the TRIMERAL SYSTEM in BIOLOGICAL TAXONOMY - universala ...

Manuel Halvelik 

the 

TRIMERAL SYSTEM 

in 

BIOLOGICAL 

TAXONOMY 

A REVOLUTIONARY NEW APPROACH 

Version 2.1 

2002 

1

The present work is an application in actual practice 

of the theoretical analysis and the elements 

expounded in the 

INTERNATIONAL TERMINOLOGICAL KEY 

by the same author 

which is a special feature of his world language project 

UNIESPO (Universal Esperanto). 

3

Manuel Halvelik 

The 

Trimeral System in Biological Taxonomy 

( “Universal Taxonomy” ) 

Editorial Assistant: Derek Casselle, Newcastle, GB 

Kariljono Publications, 1996 

ISBN 90-75859-01-5 

D/1996/77471/1 

All rights reserved 

4

Main reference works 

Pres. F. BOERNER, horticulturist 

Taschenwörterbuch der Botanischen Pflanzennamen 

Paul Parey Verlag, Berlin 1951 

Prof. F.C. WERNER, zoologist 

Wortelemente lateinisch-griechischer Fachausdrücke 

Max Niemeyer Verlag, Leipzig/Halle 1968 

Dr. W.M.A. DE SMET, zoologist 

Introduction to New Biological Nomenclature 

Association for NBN, Kalmthout (Belgium), 1974 

XV th International Congress of Zoology 

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 

London 1964 

XII th International Botanical Congress 

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 

Utrecht 1978 

International Committee on Bionomenclature 

Draft BioCode 

Taipei 1997 

Dr. C.A. BACKER, botanist 

Verklarend Woordenboek 

van Wetenschappelijke Plantennamen (660 pag.) 

Uitg. L.J. Veen, Amsterdam 2000 

5

6 

1 - The Key to the Key 

There can be no denying that change and discovery since the 

18 th Century inception of Linnaean Biological Nomenclature has 

left this system in a state of chaos. Its inadequacies are the 

subject of many articles in scientific journals; and the topic 

absorbs unending time and energy at international symposia and 

seminars. But rather than elaborate upon any of that, let it be 

“first things first” by summarizing the fundamental causes of this 

deplorable situation... 

First of all, in our own Anglo-Saxon technological era, knowledge 

and active use of Latin, let alone Greek, has dropped to an alltime 

low in the academic world. And it is arguable that study of 

these classic languages is best left to historians and philologists. 

But in any event many biologists — zoologists, botanists, 

virologists, and the like — are scarcely able to find the correct 

word forms among the labyrinthine intricacies of (neo)Latin 

grammar, when they have to name or rename yet another genus 

or species. Moreover, handbooks such as The International 

Code of Zoological Nomenclature, regarded as Gospel Truth, are 

themselves such a web of rules — plus a host of exceptions to 

those rules — that even a spider would be hard put to find its way 

around this web. Topping this is the idiotic situation that the life 

sciences are applying five (yes five!) different sets of rules, valid 

only in the disciplines concerned: botany, zoology, cultivated 

plants, bacteriology, virology. 

Then, there is the explosive advance in Genetics (cladism) and 

similar new life sciences, which makes it ever more and more 

imperative not only to reconsider the whole phylogenetic 

ramification of living things, but also in fact to reorganize the 

whole Linnaean system — this still too hazy mirror of Evolution 

on Earth — from top to bottom! 

Only a few decades ago this very idea might have looked like a 

horrible nightmare to biologists, confronted by mountains of 

archives piled up in their temples dedicated to Natural History, 

and compiled by generations of researchers. But today we have 

a formidable tool at hand, brought about by the advances in 

electronics: His Supremacy the Computer. Now we have

Databanks; now we have CD-Roms with sight and sound; and 

above all now we have the INTERNET with a limitless potential for 

information retrieval and exchange, making it possible even to 

(quickly!) find the proverbial needle in a haystack ... 

So, what are we waiting for? 

We are waiting for a totally logical and easy-to-use system to 

replace the cumbersome and creaky Linnaean one. A system 

which would do away with the onerous need to master dead and 

extremely complex languages. A system with a moderate 

number of simple rules, as free of exceptions as possible; so that 

they can be remembered and adhered to without racking one’s 

brain or spending valuable time on a complicated handbook. A 

system fully compatible with the computer. A system so coherent 

as to provide a solid infrastructure needing no extension or 

modification, once mastered, and leaving users free to apply 

complete attention to their objective study: living things and their 

evolution, without bothering about linguistics. 

Admittedly, many proposals to this end have already seen the 

light of day, including representation by numbers instead of 

names or by expressing everything in plain English. In fact, the 

need for mucking out these Augean stables has become so 

urgent at this start of the 21 st Century, that a so-called Draft 

BioCode has been worked out by a special commission to that 

end — the International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) — 

which code must and undoubtedly will be discussed by 

representatives of all the life sciences. Well, here is yet another 

proposal, but this time on an entirely new footing ... with many 

advantages, never seen before. A bold statement, indeed, but let 

the reader judge for himself in the following chapters. 

The operating principle is essentially that of a constant, close 

engagement between three mechanical components analogous 

to the steering wheel, the gear box, and the accelerator pedal of 

a motor car. The steering wheel would be a new taxonomic 

framework proper, the gear box a new nomenclative wordlist, and 

the accelerator pedal a new linguistic infrastructure, the latter 

being free of the complexities of Latin and Greek. In fact, the 

whole has a Tau-like infrastructure. This combination is so easily 

7

mastered that it would scarcely be an exaggeration to call it 

child’s play resembling the Lego-concept. To tell the truth, 

automated registration (Rule2) is yet another and important factor 

in the system, which we shall not enlarge upon here, since it 

belongs to the world of computer software, but which constitutes 

no principal complication in itself. 

Ideally, the steering wheel — the Trimeral System 1 — should be 

dealt with first. But since nothing can be described or 

demonstrated without involving verbal means, the gear box, alias 

the new vocabulary, must take precedence. 

Do not panic, dear reader, it will not be absolutely necessary to 

learn an entire new language, but only how to consult the 

reference handbook compiled with its help: the International 

Terminological Key (ITK) and, if desired for understanding the 

meaning of a species name, an Esperanto dictionary. Certainly 

this is infinitely easier than having to wrestle with convoluted Latin 

declensions, conjugations, orthography, and even uncertain 

semantics ! 

This ITK is a modest bilingual dictionary, listing over 5000 

scientific word roots, adapted from Latin or Greek originals, in 

which each root has both a fixed form and a fixed meaning, and 

can therefore be easily linked to any other member of the group, 

or be given an appropriate affix, also of a fixed form and fixed 

meaning. Thus the old Latin and Greek stems are reincarnated, 

so to speak, in a modern simplified and streamlined form. There 

is no longer any need to worry about assimilative affix variations, 

such as syn becoming sym, syr, syll, or even sy; or ad becoming 

ac, af, ag, al, ap. No more wondering whether -us should not 

rather be -um or -ae or -os. Consequently, practitioners in any 

scientific discipline — not only biologists — which by tradition 

happens to be embedded in those dead languages, can now 

jettison their old burden. 

The ITK table of scientific word stems can dispose of the 

traditional intricacies of grammar, because it is embedded in a 

1 The term trimeral ("three-membered") has been coined to avoid 

confusion with trinominal (“three-named”). 

8

new “constructed” world language, called Uniespo, which lends 

its simple orthography and absolutely rational grammar to the 

forming of actual scientific terms from the building blocks 

presented. In other words: if one element provides the necessary 

building blocks, the other one provides mortar and tools. As yet, 

the ITK dictionary translates only from and to English, but that 

can of course be replaced by any living language. 

Uniespo (or Universal Esperanto) is a considerably expanded 

and rationalized version of traditional Esperanto. The latter — 

despite popular opinion to the contrary — is no pidgin at all and 

perfectly capable of producing high-flown literature, but has 

always been lacking in the fields of sciences and technology. Not 

from any inherent inability to absorb scientific loanwords, but 

because its traditional grammar is completely at a loss for a 

secure way to orqanize and digest purely scientific words. Its 

offspring Uniespo, however, rectifies this shortcoming — making 

“Language for Special Purposes” its broad-spectrum prime 

objective, with Bionomenclature a choice field of application. 

As stated before, there is no inherent need to master this new 

language in any conventional sense, though a working 

knowledge would be useful, of course. But, where up to now 

consulting a Latin or Greek dictionary — for constructing (or 

understanding) a given scientific name — is like entering a 

labyrinth to non-philologists, the International Terminological Key 

is completely regular in structure and usage (no exceptions!) 

Therefore, any intelligent person can employ this small handbook 

confidently and effectively, after memorizing only a couple of 

introductory pages on composition and orthography. 2 

In fact, by simple analysis of the scientific names exampled 

further on in this publication, many of its components and rules 

will become immediately apparent. 

2 

A voluminous treatise will eventually be available (for free) as a PDFfile. 

9

At this point it is only right and reasonable to acknowledge that 

Dr. W.M.A. DE SMET, a renowned Belgian zoologist, has already 

devised a somewhat similar approach, called New Biological 

Nomenclature (NBN). This has been published (mainly in 

Esperanto) under the imprint of a scientific Association 3 with the 

same name and which has already accomplished a significant 

reordering of zoological terminology and taxonomy. But, since 

the initiator makes almost a clean sweep of established 

taxonomy, denying even the concept of genus (i.e. recognizing 

only families) and insisting that all generic and higher names be 

translated into everyday traditional Esperanto, there seems to be 

little point in pursuing this train of thought, however meritorious 

the venture. 

Some other noteworthy workers in the same field but along 

divergent lines, all esperantists, were: Prof. Carl Støp-Bowitz, a 

Norwegian biologist; Prof. Paul Neergaard, a Danish botanist, 

and B.Sc. G.F. Makkink, a Dutch agricultural researcher. 

Uniespo, on the other hand, sets out to liberalise taxonomy by 

giving it a versatility which makes the going so easy — for 

“splitters” as well as “bumpers” — that biological nomenclature 

should cease to be plagued by vehement, time-wasting 

discussions at seminars and in periodicals. 

Essentially, then, this booklet presents a new (triple) tool and 

demonstrates how it should be applied; but nothing more. If 

biologists 4 choose to accept it — a big “if “ — then the actual 

3 Seat: NBN, Hertendreef 12, B-2920 Kalmthout (Belgium). 

4 In fact, it would be better to use the term "biontologists" in the very 

broad perspective of this new system, which can be applied by 

practitioners in all the life sciences (bacteriologists, horticulturists, 

breeders aso.) and even beyond. 

10

operational decisions remain theirs. The examples given on 

subsequent pages thus are just examples and in no way 

immutable final forms! Nor are the rules the basis of any claim to 

some ultimate and absolute perfection. What they should prove, 

though, is that the Trimeral System, the ITK, and its embedding 

Uniespo, constitute an enormous leap forward over the classical 

Latin-based Linnaean system... enough to justify the monumental 

task of completely rewriting all the textbooks on taxonomy or 

systematics. 

11

12 

2 - Naming the Child 

Let us begin by doing away with the ill-conceived 

1 Law of Priority !! Scientific disciplines in general 

seek maximum objectivity and precision. Yet, with 

Taxonomy there is acceptance of even the most ambiguous 

and nonsensical name for a species, in the misguided belief 

that this Law will make a paragon of the little monster, 

creating stability and clarity. But in this computerized day 

and age, this obsolete Law can much more efficiently and 

surely be replaced by enabling reference to a worldwide 

databank — a new kind of “Zoological and Botanical 

Record” — literally at one’s fingertips: a Central Biological 

Catalogue, and thus from now on governed by a Law of 

Reference ! To that end, a subject should be given that 

name which fits it best, and leave all other candidates out, 

regardless of how recently or long ago that name was first 

coined, and no matter whether it came from a distinguished 

professional or an obscure amateur. Names of authors and 

dates of description — the so-called “indications” — would 

appear in this Catalogue only as a supplement, not directly 

linked to the name itself, i.e. as information for people 

interested in archives. 

A researcher, WALCKENAER, who published an extensive study 

about spiders in 1805, concluded that LINNAEUS had listed far 

too many disparate species under the same generic name, and 

that they should therefore be distributed over a greater number 

of genera. So, e.g. he thought up the genus Epaira for the 

cross or garden spider, naming it Epeira diadema. But no, 

because LINNAEUS’ work of 1758 preceded his, only the name 

Aranea diadema was considered worthy of official acceptance, 

thus perpetuating the confusion. 

Naturally, deciding on the most appropriate name 

2 

should entail an accurate assessment of all the

elevant facts about the group under consideration. 

Including a situation where new findings — either theoretical 

or observed — may make it necessary to alter an existing 

and accepted name, despite its previous validity. Now, 

since it remains essential to know exactly which species or 

genus is affected, this is where the Law of Reference comes 

into play. It will, in all required instances, also give the 

Catalogue Number — a listing procedure for which the 

established Decimal Classification seems ready-made. The 

new CBC Databank could output a totality of detail on any 

taxon or species, or even subspecies. And if anyone is 

interested in the historic background, all the names ever 

assigned, plus when and where and by whom, could be 

accessed too. Except that there would no longer be any 

real need to preserve all those little known and often 

unpronounceable personal names. 

So the globeflower might be fully catalogued as: 

Trollius laxus CBC 34-1056. 

At the moment of publication, this system of cataloguing all living things 

in a worldwide databank may appear like sciencefiction to some, not 

aware yet of the BioCode commotion. However, even they cannot stay 

blind for the explosive growth of information technology nor for this 

practicability being near at hand. In fact, such cataloguing would and 

should become a fully automated process, provided it is modelled on the 

way the human brain stores and accesses its information. 5 No formally 

constituted overseeing authority (always lagging behind) would any 

longer be necessary if the CBC — through on-lining with other 

databanks — continually monitors all the relevant books and periodicals. 

If a given name allocation is found in, say, five (distinctly) different 

sources during, say, three consecutive years, then this name will 

become officially recognized and recorded as such — without any 

human intervention! While no specialist could ever hope to consult each 

and every member of his profession, the CBC would be able to achieve 

total and simultaneous coverage and thus enable consensus to be 

reached as expeditiously as possible. 

5 The author also conceived a set of algorithms enabling a parsing 

programme to automatically determine the subject of a given text. 

