack. Kedah Peak at 

3,000 feet. No. 6054, 6076. 

Whole Peninsula. 

54. Psychotria polycarpa, Hook, fil. var. Kedah Peak. 

Creeper, fruit white. No. 6032. 

This is the stiff leaved form which also occurs on 

Mt. Ophir. 

55. Lasianthus cyanocarpus, Jack. Kedah Peak at 1,500 

feet. Shrub, flowers white, fruit turquoise. No. 6143. 

Distrib. Indo Malaya. 

56. Lasianthus appressus, Hook fil. Gurun. Herb, flowers 

white, fruit black. No. 6154. 

Distrib, Whole Peninsula.

1916.] H. X. Ridley: Botany of Kcdah Peak. 45 

57. Lasianthui Wrayi, King. Small shrub, fruits purplish. 

Kedah Peak 6065. 

Distrib. Perak. 

58. Cliasalia curviflora, Thw. Gurun. 6158, 6159. 

Common all over the Malay Peninsula, var angustifolia. 

Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet. No. 6051. 

59. Saprosma pubescens, Ridl. Gurun. Shrub 7 feet tall. 

Also on Mt. Ophir. 

60. Cephaclis Griffithi, Hook. fil. No ticket. 

61. Cephaelis Ridley i, King. Kedah Peak 2,500 to 3,000 

feet. Shrub, flowers waxy-white. 

Composit.e. 

62. Gynura sarmentosa, DeC. Kedah Peak at 3,996 feet. 

No. 6044. 


63. Erechthites valerianifolia, DeC. Gynura rosea Ridl. 

Gynura bicolor King, not DeC. 

Kedah Peak beneath the Trig, station, no doubt brought 

by coolies. Flowers pink. No. 6038. 

A South American weed spreading all over the old-world 

tropics. 

Vacciniace.e. 

64. Vaccinium ebur.meum sp. nov. 

Tree up to 20 feet tall, much branched. Leaves thickly 

coriaceous, elliptic ovate, narrowed equally to both ends, apex 

acute, base cuneate, nerves ascending 3-4 pairs slender, 1-5 to 

2 inches long, -5 to 8 inches wide. Petiole "i inch long. 

Raceme 1-5 inch long, flowers waxy white, pendulous on one 

side '25 inche long; pedicels '15 inche long. Calyx lobes ovate, 

subacute or rounded edges ciliate. Corolla cylindric, lobes 

short, ovate, recurved, glabrous. Stamens short, about half 

the length of the corolla, filaments hairy; anthers oblong, 

connective, prolonged oblong crenulate, cell-spurs subulate. 

Style stout pubescent, longer than the corolla, ovary half 

inferior. Kedah Peak at 3,000 feet. No. 5986. 

Allied to V. Kunstlcri, King & Gamble. 

65. Vaccinium malaccense, Wight. Kedah Peak. Also 

collected here by Lobb. 

All over the Peninsula, but local. 

Ericaceae. 

66. Rhododendron jasminiflorum Hook. Kedah Peak at 

3,000 feet. Flowers white, flushed pink. No. 6057. Flowers 

white, Shrub. No. 6030. 

Mt. Ophir and Perak Hills.

46 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII 

67. Rhododendron Teysmanni Miq. Small shrub, flowers 

apricot yellow. 

Kedah Peak. No. 5966. 

68. Rhododendron leucobotrys Ridl. A tall shrub, flowers 

white. No. 6033. 

Endemic on Kedah Peak. 

69. Rhododendron longiflorum Lindl. Kedah Peak from 

3,800 feet upwards. Flowers "Rose doree." No. 5967. 

Epacrideê. 

70. Leucopogon Malayana Jack, var moluccana. 


Distrib. of variety Tenasserim collected on Kedah Peak by 

Low. 

Myrsineê. 

71. Myrsine Porteriana Wall. Kedah Peak 3,500 feet. 

Small shrub, flowers white 6075. Distrib. Penang, Pahang, 

Selangor or Perak and Mt. Ophir. 

72. Labisia pumila Benth. var lanceolata. Kedah Peak 

2,500 to 3,000 feet alt. No. 6125. 

Common all over the Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. 

73. Ardisia colorata Roxb. var salicifolia King. Kedah 

Peak. Small tree 20-25 feet tall, flowers pink at 3,000 feet. 

No. 6094. 

Distrib of variety, Perak and Malacca. 

74. Ardisia crenata Roxb. No specific locality. Distrib. 

Burmah to China and Japan. Common. 

Gentianaceê. 

75. Canscora andrographioides, Griff. 

A slender herb over a foot tall, stems 4 angled. Leaves 

lanceolate, acuminate, acute, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved, 

2 inches long, - 

3 inches wide, lower ones 1*5 inches long, "4 

inches wide. Flowers solitary, axillary on pedicels 1 inch 

long with 2 pairs of small leaves. Calyx - 

5 inches long, 

cylindric, narrow, not winged, lobes narrow acuminate. 

Corolla white -4 inches across, lobes narrow. 


An addition to our flora. A native of India and Burmah. 

Oleaceê. 

76. Jasminum Kedahf.nse sp. nov. 

Jasminum Maingayi var Kedahense King & Gamble. 

Climber; branches rather stout, pubescent. Leaves stiffly 

coriaceous, ovate, base rounded, apex acuminate, blunt, nerves 

4 pairs sunk above, elevate beneath, above glabrous, beneath the

igi6.] H. N. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 47 

nerves and often whole surfai


Cvmes lax, silky, 3-4 flowered, peduncle "5 inches long, 

pedicels as long. Sepals ovate rounded, sub-equal, stiff, '4 

inches long, silky outside, glabrous within. Corolla and 

stamens not seen. Style 3 inches long, filiform. Berry 

globose, covered with thick red pulp, 2 celled. 

Kedah Peak 2,500 feet to 3,000 feet. A very beautiful 

plant, silvery silky all over. 

SCROPHULARINE.E. 

83. Torenia peduncularis, Benth. Kedah Peak at 1,500 

feet. No. 6145. Herb, flowers purplish violet. 

Distrib. Malaya. 

UTRICULARIACE.E. 

84. Utricularia involvens, Ridl. Kedah Peak at 3,000 

feet. No. 5959. The only known locality. 

85. Utricularia ophirensis, Ridl. Kedah Peak No. 6112. 

Flowers purple. 

86. Utricularia striatula, Sm. Utricularia orbiculata,\\a.\\. 

At 3,000 feet. No. 5976, on rocks among moss, general color 

of plant pale violet. 

87. Utricularia nigricaulis, Ridl. Among moss in stream, 

flowers pale violet. No. 5956. 

Distrib. Pahang. 

Gesnerace.e. 

88. Aeschynanthus Lobbiana, Hook. Kedah Peak 3,000 

feet. No. 5997, No. 6049. 


89. Didymocarpus citrina, Ridl. Kedah Peak at 3,000 

feet. No. 6004. Endemic. 

90. Didymocarpus sulfurea, Ridl. Kedah Peak, on rocks, 

flowers yellow. No. 6052. 

Distrib. Selangor and Perak. 

91. Boea elegans, Ridl. Kedah Peak, on rocks below 

beacon. Leaves silvery. No. 60O2. 

Only known locality. 

ACANTHACE.E. 

92. Psenderanthemum porphyrantlios, Clarke. Kedah Peak, 

small shrub, flowers lilac. No. 6149. 


Verbenaceê. 

93. Clcrodendron deflcxum. Wall. Kedah Peak at 3.5°° 

feet. 6117. Common all over the Peninsula.

1916.] H. X. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 49 

LaBIAT.E. 

94. Scutellaria discolor, Colebr. Kedah Peak at 3,800 

feet. Xo. 6036. Flowers purplish. 

Distrib. Indo-Malaya, not common in the Peninsula. 

95. Gomphostemma oblongum, Wall. Kedah Peak at 1,500 

feet. No. 6144. Small shrub, fruit white. 

Apetal.e. 

PlPERACE.E. 

96. Piper penangense, C. de C. Kedah Peak at 3,500 feet. 

No. 61 15 ; also occurs in Penang. 

Nepenthace.e. 

97. Nepenthes gracilis, Korth. Kedah Peak, Padang 'To 

Seh. 3,000 feet, 5969. 

98. Nepenthes ampullaria, Jack. At 3,000 feet. No. 6050. 

Balanophorace.e. 

99. Rhopalocnemis rufideps, Kidl. Rich strawberry red, 

root stock yellowish. Xo. 6107. 

Distrib. Perak, Penang. 

Loranthace^. 

100. Korthalsella japonica, Engl. On Alyxia and other 

shrubs. No. 6079. Also collected bv me here and on Mt. 

Ophir. 

Distrib. India, China, Japan, Australia. 

101. Loranthus ferrugineus, Roxb. At 2,800 to 5,000 feet. 

No. 6131. 

Common in the Peninsula. 

102. Elytranthus uveitis, Don. At 3,000 feet. No. 5980. 

Also collected here by Lobb and myself. 

Distrib. Java, Sumatra. 

Proteaceê. 

103. Helicia attenuata, Bl. At 3.500 feet. Tall shrub 

flowers greenish. No. 6118, 

Distrib. Whole Peninsula and Java. 

THYMELEACEjE. 

104. Wikstroemia Candolleana, Meissn. At 2,800 to 3,000 

feet. Small shrub, flowers yellow. 

Distrib. Gunong Tahan and other mountains of the 

Peninsula.

50 Journal of the 1 .M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

Santalaceê. 

105. Henslowia varians, Bl. A climber, rather slender. 

Leaves oblanceolateor obovate, obtuse, rounded, narrowed at the 

base, nerves 5, conspicuous on both sides when dry, 175 to*2 

inches long, 5 to 1 inch wide, petiole '5 inches long. Flowers 

yellowish, solitary or 2-4 axillary on very short peduncles with 

one or more ovate bracts. Perianth tubular "i inch long, lobes 

ovate acute. Fruit very small, red, 1 inch through, globose or 

oblong globose with 5 longitudinal grooves, and transverse 

ones, making it nodulose. 

At 3,000 feet ; flowers yellowish. No. 6088. 

Distrib. Java. 

This is not the plant described in the Materials by 

Gamble as H. varians 151., which appears to me to be certainly 

H. umbellata Bl. and has shorter tubed flowers, many in an 

axil, on longer pedicels and a considerably larger fruit. H. 

varians Bl., very well figured in Mus. Bot. I. p). xliii. has a very 

small fruit resembling that of H. buxifolia Bl. This latter 

species however is more of an erect shrub with round leaves 

and is entirely yellow in leaf and stem ; usually found in low 

ground near the sea. It is quite possible that some of the 

specimens quoted as H. buxifolia BL, from mountain districts, 

are H. varians Bl. 

Henslowia Ridleyi, Gamble. In the account of the flora of 

Gunong Tahan published in the Journal of the Federated 

Malay States Museum, Vol. vi., p 170, I described a plant to 

which I had originally given the name of H. minor, but the 

account of this genus by Gamble being published before this 

paper was printed I thought that H. minor was the plant intended 

for H. Ridleyi by Gamble, as he had given Gunong 

Tahan as a locality. I therefore gave the description as that of 

H. Ridleyi. I have since found out that the plant intended as 

H. Ridleyi by Gamble is quite a different species, though it 

occurs in the same localities. The name Henslowia minor 

therefore I restore for the species described as above under the 

name H. Ridleyi. 

Laurineê. 

i06. nothophoebe angustifolia, sp. nov. 

Shrub 4 feet tall. Leaves alternate, coriaceous lanceo- 

late, acuminate, narrowed at the base, nerves about 10 pairs, 

very inconspicuous, 3'5 inches long, 1 inch wide, petiole 2-5 

inches long. Panicle i'5 inches long, '5 inches wide, about 

•5 inches across, sparsely pubescent, pedicels nearly 'i inch 

long, silky. Flowers dirty yellowish-green, 

- 

i inch long. 

Buds oblong blunt. Perianth segments subequal, ovate; 

oblong, obtuse, pubescent, inner row slightly smaller, connate 

shortly at the base. Stamens, outer row 3 with hairy slender 

filaments, anthers 4-celled, introrse, second row similar, third 

row introrse, glands oblong, flat, glabrous. Staminodes

1916 ] H. N. Ridley: Botany oj Kedah Peak. 51 

villous. Ovary obovoid, narrowed at the base. Style filiform, 

rather stout, stigma capitate. At 3,800 feet. No. 5990. 

Shrub 4 feet tall, flowers dirty yellowish-green. 

This is possibly a Machilus, of which it has more the habit, 

but I have seen no fruit. 

EUPHORBIACEiE. 

107. Phyllanthits frondosus, Wall. Small shrub, flowers 

pinkish, 3,000 feet. No. 6103. 

Common in the hill forests. 

108. Sauropus forcipatus. Hook. lil. At 1.500 feet. No. 

6146. Shrub, flowers yellowish. 

Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 

109. Coelodiscus montanus. Muell. Arg. Gurun. No. 

6173. Small shrub 4-5 feet. 


Mallot us porterianus, Muell. Arg. 2,800 to 3,200 feet. 

No. 6129. Small shrub, fruit prickly. 

no. Galearia Lindleyana, Muell. Arg. Gurun. No. 

6170. Large under-shrub 10-15 fee t tall. 


111. Agrostistachys filipendula, Muell. Arg. Tall shrub, 

flowers yellow. 2,500 to 3,000 feet. No. 6017. 

Exeoecaria quadrangularis, Muell. Arg. Kedah Peak. 

No. 6126. Hills of the peninsula. 

Conifers. 

112. Dacrydium elatum, Br. At 3,000 feet. Tree up to 

40 feet tall. No. 6053. 

sula. 

Distrib. Tenasserim and mountains of the Malay Penin" 

113. Agathis loranthifolia, Salisb. At 3,000 feet. No. 

6106. 

Distrib. Penang and Perak hills. 

GNETACEiE. 

114. Gnetum campestre, Gamble mss. G. microcarpum var. 

campestre, Ridl. At 3,000 feet. Padang 'To Sell. No. 5972. 

Orchidk.e. 

115. Liparis Maingayi, Ridl. Damp rocks at 3.500 feet. 

No. 6121. 

116. Dendrobium revolutum, Lindl. At 3,000 feet. On 

trees. Flowers white, upper wings of lip brownish, lower 

more yellowish. No. 5951. 

Distrib. From Tenasserim to Rhio. 

December, 1916. 3


117. Dendrobium villosulum, Wall. At 3,000 feet. 

Flowers creamy yellow. Sepals faintly striped darker. No. 

61 13. Lip pale orange. Petals and sepals pale cream, lined 

with brown. No. 6137. 

118. Dendrobium hymenopterum, Hook. fil. At 3,000 feet. 

Flowers pale lilac, sides of column orange. Nos. 5952, 5953. 

Distrib. Pahang, Perak and Lankawi. 

119. Desmotricluim Kelsalli, Ridl. Kedah Peak. Flowers 

reddish brown. No. 6031. 

Distrib. Pahang, Malacca, Perak. 

120. Bulbophyllum longiflorum, Ridl. At 3,500 feet. 

Flowers white, petals and sepals with regular lines of magenta. 

Lip and column orange. No. 6084. 

121. Bulbophyllum continuum, Hook. fil. No. 6087. Epiphyte. 

Flowers pale yellow. 

Distrib. Malay Peninsula, and Borneo. 

122. Bulbophyllum Selangorense, Ridl. Flowers yellow, 

lip apricot. No. 6028. 

Distrib. Selangor Mountains. 

123. Eria lorifolia, Ridl. On dead logs at 3,000 feet. 

No. 6061. Endemic. 

124. Eria floribunda, Lindl. 6059. In fruit only. 

Common in the Peninsula and Borneo. 

125. Eria teretifolia, Griff. Flowers pale lemon, base of 

column pale yellow, edged magenta, lip reddish distally. 

No. 5978. 

Common in the hills of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. 

126. Eria diluta sp. nov. 

Rhizome apparently long, creeping, stems erect, remote, 

4 inches long, slender, covered with lanceolate, acute brown 

sheaths, '4 inches long. Leaves narrow, linear, acuminate, 

acute, base narrowed, 3.75 inches long, "4 inches wide. 

Raceme subterminal "5 inches long, covered with brown, 

lanceolate acuminate bracts 2-flowered. Pedicel '4 inches 

pubescent. Sepals "3 inches long, lanceolate, acute, yellowishwhite, 

laterals nearly '2 inches wide. Mentum short and 

broad. Petals linear, acute, as long as sepals but much 

narrower. Lip trifid, as long as sepal, lateral lobes falcate, 

broad, midlobe oblong, subacute, dilate towards the tip. at the 

ba=e two short ridges meeting in a V, fleshy, thick, 2 short 

undulate ridges along the lobe bases, one median running 

to tip elevate into a prominent keel, undulate. Column long, 

curved, margin entire, highly elevate, filament rather long. 

Anther phrygian-cap-shaped and blunt. At 3,000 feet. 

Flowers yellowish white. Lip and column tinged brownishpink. 

No. 5980.


Apparently allied to Eria nut. ins, Lindl. and Erin ramulosa, 

Ridl. 

127. Eria xanthocheila, Ridl. At 3,500' feet. Sepals 

whitish-green, faintly veined with reddish. Lip yellow. No. 

6120. 

Distrib. Malay peninsula. 

128. Eria tenuiflora, Ridl. At 3,000 feet. No. 6074. 

Distrib. Malay peninsula and Borneo. 

129. Ceratostylis gracilis, Bl. At 3,800 feet. Flowers 

yellowish, lip pale red. No. 6006. 

Distrib. Malay peninsula and islands. 

130. Trichotosia poculata, Ridl. Kedah Peak. No. 5999. 

Also in Perak and Mt. Ophir. 

131. Trichotosia aporma, Hook. fil. Flowers campanulate, 

white. At 3,000 feet. No. 5965. 


132. Plocoglottis javanica, Bl. At 1,500 feet. Flowers 

crimson and yellow. No. 6140. 

Distrib. Malay peninsula, Java. 

133. Spathoglottis aurea, Lindl. The true, deep coloured 

form (Spathoglottis Wrayi) leaves often reddish beneath. No. 

5992- 

Distrib. Malay and Borneo mountains. 

134. Calanthe angustifolia, L in dl . At 3,500 feet. 

Flowers white, ridges to base of lip faintly yellow. No. 5993. 

Mountains of Malay peninsula. 

135- Calanthe (Lim&todes) gracilis, Lindl. Stem 3 inches 

or more. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate plicate, narrowed to- 

wards the base, - 

g inches long, 1-25 inches wide. Scape 

slender from the stem below the leaves. 20 inches long, 

puberulous. Flowers about 15 remote, pedicels "3 inches long. 

Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, narrow, pubescent outside '4 

inches long. Petals linear, lanceolate, acuminate glabrous. 

Lip spurless, 3 lobed, side lobes long, lanceolate, acute, midlobc 

fleshy at base, longer, -3 inches long, oblong with a small 

orbicular, undulate, crenulate, bilobed lamina, claw of midlobc 

channelled with thick fleshy ridges, and a hairy mass at the 

base. Column short, thick and free from the lip. At 3,000 

feet. Flowers white, sides of lip yellow. No. 5998. Distrib. 

North India, Siam and China. A good addition to our Flora. 

136. Arundina Philippii var. Malay ana, Ridl. At 3,000 

feet. Tip of lip pale pink, throat yellow. No. 5982. Found, 

here by me also. 

137. Coelogyne perakensis, Rolfe. At 3,000 feet. Flowers 

apricot yellow, throat rich chrome. No. 6060. Distrib. 

Perak Hills. Pahang.


138. Coelogyne pallens, Ridl. Flowers delicate, greenishwhite, 

edges of lip fringed. At 3,000 feet. No. 6085. Also 

collected hereby Mohammed Aniff. Distrib. Perak Hills. 

139. Bromheadia palustris, Lindl. At 3,000 feet. No. 

6073. 

140. Agrostophyllum callosum, Bl. 2,500 to 3,000 feet. 

Flowers pale cream. No. 6133. 

141. Acriopsis Ridleyi, Hook. til. At 3,000 feet. Padang 

'To Seh. Flowers yellow, spotted with purple, column pinkish. 

Nos. 5973, 5974. 

This is an unexpected discovery. The species was only 

known hitherto from a single specimen obtained by me on a 

pepper stump in Singapore, no doubt found by a Chinaman in 

felling the forest and put to grow on the stake. No other 

specimen has been seen till in the present collection comes a 

fine series from the other end of the peninsula. 

142. Oxyanthera elata, Hook. fil. 2.500 to 3,000 feet. No. 

6018. 

Distrib. Whole peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. 

143. Podochilus inuricatus, Schlt. At 3,000 feet. 

Flowers white, hairy, threat purple. No. 5990. 

144. Podochilus cornuta, Schlecht. Kedah Peak, no 

special locality. No. 6090. 

145. Podochilus sciuroides, Reichb. At 3,000 feet. No. 

5952. 

146. Tropidia squamata, Bl. Flowers white, with a 

slight greenish cast. No. 6012. 

Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Borneo. 

147. Anoectochilus Reinwardtii, Bl. Flowers white, stem 

reddish. 3.000 feet. No. 5977. 

Also occurs in the Perak Hills, Java and Sumatra. 

APOSTASIACEiE. 

148. Apostasia iiuda, R. Br. Without locality. 

Distrib. Whole peninsula. 

SCITAMINEAE. 

149. Costus speciosus, var. argyrophyllus. At 2.800 to 3,200 

feet. No. 6128. 

Common all over the peninsula. 

150. Globba panicoides, Miq. At 3,000 feet. No. 6070. 

Distrib. Whole peninsula and Sumatra. 

151. Hedychium collinnni, Ridl. Flowers white, heavily 

scented at 4,000 feet. No. 6027. 

The original locality for this species.

igi6.] H. N. Ridlev: Botany of Ktdah Peak. 55 

BURMANNIACEiE. 

152. Burmannia disticha, L. At 3,000 feet. Padang 

'To Sell. Flowers usually large, with many heads, pale blue. 

No. 5961. 

Distrib. Indo-Malaya, China, Australia. 

Liliace.4-:. 

153. Protolirion paradoxum, Kidl. and Groom. On dead 

leaves at 3,800 feet. No. 6000. 

Distrib. All over the Malay Peninsula at high altitudes. 

154. Dianella ensifolia, Red. 3-4,000 feet. Nos. 5994, 

6001. 

155. Dracaena terniflora, Roxb. About 3 feet tall. 

Gurun. No. 6165. 

156. Smilax calophylla, Wall. Kedah Peak, 3,500 feet. 

No. 6:35- 

Distrib. Whole peninsula. 

157. Smilax laevis, Wall. Climber, flowers greenish 

yellow, at 3,000 feet. No. 6066. 

Distrib. Malay Peninsula, China. 

Flagellariaceae. 

158. Susum malayanum, Hook lil. Kedah Peak. No. 

6,011. Unripe fruit, whitish. 


Palmae. 

159. Licuala Scortechinii, Becc. Short stemmed palm 

2,500 to 3,000 feet. No. 6016. 


160. Pinanga disticha, Bl. Gurun. No. 6152. 

Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Borneo. 

161. Iguanura Wallichiana, Hook. fil. Gurun. No. 

6151. Small palm stem about 4 feet, flowers white. 


162. Calamus ramosissimus. Griff. At 2,500 to 3,000 

feet. Inflorescence greenish white. No .6015. 


Pandanaceae. 

163. Pandanus colliuus. Ridl. Kedah Peak. No. 6127. 

Distrib. Mountains of Malay Peninsula. 

CYPERACEiE. 

164. Mariscus Sieberianus, Nees. Kedah Peak 3,000 to 

3.500 feet. No. 6046. 

Unusually high for this common lowland plant.

56 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

165. Actinoschcenus filiformis, Benth. At 3,000 feet. No. 

6109. 

Distrib. Malay Peninsula, China. 

166. Hypolytrum latifolium, Rich. At 1,000 feet. No. 

6142. 

167. Gahnia javanica, Moritz. At 3,000 feet. No. 5970. 

Distrib. All high mountains in the Malay Peninsula and 

Java. 

168. Gahnia tristis, Nees. Padang 'To Seh 3,000 feet. 

No. 5964. 

Usually a sea shore plant, but it also occurs on Mt. Ophir. 

169. Scleria multifoliata, Bceck. At 3,000 feet. No. 

6108. 

Usually a hill plant but it does occur in the low country. 

170. Carex indica, L. At 3,000 feet. No. 6136. 

Scattered over the peninsula, India and Malay peninsula. 

Gramine;e. 

171. hachne rigida, Nees. A stiff, erect grass 18 inches 

tall, leaves stiff, lanceolate, acuminate, acute, coriaceous, glabrous, 

strongly ribbed, edge denticulate, base cordate "5 inches 

long, '2 inches wide, sheath smooth or occasionally armed \\ ith 

stiff cilia rising from pustules. Panicle 1 inch long, 7 inches 

across, spreading, lax, stiff. Outer glumes round pubescent. 

At 3,000 feet. No. 6111. Rare in the peninsula. Only 

collected in our area at Setul. It occurs often in sandy spots 

on heaths and dry spots on mountains in Borneo and Java. 

Ischcemum Fieldingianum, Rendle. At 3,000 feet. Padang 

'To Seh in open spaces. 

Also Mt. Ophir. 

No. 5958. 

172. EULALIA LANIPES, Sp. )10V. 

Base of stem and sheaths densely white, woolly. Leaves 

flaccid, 20 inches long, - 

2 inches wide, linear, gradually acuminate, 

bases white-hairy, ligule white-silky hairy. Culms 

rather slender, terete glabrous except at the top, 20 inches 

long. Spikes 3-8, six inches long, densely white, hairy. 

Flowers in pairs, one sessile and one stalked, similar pedicel 

and outer glumes covered with long white hairs. Glume I 

and II lanceolate, acuminate, narrow, thin, hairy on the back 

with long soft hairs. Ill lanceolate, acuminate, very narrow, 

sparsely hairy. IV narrow, lanceolate, acuminate. Awn 7 

inches long, base dark brown, spirally twisted, apex pale 

scabrid. Styles purple, short plumed. Caryopsis oblong, 

ellipsoid, narrowed at base, beaked with the remains of the 

style, light brown, smooth. At 4,000 feet. No. 6026. 

A beautiful grass allied to E. argentea, Brngn. Voy. Coq. 

Bot. p. 92, but with much larger spikes and flowers and long 

acuminate narrow glumes, and the base of stems woolly.

1916.] H. X. Ridley: Botany of Kedah Peak. 57 

173. Oxytenanthera sinmta, Gamble. At 3,000 feet. No. 

6069. 

Rather a rare or rarely collected Bamboo. Endemic. 

Filices. 

174. Gleichtnia circiuata, Sw. At 3,000 feet. No. 6101. 

On all mountains. 

175. Gleichtnia flagellaris, Spr. At 3,000 feet. No. 6102. 

176. Ahophila commutata, Mett. At 2,800 feet. No. 

6042. 

High mountains Malay Peninsula. 

177. Hymenophyllum Xeesii, Hook. 

178. Hymenophyllum Blumeanum. Spr. No tickets. 

179. Davallia solida, Nees. At 3,800 feet. No. 6045. 

Common all over peninsula. 

180. Davallia bullata, Wall. Kedah Peak. 3,500 feet. 

Got this on the precipice at the top of Kedah Peak. It is not 

common in the peninsula. Xo. 6130. 

181. Humata angustata, Sm. At 3,000 feet. No. 5991. 

182. Lindsaya flabellulata, Dry. At 2,500 to 3,000 feet. 

Common on high mountains. No. 6095. 

iS3. Matonia pectinata, R. Br. At 3,000 feet. Xo. 6100. 

On all our mountains. 

184. Oleandra neriiformis, Cav. At 2,500 to 3,000 feet. 

Nos. 5979, 6024. 

On all our mountains. 

185. Polypodium decorum, Brack. Kedah Peak. No. 6020 

186. Polypodium (Pleopeltis) stenophyllum, Bl. At 2,500 

to 3,000 feet. No. 6021. 

Common in mountain districts. 

187. Polypodium (Pleopeltis) incurvatum, Bl. At 2,500 to 

3,000 feet. No. 6022. 

Mountains of Malaya. 

188. Dipteris Horsfieldii, Benn. At 2,500 to 4,000 feet. 

Fairly common. No. 6023. 

Common on our shores and mountains. 

Lycopodiaceê. 

189. Lycopodium Hippuris, Bl. At 3,500 feet. No. 6078. 


190. Lycopodium ccvnuum.Sw. At 3,800 feet. No. 6029. 

Distiib. All tropics. 

191. Lycopodium phlegmarta.L. At 3,500 feet. No. 6002 

on damp, open ground. 

Common all over Tropical Asia.

58 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. !"Vol. VII, 

192. Selaginella Belangeri, Spring. S. proniflora, Bak. 

At 3,000 feet. No. 6oq7. 

Distrib. Malayan mountains. 

193. Selaginella canaliculata, Spring. Gurun. No. 6174. 

Common in hill districts. 

MUSCI. 

By C. H. Wright. 

194. Syrrhopodon revolutus. Dozy & Molk. At 3,000 feet. 

No. 6091. 

LICHEN ES. 

By Miss E. M. Wakefield. 

195. Cladonia bellidiflora. Haerke. At 3,000 feet. No. 

6009. Fructification scnrlet.

VIII. A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS 

FROM PULAU PANJANG OR PULAU MAPOR, 

RHIO-LINGGA ARCHIPELAGO. 

By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U. 

INDEX. 

Bibliography ... ... ... ... p. 60 

Geographical— 

Description of the island ... ... ... p. 61 

Systematic— 

Crocidura maporensis, Rob. & Kloss, sp. now ... p. 63 

Tupaia castanea redacta, Rob., subsp. nov. ... p. 63 

~< Callosciurus : 

ittatits maporensis, Rob. subsp. nov. p. 64 

Rattus rattus batin, Rob., subsp. nov. ... p. 66 

The mammals of the Rhio-Lingga Archipelago have been 

investigated in great detail during the last fifteen years and 

large collections have been made on the majority of the islands, 

by Dr. W. L. Abbott, Mr. C. B. Kloss and' the Federated 

Malay States Museums, these collections having been reported 

on by Messrs. G. S. Miller, R. W. Lyon, Oldfield Thomas and 

R. W. Wroughton in the following papers. 

Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... " Mammals collected by Dr. \V. L. 

Abbott on Islands in the South 

China Sea." 

Proc. Acad. Sci. Washington, ii, pp. 203—246 (1900). 

Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... " Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. 

Abbott in the Region of the 

Indragiri River, Sumatra." 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, pp. 143— 159. 

Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... "Seventy New Malayan Mammals." 

Smithsonian Misc. Coll. vol. 45. pp. 1 73 (passim) (1903). 

Mammals collected by Dr. 

W. L. Abbott in the Rhio-Linga 

Archipelago." 

Gerrilt S. Miller, Jr. ... ' The 

Proc. U. S. Nat Mas. vol. xxxi, pp. 247—286 (1906). 

Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... '• The Mouse Deer of the Rhio-Linga 

Archipelago : A study of specific 

Differentiation under uniform 

environment." 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol, xxxvii, pp. 1— 9, Pis. 1— 8 (1909). 

Gerritt S. Miller, Jr. ... "Fifty-one new Malayan Mam- 

mals." 

Smithsonian Misc. Coll. vol. 61, No. 21, pp. 1—28 (1913). 

December, 191G. 4 

—


Marcus Ward Lyon, |r. " Mammals of Batam Island, Rhio 

Archipelago." 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, pp. 653—657 (1907). 

Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr. "Additional notes on mammals of 

the Rhio-Lingga Archipelago, 

* with descriptions of new species 

and a revised list." 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxvi, pp. 479— 491. PI. 39 (1909). 

Marcus Ward Lyon. Jr. "Tree Shrews: an Account of the 

Mammalian Family, Tupaidae." 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlv. pp. 1—88. Pis. 1— 11 (1913). 

Oldheld Thomas, and " Diagnoses of New Mammals col- 

R. C. Wroughton. lected by Mr. H. C. Robinson in 

the Malay Peninsula and Rhio 

Archipelago." 

Ann. ami Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iii, pp. 439—441 (1909). 

Oldlield Thomas, and "On Mammals from the Rhio 

R. C. Wroughton. Archipelago and Malay Peninsula, 

collected by Messrs. H. C. 

Robinson, C. B. Kloss and E. 

Seimund and presented to the 

National Muse u m by the 

Government of the Federated 

Malay States." 

Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iv, pp. 99 — 129 (1909). 

D.G.Elliot ... "Descriptions of apparently newspecies 

and sub-species of 

Monkeys of the genus, Callicebus, 

Lagothrix, Papio Pithecus, 

Cercopithecus, Erythrocebus 

and Presbytis." 

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) iv, pp. 244—274 (1909). 

D. G. Elliot ... "Descriptions of some new species 

of monkeys of the genera Pithecus 

and Pygathrix collected by 

Dr. W. L. Abbott and presented 

to the United States National 

Museum." 

Proc U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxviii, pp. 343—352 (1910). 

Almost the largest island that has remained un visited by 

any naturalist is the one now under discussion. In view of its 

proximity to Bintang, the largest of the group, and the one 

possessing the richest fauna, it was thought that Pulau Mapor 

might also possess species of interest and I accordingly 

arranged to visit it and spent a few days there at the end of 

May and the beginning of June. 1915. 

Our most cordial thanks are due to Mr. H. Spalder, at that 

time Consul General of the Netherlands in Singapore, who on 

this, as on numerous previous occasions proved most helpful in

igi6.] Ri'Ihnson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. fii 

obtaining for us tin in cessar) permits from the local Dutch 

authorities. We are also indebted to the Resident of Rhiow, 

who instructed Ins local officers to afford us all the assistance 

in then power. 

GEOGRAPHICAL. 

Pulau Panjang or Mapor, as it is more generally known 

by its inhabitants is an island of roughly triangular shape 

with a greatest length and breadth of about three and a 

half to four miles, situated in Lat. 104 .50' E. and Long. 

1 \. about 10 miles from the east coast of Bintang, the 

straits separating it from that island carrying about twelve 

fathoms, though a hank with only 6 to 8 fathoms running 

from the S.E. of Mapor very nearly joins it to the larger 

island. 

I.\« ept on the north and N.E. corner it is surrounded by 

a fringing reef of coral of varying breadth, with many 

outlying "mushrooms." and must therefore he approached 

with the greatest caution by those not in possession of local 

knowledge. A b iv on the N.E. corner however, afforded good 

anchorage in about six fathoms mud and is free from dangers, 

though the swell that frequently sets in from the East even 

in the S.W. monsoon m ikes il inconvenient tor small vessels. 

The surface of the island i- undulating and even rugged 

on the eastern side, tin: maximum elevation being about 

1 

ii [40 t. On this side there is -till a good deal of old jungle 

though much of the bettei timber has been felled by Chinese 

f.>r exportation to Singapore. In the remaining parts of 

tin- island most of the available land has in times past been 

cleared for the planting of gambier and on those plantations 

being abandoned has relapsed into thickets of Stiaits Rhododendron 

an 1 resam Melastoma and Gleichcnia) very difficult 

to penetrate. In parts, however, the original forest, which 

consisted largely of a valuable timber tree {tembusu) [Fngraea 

fragrans) is taking hold again, the tree mentioned springing 

up again readily from sti ioIs. 

On the we, tern shore there are. in places, considerable 

flat areas, largely overgrown with lalang, and it is here, where 

they art sheltered from the violence of the N.E. monsoon, 

that the villages of the native inhabitants are found. These 

people are Orang L ant or Jakun, who under different tribal 

names are widely spread through the southern portion of 

the Malayan Peninsula and throughout the Rhio-Lingga 

Archipelago and portions of the adjacent low lying parts of 

Sumatra. They are of Proto-Malayan stock, at one time 

-poke a somewhat peculiar dialect and have only, in comparatively 

recent times, become onv< its to Islam, thpugh they 

are now loathe to confess that they are othei than Malays 

proper. In Mapor. where there are probably not more than 

a hundred individuals at the outside, the) '.una precarious 

livelihood by fishing during the S.W. monsoon and by


collecting live turtle and tortoise-shell, the former of which 

are sold in Singapore while the latter finds a market in Rhio. 

Thej' possess small kampongs where bananas, maize, 

and sugar cane ate cultivated, but no rice is grown. 

ubi kayu 

We stopped a couple of days on the Eastern side but 

being warned than the anchorage there was precarious in bad 

weather were conducted by a very tortuous and intricate 

channel to a little pool (it was hardly more) on the western 

side near an islet known as Mentigi, a commonplace 

among orang laut people, where we remained a week. 

name 

The collecting was disappointing but besides the species 

actually secured we caught a fleeting glimpse of a Tragulus, 

while pig of both species, Sits oi and Sits rhionis are known 

to occur, but without dogs are difficult to obtain. In the 

sheltered bays in the vicinity Duyong (Halicore duyong) are 

very fairly common and are much hunted, cigarette holders 

made out of the canines being much prized and commanding 

1 

a high price in Tanjong Pinang (the capital of Rhio . 

our way back to Singapore we shot a small dark brown 

porpoise, one of a school ? (Flatanista sp.) of fifteen or twenty, 

but it was seized by a shark and torn to pieces before we 

could secure it. 

Of reptiles we got hardly any: Cyclemys platynoius is 

fairly common and so are Draco volans, D. mclanopogon and 

Mabuia multifasciata, while we also secured specimens of 

the Hawks bill turtle. Near Mentigi was a pen in which 

were some fifty or sixty green turtle (Ghelone mydas) which 

were bought up by a Chinaman for sale in Singapore and 

fed on a variety of sea-grass common in shallow bays in the 

neighbourhood. 

SYSTEMATIC. 

A. Mammals. 

Pithects fascicularis (Raffles). 

Pitheciis bintangensis, Elliot, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 

iv, p. 257 (1909); id. Rev. Prim, ii, p. 246, pi. xxvii (1912). 

1 (j ad. Mentigi, West Side Pulau Mapor, 6th June, 1915. 

F.M.S. No. 

This kra belongs to the group with dark iron grey hands 

and feet, tail blackish above, on its basal portion silvery grey 

beneath, back of head and mantle annulated with black and 

rufous orange, the latter colour fading away towards the rump. 

Limbs and sides annulated with black and silvery grey. 

Dimensions (taken in the flesh). Head and Body, 395; (456) 

tail, 535; (505) hindfoot, 135 (n7'5) ear 25 mm. (29). 

Skull: Total length, 114 (105); occipito nasal length, 95 

(85.5); zygomatic breadth, 73 (72'5); length of upper tooth row 

excl. canine 28.0 (26.7) mm. 

The skull characters derived by Elliot from the small 

series at his command are worthless as subspccific characters 

On

ifjif).] Robinson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 63 

• and the colour differem - are also of dubious value, so I prefer 

not to apply any subspecific name to this monkey. In view of 

the genera] oological affinities of the Rhio-Lingga archipelago 

it will probably prove to he allied rather to the Sumatran than 

to the Peninsulai 1 ice and I have therefore used Raffles name 

which was conferred on specimens obtained in the neighbourhood 

of Bencoolen. 

Measurements in Parentheses are those of the type of 

Pithecus bintangeusis as given by Elliot. 

Ckociduka maporensis, Robinson & Kloss, sp. nov. 

Type. Sub-adult female (skin and skull) collected on the East 

side of Pulau Mapor, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago, on 5th June, 

1915, by H. C. Robinson. 

Diagnosis. In colour closely resembling C. aoris, * but 

smaller, about the same size as C. negligens t but colour less 

pure grey. Skull rather broader than in the allied forms. 

Skull:' Broader relatively than that of C. aoris and rather 

more inflated in the anterior portion of the frontal region than 

in that species. 

Measurements: Greatest length -(23"8)t ; basal length, 

- 

18.5 (21. 1); lachrymal breadth of rostrum, 5 i (4.9); greatest 

breadth above molars, 7*3 (7'g); cranial breadth above mastoid, 

10 6 (10*5); 

- 

maxillary tooth row, including iucisors, g 3 (iO'O). 

Remarks. Though the material is very bad, the only 

specimen obtained being much damaged by the trap and brants, 

we have little doubt that the Mapor shrew is a fairly 

distinct form. 

archipelago. 

It is the first occurrence of the genus in the 

TUPAIA CASTANEA KEDACTA Subsp. HOV. 

Type:- Adult male (skin and skull), No. 355/15, Federated 

Malay States Museums, collected on East side, Pulau Mapor, 

Rhio Archipelago, 7th June 1915, by H. C. Robinson. 

Characters .--Extremely close to Tupaia castanea, Miller, 1' 

out somewhat smaller, the underparts especially the mesial 

streak and the thighs more rusty "'ferruginous" Ridgeway 

(PI. XIV) against "ochraceous tawny" (PI. XV). and with the 

upper surface more chestnut, less maroon, mingled "Hays 

Russet (PL XIV) and 66 Xanthine Orange" (Plate III) against 

"Maroon" (Plate I). 

Colour:- Top of head and sides of the face, hands and 

feet annulated black and buffv ochraceous, a buff ring round 

the eye. Rest of the upper surface rusty ferruginous, many of 

the hairs with glistening black tips. Tail except at the base 

above, where the hairs are tipped with black, almost uniform 

* Ann & Mag. Nat. Hist, (8) x, p 589 (1912). 

t Ann & Mag. Nat Hist. (8) xiii, p. 232 (1914). 

J Measurements in parentheses are those of the type of Ctoctdura aoris. 

H Smithsonian Misc Coll. vol. 45, p. 54. 1903): Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. 

Mus. 4, p. 90, pi. 10, fig. 9 (1913.)

. 


orange ferruginous, the hairs lighter below at their bases. 

Streaks from the ears mange buff, by no means conspicuous, 

beneath rusty ferruginous, a patch on breast and mesial line 

uniform, the rest with greyish bases to the hairs. 

5*«// .--Smaller than that of T. castanea, with the muz/le 

relatively shorter and blunter and the cranium less elongate. 

Palatal vacuities in both specimens available less defined than 

in the skulls of T. castanea in the collection. Teeth not 

different from those of the typi< al form. 

Measurements:-Collectors external measurements (taken 

in the fleshy— 

Head and body 172 (201);* Tail. 141 ( 1 5 1 1 ; Hindfoot, 38 

(42.5) mm. 

Cranial measurements: greatest length. 5C0 (54'0) ; basal 

length, 43-9 (,46.31; palatal length, 267 (28 - 

i)t ; zygomatic 

breadth 24-9 127-81; least interorbital breadth, 14-0 15.01; 

cranial breadth, 20 - 

o (20.3); breadth of rostrum at diastema, 

6*8 (7"i) ; lachrymal notch to tip of 

upper molar series, i8'0 (19-2). 

premaxillaries, 20-8 (23-0); 

Specimens examined. The type and an immature female, 

(canine and pin at alve 'his from the same locality.) 

Remarks. The type specimen, though adult, is younger 

than the available series of seven skulls and four skins of T. 

castanea, from Pulau Bintang, having the orbital ring not 

completely ossified. It is however practically adult and has 

probably attained its full size. The other specimen is very 

considerably younger. Both are in somewhat worn pelage, 

while those from Bintang are in fresh, but I think it practically 

certain that the differences in colour will persist to a greater 

or less degree when specimens in similar condition are available 

for study. The differences are certainly of no less order 

than have been used to establish the majority of races formulated 

of late years. 

SCIURUS VITTATUS MAPORENSIS, Sllbsp. nOV. 

Type:— Adult female (skin and skull). Federated Malay 

States Museums No. 289/16, collected on the West side of 

Pulau Mapor, Rhio Archipelago, on June 6th, 1915. by H. C. 

Robinson. 

Characters : Most closely resembling the race from Pulau 

Tinggi but smaller, with the black lateral stripes, clearer and 

less sullied. Colour of the under surface varying from ochraceous 

buff through ochraceous orange to ochraceous tawny, 

whereas in the other races from the Rhio Archipelago the 

* Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male of Tiifaia 

castanea collected at Sungei Biru, Pulau Bintang, June 12th, iocS. F.M.S. 

Mus No. 1792/08. 

t Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult female of Tupaia 

castanea collected at Tasir Panjang, Pulau Bintang on June 9th, 190S, F.M.S. 

Mus. No 1790/0S.

igi6.] Robinson : Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 65 

rufous." Resemb- 

colour is more clearlj t ufous or " vinai > ms 

lin • Sc. : luteus in these respects but a much smaller form. 

Measurements: External measurements oi the type, taken 

in the flesh: hi a 1 and bo ly, 185, 17'"': tail, 162, [158) : : 

Hf., 

1 1'5, |oi ear, 15 mm., I r.6 

Average and extremes of ten specimens; head and body, 

183, (170-192); tail, 160-5. (142-175); hind-foot, 42^3, 

(40-46.5); ear, r.6, (15-18). Cranial measurements of type: 

5 

" 1 : condylobasilai length, 39-1 

greatesl length. 45-8 1 4 

(38-8): diastema, 10-4 (10-3): zygomatic breadth. 28-3 :6 - 

o) 

median length of nasals, 1 y 3 (13*1) ; upper molar series includ- 

ing pm 3 8-9, (8-3). 

Average and extremes often specimens: greatest length. 

indylo- basilar length, 401, (38*2 42^0) 

47'i. i (45*6 48 5); 

diastema, io'o 1 io'o-i i"2) ; zygomatic breadth, 28-4 (2 7'8-29.3); 

median length of nasals. 14-0 1 ij'.i- 14'M : maxillary tooth row 

including pm 3 , 8*9, (8*4 9-3) mm. For detailed measurement 

see table on p. 67. 

Specimens examined. Fifteen, all from Pulau Mapor. 

RATTUS SURIFER LINGENSIS 1 

Miller). 

1 : 

> 

1 

Mus lingensis, Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, p. 266 

(1900); id. Proc. Acid. X. it. Sri. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 154: 

id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxi, p. 266 1906 Lyon, op it, xxxi, 

p. 655 (1907); Thos. and Wrought. Journ. Fed. Malay States 

Mus. iv, p. 125 

484 (1909). 

(1909); Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. xxxvi, p. 

A very large series of this rat was collected on 

which for the present we refer to this rare The 

Mapor 

colour 

characters assigned to it as compared with E. surifer from the 

mainland h Id i I. viz.. a dull, more clay-coloured tint with 

much less ichra is orange on the flanks and a greatei admixture 

of black on the back, bul we arc unable to see that the 

Rhio foi ni has a narrower palate as stated bj Miller. The tail 

is perhaps, 011 an average, relatively shorter than in the mainland 

form and the skull is somewhat more heavily built with a 

greater development of the 

- 

1 1 

Tin- skull dimi n ion even if equally adult animals from 

the same island are compared are, as Lyon notes, variable. 

m Karimon and Kundnr sei m to be the largest 

and those from Bati im and Bintang on the whole dullest in 

tint. The race i much more closely related to those inhabitin;; 

the is! mds f tru east oasl of the Peninsula than to the 

lightly built, bright coloured animal found in Singapore. 

Epi'mys surifer leonis (Robinson and Kloss). About fifty specimens, 

adult and young, were obtained. For measurements 

See p. 68. 

* Measurements in parentheses these of the type of Sciurus vittatus 

famulus from Pulau Dayang nr. Pulau At.r (Robinson. Ann and Mag Nat. 

; !


Rattus rattus batin, subsp. nov. 

Type:—Adult male, aged (skin and skull). Collected at 

Mentigi, West side of Pulau Mapor or Panjang, Rhio Archipelago, 

on June 6th, 1915, by H. C. Robinson. Federated 

Malay States Museums No. 304/15. 

Characters:—A member of that section of the Epimys 

rattus group, characterized by somewhat slender feet, hispid, 

but not very spiny pelage and marked development of long 

black piles on the lower back. Separable from the form* 

inhabiting the adjacent islands of Bintang and Battam by the 

very much lighter colour above and by the somewhat larger 

bullae. 

