Forest Products from Latin America. Annotated Bibliography of ...

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Forest Service 

Forest 

Products 

Laboratory 

Forest Products 

from Latin America 

General Annotated Bibliography of World 

Technical 

Report 

FPL-GTR-79 

Literature on Research, Industry, 

and Resource of Latin America 

1915 to 1989

Abstract Contents 

This document provides over 4,000 citations from the 

world literature on forest products for Latin America. 

Citations are grouped in 11 subject areas, with empha- 

sis on products made directly from wood. Excluded are 

nonwood products such as rattan, bamboo, nuts, fruits, 

honey, and mushrooms. Also excluded are services from 

the forest, such as watershed protection, recreation, 

tourism, and wildlife. Primary sources of citations in- 

clude USDA-AGRICOLA, CAB, and Forest Products 

Society’s FOREST (AIDS) system, which were searched 

electronically. Citations prior to the late 1960s were 

obtained by manual searches in the Forest Products 

Laboratory’s (FPL) Library and searches of the litera- 

ture cited in documents. 

Citations are arranged by subject areas, author, and 

year. Annotations or abstracts are provided where 

possible. Approximately 4,000 citations are included; 

some citations are listed in more than one subject area, 

as appropriate. 

The persons responsible for compiling this bibliography 

and their area of expertise are as follows: 

Sidney Boone Wood Drying 

Lee Gjovik Wood Preservation 

George Harpole Forest Products Utilization Economics 

James Laundrie Pulp and Paper 

Robert Maeglin Sawmilling and Wood Anatomy 

Ronald Wolfe Wood Housing and Structural 

Engineering 

Keywords: Tropical timber, Latin America, research, 

forest products, processing, manufacturing 

August 1993 

Maeglin, Robert R.; Boone, R. Sidney, eds. 1993. For- 

est products from Latin America–Annotated bibliog- 

raphy of world literature on research, industry, and re- 

source of Latin America 1915 to 1989. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

FPL-GTR-79. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agri- 

culture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 

120 p. 

A limited number of free copies of this publication 

are available to the public from the Forest Products 

Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 

53705-2398. Laboratory publications are sent to more 

than 1,000 libraries in the United States and elsewhere. 

Page 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Anatomy, Mechanical Properties, 

and Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Sawmilling and Machining . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

Wood Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

Wood Preservation–Fungi and Insects . . . . . 53 

Veneer and Plywood Manufacture . . . . . . . . 70 

Reconstituted Board Products . . . . . . . . . 74 

Chemicals and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 

Furniture Manufacture and 

Miscellaneous Products . . . . . . . . . . 100 

Engineered Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 

Miscellaneous Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 

Acknowledgments 

We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Roger 

Scharmer, FPL Head Librarian, and David Jourdan, 

Editorial Assistant, for searching the electronic 

databases and checking the citations for correctness 

and completeness. Our special thanks to Editorial As- 

sistants Noreen Esser and Lenny J. Dyer for their ded- 

ication and effort to bring consistency to this multilan- 

guage document. 

The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in 

cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. 

The policy of the United States Department of Agricul- 

ture Forest Service prohibits discrimination on the basis of 

race, color, national origin, age, religion, sex, or disability, 

familial status, or political affiliation. Persons believing 

they have been discriminated against in any Forest Ser- 

vice related activity should write to: Chief, Forest Service, 

USDA, P.O. Box 96090, Washington, DC 20090-6090.

Forest Products From Latin America 

Annotated Bibliography of World 

Literature on Research, Industry, and 

Resource of Latin America 1915 to 1989 

Robert R. Maeglin. Research Forest Products Technologist, retired 

R. Sidney Boone, Research Forest Products Technologist 

Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin 

Introduction 

This bibliography is the result of efforts to identify 

literature on the history and current state of research 

on processing and engineering technologies for the uti- 

lization of tropical forests in Latin America. The ref- 

erences span a period beginning about 1915 and end- 

ing in 1989. Primary sources of the citations were the 

USDA-AGRICOLA, CAB Information Services, the 

Forest Products Society AIDS system, and the Forest 

Products Laboratory (FPL) data bases. These sources 

were searched electronically. Citations prior to the late 

1960s were obtained by manual searches in the FPL li- 

brary, from literature obtained from Latin American 

institutions, and by searches of the literature cited in 

documents. 

This bibliography is primarily concerned with products 

made directly from the wood of trees. For example, ref- 

erences on wood pulp for the manufacture of paper are 

included, but not references on the manufacture of pa- 

per itself. Although we recognize that nonwood prod- 

ucts and forest-related services contribute considerably 

to employment and income in Latin America, these are 

beyond the scope of this publication. We excluded non- 

wood products such as rattan, leaf products, bamboo, 

cork, honey, fruits, mushrooms, nuts, and wildlife. We 

also excluded services from the forests such as water- 

shed protection, recreation, and tourism. 

Although this bibliography is extensive, it is by no 

means exhaustive. A large amount of data has been 

published in-house by laboratories and universities 

throughout Latin America but never listed in the world 

literature. We hope that this document and the previously 

published document Forest Products From Latin 

America-An Almanac of the State of the Knowledge and 

the State of the Art 1 will prompt laboratories and universities 

in Latin America to enter their publications 

in the world literature for the advancement of this 

scientific area. 

1 

Maeglin, Robert R., ed. 1991. Forest products from 

Latin America-An almanac of the state of the knowledge 

and the state of the art. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL- 

GTR-67. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 

151 p.

Anatomy, Mechanical Properties, 

and Physical Properties 

Wood anatomy, mechanical and physical properties of 

wood 

Abascal-Y., R.; Juyo-B., R. 1969. Characteristics of 14 

Colombian woods (Caracteristicas de 14 maderas Colom- 

bianas). Bogota, Colombia: Universidad Distrital. M.S. 

thesis. 

Acosta-S., M. 1950. First numbered list of woods and 

timbers of Ecuador, collected by Prof. Dr. M. Acosta So- 

lis. (Pimera lista numerada de las maderas y lenosas del 

Ecuador colectadas por el Prof. Dr. M. Acosta Solis). 

Flora, Quito. 7(17/20):7-77. 

Acosta-S., M. 1951. First list of the woods of Equador 

(Primera lista numerada de las maderas y lenosas del 

Ecuador). Quito :Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana 10:1-65. 

Acosta-Solis, M. 1951. General instructions for collection 

woody and timber samples (Instrucciones generales para 

coletar muestras lenosas y maderables). Publ. Dep. For. 

Ecuador. 21:4. 

Acosta-Solis, M. 1952. Cataloging and describing trees 

and woods (La enumeracion y descripcion de los arbolas 

y maderas). Publ. Dep. For. Ecuador. 14:11. 

Acosta-Solis, M. 1952. Formation of a wood specimen 

library (collection) (Formacion de la xiloteca). Publ. Dep. 

For. Ecuador. 15:22. 

Acosta-Solis, M. 1960. Economic woods of Ecuador and 

their uses (Maderas economicas del Ecuador y sus usos). 

Quito, Ecuador: Publicaciones Cientificas M.A.S. 329 p. 

Presents a list of trees in regions of Ecuador. Also explains 

how to collect and store woods for scientific collections, 

basic information on wood structure, and general data on 

some species found in Panama. 

Almedia, D.G.; Costa, J.R. 1956. Woods of Brazil 

(Madeiras do Brasil). Brasilia: Ministerio da Agricultura, 

Servico de Economia Rural. 56 p. 

Characteristics and uses of many woods of Brazil are pro- 

vided. Scientific and vernacular names are given for each 

species. 

Amaral, A.C.; Ferreira, M.; Couto, H.T.Z. do. 1977. 

Methods of evaluating the basic density of wood of popula- 

tions of tropical pines. (Metodos de avaliacao da densidade 

basica da madeira de populacoes de pinheiros tropicais). 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Flo- 

restais, Piracicaba. 15:47-67. 

Describes studies of specific gravity from 8 species of Pi- 

nus (ages 5 to 14 years) from the Agudos area of Sao Paulo 

state, Brazil. Increment cores and discs from breast height 

were used for sampling and comparisons. Regression equa- 

tions were developed expressing the relationships. Equa- 

tions relating the density obtained by the two sampling 

methods are presented. 

Anon. 1973. Information from the technological investiga- 

tion gathered by the National Forest Products Laboratory 

for 15 woods of the Rio Suapure region in Bolivar State 

(Ven) (Informe de la investigacion techologica re alizada 

por el laboratorio national de productos forestales sobre 15 

maderas de la region del rio suapure en el estado Bolivar). 

Lab. Nac de Prod. For. Merida. Ven. Min. of Ag. and 

Cria - Univ. de los Andes. 28 p. 

Covers physical and mechanical properties, sawing and 

workability properties; drying and preservation character- 

istics (days to air dry to 20 percent MC). 

Anon. 1973. Kakaralli [Eschweilera spp.]. Forest and Tim- 

ber, Guyana. 1(4):4. 

Briefly summarizes the distribution in Guyana and wood 

properties of six species of this genus. 

Anon. 1975. Book of trees (Libro del arbol). [Buenos 

Aires]: Celulosa Argentina. 3 vol. 

Volume one describes ornamental trees of Argentina while 

volume two covers trees with industrial applications; the 

third volume covers both. Color photos of the tree, and 

sometimes the wood and a map of the range, are provided. 

Anon. 1978. Technological study of 15 timber species from 

the Bajo San Juan area, Choco, Colombia (Estudio tecno- 

logico de 15 especies maderables procedentes de la zona del 

Bajo San Juan, Choco, Colombia). Bogota, Colombia: Uni- 

versidad Distrita “Francisco Jose de Caldas,” Instituto de 

Investigaciones y Proyectos Forestales y Madereros. 190 p. 

Describes 15 species including botany, anatomy, silica con- 

tent, physical and mechanical properties, working character- 

istics, drying, durability, preservation, and general uses of 

the woods. 

Anon. 1978. Timbers of the world. 2. South America. 

High Wycombe, UK: Timber Research and Development 

Association. TRADA Red Booklet Series. 121 p. 

Describes the nomenclature, distribution, general character- 

istics of the tree and the timber, drying, strength and dura- 

bility properties, working qualities and uses of 82 hardwood 

species and 4 softwood species. 

Anon. 1978. Argentine forest trees (Arboles forestales 

Argentinos). In: Anuario, Rural FIAT Buenos Aires, Ar- 

gentina. p. 81-136. 

Describes the forest regions and the characteristic tree 

species (by scientific and common names) for the regions 

of Argentina. Illustrations are shown for 24 indigenous tree 

species in color, with accompanying information on names, 

botanical characteristics, physical and mechanical proper- 

ties, uses of the woods, and distribution of each species. 

Anon. 1978. Characteristics of the principal Chilean 

woods. Chilean Forestry News. 1(9):13. 

The first of a series of brief notes on the general character- 

istics and uses of the principal Chilean woods. 

3

Anon. 1978. Chilean woods. Rauli– Nothofagus alpina 

(Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser. Chilean Forestry News. 

1(10): 12-1 3. 

Describes Nothofagus alpina, in Chile. The species is found 

from Nuble province to Valdivia province, between latitudes 

36 and 40 degrees south in extensive mountain stands. 

Data are presented on tree identification, physical and me- 

chanical properties, uses and marketing of the wood. 

Anon. 1978. Chilean woods. Ulmo (elm)– Eucryphia 

cordifolia Cav. Chilean Forestry News. 1(12):14. 

Describes Eucryphia cordifolia, in Chile. The species is 

found in the central plain and adjacent hills, between lat- 

itudes 37 and 43 degrees south. Data are presented on tree 

identification, physical and mechanical properties, uses and 

marketing of the wood. 

Anon. 1978. Chilean woods. Coigue– Nothofagus 

dornbeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. Chilean Forestry News. 1(11):14. 

Describes Nothofagus dombeyi, the most abundant species 

of Nothofagus in Chile. The species is found from the An- 

des mountains of the Central Province to the Straits of 

Magellan, between latitudes 35 and 48 degrees south. Data 

are presented on tree identification, physical and mechani- 

cal properties, uses and marketing of the wood. 

Anon. 1979. Chilean woods: Manio. Chilean Forestry 

Notes. 2(13):14. 

Describes the distribution, size, visual identification char- 

acteristics, physical and mechanical properties, and uses 

of the wood for Podocarpus nubigenus, P. salignus, and 

Saxegothaea conspicua. 

Anon. 1979. Chilean woods. Tepa (Laurelia philippiana 

Looser). Chilean Forestry News. 2(14):13. 

Describes the distribution, size, visual identification charac- 

teristics, physical and mechanical properties and uses of the 

wood for the second most abundant tree species in Chile. 

Anon. 1979. Chilean woods. Tineo (Weinmannia trichos- 

perma Cav.). Chilean Forestry News. 2(15):14. 

Describes the distribution, size, visual identification char- 

acteristics, physical and mechanical properties, and uses of 

the wood for Tineo. 

Anon. 1981. Characteristics and physical and mechan- 

ical properties of Peruvian woods. (Caracteristicas y 

propiedades de especies madereras del Peru). Lima, Peru: 

Fondo de Promocion de Exportaciones no Tradicionales. 

Characteristics and use of 34 timber species including class 

of air drying (number of days) and class of “artificial” 

drying. 

Anon. 1983. Technical information sheets on French 

Guianan timbers: angelique (Fiches techniques sur des 

bois guyanais: angelique: basralocus). Bois et Forets des 

Tropiques. 202: 5 7-60. 

4 

Describes the physical, mechancial, and machining prop- 

erties, and uses of angelique (Dicorynia guianensis) wood 

from French Guiana. 


Guianan timbers: courbaril (Fiches techniques sur des 

bois guyanais: courbaril). Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 

202:65-68. 

Describes the physical, mechancial, and machining proper- 

ties, and uses of courbaril (Hymenaea courbaril) wood from 

French Guiana. 


Guianan timbers: amarante (purpleheart). (Fiches tech- 

niques sur des bois guyanais: amarante). Bois et Forets des 

Tropiques. 202: 53-56. 


erties, and uses of amarante (Peltogyne spp., principally 

P. venosa and P. paniculata subsp. pubescens) wood from 

French Guiana. 


Guianan timbers: coeur dehors (Fiches techniques sur des 

bois guyanais: coeur dehors). Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 

202:61-64. 

Describes the physical, mechancial, and machining proper- 

ties, and uses of coeur dehors (Diplotropis purpurea) wood 

from French Guiana. 


Guianan timbers: gonfolo (Fiches techniques sur des 

bois guyanais: gonfolo). Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 

202:69-72. 


erties, and uses of gonfolo (Qualea rosea and Ruizterania 

albiffora) wood from French Guiana. 

Arauji, P.A. de M.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1980. Wood 

structure of Brazilian dicotyledonous angiosperms (22). Vi- 

olaceae (Rinorea Aubl.) (Estrutura das madeiras brasileiras 

de angiospermas dicotiledoneas (XXII). Violaceae (Rinorea 

Aubl.)). Rodriguesia. 32(54):125-159. 

Araujo, P.A., de M.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1978. 

Structure of Brazilian dicotyledonous woods (20). Vio- 

laceae, (Leonia cymosa and L. glycycarpa) (Estrutura das 

madeiras brasileiras de angiospermas dicotyledoneas (XX). 

Violaceae, (Leonia cymosa Mart. e L. glycycarpa Ruiz e 

Pav.)). Rodrequesia. 30(46):7-22. 

Describes the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of 

Leonia cymosa and L. glycycarpa, the distribution of the 

species in Brazil, and their general uses. 

Araujo, P. A. de M.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1973. 

Wood structure of Brazilian dicotyledonous angiosperms 

(11). Monimiaceae (Bracteanthus glycycarpus Ducke) 

(Estrutura das madeiras Brasileiras de angiospermas di- 

cotiledoneas (XI). Monimiaceae (Bracteanthus glycycarpus 

Ducke)). Brasil Florestal. 4(16):35-39.

Describes the macro- and microscopic anatomy of Bractean- 

thus glycycarpus wood, with comments on general proper- 

ties, uses, and distribution in Brazil. 

Araujo, P. A. de M.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1973. 


(10). Monimiaceae Siparuna bifida (Estrutura das madeiras 

Brasileiras de angiospermas dicotiledoneas (X). Monimi- 

aceae Siparuna bifida). Brasil Florestal. 4(14):41-45. 

Describes the macro- and microscopic anatomy of the wood 

of Siparuna bifida, with comments on general properties, 

uses, and distribution. 

Araujo, P.A. de M.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1974. Wood 

structure of Brazilian dicotyledonous angiosperms (5). 

Aquifoliaceae (Estrutura das madeiras brasileiras de an- 

giopermas dicotiledoneas (V). Aquifoliaceae). Rodriguesia. 

27(39):25-51. 

Describes the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the 

wood of the five Brazilian species: Ilex amara; I. brevicus- 

pis; I. domestica; I. paraguariensis; and I. parviflora. Also 

provides information on general properties and uses of the 

woods and their distribution in Brazil. 



Monimiaceae Mollinedia iomalla (Estrutura das madeiras 

brasileiras de angiopermas dicotiledoneas (XII). Monimi- 

aceae. Mollinedia iomalla). Brasil Florestal. 5(18):57-60. 


wood, and provides information on general properties and 

uses of the wood and its distribution in Brazil. 



Icacinaceae (Dendrobangia boliviana Ruby) (Estrutura das 

madeiras brasileiras de angiopermas dicotiledoneas (XIII). 

Icacinaceae (Dendrobangia boliviana Ruby)). Brasil Flore- 

stal. 5(19):49-54. 


wood, and provides information on general properties and 

uses of the wood and its distribution in Brazil. 


structure of the Brazilian dicotyledonous angiosperms (6). 

Cyrillaceae (Cyrilla antillana) (7). Proteaceae (Panopsis 

sessilifolia) (8). Proteaceae (Panopsis rubescens) (9) Piper- 

aceae (Piper aduncum) (10). Monimiaceae (Siparuna bi- 

fida) (Estrutura das madeiras brasileiras de angiopermas di- 

cotiledoneas (VI). Cyrillaceae (Cyrilla antillana) (VII). Pro- 

teaceae (Panopsis sessilifolia) (VIII). Proteaceae (Panopsis 

rubescens) (IX) Piperaceae (Piper aduncum) (X). Mon- 

imiaceae (Siparuna bifida)). Rodriguesia. 27(39):53-93, 

153-162. 


woods, and provides information on general properties and 

uses of the woods and their distribution in Brazil. 

Araujo, P.A. de M; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1975. 


(14). Icacinaceae (Discophora guianensis) (Estrutura das 

madeiras brasileiras de angiospermas dicotiledoneas (XIV). 

Icacinaceae (Discophora guianensis). Brasil Florestal. 

6(22):40-44. 


structure of the Brazilian dicotyledonous angiosperms 

(18). Dilleniaceae (Curatella americana L.) (Estru- 

tura das madeiras Brasileiras de angiospermas dicotile- 

doneas (XVIII). Dilleniaceae (Curatella americana L.)). 

Jardim Botanico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rodriguesia. 

29(42):233-245. 


wood of Curatella americana, as well as the general proper- 

ties, uses, and distribution of the species in Brazil. 

Araujo, P.A., de M.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1978. 

Structure of Brazilian dicotyledonous woods (20). Vio- 

laceae, (Leonia cymosa and L. glycycarpa) (Estrutura das 

madeiras brasileiras de angiospermas dicotyledoneas (XX). 

Violaceae, (Leonia cymosa Mart. e L. glycycarpa Ruiz e 

Pav.)). Rodrequesia. 30(46):7-22. 

Describes the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of 

Leonia cymosa and L. glycycarpa, the distribution of the 

species in Brazil, and their general uses. 

Araujo, P.A. de M.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1978. Struc- 

ture of Brazilian woods of dicotyledonous angiosperms (19). 

Violaceae (Amphirrox longifolia (St.-Hill.) Spreng. and 

Amphirrox surinamensis Eichl.) (Estrutura das madeiras 

brasileiras de angiospermas dicotiledoneas XIX. Violaceae 

(Amphirrox longifolia (St.-Hil.) Spreng. e A. surinamensis 

Eichl.)). Arquivos do Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. 

22:29-46. 

The macro and microscopic anatomy, general properties, 

uses, and occurrences are described. 


structure of Brazilian dicotyledonous angiosperms (21). Vi- 

olaceae (Paypayrola grandiflora and P. guianensis Aubl.) 

Estrutura das madeiras brasileiras de angiospermas dicotile- 

doneas (XXI). Violaceae (Paypayrola grandiflora Tul. e P. 

guianensis Aubl.). Rodriguesia. 31:48, 341-363. 



Cunoniaceae (Weinmannia Linn.) (Estrutura das madeiras 

brasileiras de angiospermas dicotiledoneas (XXIV), Cunoni- 

aceae (Weinmannia Linn.)). Rodriguesia. 33:56, 117-133. 

Distribution, anatomy, uses, and general properties of these 

Brazilian woods. 

Araujo, P.A. de M.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1982. 

Wood structure of Brazilian dicotyledons (25). Clethraceae 

(Clethra Linn.) (Estrutura das madeiras brasileiras de dic- 

toyledoneas (XXV). Clethraceae (Clethra Linn.). Arquivos 

do Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro. 36:5-26. 

Distribution, anatomy, and some physical properties of C. 

scabra, a Brazilian species commonly used for charcoal and 

fuel. 


structure of Brazilian dicotyledons (26). Euphorbiaceae

(Estrutura das madeiras brasilieras de Dicotiledoneas 

(XXVI). Euphorbiaceae). Rodriguesia. 36(59):25-40. 

Distribution, anatomy, gross properties, and uses of 

Drypetes variabilis, Hieronyma alchorneoides, Paradrypetes 

ilicifolia, Richeria australis, R. laurifolia, and Securinega 

guaraiuva. A key using anatomical features of wood sam- 

ples is given to distinguish the species. 


structure of Brazilian dicotyledons (27). Humiraceae (Es- 

trutura das madeiras brasileiras de dicotiledoneas (XXVII). 

Humiraceae). Rodriguesia. 37(62):91-114. 

A key, the uses, and structure of Humiria floribunda, Sac- 

coglottis [Sacoglottis] amazonica, S. guianensis, S. uchi, 

Vantanea contracta, V. cupularis, V. guianensis and V. 

macrocarpa are covered. 

Arkwright, P. 1955. Know your timbers, some imported 

woods and their characteristics. No. 13, Odoko; No. 14, 

Parana pine; No. 15, Abura. Woodworking Industry. 

12(1-3):50, 110, 177. 

Arostegui-V., Antonio. 1974. Technical study of the 

woods of Peru. (Pucallpa Zone). Vol. 1. Technical charac- 

teristics and uses of 145 species of wood from the country 

(Estudio tecnologico de maderas del Peru.(Zona Pucallpa). 

Vol. 1. Caracteristicas tecnologicas y usos de la madera de 

145 especies del pais). Lima Peru: Universidad Nacional 

Agraria la Molina. 483 p. 

Presents a listing of Peruvian woods and provides infor- 

mation on each species, including a general description of 

the wood, macro and microscopical anatomy, physical and 

mechancial properties, durability, preserving characteristics, 

and uses. 

Arostegui-V., Antonio. 1975. Technological study of 

the woods of Peru. (Pucallpa Zone). Vol. 2. Methods and 

specifications employed in the technical studies of wood 

(Estudio tecnologico de maderas del Peru.(Zona Pucallpa). 

Vol. 2. Metodos y especificaciones empleado en los estu- 

dios tecnologicos de maderas). Lima, Peru: Universidad 

Nacional Agraria la Molina. 104 p. 

Explains, often using diagrams, how technical studies of 

wood are performed. 

Arostegui-V., Antonio. 1975. Technological study of 

the woods of Peru. (Pucallpa Zone). Vol. 3. Technical 

characteristics and uses of the wood of 40 species from the 

Alexander Von Humboldt National Forest (Estudio tecno- 

logic0 de maderas del Peru. (Zona Pucallpa). Vol. 3. Car- 

acteristicas tecnologicas y usos de la madera de 40 especies 

de bosque nacional Alexander Von Humboldt). Lima, Peru: 

Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina. 171 p. 

Compares the technical properties of these woods, including 

physical and mechanical properties, drying characteristics, 

etc. 

Arostegui-V., Antonio. 1982. Review and analysis 

of technical studies of Peruvian woods (Recopilacion y 

analisis de estudios tecnologicos de maderas peruanas). 

PNUD/FAO/PER/81/002, Document of Work No. 2. 

6 

Lima, Peru: United Nations, Food and Agriculture Orga- 

nization. 57 p. 

Presents general properties of 60 species. Tables are pro- 

vided to classify these species based upon color, odor, 

grain, texture, macroscopic features, shrinkage, mechani- 

cal properties, sawing and machining characteristics, and 

uses. 

Arostegui-V., A.; Acevedo-M., M. 1971. Evaluation of 

the physical and mechanical properties and probable uses of 

the woods of 20 species from Jenaro Herrera, Loreto. Lima, 

Peru: Universidad Nacional Agraria. Revista Forestal del 

Peru. 5(1/2):3-14. - Describes, with tabulated data, the 

physical and mechanical properties of 20 Peruvian forest 

species from Jenaro Herrera (on the Ucayali river, Loreto), 

and indicates the probable uses of the woods and the im- 

ported species for which they could be substituted. 

Arostegui-V., A.; Gonzalez-F., V.R.; Sato, 

A.A. 1981. Technical properties and uses of the 

wood of 40 species of the Alexander Humbolt Na- 

tional Forest. (Propiedades tecnologicas y usos de la 

madera de 40 especies de bosque nacional Alexan- 

der von Humboldt). Revista Forestal del Peru. 

10 ( 1/2) : 3-82. 

A comprehensive evaluation of 40 species of wood, includ- 

ing data on their anatomy, physical and mechanical prop- 

erties, drying, preservation and machining properties, and 

etc. 

Arostegui-V., A.; Sato, A. 1970. A study of the phys- 

ical and mechancial properties of 16 wood species from 

the forests of Peru. (Estudio de las propiedades fisico- 

mechanicas de las medera de 16 especies forestales de 

Peru). Revista Forestal del Peru. 4(1/2)13-24. 

Arostequi-V., A.; Sato, A. 1970. Physical-mechanical 

properties and uses of 2 species of Pedocarpus (P. 

rospigliosi, P. montanus) (Propiedades fisico-mechanicas y 

usos de dos especies de Podocarpus (P. respigliosi, P. mon- 

tanus). Revista Forestal del Peru. 4(1/2):3-11. 

Arostegui-V., Antonio; Sobral Filho, Manoel. 1986. 

Binational project-Basic and applied technological study 

of the woods of the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon. Ad- 

vanced Technical Report of the Project: Uses of the woods 

from the humid tropical forest in the Colony Angamos-Rio 

Yavari and Jenaro Herrera (Proyecto Binacional: Estudo 

tecnologico basico y aplicado de maderas de la Amazonia 

de Brasil y Peru. Avance Tecnico del Proyecto: Usos de las 

maderas de bosque humedo tropical Colonia Angamos Rio 

Yavari y Jenaro Herrera). Serie Investigaciones Tecnolog- 

icas. Iquitos: Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia 

Peruana. 1(2):14. (May) 

Fifteen species are described by such properties as color, 

odor, and texture. Additional data are provided for five 

species. 

Arostegui-V., Antonio; Valderrama-F., Heiter. 

1986. Uses of the woods of the humid tropical forests 

of Allpahuayo-Iquitos (Usos de las maderas del bosque 

humedo tropical Allpahuayo-Iquitos). Serie: Investiga- 

ciones Tecnologicas. Iquitos: Peru Universidad Nacional 

de la Amazonia Peruana. 1(5):27. (August).

Characteristics of 10 woods, including physical and mechan- 

ical properties, drying and working properties, and density 

are provided for 10 woods. Suggested uses for these woods 

are noted. 

Arroyo-P., J. 1970. Properties and possible uses of the 

mangroves of the Rio San Juan region in the forest reserve 

of Guarapiche, Edo. Mongagas. (Propiedades y usos posi- 

bles de los mangales de la region del Rio San Juan en la 

reserva forestal de Guarapiche, Edo. Monogas). Universi- 

dad de los Andes. 27 p. 

The physical, mechanical, and durability properties of Avi- 

cennia nitida, Rhizophora harrisonii, R. mangle, and R. 

racemosa, are presented. 

Arroyo-P., J. 1971. Classification of uses and working 

stress for Venezuelan woods (Clasificacion de usos y es- 

fuerzos de trabajo para maderas venezuelanas). Merida, 

Venezuela: Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales. 

89 p. 

Notes physical and mechanical properties, including work- 

ing stress, for 93 species. 

ATIBT (Association Technique Internationale des 

Bois Tropicaux). 1955. Nomenclature of tropical woods: 

II. South and Central America (Nomenclature des bois 

tropicaux; II. Amerique du Sud et Amerique Centrale). 

Nogent-sur-Marne, France: Edite par L'Association Tech- 

nique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux, 140 p. 

Provides brief information on a large number of tropical 

woods, including a comprehensive listing of common names 

and publications that cover each wood. 

Azambuja, D. 1947. The Apocybacae of Brazil (Con- 

tribuicao ao conhecimento das Apocynaceae encontradas 

no Brazil. Arq. Sev. Flor. Brazil, 3:9-112. 

Provides botanical information, systematics, and uses of 

some species. 

Babos, K. 1979. Study of the fibre length frequency of 

some Cuban tree species. Acta Botanica Academiae Scien- 

tiarum Hungaricae. 25(3-4):177-185. 

Describes wood properties of 15 species of trees and shrubs 

from Cuba analyzed and compared with the wood of Quer- 

cus cerris var. austriaca and Populus alba from Hungary. 

Babos, K.; Borhidi, A. 1978. Xylotomic study of 

some woody plant species from Cuba, I. Acta Botanica 

Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 24(1/2):15-40. 

Barajas-M., J. 1980. Anatomy of the woods of Mexico, 

No. 3. Ten species from the montane cloud forest near 

Xalapa, Ver. Mexico (Anatomia de maderas de Mexico, 

No. 3. Diez especies del bosque caducifolio de las cercanias 

de Xalapa, Ver. Mexico). Biotica. 5(1):23-40. 

Barajas-M., J. 1981. Descriptions and notes on the wood 

anatomy of Boraginaceae from western Mexico. Inst. Biol., 

Univ. Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, DF, Mexico. IAWA 

Bulletin. 2(2-3):61-67. 

An illustrated description of the wood anatomy of Cor- 

dia elaeagnoides, C. sonorae, C. hintonii, C. dentata, C. 

alliodora and Bourreria purpusii from western Mexico. The 

presence of silica grains, oxalate crystals, starch and coales- 

cent apertures is discussed, together with their taxonomic 

significance and diagnostic value. 

Barajas-M., J. 1985. Wood structural differences between 

trees of two tropical forests in Mexico. In: Baas, P.; Miller, 

R.B., eds. Functional and ecological wood anatomy. Pro- 

ceedings of the Martin H. Zimmermann memorial sympo- 

sium; 1985, August 12. IAWA Bulletin. 6(4):355-364. 

A comparison was made of the wood structure of trees from 

a tropical rain forest and a tropical deciduous forest. Qual- 

itative as well as quantitative differences were found. In 

the species from the tropical deciduous forest the wood is 

darker and harder and inclusions like crystals and resin 

are more abundant than in the rain forest species. Species 

from the deciduous forest had generally shorter and nar- 

rower vessel elements, shorter fibres and rays, greater pore 

abundance, greater specific gravity, and greater vessel wall 

thickness than the species from the rain forest. The basic 

statistics for both groups of species are given. The differ- 

ences found are explained as related to climate, mainly to 

available moisture. Some evolutionary implications are also 

discussed. 

Barajas-M, J.; et al. 1979. Anatomy of Mexican woods. 

Part 2. Twenty species from the Lacandona forest. (Anato- 

mia de maderas de Mexico no. 2. Veinte especies de la 

selva lacandona). Biotica. 4:4,163-193. 

Barajas-M., J.; Echenique-M., R. 1976. Anatomy of 

woods of Mexico. No. 1: 12 species of Jalisco and Veracruz 

(Anatomia de maderas de Mexico. No. 1: 12 especies de 

Jalisco y Veracruz). Publicacion del Instituto de Investiga- 

cions de Recursos Bioticos. 1(2):29-70. 

Barbosa, O.; Baitello, J.B.; Mainieri, C.; Montagna, 

R.G.; Negreiros, O. C. de. 1977. Identification and 

phenology of tree species of the Serra da Cantareira (Sao 

Paulo) (Identificacao e fenologia de especies arboreas da 

Serra da Cantareira (Sao Paulo)). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Insti- 

tuto Florestal, Secretaria da Agric. Estado de Sao Paulo, 

Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 11/12:1-86. 

Describes the morphology and wood anatomy of 25 species 

with drawings and photographs. Also noted are flowering 

and fruiting habits, and common names. 

Barbosa, O.; Gurgel-F., O. do A. 1952. Study of the 

anatomical elements of the wood of Copaifera langsdorffii 

Desf. I (Estudo dos elementos anathmicos do lenho de Co- 

paifera langsdorffii Desf. I). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto 

Florestal. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 16A(1):312-317. 

Investigates the vessels, axial parenchyma, and radial 

parenchyma at different heights and depths of trees. Varia- 

tions indicate that both the height and depth of the tree 

should be taken into account when these features are 

analyzed. 

Barcenas-P., G.; Romero-R., R.; Echenique-M., R. 

1980. Timber species of the Lacandona forest (Especies 

maderables de la selva Lacandona). Xalapa, Veracruz, Mex- 

ico: Laboratorio de Ciencias Madereras y Tecnologicas, 

7

National Biotic Resources Research Institute. Madera y su 

Uso en la Construccion 6. 21 p. 

Describes the physical, mechanical and technical proper- 

ties of the wood of: Astronium graveolens; Calophyllum 

brasiliense; Dialium guianense; Lonchocarpus castilloi; 

Manilkara zapota; Mosquitoxylum jamaicense; Swietenia 

macrophylla; and Terminalia amazonia native to the Lacan- 

dona region of E. Chiapas, Mexico. Also describes the op- 

tions for house construction using no wood, wood and other 

materials, or only wood. The species that they recommend 

for house construction are A. graveolens, C. brasiliense, 

and L. castilloi. S. macrophylla is excluded because of cost. 

Plans for single-family houses are provided. 

Baretta-Kuipers, T. 1973. Some aspects of wood- 

anatomical research in the genus Inga (Mimosaceae) from 

the Guianas and especially Surinam. Acta Botanica Neer- 

landica. 22(3):193-205. 

Presents a key based on wood characters to 35 out of 38 

Inga species found in the area, and discusses the taxonomy 

of the genus. 

Barghoorn, A.W.; Reyes-M., E.; Rojas-L., H.; 

Cabrera-D., H.; Alvarado-P., J. 1967. Oriented study 

of some anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of 

41 timber species from the Carare-Opon region (Estudio 

orientativo de algunas propiedades anatomicos y fisico- 

mecanicas de 41 especies maderables de la region Carare- 

Opon). Bogota, Colombia: Instituto de Investigaciones y 

Proyectos Forest ales y Madereros de la Universidad Distrial 

[“Francisco Jose de Caldes.” 228 p. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Brito, J.O. 1979. Radial vari- 

ability within trees from Pinus caribaea var. honduren- 

sis (Variabildad radial da madeira do Pinus caribaea var 

hondurensis). Piracicaba, SP, Barazil: IPEF Publicao 

Semestral. 18:81-102. 

Describes a 16-year-old pine plantation in the State of Sao 

Paulo and provides data on the wood density, tracheid di- 

mensions in early and late wood of trees, and within-tree 

variation. 

Bascope, F. 1962. Key to the macroscopic identification 

of some dicotyledonoous woods of Latin America (Clave 

de identificacion macroscopica de algunas maderas dicoile- 

doneas de Latinoamerica). Merida: Instituto Forestal Lati- 

noamericano. 101 p. 

Basilis, G. 1978. Roble [Catalpa longissima]. (Roble). 

Forestal. 2(8):18-21. 

Begemann, H.F. 1968. Encyclopedia of the world’s com- 

mercial timbers, Vol. 3. Lexikon der nutholzer 3. Mering 

bei Augsburg, Germany: Holz-Verlag. 612 p. 

Bena, P. 1951. The forest tree species of French Guyana 

(Los essences forestieres de la Guyane francaise). Bois et 

Forets Tropiques. 17:55-57. 

Bendtsen, B.A.; Chudnoff, M. 1981. Properties of 

seven Colombian woods. Res. Note FPL-0242. Madison, 

WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest 

Products Laboratory. 12 p. 

8 

Woods from abroad are an important raw material to the 

forest products industries in the United States. A major 

concern in the effective utilization of this resource is the 

lack of technical information on many species. This re- 

port presents the results of an evaluation of the mechani- 

cal properties of small, clear specimens of seven Colombian 

woods: Sande, Brosimum utile; Sajo, Campnosperma pana- 

mensis; Pulgande, Dacryodes spp.; Cuangare, Dialyanthera 

spp.; Tulapueta, Osteophloeum platyspermum; Anime, Pro- 

tium spp.; Chalviande, Virola spp. These results are sup- 

plemented by information gleaned from world literature 

concerning other wood properties also important to effec- 

tive utilization. 

Benitez-R., R.F.; Montesinos-L., J.L. 1988. Catalog 

of 100 Honduran forest species: distribution, properties, 

and uses (Catalogo de cien especies forestales de Honduras: 

distribucion, propiedades y usos). Siguatepeque, Honduras: 

Esquela Nacional de Ciencias Forestales. 216 p. 

Describes habitat, anatomy, mechanical drying, and preser- 

vation properties of 100 Honduran woods, complete with 

color photographs of the woods. 

Benoist, R. 1933. The woods of French Guyana. Caen, 

France: Archives de Botanique. 5(1):1-292. 

Dealing primarily with dicotyledonous woods, this work 

presents a brief description of each family, a key to the gen- 

era, and a description of each species. Microscopic anatomy 

and uses of each species are given. A check list of common 

names and a bibliography is appended. 

