the TRIMERAL SYSTEM in BIOLOGICAL TAXONOMY - universala ...
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Manuel Halvelik<br />
<strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>TRIMERAL</strong> <strong>SYSTEM</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>BIOLOGICAL</strong><br />
<strong>TAXONOMY</strong><br />
A REVOLUTIONARY NEW APPROACH<br />
Version 2.1<br />
2002<br />
1
The present work is an application <strong>in</strong> actual practice<br />
of <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>oretical analysis and <strong>the</strong> elements<br />
expounded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
INTERNATIONAL TERMINOLOGICAL KEY<br />
by <strong>the</strong> same author<br />
which is a special feature of his world language project<br />
UNIESPO (Universal Esperanto).<br />
3
Manuel Halvelik<br />
The<br />
Trimeral System <strong>in</strong> Biological Taxonomy<br />
( “Universal Taxonomy” )<br />
Editorial Assistant: Derek Casselle, Newcastle, GB<br />
Kariljono Publications, 1996<br />
ISBN 90-75859-01-5<br />
D/1996/77471/1<br />
All rights reserved<br />
4
Ma<strong>in</strong> reference works<br />
Pres. F. BOERNER, horticulturist<br />
Taschenwörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzennamen<br />
Paul Parey Verlag, Berl<strong>in</strong> 1951<br />
Prof. F.C. WERNER, zoologist<br />
Wortelemente late<strong>in</strong>isch-griechischer Fachausdrücke<br />
Max Niemeyer Verlag, Leipzig/Halle 1968<br />
Dr. W.M.A. DE SMET, zoologist<br />
Introduction to New Biological Nomenclature<br />
Association for NBN, Kalmthout (Belgium), 1974<br />
XV th International Congress of Zoology<br />
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature<br />
London 1964<br />
XII th International Botanical Congress<br />
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature<br />
Utrecht 1978<br />
International Committee on Bionomenclature<br />
Draft BioCode<br />
Taipei 1997<br />
Dr. C.A. BACKER, botanist<br />
Verklarend Woordenboek<br />
van Wetenschappelijke Plantennamen (660 pag.)<br />
Uitg. L.J. Veen, Amsterdam 2000<br />
5
6<br />
1 - The Key to <strong>the</strong> Key<br />
There can be no deny<strong>in</strong>g that change and discovery s<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong><br />
18 th Century <strong>in</strong>ception of L<strong>in</strong>naean Biological Nomenclature has<br />
left this system <strong>in</strong> a state of chaos. Its <strong>in</strong>adequacies are <strong>the</strong><br />
subject of many articles <strong>in</strong> scientific journals; and <strong>the</strong> topic<br />
absorbs unend<strong>in</strong>g time and energy at <strong>in</strong>ternational symposia and<br />
sem<strong>in</strong>ars. But ra<strong>the</strong>r than elaborate upon any of that, let it be<br />
“first th<strong>in</strong>gs first” by summariz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> fundamental causes of this<br />
deplorable situation...<br />
First of all, <strong>in</strong> our own Anglo-Saxon technological era, knowledge<br />
and active use of Lat<strong>in</strong>, let alone Greek, has dropped to an alltime<br />
low <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> academic world. And it is arguable that study of<br />
<strong>the</strong>se classic languages is best left to historians and philologists.<br />
But <strong>in</strong> any event many biologists — zoologists, botanists,<br />
virologists, and <strong>the</strong> like — are scarcely able to f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> correct<br />
word forms among <strong>the</strong> labyr<strong>in</strong>th<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>tricacies of (neo)Lat<strong>in</strong><br />
grammar, when <strong>the</strong>y have to name or rename yet ano<strong>the</strong>r genus<br />
or species. Moreover, handbooks such as The International<br />
Code of Zoological Nomenclature, regarded as Gospel Truth, are<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves such a web of rules — plus a host of exceptions to<br />
those rules — that even a spider would be hard put to f<strong>in</strong>d its way<br />
around this web. Topp<strong>in</strong>g this is <strong>the</strong> idiotic situation that <strong>the</strong> life<br />
sciences are apply<strong>in</strong>g five (yes five!) different sets of rules, valid<br />
only <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> discipl<strong>in</strong>es concerned: botany, zoology, cultivated<br />
plants, bacteriology, virology.<br />
Then, <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>the</strong> explosive advance <strong>in</strong> Genetics (cladism) and<br />
similar new life sciences, which makes it ever more and more<br />
imperative not only to reconsider <strong>the</strong> whole phylogenetic<br />
ramification of liv<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>gs, but also <strong>in</strong> fact to reorganize <strong>the</strong><br />
whole L<strong>in</strong>naean system — this still too hazy mirror of Evolution<br />
on Earth — from top to bottom!<br />
Only a few decades ago this very idea might have looked like a<br />
horrible nightmare to biologists, confronted by mounta<strong>in</strong>s of<br />
archives piled up <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir temples dedicated to Natural History,<br />
and compiled by generations of researchers. But today we have<br />
a formidable tool at hand, brought about by <strong>the</strong> advances <strong>in</strong><br />
electronics: His Supremacy <strong>the</strong> Computer. Now we have
Databanks; now we have CD-Roms with sight and sound; and<br />
above all now we have <strong>the</strong> INTERNET with a limitless potential for<br />
<strong>in</strong>formation retrieval and exchange, mak<strong>in</strong>g it possible even to<br />
(quickly!) f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> proverbial needle <strong>in</strong> a haystack ...<br />
So, what are we wait<strong>in</strong>g for?<br />
We are wait<strong>in</strong>g for a totally logical and easy-to-use system to<br />
replace <strong>the</strong> cumbersome and creaky L<strong>in</strong>naean one. A system<br />
which would do away with <strong>the</strong> onerous need to master dead and<br />
extremely complex languages. A system with a moderate<br />
number of simple rules, as free of exceptions as possible; so that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y can be remembered and adhered to without rack<strong>in</strong>g one’s<br />
bra<strong>in</strong> or spend<strong>in</strong>g valuable time on a complicated handbook. A<br />
system fully compatible with <strong>the</strong> computer. A system so coherent<br />
as to provide a solid <strong>in</strong>frastructure need<strong>in</strong>g no extension or<br />
modification, once mastered, and leav<strong>in</strong>g users free to apply<br />
complete attention to <strong>the</strong>ir objective study: liv<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>gs and <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
evolution, without bo<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g about l<strong>in</strong>guistics.<br />
Admittedly, many proposals to this end have already seen <strong>the</strong><br />
light of day, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g representation by numbers <strong>in</strong>stead of<br />
names or by express<strong>in</strong>g everyth<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> pla<strong>in</strong> English. In fact, <strong>the</strong><br />
need for muck<strong>in</strong>g out <strong>the</strong>se Augean stables has become so<br />
urgent at this start of <strong>the</strong> 21 st Century, that a so-called Draft<br />
BioCode has been worked out by a special commission to that<br />
end — <strong>the</strong> International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) —<br />
which code must and undoubtedly will be discussed by<br />
representatives of all <strong>the</strong> life sciences. Well, here is yet ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
proposal, but this time on an entirely new foot<strong>in</strong>g ... with many<br />
advantages, never seen before. A bold statement, <strong>in</strong>deed, but let<br />
<strong>the</strong> reader judge for himself <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g chapters.<br />
The operat<strong>in</strong>g pr<strong>in</strong>ciple is essentially that of a constant, close<br />
engagement between three mechanical components analogous<br />
to <strong>the</strong> steer<strong>in</strong>g wheel, <strong>the</strong> gear box, and <strong>the</strong> accelerator pedal of<br />
a motor car. The steer<strong>in</strong>g wheel would be a new taxonomic<br />
framework proper, <strong>the</strong> gear box a new nomenclative wordlist, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> accelerator pedal a new l<strong>in</strong>guistic <strong>in</strong>frastructure, <strong>the</strong> latter<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g free of <strong>the</strong> complexities of Lat<strong>in</strong> and Greek. In fact, <strong>the</strong><br />
whole has a Tau-like <strong>in</strong>frastructure. This comb<strong>in</strong>ation is so easily<br />
7
mastered that it would scarcely be an exaggeration to call it<br />
child’s play resembl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Lego-concept. To tell <strong>the</strong> truth,<br />
automated registration (Rule2) is yet ano<strong>the</strong>r and important factor<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> system, which we shall not enlarge upon here, s<strong>in</strong>ce it<br />
belongs to <strong>the</strong> world of computer software, but which constitutes<br />
no pr<strong>in</strong>cipal complication <strong>in</strong> itself.<br />
Ideally, <strong>the</strong> steer<strong>in</strong>g wheel — <strong>the</strong> Trimeral System 1 — should be<br />
dealt with first. But s<strong>in</strong>ce noth<strong>in</strong>g can be described or<br />
demonstrated without <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g verbal means, <strong>the</strong> gear box, alias<br />
<strong>the</strong> new vocabulary, must take precedence.<br />
Do not panic, dear reader, it will not be absolutely necessary to<br />
learn an entire new language, but only how to consult <strong>the</strong><br />
reference handbook compiled with its help: <strong>the</strong> International<br />
Term<strong>in</strong>ological Key (ITK) and, if desired for understand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
mean<strong>in</strong>g of a species name, an Esperanto dictionary. Certa<strong>in</strong>ly<br />
this is <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>itely easier than hav<strong>in</strong>g to wrestle with convoluted Lat<strong>in</strong><br />
declensions, conjugations, orthography, and even uncerta<strong>in</strong><br />
semantics !<br />
This ITK is a modest bil<strong>in</strong>gual dictionary, list<strong>in</strong>g over 5000<br />
scientific word roots, adapted from Lat<strong>in</strong> or Greek orig<strong>in</strong>als, <strong>in</strong><br />
which each root has both a fixed form and a fixed mean<strong>in</strong>g, and<br />
can <strong>the</strong>refore be easily l<strong>in</strong>ked to any o<strong>the</strong>r member of <strong>the</strong> group,<br />
or be given an appropriate affix, also of a fixed form and fixed<br />
mean<strong>in</strong>g. Thus <strong>the</strong> old Lat<strong>in</strong> and Greek stems are re<strong>in</strong>carnated,<br />
so to speak, <strong>in</strong> a modern simplified and streaml<strong>in</strong>ed form. There<br />
is no longer any need to worry about assimilative affix variations,<br />
such as syn becom<strong>in</strong>g sym, syr, syll, or even sy; or ad becom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ac, af, ag, al, ap. No more wonder<strong>in</strong>g whe<strong>the</strong>r -us should not<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r be -um or -ae or -os. Consequently, practitioners <strong>in</strong> any<br />
scientific discipl<strong>in</strong>e — not only biologists — which by tradition<br />
happens to be embedded <strong>in</strong> those dead languages, can now<br />
jettison <strong>the</strong>ir old burden.<br />
The ITK table of scientific word stems can dispose of <strong>the</strong><br />
traditional <strong>in</strong>tricacies of grammar, because it is embedded <strong>in</strong> a<br />
1 The term trimeral ("three-membered") has been co<strong>in</strong>ed to avoid<br />
confusion with tr<strong>in</strong>om<strong>in</strong>al (“three-named”).<br />
8
new “constructed” world language, called Uniespo, which lends<br />
its simple orthography and absolutely rational grammar to <strong>the</strong><br />
form<strong>in</strong>g of actual scientific terms from <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g blocks<br />
presented. In o<strong>the</strong>r words: if one element provides <strong>the</strong> necessary<br />
build<strong>in</strong>g blocks, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r one provides mortar and tools. As yet,<br />
<strong>the</strong> ITK dictionary translates only from and to English, but that<br />
can of course be replaced by any liv<strong>in</strong>g language.<br />
Uniespo (or Universal Esperanto) is a considerably expanded<br />
and rationalized version of traditional Esperanto. The latter —<br />
despite popular op<strong>in</strong>ion to <strong>the</strong> contrary — is no pidg<strong>in</strong> at all and<br />
perfectly capable of produc<strong>in</strong>g high-flown literature, but has<br />
always been lack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> fields of sciences and technology. Not<br />
from any <strong>in</strong>herent <strong>in</strong>ability to absorb scientific loanwords, but<br />
because its traditional grammar is completely at a loss for a<br />
secure way to orqanize and digest purely scientific words. Its<br />
offspr<strong>in</strong>g Uniespo, however, rectifies this shortcom<strong>in</strong>g — mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
“Language for Special Purposes” its broad-spectrum prime<br />
objective, with Bionomenclature a choice field of application.<br />
As stated before, <strong>the</strong>re is no <strong>in</strong>herent need to master this new<br />
language <strong>in</strong> any conventional sense, though a work<strong>in</strong>g<br />
knowledge would be useful, of course. But, where up to now<br />
consult<strong>in</strong>g a Lat<strong>in</strong> or Greek dictionary — for construct<strong>in</strong>g (or<br />
understand<strong>in</strong>g) a given scientific name — is like enter<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
labyr<strong>in</strong>th to non-philologists, <strong>the</strong> International Term<strong>in</strong>ological Key<br />
is completely regular <strong>in</strong> structure and usage (no exceptions!)<br />
Therefore, any <strong>in</strong>telligent person can employ this small handbook<br />
confidently and effectively, after memoriz<strong>in</strong>g only a couple of<br />
<strong>in</strong>troductory pages on composition and orthography. 2<br />
In fact, by simple analysis of <strong>the</strong> scientific names exampled<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>in</strong> this publication, many of its components and rules<br />
will become immediately apparent.<br />
2<br />
A volum<strong>in</strong>ous treatise will eventually be available (for free) as a PDFfile.<br />
9
At this po<strong>in</strong>t it is only right and reasonable to acknowledge that<br />
Dr. W.M.A. DE SMET, a renowned Belgian zoologist, has already<br />
devised a somewhat similar approach, called New Biological<br />
Nomenclature (NBN). This has been published (ma<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong><br />
Esperanto) under <strong>the</strong> impr<strong>in</strong>t of a scientific Association 3 with <strong>the</strong><br />
same name and which has already accomplished a significant<br />
reorder<strong>in</strong>g of zoological term<strong>in</strong>ology and taxonomy. But, s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itiator makes almost a clean sweep of established<br />
taxonomy, deny<strong>in</strong>g even <strong>the</strong> concept of genus (i.e. recogniz<strong>in</strong>g<br />
only families) and <strong>in</strong>sist<strong>in</strong>g that all generic and higher names be<br />
translated <strong>in</strong>to everyday traditional Esperanto, <strong>the</strong>re seems to be<br />
little po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> pursu<strong>in</strong>g this tra<strong>in</strong> of thought, however meritorious<br />
<strong>the</strong> venture.<br />
Some o<strong>the</strong>r noteworthy workers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same field but along<br />
divergent l<strong>in</strong>es, all esperantists, were: Prof. Carl Støp-Bowitz, a<br />
Norwegian biologist; Prof. Paul Neergaard, a Danish botanist,<br />
and B.Sc. G.F. Makk<strong>in</strong>k, a Dutch agricultural researcher.<br />
Uniespo, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, sets out to liberalise taxonomy by<br />
giv<strong>in</strong>g it a versatility which makes <strong>the</strong> go<strong>in</strong>g so easy — for<br />
“splitters” as well as “bumpers” — that biological nomenclature<br />
should cease to be plagued by vehement, time-wast<strong>in</strong>g<br />
discussions at sem<strong>in</strong>ars and <strong>in</strong> periodicals.<br />
Essentially, <strong>the</strong>n, this booklet presents a new (triple) tool and<br />
demonstrates how it should be applied; but noth<strong>in</strong>g more. If<br />
biologists 4 choose to accept it — a big “if “ — <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> actual<br />
3 Seat: NBN, Hertendreef 12, B-2920 Kalmthout (Belgium).<br />
4 In fact, it would be better to use <strong>the</strong> term "biontologists" <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> very<br />
broad perspective of this new system, which can be applied by<br />
practitioners <strong>in</strong> all <strong>the</strong> life sciences (bacteriologists, horticulturists,<br />
breeders aso.) and even beyond.<br />
10
operational decisions rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>irs. The examples given on<br />
subsequent pages thus are just examples and <strong>in</strong> no way<br />
immutable f<strong>in</strong>al forms! Nor are <strong>the</strong> rules <strong>the</strong> basis of any claim to<br />
some ultimate and absolute perfection. What <strong>the</strong>y should prove,<br />
though, is that <strong>the</strong> Trimeral System, <strong>the</strong> ITK, and its embedd<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Uniespo, constitute an enormous leap forward over <strong>the</strong> classical<br />
Lat<strong>in</strong>-based L<strong>in</strong>naean system... enough to justify <strong>the</strong> monumental<br />
task of completely rewrit<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> textbooks on taxonomy or<br />
systematics.<br />
11
12<br />
2 - Nam<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Child<br />
Let us beg<strong>in</strong> by do<strong>in</strong>g away with <strong>the</strong> ill-conceived<br />
1 Law of Priority !! Scientific discipl<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> general<br />
seek maximum objectivity and precision. Yet, with<br />
Taxonomy <strong>the</strong>re is acceptance of even <strong>the</strong> most ambiguous<br />
and nonsensical name for a species, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> misguided belief<br />
that this Law will make a paragon of <strong>the</strong> little monster,<br />
creat<strong>in</strong>g stability and clarity. But <strong>in</strong> this computerized day<br />
and age, this obsolete Law can much more efficiently and<br />
surely be replaced by enabl<strong>in</strong>g reference to a worldwide<br />
databank — a new k<strong>in</strong>d of “Zoological and Botanical<br />
Record” — literally at one’s f<strong>in</strong>gertips: a Central Biological<br />
Catalogue, and thus from now on governed by a Law of<br />
Reference ! To that end, a subject should be given that<br />
name which fits it best, and leave all o<strong>the</strong>r candidates out,<br />
regardless of how recently or long ago that name was first<br />
co<strong>in</strong>ed, and no matter whe<strong>the</strong>r it came from a dist<strong>in</strong>guished<br />
professional or an obscure amateur. Names of authors and<br />
dates of description — <strong>the</strong> so-called “<strong>in</strong>dications” — would<br />
appear <strong>in</strong> this Catalogue only as a supplement, not directly<br />
l<strong>in</strong>ked to <strong>the</strong> name itself, i.e. as <strong>in</strong>formation for people<br />
<strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> archives.<br />
A researcher, WALCKENAER, who published an extensive study<br />
about spiders <strong>in</strong> 1805, concluded that LINNAEUS had listed far<br />
too many disparate species under <strong>the</strong> same generic name, and<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y should <strong>the</strong>refore be distributed over a greater number<br />
of genera. So, e.g. he thought up <strong>the</strong> genus Epaira for <strong>the</strong><br />
cross or garden spider, nam<strong>in</strong>g it Epeira diadema. But no,<br />
because LINNAEUS’ work of 1758 preceded his, only <strong>the</strong> name<br />
Aranea diadema was considered worthy of official acceptance,<br />
thus perpetuat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> confusion.<br />
Naturally, decid<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> most appropriate name<br />
2<br />
should entail an accurate assessment of all <strong>the</strong>
elevant facts about <strong>the</strong> group under consideration.<br />
Includ<strong>in</strong>g a situation where new f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs — ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>oretical<br />
or observed — may make it necessary to alter an exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and accepted name, despite its previous validity. Now,<br />
s<strong>in</strong>ce it rema<strong>in</strong>s essential to know exactly which species or<br />
genus is affected, this is where <strong>the</strong> Law of Reference comes<br />
<strong>in</strong>to play. It will, <strong>in</strong> all required <strong>in</strong>stances, also give <strong>the</strong><br />
Catalogue Number — a list<strong>in</strong>g procedure for which <strong>the</strong><br />
established Decimal Classification seems ready-made. The<br />
new CBC Databank could output a totality of detail on any<br />
taxon or species, or even subspecies. And if anyone is<br />
<strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> historic background, all <strong>the</strong> names ever<br />
assigned, plus when and where and by whom, could be<br />
accessed too. Except that <strong>the</strong>re would no longer be any<br />
real need to preserve all those little known and often<br />
unpronounceable personal names.<br />