13

As the CBC would undoubtedly register any and all newcomers arriving 

in literature — or even over the Internet itself — as yet “immature 

names” would have to be labelled by the customary asterisk 

standing for “not official, hypothetical”, until the above criterion were 

satisfied. Of course, in case a given proposal proves to be too 

ephemeral or unpopular to be retained, also an “expiration date” should 

be implemented. And names which do not comply with the Rules of the 

BioCode would be discarded automatically. 

Now, as to the language to be applied, we have to 

3 use a two-part methodology: the Key for recreating 

generic names and a new everyday (common) 

vocabulary for (re)creating specific names. Let us consider 

them separately. 

Generic names, plus all higher taxons, are to be 

4 

(re)created in accordance with the International 

Terminological Key (see the Introduction). Only a 

few grammatical rules, for linking the scientific roots of this 

Key or making derivations, have to be observed, all 

rigorously without exceptions. The roots themselves have a 

fixed form never altered by declensions of any kind. 

1. All generic names, being substantives, end in -O; no 

more arbitrariness, confusion, uncertainty about a host of 

Latin suffixes for genders and cases: 

Lumbricus Lumbriko 

Jasminum Jasmeno 

2. If a leading stem ends on a consonant, and the trailing 

stem starts with one, then the vowel -0 is to be inserted 

between the consonants: 

14 

Raphiolepis Rafjolepido from rafj• and lepid• 

Dinosaurus Dinosawro from din• and sawr’

3. If the leader ends on a vowel or the trailer starts with it, 

then that vowel takes the place of the above -0. 

Epimys Epi|muzho from epi• and muzh• 

Galanthus Galakt|anto from galakt• and ant• 

4. If leader stem and trailer stem meet one another with 

DIFFERENT vowels, then both vowels have to be written: 

Paronychia Para|onyxo from para• and onyx• 

Monodon Mona|odonto from mona• and odont• 

5. If leader and trailer meet one another with the SAME 

vowel, then both vowels combine into one: 

Thelyper Tel|y|pero 

from tely• [“female”] and yper• [“serve”]. 

This places some burden on the memory, but is nothing compared to 

coping with the welding practised in traditional latinized names. 

Besides, the ITK-handbook will always be able to clarify the 

“etymological” structure. 

Naturally, names handed down as a whole from the 

5 

past, which pertain exclusively to the object, are 

considered sufficient in themselves and need no 

revision other than that brought about by the new 

orthography (see Rule 18). After this it is only a matter of 

familiarisation... 

Fagus Fago 

Salix Saliko 

Vulpes Vulpo 

15

Cyprinus Tsiprino 

In a relatively few number of cases, the elements of 

6 a compound generic name may, because of their 

purely Latin origin, have the consistency and form 

of a species name. This will be confusing and conflict with 

ordinary (popular) wording. In such instances it seems 

advisable to make a radical change over to the ITK-stems, 

while conserving the old meaning(s). The same goes for 

words imported from some ethnic tongue: 

16 

Passiflora = “pasionfloro” in common language Algianto 

from the ITK-roots algi• (“pain”) and ant• (“flower”). 

Phytolacca, irregularly composed of a Greek stem (“plant”) plus an 

Italian one (“lacquer”), might be rephrased as Fytoglojo, with exactly 

the same meaning. 

Another onion to peel is the nature of a word stem. 

7 

In numerous cases, it has no recognisable identity, 

but is either a meaningless stump or a personal 

name, both equally untranslatable and therefore immune to 

even our Universal Key. A nonsensical word may be 

thought up by some author, lacking inspiration or just being 

lazy linguistically (Lobivia anagrammed from the correct 

form Bolivia); it could be a meaningful word where the 

etymological origin has been lost or become extremely 

archaic (Radymna, Mogulones); or it might be — worst of all 

— a personal name in honour of some high ranking but long 

forgotten patron. (Whoever was the Baron W. von Saint- 

Paul Hilaire in Saintpaulia ?) 

* * * * * * * 

Now, with the object of making everything as clear and 

concise as possible, one should try in such cases to apply 

the following criteria::

1. Reduce complex ethnic spellings.to a minimum (ideally 

no more than four syllables), using only characters 

employed in Uniespo and the ITK, in accordance with 

Rule 18. And that goes of course for “Latin” centipedes 

too! 

Saxegothaea Saksegotio 

Boussingaultia Busingoltio 

Parapallaseakotylodermogammarus Kotylodermo 

Roberthoffstetteria nationalgeographica Robertusso 

2. If non-Latin names are translatable — such as those 

latinized from Russian or Chinese — it is necessary, 

without exception, to turn them into combinations of 

corresponding and international ITK-roots. 

Krasnopoevaecejathus tyrgaensis REPINA, KHOMENTOVSKII, 

ZHURAULEVA & ROZANOV, 1964 Ruberosomfo turguja 

3. Provide them with the ending -(Z)IO which, though 

having no meaning in itself, does serve as a marker to 

denote the word in question foreign and therefore 

officially devoid of coherent innate meaning: 

Brosmius Brosmio 

(German) Pfrille Pfrilio 

Fuxsio, Panio, Lineio, Lamarkio... a.s.o. 

The difference between this rule and Rule 5, is that here we are 

dealing with words having no (tangible) meaning, as opposed to 

those with at least some degree of comprehensibility 

4. Where tradition need not be observed — as in coining a 

name for a new genus — but the author is determined to 

use a proper name, it should be borrowed from a 

universally existing concept such as a country, lake, 

mountain, city, ethnic group, mythological figure, or the 

17

18 

like — never a person’s name and never forgetting the 

(Z)IO-ending or a default suffix — and observing the 

orthography of Uniespo! [see Rule 18] 

e.g. Kubio (from Cuba); Ikario (from lcarus); Panio (from Pan)... 

or Molukello (from the Moluccas). 

5. Having become integrated with Uniespo, such names 

may then be regarded as technically equivalent to ITKroots 

and applied in the same way. 

Baluchitherium Balutshoterjo [terj• = “animal”] 

Turcmeniga Turkmenogeno [gen• = “produce”] 

Cubincolo Kubotsholo [tshol• = “dwell”] 

6. Instead of making an anagram from a compound word, it is 

better to inverse the order of the constituent elements, or 

select synonymous roots from the ITK. 

Potamogeton/Aponogeton [potam• = “river”; geton• = “neighbour”] 

Potamogetono / Getonopotamo 

Fluviogetono / Amnjogetono 

Potamoxomro / Potamovitshno 

7. Where there are apparently no constituents but only a 

monolithic name, selecting different default endings is again 

preferable to coining anagrams. 

Mitella / Tellima Mitjello / Mitjimmo 

from mitj• [“scull-cap”] 

8. Making compounds with proper names, not within the 

category of 7.4, is not allowed. Derivations on the other 

hand are allowed, if made with the suffixes mentioned under 

Rule 8.1. 

Wattonithyris either Watonio or (eventually) Kyklotyro 

Thomsonaria either Tomsonio or (eventually) Hermesarro

It is also important to note that the Key does not permit 

8 

one of its OWN word roots to stand isolated in a text. 

Such roots must always be given a “plug” to seal them 

off against inadvertent use as common words and to preserve 

their scientific (normoglot) character. So, if a generic name 

contains only one such scientific root and is not linked either to 

another stem or a MEANINGFUL suffix, then the Key provides a 

number of special endings, called “default suffixes” — 

particularly applicable in biontology — containing any given 

vowel plus double consonant, and all having the same general 

meaning of “being, entity, living thing”. They enable us to form 

about a hundred different names with each of the ITK-roots! 

One may rightly object that this spelling of default suffixes is against the 

principles stated in Rule 18. That is true, but it is the ONLY deviation 

necessitated by this linguistic problem and justified by the great benefit it 

brings for differentiating between ever so many homonyms. The consonant 

doubles (geminations) will be pronounced with a little extra emphasis 

and/or duration, in order to make them recognisable in spoken language. 

1. From among those default suffixes one can freely choose 

whichever seems the most appropriate element; that is 

closest to the original or best suited for making a distinction. 

This simple rule allows the bypassing of a great quantity of 

complicated graecolatin suffixes, when dealing with a real 

word. 

-ULL for -ulus, -ulum, -ula 

-ARR for -arius, -arium 

-IDD for -ide, -ides, -idus and so on 

The difference between this procedure and the one presented in 7.3 

is that we have here a meaningful word stem; and in the other, either 

a meaningless person’s name or an ethnic term. 

19

2. Normally, these suffixes are to be used ONLY with a lone 

root. If that root is (to be) linked with another root, the 

eventual default suffix should invariably be dropped. 

20 

Hymenaea Himenazzo 

but Hymenanthera Himenantsero 

3. Default suffixes can also be used to differentiate between 

compounds which would otherwise be homonymous. 

Microchaetina Mikroshetinno 

Microchaetana Mikroshetanno 

4. The use of ordinary Uniespo-roots, as with names of pure 

Latin origin, is permissible in the same situation, but using 

strictly ITK-material is by far preferable. 

Oculina Okulinno [okul’ = “eye”] 

but Omatinno [from omat•] is to be preferred. 

5. Only ONE such suffix should be used at a time, but not two 

or three in a row! If the original name carries such a 

combination, or may in principle give rise to it, only one of 

these should be selected. 

Plumatella gives either Plumatto or Plumello but not Plumattello 

Valerianella gives either Valranno or Valrello, not Valrannello 

6. Where the original ending is unclear or absent, the suffix – 

AZZ should be chosen as representative. 

Sylvia Silvazzo [from silv• = “forest, woods”]

9 

Specific names, subspecies included, are to be 

expressed in the everyday common vocabulary of 

Uniespo, as follows, with no exception to the rules: 6 

* * * * * * * 

Dear reader, we appreciate that tackling Everyday Uniespo as well, 

might be rather more than you’d bargained for! But do you really prefer 

to have to cope with both a Greek and a Latin dictionary? The 

compilation of a translating list Latin-Uniespo-English for epithets in 

biontology is at the planning stage in the form of a database file, should 

this need really be felt. So, in the meantime, the best course would be to 

use the ITK handbook in conjunction with one of the many easily 

obtainable Esperanto dictionaries — such as the two-way The Esperanto- 

English Dictionary by Dr. J.C. WELLS, in the well-known Teach Yourself 

Books, published by The English Universities Press; guaranteed a lot 

easier to consult than a Latin handbook! The “old” Esperanto will serve 

perfectly well for rendering epithets, until Uniespo-dictionaries become 

available, since on the everyday level of usage there’s not all that much 

difference between them, except for spelling. So, get gourself The Key 

and an Esperanto dictionary — a small one will do quite well — and then 

donate those complex Latin and Greek volumes to a teacher of those 

languages. 

1. All specific names, being adjectives, end in -A: so no more 

doubt over which Latin declension form should be used — 

they no longer apply. 

rampans rampanta [“crawling”] 

lacciferum lakoporta [“lacquer-carrying”] 

gyratus shpirala [“spiral”] 

2. As a wedge / linkage — obligatory for this particular 

application — between the common word roots of a 

compound vernacular word, use one of these: 

6 

-A if the leading stem is an adjective: 

picrococcus amarakerna [“bitter kernel”] 

It is noteworthy that the NBN-Association has established a 

considerable number of useful and pertinent new epitheta for zoology. 

21

22 

-O if the leading stem is a substantive: 

harpophyllus harponofolia [“harpoon-leafed”] 

-I if the leading stem is a verb: 

flexibilis fleksikapabla [”capable of bowing”] 

-E if the leading stem is an adverb: 

campylonascis kurbekreska [”curved-growing”] 

3. Compound words incorporating a numeral, preposition, or 

the like, are spelled without a juncture element. Numerals 

have to be written in full: 

intermedius intermeta [“intermediate”] 

redivivus revivanta [“reliving”] 

sexdentatus sisdenta [“six-toothed”] 

familiaris malsovadzha [“unwild”] 

4. Although ordinary words are to be preferred for this specific 

naming, in contrast with generic word-forming, it is still 

possible to use a strictly technical term, taken from 

chemistry or anatomy for instance, or the usual 

geographical concepts or even a codenumber: 

Melanogrammus aeglefina Melanogramo sensheligebla 

= “peelable”; for the haddock. [French: aiglefin] 

but: 

Uragoga ipecacuanha Uragogo ipekaka, for the vomit-nut 

Rosa chinensis Rozo tshinuja 

Human Papilloma Virus #16 Papilomusso deksesa 

5. Trivial names for plants and animals, as designated in 

Uniespo are considered equivalent to technical terms. That 

goes for self-contained singular words [see Rule 5], but not 

for titles or metaphors, using more than one word. Such 

names are to be distinguished by adding -noma (“named”) 

as a pseudo-suffix.

Clupea harengus Klupeo harengonoma [herring] 

Turdus merula Turdo merlonoma [blackbird] 

Falco cherrug Falko tsherugonoma 

[We borrowed this standard procedure from NBN.] 

The cowslip, Primula officinalis, is popularly named “majfloro” 

[mayflower] in traditional Esperanto, but is scientifically named 

only as Primullo meditsina; although “majelomonata” [”(In the) 

month of May”] may do just as well for this epitethon. 

6. A morphological or behavioural feature should override any 

purely geographical notion. 

nilotica mevobeka 

[”from the Nile”] [”having a gull’s beak”] 

caspia kritshanta 

[”caspian”] [”screeching”] 

7. The semantic elements of a compound word are considered 

to be of equal value and quality. They are normally cited in 

alphabetic order; but this sequence may be inversed if a 

synonym has to be coined with the same elements and 

meaning. 

blugriza [”blue-grey”] preferable to grizablua [“grey-blue”] 

8. Once attributed under the new Taxonomy, a specific 

name/word should never be changed, even if the species at 

stake needs to be moved to another genus. [For eventually 

ensuing homonymy see Rule 29.2] 

Fringilla domesticus Passer domesticus 

Pasero familiara 

Taenia diminuta Hymenolepis diminuta 

Himenolepido plieta 

23

Another ill-advised custom is tautonymy between 

10 genus and epitheton. This should certainly be 

avoided, unless the repetition is not formal but only 

semantic (same meaning but other word). This goes for the 

subspecies too. Translation into Uniespo will more often 

than not automatically bring the necessary differentiation, 

anyway. 