Bernath, E.L. 1937. Coniferous forest trees of Chile. 

Tropical Woods. 52:19-26. 

Describes morphology and wood anatomy of Podocarpaceae, 

Araucariaceae, and Cupressaceae. 

Bendtsen, B.A. 1964. Some strengths and related prop- 

erties of yagrumo hembra (Cecropia peltata) from Puerto 

Rico. Res. Note FPL-053. Madison, WI: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 

7 p. 

Berni, C.A.; Bolza, E.; Christensen, F.J. 1979. South 

American timbers-the characteristics, properties, and uses 

of 190 species. Melbourne, Australia: Division of Building 

Research. CSIRO. 229 p. 

Describes physical and mechanical properties and general 

characteristics are described for each species, listed in order 

of scientific name, common names are also given. Species 

are coded to density, durability, shrinkage, strength, and 

uses. 

Blanco, C.E. 1938. The pines of Mexico (Los pinos de 

Mexico). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Boletin Departamento 

Forestal y de Caza y Pesca. 3(11):237-255. 

Boone, R.S.; Chudnoff, M. 1970. Variations in wood 

density of the mahoganies of Mexico and Central America. 

Turrialba. 20(3):369-371. 

Variations in the wood density of Swietenia macrophyllla 

and S. humilis are reported.

Boone, R.S.; Chudnoff, M. 1972. Compression wood 

formation and other characteristics of plantation-grown Pi- 

nus caribaea. Res. Pap. ITF-13. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Institute 

Tropical Forestry. 

Seventy-one trees from four plantations located in two life 

zones were sampled to determine amount, orientation, and 

effect of compression wood on some physical and mechan- 

ical properties of 8-10 year old Pinus caribaea grown in 

Puerto Rico. 

Borges-F., S.M. Barbosa, O. 1983. Wood anatomy of 

the Lauraceae from ‘Serra da Cantareira’. I–Cryptocarya 

(Anatomia do lenho das lauraceas da Serra da Cantareira. 

I–Cryptocarya). Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 17/19:9-16. 

Descriptions of sections of C. aschersoniana, C. mandioc- 

cana, C. moschata, and C. saligna. 

Bostos, H. de Miranda. 1952. A contribution to the 

knowledge of Centrolobium spp. (Contribuigllo para e con- 

hecimento dendrologico das especies de genero Centrolo- 

bium). Arq. Serv. Flor. Brasil 6:125-186. 

Botosso, P.C.; Gomes, A.V. 1982. Radial vessels and 

series of perforated ray cells in Annonaceae. IAWA Bul- 

letin. 3(1):39-45. 

In a study on the wood anatomy of Annonaceae from Santa 

Catarina State, Brazil, radial vessels and/or series of perfo- 

rated ray cells were observed in the following species: An- 

nona glabra; A. cacans var. glabriuscula; Duguetia lance- 

olata; Guatteria australis; Rollinia emarginata; and R. 

exalbida. 

Braddy, T.W. 1919. Native lumber. The Engineers Club 

of the Canal Zone. CB-16364/1000. 16 p. 

Gives general descriptions of eight woods of Panama. 

Brasil, M.A.M.; Ferreira, M. 1979. Characteristics 

of the fibers of the wood of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex 

Maiden, 3 years of age (Caracteristicas das fibres de 

maderira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, 3 anos de 

idade). Piracicaba, SP, Brazil: IPEF Publicao Semestral 

(Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais). 19:80-97. 

Describes fiber length and width, cell wall thickness, and 

lumen diameter of samples from two sites in the State of 

Sao Paulo. Fiber characteristics did not vary significantly 

at three different positions from pith to bark, taken at 

breast height. However, between-tree variation indicated 

the possibility of early selection for fiber properties. 

Brasil, M.A.M.; Veiga, R.A., de A.; Mello, H.do A. 

1979. Wood density in three-year-old Eucalyptus grandis 

(Densidade basica de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex 

Maiden, aos 3 anos de idade). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto 

de Pesquisas e Estjudos Florestais. 19:63-76. 

Describes breast height wood density from two sites in the 

State of Sao Paulo. Density averaged 0.403 g/cm 3 at one 

site, and 0.414 g/cm 3 at the other. Density increased ra- 

dially from pith to bark. No significant correlations were 

found between density and d.b.h. class or alcohol-benzene 

extractives content. 

Brazier, J.D. 1975. Properties and uses of Brazil- 

ian woods. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science. 

7(2):50-57. 

Reviews the potential demand for Brazilian timbers in the 

UK in relation to the current UK consumption of different 

types of wood and wood products, especially hardwoods. 

Problems include the high density of many species, their 

uncertain technical properties, and confusion in commercial 

and botanical nomenclature. Descriptions of timbers of 

potential interest and wide availability (grouped according 

to region of origin and the property/use classes used for 

current UK imports) are given in an appendix. 

Brazier, J.D. 1977. Brazilian mahogany. Princes Risbor- 

ough, Aylesbury, UK: Building Res. Estab., BRE Informa- 

tion. IS 10/77. 4 p. 

Describes the characteristics and mechanical properties of 

Swietenia macrophylla from Brazil. Strength data are pre- 

sented for S. macrophylla from Brazil and Belize and com- 

pared with Entandrophragma utile, Fagus sylvatica, and 

Khaya ivorensis. Properties of S. macrophylla are very sim- 

ilar to those of K. ivorensis. 

Brazier, J.D.; Franklin, G.L. 1967. An appraisal of the 

wood characteristics and potential uses of some Nicaraguan 

timbers. FAO: Misc/67. 49 p. 

Information on approximately 70 species, including infor- 

mation on the characteristics of the tree and timber, techni- 

cal properties, and comments on their drying. 

Brazier, J.D.; Lavers, G. 1977. The density of Brazilian 

mahogany. Journal Institute of Wood Science. 7(5):15-19. 

Describes the density, strength properties, and moisture 

content of two Brazilian mahoganies, Swietenia macrophylla 

and Swietenia krukovii) from three different geographical 

origins. The species are deemed suitable for structural 

parts in furniture so long as irregular and crossgrain are 

avoided in pieces of small cross section. 

Broker, F.W. 1980. Technological investigations on im- 

ported Pinus radiata timber from Chile (Technologische 

Untersuchungen an Pinus radiata Importholzern aus Chile). 

Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 38(9):345-350. 

Describes tests of wood properties on Pinus radiata wood 

from Chile and comparisons made with European softwood 

species. Results showed that average basic density and 

MOE were lower than that of European spruce and fir, but 

the pine bending strength was slightly greater. Shrink-swell 

was lower for the pine than the European species. German 

grading rules are applicable to P. radiata. The quality of 

this species was adversely affected by its knottiness. 

Broker, F.W. 1982. Technological investigations into Pi- 

nus radiata timber imported from Chile. Wellington, New 

Zealand: Department of Internal Affairs. 14 p. 

Brown, W.H. 1978. Timbers of the world: Vol. 2: South 

America. London, England: TRADA. 121 p. 

Brown, W.H. 1979. Timbers of the world: Vol. 9: Cen- 

tral America and the Caribbean. High Wycombe, Bucks, 

9

England: Timber Research and Development Association. 

86 p. 

Brush, W.D. 1938. Foreign woods: Lignumvitae (Gua- 

iacum spp.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agricul- 

ture, Forest Service. 13 p. 

Bublitz, W. 1952. The most important species of Colom- 

bia's monsoon forest (Die wichtigsten Holzarten des Mon- 

sunwaldes Kolumbiana). Z. Weltforstwirt. 15(1):34-35. 

Bucio-S., Y.H. 1982. Assessment of the variation in 

the tracheids of Pinus douglasiana (Determinacion de la 

variacion de las traqueidas en Pinus douglasiana). [city un- 

known], Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Fore- 

stales. Boletin Tecnico. 73:30. 

Burley, J.; Hughes, J.F.; Templeman, H.J.; Gourlay, 

I.D. 1974. Short note on density variation in the wood of 

Pinus occidentalis from Cuba. Baracoa. 4(1/2):33-45. 

Describes a study done at the Commonwealth Forestry In- 

stitute, Oxford, on Pinus occidentalis wood from Cuba. A 

uniform and rapid growth rate with density above average 

for tropical pines is indicated in the data. The information 

indicates that P. occidentalis wood is of promising quality. 

Caceres-R., H. 1965. Technological studies on some 

Colombian woods. (Estudios tecnologicos sobre algunas 

maderas Colombianas). Bogota, Colombia: Instituto de 

Investigaciones Tecnologicas. 51 p. 

Carabias, J.F.; Karsulovic, C.T. 1978. Density and 

mechanical properties of wood of second growth Rauli 

(Nothofagus alpina Poepp et Ende Oerst) (Densidad y 

propiedades mecanicas de madera de renovales de Rauli 

(Nothofagus alpina Poepp et Ende Oerst). Santiago: Uni- 

versidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Boletin 

Tecnico. 51:36. 

Carlquist, S. 1988. Wood anatomy and relationships 

of Duckeodendraceae and Goetzeaceae. IAWA Bulletin. 

9(1):3-12. 

Describes microanatomy of Duckeodendron cestroides, Es- 

padaea amoena, and Henoonia myrtifolia. 

Carreras, R.; Vales, M.A. 1986. Comparative study of 

the wood of Bucida L. (Combretaceae) (Estudo compar- 

ativo de la madera de Bucida L. (Combretaceae)). Acta 

Botanica Hungarica. 32(1-4):247-253. 

Anatomy and ecology of the Cuban species Bucida buceras; 

B. ophiticola; B. palustris; B. spinosa; and B. subinermis. 

Carvajal, P.F.S. 1978. Little-known woods of the Brazil- 

ian Amazon. In: Auchter, R. J. (coordinator). Proceedings 

of conference on improved utilization of tropical forests; 

1978 May 21-26; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: U.S. Depart- 

ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Labo- 

ratory: 162-182. 

Describes in tables, the commercial name, scientific name, 

and growing stock volume (m 3 /ha) of nearly 70 timbers 

in four districts of Amazonas. The common name, scien- 

tific name, and family name for over 300 species growing on 

uplands and on flooded lands of Manasa, Altopurus, Ama- 

10 

zonia are given. Wood characteristics and uses for Pouteria 

spp., Peltogyne paniculata, Parkia multijuga, Eschweilera 

grata, Cedrelinga cataneaforrnis [C. catenaeformis] and Ald- 

ina heterophylla are listed, and uses are given for nearly 50 

species growing in upper Amazonia. 

Casas-J., H.I. 1966. Anatomical study of five Colombian 

woods (Estudio anatomico de cinco maderas Colombianas). 

Bogota, Colombia: Universidad Distrital. M.S. thesis. 

CCIF (Centro de Capacitacion e Investigacion Fore- 

stal). 1981. Preliminary technological study of 20 forest 

species of Ecuador (Estudio preliminar tecnologico de 20 

especies forestales del Ecuador). Conocoto, Ecuador: Cen- 

tro de Capacitacion e Investigacion Forestal, Ministerio de 

Agricultura y Ganaderia. 27 p. 

The physical and mechanical properties, botanical features, 

drying and preservation features, working properties, and 

general uses of 20 woods from Ecuador are noted. 

CETEFOR. 1972. A study of the physical and mechan- 

ical properties and anatomical structure of seven species 

of Pine from Guatemala. Guatemala: Centro Tecnico de 

Evaluacion Forestal. 115 p. 

Describes the physical and mechanical properties of the 

seven most important Pines in Guatemala (Pinus caribaea, 

P. oocarpa, P. ayacahuite, P. tenuifolia, P. montezurnae, P. 

rudis, and P. strobus var. chiapensis). Strength properties 

are classified both by the ASTM (American Society of Test- 

ing Materials) and IFLA (Instituto Forestal Latinoameri- 

cano de Investigacion y Capitacion) standards. Other in- 

formation given includes the topography and soils of the 

different Pine regions of the country; describes the selection 

and handling of the sample trees studied; tabulates and dis- 

cusses the results of laboratory tests on the physical and 

mechanical properties of the woods, and classifies the tim- 

bers in terms of the ASTM structural grades in force in the 

USA and the standards specified by the IFLA in Venezuela; 

gives data on basic and working stresses; and describes and 

illustrates the microscopic characteristics of each Pine. 

Cevallos-F., S.; Carmona-V., T. 1981. Bank of infor- 

mation on wood technology studies for the vegetation of 

Mexico (Banco de informacion de estudios tecnologicos de 

maderas que vegetan en Mexico). Catalogo No. 2. Mex- 

ico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones 

Forestales. 200 p. 

General information is given on approximately 90 species. 

Earlier studies are noted. 

Chambergo, A.A.; Arostegui-V., A. 1984. Effect of 

xylem elements on the physical and mechanical properties 

of 45 Peruvian timbers (Influencia de los elementos xilem- 

aticos en las propiedades fisico-mecanicas de 45 maderas del 

Peru). Peru: Revista Forestal. 12(1-2):3-17. 

Chavelas-P., J. 1981. Simarouba glauca, a native species 

with multiple uses ('El negrito' (Simarouba glauca DC.), 

una especie nativa de uso multiple). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: 

Instituto Nacional de la Investigacion Forestales. Ciencia 


Describes plantation grown trees, noting height, diame- 

ter, and basal area growth of the trees on 4 different soil

types in Quintana Roo, Mexico. The greatest growth for 

the 6 yr-old plantation was 5.95m in height on a rendzina- 

vertisol. Uses of the wood and natural distribution are dis- 

cussed. 

Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Agric. 

Handb. 607. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

464 p. 

Lists major tropical timbers of the world by geographic re- 

gions. Data are provided on physical and mechanical prop- 

erties, as well as uses. 

Chudnoff, M.; Geary, T.F. 1973. On the heritabil- 

ity of wood density in Swietenia macrophylla. Turrialba. 

23(3):359-362. 

The progenies from six mother trees with heavy wood and 

six with light wood, paired from the same collection areas, 

were evaluated for density. For the four Puerto Rican ar- 

eas, there was no relationship between the density of the 

mother trees and the progeny, nor was the regression of 

density on diameter at breast height significant. There was 

a minor but significant difference in density between the 

Guajataca and El Verde sites and there were highly signif- 

icant differences between progenies. There was no evidence 

that density is strongly heritable. 

Cooper, G.P. 1928. Some interesting trees of western 

Panama. Tropical Woods. 14:1-8. 

Discusses general properties and uses of wood. Covers 

Brosimum, Sickingia, Minquartia, and Prioria. 

Cooper, G.P. 1930. Epave (Anacardium rhinocarpus 

D.C.). Tropical Woods. 22:4-9. 

Describes the tree, wood, uses, anatomy, and physical prop- 

erties of this species. 

CORMA. 1960. Wood, properties, classification, averages 

and applications. 2d ed. (Maderas, propiedades, clasifi- 

cacion, medicion y aplicaciones 2d ed.). Santiago, Chile: 

Corporacion Chilena de la Madera, Departamento Tecnico. 

79 p. 

Properties and uses of timbers are given. Photomicrographs 

of the wood and additional information on drying, preserv- 

ing, and grading are provided. 

Corothie, H. 1948. Woods of Venezuela (Maderas de 

Venezuela). Caracas: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria. 

320 p. 

Corothie, H. 1960. Wood anatomy of six genera of 

Anacadiaceae (Anatomia de la madera de seis generos 

de los anacardiaceaes). Revista Forestal Venezolana. 

3(3/4):9-31. 

Provides general characteristics, anatomy, and principle 

uses of six genera of trees. 

Corral-L., G. 1981. Anatomy of the wood of seven 

species of the genus Quercus (Anatomia de la madera de 

siete especies del genero Quercus). Boletin Tecnico. Mex- 


Forestales. 72:55. 

Corral-L., M.G. 1985. Wood anatomy of eleven tropical 

species. (Caracteristicas anatomicas de la madera de once 

especies tropicales). Boletin Tecnico. Mexico, D.F., Mexico: 

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales. 127:66. 

Includes Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Guettarda elliptica, 

Inga spuria, Luhea speciosa, Lonchocarpus castilloi, L. 

longistylus, L. rugosus, Myroxylon balsamum, Prosopis lae- 

vigata, Sapium lateriflorum, and Sickingia salvadorensis. 

Cozzo, Domingo. 1950. Anatomy of the secondary tim- 

ber of Leguminosa papilionoides in Argentina: natural and 

cultivated (Anatomia del leno secundarion de las legumi- 

nosas papilionoideas argentinas: silvestres y cultivadas). 

Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las 

Cinecias Naturales. Ciencias Botanicas. 1(7):360. 

Cozzo, D.; Cozzo, S.A. 1974. Dimensional variation in 

the tracheids of two Araucaria angustifolia trees 200 to 300 

years old. Revista Forestal Argentina. 18(3):76-83. 

Creemers, J.; Lemckert, D. 1981. Costa Rica: Key for 

the identification of the principal forest species by means of 

a hand lens: Costa Rica (Clave para la identificacion de las 

principales especies forestales mediante el uso de la lupa). 

San Jose, Costa Rica: United Nations Food and Agricul- 

ture Organization, PNUD/FAO-COS/79/001, Documento 

de Trabajo. 7:228 p. 

CTFT (Centre Technique Forestier Tropical). 1984. 

Technical sheets on French Guyanan woods (Fiches tech- 

niques sur des bois guyanais). Nogent-sur-Marne, France: 

Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 204:53-72. 

Descriptions of five species of tropical woods from French 

Guyana, including: botanical, local, and commercial names; 

range; technical, chemical, and energy characteristics; dura- 

bility; treatability; machining and drying properties; and 

uses. Species covered are Ocotea rubra, Erisma unicinatum, 

Andira coriacea, Vouacapoua americana, Eperua falcata, E. 

grandiflora, and E. rubiginosa. 

CTFT. 1985. The woods of Guadeloupe (Les bois de 

Guadeloupe). Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France: Centre 

Technique Forestier Tropical. 

Cummings, L.A. 1929. Forests of Venezuela. Tropical 

Woods. 18:32-42. 

Describes the different forest types, lists trees classified ac- 

cording to hardness and utility, and provides a check lists 

of common names of timber trees in Venezuela. 

Davalos-S., R.; Echenique-M., R.; Sanchez-V., J. 

1978. Mechanical characteristics of three species of pine 

from the Cofre de Perote, Veracruz (Caracteristicas mecani- 

cas de tres especies de pino del Cofre de Perote, Veracruz). 

Inst. Biol. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. 

Biotica. 3(1):37-55. 

Describes the physical and mechanical properties of the 

wood of Pinus montezumae, P. patula, and P. teocote from 

the Cofre de Perote area. Data are presented and discussed 

in relation to a proposed modification of power transmis- 

sion poles specifications for the Federal Electricity Commis- 

sion of Mexico. 

11

Davalos-S.,R.; Wangaard, F.F.; Echenique-M., R. 

1977. Classification of the wood of Mexican pines (Clasi- 

ficacion de la madera de pinos Mexicanos). Inst. Inves- 

tig. sobre Recursos Biologicos, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. 

Madera y su Uso en la Construccion. 2:26. 

Drawing from limited data on the mechanical properties 

of Mexican pines, and a study of correlations between the 

density and mechanical strength of Mexican and foreign 

pines, a provisional classification of Mexican pine wood for 

structural purposes is derived. Four quality classes, and the 

limits of the defects (number, size, type, and position of 

knots, extent of splits or cracks, etc.) permissible for each 

class are provided. Suggestions are made for the applica- 

tion of the structural classes. 

Dechamps, R. 1979. Anatomical study of South Amer- 

ican woads. Vol. 1: Acanthaceae to Lecythidacae (Etude 

anatomique de bois d’Amerique de sud. Volume 1: Acan- 

thaceae ’a Lecythidaceae). Annales, Musee’ Royal de 

1’Afrique Centrale, Belgium, Sciences Economiques. 10:332. 


ican woods. Vol. 2: Leguminosae (Etude anatomique de 

bois d’Amerique de sud. Volume 11: Leguminosae). An- 

nales, Musee Royal de 1’Afrique Centrale, Belgium, Sciences 

Economiques. 11:229. 


ican woods. Vol. 3: Linaceae to Zygophyllaceae (Etude 

anatomique de bois d’Amerique du Sud. Volume III: 

Lineaceae a Zigophylaceae). Annales, Musee Royal de 

L’Afrique Centrale, Belgium, Sciences Economiques. 

14:471. 

Della Lucia, R.M.; Vital, B.R. 1983. Physical proper- 

ties of the wood from 3 regions in the trunk of Eucalyp- 

tus saligna Smith (Propriedades fisicas de madeira de 3 re- 

gioes do tronco de Eucalyptus saligna Smith). Vicosa, MG, 

Brazil: Revista Arvore. 7(1):71-75. 

Detienne, P. 1980. The wood of Moronobea coccinea 

Aubl.: analogies with and differences from Manil and Par- 

couri (Le bois de Moronobea coccinea Aubl. analogies et 

differences avec le Manil et le Parcouri). Bois et forets des 

tropiques. 194:29-33. 

Provides anatomical characteristics of the French Guianan 

woods Moronobea coccinea, Symphonia globulifera, and 

Platonia insignis. 

Detienne, P.; Jacquet, P.; Mariaux, A. 1982. Identi- 

fication manual of tropical woods, Vol. 3: French Guyana 

(Manuel d’identification des bois tropicaux. Tome 3: 

Guyane francaise). Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France: 

Centre de Guyane, CTFT, 315 p. 

Describes anatomy and properties of 352 French Guianan 

woods. 

Detienne, P.; Jacquet, P. 1983. Atlas of the woods 

of the Amazon and of adjoining regions (Atlas des bois 

de l’Amazanie et des regions voisines). Nogent-sur- 

marne Cedex, France: Centre de Guyane, CTFT, Centre 

Technique Forestier Tropical. 640 p. 

12 

Provides macro- and microscopic descriptions for 1,314 

species in 515 genera, with photomicrographs of the radial, 

tangential, and transverse sections. Dichotomous keys are 

given for families or groups of families with similar wood. 

Detienne, P.; Loureiro, A.A.; Jacquet, P. 1983. Study 

of the wood anatomy of American Bombacaceae (Estudo 

anatomico do lenho da familia Bombacaceae da America). 

Acta-Amazonica. 13(5/6):831-867. 

Descriptions of the wood anatomy of 40 species of Bomba- 

caceae from South America are given. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E. 1979. Keys for identifying the wood of 

native and cultivated trees of Chile (Claves para la identifi- 

cation de maderas de arboles nativos y cultivados en chile). 

Bosque. 3(1):15-25. 

Two keys for the identification of 43 timbers are presented, 

one based on macroscopic and the other on microscopic 

characters. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E. 1981. Delimitation of early/late and juve- 

nile/mature wood in Douglas-fir (Deliminacion de madera 

tempranta/tardia y juvenil/madura en pino oregon). Chile: 

Bosque. 4(1):55-58. 

Describes density variation that is found within growth 

rings. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E. 1983. Anatomical description of Fitzroya 

cupressoides (Fitzroya cupressoides, description anatomica). 

Bosque. 5(1):4. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E. 1984. Anatomical description of Arau- 

caria araucana (Araucaria araucana, description anatom- 

ica). Bosque. 5(2):117-118. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E. 1985. Anatomical description of Austroce- 

drus chilensis (Austrocedrus chilensis, description anatom- 

ica). Bosque. 6(1):49-50. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E. 1986. Anatomy of the wood of Podocar- 

pus nubigena Lindi (Cupressaceae: Anatomia de madera 

de Podocarpus nubigena Lindl: Cupressaceae). Bosque. 

7(1):57-58. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E. 1986. Anatomy of the wood of Podocar- 

pus saligna D. Don (Anatomia de madera de Podocarpus 

saligna D. Don). Bosque. 7(2):129-131. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E.; Devlieger, F.; Poblete, H.; Juacida, 

R. 1986. Commercial woods of Chile (Maderas comerciales 

de chile). Coleccion Naturaleza de Chile. Technical Docu- 

ment Vol. 4. Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia. 156 p. 

Diaz-Vaz, J.E.; Ojeda, F. 1980. Intra-incremental den- 

sity of Pseudotsuga menziesii I: variations in a stem analy- 

sis (Densidad intraincremental de Pseudotsuga menziesii I: 

Variaciones en un analisis fustal). Valdivia, Chile: Bosque. 

3(2):86-95. 

An x-ray analysis to investigate density of samples from a 

tree in Chile.

Doat, J. 1977. The calorific value of tropical woods (Le 

pouvoir calorifique des bois tropicaux). Bois et Forets des 

Tropiques. 172:33-55. 

Donoso, J.E.; Navarrete, R. 1972. Determination of 

the mechanical properties of some timbers of commercial 

importance in Chile. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. 

Informe Tecnico. 36:226-245. 

Describes mechanical properties of seven native species: 

Araucaria araucana, Nothofagus dombeyi, N. obliqua, Aex- 

toxicon punctatum, Laurelia philippiana, Weinmannia tri- 

chosperma, and Eucryphia cordifolia. 

Ducke, A. 1938. Notes on the Purpleheart trees (Peltog- 

yne Vog.) of Brazilian Amazonia. Tropical Woods. 54:l-7. 

Provides a key to the species and briefly describes major 

uses of the woods 

Echenique-M., R. 1967. Stress relaxation of wood at 

several levels of strain. Tech. Rep. New Haven CT: Yale 

School of Forestry. 37:29. 

Echenique-Manrique, R. 1970. Description, character- 

istics, and uses of 25 tropical Mexican woods (Descripcion, 

caracteristicas y usos de 25 maderas tropicales Mexicanas). 

Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Camara Nacional de la Industria de 

la Construccion. Serie Maderas de Mexico. 237 p. 

The natural durability, drying properties, distribution, and 

physical/mechanical properties of 25 species are given. 

Echenique-Manrique, R.; Barajas-M., J.; Pinzon- 

P., L.M.; Perez-M., V. 1975. Botanical and ecological 

study of the region of the river Uxpanapa Veracruz. No. 1: 

Technical characteristics of the wood of ten species (Es- 

tudio botanico y ecologico de la region del rio Uxpanapa 

Veracruz. No. 1: Caracteristicas tecnologicas de la madera 

de diez especies). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mex- 

ico. Programa Nacional Indicativo de Ecologia Tropical 

Publicacion del INIREB (Instituto de Investigaciones sobre 

Recuros Bioticos). 65 p. 

Describes physical and mechanical properties, drying and 

machining characteristics, natural durability and uses, as 

reported by various sources, for ten tropical species from 

Veracruz State, Mexico. 

Echenique-Manrique, R.; Diaz-G., V. 1969. Some 

technical characteristics of the wood of 11 Mexican species 

(Algunas caracteristicas tecnologicas de la madera de once 

especies Mexicanas). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Na- 

cional de Investigaciones Forestales. Boletin Tecnica. 27:61. 

Physical and mechancial properties, uses, and drying char- 

acteristics are provided for 11 species. 

Echenique-M., R.; Becerra-M., J. 1981. Some physical 

and mechanical characteristics of the wood of three species 

of Cordillera volcano mountain range (Alguanas caracter- 

isticas fisicomecanicas de la madera de tres escpecies de la 

cordillera neovolcanica). Instituto Nacional de Investiga- 

ciones Forestales, Mexico: Nota Technica. 6:6. 

Examines the properties of Abies religiosa, Pinus rudis, and 

Quesrcus barvinervis. 

Eguiluz-Piedra, T.; Zobel, B.J. 1986. Geographic vari- 

ation in wood properties of Pinus tecunumanii. Wood and 

Fiber Science. 18(1):68-75. 

Wood properties of Pinus tecunumanii were studied for 108 

trees collected from 4 different departments of Guatemala 

(Baja Verapaz, Zacapa, Totonicapan, and El Quiche). Un- 

extracted and extracted densities were calculated from 

108 cores (one per tree) of 4.5 mm diameter. Density var- 

ied from 0.51 to 0.56 with a weak decreasing trend from 

east to west. Most of the extractives were found in the 

core segment closest to the pith. Tracheid measurements 

(length, cell-wall thickness, lumen width, and diameter) 

were recorded on 11-mm cores from Baja Verapaz and Za- 

capa. With the exception of tracheid length, all the mea- 

sured cell characteristics showed highly statistical differ- 

ences between locations and among trees. Most of the vari- 

ation was within and between trees. Tracheid diameter and 

lumen width were highly correlated. 

Ehfurth, T.; Rusche, H. 1976. Marketing of tropical 

wood: wood species from South American tropical moist 

forests. Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food and Agriculture 

Organization. 

Gives information on species occurence, properties and uti- 

lization of species in trade and production, and problems 

and potentials for less-utilized species. 

Enrique V.J. 1969. Physical and mechanical properties 

of 137 woods of Venezuelan Guayana (Propiedades fisicas 

y mecanicas de 137 maderas de la guayana Venezolana). 

Merida, Venezuala: Universidad de los Andes: Laboratorio 

Nacional de Productos Forestales. 1:88. 

Esspinal-T., L.S. 1963. Some trees and shrubs of Colom- 

bia (in Spanish). Bogota: Instituto Geografico “Agustin 

Codazzi.” 104 p. 

General descriptions, sometimes including information on 

use, of 50 species. 

Fahn, A.; Burley, J.; Longman, K. A.; Mariaux, A.; 

Tomlinson, P.B. 1981. Possible contributions of wood 

anatomy to the determination of the age of tropical trees. 

In: Bormann, F.H.; Berlyn, G., eds. Age and growth rate 

of tropical trees: new directions for research. New Haven, 

CT: Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental 

studies. Bull. 94:31-54. 

Describes thoughts on and methods for determining the 

age of tropical trees. Probability based on periodicity is 

believed to be one of the most promising methods in non- 

seasonal climates. Anatomical methods and techniques for 

both living and dead trees are discussed, as is a method 

using dyes. 

Fahnestock, G.R.; Garratt, G.A. 1938. Nicaraguan 

pine (Pinus caribaea Mor.). Tropical Woods. 55:l-16. 

Discusses the harvesting, anatomy, and mechanical proper- 

ties of this tree. 

FAO. 1958. Proceedings of the 4th conference on wood 

technology; 1958 April 22-May 2; Madrid, Spain. Rome, 

Italy: United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 

60 p. 

13

The international standards for physical and mechanical 

properties, as well as the testing of reconstituted board 

products, are noted. 

Faria, C.M.S. 1981. Amazonian timbers: identification 

of 100 species (Madeiras da Amazonia: identificao de 100 

especies). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rede Ferroviaria Federal, 

S.A. 313 p. 

Describes wood characteristics of 100 Brazilian wood 

species, noting color, odor, taste, polish, grain, texture, 

rays, and density. 

Ferreira, C.A. 1979. Basic wood density from commer- 

cial plantations in the region of Mogi Guacu. Piricicaba, 

Brazil: IPEF (Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais). 

Publicao Semestral: Piracicaba. 18:106-117. 

Ferreira, C.A.; Freitas, M. de; Ferreira, M. 1978. 

Variation of basic density of the wood of Eucalyptus spp 

as a function of age and local quality (A variacao da den- 

sidade basica de madeira de Eucalyptus spp em funcao da 

idade e qualidad). Piricicabaa, Brazil: IPEFD (Instituto 

de Pesquisas e Estudos Forestais). Boletim informativo. 

6(20):B1-B19. 

Ferreira, C.A.; Freitas, M. de; Ferreira, M. 1979. 

Wood density in commercial plantations of Eucalyptus in 

the Mogi-Guacu region (Sao Paulo) (Densidade basica da 

madeira de plantacoes comerciais de eucaliptos, na reiao 

de Mogi-Guacu (S.P.)). Piricicaba, Brazil: IPEF (Insti- 

tuto de Pesquisas e Estudos Forestais). Publicao Semestral. 

18:106-117. 

Ferreira, M. 1973. Variation in specific gravity of wood 

from commercial plantations of Eucalyptus alba, E. saligna, 

and E. grandis. Papel. 34:151-157. 

Ferreira, M. 1978. Wood specific gravity variations on 

Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden at 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16 

years. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry Congress; 

1972 October 4-18; Centro Cultural General San Martin, 

Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Insti- 

tuto Forestal Nacional. 5:6359-6363. 

Ferreira, M.; Amaral, A.C.; Bertolani, F.; Nicoielo, 

N. 1978. Wood dry weight yield of pine plantations 

(Rendimento em peso seco de madeira de pantacoes de pin- 

heiros). Piricicaba, Brazil: IPEF (Instituto de Pesquisas 

e Estudos Florestais). Publicao Semestral: Piracicaba. 

17:78-89. 

Flores-R., L.J. 1968. Wood anatomy of three tropical 

Mexican species (Anatomica de la madera de tres especies 

tropicales mexicanas). Tech. Bull. 24:13. 

Notes that Mexican tropical timbers are poorly utilized, 

due in large part to the lack of technical knowledge of 

them. Anatomical, physical, and mechanical characteris- 

tics of Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria, Pouteria unilocularis, 

and P. campechiana are given. 

Foelkel, C.E.B.; Ferreira, M.; Nehring, J.H.; Rolin, 

M.B. 1975. Variability of slash pine wood in the radial 

direction (Variabilidade no sentido radial da madeira 

de Pinus elliottii). Piricicaba, Brazil: IPEF (Instituto 

14 

de Pesquisas e Estudos Forestais). Publicao Semestral. 

10: 1-1 1. 

Franklin, E.C. 1978. Juvenile-mature correlations. In: 

Nikles, D.G.; Burley, J.; Barnes, R.D., eds. Progress and 

problems of genetic improvement of tropical forest trees. 

Proceedings of a joint workshop, IUFRO working parties 

S2.02-08 and S2.03-01; 1977; Brisbane. 3. Selection and 

genetics: 205-212. 

Frizzo, S.M.B.; Silva, M.C.M. da; Boas, E.R.V. 

1982. Analytical composition of the wood of Hovenia dulcis 

Thunb. from a provenance of the Silvicultural Experiment 

Station at Boco do Monte, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do 

Sul, Brazil. Ciencia e Natura. 4:85-90. 

Froes, R.L. 1959. Information on some economic plants of 

the Amazonian plateau (Informacoes sobre algumas plantas 

economicas do planalto Amazonico). Institute Agronomy. 

Norte. Tech. Bull. 35:113. 

Furuno, T.; Saiki, H. 1974. Anatomical characteristics 

of tropical woods. Res. Rep. of Foreign Wood. Matsue, 

Japan: Shimane University. 3:39-119. 

Describes, with numerous photomicrographs, named trop- 

ical woods, and their anatomical characteristics (vessel 

arrangement, perforation and pitting, vestured pits, axial 

parenchyma, rays, septate fibres, axial and radial intercel- 

lular canals, latex and tanniniferous tubes, oil cells, silica 

inclusions, crystals, tile cells, ripple marks, latex traces, in- 

cluded phloem, interlocked grain, brittle heart, deposits in 

vessels, and tropical softwood). 

Gaiotti de Peralta, C.; Edlmann Abbate, M.L. 

1983. Anatomical characteristics of 16 kinds of wood from 

Panama. 2 (Carattistiche anatomiche di 16 specie legnose 

provenienti dalla Repubblica di Panama. 2). Florence, 

Italy: Instituto Agronomico per l’oltremare. Rivista di 

Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale. 77(4):569-599. 

Garcia, R.R.; Garcia, J.J.M. 1956. A study of the 

physical and mechancial properties of Piptadenia spp (Es- 

tudio fisico y mehanico de las especies forestales del gen- 

ero Piptadenia. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Administration 

Nacional de Bosques: 63-84. 

Garduno, G.R. 1959. Notes on the utilization of forest 

products of arid zones (Nota sobre explotacion de pro- 

ductos forestales de zonas aridas). Durango, Mexico: 

Mensajero Forestal. 17(176):8-9. 

Garratt, G.A. 1936. The wood of Symphonia globulifera. 


Gives list of common names, description of tree and wood, 

mechanical properties, and uses of this species. 

Geary, T.F.; Macia Sanabria, F.R. 1973. Density of 

the juvenile wood of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis grown 

in subtropical moist and wet life zones of Puerto Rico. 

Turrialba. 23(4):477-480. 

Wood samples were collected from second thinnings 

in plantations of P. caribaea var. hondurensis 9 to 10 

years old in Puerto Rico, at 790 m alt. (subtropical wet 

zone) and 90 m alt. (subtropical moist zone). Density

(measured as oven-dry weight/green volume) generally in- 

creased from pith to bark, because the later-formed wood 

is further from the auxin source and so consists of smaller 

cells. Heartwood was denser in trees from the lower alti- 

tude at all heights along the stem and at any distance from 

the pith. This was due to the formation of a greater pro- 

portion of late-wood cells in the periods when there was 

insufficient soil moisture for active elongation. In contrast, 

trees at the higher altitude rarely suffered from a deficit in 

soil moisture. 

Gerry, E.; Flick. F.J. 1957. Puerto Rican woods and 

their utilization: a bibliography. Rept. 1793. Madison, 



Contains literature on woods and forest of Puerto Rico to 

1950. 

Ghouse, A.K.M.; Yunus, M. 1972. An example of the 

stratified cambium among the indigenous tropical trees. 

Current Science. 41(15):569-570. 

Briefly describes and illustrates the storied arrangement of 

fusiform initials (as seen in longitudinal tangential section) 

in the wood of Dalbergia sissoo. 

Gilmore, R.C.; Barefoot, A.C. 1974. Evaluation of 

some tropical woods imported into the United States from 

South America. Forest Products Journal. 24(2):24-28. 

Describes machining, gluing, and strength tests on six 

groups of tropical woods, exported under the commercial 

names of Andiroba (Carapa guianensis), Azafran (Zan- 

thoxylum sp.; Cordia sp.), Banak or Ucuuba (Oteophloeum 

sp.; Virola sp.), Hura (Hura sp.), Sajo (Campnosperma 

panamensis), and Virola (Dialyanthera sp.). Compar- 

isons were made with Liriodendron tulipifera. In general, 

strength of glue bonds, static bending strength, and tough- 

ness decreased with decreasing specific gravity of the wood. 