Measurements:— External dimensions of the type, taken 

in the flesh: head and body, 208(180); tail, 218 (195); hindfoot, 

355 (34), ear 22 (20-5). Extremes of eight specimens, 

head and body, 171-208; tail. 193-218; hindfoot. 33'5-35'5 ; 

ear, 20-22. 

Cranial measurements ot type: greatest length, 44-4 

(44'o) ; condylo-basilar length, 39-0 i'39'o) ; diastema, 12-4 

(i2 - 

g) ; zygomatic breadth, 20'o 

- 

(20 i) ; median length of 

nasals, i6'0 (16-3) : upper mlar series. 6"8 (6*9). 

Extremes of twelve specimens; greatest length. 4i'5-44"4; 

- 

condylo-basilar length, 36'3-39'o; diastema. n 6-i2"6; 

zygomatic breadth, i8"8-2r2: median length of nasals, 

i4 - 

o-i6'i ; upper molar series. 6-5-7-2 mm. For detailed 

measurement see table on p. 69. 

Specimens examined:— Fifteen, from the east and west 

sides of Pulau Mapor. 

Remarks:—The series examined, which was trapped both 

in old jungle and in the vicinity of the huts of the some what 

primitive orang hint people inhabiting the island are fairly 

uniform, the principal variation being in the degree of 

distinctness in t lie line of separation of the light undersurface 

from the flanks. The race closely resembles a form, as vet 

un-named, inhabiting the western islands of the Archipelago 

but appears to be somewhat mure robust. The intrusion in 

the central islands of a race, R. r. rhionis which closely resembles 

the north European R. rattus rattus is a curious and 

as yet unexplained fact. 

'Mus rattus rhionis, Tbos & Wrought Ann. and Mas. Nat. Hist. (8) iii, 

p. 441 (1909). Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male 

topotype of Mus rattus rhionis, Thos & Wrought F.M.S Mus. No. 2086/0S.

igi6.J Robinson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 67

68 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,

1916.] Robinson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 69

O Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

II. BIRDS. 

With the exception of a short list of birds collected on the 

"Lingga Islands," presumably Lingga itself, by the late Alfred 

Everetts' collectors by Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool. vii, pp. 549-50 

(1900) I am not aware of any account of the avifauna of anv 

of the Rhio-Lingga Archipelago. 

From an ornithologist's point of view most of the small 

Indo-Malayan islands lying within the 20 fathom line from 

larger land-masses are extremely uninteresting and Mapor, 

where, with the exception of two species of sun-birds, birds 

were very scarce both in species and individuals, proved no 

exception to this rule. A list of the specimens observed or 

obtained is however given, those of which no specimens 

were preserved being marked with an asterisk. 

1. Treron nipalensis, Hodgs. 

2. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (Linn. 1 

i

1916.J Robinson: Vertebrates of Pulau Panjang. 71 

13. 

Halcyon armstrongi, Sharpe. 

Antea, vol. V, p. 145. 

iS, 1?. 

Not very abundant. 

14. Pelargopsis malaccensis, Sharpe. 

ipen is hydrophila, Oberholser, Proc. 

RamphaL 01 1 

U. S. Nat. Mus. 35, p. ('-7 1 

. 1909 

-'. 

. 

By " (| means common 

I find it impossible to follow Mr. Oberholser in his 

arrangement of the Peninsular forms of this genus and consider 

that ali specimens from Bandon southwards to Singapore 

ami the Khio Archipelago must be regarded as identical 

subspecifically though specimens from Koh Pennan [antea, 

vol. X . p. 143. show an approach to P. in. bnrmanica, Sharpe. 

having a rather lighter pileum than the majority of Malayan 

specimens, though in this they agree with five skins, from the 

islands of Bintang, Battam ami Mapor in the Rhio Archipelago 

which belong to the above cited Ramphalcyon c/!paisi* 

hydrophila, whose type locality is Singapore. 

. 

The dimensions of the Mapor specimen taken in the flesh 

were—Total length. 371 : wing, 144: tail, 99; visible culmen, 

85 ; hill from gape, 95 ; tarsus, 19.8 mm. 

15. 

Anthkacockros convexus (Temm.l 

i

Journ.il of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

22. DlSSEMURUS PARADISEUS (LlNN.) 

Dissemurns platurus (Vieill.) Hartert. tout, cit. p. 550. 

3

: 

IX. ON A NEW RACE OF CALLOSCIURUS 

VITTATUS (RAFFLES) FROM SINGAPORE ISLAND. 

By II. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. 

< Al LOSCIURUS VITTATUS SINGAPURENSJ 

Type:—Adult female (skin and skull), Federated Malay 

States Museum-;, No. 1747/08, collected at Changi, north-east 

corner of Singapore Island, on July 27th. 1908, by II. C. Robinson 

and E. Seimund. 

Characters —Very closely relat isularis, 

Miller' from the north hank of the Endau River, Eastern 

Pahang, but differing from the race in having the light element 

in the speckling of the upper surface, more ocraceous ferruginous 

and less olivaceous, the undersurface more ferruginous, less 

tawny. From Sciurus vittatus subluteus,f Thos. and Wrought., 

from South East Johore : it is at once separated by its noticeably 

brighter colouration on the belly and darker tad and from 

Sc. v. nesiotes,X Tbos. and Wrought., by its broader and more 

clearly defined lateral black stripe. The absence of a clear 

red pencil to the tail beneath at once distinguishes from Sc. v. 

miniatus,\ Miller, of the Peninsula mainland from Trang to 

North Johore. 

Measurements:— External measurements of the type taken 

.n the flesh: head and body, 207: tail. 186; hindfoot. 47: 

ear. 17 mm. 

Average and extremes of eight specimens: head and body. 

203.5 (I 93--09/i: tail 193.8 1178-224': hindfoot. 46.1 (43-47^: 

ear. 15.9 (I5.5-I7mm.). 

Cranial measurements of type. Greatest length, 51.9: 

condylo-basilar length. 44.1; diastema, 11. 1; zygomatic breadth, 

31. 1: median length of nasals' 15.6; maxillary tooth row, 

including pm 3 10.2mm. 

Average and extremes of eight specimens: greatest length, 

50.6 (49.2-51.9); condylo-basilar length. 4 3.0 (41.8-44.1); diastema, 

n. 4 110. 8-12.0): maxillary tooth row including pm 3 10.0 

(9.9-10.2). 

Specimens examined:—Eight, all from the type locality 

Remarks:— Recent workers have included this form in 

Sc. vittatus peninsularis (Miller) which as now restricted is 

confined to a comparatively small area in Southern Pahang 

and Eastern Johore. 

• Smithsonian Misc. Coil. vol. 45. p. 11 (1903). 

tjotirn. Fed- Malay. State- Mus. iv. p. 116 (1909). 

; Journ. led. Malay States Mus. iv. p. 115 (1909) 

§ Proc. Acad. Sci. Washington, ii. p 79 (1900). 

.


> 2—

X. NOTES ON THE SAKAJ OF THE KORBU 

RIVER AND OF THE ULU KINTA. 

By Ivor H. N. Evans, B.A., Assistant Curator and Ethno- 

graphical Assistant, F.M.S. Museums. 

In February 1916, I started from Sungei Siput cm an 

expedition to the Korbu River (or Kerbau), intending, ii 

everything was favourable, to pass from its headwaters to the 

Kinta River, and to return, via the Kinta Valley, to Tanjong 

Rambutan. 

Sakai coolies were unobtainable; so not wishing to take 

Malays, even if I could get them, as they always welcome every 

opportunity of plundering the Sakai, I finally hired three 

elephants, with drivers, to take my baggage to Kuala Larek on 

the Korbu. Between Jalong and that place, I hoped to be 

able to recruit Sakai coolies, as the Penghulu of Sungei Siput 

told me that he thought that I should be able to obtain them. 

Turning off the main road at Plang we followed the elephant 

track which runs from that place to Jalong. This is much 

longer than the bridle-path, a distance of only about ten 

miles. We reached Jalong on the second day from Sungei 

Siput. passing two Sakai settlements on the first day, one near 

the Krodah River, and another between the Krodah (or Kerdah; 

and Sungei Siput. I saw one or two men from them and they 

seemed very much civilised, but 1 did not visit their houses. 

On our arrival at Jalong, where there is a loading stage ti 

elephants, we pushed on for about another mile and a lull to 1 

Sakai settlement called Simpang, which is situated not far 

above Kuala Lengkar. Here I tried to obtain coolies from 

Toh Intan, the headman, but he pointed out that, besides 

himself, there were only five men in his village at the time, and 

that two of these were suffering from ulcers, and were unlit for 

work. Questioned about the possibility of getting men at Kuala 

Larek, he told me that there were none there except his father 

and one youth. He further stated that a great many Sakai had 

died in the district recently. In spite of this. I resolved to go 

on to Kuala Larek on the morrow to see for myself if what he 

told me was true. We therefore started fairly early the next 

morning. On the way we passed two Sakai clearings, one 

with ripe padi standing in it. the other with felled trees still 

lying everywhere. Both these had. so Toh Intan. who came 

with us, informed me, been deserted owing to the death of the 

head of the house. Arrived at Kuala Larek, I found that Toh 

Intan's information was perfectly correct: so there remained 

, nothing to do but to return to Sungei Siput. Our first daj on 

the way back again, tookus to Simpang, when- we hid rathei an 

exciting night, as a herd of wild elephants broke into the Sakai; 

padi crops and, after destroying nearly the whole oi them. 

were driven off with considerable diffioultv. From Simpnn« 

December, 1916. 6


we walked, on the next day, to Sungei Siput, via the bridlepath, 

leaving the elephants with the baggage to follow the 

track, which we had made use of before. These animals 

arrived at Sungei Siput at about 4 p.m. on the day after. 

There is little to note with regard to the few Sakai 

we met on the Korbu River. Traces of Negrito admixture 

could be detected in some 

features and in the character of 

individuals, 

their hair. 

both in their 

In Toh Intan's 

village there seemed to be very few articles which could be 

classed as distinctively Sakai, and the only specimen of much 

interest that I purchased was a heavy carved wooden comb, of 

a type which seems to be only used by the Kinta and Korbu 

aborigines. The other objects that I bought were a long mat 

and two or three carrying baskets. There were no blow-pipes 

in the settlement. According to Toh Intan, his people speak 

the same dialect as the Sakai of the Plus and Kinta Rivers. 

With the former they are in constant contact, but they rarely 

have anything to do with the latter. ' Two of the houses in the 

settlement were of a curious type and were turreted, one 

bearing two the other a single erection of this kind. On the 

former, one turret was ornamented with a curiously carved 

decoration made of small pieces of wood, the other, as was the 

first, was roofed over at the top with a piece of board, and had 

lost its ornament. On the second house the single turret was 

crowned by an old kerosine tin, filled with earth, in which 

plants of some kind were growing. Toh Intan's own house 

was well built, and consisted of a large central sleeping room, 

with a cook-house adjoining it on one side, and a lean-to building, 

which was not raised from the ground, on the other. 

On leaving Sungei Siput I proceeded to Tanjong Rambutan, 

where, after some trouble, I procured a gang of Sakai coolies. 

Starting with these, we followed Messrs. Osborne & Chappel's 

pipe-line as far as the dam, and then the course of the Kinta 

River. Our destination was a Sakai settlement close to Bukit 

Daroh, which lies on the south bank of the Kinta. 

The maps of the districts are. it would seem, exceedingly 

incorrect, but on the way we passed the mouths of the 

following rivers, the Proh, the Termin, the Takor, the Penoh, 

the Liang and the Pedang, as well as several other streams, 

most of them verv small, whose names I have not thought 

necessary to record. Our first day's journey (we did not start 

until nearly midday owing to the late arrival of our coolies and 

to their insufficient numbers) took us to a little way above the 

pipe-line dam. On the second we camped by the edge of a 

deep pool in the Kinta River, which goes by the name of Lubok 

Singet, somewhere between Kuala Termin and the mouth of the 

Penoh River: and on the third night, we slept at Kuala Liang. 

On the fourth day. we arrived at Bukit Daroh, and might 

have reached there on the third, had the Sakai guide not led 

me to believe that it was n long way further on. A mountain, 

which the Sakai told me was Gunong Semawak, was visible

igi6.J I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River. 77 

from the top of their clearing. A large hill, called Gunong 

Takai, was in view across the river, being nearer to us than 

Gunong Semawak. 1 do not know if this is the same as 

Gunong Takor (3,850) ot the maps, but we passed the Takor 

River, which is not shown in them, on the second day out from 

Tanjong Rambutan. This joins the Kinta close to the mouth 

of the Terrain, but on the opposite side. 

The settlement at Bukit Daroh proved to be a single house 

of the communal type, about forty feet in length, by hfteen 

feet in breadth. The height of the lloor from the earth was, 

at its maximum (the house was built on sloping ground), 

twelve feet. The building was supported on three somewhat 

irregular rows of posts, many of which were of but small diameter. 

The greatest height ot the house from ground level 

was about twenty feet; there thus being only eight feet between 

the floor and the roof in the central line of the building ; 

and much less at the sid< s owing to the slope of the thatch. 

The regular inhabitants comprised four families, of, some 

hiteen to twenty individuals 111 all, but they received frequent 

visits from other Sakai, who stopped a night or two with them. 

Sleeping platforms covered with sheet-bamboo were ranged 

along the walls, the interior not being divided off into rooms, 

and, between opposite benches, tires were kindled on fireplaces 

of dried mud. Of these there were four, the burning logs 

being disposed radially on them so that it was only necessary 

to push the ends of the logs with the foot in order to replenish 

the tire. The sleeping patforms and the hearths took up so 

much room that it was necessarj to step over each tire in 

passing from end to end of the house. During the day-time 

the fires were allowed to die out, or only kept smouldering ; 

but, at about six o'clock in the evening, when it began to get 

cold (the clearing was situated at a height of about two 

thousand feet above sea-level), the logs were pushed together 

and the fire made up. At the time of my visit, which extended 

over ten days, the Sakai did not seem to be very actively 

engaged in agricultural work, though they were, according to 

what they told me, preparing a fresh clearing. That from 

which the crops— chiefly of tapioca—were then being used was 

situated at the top of the hill, on the side of which the house 

stood. In the morning some of the women used to go out to 

dig tapioca roots, and the) returned late in the day bringing 

these, and occasionally some pumpkins. The latter were cut 

up and boiled in a large iron cauldron, the resulting broth or 

soup being first drunk in cocoanut shells and the pieces of the 

fruit then eaten separately. The tapioca roots were usually 

roasted in the embers of the fires- One day the Sakai were 

fortunate enough to kill a young Sambhur stag in a springspear 

trap. The meat was hacked from the body in lumps, 

and rammed down into joints of green bamboo, which were 

placed in the fire at an angle of about thirty degrees with their 

mouths projecting from the fire and supported on a stone. 

The deer having been killed near the river, which lay far


below the house, the majority of the men who went to help in 

cutting up the animal took the opportunity of having a bath, 

ot which they were much in need. 

Drinking water was drawn from a small spring, which 

was at a considerable distance from the house, but not quite 

so far away as the river. Bamboo-joints were used as 

water-vessels. 

At night conversation, often in a loud tone of voice, was 

kept up till quite a late hour. During the heat of the day the 

majority of the people lay off work and went to sleep. 

The Prah fruit is an article of diet of which the Sakai are 

very fond. This fruit is sometimes roasted whole in the lire, 

and when so treated is not unpleasant to eat, having a flavour 

something like a Brazil nut. It is also beaten to a flour in a 

large wooden mortar of exactly the same type as the Malay 

lesong. The fruits when freshly gathered are said to be 

poisonous to a certain extent, and are soaked in water before 

use. Noting that several side-paths branched off from the 

main Sakai track, which follows the Kinta River, I enquired 

where these went. My coolies replied that they led to parts 

of the jungle where there were numbers of Prah trees, and that 

they built small huts near the trees in which they stored the 

ripe fruit. These store-houses, except at the fruit season, were 

only visited occasionally to obtain fresh supplies or to see if 

rats were eating their contents. If it was found that there 

were many rats about, snares were set for a night or so in 

order to trap them for food. 

Some cobs of Indian corn, most of them blackened by 

smoke, were hung up under the thatch in the communal house 

at Bukit Daroh. These were reserved for seed purposes, as 

were also some dried tobacco-plant fruits. The Sakai explained 

to me that they had no tobacco growing at the time of my 

visit owing to their clearing being old, for tobacco only grows 

well on fresh soil. 

With regard to their appearance the people of the Ulu 

Kinta in their features showed little, if any, traces of Negrito 

admixture. Curly, but not woolly, hair was to be observed in 

some individuals. The septum of the nose was bored in both 

sexes, but by no means every native had been operated upon. 

Tattooing is practised, but not to any great extent ; the 

only type of marking of this kind which I saw (on both men 

anil women), being a single line running perpendicularly from 

the top of the forehead to either the root or the point of the 

nose. 

Face-painting in simple designs was much in favour 

among the women, while some of the patterns were made by 

applying a kind of plant juice with stamps made of tortoise- 

shell. 

I saw very few blow-pipes in the hands of the Kinta 

Sakai, not more than four altogether, and of these only two

1916.] I. H. N. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River. 79 

were made locally. Of the other two, one had been purchased 

from a " Kampong Kelantan man " (on the Kelantan border ?), 

t he other from a wandering abougine from some unknown district. 

The weapons, however, presented some peculiarities worth 

noting, as they were, roughly speaking, intermediate in type 

between those used by the main branches of the Northern and 

Central Sakai. All the blow-pipes had the Mat-ended mouthpiece 

of the Central Sakai, but the inner tube in three out of 

the four was a single internode of bamboo (Northern Sakai 

type) ; in the remaining specimen, however, which was locally 

made, it consisted of two internodes placed end to end and 

fastened in the usual manner employed by the Central Sakai. 

The only locally made quiver that I saw had a soft pandanus 

cover of the type so common in the Batang District of Perak. 

The quiver belonging to the " Kampong Kelantan " blow-pipe 

had a hard cover of the Northern Sakai variety. 

The two poisons used on the blow-pipe darts are Ipoh 

and Broyal *, the latter which is obtained from a liana, is only 

used for small gane, and is, the Sakai told me, much less 

effective than Ipoh. Darts treated with Broyal are not 

notched above the poison (so that the dart joint may break off 

in the wound); those treated with Ipoh are. 

Spears, with a bamboo blade and a wooden shaft, are 

used in spring -traps, and a number of these were placed across 

the rafters of the communal house at Bukit Daroh. With the 

exception of the blow-pipe, iron-bladed spears of Malay manufacture, 

krises, parangs, and daggers of the kind called tumbuk 

lada and badck were the only weapons in use. 

On questioning the Sakai, they said they had heard of the 

bow, which is used by the Negritos and the hill-tribes of the 

Piah and Temengoh Valleys, but had never seen a specimen. 

A fair number of dogs are kept by the Kinta aborigines, 

while generally speaking they are well treated aud a good deal 

of affection shown to them. 

Of the objects that I collected the most interesting were 

the face-paint stamps, and wooden combs of various types, 

some of which seem to be peculiar to the district, and are 

almost exactly similar to those figured by De Morgan in his 

" Negritos de la Presqu'ile Malaise." 

Two holders used for fish-bait, consisting of open bamboo 

receptacles, with a spike from their bases (this spike being for 

securing the holder on the left side of the body by slipping it 

into the girdle), are of a kind also figured by de Morgan with 

the description " Boites a amorces de peche," and by Skeat 

(Pagan Races, vol. 1, page 471) as " Bamboo vessels used by 

Perak Sakai (Hale collection)." I also procured several 

specimens of seed necklaces, carrying baskets, bark-cloth, 

headbands (ornamented with patterns), akar batu girdles and 

' The I'rual of Wray (Coptosapella flavescens) ' vide " Pagan Races " vol. 

II, page 303.

— 


necklets, flutes, * and rice bags, but they do not call for special 

remark, being similar to those manufactured by other tribes. 

The coloured crown-like head-dresses, made of sweet smelling 

leaves and fibres, worn by some of the men are, perhaps, 

worthy of note, as they resemble those made by the Sakai of 

the Piah and Temengoh Valleys. 

Beliefs and Customs. 

I could obtain no evidence that the Sakai of the Kinta 

Valley have any theory of a Supreme Being, nor was I able to 

find out that they had any legends accounting for the various 

phenomena of nature, as have most savage tribes, but I give 

below such details as I learnt with regard to their beliefs and 

customs. 

Work Tabus. 

It is according to Udah, my informant, not allowable to 

do work in the clearing when : 

i. The moon falls at the rising of the sun—three days 

tabu. 

2. The moon is at the full and looks swelled—three days 

tabu. (It is said to be about to give birth). 

3. The moon is beginning to decline and is " notched 

like a reaping knife "—three days tabu. (It has given birth). 

4. The old moon is about to die— (two days tabu). 

5. The new moon appears— (two days tabu). 

If work is done when the new moon is about to die, somebody 

in the house will die. If work is done at the new moon, 

pigs will come and damage the crops. 

It is tabu to cut rattans at the edge of a clearing in which 

padi is planted. 

Tabus connected with food. 

The flesh of the following animals is forbidden to women 

and it is thought that the breaking of the tabu would cause 

the children to suffer from convulsions. Some laxity of 

observance, however, with regard to these customs seems to 

be creeping in ; and it is a matter for the woman herself 

whether she observes all, or any, of the prohibitions. 

The Muntjac. 

The species of tortoise called Bailing by the Malays. 

The Mouse deer. 

The Rusa deer (tabu not observed by all women). 

The Fowl. 

It is not customary for the Sakai to eat fowls reared in 

their own village, though they will consume birds bought from 

outsiders, provided that they have not been kept in the village 

for a day r two. They told me that the reason for this was 

* The nose-flute does not seem to be known in this district.


that they had pity on animals which they had brought up 

themselves. Double bananas are no1 eaten by the women, 

since they think that to do so would cause them to have twins. 

Twins do not seem to be welcomed, the reason being, the 

Sakai said, that one of them always died. 

Peppers may not be eaten with the flesh of birds or 

animals, as, if this is done, traps set in the jungle will catch no 

game. This prohibition does not, however, apply to fish. 

Among the Kinta Sakai it is tabu for the usual names of 

certain animals to be mentioned while their flesh is being 

eaten. Curiously enough, it is not forbidden to mention their 

names while out hunting them. Below I give the English, 

ordinary Sakai. and Sakai tabu names of some of these :— 

Ordinary 

English Name. Tabu Name. 

Sakai Name. 

Bamboo rat.


demonstration, broke off a bit of biscuit for each man, saying 

as he gave it to him " shalantap" Apart from greediness, I am 

inclined to believe that some idea of this kind may be the 

reason why, if one Sakai is given something to eat, all the 

others expect to receive a little too, even if they see that your 

stock of that particular article is almost exhausted. 

I could not find out that the Kinta Sakai have any name 

for fish in general, but the word kak (commonly used for 

"fish" by other tribes) is applied to the Tcngas, about the only 

species which is common in the head waters of the Kinta. 

The Sebarau, the Haruan and others are not recognised as kak. 

While fishing for Tengas, or while it is being eaten, its name 

kak must not be mentioned, but the Malay word ikan (fish) 

used instead. 

While tabu food of any kind is being eaten, lice may not 

he cracked, nor hair burnt in the fire. The breaking of this 

prohibition would entail the penalty of the offender being 

seized by a tiger. 

Other Tabus. 

It is tabu for a man, on leaving a friend's house, to 

promise to return to sleep there, and then neglect to do so. 

If he does not keep his promise, his friend will be taken by a 

tiger. 

It is tabu for a man to stop behind after promising some 

friends to go on a journey with them. If he does so, his 

friends will fall ill by the way. 

It is forbidden to a man to mention the names of his 

father, his mother, or his mother-in-law. A mother-in-law 

may not be spoken to, touched or even passed by, unless at a 

distance. Similarly a woman must avoid her father-in-law. 

Marriage Customs. 

I was given to understand that first cousins might not 

marry, but that first cousins once removed might do so. Two 

wives were said to be allowable, but not three. A man usually 

takes a wife from another settlement. After marriage the 

man lives with his wife's family for some time. 

Burial Customs. 

Though I had no opportunity of visiting a Sakai interment, 

some rather interesting information with regard to 

burial customs was given me by the headman, Udah. He told 

me that graves were dug to about a depth of a foot more than 

the height of a sitting figure (so that the spirit or corpse may 

be able to sit up) ; and that the body is placed at the bottom 

of the excavation, lying with the head in the direction in 

which it was when death occurred, the orientation of the grave 

being of course such as to render this possible. The hole is 

covered in with a roofing, which is almost on a level with the 

surface of the ground, while the earth from the excavation is 

piled up on this, the mound being topped by a hut of some


sort. Food is placed at the grave, and a fire is lit there for 

seven consecutive mornings. The belongings of the deceased 

arc placed either in or on the grave, and are purposely damaged 

(probably in order to set free the souls of the articles for 

the dead man's use) before so disposing of them; a blow-pipe 

for instance being broken in the middle, and a dart-quiver 

split down one side. I asked L'dah for an explanation of this 

custom, and he replied, that if they put an adze in good 

condition on the grave, it would look bent or crooked to the 

ghost of the dead man, but if they put one that was bent or 

broken there, it appeared straight to the spirit. 

A death necessitates the desertion of the settlement, but 

the Sakai are not afraid to return to the clearing in the daytime 

to get the produce of any crops which may be growing 

there. 

Vocabularies. 

I give below a vocabulary obtained from a Sakai of the 

Ulu Kinta; and with it, for purposes of comparison, another 

taken by myself in 1915 from a " Hill Sakai" of the Temengoh 

District. With regard to the Kinta vocabulary, it is rather 

curious that, while I could obtain no word for " animal," there 

is one, tata, which is used of large animals only. Furthermore, 

two of the animals to which this word is applied have names 

which denote their peculiarities. Thus the Sambhur is called 

Tata-jeruk, jeruk meaning "long" or "far," from the fact that 

it has long legs, while the Bear, which the Sakai tell me is 

very fond of tepus fruits, is named Ta'Pus or Ta'apus, a contraction 

for Tafa'tepus. There is, I find, on comparing the two 

vocabularies, some confusion in the terms employed for denoting 

various relationships. For instance, the words given to 

me by the Ulu Kinta Sakai for "husband" and "wife" were 

toulf and leh, while in the Ulu Temengoh vocabulary the 

order is reversed. I have entirely omitted several relationship 

terms, in which there seem to be inconsistencies. Sen-oi 

is the word used by the Kinta aborigines to denote men in 

general (homines) and they gave me the following examples 

of its use : 

— 

Sen-oi Gop, A Malay. 

Sen-oi Begyek, An European. 

Sen-oi Beg, A Sakai. 

English. Malty. Sakai U. Kinta. ^rlmengo),) 

Head ... Kepala ... Kuie ... Koie 

Ear ... Telinga ... Gentok ... Gentog 

Eye ... Mata ... Mat ... Mat 

Nose ... Hidong ... Muhr ... Muh 

Nostril ... Lubang hid- Lubang muhr Umok muh 

ong. 

• In the comparative vocabulary " Pagan Races" ton is given as a word for 

"Male" obtained from a Tanjong Rambutan Sakai. 

December, 1916. 7

8 4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

English.

[ 9 i6.J I. H. X. Evan's 

Cough 

English. Malay. 

ikai of the Korbu River. 85 

Sakai U. Kinta. Sakai Bnkit 

1 I ' . Temengoh).

English. 

Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. V

tniG.] I. H. X. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River. 

English.

English. 

Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII,

1916.] I. H. X. Evans: Sakai of the Korbu River. 89 

English.

XI. ON A NEW RACE OF CALLOSCIURUS 

ATRODORSALIS vGRAY) FROM NORTH SIAM. 

By H. C. Robinson & R. C. Wroughton. 

CALLOSCIUKUS ATRODORSALIS ZIMMEENSIS, Sttbsp. 110V. 

Type: Adult female (skin and skull), British Museum No. 

9, 10, ii, 20. Collected at Chiengmai, North Siam, on 12th 

April 1908 by Mr. T. H. Lyle and presented to the National 

Museum. Collector's Number 245. 

Diagnosis. A local form of C. atridorsalis, in which the 

dorsal patch is almost obsolete and the rufous undersurface 

broken by a patch, coloured like the back, on the throat, chest 

and a narrowing area of the abdomen. 

Colour. General colour above the usual olivaceous grizzle, 

the dorsal black patch almost obsolete; below the throat, chest 

and a wedged shaped area, extending to at least half the length 

of the abodomen coloured like the flanks, the remainder nearly 

hazel. Face like back with no trace ol the bright colouring 

so characteristic of tvpical C. a. atrodorsalis. Hands and feet 

finely grizzled, at least as dark as the back. Tail rather as in 

C. caniceps concolor than in C. atrodorsalis, i.e. the fulvous 

shading of the hairs so common in the latter almost entirely 

absent in this form. 

Dimensions. External dimensions of the type, taken in 

the flesh; head and body, 217; tail, 205; hindfoot, 49; ear, 21mm. 

Skull: Greatest length, 55; basilar length, 42; zygomatic 

breadth, 32; nasals 17; diastema, 12; upper-molar series. 

10. 6mm. 

Remarks. A fine series of 12 specimens, all with one 

exception taken between 700 and 1,000 feet in altitude, is quite 

constant in showing the obsolescence of the black dorsal patch 

and equally so in the encroachment of the dorsal colouring on 

the throat, chest and anterior abdomen. An individual taken 

at Muang Pai on the Salwin watershed shows intergradation 

with other forms from British Burma.

XII. ON TWO LITTLE-KNOWN RATS FROM 

WESTERN JAVA. 

By H. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. 

Owing to the fact that the work of Mr. Shortridge, the 

only modern collector of mammals in Java (vide P.Z.S. 1909 

U 1 

. PP- 37 1 ' et se( F>) xvas mainly confined to the lowlands and 

to cultivated districts, but little trapping having apparently 

been carried out in heavy jungle our know ledge of the murine 

fauna of Java, with the exception of the forms parasitic on 

man is almost entirely derived from scattered notices by 

Dr. Jentink in the " Notes of the Leyden Museum," while his 

descriptions being generally founded on ancient and imperfect 

specimens and not conforming to modern standards, render it 

somewhat difficult to identify the species intended by him. 

During a recent visit to Java I succeeded in the course of 

a month's stay on the Gedeh Volcano in the l'reanger Regen- 

; a height of from 4,500 to 8,000 feet, in trapping several 

hundred rats, belonging to seven species, all of which, with the 

exception of a series of A', concolor obtained in the immediate 

vicinity of native houses were secured in primaeval jungle. 

Four of these species will be described in the forthcoming 

paper on the Mammals of our Korinchi Expedition, 

being closely allied to new forms from Sumatra. 

The remaining two species have already been described 

bv Jentink but I think it well to redescribe them here in view 

of the paucity and age of his material. 

Rattus lepturus (Jent.). 

Mm lepturus, Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. ii. p. 17 (1879). 

(" Java " ex Temminck M.SS. | 

Form slender, tail very much longer than head and body. 

Pelage very long, soft and woolly, entirely devoid of spines. 

Ear very large, rounded. Skull with small but globose bullae. 

Tooth row exceptionally long, the teeth large. 

Fur composed of two elements only, viz.. long and very 

fine piles most abundant on the rump, extending almost to 

the nape but practically absent on the sides and the ordinary 

underfur, which is very long and soft, sooty grey at the base 

and fulvescent buff at the tip, the flanks, and sides of the neck 

brighter, cinnamomeous buff. Top of the head and perioculai 

line speckle of wood-brown, buff and bla< k with grey 

bases, hands and feet greyish white with brown median 

streak: vibrissa- black, n few white at the base. Underparts 

pure creamy white to the base of the fur. No buff g< 

median stripe on the belly. Tail very finely ringed, slighth 

Sept., 1917.


pencillatc at the tip, blackish at base above, whitish beneath, 

the distal third whitish above also. Ears extremely finely 

haired, almost naked. 

Skull -—Except for the large size of the teeth there is 

nothing especially peculiar about the skull. It is lightly built 

and even in very aged specimens not heavily ridged, nor does 

it present the marked cranial flattening present in rats of the 

surifer group. Nasals are slender, pointed posteriorly and 

extend up to or beyond the maxillary suture. Mesopterygoid 

space markedly horse-shoe shaped, the palatal foramina long, 

extending behind the roots of the anterior molars. Ante orbital 

plate broad, projecting slightly forwards, zygomata slender. 

Bullae small but not flattened. 

Specimens examined :— Over sixty of all ages. 

Measurements :—For detailed measurements see pp. 96, 97. 

Ill - pretty rat was extremely abundant on the Gedeh 

and Pangerango at high elevations, becoming scarce below 

about 5,600 feet. It was seen throughout the day and at 

Kandang Badak no trap remained 

few minutes. 

set for more than a very 

In the crater of the Gedeh it was observed in numbers 

feeding on the pods of a leguminous tree (Piihecolobium) 

Remarks:— This species belongs to a group of which the 

following can be stated to be members, though the section 

probably contains other Chinese forms regarding which we 

are not in a position to make any remarks. From comparison 

with the type the present form is closest to R. brahina (Thos). 

1. Mus Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal and 

Tibet B.M. (1), p. 18 m. Nepal. 

2. Epimys eha, Wroughton, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. 

Bombay, xxiv, p. 420 (1916). Sikkim (8,1 

j. Epimys lepcha, Wroughton, loo cit. supra, p. 428. 

Sikkim (5.350 feet.) 

4. Rattus Kloss, Records Indian Mus. xiii, p. 8 

(1917). {Mus cinnamouieus, Blyth nee Pictet.) 

5. 

Shwegyin, Tenasserim. 

Epimys brahina, Thomas, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 

xxiii, p. 231 (1914). 

Anzong Valley, Mishmi Hills. 

The following an intly related and possibly 

form a connecting link between 

venter section. 

tins group and the cremori- 

G. Epimys Miller, Smithsonian Misc. < ol!. 

vol. 61, p. 21 (1913). 

Mount Muleyit, T< 

7. Epimys solus, Miller, lot . cit. supra, p. 22. 

Pulau Terutau. W. Mala) Peninsula. 

8. Epimys orbus, Robinson & Kloss, Ann. & Mai;. Nat. 

Hist. (8) Xii, p. 2 88 (1914). 

Bandon. N.E. Malay Peninsula. 

.

1917O H. C. Robinson: Rats from Western Java. 95 

9. Epimys fraternus, Robinson & Kloss, Journ. Straits 

Soc. No. 73, p. 27j (1916). 

Korinchi, West Sumatra. 

. 

In dealing with Oriental rats it has been the fashion to 

regard thi ml specific character, 

almost ol though as Thomas has pointed 

out this is /alue in South American 1 

1 be 

true of the series 

listed above, which are essentially mountain rats: R. Upturns 

and R.brahma are ver) W00II5 rats without a trace of spines. 

j spiny rat. In all however 

lly underfur is well devi loped. R. fraternus is spiny at 

low elf vatioi progressively more 

woolly as the altitude of its habit: ; 

bly additional wool ha loped at the 

expense of spines in those localities where in addition to the 

fall in temperature there is a verj - in humidity. 

though 11 is fail to admit that the spiniest local rat, R. inas 

is exclusively an inhabitant of high levels where the 

precipitation is presumably high. 

Ratti (Jent.). 

um XXXIII, 

1 

[>. 69 (1910) (Pangerango, W. Java, 6,000'.) 

Of th from 

what is lity. It is an inhabitant of 

intermedi re above 7.000' or below 4.500'. 

Jentink's description of this form is quite 

except that he states that the ear is short, whereas it is 

decidedly long for the size of the animal. 

Fur of one element only fairly long and exti 

and soft dark grey at the base tipped with buffy or hazel in 

ffect very 

from almost liver brow n tocinnamomeous. Underparts 

which are sharply defined from the upper surface equally variable 

1 from almost white 10 dark silvery grey. 

brown, sides of the n 

Head more gn h 

Feetand hands yellowish white without dark metap 

Ears Ion n finely ringed. 

bicolor, the distal third yellowish white above and below. 

Skull:— Witl features; nasals 

decidedly spatulate, palatal f< rter and broader than 

in Upturns; mesopterygoid space narrow. Bullae small, 

slightly flattened and verj narrow; ridges in old spi 

fairly pronounced. Teeth very small. Anteorbital (date sloping 

: Specimens examined — Sixty-five, of all i 

Me:- 

Remarks:— I am unable for the present to rel 

its iiit 1 1 - spines. 

ts ci ept foi


i r 

j 

- r H. 

1 

C, Robinson: Rats from Western Java. 97

Journal of the F.MS. Museums. [Vol. VII,

It. i 

. k 

i 

!, 

i 

in Rats from Western Java. 99

XIII. ON THREE NEW RACES OF MALAYAN 

MAMMALS. 

Bj II. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. 

NYCTIC] BUS COUi ANG [NSULARIS, SUbsp. UOV. 

Type:— Old male (skin and skull) No. 963/15, Federated 

Malay States Museums, collected at Sungei Nipa, south end 

of Pulau Tioman, Pahang, on July 19th. 1915, by H. C. 

Robinson. 

1 

Characters: Ulied to the mainland form. .V. c. bitkit 

(Martin), but separated from that by the indistinctness of 

the facial markings, the absence of any vertebral streak and 

the general rufous colouring. Skull with the temporal ridges 

not meeting; two pairs of upper incisors. 

' our:— Above ochraceous tawny, considerably paler 

beneath ; 

head and face silvery, the eyes surrounded by a broad 

ring of sienna brown, extended as a stripe from each eye 

on the temple; bands and feet paler and more 

Bases of the fur above and below pale grey. 

1 

Skull: Bullae and basal region of skull rather more 

than in N. c. 1'iikit; temporal ridges separated 

about 8 mm. Incisors two pairs in the upper jaw. 

by 

Measurements:— Head and body (measured in the flesh) 

265; hindfoot : 53 ear 14 mm. 

Cranial measurements: total length, 60.0 ; basal 

length, 

(.9.9 ; orbital breadth. 37.3: greatest width of skull, 40.1; 

cranial breadth, 29.2; mastoid breadth 37.1 ; front of canine 

to back of last upper molar, 21.5 mm. 

Remarks:—The colour of this race sufficiently separates it 

From V. c. buku while the absence of the vertebra] stripe 

differentiates it from A", c. natunae, which, however, is 

somewhat imperfectly known. 

It appears doubtful if the characters of the temporal 

ridges relied on by Lyon to separate the various rates of the 

Slow Lemur can really be trusted to do so. In the present 

specimen however it seems certain that they would never meet, 

which would ally the Tioman race to those from Borneo and 

Banka which have only a single pair of incisors in the upper 

jaw whereas this one has two pairs. 

The Slow Lemur is apparently rare in Tioman and is 

unknown to the majority of the inhabitants. Our spi imi n 

was obtained in felling a pat h ol heavy jungle at thi th 

end of the island. 

Incidently it may be noted that the proper name for the 

Malayan Slow Lemur now generally known as .V. c. 

malaiamts, (Anderson), is Nyclicebta c. buku (Martin) founded 

Sept , 1917. 2

:o2 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

on Semnopithecus buku, Martin, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 141. 

ii p. 435 (1838) itself derived from Raffles' Kra Buku (Trans. 

Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 247 (1821) which is quite a passable description 

of the animal. 

Lariscus [nsignis fornicattjs, subsp. HOC. 

lyre:—Adult female (skin and skull) No. 876/15, Federated 

Mala) States Museums, collected at Juara Bay, East Side of 

Pulau Tioman, Pahang, on July 1st. 1915. by H. C. Robinson. 

Original No. 6698. 

Characters :— Differing from other forms of Lariscus insignis 

(Cuv.i, m its somewhat slighter skull, the nasals broadening 

less anteriorly and by having the rostrum decidedly more 

arched laterally, i.e. the nasals meet it an angle instead of 

lying practically in the same plane. 

Colour:— As in the more southern specimens ol Lariscus 

insignis jalorensis, being exactly matched by individuals from 

the Triang District, Western Pahang and having the thighs 

richly washed with rufous buff more so than in northern 

specimens, but not approaching in richness of tint above, the 

Singapore and Johore form. L. i. meiidionalis, Robinson & 

Kloss. Area between the black back stripes, somewhat colder 

in tint than the resl of the upper surface. 

.Skull: — That of a typical Lariscus, though with the regularly 

curved outline somewhat flattened in the region of the frontal?. 

Nasals less splayed anteriorly and decidedly arched. Rostrum 

generally more slenderly built. Bullae rather less convergent 

than in the peninsular form so that the basioccipital is more 

regularly quadrate in shape. The teeth are rather small but 

call for no special comment. 

Dimensions of the tvpe (measured in the flesh). Head 

and bodv, 171 (180 1 ) : tail, 112 (100); Hindfoot, 44 1431; ear. 

18 (16) mm. 

Cranial measurements. Total length, 48.8 (48.2) ; condylobasilar 

length. 38.0(36.9); zygomatic breadth 27.1 (26.8); cranial 

breadth, 20.0 1,20.21: greatest length of nasals, 15.6 (15.8): 

diastema, 12.3 (12. 1); upper molar row including pml 8.9 

(8.9); least distance from tips of nasals to lachrymal notch. 

21.0 (21.01 mm. 

Specimens examined: — Four, the type, and an adult and 

two somewhat immature males all from the typical locality. 

Remarks:— Though only slightly differentiated from the 

mainland race, this form appears sufficiently distinct to merit 

a name. In colour it is intermediate between L. i. jalorensis, 

from the mainland and L. i. meridiona lis from Singapore and 

the southern part of Johore. The characters of the nasals 

however separate it from both these forms. 

(1) Measurements in parentheses are those of an adult male from the 

samelocaHtv FM.S No 623/16

1917.] H.C.Robinson: Races of Malayan Mammals. 103 

TOMEUTES rENUIS TIOMANICUS, Sltbsp. nov. 

I ype :— Adult male (skin and skull) No. 728 15, Federated 

Malay States Museums collected at Juara Bay, East side of 

Fulau Tioman, Pahang, on June 23rd. 1915, by H. C. Robinson. 

Original No. 6580. 

Characters:—A dull form of T. tennis, more allied to the 

northern race I. tenuis snrdus (Miller) than to the bnghter 

typical form from the southern two thirds of the Peninsula 

and Singapore Id.. [T. tenuis tenuis (Horsf.)). Differing from 

T. tenuis sordidus (Kloss) from Great Redang Island, in the 

greater amount of black on the tail and from T. t. snrdus in 

the more olivaceous, less ochraceous ground colour of the 

upper surface and in the reduction of the white tips to the 

hairs of the tail. 

Colour:—Above an uniform grizzle of black and dull 

olivaceous buff, shoulders, thighs, ears more ochraceous, feet 

and hinds grizzled blackish and ochreous buff not nearly so 

bright as in T. tenuis tenuis from Singapore. Tail above 

white, bases of the hairs ochraceous buff, less bright than in the 

mainland races but much brighter than in the form from 

Great Redang Id., median area clear black, with a narrowwhite 

tip. Pencil almost uniform black. Base of tail beneath 

and scrotal region buffy. Beneath whitish with a strong 

cream tint, the bases of the hairs except on the chin, throat and 

median line broadly grey. Orbital ring, -ides of the face and 

muzzle buffy ochraceous, the two latter more or less grizzled 

with black. A clear buffy patch at the base of the vibrissae. 

Skull and Teeth :— The skull and teeth show practically no 

differences from the two mainland representatives and are not 

reduced in size. The bullae are perhaps a little less globose 

and slightly smaller and the constrictions which are very 

noticeable in the mainland specimens are much less pronounced. 

The zygomatic arches are a little heavier. 

From the Great Redang, T. t. sordidus, the Tioman 

animal differs in larger size and heavier and deeper rostrum. 

The regularity of the maxillary nasal suture which is given by 

Kloss as the only distinguishing cranial feature of bis form 

does not appear to be reliable as it is not constantly present in 

all the Redang specimens while it occurs in at least 15 per 

cent, of specimens from othei sources. 

Measurements:—Collector's external measurements of type : 

head and body, 125 (136) ;* tail, 107 (109) ; hindfoot, 31 (30.5) '. 

ear, 13 (13) mm. 

Cranial measurements: greatest length. 37.1 (35.2); 

condylobasilar length. 30.8 interorbital br idth, 12.2 

1 1 2.()i : palatilar length, 15.9; diastema, 8.2; cranial I 

1 n.i : zygomatic breadth, 22.1 121.71 maxillary tooth row, 6.9 

median length of nasals. 11.1 nun. 

Measurements in parentheses an I 

No 1 j ^/i 3 collected on Kao Nawn 

14th 191 

3 

:


locality. 

(For detailed measurements see p. 105. 

Specimens examined:—Twenty-six, all from the type 

Key to the Local Malayan Races of 

Fomeutes tenuis (Horsf.). 

A. Larger forms; total length of skulls never less than 39 

mm. 

a. Larger, much more greyish 

beneath, ochraceous yellow 

patch on outer aspect of thighs, 

strongly marked ... ... T. tenuis tahan. 

a 1 . Smaller, 

more yellowish buff beneath, 

ochraceous yellow patch 

on outer aspect of thighs only 

slightly marked ... ... T. tenuis gunong- 

B. Smaller forms; total length of skull nevermore than 37.5 

mm. 

b. Richly coloured forms: shoulder 

and thigh patches, strongly 

marked ; hands and feet bright 

ochraceous buff ... ... T. tenuis tenuis. 

b'. Dull coloured 'forms; shoulders 

and thigh patches not strongly 

marked; hands and feet dull 

olivaceous buff. 

c. Black element in pelage of tail 

much reduced ... ... T.tenuissordidus. 

c l . Black 

element in pelage of tail 

normal. 

d. More ochraceous above, terminal 

whitish tips to tail 

hairs well marked ... '/'. tenuis surdus. 

1 

i/ . More 

olivaceous above, terminal 

whitish tips of tail 

hairs reduced ... ... 7". tenuis tiom- 

aniciis.

1917.] M.C.Robinson: Races of Malayan Mammals. 105

XIV. REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF REPTILES 

AND BATRACHIANS FROM JAVA. 

By X. Annandale, D.Sc, F.A.S.B., (Zoological 

i Sa vey of India). 

Mr. II. ('. Robinson lias kindly given me the opportunity 

>t examining a collection oi reptiles and Batrachia made by 

him in February, 1916, at Tjibodas, in tin- mountains of Western 

Java, at altitudes between 4.71)0 and 6,500 feet. He lias further 

permitted me to retain in the Indian Museum a first set of all 

the specimens, including the type of the only new species, a 

frog of the interesting genus Nyctixalus, Boulenger. 

There i- no recenl monograph on the herpetology of Java, 

but both the reptiles and the Batrachia are well known and 

Tjibodas has been a favourite collecting station. In his 

memoir entitled "A Contribution to the Zoogeography of the 

Fast Indian Islands" Barbour 1 has discussed the distribution 

of both groups in reference to lie island as a whole, but. as in 

istern countries, then- is -till much to be done in the 

study of local faunas. 

Mr. Robinson's collection is evidently representative of 

the local fauna of tin district in which it was mad.. It 

includes specimens of 1 ', species of reptiles and of 1 ; of 

bntrachians. as follow-: 

Lizards 

Reptii I 

Gonyocephalus chamaeleontinus (Laur.) 10 specimens. 

C alotes tympanistriga (Gray) ... to ,. 

A. 

Lygosoma temminckii, D. & B. ... 28 

Mabuia multifasciata (Kuhl.) ... 7 

Snakes— 

Tropidonotus chrysargus, Sehleg. ... j specimens. 