24 

Cygnus cygnus Tsigno sovadzha [”wild”] 

Pica pica Pigo samnoma [”same-name”] 

Chloris chloris Xlorisso verdula [”green-one”] 

Gallus gallus Galjusso kokonoma [”rooster”] 

Genus and species names of a particular nature, 

11 

such as “uncertain determination, hypothetical reconstruction, 

reference to another genus”, are to be 

marked by a special flag, to the right of the word concerned, 

as an exponential symbol (o, +, ). 

alfataktsa o (reference to other genus) 

[stands for “refero”] 

betataktsa + (fossil or extinct species) 

[stands for “fosilia”] 

deltataktsa * (uncertain identification) 

[stands for “maltserta”] 

Arthonia nephromiaria Artonio nefromma o 

(as dwelling on the particular genus Nefrommo). 

Lernaea lusci Lernio gadussa o and not Lernio unuokula 

(because it is a copepod parasite on Gadus luscus).

Reference to some generic name, related or un- 

12 related, should theoretically be avoided, but cannot 

be ruled out in practice (parasitism!). Even more 

undesirable is the habit of referring to another species, 

related or unrelated. But, if it really cannot be avoided, one 

can resort to the mention -spetsia (“species”) added as a tail 

to the normal epitheton. Its tape-worm aspect will make the 

name stand out as Hobson’s choice by itself ... 

Phaeospora granulosae Fajosporo grajnetsospetsia 

Polycoccum bryonthae Polykoktso muskokotospetsia 

Any scientific species name must consist of only 

13 one word. If two or more concepts are at stake, 

they must be merged into a single compound. 

However, one should avoid welding more than two concepts 

together. In such a case it is advisable to create a new 

name altogether. [see Rule 25] 

14 

New-Zealandian novazilenda 

terrae novae novalanda 

kwerka + betula (oak + birch) betulokwerka 

Acronyms and codes — as in microbiology — are 

admissible on condition they obey the general 

naming procedures of Universal Taxonomy. 7 

“laser prone” laserosentema 

HIV homimunetsa 

An extremely important matter, where specific 

15 

names are concerned, is the characteristic(s) 

which they are to express for typifying a given 

species. These are normally drawn — and in the following 

7 Universal Esperanto provides special rules for realms such as 

geology, astronomy, chemistry... and even jargon. 

25

order — from morphology, habits, habitat, region, and 

(alas!) also substituted by proper names. The trouble is that 

such typifying particulars usually are rather limited in 

number, whereas the species may run into scores. This is 

particularly true for plants and animals on the lower rungs of 

the evolutionary ladder. Or, if there are sufficient 

characteristics to choose from, more often than not they are 

commonly shared by several species. Or, such 

characteristics may be short-lived or be just too particular, 

because they are linked to sex, season, age. Also, a typical 

trait may be quite hidden from view, and appear only on 

very close inspection (microbiology!). So, the biologist often 

faces a dilemma and will resort to nonsensical words 

(treated under Rule 7). 

In view of these difficulties it is utopian to suppose one can 

and must always find the exclusive characteristic, and 

set it down in the specific name. Therefore we should 

radically shift the helm by prescribing that, when the few 

really prominent and exclusive characteristics have been 

judiciously allotted, a list be made of all possible other 

characteristics. Then, the as yet unnamed members of the 

group (= those in need of renaming) will receive them 

according to an arbitrary distribution of the characteristics, 

such as the alphabetical order. Moreover, since Uniespo 

(as well as Esperanto) is an agglutinative language, there 

are usually several ways to combine the elements of a given 

specific compound word, making synonyms feasible and, in 

this respect, even desirable. Besides which, a meaningful 

epitheton — even if erroneous — is a lot easier to 

remember! 

26 

The only really important consideration here is to make 

sure that a given species carry a characteristic name 

attached to no other species within the same genus, even 

though eventually all the members of that generic group 

may lay claim to the very same characteristic !

It is precisely this stumbling-block of characteristic exclusiveness which 

defeats the rival NBN-project, mentioned before. This has led its 

advocates to produce a number of anagrammatic proper names, in 

absolute contradiction with their declared policy of turning scientific 

names into everyday language, so even the layman may understand 

what is meant. (See the application specimens for examples.) 

What about the particular endings for taxons, 

16 

such as Family, Order, and Class? Well, in the 

Trimeral System they utterly lose their function of taxon 

indicators and will be seen no more! 

1. To replace them, we now have some meaningful 

suffixes pertaining to the sort of name used: 

-ARO for (high) taxons with vernacular names: 

Birdaro, Algaro, Fungaro, Mikrobiaro 

(Birds, Seaweed, Mushrooms, Microbes) 

-ESKOJ for “related to a given genus”: 

Ericacea Erikeskoj 

Blattidae Blateskoj 

-OJDOJ for “merely looking like”: 

Nematoda Nematojdoj 

Omphalodes Omfalojdoj 

-ITOJ for “fossils”: 

Trilobita Trylobitoj 

Pterisospermidae Ptersospermitoj 

-ULOJ for “having this common characteristic” 

Bryozoa Bryozouloj 

Cormophytae Kormofytuloj 

27

2. For the level of Family it is mandatory — and for taxons 

up to the level of Order, recommendable — to use the 

ending -ESK based on one of the relevant generic names 

(the chosen holotype). 

28 

Dermatemydidae Dermatemyseskoj 

Apocynareae Apokyneskoj 

3. It is possible to combine some of these determination 

suffixes. 

-OJDESKOJ from -OJD and -ESK 

-ITESKOJ from -IT and -ESK 

4. If a particular genus needs to be split into several 

subgenera, then it is the original generic name which will 

receive the ending -ESKOJ. 

Alfataktso 

Alfataktso Alfataktseskoj { 

Betataktso 

5. If a fossil form should prove to be still in existence or, 

inversely, a taxon become utterly extinct, it is sufficient to 

just alter the corresponding suffix and/or flag. 

Coelacanth Koelakanto+ Koelakanto 

Raphus solitarius Rafjusso izolita Rafjusso izolita + 

6. It is customary to use vernacular names along with 

scientific names for the highest taxons. Universal 

Taxonomy does not want to decide between these two 

and leaves the alternatives open for the specialists to 

choose.

Animals Bestaro / Terjarzhuloj 

Birds Birdaro / Aviarzhuloj 

Insects Insektaro / Entomarzhuloj 

Mollusks Molbestaro / Moluskarzhuloj 

Mushrooms Fungaro / Mykarzhuloj 

Plants Plantaro / Fytarzhuloj 

Seaweed Algaro / Fykarzhuloj 

7. If a given subspecies or genus, having a name of its own, 

proves to be just a particular life-form of some other 

subspecies or genus, then it is to lose its prior name and 

acquire the name of the subspecies or genus it really 

belongs to. If the species name is apposite it can be 

conserved; otherwise it must be changed too. 

[compare Rule 10.9] 

Siredon pisciformis Amblystoma tigrinum 

= Amblystomo tigretsa [axolotl] 

Leptocephalus morrisii Anguilla anguilla 

= Angwillo palengonoma [eel] 

On the other hand, for ease of application and 

17 

conciseness, taxon names above the elementary 

level of Genus, (or a genus having subgenera) 

MAY_be abbreviated to just a couple of syllables, provided 

there is no immediate danger of confusion between them. 

By putting this superior taxon name — which is a single 

word — before a given generic name, one can at once put 

this genus in its wider setting and thus directly point to the 

true nature of the subject. This procedure is certainly not 

superfluous if two (or more) generic names are complete 

homonyms, and each pertains to different higher taxons or 

even to completely different realms. After all, many names, 

left to themselves, are equivocal about whether they pertain 

29

to a plant or an animal, a bacterium or an elephant. [see 

Rule 20.2] 

30 

Gastrop• for Gastropoduloj (Gastropodidae) 

Fanerog• for Fanerogamuloj (Phanerogamae) 

1. This abbreviated form has to be marked by a capital letter 

at the beginning and a point at the end, preferably by a 

midway dot as used in mathematics. The normal number 

of syllables goes from one to four, although exceptions 

may occasionally occur to avoid homonymy. 

18 

Fag• for Fageskoj Fagales 

Abi• for Abieskoj Abietacea 

Shelyker• for Shelykereskoj Chelyceratae 

Konusofor• for Konusoforuloj Coniferophyta, Coniferae 

Finally we come to the not unimportant matter of 

Orthography, valid for the Key in particular as well 

as for common Uniespo. 

1. All characters are pronounced as they are written, and 

written as they are pronounced, whatever their 

positioning, whatever speech sound comes before or 

after. 8 So the antique C and Q(ue) are gone — 

supplanted by either S or K or TS. 

Consequently, no more variations of the sort: sutchuenensis, 

setchuenensis, szechuanensis, szechwanensis, setchwanensis, 

szechuenensis... but uniformly and simply: setshwanuja. 

[The suffix -U J stands for “land, region”] 

8 Uniespo also provides a system for transliteration of names from non- 

Latin alphabets, called “Universala Skribo” (Universal Writing).

2. The characters used are those to be found in the 

International Phonetic Alphabet (definitely not equivalent 

to English usage!) and have precisely the same 

pronunciations, except for the following digraphs: SH and 

ZH correspond respectively to sh in English show, and j 

in French journal. In fact they ought to be the single 

characters S and Z with a cedilla. If these letters are not 

(yet) available on a given typewriter or text editor, one can 

use the Chech equivalents with a caret, or most simply 

SH and ZH instead — as is done throughout this paper 

— which will do just as well. The two vowels O and E 

have (for English-speaking people) very much the 

phonetic values of e in bed and of o in lock. 9 

3. Digraphs (a pair of different letters for one phoneme) 

have been made extinct: PH is now always F; TH is now 

T; AE is now simply E or A; and so on. Therefore, all 

letters have to be individually pronounced, except for the 

just mentioned temporary ZH and SH. 

Phacophyceae Fajofukuloj 

Thalarctos Talasarkto 

Elaeagnus Elajagno 

4. Diphthongs are written with a vowel plus j or w, 

instead of i or u : -aj, -oj, -uj, -aw, -ew, etc. 

5. Because of Rule 18.1, one should try to make names as 

easily pronounceable as possible, avoiding in particular a 

9 Interlinguists should make a note of the fact, that the spellings of new 

Uniespo and traditional Esperanto don’t entirely match up; e.g. new 

/ts/w/dž/ against customary /c/ŭ / ĝ/ . 

31

32 

succession of more than two or three consonants. 

Sandhi-rules should be obeyed: pv pf, vk fk, tz 

ts, etc. rather than just importing the original spelling 

forms. Such adaptations can also be used as a means of 

further differentiation between homonyms! 

Ginkgo Ginko 

Abudefduf Abudevdo 

6. Emphasis goes invariably on the penultimate syllable. 

Only exception: fancy names for cross-breeds [Rule 26]. 

KryptogamUloj, BalenotsEpso, pintanAza, ventrostrIa 

7. If the spelling of a particular name should afterwards be 

found wrong, there is now no more need to completely 

rename the group, but only and simply to correct the 

name in the CBC, which anyone can consult anytime. 

Ambystomo Amblystomo 

riveropuda riverapuda 

8. Gemination (doubling of a letter) in a word stem is no 

longer allowed and must be substituted by some 

“euphonic” adaptation. (Only the special suffixes 

referred to in 8.1 are allowed such a digression.) 

Pyrrhocactus Pyrokakto 

Gekko Gekxo

Because of recent evolutions, Taxonomy finds itself in a 

sort of crisis. The realizations of cladism and genetics, 

treatable with powerful computer programmes 

(manipulation of numerous data at the same time in the 

form of matrices) make it possible and imperative to 

revise the whole of traditional Systematics. 

[LA RECHERCHE, Nr.212, p.864] 

33

34 

3 - A Wholesome Threesome 

The time-honoured custom of signalling the genus 

name as a noun (by its capital letter) and the 

species name as an adjective (with lower case 

letter) may be considered the core around which the whole 

of taxonomy is constructed. There is no intention of doing 

away with this vested building block — in spite of the fact 

that “genus” is an extremely vague and highly subjective 

concept 10 19 

— but instead adding a third element in between 

the two already used, namely a taxon symbol. The 

elements of this new trimeral sequence of “Genus-Taxon- 

Species” will be referred to respectively as: dependent - 

relator - governor. 

Thus Acer campestre gets to be Atsero S kampara, 

and Lithobius forficatus becomes Litobio S tondila. 

At first glance, this may look like a mere cosmetic operation, 

but under the following rules the reader will see that the new 

relator becomes a powerful tool for easy naming and 

recognition of taxons on higher and lower levels. 

Instead of the customary Latin suffixes for 

20 

indicating the taxon level (-formes, -ales, -acea, - 

idae, -inae...) now a convenient relator is placed 

in front of the name — whether written/spoken in full, or in 

the abbreviated form mentioned under Rule 17. It carries 

no full stop. 

10 We trust the CBC-procedure of Rule 2 will bring better agreement and 

more stability about generic names, through its automated “majority 

vote”.

Since it is estimated that evolutionary embranchments will 

eventually reach up to 40 or 50 hierarchical levels, then 

theoretically a taxonomy should provide distinguishing 

elements equal to the worst-case-scenario. Traditional 

nomenclature has at its disposal only a meagre handful of 

suffixes with which to meet this challenge. And although 

they can be divided and subdivided by means of 

“subtaxons” and “supertaxons”, that measure would be no 

more than a palliative. Therefore, the list of taxon symbols 

has been made as numerous as possible — while keeping 

them well diversified, ordered, and recognisable. Their 

attribution and distribution, in working practice, is up to the 

specialist; who can now be as detailed or generalised as 

desired, or as the ever insufficient data will permit. 

The biological committees should supervise the naming and 

distribution of ALL taxons, from variety up to kingdom, in 

order to bring unity to handbooks and schoolbooks all over 

the world. But perhaps this exacting task would be taken 

over by the CBC anyway. Moreover, it should be a 

welcome opportunity for filling in the all too numerous blank 

spaces on the taxonomic map of Evolution. 

By means of these relators it is now possible to move a 

whole taxon upwards or downwards at will, without having 

to change the taxon name, irrespective of its ending! 

M Imperio kingdom T Tribo tribe 

P Fylalo phylum F Familio family 

B Brantsho branch G Genro genus 

K Klaso class S Spetsio species 

L Kladalo cladus R Raso race 

O Ordo order V Vario variety 

35

36 

H Hibridulo hybrid 

X Taktsalo taxon (any) 

Y Artefarito artefact 

Z Synbiawzo symbiosis 

In between F and T may be added a further taxon N for “nation” 

(Natsio). T replaces “suborder”; L replaces “subclass”. H for 

hybrid is used for denoting cross-breeds (chimeras) incapable of 

reproducing themselves in Nature. 