Gomes, J.I. 1982. The wood of Cordia goeldiana Hu- 

ber (A madeira de Cordia goeldiana Huber). Boletim de 

Pesquisa.Umido, EMBRAPA, Brazil: Centro de Pesquisa 

Agropecuaria do Tropico. 45:16. 

Anatomy, physical and mechanical properties, durability, 

uses, and preservation of C. goeldiana. 

Gonzalez, M.E.; Gonzalez, G.E. 1973. Mechanical 

and physical properties, uses, and other characteristics of 

some commercial woods important in Costa Rica. Part 1 

(Propiedades fisicas, mecanicas, usos y otras caracteristicas 

de algunas maderas comercialmente importantes en Costa 

Rica. Parte 1). San Pedro, Costa Rica: Laboratorio de 

Productos Forestales, Universidad de Costa Rica. 48 p. 

Gonzalez, M.E.; Slooten, H.J. van der; Richter, 

H.G. 1971. Latin American timbers. VIII. Calophyl- 

lum brasiliense, Couratari panamensis, Dendropanax ar- 

boreum and Bombacopsis sessiles (Maderas latinoamer- 

icanas. VIII. Calophyllum brasiliense, Couratari pana- 

mensis, Dendropanax arboreum y Bombacopsis sessilis). 

Turrialba. 21(4):466-477. 

Describes the four species, presenting data on the anatomy 

and properties (physical, mechanical, seasoning, and ma- 

chining) as well as possible uses of the woods. 

Gonzalez, G.T.; Wiessel, B.C.; Chaverri, P.R. 1973. 

Investigation about the development of the forest produc- 

tion of northeast Nicaragua: properties and uses of 15 

species of wood of northeast Nicaragua (Investigacion so- 

bre el fomento de la produccion de los bosques del Noreste 

Nicaragua: Propiedades y usos de quince especies mader- 

ables del noreste de Nicaragua). Turrialba, Costa Rica: 

United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, IICA- 

CATIE (Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas- 

Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza). 

FO/SF/NIC 9, Informe Tecnico 8. 202 p. 

Gottwald, H.; Richter, H.G. 1984. Koto/Pterygota– 

timbers from three parts of the world (Koto/Pterygota– 

Holzer dreier Erdteile). Holz-Zentralblatt. 110(151): 

2242-2243. 

Describes the silvics, wood anatomy, wood properties, and 

use of Pterygota spp. Thirteen species are recognized, 6 

in Africa, 4 in Latin America (including P. amazonica, P. 

brasiliense [Basiloxylon brasiliensis], and P. colombiana) , 

and 3 in Asia. A complete list is given of species, syn- 

onyms, distribution, and trade and common names. 

Gregory, M. 1980. Wood identification: an annotated 

bibliography. IAWA Bull. New Series. 1(1-2):1-41. 

Grupo Andino. 1981. Tables of physical and mechan- 

ical properties for 20 wood species from Bolivia (Tablas 

de propiedades fisicas y mecanicas de la madera de 20 es- 

pecies de Bolivia). PADT REFORT (Los Proyectos Andi- 

nos de Desarrollo Technologico en el Area de los Recursos 

Forestales Tropicales). Lima, Peru: Junta del Acuero de 

Cartanegena. 53 p. 

Guevara, M.R. 1981. Geographical and within-tree vari- 

ation in heartwood pH of Pinus oocarpa from Honduras. 

Wood Science. 13(4):220-224. 

Heartwood pH values and buffering capacity were measured 

from the Talanga and Siguatepeque counties in Honduras. 

Samples were taken at 1.5, 8.2, 14.8, and 21.3 ft up the 

bole of each tree. Results were analysed using a nested 

design with repeated samplings. There was a significant 

difference in heartwood pH between counties. Heartwood 

pH increased with sampling height. The relationship be- 

tween heartwood pH and rate of growth, wood density and 

MOR are discussed. Variation in buffering capacity be- 

tween counties was not significant. Results show that pH 

varied between 4.3 and 4.7, and buffering capacity varied 

between 6.1 and 7.4 ml of 0.025 normal solutions of H2SO4 

or NaOH. 

Guridi-G., L. 1978. Comparative study of the wood 

anatomy of some Mexican Sapotaceae. (Estudio compar- 

ativo de la anatomia de la madera de algunas sapcataceas 

mexicanas). Mexico: Direccion General de Investigacion y 

Capacitacion Forestales. Ciencia Forestal. 3(11):13-34. 

Describes 10 species of Sapotaceae found in Mexico, not- 

ing that 31 species are found in the country. Tabular data 

are presented on the macroscopic and microscopic features 

15

of each species. Photomicrographs of each wood are also 

shown. 

Guth, E. 1968/69. Variation of the length of fibers in 

timber of Pinus elliottii (Variacion del largo de fibra en 

el leno de Pinus elliottii). IDIA (Informativo de Investi- 

gaciones Agricolas). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro de 

Investigaciones y Experiencias Forestales. Suplemento 

Forest ales. 5:31. 

Guth, E. 1970. Variation of physical and chemical char- 

acters in the subtropical species of Pinus located in north 

Argentina. I. Density and morphology of the tracheids 

(Variacion de caracteres fisicos y quimicos en especies sub- 

tropicales de Pinus en localidades del norte Argentina. I. 

Densidade morfologia de las traqueidas). Buenos Aires, 

Argentina: Centro de Investigaciones y Experiencias Fore- 

stales. IDIA Suplemento Forestales. 6:33. 

Guth, E.B. de. 1973. Density and tracheid morphology 

in species of Pine planted on deep red soils in the province 

of Misiones, Argentina. IDIA Suplemento Forestales. 8:1-7. 

Describes wood specific gravity, fiber length, and weight 

yield of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea, P. c. var. honduren- 

sis, P. c. var. bahamensis, P. elliottii, P. taeda, and P. 

oocarpa. 

Guth, E.; Piussan, C. 1987. Variation of the character- 

istics of the timber of individuals of Salix nigra cultivated 

in the Parana delta. (Variacion de las caracteristicas del 

leno de individuo en Salix nigra cultivado en el Delta del 

Parana). Actas del Simposio sobre Silvicultura y Mejo- 

ramiento Genetico de Especies Forestales. CIEF-Toma IV. 

Centro de Investigaciones y Experiencias Forestales, Buenos 

Aires, Argentina. 

Gutierrez-D., M. 1983. Structure and physical and me- 

chanical properties of Laurelia philippiana (Caracteristi- 

cas estructurales y propiedades fisico-mecanicas de la tepa 

(Laurelia philippiana (Phil.) Loesser)). Ciencias Forestales. 

3(1):21-32. 

Guyana Timber Export Board. 1979. Guyana timber 

species: Wallaba (Eperua falcata). Georgetown, Guyana: 

Guyana Timber Export Board. 30 p. 

Describes distribution, supply, general characteristics of the 

tree and wood, drying, mechanical and working properties, 

durability and uses including specifications for transmission 

poles, siding, and shingles of Eucalyptus falcata. 

Hager, H.M. 1971. Physical and mechanical characteris- 

tics of woods of the Amazon region (Caracteristicas fisico- 

mecanicas de madeiras da regiao Amazonica). Belem, Para, 

Brazil: Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da Amazonia. 

SUDAM Documenta. 3(1/4):59-82. 

Describes methods of testing and data on mechanical and 

physical properties of 31 tree species from the Amazon re- 

gion of Brazil. 

Harzmann, L.; Koch, H. 1982. Structural development 

of tropical hardwoods. (Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Struk- 

turentwicklung bei tropischem Laubholz). Holztechnologie. 

23(1):8-13. 

16 

Describes studies on Cedrela odorata, and Tetraberlinia 

bifoliolata, including information on radial and longitudinal 

variations of wood density, fibers, and contents of cellulose, 

lignin, and extractives. 

Hayashi, S.; Tsunoda, K.; Nishimoto, K. 1978. 

Anatomy and properties of tropical woods. Manual III- 

anatomy of 10 Argentine wood species. Wood Research 

Review. 12:29. 

Heringer, E.P. 1955. Physical properties of the wood of 

Trattinicki ferruginea (Propriedades fisicas de madeira da 

Trattinicki ferruginea. Botetim de Agricultura do Departa- 

mento de Producao Vegetal, Secretaria da Agricultura do 

Estado de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte. 4(7/8):27-46. 

Higa, A.R.; Kageyama, P.Y.; Ferreira, M. 1973. Vari- 

ation in the basic density of wood of Pinus elliottii and P. 

taeda. Piricicaba, Brazil: IPEF (Instituto de Pesquisas e 

Estudos Forestains). Publicao Semestral. 7:79-91. 

Holdridge, L. 1954. Cupressus lusitanica in Costa Rica 

(El cipres mexicano en Costa Rica). Costa Rica: Boletin 

Tecnico del Minesterio de Agriculture e Industria. 12:5-31. 

Honda, M. 1970. Contribution to the study of the wood 

of the genus Vochysia from Brazilian Amazonia. 11. V. 

maxima, V. vismiifolia, and V. rufa. Boletin do INPA. 

Pesquisas Florestais. 16:11. 

Describes species of the genus Vochysia from the Brazilian 

Amazon region. Both macroscopic and microscopic data 

are provided to make identification of three species easier 

(Vochysia maxima; Vochysia vismiifolia; Vochysia rufa). 

Honda, M. 1970. Contribution to the study of the 

wood of the genus Vochysia from Brazilian Amazonia. I. 

Vochysia guinanensis Aubl., V. obscura Warm., and V. 

inundata Ducke. Boletim do INPA. Pesquisas Florestais. 

5:15. 

Describes species of the genus Vochysia from the Brazilian 

Amazon region. Both macroscopic and microscopic data 

are provided to make identification of three species easier 

(Vochysia guianensis; Vochysia obscura; Vochysia inundata). 

Horn, E.F. 1918. Properties and uses of some of the more 

important woods grown in Brazil. Washington, DC: 1.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 53 p. 

Houkal, D. 1982. Spiral grain in Pinus oocarpa. Wood 

and Fiber. 14(4):320-330. 

Howe, J.P. 1974. Relationship of climate to the specific 

gravity of four Costa Rican hardwoods. Wood and Fiber. 

5(4):347-352. 

Increment cores were taken from trees of four hardwood 

species (Brosimum sp., Cedrela mexicana, Cordia alliodora, 

Virola koschnyi), each growing in areas of Costa Rica hav- 

ing widely different climatic conditions (heat, precipitation, 

humidity). Results show that climate significantly influ- 

ences the specific gravity of Cedrela mexicana, Cordia al- 

liodora, V. koschnyi in different ways, but not significantly 

effect that of Brosimum sp. Relations between specific 

gravity and other features of the trees were examined.

Huerta-Crespo, J. 1963. The wood anatomy of 12 Mex- 

ican conifers. Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Forestales. Boletin Tecnico. 8:51. 

Discusses the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of 

Abies religiosa, Cupressus benthami, C. lindleyi, Juniperus 

monosperma, Pinus ayacahuite, P. cembroides, P. leiophylla, 

P. monophylla, P. nelsoni, P. pinceana, P. quadrifolia, and 

P. strobus rhiapensis. Gross anatomical features and three 

microphotographs are given for each species. The struc- 

tural elements described include tracheids, wood rays, wood 

parenchyma, growth rings, and resin ducts. 

Huerta-C., J.; Cervantes-G., V. 1973. Easy identifica- 

tion of the wood of Cedrela mexicana, Swietenia macro- 

phylla, and Calophyllum brasiliense. Bosques y Fauna. 

10(6):60-64. 

Describes characteristics of the wood of the three species, 

and how to use them for identification; illustrations are 

provided. 

Huerta-C., J. 1975. 100 Mexican woods (100 maderas 

Mexicanas). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Forestales. Publicacion Especial. 9:21. 

Color photographs of 76 hardwoods and 24 softwoods are 

presented along with the scientific and common names of 

each wood. 

Hughes, J.F. 1970. A preliminary investigation of some 

structural features and properties of the wood of Pinus 

caribaea from British Honduras. Commonwealth Forest. 

Review 49 (4) : 336-35 5. 

Huizzi, A. 1964. Macroscopic anatomy of some commer- 

cial woods of Venezuela and some keys to their identifica- 

tion (Anatomia macroscopica de algunas maderas comer- 

ciales de Venezuela y clava para su identificacion). Merida, 

Venezuela: Universidad de Los Andes. 121 p. 

Huizzi, A. 1974. Key for the macroscopic identification of 

some commercial woods of Venezuela (Clave para la iden- 

tificacion macrografica de algunas maderas comerciales de 

Venezuela). Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes. 

Acta Botanica Venezuelica. 9(1/4):399-420. 

Thirty-four woods listed by common and scientific names, 

are described and keyed for their identification using 

macroscopic features. 

IBDF. 1981. Amazonian timbers: Characteristics and uti- 

lization. (Madeiras da Amazonia: caracteristicas e utiliza- 

cao). Brasilia, Brazil: Instituto Brasiliero de Desenvolvi- 

mento Florestal. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolimento 

Cientifico e Technologico. (CNPq). 2 Vol. 

IBDF. 1983. Potential woods of Grande Carajas (Poteni- 

cial madeireiro do Grande Carajas). Brasilia, Brazil: Insti- 

tuto Brazileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal. Laboratorio 

de Produtos Florestais. 134 p. 

IICA (Instituto Interamericanas de Ciencias Agri- 

colas). 1968. Report on a wood testing program carried 

out for UNDP project 192. Survey and development of 

selected forest areas, Costa Rica. Turrialba, Costa Rica: 

Wood Technology Laboratory of the Instituto Interameri- 

canas de Ciencias Agricolas. 134 p. 

Institute of Inter-American Affairs. 1947. The for- 

est resources of Paraguay. Special Rep. Washington, DC: 

Institute of Inter-American Affairs. 112 p. 

Instituto Pesquisas Tecnicas. 1956. Tables of results 

obtained from tests of native woods. (Tabelas de resulta- 

dos obtidos para madeiras nacionais). Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

Boletin Instituto Pesquisas Tecnologicas. 31:29 p. 

Tests are reported on 300 wood samples. 

IUFRO. 1985. Properties and utilization of tropical 

woods. International Union of Forestry Research Organi- 

zations. Manaus, [s.l.]. [Various pagings]. 

A summary of the proceedings of the IUFRO meeting in 

Manaus, 1984. Topics cover properties, means to achieve 

greater utilization, and processing techniques. 

Japing, C.H.; Japing H.W. 1960. Woodhandbook of 

Surinam wood species. (Houthandboek Surinaamse Hout- 

soorten). Paramaribo, Suriname: Utgave Dienst’s Lands 

Bosbeheer. 264 p. 

Japing, H.W. 1957. Tests of the most important me- 

chanical and physical properties of 41 Surinam wood 

species (Onderzoek naar belangrijkste mechanische en fy- 

sische eigenschappen van 41 Surinaamse houtsoorten). 

The Netherlands: Mededeling No. 122. Instituut voor 

de Tropen Amsterdam. Afdeling Tropische Production. 

46:249. 

Japing, H.W. 1960. Data from tests on the most impor- 

tant mechanical and physical properties of 5 well-known 

Surinam timbers, compared with those of 41 lesser known 

ones tested earlier (Gegevens van proeven over de belangri- 

jkste mechanische en fysische eigenschappen van 5 bekende 

Surinaamse houtsoorten, in vergelijking met die van vroeger 

ondersochte 41 minder bekende soorten). The Netherlands: 

Mededling Instituut voor de Tropen Amsterdam. 136:57. 

Jesus, R.M. de; Vital, B.R. 1986. Comparison between 

Eucalyptus grandis mother tree and clone densities (Com- 

paracao entre densidades de matrizes e de clones de Eu- 

calyptus grandis). Viscosa, MG, Brazil: Revista Arvore. 

10(1):82-90. 

Karstedt, P.; Mesa, M. 1972. Anatomical description 

of the xylem of the four indigenous Cuban pines (Descrip- 

cion anatomica del xilema de los cuatro pinos endemicos de 

Cuba). Baracoa. 2(2):24-47. 

Describes the microscopic wood anatomy of Pinus caribaea, 

P. cubensis, P. occidentalis, and P. tropicalis. Important 

distinguishing characteristics of the four species are given 

in tables and photos. Differences are described between the 

species in pits of the radial parenchyma and between the 

teeth located in the walls of the radial tracheids. 

Karstedt, P.; Mesa, M. 1978. Anatomical description 

of the xylem of four pines endemic to Cuba (Descrip- 

cion anatomica del xilema de los cuatro pinos endemi- 

cos de Cuba). In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry 

Congress; 1972 October 4-18; Centro Cultural General San 

17

Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vol. 5. Instituto Forestal 

Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina: 6365-6369. 

Karsulovic-C., T.; Navarrete-M., R. 1977. I. Me- 

chanical properties of commercial woods of Chile. II. Basic 

strength of some Chilean woods. (I. Propiedades mecanicas 

de maderas comerciales Chilenas. II. Tensiones basicas de 

algunas maderas Chilenas). Santiago, Chile: Universidad 

de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Boletim Tecnico. 

46:60. 

I. Describes the studies of nine woods: Aextoxicon punc- 

tatum; Araucaria araucana; Eucryphia cordifolia; Fitzroya 

cupressoides; Nothofagus dombeyi; N. obliqua; N. alpina 

[N. procera]; Laurelia philippiana; and Weinmannia tri- 

chosperma. Mechanical properties are presented for each 

species, green and at 12 percent moisture content for static 

and dynamic bending; compression parallel to grain; ten- 

sion; shear; cleavage; hardness; and nail-holding properties. 

II. Basic strength data are shown for the same nine species 

in the green condition. 

Keylwerth, R. 1951. Brasil pine. Araucaria angusti- 

folia. Tables of wood properties (Araucaria angustifo- 

lia. Holzeigenschaftstafeln. Brasilkiefer). Holz Roh- und 

Werkstoff. 9(5):211-212. 

Kribs, D.A. 1927. Comparative anatomy of the woods of 

the Juglandaceae. Tropical Woods. 12:16-21. 

Briefly describes the characteristics of the tree as well as 

gross and minute anatomy of the genera Platycarya, Carya, 

Pterocarya, Juglans, Engelhardtia, and Alfaroa. 

Kribs, D.A. 1928. The Persaud collection of British 

Guiana woods. Tropical Woods. 13:7-46. 

Describes the gross and minute anatomy of 68 species. Pro- 

vides a check list of common names of these species. 

Kukachka, B.F. 1979. Wood anatomy of the neotropical 

Sapotaaeae: VIII. Diploon. Res. Pap. FPL-349. Madison, 



The genus Diploon is represented here by D. cuspidatum, 

which is native to southeastern Brazil. Originally described 

as Chrysophyllum cuspidatum by Hoehne in 1933, it was 

raised to generic status by Cronquist, A. in 1946. The 

anatomy of the secondary xylem substantiates this transfer. 

Kukachka, B.F. 1979. Wood anatomy of the neotropi- 

cal Sapotaceae: IX. Pseudoxythece. Res. Pap. FPL-350. 

Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser- 

vice, Forest Products Laboratory. 4 p. 

Pseudoxythece ambelaniifolia (Sandwith) Aubreville is the 

sole representative of this genus established by Aubreville 

in 1972. Floristically and anatomically, its affinities are 

with Neoxythece (Oxythece). Whether it can be main- 

tained as a distinct taxon remains to be determined. 


Sapotaceae: X. Micropholis. Res. Pap. FPL-351. Madi- 

son, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Forest Products Laboratory. 16 p. 

18 

The genus Micropholis, originally maintained as a section of 

the large pan-tropical genus Sideroxylon, was raised to the 

generic status in 1891 by Pierre. The genus was adopted by 

most students of the family with exception of Baehni who 

reduced the various species to synonomy within his very 

large and overwhelming genus Pouteria. This study of the 

wood anatomy confirms the establishment of Micropholis as 

a distinct entity among the American Sapotaceae. 


Sapotaceae: XI. Prieurella. Res. Pap. FPL-352. Madison, 



Prieurella currently consists of seven South American 

species. The best known and most abundantly collected 

species are P. cuneifolia (Rudge) Pierre and P. prieurii 

(A.DC.) Aubr. Since 1964, five additional species have been 

described by Aubreville: colombiana, lanceolata, maguirei, 

manaosensis, and wurdackii. For many decades the orig- 

inal species were maintained under Chrysophyllum until 

Pierre established the genus Prieurella in 1891. The wood 

anatomy substantiates the separation from Chrysophyllum. 

Kukachka, B.F. 1979. Wood anatomy of the Neotropical 

Sapotaceae: XII. Neoxythece. Res. Pap. FPL-353. Madi- 



The genus Neoxythece consists of a small number of species 

concentrated in the Amazon region and northern South 

America with a single species native to the West Indies. 

Anatomically and physically, the woods investigated ap- 

peared to be a very closely related group. They were light 

brown, very heavy, and characterized anatomically by their 

narrow banded parenchyma, pores in radial/echelon ar- 

rangement, abundant vascular tracheids, long vessel mem- 

bers, and the presence of silica in the wood rays. Woods 

of Caramuri could not be anatomically distinguished from 

Neoxythece and have been included in the latter. It seems 

likely that Pseudoxythece will also be reduced to synonomy. 


Sapotaceae: XIII. Podoluma. Res. Pap. FPL-354. Madi- 



The wood anatomy described here is based on the only 

available specimen of the genus and is represented by 

Podoluma benai from French Guiana. The specimen repre- 

sents mature wood from the type tree. The wood is readily 

differentiated from the other hard, heavy, and dark colored 

Sapotaceae by the presence of microcrystals in the axial 

parenchyma. 


cal Sapotaceae. XIV. Elaeoluma. Res. Pap. FPL-358. 



The genus Elaeoluma consists of three species distributed 

in the Amazon Basin, Surinam, Guyana, and Venezuela. 

The description presented here is based on E. glabrescens 

of the Amazon Basin. The wood is easily differentiated 

from all other neotropical Sapotaceae by its pale brown 

color, reticulate parenchyma, which is hardly discernible 

with a hand lens, and a low relative density averaging 0.50.

Whether the correct nomenclature is Elaeoluma or Gym- 

noluma is problematical and remains to be resolved by a 

monographer. 


Sapotaceae. XV. Sandwithiodoxa. Res. Pap. FPL-359. 



Sandwithiodoxa is a monotypic genus established by Aubre- 

ville and Pellegrin. making the new combination Sandwith- 

iodoxa egregia (Sandw.) Aubr. and Pellegr. The wood is 

light brown, very hard, and heavy with an average relative 

density of 1.09. Individual specimens attain a relative den- 

sity of 1.21. Floristically it is said to have affinities with 

Sarcaulus and Pseudocladia, but anatomically it differs 

from these genera in several details. 


Sapotaceae. XVI. Paralabatia. Res. Pap. FPL-360. Madi- 



Paralabatia is a small genus of five or six species ranging 

from the Amazon to the West Indies. From the anatomical 

standpoint the genus as constituted by Aubreville forms 

a group of closely related species. In marked contrast, 

the four species cited by Baehni belong to four different 

anatomical groups. The woods of Paralabatia are some- 

what similar to those of Neoxythece but can be readily dis- 

tinguished by the smaller pores and shorter vessel members 

characteristic of Paralabatia. 


Sapotaceae. XVII. Gambeya. Res. Pap. FPL-361. Madi- 



Gambeya is an African genus to which Aubreville added 

Gambeya excelsa (Huber) Aubr., based on the Amazonian 

Chrysophyllum excelsum Huber. Whether Gambeya is the 

appropriate taxon for the American species remains to be 

resolved. Wood specimens indicate that several species oc- 

cur in the Americas ranging from Southern Mexico to the 

Peruvian Amazon. The woods of the neotropical Gam- 

beya are an off-white color unique among the predomi- 

nant browns and red browns typical of the Sapotaceae. 

The wood is further distinguished by the radial arrange- 

ment of the pores, reticulate parenchyma, lack of silica, and 

the presence of microcrystals in the wood rays and axial 

parenchyma. A unique genus of the Sapotaceae. 


cal Sapotaceae. XVIII. Gomphiluma. Res. Pap. FPL-362. 



As now constituted, Gomphiluma consists of two species 

of small trees limited to the Brazilian Amazon. Formerly 

submerged in the large genus Pouteria, Gomphiluma was 

reinstated to generic status by Aubreville in 1961. The 

pale brown wood of moderate density is quite unlike that 

of Pouteria and appears more nearly allied with certain 

species of Micropholis. 


Sapotaceae. XIX. Chromolucuma. Res. Pap. FPL-363. 



Chromolucuma was established by Adolpho Ducke in 1925 

based on the single species C. rubriflora native to the mid- 

dle amazon of Brazil. A second species, C. baehniana, was 

described in 1949 by Monachino. It occurs in the Amazon 

and Guyana. A third species, C. sericea, was named by 

Gilly but it is not known at the present time whether this 

was validly published. Anatomically the affinities of Chro- 

molucuma appear to be with Pouteria (sensu Aubreville) 

but it differs from the latter in several respects. 


Sapotaceae. XX. Manilkara. Res. Pap. FPL-371. Madi- 



Consisting of about 32 neotropical species, the genus 

Manilkara has a widespread distribution in the Americas 

ranging from southeastern Brazil and northern Bolivia 

as far north as southern Florida. It is probably the most 

important of the American genera, being the source of 

commercial timbers, fruits, and gums. Manilkara, as con- 

stituted here, consists of a generic complex that includes 

Achras, Muriaeanthe, Schaferodendron, Manilkariopsis, 

and Chiclea. This complex exhibits remarkable anatomi- 

cal uniformity; the variability exhibited between genera is 

no greater than that which may be encountered within a 

single species. 

Kukachka, B.F. 1981. Wood anatomy of the Sapotaceae. 

XXI. Barylucuma. Res. Pap. FPL-372. Madison, WI: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products 

Laboratory. 3 p. 

Barylucuma decussata, the sole member of the genus, was 

established in 1925 by Adolpho Ducke. Eyma (1936) sug- 

gested its affinity with Pouteria and Baehni (1942) made 

the new combination Bouteria decussata (Ducke) Baehni. 

In 1942, Ducke revised his opinion regarding the status of 

his new genus indicating that it was untenable but did not 

suggest its placement in one of the known genera. Aubre- 

ville (1961) retained Barylucuma as distinct. Anatomically 

and physically the wood of Barylucuma is similar to certain 

species of Neoxythece, Paralabatia, and Myrtiluma, but 

seems to be most closely allied with Podoluma. 


Sapotaceae. XXII. Pradosia. Res. Pap. FPL-373. Madi- 



As constituted here, the genus Pradosia consists of a group 

of closely related species including the species attributed 

to Glycoxylon and Neopometia. The members of Pradosia 

are readily separable anatomically from other American 

Sapotaceae by the presence of silica in the wood rays and 

of microcrystals (crystal sand) in the axial parenchyma. Al- 

though Podoluma does share these features with Pradosia, 

it has much larger pores arranged in a clustered-echelon 

arrangement. 


Sapotaceae. XXIII. Gayella. Res. Pap. FPL-374. Madi- 



19

Gayella splendens (A. DC.) Aubr., the sole member of this 

genus, is a tall shrub, endemic to Chile. Baehni (1965) and 

Eyma (1936) place G. splendens in Pouteria but Aubreville 

(1961) recognizes Gayella as distinct. Anatomically, the 

alliance of Gayella is not with Pouteria but with Pradosia 

and particularly with P. lactescens and ptychandra. 


Sapotaceae. XXIV. Ecclinusa. Res. Pap. FPL-395. Madi- 



Ecclinusa is a small genus of South American species char- 

acterized by their pale-brown, roseate, or sometimes rust- 

colored woods of medium density (relative density averages 

0.71). The small pores are in clustered-echelon arrangement 

or in laterally spaced files in echelon or radial arrangement. 

Ecclinusa is a silica-accumulating genus, attaining concen- 

trations of 2.05 percent in E. guianensis. Since its inception 

in 1839, the genus has remained remarkably stable and has 

few synonyms. 


Sapotaceae. XXV. Ragala. Res. Pap. FPL-396. Madison, 



Ragala is a small genus of 4 species limited to the Guianas 

and the Amazon Basin. At one time its species were in- 

cluded in the genus Ecclinusa and another time both Eccli- 

nusa and Ragala were a part of the very large genus Chrys- 

ophyllum. This study of the wood anatomy supports the 

separation of Ecclinusa and Ragala as well as their removal 

from Chrysophyllum. Ragala is a silica-accumulating genus. 


cal Sapotaceae. XXVI. Myrtiluma. Res. Pap. FPL-397. 



Myrtiluma eugeniaefolia (Pierre) Baillon, the sole member 

of this genus, is limited to northern South America and 

the lower Amazon Basin. It was originally described as a 

species of Micropholis and at a much later date was re- 

duced to synonomy under Pouteria. Anatomically it shows 

little affinity with Micropholis or Pouteria but would ap- 

pear to be closely allied with Sandwithiodoxa. The wood is 

among the heaviest of the Sapotaceae. 


Sapotaceae. XXVII. Sarcaulus. Res. Pap. FPL-398. Madi- 



This study is based on wood specimens of Sarcaulus 

brasiliensis (A. DC.) Eyma which was, for a long time, the 

sole representative of the genus. [A second species, S. wur- 

dackii Aubr., was described in 1965 from Peru; wood of the 

latter species was not available for this study]. The genus 

is anatomically well-defined and, although the topography 

is rather similar to some species of Ecclinusa and Ragala, it 

can be readily separated by several anatomical features. 


Sapotaceae. XXVIII. Labatia. Res. Pap. FPL-416. Madi- 



20 

The genus Labatia, first described in 1788, was maintained 

as a distinct entity until the 1930s when it was submerged 

in Pouteria. In 1972, it was reestablished as the new genus 

Neolabatia and stated to be very closely related to the ear- 

lier described genus Pseudolabatia. Anatomically, Psuedola- 

batia is here regarded as a synonym of Labatia and, be- 

cause of the appreciable differences in wood anatomy, Laba- 

tia is here regarded as distinct from Pouteria. 


Sapotaceae. XXIX. Eglerodendron. Res. Pap. FPL-417. 



The monotypic genus Eglerodendron pariry (Ducke) Aubr. 

and Pellegr. is based on Lucuma pariry Ducke. The wood 

is physically similar to Pouteria but readily separated 

from the latter by (1) wider and more conspicuous axial 

parenchyma bands and (2) wood ray commonly 3 to 4 se- 

riate, with an appreciably higher maximum body height. 

This species is known only from the Amazon Basin. 


cal Sapotaceae. XXX. Pseudocladia. Res. Pap. FPL-418. 



Pseudocladia is a small genus of six species of trees occur- 

ring in Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, and adjacent Venezuela. 

Although first described by Pierre in 1891, it soon became 

submerged in the extremely large genus Pouteria until 1961 

when Aubreville reinstated it to generic status. The woods 

are very hard, heavy, and rather drab brown and luster- 

less. Its affinities appear to be with Sandwithiodoxa which 

occupies the same range. 


Sapotaceae. XXXV Urbanella. Res. Pap. FPL-423. Madi- 




cal Sapotaceae. XXXVI. Syzygiopsis. Res. Pap. FPL-424. 



Syzygiopsis consists of three species, oppositifolia and 

oblanceolata native to Amazonia and sericea of adjacent 

Venezuela. Syzygiopsis was first described by Adolpho 

Ducke in 1925 and consisted of the single species, S. op- 

positifolia. Later he had some doubts regarding the tax- 

anomic status of his new genus but did not suggest any 

possible alternatives or alliances. In 1942 Baehni trans- 

ferred Ducke’s monotypic genus to Pouteria, producing the 

new combination Pouteria oppositifolia (Ducke) Baehni; in 

1957 van Royen, making it a part of the large Asiatic genus 

Planchonella. Anatomically, the wood shows little, if any, 

alliance with Planchonella but shares some features with 

species of Pouteria. 


Sapotaceae. XXXVII. Genus novo. Res. Pap. FPL-425. 



This anatomical group or genus is represented by a 

number of specimens from Brazil bearing the name

Syzygiopsis pachycarpa Pires, S. oblanceolata Pires, S. op- 

positifolia, and a number of unassigned specimens from 

Panama, Surinam, and Venezuela. On the basis of wood 

color and anatomy, the woods of this group are very differ- 

ent from the Syzygiopsis described earlier in this series and 

cannot be included in that genus because they exhibit little 

or no degree of alliance. The members of this group also 

are separable anatomically from both Bumelia (Group B) 

(FPL Res. Pap. 325 in this series) and Panchonella (Asi- 

atic) and may well represent an undescribed genus. It ap- 

pears quite probable that several species are represented 

here. 


Sapotaceae. XXXVIII. Miscellaneous. Res. Pap. FPL- 

426. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 5 p. 

Described here are three very distinctive specimens from 

eastern Brazil and a specimen from Amazonian Colom- 

bia alleged to be Piresodendron ucuqui (syn. Pouteria 

ucuqui). The Brazilian specimens are rather unique in that 

the pores are in clustered- echelon arrangement (resem- 

bling the woods of Bumelia (Group A) of the continental 

United States) and the occurrence of silica in the woods 

rays. The Colombian specimen of Piresodendron is poorly 

documented but because it may be the only extant wood 

specimen of this genus, an anatomical description has been 

provided for the record. 

Kukachka, B.F.; McClay, T.A.; Beltranena-M., E. 

1968. Selected properties of 52 timber species from the 

department of El Peten, Guatemala (Propiedades selec- 

cionadas de 52 especies de madera del departamento del 

Peten, Guatemala). Proyecto de Evaluacion Forestal, FAO- 

FYDEP Boletin No. 2. Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food 

and Agriculture Organization. 88 p. 

Provides description of woods and their range. Data of 

physical and mechancial properties include shrinkage, hard- 

ness, density, bending, and uses. 

Labate, P.J. 1974. Study of the physical-mechanical prop- 

erties of wood of Pinus elliottii cultivated in the Delta of 

Parana (Esstudio de las propiedades fisico-mecanicas de la 

madera de Pinus elliottii cultivado en el Delta del Parana - 

su evaluacion). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Forestal 

Nacional. Folleto Technico Forestal. 35:11. 

Labate, P.J. 1975. Evaluation of the wood of indigenous 

and exotic forest species according to their physical and 

mechanical properties. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto 

Forestal Nacional. Folleto Technico Forestal. 36:19. 

Describes a large number of commercial native Argentine 

woods and some potentially useful secondary and exotic 

species. Data tabulated include: radial, tangential, and 

volumetric shrinkage when dried from green moisture con- 

tent to 12 to 15 percent moisture content (air-dry); den- 

sity (kg/m 3 ) and hardness (kg/cm 2 ); modulus of rupture 

in longitudinal compression and specific index (m.o.r./100 

X density 2); modulus of rupture in bending and bending 

index (m.o.r./100 X specific gravity); and measures of re- 

sistance to cutting, splitting, tensile stress, etc. Values in 

tables are grouped into hardness classes, strength classes, 

and flexibility classes. 

Ladrach, W.E. 1978. Recapitulation of the taxonomy 

and establishment of a wood library of commercial species 

for the region of Bajo Calima. Cali, Colombia: Celulosa y 

Papel de Colombia SA. Investigacion Forestal. 35:16. 

Describes the density and fiber length of 99 common wood 

species in the area of Bajo Calima, Colombia. Also listed 

are a total of 258 species by family and common names. 

Wood samples of the 99 species have been used to establish 

the library. 

Lamb, A. 1946. Notes on forty-two secondary hardwood 

timbers of British Honduras. British Honduras: Forestry 

Department Bull. 1:123. 

Langwig, J.E.; Skaar, C. 1975. Electrical resistivities of 

18 Venezuelan and 13 North American hardwoods. Wood 

Science. 8(1):350-354. 

Tabulates equations for DC resistivities parallel and ac- 

tivation energies for electrical conduction as functions of 

moisture content and temperature on the basis of resistiv- 

ity measurements on 11 North American and 18 tropical 

Venezuelan wood species. Relations between the logarithm 

of resistivity and m.c. (range 8 to 20 percent) were linear 

at constant temperature. The logarithm of resistivity was 

linear with the reciprocal of Kelvin temperature from 283° 

to 323°K (10 to 50°C). Activation energies for electrical 

conduction and temperature corrections for moisture meters 

were calculated by analysis of the data. Differences be- 

tween the resistivities of the Venezuelan and N. American 

groups of species were not significant. 

Lao-M., R. 1969. Catalog of principle forest species of 

Peru (Catalogo preliminar de las especies forestales del 

Peru). Revista Forestal del Peru. 3(2):3-61. 

Lists 685 species by family and common names, and pro- 

vides bibliographic references to each. 

Lastera-R., J.A. 1986. Compilation of the physical- 

mechanical properties and possible uses of 178 Columbian 

woods. (Compilacion de las propiedades fisico-mecanico y 

usos posibles de 178 maderas de Colombia. Bogota: Aso- 

ciacion Colombiana de Ingenieros Forestales, Libro tecnico 

1:75. 

Lastra,-R., J.A.; Royas-L., H. 1971. Some physical and 

mechancial properties of three Columbian woods (Algunas 

propiedades fisicas y mecanicas de tres maderas Colom- 

bianas). Bogata, Colombia: Instituto de Investigaciones y 

Proyectos Forestales y Madereras. 24 p. 

Standard properties of Dialyanthera parvifolia, Camp- 

nosperma panamaensis, and Brosimum utile are listed. 

Latham, Bryan. 1957. Timber, its development and dis- 

tribution, a historical survey. London: George G. Harrap 

and Co. 303 p. 

Latorre, F.; Vivero, W.; Barrera, M.E. 1975. Wood of 

three tree species from Ecuador (Leno de tres especies ar- 

boreas Ecuatorianas). Instituto Ciencias Naturales, Quito, 

Ecuador. Ciencia y Naturaleza. 16(1):3-12. 