1 Zamtnh korrus (Sehleg. ... 

1 juv. 

Oligodon bitorquatus, Boie .. 1 specimen. 

Calamaria leucocephala, I). & B.- ... 1 

' alamaria linitaei, Boie ... 3 specimens. 

Psammodynastespulverulenins, Boie... .-; 

Bimgarus candidiis, Linn. ... 1 specimen, 

Doliophis intestina lis (Laur.) ... 1 

Ancistrodon rhodostotna (Boie ... 2 specimens. 

(1) Mem Mus Zocl Harvard, XLIV, No 1 (1912) 

\ melanic specimen in which the greater part of the ientral surface as

ioS Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII. 

Batrachia. 

Rana grunoiiens, Daudin ... 2 specimens. 

Rami kuhlii, D. & B. ... 2 „ (juv.). 

Rami limnocharis, Wiegmann ... 7 

Rana javanica, Horst. ... 1 specimen. 

Rana chalconota (Schleg.) .. 23 specimens. 

Rana jerboa (Gunther) ... 6 

Txalm aurifasciatus (Schleg. 

1 

... 21 

Nyctixalus i

igi7-] N. Annandale: Reptiles and Batrachians. 109 

in tlie broader interorbital space and narrower web to the 

toes. The colouration is also strikingly different. The back 

is pinkish buff with sparsely scattered small round black spots 

and with a faint pale middorsal line extending forwards from 

the vent about half way to the shoulders. The sides of the 

head and the anterior half of the body are black, but both 

lips are white, the white area 011 the upper lip extends 

backwards as a broad line as far as the axilla and there is a 

narrow white line running forwards from the upper eyelid 

to the tip of the snout. The sides of the posterior half of 

the body are a little darker than the back and bear numerous 

black spots: the area thus coloured is separated from the 

dorsal surface by a thin black line. The fore limbs are pale 

with indistinct dark spots of small size, but the hind limbs 

are darker than the back and are marked with incomplete 

dark cross-bars. A thin black line extends along the middle 

of the upper surface of the thigh and behind it the skin is 

spotted. The whole of the ventral surface is unpigmented. 

A specimen of K. nicobariensis from the Jalor Caves, neai 

Biserat in Peninsular Siam on the other hand, agrees fairly 

well with the types of the species. 

Genus Ixalus, d. & n. 

Stejneger" has shown that in the strict 1< tter of the law 

the name of this genus should be Philautus, Gistel. Four 

species have been recorded from Java, namely flavosignatus 

(Boettger), aurifasciatus (Schlegel), vittigera (Boulenger) and 

pallidipes (Barbour). After some doubt I have decided that 

ih I. hi;' series of specimens in Mr. Robinson's collection 

all represent the second of these. 

fig. 4. 

Ixalus aurifasciatus (Schlegel). 

1^44. Hyla aurifasciata, Schlegel. Abbild., p. 27, pi. ix., 

1882. Ixalus aurifasciatus, Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. 

B. M., p. 100. 

Schlegel's figure gives a very good idea of the facies and 

proportions, but it is evident from the specimens before me 

that the colouration is almost as variable as in /. variabilis 

from Ceylon and South India. None of these specimens 

happen to bear the golden band across the forehead from 

which the specific name is derived. There are two large 

specimens (snout to vent 27 mm.) of very remarkable 

colouration. In one the whole of the dorsal surface is black, 

with irregular yellow streaks which converge inwards from 

the sides. In the other the colours are the same but the 

yellow predominates over the black. There seems to be no 

vocal sac in the adult male. 

I [] ,.„ 

|) 

1917. j

no Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

X, P . 35- 

Genus Nyctixalus, Boulenger. 

1882. Nyctixalus, Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 

1912. Nyctixalus, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Zool. Harvard 

XLIV (1), p. 70. 

The only form hitherto assigned to the genus is the 

type-species N. margaritifer, Boulenger. It is recorded as 

being from "the East Indies." Barbour examined a specimen 

from Tjibodas and published a figure, which is certainly 

incorrect, (op. cit., pi. viii. fig. 32). He noted certain 

peculiarities, however, that also occur in Mr. Robinson's 

specimens. The differences must, therefore, be specific and 

I describe the Javanese form as a new species, under the 

name 

Nyctixala's robinsoni, sp. nov. 

Head large, triangular; snout pointed, a little longer 

than the orbit; nostril about half way between the eye and 

the tip of the snout, rather prominent. Tongue deeplynotched, 

without free papilla. No vocal sacs. Interorbital 

space flat, broader than upper eyelid. Tympanum hidden, 

very small. A strong fold from the upper eyelid to the 

shoulder. Dorsal surface of head and body with scattered 

rounded tubercles ; eyelid tubercular; ventral surface of head 

and body coarsely tubercular. Hind limbs long; tibiotarsal 

articulation reaching the anterior margin of the eye or the 

tip of the snout. Subarticular tubercles poorly developed ; 

an obscure inner metatarsal tubercle. Discs on fingers and 

toes at least as large as the tympanum. Digits short 

first finger not extending as far as second: toes about 1/3 

webbed ; no web on the fore feet. 

Length of head and body in type-specimen 20 mm. 

Dorsal surface dark grey or brown, obscurely mottled; 

a silvery cross-bar sometimes present between the eyes. 

Flanks mottled with black and white. Hind limbs with 

irregular brown cross-bars. Ventral surface speckled with 

grey or entirely infuscated. 

The species differs from 

7 

A , margaritifer in its small 

hidden tympanum, in the position of the nostril and probably 

in other points. The iris can apparently be closed completely 

over the pupil, but Barbour's figure represents the opening 

as very large and transversely oval, thus complete!) ignoring 

the essential generic character, which is the vertical form 

of the slit. Apart from this character and from its darkei 

colouration the species closely resembles Ixalus aurifasciatus. 

1916). 

Locality. Tjibodas, Java: alt. 4,700-6.500 feet (February, 

Type-specimen. No. 18,337 Rept., Zool. Survey India. 

Cotypes in the Selangor Museum. 

:

ioi7-] N. Annandale : Reptiles and Batrachians. 111 

FAMILY PELOBATIDAE. 

Genus MEGALOPHRYS, Kuhl. 

Megali >riiK\ - mon rANA, Kuhl. 

Kji.i. Megalophrys montana, Boulenger, Faun Malay Pen., 

AY/./., p. 277. 

r.912. Megalophrys montana, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Zool, 

Harvard XLIV (1) p. -7, pi. vii. fig. 30 (coloured figure). 

In .Mr. Robinson's series there are several ipecimens 

with minute appendages on the eyelids and snout and two 

young individuals with these appendage; so well-developed 

that they appear to represent a form intermediate between 

M. montana and M . nasuta. 

I doubt, therefore', whether 

M. nasuta (Schleg.) is more than a variety of M. montana. 

Kuhl.

— 

XV. FURTHER NOTES ON AN ABORIGINAL 

TRIBE OF PAHANG 

Bj Ivor II. N. Evans, b.a. 

The following notes on customs, religious beliefs, etc. were 

omitted from a former paper of mine in this Journal,* which 

dealt with several of the aboriginal tribes of Pahang. They 

refer to a tribe, or section of a tribe, of Jakun whose place of 

origin is said to be Salang on the Tekam River. Pulau Tawar, 

but who, when I met them, were settled on the Tekai River. 

Beliefs with Regard to Natural Phenomena. 

(i.) According to the Jakun the sun is held by an anteater. 

When he rolls his body round it the light is no longer seen and 

it is night ; but, when he unrolls himself, the sun shines clearly 

and it is day. 

(2.) The rainbow is a dragon in the sky. 

(3.) An eclipse of the moon portends sickness. 

(4.) Thunder is made by a spirit called Ninek,i who makes 

a noise in his armpits by banging his arms against his body. 

(5.) Ninik makes the lightning by Hashing a thin board 

about which is attached to a string (i.e. a bull-roarer). 

The Under-World. 

The Jakun gave me some details with regard to their 

belief in an under-world. I recount them below, just as they 

were1 told to me. 

There are dragons in the under-world and a single old 

woman. She makes her house and her belongings from the 

bones of people who have died upon the earth. Their ribs 

become the floor of her house, their leg-bones the posts, and 

their skulls water-vessels. This woman, when she has reached 

the limits of old age, becomes young again. Her name is Arud. 

The dragons, who have horns, are her playthings. One of 

them is her special pet and sits close to her. 

( ustoms and beliefs connected with death and 

Burial. 

The following details with regard to customs and beliefs 

connected with death and burial were givi n me by one of the 

men of the settlement, 

* Vol. V, pp. 209-211 (1915) 

t Nyam as an equivalent for the Malay bantu is a c< mmon word in many 

Sakai dialects. Ed.

ii4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

On a death occurring, the village is deserted. A corpse it 

not buried, but is left in the house where death took place; fond. 

tobacco and personal belongings being placed near to it. The 

hut in which a body is left is often fenced round. Corpses are 

not buried because it is thought that the spirits of the dead 

would iind difficulty in making their way upwards if this were 

done. 

A Custom with Regard to Personal Names. 

I was informed that names given in childhood are often 

changed at about the age of puberty. For instance, the Jakun 

told me that one man named Itam had formerly been called 

Ketiel.

XVI. MALAY BACK-SLANG. 

By Ivor II. N. Evans, b.a. 

The following are some examples ol one kind of Mala) 

back-slang cluikap balik (obtained from a Linggi, Negri 

Sembilan, Malay), which is used by bad mannered Malay 

children when they wish to talk secrets before their elders and 

betters or before uninitiated companions. The first stanza is 

a pantun in ordinary Malay, the second the same converted 

into back-slang. A beginner is supposed to learn both of those 

by heart m order to acquire a facility in this secret means of 

communication, lino- do not serin to he any very well 

i 

defined rules fot converting irdinarj words into back-slang by 

this method, .• pi that in those of two syllables, the syllables 

ire generall) transposed. In three-syllable words, letters or 

ivllables may he inserted and the original letters or syllables 

transposed, 

unchanged. 

but the last syllable in many cases remains 

Kioli rendah bunyi-nya burong. 

Burong terbang deri sa'brang. 

Hinggap sa'ekor atas bumbongan (tulang bumbong). 

Menegoh bumbongan hanyut deri nln. 

Perisek pekasam udang. 

Anak rimau jantan mati jerongkong. 

Yon yarah nubi nei ubong. 

Nerubong terbarung rida serabung. 

Ngahip jikou latung u-ung. 

Megonoh latung u-ung nyor-at rida luhu. 

Pesingik pesangam dahung. 

Nahak mori tajan tima jikorong. 

Further examples of ordinary Malay with back lang 

equivalents. 

(i) Angkou hendak ka'mana? 

i i,; \ ii i angou nahak kenema ? 

(2) Aku hendak pergi Taiping. 

(2d) Kni n 1 

. 1 1 : 

I giper 

Pa) teng. 

The next example was given to me by a Provinci 

- Well Ii \ in in. In it the insertion oi addition of the letter s 

eithei with, or without, a vowel before or following it ei ms 

to be the chief feature. There appear to be many diffi renl 

methods of talking back-slang. 

Ill 1 Ian;; link pergi kenianii ? 

ion Has nasak perasgisi kas ma n 1 

a

n6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

The following are instances from Kuala Langat (fide Raya 

Mutlak). 

(i) Mari kita makan nasik ; 

(in) 

" Rima taki kaman senak." 

(2) Terima kaseh ; Sahaya baru sudali. 

(2rt) " Matri sekah ; yahsa ruba dasu." 

(3) 

Orang itu banyak tinggi. 

(3a) " Raong too-i nyabak giting." 

(4) 

14.1) 

(5) 

(5.7) 

(6) 

(6j) 

(7) 

(ja) 

Lebeh daripada anam kaki. 

•" Beleh daparida mama kika." 

Besok kita pergi ka-singapura. 

" Sebok taki giper ka-Ngasingrupa.' 

Berapa hari baru kita balek ? 

Pabera hira ruba taki lebak ? 

Barang satu minggu ! 

" Rabang tusa guming."

XVII. MALAY NOTES. 

By Ivor H. N. Evans, b.a. 

The following disconnected notes on some Malay beliefs 

and customs, collected in the Malay Peninsula at various times 

during the last four years, may possibly be: of interest, since I 

do not remember having seen many of them recorded before. 

In each case I append the name of the district from which my 

informant came. 

i Houses 

should not be built on promontories, eithei 

those which jut out into the rivers or into padi 

fields, as such places are frequented by spirits. 

(From a man of Kampong Linggi, Negri 

Sembilan). 

(ii) If you hear a noise at night in the jungle, it is 

forbidden to call out and ask your companions 

what is making it. (From a man 'if Kampong 

Linggi. Negri Sembilan). 

i 

i iii A 

small species of house-cricket, which is known to 

the Malays as Semangat rumah, is said to indicate 

the good or evil fortune oi the owner of a house. 

If the cricket is lir>t heard low down in the wall 

but gradually makes its way up higher, it is 

considered to imply that the house-holder will 

become rich. If. however, the sound of the 

cricket is first heard high up, and then lower 

down, monetary losses will be incurred. (From 

a man of Kampong Linggi. Negri Sembilan). 

(iv) Nests, either of the black ant or of the termiti an 

sometimes thought to be the dwelling places of 

i 

spirits. (Awang, a Malay smith of Lenggong in 

Upper Perak asked me one day to desist from 

poking an ant-hill, winch si 1 lose to his forge, 

with my walking -tick. On my asking the reason 

lie replied that there was a spirit in it. Questioned 

as to his grounds for thinking so, he said 

that, if there were not, he did not see h\\ such 

a tall mound could have arisen). 

i 

(v) It is unlucky to step over a fishing-rod which has 

been left King on the bank of a river with the 

line in the water. Mothers scold their children 

if they do this when a family party is oul fi hing, 

.1 - he v think that no lish will be caught. (From 

a native of Ijok, Selama District of Perak).

Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

(vi) Women, while making the yeast tragi) for tapai 

cakes, must not see a corpse, or, when they are 

made, fermentation of the flour will not ensue. 

(From a Malay oi Kampong Linggi. Negri 

Sembilan). 

(vii) According to Province Welleslej Malays fire-flies 

are the clippings from peoples' finger nails. 

viiii If you think that you have seen a ghost, you must 

spit three times, in order that no evil results may 

follow. (From a Province Wellesley Malay). 

(ix) A couple of nights after the death of the late Sultan 

Ahmad of Pahang (May, 1914) there was a bad 

storm of wind in Taiping. This was considered 

by all the Malays living in the town as a sign 

of the Sultan's passing. 

(x) If a cock and a hen copulate on the roof of a Malay 

house, they are caught and killed. Both are 

then skinned and the skins placed on slender 

poles planted in the ground, one on each side of 

a path. A cross piece is often tied to the upright, 

a little way from the top, in order that the skin 

of the body may be spread over it, while the head 

and neck of each bird rest on the end of the 

upright. The flesh of the birds is eaten by the 

people of the house. The action is said to be 

chelaka, i.e. unchancy. (1 saw two or three 

instances of crucifixion of this kind when in 

Upper Perak in 1913. 

\x\) If a man washes his hands and in shaking the drops 

from them (to dry them) splashes a companion, 

the latter says. " Lcpas kali ?" (i.e. " Do you release 

me ?"). To this the man who has been washing 

must reply " Lepas" (i.e. I release you,. If this 

were not done the sins (dosa^ of the man who 

washed his hands would cling to the man who 

was splashed. (I saw a man so splashed, and 

heard the above question and answer in 1916. 

The explanation was given to me by a Province 

Wellesle)' Malay, one of the men concerned). 

(xii) After the boria performances (connected originally 

with the deaths of Hasan and Husain, but now 

more or less comic entertainments given by bands 

of Penang or Province Wellesley Malay youths, 

who visit the houses of the wealthy in the month 

Muharram) all those who have taken part in a 

boria go after the last performance to bathe 

ceremonially in order to rid themselves of the bad 

luck [buang-kan sial.) which attaches to them as 

having part in a dramatic performance. At Taiping 

in Peiak the boria performers bathe at the

I. H. N. Evans: Malay Sous. tig 

i Waterfall, and, after this, partake if a curry feast. 

The washing of the body should be done with 

seven dippers of water in which limes ami soap 

is full of suds. 

n mixed till the water 

When the bathing is over the 

remains of the sintok and the limes are thrown 

h h thrower saying, "Satu, dua,tiga buang!" 

(i.e. "one, two, three, throw them away!"). The 

•' soap " 

is, of course, washed off afterwards in the 

ordinary way. Before the feast commences a 

handful of food-all the kinds to be eaten being 

included is taken and placed below a tree in the 

jungle. The bona is performed only by Penang 

and Province Wellesley Malays, and is said to 

have originally been adopted from Indian Troops 

stationed in Penang. | Information obtained from 

Awang, a Province Wellesley Malay). 

The root or fibre of Ciniiamomuin seiitu (?)

XVIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF KEDAH PEAK. 

VI. Botany. 

By H. X. Ridley, M.A.. C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.S. 

Lam- Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements. 

The fulli'j'ing order belonging to the Monocotyledons was omitted 

| 

in Mr. Ridley's account of the Botany of Kedah Peak. Antea 

pp. 37-88.] 

XYKIDEyE. 

Xyris Ridleyi Rendle. 

Mixed with the next species. This was the original 

locality of this plant. 

Xyris oreophila, sp. nov. 

A tufted plant about 12-18 in. tall. Stems swollen at 

base. Leaves linear flaccid acuminate 8 in. long .1 in. wide, 

(No. 6138) or rigid and narrower (5962). Culms slender, 

terete 8 to 18 in. long. Capitulum obovoid .2 in. long. 

Glumes brown, oblong, the lower ones truncate, emarginate, 

uppermost blunt, entire, a paler thickened ridge in the centre, 

the margin thinner but not scarious. Flowers bright yellow 

.3 in. long, the tube slender, exsert. Petals broadly oblong. 

obovate, minutely toothed at the rounded top, .15 in. wide. 

Stamen? about half as long, staminodes short, plumed, style 

and stigmas shorter than anthers. Fruit fusiform, dehiscing 

down one side, seeds numerous, linear cyhndric, narrowed at 

both ends 1 mm. long. 

Kedah Peak 3000 feel alt. Nos. 5962, 6138, 6139. The 

specimens of the latter number are evidently from a wetter 

spot and are shorter and more flaccid. It is a much bigger 

plant than X. Ridleyi. The petals are described as butter cup 

yellow.

XIX. ON THE MONGOOSES OF HIK MALAY 

PENINSI LA. 

B) C. Bodi \ Ki oss, F.Z.S. 

Si\ species of mon now known to occur in the 

Mala) Peninsula, two of which arc described below. Oni ol 

the six is apparently not indigenous; ii is: 

p. Ja J I 

[878). 

Mungos mungos (Gmel.). 

Mangusta malaccensis, 1". Cuv., Mamm. pi. 189 (1819). 

Herpestes griseus, 

IN | 

Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV, 

Herpestes pallidus, Anderson. Zool. Researches, p. 181 

Herpestes mungo, Flower, P.Z.S.. tgoo, p. 331 : 

Journ. F.M.S. Mus., II, p. [48 1908) ; id- journ. Straits 

Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc, No. 5;. p. 27 nqog^. 

kloss. 

This animal is supposed to have been introduced from 

India into Province Wellesley bj European planters: it is 

apparently the typical form from Bengal ' with slightly 

ferruginous face and feet and buff under-fui [vide Wroughton, 

Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, XXIV, p. 51 u

: 

124 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.. VII, 

1900, p. 332: Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. II, p. 148 (1908); 

id. Journ. Straits Branch Roy; Asiat. Soc. No 53, p. 28 (1909). 

Described originally as coming from " Indian Islands," 

Borneo, may be accepted as the typical locality,: the species 

occurs also in Sumatra. We have no topotypes with which 

to compare the Malayan animal but it does not seem to differ. 

Specimens are in the F.M.S. Museums from Taiping, 

Perak, and Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. 

Measurements of an adult female from the former place 

(No. 124/141. Head and body, 412: tail. 239: hind-foot, S6 

ear 29.5 mm. Skull, greatest length, 99: greatest breadth, 

50 mm. 

MUNGOS JAVANICUS PENINSULAE, Schwarz. 

Herpestes javanicus, Cantor. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV, 

p. 241 (1846); Anderson, Zool. Researches, p. 185 (1878); 

Flower. P.Z.S. 1900, p. ^j,2: Bonhote, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 873; 

Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. II, p. 14s (1908); id. Journ. 

Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc, No 53, p. 28 (1909). 

Mungtts exilis peninsulae, Schwarz. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 

(8) VI, p. 231 (1910). 

The typical locality of peninsulae is Bangkok and the range 

is given as " Malay Peninsula and Lower Siam." Members 

of the species from Cochin-China and Annam, which are exilis 

Gerv., are stated by Bonhote (P.Z.S., 1907, p. 6) to differ 

" in their much redder colour from Siamese specimens 

in their much deeper colour from Javanese specimens." To 

me it appears well to regard animals from all these places as 

races of javanicus (Desm.) 

We have no topotypes of peninsulae but two animals from 

the vicinity of Taiping. Perak, appear to be referable to it 

though their tails are without any dark tip. 

Measurements of an adult male (No. 971/13) :— Head 

and body, 304 (371) 1 ; tail. 276 (254); hind-foot, 57 (63); 

ear, 23 (20). Skull :— greatest length. 78.0 : basilar length, 

6q.S ; palatilar length, ^".2: length of upper tooth row, c-m 2 

(alveoli), 26.6: pm 4 , length 7.0, greatest diameter. 7.8: rostral 

breadth across roots of canines. 13. 8: post-orbital constriction, 

11. o: breadth of braincase 26.0: zygomatic breadth. 

39.2 mm. 

MUNGOS PERAKENSIS, Sp. IIOV. 

Type:—Adult female (skin and skull). F.M.S. Mus. No. 

116/14. Collected at Assam Kumbang, near Taiping, Perak, 

on 14th February, 1912, by E. Seimund. 

Characters — Like .1/. j. peninsulae (antea) but smaller; 

about the same size as M. birmanicus (Thos.) of Burma, M. 

rubrifrous Allen, of Hainan and M. siamensis Kloss, of Siam. 

Measurements in parentheses those of the second adult male 

(No 935/n). 

;

: 

1917-] C. B. Kloss: Mongooses of Malay Peninsula. 125 

Colour — Pelage a grizzle of blackish and buff, base of 

hair dark brown on back, blackish on abdomen. Top of 

muzzle blackish ; top of face and head dark rufous, finely 

grizzled; lower cheeks ferruginous; median line of back 

faintly tinged with rufous; fore and hind feet darker and 

more finely annulated than the body; chin yellowish rusty: 

undersides of body and limbs less speckled than the back. 

Skull and teeth :—Do not differ from M. birmanicus or 

siamensis. 

Measurements:— Head and bod)', 316 (328) 1 ; tail 236 

(253); hindfoot, 58 (54); ear, 24 (24). Skull: greatest length, 

69.5; condylo-basal length, 67.3; palate length 36.0 (32.2); 

upper molar row c-m- (alveoli) 24.5 (24.8) ; /»» 4 , length 6.8 

6.9), greatest diameter, 7.2 (.7.5); rostral breadth above 

canines, 12.3 (11.7) ; zygomatic breadth, 33.7 (31.5) mm. 

Remarks:—The small size of this species immediately 

distinguishes it from M. j. peninsulae though its colour is 

almost exactly similar; the dark rufous head separates it 

from birmanicus and its darker colour in general from siamensis. 

MUNGOS INCERTUS, Sp. 110V. 

Type:— Male skin collected at Ongut, Trang, Siamese 

Malaya on 3rd February, igio. 

Diagnosis:—Intermediate in size between M. peninsulae 

and M. perakensis : pelage longer than in either ; head brighter; 

colour generally rather more rufous, pale annulations coarser; 

underside of body dull ochraceous, very slightly speckled ; 

base of tail rather ochraceous below. 

Measurements:—Head and body, 350 (361)-; tail, 276 

(265) ; hindfoot, 63 (62) ; ear, 20 (22) mm. 

Remarks: — I do not know of any species of which this 

animal is the Malayan representative; it appears to be too 

large for M. birmanicus, etc. Probably belonging to it are 

two old mounted specimens in the Museums from Perak 

which I have recorded as Herpesfes auropunctatus birmanicm 

(Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 53 p. 28, 1909) 

but it is impossible to say with certainty as they have suffered 

from exposure and no measurements have been recorded. 

1 Measurements in parentheses those of a young adult female from the 

same locality (No. 116/14). 

isurements in parentheses those oi a female from near Taiping, 

Perak (No • 

Sept., 1917. 5

XX. ON TWO NEW PYGMY SHREWS FROM 

THE MALAY PENINSULA. 

By C. Boden Kloss, F.Z.S. 

Crocidura GRAVIDA, Sp. 110V. 

Type (and only specimen examined):—Adult male 

(skin and skull), F.M.S. Mus. No. 79/17. Collected on Pulau 

Dayang Bunting,* Langkawi Islands, West Coast Malay 

Peninsula, on 8th Dec. 1916, b}' H. C. Robinson. 

Diagnosis:— About the same size as C. klossi, Robinson, of 

the Redang Islands, Trengganu (C. major, Kloss, preoccupied) I 

but tail longer and colour much less brow 11 : the greyest of all 

the known shrews from the Peninsula region. Colour not to 

be exactly matched by any of Ridgway's examples (Colour 

Standards and Nomenclature) but nearest to dark Quaker 

drab, with a tinge of brown strongest anteriorly; rather paler 

below. 

Measurements:— See table on p. 128. 

Crocidura tionis, sp. nov. 

Type-.—k&uli female (skin and skull) F.M.S. Mus. 

No. 881/15. Collected on Tioman Island, East Coast Malay 

Peninsula, on 1st July, 1915, by H. C. Robinson. 

Diagnosis:—About the same colour as C. klossi but 

smaller; about the same size as C. ncgligens, Robinson and 

Kloss, of Koh Samui near Bandon, East Coast Malay Peninsula 

J but browner. General colour effect of upper parts 

Benzo brown (Ridgway), the hairs having deep neutral grey 

bases and brown tips: below paler and nearly neutral grey 

slightly tinged with brownish mesially. 

Measurements:—See table on p. 128. 

Specimens examined:— Five, all from the type locality 

* Pregnant Damsel Island. 

Ann. and I Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii, p. 117 (1911); fourn. F. M. S. Mus., 

Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [VOL. VII,

XXI. ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM PULAU 

LANGKAWI AND OTHER ISLANDS ON THE 

NORTH-WEST COAST OF THE MALAY 

PENINSULA. 

By Herbert C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U. 

The present paper is based mainly on a collection made 

by Mr. Seimund and myself and .1 staff of native collectors on 

the principal islands off the north-west coast of the Malay 

Peninsula between the parallels oi (> N. and 7 

30' N. during 

the months of December and January, 1916-17. 

The islands had for the most part been visited by us 

previously for two or three days at a time and I have in many 

cases included species obtained on these occasions where the 

specimens have raised points of any interest. Many species 

on the other hand, notably hawks and herons, which have 

been sufficiently dealt with elsewhere are not here mentioned. 

The collections are probably fairly exhaustive for the 

islands of Langkawi and Terutau but are of course very 

incomplete, for the other islands, which were only visited for 

two or three days at a time, merely sufficiently long to obtain 

representative series of the small mammals which were the 

main objects of our visits. 

It will be seen that the avifauna presents the same 

general characters as those of all the other groups of islands 

in the vicinity of the Malay Peninsula, namely, a great scarcity 

of all the more strictly jungle frequenting species belonging 

to the great family of Timcliidae, and the total absence of 

Eurylaemidae, though we find a few species of Trogons, Barbets 

and Woodpeckers orders which are entirely absent from the 

islands off the coast of Pahang on the east side of the 

Peninsula, these islands being smaller in extent and separated 

from the mainland by broader stretches of deeper water. 

Owing to the fact that our visit took place in the winter 

months, migrator}- flycatchers, thrushes and warblers are well 

represented, while a considerable number of shore birds were 

also obtained or observed. 

A brief account of the localities visited on the present 

cruise is appended, while the synonymy has been restricted to 

narrow limits, only two. papers which have some bearing 

on the localities being usually quoted vi/ : 

"On birds from the Northern Portion of the Malay 

Peninsula including the Islands of Langkawi and Terutau ; 

with notes on other rare Malayan Species from the Southern 

Districts." By Herbert C. Robinson and Cecil Boden Kloss.


Ibis igio, pp. 659-675, Plate X, and text figure 6, Ibis 1911, 

pp. 10-S0, PI. 1, and text figures 5 and 6, quoted as " Robinson 

& Kloss." 

"Zoological Results of the Swedish Zoological Expeditions 

to Siarn 1911-1912 and 1914-1915, IV, Birds, n," by Nils 

Gyldenstolpe. 

Kttngl. Svenska Vetenskapsakaemiens Handlingar. Band. 56, 

No. 2, 1916, quoted as "Gyldenstolpe." 

Pulau Paya. A small rocky island, covered with jungle 

and without regular inhabitants, about two hundred and fifty 

feet high, situated about sixteen miles west of the mouth of the 

Kedah River in Lat. 6° 3', N. and Long. ioo° 3' E. and 

separated from the mainland by depths of fifteen fathoms. 

The island is about a mile in maximum length and about a 

third of a mile in breadth. It has been visited by us several 

times, on the last occasion at the end of April 1915, but no 

birds of any great interest have been obtained on it. 

A fruit bat [Pteropus hypomelanus geminorum, Miller), onlyknown 

elsewhere from the Mergui Archipelago, was found to 

be abundant on it (c.f. Kloss, antea, Vol. VI, p. 245 (1916). 

Pulau Langkawi. This island, with those immediately 

adjacent to it, is contained in an area roughly shaped as an 

equilateral triangle with a side of somewhat over twenty miles 

between the Latitudes 6° 9', and 6° 27' N. and Longitude 99 

38' and 99° 56', E, separated from the mainland by a strait 

ten miles wide at the narrowest part and by depths not 

exceeding ten fathoms. 

The island is extremely rugged in character, though in the 

neighbourhood of the two principal villages. Kwah and Kuala 

Malacca, there are considerable areas of flat land devoted to 

orchards, rice and coconuts and of late years to the inevitable 

rubber. There is also a large amount of cultivation on the 

north coast, where a fairly dense population is settled. 

Elsewhere the country is very mountainous, the highest 

hill, Gunong Raja, reaching nearly 3,000 feet, while there is a 

range of precipitous mountains at the north-west corner well 

over two thousand feet in height. On the present occasion 

we spent from the I2-I5th December at a place called Burau 

at the foot of this range, where however no birds of any great 

interest were obtained. 

The geological formation of Langkawi is by no means so 

generally limestone as is usually assumed and much granite, 

quartzite, sandstone and other metamorphic rocks also occur. 

Most of the smaller islets of the group and many of the 

larger ones are, however, exclusively limestone and it is on these 

that the many peculiar species of plants belonging to the 

Langkawi flora are almost entirely to be found though 

the forest flora generally appears to differ greatly from 

that of the southern part of the Malay Peninsula. A considerable 

collection of plants was made at Burau, but here as

nji;-J H. C. Robinson: Birds-from Pulau Langkawi. ijl 

: 

elsewhere 

flower. 

we were unfortunate in finding most species out of 

Dayang Bunting. A small island forming part of the 

Langkawi group, mainly, though possibly not entirely, of 

limestone, which in several places attains the quality of marble, 

white and even in grain, almost saccharine, resembling that 

found at Lenggong in Upper Perak and decidedly superior 

to that of the tpoh Quarries. The island is (]uite uninhabited 

and covered with jungle and is nearly everywhere steep-to, 

though several deep indentations and the heads of bays are 

filled with mangrove. 

The chief point of interest in the island is the fresh 

water lake which at two places approaches to within a few 

yards of the shore and is separated from it by a narrow 

rocky rim of no very great height so that the surface of 

the lake is probably only a few feet above the level of the 

sea. In shape it is a long oval 5-600 yards across by 1,100 

or 

to 

1,200 yards long and 

the shore, deepening 

is about 

to 8 in 

4J-5 fathoms deep close 

the centre and nowhere 

exceeding Si, the depths being fairly regular. The bottom 

is in places rock but mostly mud. There seems to be only one 

species of fish in the lake and no fresh water sponges were 

found round the edges or on twigs and logs afloat in the lake. 

There is good anchorage near the island at the head of a 

fiord leading to 1I1 besl approach to the lake, which however 

is much encumbered with coral knobs at its head. Fresh 

water escapes freely through the sand and rocks of the shore 

and large quantities of excellent 

all seasons by the use of a hose. 

quality can be obtained at 

With the exception of mousedeer most of the mammals 

occurring on the main island of Langkawi occur on this one 

also; no fruit bats were seen ami other species were scarce. 

Land birds were exceedingly scarce, the only common 

species being Cyomis sumatrensis. There were not many 

insects about and the few butterflies obtained were of no 

special interest. \ Cicada was heard and sand-flies were 

only too common. 

We did not actually see any biawak (Varanus sp.) though 

they must occur. Four species of Draco were very common 

and we secured one young Calotes versicolor and three species 

of skinks. We also collected three species of frogs of which 

one was very common at the edge of the lake. 

At a considerably higher level than the large lake, the 

Dyaks came across another pool, much smaller and largely 

choked witli dead and fallen timber. The natives are aware 

of its existence and state that in the dry season it contains 

no water at all. 

of plant- | 

In addition to the zoological collections about 60 species 

seem 

to be < 

*l no vi 1 

interest. Few of the rock plants were in flower. Orchids


were scarce and Gesneraceae, for which we came specially 

to look, were not conspicuous or interesting and were almost 

entirely out of flower. 

Pulau Terutau. Pulau Terutau lies north of Langkawi, 

from which it is separated by a channel about five miles 

in breadth. I have little to add to the brief account of the 

island given by Air. Kloss and myself in the Ibis for 1910, 

pp. 666 et seq. 

During our stay on the present visit, which lasted from 

17—29th December we circumnavigated the island and 

landed at several spots on the western shore which is very 

bold and exposed though there are three large shallow bays 

with fine beaches. The island is even more sparsely inhabited 

than it was in 1907 and 1908, but a good deal of timber cutting 

takes place at intervals. The collections of birds were neither 

large nor of any great importance but we obtained a number 

of mammals which were special desiderata of the Museum, 

including the rare Petaurista terutaws, hitherto known only from 

the type, and a new species of Arctogalidia. 

Koh Libong or Pulau Telibux. Situated between 

Lat. 12' 

7 and 7 

18'. N. and Long 99 31' and 99 27', this 

island is roughly an equilateral triangle in shape with sides 

of about six miles. One face is high and rocky with a sandy 

shore, the maximum height being put in the charts at about 

1,450 feet, though this estimate is probably excessive. The 

high land, which is on the western face, is comparatively 

narrow and the rest of the island is low and flat, there 

being a good deal of mangrove in places while further inland 

there are sandy flats and grassy plains overgrown with gelam 

(Melaleuca), several species of tall grass (though lalang is quite 

absent) and a variety of prickly shrubs. The high land 

is covered with jungle though in places where this has been 

cleared for hill rice and the like, the landscape has assumed 

a park-like aspect, very pleasing to the eye after the monotony 

of the jungle of the southern islands, though by no means 

so pleasant to traverse. The jungle is open and the undergrowth 

consists largely of a species of palm, with fan shaped 

leaves, growing to about fifteen feet in height. Epiphytes 

generally were scarce and orchids, in contrast to the islets 

off Terutau and Langkawi, are by no means numerous. In 

fact the botany generally was of no great interest-, doubtless 

due to the fact that there had been but little rain for some time 

prior to our visit and few plants were consequently in flower, 

the most attractive being a small Begonia with rose-pink 

flowers which grew on damp rocks on the shore, barely 

above tide marks. 

The flat portion of the island being unsuitable for collecting 

upon and water being there scarce and indifferent in 

quality, we anchored in a small bight off the N.W. corner 

of the island where there was a small stream of excellent 

water and a fine, sandy beach backed by good jungle. We

1917.] II. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 1.; ; 

collected here from December 31st to January 4th, and 

besides the mammals actually secured, which will be dealt 

with later, obtained evidence id' the existence of a form oi 

which is very dark in colour and of a 

species of Paradoxurus (musang). 

A very small bat, probably an Emballonura, was seen round 

,1 flowering tree after dark, while the orang laid or coast 

aboriginals told us th re many of the larger kluaug 

(Pteropus) among the mangr »v - at certain times of the year, 

though none wi n to be found at the time of our visit. 

Neither Pig, Mouse deer or the Lotong {Pithecm obscurus) 

an found on the island. 

The strait separating the island from the mainland is 

i'n i\ .1 mile wide at its narrowest part and curies less than 

ten feet "i" water at low tide and it is therefore at first sight 

surprising that the isl md forms of the mammals should differ 

to the extent that they undoubtedly do from the mainland 

stocks. It seem- probable, however, that the lower land 

forming the eastern part of the island is of very recent 

formation and that Telibun, in times geologically very recent 

p irati i from 

than is at present the 

the mainland by a deeper and wider strait 

Birds, as our lists show, were few in number and not 

particularly interesting in >pecies. 

From the evidence of the rocks on the shore it would 

appear that the island is in part composed of sandstones and 

other similar formations though man) of the higher peaks 

seem to be limestone. 

Koh Mt'K or Pulau Muntia. A small island, roughly 

circular or quadrangular in shape, about 6 miles NNW. of 

Telibun and separated from it and the mainland by depths not 

exceeding four fathoms. The WWW. and SW. parts of the 

island consi-t of precipitous limestone bluffs coming down 

sheer into the sea. the maximum hi ighl of the island being 

about a thousand feet. The E. and SK. -ides however, are 

I 

lo \ and sandy and there is go id anchorage for small craft in 

the SE. bay in about three fathom-. The western face is 

much tissured by caves, some of considerable size, in which 

esculenl swallows breed in great numbers while others are 

inhabited by b 

Some of these caves 


(Holothurin spp.) which is extraordinarily abundant in the 

sandy bays in from three to rive fathoms. 

Besides the species of mammals actually obtained the kra 

monkey. Macaca irus, is fairly common, while Seimund 

came across a large specimen of Felts temmincki, feeding on a 

big hawk. Our orang laid pilot showed us a cranny in the 

rocks in which this " rimau " regularly bred. Tracks of otter 

weir also noted in abundance. 

Birds were more numerous than on most of the other 

smaller islands visited by us. especially green pigeon and the 

very handsome woodpigeon. Columba punicea. 

KOH Kadan or PULAU Papan. A long, narrow island, 

about two miles long by a quarter to half a mile broad, about 

eight miles WNW. of the northern end of Pulau Telibun and 

about five miles SW. of Pulau Muntia. The island is wooded, 

about 200 feet high, with a sandy beach on the eastern side but 

steep-to on the western, with a long reef extending for (our or 

five miles from its southern extremity. We spent one night 

only there 7-8th January 1917, and found nothing of any 

interest, the only mammal being a race of Epimys rattus and 

the onlv land birds, Crows and Koels (Eudynamis malayana). 

Koh Ryan or Pulau Niok, S'tali and Koh Ngai or 

Pulau Kuda. Two precipitous limestone islets about five 

miles due north of Pulau Papan and about four miles west of 

Pulau Muntia. They are thin clothed with vegetation, the 

trees being largely species of Ficns. and other epiphytic forms 

and ;it certain times of the j'ear are said to be frequented by 

myriads of White Imperial Pigeon (Myristicivera bicolor) though 

at the time of our visit in January the only land birds on them 

were swallows (Hirundo javanica) and species of Collocalia and 

Cypselus. Pulau Kuda h nvever was inhabited by enormous 

numbers of a small species of Pteropus which hung in clusters 

to the cracks in the vertical cliffs and to the branches of the 

small stunted trees growing therefrom. 

Pulau Lontar. A large island about sixteen miles long 

bv four miles wide, situate between latitude y c 29' and 7 44' 

N. and Longitude 99 2' and 99° 7' E. On the western side 

it is steep to. but on the east there are plains of considerable 

extent. In the middle it is divided by a shallow strait broadly 

bordered with mangrove. In the centre the land rises to a 

considerable altitude, certainly over a thousand feet, and is 

covered with jungle, which however has been much cut out for 

temporary cultivations. 

The population is considerable, mainly Samsams/.c of mixed 

Malay-Siamese stock with a strong infusion of ornng laid. We 

spent a few days anchored off the principal village, a place of 

some size with numerous Chinese shops, known as Pa«ir 

Raja. The coast however in this vicinity is fronted by a broad 

bank of very soft mud which is only passable at half tide by 

small boats,' though a jetty some three hundred yards in 

length traverses part of it.

tgi7- H. C. Robinson : Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 135 

During our stay from January g-i2th, a very strong 

easterly wind, which only dropped for a few hours in the earlj 

morning, forced us to lie under the lee of a small island, I'ulau 

Depok, some three miles distant from the settlement, and on 

several occasions we were nearly swamped in getting to and 

leaving the main island. 

We obtained a large series of mammals including a lotong 

and a kra, a mousedeer, musang and tangelin, and rats and 

squirrels of several species. 

Such birds as were obtained show that the fauna is of 

mainland rather than insular facies as the occurrence of such 

genera as Calorhamphus and Phyllomis indicates. Peafowl are 

said to occur though we did not obtain any, Buffalo, both fen'd 

and domesticated are common, and tiger are occasionally met 

with while serow (iV emorrhoedus) are abundant on a limestone 

island between Pulau Lontar and the shore. The main island 

appears to have but little limestone on it while Pulau Depok, 

near which we were anchored, was of sandstone, but many 

islets in the vicinity, especially to the NIC. were of the 

characteristic limestone formation. 

1. Treron curvirostka nipalensis (Hodgs.) 

Treron nipalensis Salvad. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxi, 

p. 34 (1893) ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 674 ; Robinson, antea, 

vol. Y, p. 141. 

Treron curvirostra nipalensis, Baker. Indian Pigeons 

and Doves, p. 66. pi. 5 (19131; Robinson. Ibis, 1915, p. 721; 

Gyldenstolpe, p. 153. 

a. J.vixad. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W. 

Siam, 31st December, 1916. [No. 3797.] 

" Iris dull blue, inner ring pink, orbits verditer 

green, bill yellow, the base' crimson, feet crimson." 

Fairly common both on this island, Langkawi and 

Terutau, though these latter specimens as also birds from 

Trang. are decidedly nearer the typical T. curvirostra 

curvirostra from Sumatra. 

2. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (Linn.) 

Sol, \id. torn. lit. p. 60; Robinson and Kloss, p. 674; 

Robinson, antra, vol. V, pp. 88, 140; Robinson, ll>i\. 1915 p. 723. 

a. 

T 

. Lem 

Pia, north side Telibun Straits, Trang, 

S.W. Siam. 3rd January, 1917. [No. 

b.c. S, v. Telok Wan, Terutau, 24 28th. 

I >ei ember, [916. [Nos. 3725, 3773.] 

"Iris ..utcr ring pink, inner blue, feet pinkish 

maroon, bill greenish grey." 

Very common on all the islands and on the adjacent 

mainland.

136 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

3. Carpophaga aenea aenea (Linn.). 

Salvad. torn. cit. p. 190 ; Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 141 

(1915) ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 723 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 155. 

a. ? . Telok Wau, Terutau. 24th December, 1916. 

[No. 373I-] 

b. 1. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia, Trang, S.W. Siam, 

7th January, 1917. TNo. 3910.] 

" Iris dark red, bill slate, feet maroon." 

The Bronze Imperial Pigeon was fairly common in all 

the islands at the time of our visit but hard to get, as it 

was not flighting and always flew extremely high. The pair 

preserved are distinctly larger than those obtained in S.E. 

Siam by Mr. Kloss ; wing 235 mm. against 209, but several 

names are available both for the eastern and southwestern 

races, if separated. All the Malayan birds belong to the 

typical Linnean race, whose type locality has been designated 

by Hartert as the Lesser Sunda Islands. 

4. Columba punicea (Tick.). 

Columba punicea, Salvad. tow. cit. p. 306; Robinson 

and Kloss. p. 674. 

Alsocomus puniceus, Stewart Baker. Indian Pigeons 

and Doves, p. 176, PL 18 (1913) ; Gyldenstolpe p. 151. 

a-c. 2

igij-l H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 137 

Streptopelia suratensis tigrina, Stewart Baker, Indian 

Pigeons and Doves, 121, pi. 11 (191.3) ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p- 

724; Gyldenstolpe. p. 1 p. 

a. i . Pasir Raja. Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 11th 

January, 1917. [No. 3883.] 

" Iris pinkish yellow, orbits dirty white, bill dark 

blackish horn, feet dull lake." 

Very common on Pulau Lontar, also on open spaces 

on Koh Muk and Pulau Terutau and extraordinarily abundant 

along the coast of Trang. 

Wing 145 mm. slightly larger than most southern 

specimens. 

6. CiKupelia striata (Linn.) 

Salvad. torn. cit. p. 458 ; Ogilvie Grant, Fascic. Malay 

Zool. iii. p. 121 (1905). Gyldenstolpe, p. 150. 

feet pinkish violet." 

n. £ . Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 12th 

January, 1917. [No. 3901.] 

Ins white, orbits yellowish green, bill bluish slate, 

Williamson and others have remarked that this little dove 

is very rare in Siam proper. It is however common over 

practically the whole of the Peninsula to its northern 

extremity in suitable localities. We did not however observe 

it on Langkawi and Terutau, though I have little doubt that 

in occurs on the large open areas on the north of the former 

island. 

7. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.) 

Salvad, tout. cit. p. 514 : Robinson and Kloss, p. 675 

Robinson, antea, vol. V, pp. 88, 141 (1915), Gyldenstolpe, p. 150. 

,1. '. Sungei Udang, Terutau. 8th March, 1909. 

[F.M.S. Mus. No. 439/09.] 

Evidently not very common on the group as the above 

spe< imen is the only one that has been obtained in the 

course of our visits to the islands. 

8. Rallina fasciata (Raffles). 

Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxiii, p. 75 (1894); 

Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 88 (1915). 

a. £. Pulau Terutau. November 1st 1913. 

Found abundantly in the adjacent states of Perlis and 

Kedah in October and November, 191 1, but very much rarei 

in the more southern parts of the Peninsula. 

9. 

Rallina siperciliaris (Eyton). 

Sharpe. torn. cit. p. 76 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 10 

Robinson, antea, vol. VI, p. 225 11916). 

:


a. ?. Ulu Malacca, Pulau Langkawi, 17th February, 

1909. [F.M.S. Mus. No. 445/09.] 

Very much rarer than the preceding species. 

10. Amaurornis phoenicura chinensis (Bodd.). 

Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx, p. 304 (1913); Robinson, 

antea, vol. V. p. 141 (1915) ; id. Ibis, 1915, p. 725: GylJenstolpe, 

p. 148. 

Amaurornis phoenicura. 

Robinson & Kloss, p. 11. 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 156; 

a. 3. Kuala Kubong Badak, Pulau Langkawi, 17th 

March, 1909. [F.M.S. Mus. No. 444/09.] 

Wing, 162 mm. 

11. Arenaria interpres (Linn.). 

Sharpe, torn, cit, p. 92. 

Strepsilas interpres, Ogilvie Grant. Fascic. Malay. 

Zool. iii, p. 119 (1905). 

a. S. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S.W. Siam. 

4th January, 1917. [No. 3846.] 

" Iris dark hazel, bill greenish black, legs yellowish 

orange." 

The Turnstone is by no means a common bird on the 

Malayan coasts and few specimens are on 

occasionally occurs in large flocks. 

record, though it 

12. Sarcogrammus indica atrinuchalis (Jerdon). 

Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis, Sharpe, Cat. Birth Brit. 