1. Evidently, the sequence(s) of an official representation must 

follow the normal hierarchical order, left-to-right in text for topto-bottom 

in the table. 

Dicotylae Fanerog• G Dykotiledonuloj 

Lepadogaster Gobiez• G Lepasogastro 

2. Which higher taxon(s) are to be mentioned, or which to be left 

out, will be freely decided by the specialist in each context. 

There are no absolute rules here, other than always keeping 

the trimeral array well in mind, if not explicitly in writing. 

EXCESSIVE: Mandibl• Entom• Pter• Ektopter• Izopter• G Termito 

SUFFICIENT: Entom• L Pterentomontjuloj for the cladus Pterygota 

3. When a given name is valid for several hiqher taxons, the 

system allows for putting the relators concerned one after the 

other. It seems preferable, though not imperative, to keep 

them separated by a blank space. 

Synpet• O F Rubleskoj for order & family Rublaceae 

Axenarzh• T F Tserveskoj for tribe & family Cervidae 

All right — acceptance of this new arrangement and its extra 

differentiation will almost certainly call for a lot of reshuffling among 

the traditional taxons. But then, we don’t get “owt for nowt”, do 

we? Besides, think of the peace, stability, and unity which must 

finally ensue !

4. In the spoken language it may prove practical to use the 

alternative NBN-proposal of adding -(taktsal)anoj (“taxon 

members”) to the basic name. 

O Delfeneskoj = “Delfenordanoj” 

When incorporating a scientific name into a 

21 text, there is no longer any need to make its 

particular status stand out against the environment 

of normal language, by giving it a special emphasis such as 

(the usual) italics. The relator takes over this function 

perfectly well. One is now even at liberty to leave out the 

genus name altogether and use only the species name 

preceded by its relator — provided, of course, that the 

context makes it clear which genus it refers to. 

“Speaking about Borago, its species name S meditsina (spec. 

officinalis) gets its name from the ancient practice of using it to 

make wounds close up quickly.” 

“Snake birds, like G Anhingo (Anhinga), pursue and catch fish 

under water.” 

As usual, subspecies are also defined by an extra 

22 

adjective put after the normal species adjective. 

Here, however, the taxon symbol is subdivided by 

an indexing cross. Everything said about species names 

applies also to the subspecies names — particularly 

avoidance of tautonymy — except for the custom of 

employing mostly geographical concepts. [For varieties and 

races see Rule 27]. Deciding, which subspecies has to be 

considered as typical of the whole group, is a very vexed 

question, which might better be left to the CBC-programme 

of Rule 2, making a choice at random... 

37

38 

Motacilla flava flava Motatsillo gelba S+ belguja 

Motacilla thunbergi Motatsillo gelba S+ skandinava 

Motacilla flavissima Motatsillo gelba S+ brituja 

Motacilla feldeggi Motatsillo gelba S+ balkana 

23 

Supertaxons are notated with an exponentially 

placed cross, and subtaxons with an indexed 

cross. 

Thus K Karinuloj (Carinates) can, if one wishes, be degraded 

without more ado to subclass K+ Karinuloj or be promoted to 

superclass K + Karinuloj; the name itself never needs to be 

changed, in sharp contrast with today’s usage. 

1. If a species should become a (sub)genus in itself, then 

the common language epitheton has to be turned into a 

standardized substantive. 

Anaso S platabeka (“flat-beak”) Anas• G+ Platyrynxo or 

(if homonymy threatens) G+ Rynxoplatyo [fictitious example] 

It remains a sound practice to select a given 

24 

species as representative for the whole genus (the 

holotype); then a given genus for the whole family, and so 

on up the scale. Obviously, whichever is selected as typical 

should be a precisely determined and widely known 

species. 

1. In the present Universal Taxonomy this is expressed by 

placing the relator between square brackets, indicative of 

“taxon type” (“genus type, family type, subspecies 

type”). This in turn facilitates unified representation in 

general reference books, so that the same specimen of 

plant, animal, or mineral will always be used for a 

representative illustration. Moreover the relators may be 

judiciously combined.

Anas platyrhynchos Anaso [S] platabeka = “(genro)tipa” 

According to NBN, the best-known and described species among 

Cetacea (whales) is Tursiops truncatus, the bottle-nosed dolphin, 

making it even typical for the whole order; therefore it should 

take the name Turshopsho [OS] trunkigita = “ordotipa” [from 

tursh• “shuttle” and opsh• “aspect”] in Universal Taxonomy. 

2. It seems preferable to name a superior taxon after still 

living groups, rather than select a fossil for holotype, 

even if the fossils happen to be (far) more numerous. 

Platanacea [K] Plataneskoj “plane-trees” 

Xiphosura [O] Ksifuvreskoj “horseshoe-crabs” 

3. Of course, if a given generic holotype ought to be 

regarded as belonging to another family, then it must be 

transferred there and the former family name will have to 

be changed according to a holotype newly selected from 

among its remaining genera... and so on for higher 

taxons. 

F Alfataktseskoj 

changed to: 

| [G] Alfataktso 

| G Betataktso 

| G Gamataktso 

F Betataktseskoj | [G] Betataktso 

| G Gamataktso 

and: 

F Deltataktseskoj | 

| 

G Alfataktso 

[G] Deltataktso 

| G Zetataktso 

4. A subspecies can also be selected as holotype for the 

species. 

S rudzhatiga S+ sibiruja [“red-twigged”] 

S rudzhatiga [S+] nordafrika = “spetsitipa” 

39

5. Groupings by means of a holotvpe, having the ending 

–ESK, can go up to the level of order (Ordo), but this is 

not mandatory. Whenever a holotype of any hierarchical 

level is absent — i.e. has not yet been determined — the 

ending -ESK becomes naturally unusable. 

6. If a family of genera is too loosely bound for determining 

a holotype, then the family name will have to be a 

characterising word endinq on -ULOJ or a vernacular 

group name with simply -ARO as an ending instead of - 

ESKOJ. This applies also to taxons higher up. 

40 

Agamofilaria X Agamofiluloj 

Diplistomulum X Diplostomuloj 

From all the preceding Rules it should be clear, that 

25 there is no longer any need to incorporate the 

name of the author who first determined the 

species, nor the year in which this memorable event took 

place, as demanded by the now obsolete Priority Rule. 

Biological Nomenclature has better purposes to serve than 

be a memorial to past human endeavour! 

Botany and Zoology both should accept race 

(Raso) as a (sub)form for a subspecies and, if yet 

another deviation from this taxon occurs, the 

conceptual symbol of variety (Vario) 11 26 

i.e. cultivar. The same 

goes for hybrids. 

11 A question to consider is whether or not the notion of "regional 

subspecies" should be abandoned, and "race" become used instead.

Syringa vulgaris Charles X = Siringo S ordinara V KARLES’ 

Clematis lanupinosa x viticella = Clematis Jackmani 

= Klematisso H DZHAKMAN’ 

Race as well as Variety consists — just like the 

27 

species — of a single name, written in capital letters 

and ending with an apostrophe to indicate that stress 

now lies on the last syllable. Contrary to Rule 17.6, it is (to 

be) regarded as a fancy proper name and must be spelled as 

a true Uniespo-word; the original (ethnic) orthography will be 

utterly disregarded and titles reduced to a single word of two 

to three syllables. Its form can be taken either from the 

original spelling or from the original pronunciation, depending 

on which is easiest to render. 

Narcissus pseudonarcissus var. Queen Victoria 

Nartsiso S shajna V VIKTORI ‘ 

var. Amethyst V AMETYST ‘ 

var. Chocolate Soldier V TSHOKLAT ‘ 

1. If the original name is too short or ends on a difficult array 

of consonants, the vowel -u should be added. 

var. Bosc V BOSKU ‘ 

rac. Dogue R DOGU ‘ 

2. Where practicable, a name or title may be translated into 

common Uniespo. [Here too, eventual homonymy 

(isonymy) may be countered by Rule 29.2] 

var. Sunshine V SUNBRIL‘ 

rac. Bouvier R BOVUL‘ [”ox-dog”] 

After all, changes brought about by humans (genetic engineering) 

are fundamentally no different from those worked by Mother Nature. 

41

3. For further differentiations (at this level!), all sorts of 

anagrams are permissible — contrary to Rule 7.6 — 

which is made possible by the particular nature of these 

names. 

42 

var. Alexander V ALEKSANT ‘ 

var. Alexandra V LEKSANDRA ‘ 

var. Alexandrina V KSANDRINA ‘ 

4. Such adaptations of fancy originals should be retained 

even if an original name has been patented as “trade 

name” for a cultivar or breed in commercial respect. Of 

course, it would be a great bonus if the Patent Office(s) 

as well as horticulturists and breeders agreed to 

accepting only norm-abiding names! 

28 

Real synonyms (different names for one and the 

same subject) must and will no doubt become 

impossible through the automated CBC [Rule 2]. 

Either Natrix natrix or Coluber natrix or Tropidonotus natrix 

for the ring-snake, but not all three considered valid, as actually 

found in three different handbooks! 

29 

Last but not least, homonyms (the same name for 

different subjects) are not allowed within the SAME 

taxon, but are to be tolerated if each belongs to a DIFFERENT 

superior taxon. It is to be expected that this sort of conflict 

will become of particular importance in the co-ordinated 

BioCode. In such a case it is advisable to put the superior 

taxon name in front of the homonymic name, at least once.

That is to say: whichever superior taxon really makes the 

difference. 

Meropsheskoj G Meropsho Insekt• G Meropsho 

Meropsheskoj G Meropsho Bird• G Meropsho 

1. Homonyms resulting from a mere misspelling will be 

corrected without any more fuss. 

G Ambystomo G Amblystomo 

S blankodenta S blankadenta 

2. Whenever homonymy becomes inevitable, for lack of 

sufficient distinguishing features (compressible to a 

single word), it can easily be neutralised by applying 

Greek numerals as prefixes plus a hyphen. 

30 

Larus fuscus Larusso -nigradorsa [“black-backed”] 

Larus marinus Larusso -nigradorsa 

var. Fantasie V -FANTAZI ‘ 

var. Fantasy V -FANTAZI ‘ 

var. Phantasy V -FANTAZI ‘ 

As to trivial names, which need not be as rigorous 

as scientific names, the task must be left to... 

creative poets. 

Aletris & Liatris brilsteleto [“blazing star”] 

Coccinella Di-skarabeto [“ladybird”] 

43

44 

4.1 – Specimens for Botany 

MOULDS, FUNGI, MUSHROOMS 

High taxon layout based on: 

Encyclopédie Bordas, Paris - Volume 10 - “La vie des plantes” 