So <strong>the</strong> globeflower might be fully catalogued as:<br />
Trollius laxus CBC 34-1056.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> moment of publication, this system of catalogu<strong>in</strong>g all liv<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
<strong>in</strong> a worldwide databank may appear like sciencefiction to some, not<br />
aware yet of <strong>the</strong> BioCode commotion. However, even <strong>the</strong>y cannot stay<br />
bl<strong>in</strong>d for <strong>the</strong> explosive growth of <strong>in</strong>formation technology nor for this<br />
practicability be<strong>in</strong>g near at hand. In fact, such catalogu<strong>in</strong>g would and<br />
should become a fully automated process, provided it is modelled on <strong>the</strong><br />
way <strong>the</strong> human bra<strong>in</strong> stores and accesses its <strong>in</strong>formation. 5 No formally<br />
constituted oversee<strong>in</strong>g authority (always lagg<strong>in</strong>g beh<strong>in</strong>d) would any<br />
longer be necessary if <strong>the</strong> CBC — through on-l<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g with o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
databanks — cont<strong>in</strong>ually monitors all <strong>the</strong> relevant books and periodicals.<br />
If a given name allocation is found <strong>in</strong>, say, five (dist<strong>in</strong>ctly) different<br />
sources dur<strong>in</strong>g, say, three consecutive years, <strong>the</strong>n this name will<br />
become officially recognized and recorded as such — without any<br />
human <strong>in</strong>tervention! While no specialist could ever hope to consult each<br />
and every member of his profession, <strong>the</strong> CBC would be able to achieve<br />
total and simultaneous coverage and thus enable consensus to be<br />
reached as expeditiously as possible.<br />
5 The author also conceived a set of algorithms enabl<strong>in</strong>g a pars<strong>in</strong>g<br />
programme to automatically determ<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> subject of a given text.<br />
13
As <strong>the</strong> CBC would undoubtedly register any and all newcomers arriv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> literature — or even over <strong>the</strong> Internet itself — as yet “immature<br />
names” would have to be labelled by <strong>the</strong> customary asterisk<br />
stand<strong>in</strong>g for “not official, hypo<strong>the</strong>tical”, until <strong>the</strong> above criterion were<br />
satisfied. Of course, <strong>in</strong> case a given proposal proves to be too<br />
ephemeral or unpopular to be reta<strong>in</strong>ed, also an “expiration date” should<br />
be implemented. And names which do not comply with <strong>the</strong> Rules of <strong>the</strong><br />
BioCode would be discarded automatically.<br />
Now, as to <strong>the</strong> language to be applied, we have to<br />
3 use a two-part methodology: <strong>the</strong> Key for recreat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
generic names and a new everyday (common)<br />
vocabulary for (re)creat<strong>in</strong>g specific names. Let us consider<br />
<strong>the</strong>m separately.<br />
Generic names, plus all higher taxons, are to be<br />
4<br />
(re)created <strong>in</strong> accordance with <strong>the</strong> International<br />
Term<strong>in</strong>ological Key (see <strong>the</strong> Introduction). Only a<br />
few grammatical rules, for l<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> scientific roots of this<br />
Key or mak<strong>in</strong>g derivations, have to be observed, all<br />
rigorously without exceptions. The roots <strong>the</strong>mselves have a<br />
fixed form never altered by declensions of any k<strong>in</strong>d.<br />
1. All generic names, be<strong>in</strong>g substantives, end <strong>in</strong> -O; no<br />
more arbitrar<strong>in</strong>ess, confusion, uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty about a host of<br />
Lat<strong>in</strong> suffixes for genders and cases:<br />
Lumbricus Lumbriko<br />
Jasm<strong>in</strong>um Jasmeno<br />
2. If a lead<strong>in</strong>g stem ends on a consonant, and <strong>the</strong> trail<strong>in</strong>g<br />
stem starts with one, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> vowel -0 is to be <strong>in</strong>serted<br />
between <strong>the</strong> consonants:<br />
14<br />
Raphiolepis Rafjolepido from rafj• and lepid•<br />
D<strong>in</strong>osaurus D<strong>in</strong>osawro from d<strong>in</strong>• and sawr’
3. If <strong>the</strong> leader ends on a vowel or <strong>the</strong> trailer starts with it,<br />
<strong>the</strong>n that vowel takes <strong>the</strong> place of <strong>the</strong> above -0.<br />
Epimys Epi|muzho from epi• and muzh•<br />
Galanthus Galakt|anto from galakt• and ant•<br />
4. If leader stem and trailer stem meet one ano<strong>the</strong>r with<br />
DIFFERENT vowels, <strong>the</strong>n both vowels have to be written:<br />
Paronychia Para|onyxo from para• and onyx•<br />
Monodon Mona|odonto from mona• and odont•<br />
5. If leader and trailer meet one ano<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> SAME<br />
vowel, <strong>the</strong>n both vowels comb<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>to one:<br />
Thelyper Tel|y|pero<br />
from tely• [“female”] and yper• [“serve”].<br />
This places some burden on <strong>the</strong> memory, but is noth<strong>in</strong>g compared to<br />
cop<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> weld<strong>in</strong>g practised <strong>in</strong> traditional lat<strong>in</strong>ized names.<br />
Besides, <strong>the</strong> ITK-handbook will always be able to clarify <strong>the</strong><br />
“etymological” structure.<br />
Naturally, names handed down as a whole from <strong>the</strong><br />
5<br />
past, which perta<strong>in</strong> exclusively to <strong>the</strong> object, are<br />
considered sufficient <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>mselves and need no<br />
revision o<strong>the</strong>r than that brought about by <strong>the</strong> new<br />
orthography (see Rule 18). After this it is only a matter of<br />
familiarisation...<br />
Fagus Fago<br />
Salix Saliko<br />
Vulpes Vulpo<br />
15
Cypr<strong>in</strong>us Tsipr<strong>in</strong>o<br />
In a relatively few number of cases, <strong>the</strong> elements of<br />
6 a compound generic name may, because of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
purely Lat<strong>in</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>, have <strong>the</strong> consistency and form<br />
of a species name. This will be confus<strong>in</strong>g and conflict with<br />
ord<strong>in</strong>ary (popular) word<strong>in</strong>g. In such <strong>in</strong>stances it seems<br />
advisable to make a radical change over to <strong>the</strong> ITK-stems,<br />
while conserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> old mean<strong>in</strong>g(s). The same goes for<br />
words imported from some ethnic tongue:<br />
16<br />
Passiflora = “pasionfloro” <strong>in</strong> common language Algianto<br />
from <strong>the</strong> ITK-roots algi• (“pa<strong>in</strong>”) and ant• (“flower”).<br />
Phytolacca, irregularly composed of a Greek stem (“plant”) plus an<br />
Italian one (“lacquer”), might be rephrased as Fytoglojo, with exactly<br />
<strong>the</strong> same mean<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r onion to peel is <strong>the</strong> nature of a word stem.<br />
7<br />
In numerous cases, it has no recognisable identity,<br />
but is ei<strong>the</strong>r a mean<strong>in</strong>gless stump or a personal<br />
name, both equally untranslatable and <strong>the</strong>refore immune to<br />
even our Universal Key. A nonsensical word may be<br />
thought up by some author, lack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>spiration or just be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
lazy l<strong>in</strong>guistically (Lobivia anagrammed from <strong>the</strong> correct<br />
form Bolivia); it could be a mean<strong>in</strong>gful word where <strong>the</strong><br />
etymological orig<strong>in</strong> has been lost or become extremely<br />
archaic (Radymna, Mogulones); or it might be — worst of all<br />
— a personal name <strong>in</strong> honour of some high rank<strong>in</strong>g but long<br />
forgotten patron. (Whoever was <strong>the</strong> Baron W. von Sa<strong>in</strong>t-<br />
Paul Hilaire <strong>in</strong> Sa<strong>in</strong>tpaulia ?)<br />
* * * * * * *<br />
Now, with <strong>the</strong> object of mak<strong>in</strong>g everyth<strong>in</strong>g as clear and<br />
concise as possible, one should try <strong>in</strong> such cases to apply<br />
<strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g criteria::
1. Reduce complex ethnic spell<strong>in</strong>gs.to a m<strong>in</strong>imum (ideally<br />
no more than four syllables), us<strong>in</strong>g only characters<br />
employed <strong>in</strong> Uniespo and <strong>the</strong> ITK, <strong>in</strong> accordance with<br />
Rule 18. And that goes of course for “Lat<strong>in</strong>” centipedes<br />
too!<br />
Saxegothaea Saksegotio<br />
Bouss<strong>in</strong>gaultia Bus<strong>in</strong>goltio<br />
Parapallaseakotylodermogammarus Kotylodermo<br />
Roberthoffstetteria nationalgeographica Robertusso<br />
2. If non-Lat<strong>in</strong> names are translatable — such as those<br />
lat<strong>in</strong>ized from Russian or Ch<strong>in</strong>ese — it is necessary,<br />
without exception, to turn <strong>the</strong>m <strong>in</strong>to comb<strong>in</strong>ations of<br />
correspond<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>ternational ITK-roots.<br />
Krasnopoevaecejathus tyrgaensis REPINA, KHOMENTOVSKII,<br />
ZHURAULEVA & ROZANOV, 1964 Ruberosomfo turguja<br />
3. Provide <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> end<strong>in</strong>g -(Z)IO which, though<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g no mean<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> itself, does serve as a marker to<br />
denote <strong>the</strong> word <strong>in</strong> question foreign and <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
officially devoid of coherent <strong>in</strong>nate mean<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
Brosmius Brosmio<br />
(German) Pfrille Pfrilio<br />
Fuxsio, Panio, L<strong>in</strong>eio, Lamarkio... a.s.o.<br />
The difference between this rule and Rule 5, is that here we are<br />
deal<strong>in</strong>g with words hav<strong>in</strong>g no (tangible) mean<strong>in</strong>g, as opposed to<br />
those with at least some degree of comprehensibility<br />
4. Where tradition need not be observed — as <strong>in</strong> co<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a<br />
name for a new genus — but <strong>the</strong> author is determ<strong>in</strong>ed to<br />
use a proper name, it should be borrowed from a<br />
universally exist<strong>in</strong>g concept such as a country, lake,<br />
mounta<strong>in</strong>, city, ethnic group, mythological figure, or <strong>the</strong><br />
17
18<br />
like — never a person’s name and never forgett<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
(Z)IO-end<strong>in</strong>g or a default suffix — and observ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
orthography of Uniespo! [see Rule 18]<br />
e.g. Kubio (from Cuba); Ikario (from lcarus); Panio (from Pan)...<br />
or Molukello (from <strong>the</strong> Moluccas).<br />
5. Hav<strong>in</strong>g become <strong>in</strong>tegrated with Uniespo, such names<br />
may <strong>the</strong>n be regarded as technically equivalent to ITKroots<br />
and applied <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same way.<br />
Baluchi<strong>the</strong>rium Balutshoterjo [terj• = “animal”]<br />
Turcmeniga Turkmenogeno [gen• = “produce”]<br />
Cub<strong>in</strong>colo Kubotsholo [tshol• = “dwell”]<br />
6. Instead of mak<strong>in</strong>g an anagram from a compound word, it is<br />
better to <strong>in</strong>verse <strong>the</strong> order of <strong>the</strong> constituent elements, or<br />
select synonymous roots from <strong>the</strong> ITK.<br />
Potamogeton/Aponogeton [potam• = “river”; geton• = “neighbour”]<br />
Potamogetono / Getonopotamo<br />
Fluviogetono / Amnjogetono<br />
Potamoxomro / Potamovitshno<br />
7. Where <strong>the</strong>re are apparently no constituents but only a<br />
monolithic name, select<strong>in</strong>g different default end<strong>in</strong>gs is aga<strong>in</strong><br />
preferable to co<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g anagrams.<br />
Mitella / Tellima Mitjello / Mitjimmo<br />
from mitj• [“scull-cap”]<br />
8. Mak<strong>in</strong>g compounds with proper names, not with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
category of 7.4, is not allowed. Derivations on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
hand are allowed, if made with <strong>the</strong> suffixes mentioned under<br />
Rule 8.1.<br />
Wattonithyris ei<strong>the</strong>r Watonio or (eventually) Kyklotyro<br />
Thomsonaria ei<strong>the</strong>r Tomsonio or (eventually) Hermesarro
It is also important to note that <strong>the</strong> Key does not permit<br />
8<br />
one of its OWN word roots to stand isolated <strong>in</strong> a text.<br />
Such roots must always be given a “plug” to seal <strong>the</strong>m<br />
off aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>in</strong>advertent use as common words and to preserve<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir scientific (normoglot) character. So, if a generic name<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>s only one such scientific root and is not l<strong>in</strong>ked ei<strong>the</strong>r to<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r stem or a MEANINGFUL suffix, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> Key provides a<br />
number of special end<strong>in</strong>gs, called “default suffixes” —<br />
particularly applicable <strong>in</strong> biontology — conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g any given<br />
vowel plus double consonant, and all hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> same general<br />
mean<strong>in</strong>g of “be<strong>in</strong>g, entity, liv<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>g”. They enable us to form<br />
about a hundred different names with each of <strong>the</strong> ITK-roots!<br />
One may rightly object that this spell<strong>in</strong>g of default suffixes is aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
pr<strong>in</strong>ciples stated <strong>in</strong> Rule 18. That is true, but it is <strong>the</strong> ONLY deviation<br />
necessitated by this l<strong>in</strong>guistic problem and justified by <strong>the</strong> great benefit it<br />
br<strong>in</strong>gs for differentiat<strong>in</strong>g between ever so many homonyms. The consonant<br />
doubles (gem<strong>in</strong>ations) will be pronounced with a little extra emphasis<br />
and/or duration, <strong>in</strong> order to make <strong>the</strong>m recognisable <strong>in</strong> spoken language.<br />
1. From among those default suffixes one can freely choose<br />
whichever seems <strong>the</strong> most appropriate element; that is<br />
closest to <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al or best suited for mak<strong>in</strong>g a dist<strong>in</strong>ction.<br />
This simple rule allows <strong>the</strong> bypass<strong>in</strong>g of a great quantity of<br />
complicated graecolat<strong>in</strong> suffixes, when deal<strong>in</strong>g with a real<br />
word.<br />
-ULL for -ulus, -ulum, -ula<br />
-ARR for -arius, -arium<br />
-IDD for -ide, -ides, -idus and so on<br />
The difference between this procedure and <strong>the</strong> one presented <strong>in</strong> 7.3<br />
is that we have here a mean<strong>in</strong>gful word stem; and <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r, ei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
a mean<strong>in</strong>gless person’s name or an ethnic term.<br />
19
2. Normally, <strong>the</strong>se suffixes are to be used ONLY with a lone<br />
root. If that root is (to be) l<strong>in</strong>ked with ano<strong>the</strong>r root, <strong>the</strong><br />
eventual default suffix should <strong>in</strong>variably be dropped.<br />
20<br />
Hymenaea Himenazzo<br />
but Hymenan<strong>the</strong>ra Himenantsero<br />
3. Default suffixes can also be used to differentiate between<br />
compounds which would o<strong>the</strong>rwise be homonymous.<br />
Microchaet<strong>in</strong>a Mikroshet<strong>in</strong>no<br />
Microchaetana Mikroshetanno<br />
4. The use of ord<strong>in</strong>ary Uniespo-roots, as with names of pure<br />
Lat<strong>in</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>, is permissible <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same situation, but us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
strictly ITK-material is by far preferable.<br />
Ocul<strong>in</strong>a Okul<strong>in</strong>no [okul’ = “eye”]<br />
but Omat<strong>in</strong>no [from omat•] is to be preferred.<br />
5. Only ONE such suffix should be used at a time, but not two<br />
or three <strong>in</strong> a row! If <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al name carries such a<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>ation, or may <strong>in</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciple give rise to it, only one of<br />
<strong>the</strong>se should be selected.<br />
Plumatella gives ei<strong>the</strong>r Plumatto or Plumello but not Plumattello<br />
Valerianella gives ei<strong>the</strong>r Valranno or Valrello, not Valrannello<br />
6. Where <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al end<strong>in</strong>g is unclear or absent, <strong>the</strong> suffix –<br />
AZZ should be chosen as representative.<br />
Sylvia Silvazzo [from silv• = “forest, woods”]
9<br />
Specific names, subspecies <strong>in</strong>cluded, are to be<br />
expressed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> everyday common vocabulary of<br />
Uniespo, as follows, with no exception to <strong>the</strong> rules: 6<br />
* * * * * * *<br />
Dear reader, we appreciate that tackl<strong>in</strong>g Everyday Uniespo as well,<br />
might be ra<strong>the</strong>r more than you’d barga<strong>in</strong>ed for! But do you really prefer<br />
to have to cope with both a Greek and a Lat<strong>in</strong> dictionary? The<br />
compilation of a translat<strong>in</strong>g list Lat<strong>in</strong>-Uniespo-English for epi<strong>the</strong>ts <strong>in</strong><br />
biontology is at <strong>the</strong> plann<strong>in</strong>g stage <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> form of a database file, should<br />
this need really be felt. So, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> meantime, <strong>the</strong> best course would be to<br />
use <strong>the</strong> ITK handbook <strong>in</strong> conjunction with one of <strong>the</strong> many easily<br />
obta<strong>in</strong>able Esperanto dictionaries — such as <strong>the</strong> two-way The Esperanto-<br />
English Dictionary by Dr. J.C. WELLS, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> well-known Teach Yourself<br />
Books, published by The English Universities Press; guaranteed a lot<br />
easier to consult than a Lat<strong>in</strong> handbook! The “old” Esperanto will serve<br />
perfectly well for render<strong>in</strong>g epi<strong>the</strong>ts, until Uniespo-dictionaries become<br />
available, s<strong>in</strong>ce on <strong>the</strong> everyday level of usage <strong>the</strong>re’s not all that much<br />
difference between <strong>the</strong>m, except for spell<strong>in</strong>g. So, get gourself The Key<br />
and an Esperanto dictionary — a small one will do quite well — and <strong>the</strong>n<br />
donate those complex Lat<strong>in</strong> and Greek volumes to a teacher of those<br />
languages.<br />
1. All specific names, be<strong>in</strong>g adjectives, end <strong>in</strong> -A: so no more<br />
doubt over which Lat<strong>in</strong> declension form should be used —<br />
<strong>the</strong>y no longer apply.<br />
rampans rampanta [“crawl<strong>in</strong>g”]<br />
lacciferum lakoporta [“lacquer-carry<strong>in</strong>g”]<br />
gyratus shpirala [“spiral”]<br />
2. As a wedge / l<strong>in</strong>kage — obligatory for this particular<br />
application — between <strong>the</strong> common word roots of a<br />
compound vernacular word, use one of <strong>the</strong>se:<br />
6<br />
-A if <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g stem is an adjective:<br />
picrococcus amarakerna [“bitter kernel”]<br />
It is noteworthy that <strong>the</strong> NBN-Association has established a<br />
considerable number of useful and pert<strong>in</strong>ent new epi<strong>the</strong>ta for zoology.<br />
21
22<br />
-O if <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g stem is a substantive:<br />
harpophyllus harponofolia [“harpoon-leafed”]<br />
-I if <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g stem is a verb:<br />
flexibilis fleksikapabla [”capable of bow<strong>in</strong>g”]<br />
-E if <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g stem is an adverb:<br />
campylonascis kurbekreska [”curved-grow<strong>in</strong>g”]<br />
3. Compound words <strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g a numeral, preposition, or<br />
<strong>the</strong> like, are spelled without a juncture element. Numerals<br />
have to be written <strong>in</strong> full:<br />
<strong>in</strong>termedius <strong>in</strong>termeta [“<strong>in</strong>termediate”]<br />
redivivus revivanta [“reliv<strong>in</strong>g”]<br />
sexdentatus sisdenta [“six-too<strong>the</strong>d”]<br />
familiaris malsovadzha [“unwild”]<br />
4. Although ord<strong>in</strong>ary words are to be preferred for this specific<br />
nam<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> contrast with generic word-form<strong>in</strong>g, it is still<br />
possible to use a strictly technical term, taken from<br />
chemistry or anatomy for <strong>in</strong>stance, or <strong>the</strong> usual<br />
geographical concepts or even a codenumber:<br />
Melanogrammus aeglef<strong>in</strong>a Melanogramo sensheligebla<br />
= “peelable”; for <strong>the</strong> haddock. [French: aiglef<strong>in</strong>]<br />
but:<br />
Uragoga ipecacuanha Uragogo ipekaka, for <strong>the</strong> vomit-nut<br />
Rosa ch<strong>in</strong>ensis Rozo tsh<strong>in</strong>uja<br />
Human Papilloma Virus #16 Papilomusso deksesa<br />
5. Trivial names for plants and animals, as designated <strong>in</strong><br />
Uniespo are considered equivalent to technical terms. That<br />
goes for self-conta<strong>in</strong>ed s<strong>in</strong>gular words [see Rule 5], but not<br />
for titles or metaphors, us<strong>in</strong>g more than one word. Such<br />
names are to be dist<strong>in</strong>guished by add<strong>in</strong>g -noma (“named”)<br />
as a pseudo-suffix.