21

Describes, with photomicrographs the microscopic char- 

acteristics of the wood structure of duco (Clusia sp.), 

achotillo (Vismia baccifera), and bella maria (Vochysia sp.). 

Lebacq, L.; Hinostroza-C., D.; Bravo-M., M.; 

Ayuque-A., C. 1973. Classification of woods from Ama- 

zonian Peru (anatomical and physical characteristics). Doc- 

umentation Economique, Musee Royal de l’Afrique Cen- 

trale, Tervuren. 3:1-124. 

Describes studies of a large number of woods from the 

Amazonian region of Peru. Tabular data on anatomical 

and physical characteristics of the specimens are given with 

lists of the woods alphabetically by common and scientific 

names with vernacular equivalents and by vernacular names 

with scientific equivalents. Some of the woods have not yet 

been identified. 

Leonardo, P.B. 1968. Commercial woods of Brazil 

(Madeiras commercais Brasleiras). Sao Paulo, Brazil: In- 

stituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas. 857:25. 

Lepe, B.G. 1959. Anatomy and histology of 21 species 

of trees of Chiapaneco (Estructura anatomica e histologica 

de un grupo de 21 especies del bosque Chiapaneco). Inst. 

Mex. Invest. Tec. 199 p. 

Lima, J.T.; Della Lucia, R.M.; Vital, B.R. 1986. The 

influence of moisture on mechanical properties of woad 

from Eucalyptus saligna Smith (Influencia do teor de umi- 

dade nas propiedades mecanicas de madeira de Eucalyp- 

tus saligna Smith). Vicosa, MG, Brazil: Revista Arvore. 

10(1):27-43. 

Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World woods in color. New York: 

MacMillan. 320 p. 

Link, R.R. 1954. Study of native timbers (Estudio sobre 

maderas indigenas. Uruguay). Silvicultura. 5:7-62. 

Physical and mechanical properties are provided for 11 

species. 

Lisboa, H. 1983. Technical side of Chilean pine. Divi- 

sion of Planning and Development, Arauco Co. Ltd., Chile. 

Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Internal Affairs. 

8 p. 

Describes Chilean pine (Pinus radiata) with data on wood 

density, strength, drying and shrinkage, decay and preser- 

vation, and uses. Comparisons are made with P. radiata 

grown in New Zealand and other Chilean conifers. 

LNPF (Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Fore- 

stales). 1974. Characteristics, properties, and uses of 

104 woods of the high western plains (Caracteristicas, 

propiedades, y usos de 104 maderas de los altos llanos 

occidentales). Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de los An- 

des, LNPF. 106 p. 

Provides standard properties of 104 woods. 

Londono-A, A. 1967. Structural anatomy of 20 woods 

of Colombia and keys to their identification (Estructura 

anatomica de 20 maderas colombianas y clave para su iden- 

tificacion). Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de Los Andes. 

62 p. 

22 

Longwood, F.R. 1962. Present and potential commer- 

cial timbers of the Caribbean-with special reference 

to the West Indies, the Guianas, and British Honduras. 

Agric. Handb. 207. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture. 

Presents a summary of information on 71 important tim- 

bers of the area. Includes: distribution and habitat; de- 

scriptions of tree and wood; seasoning and shrinkage; 

strength properties; working properties; natural resistance; 

and permeability. 

Lopes, C.A.C.; Pinto, R.G.; Dourado, R.S.A.[and 

others]. 1983. Contribution to the anatomical study 

of some woods of Amazonia (Contribuicao ao estudo 

anatomico de algumas madeiras da Amazonia). Belem, 

Para, Brazil: Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da 

Amazonia. 23 p. 

The following woods from Para are covered: Bombax glo- 

bosum; B. longipedicellatum, Hevea guianensis; Mouriri 

brevipes, Sacoglottis guianensis, Stryphnodendronsp., 

Pithecolobium pedicellare, P. amplissimum, Neea sp., 

Qualea cf. dinizii. 

Lopez, H.; Ortega, F. 1989. Tree angiosperms of Mexico, 

No. 2, anatomy of 11 species (Angiospermas arboreas de 

Mexico, Num. 2, Anatomia de once especies). In: Boletin 

Tecnico, La Madera y Su Uso 23. Mexico, DF, Mexico: In- 

stituto Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, 

INIREB. 128 p. 

Describes the anatomy, nomenclature, and ecology of the 

following species: Acer saccharus Marsh subsp. skutchii 

(Rehder) E. Murray; Avicennia germinans (L.) L.; Carya 

ovata (Mill.) K. Koch var. mexicana (Engelm. ex Hems- 

ley) M.; Casuarina erectus L.; Casuarina equisetifolia L.; 

Conocarpus erectus L.; Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ort.) 

Sarg.; Haematoxylon campechianum L.; Laguncularia race- 

mosa (L.) Gaertn; Magnolia schiedeana Schlecht; and 

Rhizophora mangle L. 

Loureiro, A.A. 1976. Macroscopic and microscopic study 

of the anatomy of 10 species of the genus Aniba (Lau- 

raceae) from Amazonia (Estudo anatomico macro e mi- 

croscopica de 10 especies do genero Aniba (Lauraceae) da 

Amazonia). Acta Amazonica. 6(2, supl.):1-85. 

Loureiro, A.A.; Lisboa, P.L.B. 1979. Wood anatomy 

of six species of Ormosia (Leguminosae) from the Ama- 

zon Basin (Anatomia do lenho de seis especies de Or- 

mosia (Leguminosae) da Amazonia). Acta Amazonica. 

9(4):731-746. 

Covers several species of Leguminosae found in the Ama- 

zon, including Ormosia coccinea, O. costulata, O. flava, 

O. macrocalyx, O. nobilis, and O. paraensis. Macro- and 

microscopic anatomy and common uses of the woods are 

noted. 

Loureiro, A.A.; Rodrigues, W.A. 1975. Anatomical 

study of the wood of the genus Swartzia (Leguminosae) 

from Amazonia–I. Acta Amazonica. 5(1):79-86. 

Describes Swartzia laevicarpa, S. recurva, and S. ulei wood 

anatomy with photomicrographs (macroscopic and mi- 

croscopic), and discusses botany, nomenclature, habitat,

distribution, and gives data on the general characteristics 

and common uses of the woods. 

Loureiro, A.A. and Silva da Freitas, M. 1968. Catalog 

of Amazon trees (Catalogo das madeiras da Amazonia). 

Belem, Brazil: Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da 

Amazonia (SUDAM). 2 Vols: Vol. 1, 429 p.; Vol. 2, 411 p. 

Survey of 117 species including information on nomencla- 

ture, distribution, anatomy, and uses. 

Loureiro, A.A.; Silva, da Freitas, M. 1977. Dendrology 

and wood anatomy of three species of Qualea (Vochysi- 

aceae) from Amazonia (Contribuicao para o estudo dendro- 

logico e anatomico da madeira de tres especies de Qualea 

(Vochysiaceae) da Amazonia). Acta-Amazonica. 7(3) : 

407-41 6. 

Describes the macro- and microscopic wood anatomy, the 

botany, distribution, habitat, and uses of Qualea albiffora, 

Q. cassiquiarensis and Q. paraensis. 

Loureiro, A.A.; Silva, da Freitas, M.; Alencar, J. 

da C. 1979. Wood species of the Amazon. (Essencias 

madeireiras da Amazonia). Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil: 

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia. 2 vol. 

Provides descriptions of 105 woods native to Amazonia. 

Loureiro, A.A.; Silva, da Freitas, M.; Vasconcellos, 

F.J. de. 1984. Contribution to the anatomical study of 

the wood of 7 species of Dimorphandra (Leguminosae - 

Caesalpinioideae) (Contribuicao ao estudo anatomico do 

lenho de 7 especies de Dimorphandra (Leguminosae - Cae- 

salpinioideae)). Acta-Amazonica. 14(1-2):289-313. 

Covers Dimorphandra conjugata, D. gardneriana, D. gigan- 

tea, D. mollis, D. multiflora, D. pullei, and D. unijuga. 

Loureiro, A.A.; Silva, da Freitas, M. 1981. Dendro- 

logical and anatomical study of the wood of 7 species 

and 3 subspecies of Dimorphandra (Leguminosae- 

Caesalpinioideae) (Estudo dendrologico e anatomico 

do lenho de 7 especies e 3 subespecies de Dimorphan- 

dra (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)). Acta-Amazonica. 

11(3):561-581. 

Primarily provides microanatomy of several species, but 

also provides distribution and ecological information for 

them. 

Loureiro, A.A.; Vasconcelos, F.J. de; Alburquerque, 

B.W.P. de. 1981. Wood anatomy of 4 Amazonian species 

of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) (Anatomia do lenho de 4 es- 

pecies de Zanthoxylum Linnaeus (Rutaceae) da Amazonia). 

Acta-Amazonica. 11(4):809-820. 

Anatomy, uses, distribution, and ecology of Z. compactum, 

Z. dellomei, Z. [Fagara] machadoi, and Z. rhoifolium 

[F. rhoifolia]. 

Loureiro, A.A.; Vasconcellos, F.J. de; Freitas, J.A. 

de. 1983. Anatomical study of the wood of 5 species 

of Sclerolobium and 5 species of Tachigalia (Legumi- 

nosae) of Amazonia (Contribuicao ao estudo anatomico do 

lenho de 5 especies de Sclerolobium e 5 especies de Tachi- 

galia (Leguminosae) da Amazonia). Acta Amazonica. 

13(1):149-170. 

Presents the uses, microscopic anatomy, and general fea- 

tures of ten woods from the Amazon. The species studied 

include: Sclerolobium chrysophyllum, S. eriopetalum, S. 

hypoleucum, S. melanocarpum, S. subbullatum, Tachigalia 

alba, T. cavipes, T. myrmecophila, T. paniculata, and T. 

plumbea. 

Luca, L. de; Abbate, M.L.E. 1983. Anatomical defects 

found in a Chilean wood sample, Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. 

(Alterazioni anatomiche riscontrate in un campione di legno 

cileno: Eucryphia cordifolia Cav). Rivista di Agricoltura 

Subtropicale e Tropicale. 77(3):381-395. 

An anatomical study of a Chilean sample of Eucryphia 

cordifolia revealed a series of deep, close, vertical undu- 

lations, resembling wavy grain in section. Comparisons 

showed a similarity between this defect and that found in 

frost-damaged wood. 

Macbride, J.F. 1929. Identity of the Peruvian Balsa. 


Comments of the need for better study of the systematics 

and anatomy of members of the Ochroma genus, which is 

distributed throughout Latin America. 

Machado, O.X. de B. 1949. Tinguaciba of the saltmarsh 

Fagara arenaria (Tinguaciba da restinga, Fagara arenaria 

Engl). Rodriguesia. 12(24):79-119. 

Mainieri, C. 1958. Brazilian timbers 2: Description, 

common uses, and physical and mechanical properties 

(Madeiras do Brasil, 2: Sua caracterizacao, usos comuns 

e indices qualificativos fisicos e mecanicos). Publicacao IPT 

573. San Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnilogicas. 

108 p. 

Mainieri, Calvino. 1958. Identification of the principal 

commercial woods of Brazil (Identificacao das principais 

madeiras de comercion no Brasil). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Insti- 

tuto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas. Boletim. 46:189. 

Mainieri, C. 1970. Brazilian woods (Madeiras brasileiras). 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Florestal. 109 p. 

Describes 108 species or species groups of Brazilian woods, 

including common and scientific names, description of the 

trees, illustration of leaves, general wood characteristics and 

uses, and their geographical distribution. 

Mainieri, C. 1971. Twenty-five Amazonian woods of com- 

mercial value, characterization, microscopic anatomy, com- 

mon uses, and qualitative indices (25 madeiras da amazo- 

nia de valor comercial, caracterizacao, microscopia, usos 

comunse, indices qualificativos). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Insti- 

tuto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas. Publ. 798. 33 p. 

Describes the mechanical, physical, and other properties of 

25 Brazilian woods, 17 from Para and 8 from Amazonas. 

Mainieri, C. 1972. Contribution to the anatomical study 

of the woods of the eastern region of Paraguay (Contribu- 

cion al estudio anatomico de las maderas de la region 

23

oriental del Paraguay). FAO Report FAO:SF/PAR 15. 

Asuncion, Paraguay: Documento de Trabajo 4:86. 

Describes the macroscopic anatomy of 45 Paraguayan 

woods using a 10X hand lens. Also described are differ- 

ent uses of the woods and a classification system with four 

different commercial categories. 

Mainieri, C. 1973. Timbers of the south coast: states 

of Sao Paulo, Parana and Santa Catarina. Botanical and 

common names, general characteristics and common uses. 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Florestal. Boletim Tecnico. 

3:86. 

Describes several hundred native broadleaved species of 

the South coastal region of Brazil, listing common names 

and synonyms, and scientific names. More than 150 gen- 

era, species, and species- groups are presented. Also given 

are data on the physical and mechanical properties of the 

woods and some uses. 

Mainieri, C. 1978. Book of characteristics of wood of 

Brazil (Fichas de caracteristicas das madeiras Brasileiras). 

Publicacao IPT 966. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de 

Pesquisas Tecnologicas, Divisao de Madeiras. 360 p. 

Mainieri, C.; Chimelo, J.P.; Alfonso, V.A. 1983. Man- 

ual for identification of the principal commercial timbers 

of Brazil (Manual de identificacao das principais madeiras 

comerciais brasileiras). Publicacao, Instituto de Pesquisas 

Tecnologicas, Brazil. No. 1226. Serie Publicacoes Especi- 

ais. 14:241. 

Provides comprehensive information on 268 Brazilian 

woods, including macroscopic anatomy, distribution, pho- 

tomicrographs, nomenclature, and more. 

Mainieri, C.; Chimelo, J.P. 1989. Tables of charac- 

teristics of Brazilian woods (Fichas de caracteristicas das 

madeiras Brasileiras). 2nd ed. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto 

de Pesquisas Tecnologicas Divisao de Madeiras. Publication 

IPT 1791. 418 p. 

Mainieri, C.; Pereira, J.A. 1965. Brazilian timbers: 

macroscopic characteristics, common uses, and physical and 

mechanical properties. An. Bras. Econ. Flor. Inst. Nac. 

Pinho. 17:135-416. 

Mainieri, C.; Pires, J.M. 1973. The genus Podocarpus 

in Brazil. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 8:1-24. 

Describes 6 species of Podocarpus: 4 found at the north- 

ern limit of the Amazon region, and P. lambertii and P. 

sellowii found widely distributed in southern Brazil have 

their wood anatomy described. Differentiating characters 

include height of the rays is >15 cells in P. lambertii and 

occorrencia de silica no lenho de leguminosas). Rodriguesia. 

18/19(30/31):7-16. 

Miller. R.B. 1986. Timbers of Central and South Amer- 

ica. In: Bever, M.B., ed. Encyclopedia of Materials Science 

and Engineering. Elmsforth, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, Inc. 

8:5025-5031. 

Mills, T.H. 1957. Timber trees of the Northern Chiapas. 

Mexico City, Mexico: Cosmos. 230 p. 

Provides range data for species in Latin America and very 

general descriptions of the woods. 

Montagna, R.G.; Barbosa, O.; Brasil, M.A.M.; 

Veiga, R.A. de A.; Toledo, D.V. de Filho. 1979/80. 

Weight of dry material, basic density and fiber dimensions 

of Pinus caribaea Mor. var hondurensis Bar. et Golf (Peso 

de materia seca, densidade basica e dimensoes de fibras 

de Pinus caribaea Mor. var hondurensis Bar. et Golf). 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Florestal. Silvicultura em Sao 

Paulo. 13/14:23-32. 

Describes studies on 17 year-old Pinus caribaea var. hon- 

durensis plantation material from 3 spacings. The plan- 

tations were from Moji Mirim, San Paulo state. Data are 

provided on the longitudinal variation of wood density and 

total wood weight in relation to dbh and height. 

Moore, G. 1983. Cerejeira (Amburana acreana, Ambu- 

rana cearensis). Aylesbury, Bucks., UK: BRE Information. 

5(83):2. 

Describes the properties and uses of cerejeira, a tree from 

the dry areas of Brazil, parts of Peru, Bolivia, and northern 

Argentina. 

Moore, G.L. 1984. Canafistula (Peltophorum vo- 

gelianum). Aylesbury, Bucks., UK: BRE Princes Risbor- 

ough Lab., BRE Information. 2(84):2. 

Describes the source, dimensions, availability, properties, 

and uses of Pletophorum vogelianum, a new commercial 

wood from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. 

Mora, J.J. 1974. Technical characteristics of 37 Venezue- 

lan woods (Caracteristicas tecnologicas de 37 maderas vene- 

zolanas). Merida, Venezuela: Escuela de Ingeieria Forestal, 

Universidad de los Andes. 224 p. 

Mora, J.J.; Arroyo, P.J. 1968. Physical and mechancial 

properties of 44 woods from the province of Guayanaian, 

Venezuela. Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y 

Cria, Universidad de los Andes. 2:8. 

Navarro de Andrade, E.; Vecchi, O. 1916. The woods 

indigenous to Sao Paulo (Les bois indigenes de Sao Paulo. 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: Secretaria de Agricultura e Commercio 

etat de Sao Paulo. 376 p. 

Ninin, L. 1969. The relations between sawing proper- 

ties and some physical, mechanical and chemical charac- 

ters of three tropical timbers. Revista Forestal Venezolana. 

12(18): 67-117. 

Noack, D. 1971. Evaluation of properties of tropical tim- 

bers. Wood Science. 5(5):17-23. 

Describes quick methods for the evaluation of lesser known 

tropical timber species. A two-level system of sampling 

is discussed, beginning with a sub-sample of 5 to 10 trees 

selected randomly, followed by a more intensive sample of 

about 30 trees. 

Nolde, I. von. 1953. The most important species of 

Colombia’s monsoon forests (Die wichtigesten Holzarten des 

Monsunwaldes Kolubiens). Z. Weltforstwirt. 16(2):72-92. 

Normand, D. 1977. Botanical identification of Kouali 

Neyrat from French Guiana (Identification botanique 

du ’Kouali-Neyrat’ de Guyane francaise). Adansonia. 

17(1):11-17. 

Describes a species of Vochysia first collected in 1956 and 

named Kouali Neyrat, in 1966 is named Vochysia neyratii 

sp. nov. A drawing, distribution map, and photomicro- 

graphs of wood sections are given. 

O’Donell, C.A. 1937. Comparative anatomy of the timber 

of three Argentinian Simarubaceas (Anatomia comparada 

del leno de tres Simarubaceas Argentinas). Tucuman, 

Argentina: Lilloa. 1:263-282. 

Olguin-Q, J.O. 1974. Physical and mechanical properties 

of the wood of five Mexican species. Mexico, D.F., Mexico: 

Boletin Technico de Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones 


Describes the results of tests on wood specimens of Pinus 

ayacahuite, P. leiophylla, P. patula, P. ponderosa, and P. 

rudis from several localities in Mexico. Tabulated test data 

include moisture content and shrinkage from the green 

condition, specific gravaity, strength in static bending, 

compression parallel and perpendicular, hardness, shear 

strength, impact strength, tensile strength parallel, and 

nail-holding power of green wood and wood at 12 percent 

moisture content. Test procedures are described, and com- 

parative data for wood of P. banksiana, P. echinata, P. pon- 

derosa, and P. resinosa grown in the USA are provided. 

Olveira, J.T.S.; Della-Lucia, R.M.; Ramalho, R.S.; 

Vale, A.B. 1987. Study of the physical and technolog- 

ical properties of the wood of Pindaiba (Xylopia sericea 

St. Hill). Estudo das propriedades fisicas e tecnologicas da 

madeira da Pindaiba (Xylopia sericea St. Hill). Arvore. 

11(2):175-183. 

Describes the morphology of the stems of 18 pindaiba trees 

sampled in the study. The stems are straight and cyliudri- 

cal but numerous knots could impede the use of the species 

commercially. 

Olvera-C., L.P. 1981. Anatomical study of the wood of 

seven species of the genus Pinus (Estudio anatomico de la 

madera de siete especies del genero Pinus). Mexico, D.F., 

Mexico: Boletin Technico de Instituto Nacional de Investi- 

gaciones Forest ales. 71 : 52. 

Olvera-C., L.P. 1985. Anatomical description of the 

wood of seven Pinus species (Descripcion anatomica de la 

madera de siete especies del genero Pinus). Mexico, D.F., 

Mexico: Boletin Techuico de Instituto Nacional de Investi- 

gaciones Forestales. 126:73. 

25

Includes coverage of P. arizonica, P. ayacahuite, P. dou- 

glasiana, P. montezumae, P. oocarpa, P. pringlei, and P. 

teocote. 

Ordonez-C., V.; Barcenas-P., G.; Quiroz-S., A. 

1988. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the wood 

of 10 species from San Pablo Macuiltianguis, Oaxaca (Car- 

acteristicas fisico-mecanicas de la madera de diez especies 

de Sab Pablo Macuiltianguis, Oaxaca.) Instituto de Ecolo- 

gia, La Madera y Su Uso. 21:29. 

Data from physical and mechanical tests of ten wood 

species from San Pablo, Macuiltianguis, Oaxaca are pre- 

sented. Uses of the woods are recommended, and a proce- 

dure that enhances the statistical confidence of the species’ 

characteristics is proposed. 

Ortega, F.; Guerrero, L.; Carmona, T.; Cordoba, C. 

1988. Tree angiosperms of Mexico, No. 1, Wood anatomy 

of 28 species of Cosautlan de Carvajal, Veracruz (An- 

giospermas arboreas de Mexico, Num. 1, Anatomia de la 

madera de veintiocho especies de Cosautlan de Carvajal, 

Veracruz). Mexico, DF, Mexico: Boletin Technico de Insti- 

tuto Nacional de Investigaciones, Sobre Recursos Bioticos, 

INIREB., La Madera y Su Uso 19:206. 

The wood anatomy of 28 species of 18 genera of the an- 

giosperms is described in detail; each with a distribution 

covering both pine-oak forest and tropical deciduous for- 

est of the east of Mexico. The wood anatomical diver- 

sity has been used for identification. The descriptions are 

made with new knowledge and in the light of experience 

in LACITEMA. The descriptions were modified and some 

additions were made and most individual descriptions are 

followed by ecological and uses notes. The wood anatomical 

range encountered is presented in the descriptions for each 

species. 

Pardo, L.L.; Ricci, E. 1957. Identification of Schinopsis 

spp. by means of their tanstuffs (Identificacion de las es- 

pecies de Schinopsis por sus materias tanantes). Buenos 

Aires, Argentina: Revista Investigaciones Forestales. 

1(1/2):59-69. 

Paredes, A. 1952. Species of Ecuador important to 

industry-arranged according to the system of Wettstein 

(Especies Ecuatorianas de importancia industrial– 

ordenadas segun el sistema de Wettstein). Quito, Ecuador: 

Boletin del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales. 1(1):80-99. 

Brief notes on trees and other plants and their wood or 

other products. 

Paula, J.E. de. 1974. Wood anatomy: Guttiferae (Anato- 

mia de madeira: Guttiferae). Acta Amazonica. 4(1):27-64. 

Discusses the anatomy of 33 species of Brazilian Guttiferae, 

covering those of the genera Caraipa, Calophyllum, Clu- 

sia, Haploclathra, Kielmeyera, Lorostemon, Mahurea, Mo- 

ronobea, Platonia, Rheedia, Symphonia, Tovomita, and 

Vismia. Notes the presence of rhombic crystals, intercel- 

lular radial canals, unilateral axial parenchyma, vascular 

elements with cribiform areas, and silica bodies. 

Paula, J.E., de. 1979. Comparative study of the anatom- 

ical structure of the woods of seventy-two little known 

Brazilian species (Estudo comparativo de estrutura anatom- 

26 

ica das madeiras de setenta e duas especies Brasileiras 

pouco conhecidas). Brasil Florestal. 9(40):29-62. 

Paula, J.E. de; Alves, J.L. de H. 1980. Studies on the 

anatomical structure and some physical properties of the 

wood of 14 species occurring in the caatinga areas (Estudo 

das estruturas anatomicas e de algumas propriedades fisicas 

da madeira de 14 especies ocorrentes em areas de caatinga). 

Brasil Florestal. 10(43):47-58. 

Describes the physical and anatomical properties of Aspi- 

dosperma pyrifolium, Astronium urundeuva, Bumelia sarto- 

rum, Bursera leptophloeos, Caesalpinia ferrea, Caesalpinia 

pyramidalis, Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus, Euphorbia tirucalli, 

Mimosa acutistipula, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Parkinso- 

nia aculeata, Schinopsis brasiliensis, Spondias tuberosa, and 

Ziziphus joazeiro. 

Paz Perez-O., C. de la. 1974. Wood anatomy of five 

species of oak from Durango. Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Insti- 

tuto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales. Boletin Tech- 

nico. 43:35. 

Describes the macroscopic characteristics of Quercus cras- 

sifolia, Q. convalleta, Q. obtusata, Q. potosina, and Q. 

sideroxyla. The locality of tabulated, and illustrated by 

photomicrographs, and the general appearance and density 

of the woods are listed. The suitability of the five species 

for various purposes, including pulp are discussed. Recom- 

mendations include a forest inventory and habitat descrip- 

tion of the Oaks of Mexico, as well as basic studies of wood 

anatomy for each species. 

Paz Perez-O., C. de la. 1976. Anatomical character- 

istics of five Mexican oaks (Caracteristicas anatomicas de 

cinco encinos de Mexico). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigacious Forestales. Boletin Technico. 

46:43. 

Distribution and anatomy of Quercus rugosa, Q. acutifolia, 

Q. candicans, Q. crispipilis, and Q. scytophylla. 

Paz Perez-O., C. de la. 1982. Anatomical structure of 

five Quercus species (Estructura anatomica de cinco es- 

pecies del genero Quercus). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Insti- 

tuto Nacional de. Investigacious Forestales. Boletin Tech- 

nico. 88:62. 

Covers Q. resinosa, Q. Castanea, Q. conspera, Q. crassipes, 

and Q. skinnerii. 

Paz Perez-O., C. de la. 1985. Wood anatomy of 7 

Quercus species (Caracteristicas anatomicas de 7 especies 

del genero Quercus. Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Na- 

cional de Investigacious Forestales. Boletin Technico. 

123:70. 

Covers the species Q. coccolobifolia, Q. crassifolia, Q. du- 

rifolia, Q. laurina, Q. glabrescens, Q. martinezii, and Q. 

obtusata. 

Paz Perez-O., C. de la. 1974. Wood anatomy of 5 

species of oak of Durango (Anatomia de la madera de 5 

especies de encino de Durango). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: In- 

stituto Nacional de Investigacious Forestales. Boletin Tech- 

nico. 43:35.

Paz Perez-O., C. de la.; Corral-L., G. 1980. Anatom- 

ical study of the woods of eleven species of angiosperms 

(Estudio anatomico de la madera de once especies de an- 

giospermas). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigacious Forestales. Boletin Technico. 64:79. 

Presents a macroscopic and microscopic study of an- 

giosperms found in Mexico. Photographs illustrate the ac- 

count of these species, which include Alnus arguta, Arbutus 

xalapensis, Aspidosperma megalocarpon, Fraxinus uhdei, 

Inga vera var. spuria, Liquidambar styraciflua, Platanus 

lindeniana, Styrax ramirezii, Tabebuia rosea, Terminalia 

amazonia, and Zinowiewia concinna. 

Paz Perez-O., C. de la.; Olvera-C., P. 1981. Anatomy 

of the wood of 16 species of conifers (Anatomia de la 

madera de 16 especies de coniferas). Mexico, D.F., Mex- 

ico: Instituto Nacional de Investigacious Forestales. Boletin 

Technico. 69:111. 

Describes the macro and microscopic anatomy and suggests 

uses for 16 species of conifers, including: Abies religiosa, 

Pinus arizonica, P. ayacahuite, P. cooperi, P. chihuahuana, 

P. durangensis, P. engelmanni, P. greggi, P. lawsonii, P. 

lumhortzii, P. michoacana, P. oocarpa, P. patula, P. pseu- 

dostrobus, P. rudis, and Taxodium mucronatum. 

Paz Perez-O., C de la.; Robles-G., F.; Simental-S., 

A. 1979. Determination of the anatomical and physical- 

mechanical characteristics of the woods of four species of 

Leguminosa (Determicacion de las caracteristicas anatom- 

icas y fisicomecanicas de la madera de cuarto especies de 

leguminoses). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Forestales. Boletin Tecnico. 61:35. 

Reports on the micro anatomy and standard mechanical 

properties of several Leguminosae found in Mexico. Species 

tested include Pithecellobium arboreum, Dialium guianense, 

Swartzia cubensis, and Acosmium panamense. 

Peralta, C.G. de.; Abbate, M.L.E. 1981. Anatomical 

characteristics and uses of 25 species of woody plant from 

Panama (Caratteristiche anatomiche ed usi di 25 specie leg- 

nose provenienti dalla Repubblica di Panama). Panama, 

Panama: Fac. Natural Sci. and Pharm., Univ. Panama. 

Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale. 75(4): 

325-379. 

Describes the wood anatomy and uses of 25 Panamanian 

species. 

Peralta, C.G. de; Abbate, M.L.E. 1983. Anatomical 

characteristics of 16 species of woody plant from Panama. 

Part 2 (Caratteristiche anatomiche di 16 specie legnose 

provenienti dalla Repubblica di Panama (2deg contrib- 

uto). Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale. 

77(4):569-599. 

Describes the wood anatomy of Apeiba tibourbou, Brosi- 

mum guianensis, Castilla elastica, Cavanillesia platanifo- 

lia, Cupania rufescens, Didymopanax morototoni, Guatte- 

ria inuncta, Gustavia superba, Ixora floribunda, Lecythis 

tuyrana, Luehea seemannii, Miconia argentea, Pithecel- 

lobium mangense, Platymiscium pinnatum, Pouteria pen- 

tasperma, and Sapium biglandulosum. 

Pereira, J.A. 1933. A micrographic identification of our 

woods (A identificacao rnicrographica das nessas madeiras). 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: Escola Polytechnica de Sao Paulo, Labo- 

ratorio de Ensaio de Materiaes. Boletim 9:165. 

Pereira, J.A.; de Vasconcellos, J.M.; Tavares, S.; 

Tavares, E.J. 1970. Technical characteristics of 25 wood 

species of Northeast Brazil (Caracteres tecnologicos de 

25 especies de madeiras do nordeste do Brasil). Recife, 

Brazil: SUDENE (Superintendencia de Desenvolvimento 

do Nordeste). 8(1/2):5-148. 

Pereira, J.A.; Mainieri, C. 1949. Brazilian timbers, 

description, common uses, and physical and mechanical 

properties (Sua caracterizacao, usos comins e indices quali- 

facativos fisicos e mecanicos). An. Bras. Econ. Flor. Inst. 

Nac. Pinho. 2(2):283-351. 

This paper was revised and expanded in 1957. 

Pereira, J.A.; Mainieri, C. 1957. Brazilian timbers: de- 

scription, common uses, and physical and mechancial prop- 

erties. (Madeiras do Brasil. Sua caracterizacao, usos co- 

muns e indices qualificativos fisicos e mecanicos). An. Bras. 

Econ. Flor. Inst. Nac. Pinho. 9:331-498. 

A revision of their 1949 work, this paper covers 80 species. 

Pereira, J.C.D.; Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Couto, H.T.Z. 

do; Jankowsky, I.P.; Timoni, J.L. 1983. Effect of 

growth rate on the density of wood from Pinus elliotti var. 

elliottii. In: Proceedings of the Technical Association of the 

Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry (ABCP) 16th annual 

meeting/3rd Latin-American cellulose and paper congress; 

1983 November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil: 139-146. 

Describes a wood density evaluation of 15 year-old Pi- 

nus elliottii trees grown in Brazil. Cross sections taken 

at breast height were sampled from 24 trees of differing 

heights and diameters. Through multiple regression, basic 

density was correlated to both tree height and diameter at 

breast height. 

Pereles, J. 1960. The acidity of selected Puerto Rican 

woods. Caribbean Forester. 21(1/2):41-44. 

Perez-G, V.A. 1982. Mechanical and associated prop- 

erties of Oregon pine (Pseudotsuga menziesii) grown in 

Chile (Propiedades mecanicas y associades del pino Ore- 

gon (Pseudotsuga menziesii) crecido en Chile). Santiago, 

Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 85:17. 

Perez-Galaz, V.A. 1982. Physical-mechanical char ac- 

teristics of ten species of eucalyptus grown in Chile (Car- 

acteristicas fisico-mecanicas de diez especies de eucalyptus 

crecido en Chile). Informe Tecnico No. 84. Chile: Instituto 

Forestal Chile. 118 p. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1982. Determination of the resistance to 

toughness for some wood species grown in Chile (Determi- 

nation de la resistencia a la tenacidad de algunas especies 

madereras a la tenacidad de algunas especies madereras 

que credea en Chile). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. 

Informe Tecnico. 83:26. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1983. Manual of the physical and 

mechanical properties of Chilean woods (Manual de 

27

propiedades fisicas y mecanicas de maderas chilenas). San- 

tiago, Chile: Proyecto CONAF/PNUD/FAO-CHI/76/003, 

Documento de Trabajo. 47:451. 

Perez-Galaz, V.A. 1985. Physical and mechanical prop- 

erties of pino insigne and other woods for common use in 

construction (Propiedades fisicas y mecanicas del pino in- 

signe y de otras maderas de uso comun en la construccion). 

In: Seminario internao sobre definicion de lineas de accion 

el el uso de la maderaen vivendas. Concepcion, Chile: 

Intendencia Region del Biobio. 18 p. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1987. Grouping of species of timber 

that grow in Chile by their mechanical properties (Agru- 

pamiento de especies madereras que crecen en Chile segun 

sus propiedades mecanicas). Ciencia e Investigacion Fore- 

stal. 1:89-103. 

Describes an Australian system for the classification of tim- 

ber species by mechanical properties and provides tables of 

data with such information for Chilean species. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1989. Effect of tree age on the physical 

and mechanical properties of radiata pine (Incidencia de la 

edad del arbol sobre las propiedades fisicas y mecanicas del 

pino radiata). Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 6:85-99. 

This work establishes the influence of age on mechanical 

properties of radiata pine wood by testing small clear spec- 

imens obtained from 25 and 35 year old trees. Comparing 

the results of the two populations using normalized meth- 

ods, strength of older trees is shown to be higher than of 

young trees, obtaining, on average, a 20 percent increase 

on the different mechanical properties determined in green 

condition and 11 percent for those determined in air dry 

conditions (H=12 percent). 

Perez-G., V.A.; Zuniga-A.,R.; Hidalgo-S.,H. 1973. 

Mechanical and associated properties of wood of Nothofa- 

gus pumilio from Magallanes province. Santiago, Chile: 

Instituto Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 44:27. 

A preliminary report giving details of the properties in 

the green state, and comparing them with data for Aisen 

province. 

Perez-G., V.A.; Zuniga-A., R.; Hidalgo-S., H. 1975. 

Mechanical and associated properties of Nothofagus pumilio 

(Propiedades mecanicas y associadas de la lenga de Magal- 

lanes. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 

50:27. 

Notes on specific gravities, moisture content, comparative 

strength, and other properties. 

Perez-G., V.A.; Hidalgo-S., H. 1982. Mechanical 

and associated properties of Tepa (Laurelia philippinana 

Looser). (Propiedades mecanicas y associades de la Tepa 

(Laurelia philippinana Looser). Santiago, Chile: Instituto 

Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 96:22. 

Perez, J.A. 1971. Classification of uses and working prop- 

erties for Venezuelan woods (Clasificacion de usos y es- 

fuerzos de trabajo para maderas Venezolanas). Merida, 

Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes. 89 p. 

28 

Perez-M, A. 1969. Structural anatomy of 37 woods of 

Venezuelan Guiana and keys to their identification (Estruc- 

tura anatomica de 37 maderas de la Guyana venezolana y 

clave para su identificacion. Merida, Venezuela: Universi- 

dad de Los Andes. 122 p. 

Perez-M., A. 1974. Macroscopic identification of some 

woods of the Llanos Occidentales of Venezuela (Identifica- 

cion macroscopica de alguanas maderas de Los Lanos Occi- 

dentales de Venezuela). Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de 

Los Andes. 39 p. 

Perez-M., A. 1981. Macroscopic identificiation of some 

woods of Latin America (Identificacion macroscopica de 

lagunas maderas de latinoamerica). Merida, Venezuela: 

Universidad de Los Andes. 2 vol. 

Provides some photographs and computer punch cards to 

aid in identifying woods. 

Pfeiffer, J.P. 1926-1927. The woods of Suriname (De 

houtsoorten van Suriname). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 

Koninklijke Vereeniging Koloniaal Institut. Part I-II. 

Section I provides a nontechnical introduction to the woods 

of Suriname. A key to the families and principle species 

is provided, as are lists of common names and references. 

General anatomical features of the woods are provided, and 

are enhanced by accompanying plates showing the wood in 

cross section. 

Pinheiro, G de S.; Pontinha, A de AS.; Gurgel Gar- 

rido, LM do A.; Zandarin, MA. 1987. Estimation of 

the dry weight in species of the Cerrado (Estimativa do 

peso de materia seca em especies de Cerrado). San Paulo, 

Brazil: Boletim Tecnico de Instituto Florestal. 41(2): 

243-254. 

Describes a study to develop equations to predict the dry 

weight of five woody species grown on the cerrado of Brazil. 

Equations are given for the prediction of dry weight based 

on measures of breast height diameter and height of stem. 

Pinho, R.A. de.; Camargo, T.M. 1979. Anatomical 

study of the secondary wood of trees of the cerrado flora. 

III. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Contribuicao ao estudo anatomico 

do lenho secundario de arvores da flora dos cerrados. 

III. Sao Paulo, Brasil). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de 

Botanica. Hoehnea 8:l-91. 

PROEXPO. 1972. Colombian woods (Maderas Colom- 

bianas). Bogota, Colombia: Fondo de Promocion de Ex- 

portaciones. 117 p. 