> Barring mistakes and omissions < 

FUNGI B MYKOFYTULOJ / FUNGARO 

Ascomycetes K Askomykuloj 

Discomycetidae L Kyklomykuloj 

Heliotales O Hevlotteskoj 

Helotiacea [F] Hevlotteskoj 

Phacidiacea F Pfakedjeskoj 

Pezizales O Pezizeskoj 

Helvellacea F Helvelleskoj 

Pezizacea [F] Pezizeskoj 

Rhizinacea F Ridzinneskoj 

Tuberales O Tuberulleskoj 

Tuberacea [F] Tuberulleskoj 

Loculomycetidae L Loklomykuloj 

Dothiorales O Dotjorruloj 

Myriangiales O Mirjangiuloj 

Pseudosphaeriales O Psewdosferuloj 

Pyrenomycetidae L Pirenemykuloj 

Laboulbeniales O Entomomykuloj 

Clavicipitales O Klavjotsepseskoj 

Sphaeriales O Sferuloj 

Plectomycetidae L Pleksomykuloj 

Erysiphales O Erysifneskoj 

Erysiphacea [F] Erysifneskoj 

Plectascales O Pleksaskuloj

Aspergillacea F Spergilleskoj 

Protascomycetidae L Protaskomykuloj 

Saccharomycetidae O Saxaromykeskoj 

Saccharomycetacea [F] Saxaromykeskoj 

Taphrinales O Tafrinneskoj 

Taphrinacea [F] Tafrinneskoj 

Basidiomycetes K Bashedjomykuloj 

Exobasidiales L Ektobashedjeskoj 

Exobasidiacea [F] Ektobashedjeskoj 

Phragmobasidiomyce L Fragmobashedjomykuloj 

tidae Auriculariales O Awrikkeskoj 

Auriculariacea [F] Awrikkeskoj 

Tremellales O Tremelleskoj 

Tremellacea [F] Tremelleskoj 

Uredinales O Uredinneskoj 

Endophyllacea F Endofyleskoj 

Melampsoracea F Melanopsoreskoj 

Pucciniacea F Putshinieskoj 

Ustilaginales O Ustilaggeskoj 

Tilletiacea F Tiletieskoj 

Ustilaginacea [F] Ustilaggeskoj 

Gasteromycetes L Gastromykuloj 

Hynenogasteracea F Himenogastreskoj 

Hysterangiacea F Hystrangieskoj 

Lycoperdacea F Lykoperdneskoj 

Nidulariacea F Nidulleskoj 

Phallacea F Pfalusseskoj 

Holobasidiomycetes L Holobashedjeskoj 

Hymenomycetales O Himenomykuloj 

Agaricacea F Agarikeskoj 

Hydnaceae F Hydnezzeskoj 

45

Clavariacea F Klavjarreskoj 

Polyporaceae F Polyporeskoj 

Thelephoraceae F Teljoforeskoj 

Phycomycetes K Fykomykuloj 

Blastocladiales O Blastokladeskoj 

Blastocladiaceae [F] Blastokladeskoj 

Endogonales O Endogoneskoj 

Endogonaceae [F] Endogoneskoj 

Entomophtorales O Entomoftoreskoj 

Entomophtoraceae [F] Entomoftoreskoj 

Hyphochytriales O Hyfoxytreskoj 

Hyphochytriaceae [F] Hyfoxytreskoj 

Monoblepharidales O Monablefareskoj 

Monoblepharidaceae [F] Monablefareskoj 

Mucorales O Mukorreskoj 

Mucoraceae [F] Mukorreskoj 

Pilobolaceae F Piluboluseskoj 

Peronosporales O Pernosporeskoj 

Albuginaceae F Albugeskoj 

Peronosporaceae [F] Pernosporeskoj 

Plasmodiophorales O Plasmodoforeskoj 

Plasmodiophoraceae [F] Plasmofoforeskoj 

Saprolegniales O Saprolegneskoj 

Saprolegniaceae [F] Saprolegneskoj 

Chytridiales O Xytrisseskoj 

Chytridiaceae [F] Xytrisseskoj 

46

4.2 NON-LICHENIZED LICHEN-DWELLING FUNGI 

Low taxon list based on the well detailed and illustrated 

determination handbook by 

Clauzade, Diederich, & Roux: Nelikeniĝintaj fungoj likenloĝaj 

Société linnéenne de Provence, Marseille 1989 

> Barring mistakes and omissions < 

Ascomycotina Klaso Askomykuloj 

Abrothallus acetabuli Abrotsalo S atsetabla 

Abrothallus bertianus Abrotsalo S kalvidzhinta 

Abrothallus cetrariae Abrotsalo S gajlestiga 

Abrothallus chrysanthus Abrotsalo S avrumaflora 

Abrothallus cladoniae Abrotsalo S senranda 

Abrothallus mairei Abrotsalo S ebenadiska 

Abrothallus microspermus Abrotsalo S etasema 

Abrothallus parmelianum Abrotsalo S shildaro 

Abrothallus parmotrematis Abrotsalo S trushilda 

Abrothallus peyritshii Abrotsalo S senprujnuma 

Abrothallus prodiens Abrotsalo S elstara 

Abrothallus suecicus Abrotsalo S -brunaspora 

Abrothallus usneae Abrotsalo S bartohava 

Abrothallus welwitzchii Abrotsalo S -brunaspora 

Actinopelis peltigericola Aktinopeltso S peltsogera o 

Adelococcus alpestris Aedelokoktso S alpomonta 

Adelococcus groedensis Aedelokoktso S arafrukta 

Adelococcus lecanorae Aedelokoktso S raravanda 

Agyrina crozalsii Egyrinno S verdetafrukta 

Agyrium cephalodioides Egyrummo S dukapa 

Anthostomella apogyra Antostomo S netavanda 

Apiosporella mongolica Apisporo S mongoluja 

Arthonia amylospora Artonio S amelospora 

47

Arthonia atropunctata Artonio S nigrapunta 

Arthonia basidiospora Artonio S bashedjospora 

Arthonia caerulescens Artonio S profundeblua 

Arthonia cinnabarinula Artonio S tsinabra 

Arthonia circinata Artonio S tsirklostara 

Arthonia clemens Artonio S dekliveta 

Arthonia cryptotheciae Artonio S kashateka 

Arthonia curreyi Artonio S renospora 

Arthonia destruens Artonio S detrua 

Arthonia epimela Artonio S pirotshela 

Arthonia epiphyscia Artonio S surkolbasa 

Arthonia ericetorum Artonio S falsaranda 

Arthonia excentrica Artonio S ekstera 

Arthonia farinacea Artonio S farunetsa 

Arthonia fuscopurpura Artonio S brunapurpura 

Arthonia galactinaria Artonio S melkablanka 

Arthonia gelidae Artonio S frostama 

Arthonia glaucomaria Artonio S verdashultra 

Arthonia insidiens Artonio S entruda 

Arthonia insitiva Artonio S pleneshtopita 

Arthonia intexta Artonio S enplektita 

Arthonia lepidophila Artonio S bastoshata 

Arthonia mazoziae Artonio S konuseta 

Arthonia microsticta Artonio S makuleta 

Arthonia molendoi Artonio S vinomembrana 

Arthonia neglectula Artonio S nerimarkebla 

Arthonia nephromiaria Artonio S nefromma o 

Arthonia nideri Artonio S magraspora 

Arthonia oligospora Artonio S raraspora 

Arthonia oxyspora Artonio S pintaspora 

Arthonia peltigera Artonio S -shildoporta 

48

Arthonia peltigerina Artonio S -shildoporta 

Arthonia pelvetii Artonio S tutamonda 

Arthonia phlyctidicola Artonio S fliktidda o 

Arthonia punctella Artonio S puntohava 

Arthonia rubescens Artonio S rudzhidzhanta 

Arthonia sphyridii Artonio S elipsospora 

Arthonia subconveniens Artonio S malkonvena 

Arthonia subvelutinae Artonio S velureta 

Arthonia tabescens Artonio S sekidzhanta 

Arthonia urceolata Artonio S pokaletsa 

Arthonia varia Artonio S variema 

Arthopyrenia microspila Artapirno S makuleta 

Arthrorhaphis citrinella Artrorafjo S tsitrona 

Arthrorhaphis grisea Artrorafjo S griza 

Ascohansfordiellopsis insectivora Askokarpello S insektomandzha 

Bacidia killiasi Batsidio S rondafrukta 

Barya lichenophila Baryazzo S likenoshata 

Broomella leptogiicola Brumelio S shpinilospora 

Buellia adjuncta Buelio S aldona 

Buellia badia Buelio S dikavanda 

Buellia brachyspora Buelio S kurtaspora 

Buellia destructans Buelio S detruanta 

Buellia imshaugii Buelio S bluidzha 

Buellia leptolepis Buelio S maldikaskwama 

Buellia nivalis Buelio S nedzhablanka 

Buellia pseudosaxatilis Buelio S malaperinta 

Buellia pulverulenta Buelio S polvoplena 

Buelliella minimala Bueliello S minimala 

Buelliella physciicola Bueliello S fyskizza O 

Buelliella pusilla Bueliello S malgrandeta 

Buelliella trypethelii Bueliello S truhawta 

49

Caliciella parasitica Kalyksello S parazita 

Calicium corynellum Kalyksummo S nigrafrukta 

Calicium retinens Kalyksummo S firmetena 

Calicium subparoicum Kalyksummo S lepratsala 

Capronia peltigerae Kapronio S shildoporta 

Carbonea supersparsa Karbonno S disestara 

Carbonea vitellinaria Karbonno S ovogelbaspetsia 

Catillaria mediterranea Katlarro S mediteranea 

Cercidospora caudata Kerkosporo S vosta 

Cercidospora collematum Kerkosporo S koljemma o 

Cercidospora epipolytropa Kerkosporo S multadirekta 

Cercidospora lichenicola Kerkosporo S surlikena 

Cercidospora stereocaulorum Kerkosporo S sterekawla o 

Cercidospora ulothii Kerkosporo S shpinilospora 

Chaenothecopsis brevipes Xaenotekopsho S kurtapieda 

Chaenothecopsis consociata Xaenotekopsho S komunuma 

Chaenothecopsis epithallina Xaenotekopsho S surtsala 

Chaenothecopsis exserta Xaenotekopsho S elstara 

Chaenothecopsis haematopus Xaenotekopsho S sangapieda 

Chaenothecopsis koerberi Xaenotekopsho S nigrakapa 

Chaenothecopsis nigra Xaenotekopsho S nigra 

Chaenothecopsis nigropedata Xaenotekopsho S nigrapieda 

Chaenothecopsis pusilla Xaenotekopsho S malgrandeta 

Chaenothecopsis pusiola Xaenotekopsho S brunapodiska 

Chaenothecopsis rubescens Xaenotekopsho S rudzhidzha 

Chaenothecopsis rubina Xaenotekopsho S rudzha 

Chaenothecopsis sagenidii Xaenotekopsho S sagnedja o 

Chaenothecopsis sanguinea Xaenotekopsho S sangofarba 

Chaenothecopsis savonica Xaenotekopsho S -brunaspora 

Chaenothecopsis tasmanica Xaenotekopsho S -brunaspora 

50

Chaenothecopsis treichelianum Xaenotekopsho S lentokapa 

Chaenothecopsis vainoana Xaenotekopsho S verdahypoteka 

Chaenothecopsis viridialba Xaenotekopsho S verdablanka 

Chaenothecopsis viridireagens Xaenotekopsho S verdareaga 

Clypeococcum cladonema Klypekoktso S brantshidzha 

Clypeococcum grossum Klypekoktso S dika 

Clypeococcum hypocenomyces Klypekoktso S hypotsenomyka o 

Clypeococcum placopsiphilum Klypekoktso S plakopsha o 

Cyphelium sessile Tsyfello S sidanta 

Dactylospora acarosporae Daktylosporo S akarospora 

Dactylospora athallina Daktylosporo S rudzhepiteka 

Dactylospora frigida Daktylosporo S malvarma 

Dactylospora glaucomarioides Daktylosporo S verdashultra 

Dactylospora hafellneriana Daktylosporo S unuvanda 

Dactylospora homoclinella Daktylosporo S sameklina 

Dactylospora inquilina Daktylosporo S hejmesida 

Dactylospora lamyi Daktylosporo S kupolodiska 

Dactylospora lobariella Daktylosporo S bruneksipura 

Dactylospora parasitica Daktylosporo S parazita 

Dactylospora parellaria Daktylosporo S brunepiteka 

Dactylospora pertusaricola Daktylosporo S pertsarra o 

Dactylospora placophylla Daktylosporo S tabulofolia 

Dactylospora porphyrea Daktylosporo S purpura 

Dactylospora protothallina Daktylosporo S prototsala 

Dactylospora rimulicola Daktylosporo S fendolodzha 

Dactylospora saxatilis Daktylosporo S rokoshata 

Dactylospora tegularum Daktylosporo S tegoletsa 

Dactylospora urceolata Daktylosporo S krutsheta 

Decampia engeliana Dekampio S miskoloriga 

Decampia hookeri Dekampio S shpinilospora 

Decampia rufescentis Dekampio S rufidzhaspetsia 

51

Dichosporium glomeratum Dixosporo S glomeridzha 

Didymella aipoliae Didmello S tshiamgriza 

Didymella berengeriana Didmello S bruneksipura 

Didymella brunii Didmello S shwelaska 

Didymella cladoniae Didmello S kladonna o 

Didymella crozalsiana Didmello S malmultafrukta 

Didymella epicarphinea Didmello S surpajla 

Didymella epimelanostola Didmello S surnigravesta 

Didymella martinatiana Didmello S simplaparafiza 

Didymella parvispora Didmello S etaspora 

Didymella perigena Didmello S tshirkawnaska 

Didymella sphinctrinoides Didmello S kunpremitetsa 

Didymella weillii Didmello S anastoma 

Diplonaevia parmeliae Diplonajvo S parmella o 

Diploschistes actinostomus Diplosxizo S radibusha 

Diploschistes scruposus Diplosxizo S raspa 

Discocera lichenicola Kyklokerato S likenolodzha 

Discothecium infestans Kykloteko S damadzha 

Dothidea lichenum Dotidio S likena 

Echinotecium cladoniae Exinoteko S kladonna o 

Echinotecium reticulatum Exinoteko S retoforma 

Endococcus alectoriae Endokoktso S alektorra o 

Endococcus alpestris Endokoktso S alpomonta 

Endococcus araneosus Endokoktso S aranereta 

Endococcus exerrans Endokoktso S elmigra 

Endococcus gyrophorarum Endokoktso S tsirkloporta 

Endococcus nanellus Endokoktso S naneta 

Endococcus parietinarius Endokoktso S pariedinna o 

Endococcus propinquus Endokoktso S parentsa 

Endococcus ramalinarius Endokoktso S ramnalla o 

52

Endococcus rugulosus Endokoktso S fajnafalda 

Endococcus stigma Endokoktso S stigma 

Endococcus zahlbrucknerellae Endokoktso S zalbruknella o 

Epilichen clauconigellus Epilikeno S blunigra 

Epilichen scabrosus Epilikeno S krudega 

Guignardia ahlesiana Gignardio S brunafrukta 

Guignardia fimbriatae Gignardio S frandzha 

Guignardia microthelia Gignardio S etatsala 

Guignardia olivieri Gignardio S gajlovezika 

Guignardia psoromoides Gignardio S skabietsa 

Guignardia verrucicola Gignardio S verukolodzha 