Clupea harengus Klupeo harengonoma [herr<strong>in</strong>g]<br />
Turdus merula Turdo merlonoma [blackbird]<br />
Falco cherrug Falko tsherugonoma<br />
[We borrowed this standard procedure from NBN.]<br />
The cowslip, Primula offic<strong>in</strong>alis, is popularly named “majfloro”<br />
[mayflower] <strong>in</strong> traditional Esperanto, but is scientifically named<br />
only as Primullo medits<strong>in</strong>a; although “majelomonata” [”(In <strong>the</strong>)<br />
month of May”] may do just as well for this epitethon.<br />
6. A morphological or behavioural feature should override any<br />
purely geographical notion.<br />
nilotica mevobeka<br />
[”from <strong>the</strong> Nile”] [”hav<strong>in</strong>g a gull’s beak”]<br />
caspia kritshanta<br />
[”caspian”] [”screech<strong>in</strong>g”]<br />
7. The semantic elements of a compound word are considered<br />
to be of equal value and quality. They are normally cited <strong>in</strong><br />
alphabetic order; but this sequence may be <strong>in</strong>versed if a<br />
synonym has to be co<strong>in</strong>ed with <strong>the</strong> same elements and<br />
mean<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
blugriza [”blue-grey”] preferable to grizablua [“grey-blue”]<br />
8. Once attributed under <strong>the</strong> new Taxonomy, a specific<br />
name/word should never be changed, even if <strong>the</strong> species at<br />
stake needs to be moved to ano<strong>the</strong>r genus. [For eventually<br />
ensu<strong>in</strong>g homonymy see Rule 29.2]<br />
Fr<strong>in</strong>gilla domesticus Passer domesticus <br />
Pasero familiara<br />
Taenia dim<strong>in</strong>uta Hymenolepis dim<strong>in</strong>uta <br />
Himenolepido plieta<br />
23
Ano<strong>the</strong>r ill-advised custom is tautonymy between<br />
10 genus and epi<strong>the</strong>ton. This should certa<strong>in</strong>ly be<br />
avoided, unless <strong>the</strong> repetition is not formal but only<br />
semantic (same mean<strong>in</strong>g but o<strong>the</strong>r word). This goes for <strong>the</strong><br />
subspecies too. Translation <strong>in</strong>to Uniespo will more often<br />
than not automatically br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> necessary differentiation,<br />
anyway.<br />
24<br />
Cygnus cygnus Tsigno sovadzha [”wild”]<br />
Pica pica Pigo samnoma [”same-name”]<br />
Chloris chloris Xlorisso verdula [”green-one”]<br />
Gallus gallus Galjusso kokonoma [”rooster”]<br />
Genus and species names of a particular nature,<br />
11<br />
such as “uncerta<strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>ation, hypo<strong>the</strong>tical reconstruction,<br />
reference to ano<strong>the</strong>r genus”, are to be<br />
marked by a special flag, to <strong>the</strong> right of <strong>the</strong> word concerned,<br />
as an exponential symbol (o, +, ).<br />
alfataktsa o (reference to o<strong>the</strong>r genus)<br />
[stands for “refero”]<br />
betataktsa + (fossil or ext<strong>in</strong>ct species)<br />
[stands for “fosilia”]<br />
deltataktsa * (uncerta<strong>in</strong> identification)<br />
[stands for “maltserta”]<br />
Arthonia nephromiaria Artonio nefromma o<br />
(as dwell<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>the</strong> particular genus Nefrommo).<br />
Lernaea lusci Lernio gadussa o and not Lernio unuokula<br />
(because it is a copepod parasite on Gadus luscus).
Reference to some generic name, related or un-<br />
12 related, should <strong>the</strong>oretically be avoided, but cannot<br />
be ruled out <strong>in</strong> practice (parasitism!). Even more<br />
undesirable is <strong>the</strong> habit of referr<strong>in</strong>g to ano<strong>the</strong>r species,<br />
related or unrelated. But, if it really cannot be avoided, one<br />
can resort to <strong>the</strong> mention -spetsia (“species”) added as a tail<br />
to <strong>the</strong> normal epi<strong>the</strong>ton. Its tape-worm aspect will make <strong>the</strong><br />
name stand out as Hobson’s choice by itself ...<br />
Phaeospora granulosae Fajosporo grajnetsospetsia<br />
Polycoccum bryonthae Polykoktso muskokotospetsia<br />
Any scientific species name must consist of only<br />
13 one word. If two or more concepts are at stake,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y must be merged <strong>in</strong>to a s<strong>in</strong>gle compound.<br />
However, one should avoid weld<strong>in</strong>g more than two concepts<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r. In such a case it is advisable to create a new<br />
name altoge<strong>the</strong>r. [see Rule 25]<br />
14<br />
New-Zealandian novazilenda<br />
terrae novae novalanda<br />
kwerka + betula (oak + birch) betulokwerka<br />
Acronyms and codes — as <strong>in</strong> microbiology — are<br />
admissible on condition <strong>the</strong>y obey <strong>the</strong> general<br />
nam<strong>in</strong>g procedures of Universal Taxonomy. 7<br />
“laser prone” laserosentema<br />
HIV homimunetsa<br />
An extremely important matter, where specific<br />
15<br />
names are concerned, is <strong>the</strong> characteristic(s)<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y are to express for typify<strong>in</strong>g a given<br />
species. These are normally drawn — and <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
7 Universal Esperanto provides special rules for realms such as<br />
geology, astronomy, chemistry... and even jargon.<br />
25
order — from morphology, habits, habitat, region, and<br />
(alas!) also substituted by proper names. The trouble is that<br />
such typify<strong>in</strong>g particulars usually are ra<strong>the</strong>r limited <strong>in</strong><br />
number, whereas <strong>the</strong> species may run <strong>in</strong>to scores. This is<br />
particularly true for plants and animals on <strong>the</strong> lower rungs of<br />
<strong>the</strong> evolutionary ladder. Or, if <strong>the</strong>re are sufficient<br />
characteristics to choose from, more often than not <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
commonly shared by several species. Or, such<br />
characteristics may be short-lived or be just too particular,<br />
because <strong>the</strong>y are l<strong>in</strong>ked to sex, season, age. Also, a typical<br />
trait may be quite hidden from view, and appear only on<br />
very close <strong>in</strong>spection (microbiology!). So, <strong>the</strong> biologist often<br />
faces a dilemma and will resort to nonsensical words<br />
(treated under Rule 7).<br />
In view of <strong>the</strong>se difficulties it is utopian to suppose one can<br />
and must always f<strong>in</strong>d <strong>the</strong> exclusive characteristic, and<br />
set it down <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> specific name. Therefore we should<br />
radically shift <strong>the</strong> helm by prescrib<strong>in</strong>g that, when <strong>the</strong> few<br />
really prom<strong>in</strong>ent and exclusive characteristics have been<br />
judiciously allotted, a list be made of all possible o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
characteristics. Then, <strong>the</strong> as yet unnamed members of <strong>the</strong><br />
group (= those <strong>in</strong> need of renam<strong>in</strong>g) will receive <strong>the</strong>m<br />
accord<strong>in</strong>g to an arbitrary distribution of <strong>the</strong> characteristics,<br />
such as <strong>the</strong> alphabetical order. Moreover, s<strong>in</strong>ce Uniespo<br />
(as well as Esperanto) is an agglut<strong>in</strong>ative language, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
are usually several ways to comb<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> elements of a given<br />
specific compound word, mak<strong>in</strong>g synonyms feasible and, <strong>in</strong><br />
this respect, even desirable. Besides which, a mean<strong>in</strong>gful<br />
epi<strong>the</strong>ton — even if erroneous — is a lot easier to<br />
remember!<br />
26<br />
The only really important consideration here is to make<br />
sure that a given species carry a characteristic name<br />
attached to no o<strong>the</strong>r species with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> same genus, even<br />
though eventually all <strong>the</strong> members of that generic group<br />
may lay claim to <strong>the</strong> very same characteristic !
It is precisely this stumbl<strong>in</strong>g-block of characteristic exclusiveness which<br />
defeats <strong>the</strong> rival NBN-project, mentioned before. This has led its<br />
advocates to produce a number of anagrammatic proper names, <strong>in</strong><br />
absolute contradiction with <strong>the</strong>ir declared policy of turn<strong>in</strong>g scientific<br />
names <strong>in</strong>to everyday language, so even <strong>the</strong> layman may understand<br />
what is meant. (See <strong>the</strong> application specimens for examples.)<br />
What about <strong>the</strong> particular end<strong>in</strong>gs for taxons,<br />
16<br />
such as Family, Order, and Class? Well, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Trimeral System <strong>the</strong>y utterly lose <strong>the</strong>ir function of taxon<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicators and will be seen no more!<br />
1. To replace <strong>the</strong>m, we now have some mean<strong>in</strong>gful<br />
suffixes perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> sort of name used:<br />
-ARO for (high) taxons with vernacular names:<br />
Birdaro, Algaro, Fungaro, Mikrobiaro<br />
(Birds, Seaweed, Mushrooms, Microbes)<br />
-ESKOJ for “related to a given genus”:<br />
Ericacea Erikeskoj<br />
Blattidae Blateskoj<br />
-OJDOJ for “merely look<strong>in</strong>g like”:<br />
Nematoda Nematojdoj<br />
Omphalodes Omfalojdoj<br />
-ITOJ for “fossils”:<br />
Trilobita Trylobitoj<br />
Pterisospermidae Ptersospermitoj<br />
-ULOJ for “hav<strong>in</strong>g this common characteristic”<br />
Bryozoa Bryozouloj<br />
Cormophytae Kormofytuloj<br />
27
2. For <strong>the</strong> level of Family it is mandatory — and for taxons<br />
up to <strong>the</strong> level of Order, recommendable — to use <strong>the</strong><br />
end<strong>in</strong>g -ESK based on one of <strong>the</strong> relevant generic names<br />
(<strong>the</strong> chosen holotype).<br />
28<br />
Dermatemydidae Dermatemyseskoj<br />
Apocynareae Apokyneskoj<br />
3. It is possible to comb<strong>in</strong>e some of <strong>the</strong>se determ<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
suffixes.<br />
-OJDESKOJ from -OJD and -ESK<br />
-ITESKOJ from -IT and -ESK<br />
4. If a particular genus needs to be split <strong>in</strong>to several<br />
subgenera, <strong>the</strong>n it is <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al generic name which will<br />
receive <strong>the</strong> end<strong>in</strong>g -ESKOJ.<br />
Alfataktso<br />
Alfataktso Alfataktseskoj {<br />
Betataktso<br />
5. If a fossil form should prove to be still <strong>in</strong> existence or,<br />
<strong>in</strong>versely, a taxon become utterly ext<strong>in</strong>ct, it is sufficient to<br />
just alter <strong>the</strong> correspond<strong>in</strong>g suffix and/or flag.<br />
Coelacanth Koelakanto+ Koelakanto<br />
Raphus solitarius Rafjusso izolita Rafjusso izolita +<br />
6. It is customary to use vernacular names along with<br />
scientific names for <strong>the</strong> highest taxons. Universal<br />
Taxonomy does not want to decide between <strong>the</strong>se two<br />
and leaves <strong>the</strong> alternatives open for <strong>the</strong> specialists to<br />
choose.
Animals Bestaro / Terjarzhuloj<br />
Birds Birdaro / Aviarzhuloj<br />
Insects Insektaro / Entomarzhuloj<br />
Mollusks Molbestaro / Moluskarzhuloj<br />
Mushrooms Fungaro / Mykarzhuloj<br />
Plants Plantaro / Fytarzhuloj<br />
Seaweed Algaro / Fykarzhuloj<br />
7. If a given subspecies or genus, hav<strong>in</strong>g a name of its own,<br />
proves to be just a particular life-form of some o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
subspecies or genus, <strong>the</strong>n it is to lose its prior name and<br />
acquire <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong> subspecies or genus it really<br />
belongs to. If <strong>the</strong> species name is apposite it can be<br />
conserved; o<strong>the</strong>rwise it must be changed too.<br />
[compare Rule 10.9]<br />
Siredon pisciformis Amblystoma tigr<strong>in</strong>um<br />
= Amblystomo tigretsa [axolotl]<br />
Leptocephalus morrisii Anguilla anguilla<br />
= Angwillo palengonoma [eel]<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, for ease of application and<br />
17<br />
conciseness, taxon names above <strong>the</strong> elementary<br />
level of Genus, (or a genus hav<strong>in</strong>g subgenera)<br />
MAY_be abbreviated to just a couple of syllables, provided<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is no immediate danger of confusion between <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
By putt<strong>in</strong>g this superior taxon name — which is a s<strong>in</strong>gle<br />
word — before a given generic name, one can at once put<br />
this genus <strong>in</strong> its wider sett<strong>in</strong>g and thus directly po<strong>in</strong>t to <strong>the</strong><br />
true nature of <strong>the</strong> subject. This procedure is certa<strong>in</strong>ly not<br />
superfluous if two (or more) generic names are complete<br />
homonyms, and each perta<strong>in</strong>s to different higher taxons or<br />
even to completely different realms. After all, many names,<br />
left to <strong>the</strong>mselves, are equivocal about whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y perta<strong>in</strong><br />
29
to a plant or an animal, a bacterium or an elephant. [see<br />
Rule 20.2]<br />
30<br />
Gastrop• for Gastropoduloj (Gastropodidae)<br />
Fanerog• for Fanerogamuloj (Phanerogamae)<br />
1. This abbreviated form has to be marked by a capital letter<br />
at <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g and a po<strong>in</strong>t at <strong>the</strong> end, preferably by a<br />
midway dot as used <strong>in</strong> ma<strong>the</strong>matics. The normal number<br />
of syllables goes from one to four, although exceptions<br />
may occasionally occur to avoid homonymy.<br />
18<br />
Fag• for Fageskoj Fagales<br />
Abi• for Abieskoj Abietacea<br />
Shelyker• for Shelykereskoj Chelyceratae<br />
Konusofor• for Konusoforuloj Coniferophyta, Coniferae<br />
F<strong>in</strong>ally we come to <strong>the</strong> not unimportant matter of<br />
Orthography, valid for <strong>the</strong> Key <strong>in</strong> particular as well<br />
as for common Uniespo.<br />
1. All characters are pronounced as <strong>the</strong>y are written, and<br />
written as <strong>the</strong>y are pronounced, whatever <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
position<strong>in</strong>g, whatever speech sound comes before or<br />
after. 8 So <strong>the</strong> antique C and Q(ue) are gone —<br />
supplanted by ei<strong>the</strong>r S or K or TS.<br />
Consequently, no more variations of <strong>the</strong> sort: sutchuenensis,<br />
setchuenensis, szechuanensis, szechwanensis, setchwanensis,<br />
szechuenensis... but uniformly and simply: setshwanuja.<br />
[The suffix -U J stands for “land, region”]<br />
8 Uniespo also provides a system for transliteration of names from non-<br />
Lat<strong>in</strong> alphabets, called “Universala Skribo” (Universal Writ<strong>in</strong>g).