Pujol, E.; Arreghini, R.I. 1982. Growth and physio- 

mechanical wood properties of poplars grown in Mendoza 

province (Estudio de crecimiento y de las caracteristicas 

fisico-mecanicas de la madera de los alamos cultivados en 

Mendoza). Mendoza, Argentina: Universidad Nacional 

de Cuyo. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. 

22 (2): 27-39. 

Rebollar-D., S. 1977. The wood of Alnus firmifolia and 

its uses. (La madera de Alnus firmifolia y sus usos). Di- 

reccion General de Investigacion y Capacitacion Forestales, 

Mexico. Ciencia Forestal. 2(8):51-63.

Describes the macroscopic and microscopic features of Al- 

nus firmifolia wood from samples of two trees each from 

Puebla and the Federal District of Mexico. No significant 

differences in the wood were found. The wood was similar 

to that of other Alnus species. Some uses of the wood are 

described. Substitution for Nothofagus and Betula spp. is 

noted. 

Record, S.J. 1926. Trees of the Bayano River watershed, 

Panama. Tropical Woods. 5:4-14. 

Fifty-four species in 26 families are listed. The location 

of where these trees are generally found is noted, as is the 

general characteristics of the wood. A check list of common 

names is appended. 

Record, S.J. 1927. Trees of Honduras. Tropical Woods. 

10:10-47. 

Briefly lists about 200 species of Honduran trees. A de- 

scription of the trees and their uses is provided. A check 

list of common names is also supplied. 

Record, S.J. 1928. The Palo Prieto of west central Mex- 

ico. Tropical Woods. 142-12. 

Provides a gross and minute anatomical description of the 

wood of Celaenodendron mexicanum. Also contains a de- 

scription of the physical properties of this wood, including 

compression, tension, flexion, etc. 

Record, S.J. 1929. Notes on Brazilian woods. Tropical 

Woods. 20:22-24. 

Very brief random notes on Araucaria, Carapa, Ocotea, and 

Dalbergia species. 

Record, S.J. 1931. Notes on Brazilian timbers. Tropical 

Woods. 27:14-15. 

Brief description on utilization on three popular Brazilian 

woods, Bowdichia spp., Platymiscium spp., and Parateroma 

peroba. 

Record, S.J. 1931. The wood of Escallonia tortuosa. 


Briefly notes the general properties, gross anatomy, and 

minute anatomy of this species. 

Record, S.J. 1931. Brazilian Kingwood (Dalbergia cearen- 

sis). Tropical Woods. 28:1-3. 

Gives a brief description of the anatomy of this wood 

Record, S.J. 1932. The wood of Gleasonia duidana. Trop- 

ical Woods. 32:18-20. 

Describes the gross and minute anatomy of wood taken 

from a specimen located on Mount Duida, Venezuela. 

Record, S.J. 1932. Notes on new species of Brazilian 

woods. Tropical Woods. 31:22-29. 

Provides brief synopsis of gross and minute anatomy, 

with some comments on wood utilization. Covers the 

trees Brosimum amplicoma, Helicostylis asperifolia, Iryan- 

thera tricornis, Peltogyne spp., Melanoxylon amazon- 

icum, Jacqueshuberia purpurea, Vouacapoua pallidior, 

Clathrotropis macrocarpa, Swartzia ingaefolia, Carini- 

ana integrifolia, Ecclinusa balata, Vitex spongiocarpa, and 

Ladenbergia amazonensis. 

Record, S.J. 1936. The woods of Hymenolobiurn. Tropi- 

cal Woods. 47:7-10. 

Provides brief notes on the anatomy of seven unidentified 

species of Hymenolobium. 

Record, S.J. 1941. American timbers of the mahogany 

family. Tropical Woods. 66:7-34. 

Record, S.J.; Mell, C.D. 1924. Timbers of tropical 

America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 610 p. 

The first section describes the forests and potential for 

extracting wood from Latin America. The second section 

analizes the wood from 75 countries. Physical and mechani- 

cal data are provided for each wood. Also listed are current 

and potential uses of the woods, common names, and other 

relevant data. 

Record, S.J.; Hess, R.W. 1943. Timbers of the new 

world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 640 p. 

Record, S.J.; Kuylen, H. 1926. Trees of the lower Rio 

Montagua Valley, Guatemala. Tropical Woods. 7:10-29. 

Provides an introduction to almost 40 families of trees. 

A brief description of the characteristics of both tree and 

wood is followed by uses of the wood. A check list of over 

110 common names is included. 

Reitz, P.R.; Klein, R.M.; Reis, A. 1979. Brazilian 

woods. (Madeiras do Brasil). Florianopolis, Brazil: Lu- 

nardelli: 293-300. 

Rendel, B.J. 1969. World timbers, Vol. 2, North and 

South America (including Central America and the West 

Indies). London, United Kingdom: Ernest Benn Ltd. and 

Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 150 p. 

Resch, H.; Bastendorff, K. 1978. Some wood proper- 

ties of plantation pines (Pinus caribaea) and (P. oocarpa). 

Wood and Fiber. 10(3):210-217. 

Research Team of South American Hardwood. 1986. 

Studies on the properties and utilization of several hard- 

woods from South America. Three Chilean hardwoods. 

Res. Rep. Republic of Korea: Forest Research Institute. 

33:117-125. 

A broad study including anatomy, physical properties, 

drying, pulping, durabilty, and particleboard and fiber- 

board manufacture. Specific recommendations are made for 

Nothofagus dombeyi, Laurelia philippiana, and Eucryphia 

cordifolia. 

Rezende, M.A.; Ferraz, E.S.B. 1985. Annual den- 

sity of the wood of Eucalyptus grandis (Densidade anual 

da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis). Piracicaba, Brazil: 

Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais. 30:37-41. 

29

Richter, H.G. 1979. On the occurrence, morphology, and 

taxonomic implications of crystalline and siliceous inclu- 

sions in the secondary xylem of Lauraceae and related fam- 

ilies. In: Tamolang, F.N., ed. Wood quality and utiliza- 

tion of tropical species. Proceedings: International Union 

of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) Conference, 

1978, October 30-November 3; College, Laguna, Philippines. 

FORPRIDECOM: 65-73. 

Rizzini, C.T. 1978. Useful trees and woods of Brazil: 

a manual of Brazilian dendrology (Arvores e madeiras 

uteis do Brasil: Manual de dendrologia brasileira). Jardim 

Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de Cien- 

cias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Edgard 

Blucher: 304. 

Rizzini, C.T. 1978. The discovery of sebastiao-de-arruda, 

a fine Brazilian wood that was botanically unknown. Eco- 

nomic Botany. 32(1):51-58. 

An illustrated description is given of the tree of this im- 

portant export wood (English name: Brazilian tulipwood) 

found in a semideciduous forest in Andarai, Bahia State, 

Brazil. It is identified as an undescribed species of Dalber- 

gia, D. decipularis. 

Rizzini, C.T.; Mattos Filho, A. de. 1977. On Luetzel- 

burgia (Leguminosae) (Sobre Leutzelburgia Harms (Legu- 

minosae)). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botanico, 

Rodriguesia. 29(42):7-31. 

Describes the wood of Luetzelburgia freire-allemani sp. 

nov., a small dry woodland tree from Bahia, with photomi- 

crographs of anatomical features (vessels, wood and ray 

parenchyma, fibres, growth rings, and ripple marks). The 

wood is very hard and heavy. Differences between wood of 

Luetzelburgia and Sweetia (Ferreirea) spp. are noted. 

Robles-Galvez, F. 1978. Properties and uses of 14 trop- 

ical timbers of rapid-growing species at the Forest Exper- 

iment Station, El Tormento (Mexico) (Propiedades y usos 

de 14 especies de maderas tropicales de rapido crecimiento 

del Campo Experimental Forestal El Tormento). INIF, 

Mexico. Ciencia Forestal. 3(16):32-44. 

Describes ll native and 3 exotic tree species, their physical 

characteristics (density, shrinkage), and uses. Recommenda- 

tions are made for additional use. 

Rodriguez, A. 1951. Biometrical study of spiral grain in 

stems of (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) (Estudo biometricas 

sobre o onrolamento dos troncos no (Eucalyptus globulus 

Labill.)). Agronomica Lusitana. 13(4):319-331. 

Rodriguez, E. 1958. The timber of the Argentinian trees 

of Sapindaceae: Structure, characteristics, and applica- 

tions (El leno de las Sapindaceas arboreas argentinas. Es- 

tructura, caracteristicas y aplicaciones). Buenos Aires, 

Argentina: Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia y Veteri- 

naria. 14(3):211. 

Rodriguez, E. 1960. Comparative study of the wood 

structure of Oregon pine (Psedotsuga menziesii) (Estudio 

comparado de la estructura de la madera de pino oregon 

(Pseudotsuga menziesii)). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ad- 

ministration Nacional de Bosques. Revista Investigaciones 

Forestales. 2(1):89. 

30 

Rodriguez, W.A. 1972. Virola surinamensis and its uses. 

Acta Amazonica. 2(2):29-47. 

Rogel-G, M. de los A. 1982. Wood anatomy of seven 

tropical species (Caracteristicas anatomicas de la madera 

de siete especies tropicales). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Boletin 

Tecnico de Instituto Nacional de Investigacious Forestales. 

86:55. 

Covers Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, Guarea glabra, 

Gymnanthes lucida, Talisia olivaeformis, Protium copal, 

Quararibea funebris, and Parmentiera edulis. 

Rogel-G., M. de los A. 1982. Wood anatomy study of 

six tropical species (Estudio anatomico de la madera de seis 

especies tropicales). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Boletin Tecnico 

de Instituto Nacional de Investigacious Forestales. 89:70. 

Describes the anatomy of Guatteria anomala, Licaria 

campechiana, Nectandra tabascensis, Persea americana, 

Phoebe effusa, and Talauma mexicana. 

Roig, J.T. 1935. Cedar: study of the botany and cul- 

tivation (El cedro: estudio botanico y agricola). Circu- 

lar No. 79. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba: Estacion Exp. 

Agronomica. 31 p. 

Romero-A., C.; Paz Perez-O., C. de la. 1978. 

Anatomical, physical, and mechanical characteristics of 

eight species of conifers from Baja California Norte (Char- 

acteristicas anatomicas y fisico-mecanicas de ocho especies 

de coniferas de Baja California Norte). Mexico, F.B., Mex- 

ico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Di- 

reccion General de Investigacion y Capacitacion Boletin. 

57:48. 

Describes the woods of Abies concolor, Libocedrus decur- 

rens, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, P. coulteri, P. jeffreyi, P. 

lambertiana, P. ponderosa, and P. quadrifolia by illustra- 

tion and tabulated data. 

Rosa, H.M.M. da. 1983. Study of guapuruvu Schizolo- 

bium parayba (Vell.) Blake (Contribuicao ao estudo do 

guapuruvu (Schizolobium parayba (Vell., Blake)). Porto 

Alegre, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas de Recursos Naturais 

Renovaveis, Publicacao IPRNR. 

Describes the Brazilian timber tree guapuruvu, its taxon- 

omy, ecology, and propagation. 

Rudall, P.J. 1985. Perforated ray cells in Hyptis hagei –a 

new record for Labiatae. International Association of Wood 

Anatomists Bull. 6(2):161-162. 

Perforated ray cells are recorded for the first time in wood 

of Labiatae, in Hyptis hagei, a Brazilian species of small 

trees. It is noted that this phenomenon is often correlated 

with the presence of heterocellular rays. 

Sachsse, H.; Schulte, A. 1987. Some important wood 

properties of the Bolivian Podocarpus parlatorei (Unter- 

suchung einiger wichtiger Holzeigenschaften der bolivian- 

ischen Podocarpus parlatorei (Pilger)). Holz als Roh- und 

Werkstoff. 45(12):475-480. 

Salazar, A. 1966. Identification of trees of Peru. Final 

Report. Lima, Peru: Servicio Forestal y de Caza. 24 p.

Santander, C.; Albertin, W. 1980. Anacardium ex- 

celsum, a timber species of the American tropics (Costa 

Rica) (Anacardium excelsum, especie forestal de los tropi- 

cos americanos) . Turrialba. 

SARH. (Secretaria de Agricultura Y Recursos 

Hidraulicos). 1985. Forest plantations (Plantaciones 

Forestales). In: Proceedings, 3a reunion nacional, memo- 

ria. Publ. Esp. No. 48. 1985 April. Mexico: SARH. INIF 

(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales). 

Saudoval-Z., G.; Navarrete-A., J.; Zurita-E., 

R. 1986. Preliminary study of the physical-mechanical 

strength of sawn Pinus radiata without resin tapping. (Es- 

tudio preliminar de resistencia fisico- mecanica de madera 

aserrada y sin resuinar de Pinus radiata. Concepcion, 

Chile: Universidad del Biobio, CEDIF. 12 p. 

Senft, J.F.; Lucia, R.M.D. 1979. Increased utilization of 

tropical hardwoods through species-independent structural 

grading. Forest Products Journal. 29(6):22-28. 

Small, clear specimens of 3 Brazilian hardwoods: banak 

(Virola spp.), tachi (Tachigalia paniculatum), and pequia 

(Caryocar villosum) were tested to determine mean species 

values of MOR, MOE, and density. Ten-foot lengths of 2 

by 4 in. and 2 by 6 in. were tested in bending. The data 

indicated that machine-stress-grading techniques are ap- 

plicable to grouped species of tropical hardwoods within 

the density range of 0.40 to 0.80 and that grading accu- 

racy is comparable with that of machine-graded commercial 

softwoods. 

Siemon, G.R. 1981. Effect of C.C.A.-preservative treat- 

ment on bending strength of small clear specimens of high- 

temperature- dried and air-dried Caribbean pine. Tech. 

Pap. 27. Queensland, Australia: Department of Forestry. 

4 p. 

Describes static bending tests performed on samples of Pi- 

nus caribaea varieties caribaea, hondurensis, and bahamen- 

sis, treated with CCA. The treatment resulted in a small 

but significant loss of strength and stiffness. High tempera- 

ture drying of the specimens reduced MOR in CCA-treated 

specimens. Appropriate grade classifications were assigned 

to the varieties based on strength according to the Stan- 

dards Association of Australia. 

Slooten, H.J. van der. 1968. Research and development 

of selected forest zones of Costa Rica (Investigacion y de- 

sarrollo de zonas forestales selectas de Costa Rica). Iforme 

sobre un Programa de ensayo de maderas, Proyecto UNDP 

192. Turrialba, Costa Rica: FAO/IICA. 1-131. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Corothie, H.; Arroyo-P., J. 

1959. Anatomical characteristics and physical-mechanical 

properties of some species of wood of Brazil (Caracteristicas 

anatomicas y propiedades fisico-mecanicas de algunas es- 

pecies maderables del Brasil). Boletin Technico de Instituto 

Forestales Lationoamericas Investigacious 10:39-93. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Lisboa, C.D.J.; Pastore, F., 

Jr.; Sobral Filho, M. 1976. Forestry development and re- 

search. Brazil. Characteristics, properties, and engineering 

data of 16 commercial Amazon species. FAO Rep. Brasilia, 

Brazil: FO:DP/BRA/71/545 Field Doc. 20:73. 

Describes general wood characteristics, weight, strength 

properties, allowable stresses, shrinkage and drying, working 

properties, durability, preservation, and uses. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Lisboa, C.D.J.; Sobral Filho, 

M.; Pastore, F., Jr. 1976. Forest tree species of Ama- 

zonia - Characteristics, properties, and mechanical data 

of wood (Especies florestais da Amazonia - caracteristi- 

cas, propriedades e dados de engenharia da madeira). FAO 

Rep. Brasilia, Brazil: Lab. de Prod. Florest., PRODE- 

PEF, PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45, Serie Tecnica. 6:90. 

Describes physical and mechanical properties, drying be- 

havior, treatability with preservatives, and tentative al- 

lowable stresses for the woods of 16 Amazon species. The 

range of variation in properties within each species is pre- 

sented based on a wide distribution of samples throughout 

the Amazon region. The species included are: Astronium 

lecointei, Bagassa guianensis, Bowdichia nitida, Calophyl- 

lum brasiliense, Carapa guianensis, Caryocar spp., Cedrela 

spp., Copaifera spp., Cordia spp., Euxylophora paraensis, 

Manilkara spp., Mezilaurus itauba, Ocotea bracellensis, 

Platymiscium spp., Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia 

Serratifolia. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Martinez-E., P. 1959. Descrip- 

tion and properties of some Venezuelan woods (Descripcion 

y propiedades de algunas maderas venezolanas). Sec de 

Documentacion y Publicaciones. Merida, Venezuela: Insti- 

tute Forestal Latinamericano. 103 p. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Richter, H.G.; Aune, J.E.; 

Llach-C., L. 1971. Properties and uses of 113 timber 

yielding species of Panama. FAO FO-UNDP/SF PAN/6 

Rome. 3 vol. 

Part 1: Divided into sections covering physical and me- 

chanical properties, drying characteristics, preservation, 

durability, evaluation of pulp and paper, and a list of the 

possible uses of the woods. Each section compares the 

woods with one another. 

Part 2: Presents the general characteristics of the wood, 

macro- and microscopic anatomy, and dimensions of the 

fibers. Also includes photomicrographs illustrating their 

anatomy. 

Part 3. Gives a description of the characteristics of selected 

woods. Each section provides information on a wood’s 

physical and mechanical properties, drying, and preserving 

characteristics. Comparative data of other woods of North 

and South America are also provided. 

Solari, F.S. 1952. Systematic study of the woods pro- 

duced in the province of Buenos Aires (Estudio sistemat- 

ica de las maderas producidas en la provincia de Buenos 

Aires). Publicaciones del Laboratrorio de Ensayos de 

mataeriales e Investigaciones Tecnologicas, Eva Peron. 

(Ser. 2) 42:25. 

Sotela M.J.; Carpio M.I.; Blanco R.L.; Cruz, M., L.; 

Altamirano-M., J.L.; Rivera, G., D. 1985. Study of 

10 forest species of SARAPIQUI (Estudio de 10 especies 

forestales de SARAPIQUI). UCR-MAG-AID/515-t-032. 

San Jose, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica. 239 p. 

31

Souza, J.P. de.; Oliveira, A.L.P.C. de; Souza, M.M. 

de. 1982. Contribution to the knowledge of the wood of 

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn f. (Contribuicao ao con- 

hecimento do lenho de Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn 

f. In: Malvesi, I.T.O., and others, eds. Proceedings of the 

national conference on native species; 1982, September 

12-18; Campos do Jordao, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 16A(1):280-292. 

Souza, J.P. de; Pereira, S.A.; Lemos, M.B.N. 1982. 

Contributions to the knowledge of Rhizophora mangle Lin- 

naeus. wood (Contribuicao ao conhecimento da madeira 

de Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus. In: Malvesi, I.T.O., and 

others, eds. Proceedings of the national conference on na- 

tive species; 1982, September 12-18; Campos do Jordao, 

Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Silvicultura em Sao 

Paulo. 16A(1):269-279. 

Describes the wood anatomy of white mangrove from 

Brazil. 

Standley, P.C. 1934. The Caobanilla tree of the Domini- 

can Republic. Tropical Woods. 40:15-17. 

The morphology and gross wood anatomy of Stahlia 

monosperma is discussed. Several uses of its wood are 

given. 

Stefanov, B.; Naidenova, Ts. 1974. Some tree 

species with valuable wood in Cuba. Gorsko Stopanstvo. 

30(11,12):34-39, 48-51. 

Gives brief notes on the properties and uses of the wood 

of 48 commercial species of native trees in Cuba. These 

notes are taken from the authors’ compilation entitled 

Flora cubensis selecta (1974), a work based on A.J. Fors’ 

classic Maderas cubanas. 

Stern, W. 1978. Index xylariorum. Institutional wood 

collections of the world. 2. Taxon. 27(2/3):233-269. 

Stevenson, D.W. 1979. Systematic anatomy of Bahamian 

species of Bursera (Burseraceae). Journal of the Arnold 

Arboretum. 60(1):163-165. 

Describes the wood anatomy of stem sections from 

3 species (Bursera inaguensis, B. frenningae, and B. 

simaruba) occurring in the Bahamas, Turks, and Caicos 

Islands, and in the Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, 

Florida. The woods showed similarities and differences. 

The differences, which include variable vessel diam., pres- 

ence of fibers in the secondary phloem, and arrangement of 

oil cells and resin canals, were used to construct a key. 

Surinam Forest Service. 1955. Surinam timber. Para- 

maribo, Surinam: Surinam Forest Service. 2d. ed. 97 p. 

Suss, H.; Vales, M.A. 1982. Pith flecks in the wood of 

Cuban tree species (Uber Markflecke im Holz kubanis- 

cher Baumarten). Berlin, E. Germany: Akademie. Feddes 

Repertorium. 

Describes pith flecks in the wood of Catalpa punctata and 

Guazuma ulmifolia and reports for the first time, the occur- 

rence of miners of the genus Phytobia, family Agromyzidae, 

Diptera. 

32 

Tainter, F.H. 1968. Microscopic identification of commer- 

cial Chilean woods (La identificaion microscopica de las 

maderas comerciales Chilenas). Special Pub. 3. Missoula, 

MT: Montana Forest and Conservation Station, School of 

Forestry, University of Montana. 27 p. 

Tamolang, F.N., ed. 1979. Wood quality and utiliza- 

tion of tropical species. Proceedings, International Union 

of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) Conference; 

1978 October 30-November 3; College, Laguna, Philippines. 

FORPRIDECOM. 386 p. 

Includes the keynote address and 44 papers presented at 

five sessions: Anatomical characteristics and wood prop- 

erties; Wood quality problems associated with utilization; 

Identifying wood properties for processing and market- 

ing; Wood quality and utilization of tropical hardwoods; 

and Improving wood quality and final recovery of tropical 

species by silviculture, forest operation, and utilization. 

Teixeira, D.E.; Santana, M.A.E.; Souza, M.R de. 

1988. Amazonian timbers for the international market. 

Yakohama, Japan: International Tropical Timber Orga- 

nization (ITTO). 78 p. 

Describes timbers available from the Brazilian Amazon for 

world markets. 

Teixeira, L.L. 1977. Botanic and dendrologic identifica- 

tion and wood anatomy of six euxylofloristic species in the 

southwesternpart of Parana State (Identificacao botanico- 

dendrologica e anatomica da madeira de seis especies eux- 

iloforas do sudoeste paranaense). Curitiba, Brazil: Floresta. 

8(1):35-37. 

Tejada-V., M. 1981. Table of the physical and mechan- 

ical properties of 20 Venezuelan wood species (Tablas de 

propiedades fisicas y mechanicas de la madera de 20 es- 

pecies de Veneuela). Lima, Peru: Grupo Andino. 53 p. 

Thiel, J. 1984. Practical identification of standing trees 

in the forests of French Guiana. (Reconaissance pratique 

des arbres sur pied de la foret guyanaise). In: Groupe de 

travail no. 1. La matiere premiere. Sous-groupe 1.1.- 

Peuplements–Sylviculture. Colloque sciences et industries 

du bois. 1982, September 20-22; Grenoble, France. Paris 

France: Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT): 7-19. 

A method of identification is described using characters 

that can be determined at the base of the tree, in par- 

ticular bark characters, rooting, form of base of stem and 

growth habit. 

Tochigi, T.; Shiokura, T.; Lantican, C.B. [and oth- 

ers]. 1984. Computer assisted tropical wood identification 

(CATWI). In: Sudo, S., ed. Proceedings, Pacific regional 

wood anatomy conference; 1984, October, 1-7; Tsukuba, 

Ibaraki, Japan. Sakura, Ibaraki, Japan: University of 

Tsukuba: 174-176. 

Describes a computer program for hardwood identifica- 

tion using wood characters which have been converted into 

numerical form. The program is proposed for use by field 

workers who are not necessarily wood anatomists. 

Toledo-E., Nelson; Orbe-V., Jorge; Vasquez- 

M., Edgar; Montesdeoca, Jorge. 1981. Preliminary

technological study of 20 forest species of Ecuador (Estu- 

dio preliminar technologico de 20 especies forestales del 

Ecuador). Conocoto, Ecuador: Centro de Capacitacion e 

investigacion Forestal. 27 p. 

Information on botanical and anatomical characteristics, 

physical and mechanical properties, drying, preservation, 

durability, workability, and general uses of 20 species grown 

in Ecuador. 

Tomazello Filho, M. 1985. Anatomical structure of the 

wood of eight species of Eucalyptus cultivated in Brazil 

(Estrutura anatomica da madeira de oito especies de eu- 

calipto cultivada no Brasil). Piracicaba, SP, Brazil: IPEF 

(Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Forestais). 29:25-36. 

Tomazello Filho, M. 1985. Radial variation of the ba- 

sic density and the anatomical structure of the wood of 

Eucalyptus saligna and E. grandis (Variacao radial da 

densidade basica e da estrutura anatomica da madeira 

do Eucalyptus saligna e E. grandis). Piracicaba, SP, 

Brazil: IPEF (Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Forestais). 

29:37-45. 

Tomazello Filho, M. 1985. Radial variation of the basic 

density and the anatomical structure of the wood of Eu- 

calyptus gummifera, E. microcorys e E. pilularis (Variacao 

radial da densidade basica e da estrutura anatomica da 

madeira do Eucalyptus gummifera, E. microcorys e E. pilu- 

laris). Piracicaba, SP, Brazil: IPEF (Instituto de Pesquisas 

e Estudos Forestais). 30:45-54. 

Tomazello Filho, M.; Chimelo, J.P.; Garcia, P.V. 

1983. Wood of forest species of the state of Maranhao, 

Brazil: II–Anatomical characterization (Madeiras de es- 

pecies florestais do estado do Maranhao: II–Caracterizacao 

anatomica). Piracicaba, SP, Brzil: IPEF (Instituto de 

Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais). 23:29-35. 

Brief descriptions of a variety of woods identified during an 

inventory. 

Torricelli-D, E. 1937. Anatomical study of Chilean 

woods (Estudio Anatomico de las Maderas Chile). 

Santiago, Chile: Soc. Imp. y Lito. Universo. Ahumada 32. 

114 p. 

Tortorelli, L.A. 1956. Argentine forests and trees 

(Maderas y bosques Argentinos). Buenos Aires, Argentina: 

Editorial Acme S.A. 910 p. 

TTIC (Tropical Timber Information Center). 1975. 

TTIC Brief 1-32, TTIC Bull. 2-3. Syracuse, NY: State 

University of New York. 

Individual papers published on a variety of woods, includ- 

ing information on their common and trade names, struc- 

ture, physical and working properties, durability, and pos- 

sible uses. Species covered include Amburana acreana, 

Amburana cearensis, Belotia, Calophyllum brasiliense, 

Carapa, Ceiba samauma, Hymenaea courbaril, Terminalia 

lucida, Hevea brasilienses, Maquira schlerophylla, Naucle- 

opsis, Noyera, Perebea, Pentaclethra macroloba, Peltogyne, 

Quararibea, Quercus, and others. 

Tuset, R. 1958. Physical and mechanical characters of 

some woods of common interest in Uruguay (Caracteres 

fisico-mecanico de algunas maderas de interes commun en el 

Uruguay). Montevideo, Uruguay: Revista de la asociacion 

de Ingenieros Agronomos. 30(102):28-42. 

Tuset, R.; Duran, F. 1970. Description and macroscopic 

key to the commercial woods in Uruguay (Descripcion y 

clave macroscopicas de maderas comerciales en Uruguay). 

Boletin No. 114. Montevideo, Uruguay: Universidad de la 

Republica. 

Valderrama, F.H. 1984. Study of the physical proper- 

ties and their variation in the trunk of Tachigalia longi- 

flora Ducke and Sclerolobium melinonii Herns in Puerto 

Almendras-Iquitos. Iquitos, Peru: Tesis, Ingenieria Forestal, 

Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana. 92 p. 

Valente, M. da C.; Costa, C.G.; Silva, J.D. e. 1975. 

A botanical bibliography. Plant anatomy. I (Bibliografia 

de botanica. Anatomia vegetal. I). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 

Jardim Botanico. 28(40):61. 

Part 1 of bibliography arranged in alphabetical order by 

author (A and B names only in this part), covering plant 

anatomy (including wood anatomy) published in the prin- 

cipal reviews held by botanical institutions of the state of 

Rio de Janeiro. 

Vales, M.A. 1983. Vestures in the perforation plates in 

the wood of some endemic Rubiaceae species from Cuba 

(Verzierte einfache Gef ssdurchbrechungen im Holz einiger 

endemischer Rubiaceen-Arten aus Kuba). Feddes Reperto- 

rium. 94(7/8):493-495. 

Reports the discovery of vestures in the perforation plates 

of the vessel members of secondary xylem in certain Cuban 

Rubiaceae. 

Vales, M.A. 1983. Ornamental vessel and wood fiber pits 

in the wood of some endemic Rubiaceae species from Cuba 

(Verzierte Gef ss- und Holzfaser-Hoft pfel im Holz einiger 

endemischer Rubiaceen- Arten aus Kuba). Feddes Reperto- 

rium. 94(7/8):497-500. 

Describes the vestured pits found in the vessel members 

and wood fibers of five genera of the Rubiaceae. 

Vales, M.A.; Babos, K. 1977. Wood anatomy of Cer- 

atopyxis Hooker f. ex Hooker (Rubiaceae), a monotypic 

endemic genus of west Cuba. Acta Botanica Academiae 

Scientiarum Hungaricae. 23(1/2):275-283. 

Describes the microscopic anatomy of the genus Ceratopy- 

xis using photomicrographs. Xylem element dimensions are 

listed and compared with mean data for the family Rubi- 

aceae. 

Vales, M.A; Carreras, R. 1986. Anatomy of Cuban 

woods. I (Anatomia de maderas de Cuba. I). Acta Botan- 

ica Hungarica. 32(1-4):231-245. 

Includes descriptions of Cinnamomum montanum, Den- 

dropanax arboreus, Lysiloma sabicu, Matayba apetala, 

Ochroma pyrimidalis [O. pyramidale], Swietenia mahagoni, 

S. macrophylla, S. macrophylla X S. mahagoni, Trichilia 

havanensis, and Talauma minor. 

33

Vales, M.A.; Cameras, R. 1987. Anatomy of woods 

of Cuba. III (Anatomia de maderas de Cuba. III). Acta 


Covers Celtis trinervia, Grimmeodendron eglandulosum, 

Laguncularia racernosa, Leucocroton moncadae, Oxan- 

dra lanceolata, Pseudolmedia spuria, Rhizophora man- 

gle, Spathodea campanulata, Symplocos strigillosa, and 

Tabebuia calcicola. 

Vales, M.A.; Martinez, C. 1983. Contribution of the 

study of the wood anatomy of the family Simarubaceae 

in Cuba. I. Alvaradoa and Simarouba (Contribucion al 

estudio anatomico del xilema de la familia Simarubaceae 

en Cuba. I. Alvaradoa Liebm. y Simarouba Aubl). Acta 


Vales, M.A.; Suss, H. 1985. Wood anatomy of Rubiaceae 

endemic in Cuba, Acunaeanthus tinifolius (Griseb.) Borhidi, 

Ariadne shaferi (Standl.) Urb. and Neomazaea phiallan- 

thoides (Grieseb.) Krug and Urb. (Die Holzanazomie der 

in Kuba endemischen Rubiaceae Acunaeanthus tinifolius 

(Griseb.) Borhidi, Ariadne shaferi (Standl.) Urb. und Neo- 

mazaea phiallanthoides (Grieseb.) Krug et Urb). Feddes 

Repertorium. 96(3):215-225. 

Verna, M.M. 1979. Secondary wood of Argentinian Meli- 

aceae (El leno secundario de las Meliaceas Argentinas). 

Buenos Aires, Arsgentina: Instituto de Forestales Nacional, 

Folleto Tecnico Fporestal. 53:29. 

Describes the wood anatomy of Cabralea oblongifolia, Ce- 

drela balansae, C. mexicana [C. odorata], C. tubiflora, 

Guarea pohlii, G. spiciflora, Trichilia elegans, T. hieronymi, 

and T. mollis. Included are photomicrographs of wood and 

a wood identification key. 

Vilela, J.E. 1969. Physical and mechanical properties of 

137 woods of Venezuelan Guayana (Propiedades fisicas 

y mecanicas de 137 maderas de la Guayana Venezolana). 

Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratoria 

Nacional de Productos Forestales. 1:88. 

Villalba, R. 1985. Xylem structure and cambial activity 

in Prosopis flexuosa DC. International Association of Wood 

Anatomists Bulletin. 6( 2) : 11 9-1 30. 

A description of the wood structure of Prosopis flexuosa 

DC. (Legum.) is given. It is semi-ring porous, shows pores 

solitary, in multiples, and in clusters; small to large-sized 

vessels with simple perforation plates, and thick vessel 

walls. Ray multiseriate and homogenous. Paratracheal 

axial parenchyma and libriform fibers. The hydraulic tissue 

seems well adapted to very low rainfall and prolonged dry 

periods. 

Wahlgren, H.E.; Laundrie, J.F. 1977. Properties of 

50 Philippine, 22 Ghanaian, and 18 Colombian hardwood 

barks. AID Rep. 10. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of 

State, Agency for International Development. 

Bark properties, silica and ash content, specific gravity, 

thermal values, and pulping properties are noted. 

Webber, Irma. 1934. Systematic anatomy of the woods 

of the Malvaceae. Tropical Woods. 38:15-36. 

34 

Provides a summary of the various taxonomic classifications 

proposed for the Malvaceae. Also presents an annotated 

list of the genera, many of which are found in Latin Amer- 

ica. The general properties and gross and minute anatomy 

of the genera are discussed. 

Welle, B.J.H. 1976. Silica grains in woody plants of the 

neotropics, especially Surinam. In: Wood structure in bio- 

logical and technological research; Inst. Systematic Bot., 

Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. The Hague, 

Netherlands: Leiden University Press. Leiden Botanical 

Series 3:107-142. 

Distribution patterns, frequency, size, shape, and surface 

texture of silica grains in the secondary xylem of neotrop- 

ical taxa, especially from Surinam, were studied exten- 

sively. Silica grains occur in about 300 species (32 fami- 

lies and about 90 genera). Grains were present in many 

taxa so far considered as nonsiliceous. They are most fre- 

quently found in the parenchymatous tissues (in 80 percent 

of siliceous material studied, grains were present in the ray 

cells). Their distribution is very constant, especially when 

they are restricted to one type of tissue. The diagnostic 

value of silica grains appears to be very high. The shape 

of the grains is usually variable, though in a few cases it is 

very characteristic. Various types of surface structure are 

recognized. The great variation in grain size reduces its 

importance as a diagnostic tool. 

Whitmore, J.L. 1973. Wood density variation in Costa 

Rican balsa. Wood Science. 5(3):223-229. 

Describes wood density variation in wood of Ochroma lagopus, 

within tree, between trees in a specific area, and between 

trees from different areas of Costa Rica. Within tree 

variation was measured in the first log of each tree. Results 

were correlated with site and tree characteristics, showing 

the within tree density increases linearly with distance from 

the pith and decreases with increasing height above the 

root-collar. Between trees on the same site, greater average 

density was found in larger diameter trees or those with 

water heart. Substantial variation in average density is accounted 

for by major environmental factors, found in the 

three lowland regions of Costa Rica: Atlantic, Pacific wet, 

and Pacific dry. 

Wiemann, M.C. 1987. Keys for the identification of various 

woods from Costa Rica (Claves para la identificacion de 

algunas maderos en Costa Rica). Turrialba. 37(4):381-403. 

Two keys, one based on macroscopic features and the 

other on microscopic anatomical features, identify over 150 

species of woods commercially important in Costa Rica. 

Wiemann, M.C.; Williamson, G.B. 1988. Extreme ra- 

dial changes in wood specific gravity in some tropical pio- 

neers. Wood and Fiber Science. 20(3):344-349. 

Describes the radial specific gravity variation in Hampea 

appendiculata, Heliocarpus appendiculatus, and Ochroma 

pyramidale found in Costa Rica. Data show an average 

gain of 0.1 units of specific gravity per 10 cm. of radial 

distance from pith to bark; this translates to 300 to 400 

percent increase in specific gravity from pith to bark in 

larger trees. The change is related to structural stability of 

the trees. 

Wilkes, J. 1988. Variations in wood anatomy within 

species of Eucalyptus. International Association of Wood 

Anatomists Bulletin. 9(1):13-23.

Eucalyptus species are characterized by substantial genet- 

ically predetermined within- and between-tree variations 

in wood anatomical features including fiber and vessel di- 

mensions. This effect of genotype outweighs that of grow- 

ing conditions; indeed the influence of rate of growth on 

wood anatomy is minor. It must therefore be assumed 

that the reputed difference in wood quality between re- 

growth/plantation stands and old growth forests is founded 

on nonanatomical features, or reflects simply the greater 

proportion of juvenile wood in small, rapidly grown stems. 

Williams, L. 1928. Studies of some tropical American 

woods. Tropical Woods. 15:14-24. 

Discusses the general properties, gross anatomy, and minute 

anatomy of several woods from Latin America. Covers 

Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon, O. cubensis, O. domingensis, 

Goethalsia meiantha, Trichanthera gigantea, Cybianthus 

venezuelensis, Clethra lanata, Dipterodendron costaricense, 

and Heisteria macrophylla. 

Williams, L. 1929. The woods of Caryodendron angusti- 

folium Standley. Tropical Woods. 20:26-27. 

Brief description of the tree, gross anatomy, and minute 

anatomy from a specimen in Panama. 

Williams, L. 1935. A study of the Caryocaraceae. Tropi- 

cal Woods. 42:l-17. 

Describes the gross and minute anatomy, as well as the 

economic importance, of these trees. Also provides a brief 

taxonomic history and key to the species. 

Williams, Llewelyn. 1936. Woods of northeast Peru. 

Botanical Series. Chicago, IL: Field Museum of Natural 

History. 15:585. 