Hemigrapha astericus Hemigrafo S stelara 

Homostegia encaustica Xomostego S enbruligita 

Homostegia parmeliana Xomostego S parmelia o 

Homostegia piggotii Xomostego S trivanda 

Karschia linitaria Karshio S brunepiteka 

Karschia pertusariae Karshio S pertsarra o 

Karschia santessonii Karshio S brunamedola 

Karschia sordidae Karshio S malpura 

Karschia talcophila Karshio S polvoshata 

Keratosphaera batistae Keratosfero S kashamykura 

Koordersiella deightonii Kordersio S senparafiza 

Lachnella tetraspora Laxnello S kwarspora 

Lasiosphaeriopsis salisburyi Lasisferopsho S tsharbostroma 

Lasiosphaeriopsis stereocaulicola Lasisferopsho S sterekawla o 

Lecidea aggregantula Letsidio S kunvena 

Lecidea associata Letsidio S asotsia 

Lecidea cladoniaria Letsidio S kladonna o 

Lecidea dispersula Letsidio S dissemita 

Lecidea frigidella Letsidio S fridoshata 

Lecidea inquinans Letsidio S makuliza 

53

Lecidea insidiosa Letsidio S insidega 

Lecidea neglecta Letsidio S nerimarkitaspetsia 

Lecidea oroantarctica Letsidio S sudapolusamonta 

Lecidea perforans Letsidio S traboritaspetsia 

Lecidea punctum Letsidio S punteta 

Lecidea superjecta Letsidio S surkovrita 

Lecidea thallicola Letsidio S tsalolodzha 

Lecidea umbonella Letsidio S dzhibeta 

Lecidea verrucariae Letsidio S veruketsa 

Leciographa associata Lekshografo S grupigita 

Leciographa attendenda Lekshografo S atentinda 

Leciographa dubia Lekshografo S dubinda 

Leciographa furfuracea Lekshografo S argiletsa 

Leciographa gyrolophii Lekshografo S turnikresta 

Leciographa nephromatis Lekshografo S renogloba 

Leciographa parvula Lekshografo S malgrandeta 

Leciographa physciaria Lekshografo S veziketsa 

Leciographa rhyparizae Lekshografo S rapidoradika 

Leciographa stigma Lekshografo S makula 

Leciographa weissii Lekshografo S nigrafrukta 

Leciographa zwackhii Lekshografo S dikepiteka 

Leptosphaeria clarkii Leptosferazzo S helabrunaspora 

Leptosphaeria crozalsii Leptosferazzo S sporokwaropa 

Leptosphaeria geographicola Leptosferazzo S ridzokarpa o 

Leptosphaeria maheui Leptosferazzo S rinodina o 

Leptosphaeria pycnostigma Leptosferazzo S densamakula 

Leptosphaeria ramalinae Leptosferazzo S ramnalla o 

Leptosphaerulina peltigera Leptosferullo S peltsogera o 

Lethariicola siperi Letarrotsholo S radifenda 

Lichenostigma maureri Likenostigmo S falsahista 

Lichenostigma rugosa Likenostigmo S faldoplena 

54

Melanopsamma lettauiana Melanopsamo S diferentsospora 

Melaspilea canariensis Melanoshpilo S kanariinsula 

Melaspilea epigena Melanoshpilo S surnaskidzha 

Melaspilea leciographoides Melanoshpilo S sternidiska 

Melaspilea lentiginosa Melanoshpilo S lentugara 

Melaspilea rhododendri Melanoshpilo S rjododendra o 

Melaspilea tenellula Melanoshpilo S malmola 

Merismatium coccisporum Merisso S kuglospora 

Merismatium lecanorae Merisso S senringa 

Merismatium nigritellum Merisso S nigretsa 

Metasphaeria plurisepta Metasfero S pluravanda 

Metasphaeria superveniens Metasfero S supredvena 

Metasphaeria tartarina Metasfero S infera 

Microcalicium arenarium Mikrokalykso S sablogrunda 

Microcalicium conversum Mikrokalykso S renversita 

Microcalicium disseminatum Mikrokalykso S dissemita 

Micropeltopsis cetrariicola Mikropeltsopsho S ketraria o 

Microtelia minor Mikroteljo S malgranda 

Microthyrium cetrariae Mikrotyrso S ketraria o 

Microthyrium maculans Mikrotyrso S makulara 

Mollisia collematis Molisio S koljemma o 

Mollisia lesdainii Molisio S lekanora o 

Muellerella atricola Myleriello S nigraspetsia o 

Muellerella hospitans Myleriello S gastanta 

Muellerella lichenicola Myleriello S likenolodzha 

Muellerella polyspora Myleriello S multspora 

Muellerella pygmaea Myleriello S pigmea 

Muellerella stictinae Myleriello S stiktazza o 

Muellerella triseptata Myleriello S trivanda 

Muellerella vesicularia Myleriello S vezika 

Mycobilimbia acervata Mykobinalembo S stakita 

55

Mycobilimbia amoldiana Mykobinalembo S briladiska 

Mycobilimbia endocarpicola Mykobinalembo S enfrukta 

Mycobilimbia subfuscae Mykobinalembo S bruneta 

Mycobilimbia tetramera Mykobinalembo S kwarparta 

Myxotrichum bicolor Mykotrixo S dukolora 

Nanostictis peltigerae Pumelostikto S peltsogera o 

Nectria epicallopisma Neksarro S epikaliopsha o 

Nectria insidiosa Neksarro S insidega 

Nectria lecanodes Neksarro S harofrukta 

Nectria indigens Neksarro S enlanda 

Nectria lichenophila Neksarro S likenoshata 

Nectria parmeliae Neksarro S almiela 

Nectria rigidiuscula Neksarro S rigideta 

Nectria rubefasciens Neksarro S rudzhaspekta 

Nectriella erythrinella Neksello S eritrinna o 

Nectriella leptaleae Neksello S leptalla 

Nectriella ornamentata Neksello S ornamita 

Nectriella robergei Neksello S orandzhafrukta 

Nectriella santessoni Neksello S rudzhafrukta 

Nectriella subimperspicua Neksello S nekomprenebla 

Nectriella tenacis Neksello S tenatsa 

Nectriella tenuispora Neksello S fajnaspora 

Nectriella tincta Neksello S punta 

Nectriella verrucariae Neksello S hevlarra o 

Neolamya peltigerae Neolamio S peltsogera o 

Nesolechia cerasina Nezolekto S brunepiteka 

Nesolechia coccocarpiae Nezolekto S koktsokarpa o 

Nesolechia diversispora Nezolekto S diversaspora 

Nesolechia oxyspora Nezolekto S -shpinilospora 

Nesolechia oxysporiza Nezolekto S -shpinilospora 

Nesolechia xenophona Nezolekto S verdepiteka 

56

Niesslia cladoniicola Nislio S kladonna o 

Niptera lichenicola Niptero S kladonna o 

Niptera microscopica Niptero S malgrandeta 

Nitschkiopsis stictarum Nitshkiopsho S stiktazza o 

Norrlinia peltigericola Norlinio S peltsogera o 

Obryzum corniculatum Obryzo S korniketsa 

Opegrapha brevis Opegrafo S mallonga 

Opegrapha brigantina Opegrafo S brigantia o 

Opegrapha maculans Opegrafo S makula 

Opegrapha melanospila Opegrafo S nigramakula 

Opegrapha pulvinata Opegrafo S remburazha 

Opegrapha quaternella Opegrafo S kwaropa 

Opegrapha rinodinae Opegrafo S kirlileda 

Opegrapha saxatilis Opegrafo S rokoshata 

Opegrapha stigmodes Opegrafo S tsikatra 

Opegrapha thelotrematis Opegrafo S teljotremta o 

Ophiobolus aspiciliae Ofibolo S harashilda 

Ophiobolus barbarus Ofibolo S barbara 

Ophiobolus thallicola Ofibolo S tsalolodzha 

Orbicula buellia Orbikko S buelia o 

Orbicula variolariae Orbikko S pustula 

Orbilia coccinella Orbilio S purpurakerna 

Orbilia peltigerae Orbilio S peltsogera o 

Paranectria affinis Paranekso S parentsa 

Paranectria oropensis Paranekso S shpinilospora 

Paranectria superba Paranekso S superba 

Pezizella epithallina Pezizio S surtsala 

Phacopsis campestricola Pfakopsho S kamparaspetsia 

Phacopsis crustulosae Pfakopsho S krustoplenaspetsia 

Phacopsis ericetorum Pfakopsho S erikeja 

Phacopsis geographici Pfakopsho S teroglobospetsia 

57

Phacopsis huuskonenii Pfakopsho S helahimenura 

Phacopsis lesdainii Pfakopsho S purpurahimenura 

Phacopsis usneae Pfakopsho S usnea o 

Phacopsis vulpina Pfakopsho S vulporudzhaspetsia 

Phaespora caninae Fajosporo S ordinaregaspetsia 

Phaespora catolechiae Fajosporo S kawtolekta o 

Phaespora consocians Fajosporo S kunligidzha 

Phaespora corae Fajosporo Spupila 

Phaespora decolorans Fajosporo S senkoloriga 

Phaespora exoriens Fajosporo S entruda 

Phaespora fritzei Fajosporo S densagrupa 

Phaespora granulosae Fajosporo S grajnetsaspetsia 

Phaespora parasitica Fajosporo S parazita 

Phaespora parmeliarum Fajosporo S parmelia o 

Phaespora peltigericola Fajosporo S peltsogera o 

Phaespora peregrina Fajosporo S fremda 

Phaespora rimosicola Fajosporo S fendolodzha 

Phaespora subantarctica Fajosporo S sudapolusa 

Phaespora supersparsa Fajosporo S dissemita 

Phaespora triplicantis Fajosporo S trioblidzha 

Phaesporis interlatens Fajosporisso S interkshitaspetsia 

Phaesporis melasperma Fajosporisso S nigrasemaspetsia 

Phaesporis phaeosperma Fajosporisso S rudzhasemaspetsia 

Phaesporis podzimekii Fajosporisso S kwartsita 

Pharcidia arthoniae Farkiddo S artonia o 

Pharcidia coarctate Farkiddo S kunpremita 

Pharcidia collematis Farkiddo S gluifita 

Pharcidia coniodes Farkiddo S konusetsa 

Pharcidia constrictella Farkiddo S kunligita 

Pharcidia cupularis Farkiddo S pokaletsa 

Pharcidia dealbans Farkiddo S kurbaspora 

58

Pharcidia ephebes Farkiddo S belajunula 

Pharcidia epiramalina Farkiddo S -ramnalla o 

Pharcidia epiramalina Farkiddo S -ramnalla o 

Pharcidia frigida Farkiddo S fridama 

Pharcidia haesitans Farkiddo S alglua 

Pharcidia hygrophila Farkiddo S humidoshata 

Pharcidia lacustris Farkiddo S lagoshata 

Pharcidia lichenicola Farkiddo S likenolodzha 

Pharcidia maritima Farkiddo S tshemara 

Pharcidia microspora Farkiddo S etaspora 

Pharcidia porocyphi Farkiddo S kurbaspora 

Pharcidia punctillum Farkiddo S puntizita 

Pharcidia ramalinae Farkiddo S -ramnalla o 

Pharcidia rivolorum Farkiddo S rivereta 

Pharcidia thallina Farkiddo S tiga 

Pharcidia verrucarium Farkiddo S veruka 

Phragmonaevia fuckelii Fragmonajvo S najlospora 

Phragmonaevia peltigerae Fragmonajvo S peltsogera o 

Physalospora aspiciliae Fysosporo S aspidotsilia o 

Physalospora collematis Fysosporo S koljemma o 

Physalospora friesii Fysosporo S senvandaspora 

Physalospora lecanorae Fysosporo S lekanora o 

Physalospora leptogiophila Fysosporo S sekagrunda 

Physalospora xanthoriae Fysosporo S ksantorra o 

Plagiostoma cahirensis Plagjostomo S egitpuja 

Plagiostoma conductrix Plagjostomo S kunigita 

Plagiostoma prasiolae Plagjostomo S ajletsa 

Plagiostoma solorinae Plagjostomo S solorina o 

Plectocarpon lichenum Pleksokarpo S likena 

Plectocarpon pseudosticta Pleksokarpo S shajnamakula 

Pleoscutula arsenii Pleiskutlo S heteroderma o 

59

Pleospilis ascaridiella Pleishpilo S vermoforma 

Pleosphaeria lichenothricis Pleisfero S likenotrixa o 

Pleospora collematum Pleisporo S koljemma o 

Pleospora crozalsii Pleisporo S disstarafrukta 

Pleospora leptogiicola Pleisporo S leptogga o 

Pleospora peripherica Pleisporo S tshirkawanta 

Plowrightia mereschkowskyi Plorixtio S surshela 

Polyblastia diminuta Polyblasta S malgrandigita 

Polyblastia discrepans Pleisporo S malakorda 

Polycoccum arnoldii Polykoktso S netavanda 

Polycoccum bryonthae Polykoktso S muskokotaspetsia 

Polycoccum cartilaginosum Polykoktso S kartilaga 

Polycoccum cladoniae Polykoktso S kladonia o 

Polycoccum crassum Polykoktso S ornamispora 

Polycoccum dzieduszyckii Polykoktso S elipsaspora 

Polycoccum epicrassum Polykoktso S surdikazha 

Polycoccum galligenum Polykoktso S gajlofara 

Polycoccum gelidarium Polykoktso S glatsiejaspetsia 

Polycoccum innatum Polykoktso S ennaskita 

Polycoccum jamesii Polykoktso S multafrukta 

Polycoccum kerneri Polykoktso S tsaljodetrua 

Polycoccum marmoratum Polykoktso S marmora 

Polycoccum microsticticum Polykoktso S etapuntara 

Polycoccum opulentum Polykoktso S fruktoplena 

Polycoccum peltigerae Polykoktso S peltsogera o 

Polycoccumrugulosarium Polykoktso S fajnafalda 

Polycoccum sporastatiae Polykoktso S sporostatsa 

Polycoccum squamarioides Polykoktso S skwametsa 

Polycoccum tinantii Polykoktso S verukospora 

Polycoccum trypethelioides Polykoktso S tsalobora 

Polycoccum umbilicarae Polykoktso S omfalarra o 

60

Polycoccum vermicularium Polykoktso S vermetsa 

Polycoccum versisporum Polykoktso S diversaspora 

Polyschistes mairei Polysxizo S elstarafrukta 

Protothelenella crocae Prototeljenno S safrana 

Protothelenella santessoni Prototeljenno S surskwama 

Pyrenidium actinellum Pirnedjo S radiara 

Pyrenidium hetairizans Pirnedjo S okopaspora 

Pyrgidium montellicum Pyrgedjo S montetaspetsia 

Rhagadostoma lichenicola Ragostomo S likena 

Rhizocarpon advenulum Ridzokarpo S zhusveninta 

Rhizocarpon malenconianum Ridzokarpo S galjlofara 

Rhizocarpon schedomyces Ridzokarpo S apudfunga 

Rhynchomeliola lichenicola Rynxomelyo S surlikena 