2. The characters used are those to be found <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
International Phonetic Alphabet (def<strong>in</strong>itely not equivalent<br />
to English usage!) and have precisely <strong>the</strong> same<br />
pronunciations, except for <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g digraphs: SH and<br />
ZH correspond respectively to sh <strong>in</strong> English show, and j<br />
<strong>in</strong> French journal. In fact <strong>the</strong>y ought to be <strong>the</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle<br />
characters S and Z with a cedilla. If <strong>the</strong>se letters are not<br />
(yet) available on a given typewriter or text editor, one can<br />
use <strong>the</strong> Chech equivalents with a caret, or most simply<br />
SH and ZH <strong>in</strong>stead — as is done throughout this paper<br />
— which will do just as well. The two vowels O and E<br />
have (for English-speak<strong>in</strong>g people) very much <strong>the</strong><br />
phonetic values of e <strong>in</strong> bed and of o <strong>in</strong> lock. 9<br />
3. Digraphs (a pair of different letters for one phoneme)<br />
have been made ext<strong>in</strong>ct: PH is now always F; TH is now<br />
T; AE is now simply E or A; and so on. Therefore, all<br />
letters have to be <strong>in</strong>dividually pronounced, except for <strong>the</strong><br />
just mentioned temporary ZH and SH.<br />
Phacophyceae Fajofukuloj<br />
Thalarctos Talasarkto<br />
Elaeagnus Elajagno<br />
4. Diphthongs are written with a vowel plus j or w,<br />
<strong>in</strong>stead of i or u : -aj, -oj, -uj, -aw, -ew, etc.<br />
5. Because of Rule 18.1, one should try to make names as<br />
easily pronounceable as possible, avoid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> particular a<br />
9 Interl<strong>in</strong>guists should make a note of <strong>the</strong> fact, that <strong>the</strong> spell<strong>in</strong>gs of new<br />
Uniespo and traditional Esperanto don’t entirely match up; e.g. new<br />
/ts/w/dž/ aga<strong>in</strong>st customary /c/ŭ / ĝ/ .<br />
31
32<br />
succession of more than two or three consonants.<br />
Sandhi-rules should be obeyed: pv pf, vk fk, tz <br />
ts, etc. ra<strong>the</strong>r than just import<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al spell<strong>in</strong>g<br />
forms. Such adaptations can also be used as a means of<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r differentiation between homonyms!<br />
G<strong>in</strong>kgo G<strong>in</strong>ko<br />
Abudefduf Abudevdo<br />
6. Emphasis goes <strong>in</strong>variably on <strong>the</strong> penultimate syllable.<br />
Only exception: fancy names for cross-breeds [Rule 26].<br />
KryptogamUloj, BalenotsEpso, p<strong>in</strong>tanAza, ventrostrIa<br />
7. If <strong>the</strong> spell<strong>in</strong>g of a particular name should afterwards be<br />
found wrong, <strong>the</strong>re is now no more need to completely<br />
rename <strong>the</strong> group, but only and simply to correct <strong>the</strong><br />
name <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> CBC, which anyone can consult anytime.<br />
Ambystomo Amblystomo<br />
riveropuda riverapuda<br />
8. Gem<strong>in</strong>ation (doubl<strong>in</strong>g of a letter) <strong>in</strong> a word stem is no<br />
longer allowed and must be substituted by some<br />
“euphonic” adaptation. (Only <strong>the</strong> special suffixes<br />
referred to <strong>in</strong> 8.1 are allowed such a digression.)<br />
Pyrrhocactus Pyrokakto<br />
Gekko Gekxo
Because of recent evolutions, Taxonomy f<strong>in</strong>ds itself <strong>in</strong> a<br />
sort of crisis. The realizations of cladism and genetics,<br />
treatable with powerful computer programmes<br />
(manipulation of numerous data at <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
form of matrices) make it possible and imperative to<br />
revise <strong>the</strong> whole of traditional Systematics.<br />
[LA RECHERCHE, Nr.212, p.864]<br />
33
34<br />
3 - A Wholesome Threesome<br />
The time-honoured custom of signall<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> genus<br />
name as a noun (by its capital letter) and <strong>the</strong><br />
species name as an adjective (with lower case<br />
letter) may be considered <strong>the</strong> core around which <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
of taxonomy is constructed. There is no <strong>in</strong>tention of do<strong>in</strong>g<br />
away with this vested build<strong>in</strong>g block — <strong>in</strong> spite of <strong>the</strong> fact<br />
that “genus” is an extremely vague and highly subjective<br />
concept 10 19<br />
— but <strong>in</strong>stead add<strong>in</strong>g a third element <strong>in</strong> between<br />
<strong>the</strong> two already used, namely a taxon symbol. The<br />
elements of this new trimeral sequence of “Genus-Taxon-<br />
Species” will be referred to respectively as: dependent -<br />
relator - governor.<br />
Thus Acer campestre gets to be Atsero S kampara,<br />
and Lithobius forficatus becomes Litobio S tondila.<br />
At first glance, this may look like a mere cosmetic operation,<br />
but under <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g rules <strong>the</strong> reader will see that <strong>the</strong> new<br />
relator becomes a powerful tool for easy nam<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
recognition of taxons on higher and lower levels.<br />
Instead of <strong>the</strong> customary Lat<strong>in</strong> suffixes for<br />
20<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> taxon level (-formes, -ales, -acea, -<br />
idae, -<strong>in</strong>ae...) now a convenient relator is placed<br />
<strong>in</strong> front of <strong>the</strong> name — whe<strong>the</strong>r written/spoken <strong>in</strong> full, or <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> abbreviated form mentioned under Rule 17. It carries<br />
no full stop.<br />
10 We trust <strong>the</strong> CBC-procedure of Rule 2 will br<strong>in</strong>g better agreement and<br />
more stability about generic names, through its automated “majority<br />
vote”.
S<strong>in</strong>ce it is estimated that evolutionary embranchments will<br />
eventually reach up to 40 or 50 hierarchical levels, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
<strong>the</strong>oretically a taxonomy should provide dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
elements equal to <strong>the</strong> worst-case-scenario. Traditional<br />
nomenclature has at its disposal only a meagre handful of<br />
suffixes with which to meet this challenge. And although<br />
<strong>the</strong>y can be divided and subdivided by means of<br />
“subtaxons” and “supertaxons”, that measure would be no<br />
more than a palliative. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> list of taxon symbols<br />
has been made as numerous as possible — while keep<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m well diversified, ordered, and recognisable. Their<br />
attribution and distribution, <strong>in</strong> work<strong>in</strong>g practice, is up to <strong>the</strong><br />
specialist; who can now be as detailed or generalised as<br />
desired, or as <strong>the</strong> ever <strong>in</strong>sufficient data will permit.<br />
The biological committees should supervise <strong>the</strong> nam<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
distribution of ALL taxons, from variety up to k<strong>in</strong>gdom, <strong>in</strong><br />
order to br<strong>in</strong>g unity to handbooks and schoolbooks all over<br />
<strong>the</strong> world. But perhaps this exact<strong>in</strong>g task would be taken<br />
over by <strong>the</strong> CBC anyway. Moreover, it should be a<br />
welcome opportunity for fill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> all too numerous blank<br />
spaces on <strong>the</strong> taxonomic map of Evolution.<br />
By means of <strong>the</strong>se relators it is now possible to move a<br />
whole taxon upwards or downwards at will, without hav<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to change <strong>the</strong> taxon name, irrespective of its end<strong>in</strong>g!<br />
M Imperio k<strong>in</strong>gdom T Tribo tribe<br />
P Fylalo phylum F Familio family<br />
B Brantsho branch G Genro genus<br />
K Klaso class S Spetsio species<br />
L Kladalo cladus R Raso race<br />
O Ordo order V Vario variety<br />
35
36<br />
H Hibridulo hybrid<br />
X Taktsalo taxon (any)<br />
Y Artefarito artefact<br />
Z Synbiawzo symbiosis<br />
In between F and T may be added a fur<strong>the</strong>r taxon N for “nation”<br />
(Natsio). T replaces “suborder”; L replaces “subclass”. H for<br />
hybrid is used for denot<strong>in</strong>g cross-breeds (chimeras) <strong>in</strong>capable of<br />
reproduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>in</strong> Nature.<br />
1. Evidently, <strong>the</strong> sequence(s) of an official representation must<br />
follow <strong>the</strong> normal hierarchical order, left-to-right <strong>in</strong> text for topto-bottom<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> table.<br />
Dicotylae Fanerog• G Dykotiledonuloj<br />
Lepadogaster Gobiez• G Lepasogastro<br />
2. Which higher taxon(s) are to be mentioned, or which to be left<br />
out, will be freely decided by <strong>the</strong> specialist <strong>in</strong> each context.<br />
There are no absolute rules here, o<strong>the</strong>r than always keep<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> trimeral array well <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d, if not explicitly <strong>in</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
EXCESSIVE: Mandibl• Entom• Pter• Ektopter• Izopter• G Termito<br />
SUFFICIENT: Entom• L Pterentomontjuloj for <strong>the</strong> cladus Pterygota<br />
3. When a given name is valid for several hiqher taxons, <strong>the</strong><br />
system allows for putt<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> relators concerned one after <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r. It seems preferable, though not imperative, to keep<br />
<strong>the</strong>m separated by a blank space.<br />
Synpet• O F Rubleskoj for order & family Rublaceae<br />
Axenarzh• T F Tserveskoj for tribe & family Cervidae<br />
All right — acceptance of this new arrangement and its extra<br />
differentiation will almost certa<strong>in</strong>ly call for a lot of reshuffl<strong>in</strong>g among<br />
<strong>the</strong> traditional taxons. But <strong>the</strong>n, we don’t get “owt for nowt”, do<br />
we? Besides, th<strong>in</strong>k of <strong>the</strong> peace, stability, and unity which must<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ally ensue !
4. In <strong>the</strong> spoken language it may prove practical to use <strong>the</strong><br />
alternative NBN-proposal of add<strong>in</strong>g -(taktsal)anoj (“taxon<br />
members”) to <strong>the</strong> basic name.<br />
O Delfeneskoj = “Delfenordanoj”<br />
When <strong>in</strong>corporat<strong>in</strong>g a scientific name <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
21 text, <strong>the</strong>re is no longer any need to make its<br />
particular status stand out aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong> environment<br />
of normal language, by giv<strong>in</strong>g it a special emphasis such as<br />
(<strong>the</strong> usual) italics. The relator takes over this function<br />
perfectly well. One is now even at liberty to leave out <strong>the</strong><br />
genus name altoge<strong>the</strong>r and use only <strong>the</strong> species name<br />
preceded by its relator — provided, of course, that <strong>the</strong><br />
context makes it clear which genus it refers to.<br />
“Speak<strong>in</strong>g about Borago, its species name S medits<strong>in</strong>a (spec.<br />
offic<strong>in</strong>alis) gets its name from <strong>the</strong> ancient practice of us<strong>in</strong>g it to<br />
make wounds close up quickly.”<br />
“Snake birds, like G Anh<strong>in</strong>go (Anh<strong>in</strong>ga), pursue and catch fish<br />
under water.”<br />
As usual, subspecies are also def<strong>in</strong>ed by an extra<br />
22<br />
adjective put after <strong>the</strong> normal species adjective.<br />
Here, however, <strong>the</strong> taxon symbol is subdivided by<br />
an <strong>in</strong>dex<strong>in</strong>g cross. Everyth<strong>in</strong>g said about species names<br />
applies also to <strong>the</strong> subspecies names — particularly<br />
avoidance of tautonymy — except for <strong>the</strong> custom of<br />
employ<strong>in</strong>g mostly geographical concepts. [For varieties and<br />
races see Rule 27]. Decid<strong>in</strong>g, which subspecies has to be<br />
considered as typical of <strong>the</strong> whole group, is a very vexed<br />
question, which might better be left to <strong>the</strong> CBC-programme<br />
of Rule 2, mak<strong>in</strong>g a choice at random...<br />
37
38<br />
Motacilla flava flava Motatsillo gelba S+ belguja<br />
Motacilla thunbergi Motatsillo gelba S+ skand<strong>in</strong>ava<br />
Motacilla flavissima Motatsillo gelba S+ brituja<br />
Motacilla feldeggi Motatsillo gelba S+ balkana<br />
23<br />
Supertaxons are notated with an exponentially<br />
placed cross, and subtaxons with an <strong>in</strong>dexed<br />
cross.<br />
Thus K Kar<strong>in</strong>uloj (Car<strong>in</strong>ates) can, if one wishes, be degraded<br />
without more ado to subclass K+ Kar<strong>in</strong>uloj or be promoted to<br />
superclass K + Kar<strong>in</strong>uloj; <strong>the</strong> name itself never needs to be<br />
changed, <strong>in</strong> sharp contrast with today’s usage.<br />
1. If a species should become a (sub)genus <strong>in</strong> itself, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
<strong>the</strong> common language epi<strong>the</strong>ton has to be turned <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
standardized substantive.<br />
Anaso S platabeka (“flat-beak”) Anas• G+ Platyrynxo or<br />
(if homonymy threatens) G+ Rynxoplatyo [fictitious example]<br />
It rema<strong>in</strong>s a sound practice to select a given<br />
24<br />
species as representative for <strong>the</strong> whole genus (<strong>the</strong><br />
holotype); <strong>the</strong>n a given genus for <strong>the</strong> whole family, and so<br />
on up <strong>the</strong> scale. Obviously, whichever is selected as typical<br />
should be a precisely determ<strong>in</strong>ed and widely known<br />
species.<br />
1. In <strong>the</strong> present Universal Taxonomy this is expressed by<br />
plac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> relator between square brackets, <strong>in</strong>dicative of<br />
“taxon type” (“genus type, family type, subspecies<br />
type”). This <strong>in</strong> turn facilitates unified representation <strong>in</strong><br />
general reference books, so that <strong>the</strong> same specimen of<br />
plant, animal, or m<strong>in</strong>eral will always be used for a<br />
representative illustration. Moreover <strong>the</strong> relators may be<br />
judiciously comb<strong>in</strong>ed.
Anas platyrhynchos Anaso [S] platabeka = “(genro)tipa”<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to NBN, <strong>the</strong> best-known and described species among<br />
Cetacea (whales) is Tursiops truncatus, <strong>the</strong> bottle-nosed dolph<strong>in</strong>,<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g it even typical for <strong>the</strong> whole order; <strong>the</strong>refore it should<br />
take <strong>the</strong> name Turshopsho [OS] trunkigita = “ordotipa” [from<br />
tursh• “shuttle” and opsh• “aspect”] <strong>in</strong> Universal Taxonomy.<br />
2. It seems preferable to name a superior taxon after still<br />
liv<strong>in</strong>g groups, ra<strong>the</strong>r than select a fossil for holotype,<br />
even if <strong>the</strong> fossils happen to be (far) more numerous.<br />
Platanacea [K] Plataneskoj “plane-trees”<br />
Xiphosura [O] Ksifuvreskoj “horseshoe-crabs”<br />
3. Of course, if a given generic holotype ought to be<br />
regarded as belong<strong>in</strong>g to ano<strong>the</strong>r family, <strong>the</strong>n it must be<br />
transferred <strong>the</strong>re and <strong>the</strong> former family name will have to<br />
be changed accord<strong>in</strong>g to a holotype newly selected from<br />
among its rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g genera... and so on for higher<br />
taxons.<br />
F Alfataktseskoj<br />
changed to:<br />
| [G] Alfataktso<br />
| G Betataktso<br />
| G Gamataktso<br />
F Betataktseskoj | [G] Betataktso<br />
| G Gamataktso<br />
and:<br />
F Deltataktseskoj |<br />
|<br />
G Alfataktso<br />
[G] Deltataktso<br />
| G Zetataktso<br />
4. A subspecies can also be selected as holotype for <strong>the</strong><br />
species.<br />
S rudzhatiga S+ sibiruja [“red-twigged”]<br />
S rudzhatiga [S+] nordafrika = “spetsitipa”<br />
39
5. Group<strong>in</strong>gs by means of a holotvpe, hav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> end<strong>in</strong>g<br />
–ESK, can go up to <strong>the</strong> level of order (Ordo), but this is<br />
not mandatory. Whenever a holotype of any hierarchical<br />
level is absent — i.e. has not yet been determ<strong>in</strong>ed — <strong>the</strong><br />
end<strong>in</strong>g -ESK becomes naturally unusable.<br />
6. If a family of genera is too loosely bound for determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
a holotype, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> family name will have to be a<br />
characteris<strong>in</strong>g word end<strong>in</strong>q on -ULOJ or a vernacular<br />
group name with simply -ARO as an end<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>stead of -<br />
ESKOJ. This applies also to taxons higher up.<br />
40<br />
Agamofilaria X Agamofiluloj<br />
Diplistomulum X Diplostomuloj<br />
From all <strong>the</strong> preced<strong>in</strong>g Rules it should be clear, that<br />
25 <strong>the</strong>re is no longer any need to <strong>in</strong>corporate <strong>the</strong><br />
name of <strong>the</strong> author who first determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>the</strong><br />
species, nor <strong>the</strong> year <strong>in</strong> which this memorable event took<br />
place, as demanded by <strong>the</strong> now obsolete Priority Rule.<br />
Biological Nomenclature has better purposes to serve than<br />
be a memorial to past human endeavour!<br />
Botany and Zoology both should accept race<br />
(Raso) as a (sub)form for a subspecies and, if yet<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r deviation from this taxon occurs, <strong>the</strong><br />
conceptual symbol of variety (Vario) 11 26<br />
i.e. cultivar. The same<br />
goes for hybrids.<br />
11 A question to consider is whe<strong>the</strong>r or not <strong>the</strong> notion of "regional<br />
subspecies" should be abandoned, and "race" become used <strong>in</strong>stead.
Syr<strong>in</strong>ga vulgaris Charles X = Sir<strong>in</strong>go S ord<strong>in</strong>ara V KARLES’<br />
Clematis lanup<strong>in</strong>osa x viticella = Clematis Jackmani<br />
= Klematisso H DZHAKMAN’<br />
Race as well as Variety consists — just like <strong>the</strong><br />
27<br />
species — of a s<strong>in</strong>gle name, written <strong>in</strong> capital letters<br />
and end<strong>in</strong>g with an apostrophe to <strong>in</strong>dicate that stress<br />
now lies on <strong>the</strong> last syllable. Contrary to Rule 17.6, it is (to<br />
be) regarded as a fancy proper name and must be spelled as<br />
a true Uniespo-word; <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al (ethnic) orthography will be<br />
utterly disregarded and titles reduced to a s<strong>in</strong>gle word of two<br />
to three syllables. Its form can be taken ei<strong>the</strong>r from <strong>the</strong><br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al spell<strong>in</strong>g or from <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al pronunciation, depend<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on which is easiest to render.<br />
Narcissus pseudonarcissus var. Queen Victoria <br />
Nartsiso S shajna V VIKTORI ‘<br />
var. Amethyst V AMETYST ‘<br />
var. Chocolate Soldier V TSHOKLAT ‘<br />
1. If <strong>the</strong> orig<strong>in</strong>al name is too short or ends on a difficult array<br />
of consonants, <strong>the</strong> vowel -u should be added.<br />
var. Bosc V BOSKU ‘<br />
rac. Dogue R DOGU ‘<br />
2. Where practicable, a name or title may be translated <strong>in</strong>to<br />
common Uniespo. [Here too, eventual homonymy<br />
(isonymy) may be countered by Rule 29.2]<br />
var. Sunsh<strong>in</strong>e V SUNBRIL‘<br />
rac. Bouvier R BOVUL‘ [”ox-dog”]<br />
After all, changes brought about by humans (genetic eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
are fundamentally no different from those worked by Mo<strong>the</strong>r Nature.<br />
41
3. For fur<strong>the</strong>r differentiations (at this level!), all sorts of<br />
anagrams are permissible — contrary to Rule 7.6 —<br />
which is made possible by <strong>the</strong> particular nature of <strong>the</strong>se<br />
names.<br />
42<br />
var. Alexander V ALEKSANT ‘<br />
var. Alexandra V LEKSANDRA ‘<br />
var. Alexandr<strong>in</strong>a V KSANDRINA ‘<br />
4. Such adaptations of fancy orig<strong>in</strong>als should be reta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
even if an orig<strong>in</strong>al name has been patented as “trade<br />
name” for a cultivar or breed <strong>in</strong> commercial respect. Of<br />
course, it would be a great bonus if <strong>the</strong> Patent Office(s)<br />
as well as horticulturists and breeders agreed to<br />
accept<strong>in</strong>g only norm-abid<strong>in</strong>g names!<br />
28<br />
Real synonyms (different names for one and <strong>the</strong><br />
same subject) must and will no doubt become<br />
impossible through <strong>the</strong> automated CBC [Rule 2].<br />
Ei<strong>the</strong>r Natrix natrix or Coluber natrix or Tropidonotus natrix<br />
for <strong>the</strong> r<strong>in</strong>g-snake, but not all three considered valid, as actually<br />
found <strong>in</strong> three different handbooks!<br />
29<br />
Last but not least, homonyms (<strong>the</strong> same name for<br />
different subjects) are not allowed with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> SAME<br />
taxon, but are to be tolerated if each belongs to a DIFFERENT<br />
superior taxon. It is to be expected that this sort of conflict<br />
will become of particular importance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> co-ord<strong>in</strong>ated<br />
BioCode. In such a case it is advisable to put <strong>the</strong> superior<br />
taxon name <strong>in</strong> front of <strong>the</strong> homonymic name, at least once.