This work is based upon a study of 2,500 wood samples 

collected in Peru. A brief description of the area, cover- 

ing geography, climate, and so on, is presented. This is 

followed by an extensive description of the characteristics 

of the tree and its wood. Both macroscopic and main mi- 

croscopic features are described. A check list of common 

names and a bibliography are provided. 

Williams, L. 1938. Forest trees of the isthmus of Tehuan- 

tepec, Mexico. Tropical Woods. 53:1-11. 

Discusses the distribution and uses of trees in Tehuantepec. 

Williams, L. 1939. Commercial woods of Venezuela 

(Maderas economicas de Venezuela). Caracas, Venezuela: 

Cooperativa de Artes Graficas: Boletin Technico Minist. 

Agric. y Cria. 2:97. 

Wormald, T.J. 1975. Tropical forestry papers. No. 7. 

Pinus patula. Oxford, UK: Department of Forestry. 215 p. 

Yanez-Marquez, O.; Caballero-Deloya, M. 1982. 

Study of the variation of some characteristics of Pinus 

strobus var chiapensis Martinez, from three locations in the 

natural distribution; relative density and length of tracheids 

of the wood (Estudio de la variacion de algunas caracter- 

isticas de Pinus strobus var chiapensis Martinez de tres 

localidades de su distribucion natural I, densidad relitiva y 

longitud de traqueida de la madera). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: 

Ciencia Forestal. 7(37):3-18. 

Relative wood density and tracheid length were studied 

from 55 trees sampled in three locations in Mexico. No 

significant differences were found between trees, despite the 

distance between the localities and the differences in the 

environmental conditions. 

Yatsenko-Khmelevskii, A.A.; Kolosova, M.I. 1972. 

Role of the anatomical features of the wood in the make-up 

of tropical rain forest. Moscow, USSR: Lesnaya Promyshlen 

nost’. Referativnyi Zhurnal. 12.56.29:384-389. 

Discusses wood anatomy in relation to the coenotic and 

economic role of individual species, the distribution of tree 

species, and competition in a tropical rain forest. 

Zamora-S., C.; Velasco-F., V. 1977. Pinus strobus var. 

chiapensis, a species in danger of extinction in the state 

of Chiapas (Pinus strobus var. chiapensis, una especie en 

peligro de extincion en el estado de Chiapas). Departa- 

mento Mejoramiento Genetico de Arboles Forestales, Mex- 

ico. Ciencia Forestal. 2(8):3-23. 

Describes the botany, ecology, silvicultural characters, and 

distribution in Mexico of this species. Wood properties and 

some uses are noted. 

Zamora-V., N.; Poveda-A., L. J .; Canessa-A., E. 

1988. A new species of Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw (Lauraceae) 

from the neotropics (Una nueva especie de Caryodaphnopsis 

Airy Shaw (Lauraceae) para la region neotropical). 

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75(3): 

1160-1166. 

The distribution, taxonomy, and anatomy of C. burgeri are 

covered. 

Zobel, B.J. 1985. Juvenile wood in tropical forest plan- 

tations: its characteristics and effect on the final product. 

Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, CAMCORE: 

Bulletin on Tropical Forestry, Central America and Mexico 

Resources Cooperative. 2:17. 

Remarks on anatomical and working differences found in 

juvenile wood, commonly produced on plantations, com- 

pared with mature wood. These include a decreased yield 

of pulp and a greater likelihood of having warped, cracked, 

or otherwise less desirable wood. 

35

Sawmilling and Machining 

Saw design, sawing techniques, sawing and machining 

properties of wood, saw sharpening, shaping, planing, 

and related topics. 

AIMA. 1985. Catalogo. AIMA (Asociacion de Industriales 

Madereros Ecuador). Quito, Ecuador. 62 p. 

A listing of member companies, their products, species 

used, and production levels. 

Anon. 1974. The blades of circular saws with tungsten- 

carbide teeth. Cahier, Center Technique du Bois. No. 94: 

45 p. 

Anon. 1975. Trials of a tungsten-carbide-tipped saw- 

blade that cannot be re-set, for portable circular saws. 

Bulletin d’Informations Techniques, Centre Technique de 

Bois. 72:11-12. 

An inexpensive saw blade with tungsten-carbide tips proved 

to have promising potential for both softwoods and hard- 

woods. 

Anon. 1977. Carbide tools: selection and maintenance 

(Les outils cabure: choix et entretien). Cahiers, Centre 

Technique du Bois. No. 105: 57 p. 

Provides a thorough review of carbide tools and how they 

should be maintained. 

Anon. 1980. Safety guides for the cutting of carbide 

tipped rotary cutting tools. Philadelphia, PA: Woodwork- 

ing Machinery Manufacturers of America. 24 p. 

Anon. 1983. Manaus–location of a modern timber re- 

search centre for the Amazon region (Manaus–modernes 

Holzforschungszentrum im Amazonasgebiet). Holz- 

Zentralblatt. 109(64):918. 

Describes the Centro de Pesquisas de Produtos Florestais 

(CPPF) (Forest Products Research Center) part of INPA, 

the National Institute for Amazonian Research, in Man- 

aus, Brazil. Construction of the facility was completed in 

1982. The focus of the institute is on the utilization of the 

Amazonian forest resource. Six technical divisions, staffed 

by 25 scientists, are involved in wood anatomy, timber con- 

struction, wood chemistry and energy, wood drying, wood 

preservation, sawmilling, furniture manufacture, and panel 

products and veneer. 

Anon. 1985. Twenty-four percent increase in sawnwood 

output in 1984. Chilean Forestry News. 89:11. 

Describes the sawmilling industry in Chile with 1984 statis- 

tics, including information on production and output vol- 

umes and the number of sawmills in Chile. 

Anon. 1988. The sawmill industry 1987: La industria del 

aserrio 1987. Santiago, Chile: Boletin de Mercado Forestal. 

6(88):2-5. 

Antoine, R. 1963. The joint action of stellite facing and 

reduction in speed on tool life in sawing abrasive tim- 

bers (Influences conjuuees du stellitage et de la reduction 

de vitesse sur la duree de coupe dans le sciage des bois 

abrasifs). Bois et Forets Tropiques. 90:33-38. 

Stellite facing increased saw blade life eight times and stel- 

liting with a slow speed increased saw life 40 times in ex- 

periments on the sawing of Parinari sp. 

36 

Assini, J.L.; Yamazoe, G.; Montagna, R.G. 1984. Per- 

formance of an assembly of double and single bandsaws and 

a double edger in Pinus processing (Desempenho de um 

conjunto de serras de fita geminada e simples e cantead- 

eira dupla no processamento de Pinus). Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

Instituto Florestal. Boletim Tecnico. 38( 2): 127-141. 

The yield of a sawmill using the noted equipment when 

cutting 22 year old Pinus elliottii logs is discussed. 

Bejar-M., G. 1982. Sawing oak wood (Aserrio de la 

madera de encino). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Na- 

cional de Investigaciones Forestales. Boletin Divulgacion. 

No. 62. 33 p. 

Blackman, Ted. 1980. Bandsaws cut labor needs at 

world’s southernmost mill. World Wood. 21(4):14-15. 

Blackman, Ted. 1980. New north Argentine sawmills 

process hardwoods and softwoods. World Wood. 

21 (5) : 12-13. 

Blackman, Ted. 1981. Dimensions sawmill added to box 

manufacturing firm. World Wood. 22(3):15. 

Blackman, Ted. 1983. Gangsaws, chipper-canter cut pine 

lumber for export. World Wood. 24(7):16-17. 

Blackman, Ted. 1984. Mills use three tree species to pro- 

duce lumber, veneer. World Wood. 25(6):24-25. 

Borgo, G. 1980. Forestry development project, Paraguay. 

Some notes on sawmills (Proyecto de desarrollo forestal, 

Paraguay. Algunos apuntes sobre aserraderos). FAO Rep. 

FO:DP/PAR/76/005 Documento Especial No. 1. 108 p. 

A reference work, based in part on material prepared for 

courses at universities in Paraguay and Colombia. Major 

sections include: a bibliography on sawmills, largely of 

Spanish-language literature; a list of 479 logging, sawmill, 

and other forest products industry terms in Spanish, 

Portuguese, and English; and a glossary of 264 Spanish 

sawmilling terms, with English equivalents. 

Brown, W.H. 1978. Comparative studies of lesser-known 

timbers. 13: Working properties of some tropical American 

timbers. Woodworking Industry. 35(8):15-16. 

Describes sawing and machining properties of banak and 

Virola and explores their increased use. 

Bruce, R.W. 1976. Production and distribution of Ama- 

zon timber (Producao e distribuicao de madeira amazon- 

ica). Brasilia, Brazil. FO:DP/BRA/71/545, Field Doc. 21. 

UNDP/FAO. 60 p. 

The consumption and output of forest products is dis- 

cussed. Information on problems facing the sawmilling 

industry, such as technical and staffing problems, are noted. 

Castaneda, M.I. 1985. Practical suggestions for the care 

and use of saws (Sugerencias practicas para el cuidado y 

uso de sierras). Mexico, DF, Mexico: 10(53):48-63. 

Types of saws, their use, maintenance, and equipment 

needed for maintenance are discussed. 

Chardin, Andre. 1960. Choice of sawmill type for 

a tropical forest area (Choix d’un type de scierie pour 

l’equipement d’une region forestiere tropicale). In: Pro- 

ceedings, 5th world forestry congress, Multiple use of forest 

lands. 3:1422-1428.

Reviews the factors that should be considered before spe- 

cific sawmilling equipment is selected, such as the impor- 

tance of the species available, abrasiveness of wood, power 

requirements, and other factors. 

Chardin, Andre. 1971. Saw tooth performance: Vari- 

ables affecting tooth wear. In: Proceedings, wood machin- 

ing seminar; 1971 March 24-25; Richmond, CA. Richmond, 

CA: University of California, Forest Products Laboratory: 

1-14. 

Chudnoff, M.; Goytia, E. 1969. Spindle carving of tropi- 

cal hardwoods. Turrialba. 17(4):430-435. 

Spindle carving tests of 132 green and 66 dry-laminated 

models representing 11 tropical hardwood species were 

made. Smoothness and integrity of surfaces determined 

machining quality. 

Compton, K.C. 1965. Report of technical assistance to 

sawmill industry of southern Peru. Report to: Interna- 

tional Agricultural Development Service. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture and Agency for Interna- 

tional Development. 55 p. 

Describes the sawmilling situation in southern Peru in 

1965, and discusses the problems, needs, and potential. 

Dalois, C. 1977. Manual of sawing and saw-sharpening 

(Manuel de sciage et d’affutage). Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, 

France: Centre Technique Forestier Tropical. 200 p. 

Davis, S.H. 1985. The Ayoreode-Zapoco communal 

sawmill: a social forestry project in eastern Bolivia. Wash- 

ington, DC: Anthropology Recource Center. Grassroots 

Development. 9( 2) :2-9. 

Describes a community of lowland Indians in the region of 

Santa Cruz, Bolivia, who own and operate a basic sawmill. 

The project forms a part of a larger program to demon- 

strate that indigenous groups of the tropical lowlands can 

preserve and protect their natural resources while becoming 

self sufficient. 

Davis, W.E. 1973. Mexican mill has big and small log 

sides. World Wood. 14(7):9. 

DeBonis, J.N.; Brozka, R.J. 1986. Observations and 

practical recommendations for forest exploitation in the 

tropics of Ecuador (Observaciones y recomendaciones prac- 

ticas de explotacion forestal en los tropicos del Ecuador). 

Ecuador: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, 

Universidad Nacional de Loja. 13(1-2):60-64. 

Discusses means to prevent ecological damage, improve the 

utilization of wood, increase the effiency of extraction, and 

improve saw operation safety. 

Deon, G. 1978. Manual of wood preservation in tropical 

climates (Manuel de preservation des bois en climat 

tropical). Nogent-sur-Marne, France: Centre Technique 

Forestier Tropical. 111 p. 

Describes tropical wood protection in a manual covering 

subjects such as: protection of saw-logs; temporary protection 

of fresh sawn timber and rotary-cut veneers; protection 

of wood installation; agents of deterioration; natural durability 

of timber; preservation of wood before installation 

(materials and processes); impregnability of wood; protection 

of building timber; protection of squared timber used 

in contact with the soil; protection of roundwood (mine 

timbers, posts, and poles); protection of plywood; and protection 

of wood in marine uses. 

Departamento de Pesquisa Tecnologica dos Recursos 

Naturais, Acre. 1986. Characteristics of the sawmilling 

industries of the Rio Branco forest region (Diagnostico das 

industrias de serraria da regiao florestal de Rio Branco). 

Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil: Departamento de Pesquisa Tec- 

nologica dos Recursos Naturais, Governo do Estado do 

Acre. 130 p. 

Describes the distribution, output, and marketing based on 

data from 20 sawmills. 

Dijkmans, M.A.F. 1961. The Peruvian sawmill indus- 

try (La industria peruana de aserrar madera). Rome, 


No. 1348: 43 p. 

The state of the wood industry in Peru, including logging, 

sawmilling, and plywood manufacturing, is discussed. 

Dudek, S. 1974. Forestry and the wood industry in Santa 

Cruz, Bolivia. Holz-Zentralblatt. 100(29):477. 

Describes the forested area, the forest types, the major 

species in the forest reserves, logging, sawmilling, 

veneer and plywood production, export of roundwood and 

sawtimber, etc. 

Dunaev, V.D. 1977. An efficient method for prepar- 

ing carbide-tipped circular saws (Ratsional’nyi sposob os- 

nashcheniya kruglykh pil plastinkami iz tverdogo splava). 

Derevoobrabatyvayushchaya Promyshlennost’. 26 (10) : 18. 

Translated, Fisheries and Environment Canada, 1978 

(No. OOENV-1445). 4 p. 

Explains how hard-alloy tips are soldered onto the front of 

the tooth, resulting in increased joint strength and simpli- 

fied manufacture. 

Durgnat, P.A. 1972. Aspects of lumber production. 

Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago: Forest Division, Ministry 

of Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries. 43 p. 

Describes the timber resources of Trinidad and problems 

that have curtailed employment opportunities in timber 

processing and have led to the dependence of Trinidad on 

imported sawn timber. Basic information is given on the 

development of logging, sawmilling, seasoning, grading, and 

wood preservation not currently used in the country. Possi- 

ble changes in the industrial structure for modernization of 

the industry are discussed. 

Eisenhauer, G. 1975. Utilization of natural forests, exem- 

plified by conditions in Chile. Forstarchiv. 46(6):120-124. 

Describes waste in logging methods used in Chile, includ- 

ing the harvesting systems used, e.g. logging methods, 

improper annual harvest, inefficient utilization in logging, 

sawmilling, and transportation. Increased mechanization 

is discussed relative to effectiveness, cost, and influence on 

socio-economic situations. Harvest of natural forests should 

be limited or even stopped so sustained yield management 

can be developed, according to the author. Concentration 

on high-yield plantations of exotics is recommended to meet 

timber needs. 

Eisenhauer, G. 1975. Costs and degree of utilization 

in the exploitation of natural forests in Chile. Holz- 

Zentralblatt. 101(3/4):18-20. 

Describes problems, such as transportation, decay, and lack 

of mechanization that result in low efficiency of wood uti- 

lization. Also investigates the economics of mill siting, ma- 

chine cost, and mechanization. 

37

FAO. 1970. Development of the sawmilling industry in 

Latin America. In: Proceedings, Regional consultation 

on the development of the forest and pulp and papaer industries 

in Latin America; 1970 May 19-26; Mexico, D.F., 

Mexico. ECLA/FAO/UNIDO. Forind 70. Paper 2. 160 p. 

Reviews the history, production, consumption, markets, 

and problems of the sawmilling industry in Latin America. 

Also notes develpment opportunities and a list of techinical 

assistance given to Latin America. 

FAO. 1975. Expanding the national forestry program in 

Chile: the primary conversion of wood (present position 

and future prospects). FAO Report, FO/SF/CHI 26, Tech. 

Rep. No. 5. 71 p. 

Describes present and possible future methods of primary 

conversion in Chile, based on a study by H. Schrewe from 

field work in Cautin province in 1971 to 1974. Poor utilization 

of wood by the mobile circular sawmills being used 

is discussed, and suggestions are made for improving mill 

efficiency with the sawmilling facilities presently available. 

Also suggested are means for establishing effective 

sustained-yield management, including the gradual substitution 

of modern stationary mills for the mobile sawmills, 

and by combining primary and secondary processing in economical 

units. Legal measures to ensure control of forest 

use, necessary for sustained-yield mangagement are given. 

FAO. 1981. Small and medium sawmills in develop- 

ing countries. FAO Forestry Paper No. 28. Rome, Italy: 

United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, 149 p. 

FAO. 1982. Frame saw manual. FAO Forestry Paper 

No. 39. Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food and Agriculture 

Organization. 105 p. 

FAO. 1983. Circular saw manual. FAO Forestry Paper 



FAO. 1984. Cost estimating in sawmilling industries: 

guidelines. FA0 Forestry Paper No. 52/1. Rome, Italy: 

United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 

92 p. 

FAO. 1985. Sawdoctoring manual. FA0 Forestry Paper 



Felker, P.; Roberson, S., eds. 1983. Mesquite wood- 

working. In: Proceedings of a workshop on the cutting, 

drying, and fabrication of mesquite wood into flooring, 

handcrafted items, and furniture; 1982, June 10; Kingsville, 

TX. 35 p. 

Provides information on the sawing, utilization, logging, 

and silviculture of mesquite (Prosopis). 

Fronius, K. 1984. The Chilean sawmilling industry 

(Die chilenische Sageindustrie). Holz-Zentralblatt 

110(153):2266-2267. 

Describes the Chilean sawmilling industry, including machinery, 

operations, productivity, and species used (about 

95 percent is Pinus radiata). 

Gaillard, J.B. 1977. Fire prevention methods in sawmills 

(Medidas de prevencion contra incendios en aserraderos). 

Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Forestal Nacional, Argentina 


Describes fire-prevention regulations to be considered before 

establishing a sawmill; siting and protecting timber yards; 

38 

precautions for stacking sawn timber; fire prevention within 

the sawmill; disposal of offcuts, sawdust, shavings and other 

wood waste; and fire-control organization, equipment, and 

staff. 

Gallardo-L., M. 1981. Determining the amount of credit 

that the sawmill owners in Zinacantepec State, Mexico, 

ought to use to maximize their incomes. (Determinacion 

de la cantidad de credito que deben utilizar los aserraderos 

de Zinacantepec, Estado de Mexico para maximizar sus 

ingresos). Chapingo, Mexico; Colegio de Postgraduados, 

Centro de Botanica, Programa Bosques. Escuela Nacional 

de Agricultura. (Tesis 1981, No. 15). 













Gonzalez, M.R. 1975. Census of sawmills, conducted 

in January and February 1975 (Censo de aserraderos, re- 

alizado durante Enero y Febrero 1975). San Jose, Costa 

Rica: Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Na- 

cional, Papel ocasional No. 1, Serie Silvicultura. 48 p. 

Hallren, T.P. 1985. Small, thin carbide strobe saws. In: 

Sawing technology: the key to improved profits. Proceed- 

ings No. 7322. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research 

Society: 100-101. 

Halvorson, H.N.; Stuart, W.M.P. 1963. Improvement 

of sawmill cutting tool sharp life by surface hardening. 

Forest Products Journal. 13(3):108-111. 

Saw tooth hardening methods via chromium plating and 

carbitroning (with tungsten carbide) are noted for their 

ability to increase tooth life. 

Hasek, V.C. 1960. Choosing the right type of sawmill 

to fit specific needs. In: Proceedings, 5th world forestry 

congress, Multiple use of forest lands. 3:1428-1432. 

Several items should be considered before a sawmill is es- 

tablished. These include species availablilty, transport and 

logging infrastructure, marketing potential, etc. Specific 

topics, such as recommendations for specific equipment and 

plant layout are mentioned. 

Hasek, V.C.; Ponce, R.H. 1973. Dimension sawmills. 


Describes the use of dimensional, i.e., portable, sawmills to 

minimize log transport. The layout and operation of these 

mills is discussed, as are the advantages and disadvantages 

of each type. 

Hernandez, L.H.; Hiramatsu, K.; Roby, H.O.; San- 

cho, E.R. 1982. Technical-economic study of the timber 

industry in Mendoza Province. Part 2: Economic char- 

acterization of the sawmilling sector (Estudio tecnico- 

economico de la industria maderera en la Provincia de 

Mendoza. Parte Segunda: Caracterizacion economica del

Sector aserraderos). Mendoza, Argentina:Revista de la Fac- 

ultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. 

22( 2): 97-107. 

Describes and analyzes the economics of sawmill operations 

in 1979/80, in Mendoza Province, Argentina, including cap- 

ital value, lumber production, and profitability. Productiv- 

ity and efficiency of the mills is discussed. 

Herrera-B., A. 1981. Advances in the determination of 

the machining characteristics of five oaks growing in Mex- 

ico (Avance en la determinacion de las characteristicas de 

maquinando de cinco aspecies de encino que vegetan en 

Mexico). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de In- 

vestigaciones Forestales, Ciencias Forestal. 6(34):45-64. 

Describes machining properties (planing, sanding, drilling, 

moulding, and turning) of the wood of Quercus candicans, 

Q. castarea, Q. resinosa, Q. obtusata, and Q. sideroxyla. 

For all five species, machining properties were generally 

good, except for turning quality. Sanding was poor for 

Q. candicans. Best results in planing were with a knife 

angle of 20° and a feed velocity producing 19.7 knife 

marks/cm. Additional information provided in Quinones-O 

and Herrera-B., 1984. 

Hinrichsen, M.P. 1989. Analysis and diagnosis of the 

industrial processes for mechanically transforming wood. 

Part 3. A study of the work time in sawmills (Analisis 

y diagnostico de procesos industriales de transformacion 

mecanica de la madera. Parte III. Estudio de la utiliza- 

cion del tiempo de trabajo en plantas de aserrio). Santiago, 

Chile: INFOR-CORFO (Instituto Forestal-Corporacion de 

Fomento de la Produccion), Informe Tecnico. 119:50. 

Describes a study of four sawmills cutting radiata pine. 

The study showed that nearly 28 percent of lost time is 

due to machinery failure. For canting sawmills the lost 

time was less, at about 19 percent. Human causes were 

not significant. Maintenance of machinery could improve 

the situation. 

INDERENA. 1972. Investigation: technical economics 

of the sawmill industry in Colombia (Investigacion: tec- 

nico economica de la industria del aserrio en Colombia). 

Bogota, Colombia: Instituto de Desarrollo de los Recursos 

Naturales Renovables. 141 p. 

Review the state of the sawmill industry in Colombia. The 

variety of species sawn and several problems encountered 

by mills are noted. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1983. The dimension and wood production 

industry: Regions 5-8-Metropolitana 1983 (La industria 

demensionadora y elaboradora de madera: Regiones 

V-VIII-Metropolitana 1983). Santiago, Chile: Instituto 

Forestal, Serie Informatica No. 15. 165 p. 

Information is provided on sawing and end-use industries in 

three regions in Chile. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1984. The sawmill industry 1983 (La 

industria del aserrio 1983). Santiago, Chile: Iristituto Forestal. 

Serie Informatica No. 14. 89 p. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1985. The sawmill industry 1984 

(La industria de aserrio 1984). Santiago, Chile: Instituto 

Forestal-Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion, Serie 

Informatica No. 25. 90 p. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1987. Technological vision of the 

Chilean forest industry (Vision tecnologica de la indus- 

tria forestal chilena). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal– 

Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion, Informe Tecnico 

No. 105. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1987. Tables of mechanical conversion 

and production (Tablas de conversion mecanica y elabo- 

ration). Santiago, Chile: Division Industrias Forestales, 

Instituto Forestal. 15:115. 

The manual has 66 tables on the conversion of logs to 

lumber and lumber to secondary products. A chapter is 

dedicated to saws and their use. Other tables pertain to 

standards of production and allowances for product size. 

Several tables provide information of interest to both the 

producers and users of wood, such as equilibrium moisture 

content by species and region of use, and properties of 

Chilean woods. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1987. The sawmill industry 1986 (La 

industria del aserrio 1986). Santiago, Chile: Instituto 

Forestal-Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion, Boletin 

Estadistico. No. 2. 100 p. 

Describes the sawmill industry of Chile by region, production, 

species cut, and type of mill. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1988. Operation and capital costs of 

forestry activities in Chile 1988 (II Part) (Costos operacionales 

y de capital de las actividades forestales en Chile 

1988 (II Parte)). Santiago, Chile: INFOR-CORFO (Instituto 

Forestal-Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion. 


Describes the operation and costs associated with 

sawmilling and secondary wood products manufacture. 


(La industria del aserrio 1987). Santiago, Chile: Instituto 

Forestal-Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion, 

Boletin Estadistico. 7:132. 


(La industria del asserio 1988). Santiago, Chile: INFOR- 

CORFO (Instituto Forestal-Corporacion de Fomento de la 

Produccion. Boletin Estadistico. 12:139. 

Describes the sawmill industry of Chile by region, production, 

species cut, and type of mill. 

IUFRO. 1980. Processing high density tropical woods 

(Procesamiento de maderas tropicales de alta densidad). 

In: Acta de la reunion de IUFRO; 1977, October 2-9; 

Merida, Venezuela: Laboratorio Nacional de Productos 

Forestales, MARNR., Universidad de los Andes. 

Twenty-nine papers on adhesives and gluing, drying, wood 

properties, sawing and machining, and new uses for high 

density tropical woods. 

Jones, D.S. 1963. Wear resistant tips for saw teeth. Aus- 

tralian Timber Journal. 29 (8) :70,71,75. 

Six types of hard saw tooth edges are noted for their ability 

to cut high density woods. 

Jones, D.S. 1965. Cemented tungsten carbide in the 

woodworking industry. Australian Timber Journal. 

31(8):37-44. 

Gives an overview of tungsten carbide in woodworking 

equipment and the potential economic saving that may result 

if they are used. A bibliography on tungsten carbide is 

provided. 

39

Kernan, H.S. 1951. Forestry in Bolivia. Unasylva. 

5(1):59-63. 

Describes the forest resources and problems of their development 

in Bolivia. The history and status of the forest 

industry is presented. 

Kirbach, E. 1979. Methods of improving wear resistance 

and maintenance of saw teeth. Tech. Rep. 3. Vancouver, 

BC, Canada: Canadian Forestry Service, Western Forest 


Kirbach, E. 1985. Methods of reducing sawtooth dulling. 

In: Sawing technology: The key to improved profits. Proceedings 

7322. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research 

Society: 83-88. 

Kirbach, E.; Bonac, T. 1981. Stellite tipping of saws for 

cutting softwood lumber. Tech. Rep. 17. Forintek Canada 

Corp. 16 p. 

Kirbach, E.; Bonac, T. 1982. Dulling of sawteefh tipped 

with a stellite and two cobalt-cemented tungsten carbides. 

Forest Products Journal. 32(9):42-45. 

Of three types of blades tested in cutting unseasoned western 

redcedar, stellite (with 59 percent cobalt) proved superior 

over tungsten carbide (with 6 percent cobalt). Carbide 

blades with 18 percent cobalt experienced excessive dulling. 

Kirbach, E.; Bonac, T. 1982. Alloy tipping for reduced 

sawtooth dulling. Forest Products Journal. 32(8):36-40. 

Kirbach, E.; Chow, S. 1976. Chemical wear of tungsten 

carbide cutting tools by western redcedar. Forest Products 

Journal. 26(3):44-48. 

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) heartwood contains 

tropolones and polyphenolic lignans that attack the cobalt 

matrix. It is noted that increased tool temperature accelerates 

the production of these compounds. 

Komatsu, M. 1977. Machine boring properties of wood. 

III. The comparison of the machinability of tropical woods 

in machine boring tests with that in sawing tests by circular 

saw. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 23(12):640-647. 

Boring tests in which torque and thrust were measured 

were carried out on 26 tropical timbers ranging in relative 

density from 0.28 to 0.81. Relations between torque and 

thrust and both feed speed and density were established. 

In sawing tests on the same timbers with a circular saw, 

feed force and torque were likewise related to density. In 

tropical timbers the effects of density on the boring and 

sawing properties were in general very complicated. 

Krilov, A. 1976. Stellite-tipping versus high-frequency 

hardening of bandsaw teeth. Journal of the Institute of 

Wood Science. 7(3):10-12. 

These two sawing techniques, which have been developed 

to cope with silica often found in tropical woods, are eval- 

uated. Thermal high-frequency hardening was noted as 

being advantageous for timber of medium hardness. 

Lamiaux, R.; Tinto, J.C. 1975. A study of the technological 

properties of the wood of Poplars cultivated in Mendoza 

Province. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Forestal 

Nacional. Nota Tecnologica Forestal. 28:11. 

Describes the wood of Populus alba var. pyramidalis and 

P. canescens from plantations in western Argentina and 

presents tabulated data on their physical and mechanical 

40 

properties including density at 15 percent moisture content, 

shrinkage, hardness, and strength in compression parallel, 

in static bending, dynamic bending, and working properties 

for sawing, planing, moulding, and finishing. 

Latham, Bryan. 1957. Timber, its development and dis- 

tribution, a historical survey. London, United Kingdom: 

George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. 303 p. 

Longwood, F.R. 1961. Puerto Rican woods; their ma- 

chining, seasoning, and related characteristics. Agric. 

Handb. 205. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture. 98 p. 

Provides information on the machining, physical properties, 

and response to air seasoning of 60 species. A description 

and photo of each wood is provided. 

Longwood, F.R. 1962. Present and potential commercial 

timbers of the Caribbean-with special reference 

to the West Indies, the Guianas, and British Honduras. 








Lunstrum, S.J. 1968. Modernizing the sawmill industry 

of Paraguay. Report to International Agricultural Develop- 

ment Service. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agri- 

culture and Agency for International Development. 59 p. 

The problems, needs, and potential of the sawmill industry 

in Paraguay are noted. 

Maier-Witt, H.J. 1977. Technical requirements for trop- 

ical sawtimber (Technische Anforderungen an tropische 

Sageholzer). Holz-Zentralblatt. 103( 79): 1182. 

Describes uses of tropical woods (including secondary 

species) in buildings, furniture, marine construction, etc. 

Also discussed are problems encountered in working the 

woods and sawing methods. 

Maldonado, E.D.; Boone, R.S. 1968. Shaping and plan- 

ing characateristics of plantation-grown mahogany and 

teak. Res. Pap. ITF-7. Puerto Rico: U.S. Forest Service, 

Institute of Tropical Forestry. 

Shaping and planing characteristics of Puerto Rico 

plantation-grown mahogany and teak are reported. In- 

cluded is small-leaf (West Indies) mahogany from the U.S. 

Virgin Islands; forest-grown mahogany from Mexico, Hon- 

duras, and Peru; teak from Burma; sweetgum from the 

U.S.A.; and birch from Canada were also tested for com- 

parison. Small-leaf mahogany proved superior in shaping 

and planing properties to those of all other woods tested. 

In shaping, two mahogany plantations and both teak plan- 

tations yielded wood that rated as good as the imported 

forest grown material. In general, all the woods performed 

well in planing. Shaping quality is only weakly correlated 

with specific gravity and growth rate. 

Marroquin-C., I. 1985. Practical suggestions for the care 

and use of saws (Sugerencias practicas para el cuidado y 

uso de sierras). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Ciencia Forestal. 

10( 53) :48-63. 

Covers bandsaws and circular saws.

Martinez, B.J. 1976. Importance and care of bandsaw 

teeth (Importancia y cuidados en los dientes de la sierra 

cinta). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Ciencia Forestal 1(4):17-29. 

Provides terms on band saw teeth and information on the 

design and maintanence of band saw teeth. 

McNutt, J.W. 1971. National School of Forest Sciences, 

Siguatepeque, Honduras. Sawmilling and carpentry. FAO 

Rep. FO:SF/HON 5, Informe Tecnico 1:47. 

Describes the state of the art in sawmilling in Honduras 

especially for pine. Recommendations are given to improve 

the sawmill industry. 

McVeigh, J. 1971. Forest inventory and demonstrations, 

Panama: study of sawmill and wood manufacturing 

industries (Inventariacion y demostraciones forestales, 

Panama: estudio de aserio y industrias manufactureras de 

la madera). Food and Agriculture Organization, United 

Nations Development Program, FAO Rep. FO:SF/PAN 6, 

Informe Tecnico 4:21. 

Describes the state of the art in Panama for sawmilling and 

wood manufacturing and recommends changes to improve 

the situation. 

Melchor-Marroquin, J.I. 1984. The sawing industry in 

the state of Tabasco, Mexico (La industria de aserrio en el 

Estado de Tabasco, Mexico). Chapingo, Mexico: Universi- 

dad Autonoma de Chapingo. M.S. thesis. 

Melo e Silva, H.J.; Guimaraes, A.J.F.; Souza, T.C.; 

Sena, J.C.A. 1978. Use of mobile sawmills for the bet- 

ter utilization of wood in colonized strips (Uso de serrarias 

moveis para melhor aproveitamento madeireiro nas faixas 

de colonizacao). Brasil Florestal. 9(35):63-74. 

Analysis is presented on the technical and economic practicability 

of using mobile sawmills to obtain the best use 

of trees cut from strips along the Transamazon highway. 

Situations where this type of equipment use is particularly 

advantageous are noted. 

Melo-S., R.; Madsen, P.E. 1966. Pulps from sawmill 

waste and thinnings. Tappi. 49(9):54A-55A. 

Notes the physicomechancial properties of the pulp of Pinus 

radiata produced via sulfate and sodium bisulfate pulping. 

Morrow, E.A. 1972. Report to the Government of 

Guyana on aspects of timber processing. FAO Rep. TA 

3144. Rome, Italy: FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization 

of the United Nations), UNDP (United Nations Development 

Program). 10 p. 

Discusses the operations of the Central Timber Manufacturing 

Plant, Guyana Timbers Ltd., and the Forest Department’s 

Mobile Sawmill, and makes recommendations for 

improvements. 

Nelson, B.W.; [and others]. 1985. Distributional and 

ecological notes on Polygonanthus amazonicus Ducke. Acta 

Amazonica. 15(1-2 Supplement):63-69. 

Describes habitat and dispersal of this tree, commonly 

called the “laranjinha.” It has been used for lumber, but 

many trees are unsuitable because they are hollow. 

Ninin, Luc. 1969. The relations between sawing properties 

and some physical, mechanical, and chemical characters 

of three tropical timbers. Revista Forestal Venezolana. 

12(18):67-117. 

Describes research done in France and Belgium on four 

tropical hardwood species (Entandrophragma angolense, Vi- 

rols spp., Baillonella toxisperma, and Afzelia bipindensis). 

Impact bending strength, hardness, and shear strength par- 

allel were determined to be as important as density for de- 

termining the energy requirements for sawing these species. 

Further trials with other species are needed to determine if 

the relationship is true for different species. 

Ninin, Luc. 1970. Relationship between machining and 

several physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of 

four tropical woods (Relaciones entre la aptitud al aserrado 

y algunas propiedades fisicas, mecanicas y quimicas de cuatro 

maderas tropicales). Merida, Venezuela: Univeridad de 

los Andes, Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales. 

55 p. 

Provides chemical, physical, and mechanical data of several 

samples of wood and discusses how these influence machining 

and sawing. 

Ninin, L. 1974. Splits and breaks in bandsaws (Picaduras 

y ruturas de las cintas). Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de 

los Andes. 6 p. 

Describes the possible causes for failure in bandsaws. 

Ninin-S., L. 1974. Some important aspects of the pro- 

duction of sawn wood in the country (Algunon aspectos 

releventes de la produccion de madera aserrada en el pais) 


Forestales. Revista Forestal Venezolana. 17(24):21-28. 

Describes the main reasons why little progress has been 

made in developing the production of sawn timber in 

Venezuela in spite of publicized work by the National For- 

est Products Laboratory on the properties and potential 

uses of tree species previously considered as marginal, and 

in spite of government insistence that a greater range of 

timbers should be used. Recommendations are given to aid 

this situation. 

Ninin, Luc. 1975. Elements of a bandsaw (Elementos de 

una cinta). Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes. 

10 p. 

The parts and function of bandsaws are noted. Bandsaw 

maintenance and operation are explained. 

Ninin, Luc. 1980. Some basic considerations for the sawing 

of hard timbers (Algunos lineamientos basicos para el 

aserrado de maderas de dureza elevada). Acta de la reunion 

International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. 

Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio 

Nacional de Productos Forestales. 9 p. 

Describes the effects of physical properties of tropical 

woods on the sawing process, and methods for sawing most 

efficiently. 

Noack, D.; Fruhwald, A. 1980. The influence of wood 

properties on wood processing (Procesamiento de maderas 

topicales de alta densidad). Acta de la reunion de International 

Union of Forestry Research Organizations. Merida, 

Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio Nacional 

de Productos Forestales: 22 p. 

Describes the relationships between physical and mechan- 

ical properties of wood, and sawing behavior. Discusses 

applying the results to new or lesser-known species. The 

effects of wood properties on other processing steps such as 

planing and gluing are discussed. 

41

Norlander, N. 1985. Saw specifications-what they are 

and the benefits they offer. In: Sawing technology: the 

key to improved profits. Proceedings 7322. Madison, WI: 

Forest Products Research Society: 38-48. 

Ogle, Peter. 1981. Austrians lend hand with automated 

Mexican mill. World Wood. 22(5):48-49. 

Ogle, Peter. 1982. Peru mill represents major evolution- 

ary step. World Wood. 23(4):12-13. 

Okumura, S.; Sugihara, H.; Ikeuchi, K. 1978. Wearing 

process of tungsten carbide tipped circular saw-interrupted 

cutting of particleboard with a single saw tooth. Bulletin 

No. 50. Kyoto University Forests: 201-208. 

Main article is in Japanese, but English summary is 

provided. 

Page, M.W. 1978. Hardwood sawmilling-an economic 

means of assisting social development in tropical regions. 