Rinodina insularis Rinodino S surlikena 

Rosellinia aspera Roselinio S kruda 

Rosellinia cladoniae Roselinio S kladonna o 

Rosellinia nephromatis Roselinio S nefromma o 

Rosellinula frustulosae Roseliniullo S disspetsigitaspetsia 

Rosellinula haplospora Roseliniullo S simplaspora 

Rosellinula kalbii Roseliniullo S multaspora 

Rosellinula lopadii Roseliniullo S multabrantsha 

Sarcopyrenia gibba Sarxopirno S dzhiba 

Sarea aurellae Sareo S avrumaspetsia 

Scutula affinis Skutlazzo S parentsa 

Scutula aggregata Skutlazzo S amasigita 

Scutula aspicilliae Skutlazzo S aspidotsilia o 

Scutula cristata Skutlazzo S kombila 

Scutula epicladonia Skutlazzo S kladonna o 

Scutula epiphylla Skutlazzo S surfolia 

Scutula episema Skutlazzo S sursema 

Scutula krempelhuberi Skutlazzo S brunepiteta 

61

Scutula leptogica Skutlazzo S maldiketsa 

Scutula leptogii Skutlazzo S leptogea o 

Scutula miliaris Skutlazzo S etagrajna 

Scutula ramalinae Skutlazzo S ramnalla o 

Scutula solorinaria Skutlazzo S solorinarra o 

Scutula stereocaulorum Skutlazzo S sterekawla o 

Scutula tuberculosa Skutlazzo S tuberara 

Skyttea cruciata Skytio S krutsigita 

Skyttea fusispora Skytio S shpinilospora 

Skyttea hawksworthii Skytio S striofrukta 

Skyttea nitschkei Skytio S turbanospora 

Skyttea spinosa Skytio S dorsa 

Skytella muelleri Skytiello S elipsospora 

Sphaerulina chlorococca Sferullo S verdaglobeta 

Sphaerulina dolichotera Sferullo S longaspetsia 

Sphaerulina dubiella Sferullo S maltserta 

Sphaerulina endococcoidea Sferullo S englobetsa 

Sphaerulina intermedia Sferullo S enmeza 

Sphaerulina lepidiotae Sferullo S skwametsa 

Sphaerulina parvipuncta Sferullo S punteta 

Sphaerulina tabacinae Sferullo S tabaka 

Sphinctrina anglica Sfintinno S angluja 

Sphinctrina leucopoda Sfintinno S blankapieda 

Sphinctrina tubiformis Sfintinno S tuboforma 

Sphinctrina turbinata Sfintinno S tsirkla 

Spolverinia punctum Spolverio S punta 

Stegia vermicularis Stegazzo S vermetospetsia 

Stictis cladoniae Stiktisso S kladonna o 

Stigmidium aggregatum Stigmedjo S kungrupa 

Stigmidium allogenum Stigmedjo S malegala 

Stigmidium dispersum Stigmedjo S dissemita 

62

Stigmidium eucline Stigmedjo S beleklina 

Stigmidium fuscatae Stigmedjo S malhelaspetsia 

Stigmidium glebarum Stigmedjo S alglua 

Stigmidium hageniae Stigmedjo S konusofrukta 

Stigmidium icmadophilae Stigmedjo S ikmofila o 

Stigmidium marinum Stigmedjo S tshemara 

Stigmidium peltidae Stigmedjo S peltsogera o 

Stigmidium schaereri Stigmedjo S malegalatshela 

Stigmidium solorinarium Stigmedjo S soljorina o 

Stigmidium stygnospilum Stigmedjo S makulatsha 

Stigmidium superpositum Stigmedjo S supresida 

Stratisporella episemoides Stratsosporo S sursema 

Strongyleuma albipes Strongolewso S blankapieda 

Synaptospora tartaricola Synapsosporo S tartaruja 

Telimena foreaui Telmenno S longaspora 

Teratoschaeta rondoniensis Tatrosheto S multabrantsha 

Thamnogalla crombei Tamnogalgo S vezikiza 

Thelidium parvum Teljedjo S malgranda 

Thelocarpon epibolum Teljokarpo S surholtsa 

Thelocarpon epithallinum Teljokarpo S surtsalja 

Thelocarpon lichenicola Teljokarpo S surlikena 

Trematosphaeria dermatocaponis Tremtosfero S dermatokarpa o 

Trematosphaeria lophiostoma Tremtosfero S vertotrua 

Trichonectria hirta Trixonekso S hirta 

Trichosphaeria lichenum Trixosfero S surlikena 

Tryblidaria capensis Trybliddo S sudafrika 

Tryblidaria lusitanica Trybliddo S portugaluja 

Unguiculariopsis lichenicola Unglopsho S surlikena 

Verrucaria congestula Hevlarro S kunprema 

Weddellomyces epicallopisma Wedelio S kalopia o 

63

64 

4.3 RACES (VARIETIES) OF PEARS 

Alexander Lucas R LYKAS ‘ 

André Desportes R DEPORT ' 

Beurré Hardy R BERARDI ' 

Bonne Louise d’Avranches R DAVRANTSH ' 

Bosc R BOSKU ' 

Bristol Cross R BRISTOS ' 

Charnue R KARNUL ' “fleshy one” 

Clapp’s Favourite R FAVORIT ' 

Clara Frijs R KLARAF ' 

Colorée de juillet R JULIKOLOR ' “July’s colour” 

Comte de Chambord R DESHAMBOR ' 

Comtesse de Paris R PARIZULIN ' “Parisian woman” 

Conférence R KONFERENTS ' 

Conseiller de la Cour R KONSILIST ' “councellor 

Doyenné de Comice R DUKOMIS ' 

Doyenné de juillet R JULIDEKAN ' “July’s deacon” 

Doyenné de Mérode R DEMEROT ' 

Dr. Jules Huyot R WIJOT ' 

Durandeau R DURANDU ' 

Early Market R FRUMERKAT ' 

Épargne R ELSHPAR '’ “savings” 

Eva Baltet R EVABALT ' 

Gieser Wildemanspeer R SOVADZHUL ' “savage one” 

Giffard R GIFART ' 

Gøteborgs Diamant R DIAMANT ' “diamond” 

Gråpäron R GRIZPIR ' “grey pear” 

Hodge R HODZHU ' 

Hofstade R HOFSTAT ' 

Höstbergamott R HOSTAMOT ' 

Joséphine de Malines R JOSMALIN ' 

Laxton’s Superb R LAKSTON ' 

Légipont R LEGIPONT ' 

Lübecker Bergamott R LYBEKOT '

Marguerite Marillat R MARILAT ' 

Marie-Louise R MARILIS ' 

Moltke R MOLKE ' 

Påskpäron R PASKOPIR ' “Easter pear” 

Précoce de Trévoux R FRUAPER ' “early arrival” 

Saint-Rémy R SANTREM ' 

Seckel R SETSKEL ' 

Skånskt R PLEJBEL ' “loveliest” 

Sockerpäron R SUKERPIR ' “sugar pear” 

Souvenir du Congrès R KONGRESAN ' “Congressist” 

Triomphe de Vienne R VIENAVENK ' “Viennese triumph” 

Tyson R TAJSON ' 

Williams R WILIAMS ' 

Winter Williams R WINTERWIL ' 

Worden Seckel R WORDENSEK ' 

The only rule for [spelling correctly] the gender of 

generic names, it appears to me, is: 

one must memorise the genders case by case ! 

[The same goes for] different gender terminations of 

nouns from the classic languages. 

[F BOERNER] 

65

66 

5.1 – Specimens for Zoology 

BIRDS 

High taxon layout based on: 

Encyclopédie Bordas, Paris - Volume 1 - “La vie animale” 

> Barring mistakes and omissions ! < 

AVES B AVJARZHOJ / BIRDOJ 

Archaeornithes L Arxornituloj 

Archaeopterygiformes O + Arxoptereskoj 

Neornithes L Neornituloj 

Leptopterygales O + Leptopteruloj 

Sphenisciformes O Sfenikkeskoj 

Spheniscidae [F]Sfenikkeskoj 

Struthioniformes O Struteskoj 

Apterygidae F Aeptereskoj 

Casuariidae F Kaswareskoj 

Dromalidae F Dromalleskoj 

Rheidae F Rejazzeskoj 

Struthionidae [F]Struteskoj 

Tinamiformes O Tinameskoj 

Tinamiidae [F]Tinameskoj 

Stenopterygales O + Stenopteruloj 

Anseriformes O Ansereskoj 

Anatidae F Anaseskoj 

Anhimidae F Anhimeskoj 

Anseridae [F] Ansereskoj 

Apudiformes O Apuseskoj 

Apodidae [F]Apuseskoj 

Caprimulgiformes O Erifomulgeskoj 

Caprimulgidae [F]Erifomulgeskoj

Charadriiformes O Xaradrusseskoj 

Alcidae F Alkeskoj 

Charadriidae [F]Xaradrusseskoj 

Laridae F Larusseskoj 

Scolopacidae F Sklopakkeskoj 

Ciconiiformes O Tsikonieskoj 

Ardeidae F Ardeeskoj 

Balaenicipitidae F Tsetotsepseskoj 

Ciconiidae [F] Tsikonieskoj 

Coliiformes O Kolieskoj 

Coliidae [F] Kolieskoj 

Columbiformes O Kolombeskoj 

Columbidae [F] Kolombeskoj 

Pterochidae F Pteroxeskoj 

Coraciiformes O Korakeskoj 

Alcedinidae F Altsedeskoj 

Coraciidae [F]Korakeskoj 

Meropidae F Meropeskoj 

Upupidae F Upupeskoj 

Cuculiformes O Kukoleskoj 

Cuculidae [F]Kukoleskoj 

Falconiformes O Falkeskoj 

Accipitridae F Aktsipitreskoj 

Cathartidae F Kataresseskoj 

Falconiidae [F] Falkeskoj 

Sagittariidae F Sagitarreskoj 

Galliformes O Galjusseskoj 

Galliidae [F] Galjusseskoj 

Megapodidae F Megapodeskoj 

Phasianidae F Fazaneskoj 

Tetraonidae F Tetronneskoj 

67

Gaviifomres O Gavieskoj 

Gaviidae [F] Gavieskoj 

Gruiformes O Gruseskoj 

Gruidae [F] Gruseskoj 

Rallidae F Raluseskoj 

Passeriformes O Pasereskoj 

Alaudidae F Alawdeskoj 

Bombycillidae F Bombikilleskoj 

Certhiidae F Tsertieskoj 

Corvidae F Korveskoj 

Fringillidae F Fringeskoj 

Hirundinidae F Hirundeskoj 

Laniidae F Laniusseskoj 

Menuridae F Menuvreskoj 

Motacillidae F Tsinokawdeskoj 

Muscicapidae F Musxotsapseskoj 

Oriolidae F Avrolleskoj 

Paradisaeidae F Paradizezzeskoj 

Paridae F Parueskoj 

Passeridae [F] Pasereskoj 

Prunellidae F Prunelleskoj 

Regulidae F Redzhulleskoj 

Sittidae F Sititeskoj 

Sturnidae F Sturneskoj 

Sylviidae F Silvazzeskoj 

Troglodytidae F Troglodyteskoj 

Turdidae F Turdeskoj 

Pelecaniformes O Pelikaneskoj 

Pelecanidae [F] Pelikaneskoj 

Phalacrocoracidae F Falakrokorakeskoj 

Sulidae F Sulaeskoj 

68

Phoenicopteriformes O Fenitsoptereskoj 

Phoenicopteridae [F] Fenitsoptereskoj 

Piciformes O Pigeskoj 

Indicatoridae F Indikatteskoj 

Picidae [F] Pigeskoj 

Ramphastidae F Ramfasseskoj 

Podicipediformes O Poditsopodeskoj 

Podicipedidae [F] Poditsopodeskoj 

Procellariiformes O Protselarreskoj 

Diomedeidae F Diomedeskoj 

Hydrobatidae F Hidrobasheskoj 

Procellariidae [F] Protselarreskoj 

Psittaciformes O Psitakeskoj 

Psittacidae [F] Psitakeskoj 

Strigiformes O Strigeskoj 

Strigidae [F] Strigeskoj 

Trochiliformes O Troxilleskoj 

Trochilidae [F] Troxilleskoj 

Trogoniformes O Trogoneskoj 

Trogonidae [F] Trogoneskoj 

69

70 

5.2 - SEA GULLS 

Low taxon list based on the award winning 

determination handbook by 

Peter Harrison: Seabirds, an identification guide 

Christopher Helm, London 1983 

> Barring mistakes and omissions ! < 

Laridae Familio Larusseskoj 

Anous minutus Aenoho S blankakufa 

Anous stolidus Aenoho S fajnabeka 

Anous tenuirostris Aenoho S brunakrura 

Chlidonias hybridus Xlidonno S hibrida 

Chlidonias leucopterus Xlidonno S blankaflugila 

Chlidonias niger Xlidonno S nigra 

Gygis alba Gygeso S blanka 

Larosterna inca Laroshterno S blanka 

Larus argentatus Larusso S ardzhenta 

argentatus argentatus S+ ardzhentetsa 

argentatus atlantis S+ lardzhagonura 

argentatus cachinnans S+ pliblanka 

argentatus heuglini S+ gelbakrura 

argentatus michahellis S+ pligriza 

argentatus mongolicus S+ pligranda 

argentatus smithsonianus S+ nordamerika 

argentatus taimyrensis S+ rozakrura 

argentatus vegae S+ plivigla 

Larus atricilla Larusso S ridanta 

Larus audouinii Larusso S rudzhokula 

Larus belcheri Larusso S rubandovosta 

Larus brevirostris Larusso S kurtabeka 

Larus brunnicephalus Larusso S brunakapa

Larus bulleri Larusso S nigrabeka 

Larus californicus Larusso S rudzhafemura 

Larus canus Larusso [S] mildarigarda 

canus brachyrhynchus S+ kurtanaza 

canus kamtschatschensis S+ kamtshatka 

Larus cirrocephalus Larusso S grizakapa 

cirrocephalus cirrocephalus S+ tsindrokolora 

cirrocephalus poiocephalus S+ herbokolora 

Larus crassirostris Larusso S nigravosta 

Larus delawarensis Larusso S bendobeka 

Larus dominicanus Larusso S gelbokula 

Larus fuliginosus Larusso S fulgoplena 

Larus furcatus Larusso S forkovosta 

Larus fuscus Larusso S nigramantela 

fuscus graellsii S+ sweltaflugila 

Larus genei Larusso S gratsilabeka 

Larus glaucescens Larusso S glakalaflugila 

Larus glaucoides Larusso S blankaflugila 

glaucoides kumlieni S+ brunareta 

Larus heermanni Larusso S buntabeka 

Larus hemprichi Larusso S fulgetsa 

Larus hyperboreus Larusso S gelbomatorba 

Larus ichtyaethus Larusso S fishagla 

Larus leucophthalmus Larusso S blankokula 

Larus macullipennis Larusso S brunatshapa 

Larus marinus Larusso S nigradorsa 

Larus melanocephalus Larusso S nigrakapa 

Larus minutus Larusso S malgranda 

Larus modestus Larusso S griza 

Larus novaehollandiae Larusso S purpurabeka 

novaehollandiae forsteri S+ awstralia 

71

72 

novaehollandiae hartlaubii S+ koloshnura 

novaehollandiae scopolinus S+ novzilenda 

Larus occidentalis Larusso S rozomatorba 

occidentalis livens S+ gelbakrura 

Larus pacificus Larusso S bekega 

Larus philadelphia Larusso S blankazona 

Larus pipixcan Larusso S binokla 

Larus relictus Larusso S longapieda 

Larus ridibundus Larusso S ridatshanta 

Larus sabini Larusso S trikolora 

Larus saundersi Larusso S nigrapolma 

Larus schistisagus Larusso S ardezodorsa 

Larus scoresbi Larusso S rudzhabeka 

Larus serranus Larusso S montara 

Larus thayeri Larusso S grizokula 

Larus tridactyla Larusso S trifingra 

tridactyla pollicaris S+ nigraprimala 

tridactyla tridactyla S+ (subspetsinoma) 