That is to say: whichever superior taxon really makes <strong>the</strong><br />
difference.<br />
Meropsheskoj G Meropsho Insekt• G Meropsho<br />
Meropsheskoj G Meropsho Bird• G Meropsho<br />
1. Homonyms result<strong>in</strong>g from a mere misspell<strong>in</strong>g will be<br />
corrected without any more fuss.<br />
G Ambystomo G Amblystomo<br />
S blankodenta S blankadenta<br />
2. Whenever homonymy becomes <strong>in</strong>evitable, for lack of<br />
sufficient dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g features (compressible to a<br />
s<strong>in</strong>gle word), it can easily be neutralised by apply<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Greek numerals as prefixes plus a hyphen.<br />
30<br />
Larus fuscus Larusso -nigradorsa [“black-backed”]<br />
Larus mar<strong>in</strong>us Larusso -nigradorsa<br />
var. Fantasie V -FANTAZI ‘<br />
var. Fantasy V -FANTAZI ‘<br />
var. Phantasy V -FANTAZI ‘<br />
As to trivial names, which need not be as rigorous<br />
as scientific names, <strong>the</strong> task must be left to...<br />
creative poets.<br />
Aletris & Liatris brilsteleto [“blaz<strong>in</strong>g star”]<br />
Cocc<strong>in</strong>ella Di-skarabeto [“ladybird”]<br />
43
44<br />
4.1 – Specimens for Botany<br />
MOULDS, FUNGI, MUSHROOMS<br />
High taxon layout based on:<br />
Encyclopédie Bordas, Paris - Volume 10 - “La vie des plantes”<br />
> Barr<strong>in</strong>g mistakes and omissions <<br />
FUNGI B MYKOFYTULOJ / FUNGARO<br />
Ascomycetes K Askomykuloj<br />
Discomycetidae L Kyklomykuloj<br />
Heliotales O Hevlotteskoj<br />
Helotiacea [F] Hevlotteskoj<br />
Phacidiacea F Pfakedjeskoj<br />
Pezizales O Pezizeskoj<br />
Helvellacea F Helvelleskoj<br />
Pezizacea [F] Pezizeskoj<br />
Rhiz<strong>in</strong>acea F Ridz<strong>in</strong>neskoj<br />
Tuberales O Tuberulleskoj<br />
Tuberacea [F] Tuberulleskoj<br />
Loculomycetidae L Loklomykuloj<br />
Dothiorales O Dotjorruloj<br />
Myriangiales O Mirjangiuloj<br />
Pseudosphaeriales O Psewdosferuloj<br />
Pyrenomycetidae L Pirenemykuloj<br />
Laboulbeniales O Entomomykuloj<br />
Clavicipitales O Klavjotsepseskoj<br />
Sphaeriales O Sferuloj<br />
Plectomycetidae L Pleksomykuloj<br />
Erysiphales O Erysifneskoj<br />
Erysiphacea [F] Erysifneskoj<br />
Plectascales O Pleksaskuloj
Aspergillacea F Spergilleskoj<br />
Protascomycetidae L Protaskomykuloj<br />
Saccharomycetidae O Saxaromykeskoj<br />
Saccharomycetacea [F] Saxaromykeskoj<br />
Taphr<strong>in</strong>ales O Tafr<strong>in</strong>neskoj<br />
Taphr<strong>in</strong>acea [F] Tafr<strong>in</strong>neskoj<br />
Basidiomycetes K Bashedjomykuloj<br />
Exobasidiales L Ektobashedjeskoj<br />
Exobasidiacea [F] Ektobashedjeskoj<br />
Phragmobasidiomyce L Fragmobashedjomykuloj<br />
tidae Auriculariales O Awrikkeskoj<br />
Auriculariacea [F] Awrikkeskoj<br />
Tremellales O Tremelleskoj<br />
Tremellacea [F] Tremelleskoj<br />
Ured<strong>in</strong>ales O Ured<strong>in</strong>neskoj<br />
Endophyllacea F Endofyleskoj<br />
Melampsoracea F Melanopsoreskoj<br />
Pucc<strong>in</strong>iacea F Putsh<strong>in</strong>ieskoj<br />
Ustilag<strong>in</strong>ales O Ustilaggeskoj<br />
Tilletiacea F Tiletieskoj<br />
Ustilag<strong>in</strong>acea [F] Ustilaggeskoj<br />
Gasteromycetes L Gastromykuloj<br />
Hynenogasteracea F Himenogastreskoj<br />
Hysterangiacea F Hystrangieskoj<br />
Lycoperdacea F Lykoperdneskoj<br />
Nidulariacea F Nidulleskoj<br />
Phallacea F Pfalusseskoj<br />
Holobasidiomycetes L Holobashedjeskoj<br />
Hymenomycetales O Himenomykuloj<br />
Agaricacea F Agarikeskoj<br />
Hydnaceae F Hydnezzeskoj<br />
45
Clavariacea F Klavjarreskoj<br />
Polyporaceae F Polyporeskoj<br />
Thelephoraceae F Teljoforeskoj<br />
Phycomycetes K Fykomykuloj<br />
Blastocladiales O Blastokladeskoj<br />
Blastocladiaceae [F] Blastokladeskoj<br />
Endogonales O Endogoneskoj<br />
Endogonaceae [F] Endogoneskoj<br />
Entomophtorales O Entomoftoreskoj<br />
Entomophtoraceae [F] Entomoftoreskoj<br />
Hyphochytriales O Hyfoxytreskoj<br />
Hyphochytriaceae [F] Hyfoxytreskoj<br />
Monoblepharidales O Monablefareskoj<br />
Monoblepharidaceae [F] Monablefareskoj<br />
Mucorales O Mukorreskoj<br />
Mucoraceae [F] Mukorreskoj<br />
Pilobolaceae F Piluboluseskoj<br />
Peronosporales O Pernosporeskoj<br />
Albug<strong>in</strong>aceae F Albugeskoj<br />
Peronosporaceae [F] Pernosporeskoj<br />
Plasmodiophorales O Plasmodoforeskoj<br />
Plasmodiophoraceae [F] Plasmofoforeskoj<br />
Saprolegniales O Saprolegneskoj<br />
Saprolegniaceae [F] Saprolegneskoj<br />
Chytridiales O Xytrisseskoj<br />
Chytridiaceae [F] Xytrisseskoj<br />
46
4.2 NON-LICHENIZED LICHEN-DWELLING FUNGI<br />
Low taxon list based on <strong>the</strong> well detailed and illustrated<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ation handbook by<br />
Clauzade, Diederich, & Roux: Nelikeniĝ<strong>in</strong>taj fungoj likenloĝaj<br />
Société l<strong>in</strong>néenne de Provence, Marseille 1989<br />
> Barr<strong>in</strong>g mistakes and omissions <<br />
Ascomycot<strong>in</strong>a Klaso Askomykuloj<br />
Abrothallus acetabuli Abrotsalo S atsetabla<br />
Abrothallus bertianus Abrotsalo S kalvidzh<strong>in</strong>ta<br />
Abrothallus cetrariae Abrotsalo S gajlestiga<br />
Abrothallus chrysanthus Abrotsalo S avrumaflora<br />
Abrothallus cladoniae Abrotsalo S senranda<br />
Abrothallus mairei Abrotsalo S ebenadiska<br />
Abrothallus microspermus Abrotsalo S etasema<br />
Abrothallus parmelianum Abrotsalo S shildaro<br />
Abrothallus parmotrematis Abrotsalo S trushilda<br />
Abrothallus peyritshii Abrotsalo S senprujnuma<br />
Abrothallus prodiens Abrotsalo S elstara<br />
Abrothallus suecicus Abrotsalo S -brunaspora<br />
Abrothallus usneae Abrotsalo S bartohava<br />
Abrothallus welwitzchii Abrotsalo S -brunaspora<br />
Act<strong>in</strong>opelis peltigericola Akt<strong>in</strong>opeltso S peltsogera o<br />
Adelococcus alpestris Aedelokoktso S alpomonta<br />
Adelococcus groedensis Aedelokoktso S arafrukta<br />
Adelococcus lecanorae Aedelokoktso S raravanda<br />
Agyr<strong>in</strong>a crozalsii Egyr<strong>in</strong>no S verdetafrukta<br />
Agyrium cephalodioides Egyrummo S dukapa<br />
Anthostomella apogyra Antostomo S netavanda<br />
Apiosporella mongolica Apisporo S mongoluja<br />
Arthonia amylospora Artonio S amelospora<br />
47
Arthonia atropunctata Artonio S nigrapunta<br />
Arthonia basidiospora Artonio S bashedjospora<br />
Arthonia caerulescens Artonio S profundeblua<br />
Arthonia c<strong>in</strong>nabar<strong>in</strong>ula Artonio S ts<strong>in</strong>abra<br />
Arthonia circ<strong>in</strong>ata Artonio S tsirklostara<br />
Arthonia clemens Artonio S dekliveta<br />
Arthonia crypto<strong>the</strong>ciae Artonio S kashateka<br />
Arthonia curreyi Artonio S renospora<br />
Arthonia destruens Artonio S detrua<br />
Arthonia epimela Artonio S pirotshela<br />
Arthonia epiphyscia Artonio S surkolbasa<br />
Arthonia ericetorum Artonio S falsaranda<br />
Arthonia excentrica Artonio S ekstera<br />
Arthonia far<strong>in</strong>acea Artonio S farunetsa<br />
Arthonia fuscopurpura Artonio S brunapurpura<br />
Arthonia galact<strong>in</strong>aria Artonio S melkablanka<br />
Arthonia gelidae Artonio S frostama<br />
Arthonia glaucomaria Artonio S verdashultra<br />
Arthonia <strong>in</strong>sidiens Artonio S entruda<br />
Arthonia <strong>in</strong>sitiva Artonio S pleneshtopita<br />
Arthonia <strong>in</strong>texta Artonio S enplektita<br />
Arthonia lepidophila Artonio S bastoshata<br />
Arthonia mazoziae Artonio S konuseta<br />
Arthonia microsticta Artonio S makuleta<br />
Arthonia molendoi Artonio S v<strong>in</strong>omembrana<br />
Arthonia neglectula Artonio S nerimarkebla<br />
Arthonia nephromiaria Artonio S nefromma o<br />
Arthonia nideri Artonio S magraspora<br />
Arthonia oligospora Artonio S raraspora<br />
Arthonia oxyspora Artonio S p<strong>in</strong>taspora<br />
Arthonia peltigera Artonio S -shildoporta<br />
48
Arthonia peltiger<strong>in</strong>a Artonio S -shildoporta<br />
Arthonia pelvetii Artonio S tutamonda<br />
Arthonia phlyctidicola Artonio S fliktidda o<br />
Arthonia punctella Artonio S puntohava<br />
Arthonia rubescens Artonio S rudzhidzhanta<br />
Arthonia sphyridii Artonio S elipsospora<br />
Arthonia subconveniens Artonio S malkonvena<br />
Arthonia subvelut<strong>in</strong>ae Artonio S velureta<br />
Arthonia tabescens Artonio S sekidzhanta<br />
Arthonia urceolata Artonio S pokaletsa<br />
Arthonia varia Artonio S variema<br />
Arthopyrenia microspila Artapirno S makuleta<br />
Arthrorhaphis citr<strong>in</strong>ella Artrorafjo S tsitrona<br />
Arthrorhaphis grisea Artrorafjo S griza<br />
Ascohansfordiellopsis <strong>in</strong>sectivora Askokarpello S <strong>in</strong>sektomandzha<br />
Bacidia killiasi Batsidio S rondafrukta<br />
Barya lichenophila Baryazzo S likenoshata<br />
Broomella leptogiicola Brumelio S shp<strong>in</strong>ilospora<br />
Buellia adjuncta Buelio S aldona<br />
Buellia badia Buelio S dikavanda<br />
Buellia brachyspora Buelio S kurtaspora<br />
Buellia destructans Buelio S detruanta<br />
Buellia imshaugii Buelio S bluidzha<br />
Buellia leptolepis Buelio S maldikaskwama<br />
Buellia nivalis Buelio S nedzhablanka<br />
Buellia pseudosaxatilis Buelio S malaper<strong>in</strong>ta<br />
Buellia pulverulenta Buelio S polvoplena<br />
Buelliella m<strong>in</strong>imala Bueliello S m<strong>in</strong>imala<br />
Buelliella physciicola Bueliello S fyskizza O<br />
Buelliella pusilla Bueliello S malgrandeta<br />
Buelliella trype<strong>the</strong>lii Bueliello S truhawta<br />
49
Caliciella parasitica Kalyksello S parazita<br />
Calicium corynellum Kalyksummo S nigrafrukta<br />
Calicium ret<strong>in</strong>ens Kalyksummo S firmetena<br />
Calicium subparoicum Kalyksummo S lepratsala<br />
Capronia peltigerae Kapronio S shildoporta<br />
Carbonea supersparsa Karbonno S disestara<br />
Carbonea vitell<strong>in</strong>aria Karbonno S ovogelbaspetsia<br />
Catillaria mediterranea Katlarro S mediteranea<br />
Cercidospora caudata Kerkosporo S vosta<br />
Cercidospora collematum Kerkosporo S koljemma o<br />
Cercidospora epipolytropa Kerkosporo S multadirekta<br />
Cercidospora lichenicola Kerkosporo S surlikena<br />
Cercidospora stereocaulorum Kerkosporo S sterekawla o<br />
Cercidospora ulothii Kerkosporo S shp<strong>in</strong>ilospora<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis brevipes Xaenotekopsho S kurtapieda<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis consociata Xaenotekopsho S komunuma<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis epithall<strong>in</strong>a Xaenotekopsho S surtsala<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis exserta Xaenotekopsho S elstara<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis haematopus Xaenotekopsho S sangapieda<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis koerberi Xaenotekopsho S nigrakapa<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis nigra Xaenotekopsho S nigra<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis nigropedata Xaenotekopsho S nigrapieda<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis pusilla Xaenotekopsho S malgrandeta<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis pusiola Xaenotekopsho S brunapodiska<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis rubescens Xaenotekopsho S rudzhidzha<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis rub<strong>in</strong>a Xaenotekopsho S rudzha<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis sagenidii Xaenotekopsho S sagnedja o<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis sangu<strong>in</strong>ea Xaenotekopsho S sangofarba<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis savonica Xaenotekopsho S -brunaspora<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis tasmanica Xaenotekopsho S -brunaspora<br />
50
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis treichelianum Xaenotekopsho S lentokapa<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis va<strong>in</strong>oana Xaenotekopsho S verdahypoteka<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis viridialba Xaenotekopsho S verdablanka<br />
Chaeno<strong>the</strong>copsis viridireagens Xaenotekopsho S verdareaga<br />
Clypeococcum cladonema Klypekoktso S brantshidzha<br />
Clypeococcum grossum Klypekoktso S dika<br />
Clypeococcum hypocenomyces Klypekoktso S hypotsenomyka o<br />
Clypeococcum placopsiphilum Klypekoktso S plakopsha o<br />
Cyphelium sessile Tsyfello S sidanta<br />
Dactylospora acarosporae Daktylosporo S akarospora<br />
Dactylospora athall<strong>in</strong>a Daktylosporo S rudzhepiteka<br />
Dactylospora frigida Daktylosporo S malvarma<br />
Dactylospora glaucomarioides Daktylosporo S verdashultra<br />
Dactylospora hafellneriana Daktylosporo S unuvanda<br />
Dactylospora homocl<strong>in</strong>ella Daktylosporo S samekl<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Dactylospora <strong>in</strong>quil<strong>in</strong>a Daktylosporo S hejmesida<br />
Dactylospora lamyi Daktylosporo S kupolodiska<br />
Dactylospora lobariella Daktylosporo S bruneksipura<br />
Dactylospora parasitica Daktylosporo S parazita<br />
Dactylospora parellaria Daktylosporo S brunepiteka<br />
Dactylospora pertusaricola Daktylosporo S pertsarra o<br />
Dactylospora placophylla Daktylosporo S tabulofolia<br />
Dactylospora porphyrea Daktylosporo S purpura<br />
Dactylospora protothall<strong>in</strong>a Daktylosporo S prototsala<br />
Dactylospora rimulicola Daktylosporo S fendolodzha<br />
Dactylospora saxatilis Daktylosporo S rokoshata<br />
Dactylospora tegularum Daktylosporo S tegoletsa<br />
Dactylospora urceolata Daktylosporo S krutsheta<br />
Decampia engeliana Dekampio S miskoloriga<br />
Decampia hookeri Dekampio S shp<strong>in</strong>ilospora<br />
Decampia rufescentis Dekampio S rufidzhaspetsia<br />
51
Dichosporium glomeratum Dixosporo S glomeridzha<br />
Didymella aipoliae Didmello S tshiamgriza<br />
Didymella berengeriana Didmello S bruneksipura<br />
Didymella brunii Didmello S shwelaska<br />
Didymella cladoniae Didmello S kladonna o<br />
Didymella crozalsiana Didmello S malmultafrukta<br />
Didymella epicarph<strong>in</strong>ea Didmello S surpajla<br />
Didymella epimelanostola Didmello S surnigravesta<br />
Didymella mart<strong>in</strong>atiana Didmello S simplaparafiza<br />
Didymella parvispora Didmello S etaspora<br />
Didymella perigena Didmello S tshirkawnaska<br />
Didymella sph<strong>in</strong>ctr<strong>in</strong>oides Didmello S kunpremitetsa<br />
Didymella weillii Didmello S anastoma<br />
Diplonaevia parmeliae Diplonajvo S parmella o<br />
Diploschistes act<strong>in</strong>ostomus Diplosxizo S radibusha<br />
Diploschistes scruposus Diplosxizo S raspa<br />
Discocera lichenicola Kyklokerato S likenolodzha<br />
Disco<strong>the</strong>cium <strong>in</strong>festans Kykloteko S damadzha<br />
Dothidea lichenum Dotidio S likena<br />
Ech<strong>in</strong>otecium cladoniae Ex<strong>in</strong>oteko S kladonna o<br />
Ech<strong>in</strong>otecium reticulatum Ex<strong>in</strong>oteko S retoforma<br />
Endococcus alectoriae Endokoktso S alektorra o<br />
Endococcus alpestris Endokoktso S alpomonta<br />
Endococcus araneosus Endokoktso S aranereta<br />
Endococcus exerrans Endokoktso S elmigra<br />
Endococcus gyrophorarum Endokoktso S tsirkloporta<br />
Endococcus nanellus Endokoktso S naneta<br />
Endococcus pariet<strong>in</strong>arius Endokoktso S paried<strong>in</strong>na o<br />
Endococcus prop<strong>in</strong>quus Endokoktso S parentsa<br />
Endococcus ramal<strong>in</strong>arius Endokoktso S ramnalla o<br />
52