Mus. xxiv, p. 152 (1896); Robinson and Kloss, p. 11; Robinson, 

antea, vol. V, pp. 88, 142. 

Sarcogrammus indica atrinuchalis, Robinson, Ibis, 

1915, p. 725; Gyldenstolpe p. 142. 

a. 9 . Telok Wau, Terutau. 17th December, 1916. 

[No. 3651-] 

" Iris hazel, bill and wattles pale crimson, anterior 

half of bill black, tarsi pale yellow." 

Very common throughout the northern half of the 

Peninsula extending further to the south on the Eastern side, 

and along the Pahang River, possibly because there is more 

open ground, suitable for the species in these districts. 

13. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.) 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 182. 

Squatarola squatarola, Gyldenstolpe, p. 143. 

a. ¥ , Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S. W. Siam. 

5th January, 1917. [No. 3857. 

The Grey Plover is not such a rare visitor to the coasts of 

Siam and the Malay Peninsula as Gyldenstolpe's note would 

J

igi7-l H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 139 

imply. It can generally be met with in Klang Straits during 

the months November to February and has also been noted at 

numerous other localities between Malacca and the Kedah 

River. 

I |. OCHTHODROMUS MONGOLUS PYRRHOTHORAX (Gould). 

Ochthodromus pyrrhothorax, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 226: 

A', bina nut Kloss, p. 12, Robinson, antea,vo\. V, p. 142 1 

1915). 

Aegialitis mongolicus, Ogilvie, Grant. Fascic. Malay. 

Zool. iii, p. ri8 (1906 . 

Ochthodromus mongolus, Gyldenstolpe, p. 144. 

a-b. 

"• 

. Koh Mule (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S. W. 

Siam. 4th January 1917. Nos. 3843, 4. 

.'. 

- Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet dirty slate." 

I am doubtful if the typical race of this plover, for this 

form is not more than a subspecies, is ever found west of North 

Borneo. I have certainly, with one very doubtful exception, 

seen none from any part of the Malay Peninsula, all being 

referable to the present race which, as Sharpe points out, has 

a slightly longei tarsus. 

15. Aegialitis alexandrina peroni (Bp.) 

Aegialitis peroni] (Bp.) ; Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 274; 


Aegialitis alexandrina. Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 142; 

vol. VII, p. 70 (1916). 

. 

a-b. 3 i ad. Burau, N. W. Langkawi, 23rd April, 

1911. 

W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S. \Y. Siam. 

2nd January. 1917. [No. ^ s 5 1 - 

J 

" Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet slate." 

Until Gyldenstolpe, Hoc. cit.) identified a pair of plovers 

obtained at Koh Lak in Peninsular Siam as this species I had 

hitherto regarded our fairly considerable series as a tropical 

resident race of Ae. alexandrina, which indeed it is. 

Seven males from various part^ of the Peninsula have a 

wing of 93-99 mm. and eight females 93-100 mm. 

A eries from Borneo, the loan of which we owe to the 

kindness of the Sarawak Museum authorities has the wing in 

four males 91-94 mm. and in three females (one very worn) 

88-94 mm. so 'hat the Peninsular race would appear to be 

slightly larger. In addition the Peninsular birds have the 

dark loral streak much less strongly developed, while the 

feathers of the mantle an somewhat paler with lighter 

edgings; the white at the base of the inner primaries is also 

more extensive. Material from Java and from Timor, which 

is probably the typical locality, is however required before the 

mainland race can safely be separal


Chicks in down, with the parents, were obtained at 

Tanjong Tombak. Pulau Bintang, Rhio Archipelago on 5th 

June. 1908. 

16. Terekia cinerea (Guldenst.) 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 474; Robinson and Kloss, p. 13. 

a. S. Kuala Kubong Badak, Langkawi, 18th 

March, 1909. 

/). ?. Telok Apau, Pulau Langkawi. 14th Decem- 

ber, 1912. 

Very common everywhere along the coast, wherever 

there are suitable feeding grounds, during the winter months. 

17. 

Totanus calidris, Linn. 

Sharpe. loin. cit. p. 474: Robinson and Kloss, p. 12: 

Robinson. Ibis. 1915, p. 725; Gyldenstolpe, p. 145. 

a.

ini- H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 141 

b. 3. Ulu Malacca. Pulau Langkawi. 1S1I1 December, 

1912. 

Not very common anywhere in the Malay Peninsula 

but apparently more abundant in the northern parts. 

31. Gallinago stenura (Bonap.). 

Gallinago stenura, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxiv, 

p. 619; Grunt Fascic. Malayenses, Zool. iii, p. 117 (1906) : Robinson 

and Kloss. Ibis, 191 1, p. 14. 

a. £ ad. Langkawi Id. 10th February, 1909. 

b. S ad. Langkawi Id. c8th March, 1909. 

' ad. Langkawi Id. 25th April, 1915. 

A winter visitor in verv large numbers to the Malay 

Peninsula where also G.ccelestis and G. megala are also occasionally 

met with. 

22. Xenorhynchus ASIATICI'S (Lath.). 

Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxvi, p. 310 

(1898) ; Gyldcnstolpe, p. 140. 

a. 9. North side of Telibun Straits, Trang, S.W. 

Siam. 1st January. 1917. [No. 3808] . 

" Iris chrome, orbits black, bill black, gular skin 

crimson lake mottled with black, lores mottled crimson and 

black feet deep salmon pink." 

This specimen was one of a pair that frequented the 

shore in the neighbourhood of the seaward entrance to the 

Telibun Straits and which was eventually shot on a sandy 

lagoon near the sea. The nest, a very large and untidy 

structure of sticks, was built on a ledge some distance up a 

precipitous limestone crag. It contained four eggs, which 

were obtained for us by one of the local " orang laut," a 

primitive coast-tribe, who are very clever and daring cliff climbers. 

One was unfortunately broken in the descent. The 

remaining three were rather hard set, the shells dull or slightly 

glossy white, heavily pitted especially towards the smaller end. 

The outline is variable one being much more pointed than the 

other two. 

Measurements.— A 715 X 54 mm. 

B 70 y 52 

C 71 x 52-5 

The occurrence of the species in the Malay Peninsula has 

hitherto rested in three specimens from " Penang," in the 

British Museum, collected by Cantor. The locality given is 

almost certainly incorrect and the specimens must either have 

been aviary birds or collected on the adjacent mainland, 

probably in Perlis or Trang. 

23. Graptocephalus davisoni (Hume). 

Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas. xxvi, p. 14 (1898 : 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 17: Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 89 (1915). 

Sept., 1917. 7


(?) Thaumatibis gigantea, Williamson. Journ. Nat. 

His, Soc. Siam. II. p. 72 (1916^. 

a. 3 ad. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam. 

1 oth January, 1917. [No. 3882]. 

" Ins orange, crown dark indigo, occiput and ring 

round neck livid whitish blue, feet deep lake, bill horn." 

This bird was one of a pair frequenting an open grassy 

plain interspersed with bushes near the sea. The}* were not 

particularly shy and with a little care were easily approached. 

It is evidently this species and not Thaumatibis gigantea. a 

much larger bird which was observed by Williamson at 

Sarahett on the Petchaburi River (loc. cit. supra). 

Total length 802; wing 422; tail 210; tarsus 97: bill 

from gape 165 mm. measured in the flesh. 

24. Sterna fluviatilis iibetana, Saunders. 

Sterna tibetana, Saunders, V.Z.S. 1876, p. ; 649 Blanford, 

Stray Feath, V, p. 485 (1871: Hume. op. cit. viii, p. 158 

(1879); Sharpe. Haud-l. Birds, i, p. 135 (1S99). 

Sterna fluviatilis, Saunders, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. 

XXV, p. 60, spm. /. (Selangor) (1896) : Blanford, Faun. Brit. 

hid. Birds, iv, p. 318 (1898). 

Sterna longipennis, Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 

XXV, p. 69 (spms. ;/, v. w, from Tonka and Malacca (1896) : 

Blanford, torn. cit. p. 319 (1898); Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay 

States Mus. 11. p. 69 (19071 : id. Haud-l. Birds Malay Pcnin's. 

p. 3 (1910). 

a ? imm. Pulau Terutau. 29th November, 1912. 

This race of the European tern, 5/. fluviatilis is not 

uncommon in the Straits of Malacca from the end of July to 

January but hitherto only immature specimens have been 

obtained so that the identification must remain somewhat 

uncertain. The distinctly reddish feet of the considerable 

number of fresh specimens that I have examined would appear 

to exclude St. longipennis, Nordm., while the fact that the 

wing of the majority of Malayan birds exceeds 11 inches (275 

mm.) tends to show that our birds cannot be referred to the 

European St. fluviatilis fluvatilis. 

25. 

329 (1822) ; Hume 

Sterna sumatrana, Raffles. 

Sterna sumatrana, Raffles. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 

i.ii . 

II. 

C. Robinson: Birds from Pnlatt Langkawi. 143 

There seems little doubt thai Raffle-' description of 

sumatrana applies to a young bird, little more than a nestling, 

of this species and that his name will therefore have to 

displace the generally used S. melana 

>b. Thalasseus bkkgii pelecanoides (King). 

Sterna pelecanoides. King, Survey Intern,, 

Western Coasts Australia, 11. p. 4^ -2 (1827). 

Sterna beryii, Saunders. Cut. Birds Brit. Mus. xxv, p. 

89 (1896) ; Robinson & Kloss p. n. 

Thalasseus betgii edwardsi, Mathews, Oberholser 

Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus. 49. p. 520 (1915). 

523- 

Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides. Oberholser, loc. at. p. 

Sterna bergii pelecanoides, Robinson, antea. p. 70. 

a-c. 1 

hiem. 

Pulau Langkawi. February 

and March. 

d-e. 2

— = 


b. ?. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam. 12th 

January, 1917 [No. 3893.] 

" Iris chrome or lemon, bill horn, cere olive green. 

feet pale chrome, ciaws greyish horn." 

Examination of the fairly considerable series of Hawk 

Owls in the Federated Malay States Museums show that the\ 

are readily divisible into two series: 

(a). A larger form with darker, duller upper surface, the 

head somewhat greyer than the rest of the upper parts, the 

white stripes on the under surface more conspicuous. The 

specimens are dated from October to March and therefore the 

race is probably only a winter visitor in the Malay Peninsula. 

Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffles). 

(b). A smaller form with browner upper surface and no 

distinguishable cap; white stripes on the undersurface less 

conspicuous. Specimens dated from March to August and 

therefore, as Hartert surmises, probably a resident iorm=Ninox 

scutulata malaccensis (Eyton). 

Specimens in the Federated Malay States Museums : 

Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffles). 

a. ?. Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. January. Wing, 

216 mm. 

b. V . Pulau 

Dayang Bunting, Langkawi. December. 

Wing, 200 mm. 

c. i. Ginting Bidei. Selangor. October. Wing, 

215 mm. 

J. ¥. Batang Padang, South Perak. February. 

e-f. i . Pulau 

g. Z . Pulau 

Wing, 224 mm. 

Jarak, Straits of Malacca. March and 

December. Wing, 217, 214 mm. 

Jemor, Aroa Ids., Straits of Malacca. 

October. Wing, 214 mm. 

Ninox scutulata malaccensis (Eyton). 

h-j. 2 $ , ? Pulau Battam, Rhio Archipelago. 

July. Wing, 186, 186, 189 mm. 

k-l. (?), i. Pulau Karimon, Rhio Archipelago. 

July. Wing, 188, 189 mm. 

m. V .Changi, Singapore Id., July. Wing, 195 mm. 

/;. J. Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. March. Wing, 

187 mm. 

0. i. Rawang, Selangor. August. Wing, 186 mm. 

p. ?. Tanjong Malim, Perak. April. Wing. 201 

mm. 

(j. i. Langkawi. March. Wing, 196 mm. 

Ninox scutulata bomeensis (Bp.). 

v. ? . Sungei Paku, Seribas, S.W. Sarawak, Borneo. 

October. Wing, 172.

tgi II. C. Robinson: Birds from PuLm Langkawi. 145 

28. Oil S BAKKAMOENA LETTIA (HodgS.l. 

II. p. 975 (1913)- 

Gyldenstolpe, p. 120; Hartert, Vog. Paiaarkt. Faun. 

n-b. 2 t. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi. 

7-10 December, 1916 [Nos. 3602, 3016. 

"Iris brown, bill pale greenish horn, tarsi white, 

tinged with greyish pink, claws pale horn." 

1 After comparison with a onsiderable number of specimens 

of this group from all parts of the Malay Peninsula, 

south to Singapore Id. and from Sumatra and Borneo I have 

come to the conclusion that these two birds must be provisionally 

referred to this race described by Hodgson from the 

Eastern Himalayas. The toes are slightly, though not very 

markedly, more feathered than in the southern birds but the 

size wing 171 and 166 so much exceeds that of any specimen 

of O. b. lempiji (HorsD that it is impossible to identify them 

with that form whose wing never exceeds 157 mm. The two 

specimens differ widely inter se, one having the forehead largelv 

buff while the colour beneath is deeper with strongly marked 

dark shaft stripes to the feathers of the belly while the other 

is much paler with transverse vermiculations on the feathers 

of the belly. I have seen birds closely resembling them both 

from Bangkok and North Siam and comparison is required 

w-ith the Hainan form. 0. b. umbratilis, (Swinh.) and with that 

from Formosa and South China, 0. b. glabripes (Swinh.). 

The present specimens have of course nothing to do 

with Otus sagittatus (Cass.) of which we have a specimen from 

Negri Sembilan. 

These owls were very common on Dayang Bunting and 

their hooting was heard throughout the night. They had 

probably come south on migration as 0. B. lempiji also occurs 

in the same region. 

29. Otus bakkamoena lempiji (Horsf.). 

Scops lempiji, Sharpe. Cat. Birds Brit. Mas. 11. p. (51 

antea, vol. V, p. 91 

(1875;; Robinson and Kloss p. }i : Robinson, 

ii9i5>- 

a. ' . Sungei 

kihm. Langkawi, 25th .March, 1909. 

This bud is typical 0. b. lempiji having a wing of 156 

mm.; another female from Bandon has the wing 152 and a 

male from Perlis about 150 mm. These last two were 

obtained in June and November respectively and probablj 

represent the resident race. 

30. 

Otus scops malayana (Hay). 

Scops malayana, Hay: Sharpe. torn. cil. p. ,V X : Robinson 

and Kloss, p. 31 : id. antea. vol. VI, p. 226 (1916). 

We obtained a pair on' Langkawi in February, 1909. 

Apparently not uncommon towards the north of the Peninsula 

but very rare in the south.


31. Pelargopsis amauroptera (Pears.). 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. ; 97 Robinson and Kloss, p. 33. 

Ramphalcyon amauroptera, Oberholser, Proc. U. S. 

Nat. Mus. xxxv, p. 661 (19091. 

a-c. 3

H. < . Robinson: 

a. i . Sungei 

Birds from Pulau Latigkawi, 147 

. Telok 

. Kuala 

Kilim, Pulau Langkawi, 23rd March 

1909. [F.M.S. Mus. No. 447/09.] 

Kubong Badak, Pulau Langkawi. 19th 

March 1. ..... [F.M.S. Mus. No. 148/09.] 

Wau, Pulau Terutau. 21st Decembei 

1916. No. 3710]. 

Not verj scarce 111 heavy jungle throughout the 

peninsula. 

A careful examination ol the whole series of this genus 

from the Malay Peninsula in the Museums, together with four 

ar out Mr. Hartert's conten- 

specimens from Botn> 1 

tions that three species, viz. C. tridactyla (Pall.), C. rufidorsa 

(Strickl.)=C. etierythra Sharpe and C. dillwyni, Sharpe occur 

in the Malaj Peninsula.* The first two, of course do, though 

I am inclined to think that the existence of a dark blue postauricular 

spot in the type of C. rufidorsa proves that it is really 

an immature C. tridactyla and that the proper name for the redbacked 

form is, after all, C. euerythra Sharpe (type from Klang. 

Selangon. Specimens from the Malay Peninsula which at first 

sight appear to agree with Mr. Hartert's diagnosis of C. dillwyni 

on closer examination resolve themselves into immature ('. 

tridactyla f>r sub-adult C. rufidorsa. The specimens from 

Borneo in the Museum are all C. rufidorsa with no dark 

frontal spot, no post auricular blue patch, and the wing coverts 

mainly rufous. 

Parrot. t in some very confused remarks on the subject, 

has founded another subspecies of C. rufidorsa, C. r. robtista, 

on a specimen from Sumatra without sex or exact localitv. 

which he suggests may be a mountain form. It has a wing of 

62, which seems its main claim to distinction. There is also 

an insufficiently described " species"! from East Sumatra. 

35. 

Carcineutes pulchellus (Horsf.). 

Sharpe, tout. cit. p. 198; Robinson and Klots. p. 34; 

Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 02: Robinson, p. 732. 

a. 

b. « . Sungei 

! Kuala Kubong Badak, Langkawi. 17th 

March. 1009. [F.M.S. Mus. No. 487/09.] 

Kilim, Langkawi, 22nd March. 1909. 

[F.M.S. Mus. X... 48g/og.] 

Very much rarer in the north of the Peninsula than 

in the states furthei south. 

p. 217 : Robinson 

208 (1907). 

36. Halcyon cokomanda coromanda (Lath.). 

Halcyon coromandus (Lath.): Sharpe, torn. cit. 

and Kloss, p. 34. 

• Nov Zool VIII, pp. .(29-430 11902) 

1 Abhandl der K. Bayern Akad. der Wissensch II Kl \XI\ Bd I, p. 

Ceyx enopopygins , Oberholser, J 

(Aru Bav, East Sumatra). 

Smiths Mis I 

oil ol 60 1

i-|N Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII. 

Entomothera coromanda coromanda, Oberholser, Proc. 

U. S. Nat. Mas. 48, p. 642 (1915). 

Halcyon coromanda coromanda, Gyldcnstolpe, p. 116. 

a-b. 1 ? ad. Kuah, Pulau Langkawi. 28th April. 

t9i5- 

c d. & v nd. Sungei Udang, Pulan Terutau. 

February. March, 1909. 

The two males have the wing, 105, no mm. and the 

females 108, in and are slightly darker than two females 

from Trang and Selangor which have the wings 116 and 113 

mm. A slightly immature male shot in November on Pulau 

Jemor, Aroa Ids. in the middle of the Straits of Malacca has 

the wing 113 mm. 

Oberholser (loc. cit. p. 642) considers the species as 

"strictly resident" but it is probable that like many other 

purely intertropical species it performs migrations of limited 

range. I am therefore inclined to doubt the validity of the 

race established for Sumatra (East and West), and Banka, E. 

coromanda neophora, Oberholser {loc. cit. p. 646). So far as I 

am able to judge from an adult male shot on gt^ October, 

1915, at Sungei Pelandok, Paku Seribas. S. W. Sarawak, the 

Bornean race. H. c. minor iTemm. and Schleg.) is quite 

separable from the typical form by its rich, darker colouration, 

the upper surface more strongly washed with lilac, and 

slightly smaller size. I have not as yet been able to examine 

good specimens from Singapore Island, which is stated by 

Oberholser to be inhabited by this form. 

The species occurs also on Tioman but specimens from 

that island are too immature to identifv subspecifically with 

any certainty. 

37. 

Halcyon pileata (Bodd.) 

Sharpe. torn. cit. p. 229; Robinson and Kloss. p. 31; 

Robinson, Ibis. IQT5. p. 732: Gyldenstolpe, p. 116. 

a-c. $,2 $ Pulau Langkawi, 27th November. 1907. 

[F.M.S. Mus. 2897-9/07.] 

d. 1. Pulau Langkawi, 10th Februarv, 1909, 

e. 

[F.M.S. Mus. 485/09.] 

1 . Telok Apau, Pulau Langkawi, 

ber, 1912. 

15th Decem- 

/. I . Pulau 

Dayang Bunting. Langkawi. 8th 

December 1916. [No. 3603.] 

g. ?. Telok Wau, Terutau. 29th December, 1916. 

[No. 3787O 

" Iris dark, bill vermilion, darker at base, tarsi and 

toes vermilion, the latter darker."

1Q17.] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langhawi. 140 

There is extremely little local variation in this species 

throughout its range and a series from Borneo differs in no 

way from a large number from the Malay Peninsula. Individual 

variation is considerable, the rufous huff of the belly and 

flanks varying greatly in intensity. It is onl) very old birds 

indeed that entirely lose the black, crescentic edgings to the 

feathers of the sides of the breast indicative of immaturity. 

A common rice-field bird wherever it occurs, though also 

found on the higher reaches of the rivers in deep jungle. 

Occasionally also on small islands in the Straits i>f Malacca 

during the winter months, evidently on migration. 

38. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.). 

Shtirpt. tout. cit. p. 27.5, PI. VII, tig. 3; Robinson, Ibis 

iqi5, p. 731. 

Halcyon armstrongi, Sharpe : Robinson and Kloss, p. 

34; Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 145: vol. VII, p. 71. 

Halcyon chloris armstrongi, Gyldenstolpe, p. 117. 

a-b.

150 Journal of the I-'. M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

Fairly common on both the above islands. 

A comparison of the above series and seventeen other 

specimens from various parts of the Malay Peninsula 

with nine specimens from Eastern Java (Idjen massif, nr. 

Banjoewangi) show that it is readily possible to distinguish 

the Malayan and Siamese from the typical }a\an form, in 

that, both in males and females the rump and upper tail 

covert are concolorous with the back and not strongly tinged 

with zanthine orange. Dimensions are practically identical. 

Types: Adult mule. Lamra, Trang, Siamese Malaya, 

collected on January 10th. 1910. 

Adult female: Gunong Jerai (Kedah Peak), Kedah, 

2,800 ft. to 3,500 ft. collected on December 2nd. 1915. 

Remarks: It is possible that Oreskios gouldi quoted bv 

Ogilvie Grant, floe, at.) as of Bp. Coiisp. Vol. Zyg. p. 14 

(1854) applies to this bird, but I have no access to the 

reference. The name, however, is of earlier date as it is 

quoted by Bonaparte in 1850 (Coiisp. Av. 1. p. 1511 as a 

synonym of Trogon oreskios and attributed to Swainson. 

though I cannot trace the quotation. I prefer, therefore, 

to regard it as a nomen nudum. 

40. DlCHOCEROS BICORNIS (Linn.) 

Ogilvie Grant, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus. XVII, p. 355 

(1892) ; Robinson and Kloss, p. : 35 Robinson. Ibis. 1915. p. 733 ; 


a. S. \Y. side Pulau Telibun, Trang. S.W. Siani. 

2nd January, 1917. [No. 3911.] 

Common on Terutau. Langkawi, Telibun and Lontar, 

but nearly always flying very high or feeding on very lofty 

trees and therefore difficult to procure. 

41. Rhytidoceros undulatus (Shaw). 

Ogilvie Grant, torn. at. p. 382; Robinson and Kloss, 

p. 36; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 733; Gyldenstolpe. p. 113. 

a. i. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam, 

12th January, 1917. [No. 3912.] 

Also common on the islands. 

42. Anthracoceros albirostris (Shaw and Nodder.) 

Anthracoceros malabaricus, Grant, torn. at. p. 365 ; 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 35. 

Anthrococeros albirostris, Robinson, Ibis, 1915. p. 734 : 


a. ?. Burau, N.W. Langkawi. 13th December. 

1916. No. 3631. 

" Iris hazel, bill and casque ivory, black at tip and 

base, feet pale plumbeous with a greenish cast.'*

I9I/-J H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 151 

Common on Langkawi, Terutau and Pulau Butane in 

the Butang Archipelago, west of Langkawi. 

The island specimens seem smaller than a male from 

Trang which approaches the larger Himalayan form A affinis 

(Blyth), wing about .505 against a maximum of about 260 

in the island birds. 

43. EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS OKIENTALIS, Sharpe. 

Eurystomus orientalis, Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 

XVII, p. jj, pi. 11, tig. 1 (1892); Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 

1911, p. 32; Stresemann, Nov. Zoo!. XX, pp. 298-301 (1913) 

Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 144 (1915). 

a. '. Koh Muk (Pulau Munti.ii. Trang. S.W. 

Siam. 6th January, 1917. No. 3859. 

b. i. Pasir Raja, P. Lontar, S.W. Siam. 10th 

January, 1917. No. 3871. 

" Iris hazel, bill coral, black tip, feet coral." 

Fairly common in all localities; also obtained at Pulau 

Terutau and P. Langkawi in former years from November 

to April. 

I have again carefully gone through the considerable 

series of Rollers in the F.M.S. Museum and find that they 

have been collected in every month of the year, except June 

to September. There are, however, specimens dated July 

from Malacca in the British Museum, collected by Davison. 

The series readily split on the general characters given 

for E. orientalis and calonyx, viz., the greater amount of blue 

on the outer tail feathers and inner secondaries in the latter 

form, but there is also another character and that even more 

marked, viz , the greater amount of blue on the primary 

coverts in calonyx, these feathers being never more than lightly 

edged with deep blue in orientalis. 

There is no doubt that both races are migratory in the 

Malay Peninsula and that E. orientalis orientalis breeds in 

the country also, which E. 0. calonyx almost certainly does not. 

43. 

MEROPS VIRIDIS, Linn. 

Merops sumatranus, Raffles, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 61 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 37; Robinson, antea, vol. V. pp. 92, 146. 

Merops viridis, Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii, p. 4S2 (1910). 

a. ?. imm. Pulau Langkawi, 8th February, 1909. 

F.M.S. Mus. No. 281/09. 

In view of the fact that this species does not occur 

in Tenasserim or so far as is known further north 111 the 

Peninsula than Bandon, while there are no recent records 

from Siam proper, occurrences in Southern China and Lower 

Cochin China are open to doubt. The records of Oustal' t and 

others arc more likely to be referable to migratory specimens 

of the Philippine .1/. bieolor, Bodd. 

; ;


It is unfortunate that we should have to transfer the name 

"viridis" from one well known species of Africa and India 

to this species but Hartert's statements cannot apparently be 

gainsaid. It is to be hoped, however, that some enthusiastic 

splitter will be found to discern differences between typical 

Javan birds and others from the Malay Peninsula, Borneo 

and Sumatra, as even the most austere lumper would view the 

race with an indulgent eye and we should be able to return 

to the more familiar name suma.tranus for the local form, with 

a clear conscience, even if it was onlv used as a subspecific 

title. 

44. 

Merops philippinus, Linn. 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 71 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 37 

Robinson, antea, vol. v, pp. 146. 

Merops superciliosus philippinus, Gyldenstolpe, p. no. 

a-b. 2?. imm. Telok Wan, Terutau. i8-20th 

December, 1916. Nos. 3656, 3674. 

'" Iris carmine, bill black, feet greyish black." 

Other specimens in the museum from Pulau Terutau are 

dated February and March. In the south of the Peninsula, 

probably from about the latitude of Terutau, this Bee-eater is 

almost certainly only a winter visitor, or at any rate is veryrare 

at other seasons, all the specimens in the museums being 

dated from October to March. Further north it begins to be 

a resident form, as it was common on Koh Samui and Koh 

Pennan, islands in the Bandon Bight, about Lat o°N., in May, 

I9I3- 

45. Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei, Hume. 

Melittophagus swinhoii, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 55; 

Robinson and Kloss. p. 36: Robinson, antea, vol. v. p. 92; 

Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 734. 

p. no. 

Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei, Gyldenstolpe, 

a. 3 . Telok Wau, Terutau, 25th December, 1916. 

[No. 3739.] 

" Iris carmine, bill and feet black." 

Common also at Langkawi, whence specimens have been 

obtained in the months of February, April, November and 

December. 

Immature birds have the chestnut bay of the forehead 

mingled with greenish, the throat paler and the chestnut colour 

of the lower throat preceding the black patch not nearly so 

marked. 

This species has never been found further south in the 

Peninsula than Parit, central Perak, whence we have two 

specimens shot in September, ign. It occurs neither in 

Borneo or Sumatra but reappears in a slightly altered form in 

Java and Bali as the typical .V. leschenaulti (Vieill.) 

;

igi;.] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulatt Langkawi. 153 

46. Caprimulgus macrurus bimai ul atis (Peale). 

Caprimulgus bimaculatus, Peale. U.S. Expl. Exced. 

viii. p. 170 1 1848). 

Caprimulgus ambiguus, Hartert, Ibis, 1896, p. 373; 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 37; Robinson, Ibis. [915, p. 7 J J. 

Caprimulgus macrurus bimaculatus, Oberholser, Proc. 

!'. S. Nat. Mus. 48. p. 595 (1915). Gyldenstolpe, p. iog. 

F.M.S. Mus. 2896/07. 

.(. 3. ad. Pulau Langkawi, 1st December, 1907. 

b. i. vix ad. Pulau Langkawi, jrd March, 1909. 

F.M.S. Mus. No. 276/09. 

In the paper quoted above Mr. Oberholser has revived 

a name of Peale's for this common Malayan goatsucker, which 

had escaped Mr. Hartert's attention and has shown that in 

all probability the specimen came from the vicinity of Malacca 

and not from Singapore as stated. 

The fairi\ large material in this museum bear.-, out his 

contentions, in that a specimen from Pulau Besar, Malacca, 

agrees with other specimens from further north in the 

Peninsula and differs from three from Singapore Id. including 

an actual topotype of C. m. anamesus, Oberholser (loc. cit. 

P- 593'- from Tanjong katong, in being decidedly larger. 

The latter race is probably valid but larger series from 

Singapore and Sumatra require comparison with series from 

Borneo. Should they prove identical, as may not improbably 

be the case, they will have to bear the name C. in. salvadorii, 

Sharpe (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875. p. 99, pi. 22. tig. 1). 

The large pale form, C. m. albonotatus, does not come down 

south into the Malay Peninsula or even into Southern Siam. 

47. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, Temm. & Schleg. 

Caprimulgus jotaka. Hartert, Cut. Birds Brit. Mus. 

wi. p. 552 (18921 : Robinson ana Kloss. p. 37. 

Heft. VII, . P S55 

Caprimulgus indicus jotaka, Hartert, Vog. Palaarki. 

(1912). 

a b.


The whole series agree well in dimensions with the 

specimen from Choungthanoung (between Mergui and Pakchan) 

Tenasserim, (wing, yg in = 204 mm.) to which Hume 

\Stray Feathers, iii. p. 318 note. 1875) gave the name Caprimulgtis 

innominata. As he has pointed out specimen? from 

the Malay Peninsula and Tennasserim are certainly intermediate 

in size between specimens of C. iudicus indicus 

(Lath.) and C. iudicus jotaka (Temm. & Schleg.) in their 

breeding areas, and it would be interesting to ascertain if these 

intermediate-sized birds have themselves a distinct breeding 

area, in which case. C. indicus innominata, Hume would be a 

fairly well defined subspecies. In default of this information 

I prefer to leave the question open. 

48. COLLOCALIA FRANCICA GERMAINI (Oust.). 

Collocalia germaini, Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philomath. 

Paris pp. 1-3 (1876); Hartert, Ibis, 1896. p. 376. 

Collocalia francica merguiensis, Hartert, Cat. Biids 

Brit. Mm. xvi, p. 453 (1892) Robinson, anted, 7. p. 146 (1914L 

Collocalia francica germaini, Gyldenstolpe, p. 106. 

a-b. ?.Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam, 

nth January, 1917. [Nos. 3880, 3885.] 

" Iris dark hazel, bill black, feet purplish brown." 

These two birds, wing 122 and 121, agree closely with the 

large series obtained by us on the islands of the Bandon Bight 

in 1913, and which were named C. merguiensis. Dr. Hartert's 

statement that this race was identical with C. germaini, Oustalet, 

having escaped our notice. The race is fairly distinct, being 

marked by having the pale rump band with clearly defined 

shaft stripes but is close to C. f. inexpectata. Hume, which is 

found on the Tioman group of islands and on the coast of 

Johore, but was originally described from the An damans. This 

race however has the rump band very inconspicuous, often 

indeed hardly discernible, and may be the form that Oberholser 

has referred to Collocalia fucifaga rcstita (Less.) tProc. 

L. S. Nat. Mils. 42, p. 15 (1912)) allocating to it specimens from 

Sumatra. East Johore and Simalur. 

Both this and C. innominata, which can scarcely be 

distinguished in life and on the wing, were very abundant in 

all the limestone islands along the coast, the caves in which 

they breed being annually leased out to Chinamen at considerable 

rentals. 

49. Collocalia innominata. Hume. 

Hartert. torn. cit. p. 503. 

a-b. £. ?. Pulau Belitung, S. W. Terutau, 22nd 

December, 1916. [Nos. 3701. 2.] 

Nesting in very great numbers on this limestone 

island, which is riddled with caves and is the " Spire Island " 

of the British Admiralty Charts.

igi7-] II. (". Robinson: Birds from Pulati Langkawi. 155 

This species [with the exception of C. gigas, Hartert and 

Butler, which isonl) known from two specimens, thetypefrom 

the Semangko Pass and another from Java (wing 157 mm.)], 

is tin' largest ! the local species. The two specimens listed 

above have wings of 129 and 131 mm. It is common on the 

mountains from Larut in Perak to Selangor and has also been 

obtained on the coast of Selangor at Tanjong Karang. 

50. Cypselus subfuri mis. Blyth. 

xvi. p. 456 (1891). 

Micropns subfurcatus, Hartert, Cat. Birds Hut. Mus. 

Apus affinis subfurcatus, Hartal, Vog. Pal. Faun, ii, 

p. 843 (191c). 

a-b. 2 Koh Mnk (Pulau Muntia), Trang, S. W. 

Siam. 5th January, 1917. Nos. 3855. 6. 

black." 

"his. and bill black, feet dark purplish Hesh, toes 

This species was exceedingly common on the cliffs of Koh 

Mnk, where it built its untidy nests made of feathers ami K'ass 

stems in the cracks of overhanging rocks at varying heights 

above the sea while the Collocalia built far inside the caves in 

total darkness. 

While dealing with this genus it may be mentioned that 

the male of Cypselus pacificus obtained on Kedah Peal; in 

December, 1915 (antea vol. vi, p. 226) agrees in all its characters 

with the subspecies C. pacificus cooki, described by Major 

Haringtont from Goteik, Northern Shan States, where it 

found breeding. 

was 

Our bird has the 

against 170 and 75 111 

wing 1(13 and outer tail feathers 83 

the type, the white rump band very 

narrow with black shaft stripes and the white of the throat 

much restricted with marked shaft stripes, the mantle deep 

glossy black. These characters however occur also, though 

to a lesser degree, in a bird from the Semangko Pass shot 

in February, 1908. 

It appears to me not improbable that Harington has compared 

a verv adult bird in fresh pelage 'his specimen was 

breeding) with younger birds. The size is not materially more 

than that of Malayan specimens, which vary from 163-176, 

while Hartert (loc. citi Rives 176-184. 5 for the wing of the 

species as a whole. 

Specimens from Koh Pennan, shot in May, are much 

browner and duller. 

51. CACOMANTIS SEPULCHRALIS SEPULCHRALIS (S. M till. I. 

Cacomantis sepulchralis iS. Mtill.): Finsch, Notes 

Lpyden Museum XXII, p. 82 (1900). 

Cacomantis merulinus (part.) Shelley, torn. at. p. 268. 

Bull. Brit. Orn Club. XI. p 65(1901). 

Bull Brit. Orn. Club. XXXI. p. 57 (191 3).

156 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.. VII, 

Cacomantis sepulchralis sepulchral is, Stresetnanti. 

Nov. Zool. XIX, pp. 332-334 (1912). 

a. 3 ad. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang. S. W. 

Siam. 4th January, 1917. No. 3838. 

" Iris orange, orbits lemon, bill black at tip and on 

culmen, remainder yellowish brown, feet dull orange." 

Total length 213; wing, 112; tail, 118; bill from gape, 

24: tarsus, 16 mm. Stresemann (loc. cit.) in his careful review 

of this group does not recognize this species as occurring on 

the mainland of Asia. The present bird, however, agrees 

closely with a small series collected in Western Java, differing 

only in being of a somewhat clearer gray above, Jess glossed. 

with an oily green lustre, which is very apparent in some 

Javanese birds. 

52. SURNICOLUS LUGUBRIS DICRUROIDES (Hodgs). 

Surniculus lugubris (part), Shelley, torn. cit. p. 227, 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 39: Robinson, fount. Fed. Malay States 

Mus. ii, p. 176 (1909). 

p. 102. 

Surniculus lugubris dicruroides (Hodgs), Gyldenstolpe. 

3 ad. Pulau Langkawi, December, 1Q07. 

[F.M.S. Mus. 2928/07.] 

a. ? ad. Pulau Langkawi, February, 1909. 

[F.M.S. Mus. 460/09.] 

//. V ad. Burau, N. \V. Langkawi, 14th Decem- 

ber. 1916. [No. 3644.] 

3 ad. Pulau Terutau, ist December. 1907. 

TF.M.S. No. 2927/07.] 

c-e. 3 2 ? ad. Telok Wan. Terutau, 20-26th 

December, 1916. [Nos. 3673. 3741-2.] 

f-g. 

] 

1 ? ad. Pulau Telibun, Trang, S. W. Siam, 

2nd January, 1917. [Nos. 3818-20.] 

h-i. 2 3 ad. Chong, Trang. S. W. Siam, 3~4th 

December, 1909. [F.M.S. Mus Nos. 63, 

122/10. 

;'. 3 ad. Padang Sireh, Perlis, Senggora border, 

21st November, 191 1. 

k-m. 2 3 V ad. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. 

Siam, n-i2th January. 1917. [Nos. 3887, 

3899, 3900.] 

" Iris hazel, bill black, feet purplish slate." 

Dimensions: 

— 

Males. TL.— ,246, 253. 247,—,—,—.— .256: W. 133, 132, 

142, 135, 142, 136, 134, 136, 135; T. 136, 129, 137, 138, 129, 

129, 135, 133, 138; P.. 27. 28, 25,—,25, 26,— .25. 29; TS.— ,18, 

18, 18—,—,—,—,17. .

1917-] H. ( Robinson: Biids from /. . 157 

Females. TL.—,248,— ,245, 258, .'47: W. 128, 14.5, 1.52, 

140, 133, 135; T. 114. 129, 128, 129, 131, 132; B. 24,26, 27. 

25, 5, 17, 27; TS.— , 17— ,17. 5. 17. '7- 

Stresemann (Nov. Zool. XX, p. 340) has separated the 

lorm from the south of the Peninsula, (type from Bentong, 

Pahang) as Surniculus lugubris brachyurus as having a wing 

averaging about 124 mm. with a tail always shorter than the 

wing. He includes in this race the birds from Borneo and 

Sumatra, confining the typical S. lugubris of Horsf. to Java, 

Bali and Ceylon, which is rather an anomalous distribution. 

Our series from t "tie lowlands of the south of the Peninsula 

is unfortunate] \ somewhat deficient in adult birds; a male from 

Penang has the wing 12S, tail 127, a male from Ulu Selama, 

wing 119. tail 116; a male from Tanjong Malim, 126, tail 123, 

a male from Kuala Tembeling, Pahang, close to the type 

locality, wing 119, and tail 1 14, and two males from Temengoh, 

North Perak, wing 117, 120, tail 118. A female from Pulau 

Jemor in the Straits of Malacca, near the coast of Sumatra, 

has the wing 135 and the. tail 130. while two males from West 

Sumatra have the wing 126. tail 123 and a female, tail 12 3, wing 

123. These specimens certainly bear out Stresemann's 

diagnosis. 

Specimens from the mountains of the Peninsula win re 

the species breeds are however emphatically not this race ns 

two males from the Semangko Pass on the binders of Selangoi 

and Pahang measure wings. 146, 138; tail, 138, 135. ami must 

be referred to the Himalaic form as also one from Taiping 

•-hot in January, wing 143, tail 138 mm. 

S tar as the evidence goes it appears that two races are 

quite distinct viz. Surniculus lugubris, Horsf. from Java and 

Bali, which has possibly become very slightly modified 111 

Sumatra, Romeo, ami the South of the Malay Peninsula at 

low levels (S. /. brachyurus) and 5. lugubris dicruroides from 

the Himalayas, through the Indo-Chinese Countries to the 

north of th. Malay Peninsula and southwards along the mam 

range at high elevations. Judging from analogy the Ceylon 

and Malabarese specimens will probably also prove separable. 

These conclusions are substantially those come to by 

Stresemann from the study of the very large material in the 

British and Tring Museums. 

53. Centropus sinensis intekmedius (Hume). 

Centrococcvx intermedins, Hume Stray ; Feath 1. p. 

454d873). 

Centropus sinensis (Steph.) : 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 41. 

Shelley torn. cit. p. 343: 

tropus sinensis intermedins. Stresemann, No"< 

Zool. XX, p. ]^z (1913) ; Robinson, antea, vol. v. pp. 93, 146; 

Gyldenstolpe, p. T03. 

Sept


a. 1 i Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S. W. 

Siam, 5th January, 191 7. [No. 3847.] 

b-c. 3 ? Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam, 

12th January, 1917. [Nos. 3892, 3898.] 

" Iris carmine, bill and feet black." 

Male. TL-, 481 : W. 

TS. 51, 52. 

201, 203, T. 248, 240; B, 45, 48; 

Female. TL. 524 ; W. 205 ; T. 284 ; B. 45 ; TS. 50. 

These specimens differ from the southern C. s. bubntus, 

Horsf. in the characters previously assigned viz. slightly 

shorter wing, markedly shorter but much broader tail, and the 

purer, less ochraceous chestnut tint of the wings and scapulars. 

The two races of course grade into each other but :i bird from 

Lenggong in 

form. 

Upper Perak decidedly belongs to the southern 

54. Rhopodytes sumatrani's (Raffles*. 

Shelley, torn. cit. p. 391. 

a-h. 3 ¥ Lem Pia, N. Side Telibun Straits, 

Trang, S. W. Siam, January 2nd, 191 7. 

[Nos. 3826, 7.] 

" Iris pearl, orbits orange red, fading posteriorly into 

yellow bill sea green, feet, greenish slate." 

Climbing about in the characteristic awkward manner in 

a very thorny tree in an open plain. 

The species is here approaching the northern limit of its 

range. The Museum also possesses n male from Krong mon, 

interior of Trang, shot on 17th February, 1910 which has 

been omitted in the list given b}' Mr. Kloss and myself 

(Ibis, 1911, p. ) 

55. 

Coccystes coromandus (Linn.). 

Shelley, torn. cit. p. 214; Robinson and Kloss, p. 39; 

Gyldemtolpe, p. 101. 

a. ? ad. Burau, N. W. Langkawi. 12th December 

1916. No. 3621. 

b-d. 3 ad. Telok Wau, Terutau. i8th-28th 

December 1916. Nos. 3660, 3760. 3781. 

e. ? ad. Pulau Telibun, Trang. S. W. Siam. 1st 

January 1917. No. 3805. 

•' Iris hazel, bill black, feet slate." 

Male. 3S3; W. 15S; T. 230; B. 35: TS. 25. 

Female, TI 374, 388; W. 158, 162; T. 227, 231; B. a, 34. 

TS. 27. 24. 

Our series in the Museum shows no confirmation of statements 

by Shelley and Legge that there is a sexual difference in 

size in this species but we are very delicient in females, nor 

apparently is there any difference in the colour of the sexes 

when specimens in a similar condition of plumage are

igi7-l H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulan Langkawi. 159 

compared. Worn specimens show a much more oily green 

tint on the mantle and inner secondaries. 

Common along the coasts of the WW Malay Peninsula 

and on the islands of the Straits of Malacca during the 

winter months, but rare even on migration in the south of the 

peninsula. Apparently not resident. 

56.* CUCULUS MICROPTEIU'S, Gould. 

Shelley, op. cit. p. 241; Robinson and Kloss, p. 40; 

Gyldenstolpe, Jonrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Stum, i, p. 232 11915). 

a. S ad. Burau, N. \V. Langkawi. 15th December 

1916. No. 3646. 

" Is, Cere olive green, bill greenish horn, the culnien 

black, gape yellow, feet chrome yellow." 

TL. 305; W, 195, T, 153, B, 30. 5. TS, 18. 

In the Malay Peninsula this species has been found breeding 

in July but as a resident it is scarce. It is, however, 

common on migration during the winter months. 

57. 

HlEROCOCCYX SPARVERIOIDES (Vig.). 

Shelley torn. cit. p. 232; Robinson and Kloss, p. 40; 


a. ? imm. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi. 

gth December 1916, No. 3616. 

b. ¥ imm. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. \V. 

Siam, 10th January, 1917. 

"Iris light hazel, orbital ring and feet chrome, upper 

mandible black, lower and gape olive green." 

TL. 380, 403: \V, 233, 232; T, 220, 229; B, 34, 34; TS, 

25. 28. 

A fine adult female from Ko Khau, Trang, has the wing 

(measured dry) 232 and an immature male from the same 

locality 237. Shelley loc. cit. gives the wing of an adult as 8^ 

in. (210) so that the specimen he measured, if correct!} recorded, 

must have been exceptionally small. Gyldenstolpe 's adult male 

from Koon Tan, North Siam, measured 237 mm. 

The species is evidently fairly common in the northern 

third of the Peninsula though probably only in the winter 

months but is extremely rare south of the latitude of Penang. 

As is the case with so many migratory species birds that have 

not yet attained the fully adult plumage appears to be in the 

great majority. 

58. HlEROCOCCYX NISICOLOR (HodgS.). 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 40; Robinson, untea, vol. v, p. 93. 

Hierococcyx fugax (part.) Shelley, turn. cit. p. 2361. 

a-c. 1 ? vix ad. 2 S imm. Telok Wau, Terutau, 

i8th-24th December 1916. [Nos. 3659, 

3728,3729],

fio Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

d. i 3 ad. Sungei Udang, Terutau, 8th March. 

1909. 

TL. 310, 290, 273; W, 176, 171, 172; T, 158, 160, 145; B. 

34, 28, 5,30; TS, 18, 19, 19. 

" Iris orange, orbital ring and feet bright chrome, bill 

yellowish green, tip and culmen green." 

Fairly abundant, especially in the winter months, throughout 

the Peninsula but much commoner in the northern half, 

where its numbers are evidently largely augmented by 

migrants. Some birds, however, probably reside throughout 

the year as the museum possesses adults and extremely young 

birds shot at Temengoh, Northern Perak, on July 15th. 

The most southerly specimen I have been able to examine 

is an adult male from Gunong Tampin, Negri Sembilan, and 

this is undoubtedly the present form. Specimens from 

Southern Johore and from Singapore will however not 

improbably prove to be referable to the original Hierococcyx 

fugax (Horsf.) described from Java, of which the present form 

is only the continental race. 

The species has not as yet been recorded from any part of 

Siam except the Peninsula. 

59. EUDYNAMIS orientai.is MALAYANA, Cab. and Heine. 

Eudynamis orientalis, Robinson and Kloss, p. 41; 

Robinson antea, vol. v, p. 146. 

Eudynamis honorata (part.) Shelley, torn. cit. p. 316; 

Robinson Ibis, 1915, p. 737. 

Eudynamis malayana, Cab. and Heine. Mus. Hein. iv, 

p. 52 (1862). 

Eudynamis orientalis malayana, Hartert, Nov. Zool. 

X, p. 236 (1903); Gyldenstolpe, p. 103. 

. 

a, b. ' 2 $ vix ad. Koh Kadan (Pulau Papan), 

Trang, S. W. Siam. 7th-8th January, 1917. 

[Nos. 3865-6] 

"Iris red, bill greenish slate, legs slate." 

TL.— ,415; W. 198,201; T, 211,214; B, 38, 40; TS, 34, 34. 

Fairly common everywhere. 