Pagophila eburnea Pagosofilo S ebura 

Phaetusa spec. Fajtusso S {spetsinoma) 

Procelsterna cerulea Protseloshterno S blugriza 

Rhodostetia rosea Rjodosteto S roza 

Sterna albifrons Shternazzo S blankafrunta 

Sterna albostriata Shternazzo S blankastria 

Sterna aleutica Shternazzo S aleutuja 

Sterna anaethetus Shternazzo S brunaflugila 

Sterna aurantia Shternazzo S orandzhabeka 

Sterna balaenarum Shternazzo S nigrakapa 

Sterna bengalensis Shternazzo S tufeta 

Sterna bergii Shternazzo S nukotufa

Sterna bernsteini Shternazzo S nigrapinta 

Sterna caspia Shternazzo S sangobeka 

Sterna dougalli Shternazzo S rozetsa 

Sterna elegans Shternazzo S eleganta 

Sterna eurygnatha Shternazzo S lardzhamaksela 

Sterna forsteri Shternazzo S nigramaska 

Sterna fuscata Shternazzo S brunega 

Sterna hirundinacea Shternazzo S hirundetsa o 

Sterna hirundo Shternazzo S hirunda o 

Sterna lorata Shternazzo S zonizita 

Sterna lunata Shternazzo S maskoporta 

Sterna maxima Shternazzo S redzha 

Sterna melanogastra Shternazzo S nigraventra 

Sterna nereis Shternazzo S orandzhakrura 

Sterna nilotica Shternazzo S mevobeka 

Sterna paradisaea Shternazzo S paradiza 

Sterna repressa Shternazzo S blankavanga 

Sterna sandvicensis Shternazzo S palapinta 

Sterna striata Shternazzo S sulketa 

Sterna sumatrana Shternazzo S nukobenda 

Sterna superciliaris Shternazzo S gelbabeka 

Sterna trudeaui Shternazzo S nedzhotshapa 

Sterna virgata Shternazzo S rubanda 

Sterna vittata Shternazzo S girlanda 

73

74 

5.3 - RACES (VARIETIES) OF DOGS 

Airedale R ARDAL ‘ 

Barbet R BARBET ' “little beard” 

Basset R BASET ' 

Barzoï R BARZOJ ' 

Basenji R BASENZHU ' 

Beagle R BIGEL ' 

Bobtail R NODVOST ' “knot-tail” 

Boston-terrier R BOSTER ' 

Boxer R BOKSIST ' “fist-fighter” 

Bull-terrier R BULTER ' 

Cairn-terrier R KERNTER ' 

Chihuahua R TSHIWAN ' 

Chow-chow R TSHOTSHO ' 

Collie R KOLI ' 

Deerhound R TSERVUL ' “deer-one” 

Doberman-pincher R DOBERPINTSH ' 

Dogue R DOGU ' 

Fox-terrier R FOKSTER ' 

Griffon R GRIFON ' 

Hushpuppy R HUSHPUP ‘ 

Husky R HUSKI ' 

Kerryblue R KERIBLU ' 

King Charles R KINTSHAR ' 

Lévrier R LEPORUL ' “hare-one” 

Loulou R LULU ' 

Mastiff R MASTIF ' 

Molosse R MOLOS ' 

Newfoundlander R NJUFON ' 

Papillon R PAPILIUL ' “butterfly-one” 

Pincher R PINTSHIST ' “pincher” 

Pointer R MONTRIST ' “indicator” 

Pomeranian R POMERAN '

Poodle R PUDEL ' 

Pug-dog R MOPS ' 

Retriever R REAKIR ' “win-back” 

Ridge-back R KRESTODORS ' “ridge-back” 

Saint-Bernard R BERNARDUL ' “Bernard-one” 

Samoyede R SAMOJED ' 

Schipperke R SHIPIST ' “boat-man” 

Schnauzer R MUZELUL ' “snout-one” 

Sealyham-terrier R SILIHAM ' 

Setter R METIST ' “putter” 

Shepherd R SHAFHUND ' “sheep-dog” 

Skye-terrier R TSHIELTER ' “sky-earth” 

Spaniel R HISPANUL ' “Spaniard” 

Terrier R TERJER ' 

Welsh Corgi R WELKOR ' 

Wippet R WIPET ' 

Linguists, who didn’t know biology, 

and biologists, who didn’t know linguistics, 

have created a situation harmful to both disciplines. 

[F.C. WERNER] 

75

76 

6 - Reading Coffee Grounds 

Extremely simple and efficient though the new Trimeral 

System may be, we cannot disguise from ourselves the fact 

that a wide gap yawns between mere exposition and actual 

application. What steps are there to take? What obstacles 

might be encountered? 

Presumably the first step would be to organize a worldwide 

think-tank of specialists from ALL the biological disciplines 

— none left out — including people from Asia and Africa, 

not just from the Western World, but all willing to undertake 

the great change-over. May we see the advent of this 

dream in the coming BioCode Symposium, planned in 

Greece for the year 2002? Surely the existence of INTERNET 

makes such an undertaking theoretically feasible and 

exchange of ideas, if not task division, fast and efficient. 

Whatever the way of launching the ship, that Body should 

absolutely include accomplished philologists, for running a 

fine comb through the enormous amount of latinized names, 

in order to establish their etymological meanings — or their 

lack of such. These people know how to say it, where 

biologists know what to say ... 

Finally, with (about) all the old names reframed or replaced 

by better ones, and the taxon structures reconsidered, 

expanded, consolidated, unified, there looms the longwinded 

labour of painstakingly feeding all these data into 

the Central Databank mentioned at the beginning. Or, 

perhaps more probably, this compilation might progress 

parallel to the drafts submitted and... agreed upon by some 

majority of participants.

Anyway, oppositions will certainly be numerous and fierce, 

from many directions. There will be the celebrated 

academicians who spent a lifetime among the classic 

names, producing important works of reference based on 

them, and now seeing their work apparently outstripped. 

There will be the bookworms: heart and soul devoted to 

sifting through endless shelves of archives, for establishing 

whoever was first in line for the cherished Law of Priority, 

and whose endeavours will become null and void or at least 

reduced to life in the margin. There will be even those 

publishers and bookshops kicking back, because of their 

valuable stocks of handbooks growing obsolete almost 

overnight. 

So, we do not cherish high hopes about the established 

Scientific Community, bound by age-old traditions. More 

likely than not the initiative would come from enthusiastic 

outsiders. Time will tell. That is... if this small brochure 

succeeds in reaching public attention, since Conspiracy of 

Silence is a very powerful means for keeping even the most 

promising project in solitary confinement. 

* * * * * * * 

77

Whoever gets confronted with the subject, cannot avoid at 

present to make his or her personal choice between the 

following old and new items: 

Over ¾ trouble with 

Less than ¼ trouble with 

inflectional Latin grammar. agglutinative Uniespo grammar. 

Very intricate and even 

Very simple and 

chaotic spelling. 

regular spelling. 

Complicated pronunciations. Clear prononciation scheme. 

Different endings for different A typical symbol for each taxon 

taxons with uncertainty. 

without special endings. 

Never secure Law of Priority 

Stable Law of Reference 

(minority vote). 

(majority vote). 

Capricious rules 

Logical rules 

with many exceptions. 

with hardly any exceptions. 

Complicated Latin dictionary. Easy to use ITK word-lists. 

Memory straining handbooks. Memory helping handbook. 

A host of uncontrollable 

Well organized 

name variations. 

name variabilities. 

Almost impossible material 

Highly adapted material 

for automatic treatment 

for automatic treatment 

by computer. 

by computer. 

Taxonomy restricted to 

Taxonomy operative for any 

botany or to zoology or to 

and all living things... 

virology or to ... 

and beyond. 

Dear reader, think about it! 

79

80 

Excerpt from the International Key 

ae• not bry•2 flowering 

agan• charm daktyl•1 finger 

akant•1 thorn daktyl•2 datefruit 

akant•2 rub del•1 apparent 

aktin•1 bright del•2 allure 

aktin•2 needle dermat• fur 

ambly• blunt didm•1 couple 

amnj• river didm•2 testicle 

angw• serpent din•1 frightening 

ant•1 flower din•2 rolling 

ant•2 decoration dipl• double 

ap•1 away dix• divide 

ap•2 extremity dots• girder 

api• berry drom•1 arena 

aps+ absolute drom•2 port 

arta• bread dy• two 

artr• joint egyr• collective 

arx• master ekt• outward 

arž• person entom• insect 

aski• exercice epi•1 add 

avj• bird epi•2 eminent 

awr•1 hearing erif• goat 

awr•2 ear ery• pull 

bary• heavy exin• viper 

baš• foundation faj•1 brown 

bi• life faj•2 happy 

bina• two fajt• bright 

blast• bud falakr• barren 

blefar• eyelid faner• display 

bol•1 drive fark• furrow 

bol•2 current fenits• purple 

bry•1 moss fil•1 adept 

fil•2 fiber kawd• tail 

fluvj• river kerat• horn

for• carry kerk•1 tail 

fragm•1 break kerk•2 shuttle 

fragm•2 wall klad• branch 

ftor• damage klavj•1 bludgeon 

fyk• seaweed klavj•2 bolt 

fys•1 balloon klemat• branch 

fys•2 inflation klype• shield 

fyt• plant koel• cavity 

galg• chicken kokts• berry 

gam• marriage koris• bug 

gastr• belly krypt•1 bury 

gen• product krypt•2 cover 

ger•1 carry ksif• dagger 

ger•2 old kykl• wheel 

geton• neighbour kyn• dog 

graf• design lani• kill 

gram• drawing lar•1 gull 

helv•1 revel lar•2 agreeable 

helv•2 nail lasi• bristling 

hemi• half laxn•1 fluff 

hevl•1 bog laxn•2 burrow 

hevl•2 wart legn• fringe 

hidr•1 water lekš• read(ing) 

hidr•2 sweat lekt•1 bed 

hol• all lekt•2 idiom 

hydn• truffle lemf• glanders 

hyf• filament lepid• bast 

hystr•1 womb lept•1 slender 

hystr•2 recent lept•2 trifle 

ixtj• fish lews• flat 

iz• equal lit• stone 

kalyks• chalice lokl• chamber 

katl• dish lyk• wolf 

meg• big ort•1 square 

melan• black ort•2 correct 

mely• honey pagos•1 freeze 

81

82 

mer•1 part pagos•2 hill 

mer•2 shinbone para•1 beside 

meta•1 across para•2 obligatory 

meta•2 less water pelts• protection 

mikr• small perdn•1 bladder 

mirj• multitude perdn•2 fart 

mitj• sweet pern•1 thigh 

mona• one pern•2 nail 

mulg• milk pfak• freckle 

myk• mushroom pfal• penis 

myš• closed pikr•1 bitter 

najv• sign pikr•2 sharp 

ne• new pirn• gist 

nefr•1 kidney plagj•1 slanting 

nefr•2 horrible plagj•2 steal 

neks•1 proportion platy• flat 

neks•2 knotted plei• augment 

nemt• thread pleks•1 net(work) 

nez• island pleks•2 basket 

od• direction pod• foot 

ofi• serpent podits• arse 

olog•1 phenomenon poly• many 

olog•2 knowledge potam• stream 

omat• eye prot• original 

omfal• navel protsel• gale 

onim• name psam• sand 

ope• needle psewd• apparent 

opš•1 appearence psitak• parrot 

opš•2 examine psor• eczema 

orb•1 circle pter• wing 

orb•2 ball pters• fern 

ornit• bird pyr•1 fire 

pyr•2 grain strats•2 army 

pyrg• tower strong• tube 

rafj•1 needle sxiz• split 

rafj•2 seam syn+ together

ag•1 cleave tafr• furrow 

rag•2 berry takts•1 diligent 

ramf• beak takts•2 arrange 

rej•1 flow tatr• bogey 

rej•2 juice telj•1 nipple 

ridz• root telj•2 skin 

rin•1 nose telm• marsh 

rin•2 leather terj• animal 

rjod•1 rose tremt• perforation 

rjod•2 splash trix•1 hair 

rynx• snout trix•2 cotton 

sagit• arrow trogl• cavern 

sapr• putrefy trox• disk 

sarx• flesh try• three 

saxar• sugar trybl• plate 

šet• tail tsamp•1 meander 

sfen• wedge tsamp•2 caterpillar 

sfint• compressed tseps• head 

sifn• mole tset• whale 

silv• forest tsin• move 

sklop• mole tšol•1 dwell 

skutl• lozenge tšol•2 hill 

špil•1 stain tsyf• hump 

špil•2 cape turš• shuttle 

steg• roof tyr•1 door 

sten•1 narrow tyr•2 cheese 

sten•2 intense tyrs•1 bush 

stet• breast tyrs•2 window 

stikt• point ungl• hoof 

stom• mouth ured•1 burn 

strats•1 echelon ured•2 coal 

ustil• rust xlor•2 fresh 

uvr• tail xom• equal 

valr• eagle xomr• nearby 

xaen• yawn xytr• box 

xaradr• abyss zo• animal 

83

84 

xers• desert -edj small 

xlid• impose -isk tiny 

xlor•1 green -ojk period 

Sketch by Darwin

"If it cannot be accomplished in the coming decades that the 

tools of terminology (terminological principles, methods and 

formats) are fully applied on both national and international 

levels, so that terminologies become reliable, then serious 

difficulties in regard to subject communication can occur, 

and even a complete breakdown can be expected. This 

situation is mainly due to the rapid progress achieved in all 

areas of human activity, which caused an abundance of 

new concepts. These concepts, however, have to be 

expressed by a very limited number of terms and possible 

combinations of term elements in the various languages. 

These tremendous dynamics within term formation and 

evolution stand in contrast to a static stock of word elements 

from which terms can actually be formed. The stems that 

are available in the various languages amount to a few 

thousand, while the number of concepts known can only be 

expressed in millions. The limits of assigning terms to 

concepts in an unambiguous way will be reached very 

quickly if this development proceeds further at such a rate." 

86 

[Professor H. Felber, former director of UNESCO's 

INFOTERM, in: 

Infoterm; Ten years of activities – Vienna 1982] 

It is to this predicament, that the International 

Terminological Key and its system try to bring 

an efficient and radical solution, far beyond the 

scope and reach of any present day 

proposal; a solution truly tailored to the needs 

of the 21st Century…

the TRIMERAL SYSTEM in BIOLOGICAL TAXONOMY - universala ...

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