Endococcus rugulosus Endokoktso S fajnafalda<br />
Endococcus stigma Endokoktso S stigma<br />
Endococcus zahlbrucknerellae Endokoktso S zalbruknella o<br />
Epilichen clauconigellus Epilikeno S blunigra<br />
Epilichen scabrosus Epilikeno S krudega<br />
Guignardia ahlesiana Gignardio S brunafrukta<br />
Guignardia fimbriatae Gignardio S frandzha<br />
Guignardia micro<strong>the</strong>lia Gignardio S etatsala<br />
Guignardia olivieri Gignardio S gajlovezika<br />
Guignardia psoromoides Gignardio S skabietsa<br />
Guignardia verrucicola Gignardio S verukolodzha<br />
Hemigrapha astericus Hemigrafo S stelara<br />
Homostegia encaustica Xomostego S enbruligita<br />
Homostegia parmeliana Xomostego S parmelia o<br />
Homostegia piggotii Xomostego S trivanda<br />
Karschia l<strong>in</strong>itaria Karshio S brunepiteka<br />
Karschia pertusariae Karshio S pertsarra o<br />
Karschia santessonii Karshio S brunamedola<br />
Karschia sordidae Karshio S malpura<br />
Karschia talcophila Karshio S polvoshata<br />
Keratosphaera batistae Keratosfero S kashamykura<br />
Koordersiella deightonii Kordersio S senparafiza<br />
Lachnella tetraspora Laxnello S kwarspora<br />
Lasiosphaeriopsis salisburyi Lasisferopsho S tsharbostroma<br />
Lasiosphaeriopsis stereocaulicola Lasisferopsho S sterekawla o<br />
Lecidea aggregantula Letsidio S kunvena<br />
Lecidea associata Letsidio S asotsia<br />
Lecidea cladoniaria Letsidio S kladonna o<br />
Lecidea dispersula Letsidio S dissemita<br />
Lecidea frigidella Letsidio S fridoshata<br />
Lecidea <strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>ans Letsidio S makuliza<br />
53
Lecidea <strong>in</strong>sidiosa Letsidio S <strong>in</strong>sidega<br />
Lecidea neglecta Letsidio S nerimarkitaspetsia<br />
Lecidea oroantarctica Letsidio S sudapolusamonta<br />
Lecidea perforans Letsidio S traboritaspetsia<br />
Lecidea punctum Letsidio S punteta<br />
Lecidea superjecta Letsidio S surkovrita<br />
Lecidea thallicola Letsidio S tsalolodzha<br />
Lecidea umbonella Letsidio S dzhibeta<br />
Lecidea verrucariae Letsidio S veruketsa<br />
Leciographa associata Lekshografo S grupigita<br />
Leciographa attendenda Lekshografo S atent<strong>in</strong>da<br />
Leciographa dubia Lekshografo S dub<strong>in</strong>da<br />
Leciographa furfuracea Lekshografo S argiletsa<br />
Leciographa gyrolophii Lekshografo S turnikresta<br />
Leciographa nephromatis Lekshografo S renogloba<br />
Leciographa parvula Lekshografo S malgrandeta<br />
Leciographa physciaria Lekshografo S veziketsa<br />
Leciographa rhyparizae Lekshografo S rapidoradika<br />
Leciographa stigma Lekshografo S makula<br />
Leciographa weissii Lekshografo S nigrafrukta<br />
Leciographa zwackhii Lekshografo S dikepiteka<br />
Leptosphaeria clarkii Leptosferazzo S helabrunaspora<br />
Leptosphaeria crozalsii Leptosferazzo S sporokwaropa<br />
Leptosphaeria geographicola Leptosferazzo S ridzokarpa o<br />
Leptosphaeria maheui Leptosferazzo S r<strong>in</strong>od<strong>in</strong>a o<br />
Leptosphaeria pycnostigma Leptosferazzo S densamakula<br />
Leptosphaeria ramal<strong>in</strong>ae Leptosferazzo S ramnalla o<br />
Leptosphaerul<strong>in</strong>a peltigera Leptosferullo S peltsogera o<br />
Lethariicola siperi Letarrotsholo S radifenda<br />
Lichenostigma maureri Likenostigmo S falsahista<br />
Lichenostigma rugosa Likenostigmo S faldoplena<br />
54
Melanopsamma lettauiana Melanopsamo S diferentsospora<br />
Melaspilea canariensis Melanoshpilo S kanari<strong>in</strong>sula<br />
Melaspilea epigena Melanoshpilo S surnaskidzha<br />
Melaspilea leciographoides Melanoshpilo S sternidiska<br />
Melaspilea lentig<strong>in</strong>osa Melanoshpilo S lentugara<br />
Melaspilea rhododendri Melanoshpilo S rjododendra o<br />
Melaspilea tenellula Melanoshpilo S malmola<br />
Merismatium coccisporum Merisso S kuglospora<br />
Merismatium lecanorae Merisso S senr<strong>in</strong>ga<br />
Merismatium nigritellum Merisso S nigretsa<br />
Metasphaeria plurisepta Metasfero S pluravanda<br />
Metasphaeria superveniens Metasfero S supredvena<br />
Metasphaeria tartar<strong>in</strong>a Metasfero S <strong>in</strong>fera<br />
Microcalicium arenarium Mikrokalykso S sablogrunda<br />
Microcalicium conversum Mikrokalykso S renversita<br />
Microcalicium dissem<strong>in</strong>atum Mikrokalykso S dissemita<br />
Micropeltopsis cetrariicola Mikropeltsopsho S ketraria o<br />
Microtelia m<strong>in</strong>or Mikroteljo S malgranda<br />
Microthyrium cetrariae Mikrotyrso S ketraria o<br />
Microthyrium maculans Mikrotyrso S makulara<br />
Mollisia collematis Molisio S koljemma o<br />
Mollisia lesda<strong>in</strong>ii Molisio S lekanora o<br />
Muellerella atricola Myleriello S nigraspetsia o<br />
Muellerella hospitans Myleriello S gastanta<br />
Muellerella lichenicola Myleriello S likenolodzha<br />
Muellerella polyspora Myleriello S multspora<br />
Muellerella pygmaea Myleriello S pigmea<br />
Muellerella stict<strong>in</strong>ae Myleriello S stiktazza o<br />
Muellerella triseptata Myleriello S trivanda<br />
Muellerella vesicularia Myleriello S vezika<br />
Mycobilimbia acervata Mykob<strong>in</strong>alembo S stakita<br />
55
Mycobilimbia amoldiana Mykob<strong>in</strong>alembo S briladiska<br />
Mycobilimbia endocarpicola Mykob<strong>in</strong>alembo S enfrukta<br />
Mycobilimbia subfuscae Mykob<strong>in</strong>alembo S bruneta<br />
Mycobilimbia tetramera Mykob<strong>in</strong>alembo S kwarparta<br />
Myxotrichum bicolor Mykotrixo S dukolora<br />
Nanostictis peltigerae Pumelostikto S peltsogera o<br />
Nectria epicallopisma Neksarro S epikaliopsha o<br />
Nectria <strong>in</strong>sidiosa Neksarro S <strong>in</strong>sidega<br />
Nectria lecanodes Neksarro S harofrukta<br />
Nectria <strong>in</strong>digens Neksarro S enlanda<br />
Nectria lichenophila Neksarro S likenoshata<br />
Nectria parmeliae Neksarro S almiela<br />
Nectria rigidiuscula Neksarro S rigideta<br />
Nectria rubefasciens Neksarro S rudzhaspekta<br />
Nectriella erythr<strong>in</strong>ella Neksello S eritr<strong>in</strong>na o<br />
Nectriella leptaleae Neksello S leptalla<br />
Nectriella ornamentata Neksello S ornamita<br />
Nectriella robergei Neksello S orandzhafrukta<br />
Nectriella santessoni Neksello S rudzhafrukta<br />
Nectriella subimperspicua Neksello S nekomprenebla<br />
Nectriella tenacis Neksello S tenatsa<br />
Nectriella tenuispora Neksello S fajnaspora<br />
Nectriella t<strong>in</strong>cta Neksello S punta<br />
Nectriella verrucariae Neksello S hevlarra o<br />
Neolamya peltigerae Neolamio S peltsogera o<br />
Nesolechia ceras<strong>in</strong>a Nezolekto S brunepiteka<br />
Nesolechia coccocarpiae Nezolekto S koktsokarpa o<br />
Nesolechia diversispora Nezolekto S diversaspora<br />
Nesolechia oxyspora Nezolekto S -shp<strong>in</strong>ilospora<br />
Nesolechia oxysporiza Nezolekto S -shp<strong>in</strong>ilospora<br />
Nesolechia xenophona Nezolekto S verdepiteka<br />
56
Niesslia cladoniicola Nislio S kladonna o<br />
Niptera lichenicola Niptero S kladonna o<br />
Niptera microscopica Niptero S malgrandeta<br />
Nitschkiopsis stictarum Nitshkiopsho S stiktazza o<br />
Norrl<strong>in</strong>ia peltigericola Norl<strong>in</strong>io S peltsogera o<br />
Obryzum corniculatum Obryzo S korniketsa<br />
Opegrapha brevis Opegrafo S mallonga<br />
Opegrapha brigant<strong>in</strong>a Opegrafo S brigantia o<br />
Opegrapha maculans Opegrafo S makula<br />
Opegrapha melanospila Opegrafo S nigramakula<br />
Opegrapha pulv<strong>in</strong>ata Opegrafo S remburazha<br />
Opegrapha quaternella Opegrafo S kwaropa<br />
Opegrapha r<strong>in</strong>od<strong>in</strong>ae Opegrafo S kirlileda<br />
Opegrapha saxatilis Opegrafo S rokoshata<br />
Opegrapha stigmodes Opegrafo S tsikatra<br />
Opegrapha <strong>the</strong>lotrematis Opegrafo S teljotremta o<br />
Ophiobolus aspiciliae Ofibolo S harashilda<br />
Ophiobolus barbarus Ofibolo S barbara<br />
Ophiobolus thallicola Ofibolo S tsalolodzha<br />
Orbicula buellia Orbikko S buelia o<br />
Orbicula variolariae Orbikko S pustula<br />
Orbilia cocc<strong>in</strong>ella Orbilio S purpurakerna<br />
Orbilia peltigerae Orbilio S peltsogera o<br />
Paranectria aff<strong>in</strong>is Paranekso S parentsa<br />
Paranectria oropensis Paranekso S shp<strong>in</strong>ilospora<br />
Paranectria superba Paranekso S superba<br />
Pezizella epithall<strong>in</strong>a Pezizio S surtsala<br />
Phacopsis campestricola Pfakopsho S kamparaspetsia<br />
Phacopsis crustulosae Pfakopsho S krustoplenaspetsia<br />
Phacopsis ericetorum Pfakopsho S erikeja<br />
Phacopsis geographici Pfakopsho S teroglobospetsia<br />
57
Phacopsis huuskonenii Pfakopsho S helahimenura<br />
Phacopsis lesda<strong>in</strong>ii Pfakopsho S purpurahimenura<br />
Phacopsis usneae Pfakopsho S usnea o<br />
Phacopsis vulp<strong>in</strong>a Pfakopsho S vulporudzhaspetsia<br />
Phaespora can<strong>in</strong>ae Fajosporo S ord<strong>in</strong>aregaspetsia<br />
Phaespora catolechiae Fajosporo S kawtolekta o<br />
Phaespora consocians Fajosporo S kunligidzha<br />
Phaespora corae Fajosporo Spupila<br />
Phaespora decolorans Fajosporo S senkoloriga<br />
Phaespora exoriens Fajosporo S entruda<br />
Phaespora fritzei Fajosporo S densagrupa<br />
Phaespora granulosae Fajosporo S grajnetsaspetsia<br />
Phaespora parasitica Fajosporo S parazita<br />
Phaespora parmeliarum Fajosporo S parmelia o<br />
Phaespora peltigericola Fajosporo S peltsogera o<br />
Phaespora peregr<strong>in</strong>a Fajosporo S fremda<br />
Phaespora rimosicola Fajosporo S fendolodzha<br />
Phaespora subantarctica Fajosporo S sudapolusa<br />
Phaespora supersparsa Fajosporo S dissemita<br />
Phaespora triplicantis Fajosporo S trioblidzha<br />
Phaesporis <strong>in</strong>terlatens Fajosporisso S <strong>in</strong>terkshitaspetsia<br />
Phaesporis melasperma Fajosporisso S nigrasemaspetsia<br />
Phaesporis phaeosperma Fajosporisso S rudzhasemaspetsia<br />
Phaesporis podzimekii Fajosporisso S kwartsita<br />
Pharcidia arthoniae Farkiddo S artonia o<br />
Pharcidia coarctate Farkiddo S kunpremita<br />
Pharcidia collematis Farkiddo S gluifita<br />
Pharcidia coniodes Farkiddo S konusetsa<br />
Pharcidia constrictella Farkiddo S kunligita<br />
Pharcidia cupularis Farkiddo S pokaletsa<br />
Pharcidia dealbans Farkiddo S kurbaspora<br />
58
Pharcidia ephebes Farkiddo S belajunula<br />
Pharcidia epiramal<strong>in</strong>a Farkiddo S -ramnalla o<br />
Pharcidia epiramal<strong>in</strong>a Farkiddo S -ramnalla o<br />
Pharcidia frigida Farkiddo S fridama<br />
Pharcidia haesitans Farkiddo S alglua<br />
Pharcidia hygrophila Farkiddo S humidoshata<br />
Pharcidia lacustris Farkiddo S lagoshata<br />
Pharcidia lichenicola Farkiddo S likenolodzha<br />
Pharcidia maritima Farkiddo S tshemara<br />
Pharcidia microspora Farkiddo S etaspora<br />
Pharcidia porocyphi Farkiddo S kurbaspora<br />
Pharcidia punctillum Farkiddo S puntizita<br />
Pharcidia ramal<strong>in</strong>ae Farkiddo S -ramnalla o<br />
Pharcidia rivolorum Farkiddo S rivereta<br />
Pharcidia thall<strong>in</strong>a Farkiddo S tiga<br />
Pharcidia verrucarium Farkiddo S veruka<br />
Phragmonaevia fuckelii Fragmonajvo S najlospora<br />
Phragmonaevia peltigerae Fragmonajvo S peltsogera o<br />
Physalospora aspiciliae Fysosporo S aspidotsilia o<br />
Physalospora collematis Fysosporo S koljemma o<br />
Physalospora friesii Fysosporo S senvandaspora<br />
Physalospora lecanorae Fysosporo S lekanora o<br />
Physalospora leptogiophila Fysosporo S sekagrunda<br />
Physalospora xanthoriae Fysosporo S ksantorra o<br />
Plagiostoma cahirensis Plagjostomo S egitpuja<br />
Plagiostoma conductrix Plagjostomo S kunigita<br />
Plagiostoma prasiolae Plagjostomo S ajletsa<br />
Plagiostoma solor<strong>in</strong>ae Plagjostomo S solor<strong>in</strong>a o<br />
Plectocarpon lichenum Pleksokarpo S likena<br />
Plectocarpon pseudosticta Pleksokarpo S shajnamakula<br />
Pleoscutula arsenii Pleiskutlo S heteroderma o<br />
59
Pleospilis ascaridiella Pleishpilo S vermoforma<br />
Pleosphaeria lichenothricis Pleisfero S likenotrixa o<br />
Pleospora collematum Pleisporo S koljemma o<br />
Pleospora crozalsii Pleisporo S disstarafrukta<br />
Pleospora leptogiicola Pleisporo S leptogga o<br />
Pleospora peripherica Pleisporo S tshirkawanta<br />
Plowrightia mereschkowskyi Plorixtio S surshela<br />
Polyblastia dim<strong>in</strong>uta Polyblasta S malgrandigita<br />
Polyblastia discrepans Pleisporo S malakorda<br />
Polycoccum arnoldii Polykoktso S netavanda<br />
Polycoccum bryonthae Polykoktso S muskokotaspetsia<br />
Polycoccum cartilag<strong>in</strong>osum Polykoktso S kartilaga<br />
Polycoccum cladoniae Polykoktso S kladonia o<br />
Polycoccum crassum Polykoktso S ornamispora<br />
Polycoccum dzieduszyckii Polykoktso S elipsaspora<br />
Polycoccum epicrassum Polykoktso S surdikazha<br />
Polycoccum galligenum Polykoktso S gajlofara<br />
Polycoccum gelidarium Polykoktso S glatsiejaspetsia<br />
Polycoccum <strong>in</strong>natum Polykoktso S ennaskita<br />
Polycoccum jamesii Polykoktso S multafrukta<br />
Polycoccum kerneri Polykoktso S tsaljodetrua<br />
Polycoccum marmoratum Polykoktso S marmora<br />
Polycoccum microsticticum Polykoktso S etapuntara<br />
Polycoccum opulentum Polykoktso S fruktoplena<br />
Polycoccum peltigerae Polykoktso S peltsogera o<br />
Polycoccumrugulosarium Polykoktso S fajnafalda<br />
Polycoccum sporastatiae Polykoktso S sporostatsa<br />
Polycoccum squamarioides Polykoktso S skwametsa<br />
Polycoccum t<strong>in</strong>antii Polykoktso S verukospora<br />
Polycoccum trype<strong>the</strong>lioides Polykoktso S tsalobora<br />
Polycoccum umbilicarae Polykoktso S omfalarra o<br />
60
Polycoccum vermicularium Polykoktso S vermetsa<br />
Polycoccum versisporum Polykoktso S diversaspora<br />
Polyschistes mairei Polysxizo S elstarafrukta<br />
Proto<strong>the</strong>lenella crocae Prototeljenno S safrana<br />
Proto<strong>the</strong>lenella santessoni Prototeljenno S surskwama<br />
Pyrenidium act<strong>in</strong>ellum Pirnedjo S radiara<br />
Pyrenidium hetairizans Pirnedjo S okopaspora<br />
Pyrgidium montellicum Pyrgedjo S montetaspetsia<br />
Rhagadostoma lichenicola Ragostomo S likena<br />
Rhizocarpon advenulum Ridzokarpo S zhusven<strong>in</strong>ta<br />
Rhizocarpon malenconianum Ridzokarpo S galjlofara<br />
Rhizocarpon schedomyces Ridzokarpo S apudfunga<br />
Rhynchomeliola lichenicola Rynxomelyo S surlikena<br />
R<strong>in</strong>od<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>sularis R<strong>in</strong>od<strong>in</strong>o S surlikena<br />
Rosell<strong>in</strong>ia aspera Rosel<strong>in</strong>io S kruda<br />
Rosell<strong>in</strong>ia cladoniae Rosel<strong>in</strong>io S kladonna o<br />
Rosell<strong>in</strong>ia nephromatis Rosel<strong>in</strong>io S nefromma o<br />
Rosell<strong>in</strong>ula frustulosae Rosel<strong>in</strong>iullo S disspetsigitaspetsia<br />
Rosell<strong>in</strong>ula haplospora Rosel<strong>in</strong>iullo S simplaspora<br />
Rosell<strong>in</strong>ula kalbii Rosel<strong>in</strong>iullo S multaspora<br />
Rosell<strong>in</strong>ula lopadii Rosel<strong>in</strong>iullo S multabrantsha<br />
Sarcopyrenia gibba Sarxopirno S dzhiba<br />
Sarea aurellae Sareo S avrumaspetsia<br />
Scutula aff<strong>in</strong>is Skutlazzo S parentsa<br />
Scutula aggregata Skutlazzo S amasigita<br />
Scutula aspicilliae Skutlazzo S aspidotsilia o<br />
Scutula cristata Skutlazzo S kombila<br />
Scutula epicladonia Skutlazzo S kladonna o<br />
Scutula epiphylla Skutlazzo S surfolia<br />
Scutula episema Skutlazzo S sursema<br />
Scutula krempelhuberi Skutlazzo S brunepiteta<br />
61
Scutula leptogica Skutlazzo S maldiketsa<br />