The races of the Koel have been much discussed from the 

time of Walden (Ibis 1869, p. 239 et seq.), but no great degree 

of unanimity seems to have been attained. In the Malay 

Peninsula and possibly in Siam the question is further complicated 

by the fact that individuals of two different races 

appear to winter in the country while in addition there are 

possibly birds who are resident throughout the year, though 

we have no direct evidence on this point as the species is 

extremelv rare anywhere on the mainland except in the north 

of the Peninsula. 

•

1 9 1 7 ] H. ('. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 161 

Most authorities are agreeci t hat in the Indian and Indo- 

Malayan regions two races occur, viz., one with a wing less than 

8 in. (200) mm. and a less robust bill, the male with a greenish 

gloss and the female with clear white streaks on the head and 

white bars on the tail. 

This race is Eudynamis orientalis honoraia (Linn.) 

The second race is larger, wing up to 8.6 in. (215 mm.) or 

more, with a more robust bill, with a cast of violaceous in 

tlir plumage of the male and the pale parts of the female buffs 

or rufescent buff. 

This race is Eudynamis orientalis malayana, Cab. and 

Heine. 

Judged by these standards specimens from Trang 

and Islands), December and January; Koh Pennan 

1 Mainland 

and Koh Samui, SW. Siam, May; Pulau Langkawi, February; 

Pulau Paya near Pulau Langkawi, December; Pulau Jemor, 

Aioa Ids. November; Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca, March; 

and Pulau Lalang and Pulau Kumpia, Sembilan Ids., November 

and January; belong to this form, Eudynamis orientalis malayana, 

I ab. and Heme while others from Pulau Langkawi, February; 

Pulau Paya near Pulau Langkawi. April; Pulau Bidan, near 

Penang, April; Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca, March; Pulau 

Rumpia, Sembilan Ids. January and March, and Great Redang 

Id. off the coast of Trengganu, August, belong to Eudynamis 

orientalis honorata (Linn.). 

The evidence, such as it is, points to the possibility that 

there is no resident Koel in the Malay Peninsula, south of 

Trang, and that the birds that are so numerous on the small 

islands off the coast are seasonal visitors, the differences noted 

between them being due to the fact that they have come from 

widely separated localities, thus accounting for the fact that 

two apparently different races can be shot on the same small 

island on the same day. The racesof Eurystomus orientalis and 

Accipiter gularis afford parallel instances. 

I 

I 

esse. 

bo. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus INDO-MALAYICUS, 

Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus (Tick.) Hargitt, torn. 

antea, 

lit. p. 448 (pail., Robinson ami Kloss, p. \j : Robinson, 

vol. V, p. 147. 

Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus indo-malayicus, Hesse, 

Ornith. Monatsb. p. 182 (1911). Gyldenstolpe, Kongl. Svenska. 

Vetensk. A had. Handl. Hand 50 No. 8, p. 49 (1913). Robinson. 

Ibis, 1915. p. 739; 

a. 1 Pulau Langkawi. nth February, 1909. 

[F.M-.S. Mus. 310/09.] 

b. ¥ Kubong Badak, Pulau Langkawi. 18th 

March, 1909. 

[F.M.S. No. 315/09.] 

c. 3 Sungei Udang, Pulau Terutau. 8th March 

1909. [F.M.S. No. 313/09.]

1 62 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII. 

d-g- Z s , i ? Telok Wan, Pulau Terutau. 18-24U1 

December 1916. [Nos. 3658, 3678, 3723. 

3730-] 

/;-*'. $ ? Chong, Trang. S. W. Siam 11 1 5th 

December 1909. [F.M.S. Mus. Nop. 395. 

396/10.] 

j. i vix ad. Koh Samui, Bandon Bight, S. E. 

Siam. 8th May 1916. 

" Iris orange, bill dark greenish shite, feet olive green." 

The detailed measurements of two males from Terutau, 

taken in the flesh are : TL. 

287, 290 ; W, 

164. 157 : T. 

97, 95 ; 

B, 50, 54; TS. 31,28. 

The wing and bill (from gape) of the Langkawi specimens 

taken on the skins are male, W, 156, B. 55; Female, W, 151, 

B. 49; of three other specimens from Terutau:— Males, W. 

159, 154, B. 52, 51. Female, 153, B. 46. Of the Trang specimens, 

Male, W. 157, B. 49; Female, W. 150, B. 51. Of 

the bird from Koh Samui, W. 160, B. 52. The dimensions of 

two males from Tonka (the type locality of the subspecies as 

given by Hume {Stray Feath. viii, p. 154* as 6-15 and 6-3 in. 

on the wing. viz. 156 and 160, which agrees well with the 

above series. 

In my paper on the collection made by Mr. Kloss in S. E. 

Siam I unfortunately attributed Tickell's type of Picus 

guttacristatus (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal) lii, p. 578 (1833) to 

Northern Tenasserim, where the greater part of his collections 

were made, whereas it was really secured in the jungles of 

Eastern Bengal. As Hume, Oates and Blanford have pointed 

out the Southern Indian bird, C. delessertii, Blyth, that from 

eastern Bengal and the low country adjacent, C. guttacristatus 

(Tick.) and the birds from the northern Malay Peninsula 

approximate in size, though it would appear that the Malay 

birds on the whole averages smaller, the wing never exceeding 

164 mm (6.45 in.) while it is possibly brighter in general tone. 

Chrysocolaptes sultaneus (Hodgs.) from the Himalayas is a 

very large bird indeed and can fairly claim subspecific rank on 

these grounds alone though there are no tangible differences in 

colouration. 

In tlie Malay Peninsula the bird is common in the 

northern third but is unknown from any locality between 

Penang and Southern Johore where a small form occurs, W. 

male, 148, 143; B. 46, 47, which will receive a name in due 

course. This form also occurs abundantly on the islands of 

the Rhio-Johore archipelago south of Singapore. 

It thus appears that in order of size we have the following 

forms. 

C. guttacristatus sultaneus, Himalayas. Wing averaging 

177 mm. 

C. guttacristaius guttacristatus. Eastern Bengal, 

Burma, etc. Wing 161 or perhaps slightly more. •

i g 7 II- i 1 

C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 16; 

C. guttacristatm indomalayicus, Southern Siam and 

North Malay Peninsula, Wing 156 mm. (mean of twelve. ) 

C. gnttacristatus delessertii, Southern India. Wing 

averaging 152. 

C. guttacristatus {unnamed). Extreme south Malay 

Peninsula, Wing, 145 mm. 

The bills grade in even greater ratio. 

The maximum range of wing of the species as a whole is 

from about 190 to 143 or a subspecies to every nine mm. as 

all authorities seem agreed that no constant differences in 

colouration can be detected except possibly as noted above, a 

slightly more intense tint in the Indo-Chinese and Indo- 

Malayan specimens. 

61. Alophonerpes pulverulentus (subsp.) ? 

lit. p. 40,4. 

Hemilophus pulverulentus iTemm.) ; Hargitt, torn. 

Alophonerpes pulverulentus. Robinson and Kloss, p. 

47: Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 95. 

Miilleripicus pulverulentus harterti, Hesse Ornith. 

Monatsb. xix, p. 182 (191 2), Gyldenstolpe, p. 96. 

a-b. t ? Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S. W. Siam. 

10th January, 1917. [Nos. 3872, 3.] 

c. £ Telok Wau, Terutau, 27th December, 1916. 

[No. 3761.: 

d. ¥ Pulau Terutau, 3rd December 1907. 

[F.M.S. Mus. 2907/97.] 

e. $ Pulau Langkawi. 9th February 1909. 

[F.M.S. Mus. 309/09.] 

f-g. 3 & Ulu Malacca. Pulau Langkawi 29th 

December 1912. 

I have no access to Hesse's description of this form 

described from Burmah but which is apparently merely a 

larger form of the Malayan race, nor have I specimens from 

Java whence came Temminck's type so these specimens cannot 

at present be identified subspeciiically with any certainty. 

The wings of the males are 222, 228, 228 and of the four 

females, 221, 227, 227, 235, while Glydenstolpe's two males 

from North Siam which would certainly belong to Hesse's 

race are given as 242. 235. A female from Kuala Lipis. 

Pahang is 229 mm. 

Compared with a female from Anyut Paku, Seribas, S. W. 

Sarawak, whose wing measures 230 mm. all the Malayan birds 

are much greyer and less slaty black, especially on the top of 

the head, the mantle and undersurface, but this difference may 

be merely individual. 

" Iris dark hazel, orbits -date, tall greenish horn, culmen 

at base darker feet slate.'"


62. Gecinus viridanus, Blyth. 

Hargitt, torn. cit. p. ; 47 Robinson and Kloss. p. 45 ; 

Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 95. 

(1882). 

Gecinus weberi, Midler, Orn. Ins. Salanga, p. 69 

Picus viridianus (sic) Gyldenstolpe, p. 89. 

a-e. 1

I9 1 7- J H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 1O5 

same locality measure W. 137, 

males W. 138, 135, T. 122, 122. 

135; tail, 125, 115 and two 

Mi. Kloss' two specimens from S.E. Siam listed by me 

had the wing about 139. All these birds may be considered as 

belonging to the above cited northern race, which differs 

merely in size from birds from the south of the Malay Peninsula 

which for the present may be taken as representing true 

C. vittatus (typical locality Java) the colour distinctions noted 

by Gyldenstolpe in his single specimen occurring in both forms 

indifferently. The dimensions of the southern birds in the 

F.M.S. Museums from localities ranging from Kuala Selangor 

to the extreme south of the Peninsula are wing. 127-132 or a 

mean of 128.2 for eight specimens while the wing of the 

northern form as indicated by the specimens quoted above 

ranges from I 35-142 

138-2 mm. 

with a mean also for eight specimens of 

64. Calorhamphus havi (J. E. Gray). 

Shelley, torn: cit. p. 50; Robinson and Kloss, p. 43. 

a-c. 2 S. 1 ?. imm. Pasir Raja. Pulau Lonlar, 

S.W. Siam. 9th [anuarv, 1917. [Nos. 

3867-9.] 

It is very unusual to lind barbets frequenting even the 

larger islands near the coast of the Malay Peninsula and the 

occurrence of this species at Pulau Lontar was therefore a little 

surprising. 

It seems hardly correct to rank this form from Sumatra 

and the Malay Peninsula as merely a subspecies of C. fttligi- 

nosus (Temm.) from Borneo, which differs so markedly in its 

deep brick red throat, chin and upper breast, as some authors 

have done. Malayan birds precisely agree with specimens from 

Korinchi, West Sumatra, and it is difficult to credit Buttikofor 

[Notes Leyden Mus. ix, p. 17 (1887) who seems to consider that 

the two species are but plumage stages of one and the same 

bird. Of the very large series of C. hayi from the Malay 

Peninsula and Sumatra that have passed through mv hands 

I have never seen one that could for a moment be confounded 

with C. fuiiginosus, while the same is true of the series of 

C . fuiiginosus before me, when compared with C. hayi. 

Immature birds have the throat and lower surface washed 

with pale sulphur yellow and the tips of the median wing 

coverts rufous buff. The bills are black in the males and 

brownish horn in the females. 

65. Xantholaema haemacephala (P, L. S. Mull.). 

Xantholaema haematocephala, Shelley, torn. cit. p. 8g : 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 44; Robinson, antea, p. 95 (1913). 

a-c. 2


These specimens have the wing. 84.5 mm. and I do not 

see how they are to be separated from typical specimens from 

the Philippines, with which they agree in size. In any event 

however there is a name available for the continental bird, 

viz. Buccii indicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i., p. 205 11790) which must 

be applied to Malayan birds, although Parrot has separated the 

Sumatran bird on the strength of a slightly smaller size which 

is not altogether bome out by our large series from West 

Sumatra and on certain differences in colour, some of which 

we can confirm, the most noticeable being the absence of the 

conspicuous orange yellow collar beneath the scarlet pectoral 

patch, which is very noticeable in all the Malayan but barely 

indicated in any Sumatran specimens, which in addition have 

the green centres to the feathers of the abdomen and flanks 

more restricted and the margins of a creamy rather than a 

sulphury yellow. Parrot's name for this form Megalaema 

haemacephala delicti, (Ablnindl. der Konigl. Bayer. Akad. der. 

Wissensch. (II) xxiv. Bd. 1, p. i6q (19071 is however antedated 

by Bucco rafflesius Boie, Brief. Ost. Ind. No. 15 (1832), 

of which our Korinchi and Padang coast birds may be 

regarded as topotypes. 

65. Hirundo bAdia, Cass. 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 166: Robinson and KIoss. p. 50; 

Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 98. 

a. Telok Wan, Terutau, 23rd December, 1916. 

No. 3721. 

" Iris and bill dark, feet dark maroon brown." 

Very common indeed both on Langkawi and Terutau and 

probably all over the Peninsula where there are precipitous 

limestone hills. Resident throughout the year and not known 

outside the limits of the Peninsula. A closely allied, but paler 

and considerably smaller form, H. hyperyfhra, Layard, is 

resident in Ceylon. 

66. Hirundo javanica, Sparrm. 

Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. p. 142 (1885) ; Robinson 


a. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) Trang, S.W. Siam, 

5th January, 1917. No. 3854. 

" Iris dark, bill and feet black." 

Found breeding on the cliffs of Koh Muk together with 

Cypselus subfurcatus and Collocalia sp. Also common on Pulau 

Terutau, P. Langkawi and P. Tengah between Langkawi and 

P. Langkawi. 

Common and resident all along the coasts of the Malay 

Peninsula, according to Hume and Davison rare in Tenasserim 

but very common in Southern Malava. Curiously enough not 

hitherto recorded from Siam proper, though it is mentioned 

in a List of the Birds of Lower Cochin China by Tirant. Occurs 

also in the Philippines.

gi7-] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 167 

67. Pitta megarhyncha, Schleg. 

Sclater, torn. cit. p. 421; Robinson and Kloss, p. 48: 

Moultou, Journ. Straits Branch. Roy. Asiat Soc. No. 67, p. 157, 

No. 311 (1914). 

Pitta brachyura megarhvncha, Parrot, Abh. Konigl. 

Bayern. Akad. do Hiss. II. Kl. XXIV, Band. 1, p. 225 (1907). 

((. i . Kuah, 

b. 

Puiau Langkawi, 27th April, 1915. 

i. Pulau Terutau, 3rd March, 1909. 

Though Sclater in the Catalogue and Sharpe in the 

Hand-list (III, p. 180. 1901) record this species as coming only 

from Burma, Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula, the types 

came from Banka. while Parrot records it. though with some 

doubt as to identification, from Sumatra, where, however, one 

would expect to find it in the low lying south eastern districts. 

Moulton on the strength of a specimen obtained in exchange 

from the Raffles Museum, Singapore, records it from Borneo, 

but the authenticity of the label needs confirmation. 

The species is, as has been pointed out by many authors, 

totally distinct from, and not a form of, P. cyanopteva, which 

is often found with it. Besides the striking difference in the 

size of the bill the present species lacks the black chin-spot 

and the mesial dark line on the crown which is much duller in 

colour than in P. cyanoptera. The colours beneath are less 

intense and the white speculum on the wing more extensive. 

Both Mr. Kloss and myself have found it only in the vicinity 

of, or actually in, mangrove forest, while its ally is much more 

widely spread. 

68. Pitta cyanopteka, Teram. 

Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas. my. p. 416 (1888); 

Robinson and Kloss. p. 4

i68 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

70. 

Pericrocotus cinereus, Lafr. 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 83 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 

> 

55 

Gyldenstolpe, p. 74; Hartert Vog. Palaarkt. Faun. I. p. 466 

(1907). 

a-b. 2 V. Kuah, Pulau Langkawi, 29th November, 

1st December, 1907. 

Common all over the Peninsula during the winter months 

but commoner in the north. 

71. Hemichelidon ferruginea, Hodgs. 

Sharp?, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. iv, p. 132 (1879): 

Robinson, J ourn. Fed. Malay States Mus. ii, p. 16 (1906). 

p. 479 (1909). 

Hemichelidon cinereiceps, Sharpe, Mus. 1887, p. 441. 

Muscicapa ferruginea, Hartert Vog. Palaarkt. Faun, i, 

a. i. Pulau Adang, Butang Archipelago, 20th 

April, 1911. 

b-d. 3 ?. Pulau Paya, nr. Kuala Kedah, 24~26th 

April, 1916. 

This specimen is common in the high mountains of the 

Malav Peninsula, all our specimens being dated October to 

March, but the above specimens, together with one from Pulau 

Jemor, Aroa Islands, shot in November 1906 are the only ones 

recorded from low elevations. It is evident, therefore that the 

species is migrant and not a permanent resident, the above 

specimens being on passage. 

72. Alseonax latirostris (Raffles). 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 453; Robinson and Kloss, p. 51; 

Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 742 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 74. 

brownish black." 

a. ?. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi. 9th 

December, 1916. [No. 3606.] 

b. $ . Telok Wau, Terutau, 19th December, 1916. 

[No. 3668.] 

" Iris black, bill black, the base yellowish, tarsi 

Common throughout the Peninsula during the winter 

months. 

I have grave doubts as to the validity of Alseonax 

siawensis, Gyidenst. Ornith. Monatsi. xix, p. 27 (1916) ; loc. cit. p. 

74, founded on two specimens from Ban Hue Pong, Northern 

Siam. The descriptions read like that of a freshly moulted 

specimen of the above species but without actual examination 

of types or topotypical specimens it is impossible to be 

certain. 

73. Puliomvias mugimaki (Temm.). 

Poliomyias luteola, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 201 ; Robinson 

and Kloss, p. 52.

I'M- II. C. Robinson: Birds from I'ulau Langkawi. i6q 

|')2 ' 

IQIOI. 

Muscicapa mugimaki, Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun, i, p. 

a. & mini. Burau. X. W. Langkawi, 14th December, 

1916. [No. 3636.] 

b. i imm. Telok Wau, Terutau, 28th December, 

1916. [No. 3785.] 

" Iris dark, bill horn, pinkish at bast!, feet dark 

brown." 

Common in the Peninsula during the months October to 

April, immature birds in the dull pelage being in the great 

majority. We have numerous specimens from Terutau and 

also an immature male shot on Pulau Butang, Butang group. 

on April 21st, 191 1. 

74. 

viii, p. 220 (1883). 

MUSCITREA GRISOLA GRISOLA (Blvthi. 

Pachycepala grisola, Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mm. 

Muscitrea grisola. Robinson and Kloss, p. ; 54 Robinson. 

antea, vol. V, p. 14s: Robinson, Ibis. 1915, p. ; 743 Gyldenstolpe. 

p. 78. 

Pachvcephala grisola grisola, Stresemann, Nov. Zool. 

XX. p. 355 (1913). 

a. ?. Kuala Kubong Badak. Langkawi. 19th 

March, 1909. 

b. i . Pulau Langkawi, 16th February, 1909. 

c-d. 2?. Pulau Butang, Butang Archipelago. 

20th April, 191 1. 

e. . Pulau 

Nipis. Butang Archipelago, 22nd 

April, 1911. 

/. S. Pulau Tengah. Butang Archipelago. J.^rd 

April 1911. 

All these birds are fully adult, those from the Butang Ids. 

being in breeding condition. Immature birds shot on Koh 

Samui, Bandon Bight in May and Pulau Ketam, coast of 

Selangor, in July, have the outer webs of the inner secondaries 

rufous brown and the wing coverts tipped and edged with the 

same colour. 

Very common on most small islands near the Malay 

Peninsula where there is mangrove forest and also along the 

coast ot the mainland in similar situations, but so far as my 

experience goes never found in dry forest. 

There has been much discussion as to the systematic 

position of this bird. It is certainly not a typical Pachycephaltt 

but would appear to be best placed in a genus of its own. 

near to Niltava and Rhinomyias. If only on zoogeographical 

grounds, it must be removed from Pathycephala.

i/O Journal of the I'. M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

75. Hvpothvmis aztrea prophata, Oberholser. 

Hypothymis azurea, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 274; 

Robinson and Kloss, p. ; 53 Robinson, antea vol. V, pp. 99, 148. 

Hypothymi • azurea prophata, Oberholser. 1'ivc. 

Nat. Mus. 39, p. 507 (1911) ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 79. 

U. S. 

g'rey." 

a-b. 3¥. Burau, NW. Langkawi, 14 December. 

1916. [Nos. 3632, 3642.] 

e-j. 4

lui". H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 171 

,,. i. imm. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, SW. 

Siam. 2nd Janunry, 1917. [No. 3817.; 

b. 5 . imm. l'asir Raja. Pulau Lontar, SW. Siam. 

10th January, icj 1 7. [No. 3881.] 

" Ins dark hazel, bill, feet arid orbits Payne's grey, 

rhese specimens, are apparently birds of the year with 

tbe mantle and tail very pale cinnamon rufous but with a 

rather large bill, so that they are probably not the far Eastern 

form, T. p. incii (Gould 1 which 

Wing 83, 84 mm. 

winters in the Malay peninsula. 

In the white plumage T. p. incii and T.p. affinis are with 

difficulty separated by the greater amount of black in the 

edgings of the tail feathi rs and wing coverts and by difference 

in size. Birds in the second year plumage are however easily 

distinguished bv the rich maroon mantle and darker undersurface 

(especially throatl of T. />. incii. 

77. 

Cyanoptila cyanomelana iTemm.i. 

Xanthopygia cyanomelaena, Sharpe, tout. cit. p. 251. 

Cyanoptila bella, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv, 

p. 328 (1892) : Robinson antea, vol. II, p. 189 (1909). 

Cyanoptila cyanomelasna. Robinson anil Kloss, p. 53. 

Muscicapa cyanomelana, Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt. 

Faun. 1, p. 492 (1909!. 

a. 1 . ad. Sungei Udang, Terutau. 19th March 

rgog. F.M.S. Mus. No. 372/09. 

No further specimens of this beautiful Flycatcher have 

been obtained in the Malay Peninsula since the above bird was 

secured. We have it. however, both from Borneo (Ulu Paku, 

Seribas, November, and from Korinchi, Sumatra, March). 

78. Aegithina viridissima (Bp.). 

and Klost, p. 55. 

Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mm. vi, p. 55 (1881) ; Robinson 

a-c. 3


b, c. i? ? ? Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 

ioth-i2th January 1917. [Nos. 3879, 3932.] 

" Iris hazel, bill black, in the female the lower 

mandible light horn, feet slate or Payne's grey." 

In a review of this group (Nov. Zool. ix, pp. 211-212 

(1902) Hartert has established a subspecies. C. viridis viriditcctus, 

(type from Baram, Sarawak) for the Bornean form based 

on the fact that the shoulder spot is glistening green without 

any bluish gloss, and a considerable series from SW. Sarawak 

confirms his diagnosis. He considers that Malayan birds 

should also be placed in this race but in this I cannot agree 

as the majority of our large series precisely agree in the tint 

of the shoulder spot with a specimen from Rimbo Pengadang, 

Bencoolen (Jacobson coll.) which is a topotvpe of C. zosterops, 

Vig. 

80. Chloropsis icterocephala chlokocephai a. 

(Wald.). 

Chloropsis chlorocephala, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 28. 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 55: Robinson antea, vol. V, p. 101 ; 

Robinson Ibis, p. ; 745 Gyldeiistolpe, p. 65. 

a. 1. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 12th 

January, 1917. [No. 3903.] 

" Iris chestnut red, bill black, feet sage green." 

Gyldenstolpe (loc. cit.) suggests that C. icterocepJvala 

may also occur on the southern parts of Siamese Malaya. 

As a matter of fact several specimens were obtained by 

Dr. Annandale and myself at Bukit Besar in Patani, though 

Grant in his report* on the collection has accidentally emitted 

the precise locality. This species meets and intergrades with 

C. icterocephala in Perlis whence we have a pair which it is 

impossible to refer definitely to either form. 

81. Irena puella cyanea, Begbie. 

Kloss, p. 56. 

Irena cyanea, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 179: Robinson and 

a-c. 3 i ad. Burau, NW. Langkawi. I2th-I4th 

December 1916. [Nos. 3620, 3630. 3637.] 

d-j. 1 S ad. 4 £ imm., 2 ¥. Telok Wau, Terutau. 

igth-28th December 1916. [Nos. 3662, 

3664. 3671-2, 3689, 3713, 3774.] 

"Iris carmine, bill and feet black." 

Exceedingly common in heavy jungle on Langkawi and 

Terutau, while a single specimen was obtained in April. 1915, 

on the small island of Pulau Paya, near Kuala Kedah. 

The series of males moulting into the adult plumage confirms 

Gyldenstolpe's observations on the closely allied race /. p. 

puella from further north (loc. cit. p. f>6) that the adult livery is 

acquired by a direct change of colour in the feather without 

• Fascic Malay. Zool III, p. 89 (1906).

igiJ'J H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 173 

moult, a possibility that has always been hotlj disputed by 

many biologists. 

The southern subspecies is extraordinarih close to the 

northern and only differs in the relative length of the under 

tail coverts, which more nearly approach the tip of the tail in 

the southern than they do in the northern form. There seems 

to be no tangible difference in size. Wings of Langkawi adult 

female, 122-128 mm. 

82. Hemixus maiaccensis (Blyth). 

Shurpe, torn. cit. p. 52; Robinson and Kloss, p. 56; 

Robinson, antea vol. V, p. 102 (1915). 

a. V. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W. Siam. 

1st January 1917. [No. 3804.] 

Quite rare in the north of the Peninsula, whence we have 

three specimens only, not differing from others from the 

vicinity of the type locality, Malacca. 

83. MlCROTARSUS MELANOCEPHALOS (Gill.). 

Micropus melanocephalus, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. (15 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 57. Robinson, anteu, vol. v. p. 148. 

Microtarsus melanocephalus, Gyldenstolpe, p. 66. 

a-b. 2

174 Journal of Hie F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII. 

d-e. 4 3,i ?. Telok Wau, Terutau. 20th-28th 

December 1916. [Nos. 3675, 3697, 3700, 

3720, 3778.] 

" Iris chestnut, bill black, feet slate." 

Extremely common in the north of the Peninsula, largely 

replacing P. aitalis, which however also occurs: rare and 

sporadic in the south. 

86. Pycnonotus plumosus, BIyth. 

Sharpe, tout. cit. p. 152 ; Robinson and Kloss, p. 58. 

a-e. West side, Pulau Telibun. i-3rd. January 

1917. [Nos. 3802, 3828, 9.] 

" Iris chocolate, reddish or dark red, bill black, feet 

pinkish brown." 

This, is the only one of this group of the genus about 

which no difficult}' arises in identification. Colouration is on 

the whole verv constant, though freshly moulted specimens are 

darker above than others. Tail and wings always strongly 

washed with olive green and the ear-coverts with pale shaft 

stripes. 

87. 

Pycnonotus simplex (Less.). 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 153: Robinson and Kloss, p. 58; 

Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 26, p. 506 (1 903.1. 

Pycnonotus sp. (?) Richmond loc. cit. p. 506. 

Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis, Oberhoher, Smitlisonian 

Misc. Coll. vol. 60, p. 11 (1912). 

horn." 

a-c. 3?. Telok Wan, Terutau. 20-29th December 

1916. [Nos. 3677. 3732, 3794.] 

" Iris Indian red, bill dark horn, feet pinkish yellow- 

I have compared these and numerous other Malayan birds 

with three specimens from the West Coast of Sumatra which 

can be regarded as typical of P. simplex (Less.) and also of 

P. olivaceus chloeodis, Oberholser, and can detect no material 

differences, certainly none that would warrant even subspecific 

distinction. 

The wings of three Sumatran birds are 76, 77, 82, while 

nine Malayan birds average 81 mm. The Sumatran bird 

cannot therefore be said to be "larger." 

The colour of the irides, relied on by Richmond for 

separation of species, is quite unreliable. Two Sumatran birds 

recorded by myself have them " white " and a third by Jacobson 

" light orange," while the Terutau birds had them as noted 

above " Indian Red," but they are undoubtedly all the same 

form. 

In any event the Sumatran bird, if distinct, must be called 

P. simplex simplex (Less.) while the Malayan bird (type from 

Malacca compared) will be P. simplex brunneus (BIyth), Journ. 

Asiat. Soc. Bengal xiv, p. 568 (1842).

igi7-] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 175 

88. Peli.okneum subochkaceum, Swinh. 

Sharpe, torn, cit. p. 521 ; Robinson and Kioss, p. 59; 

Robinson antea, vol. Y. pp. £03, 149; Robinson Ibis, 1915, p. 748; 


rt- 6. 3 9. Bunni, N. W. Langkawi. 12th December 

1916. Nos. 3623, 4. 

c.


It would seem to be a fact, however, that the majority of 

southern birds are dull, therein conforming with the diagnosis 

of M. a. olivaceum (Strickl.) while the majority of those from 

the north are bright, agreeing with T. abbotti abbotti (Blyth). 

This is not, however, universally true in the present series, as 

the pair from Langkawi, one from Terutau and one from P. 

Lontar,the most northerly locality visited, are as dull as any from 

Kuala Lumpur and other parts of Selangor. The remainder, 

and also specimens collected in 1915 in Langkawi are brighter 

birds, having the undertail coverts rich buffy rufous, the rufous 

buff of the flanks carried up high on the sides of the chest. 

Birds from Trang vary and ones from Perlis are brighter than 

Selangor and P.ihang skins. We have a topotype of M. a. 

olivaceum from Malacca, but it is a native skin so old and 

deteriorated that no reliable comparison can be made with it. 

None of the specimens are quite so bright as those obtained 

by Mr. Kloss on the coasts and islands of SE. Siam and listed 

by me in the Ibis for 1915. 

Gyldenstolpe (he. cit.) is in error in stating that these 

specimens were referred to T. a. olivaceum, though a reference is 

given to Hartert's discussion of the question under that heading. 

Pending the collection of a large series from topotypical 

localities I have nut placed these birds under any subspecific 

name. I have little doubt however that if M. a olivaceum is 

shown to have any real existence, which for the present must 

remain an open question, we shall have to call in the aid of a 

quadrinomial or even quinqenomial system, as is already 

used in some cases by Hartert, Stresemann and Parrott. 

If this comes into use at all extensively it becomes an open 

question whether a return to a bald binomial system is not, 

after all, the simplest and most convenient plan. 

go. MlXOKNIS RUBKICAPILLA RUBKICAPILLA, «/" subsp HOV. 

Mixornis gularis, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 576; Robinson and 

Kloss, p. 62 : Robinson antea, vol. v, p. 106 uo.15); Gyldenstolpe, 

p. 60. 

p. T4

ii)t7-l H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 177 

Oberholser's unfortunate discovery that Raffles' Motacilla 

gain > is hitherto used foi this species in it- broad sense is 

preoccupied and therefore untenable throws the whole oi the 

nomenclature of this and allied forms into the greatest confusion. 

. 

In the first place it will be generally admitted that the 

present form mid Motacilla rubricapilla, Tickell, Journ. Asiat. 

So Bengal, p. 576 (1833) from eastern Bengal arc only subspecificallj 

distinct. As a group name Tickell's will therefore 

take precedence of Prinia pileata, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. 

Bengal, xi. p -'04 (1N42) from Malacca, which Oberholser substitutes 

lor gularis. 

In 1850 Bonaparte (Conspectus Av. i. p. 217), misled by 

Horsfield's ban figure of Timalia gularis Zool. Res. Java, 

1824 and assuming that the bird came from Java, which was 

not the case, renamed the Sumatran bird as M. sumatrana with 

the brief but sufficient diagnosis " Minor subtus cum gula 

flavissima.'' 

Himalayan birds are also described under the names loin 

chloris, Blyth, Journ. Asiatic. Soc. Bengal, xi, p. 794 (1842) and 

Mixomis ruficeps, Hodgson, P.Z.S. 1845. p. 23, these names 

being pure synonyms of each other. 

In 1900 Col Rippon described 3 (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xi, 

p. u), under the name Stachyridopsis sulphured from Namchet, S. 

Shan States, what is only a form of this species, and finally 

Gvldenstolpe describes vet another race from North Siam as 

Mixomis gularis minor. 

These last two forms (I have examined Nippon's type) are 

probably pure synonyms of each other, the race being distinguished, 

apart from its somewhat small size, by the clear 

yellow underparts, the reduction of the shaft stripes on the 

throat tn mere hair lines and by great diminution of the 

chestnut tinge on the cap. mantle and external aspect of the 

wings. The form, spread over the greater part of Tenasserim, 

the southern parts of Siam and the northern third of the 

Peninsula is fairly uniform in character and in the absence of 

direct comparison with topotypes of Tickell's M. rupricapillus, 

cannot be separated from that form. It has had, at present no 

subspecific name assigned to it. In the central section of the 

Malay Peninsula it grades into the next form, M. r. pileata, 

which is characterised by the somewhat richer coloured undersurface, 

less tinged with glaucous green and by its slightly 

.mailer size. The shaft stripes on the threat are broader and 

the chestnut cap more sharply defined. This form extends 

from Central Perak down the Peninsula and is also found on 

the Rhio Archipelago. We possess topotypes from Malacca. 

Finally the Sumatran bird is just separable by still richer 

colouring, shafl stripe very strongly maiked and extending on 

to the Hanks. Lores and superciliary feathers dark. This is 

Mixomis rubricapilla sumatrana, Bp. 

' Smithsonian Misc. coll Vol. 60, p. 9 (1912).

178 Journal of the F.M.>. Museums. [Vol. VII. 

The races are therefore : 

— 

Mixornis rubricapilla rubricapilla (Tick.)- Eastern 

Bengal. Tenasserim. Southern Siarri and Indochina and 

North Malay Peninsula. 

Mixornis rubricapilla chloris (Blyllii, Sub-Himalaic 

tracts. Nepal to Horam. North Shan States. 

Mixornis rubricapilla snlphurea (Rippon). Southern 

Shan States and N and N.E. Siam. 

Mixornis ntbricapilla pileata (Blyth). Southern half 

Malay Peninsula and Rhio Archipelago. 

Mixornis rubricapilla sumatrana Bp. Sumatra. 

Mixornis ruin iaipilla zaptcra* Olierholzer. Tana 

Masa, Batu Islands, \Y. Sumatra. 

Mixornis rubricapilla zarbabdota, * Obei holzer. Pulau 

Bangka.ru, Banyak Islands, W. Sumatra. 

91. Myiophoneus eugenei ckassirostris, Robinson. 

Myiophoneus crassirostris. Robinson, Bull. Brit. Orn. 

Club, xxv, p. 98 ; (1910) : Robinson and Kloss, Ibis, 191 1, p. 62. 

a-e. 2

i gi 7- 1 H. C. RoBrNSON: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 179 

92. 

Herpornis zantholeuca xantholeuca (Hodgs.i. 

Herpornis zantholeuca, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 636; 

Robinson ami Kloss, p. 63 : Rbbiiison, ailtea, vol. v, p. 107 (1915) ; 

Gyldenstolf>c, p. 62. 

1 

i So Journal of the F.M.S. Museum ;. [Vol. VII. 

Specimens vaguely labelled "Malacca" or of Malacca 

" make " may have come from almost anywhere especially since 

until recent years bird skins were a large export from the 

territory and the collection thereof a trade which afforded 

occupation to considerable numbers of hunters who travelled 

far in pursuit of it. 

The specimens collected by Mr. Kloss on the coasts and 

islands of S.E. Siam, Ibis 1915, p. 752 were certainly all G. 

innotata, in that they lacked the wing spots, but his series was 

small. Possibly Blvth's original locality was incorrect and the 

real locality of his types was Siam or Indo-China. I am inclined 

to think that the species is, at anyrate partially, migrator)-, 

which would account for its sporadic appearance in the more 

southern parts of the Malay Peninsula and for its greater 

abundance in the north of the Peninsula during the winter 

months. 

94. TURDUS OBSCURl'S (Gm.). 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 64; Robinson. Ibis. 191 5. p. 753: 

Gyldenstolpe, p. 47. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. i. p. 656 (1910). 

a-d. 2 £, 2 ?. Telok Wau, Terutau. igth-28th 

December 1916. [Nos. 3663, 3746, 3758. 

37751- 

e. 1 3 . Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 

12th January 1917. [No. 3897]. 

"Iris hazel, bill yellowish horn, tip and culmen dark 

ashy, feet yellowish horn." 

Common in Trang and on the islands during the winter 

months; in the south of the Peninsula found, as a rule, only on 

the tops of the mountains, presumably on passage. 

95. MONTICOLA SOI.ITARirS PANDOO (Sykes). 

i, p. 675 (1910). 

Petrocincla pandoo, Sykes, P.Z.S. 1S32, p. 87. 

Petrophila solitaria, Robinson and Kloss. p. 64. 

Monticola cyanea, Linn : Gyldenstolpe. p. 47. 

Monticola solitarius pandoo. Hartert. Vog. Pal. Faun. 

a. ?. Pulau Pandan, nr. Langkawi. 15th March. 

1909. [F.M.S. Mus. 406/09. 

J J 

b. ?. Gantang, Trang. S.W. Siam. 12th December. 

1909. 

C. $. Lem Pia. N. Telibun Straits. Trang. S.W. 

d. 

Siam. Jan. 3rd igi7- [No. 3825.] 

1 . W side Pulau Telibun, Trang. S.W. Siam. 

1st January, igi7- [No. 3801. 

e-f. S. Batu Caves, nr. Kuala Lumpur. Selangor. 

3rd August, igo8 and 24th January. 1912.

1917O H. C. Robinson : Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 181 

g. . Batu 

Caves, nr. Kuala Lumpur, Selangor. 

24th May, 1910. 

"Iris hazel, bill and feet slaty Mack, gape yellow." 

These specimens have the wing 113-124 nun. in the males, 

and 112-118 in the two measurable females and have no chestnut 

whatever in the plumage. The bird from P. Telibun is of 

a somewhat lighter blue and has traces ol the black and white 

terminal tips to the feathers being the remains of the immature 

pelage. The series must apparently be referred to Sykes' 

subspecies originally described from the Western Ghats, 

India. 

0,6. MONTICOLA SOLITARIUS PHILIPPENSIS (P.L.S. MllU.I. 

Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. i. p. 675 (1910); Robinson, 

Ibis, 1915, p. 752; Gyldenstolpe p. 48. 

a. 3. vix ad. West Side, Pulau Telibun, Trang, 

S.W. Siam. Jan. 1st 1917. [No. 3807.] 

This specimen has the remains of the immature pelage 

strongly in evidence; the undertail coverts are however mainly 

chestnut as. are also a few of the under wing coverts and 

feathers of the belly. The wing is 118. The chestnut is very 

much less developed than in a specimen from Lem Ngop, S.E. 

Siam, collected by Mr. Kloss on January 15th 1915, but it is, 

I think best, placed with this form, though it must be admitted 

that the identification of two birds, shot within a few yards of 

each other on the same day (see above) as different subspecies 

is not very convincing, even on the assumption that the entirely 

blue bird is a winter visitor from the N\V. while the chestnut 

form comes from the XE. The north of the Malay Peninsula is 

however indubitably the meeting place of easterly and westerly 

migration streams. 

97. 

Larvivora CYANEA (Pall.). 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 64. Robinson, anted, V, p. 141J 

(1914) ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 49. 

a. » . Telok Wan, Terutau, 19th December, hjiG. 

[No. 3670.1 

b. ?. Pasir Raja. Pulau Lontar, SW. Siam, nth 

January, 1917. [No. 3889. 

" Iris hazel, upper mandible black, lower Mesh at 

base, feet pale, whitish flesh." 

As has already been noted by Gyldenstolpe and myself 

this species is nut improbably resident throughout the year in 

the north of the Peninsula, specimens having been obtained as 

late as May 15th. In the south of the Peninsula it certainly 

only occurs during the winter months. 

98. KlTTOCINCLA MACRURUS MACRURUS, (Gm.) 

Cittocincla macrura, Robinson and Kloss, p. 65; 

Robinson, an tea, V, pp. 108, 150. 

Sept , 1917. \2 

|

i82 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

Kittacincla macrurus macrurus, Hartert, Nov. Zool. 

ix, p. 572 (1902); Robinson, Ibis 1915, p. 753. 

Kittacincla macrurus tricolor {part.) Gyldenstolpc, p. 50. 

a-b. 2 3 ad. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, 

8-gth December 1916. [Nos. 3608, 3615.] 

c-h. 5 3,i ?. Telok Wau, Terutau, igth-28th 

December 1916. [Nos. 3665-6, 3686, 36g5, 

3757. 3782.] 

i-j. 2 ? ad. W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W. 

Siam. 2nd~3rd January 1917. [Nos. 3812, 

3^23.} 

k. 1 (J ad. Koh Muk, Pulau Muntia, Trang, S.W. 

Siam. 5th January 1917. [No. 3853.] 

" Iris hazel, bill black, feet fleshy white." 

Hartert (loc. cit.) has dealt exhaustively with the races of 

the Shama but it is still somewhat uncertain in what districts 

the Indian race. K. in. tricolor (Vieill.) meets the Malayan and 

Indo-Chinese K. m. macrurus (Gm.). 

The F.M.S. Museums possess large series of Shamas from 

the central and southern parts of the peninsula but the vast 

majority of the specimens are either fully adult males or 

immature birds and we are unaccountably deficient in adult 

females. The adult males vary greatly in the depth of chestnut 

tint on the undersurface and it is admittedly impossible to 

separate Indian and Indo-Malayan birds when this sex only is 

examined, but the female of K. m. tricolor is stated to be very 

much paler than that of K. m. macrurus. The three females 

in the list detailed above are decidely paler than two adults 

from Selangor and it is possible that the birds from North 

Malay Peninsula and South Siam are intermediate. Among 

adults differences occur in the colour of the thighs, some having 

these parts white, with black bases to the feathers and others 

having them very strongly washed with chestnut but the differences 

are not apparently associated with locality. 

Shamas {murai batu of the Malays) are very common on 

most islands off the coast, especially where these are high and 

rocky but are very much scarcer on the mainland or in flat 

country. 

yg. Orthotomus atrigularis (Temm.) 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 220; Robinson and Kioss, p. 06 

Robinson antea, vol. V. pp. 108, 150 (1915). 

a. V imm. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi. 

30th November 1907. 

b. 3 ad. Pulau Langkawi, iSth February igog. 

c-d. 3 ad, v imm. Telok Wau, Terutau, 2gth 

December igi6. [Nos. 37g5, 6.] 

Distributed throughout the Peninsula but especially 

common on the islands. 

;

1917.] H. ('. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 183 

100. PHYLLOSCOPUS SUP! RCILl 1 

Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt. Band. 1. p. 518 I 

Robitison, Ibis, 1 9 1 5, p. 755. 

11 

[OSA (Gin.). 

1 ; 

Phylloscopus superciliosus (Gm.) Seebhohm, Cat. 


Birds Brit. tins. v. p. 68 (1881) Robinson ; 

a-d. i J , 2?. Telok Wau, Terutau. rg-2gth 

December, 1916. [Nos. 3669, 3722, .',7s -')-| 

e. 

•". W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, SW. Siam, 

3rd January, 1917. [No. 3832.] 

" Iris dark hazel, bill brownish horn, greater part of 

lower mandible and gape yellowish, feet dark greyish green or 

yellowish brown." 

Fairly common in the islands. We found this species 

abundant on the mainland of Trang in December, 1910. A 

male from Taiping, Perak, shot on January 7th 1910, represents 

the southernmost locality from which the species has been 

obtained and is the only record for the British portion of the 

Peninsula. 

101. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias). 

Phylloscopus borealis, Seebohm, Cat. Birds Hi it. Mus. 

V, p. 40 (1881) ; Robinson and 

vol. V, p. 150 (part.) (1915V 

Klow, p. 65 : Robinson, antea, 

Phylloscopus borealis borealis, Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt. 

Faun. I, p. 517 (1909!; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 754; id. antea, 

vol. VI, p. 232 (1916). 

a. i. Burau, N.W. Langkawi, 14th December, 

1916. No. 3641. 

b-c. 2V. Telok Wau. Terutau. i7-26th December, 

1916. Nos. 3649, 3745. 

d. S. Pulau Butang, Butang Archipelago, 20th 

April, iyn. 

"Iris dark, bill wax yellow, dark on culmcn. tarsi 

greenish yellow, wax yellow darker in front, or yellowish 

brown.*' 

I 

These birds have the wing 62, 62, (id. 66 nun., with a small 

first primary just reaching or very slightly exceeding the 

primary coverts. They agree with a series obtained from 

near the summit of Kedah Peak in »i < ember, rgi6. 

296. 

P- 518. 

(1915^ 

102. PHYLLOSCOI'1/S BOREAl IS XANTHODRYAS iSwinh.) 

Phylloscopus zanthodryas, Swinh. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 

Phylloscopus borealis zanthodryas, Hartert, he. cit. 

Phylloscopus borealis. Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 150

i8.| Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII. 

a. 3. Pulau Butang, Butang Archipelago, 21st 

April, 1911. 

b. 3. S.W. Koh Pennan, Bandon Bight, S.W. 

Siam. 30th May, 1913. 

These specimens agree with the descriptions of this 

subspecies in that they are considerably larger than the typical 

form (wing 72 mm.), are lighter and more yellowish beneath 

and possibly more greenish above, though specimens in differing 

states of plumage vary so much that it is difficult to determine 

this point. 

The Koh Pennan specimen has a large first primary 

extending about 3 mm. beyond the primary coverts but that 

from P. Butang can be matched in this by others from Kedah 

Peak and the south of the Peninsula. Another bird from 

P. Butang shot on 20th April 1911, has the wing 60 mm. 

Specimens from S.W. Sarawak shot in November are rather 

bright but have the wing 66 mm. and are not this form, which, 

like so many migrant birds, appears only to reach N. Borneo. 

103. Lanius tigrinus, Drap. 

enstolpe, p. 39. 

Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt. Faun. I, p. 442 (1907); Gyld- 

a-b. & imm., ? imm. Telok Wau, Terutau. 21st- 

26th December 1916. [Nos. 3691, 3753.] 

c-e. ¥ ad. Pulau Paya, near Kuala Kedah. 24th- 

25th April 1915. 

"Iris dark, bill pale pinkish horn, dark at tip, feet 

pale slate." 

Common throughout the Peninsula 'throughout the winter 

months though specimens in the adult plumage are always in 

the large minority. 

104. Lanius cristatus cristatus, Linn. 

Lanius cristatus, Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. viii. 

p. 271 (1883); Robinson and Kloss, p. 69. 

Lanius cristatus cristatus. Hartal, Vog. Palaarkt. 

Faun. 1, p. 446 (1907). 

Otomela cristata, Gyldcnstolpe, p. 41. 

a. ¥ ad. Kuah, Langkawi. 23rd April 1915. 

A nearly adult female evidently on passage. This form is 

very common throughout the Malay Peninsula in September 

and October and in March and April. A few appear to stay 

throughout the winter. Much the commonest of the allied 

forms locally. 

105. Lanius cristatus superciliosus, Lath. 

Hartert, loc. cit. supra, p. 447. 

a. 3 ad. Pulau Paya. near Kuala Kedah, 23rd 

April 1915. 

A very fine adult bird.

igi7-j H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. 185 

106. Lankjs ckistatus lucionensis, Linn. 

Lanius lucionensis, Gadow, torn. cit. p. 274; Robinson 


Lanius cristatus lucionensis, Hartcrt, torn. cit. p. 447. 

a. I ad. Langkawi. 50th March 1909. 

107. Gracula javana javana (Osbeck). 

xiii, p. 102 (1890). 

314 (1912). 

Mainatus javanensis, Sharpc, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 

Eulabes javanensis, Robinson and Kloss, p. 67. 

Gracula javana javana, Strcscinann, Nov. Zool. xix, p. 

a. S. Pulau Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, 8th 

December 1916. No. 3010. 

b.


Muscicapa panayensis, Scop. Del. Flor et Faun. Insubr. ii, p. 96, 

(1783) from the Philippines. 