In: Proceedings, 7th world forestry congress; Centro Cul- 

tural General San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; Buenos 

Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: FAO-Instituto 

Forestal Nacional. 5:6553-6576. 

Pahlitzsch, G. 1962. Situation in international sawing re- 

search (Internationaler Stand der Forschung auf dem Gebiet 

des S ä gens). Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 20(10):381-392. 

Provides an overview of international sawing research 

through the early 1960s. Topics covered include: cutting 

speed, force, and edge; feed rate; tooth design; and tipping. 

Plumptre, R.A. 1971. The efficiency of sawmilling in util- 

ising forest resources. Oxford, UK: Commonwealth Forestry 

Institute. 29 p. 

Compares utilization of temperate forests with tropi- 

cal forests. Presently,

A discussion of the species used for lumber, including information 

on their sawing and drying, in Chile, Ecuador, 

Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Peru. 

Simmons, R.E. 1916. Lumber markets of the west and 

north coasts of South America. Special Agents Series 117. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of 

Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 149 p. 

The species used for lumber, and their sawing and drying, 

in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil are described. 

Solov'ev, V.V.; Morgachev, A.M.; Mikhailova, A.R. 

1986. The effect of welding stellite on the strength of frame 

saws. Archangel, U.S.S.R.: Lesnoi Zhurnal 2: 59-62. 

Welding stellite tips to saws can reduce the strength of the 

saw. Measures to minimize this effect are provided. 

Stahelin, R.; Everard, W.P. 1964. Forests and forest 

industries of Brazil. Resource Rep. 16. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 50 p. 

Describes the status of Brazilian forest resources and indus- 

try to 1960. 

Stewart, H.A.; Shatynski, S.K.; Harbison, B.; Rabin, 

B. 1986. High-temperature corrosion of tungsten carbide 

from machining medium-density fiberboard. Carbide and 

Tool Journal. 18(1):2-7. 

Provides evidence that high temperatures contribute more 

to wear than to erosion. Tool treatments (ion implantation, 

boriding, and coating with titanium nitride) and ceramic 

tools were tested and showed reduced blade wear. 

Sugihara, H.; Okumura, S.; Haoka, M.; Ohi, T. 

Makino, Y. 1979. Wear of tungsten carbide tipped circular 

saws in cutting particleboard: effect of carbide grain 

size on wear characteristics. Wood Science and Technology. 

13(4):283-299. 

Notes that coarse-grained carbide tips had a longer life 

than saws with fine or medium grained tips. Provides addi- 

tional information on the process of wearing. 

Sumi, H. 1977. Processing qualities of tropical woods: 

sawing, drying, and surfacing. In: More effective use of 

tropical woods. Mokuzai Kogyo. 32(11):27-33. 

Describes results from sawing, drying, and surfacing tests. 

Data are summarized in a table where 25 species or genera 

(listed by scientific name) are evaluated by yield, drying 

time, cutting resistance, and blunting of planer blades. 

Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da Amazonia. 

1981. Sawmill yields of thirty species of Amazonian woods 

(Rendimento em serraria de trinta especies de madeiras 

amazonicas). Belem, Brazil: SUDAM/Centro de Tecnologia 

Madeireira No. 12. 186 p. 

Covers the yields of 30 of the most commonly harvested 

species. 

Terreros Ll., V. 1965. Power equipment for sawmills 

(Plantas motrices para aserraderos). Santiago, Chile: Instituto 

Forestal. Informe Tecnico No. 16. 29 p. 

Describes different power sources for sawmills, including 

electric, diesel, gasoline, and wood gas. Provides economic 

information on each source. 

Torres-S., L. 1973. The cutting force in sawing as a function 

of three mechanical properties (hardness, machinability, 

and toughness) in several tropical woods (El esfuerzo 

de corte en aserrado como funcion de tres propiedades 

mecanicas (Dureza, Cizallamiento y Tenacidad) en alguanas 

maderas tropicales. Bucaramanga, Mexico: Universidad 

Industrial de Santander. 32 p. 

UNDP/FAO. 1968. Survey of pine forests: Honduras. 

Rome, Italy: United Nations Development Program/Food 

and Agriculture Organization: 80 p. 

The status of Honduran pine forests, their harvest, and 

wood utilization is reported. Appendices provide information 

on wood housing, charcoal production, and sawmills. 

Valdes-S., H. 1983. Industries derived from wood (Industrias 

derivadas de la madera). Proceedings: 1st Congreso 

nacional de industrias derivadas de la madera; 1983; 

Medellin, Colombia: 101-112. 

Vidaurre-E., S. 1987. Needs of the sawnwood industry in 

Chile. (Necesidades de la industria de madera aserrada en 

Chile). Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 1:105-115. 

Describes the current status of the sawmill industry of 

Chile and provides suggestions for improving the industry 

in the future. 

Villasuso, J.M. 1979. Production functions of forestry 

and wood processing in Costa Rica. (Funciones de produccion 

en la actividad forestal y maderera en Costa Rica). 

Turrialba. 29(3):207-212. 

Provides production data for 1976 forestry activities and 

sawmilling, which were used to produce linear production 

and Cobb- Douglas production functions for the two sectors. 

Using a model based on the data collected and analyzed, 

the stage of decreasing returns is shown in both 

sectors. 

Volatron, B. 1976. The exploitation of the forest resources 

of Amazonian Brazil and Colombia, and the 

medium-term outlook for imports of logs and sawn timber 

from these countries on the French tropical-woods market. 

Part 3. Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 168:65-79. 

The last of three articles describes the forests of Colombia, 

noting that between 1966 and 1972 the forest area purportedly 

has diminished from 64.4 to 51.2 million ha because 

of shifting cultivation, burning, and over-cutting. About 

45 percent of the land area is still forested. About 10 million 

ha on the Pacific coast can now be exploited. Descriptions 

of these accessible forests are given, showing vegetation 

types, forestry administration (felling permits), logging 

and sawmilling industries, and exports. The export of logs 

is being stopped. 

Wettling, G.A.; Planas, U.E. 1965. Yields of logs in 

sawmills (Rendimiento de trozas en aserraderos). Santiago, 

Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe Tecnico No. 12. 14 p. 

The efficiency of yields from five hardwoods and one pine 

cut on different types of sawmills is described. 

White, V.S. 1976. Saw and knife running-time increased 

substantially with titanium carbide. San Francisco, CA: 

Forest Industries. 103 (13) :42-43. 

A thin layer of titanium carbide increases saw blade life 

by 2 to 5 times. The process of this application and the 

results obtained are explained. 

Zavala-Z., R.; [and others] 1982. Assessment of the 

sawmilling industry in the state of Durango, Mexico. (Diagnostico 

de la industria de aserrio del Estado de Durango). 

Boletin Tecnico 87. Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales. 86 p. 

43

Wood Drying 

Air and kiln drying (seasoning); solar kilns, moisture 

content of wood, equilibrium moisture content, and 

shrinkage. 

Albin-A., R.; Jaramillo-L., R. 1980. Variation in moisture 

content of Pinus radiata industrial wood (Observaciones 

sobre la variacion de contenido de humedad en 

madera industrial astillable de Pinus radiata (D. Don)). 

Valdivia, Chile: Universidad Austral de Chile. Bosque. 

3(2):101-105. 

Describes the sampling of the moisture content of Pinus 

radiata logs over a period of one year. Within-tree varia- 

tion and individual log moisture contents were recorded. 

Analysis showed that storage with or without direct expo- 

sure to solar radiation, and log size, had little effect on final 

moisture content after 6-month storage (75 to 80 percent). 

Moisture content in whole stems with crowns, monitored 

over a 6-wk period in Nov.-Jan., fell from 89 to 45 percent, 

and those without crowns from 85 to 50 percent. 

Anon. 1926. Seasoning of native timbers. Leaflet 2. 

Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tabago. Forest Department 

Trinidad and Tabago. 16 p. 

Reports on the air drying in a covered shed of 22 species of 

lumber. Notes time required, shrinkage, warp, insect, and 

fungus attack. 

Anon. 1965. Proceedings of the conference on forest 

product research (Actas de la Reunion sobre Investigaciones 

en Productos Forestales). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Fore- 

stal. Informe Tecnico. 21:136-171. 

Six papers presented at this conference cover drying and 

reconditioning of coigue and eucalypts, corrections of elec- 

trical moisture meters, and equilibrium moisture contents in 

woods from the various regions of Chile. 

Anon. 1971. Moulding stock produced for export to 

Canada and the USA. World Wood. 12(13):10-11. 

Anon. 1973. Information from the technological investigation, 

gathered by the National Forest Products Laboratory 

for 15 woods of the Rio Suapure region Bolivar State (Ven) 

(Informe de la investigacion techologica realizada por el laboratorio 

nacional de productos forestales sobre 15 maderas 

de la region del Rio Suapure en el estado Bolivar). Merida, 

Venenzuela: Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales. 

Ministerio de Agricutura y Cria-Universidad de Los Andes. 

28 p. 

Physical and mechanical properties, sawing and workability 

properties; drying and preservation characteristics (days to 

air dry to 20 percent moisture content). 

Anon. 1978. Technological study of 15 timber species from 

the Bajo San Juan area, Choco, Colombia (Estudio tecnologico 

de 15 especies maderables procedentes de la zona 

del Bajo San Juan, Choco, Colombia). Colombia, Universidad 

Distrital “Francisco Jose de Caldas” Bogota, Colombia: 

Instituto de Investigaciones y Proyectos Forestales y 

Madereros. 190 p. 

Describes 15 species including botany, anatomy, silica content, 

physical and mechanical properties, working characteristics, 

drying, durability, preservation, and general uses of 

the woods. 

Anon. 1978. Timbers of the world. 2. South America. 

High Wycombe, UK: Timber Research and Development 

Association. TRADA Red Booklet Series. 121 p. 

44 

Describes the nomenclature, distribution, general charac- 

teristics of the tree and the timber, drying, strength and 

durability properties, working qualities, and uses of 82 

hardwood species and 4 softwood species. 

Anon. 1979. Big chilean mill also planes. World Wood. 

20(11):23. 

Anon. 1981. Characteristics and physical and mechanical 

properties of Peruvian woods (Caracteristicas y propiedades 

de especies madereras del Peru). Fondo de Promocion de 

Exportaciones no Tradicionales, Lima, Peru. 

Characteristics and uses of 34 timber species including class 

of air drying (number of days) and class of artificial drying. 

Arostegui-V., A. 1974. Technical studies of the woods of 

Peru. Technical characteristics and uses of the wood of 145 

species of the country (Estudio technologico de maderas del 

Peru. Caracteristicas tecnologies usos a de la madera de 

145 especies del pais). Lima, Peru: Universidad National 

Agraria-Ministerio de Agricultura. Vol. 1. 483 p. 

Presents a listing of Peruvian woods and provides infor- 

mation on each species, including a general description of 

the wood, macro and microscopical anatomy, physical and 

mechancial properties, durability, preserving characteristics, 

and uses. 

Arostegui-V., A. 1975. Technical studies of the woods of 

Peru. Vol. 11. Methods and specifications employed in the 

technical studies of wood (Estudio tecnologico de maderas 

del Peru. Metodos y especificaciones empleados en los es- 

tudios tecnologico de madera). Lima, Peru: Universidad 

National Agraria-Ministerio de Agricultura. Vol. 2. 104 p. 

Explains, often using diagrams, how technical studies of 

wood are performed. 

Arostegui-V., A. 1975. Technical studies of the woods 

of Peru. Vol. III. Technical characteristics and uses of the 

wood of 40 species of the Alexander Von Humboldt Na- 

tional Forest (Estudio tecnologico de maderas del Peru. 

Caracteristicas tecnologices y us os dela Madera de 40 es- 

pecies del Bosque National Alexander Von Humboldt). 

Lima, Peru: Universidad National Agraria- Ministerio 

de Agricultura. Vol. 3. 171 p. 

Compares the technical properties of these woods, including 

physical and mechanical properties, drying characteristics, 

and so on. 

Arostegui-V., A. 1982. Compilation and analysis of 

technical studies of Peruvian woods (Recopilacion y 

Analisis de estudios tecnologicos de maderas Peruanas). 

PNUD/FAO/PER/81/002. Rome, Italy: United Nations, 

Food and Agriculture Organization. 57 p. 

General description; anatomical, physical and mechanical 

properties; workability and uses, and drying characteristics 

of 60 species. 

Arroyo-P., J. 1970. Properties and possible uses of mangroves 

in the region of the San Juan River in the Guarapiche 

Forest Reserve (State of Monagas) (Venezuela) 

(Propiedades y usos posibles de los mangles de la region 

del Rio San Juan en la Reserva Forestal de Guarapiche, 

Estado, Monagas). Boletin Instituto Forestal Latino- 

Americano. (33/34):53-76. 

Barretero-J., A.: Murguia-P., J.R. 1982. Air drying 

wood in different seasons of the year (Secado de la madera

a1 aire libre en distintas epocas del ano). Mexico, D.F., 

Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales. 

14 p. 

Bejar-Maldonado, G. 1983. Seasoning of sawn oak tim- 

ber (Mexico) (Secado de la madera aserrada de encino). 

Coyoacan, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones 

Forestales. Ciencia Forestal. 8(42):37-63. 

Oak lumber was air dried or dried in a conventional kiln or 

dehumidifying kiln. Drying defects were recorded for each 

species. The conventional kiln produced lumber with the 

fewest defects, while the dehumidifying kiln produced the 

most. 

Blackman, Ted. 1985. Mill owner says,“We always want 

to try something new.” World Wood. 26(4):24-25. 

Bluhm, S.E.; Kauman, W.G.; Melo-S., R.; Neira- 

M., C. 1965. Collapse in wood and its reconditioning. Ex- 

periments on recovery of collapse in wood of Chilean-grown 

Eucalyptus globulus (El colapso en la madera y su rea- 

condicionamiento: Ensayos de recuperation de colapso en 

madera de eucalipto Eucalyptus globulus crecido en Chile). 

Informe Tecnico No. 22. Santiago, Chile: Ciencia forestal. 

23 p. 

Excessive and irregular shrinkage (collapse) is frequently 

encountered in Eucalyptus spp. The technological aspects 

of collapse and means of removal via steam reconditioning 

are described. Experimental data on collapse recoveries are 

also presented. 

Bluhm, E. [and others]. 1967. Recovery from collapse 

in Eucalypt timber (Eucalyptus globulus). Santiago, Chile: 

Maderero. 22:27-28, 30. 

Boone, R. Sidney; Kozlik, Charles J.; Bois, Paul J.; 

Wengert, Eugene M. 1988. Dry-kiln schedules for com- 

mercial woods-temperate and tropical. FPL-GTR-57. 



This report provides dry kiln schedules for more than 500 

temperate and tropical woods, with special schedules for 

wooden squares, handle stocks, and gun stock blanks. Pri- 

marily for use by dry kiln operators and others interested 

in dry-kilning wood, the report consolidates and updates 

drying schedules from many sources, making them easy to 

find and convenient to use. 

Brazier, J.D.; Franklin, G.L. 1967. An appraisal of the 

wood characteristics and potential uses of some Nicaraguan 

timbers. FAO: Misc/67. Rome, Italy: United Nations, 

Food and Agriculture Organization. 49 p. 

Information on approximately 70 species, including infor- 

mation on the characteristics of the tree and timber, techni- 

cal properties, and comments on their drying. 

Brooks, R.L. 1931. Air-Seasoning of native timbers. 

Leaflet No. 3. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad: Forest Department 

Trinidad and Tabago. 21 p. 

Elaboration of earlier work (Leaflet 2, 1926) with some ad- 

ditional information. 

Brotero, Abranches Frederico. 1941. Drying of wood 

in a kiln (Secagem da Madeira em Estufa). Boletim 27. 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas Technologicas de 

Sao Paulo. 47 p. 

Brotero, A.F. 1948. Kiln drying of wood (Secagem de 

madeira em estufa). Anales Brasilira Economica Florista. 

Instituto Nacional de Pinto. 1(1):71-107. 

Caceres-R., H. 1965. Technological studies on some 

Colombian woods (Estudios Technologicos Sobre Algunas 

Maderas Colombianas). Bogota, Colombia: Instituto de 

Investigaciones Technologicas. 51 p. 

Presents physical and mechanical properties and suggested 

kiln schedules for 31 species of wood. 

Carreon, R.F. 1947. Air drying of wood (Secado al aire 

de la madera). Thesis Profesional. Chapingo, Mexico: 

Escuela Nacional de Agricultura. 101 p. 

Cevallos-F., S.; Carmona-V., T. 1981. Information 

bank of technological studies of woods that grow in Mexico 

(Banco de informacion de estudios tecnologicos de maderas 

que vegetan en Mexico). Catalogo No. 2. Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales: 200 p. 

Compilation of data on woods grown in Mexico including 

anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties, natural 

durability, preservation, chemical, sawing and working properties, 

and drying, including schedules. 

Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. 



This handbook contains descriptions of 370 species or 

generic groupings of tropical trees and their timbers 

grouped by region of origin. Standardized descriptions em- 

phasize physical and mechanical properties, processing char- 

acteristics, and uses. Data have been compiled, evaluated, 

and synthesized from the world literature. 

Chudnoff, M.; Maldonado, E.D.; Goytia, E. 1966. So- 

lar drying of tropical hardwoods. Research Paper ITF-2. 

Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry. 26 p. 

Discusses design and performance of greenhouse type so- 

lar dryer in Puerto Rico. Results of 7 charges of Honduras 

mahogany and 1 charge of 11 local hardwood species pre- 

sented. The I-in. mahogany dried from 50 percent mois- 

ture content to 12 percent moisture content in 18 days; 

1 1/4 in. requires 25 days and 2-in. about 41 days. 

Chudnoff, M.; Goytia, E. 1967. The effect of incising 

on drying, treatability, and bending strength of posts. Res. 

Pap. ITF-5. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry. 

20 p. 

Cuevas-I., E. 1972. Incidence of shrinkage and collapse 

during drying of some commercial timbers in Chile (In- 

cidencia de los fenomenos de contraccion y colapso en el 

secado de algunas maderas commericales de Chile). In- 

forme Tecnico, No. 36. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal: 

145-155. 

Describes variation of density and shrinkage during recon- 

ditioning from green to 12 percent moisture content for 

eight commercial timbers: Pinus radiata, Laurelia philippi- 

ana, Eucalyptus globulus, Nothofagus dombeyi, N. obliqua, 

Aextoxicon punctatum, Weinmannia trichosperma, and Eu- 

cryphia cordifolia. Species other than P. radiata exhibited 

considerable shrinkage, which in most species was more 

than twice as great (in percent) tangentially as radially. L. 

philippiana was the only hardwood that didn’t demonstrate 

45

collapse. Estimates are made of the volume and value of 

wood that could be recovered by the introduction of recon- 

ditioning to eliminate collapse, especially with E. globulus 

and N. dombeyi. 

Cuevas-I, E.; Franco, J. 1968. Determination of shrink- 

age values for some timbers of commercial importance. In: 

Actas de las Terceras Jornadas Forestales, Valdivia 1967. 

Santiago, Chile: Asociacion Chilena de Ingenieros Fore- 

stales: 95-98. 

Dickinson, F.E. 1950. The seasoning properties of De- 

terma (Ocotea rubra Mez.) Tech. Rep. No. 5. New Haven, 

CT: Yale School of Forestry. 8 p. 

Duran, F. 1972. (Eucalyptus saligna: air drying of poles 

for aerial cables.) Boletin del Departamento Forestal, 

Uruguay. No. 18:8-12 ref. 

Durgnat, P.A. 1972. Aspects of lumber production. 

Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago: Forest Division, Ministry 

of Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries. 43 p. 

Describes the timber resources of Trinidad and problems 

that have curtailed employment opportunities in timber 

processing and have led to the dependence of Trinidad on 

imported sawn timber. Basic information is given on the 

development of logging, sawmilling, seasoning, grading, and 

wood preservation not currently used in the country. Possi- 

ble changes in the industrial structure for modernization of 

the industry are discussed. 

Echenique-Manrique, R. 1970. Description, character- 

istics and uses of 25 Mexican tropical woods (Descripcion, 

caracteristicas y usos de 25 maderas tropicales mexicanas). 

Mexico, DF, Mexico: Camara Nacional de la Industria de 

la Construccion. 237 p. 

Includes information on drying; kiln schedules when known. 

Echenique-Manrique, R. 1971. Characteristics of wood 

and its use in construction (Caracteristicas de la Madera y 

su uso en la construccion). Mexico, DF, Mexico: Camara 

Nacional de la Industria de la Construccion. 173 p. 

Limited information on drying. 

Echenique-Manrique, R.; Barajas-Morales, J. 1977. 

PEG, a dimensional stabilizer of wood (El PEG, estabi- 

lizante dimensional de la madera). Veracruz, Mexico: In- 

stituto de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Xalapa. 

Botica. 2(3):37-43. 

Echenigue-Manrique, R.; Barajas-Morales, J.; 

Pinzon-P., L.M. 1975. Botanical and ecological study 

of the Rio Uxparapa Region of Veracruz No. 1: Techni- 

cal characteristics of 10 wood species (Estudio botanico 

y ecologico de la region del Rio Uxpanapa Veracruz No. 

1: Characteristicas technologicas de la madera de diez es- 

pecies). Publication of Instituto de Investigaciones Sobre 

Recursos Bioticos, Universidad Nacional Autionoma de 

Mexico. 65 p. 

Describes physical and mechanical properties, drying and 

machining characteristics, natural durability and uses, as 

reported by various sources, for ten tropical species from 

Veracruz State, Mexico. The information is hoped to pro- 

mote increased use of the native woods. 

Echenique-Manrique, R.; Diaz-G., V. 1969. Some 

technological characteristics of wood of 11 Mexican species 

(Algunas caracteristicas technologicas de la madera de once 

46 

especies Mexicanas). Bull. Tecnico No. 27. Mexico: Insti- 

tuto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales. 61 p. 

Samples of eleven species of woods of commerical value 

were collected from Escaracega and Uruapan, Mexico. The 

anatomy, uses, and drying characteristics of these woods 

were presented. Mechanical tests, including specific gravity, 

hardness, static bending, and shrinkage were performed all 

on woods. Common and commerical names of these woods 

are noted. 

Englerth, G.H. 1960. Air drying conditions for lumber 

in the San Juan area, Puerto Rico. Tropical Forestry Note 

No. 1. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, Tropical Forest Research Center. 

2 p. 

Enrique-V., J. 1969. Physical and mechanical properties 

of 137 woods of the Venezalean Guayana (Propiedades fiscas 

y mecanicas de 137 maderas de la guayana Venezolana). 


Forestales. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad 

de Los Andes. 88 p. 

Presents information on physical and mechanical properties 

of woods, including shrinkage, etc. 

Fernandez, G. 1962. The kiln drying of wood-theory 

and practice (El estufado de la madera–teoria y practica). 

1st ed. Mexico, DF, Mexico: Privately published. 120 p. 

Presents information similar to that of Rasmussen, 1961. 

Fernandez, P. de S.; Galvao, A.P.M. 1977. Moisture 

gradients in Hymenaea stilbocarpa timber (Gradiente 

de umidade em pecas de jatoba (Hymenaea stilbocarpa 

Hayne). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Florestal, Secretaria 

da Agric. Estado de Sao Paulo. Silvicutura em Sao Paulo. 

1977-1978(11/12):87-92. 

Galdames-Casorzo, M. 1979. Drying wood by reduc- 

ing ambient humidity. Part 1 (El secado de la madera 

por deshumidificacion del aire. I Parte). Chile Forestal. 

4(41):14-15. 

Galdames-Casorzo, M. 1979. Energy consumption of 

wood drying plants involving reduction of ambient hu- 

midity. Part 2 (El consumo energetico de los secadores 

por deshumidificacion de aire. 2d Parte). Chile Forestal. 

4(42):14-15. 

Galvao, A.P.M. 1975. Estimates of equilibrium moisture 

content of wood in different cities in Brazil. Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Inst. de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais, Piracicaba. 

11:53-65. 

Using the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wiscon- 

sin, method (1955) and W.T. Simpson’s method (1971) the 

equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood in 12 dis- 

persed Brazilian cities was predicted. A large variation in 

the EMC of wood in the various cities was noted. However, 

the values of EMC determined by the two methods were 

not significantly different for the range of temperatures 

studied. While the predicted EMC values are of practical 

use, values for the most commonly used Brazilian woods 

should be determined. 

Galvao, A.P.M. 1976. Accelerated seasoning: a schedule 

for the wood of jatoba (Hymenaea stilbocarpa) (Secagem 

acelerada: programa para a madeira de jatoba (Hymenaea 

stilbocarpa Hayne)). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Inst. de Pesquisas 

e Estudos Florestais, Piracicaba. 12:151-161.

An accelerated drying schedule is presented which saved 

time but did cause some warping. No other defects were 

noted with this method. 

Garcia, J.J.M. 1962. Moisture-content variations in Eucalyptus 

viminalis bolts. Notas tecnologicas 20. Buenos 

Aires, Argentina: Administration Nacional de Bosques. 

9 p. 

Garcia, R.R.,; Garcia, J.J.M. 1956. The physical and 

mechanical properties of Piptadenia spp (Estudio fisico y 

mecanico de las especies forestales del genero Piptadenia). 

Anades Administration Nacional de Bosques, Buenos Aires, 

Argentina: 63-84. 

Gonzales-F., R.; Campos-R., R. 1970. Kiln drying the 

wood of Casuarina (Secado Artificial de la Madera de Ca- 

suarina). La Molina, Peru: Universidad Nacional Agraria. 

Revista Forestal del Peru. 4(1/2):90-101. 

The wood was dried in Moore Experimental Kiln by two 

schedules, and drying defects (warp, collapse, and splits) 

were noted and measured. Previous attempts to dry this 

wood were unsucessful, but this attempt was satisfactory. 

Gonzalez-T., G.E.; Krones, M. 1974. Comparison of 

the drying and preservation properties of E. deglupta and 

E. saligna posts (Comparacion de las propiedades de secado 

y perservacion de postes de E. deglupta y saligna). Laboratorio 

de Productos Forestales, CATIE, and Universidad de 

Costa Rica. 

Evaluated drying time and defects during drying, penetration 

distribution, and retention of preservative of CCA-C. 

Sapwood easy to impregnate, heartwood difficult. 

Guyana Timber Export Board. 1979. Guyana timber 

species: Wallaba (Eperua falcata). Georgetown, Guyana: 

Guyana Timber Export Board. 30 p. 

Describes distribution, supply, general characteristics of the 

tree and wood, drying, mechanical and working properties, 

durability, and uses including specifications for transmission 

poles, siding, and shingles of Eucalyptus falcata. 

Han-R., M. 1964. Survey of artificial drying of wood in 

Chile. Santiago, Chile: Maderero. 10:9-14. 

Hoheisel, H.; Lopez-G., O. 1973. Air drying and 

kiln drying of fence posts of Cypress and Pinus patula. 

Medellin, Colombia: Revista, Facultad Nacional de Agrono- 

mia. 28(3):42-51. 

Huerta-C., J. 1976. Notes on wood anatomy as related 

to drying. (Notas sobre anatomia de maderas en relacion 

al secado). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Forestales. Ciencia Forestal. 1(1):42-53. 

Describes morphological elements and chemical composition 

of wood as it dries, in both angiosperms and gymnosperms. 

ICAITI. [about 1980]. Solar drying for wood (Secador so- 

lar para madera). Unnumbered pamphlet. Guatemala City, 

Guatemala: Instituto Centroamericano de Investigacion y 

Tecnologia Industrial (ICAITI), unnumbered pamphlet. 

Pamphlet describing benefits of solar drying over air 

drying. 

IICA. 1968. Report on a wood testing program carried 

out for United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 

Project 192, survey and development of selected forest areas. 

Costa Rica: Wood Technology Laboratory, Instituto 

Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (IICA), Turrialba. 

134 p. 

Reports of a wood testing program of 23 species from the 

Rio Macho area and 9 species from the Carian area of 

Costa Rica. Includes information on: nomenclature; habi- 

tat, tree, and wood descriptions; physical and mechanical 

properties, including shrinkage; seasoning characteristics; 

machining properties; and wood uses. 

Instituto Forestal. 1987. Drying of woods of commer- 

cial interest through dehumidification. (Secado por deshu- 

midificacion de especies madereras de interes comercial). 

Santiago, Chile: Instituto forestal. Informe Technico 100, 

111 p. 

Jankowsky, I.P.; Galvao, A.P.M. 1979. Influence of 

extractive content, on the equilibrium moisture content of 

wood (Influencia do teor extrativos na umidade de equilib- 

rio da madeira). Piracicaba, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas 

e Estudos Florestais (IPEF). (18):l-33. 

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information 

about the influence of extractives content on the equilib- 

rium moisture content of Parana pine (Araucaria angustifo- 

lia (Bert.) O. Ktze.), Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla 

King) and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook woods. Water- 

soluble and alcohol-benzene-soluble extractives content, and 

the equilibrium moisture content at temperatures of 40°C., 

50°C., and 60°C, and relative humidities of 40, 60, and 79 

percent were determined for samples of the three species. 

Jankowsky, I.P.; Henriquez, E.Z. 1983. Moisture gradi- 

ent and stress development during the kiln drying of Pinus 

caribaea var. hondurensis wood (Brazil). (Gradiente de 

umidade e desenvolvimento de tensoes da secagem artificial 

da madeira de Pinus caribaea var hondurensis). Piracicba, 

Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF): 

27-31. 

An accelerated kiln schedule is provided for the drying of 

this species. 

Japing, C.H.; Japing, H.W. 1960. Wood handbook of 

Surinam wood species. (Houthandboek Surinaamse Hout- 

soorten). Utgave Dienst’s Lands Bosbeheer Paramaribo 

Suriname. 264 p. 

Wood handbook of Surinam woods. Includes chapter on 

drying of wood, though no kiln information. 

Japing, H.W. 1957. Tests about the most important 

mechanical and physical properties of 41 Surinam wood 

species (Onderzoek naar de belangrykste mechanische en 

fysische eigenschappen van 41 Surinaamse houtsoorten). 

Mededeling No. 122. Afdeling Tropische Producten No. 46. 

Amsterdam, Netherlands. Instituut voor de Tropen. 249 p. 

Provides mechanical and physical properties of 41 woods of 

Suriname, as well as listing the ease of air seasoning. 

JUNAC. 1989. Manual of the Andean Group for the dry- 

ing of wood. (Manual del Grupo Andino para el secado de 

maderas). Lima, Peru: Junta del Acuerdo de Cartegena. 

437 p. 

A complete manual for all aspects of wood drying, from 

wood properties to schedules for kiln drying. A glossary of 

terms is included. 

Karstedt, P. 1972. Center for Forestry Research and 

Training, Cuba. Wood technology and wood preservation 

47

(Centro de Investigaciones y Capacitacion Forestales, Cuba. 

Cuba, tecnologia y preservacion de la madera) Rome: FAO 

Rep. FO:SF/CUB 3, Informe Tecnico. 5. p. 81. 

Describes the present technology in Cuba, in drying and 

preservative treatment of wood. Recommendations are 

made for establishing a Timber Technology and Preserva- 

tion Section within the center and a program of study in 

wood drying, preservation, and wood anatomy. 

Kauman, W.G.; Mittak, K.G. 1966. Drying trials with 

coihue (Ensayos de secado en coihue). Santiago, Chile: In- 

stituto Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 25. 25 p. 

The severity of defects that developed in Chilean coihue 

(Nothofagus dombeyi) during nine different drying pro- 

grams was measured. Tentative drying programs are recom- 

mended to aid in the utilization of this species. 

Keenan, F.J.; Tejada-V., M. 1984. Tropical timber for 

building materials in the Andean group countries of South 

America. Ottawa, Ontario: International Technical Devel- 

opment Research Center, IDRC-TS 49e. 151 p. 

Keer, G.A. 1978. Timber drying-its economic justifica- 

tion. In: Proceedings, 7th World Forestry Congress, Centro 

Cultural General San Martin: 1972 October 4-18; Buenos 

Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: World Forestry 

Congress, Instituto Forestal Nacional: 6370-6374. 

Discusses principles of air and kiln drying and compares 

the economic costs of each. Recommends kiln drying for a 

variety of reasons, including quicker turnover, less loss, and 

less storage space required. 

Kukachka, B.F.; Tejada-V., M.E. 1968. Selected prop- 

erties of 52 timber species from the department of El 

Peten, Guatemala (Propiedades seleccionadas de 52 es- 

pecies de madera del departamento del Peten, Guatemala). 

Proyecto de Evaluacion Forestal, FAO-FYDEP Boletin 2. 

Rome, Italy: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organi- 

zation. 88 p. 

Physical and mechanical properties, shrinkage, and silica 

content of 52 species is given. 

Labate, P.J. 1960. The importance of equilibrium mois- 

ture content of wood in relation with drying and uses (Im- 

portanicia del equilibrio higroscopico de la madera en rela- 

cion con su secado y usos). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fol- 

leto Tecnico Forestales No. 6, Administration Nacional de 

Bosques. 

Discusses importance of knowing EMC for different areas 

or zone of country and lists temperature, RH, and EMC for 

many areas of Argentina. 

Labate, P.J. 1964. Pilot trial in air drying of Eucalyptus 

viminalis wood for parquet: Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fol- 

letos Tecnicos Forestales No. 24, Administracion Nacional 

de Bosques. 6 p. 

Labate, P.J. 1973. Industrial applications of Casuarina 

wood (Aprovechamiento industrial de la madera de Casuar- 

ina). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Folletos Tecnicos Forestales 

No. 32, Administracion Nacional de Bosques. 32 p. 

Characteristics of Casuarina cunninghamiara from different 

sources including sawing and seasoning method used: Data 

on reconditioning to recover collapse, color, specific gravity, 

shrinkage, and trials in manufacturing of several products; 

parquet, packing boxes and crates, veneer. 

48 

Labate, P.J. 1975. Evaluation of the wood of indigenous 

and exotic forest species according to their physical and 

mechanical properties. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Folleto 

Tecnico Forestal, Instituto Forestal Nacional. 36. 19 p. 

Describes a large number of commercial native Argentine 

woods and some potentially useful secondary and exotic 

species. Data tabulated include: radial, tangential, and 

volumetric shrinkage when dried from green moisture con- 

tent to 12 to 15 percent moisture content (air-dry); den- 

sity (kg/m 3 ) and hardness (kg/cm 2 ); modulus of rupture 

in longitudinal compression and specific index (MOR/100 

X density’); modulus of rupture in bending and bending 

index (MOR/100 X specific gravity); and measures of re- 

sistance to cutting, splitting, tensile stress, etc. Values in 

tables are grouped into hardness classes, strength classes, 

and flexibility classes. 

Lastra-R., J.A. 1974. How to prepare kiln schedules for 

timber of hardwood species. Como elaborar programas y 

horarios de secaso artificial para madera de latifoliades. 

Bogota, Columbia: Uni. Dist. Eco. Jose de Caldas. 17 p. 

An abridged method of estimating the time required in 

each stage of kiln drying. 

Lisboa, H. 1983. Technical side of Chilean pine. Division 

of Planning and Development, Arauco Co. Ltd., Chile. 

Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Internal Affairs. 

8 p. 

Describes Chilean pine (Pinus radiata) with data on wood 

density, strength, drying and shrinkage, decay and preservation, 

and uses. Comparisons are made with P. radiata 

grown in New Zealand and other Chilean conifers. 

Longwood, F.R. 1961. Puerto Rican woods; their ma- 


Handb. 205. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agri- 

culture. 98 p. 

Provides information on the machining, physical properties, 

and response to air seasoning of 60 species. A description 

and photo of each wood is provided. 


timbers of the Caribbean-with special reference to the 

West Indies, the Guianas, and British Honduras. Agric. 


167 p. 






Lopez-P., Vladimir. 1985. Air drying of sawn wood 

of Pinus hartwegii in Chapingo State, Mexico (Secado al 

aire libre de madera aserrado de Pinus hartwegii Lindl. 

en Chapingo, Edo. de Mexico). Tesis. Chapingo, Mexico: 

Universidad Autonoma. 51 p. 

Maldonado, E.D. 1962. Solar radiation used to dry mahogany 

lumber in Puerto Rico. Tropical Forest Note ITF- 

14. Rio Piedras, PR: U.S. Department of Agricluture, Forest 

Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry. 5 p. 

Maldonado, E.D.; Peck, E.C. 1962. Drying by solar 

radiation in Puerto Rico. Madison, WI: Forest Products 

Journal. 12( 10) :487-488.

An experimental solar kiln proved to have many advantages 

over traditional kiln drying. 

Martinez-S, J.E. 1973. Standards for kiln drying 

timber, and schedules for five Colombian species (Normas 

para el secado artificial de maderas y programas para cinco 

especies colombianas). Bogota, Colombia: Facultad de Ingenieria 

Forestal, Universidad Distrital ‘Francisco Jose de 

Caldas’. 71 p. 

Describes kiln-drying trials with 2.5 cm-thick lumber of 

Abarema jupumba, Clathrotropis brunnea, Elaeodendron 

sp., Goupia glabra, and Ormosia paraense. Results are dis- 

cussed and schedules recommended for drying the species 

from green to 10 percent moisture content. 

Martins, Varlone A.; Oliveira, Luis C. 1984. Con- 

ventional drying of nine species of woods from the Ama- 

zon Region (Secagem convencional de nove especies de 

madeira da Amazonia). Brazil Florestal. No. 60. Octo- 

ber/November/December 7 p. 

Nine wood species from the Amazon Region were dried 

together in a conventional dry kiln using an industrial 

schedule and practice. Seven of the species dried satis- 

factorily in an average of 8 days. Suggested kiln sched- 

ules are given for the two species (Goupia glabra and 

Ocetea rubra) for which the common schedule was not 

satisfactory. 