Scutula leptogii Skutlazzo S leptogea o<br />
Scutula miliaris Skutlazzo S etagrajna<br />
Scutula ramal<strong>in</strong>ae Skutlazzo S ramnalla o<br />
Scutula solor<strong>in</strong>aria Skutlazzo S solor<strong>in</strong>arra o<br />
Scutula stereocaulorum Skutlazzo S sterekawla o<br />
Scutula tuberculosa Skutlazzo S tuberara<br />
Skyttea cruciata Skytio S krutsigita<br />
Skyttea fusispora Skytio S shp<strong>in</strong>ilospora<br />
Skyttea hawksworthii Skytio S striofrukta<br />
Skyttea nitschkei Skytio S turbanospora<br />
Skyttea sp<strong>in</strong>osa Skytio S dorsa<br />
Skytella muelleri Skytiello S elipsospora<br />
Sphaerul<strong>in</strong>a chlorococca Sferullo S verdaglobeta<br />
Sphaerul<strong>in</strong>a dolichotera Sferullo S longaspetsia<br />
Sphaerul<strong>in</strong>a dubiella Sferullo S maltserta<br />
Sphaerul<strong>in</strong>a endococcoidea Sferullo S englobetsa<br />
Sphaerul<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>termedia Sferullo S enmeza<br />
Sphaerul<strong>in</strong>a lepidiotae Sferullo S skwametsa<br />
Sphaerul<strong>in</strong>a parvipuncta Sferullo S punteta<br />
Sphaerul<strong>in</strong>a tabac<strong>in</strong>ae Sferullo S tabaka<br />
Sph<strong>in</strong>ctr<strong>in</strong>a anglica Sf<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>no S angluja<br />
Sph<strong>in</strong>ctr<strong>in</strong>a leucopoda Sf<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>no S blankapieda<br />
Sph<strong>in</strong>ctr<strong>in</strong>a tubiformis Sf<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>no S tuboforma<br />
Sph<strong>in</strong>ctr<strong>in</strong>a turb<strong>in</strong>ata Sf<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>no S tsirkla<br />
Spolver<strong>in</strong>ia punctum Spolverio S punta<br />
Stegia vermicularis Stegazzo S vermetospetsia<br />
Stictis cladoniae Stiktisso S kladonna o<br />
Stigmidium aggregatum Stigmedjo S kungrupa<br />
Stigmidium allogenum Stigmedjo S malegala<br />
Stigmidium dispersum Stigmedjo S dissemita<br />
62
Stigmidium eucl<strong>in</strong>e Stigmedjo S belekl<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Stigmidium fuscatae Stigmedjo S malhelaspetsia<br />
Stigmidium glebarum Stigmedjo S alglua<br />
Stigmidium hageniae Stigmedjo S konusofrukta<br />
Stigmidium icmadophilae Stigmedjo S ikmofila o<br />
Stigmidium mar<strong>in</strong>um Stigmedjo S tshemara<br />
Stigmidium peltidae Stigmedjo S peltsogera o<br />
Stigmidium schaereri Stigmedjo S malegalatshela<br />
Stigmidium solor<strong>in</strong>arium Stigmedjo S soljor<strong>in</strong>a o<br />
Stigmidium stygnospilum Stigmedjo S makulatsha<br />
Stigmidium superpositum Stigmedjo S supresida<br />
Stratisporella episemoides Stratsosporo S sursema<br />
Strongyleuma albipes Strongolewso S blankapieda<br />
Synaptospora tartaricola Synapsosporo S tartaruja<br />
Telimena foreaui Telmenno S longaspora<br />
Teratoschaeta rondoniensis Tatrosheto S multabrantsha<br />
Thamnogalla crombei Tamnogalgo S vezikiza<br />
Thelidium parvum Teljedjo S malgranda<br />
Thelocarpon epibolum Teljokarpo S surholtsa<br />
Thelocarpon epithall<strong>in</strong>um Teljokarpo S surtsalja<br />
Thelocarpon lichenicola Teljokarpo S surlikena<br />
Trematosphaeria dermatocaponis Tremtosfero S dermatokarpa o<br />
Trematosphaeria lophiostoma Tremtosfero S vertotrua<br />
Trichonectria hirta Trixonekso S hirta<br />
Trichosphaeria lichenum Trixosfero S surlikena<br />
Tryblidaria capensis Trybliddo S sudafrika<br />
Tryblidaria lusitanica Trybliddo S portugaluja<br />
Unguiculariopsis lichenicola Unglopsho S surlikena<br />
Verrucaria congestula Hevlarro S kunprema<br />
Weddellomyces epicallopisma Wedelio S kalopia o<br />
63
64<br />
4.3 RACES (VARIETIES) OF PEARS<br />
Alexander Lucas R LYKAS ‘<br />
André Desportes R DEPORT '<br />
Beurré Hardy R BERARDI '<br />
Bonne Louise d’Avranches R DAVRANTSH '<br />
Bosc R BOSKU '<br />
Bristol Cross R BRISTOS '<br />
Charnue R KARNUL ' “fleshy one”<br />
Clapp’s Favourite R FAVORIT '<br />
Clara Frijs R KLARAF '<br />
Colorée de juillet R JULIKOLOR ' “July’s colour”<br />
Comte de Chambord R DESHAMBOR '<br />
Comtesse de Paris R PARIZULIN ' “Parisian woman”<br />
Conférence R KONFERENTS '<br />
Conseiller de la Cour R KONSILIST ' “councellor<br />
Doyenné de Comice R DUKOMIS '<br />
Doyenné de juillet R JULIDEKAN ' “July’s deacon”<br />
Doyenné de Mérode R DEMEROT '<br />
Dr. Jules Huyot R WIJOT '<br />
Durandeau R DURANDU '<br />
Early Market R FRUMERKAT '<br />
Épargne R ELSHPAR '’ “sav<strong>in</strong>gs”<br />
Eva Baltet R EVABALT '<br />
Gieser Wildemanspeer R SOVADZHUL ' “savage one”<br />
Giffard R GIFART '<br />
Gøteborgs Diamant R DIAMANT ' “diamond”<br />
Gråpäron R GRIZPIR ' “grey pear”<br />
Hodge R HODZHU '<br />
Hofstade R HOFSTAT '<br />
Höstbergamott R HOSTAMOT '<br />
Joséph<strong>in</strong>e de Mal<strong>in</strong>es R JOSMALIN '<br />
Laxton’s Superb R LAKSTON '<br />
Légipont R LEGIPONT '<br />
Lübecker Bergamott R LYBEKOT '
Marguerite Marillat R MARILAT '<br />
Marie-Louise R MARILIS '<br />
Moltke R MOLKE '<br />
Påskpäron R PASKOPIR ' “Easter pear”<br />
Précoce de Trévoux R FRUAPER ' “early arrival”<br />
Sa<strong>in</strong>t-Rémy R SANTREM '<br />
Seckel R SETSKEL '<br />
Skånskt R PLEJBEL ' “loveliest”<br />
Sockerpäron R SUKERPIR ' “sugar pear”<br />
Souvenir du Congrès R KONGRESAN ' “Congressist”<br />
Triomphe de Vienne R VIENAVENK ' “Viennese triumph”<br />
Tyson R TAJSON '<br />
Williams R WILIAMS '<br />
W<strong>in</strong>ter Williams R WINTERWIL '<br />
Worden Seckel R WORDENSEK '<br />
The only rule for [spell<strong>in</strong>g correctly] <strong>the</strong> gender of<br />
generic names, it appears to me, is:<br />
one must memorise <strong>the</strong> genders case by case !<br />
[The same goes for] different gender term<strong>in</strong>ations of<br />
nouns from <strong>the</strong> classic languages.<br />
[F BOERNER]<br />
65
66<br />
5.1 – Specimens for Zoology<br />
BIRDS<br />
High taxon layout based on:<br />
Encyclopédie Bordas, Paris - Volume 1 - “La vie animale”<br />
> Barr<strong>in</strong>g mistakes and omissions ! <<br />
AVES B AVJARZHOJ / BIRDOJ<br />
Archaeorni<strong>the</strong>s L Arxornituloj<br />
Archaeopterygiformes O + Arxoptereskoj<br />
Neorni<strong>the</strong>s L Neornituloj<br />
Leptopterygales O + Leptopteruloj<br />
Sphenisciformes O Sfenikkeskoj<br />
Spheniscidae [F]Sfenikkeskoj<br />
Struthioniformes O Struteskoj<br />
Apterygidae F Aeptereskoj<br />
Casuariidae F Kaswareskoj<br />
Dromalidae F Dromalleskoj<br />
Rheidae F Rejazzeskoj<br />
Struthionidae [F]Struteskoj<br />
T<strong>in</strong>amiformes O T<strong>in</strong>ameskoj<br />
T<strong>in</strong>amiidae [F]T<strong>in</strong>ameskoj<br />
Stenopterygales O + Stenopteruloj<br />
Anseriformes O Ansereskoj<br />
Anatidae F Anaseskoj<br />
Anhimidae F Anhimeskoj<br />
Anseridae [F] Ansereskoj<br />
Apudiformes O Apuseskoj<br />
Apodidae [F]Apuseskoj<br />
Caprimulgiformes O Erifomulgeskoj<br />
Caprimulgidae [F]Erifomulgeskoj
Charadriiformes O Xaradrusseskoj<br />
Alcidae F Alkeskoj<br />
Charadriidae [F]Xaradrusseskoj<br />
Laridae F Larusseskoj <br />
Scolopacidae F Sklopakkeskoj<br />
Ciconiiformes O Tsikonieskoj<br />
Ardeidae F Ardeeskoj<br />
Balaenicipitidae F Tsetotsepseskoj<br />
Ciconiidae [F] Tsikonieskoj<br />
Coliiformes O Kolieskoj<br />
Coliidae [F] Kolieskoj<br />
Columbiformes O Kolombeskoj<br />
Columbidae [F] Kolombeskoj<br />
Pterochidae F Pteroxeskoj<br />
Coraciiformes O Korakeskoj<br />
Alced<strong>in</strong>idae F Altsedeskoj<br />
Coraciidae [F]Korakeskoj<br />
Meropidae F Meropeskoj<br />
Upupidae F Upupeskoj<br />
Cuculiformes O Kukoleskoj<br />
Cuculidae [F]Kukoleskoj<br />
Falconiformes O Falkeskoj<br />
Accipitridae F Aktsipitreskoj<br />
Cathartidae F Kataresseskoj<br />
Falconiidae [F] Falkeskoj<br />
Sagittariidae F Sagitarreskoj<br />
Galliformes O Galjusseskoj<br />
Galliidae [F] Galjusseskoj<br />
Megapodidae F Megapodeskoj<br />
Phasianidae F Fazaneskoj<br />
Tetraonidae F Tetronneskoj<br />
67
Gaviifomres O Gavieskoj<br />
Gaviidae [F] Gavieskoj<br />
Gruiformes O Gruseskoj<br />
Gruidae [F] Gruseskoj<br />
Rallidae F Raluseskoj<br />
Passeriformes O Pasereskoj<br />
Alaudidae F Alawdeskoj<br />
Bombycillidae F Bombikilleskoj<br />
Certhiidae F Tsertieskoj<br />
Corvidae F Korveskoj<br />
Fr<strong>in</strong>gillidae F Fr<strong>in</strong>geskoj<br />
Hirund<strong>in</strong>idae F Hirundeskoj<br />
Laniidae F Laniusseskoj<br />
Menuridae F Menuvreskoj<br />
Motacillidae F Ts<strong>in</strong>okawdeskoj<br />
Muscicapidae F Musxotsapseskoj<br />
Oriolidae F Avrolleskoj<br />
Paradisaeidae F Paradizezzeskoj<br />
Paridae F Parueskoj<br />
Passeridae [F] Pasereskoj<br />
Prunellidae F Prunelleskoj<br />
Regulidae F Redzhulleskoj<br />
Sittidae F Sititeskoj<br />
Sturnidae F Sturneskoj<br />
Sylviidae F Silvazzeskoj<br />
Troglodytidae F Troglodyteskoj<br />
Turdidae F Turdeskoj<br />
Pelecaniformes O Pelikaneskoj<br />
Pelecanidae [F] Pelikaneskoj<br />
Phalacrocoracidae F Falakrokorakeskoj<br />
Sulidae F Sulaeskoj<br />
68
Phoenicopteriformes O Fenitsoptereskoj<br />
Phoenicopteridae [F] Fenitsoptereskoj<br />
Piciformes O Pigeskoj<br />
Indicatoridae F Indikatteskoj<br />
Picidae [F] Pigeskoj<br />
Ramphastidae F Ramfasseskoj<br />
Podicipediformes O Poditsopodeskoj<br />
Podicipedidae [F] Poditsopodeskoj<br />
Procellariiformes O Protselarreskoj<br />
Diomedeidae F Diomedeskoj<br />
Hydrobatidae F Hidrobasheskoj<br />
Procellariidae [F] Protselarreskoj<br />
Psittaciformes O Psitakeskoj<br />
Psittacidae [F] Psitakeskoj<br />
Strigiformes O Strigeskoj<br />
Strigidae [F] Strigeskoj<br />
Trochiliformes O Troxilleskoj<br />
Trochilidae [F] Troxilleskoj<br />
Trogoniformes O Trogoneskoj<br />
Trogonidae [F] Trogoneskoj<br />
69
70<br />
5.2 - SEA GULLS<br />
Low taxon list based on <strong>the</strong> award w<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ation handbook by<br />
Peter Harrison: Seabirds, an identification guide<br />
Christopher Helm, London 1983<br />
> Barr<strong>in</strong>g mistakes and omissions ! <<br />
Laridae Familio Larusseskoj<br />
Anous m<strong>in</strong>utus Aenoho S blankakufa<br />
Anous stolidus Aenoho S fajnabeka<br />
Anous tenuirostris Aenoho S brunakrura<br />
Chlidonias hybridus Xlidonno S hibrida<br />
Chlidonias leucopterus Xlidonno S blankaflugila<br />
Chlidonias niger Xlidonno S nigra<br />
Gygis alba Gygeso S blanka<br />
Larosterna <strong>in</strong>ca Laroshterno S blanka<br />
Larus argentatus Larusso S ardzhenta<br />
argentatus argentatus S+ ardzhentetsa<br />
argentatus atlantis S+ lardzhagonura<br />
argentatus cach<strong>in</strong>nans S+ pliblanka<br />
argentatus heugl<strong>in</strong>i S+ gelbakrura<br />
argentatus michahellis S+ pligriza<br />
argentatus mongolicus S+ pligranda<br />
argentatus smithsonianus S+ nordamerika<br />
argentatus taimyrensis S+ rozakrura<br />
argentatus vegae S+ plivigla<br />
Larus atricilla Larusso S ridanta<br />
Larus audou<strong>in</strong>ii Larusso S rudzhokula<br />
Larus belcheri Larusso S rubandovosta<br />
Larus brevirostris Larusso S kurtabeka<br />
Larus brunnicephalus Larusso S brunakapa
Larus bulleri Larusso S nigrabeka<br />
Larus californicus Larusso S rudzhafemura<br />
Larus canus Larusso [S] mildarigarda<br />
canus brachyrhynchus S+ kurtanaza<br />
canus kamtschatschensis S+ kamtshatka<br />
Larus cirrocephalus Larusso S grizakapa<br />
cirrocephalus cirrocephalus S+ ts<strong>in</strong>drokolora<br />
cirrocephalus poiocephalus S+ herbokolora<br />
Larus crassirostris Larusso S nigravosta<br />
Larus delawarensis Larusso S bendobeka<br />
Larus dom<strong>in</strong>icanus Larusso S gelbokula<br />
Larus fulig<strong>in</strong>osus Larusso S fulgoplena<br />
Larus furcatus Larusso S forkovosta<br />
Larus fuscus Larusso S nigramantela<br />
fuscus graellsii S+ sweltaflugila<br />
Larus genei Larusso S gratsilabeka<br />
Larus glaucescens Larusso S glakalaflugila<br />
Larus glaucoides Larusso S blankaflugila<br />
glaucoides kumlieni S+ brunareta<br />
Larus heermanni Larusso S buntabeka<br />
Larus hemprichi Larusso S fulgetsa<br />
Larus hyperboreus Larusso S gelbomatorba<br />
Larus ichtyaethus Larusso S fishagla<br />
Larus leucophthalmus Larusso S blankokula<br />
Larus macullipennis Larusso S brunatshapa<br />
Larus mar<strong>in</strong>us Larusso S nigradorsa<br />
Larus melanocephalus Larusso S nigrakapa<br />
Larus m<strong>in</strong>utus Larusso S malgranda<br />
Larus modestus Larusso S griza<br />
Larus novaehollandiae Larusso S purpurabeka<br />
novaehollandiae forsteri S+ awstralia<br />
71
72<br />
novaehollandiae hartlaubii S+ koloshnura<br />
novaehollandiae scopol<strong>in</strong>us S+ novzilenda<br />
Larus occidentalis Larusso S rozomatorba<br />
occidentalis livens S+ gelbakrura<br />
Larus pacificus Larusso S bekega<br />
Larus philadelphia Larusso S blankazona<br />
Larus pipixcan Larusso S b<strong>in</strong>okla<br />
Larus relictus Larusso S longapieda<br />
Larus ridibundus Larusso S ridatshanta<br />
Larus sab<strong>in</strong>i Larusso S trikolora<br />
Larus saundersi Larusso S nigrapolma<br />
Larus schistisagus Larusso S ardezodorsa<br />
Larus scoresbi Larusso S rudzhabeka<br />
Larus serranus Larusso S montara<br />
Larus thayeri Larusso S grizokula<br />
Larus tridactyla Larusso S trif<strong>in</strong>gra<br />
tridactyla pollicaris S+ nigraprimala<br />
tridactyla tridactyla S+ (subspets<strong>in</strong>oma)<br />
Pagophila eburnea Pagosofilo S ebura<br />
Phaetusa spec. Fajtusso S {spets<strong>in</strong>oma)<br />
Procelsterna cerulea Protseloshterno S blugriza<br />
Rhodostetia rosea Rjodosteto S roza<br />
Sterna albifrons Shternazzo S blankafrunta<br />
Sterna albostriata Shternazzo S blankastria<br />
Sterna aleutica Shternazzo S aleutuja<br />
Sterna anae<strong>the</strong>tus Shternazzo S brunaflugila<br />
Sterna aurantia Shternazzo S orandzhabeka<br />
Sterna balaenarum Shternazzo S nigrakapa<br />
Sterna bengalensis Shternazzo S tufeta<br />
Sterna bergii Shternazzo S nukotufa
Sterna bernste<strong>in</strong>i Shternazzo S nigrap<strong>in</strong>ta<br />
Sterna caspia Shternazzo S sangobeka<br />
Sterna dougalli Shternazzo S rozetsa<br />
Sterna elegans Shternazzo S eleganta<br />
Sterna eurygnatha Shternazzo S lardzhamaksela<br />
Sterna forsteri Shternazzo S nigramaska<br />
Sterna fuscata Shternazzo S brunega<br />
Sterna hirund<strong>in</strong>acea Shternazzo S hirundetsa o<br />
Sterna hirundo Shternazzo S hirunda o<br />
Sterna lorata Shternazzo S zonizita<br />
Sterna lunata Shternazzo S maskoporta<br />
Sterna maxima Shternazzo S redzha<br />
Sterna melanogastra Shternazzo S nigraventra<br />
Sterna nereis Shternazzo S orandzhakrura<br />
Sterna nilotica Shternazzo S mevobeka<br />
Sterna paradisaea Shternazzo S paradiza<br />
Sterna repressa Shternazzo S blankavanga<br />
Sterna sandvicensis Shternazzo S palap<strong>in</strong>ta<br />
Sterna striata Shternazzo S sulketa<br />
Sterna sumatrana Shternazzo S nukobenda<br />
Sterna superciliaris Shternazzo S gelbabeka<br />
Sterna trudeaui Shternazzo S nedzhotshapa<br />
Sterna virgata Shternazzo S rubanda<br />
Sterna vittata Shternazzo S girlanda<br />
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74<br />
5.3 - RACES (VARIETIES) OF DOGS<br />
Airedale R ARDAL ‘<br />
Barbet R BARBET ' “little beard”<br />
Basset R BASET '<br />
Barzoï R BARZOJ '<br />
Basenji R BASENZHU '<br />
Beagle R BIGEL '<br />
Bobtail R NODVOST ' “knot-tail”<br />
Boston-terrier R BOSTER '<br />
Boxer R BOKSIST ' “fist-fighter”<br />