He is also correct in stating that there is a gradual transition 

from A. p. strigatus to A. s. a flints from Tipperah and 

Cachar, which is a larger bird with a more reddish violet 

sheen on the lower surface. It should be mentioned however 

that Hume (Stray Feath. vi, p. 394) absolutely denies that 

these differences exist. 

The species is evidently extremely plastic and varies 

greatly in many of the small islands in the Malaysian area 

principally in size, in the development of the bill and in the 

degree and tinge of the metallic sheen on the plumage, some 

forms being almost dull black. 

109. Anthus richardi malayensis (Eyton.) 

Anthus malayensis, Eyton P. Z. S. 1839, p. 104. 

Anthus richardi malayensis, Stresemann, Nov. Zool. 

xix, p. 316 (1912). 

Anthus malayensis, Robinson and Kloss. Ibis, 191 1, 

p. 74; Robinson J., F.M.S. Mas. V, p. 151 (1914). 

Anthus rufulus (part.) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mas.. 

x> p. 574- 

Corydalla malayensis, Hume, S. F. viii, p. 65 (1879). 

a. ?.ad Pulau Langkawi. 17th February, 1909. 

b. V. ad Pulau Langkawi. 27th 5ei tember, 1915. 

Wings 82, yj; Tarsi 29, 27. 

This is a resident bird in the Malay Peninsula, whence no 

reliably identified examples of other races have been recorded. 

Stresemann's method of treating rufulus as a race of richardi 

and malayensis as its Malayan representative seems the most 

satisfactory way of regarding this bird. 

110. DlCRURUS ANNECTANS (HodgS.) 

Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 231; Robinson and Kloss, p. 72; 

Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 761. 

a. ? . imm. Telok Wau, Terutau. 20th December 

1916. [No. 3680.] 

b-c. 2

1917.J H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulwu Langkawi. 187 

in. DlSSEMURUS paradiseus paradiseus (Lainn.). 

Dissemurus paradiseus, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 225; 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 71; Robinson antea, vol. v., pp. iog, 150; 

Hartert. Nov. Zool. ix, pp. 579, 580. 

Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus, Robinson, Ibis, 

1915, p. 760. 

a-d. 2

i88 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

Also occurs in Langkawi, this being its southernmost 

recorded locality. 

113. Oriolus indicts, Jerd. 

Robinson and Kioss, p. 72; Robinson, Ibis, 1915. p. 758; 

Gyldetistolpe p. 22. 

a.-b. i ad., 1 vix ad. Telok Wau, Terutau, 

2i-23rd December 1916. [Nos. 3693, 3711.] 

c-e. 1 ad., 2 ¥ imm. Koh Muk (Pulau Muntia) 

Trang, S.W. Siam, 4~6th January, 1917. 

[Nos. 3845, 3860-1.] 

/. $ ad. Pasir Raja, Pulau Lontar, S.W. Siam. 

12th January, 1917. [No- 3891.] 

" Iris red, bill pinkish horn, feet slate." 

Very common in the winter months all over the north of 

the Peninsula; scarcer in the south. None of the specimens 

show any approach to the allied. 0. tenuirostris, which differs in 

the much narrower black nuchal band and the broader yellow- 

tips to the tail feathers. It has been recorded from the extreme 

south of Tenasserim but never from within Peninsular 

limits. 

114. 

CORVl'S MACRORHYNCHUS, Wagl. 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 71 : Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 

150; Robinson, Ibis 1915, p. 761 : Gyldenstolpe, p. 16. 

a. & Burau, NW. Langkawi, 14th December, 1916. 

[No. 3634.] 

b. 3 W. side Pulau Telibun, Trang, S.W. Siam, 

3rd January 1917. [No. 3831.] 

"Iris grey or hazel, bill and feet black." 

Common at the fishing stations along the coast as elsewhere 

in the Malay Peninsula where this bird rarely occurs in 

the inland districts, where its place is taken by the totally 

different C. compilator, Richmond, C. enca, Horsf. 

These specimens, which are in freshly moulted plumage, 

have the throat and back well developed and except on the 

head and neck are glossed with purplish and green, the former 

predominant. The bases of the feathers are dull gre)- but in 

two others from Langkawi and Terutau these are much paler, 

while a male from Trang has them nearly white. The whole 

series from the Malay Peninsula is somewhat variable in this 

respect as also in size, and in view of the fact that 

Stresemann's recent monograph on the group (Verh. Ornith. Ges. 

Baycrn, xii, pp. 377-404 (1916) is not accessible to me I do not 

propose to attach any subspecihc name to these birds. Wing 

335 and 338 mm.

igi7-j M. C. Koiunson : Birds from Pulau Langhaui. 189 

115. DlCAEUM CRUENTATA tGNITA (Begbie). 

Dicaeum cmentatum, Sharpe, torn. cit. p. 15: Robinson 


slaty." 

a. < . Telok 

Wau. Terutau, 23rd-2gth December 

[916. [Nos. 3714-7. 3737, 3772, 3790]. 

" Iris dark hazel, bill and feet black, basal half of bill 

In view of Gyldenstolpe's identification of specimens from 

Koh Lak, Siamese Malaya, with the reputed Chinese and 

Hainan form, D. c. coccinea, (Scop)., I have again gone 

through very carefully the very large series of this species in 

the F.M.S. Museums, in the light of Hartert's remarks on the 

subject, Nov. Zool. xvii, p. 243 (1910). 

Begbie's specimens came from somewhere near Kessang 

in the territory of Malacca, and it is therefore hardly legitimate 

to regard specimens from Terutau, 400 miles to the north, as 

strictly representative of his Nectarinui ignita. Our specimens 

are by no means uniform and while the majority have 

the outer aspect of the wing glossy purplish one or two have 

the lesser wing coverts and scapulars with a distinct oily green 

gloss without purplish. Specimens from Trang are the same 

but those from Koh Pennan and Koh Samui have but little 

purple tinge and must therefore be regarded asD. c. coccinea if 

we are to recognise that form. In addition these specimens 

have the red parts of the plumage more vermilion and less 

scarlet, but this may be due either to age of the bird or of the 

feathers. The females are certainly not more rusty orange 

above as Hartert says is the case with Hainan specimens. 

Hartert has not denned the limits of his three forms, at least so 

far as the typical D. c. crucntata is concerned and it would 

appear that they all converge somewhere in the region of 

Southern ami Western Siam. 

116. Dicaeum trigonostigma (Scop.). 

Sharpe, tout. tit. p. 38; Robinson and Kloss, p. 78: 

Robinson, antea, vol. v, p. no (1915). 

a-f. 4

190 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol.. VII, 

118. Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris (Blyth). 

Cinnyris flammaxillaris, Gadow, torn. cit. p. 83. 

Cyrtostomus flammaxillaris, Robinson and Kloss, p. 

74; Robinson, antea vol. v, p. 151 (1915) ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 33. 

a. 2. Telok Wau, Terutau. 27th December 

1916. [No. 3766]. 

Common in Trang, on Terutau and Langkawi and also on 

the Butang Archipelago further west, extending as far south 

as Penang Island. In the Malay Peninsula is a littoral and 

open country species not found in heavy forest. 

ng. Leptocoma brasiliana (Gm.l. 

Certhia brasiliana, Gin. Syst. Nat. I., p. 474 (1788); 

Oberholser, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 60, p. iS (note) (1912). 

Leptocoma hasselti. Robinson and Kloss, p. 77 

Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 757- Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 152. 

a. S. Burau, NW. Langkawi. 14th December 

1916. No. 3635. 

" Iris, bill and feet black." 

Abundant along both coasts of the Peninsula, from 

Singapore to the extreme north, but never, so far as my experience 

goes, at any distance from the sea. Possibly because, 

like many of the family, this species likes sunny, open spaces 

and flowering shrubs. 

Aethopyga siparaja cara, Hume. 

Aethopyga cara, Hume, Stray Feath. ii., p. 473 (1874); 

Robinson, antea, vol. v, p. 151 (1915). 

Aethopyga siparaja, Robinson and Kloss, p. 74. 

Aethopyga siparaja cara, Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 757. 

a. S. Burau, N.W. Langkawi. 12th December 

1916. [No. 3622.] 

b-d. 2

igi7-] H. C. Robinson: Birds from Pulau Langkawi. igi 

120. Anthothkeptes malaccensis (Scop.) 

Robinson and Kloss, p. 76; Robinson, antea, vol. V, p. 

152 ; Robinson, Ibis, 1915, p. 757 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 34. 

ii-(. 4

XXII. BELIEFS, ( [ STOMS, AND FOLK-TALES OF 

THE BEHRANG-VALLEY SENOI. 

l'.\ [vor II. X. Evans, Assistant Curator & Ethnogr, 

'' 

. 

urns. 

visiting 

i\ in the present year (1917) I liad an opportunity ot 

up of Sakai who were living near the 

Behrang River, in Perak, about eight miles north of Tanjong 

Malim, As they were a somewhat civilized community their 

technology was not particularly interesting, since they had 

given up making many of the articles worn, or used, by the 

wilder tribes. I spent rather more than a fortnight in their 

village, and found them friendly and willing to give information 

with regard to their beliefs and customs. I'hey told me that 

they maintained relations both with the Senoi (Sakai) of the 

Slim Valley, whom they called Mai Slip, and with the tribe, 

seemingly of mixed Sakai-Jakun origin, which lives near Kerling 

in Sela'ngor, and speaks'Malay as its mother-tongue. 

I re 

the nearest neighbours of the Behrang Senoi, who 

inhabit the neighbourhood of the Behrang and of the Bil 

Rivers. The Kerlingp Mai Mel 11 ai (outside 

people), or sometimes as Mai Renyup, from the fact that 

they use a word "nyup" meaning "is not," in their dialect, 

which is equivalent to the ordinary Malay phrase tiada. 

1 

.Marriages between Behrang Senoi and Mai Sup ot Mai 

em to be not infrequent, one woman that I met having 

been married t a Slim man (and divorced); and another 

having come from the Kerling tribe. Divorce seems to be 

fairl) common, and I was told that in this respect men and 

women are on quality, a permanent 

separation, with free lorn to marry, taking place at the wish of 

either p irty. With the ex> irrn m 

rare, and Kati lid that even 

this war- n I, nor did it lead to blows among the par 

: found another 

ly take it away, and upbraid 

1 

The di Behrang Senoi beh mgs to th< 

1: numbei f Malay 

rhesi irectly frcm the 

local Mi tys, Sumatrans From various districts, who are, comparative! 

n may have been introdm ed 

through contact with Mai Meluar of 

The h 

those of Malays and present no special features of inter -1 

Their blow-pip the Batang Padang type, with tin 

i; hollowed at

iy4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

the ends, are made of guttapercha instead of wood. All the 

dart-quivers that I saw were of the hard round-topped variety, 

which is found in the south of the Batang Padang district of 

Perak. One article of some interest that I purchased was a 

bamboo comb—an old specimen 

— 

which was decorated with 

very minute and finely-executed scratched-in patterns. The 

only other objects worth recording that I managed to buy were 

some ceremonial articles used by Hulaks (Shamans). These 

I treat of below. 

Beliefs and Customs connected with Agriculture 

The Behrang Senoi have a number of customs conni i ted 

with agriculture, and I suspect that I have 

obtained all of them. 

not by any means 

In clearing jungle for planting rice the brushwood is cut 

away before the large trees are felled. The Sakai. when beginning 

to make a new clearing, work for three days at cutting 

down the undergrowth, and then rest for a day. This is called 

pahantak kernor; that is the cutting-of-brushwood tabu {kefnor, 

I am told, is equivalent to tebas in Malay)- When the under- 

growth has been dispose 1 ol 

trees and. after felling foi tin 

rest for pahantak gani, or the 

meaning as the Malay word / 

In sowing dry-growing 

mencement is a rest-dav for 

sowing tabu. 

At reaping, the rice-soul 

the peopk 

consists of seven eai =. 

bahantak kenod bah, the tabu at the reaping of the rice. On 

this day things must not be carried down from the house-, to 

the ground, though anything may be taken up into them. II 

an article were removed from a house, the rice-soul would 

follow it and be lost. 

Customs and Beliefs with Regard to Storms. 

The Senoi of the Behrang Vallev. like most, if not 

all, of the other wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula, are much 

afraid of thunder and lightning, and it is thought that should 

certain prohibited acts be done, without taking step-, to avoid 

the consequences, the village of the offenders would be struck 

by lightning and destroyed. In a former number of this 

'•Journal" I have given a list of sane of the prohibitions 

which are in force among the Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai, and 

those that I was made acquainted with by Katil are somewhat 

similar. For instance, a monkey must not be dressed 

up and laughed at : a cat and a dog must not be set to fight ; 

jungle leeches, malau (a kind of gum), lice, bugs, jelotong-wood, 

Mcnug i is .i \l ilaj word

toi8.] [.H.N . 

fs of the Behraug-Valley Senoi. 195 

. 

ipar-wu n\ (?), rattan known as kerai, and 

two kin and chiuchong), must not 

be burnt in the fire of the c< It is also forbidden 

to roast or boil the lie I 

, 

,01 of the Kera-monkey, at 

a fire on which dried (ish lia ked. In addition the 

many kinds insects must not be imitated 

when heard, for instance that ol the cicada. Even such 

actions as playing with the sand by the river-side and laughing 

loudly, as children like to do, or looking into anothei pei n' 

face and laughing, ai to their ideas, capable' of 

bringing on oni ms st< irms. 

Katil told me that a lew months before my visit a man 

dried fish in the jungle, making his fire, 

without thinkin: matter, at the foot of a clump of 

rattan-palm of the kind known as rotan kerai [Doe\ 

geniculates). Asa result of this, a violent thunder-storm came 

re he had finished eating. On realizing what he had 

done, he took his working-knife and cut his loot with it 

(presumably with the intention of propitiating the Spirit of 

the Storm} ; then, on the bli lod gushing out, the sti inn sti ipped. 

He had only intended to make a superficial cut, but found 

that he had wounded himself so badly that he had to be carried 

>y his companii >ns. 

Thunder-storms caused by the infraction of one of these 

prohibitions are called terlax rms.") 

In this connection, chilau, which I understand from the 

Sakai of the Ulu Sun was said by Katil to 

mean " thunder storm," but this is not supported by the 

comparative vocabulary 111 Skeat's "Pagan Races" where 

chilau, cognate with kilau (Malay) " to glitter," is recorded 

as meaning lightning among the Sakai of the Korbu Valley. 

Ungku was given to me as the word for " thunder," and is not 

uncommon in various Sakai dialects. Ungku, Turul, or 

Nanchet, moreover, is the spirit who makes the thunder. His 

young brother. Bonsu, asked him to go with him to a place 

above the, sky. but Turul (Ungku) would not consent, as he 

wished to 1 causi trouble on earth. Bonsu 

thus left him below, svhere he remains till the present day. 

Turul has four children, three of them females, VVah Hilong, 

Wah Hideh, and Wah Dampen ; the fourth. Puntok Keboie, a 

While I was with the Snmi I had an opportunity of 

eeing how they behave during a storm, for on two successive 

evenings there arose a high wind with distant thundei and 

lightning. On the first evening, while the wind was blowing 

in violent gusts. I heard tin- people in the next hou e calling 

out loudly, rmd I asked Katil, who was with me, what they 

ying. I did not. however, go into the matter deeply 

then, as I thought that he might bi talk about the 

storm while it was still raging. On I 

most of the people of the settlement were in the hut in which

: 

ig6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

I was staying, when the wind came sweeping down from the 

hills. They were obviously rather frightened, and one old 

woman kept angrily shouting out orders to the storm to stop, 

not leaving off until it had almost done so. On that evening, 

and on the next morning, I got Katil to tell me a good deal 

about his people's ideas with regard to storms of wind. 

It appears that the Senoi think that during strong storms 

of this kind, the spirits of the old dead (kemoit rah) , and 

the^ spirits of those who have died more recently (kemoit pai, 

" new ghosts"), are roaming over the earth. 

The charms, if they may be called so, which the 

Sakai shouted out to compel the storm to cease were as 

follows 

i. "Sidang\" J a Perak Malay word meaning to "abate." 

z. 

" Kipassa'blah'." meaning "fan to one side" (Malay). 

I was also told that the Behrang Senoi frequently 

call out to the buuial-fish (a fish which is capable of 

distending its body) to suck up the storm (" '. hap bunlal "), 

and that sometimes they cry, " Wok mat ! Wok lemoin!" 

In this last I understand the meaning of the individual 

words, but I cannot attempt a translation. Wok means 

either "shadow" or "spirit," mat means "eyes," while 

lemoin is "teeth." As far as I could find out from Katil 

the expression is something to do with the belief that 

loud laughter will bring on a bad storm. I imagine that 

the charm is used for neutralizing the effect of previous 

laughter. 

During very bad storms indeed the Scnoi assemble 

under their houses and burn jadam {extract of aloes ?) and 

evil-smelling rubbish to scare away the storm. 

Customs and Beliefs with Regard to Food. 

Among the Senoi of the Ul'u Behrang (as also among 

the Sakai of the Ulu Kinta) it is forbidden to mention 

the usual names of certain animals when their flesh is 

being eaten. Of the secondary, and almost invariably 

descriptive names, I give some examples below, together 

with their meanings. 

Ordinary Name Applied 

English Name. Senoi ' to Animal when 

Name. being Eaten, 

' 

i 

i. Deer (Ce'rvus unicolor) .. Rusa ... Leukpos. 

2. 

..... 

Pig-tailed Macaque ... 

_ . 

Dok" 

i. 

2. 

Leuk sabat. 

Leak karuk. 

3. Crab-eating Macaque ... Ran ... Leuk ketnpuk 

1 In this sense it see-n> to be equivalent to the English slang phrase

cg8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

6a. Lei'.k tebul (" kelulut meat")- This name denotes 

the fondness of the bear for robbing 

the nest^ of bees, especially of a small kind 

which the .Malays call kelulut. 

7.1. Leuk chenor or Leak pachor (" thorny meat "). 

Refers, of course, to the porcupines spines. 

8a. Leuk teh "earth meat" Refers to the wild 

pig's habit of routing up the soil in quest of 

edible roots, etc. 

ga. Leuk senyup (."dark meat"). Refers to the 

Benturong's nocturnal habits. The second 

name. Leuk bakok, seems to have the same 

meaning. 

10a. Leuk danum. I could get no proper translation 

mum, but it seems to refer to the habit 

of individuals of this species of sleeping together 

in companie«durmg moonlight night i 

— like fowls in a fowl-house, as the Sakai said. 

11a. Leuk iot meat "), the name being 

given owing to Bamboo-rats making their 

• holes in the Ixises of clumps of bamboos. 

ha. 'water meat"). The soft-turtles 

live in ponds and rivers. 

13a. Leuk gersuk (" stone meat "), because this species 

of tortoise may easily be mistaken for a 

stone if seen from a little distance. 

14a. Leuk hok (" cocoanut-shell meat"), because 

the carapace looks like a cocoanut-shell. 

The calling of any of these animals by their ordinary 

names while their flesh is being eaten will cause the offender 

to suffer from colic. I fancy, however, that the observance of 

these customs i- becoming somewhat neglected by the Scnoi 

of the Behrang Valley. 

Another belief with regard to food is that a man whose 

food is played with by someone else will suffer from colic 

[vide belief with regard to the Batch Busud. infra, p. 21 4). 

Ratil told me that, among the Sakai of the Slim Valley 

w imen and children did not eat the heads of Berok ami Kera 

monkeys (Maca d \1 onolgus), because 

of the sabat* which resides above the eyes in these animals. 

Infraction of this rule, it was thought, would cube them to 

suffer from violent pains in the head, which might even be a 

cause of death. The custom is not observed on the Behrang 

River. 

It is not allowable to cook turmeric with pig's flesh; the 

breaking of this rule will entail the transgressors falling ill with 

jaundice and fever. 

197.

1. 11. X. Evans: Beliejsofthe Behrang-V'alley Sen 

I 

Animals shot with not be < aten w it 

turmeric, or acid fruits : otherw ise the poison used on the darts 

will prove ineffective when xt go hunting. ' 

Double banana an not eaten b) young women a il it 

thoughl th l1 ti 'I" so would entail their giving birth to twins. 

Varioi 

-> Beliefs. 

i 

Diseases are thought to be caused by spirits which come 

from the direction oi the sea, and, in the case of epidemic 

; mj te, the idea is parti) supported by reason, 

since small-pox, one of thi ded disorders, reaches 

the Sakai through the Malays. 

Spirits, of course, are, according to Sakai ideas, responsible 

for most of the misforti ncountered by mankind: it is, 

therefore, necessary to avoid places which they are known to 

frequent. Thus, travellers in the jungle should not sleep for 

the night in p? 

en hills, these being spirit-paths. 

When a child is horn, the after-birth, with part of the 

ird ittachi I, is frequently hung on the branch of a 

on a bush. Th< Sakai say that within three days it 

becomes a seal)- ant-eater, the navel-cord forming the tail. 

The Behrang Sakai b< lieve that the rainbow is the shadowthat 

arises fro i, which lives in the 

earth. The red of the rainbow is it- body, the green its liver, 

mil the yellow its stomach. 

They say that tigers set snan s for people in the jungle. II 

a man cuts through the spring-sti these (probably 

'i he pe ho doi 

rill 

be taken b) 

A spirit is thought to exist, which the Sakai call the 

meaning " spirit " and Sn lok promise). 

broken. 

This 

on a journey, 

I 

I 

i 

Dana Sirloh Dana 

attacks pers' ais to wh n 

Thus, if a man has agreed with 

and subsequen friend in the lurch, the Dana 

Sirloh will accompany the traveller in his companion's place 

(being pn umablj t first invisible) and will attack and kill 

him in the shape ol an eli phant, a tiger, or a snake. 

l 

; 

i K ible to throw on iderable light on a que; tion 

with regard to Sakai beliefs which had been ;.b ing mi trouble 

I 

i 

i 

for some time. I 

aborigiu; 

with the word punan. 

ned, in formei papers on the 

md custom in onnexion 

I knew that there was a belief, common 

to both the Sakai, Sakai -Jakuns and many of the Malays, that 

going out into the jungle without having satisfied a 

desire 1 I, ould meet with some misfortune, 

but I had not been able to find out whether evil 

Katil, howevei , lold 

h

.zoo Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

me that his people acknowledge a Dana Punan (Desire Spirit). 

who is responsible for ill luck met with by those who have 

given it an opportunity of causing them trouble. 

The Giving oi Names. 

Children are given names as soon as, or soon after, they 

are born, but these are frequently changed. A child may be 

named from some event which happened at about the time of 

its birth, from the river near which it was born, from the 

settlement in which its parents were living, or from some 

peculiarity of person or habit. 

One youth was named Jernang from the river near which 

he was born, but was more usually called Si Kork from a 

fanciful resemblance to a certain kind of bird, the tentork : 

chechawi of the Malays (the racquet-tailed drongo). 

A baby girl was given the name of Tenyuk. because her 

parents were keeping a scaly ant-eater [tenyuk) as a pet at the 

time of her birth. 

The father of this child, whose name was Sagap (meaning 

" read}') ? " was so called because his birth was expected to 

occur some time before it actually took place, and thus everything 

was read)' much before it was necessary. 

A little girl was called Krek (cockle because her chin was 

thought to resemble a cockle-shell in shape ; another Puntok 

or l'untong ("burnt log") because she always liked playing 

about among the ashes of the cook-house fire. 

Senoi Oaths. 

Katil, the headman mentioned above, gave me the following 

example of a Senoi oath, which I believe that I have 

translated correctlv. 

Dideh 

"This

[918 [.H.N.Evans: Beliefs of the Behrattg-Valley Senoi. 201 

own benefit — he was suffering from a bad cough—told me, 

however, that he could not claim to be a true Halak, since he 

did not possess a Gunik (Familiar Spirit), but that he merely 

followed ancient custom in " playing " . 

a little to try and cure 

his complaint. The rites had been carried out in a small oneroomed 

house, pecially built foi the purpose. The walls oi 

this only reached half way up to the thatch, and a doorway at 

the back opened on to a small boat-shaped platform (Balm 

lendut), about eight feet long, and on a level with the floor of 

the house. This was supported on three trestles, made of six 

small trees felled at the roots and crossed in pairs below 

it. Their lower branches had been trimmed away, but 

their upper parts, still bearing branches, projected above the 

platform to a height of about seven or eight feet on either 

side. Two rails had been lashed to the trunks of the trees 

about three and a half feet above the flooring while a rattan 

cord girdled the trees near their tops, each extremity of it 

being attached to the end wall of the house. The branches of 

the trees, when the -tincture was first erected, had been 

covered with leaves, but, at the time of my visit the foliage 

had withered and fallen. A number of long water bamboos of 

ornamented with wavy double lines running 

longitudinally, wen- placed at the far end of the platform, 

leaning against the rattan cord. Katil pointed out that one of 

the-'- was longer than the others, having seven internodes, as 

compared with six. This long bamboo was used by the chief 

performer for ceremonial bathing; the others by the rest of the 

people. The bases of these bamboos were slightly ornamented 

with carving. 

Hanging on the rails of the Balai lendut, and suspended fiom 

the roof within the house, were various ceremonial ornaments. 

Some of these were made from palm-leaves plaited into fanciful 

shapes, among them being decorations for which the Sakai 

gave me the following Malay names, gelang giring, gelang 

rantai, burong denak, tali dendan, tali Hong, and tali savnit. 

Other decorations of the same class for which I obtained Sakai 

names were layang-layang hut 1" ascending swallows "); layang 

1 

layang chiloh ["descending swallows"); tuk keh-ep (" centi- 

\emrong tumpi (?), and plekjeh-or (" fruit of the 

cocoanut "). Two small pyramidal structures, made of bertam 

pith, and oi slightly different types were suspended inside the 

house. These, each of which had a doorway and model steps 

leading up to it, were railed balai sagi ; and balai krauk (krauk 

is equivalent to kerawang in Malay). The balai sagi was the 

most ornamental of the two and was crowned by a figure of a 

bird (chiap cheralah), model tampoi and rambai fruits (pleh 

tampoi and pick rami) and decorations called sarak lute (i.e. 

bees' in- -1 1. Othei ceremonial objects were shaved sticks 

(chendrok), tin- shavings standing out from the stems in circles 

at short but regular intervals; hanging decorations called 

patong salting, made of two small pieces of thin board intersecting 

at right-angles: patong gimbar, hanging ornaments


made from lour small pieces oi board intersecting at rightangles 

so as to enclo a square, and having then ends 

projecting ;. two types of head-dress {chunghiie bulang and 

chengkul lepang) made of haves; two Halak's switches, one 

mad'-' of lebak-lezves (s'lak selebok), the other of leaves of the 

he-it. mi s'lak bertop) : and hands of tree-bark {tempok luat) with 

rough patterns drawn on them in yellow or black. 

The Halak's balai (a circular frame of rattans with a thick 

fringe of finely shredded leaves depending from it), within 

which he chants his spells, was also hung from one of the 

beams of the " medicine "-house. This balai was in all essentials 

similar to that which I have already described and figured 

in a former paper on the Sakai of the Ulu Sungkai. 1 

- 

Katil told me that among his people the Halaks performed 

by torch-light, while the Slim Valley Senoi held their performances 

in total darkness. 

He also said that the seances, which had taken place 

before our arrival, had been kept up for six consecutive nights, 

and that ceremonial bathing from the decorated water-bamboos 

(kenas) took place after the performances were finished, and 

shortly before daylight. 

With regard to Sakai beliefs that Halaks become tigers, 

Katil told me that a Halak's ghost rose, usually on the fourteenth 

day after burial, and assumed that shape. 

Burial and Existence after Dkath. 

While living with the Senoi I had an opportunity of 

inspecting several graves, which were situated in the jungle 

at a little distance from the settlement, and at the base of a 

hill. None of these, winch were close together, were very 

recent— the newest was, I believe, at least a couple of years 

old, probably more. Their sites were marked by narrow 

mounds, about as long as the bodies of those buried below. 

In two cases these mounds had undressed upright stones 

set up at the head and foot of thenu, one being covered, 

in addition, with water-worn stones from the river. Another 

grave had small Sungkai-irees planted round it, while in a 

fourth the mound had partly fallen into the burial-chamber 

below. Katil told me that slight huts of the lean-to type are 

erected over new graves, and that articles, such as adzes and 

blow-pipes, which must be either bent or broken, are placed 

within the hut. No remains of huts or offerings were, however, 

to be seen on the graves that he showed me, and he 

explained that they had rotted away. 

i "Journal of the F.M.S. Museums,'" vol VI, p. 98 & pi xxviii 

= I have noted in the paper referred to above that the Sungkai people covered 

up a lamp that I took with me into th, hut in which th 

to perform 

Prob a t> I \ 01

igiS.J I. H. N. Evans I 

illey Sen 

Katil also said that food is placed at the foot of a 

morning and evening .sometimes only in the mornii 

fourteen days after burial, the spiril oi the dead man being 

thought to teed on what is put there for him. 

i 

; 

On the fourteenth da) the n lativesol the dei ased bold a 

irding to old custom- now. I understand, some 

what neglected no ornaments hould bi worn or singing 

indulged in for two month ath. 

• 

. 

t 

Katil's pi ople do not bat] 

as he tolt] me, his 

lore burial, becau 

by a heavy rain-storn body was placed in it, this 

being ascribed to the fact thai the corpse had been washed. 

Graves are dug so thai th headoftl to 

wards the east. The body is wrapped in mats or white cloth 

and placed face upwards. 

Katil explained, by means of a plan scratched on the 

ground, that the grave is dug to nearly the required depth and 

the bottom then divided into two section- by a line running 

parallel to its sides. The left hand section (when looking 

towards the head of the: grave is nexl carried down to a 

i 

sufficient depth, below the right hand, to receive th< 

When the body has been placed in this d 11, stakes 

are fixed slantwi bottom of the grave, their points 

being driven into the shallower (right hand) section, and their 

ends abutting against the side wall of the grave adjacent to the 

excavation in which the corpse lies. A covering of tree-bark, 

or ofsheetsof bamboo, is th the stakes, the body 

thus being protected by a sloping roof. After this earth is 

piled up on the covering until the excavation is full, and the 

mound formed. 

To turn now to Senoi ideas with regard to the soul and 

its survival after death. As far as I could ascertain from the 

Rehrang Sakai, a man's soul and his shadow are regarded as 

one. The word kemoit, which I have mentioned abov 

to mean the ghost of a dead mm. hut the soul, or shadow, is 

i ; 

\ 

! have 

a shadow), 

but does not usuall) I, in case il should not be 

able to return. Tie 

lala 

aire idy st il 

:d to be roaming the earth ''.hen violent winds are 

; 

ig. They are evilly disposed and hunt thi 

men. which take the forms of animals >ften of the Muntjac). 

This is known because people in their .beams have seen the 

mis have been hunted 

fall sick. 

The i 

tujoh, " 

itly 

>peak of human 

boards." It appears that the earth 

t to board 

• 

above the earth ipal nnam), as does also that 

i:ele, the' earth. Both the t 

and below th

204 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol, VII, 

arc occupied by spirits who look like human beings. The 

kemoit (ghosts of the dead) live in the region above while, like 

men, some are blind and some are lame. Possibly they may 

also be thought to inhabit the underworld, but I omitted to 

make enquiry with regard to this point. The mat papal tujoh 

are said to be btket (hot) and therefore die : the mat papal a?iam 

are senam (cold) and do not die. 

Another story makes the souls of the dead go to the Island 

of Fruits (Pulau Bah) where the dttrian and other fruit-trees 

are in bearing all the year round, and where men. when they 

are old, again become children, and again grow up. I am, however, 

rather inclined to think that this legend mav have been 

borrowed from tribes further to the south. 

The Behrang Sakai believe in grave-ghosts, Dana Rubor 

(equivalent to the Malay Bantu Rubor) besides the Kemoit. 

It used to be customary to desert a settlement when a 

death occurred, but Katil told me that this is now not usual. 

The reason given for the desertion was that the survivors 

thought, since one of their relations had died there, that the 

locality must be haunted by spirits. Katil made it plain that 

they were not frightened of the ghost of a friend, but of the 

evil spirits which had attacked him (or her) and caused his 

last illness. 

A curious little story having some reference to death is 

given below. It was told me by Katil. 

"When anyone dies, the people of settlements distant from 

the place sometimes get to know of the death in this way. 

Two spirits, which are known as Baleh Busud (Virgins of 

the " Ant "-hill) and look like little girls, sit on a "male" 1 

nest of the termite. One of them is heard to laugh as she rolls 

the dead man's skull down to the mound, and the other savs to 

her, " Leuk jik,jangan chikak" ("Don't "colic" my food!"). 

Folk-Tales. 

The Behrang Sakai have a large number of folk-stories, 

of which I obtained several. Two of these I give below. I 

have chosen those which seemed to me most likelv to be trulv 

indigenous, and not borrowed from the Malays. 

Folk-stones, Katil informed me, should be told at night, 

as this brings good luck in hunting animals in the jungle. A 

man who told folk-stories during the day-time would, he said, 

hurt his foot against.a stump. I gathered, however, that this 

latter was a popular saving rather than a strong belief. It 

may be remarked that it is always the voungest-born son 

(Bonsu) who is the clever man in these Seiini tales. 

The " male" nests are those which are Ions and pointed.

• 

1918.] I. II. N. E\ w /•' 

: lie) not. 205 

Tin Cockroaches' Vili \ge. 

! by 

Katil. 

I 

There was once a man who had seven male children. 

Their names were Sulong, Tengah, Alang, Ruh, Penangkap, 

Bumbun, and Uonsu Api. 

One day the eldesl - >n Sulong) went off into the forest 

to hunt for game, and far away from his home came upon an 

na-tree (Fiats sp.) in fruit. He sought out a convenient 

some distance from the tree to make a 

night, and there he slept. 

shelter for the 

Early 111 the morning he went to tin tree and climbed up 

into it with his blow-pipe to shoot the monkeys, birds and 

I 

squirrels, which came m hundreds to eat the fruit. 

The tree was on the top of a hill, and below the hill, on 

one side, though hidden from view, was a clearing. While hewas 

in the tree he laughing and the cries of 

children coming from the clearing. So he came down from 

and, making his way towards the sounds, eventually 

arrrived there, He entered a patch oi sugar-cane and came 

across a fowl which cackled loudly. Next he came to a house 

and saw a mortar in which he had heard somebody pounding 

padi. Then he called aloud. " Hoi, sister ! Hoi, sister!" but 

nobody answered, ami going up into the house he found that 

the people had vanished. He saw food ready cooked there 

and said to himself. " What am I to do. for I am hungry ? If 

this is spirits' food it will he savourless, but if for human 

beings, it will be salt." 

So he tasted the food and found that it was salt and, 

thinking it safe to do so, ate until he was satisfied. After this 

he took water and drank it. and then he took sireli, which was 

also set out there, to chew. Now the first quid that he chewed 

tasted sweet, the second rich, the third intoxicating, and the 

fourth sweet. Then feeling giddy, he lay down on some mats 

which were spread in the house. When he had fallen into a 

stupificd sleep, the people of the house, who were all women, 

but who had become cockroaches at his approai h, came out 

of their lurking places and ate his body till little remained to 

him but his life. \t last, on his awaking, they killed him with 

billets of wood. 

Now. as he did 1 

1 • 

. 

, the second brother set out 

to look for him and came aco.-Q the hut 111 whii h he had -pent 

the night. Here he slept, and in the morning he went to the 

nra-tree where, on the previous evening, he had found his 

brother's blow-pipe, dart-quivi r, an 1 spear, I ;;ethcr with the 

rotting bodies of the animals that ho had shot. He also 

climbed up into the tree and shot some of the animals and 

birds which were eating its fruit, and towards mid-day. while 

still in the tree, he heard the sound of people pounding rice 

and of laughter coming from the place where the clearing was

206 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol \ II. 

situated. So he said to himself, " Perhaps that is where my 

brother went." Then he climbed down from the tree, and, 

heaping together the bodies of the beasts that he had shot, he 

left them there with his blow -pipe and chopper and went in 

the direction of the sounds. When he got to the patch of 

sugar-cane the hen cackled loudly (and, as before, the i i pli 

| 

of the house became cockroaches and hid themselves), lie. 

too, on coming to the open spai e in front of the hi -use called 

out, " Hoi, people ! Hoi, 

sister " ! but nobody answered him. 

So he went up into the house and found no one there, but 

food and sireh set out ready. He waited for some time, but as 

nobody came, and he felt hungry, at last he said, " If this is 

the spirits' food it will be savourless, but if for human beings 

it will be salt." Then he tasted the food, and finding it salt, 

ate his fill. Next he drank water and after this he took sireh 

and chewed it. The first quid that he chewed tasted sweet, 

the second rich, the third intoxicating and the fourth sweet. 

And he also felt dizzy and went to sleep. Upon this the ce>ckroaches 

came out and ate him up ; and they hid his bones 

under a big cauldron, where they had also hidden those of his 

brother. 

Now when he did not come home either, the third brother 

took up the search, and met with the same fate, as did also the 

fourth, fifth and six. 

At last the youngest brother. Bonsu Api, said to himself, 

" How is it that my brothers do not come home ?" 

That night his grandfather came to him in a dream, and 

he asked him how it was that his brothers had not relumed, 

and where they had gone to. 

The grandfather replied that they had not come home 

because they had been killed by the Cockroach Demons 

(RengkasP Lipas). 

"What am I to do about them," said Bonsu Api, " and 

how am I to kill them ?" " You must give chendnai 2 to them," 

said his grandfather. 

Then Bonsu Api awoke and. remembering his dream, he 

thought that he also would follow his brother.-. So he told his 

father and mother' of his desire and, having made his preparations, 

on the next morning he set out. 

He. too, fame to the hut where his brothers had slept and 

found the fruit-tree, where they had left their blow pipes and 

quivers; and the heap of rotting game under the tree was as big 

as a large ant's-nest, and the quivers and blow-pipes, which 

had been left there by thi brothers who had preceded him. were 

already partly destroyed b) "whiti ant." 

Then he thought "t what his grandfather had said to him 

in his dream. So he also climbed up into the tiee and shot the 

i Rengkasi, the Malay G i 

2 A herb from which the Sakai m

i.ii.v [.H.N. Evan oi. 207 

birds and animals thai were feeding on the fruit. Aftei a 

while he. fc io, heard voices from the clearing, and, 

from thi 

in the direction whence the sounds an ise. Now when hi 

w hich he had put 1 

and observing from where the wind was blowinj 

: he clearing. Then he w< 

fully in that direction and came to the house, where ! 

I 

the people complaining and saying that they could not keep 

ir they were madi sleep} bj the fume ol the 

that he kept blowing towards them as he smoked his cigan tte. 

rhen each woman in the house left hei work and fell 

asleep. So Bonsu Api went up into tin- house 

red with women lying there; foi the) had not had 

time to become cockroaches bi fore they were overwhelmed by 

the fumes of the chenduai. 

, So he went through all thi I at last in the uppei 

ti • he found a beautiful princ< -, who wai iwake, since 

tduai fumes had not reached her. Then he threatened 

to kill her, but she besi light him to relent, asking him why he 

should wish to do so. Thereupon he told hei that her followkilled 

his brothers, and she replied that, if it w 

Idom lett her room. 

So lie pardoned hi 1 

, 

n condition that she should find out 

what had been done with the bodies of his brothers: bul th< 

people below slept on and could not he wakened. However, 

the pi incess at last found th 

Iron. Then Bonsu Api took 

th< ix brothi 

the bones md heaped 

them to ;ethei in fn ml of tl princess 

to follow him, saying that hi would kill heHfshedid not. 

°nied, and made read) for the journey. Now when 

she had co ne down from the hou e, Bonsu Api shut the door 

and sel fire to the walls and roof, so that all the people- inside 

1 he burnt. And Bonsu \pi p ke to them and said, 

'lt\ ui wish to live, b& ome cocki 

in future 

times cockroaches ai ; and 

eat the fragments oi ire left by mankind." So 

they became 1 

As for Bonsu Api he brought his brotl ain and 

went In ane, taking the ni and hi- | rim e with him. 

r AND TAK KEMOIT. 1 

. Katil. 

andei 

ing in the jungle. H oing down of the sun, 

1 

the I A md of 1 

came to 

liuah 1. As 1 

Inch the fruits n n light 

5 ing he 

and mi quiver and 1


putting them and his blow-pipe down against the tree, went to 

sleep. 

He slept on and on, until the fruit of the tree was ripe, and 

at last a single fruit fell on his chest and awoke him with a 

start. So seeing that the fruit had ripened, he climbed 

up into the tree and ate a little of it. Then he called aloud, 

saying, " If there is anyone in this country let him come and 

eat fruit." But nobody answered him. He ate some more 

fruit, and again called out as before, and this time he heard a 

voice answering him from the direction of the going down of 

the sun, " Where are you, grandchild ?" " Here I am, grandfather," 

said he. Thus they kept on calling and answering 

one another until the new-comer was close at hand. Then 

Bonsu saw that the stranger was an old man with red and 

deeply sunken eyes. 

Now the old man began to eat the fruit, swallowing it 

branches, leaves and all ; and when he had satisfied his hunger 

he said to the youth, " Your grandfather wishes to relieve 

himself." Then Bonsu replied, " If grandfather wishes to 

relieve himself, let him go far away down-stream." So the 

old man started off, and after a while he called out, " Where 

shall I relieve myself?" and Bonsu answered, "Far away 

down-stream." In a little while he called again, asking the 

same question, and Bonsu answered him as before; for he 

was frightened that the old man would eat him, having seen 

how he had swallowed the fruit, branches, leaves and all. 

Thus they went on calling and answering until neither could 

hear the other. 

Then Bonsu came down from the tree and ran away till 

he saw a plain by the edge of the sea, where a pinang dara 1 

and a biiah-plant 2 were growing side by side near the shore. 

When he reached them he called to him wild pigs, woodpeckers, 

and porcupines, and thev came. So he told them 

that, if the old man, the Red-Eyed Spirit, came to the place 

and (limbed up into the 6t'ra/z-plant to follow him, they were 

to wait until it had grown up to the sky, and were then to cut 

it down. This thev promised to do. Then Bonsu climbed 

into the piuaug-\ree and sang, 

" Tinggi, tinggi batang pinang \ 

' 

Tinggi rendu h puyoh Melaka 

Aku takut H until Meruit Mata "3 

! 

and the pinang-tree immediately grew up into the clouds 

carrying him with it. 

A betel-nut palm which has not yet born fruit. 

2 A kind of aroid ? 

I A 

Malay verse (pantun) 

High, High is the pinang trunk! 

Tall and stumpy are the quails of Malacca 

I'm frightened of the Red-Eyed Spirit '

igi8.] I. H. X. Evans: Beliefs oj the Behrang-Valley Senoi. 209 

Not long afterwards the Hantu Merah Mata came to the 

spot and, seeing that Bonsu had gone up to the clouds on 

the pinang-ttee, climbed into the 6wi/i-plant .imnA-plant so that it fell into 

the sea carrying the Red-Eyed Spirit with it ; and he was 

drowned. 

1 This is Ungku (Turul) who governs thunder and lights 

story is not, of course , Unglcu's brother of the same name

XXIII. ETHNOLOGICAL MISCELLANEA. 

/:, [vok H. N. Evans, Assistant Curatoi and Ethnographical 

Assistant. Federated Malay States Museums. 

Setting up ihi Posts of a Malay House. 

While staying at Pianggu on the Endau River in kjij I 

was lucky enough to be present at the ceremony of setting up 

the posts of a Malay house. When I arrived on the site of the 

new dwelling the holes for receiving the posts had been already 

dug and the posts themselves, conveniently disposed, were 

lying in pairs, with cross-beams attached, ready to be set up. 

The proceedings were begun by a broken fragment of a small 

silver coin, wrapped in white cloth, and a large piece of kundor 

—a kind of gourd—being thrown into each hole. 

Ceremonial bands of plaited coconut (?) leaves— called 

jari lipan (centipedes' feet) from their shape—to which were 

attached little square closed-in plaited boxes of the same 

material (ketnpat) filled with rice, were then bound round each 

post in about the middle. 

After an orthodox Mohamadan prayer had been said by a 

Li'bai, and incense burnt, the men who had come to help in 

erecting the house partook of a meal of glutinous rice dyed with 

turmeric (pulut kunyet), parched rice (bertis), bananas, and pulut 

(Oriza glutinosa) wrapped in leaves, which was served to them 

on the recumbent posts. When they had finished eating, a man, 

who had been chosen by the Pawang as his assistant, brought 

water and poured it along each of the posts, walking clockwise 

round the house-site. After him came the Pawang with a 

sprinkler made of the leaves of several kinds of plants 1 in his 

right hand, and a brass bowl of cerenvmial rice-flour mixed 

with water (tepong taicar) in his left. He, having murmured a 

charm at the post from which he started, sprinkled the tepong 

taicar along the posts, and into the holes which were to receive 

them. 

After the Pawang had performed tins rite the workmen 

gathered together to raise the first pair of posts with their 

connecting cross-bar, this being done with loud shouts of 

Mohamad ratal' Allah, the officiating lebai reciting a prayer 

meanwhile. The rest of the posts wen- then similarly erected, 

and the ceremony was at an end. 

On meeting the Pawang subsequentl) . I asked him to tell 

me the charm that he had said over the first post, when about 

to sprinkle it with tepong tawa) ; and he gave me the two 

Ribu ribu (Lygoiium scandeiis), gantlariisa (fnsticin gandarusa), ilnjuang ("I 

and safiilelt (?)

— 


following verses, which wish prosperity to the new house and 

its inhabitants: 

Tepong tawar, tepong jati 

Tepong awal mult menjadi. 

Dupat mas berkati-kati, 

Laî hidup, sampai ka-mati. 

Tepong tawar, tepong jati. 

Surok bataug mali-mali. 

Sa-lengkar daun pcgaga. 

Salamat ambil-lah galah. 

Minta dayang sini. 

Salamat puji bagi Allah. 

Why the Bear has no Tail r 

(A folk-tale of the Pahang Malays obtained near Kuala Krau.) 

A very thin buffalo was once feeding in a meadow. To 

him came a tiger, and said, " I am going to eat you. " The 

buffalo, however, besought the tiger to wait for seven days, 

"for," said he, "I am very thin, and if you wait for seven 

days, I shall have an opportunity of growing fat. " To this 

the tiger agreed. 

Now on the morning of the seventh day the buffalo was 

wandering disconsolately along, when a crippled monkey, who 

was sitting in a tree, called to him and asked him why he looked 

so sad. So the buffalo related how he had promised to meet 

a tiger, who wished to eat him. 

"Very well, I will see if I can't help you," said the 

monkey, " but you must carry me on your back. " 

Thus they started in search of the tiger, with the monkey 

sitting on the buffalo's back ; 

him. 

and before very long they met 

Now as soon as the monkey saw the tiger, he began to 

munch two brinjals, which he had brought with him, exclaim- 

ing loudly as he did so, " " 

good ! 

My word, this tiger's head tastes 

The tiger, who heard what the monkey said, became 

frightened, and ran away as fast as he could. While he was 

still running, he came upon a bear, and told 

monkey that ate tigers' heads. 

him about the 

Then he tried to persuade the bear to go and investigate 

the matter, but the bear replied that it was not his affair : still, 

if the tiger wished it, they would go together. Then, as each 

i A variant of this story, translated by Mr. G. M. Laidlaw, in which the 

mouse deer plavs the parts of both the buffalo and the monkey, is to be found 

48. pp 36 S 

m the / A' A S..S B , No 

;

igiS.J I. II. N. Evans: \liscellanea. 213 

was afraid that the other would run awa) reed thai 

they should tie theii tail tog< ther. 

\t this time the beat had a fairly long tail, and the tiger's 

was shorter than it is now.] 

So they tied their tails together and set out, and, aftei a 

little, the) came to the place where the buffalo was waiting, 

ami saw i he monkey still crunching up the "tiger's head." 

Thereupon, being frightened, the) both tried to escape, forgetting 

that their tails were tied together. 

At length as they struggled one against the other, the 

bear's tail broke off short, ami they both ran away. 

The next time the tiger met the hear, he- said, " Your loss 

, 

is my gain : for you have lost your tail while mine has become 

longer. " 

Ami that is the reason why, to the present 

has only a stump of a tail. 

day, the beat 

AK Void [ntoie. 

A folk-story obtained from the Senoi of the 

Behrang Valley. 

[The Sakai who told me this story declared that it had been 

handed down among hi us. There seems to me, 

however, / thinking that, at any rate, parts of 

it must have been adopted from the Malays, or, if the story is really 

old. from some fairly civilised horn the Sakai were in 

contact before the time of the invasion of the Peninsula by Malays. 

I. //. A'. '/;.! 

["here was once a youth called Budak Void [ntoie Bij; 

Knife Youth) who was the youngest of seven brothers. His 

six elder brothers were famous smiths, and one day, when 

tad finished work, Budak Void [ntoie asked them for 

some iron in order to try his hand, but his brothers refused to 

give him any. So he said to them, "How am I to learn, if 

you won't give me any iron ? Then he collected the odds 

1 

and ends and scales of iron that they had left, beat them out 

into a huge knife as largi a birah leaf, and made a handle 

for it as large as the bole ol a cocoanut-tree. 

When it was finished he said to his father and mother 

and his brothers. " I am going on a journey." So he made 

ready, but before starting he planted a certain kind of 

flowering shrub, with a single blossom upon it, in the level 

space in front of tin I 

to his mother, and to his 

brothers, "See. mother, see. you, my brothers, this shrub 

of mine 1 

It the blossom on it withers entirely 1 --hall lie

_»i4 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol VII, 

dead, but if it shuts and then opens again, I shall still be 

alive." 

Then he set out, taking his knife with him, and made his 

way through the jungle, cutting down as he went the big and 

small trees that stood in the path. And the sound of the 

great trees being cut and tailing was, " Prmig punggau, prung 

punggaii, prung punggau." Now a man who happened to be 

walking towards him, hearing the noise of the trees falling. 

and being frightened that one of them might kill him, began 

to call out, "Ail Ail Ail, I am coming towards you and 

shall he struck by a tree " " ! What is your name ? " said 

Budak Void Intoie and the newcomer replied, " My name is 

Rah Serpik 1 (Pull-the-Canes)." Then answered Budak Yoid 

Intoie, "If your name is Pull-the-Canes, well, pull the 

canes!" So Rah Serpik pulled the canes out with one hand. 

" Well," said Budak Yoid Intoie, " if you can do that, you are 

rightly named Rah Serpik." So they stopped to chew betelnut, 

and Rah Serpik asked his companion what his name was, 

to which he made reply, "Budak Yoid Intoie" (Big Knife 

Youth). " Why, if that is so," said Rah Serpik, " u here's your 

knife?" "I don't know," said 

not got it, it's only my name." 

Budak Yoid Intoie, "I have 

Now he had hidden his knife 

in a large tree. 

He, in his turn, asked Rah Serpik if he had a knife, and 

Rah Serpik replied, " If I carried a knife my name would 

not be Pull-the-Canes." Then he again asked Budak Yoid 

Intoie for a knife, as he wanted to cut up the betel-nut, and 

Budak Yoid Intoie said. " I have put it into the big tree over 

there. If you can lift it, I will become your follower, but. 

if you cannot, you shall become mine." 

So Rah Serpik went to get the knife, but was unable to 

raise it, and Budak Yoid Intoie said, "Very well, you shall be 

my follower." 

Then he got up and fetched it himself, and they chewed 

betel-nut, and, when they had finished, set out en their 

journey together, Rah Serpik following Budak Yoid Intoie, 

while Budak Yoid Intoie cut down the trees that stood in the 

way, toalang-trees, kempas-trees, merbau-trees, meranti-trees, or 

whatever they were, " Prung punggau, prung punggau, prung 

punggau." 

Soon another man cried out from in front of them, "Ail 

Ail Ail" just as Rah Serpik had done before. So Budak 

Yoid Intoie called the newcomer to him and asked him his 

name, and he replied, "TinjuTebik" (Thump-the-Bankst." 

Then said Budak Yoid Intoie, "Well, if your name is "Thumpthe-Banks," 

just thump the banks of this river!" So Tinju 

Tebik" thumped the banks of the river with his fist, and they 

fell down and blocked the stream. 

Rimtun maiiau in Malay Rotan maua 

cane which is collected bv the Sakai for sale

iqiS.] I. II. N. Evans: Ethnoi lanea. 215 

: 

Then Tinju Tebik asked Budak Yoid Intoie his name 

and he told him. " If that is youi name," said Tinju Tebik" 

'where is your knife? " " I don't know." replied Yoid Intoie. 

So they sat down to chew betel-nut and Budak Void [ntoie 

asked Tinju Tebik" if he had a knife to cut the nut into pie< es 

with, but Tinju Tebik" answered, "If I had a knife, my 

namewouldnot be Thump-th< Banks." Aftei a little Tinju 

Tebik" asked Budak Void Intoie it he had not got a knife and 

Budak Void Intoie told him where it was hidden, making him 

promise, just as he had done with Rah Serpik, to become his 

follower, if he could not lift it. But Tinju Tebik" was not able 

to raise the knife any more than Rah Serpik, and Budak Yoid 

Intoie went and got it himself. 

When they had finished chewing their betel-nut, they set 

out ag in. Budak Void Intoie being in front, with Kali Serpik 

and Tinju Tebik" following him ; and 

the sound of the trees 

being cut and falling before Budak Void Intoie was, " Prung 

punggau, prung punggau, prung punggau." 

After .i lutle time someone cried out from in front as before, 

and again Budak Void Intoie called the newcomer to him. 

"What is your name'-'" said Budak Void Intoie, and the 

stranger replied, " Lingkong Benua (Push-the-Country- 

Round)." "Oh," said Budak Void Intoie, "if your name is 

Push-the Country-Round, well, just push the country round!" 

So Lingkong Benua pushed the country round, till its backbone 

was broken ; and Budak Void Intoie said to him, " name is rightly Lingkong Benua." 

Your 

So they sat down to chew betel-nut and Lingkong Benua 

asked Budak Yoid Intoie for his knife, and was not able to lift 

it any more than Rah Serpik or Tinju Tebik" had been able 

to do. 

After a while they continued their journey, and at last they 

came to the sea and wished to cross it : and Budak Void Intoie 

said to his companions. " Wait here, while I go and search for 

a bridge." So he searched, but could not find any. Then he 

took his knife and said to it. " Tohoii yang sah! Eng sindrang 

sah! Eng saihih! Eng putau! Eng nttjum! Eng blian! Yoidengjadi 

papaV ." and the knife in its sheath became a bridge on which 

they could cross the sea. But a large dragon came up from 

below and waited under the bridge. 

Then they went across. Budak Yoid Intoie's comp 

being in front of him ; and when they came to the other side. 

Budak Yoid Intoie drew his knife from its sheath and cut off 

the dragon's head: and it floated away until 

ja's bathing-place, and there it remained. 

it came to a Ra- 

1 I could not get a true translation of some of this charm " Tohoit yaug 

sah" seems to bean invocation of some ku ^ (I luck-bringing) 

'E«g Hujum (I astrologer) . 1 

(I were-tiger), Wnd tag iadi papal (Knife I become plank), 

,


Now the Raja complained because the head was rotting 

and polluting the river, and ordered all his followers, from the 

mouth of the river to its source, to come together and remove 

the dragon's head ; 

and they came together. 

Meanwhile Budak Yoid Intoie and his companions went on 

their way until they came to a house, the owner of which was 

an old man named Tak Tempait Bungah (Grandfather Patterned 

Jar). 

Tak Tempait Bungah asked them whence they came and 

they replied "from the neighbouring country." Then they 

climbed up into the house, which was situated up-stream from 

the Raja's palace, and there they stayed. 

Now the Raja had given it out that whoever could remove 

the dragon's head should marry his daughter, who was shut 

in an upper room, and enclosed by a seven-fold fence of ivorv ; 

but nobody could do it, for the dragon's head was as big as a 

mountain. 

One night Budak Yoid Intoie asked Tak Tempait Bungah 

what was the trouble from which the Raja wished to be set free, 

and Tak Tempait Bungah told him how the dragon's head had 

stranded at the Raja's bathing-place. 

Some nights afterwards a follower of the Raja's came to 

the house, and Budak Yoid Intoie said in his hearing, " Why, 

if I only pushed the dragon's head with my finger, I could 

" 

remove it. 

When the Raja's follower got home, he told the Raja that 

he had met four men at Tak Tempait Bungah's house, one of 

whom said that he could remove the dragon's head with a finger. 

So the Raja ordered the four men to be called, and when the 

messenger told Budak Yoid Intoie the Raja's order, he said, 

" How can we go to the Raja's palace in these clothes, which 

" 

are all covered witli mud ? 

The messenger returned to the Raja and told him what 

Budak Yoid Intoie had said ; and he thereupon sent clothes 

and everything necessary to Budak Yoid Intoie. 

So Budak Yoid Intoie set out, leaving his companions 

behind him, and, when he arrived at the palace, the Raja 

gave him food and betel-nut. 

When he had fed, the Raja asked him from where he 

came, and he replied that he came from the country across the 

sea, and asked why he had been sent for. Thereupon the Raja 

told Budak Yoid Intoie how he had heard that he (Budak 

Yoid Intoie) could remove the dragon's head with one finger, 

and promised him, that, if he could do so, he should have 

his daughter in marriage. 

Now Budak Yoid Intoie went alone to the river to see the 

dragon's head, and gave it a slight push, which sent it Moating

[918. I. H. N. Evans: Ethnological Miscellanea. 217 

down stream : then he returned to the house whore he was 

staying, without the Raja km. win;; about it. 

Aftei a time some of the Raja's people came down lo the 

river and found that the dragon's head was gone; and. when 

1 the Raj 1 was informed of this, he ailed Budak Yoid Intoie to 

his palai eand wished to give his daughter to him in marriage; 

but Budak Yoid Intoie excused himself, saying that he wished 

to travel more and see othei < ountries before he married. So 

Budak 

as wife. 

Yoid Intoie gave the Raja's daughter to Rah Serpik 

Now the Raja's daughter was betrothed to Bonsu Jang- 

1 kah Benua, the son of anothei 

him in three months. 

Raja, and was to have married 

One day Bonsu Jangkah Benua drew his sword, the blade 

of which was as large : s a banana leaf, and the 

bole of a coconut-tree, and -aid, " Why, the 

hilt like the 

rust on my 

sword-blade is like a "male" ants'-nest 1 one has married mj betrothed." 

; perhaps some- 

Then he cut ready his ship, loaded it with weapons of all 

kinds, and set sail. 

When the Raja saw Bonsu Jangkah Benua's ship approaching 

he thought to himself. " Perhaps this is my daughter's 

betrothed." And Budak Yoid Intoie and his four companions 

were in the palace at the time. 

As soon as the ship came to land Bonsu Jangkah Benua 

went straight to the Raj i's palace and called from below the 

1 

steps, •'Whoever has taken my betrothed, come down " 

\\>w when the Raja had heard the music of the gongs 

and the flutes coming from Bonsu Jangkah Benua's ship, as it 

approached, and the noise of the cannon being fired, he had 

run away into an inner room and had hidden his head in a 

sin 1- -ended drum. 

1 1 

Budak Void Intoie heard Bonsu Jangkah Benua below 

ind he 1 .died to him to ome up into the palace to 

chew betel-nut. acknowledging thai there had been a fault in 

the matter of the princess marrying. But Bonsu Jangkah 

refused to chew betel-nut with him, and said that he 

would cut in two the man who had stolen his betrothed. 

Then Budak Void Intoie took a censer and burnt incense, 

saying. " Chiloh Ink pedak" eng may s'lak 

come down ancestor sword I size leaf 

bah." 

rice 

Whereupon the sword camedown from the sky and it was 

of the size of a rice-leaf. And he ti Id Bonsu fangkah Benua 

to return to his ship, but he refused. 

Youngest-Son-Strides-Over-Counti y (?) 

2 Tall and pointed nests of the termite are called male nests

2i8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

So Budak Void Intoie came down from the house, and 

when he had reached the lowest step Bonsu Jangkah Kenua 

aimed a blow at him with his sword ; but Budak Void Intoie 

leapt aside, and Jangkah Benua's sword cut the step in two. 

Thus they fought, but Budak Void Intoie did not attack and 

avoided the blows of Jangkah Benua's sword ; when he smote 

low. jumping high; when he smote high, bending low. 

At last Budak Void Intoie leant against a tree, and 

Jangkah Benua stabbed at him and broke his sword in the 

tree as Budak Yoid Intoie jumped aside. Next he took a 

keris, and that also broke against a tree: and then in turn a 

sundang, a lamaug, a tumbok lada, a golok, a badek 1 . and a gun, 

but each in turn became useless. 

Then he took a cannon and fired at Budak Yoid Intoie for 

seven days and seven nights, so that the village and everything 

in it was destroyed. 

After this Bonsu Jangkah Benua had no more weapons 

left, and the fight stopped. Budak Yoid Intoie up till this time 

having made no attack. 

Then Budak Yoid Intoie began to dance the war dance 

(Malay, gayong), and made a feint at Jangkah Benua; but the 

latter taunted him, asking him how he expected to kill a man 

with a sword the size of a rice-leaf. Again Budak Yoid Intoie 

made a feint 

taunted him. 

at Jangkah Benua, and again Jangkah Benua 

Then said Budak Yoid Intoie, " I have made 

two feints at you. if I make another just see if you don't 

remember it !" and he made another feint at him from far off. 

But Jangkah Benua continued to jeer at him, saying, " You 

fool, how can you expect to reach me with your sword from 

such a distance !" " If you don't believe that I have touched 

you." said Budak Yoid Intoie. "just bow your head," and on 

Jangkah Henna's doing so, his head fell off, and he died. 

Then Budak Yoid Intoie collected all Jangkah Benua's 

weapons, and those which were bent became straight, and 

those which were broken became whole. 

Next he brought Jangkah Benua to life again, and gave 

him back his weapons, and sent him away in his ship. 

] Budak Void Intoie then goes through exactly similar 

adventures at the courts of tuo other Rajas to whose hatliing-places 

the dragon's head drifts, and marries his two remaining followers 

to their daughters just as he married Rah Serpik to that ; of the 

' 

first Raja.] 

Different kinds of swords, knives, and daggers.

1918.] t. II. X. Evans: Ethnological Miscellanea. 219 

: 

Now after the last of his three followers Lingkong 

Benua) had been married, Budak Yoid Intoie planted a shrub, 

bearing a single blossom, in the open space in front of each of 

their houses, just as he had done in trout of his father's house 

before he set out on his journey; and, telling them that he 

wished to travel again, explained how, it he died, the flowers 

would wither. 

Then he set out t wards the open sea, and at last he came 

to a city called Bandar Benua, which lay close to the shori 

but he found no people dwelling there : not even any animals. 

At length he came to the Raja's pala( e and. going up into 

it lie called aloud three times, but nobodj an wi n d him. 

So he searched the house and at last he came a< 1 

single-ended drum, and, on his sitting down to beat it. heard 

someone calling from inside it. Then the person in the drum 

came out, and he found that it was a beautiful princess: and 

she told him how the country had been laid waste by an 

came every evening 

1 enormous twice seven-headed Roc which 

from the Pauh fanggi, 2 that grew on the shore near the 

palace. 

Then the princess gave him food, but towards evening she 

hid herself in the drum again, and Budak Void Intoie went 

out on to a platform in front of the palace and burn! incense. 

calling to his ancestor to let down his sword from the -4.\ . [01 

it had vanished after each of the fights with the three Rajas' 

sons. Upon this the sword came down to him, and it was not 

long before the Roc came and pen bed on the Pauh 

and every head croaked, 

fanggi; 

" " 

Law ! Laur ! Laur ! 

Then Budak Void Intoie cut off the- heads of the Roc, till 

only one remained, and when he cut off this as well, the Roc 

fell forward, dead, pinning him under one of its wings. 

Now at about this time Budak Void Intoie's followers 

observed that the flowers on the shrubs that he had planted, 

had withered. So they set out to search for him. and at last 

they came to Bandar Benua, and there they met the princess, 

who told them how Budak Void Intoie had been pinned 

beneath the Roc for seven days and seven nights. Then they 

cut away the Roc's body and released him. 

So Budak Yoid Intoie married the princess and lived at 

Bandar Benua, but his companions returned to their homes. 

Notes on Mai.a\ Bi 1 

n 

1 

vnd 

Customs (II). 

If you goto bed with a grain .if rice sticking to youi 

clothes or your body, you will dream that a tiger is hunting 

you. (From a Malax of Kamp mg Linggi, Negri Sembilan). 

1 The Sakai name for this bird is Pangei : the Malay nam 

2 The Pauh fanggi ,< tree believed b; the Mala 

bank m the centre of the ocean (Wilkinsoi


Filings from a porcupine's tooth, if drunk m water, are a 

remedy for poison taken internally. (From a Malay of Kuala 

Krau, Pahang). 

When women go down to the river to get water for use in 

birhautu ceremonies (spiritualistic seances) held for the benefit 

of sick pers >ns, they must not speak to anyone while carrying 

it. Furthermore, they must cover the mouths of the vessels 

witli leaves when full, and, in filling them, must let the water 

trickle in slowly, ami not allow it to enter with a gurgling 

sound. (From a Malay of Pulau Tawar. Pahang. My informant, 

seeing a woman on the banks of the Pahang River carrying 

up a water-pot whose mouth was covered with leavi s, gave 

me this note). 

If you are afraid that some mischance will befall you 

because you have left your village without satisfying a craving 

for tobacco or food. 1 put the third finger of your right hand 

into your mouth, and suck it three or four times. You will 

thus avert misfortune. (From a Malav of Pulau Tawar. 

Pahang). 

There is a deep, round depression near the Pahang River 

not far from Jerantut. but on the opposite bank, which is 

called Leboh Chupak. It is said that a village once stood on 

this site, but was overwhelmed by a storm, and swallowed up 

by subsidence of the ground, because a man placed two half 

coconut-shells— chupak measures— like caps on the head of a 

dog and a cat, and laughed at them in company with other 

villagers. 2 (From a Malay of Pulau Tawar, Pahang). 

To bring rain the cooking-pots and their cane stands 

must be washed, and a cat given a bath 3 ' Kampong Linggi, Negri Sembilan). 

(From a Malay of 

Scrapings of an incisor tooth of a baml -rat if app'ied 

to wounds in the feet caused by bamboo-stumps will effect a 

speedy cure. (From a Malay of Kampong Perak, near Batu 

Kurau. Perak). 

Wood must not be chopped on the threshold of a house, 

or the owner will be bitten by a snake or centipede when he 

goes to the jungle. (From a Malay of Kampong Perak, Batu 

Kurau, Perak, whom I heard rebuking his wife for thus 

chopping firewood). 

Nobody should lie with legs sprawled out of a doorway. 

or a tiger will come to the village. (From the same Malay as 

i liihut lu-na klmfunan. 

2 I have obtained stories of the dreadful fate which overtakes those who 

dress up animals and laugh at them, from Sakai in several districts, but this is 

the first time that I have heard of such a belief among the Malays. The 

word used in the neighbourhood of Pulau Tawar for a bad stoim followed by 

'" 

a subsidence of the ground is keliboh, ""'> seemingly being the name given to 

places where such subsidence is thought lo have occurred. Chilaii, a term 

frequently used by Sakai (when speaking Malay) to describe these storms 

caused by impious actions, has a very similar meaning , Leboh 

is a local variant 

of the ordinary Malay word lebor, which means "smelting," "liquefaction," 

or " destruction " 

I Maniihan pcriak, mandihan lehar, mandrkan knelling

tgi8. I. H. N. I.van. . Miscellanea. 

221 

the above, who had occasion to rebuke his u ife, in my In ai ii g, 

for breaking this tabu also). 

If the owner of a gun constantly uses it for shooting big 

game, lie should not keep, or place it, in a leaning position; 

otherwise animals that he shoots, it mortally wounded, will 

not fall dead foi ome time. From the same Malay as the 

a hove i. 

l'.l I \ KAMl'i ing. 

which is performed 

i remony i /.'...i tampong an annual 

by the Malays of the Endau —ami. 1 believe, in othei parts of 

the country as well- -in order to avert misfortune and disease. 

It is difficult to give a suitable translation of the name for 

these rites, and the nearest approach that I can make is 

"cherishing the village." Thej are purely pagan ami. as such, 

are frowned upon by the more orthodox Malays. 

While I was -topping in Kampong Pianggu on the 

a bela kampong, 

Endau River m August of tin- yeai (1917), 

which was about to be held, was postponed owing to the 

presence of three Dyaks, who were with me. These men 

were engaged in si ting birds and mammals and in collecting 

insects and botanical specimen-, such actions being tabu 

while the ceremony is in progress. 

The Dyaks having left me temporarily, 1 asked the 

Pawang to perform the rites while I was in the village, and 

before my men should return from up-stream. This, however, 

appeared to be impossible, as he each day made -ome excuse 

— that there was a wedding 011, or that someone had died and 

that it was tabu to hold the bela kampong in consequence. As 

I had already mad.- arrangements for leaving the Endau, I 

was unable to postpone my departure until the Pawang should 

fix upon an auspii ii ;i- da\ m \ ei 1 heli ss, by dint of qui stion- 

; 

ing him. and others, I got some information which is. perhaps, 

worth placing on record. 

According to old custom while the bela kampong is being 

performed, the village is laid under a three days' tabu by the 

Pawang, and during this period strangers must not enter it, 

nor may am- of the inhabitants shoot animals, gather 

cocoanuts, sireh, or banana leaves; leave the village; dig their 

land; use abusive language; or make a loud noise (e.g. beat 

gongs as at a wedding). 

The day chosen for the beginning of the rites depends 

partly on the Pawang's dreams. Should he have fixed a day. 

he will put it off if he. has an unlucky dream during the night 

before—that he is being chased by a tiger, for instance, 01 

that somebody is angry with him ; hut will hold it if his 

dreams are lucky (e.g. that he has been given many presents). 

When a village 1-; under t aim white rags are ted to cords at 

the bathing-places jamban), if the settlement is on the main


river ; but, if it is on a small side-stream, a cord, from which 

rags are suspended, is frequently stretched from bank to bank. 

Nowadays only a one day's bela kampong is allowed at 

Pianggu and the prohibitions with regard to persons arriving 

at, or leaving, the village are no longer in force. 

It appears that bela kampong on the Endau is performed 

rather with a view to keeping the local spirits of the soil in a 

good temper, and gaining their aid against invading evil, than 

with a view to banishing troublesome and evilly disposed 

supernatural beings, a not uncommon practice in many parts 

nf the Malayan region, and one which is resorted to on the 

Endau if epidemic disease appears, when the villages are 

placed under a seven days' tabu, and spirit-ships launched. 

These are supposed to carry away the haittu (spirits) which 

are causing the trouble. 

I mentioned the custom of the yearly purification of 

villages by means of spirit-boats to the Pawang of Pianggu 

and he said, "Lain pawang. lain adat" (other Pawangs, other 

customs). 

I obtained very few details with regard to the ceremony 

proper, but it appears that the Pawang makes a round of the 

village, collecting small offerings of food from each householder, 

and that towards evening on the third day he places, 

or hangs, these in the jungle, asking the spirits to accept the 

presents made to them, and to protect the village throughout 

the ensuing year.

— 

XXIV. NOTES ON THE GENUS PETAURISTA, 

Pall., \\ I I II DES( RIPTIONS OF TWO 

NEW RACES. 

By II. C. Robinson, C.M.Z.S. and C. B. Kloss, F.Z.S. 

The form ol Petaurista petaurista inhabiting the mountains 

of the extreme cast of Java is separable at a glance from that 

found in tin- western end of the island and in the absence of 

citation of the typical locality we "have selected the Preanger 

Regencies as the habitat of the typical form. The eastern 

rai e ma\ be de >i : 

ribed as 

Petaurista petaurista nigricaudatus, subsp. nov. 

Type:— Adult male with slightly worn teeth (skin and 

skull), collected at Ongop Ongop, Idjen Massif. 5,700 feet, near 

Banjoe-wangi, East Java, on April gth, 1916, by Federated 

Malay States Museums Collector, F.M.S. Mus. No. 323/16. 

Characters : 

—Differing from all other forms of the petau- 

rista (nitidus) section in having the general colour of the tail 

black, the sub-basal portions of the hairs ferruginous maroon ; 

ears dark chestnut, black orbital ring extensive, feet and hands 

black, this colour more extensive than in other forms and 

extending along the margin oi the uropatagium. 

Colour:— Above glistening chestnut maroon, duller and 

less maroon than in the West Javan form [P . petaurista) , head 

and sides of the face more bay All the hairs of the upper 

: 

surface with black tips, most pronounced along the median 

line nose chin, a broad orbital ring and the vibrissae. black. 

Hands and feet black, with little or no chestnut on the metapodials. 

margin of the antibrachial and interfemoral membranes 

black, parachute ochraceous salmon, more rufous on 

edge, lower surface similar. Ears dull brown, the hairs at the 

base tipped with black, thinly clad with short black hairs on 

the interior of the basal pan of the conch, mixed with brownish 

chestnut at the tips. Tail glossy black above, the bases 

of the hairs grey, the median area clouded with maroon, this 

colour being more noticeable beneath: tip not noticeablj 

blacker. 

; 

Skull : Doc- nol apparently differ from that of /'. 

p. 

melanotus from the Malay Peninsula teeth slightly larger. 

Measurements of the type:— Head and body, 456 (400 1 ) 

tail. 462 15541: hindfoot, ;\ 76); car. 41 mm., taken in the 

flesh by native collector. 

Measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult male /' 

/ mtlano 

tin from Lay Song Hon-;. Trang, Siamese Malay States. F M.S. Mus 

No 1226/10. 

;

— : 

224 Journal of tke F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

Cranial measurements: greatest length. 70.9 172.0): 

condylo-basilar length. 64.0 162.01 : 

palatilar length. 32.9 (32.5) 

diastema, 15.0 14.7); upper molar row, including pm a 16. 

{16.5): interorbital breadth, 15.7 (15.3); postorbital breadth. 

[8.] (18.4); zygomatic breadth, 48.7 (48.2) ; length of nasals, 

22.4 122.71 ; 

breadth of combined nasals. 13.3 (13. 0) mm. 

For detailed measurements of the series see p. 226. 

Specimens examined:- Six. three from the type locality ami 

three from Sodong Jerok, 3,900 feet, also on the Idjen Massif. 

The series obtained are all very uniform and differ very 

markedly from that from Tjibodas. West Java, which we have 

assumed to be the typical race in brighter general colouration. 

the general hue being more brownish in the Tjibodas skin, 

with the feet dark brown, not pure black, and the orbital ring 

narrow. The greatest difference however, is in the tail, which 

is ferruginous bay with a terminal black tip in the western 

animal as in all others of the group which we have been 

able to examine, though it should be noted that Hose 1 describes 

a specimen, presumably from Borneo, which appears 

to agree closely with the above form, though other authorities 

specifically state that the tail of the Boolean race is rufous 01 

ferruginous with a black tip. 

The Penang race, on examination of a considerable series, 

differs sufficiently from that inhabiting the mainland to receive 

a name: 

Petaurista petaurista penangensis, subsp. now 

Type —Adult female (skin and skull), collected at Telok 

Bahang, Penang Island, on 27th March. 1911 by E. Seimund. 

Federated Malay States Museum Xo. 1413,11. Original 

number 421 1. 

Diagnosis. External characters precisely as in P.p. melanotus 

from the south' of the Malay Peninsula but size smaller 

and rostrum shorter and relatively broader. 

Dimensions. See table on page 226. 

Specimens examined. Three, all from the type locality. 

Petaurista petaurista terutaus, Lyon. 

Petaurista terutaus. Lyon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 

xx, p. 17 (1907). 

This race was described by Mr. Lyon from a single specimen 

collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in 1904. 

Though the island has been visited by us on several 

occasions we never succeeded in obtaining specimens until 

December 1916. In that month, however, considerable wood 

cutting was going on in the island opening up vistas in jungle 

and we were so fortunate as to' obtain three adults. 

Huse. Mammals of Borneo, p 41 (1S93) 

g;

: 

igiS.] H.C.Robinson: Notes on the Genus Petanrista. 225 

These agree well with the original diagnosis and show 

that the race is very distinct from the mainland form and 

seeing that the original account was based on the unique type 

only it may be well to give a description of our series. 

General coloui much browner and less rufous that P.p. 

melauotus (type locality here designated as Selangor), the 

hairs on the middle of the sides with buff tips giving the effect 

of a pale elliptical patch. Limbs chestnut brown, becoming 

black on the metapodials and digits. Head varying from 

greyish buff to cinnamon buff. Parachute like the back or 

the limbs; uropatagium edged with black, edges of parachute 

buffy grey ; tail like the back, extensively blackened distally 

but the dark colour not sharply margined, bases of the hairs 

throughout black, the base of the tail also washed with black. 

Muzzle, chin and eve ring black, ears with proectote ochraceous, 

metectote extensively black. Undersurface, pale salmon 

orange, foreneck whitish, inner sides of limbs blackish brown. 

Specimens examined — Three (i


XXV. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON CAVE 

EXPLORATION, NEAR LENGGONG, UPPER PERAK. 

By Ivor II. N. Evans, b.a. 

Early in 1917 I visited Lenggong, in Upper Perak, with a 

view to excavating certain "l the caves and rock-shelters, 

which are common in the neighbourhood of that place. Some 

exploration of such sites had already been conducted bj 

Mr. L. Wray, then Curator of the Perak Museum, in the years 

1886, 1891, and at some later date (not stati .1 , th< 1 aves thai 

he dealt with being situated in Gunong Cheroh, near Ipoh. 

His finds, though sufficiently interesting, did not throw any 

gre.it amount of light on the question of the early inhabitants 

of the Peninsula. To sum up his work, he proved that some 

of the rock -she Iters and caves of the Peninsula were formerly 

occupied, for a considerable time, by a people who lived largely 

on the flesh of wild animals (and broke theii bones to obtain 

the marrow), while they consumed quantities ol fluviatile 

mollusks: who used mealing stones and red haemal ite paint : 

and were, in some manner, able to possess themselves of a fewvalves 

of a species of marine shell (Cyrena sumatrensis ) 

A stone celt, that is a natural stone of convenient shape 

ground to a sharp edge, was disi overed during thelater excavations 

at a depth of two feet. Mr. Wray concluded from the 

finding of this specimen that the people w ho inhabited tb 

were not necessarily the makers of stone implements, " but 

only that they were contemporaneous with the maker- of the 

implements, from whom they sometimes obtained one by 

barter or otherwise, in the same way as the modern Sakai get 

iron axes and chopping-knives from the Malays." This may. 

of course, have been so: but, if the makers of the stone 

implements preceded the inhabitants of the caves fa point 

which his excavations did nol ive-dwellei may have 

met with the aforesaid implement lying on the surface of the 

he Malays do 

soil and have taken it home with him, just as 1 

with these lithic relics at the present time. 

1 

\ 

1 

I 1 

On the day after my arrival at Lenggong, I visited the 

(01,1 Kajang, natural tunnel which pierce, a limestone hill. 

A pith leading from near Len ;gon to K Lmpong Gelok passes 

through it. At the entrance facing Kampong Gelok there are 

two largi on either side of the cave-mouth. These 

are rock-shelters of ju the tvpe which were, and are, usualh 

by ave-dwi llet s. I made an inspei tion oi the floor 

of the shelter on tin- left, which was the deeper of the two, mid 

found a large number of the shell; of fluviatile mollusks 

(belonging to the genus Melanin) 111 > hollow worn in it 

oi Hi/ /' U S M 1 

( 

1 Xnst , 

V,.! xxvi, pi jfi 47 Journal 

.

228 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. |Vol. Vll, 

by the continual dropping of water from the point of a 

large stalactite. I therefore decided that these bays would 

probably be well worth excavating. 

I may remark here that the rock-shelters in the neighbourhood 

of Lenggong are frequently visited, and sometimes 

occupied for short periods, by the Negrito tribesmen who 

frequent the locality. The two mentioned above, and others 

which I examined later, showed traces of having been recently 

used, among the remains left behind by the Negritos being 

bamboo sleeping-platforms, sections of blow -pipes, burnt-out 

fires, and the bones of soft turtles, bats and flying-foxes, which 

had been roasted and consumed on the spot. The walls of 

the Gua Kajang and the two bays were covered with the 

names of Malay visitors written in Arabic cr Roman character, 

while Chinese too had inscribed their signatures in their 

native ideographs. On the walls of the left-hand bay, however, 

I found some patterns, drawn with charcoal, which were 

obviously the work of Negritos, since they were exactly similar 

to those which they engrave on their dart-quivers. Some 

other very rude drawings should also, probably, be attributed 

to these people. One of them, seemingly of an elephant 

drawing a four-wheeled waggon, had points of interest; for the 

artist, wishing to depict a vehicle of this kind, but either being 

unable to visualise it as it would appear when viewed from the 

side, or not being skilful enough to depict the parts of the 

off-side wheels which would be seen, had sketched the two 

near wheels and then added another couple, which were not 

attached to the waggon at all, one being placed in front of 

it, and the other behind. 

I came into contact with the Negritos on two occasions. 

and once employed two men of the tribe to assist me in digging. 

I was thus able to get them to talk to me about their habit of 

using the caves, and to hear what they had to say with regard 

to the specimens found. On their visiting me at Lenggong 

Rest-House I also showed them three polished stone implements 

which I had purchased from Malays, who had found 

them in the surface-soil of land planted with rice or rubber. 

The Negritos called these b.du kareh, " thunder stones," which 

is practically equivalent to the Malay name for them {haliliniar 

or batu lintar). I do not think that they have any traditions 

of their ancestors using anything of the kind. 

Having determined to excavate the left-hand bay, I started 

work withafew coolies. I first of all had small trial pits sunk 

here and there in the cave floor with the object of gaining some 

idea of the nature of the deposits and of their thickness. I n every 

pit fragments of bones and spiral fresh-water shells were found 

in quantities. At the further end of the cave the deposit proved 

to be only a few inches in depth, but towards the mouth it was 

over four fret thick. About the middle, at a depth of two feet, 

a hard stratum of shells and broken bits of bone cemented together 

with lime was encountered, with about another foot of

tgiS. [.Evans: C the solid rock. We were rewarded 

by the discovery, with which I will later deal in detail, of large 

quantities of the spiral shells mentioned above; numbers of 

fragments of bone, chiefly mammalian, some pieces of red iron 

oxide, similar to those found by Mr. Wray at Gunong Cheroh ' 

: 

a round water-worn st'.ne. probabiy used for grinding: a 

mealing-slab : some pottery; parts ol a human skeleton; a 

chipped stone implement of primitive type, and a rather doubtful 

implement of red stone. 

The floor of the cave consisted of a mass of shells and 

bones mixed with earth and lime, the latter, however, not being 

usuallv present in sufficient quantity, or never having been 

moist enough, to bind the deposit together. The bones found 

were mostly in a fragmentary condition, having seemingly been 

pounded to bits in order to extract the marrow. Main- of the 

fragments were blackened, or browned, by burning, and some, 

from the hard layer mentioned above, were much mineralized. 

No marks of gnawing were to be observed on any of them, so 

it would seem likely that the cave-dwellers did not keep dogs. 

No bone implements of any kind were found, and only one 

small piece which shewed signs of having been cut with a sharp 

instrument. Remains of the following animals were detected 

—deer (Ce rvtts unicolor), muntjac. squirrel, rhinoceros, bamboorat 

and wild-pig. 

The molluscan shells belonged to the genera Unto and 

Melania. The former were rare, the latter abundant, while a 

peculiar feature was that in every case the topmost whorls of 

the spiral shells had been broken off, 2 evidently f>>r the 

purpose of facilitating the extraction of their contents. The 

Patani Malays of Upper Perak search for these mollusks for 

food, 3 but they told me thai the Negritos did not do so. this 

information being subsequently confirmed by several men of 

the local tribe, particularly by the two whom I employed in 

digging. Furthermore, no such shells were found among the 

animal and other recent remains which the Negritos had left 

in the caves, nor do I remember ever having seen them lying 

about in their encampments. 

I have already mentioned that a mealing-slab. very 

similar to those obtained by Mr. Wray. was discovered in the 

cave. This was turned up at a depth of about two feet from 

These are in ihe I'erak Museum 

Mr Wray notes that the shells of Melania found in tic cave excavated 

bv him had been .îniilarly treated 

3 The Malay borl the mollusks and suck them out of their shells. The 

top whorls of the shells are knocked off before boiling, in order to render thencontents 

easy I


the surface in the lime-cemented layer of shell and bone 

deposit. It is a block of limestone, hollowed out on one 

surface by constant use. 

The hard layer of deposit proved to be the richest in 

interesting objects and, in additi"n to the grinding slab, there 

were discovered in it the mealing or grinding-stone, the human 

remains, and the stone implement already mentioned. 

The mealing-stone. a circular water-rounded granite 

pebble, is stained with the red pigment referred to above. 

Other water-worn stones, mostly of quart/, were found in fair 

numbers, all having evidently been brought home by the 

cave-dwellers with the intention of making use of them. 

Some of these also were stained with pigment, having 

been probably used for grinding it up. 

The stone implement was found in a small trial pit, sunk 

previous to general excavation. I shall, however, describe 

this specimen later, when dealing with similar objects obtained 

in the course of excavating the other bay at the mouth of 

the Qua Kajang. The human remain.- were, rather unfortunately, 

first discovered by one of my Malays. This man. being 

tired with digging, had left the spot at which we were 

working, and had started scratching and burrowing in the 

trial pit just mentioned. When he had been thus employed 

for some time, he brought me a fragment of human jaw with 

some teeth still in it. saying that he had found a good many 

other pieces of bone and had thrown them out of the hole. I, 

therefore, set to work to collect as many of the broken bits as 

possible and to excavate some pieces of jaw which were visible 

in the burrow that h? had made. There were thus retrieved 

the greater portions of an upper and a lower jaw. but only 

one small portion of the skull, some fragments of ribs, and 

some finger-bones. When the surrounding ground, which 

formed part of the block that I had decided to open, was 

properly excavated, some arm. leg, foot, and other bones were 

also discovered; these were removed, as far as was possible.imbedded 

in lime and shell matrix. A very large part of the 

skeleton was missing, and our efforts to find the rest of it 

were not successful. 

These bones have not yet been cleaned or reported upon 

by an expert, so I do not feel justified in making more than a 

few remarks anent them. Judging by the teeth, they are 

those of an aged person, the worn-down state of the molars 

being remarkable. 1 The front teeth appear to have been filed 

down to a certain extent, a practice still indulged in by the 

Malays and some of the Negrito tribes. 1 could see no signs of 

the earth above the body having been disturbed since its first 

deposition. The bones were, as alreadv stated, imbedded in a 

matrix of shells and fragments "f bones, wêre hard, though 

' This is also a noticeable characteristic of sonif of the human teeth found 

by Mr Wray.

cgi8. I. Evans: Cave Exploration, Lenggong, Perak. j.;i 

brittle, and seemingly much impregnated with lime from the 

stratum in which the) lay. 1 am inclined to think, therefore, 

that the skeleton w;i neons with the deposit in 

which it was found. Since the skeleton was incomplete, we 

must suppose that the bod\ was partly destroyed 1 aftei d< ath. 

The pottery, menu \ a geologist with a view to 

determining their materi Is, but the following rocks seem to be 

represented red chert (one flake); limestone (one flnki 

reddish-yellow chert (?) (two flakes); yellow chert (?) (one 

. 

flake); black metamorphic rock (two Hake- ; a fine-grained 

ichn coloured tone (one flake); stalactite (one flake In 

addition numerous fragmi nl ol pebbli of various kinds were 

found, vhich do nol exhibit definite signs of working. The 

core- shews clear traces of at least eleven flakes having been 

1 Pei 

1 . bm 

merely left lying in tin 

i< d at all, bn 

1 1 in- hr 1 bay was a small cave seventy-six fe

breadth ol b

2j2 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII, 

removed from it. Its material is a black and very fine-grained 

rock, something like black flint in appearance. It seems to 

have been easy to work, the channels left by the removal of 

flakes being smooth, and the ridges between them sharply defined. 

Thin edges of the rock are slightly translucent. 

With regard to the two stone implements and to a few 

rather doubtful specimens. 

One implement, a broadly lanceolate object, that which was 

found near the human remains, is roughly chipped out of a piece 

of granite; a large part of the upper side being the originalsmooth 

and weathered, or water-worn, skin of the rock. This is yellowish 

in colour. The stone has been trimmed to shape by 

blows delivered on the under edge, the flakes thus splitting from 

the upper surface. Granite is not particularly suitable for 

working, being of too coarse a grain, and the flaking is therefore 

rough. Some trimming of a similar kind is observable 

round the edges of the lower surface, but is not so well marked 

as above. A patch in the centre of this side is also stained 

yellow and appears" to be the natural skin of the stone, but is 

rougher than that on the upper surface. 

The other well marked implement is very similar in 

outline to that just described, but the under surface is flattish, 

while the upper is turtle-backed. The material from which 

it is made is a hard and fine-grained black rock, probably 

metamorphic. An island of the original greyish skin of the 

pebble is left on the centre of its upper face and forms its 

highest part. Chipping extends from the edge to the margin 

of this island. The flakes removed from the under surface 

were evidently much larger than those from the upper. The 

rock, though fine-grained, does not seem to have been easy 

to work. 

We now come to two other specimens which are 

not so well defined. One of these has been extensively 

chipped at the edge till the "front'* of it is almost semicircular. 

The material of this slab is a fine-grained stone of 

a dark purple-red colour about seven-tenths of an inch in 

thickness, which has both faces worn smooth by river action. 

An edge has been broken away, but whether previous to 

chipping or not. I cannot say for certain. The other specimen 

appears to have been intended for an implement of similar 

outline to the first two described and is probably in an 

unfinished state. Its material is a dark, fine-grained stone 

and a portion of the original water-worn skin remains on 

either face. Chipping is fairly extensive, especially on the 

upper surface towards the point. Below, flakes have also been 

removed in numbers, but they do not reach so far-towards the 

middle. 

About two other objects I am very doubtful. They 

shew no obvious signs of chipping, and none of grinding,

[. Evans: Cave Exploration, Lenggotig, Pcrak. 233 

yet their shape is peculiar, and their material— a black. 

mied rock, seemingly similar to that of the lastdescribed 

specimen— is not. as far as I know, found in the 

d of tlu- caves. It seems probable, therefore, 

that the two stones were brought to the cave by its inhabitants. 

The first, did it shew signs of chipping or ol polishing. 

might from its shapi neolithi< -tj i 

axe: thi the object, however, appears weathered, 

which it would not be, had it been a part of an implement 

tin own au.i\ within the cave owing to breakage during 

ture; noi would an implement in use shew these 

signs when broken and left in such a sheltered position. 

I he second specimen is smooth on one side, slightly rough 

on the other. It, also, has rather a curious form, and appears 

to be of a rock similar to that of the above; here again 

I cannot detect any obvious signs of working. Possibly it is a 

thin rlake removed from the surface of a water-worn pebble. 

Before bringing this paper to a close we have still to deal 

with the pottery. 

In the bay lirst excavated pottery was met with only 

from the surface to a depth of about one foot, or a little more 

towards the mouth of the cave, where the deposits were 

deepest. Several specimen- were discovered here. Two 

of them were seemingly small dishes with circular feet. One- 

is of a stout, blackish coloured ware, and includes a part of 

the rim ; the other is similar except that the ware has a reddish 

tinge. In both instances the feet have been broken ofl and 

only their bases remain. Another object which we found is 

a small pipkin or water-pot with a roughly tooled pattern on 

its bottom and the lower parts of its body. Many fragments 

of this ware were encountered. My Malay coolies said that 

they thought that pipkins of the same kind were still made in 

the Siamese Mala}- States, but that they did not know of any 

modern articles similar to the two dishes. Some small pieces 

of potterv of other types were also met with, but none of them 

were at all remarkable. 

In the second bay the pottery found was in small fragments, 

and was of the same sort as the pipkin. 

1 

Let us now see wdiat inferences may be fairly drawn from 

tl ts discovered in the caves. It ha- been noted that 

the deposit of shells and bone fragments were not of any 

ickness, and from this fact we may conclude that the 

caves were either inhabited for a comparatively short 

period of time, or that they were only used at 

that the old.-st deposit's are. therefore, fairly am 

intervals, and 

There is, I think, sufficient evidence to warrant oui saying 

that some of the former dwellers in the caves understood tin 

working of stone by chipping, and used stone implements; for 

two true implements were discovered, and two which are 

probablj so, as well n


core. The finding of several implements in a cave together 

with flakes is fairly conclusive evidence that the inhabitants 

understood the working of stone, but the discovery of a single 

implement, such as that recorded by Mr. Wray, is not necessarily 

so. Whether the dwellers in the Lenggong caves knew 

how to polish, or make, stone implements by a rubbing down 

process must, on the evidence before us, remain a matter for 

doubt; but, if they did. and we are to regard the specimens 

that I have described as being roughly blocked out and 

unfinished implements of neolithic culture, it is difficult to see 

into what known Peninsular type, or types, they were to be 

turned. On the other hand the fact that the stone implements 

were made by former inhabitants of the Lenggong caves 

increases the probability of Mr. Wray's polished implement 

having been made by cave-dwellers too. What relation in 

point of age the Lenggong deposits bear to those of Gunong 

Cheroh is, however, uncertain. 

With regard to the use of pottery it would seem most 

probable that the earliest inhabitants of the Lenggong caves 

did not possess any : but a very little may, perhaps, have been 

in use while the making of stone implements was still a known 

art.

XXVI. FOUR NEV\ BIRDS FROM JAVA. 

By II. C. Robinson* (M./.S. 

DENDROBIASTES HYPERYTHRA VULCANI, subsp. nov. 

Adult male:— Very close to I), r. malayana, Ogilvie 

Grant 1 , from the mountains of the Malay Peninsula and 

from Sumatra but differing in having the throat and breast 

somewhat paler, more yellowish orange, less rufescent, the 

fulvous wash on the Hanks distinctly lighter and the middle 

of the abdomen whiter. " Iris dark, bill black, feet slaty 

purplish." 

Adult female :— The uppei surface more olivaceous than in 

the corresponding sex of D. h. malayana, the throat and 

middle of the abdomen whiter and the pectoral band and the 

flanks light yellowish fulvous brown, not rufescent brown. 

" Iris dark, bill black, feet light pinkish grey." 

Dimensions, (taken in the flesh). Male: Total length. 1 1 j : 

tail, 46; tarsus, 18; bill from gape, 15 mm. 

wing, 59; 

Female:— Total length, 113; wing, 59; tail. 47; tarsus, 

i.n : bill from gape, 14 mm. 

: 

Types: — Collected at Tjibodas, slopes of the Gedeh 

Volcano, 4-6,000 feet, Weste in Java, on 14 th and 15 th. February, 

1916. 4 No. 2413. ; No. 2365. 

Specimens examined —Twenty-one, from the slopes ol tin 

Gedeh, at altitudes from 4,000 to 8,500 feet. 

Six males from the Idjen Volcano, near Banjoewangi, 

Eastern Java, are perhaps even paler and brighter beneath, 

while a single female, which we have to associate with the males, 

differs very markedly in having almost the whole of the under 

surface pale buffy yellow, the throat and chil 

concolorous with the breast. In the absence of furthei fi mali 

specimens and of examples from Bali I prefer not to descrilx it. 