Bull-terrier R BULTER '<br />
Cairn-terrier R KERNTER '<br />
Chihuahua R TSHIWAN '<br />
Chow-chow R TSHOTSHO '<br />
Collie R KOLI '<br />
Deerhound R TSERVUL ' “deer-one”<br />
Doberman-p<strong>in</strong>cher R DOBERPINTSH '<br />
Dogue R DOGU '<br />
Fox-terrier R FOKSTER '<br />
Griffon R GRIFON '<br />
Hushpuppy R HUSHPUP ‘<br />
Husky R HUSKI '<br />
Kerryblue R KERIBLU '<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g Charles R KINTSHAR '<br />
Lévrier R LEPORUL ' “hare-one”<br />
Loulou R LULU '<br />
Mastiff R MASTIF '<br />
Molosse R MOLOS '<br />
Newfoundlander R NJUFON '<br />
Papillon R PAPILIUL ' “butterfly-one”<br />
P<strong>in</strong>cher R PINTSHIST ' “p<strong>in</strong>cher”<br />
Po<strong>in</strong>ter R MONTRIST ' “<strong>in</strong>dicator”<br />
Pomeranian R POMERAN '
Poodle R PUDEL '<br />
Pug-dog R MOPS '<br />
Retriever R REAKIR ' “w<strong>in</strong>-back”<br />
Ridge-back R KRESTODORS ' “ridge-back”<br />
Sa<strong>in</strong>t-Bernard R BERNARDUL ' “Bernard-one”<br />
Samoyede R SAMOJED '<br />
Schipperke R SHIPIST ' “boat-man”<br />
Schnauzer R MUZELUL ' “snout-one”<br />
Sealyham-terrier R SILIHAM '<br />
Setter R METIST ' “putter”<br />
Shepherd R SHAFHUND ' “sheep-dog”<br />
Skye-terrier R TSHIELTER ' “sky-earth”<br />
Spaniel R HISPANUL ' “Spaniard”<br />
Terrier R TERJER '<br />
Welsh Corgi R WELKOR '<br />
Wippet R WIPET '<br />
L<strong>in</strong>guists, who didn’t know biology,<br />
and biologists, who didn’t know l<strong>in</strong>guistics,<br />
have created a situation harmful to both discipl<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
[F.C. WERNER]<br />
75
76<br />
6 - Read<strong>in</strong>g Coffee Grounds<br />
Extremely simple and efficient though <strong>the</strong> new Trimeral<br />
System may be, we cannot disguise from ourselves <strong>the</strong> fact<br />
that a wide gap yawns between mere exposition and actual<br />
application. What steps are <strong>the</strong>re to take? What obstacles<br />
might be encountered?<br />
Presumably <strong>the</strong> first step would be to organize a worldwide<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k-tank of specialists from ALL <strong>the</strong> biological discipl<strong>in</strong>es<br />
— none left out — <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g people from Asia and Africa,<br />
not just from <strong>the</strong> Western World, but all will<strong>in</strong>g to undertake<br />
<strong>the</strong> great change-over. May we see <strong>the</strong> advent of this<br />
dream <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> com<strong>in</strong>g BioCode Symposium, planned <strong>in</strong><br />
Greece for <strong>the</strong> year 2002? Surely <strong>the</strong> existence of INTERNET<br />
makes such an undertak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>oretically feasible and<br />
exchange of ideas, if not task division, fast and efficient.<br />
Whatever <strong>the</strong> way of launch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ship, that Body should<br />
absolutely <strong>in</strong>clude accomplished philologists, for runn<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
f<strong>in</strong>e comb through <strong>the</strong> enormous amount of lat<strong>in</strong>ized names,<br />
<strong>in</strong> order to establish <strong>the</strong>ir etymological mean<strong>in</strong>gs — or <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
lack of such. These people know how to say it, where<br />
biologists know what to say ...<br />
F<strong>in</strong>ally, with (about) all <strong>the</strong> old names reframed or replaced<br />
by better ones, and <strong>the</strong> taxon structures reconsidered,<br />
expanded, consolidated, unified, <strong>the</strong>re looms <strong>the</strong> longw<strong>in</strong>ded<br />
labour of pa<strong>in</strong>stak<strong>in</strong>gly feed<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong>se data <strong>in</strong>to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Central Databank mentioned at <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g. Or,<br />
perhaps more probably, this compilation might progress<br />
parallel to <strong>the</strong> drafts submitted and... agreed upon by some<br />
majority of participants.
Anyway, oppositions will certa<strong>in</strong>ly be numerous and fierce,<br />
from many directions. There will be <strong>the</strong> celebrated<br />
academicians who spent a lifetime among <strong>the</strong> classic<br />
names, produc<strong>in</strong>g important works of reference based on<br />
<strong>the</strong>m, and now see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir work apparently outstripped.<br />
There will be <strong>the</strong> bookworms: heart and soul devoted to<br />
sift<strong>in</strong>g through endless shelves of archives, for establish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
whoever was first <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e for <strong>the</strong> cherished Law of Priority,<br />
and whose endeavours will become null and void or at least<br />
reduced to life <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> marg<strong>in</strong>. There will be even those<br />
publishers and bookshops kick<strong>in</strong>g back, because of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
valuable stocks of handbooks grow<strong>in</strong>g obsolete almost<br />
overnight.<br />
So, we do not cherish high hopes about <strong>the</strong> established<br />
Scientific Community, bound by age-old traditions. More<br />
likely than not <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itiative would come from enthusiastic<br />
outsiders. Time will tell. That is... if this small brochure<br />
succeeds <strong>in</strong> reach<strong>in</strong>g public attention, s<strong>in</strong>ce Conspiracy of<br />
Silence is a very powerful means for keep<strong>in</strong>g even <strong>the</strong> most<br />
promis<strong>in</strong>g project <strong>in</strong> solitary conf<strong>in</strong>ement.<br />
* * * * * * *<br />
77
Whoever gets confronted with <strong>the</strong> subject, cannot avoid at<br />
present to make his or her personal choice between <strong>the</strong><br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g old and new items:<br />
Over ¾ trouble with<br />
Less than ¼ trouble with<br />
<strong>in</strong>flectional Lat<strong>in</strong> grammar. agglut<strong>in</strong>ative Uniespo grammar.<br />
Very <strong>in</strong>tricate and even<br />
Very simple and<br />
chaotic spell<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
regular spell<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Complicated pronunciations. Clear prononciation scheme.<br />
Different end<strong>in</strong>gs for different A typical symbol for each taxon<br />
taxons with uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty.<br />
without special end<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Never secure Law of Priority<br />
Stable Law of Reference<br />
(m<strong>in</strong>ority vote).<br />
(majority vote).<br />
Capricious rules<br />
Logical rules<br />
with many exceptions.<br />
with hardly any exceptions.<br />
Complicated Lat<strong>in</strong> dictionary. Easy to use ITK word-lists.<br />
Memory stra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g handbooks. Memory help<strong>in</strong>g handbook.<br />
A host of uncontrollable<br />
Well organized<br />
name variations.<br />
name variabilities.<br />
Almost impossible material<br />
Highly adapted material<br />
for automatic treatment<br />
for automatic treatment<br />
by computer.<br />
by computer.<br />
Taxonomy restricted to<br />
Taxonomy operative for any<br />
botany or to zoology or to<br />
and all liv<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>gs...<br />
virology or to ...<br />
and beyond.<br />
Dear reader, th<strong>in</strong>k about it!<br />
79
80<br />
Excerpt from <strong>the</strong> International Key<br />
ae• not bry•2 flower<strong>in</strong>g<br />
agan• charm daktyl•1 f<strong>in</strong>ger<br />
akant•1 thorn daktyl•2 datefruit<br />
akant•2 rub del•1 apparent<br />
akt<strong>in</strong>•1 bright del•2 allure<br />
akt<strong>in</strong>•2 needle dermat• fur<br />
ambly• blunt didm•1 couple<br />
amnj• river didm•2 testicle<br />
angw• serpent d<strong>in</strong>•1 frighten<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ant•1 flower d<strong>in</strong>•2 roll<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ant•2 decoration dipl• double<br />
ap•1 away dix• divide<br />
ap•2 extremity dots• girder<br />
api• berry drom•1 arena<br />
aps+ absolute drom•2 port<br />
arta• bread dy• two<br />
artr• jo<strong>in</strong>t egyr• collective<br />
arx• master ekt• outward<br />
arž• person entom• <strong>in</strong>sect<br />
aski• exercice epi•1 add<br />
avj• bird epi•2 em<strong>in</strong>ent<br />
awr•1 hear<strong>in</strong>g erif• goat<br />
awr•2 ear ery• pull<br />
bary• heavy ex<strong>in</strong>• viper<br />
baš• foundation faj•1 brown<br />
bi• life faj•2 happy<br />
b<strong>in</strong>a• two fajt• bright<br />
blast• bud falakr• barren<br />
blefar• eyelid faner• display<br />
bol•1 drive fark• furrow<br />
bol•2 current fenits• purple<br />
bry•1 moss fil•1 adept<br />
fil•2 fiber kawd• tail<br />
fluvj• river kerat• horn
for• carry kerk•1 tail<br />
fragm•1 break kerk•2 shuttle<br />
fragm•2 wall klad• branch<br />
ftor• damage klavj•1 bludgeon<br />
fyk• seaweed klavj•2 bolt<br />
fys•1 balloon klemat• branch<br />
fys•2 <strong>in</strong>flation klype• shield<br />
fyt• plant koel• cavity<br />
galg• chicken kokts• berry<br />
gam• marriage koris• bug<br />
gastr• belly krypt•1 bury<br />
gen• product krypt•2 cover<br />
ger•1 carry ksif• dagger<br />
ger•2 old kykl• wheel<br />
geton• neighbour kyn• dog<br />
graf• design lani• kill<br />
gram• draw<strong>in</strong>g lar•1 gull<br />
helv•1 revel lar•2 agreeable<br />
helv•2 nail lasi• bristl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
hemi• half laxn•1 fluff<br />
hevl•1 bog laxn•2 burrow<br />
hevl•2 wart legn• fr<strong>in</strong>ge<br />
hidr•1 water lekš• read(<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
hidr•2 sweat lekt•1 bed<br />
hol• all lekt•2 idiom<br />
hydn• truffle lemf• glanders<br />
hyf• filament lepid• bast<br />
hystr•1 womb lept•1 slender<br />
hystr•2 recent lept•2 trifle<br />
ixtj• fish lews• flat<br />
iz• equal lit• stone<br />
kalyks• chalice lokl• chamber<br />
katl• dish lyk• wolf<br />
meg• big ort•1 square<br />
melan• black ort•2 correct<br />
mely• honey pagos•1 freeze<br />
81
82<br />
mer•1 part pagos•2 hill<br />
mer•2 sh<strong>in</strong>bone para•1 beside<br />
meta•1 across para•2 obligatory<br />
meta•2 less water pelts• protection<br />
mikr• small perdn•1 bladder<br />
mirj• multitude perdn•2 fart<br />
mitj• sweet pern•1 thigh<br />
mona• one pern•2 nail<br />
mulg• milk pfak• freckle<br />
myk• mushroom pfal• penis<br />
myš• closed pikr•1 bitter<br />
najv• sign pikr•2 sharp<br />
ne• new pirn• gist<br />
nefr•1 kidney plagj•1 slant<strong>in</strong>g<br />
nefr•2 horrible plagj•2 steal<br />
neks•1 proportion platy• flat<br />
neks•2 knotted plei• augment<br />
nemt• thread pleks•1 net(work)<br />
nez• island pleks•2 basket<br />
od• direction pod• foot<br />
ofi• serpent podits• arse<br />
olog•1 phenomenon poly• many<br />
olog•2 knowledge potam• stream<br />
omat• eye prot• orig<strong>in</strong>al<br />
omfal• navel protsel• gale<br />
onim• name psam• sand<br />
ope• needle psewd• apparent<br />
opš•1 appearence psitak• parrot<br />
opš•2 exam<strong>in</strong>e psor• eczema<br />
orb•1 circle pter• w<strong>in</strong>g<br />
orb•2 ball pters• fern<br />
ornit• bird pyr•1 fire<br />
pyr•2 gra<strong>in</strong> strats•2 army<br />
pyrg• tower strong• tube<br />
rafj•1 needle sxiz• split<br />
rafj•2 seam syn+ toge<strong>the</strong>r
ag•1 cleave tafr• furrow<br />
rag•2 berry takts•1 diligent<br />
ramf• beak takts•2 arrange<br />
rej•1 flow tatr• bogey<br />
rej•2 juice telj•1 nipple<br />
ridz• root telj•2 sk<strong>in</strong><br />
r<strong>in</strong>•1 nose telm• marsh<br />
r<strong>in</strong>•2 lea<strong>the</strong>r terj• animal<br />
rjod•1 rose tremt• perforation<br />
rjod•2 splash trix•1 hair<br />
rynx• snout trix•2 cotton<br />
sagit• arrow trogl• cavern<br />
sapr• putrefy trox• disk<br />
sarx• flesh try• three<br />
saxar• sugar trybl• plate<br />
šet• tail tsamp•1 meander<br />
sfen• wedge tsamp•2 caterpillar<br />
sf<strong>in</strong>t• compressed tseps• head<br />
sifn• mole tset• whale<br />
silv• forest ts<strong>in</strong>• move<br />
sklop• mole tšol•1 dwell<br />
skutl• lozenge tšol•2 hill<br />
špil•1 sta<strong>in</strong> tsyf• hump<br />
špil•2 cape turš• shuttle<br />
steg• roof tyr•1 door<br />
sten•1 narrow tyr•2 cheese<br />
sten•2 <strong>in</strong>tense tyrs•1 bush<br />
stet• breast tyrs•2 w<strong>in</strong>dow<br />
stikt• po<strong>in</strong>t ungl• hoof<br />
stom• mouth ured•1 burn<br />
strats•1 echelon ured•2 coal<br />
ustil• rust xlor•2 fresh<br />
uvr• tail xom• equal<br />
valr• eagle xomr• nearby<br />
xaen• yawn xytr• box<br />
xaradr• abyss zo• animal<br />
83
84<br />
xers• desert -edj small<br />
xlid• impose -isk t<strong>in</strong>y<br />
xlor•1 green -ojk period<br />
Sketch by Darw<strong>in</strong>
"If it cannot be accomplished <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> com<strong>in</strong>g decades that <strong>the</strong><br />
tools of term<strong>in</strong>ology (term<strong>in</strong>ological pr<strong>in</strong>ciples, methods and<br />
formats) are fully applied on both national and <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
levels, so that term<strong>in</strong>ologies become reliable, <strong>the</strong>n serious<br />
difficulties <strong>in</strong> regard to subject communication can occur,<br />
and even a complete breakdown can be expected. This<br />
situation is ma<strong>in</strong>ly due to <strong>the</strong> rapid progress achieved <strong>in</strong> all<br />
areas of human activity, which caused an abundance of<br />
new concepts. These concepts, however, have to be<br />
expressed by a very limited number of terms and possible<br />
comb<strong>in</strong>ations of term elements <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> various languages.<br />
These tremendous dynamics with<strong>in</strong> term formation and<br />
evolution stand <strong>in</strong> contrast to a static stock of word elements<br />
from which terms can actually be formed. The stems that<br />
are available <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> various languages amount to a few<br />
thousand, while <strong>the</strong> number of concepts known can only be<br />
expressed <strong>in</strong> millions. The limits of assign<strong>in</strong>g terms to<br />
concepts <strong>in</strong> an unambiguous way will be reached very<br />
quickly if this development proceeds fur<strong>the</strong>r at such a rate."<br />
86<br />
[Professor H. Felber, former director of UNESCO's<br />
INFOTERM, <strong>in</strong>:<br />
Infoterm; Ten years of activities – Vienna 1982]<br />
It is to this predicament, that <strong>the</strong> International<br />
Term<strong>in</strong>ological Key and its system try to br<strong>in</strong>g<br />
an efficient and radical solution, far beyond <strong>the</strong><br />
scope and reach of any present day<br />
proposal; a solution truly tailored to <strong>the</strong> needs<br />
of <strong>the</strong> 21st Century…