POMATORHINUS MONTANUS OTTOLANDERI, subsp. nov. 

Adult:— Differing from the typical P. m. montamu of the 

mountains of Central and Western Java in having tin white 

superciliary streak not continued past the eye to the base of 

the bill as is invariably the case in the western rare. General 

colour of back, mantle and flanks rather more chestnut and 

less ochraceous rufous than in the western form, though this 

character is only noticeable when large series of each race are 

compared. 

Mmcieapula malayana, Ogilvie Grant, Bull Brit. Orn Club. XI' 

(906).

: 


Measurements of type:—Wing, 94, tail, 105 ; bill from gape, 

26; tarsus, 33 mm. Type:—Adult male from Sodong Gerok, 

Idjen Massif, 3,900 feet, near Banjoewangi, Eastern Java, 

April 1st, 1916. Very large series examined from the same 

vicinity from 1,400 feet to 5,000 feet. 

Remarks — Hartert, in a paper on birds from the Ardjuno 

has already noticed the differences in the superciliary streak 

(Nov. Zool. iii, p. 539 (1896), while a reference to Horsfield's 

original description and Plate (Zool. Res. Java (1824) of 

P. montantis show these characters as strongly marked. Hors- 

' 

field's specimens came from Merbabu in Central and Prahu in 

West Central Java, while my own material, consisting of over 

twenty skins, is from the Gedeh in Western Java. Under these 

circumstances I consider that the eastern form is perfectly 

entitled to subspecific recognition, though in a considerable 

number of specimens traces of white are 

loral region. 

discernible in the 

Stachyris okientalis, sp. nov. 

Separable at a glance from St. thoracica (Temm.) from 

Western Java, (eight specimens examined), in having the 

whole head and hind neck slaty black, clearly differentiated 

from the mantle. Rest of the upper surface of a more 

ochraceous rufescent, less chestnut tinge. Beneath, the white 

pectoral collar forms a regular gorget and is not encroached 

upon in the middle of the throat by the black of the chin and 

neck, as in the western form. White gorget bordered beneath 

by a black band broadest on the sides of the breast, this band 

being entirely absent in St. thoracica. 

Wing, 82 ; tail, 79; bill from gape, 25 ; tarsus, 31 mm. 

Type:—Adult male from Sodong Jerok. Idjen Massif. 

3,900 feet, near Banjoewangi, East Java, on March 28th, 1916. 

Thirteen specimens examined. 

Stachvkidopsis melanothorax intermedia, subsp. nov. 

Intermediate between St. in. melanothorax 1 (Temm.) 

from Western Java and St. m. baliensis (Hartert) 2 from Java. 

Differs from the former in having the middle of the breast 

sandy buff, uniform with the flanks, not white, and from the 

latter in having the chin and throat pure white, only very 

faintly tinged with buff. Outer webs of the primaries, decidedly 

richer brown than the back but not nearly so bright as 

the wing coverts. 

19.5 ; 

Adult female (type) :— Wing, 60 ; tail, 60 ; bill from gape, 

tarsus, 23 mm. 

1 Myiothara melanothorax, Temra. PI Col. II, pi. 185, fig. 2 (1S23). 

2 Cyanodtrma milanotlwrax balittisis, Hartert, Bull. Brit Orn. Club. 

XXXVI, p. 2 (1915).

1918.J H. C. Robinson : Four New Birds from , 

Another female specimen, less adult, wing, 57; tail, 56; 

21 mm. 

bill from gape, r.8.5 : tarsus 

Locality:—Sodong Gerok, Idjen Massif. 3,900 feet, near 

Banjoewangi, Eastern Java. 

I cannot agree with either the late Dr. Sharpe >>i 1»; 

Hartert that this bird is correctly placed in the genus Cyanoderma, 

Salvad., of which the type is Cyanoderma 

(Blyth), from Borneo, which has naked cheeks, whereas the 

present bird has them feathered. 

As Dr. Hartert notes, St. melanothorax has been omitted 

from the Catalogue of Birds (Vol. VII. but is carefully described 

bv Sharpe in 1N84. {Notes Leyden Mus. \i.. p. 177 

(1884).

XXVII. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF FLOWER 

PECKERS (DICAEIDAE) FROM THE 

MALAY REGION. 

By II. C. Robinson, M.B.O.U. \m> C. B. Kloss, M.B.O.U. 

PlPRISOMA SORDIDUM, sp. nov. 

Differs from /'. modestum (Hume), of the Mala} Peninsula, 

Tenasserim and Siam in the absence of streaks on the undei 

surface and of white on the tail, from /'. obsoletus (Mull, ami 

Schleg.), of Timor and Flores in the latter character ami in 

the duller undersurface, from /'. everetti (Sharpe), of North 

Borm o and Labuan in the darker underparts and from /'. olivucfu\ 

(Tweed.), of the Philippines in the duller upper surface. 

Type:—Adult male, collected on 14th July, 1913, at 

Rawang, Central Selangor. F.M.S. No. 101/18. 

Above dull brown, the feathers of the head with darker 

centres, the edges of the primaries, secondaries, upper tailcoverts 

and tail-feathers edged with olivaceous green, broader 

and greener on the inner secondaries. Beneath dull fuscous, 

chin and throat and the centre of the belly, whitish; under 

tail coverts whitish with greyish centres. Under wing coverts 

and axillaries, greyish, with dark centres to the former: sides 

of the face and lores greyish brown, malar region somewhat 

darker. Tail feathers with no traces of white. 

Dimensions (in skin): -Wing, 60; tail, .5.5: tarsus, 13.5; 

bill from gape, 11 mm. 

Remarks :—This bird is probably only a subspecies of 

P. everetti, Sharpe, Ibis 1877, p. 16; id. P.Z.S. 1879, p. .-543, 

PI. XXX. lig. 1. from which it differs in its very much darker 

colour beneath. 

DlCAEUM VAN HEYSTI, sp. nov. 

Nearest 10 D. ignipectus (Hodgs.), of the Himalayan 

countries and the mountains of the Malay Peninsula but 

entirely lacking any red in the plumage or ;m\ bla< k abdominal 

patch, which charactei also separates it from D. beccarii, 

of \V. Sumatra. 

Type:—Male (vix idult), from Beras tagi, Mountains of 

NE. Sumatra, collected on 10th June, 1017, by A. 1). van 

Heyst. Collector's No. 517. 

Above like D. ignipectus, but the metallic colouring with a 

more greenish east. Below, throat and uppei breast almost 

dusky, slightly tinged 

pur.- white, flanks and side -1 tip brea 1

_> 

4 o Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII 

with olive. Abdomen olivescent. under tail coverts buffy with 

black bases. Axillaries and under wing coverts silky white ; 

sides of the head slaty black. 

Wing, 48 ; tail. 23; tarsus. 13 ; bill from gape. 10.5 mm. 

: Female — 

Differs from the female of I>. ignipectus in 

being more greenish and darker beneath, only the breast and 

abdomen being slightly washed with ochreous buff. (No. 512). 

Specimens examined :—Three, the above mentioned male 

and female and an immature male, resembling the female, all 

collected at the same locality and on the same date. 

Remarks : —There is little doubt that these specimens 

represent a species allied to but quite distinct from the continental 

D. ignipectus, the total absence of the black pectoral 

patch bsing the most characteristic feature rhey cannot 

apparently be referred to Dicceum solliciUins, Hartert from 

Java.

XXVIII. FURTHER NOTES ON THE MONGOOSES 

OF THE MALAY PENINSULA. 


When 1 wrote the article on the Mongooses of the Mala) 

Peninsula published in the last number of this Journal 

(pp. 123-5; September, 1917), some skulls were missing which 

have since been recovered and 1 am now able to give their 

measurements. 

It will be seen that the skulls do not confirm the slight 

difference in size in favour of Mimgos javanicus peninsulae over 

Mungos incertus indicated by the collector's external measurements 

taken in the flesh, but show that the two are of practically 

similar dimensions or that the difference, if any, is rather 

the other way about. The only difference between the skulls 

of the two species lies in the bullae, which in incoius are rather 

larger and this feature, with the colour differences, constitutes 

the distinction between the two. 

The skulls of these indigenous Malayan animals differ from 

that of Mungos mungos in their greater length, that of mungos 

being shorter both actually and relatively to its breadth and 

having a shorter tooth row. 

Number 

Measurements of Mongooses in millimetres. 

Mungos j. peninsul

XXIX. ON THE SOUTHERN MALAYAN RACE OF 

THE WHITE-WHISKERED PALM-CIVET. 

By II. C. Robinson and C. B. Kloss. 

We have long thought that the Southern Malayan Race 

ol Paguma leucomystax originally described by J. E. Gray from 

Sumatra was subspecifically distinct, but in the absence of 

fully adult specimens of the adjacent races have hitherto 

refrained from describing it. 

We are now, however, in possession of fine adults of the 

true P. leucomystax from West Sumatra, 7'. robusta, (Miller), from 

the north of the Peninsula and of the Southern Malayan form 

which we propose to describe as 

Paguma larvata annectens, subsp. nov. 

Type:—Adult male (skin and skull), F. M. S. Mus. No. 

191/09, collected at Bukit Gantang, Larut, Perak, November 

1908, by Museum Collector. 

Diagnosis:— Intermediate between the colder, greyer race 

from Trang and the deep maroon-black form, /'. leucomystax, 

from Sumatra. 

Colour .-—Nape, mantle, upper and lower extremities 

brownish black, the nape and mantle having the under fur 

tipped with buffy; posterior parts of the body more yellow 

tipped and annulated with black, the general orange effect 

being richest on the rump; Hanks slightly duller; tail like the 

rump, basally, becoming blackish on the distal half. Undersurface 

dull buffy. Top of muzzle slightly grizzled buff. A 

broad area extending from the eye to the car and more 

narrowly down the sides of the neck, buff. Crown grizzled 

brown and buff. Sides of muzzle, chin and throat brownish ; 

ears brownish black. Vibrissae white. 

Dimensions :— (External dimensions oi the type, taken in 

the flesh):— Head and body, 635; tail, 610 ; hindfoot, 102 mm. 

Cranial measurements: greatest length. 127 (126 1 

); upper 

length, 112 (116); condylo-basilar length 120 (121); basilai 

length, T15 1 1 ib..}): palatilar length. 57 (57); width of palate, 

including molars, 42.8(41); interpterygoid space 25 by 13.2 

127 by !(•: breadth of rostrum across the roots of canines, 

breadth, 71 (69); anteorbital cm strict ion, 

24.7 1241 ; zygomatic 

26.2 (25.4) ; postorbital constriction. 25 (22.4) ; breadth of brain 

case above roots of. zygomata 4 1 (41.4); mastoid breadth, 

48(45); occipital depth, 30.2 (30.4); mandible 94 (94); maxilarv 

tooth row exclusive 1 of incisors |? (4) : mandibulary tooth 

row, exclusive of incisors 48.3 mm. (50). 

' Measurements in parentheses are tlm .< > '""is robustus 

Miller. Proc. Biol. Sor Washington, XIX. p 26 (1006).


Specimens examined:— Five from Perak and one from 

Selangor. 

The series of the genus before us, ranging from the 

Northern Shan States to Sumatra show that complete gradation 

occurs between forms assigned to P. larvata (Temni.) 

and P. lencomysta.x. All races of the genus must therefore be 

regarded as subspecies of the originally described P. larvata. 

The synonymy of the Malayan form is much involved and 

many of the earlier names have no exact locality cited. We 

have been unable full}' to examine the literature, but it is 

possible that Paiadoxurns jourdanii, Gray, in Charlesworth, 

Mag. of Nat. Hist. I., p. 579 (1837) applies to the above described 

form, in which case, of course, Grav"s name has 

priority. 

The various races will be : 

— 

Pagutna larvata larvata (H. Smith). S. China. 

Paguma larvata taivana (Swinh.). Formosa. 

Paguma larvata hainana, Allen. Hainan. 

Paguma 

(Goteik). 

larvata intrutlens, Wroughton. N. Shan States 

Paguma larvata grayi (Bennet). Himalayas and Sikkim. 

Paguma larvata tytleri (Tytler). Andaman Islands. 

Paguma larvata robusta (Miller). 

Peninsula. 

Tenasserim and N.Malay 

Paguma larvata annectens, antea p. 243. S. Malay Peninsula. 

Paguma larvata leucocephala (Gray). Borneo. 

Paguma larvata leucomystax (Gray). Sumatra. 

The generic status of Paradoxiirus laniger, Hodgson, from 

Tingri, Tibet, which is only known from a skin and of 

Paradoxurus musschenbroeki, Schleg., from Celebes is uncertain.

XXX. NOTES ON MALAYAN AND OTHER 

MOUSE-DEER. 


There is in thi Fed< rated Mala) States Museums a fairly 

large collection of Tragulidae from the Malay Peninsula and 

the immediate neighbourhood, and as there are available foi 

the moment specimens from Banco (belonging to Mr. II. ('. 

Robinson) and from Siam (in my possession), the opportunity 

has been taken to review all this material. 

In dealing with Mouse-deer in large >eru s one cannot fail 

to be impressed with the large degree of individual variation 

that exists in adults as regards colouration, skull and dental 

characters and also size; and it is obvious that races must be 

judged, not by individuals, but by the average, or majority, 

features of series. 

The only real differences amongst Malaysian ' 

animals 

seem to be those of colour and these differences are so intimately 

mingled geographically that it >cems best to regard all races 

as belonging to two species only javanicus and kanchil. 

Malays haw: various names for Mouse-deer— in the 

Peninsula there arc current napu (napoh) and munkonong 

(bengkunang), pelaiidok 2 and kanchil : the last two names are 

interchangeable but as a rule muukonong and kanchil are 

applied to the young of napu (Greatei Mouse-deer) and pelaiidok 

(Lesser Mouse-deer) respectively. 

I have proposed type localities for two old names hitherto 

undetermined: rejected two races proposed: and described 

two new ones. 

Tragulus javanicus napu. 

Moschus napu. F. Cuv., Mist. Nat. Mamm.. III. livr. 37, pi. 

329 11822). 

Tragulus javanicus, Cantor, fourn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XV, 

1846, p. 269. 

Tragulus napu, Mower. F.Z.S., 1900, p. .574; Wroughton, 

Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc, Bombay, XXIII, 1015. p. 717. 

— 

Tragulus canescens, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc Washington. 

1900, p. 185 ; id.. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXV 1 1, moo. p. 5 

Kloss, fourn. F.M.S. Mus.. H. [908, p. tj.S : id., op. cit., IV, 

1911, p. 138. 

Tragulus javanicus canescens, Kloss. Journ. Straits Branch 

Roy. Asiat. Soc, No. 53, 1909, p. 43: Lydekker, Cat. Ungulates, 

Brit. Mus., I V, [91 5, p. 271. 

1 Malaysian—Pertaining to the ula, Sumatra, Borneo and 

Java Malayan—Pertaining to the Mala; -mi mat ran, etc 

i -Final fi 

;


When Miller gave the name canescens to the Malayan 

Greater Mouse-deer he compared it with the napu of Lingga 

Island, later named T. pretiosus by him ' in the belief that the 

latter represented typical T. javanicm napu. He his since 

written " Tragulus napu. (of Sumatra) proves to be a greyish 

animal quite distinct from T. pretiosus but somewhat closely 

resembling T. canescens of the Malay Peninsula," 2 and again 

later " The common peninsular Tragulus canescens differs very 

slightly, if at all, from the Sumatran T. napu. In naming it I 

was under the impression that the napu of Lingga Island 

I T. pretiosus) represented the Sumatran animal. '"3 

When Wrought! >n wrote (l.c.s.) of South Tenasserim 

animals " Geographically they should be the T. canescens of 

Miller, but differ so markedly in several characters from his 

description that I prefer to retain the older name," he was 

perhaps unaware of this or that Miller's description, being 

wrongly based, might convey a wrong impression. 

I have compared a series ranging from South Tenasserim 

to Singapore, with specimens from Sumatra and cannot find any 

differences: and as long as the occurrence of a distinct race in 

the Peninsula remains unproven, as seems to be the case, 

we have no right to use a distinct name for Malayan animals 

which should therefore stand as T.j. napu. 

Habitat:— Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. 

Specimens examined:- Fourteen. 

Tragulus javanicus umbrinus. 

Tragulus umbrinus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 

XIII. 1900, p. 191. 

Tragulus (canescens) umbrinus, Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. 

II, 1908. p. 148; id. (partim) Journ. Straits Branch Roy. 

Asiat. Soc, No. 53, 1909, p. 44. 

Tragulus javanicus umbrinus, Lydekker, Cat. Ung. Brit. 

Mus., IV, 1915, p. 273. 

"Similar to T. canescens of the adjacent mainland but 

smaller in size and much darker in colour. Throat stripes 

blackish brown with scarcely a trace of pale speckling. 

Belly heavily washed with fulvous grey " {Miller). 

We have only one rather immature example from the 

Langkawi Islands but it closely agree- with the above characterization. 

It is of a richer yellow than the mainland animal 

and more heavily clouded with blackish— the two colours 

more finely intermixed—and the sides of neck and body and the 

1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 144 

^Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., XXVI, 1903, p 4 ; 

3 Proc. U. S Nat. Mus., XXXVII, p. 5 .

. B. 

Kloss: Malayan and other Mouse-Deer. J47 

, limbs darkei Belov oreneck is brownish 

black, scarcely grizzled, the i .liar is darker, and the whole 

middle part of the body is suffused with brownish yellow, 

leaving only the pectoral and inguinal areas white: in peninsula] 

animals there is at most a broad Y-shaped patch 

under-body. 

on the 

Habitat: -Langkawi Islands. West Coast of the Malay 

Peninsula. 

Tr m.i ii - ' 

' 

>'' res. 

Tragulus canescem umbrinus, Kloss (partim), Journ. Straits 

Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc, No. 53, 1909. p. 44. 

Tragulus canescem terutus, Thomas and Wroughton, Ann. 

Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) IV, 1909. p. 536. 

Tragulus javanicus terutus, Lydekker, Cat. Ung. Brit. Mus., 

IV, 1 915. p. 272. 

Seven examples collected between th< end 1 1 February 

and the middle of March: Like T. j. nupu of the adjacent 

mainland but rather brighter generally, the sides mi 

the colour of the back, not greyish. Nape stripe obs' lete, in 

some instances only just traceable: under side of body sometimes 

with a broad brownish band as in T. j. umbrinus, but 

the chevron of the foreneck paler and much grizzled with 

ochraceous as in T.j. napu. 

One example i»s abnormal: on the foreneck the mi 

white stripe is represented by a few hairs only, the rest of the 

neck between the white lateral stripes being blackish-brown 

grizzled with ochraceous. 

Twelve examples collected in December: much darker 

than the above owing to a general increase in pigmentation, the 

uppei parts is dark or darker than dark Bornean animals 

l), the neck chevron much blacker ind the middle pari 

of the under body mon fulvi cenl the latter area 

being slightly suffused with black .1-". Two specimens have 

the foreneck coloured as in the abnormal example mentioned 

above: in one of them the lateral white stripes are merely 

represented by two small patches. 

Though the two series look notably differenl all the 

animals are easily separable from the mainland race by their 

yellowish (not grey) sides. The differences in colour inter se 

appears to indicate that thei '"1 that 

the change from dark to light phase takes pi ice about January. 

Probably a triile smaller than the mainland race: the 

largest specimen examined has the hindfoot, c. u., 135 mm: 

the greatest length of skull in mm: a large Malayan napu 

measures 150 and 118 mm. respectively. 

Habitat: T. nil. 111 Island, north of Langkawi Island. 

Wesl Coast of the Malav Peninsula.


Teagulus javanicus bokneanus. 

Tragulus bomeanus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 

XV, 1902, p. 550: Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII. 

i9°7, P- 550. 

Tragulus napu bomeanus, Lyon. op. cit., XL, 191 1, p. 64. 

Tragulus javanicus 

Mus., IV, 1915. p. 2JO. 

bomeanus, Lvdekker. Cat. Ung. Brit. 

Of six specimens from Paku Saribas, Sarawak, two are 

indistinguishable in general colouration from the Sumatran 

and Malayan napu : the others are more heavily clouded with 

black above. On the whole, the neck chevron in darker; the 

dark element being more intensely black, less brownish black. 

Of two specimens from the Kapuas R, Western Borneo, 

Lyon says : ' The skins are practically indistinguishable in 

coloration from specimens of 7". napu from Sumatra." Later, 

dealing with a large series, he sums up the position as follows : 

" A careful comparison of these with a large number of specimens 

from various localities in Sumatra, the type-locality of 

napu, shows that the Sumatran and Bornean napus are almost 

i lentical in point of size, color, and cranial characters. The 

Bornean animal averages a very little smaller in most external 

and cranial measurements. At the same time the throat 

markings are slightly darker and the collar slightly wider than 

they are in typical napu. These differences, however, are 

very slight and not at all constant, and it is only possible to 

identify with certainty a little over half the specimens in each 

series." 

Habitat :—Borneo and Pulau Laut. 

Specimens examined :— Six. 

Tragulus javanicus stanleyanus. 

This race was based by Gray on living animals of 

unknown provenance. Various suggestions have been made 

as to the habitat : —the Sunda Islands by Milne-Edwards, and 

the Malay Peninsula by several other writers. Twenty years 

acquaintance with Malaysia, however, has convinced me that 

no such form occurs on the mainland and that the examples 

known to Gray came from Battam Island, opposite Singapore, 

on the south side of the Strait, whence to this day living 

animals are not infrequently brought over and offered for sale 

in the Singapore bazaar. 

Gray's description exactly fits the Battam race and 

Singapore is so obviously a port from which living animals 

might have been taken to England that I feel one would be 

wilfully blind to facts in refusing to accept Battam Island as 

the typical locality of stanleyanus, though Miller, while stanleyanus 

was looked on as a species of undetermined provenance, 

has described the Battam stanleyanus (first rediscovered by 

myself) as Tragulus perflavus. 

—

[gi8.] C. 13. ] 

i 

i The urs in the adja< enl i ;lands oi ( lallang, 

Setoko and Bulang ; and a closely allied form, T.flavicollis, 

inhabits the neighbouring island ol 

The original description is a- t illows : " Ruf< scent ful- 

hest bordei 

vous, the hairs »uli black tips, bel w less bright; neck ind 

< bin. on the 

bright fulvous : 

oi the i 

:. front and innei sidi of the thighs and the 

tail white : crow n and 

darker fulvous; muzzle, stripes about thi 

feel 

outer sides and margins oi ! 

' !..... 

imme- 

I 

diatelj distinguishable from all the othei spei ii - by the 

brightness of its colouring, md oi the nuchal 

nd of the white on the under surface of the body." 

Mr. Oldfield Thomas has kindly supplied me with details 

individual ; but the 

dimensions ire nol greater than might I ittained 

i 

tarn animal -. foi every rai ihows a 

ible range in size when a series is examined. 

The measun Hindfoot, including hoof, 134; 

upper extreme length of skull. 1 ..' 3 : condylo basal length ol 

Skull 117: tooth row 43.5. 

It was an old female with worn teeth thai had lived in 

confinement, but trie skull is sound and perfect: B.M. Reg. 

No. 18. 10. 1 1. H'. 

Battam animal.; vary a little in the amount of black 

clouding on the upper surface of the bod and in examples 

where it is strongest the chevron ol th is also a 

little blackened. 

Specimens • 

1 

m 

though man_\ more have passed through my hands. 

i hi 1 

The synonomy will be : 

— 

it th< mi >ment ol v ritin ;, 

Mosclms Stanleyanus, Gray. P.Z.S. 1836, p. 65 (el V 

/ ra Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI. 

1907, p. 251; Lyon, ibid, p. 653; id., op. cit., XXXVI, cgog, 

p. 481: Miller, op. cit., XXXVII, pi. 2. lower 

figure; Kloss, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Vsi t. Soc, No. 50, 

1908. p. 

Tragulus stanleyanus perflavits, Thoma and Wro 

Journ. F.M.S. Mus. IV, ki iiu i'. i-iS: Lydekker, Cat. L T 

ng. 

Brit. Mus. IV. 1915. p 

I 

. . 

1 

Tragulus formosus, Miller. Proi 

XVI, io" ;. •', p. ; id Proi 

id., op. cit., WWII 

U.S. 

p. 6. 

liar. 

Mi PSUS. 

Nat. Mus., XXI. 1906, p. 251 

Journ. F.M.S. Mu ., IV, Tgog Cat I 

Brit. Mus., IV, H)i = . ; 

' 

Wroughton, 

u 

;

250 Journal oj the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. \ II. 

Only one specimen is available: it differs from the 

Battam race principally in having the top oi the face and 

head blackish and a somewhat blackened nape tripe; the 

clear colour of the neck does not extend on to the withers, 

consider- 

which are darkened, the chevron of the foreneck i 

ably more blackened, the collar is broader and th< b 

darker, more blackened fulvous. The form is somewhat 

variable and some individual- closely approach Battam 

animals. 

Habitat. Bintang Island, Rhin Archip 

Tragulus javanicus Rl I 

Tragulus rufulus, .Miller, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., II, 

1900, p. 227; Thomas, Journ. F.M.S. Mus. II, 1908. p. 106. 

Tragulus {javanicus) rufulus. Kloss, Journ. Straits Branch 

Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 53, 1909, p. 4}. 

This is the most brilliantly coloured of all mouse-deer, 

exceeding both stanleynnus and formosus in richness of tone. 

Neck deep ochraceous-orange, upper parts of body orangerufous, 

rump and tail brilliant rurous brown: the black 

clouding which obsi m - the colour of the body is variable; in 

one or two examples of a large series it is practically absent; 

' 

it is always slight on the limbs. The top of the head is like 

the back and generally there is a faintly indicated nape 

stripe of orange-rufous. Thi fori at marl ings are like the 

1 sides of the neck but the chevron slightly 

sprinkled with black. The undersidi oi the body is primarily 

white but in various ways there is an encroachment of fulvous : 

in only one exampli does the lattei colour completely cover 

the belly between breast and inguinal regions, though the 

white between these areas is not infrequently reduced to two 

broad elongate patch.- separated by a fulvous median area 

which is generally Marl.nail. 

This character, as well as the nape stupe and brighter 

colour, separates rufulus from the Battam and Bintang 

animals: otherwise it would have some claims for consideration 

as stanleyanus : but it is highly improbable that material 

from such a little known and remote island as Tinman ever 

came to the notice of Europeans in the middle of last century. 

Habitat. Tioman Isl.inT Ea Malay 

Peninsula. 

Specimen* examined. Twenty. 

1 K \ I 

\ 

Moschus fulviventer, ( oa\ . P.Z.S 

\\ I \ I I K. 

1 This " drifting " name has been the ideal 

of uncertainty and inconvenienci ict provenance 

of the types is unknown; u was suggested that tiny came

[gi8. C B. Kloss : Malayan 

from th 

which, with Indo-Ch 1 

and othe 25 

\anchil 

• 

1 

I the types "i fulviventer and similai 

animals mormal indi\ ing an 

unusual 

ittach 

tin' nam Penin -nla. 

ity, with tin- range 

extendin tnd N lal itude and including 

ing [slan Is off Trengganu, and the Langkawi Islands, 

I 

i ibution I 

for the follow iti| 

; under T. kanchil 

and giving Sin " The 

he and abdi >men 

1 

- 

1 

of the marks oi the 

are liable to individu one ii n hii h gai e rise to 

the sup;- titer." |oui n. A 

i 

Thomas and Wr< ord two pei imens from 

by u- to Soul m as T. k. fulviveniei 

and stan m v. nli the type shows that the e an 

Malax States Mus. 

: 

I 

undoubtedly 

IN. 

Gi 

1 

()l il pecimens in the F.M.S. Museums from 

e, rather more than one third ha\ in 

l1 pattern described by Gray, and 

I them show further the fulvous band on the throat 

separating the white of the chin from the white streaks oi the 

foreneck which 1- referred I" in his upplementary description. 

The I 

ther with an extension of fulvous 

over the underparts of the bod} which restricts the white to 

in an -inn 

inn and in the region of the thighs, 

its mure richly 

1 . iln h 1 

1 

; 

I 

col tred pi als 

the minority I think there 1- no doubt that the) represenl 

Gray's r; 1 are very 

probable places at which btained the 

with such a phase are in 

: . 

specimens seen h v draw 

The m h should now 

ml behind the 

cKin and ha; white with a line ol 

varying width and coloui running Iran the collar to the 

innl whiti 

in exten 

I fulvi ais area 

of the upper part of t lie forelimbs 

. white. 

' It m 

the Indian 

while B01 Malacca, as 

il originally 

i i] 

talis. 

" 

1

: 

252 journal oj the F.M.S. 

Habitat — Sec above. 

Museums. [Vol. VII, 

imens examined :— Thirty-three. 

The synonomy will be as foil 

Moschus fulviventer, Gray, l.c.s. 

ulus kanchil, Cantor (partim) l.c.s. (Singapore and 

Malay Peninsula), Thomas (partim), l'.Z.S. 1886, p. 79 (Selangor 

and Singapore). 

Tragulus javanicus, Mower (partim), P.Z.S. .1900, p. 374 

(Perak, Selangor and Singapore) ; Bonhote (partim), op. cit, p. 

885 (Kelantan). 

Tragulus fulviventer, Stone and Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. 

Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, LIY, p. 130, r, 2. (Malacca and 

Indian Peninsula). 

litis ravus, Kloss (partim), Journ. F.M.S. Mus., II. 

1908. p. 148 (Malay Peninsular region) ; id. op. cit. IV, igi 1. p. 

212 (Redang Ids. ; Gyldenstolpe 

Arkiv for Zoologi, Stockholm, 

\. 1917, p. 31 (Perak). 

Tragulus kanchil ravus, Bonhote. Journ. F.M.S. Mus. III. 

1908. p. 11 (Pahang) ; Kloss, op. cit. IV, 1911, p. 44 (P 1) 

Robinson and Kloss, op. cit. VI, 1916. p. 238 (Kedah). 

Tragulus kanchil ravus, Kloss, Journ. Strait? Branch Roy. 

Asiat. Soc, No. 53, T909, p. 43 (Malay Peninsula and 

Singapi > 

Tragulus kanchil fulviventer, Thomas and Wroughton, 

1. c. s. Lydekker, ("at. Ungulates Brit. Mus. 

IV, 1915, p. 285 Sint 

? Tragulus kanchil lancavensis. 

Tragulus kanchil. Cantor partim). Journ. Asiat. Soc. 

Bengal, XV, 1846, p. 53 (Lancavy Islands). 

Tragulus javanicus. Miller (partim). Proc. Biol. Soc. 

Washington, XIII, 1900. p. 192. 

Tragulus lancavensis, Milh 1. op. cit. XVI, rgo3, p. 41. 

'ancavensis, Kloss, Journ. F.M.S. Mus., 

II, tgo8, p. 148; id., Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 53, 

1909, p. 44. 

Miller separated animals ol Langkawi Island from 

11 ing more brightly coloured 

with, in tei extension of fulvous on 

the underparts. Such indeed an the differences in this 

connection but I find myself quite unable to separate 

Langl< L\vi examples from the more southern form fulviventer. 

Habitat:—Langkawi Island. West Coast of the Malay 

Peninsula. 

Spet in ! 

Seven,

: 

[918. C. B. Kloss: Mai rj i 

l/oii 

De«'. 253 

[*K VGU1 US K \\( nil pi nov. 

Adult mal ktilJ . I M. 

No. 154-'. 1 1. Collei ted il I 

: 

'.. ,ui ii th March, [911, by I Seimund. 

: 

; I) 

S. Mus. 

Penan; Island. 

I 

1 

Diagnosis: Coloiu more intense than in T. k. 

fidviventer. Upper parts Mars yellow, rather rufou on neck 

and forelimbs; hind-limbs tinged with umber brown: back 

much hi u ick and slightlj 

grizzled; head speckled brown and ochraceous. Chevron on 

the foreneck mingled Mais yellow and bla< 

a line down the centre oi the breasl cleat 

ollai band and 

; 

Mars yellow; an 

ochracei ms-orange Y-shape pati h streti hing from the posterioi 

chest to th. abdomen: remaindei oi under-part, back ot 

forelimbs, front of thighs and underside oi tail whiti 

Measurements —Head and body. 4(15: tail. 70; hindfoot, 

c. u., 115 ; ear, 37 mm. 

Skull —greatest length, 99; condylobasal length, 91; 

upper molar row (alveoli), 36 ; greatest breadth oi skull, 44 mm. 

Specimens examined.:—Three adults and a juvenile from 

the type locality. 

Remarks:—These Penang annual- clo'seh resemble an 

example of T. k. rubeus, Miller, of Bintang Island, Rhio 

Archipelago, the specimen of which only differs in having a 

darker head and an intensely black nape-stripe, but the 

la juvenile animal 

lattei feature is apparently not typical. I 

> 

1 

(hind-foot, c. ii., to- nun is much more fulvous as the whole 

of the under-body and limbs ai with orangeochraceous 

except for two small white spots on the chest ; 

the hairs, however, have white bases throughout: also on 

the throat then 1- a broad oblique fulvous band separating 

the white behind the elnu from that ot the toreneck. The 

last is a feature of fu G ty, but the Penang annuals 

are far too brightly coloured to be referred to that 

Tragulus kanchil kavus. 

dus ravus, Miller. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, 

1902, p. [63. 

A slightly paler, duller race than /. k. fidviventer fo 

southern part oi the Main Peninsula, yellowei and less 

ochraceous, rather less blackened above, with the napi tripi 

. less intense and distinct. The colouring 

though a little paler, 1- dispo ed 

oi the undersurface, 

< md about 

the same proportion have the white of the chest similarly 

separated from that of the abdomen [t appears neci 

recognise it as distinct from fulviventer th h erie foi eries, 

t a strongl) mat keel 1 

different, however. 

v e. Some animals ti 

Originally de cribed from I: Peninsular Siam, tinknown 

1 angi from Pei hi north to


Bandon. Three examples from Pafani, on the east coast of th : 

I 

1 

Peninsula in the same latitude as Pedis, are interm&diatee 

though rather duller 'iter they have the nape 

stripes equally pronounced: with aid probably be 

ted animals from Patani recorded by Bonhote as 

Tragulus javanicus (P.Z.S. tgoo, i>. 883: Biserat and Bukit 

and others as (Fasciculi 

Malayenses, Zool. 1. 903, 

synonomy probablj includes 

the range given ab 

p 

all 

K2 : Jalor) : otherwise the 

examples from 

When describing that it was distinguishable 

from ']'. k. kanchil of Sumatra by its pallid colouration 

(1. c. -,., p. 1741. "Ill' distinguishes it from 

fulviventer and I regret that 1 am not in a positii n to compare 

fulviventer with kanchil ol which we have no specimens. 

Habitat:— As above and Puhui Lontar, Coast of Trang. 

Specimens examined :— Se\ 

Tragulus kanchii. ravulus. 

Tragulus javanicus, Miller (partim), Proc. Biol. Soc. 

Washington, XIII, 1900. p. 192. 

Tragulus ravulus, Miller, op. cit. XVI, 1903, p. 41. 

T. k. ravulus differs from T. k. ravin in being paler, 

i.e., yellower (especially the thighs) and less blackened above. 

Below, the neck markings arc decidedly lighter with less 

admixture of black and there is less tendency for the yellow 

element to extend over the body. 

Habitat and Specimens examined:—Four from Pulau Adang 

1 

l! locality !, and five from Pulau Rawi, Butang Ids. 

Tragulus kanchil angustiae, subsp. nov. 

Tragulus kanchil hton, J< urn. Bombay, Nat. 

Hist. Soc. XXIII, 1 9 1 5 . p. 717 (S. Tenasserim) : Kloss, Journ. 

Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 11. 1916, p. 29 (Patiyu). 

jype:— Adult male skin and skull). Collected at Bankachon, 

Victoria Poinl i, on 15th December. 

1916, by G. C. Original No. 4513 of the Bombay 

Natural History Society's Mammal Sun 

Diagnosis:— Colour as in T. h. ravus of Trang. but nape 

.veil defined and withers darker, as in fill; 

The type and a second specimen have the white of the 

breast separated from that of the abdomen by a Y-shaped' 

fulvous extension from the 

, 

Measurements .—Head and body, (6o ; tail, 73: hindfoot, 

127: ear, 36. Skull: 

; upper m 

gr< 94.5; condyl 

\2; greatest breadth. 

length, 88 

44 mm. 

Specimens examined .—Four from the typical locality and 

one from Maprit, Patiyu, S.W. Siam, in the same latitude.

: 

tgi8.] C. B Ki.< >ss 255 

Remarks —The Lessei Mouse-deei has b 

1864, p. 483), to whicli point i 

: 

1 

in S.W 

N. l.i L D 

[ 9 !7 

Phya Fai, Main). 

Kungl.Sv.Vel 

TuAGULUS KAM'llii AFFINIS. 

tins affinis, Gray. I'. Z. S. ] 1 

form 

1 1 '.K th, I'./.S. 

probably 

l1 Sanuk 

mi boundai \ il 11 is 

ulus javanicus, Flower, P. Z. S. 1900, p ; 

Tragulus kai; 

r. 

'• 

k. d (finis 

ambodia). 

Donj 

Cochin-China); Lydekker, Cat. Ungulati Brit. , 

1 hin-China) 1 . 

Mus. 

ulus kanthil affinis, Bonhote, P. Z. S. [907, 1, p. 11 

(South Annam); 

Journ. Nat. Hisl 

Kloss, 1'. Z. S. u E. Siam), id., 

and E. Mann. 

This 1 

ravus in being still 

duller with the nape stripe obsolete or entirely absent: it mosl 

the neck and limbs 

: ,i! 1 the upp< parts of the body is 

more noticeable in the form of annulations. Wl 

ilar form is not yet ascertained but 1 have 

specimens from the range' of mountains between 

Korat. 

Avuthia and 

it: South Annam. Cochin-China, Cambodia and 

Main. 

Five. 

Siam. 11 

Specimens examined : — 

ochraceou ! 

I'l. CHIL WILLIAMSONI. 

mchil williamsoni, Kloss, fourn. Nat. Hist. Soc. 

h the upp< i 

nm). 

brown (hind- 

Specimens examined : Tl North 

Siam.wlii< his tl 

theLessei 

deer. 

rs KANCHI1 1 

I 

. / ragulus kanchil hosei, Bonhot< Ann. and Mag., X 

p. 292; Lydekker, Cat. 1 P 290. 

XIII, I'm.;, p. .',7. 

OUgh Siam to S 

1

256 Journal of the F. M.S. Museums. [Vol. VII. 

The only specimen available (from Paku Saribas, Sarawak), 

is both paler and darker than any Malayan race; the upper 

parts having the fulvous element much more bufiy and the 

blackish clouding much heavier and extending over the head, 

neck, hind-limbs and tail: only the proximal parts of the forelegs 

are clear ochraceous orange and the hind-legs arc only 

very slightly tinged with Sudan brown. Cheeks pale huffy, top 

of head blackish-brown, nape stripe broad and black : neckchevron 

like the sides of neck but more blackened, collar like, 

the sides of neck but less blackened ; a median ochraceous 

patch on the abdomen joined to the collar by a narrow line: 

remaining underparts white. 

This example is not typical as it differs from those described 

by Bonhote (Baram River, N. Sarawak), and Miller (Mt. 

1 )ulit, ;,ooo feet, N. Sarawak), in having the neck grizzled with 

black, not clear coloured. 

(The only other known continental form of the genus 

Tragulus (s.s.) is Tragulus versicolor of South Annam (Thomas, 

Ann. & Mag. V, 1910, p. 5.-55). It is regarded by Lydekker as 

a subspecies of javanicus (Cat. Ung. Brit, Mus., IV, 1915, p. 

286) but is an animal of very distinct characters—larger than 

kanchil, smaller than javanicus; anterior half of body fulvous, 

posterior grey; these colours meeting abruptly behind the 

shoulders. In the present state of our knowledge it is of very 

isolated occurrence for no napu has yet been recorded from the 

region between Tenasserim and Annam.

JOURNAL 

OF THE 

Federated Malay States Museums. 

VOL. VII, PART I. 

AUGUST, 1916. 

I. List of MICROCHIROPTERA, other than Leaf-nose 

Bats, in the collection of the Federated Malay 

PAGE 

States Museums. Oldficld Thomas ... ... I 

II. A note on the Variation of a Local Race of Epimys 

rattus, EPIMYS RATTUS JARAK (Bonhote), from 

Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca. H. C. Robinson... j 

III. On an Aberration of SCIURUS PREVOSTI PREVOSTI 

from South Western Pahang. H. C. Robinson ... 19 

IV. Notes on the Sakai of the Ulu Kampar. /. H. N. 

Evans ... ... ... ... ... 23 

V. Notes on a collection of Rock Specimens from Pulau 

Pisang, West Coast of Johore. /. B. Scrivenor, 

Geologist, F. M.S. ... ... ... ... 31 

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JOURNAL • 

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VOL. VII, PART I. 

AUGUST, 1916. 

I. List of UICROCHIROPTERA. other than Leaf-nose 

Bats, in the collection of the Federated Malay 

States Museums. Oldfield Thomas 

II. A note on the Variation of a Local Race of Epimys 

rattus, EPIMYS RAT ITS JARAK (Bonhote), from 

Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca. H. C. Robinson... 

III. On an Aberration of SCIVRUS PREVOSTI PREVOSTI 

from South Western Pahang. H. C. Robinson 

IV. Notes on the Sakai of the Ulu Kampar. /. H. N. 

Evans 

V. Notes on a collection of Rock Specimens from Pulau 

Pisang, West Coast of Johore. /. B. Scrivenov. 

Geologist, I-M.S. 

PRINTED FOR THE f \l S, MUSEUMS 

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1916.

JOURNAL 

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VOL. VII. PART II. 

DECEMBER, 1916. 

VI. A Note on Callosciurus finlaysoni (Horsf.) and 

Allied Forms. Herbert C. Robinson ... ... 35 

VII. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. V. Botany. 

H. X. Ridley ... Tr. ... ...37 

VIII. A Collection of Mammals and Birds from Pulau 

Panjang or Pulau Mapor, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago. 

Herbert C. Robinson .. ... ... 59 

IX. On a New Race of Callosciurus vittatus (Raffles) 

from Singapore Island. H. C. Robin 73 

X. Notes on the Sakai of the Korbu River and of 

the Ulu Kinta. Ivor H. X. Evan, ... ... 75 

XI. On a New Race of Callosciurus atrodorsalis 

(Gray) from North Siam. //. C. Robinson and 

R. C. Wroughton ... ... ... ...91 

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I' AC

JOURNAL 

OF THE 


VOL. VII, PART II. 

DECEMBER, 1916. 

VI. A Note on Callosciurus finlaysoni (Horsf.) and 

Allied Forms. Herbert C. Robinson ... ... 35 

VII. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. V. Botany. 

H. N. Ridley ... ... ... ... 37 

VIII. A Collection of Mammals and Birds from Pulau 

Panjang or Pulau Mapor, Rhio-Lingga Archipelago. 

Herbert C. Robinson ... ... ... 59 

IX. On a New Race of Callosciurus vittatus (Raffles) 

from Singapore Island. H. C. Robinson ... 73 

X. Notes on the Sakai of the Korbu River and of 

the Ulu Kinta. Ivor H. .V. Evans ... ... 75 

XI. On a New Race of Callosciurus atrodorsalis 

(Gray) from North 'Siam. H. C. Robinson .

JOURNAL 

OF THE 


VOL. VII, PART III. 

SEPTEMBER, 1917. 

XII. On Two Little-known Rats from Western Java. 

H. C. Robinson 

XIII. On Three New Races of Malayan Mammals 


XIV. Report on a Collection of Reptiles and Batra 

chians from Java. N. Atmandalc 

XV. Further Notes on an Aboriginal Tribe of Pahang 

Ivor H. N. Evans... 

XVI. Malay Back-Slang. Ivor H. N. Evans ... 

XVII. Malay Notes. Ivor H. N. Evans 

XVIII. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. H. N 

Ridley ... 

PAGE 

XIX. On the Mongooses of the Malay Peninsula. C. 

Boden Kloss ... ... ... 123 

XX. On Two New Pygmy Shrews from the Malay 

Peninsula. C. Boden Kloss... ... ... 127 

XXI. On a Collection of Birds from Pulau Langkawi 

and other Islands on the North-West Coast 

of the Malay Peninsula. Herbert C. Robinson ... 129 



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JOURNAL 

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VOL. VII, PART III. 

SEPTEMBER, 1917. 

XII. On Two Little-known Rats from Western Java. 

H. ('. Robinson ... ... ... ... 93 

XIII. On Three New Races of Makyan Mammals. 


XIV. Report on a Collection of Reptiles and Batra 

chians from Java. A 7 . Annandale 

XV. Further Notes on an Aboriginal Tribe of Pahang 

Ivm II. N. Evans... ... ... ... nj 

XVI. Malay Back-Slang. Ivm 11. N. Evans ... 115 

XVII. Malay Notes. Ivm H. N. Evans ... 117 

XVIII. The Natural History of Kedah Peak. II. N 

Ridley ... 

XIX. On the Mongooses of the Malay Peninsula. C 

Boden Kloss 

XX. On Two New Pygmy Shrews from the Malay 

Peninsula. C. Boden Kloss... 

XXI. On a Collection of Birds from Pulau Langkawi 

and other Islands on the North-West Coast 

of the Malay Peninsula. Herbert ('. Robinson ... tzg 

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IT Ki NfD TAIPING 


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1917.

JOURNAL 

OF THE 


XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 

XXX. 

VOL. VII. PART IV 

JUNE, 1918. 

Beliefs, Customs and 

Behrang-Valley Senoi. 

Ethnological Miscellanea. 

Folk-Tales of the 

Ivor H. N. Evans 

Ivor H. N. Evans 

Notes on the Genus PETAURISTA, Pall., with 

Descriptions of two New Races. H. C 

Robinson 

Preliminary Report on Cave Exploration, near 

Lenggong, Upper Perak. Ivor H. N. Evans 

Four New Birds from Java. H. C. Robinson ... 

On Two New Species of Flower Peckers 

(Dicaeidae) from the Malay Region. H. C. 

Robinson, and C. B. Kloss 

Further Notes on 

Malay Peninsula. 

the Mongooses of the 

C. Boden Kloss ... 

On the Southern Malayan Race of the White 

Whiskered Palm-Civet. H. C. Robinson and C 

B. Kloss 

Notes on Malayan and other Mouse-Deer. C 

Boden Kloss 

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211 

223 

227 

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JOURNAL 

OF THE 


XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 

XXX. 

VOL. VII. PART IV. 

JUNE, 1918. 

Beliefs, Customs and Folk-Tales of the 

Behrang-Valley Senoi. Ivor H. A". Evans 

Ethnological Miscellanea. Ivor H. N. Evans ... 

Notes on the Genus BETA CRISTA, Pall., with 

Descriptions of two New Races. H. ('. 

Robinson 

Preliminary Report on Cave Exploration, near 

Lenggong, Upper Perak. Ivor H. A 7 

. Evans ... 

Four New Birds from Java. II. C. Robinson 

On Two New Species of Flower Peckers 

(Dicaeidae) from the Malay Region. II. C. 

Robinson, and C. B. Kloss 

Further Notes on 

Malay Peninsula. 

the Mongooses of the 

C. Boden Kloss ... 

On the Southern Malayan Race of the White- 

Whiskered Palm-Civet. //. C. Robinson and C. 

B. Kloss 

Notes on Malayan and other Mouse-Deer. C. 

Bodcn Kloss 




(lHCO«roR»TI!D IN HOMGKOKS) 

SINGAPORE. 

1918. 

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235 

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