Martins, Varlone A.; Teixeira, Pauplo Sergio das D.; 

Silva, Sizelmo J.C. da; [and others]. 1985. Air dry- 

ing of wood in the region of the Federal District. (Secagem 

de madeiras ao ar livre na regiao do distrito federal). Sao 

Paulo, Brazil: Associacao Brasilia de Preservadores de 

Madeira, IPT, Div. de Madeiras, Cidade Universitaria. 

Boletim ABPM No. 35. 16 p. 

Analyzes the behavior of wood of 63 species from three 

different regions of Amazonia (Buriticupu-MA, Jurua- 

Solimoes-AM, and Tucuma- PA) when air dried in the 

weather conditions of the Federal District (Brazilia). 

Mason, C.G.W.; Smith, K.F. 1971. Forest industries 

development survey, Guyana. Preservation and season- 

ing. FAO Report No. FO: SF/GUY 9, Technical Report 6. 

Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organi- 

zation. 64 p. 

Describes preservation and drying of Guyana woods, including 

kiln schedules, state of the art in preservation within 

the country, and natural durability of native species against 

decay and insect attack. Recommendations on research and 

application are made concerning preservation and wood 

drying. 

McMillen, J.M. 1961. Kiln schedules for Puerto Rican 

yagrumo hembra. (Cecropia peltata). Caribbean Forester. 

22(3/4) 234-90. 

Recommends kiln schedules for 1 and 2 in. lumber, as well 

as 2 by 3 in. and 3 by 4 in. stock. 

McMillen, J.M. 1973. Brief mission on wood drying in 

Central America furniture industry. Washington, D.C.: 

U.S. Department of State, Agency for International Development 

PASA LA(AJ) 35-73. 

A report on a 29-day AID-sponsored mission to examine 

the status of lumber drying at major furniture companies 

in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and 

Nicaragua. This paper reviews research facilities available 

at two universities and an international development labo- 

ratory and comments on export development organizations 

and personnel. 

McMillen, J.M.; Boone, R.S. 1974. Kiln drying selected 

Colombian woods. Madison, WI: Forest Products Journal. 

24(4):31-36. 

An approach to kiln drying three Columbian woods (Di- 

alyanthera spp., Brosimum utile, and Campnosperma pana- 

mensis) is described, and results are given of exploratory 

research to improve the efficiency and quality of the kiln- 

drying. Procedures for drying the woods separately or to- 

gether from the green condition or from a a partly air-dried 

condition and shortened procedures for relieving drying 

stress are included. Of three schedules-severe, moderate, 

and mild in the degree to which they induce degrade- 

the moderate schedule was ultimately chosen as the most 

satisfactory. 

Melo-H., R. 1987. Factorial design in industrial drying 

at high temperatures for radiata pine. (Diseno factorial 

en secado industrial a alta temperatura, de pinp radiata). 

Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 2:115-126. 

Describes an application of the factorial experimental de- 

sign to determine the best conditions for high temperature 

drying of radiata pine in a regional factory. The design is 

carried out independently for three important drying pa- 

rameters; cost for unit of evaporated water mass and by 

unit of wood volume; productive capacity, and disunifor- 

mity of the final moisture content. 

Melo-H., R.; Pavon-H., M. 1987. High temperature in- 

dustrial drying of radiata pine. (Secado industrial de pino 

radiata a alta temperatura). Ciencia e Investigacion Fore- 

stal. 1:117-129. 

Describes 16 industrial tests and several laboratory studies, 

varying the principal parameters involved in wood drying, 

such as: dry bulb temperature, wet bulb depression, 

conditioning, warming up period, thickness of stickers and 

distance between them, width of stacks, initial moisture 

content, and final moisture content. The results are analyzed 

comparing different drying schedules in relation to 

final moisture content distribution, drying defects, energy 

requirements, cost, and shrinkage. 

Mendes, A. De S. 1977. Kiln drying schedule for wood 

of Pinus elliottii and P. taeda from the first thinning 

(Programas de secagem para madeira de P. elliottii e P. 

taeda proveniente do primeiro desbaste). FAO Rep. No. 

PNUD/UNDP/FAO/BRA-45. Brasilia, Brazil: Comunicacao 

Tecnica 11:9. 

Presents drying schedules that yielded 3 percent and 

7 percent defects. 

Ogle, Peter. 1982. Resource base dwindles for Venezuelan 

sawmill. World Wood. 23(3):20-22. 

Ogle, Peter. 1982. Peru mill represents major evolutionary 

step. World Wood. 23(4):12-13. 

Olguin-Q, J.O. 1974. Physical and mechanical properties 

of the wood of five Mexican species. Mexico, D.F., Mexico: 

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Boletin 

Tecnico. 42, 21 p. 

Describes the results of tests on wood specimens of Pinus 

ayacahuite, P. leiophylla, P. patula, P. ponderosa, and P. 

rudis from several localities in Mexico. Tabulated test data 

49

include moisture content and shrinkage from the green con- 

dition, specific gravity, strength in static bending, compres- 

sion parallel and perpendicular, hardness, shear strength, 

impact strength, tensile strength parallel, and nail-holding 

power of green wood and wood at 12 percent moisture con- 

tent. Test procedures are described, and comparative data 

for wood of P. banksiana, P. echinata, P. ponderosa, and P. 

resinosa grown in the USA are provided. 

Orbe-V., Jorge; Valarezo-G., Vladimir. 1981. A drying 

study of wood of several species from southeastern 

Ecuador (Estudio de Secado de la Madera de Varias Especies 

del Sur-Oriente del Ecuador). Conocoto, Ecuador: 

Centro de Capacitacion e Investigacion Forestal. 18 p. 

Lumber (25-mm thick?) from 33 species of Southeastern 

Ecuador was air dried and kiln dried (mild, moderate, and 

severe schedule) at Conocoto (near Quito). The presence 

and intensity of drying defects (warp, splits, checks) was 

measured. Air dried woods were grouped in 3 groups depending 

on amount of drying defect incurred. Kiln dried 

woods were grouped by their response to the three severities 

of kiln schedules. 

Parra, A.; Borgo, G.; Valdes, F. 1953. The kiln dry- 

ing of timber (El secado de maderas en estufa). Mexico: 

Asociacion Mexicana de Profesionistas Forestales. 119 p. 

The structure of wood, with an emphasis on its water con- 

tent, is explained. The components of kilns are explained, 

and tables to determine drying time are provided. 

Pavon-H., M. 1987. Design of a warp measuring device 

for sawnwood. (Diseno de un banco de medicion de defec- 

tos de madera aserrada). Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 

2:126-132. 

Describes in detail, with drawings, a device with which to 

measure warp in sawn lumber. 

Pedraza-M., S.H. 1984. Recommendations for air drying 

of wood (Recomendacions para el secado de la madera 

a1 aire libre). Coyoacan, D.F., Mexico: Ciencia Forestal, 

Revista del Instituto Nacional de Investigacones Forestales. 

9(52):51-63. 

General discussion of air drying techniques given at a meeting 

in Durango in 1979. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1978. Wood construction manual (Manual 

de construcciones en madera). Santiago, Chile: Instituto 

Forestal. 500 p. 

A manual of 10 chapters including: wood structure and 

properties; uses and products; engineering; drying; service 

life of wood; standards; insulation; constructional systems; 

and other wooden components (doors, windows, etc.); laminated 

wood; and glossary. 

Perez-R., J. 1965. Drying schedules for Pinus montezumae 

Lamb. and P. ayacahuite var. veitchii lumber (Secuelas 

de secado para madera aserrada de Pinus montezumae 

Lamb. y Pinus ayacahuite var. veitchii). Tesis Profesional. 

Chapingo, Mexico: Escuela Nacional de Agriculturas. 51 p. 

Rasmussen, E.F. 1961. Dry kiln operator’s manual. 

Agric. Handb. No. 188. Washington, DC: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service. 197 p. 

Complete information on the operation of dry kilns, in- 

cluding theoretical aspects, drying effects, kiln schedules, 

equipment, and so on. A revised edition was published in 

1991. (W.T. Simpson, ed.) 

50 



Contains descriptions of trees, where they grow. It supplies 

basis for identification of the trees and their woods, corre- 

lates the vernacular, trade and scientific names, and gives 

technical data on various subjects, including drying. 

Rice, W.W. 1966. (1) Virola’s problems unmasked. 

(2) Domestic shortages? Have you tried Virola. Woodwork- 

ing Digest. 68(8):11, 26-30, 33-36. 

Rosende-B., R. 1972. Equilibrium moisture content of 

some Chilean timbers. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. 

Informe Tecnico 36:135-144. 

Tabulates data on the EMC of wood from six trees from 

each of six species (Araucaria araucana, Eucalyptus glob- 

ulus, Nothofagus alpina, N. obliqua, Laurelia philippiana, 

Eucryphia cordifolia) at four places in Chile in various 

months from July 1967 to August 1968. 

Rosende-B., R.; Castillo-B., H. 1973. Shrinkage, col- 

lapse and movement of Chilean timbers. Boletin Informa- 

tivo, Instituto Forestal. 27:39. 

Describes wood shrinkage, collapse, and movement of tim- 

ber for nontechnical audience. Examples of formulae are 

given for calculating the amounts of shrinkage, collapse, 

and movement for a variety of conditions. Data are shown 

in tabular form giving the maximum shrinkage and move- 

ment of the main native and exotic Chilean species. 

Sahlman, E.J.; Han-R., M. 1963. Kiln drying of timber 

(Secamiento artifical de la madera). Santiago, Chile: 

Manual No. 1, Instituto Forestal. 64 p. 

Presents an introduction to the structure of wood, water 

in wood, principles of drying, different types of drying, and 

several different methods of drying wood. 

Simpson, William T., ed. 1991. Dry kiln operator’s 

manual. Agric. Handb. 188. (Rev.) Washington, DC: U.S. 


Simpson, W.T.; Tschernitz, J.L. 1984. Solar dry 

kiln for tropical latitudes. Madison, WI: Forest Products 

Journal. 34(5):25-34. 

Reports on a 2.4 m3 solar dry kiln developed for use in 

tropical areas. The kiln was designed to be low cost and 

provide automatic control of scheduled drying. Field performance 

demonstrated the success of the design. 

Simpson, W.T.; Baah, C.J. 1989. Grouping tropical 

wood species for kiln drying. Res. Note FPL-RN-0256. 

Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 


The most efficient method to kiln dry tropical hardwood 

species is in groups because of the large number of them 

and their diffuse occurrence in the forest. However, this 

large number of species presents a wide variety of drying 

properties, which make it difficult to dry mixtures of 

species. This report develops a mathematical model for 

grouping species by similar drying times. The goal is to 

kiln dry so all species will emerge from the same kiln at the 

same time within set limits of moisture content and with 

minimum drying defects. 

Simpson, W.T.; Tschernitz, J.L. 1989. Performance 

of a solar/wood energy kiln in tropical latitudes. Forest 

Products Journal. 39(1):23-30.

This paper reports observations on the energy efficiency of 

the kiln, its durability, and its overall ability to dry lumber. 

Slooten, H.J. van der. 1972. Report to the govern- 

ment of Costa Rica on timber technology. FAO Rep. No. 

AT 3066. Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food and Agricul- 

ture Organization. 12 p. 

Describes 8 upland species and 18 lowland species, from 

Costa Rica, suitable for the construction of prefabricated 

houses, with details on density, working properties, drying, 

nailing, etc. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Lisboa, C.D.J.; Pastore, F., 

Jr.; Sobral Filho, M. 1976. Characteristics, properties 

and engineering data of sixteen commercial Amazon 

species. Brasilia, Brazil: FO: DP/BRA/71/545. Field Doc. 

20. 73 p. 

Describes general wood characteristics, weight, strength 

properties, allowable stresses, shrinkage and drying, working 

properties, durability, preservation, and uses. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Lisboa, C.D.J.; Sobral 

Filho, M.; Pastore, F., Jr. 1976. Forest tree 

species of Amazonia-Characteristics, properties, 

and mechanical data of wood (Especies florestais da 

Amazonia-caracteristicas, propriedades e dados de en- 

genharia da madeira). FAO Rep., Lab. de Prod. Flo- 

rest. Brasilia, Brazil: PRODEPEF, Brasilia, Brazil. 

PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45, Serie Tecnica 6. 90 p. 

Describes physical and mechanical properties, drying be- 

havior, treatability with preservatives, and tentative allow- 

able stresses for the woods of sixteen Amazon species. The 

range of variation in properties within each species is pre- 

sented based on a wide distribution of samples throughout 

the Amazon region. The species included are: Astronium 

lecointei, Bagassa guianensis, Bowdichia nitida, Calophyl- 

lum brasiliense, Carapa guianensis, Caryocar spp., Cedrela 

spp., Copaifera spp., Cordia spp., Euxylophora paraensis, 

Manilkara spp., Mezilaurus itauba, Ocotea bracellensis, 

Platymiscium spp., Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia 

serratifolia. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Martinez-E., P. 1959. Description 

and properties of some Venezuelean woods (Descripcion 

y propiedades de algunas maderas venezolanas). Sec 

de Documentacion y Publicaciones. Merida, Venezuela: 

Institute Forestal Latinamericano. 103 p. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Richter, H.G.; Aune, J.E.; 

Llach-C., L. 1971. Properties and uses of 113 timber 

yielding species of Panama. 3 Vols. Rome, Italy: FAO, 

FO-UNDP/SF PAN/6. 103 p. 

Part 1: Divided into sections covering physical and mechanical 

properties, drying characteristics, preservation, 

durability, evaluation of pulp and paper, and a list of the 

possible uses of the woods. Each section compares the 

woods with one another. 

Part 2: Presents the general characteristics of the wood, 

macro and microscopic anatomy, and dimensions of the 

fibers. Also includes photomicrographs illustrating their 

anatomy. 

Part 3. Gives a description of the characteristics of selected 

woods. Each section provides information on a wood’s 

physical and mechanical properties, drying, and preserving 

characteristics. Comparative data of other woods of North 

and South America are also provided. 

Tejada-V., M. 1980. Primer of construction with wood 

(Cartilla de construccion con madera). Lima, Peru: Junta 

del Acuerdo de Cartagena. PADT- REFORT, JUNAC. 

A wood construction manual with many drawings. Many 

topics covered including: forest resource in 5 Andean Pact 

countries, wood properties, drying and preservation prior 

to construction, wood engineering of structures, equipment 

needed for constructing with wood. 

Tinto, J.C. 1957. Treatment of Eucalypt timber. Cor- 

rection of collapse in E. globulus (Tratamiento fisico de 

madera de eucalipto. Correccion del colapso en Eucalyptus 

globulus Labill). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Revista Investi- 

gaciones Forestales. 1 (1/2): 123-151. 

Tinto, J.C. 1961. Considerations on the drying of coihue 

wood (Consideracions sobre el secado de la madera de 

coihue). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Folletos Tecnicos Fore- 

stales. Administracion Nacional de Bosques. 11:21. 

Includes information on the proper cutting, stacking, and 

kiln schedules for the drying of Nothofagus dombeyi. 

Tinto, J.C. 1963. Manual on the air drying of timber 

(Manual sobre Estacionamiento de la Madera). Buenos 

Aires, Argentina: Administration Nacional de Bosques. 

Folletos Tecnicos Forestales. 17:109 p. 

Toledo-E., Nelson; Orbe-V., Jorge; Vasquez-M., 

Edgar; Montesdeoca, Jorge. 1981. Preliminary techno- 

logical study of 20 forest species of Ecuador (Estudio pre- 

liminar technologico de 20 especies forestales del Ecuador). 

Conocoto, Ecuador: Centro de Capacitacion e Investigacion 

Forestal. 27 p. 

Information on botanical, anatomical characteristics, phys- 

ical and mechanical properties, drying, preservation, dura- 

bility, workability, and general uses of 20 species grown in 

Ecuador. 

Tomaselli, I. 1976. High-temperature drying and its appli- 

cation under Brazilian conditions (Secagem a alta temper- 

atura e sua aplicacao nas condicoes Brasileiras). Curitiba, 

Brazil: Centro de Pesquisas Florestais. Floresta. 7(1): 

50-57. 

Describes some theoretical aspects of high-temperature kiln 

drying, not used in Brazil. Experience of other countries 

and the prospects for high-temperature drying in Brazil are 

discussed. Information indicates that the process should 

work especially well in southern states for processing plan- 

tation wood of Pinus elliottii and P. taeda, resulting in 

lower costs and better wood quality. 

Tomaselli, I. 1980. Drying wood (Secagem de madeira). 

Curitiba, Brazil: University of Brasilia. FUPEF. 29 p. 

A review of drying processes and procedures with particular 

reference to high temperature drying and its possibilities 

for use in Brazil. 

Tomaselli, I.; Nock, H.P.; Richter, H.G. 1976. Con- 

ditions of kiln drying sawn timber in Parana and Santa 

Catarina (Brazil). Floresta. 6(2):5-13. 

Identifies deficiencies in the kiln-drying methods used in 

the states of Parana and Santa Catarina (low quality of 

kiln equipment, lack of proper drying schedules, inadequate 

education and technical knowledge among kiln operators, 

etc.), and proposes remedies. 

51

Torres-S., L. 1973. Design for a lumber dry kiln with a 

16 m 3 capacity (Diseno de una secadora de maderas capaci- 

dad 16 m 3 . Bucaramanga, Colombia: Universidad indus- 

trial de Santander. [17] 1. + blueprint. 

Provides practical information on the general considerations, 

costs, and specifics of building a kiln. 

Trubswetter, T. 1980. Technical seasoning of tropical 

timbers (Technische Trocknung von Tropenholzern). Holz- 

Zentralblatt. 106(49/50):763. 

Describes different drying processes and provides guidelines 

on quality control and costs. The cost of seasoning 65-mm- 

thick Entandrophragma utile in an oil-fired steam kiln is 

estimated at 209 DM/m 3 . 

Tschernitz, J.L.; Simpson, W.T. 1979. Solar-heated, 

forced-air, lumber dryer for tropical latitudes. Solar Energy. 

22:563-566. 

Describes a prototype solar lumber drier for tropical 

areas. The unit consists of a horizontal solar collector and 

a drying chamber with controlling fans and vents. Data 

are presented on the drying of red oak lumber in Madison, 

Wisconsin, USA. 

Tschernitz, J.L.; Simpson, W.T. 1985. FPL design for 

lumber dry kiln using solar/wood energy in tropical lati- 

tudes. FPL-GTR-44. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 

17 p. 

The low-cost solar/wood energy lumber dry kiln described 

in this report was designed and tested by the Forest Products 

Laboratory (FPL) for such countries where solar dry 

kilns can be built and operated at low cost. 

The FPL design is for a 6,000-fbm capacity kiln having an 

insulated drying compartment, an external horizontal solar 

collector, and a furnace room containing a wood burner. 

Capacities larger or smaller than 6,000 fbm are also possible. 

This design allows collector and wood burner sizing to 

match the energy demands of the dryer. The design also 

incorporated low-cost controls that allow unattended drying 

when operated as a solar-only dryer. Manual firing is 

necessary when the wood-burning system is supplying the 

energy. 

Tschernitz, J.L.; Simpson, W.T. 1986. Design for lum- 

ber dry kiln using solar/wood energy in tropical latitudes. 

Drying Technology. 4( 4) : 651-670. 

Developing countries with a timber resource that can be 

manufactured into finished products either for local use or 

export often lack the capital to build high-cost dry kilns. 

The low-cost solar/wood energy lumber dry kiln described 

in this report was designed and tested for such countries 

where solar dry kilns can be built and operated at low cost. 

Turc, C.O.; Cutter, B.E. 1984. Sorption and shrinkage 

studies of six Argentine woods. Wood and Fiber Science. 

16(4):575-582. 

Describes a study of the sorption isotherms and shrinkage 

values of six valuable Argentinean wood species: Araucaria 

angustifolia; Aspidosperma quebracho- blanco; Cedrela 

tubiflora; Cordia trichotoma; Prosopis alba; and Schinopsis 

quebracho-colorado. Fiber saturation points were calculated 

for each species. Shrinkage values are given with tangential 

ranging from 3.1 to 8.5 percent and radial from 2.2 to 6.4 

percent. 

52 

USAID (U.S. Agency for International Develop- 

ment). 1962. Lumber seasoning (Secado de Madera). Un 

Manual de Operaciones para el Programa de Cooperation. 

Centro Regional de Ayuda Technica. Mexico. 159 p. 

Valladares, Jaime. 1981. Practical manual for air drying 

wood; designed especially for small and medium workshops 

(Manual Practico para el Secado de Madera al Aire 

Libre; diseno especial para pequenos y medianos talleres). 

Guatemala City, Guatemala: Instituto Centroamericano de 

Investigacion y Technologia Industrial (ICATI). 40 p. 

Manual with many drawings describing good air drying 

practices for lumber. 

Vital, B.R. 1976. Use of solar energy for drying wood 

(Utilizacao de energia solar para secagem de madeira). Mi- 

nas Gerais, Brasil: Universdade Federal de Vicosa. Revista 

Ceres. 23(125):1-10.

Wood Preservation-Fungi and Insects 

Natural resistance to decay and insects, chemical treat- 

ments, (including fire-retardant treatments), preserva- 

tion techniques, mycology, and entomology. 

Abalos-R., M. 1988. The preservation industry in Chile 

(La industria de impregnation en Chile). Ciencia e Investi- 

gacion Forestal. 3: 121-134. 

Describes the current status of the wood preservation in- 

dustry, installed capacity, and production by regions in 

Chile. Chilean production is compared to that in other 

countries, and to the potential that could exist in the coun- 

try. Uses of preserved wood products are discussed in- 

cluding construction wood, transmission poles, agricultural 

posts, railroad ties, furniture, and other products. 

Acebal, S.R.A. 1970. Durability of treated eucalypt poles 

(Durabilidade de postes de eucalipto presevado). Preserva- 

cao de Madeiras. 1(4):183-203. 

Acebal, S.R.A. 1973. Comparative study on the natu- 

ral durability of some eucalypt species and some durable 

hardwoods (Estudo comparativo da resistencia natural de 

algumas especies de eucalipto com a de algumas essencias 

frequentemente incluidas entre as denominadas madeira de 

lei). Preservacao de Madeiras. 3/4(1):99-106. 

AIMA. 1985. Catalogo. Quito, Ecuador: Asociacion de 

Industriales Madereros (AIMA) Ecuador. 62 p. 

Alvarez, A. 1988. Evaluation of the biological resistance 

of woods impregnated with furfuryl alcohol. Sobre Deriv. 

Cana Azucar. 22(1):30-34. 

Describes the impregnation of wood with furfuryl alco- 

hol and the resulting improvement of physical qualities of 

wood. Results showed a 30 to 40 percent increase in physi- 

cal properties and resistance to fungi. Abies pinsapo and 

Pinus caribaea were studied for resistance to two fungi, 

Gloephyllum streatum and Cerreana maxima. After 16 

weeks, treated A. pinsapo was extremely resistant to G. 

streatum and moderately resistant to C. maxima, while 

P. caribaea was moderately resistant to both fungi. Con- 

trols of both species showed considerable weight loss and 

dimensional stability. 

Alves, M.V. da S.; Goncalves, J .C.; Nakamura, R.M. 

1987. Evaluation of the efficiency of wood preservatives af- 

ter two years of ground contact in fields subject to decay 

in different regions (Avaliacao da eficiencia de preservati- 

vas em madeira apos dois anos de implantacao em campos 

de apodrecimento de diferentes regioes). Brasil-Florestal. 

15(61):19-26. 

Six-, 10-, and 13-year-old posts of Eucalyptus citriodora 

and E. paniculata were treated with: creosote; a mixture 

of creosote with 1 percent PCP; a mineral oil/5 percent 

PCP mixture; with CCA; or left untreated. These posts 

were buried and examined after one and two years. Un- 

treated posts were heavily damaged by insects and fungi 

while treated posts were in good condition but showed 

some variation in condition. 

Alves, M.V. da S. 1988. Evaluation of soil insecticides 

for subterranean termite control in tropical conditions. 

IUFRO (International Union of Forestry Research Orga- 

nizations) All Division 5 conference; 1988 May 15-20; Sao 

Paulo, Brazil. 126 p. 

Anon. 1976. Publications of the Department of Wood 

Science and Technology, 1963-1973 (Publicaciones del De- 

partamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia de la Madera. Anos 

1963-1973). Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad 

de Chile. Boletin Informativo. 2:29. 

An annotated bibliography including 17 references on decay 

and preservative treatment of wood. 

Arostegui, A. 1968. Penetration and retention of pen- 

tachlorophenol and boliden by means of pressure treat- 

ment of the woods of Tingo Maria (Penetracion y retencion 

del Pentaaclorogonol y Boliden Mediante Tratamiento sin 

Presion en Maderas de Tingo Maria). Revista Forestal del 

Peru. 2(1):22-33. 

Many of the trees of the Tingo Maria area could be used 

for posts if suitable preservative methods are utilized. Nu- 

merous species have been tested and classified according to 

their post-treatment resistance. 

Arostegui, V.A.; Gonzalez-F., V.R.; Sato, A.A. 1981. 

Technical properties and uses of the wood of 40 species 

of the Alexander Humbolt National Forest (Propiedades 

tecnologicas y usos de la madera de 40 especies de bosque 

nacional Alexander von Humboldt). Revista Forestal del 

Peru. 10(1/2):3-82. 

A comprehensive evaluation of 40 species of wood which 

includes information on their preservation. 

Arreghini, R. 1978. Durability of poplar (Populus bol- 

leana [P. alba var. pyramidalis]) preserved with pen- 

tachlorophenol (Durabilidad del alamo preservado con 

pentaclorofenol). Mendoza, Argentina: Cuadernos de Da- 

sonomia, Cientifica, Instituto Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias 

Agrarias, Universidade Nacional de Cuyo. 2:13-15. 

Arreghini, R. 1978. Preservation of poplar (Populus ni- 

gra var. thaysiana) poles by partial immersion in pen- 

tachlorophenol (Preservacion de postes de alamo por im- 

mersion parcial en pentaclorofenol). Mendoza, Argentina: 

Cuadernos de Dasonomia, Cientifica, Instituto Forestal, 

Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidade Nacional de 

Cuyo. 219-11. 

Arreghini, R.I. 1982. Treatment of poplar posts with var- 

ious concentrations of pentachlorophenol (Tratamiento de 

postes de alamo con pentaclorofenol en distintas concen- 

traciones). Fac. Cien. Agrar., Univ. Nacional de Cuyo, 

Mendoza, Argentina. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias 

Agrarias. 22(2):41-44. 

Describes treatment and analysis of Populus nigra posts 

treated with three levels of pentachlorophenol (3,4, and 

5 percent) and a control treatment. After 10 years, all 

treated posts were still in good condition, but 39 percent 

of the control posts were in various stages of decay. 

Arreghini, R.I. 1985. Impregnation of poplar by the dou- 

ble diffusion method (Impregnacion de alamos por el sis- 

tema de doble difusion). Cuadernos-de-Dasonomia:-Serie- 

Cientifica. 5:1-5. 

Poplar poles were treated with either 5 percent NaF + 4 

percent CuSO4 or 4 percent CuSO4 + 4 percent K2Cr2O7. 

Best absorption was obtained with the former, while best 

penetration was obtained with the latter. After three years 

in the field, there was no difference in the durability of 

poles treated with either method, but untreated poles had 

been destroyed. 

53

Arroyo-P., J. 1970. Properties and possible uses of the 

mangroves of the Rio San Juan region in the forest reserve 

of Guarapiche, Mongagas (Propiedades y usos posibles de 

los mangales de la region del Rio San Juan en la reserva 

forestal de Guarapiche, Edo. Monogas). Universidad de los 

Andes. 27 p. 

Comments on the durabiity of Avicennia nitida, Rhizophora 

harrisonii, R. mangle, and R. racemosa, are 

presented. 

Arroyo-P., J. 1985. Technical guide for the use of 

Venezuelan woods (Guia tecnologica para la utilizacion 

de maderas venzolanas). Merida, Venezuela: Facultad de 

Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de los Andes. 

Asenjo, C.F. [and others]. 1958. Termite-repellent activity 

and chemical composition of West Indian mahogany 

wood (Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.) with special reference to 

P 2 fraction. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Journal of Agriculture 

of the University of Puerto Rico. 42(3):185-195. 

Assumpcao, R.M.V.; Lepage, E.S.; Fugimori, K. 

1973. The use of x-ray spectrophotometry for the anal- 

ysis of preserved wood (Aplicacao de espectrometria de 

raios-x em analise de madeira preservada. Preservacao de 

Madeiras. 3/4(1):51-82. 

Barros, D.P. 1966. Comments about a fence built with 

posts treated with preservative (Consideracoes sobre uma 

cerca construida com moiroes tratados com preservatio). 

Silvacultura em Sao Paulo. 4/5(4):155-170. 

Beal, R.H. 1979. Preventing termite attack by adding 

insecticide to particleboard, hardboard, and plywood adhe- 

sive. Forest Products Journal. 29(12):29-34. 

Chlordane, heptachlor, and HCS-3260 (a modified chlor- 

dane with all heptachlor removed) were applied to the 

glue of particleboard, hardboard, and plywood. Samples 

of the 3 types of material were cut into 4-in. squares and 

exposed to attack by the subterranean termites Reticuliter- 

mes flavipes (Koll.) and R. virginicus (Banks) in southern 

Mississippi and Coptotermes niger Snyder and Heteroter- 

mes tenuis (Hagen) in the Panama Canal Zone. Samples 

were also exposed to attack by the drywood termite Cryp- 

totermes brevis (Wlk.) in a laboratory test in the Panama 

Canal Zone. After 4 years of evaluation, subterranean ter- 

mite damage was greatest to plywood and least to hard- 

board. However, heptachlor at 0.02 percent to 0.10 percent 

and chlordane at 0.05 percent to 0.20 percent protected 

plywood structurally. Drywood termites damaged treated 

particleboard only at the low levels (0.05 and 0.10 percent) 

of chlordane and HCS-3260, and damaged treated hard- 

board only at the lowest level of chlordane. 

Beal, R.H.; Bultman, J.D.; Amburgey, T.L.; 

Roberts, D.R. 1979. Resistance of wood from paraquat- 

treated southern pines to subterranean termites, de- 

cay fungi, and marine borers. Forest Products Journal. 

29(4):35-38. 

Sapwood of Pinus elliottii, P. palustris, and P. taeda that 

had been treated with paraquat was exposed to termites, 

fungi, and marine boring molluscs. In terrestrial conditions 

the wood from untreated trees was completely destroyed 

by termites, fungi, or both in 2 years. Treated woods, how- 

ever, suffered much less damage in both Mississippi and in 

Pan am a. 

Belas, M.R.; Zachary, A.; Allen, D.; Austin, 

B.; Colwell, R.R. 1979. Microbial colonization of 

54 

naphthalene/creosote-treated wood pilings in a tropical ma- 

rine environment. Proceedings, American Wood-Preservers’ 

Association, Bethesda, MD. 75:20-27. 

Water, sediment, and wood samples were taken in associ- 

ation with new naphthalene/creosote-treated pilings (in- 

stalled 3 wk before sampling) and old, heavily fouled pilings 

from the same pier on the east coast of Puerto Rico, and 

from a control site. New pilings were rapidly colonized by 

Hyphomicrobium vulgare (many strains of which can utilize 

naphthalene as their sole carbon source); the species succes- 

sion pattern was much slower in treated than in untreated 

piles. The bacterial flora of old piles was more diverse and 

the succession led to mature fouling by macro-organisms, 

including Limnoria tripunctata. SEM photographs show 

some of the microbes present. 

Bena, P.; Vignaux, F. du. 1960. Forest trees of French 

Guiana (Essences Forestieres de Guyane). Imprimerie Na- 

tionale, Paris, France. 488 p. 

Describes 110 timber species from French Guiana, with 

names, distribution, tree characteristics, wood anatomy, 

physical and mechanical properties, natural durability, and 

uses. 

Bernal-R., M. 1978. Notes on wood preservation (Anota- 

ciones sobre preservacion de la madera). In: International 

Union of Forestry Research Organisations (IUFRO): Meet- 

ing of IUFRO Working Parties S 2.06.12 and S 2.07.07, 

Pests and diseases of pines in the tropics. ‘Piedras Blan- 

cas;’ 1978 September 3-14; Medellin, Colombia. 8 p. 

Describes the damage due to fungi and bacterial decay and 

insect attack on wood and wood products and discusses the 

methods of protection used in Colombia to prevent wood 

degradation. Good results have been obtained over a pe- 

riod of 7 years with vacuum pressure treatment of pine and 

cypress. 

Bettucci, L. 1984. Study of fungal colonization of Abies 

religiosa wood stakes (Etude de la colonisation fongique 

d’eprouvettes de bois d’Abies religiosa). Mycologie. 

5(3):247-268. 

Describes evaluations of Abies religiosa wood from stakes 

that were exposed in an andosol soil. The stakes were 

chipped after exposure and 7,680 chips analysed. Coloniza- 

tion of 40.5 percent of the chips had occurred by species 

of Moniliaceae and Cematiaceae. Isolates of basidomycetes 

were first isolated from above and below ground portions 

of the stakes and later from the ground line portion. Blue 

stain, white, and brown rot fungi were isolated from all 

three portions of the stakes. 

Bluhm-S., E.; Rosende-B., R.; Melo-S., R. 1972. 

Natural durability of the main timber species produced in 

Chile; results after five years’ exposure in the field. Insti- 

tuto Forestal. Santiago, Chile: Informe Tecnico. 36:89-96. 

Gives results after 5 years of a graveyard test at Concep- 

cion, Chile, of sapwood and heartwood stakes (2 by 2 in., 

70 cm long) of 12 species of native and exotic Chilean 

timbers. Data are also given for some of the species from 

graveyard tests at Santiago (1 year), Chillan (2 years), 

and Valdivia (25 months). Estimates are made of the av- 

erage useful life for each species (sapwood and heartwood 

separately). 

Blumenfeld, S. N. 1984. Studies on the degradation 

of pine wood blocks by Aphyllophorales. Material und 

Organismen. 19 (4) : 253-262.

Describes a decay study of 18 species of Aphyllophorales 

previously isolated from wood of Pinus elliottii and P. 

taeda plantations in Argentina. Inoculated wood blocks 

growing on malt agar were evaluated for weight loss. Pinus 

elliottii blocks had the greatest resistance to decay. Thir- 

teen of the wood rotting fungi were Polyporaceae, one Hy- 

menochaetaceae, one Ganodermataceae, and three Cortici- 

aceae. 

Boone, R. S.; Chudnoff, M.; Goytia, E. 1969. Chemi- 

cal control of bostrichidae during air drying of fence posts. 

Res. Pap. ITF-8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry. 8 p. 

Presents effectiveness of chemical dips and/or sprays to 

control insect attack on white mangrove posts, a highly 

vulnerable species, while air drying prior to preservative 

treatment. 

Bultman, J.D.; Southwell, C.R. 1976. Natural re- 

sistance of tropical American woods to terrestrial wood- 

destroying organisms. Biotropica. 8(2):71-95. 

Bultman, J.D.; Parrish, K.K. 1982. N-tritylmorpholine 

as a protectant against marine wood-destroying molluscs. 

International Journal of Wood Preservation. 2(4):159-163. 

Describes a study of pine sapwood treated with N- 

tritylmorpholine as protection against marine boring mol- 

lusks. Exposure tests of 3 months at two different marine 

sites in Panama showed no damage due to teredinids or 

pholads. The treatment is only effective against the boring 

organisms. 

Bultman, J.D.; Beal, R.H.; Huffman, J.B.; Parrish, 

K.K. 1983. An investigation of the natural resistance of 

Melaleuca quinquenervia to tropical and terrestrial wood- 

destroying organisms. Forest Products Journal. 33(3): 

39-43. 

Wood from Melaleuca quinquenervia was exposed in the 

Panamanian rain forest and in the Bay of Panama and 

Limon Bay. Within 18 months, samples were heavily dam- 

aged by fungi, termites, and marine borers, indicating low 

natural resistance to these organisms. 

Butin, H.; Aquilar, A.M. 1984. Blue-stain fungi on 

Nothofagus from Chile-including two new species of Ceratocystis 

Ellis & Halst. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift. 

109 (1):80-89. 

Describes four Ceratocystis spp. isolated from the bark 

and wood Nothofagus spp. in Chile. Species illustrated 

are C. nothofagi, C. piceae, C. pilifera and C. valdiviana. 

C. piceae and C. pilifera caused heavy blue staining in the 

wood of Nothofagus pumilio. C. nothofagi and C. valdi- 

viana are new species described and cause a lower level of 

blue staining. 

Cardoso, L. 1953. Causes of discoloration in wood 

(Causas da coloracao anormal da madeira). Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Edio. Prop. Serv. Flor. Est. S. Paulo. 33:15. 

Discusses discoloration of wood caused by fungi, its effect, 

and means of preventing fungal stain. 

Carranza, J.; Saenz, J.A. 1984. Wood decay fungi of 

Costa Rica. Mycotaxon. 19:151-166. 

The first part of a larger work, it describes 32 species of 

wood decaying Polyporaceae in Costa Rica. 

Carrasco-Z., F. 1978. South-Peruvian cerambycids (In- 

secta: Coleoptera) (Cerambicidos (Insecta: Coleoptera) sur- 

peruanos). Cuzco, Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia. 

21(1):75-78. 

Describes 56 species of wood boring cerambycids collected 

from the Departments of Cusco, Apurimac, Madre de Dios, 

and Arequipa, Peru. Some species are important for their 

economic impact. Included are: Parandra glabra (Deg.), 

found at elevations to 3000 m, it bores in felled timber; 

Stenodontes spinibarbis (L.); Eburia pilosa (Erichs.), has 

been noted to cause severe damage in construction tim- 

ber; Megaderus stigma (L.), has been recorded as attack- 

ing transmission poles in Brazil); Acrocinus longimanus; 

Macropophora accentifer; Taeniotes orbignyi; and Oreodera 

sp. 

Carter, F.L.; Beal, R.H.; Bultman, H.D. 1975. Ex- 

traction of antiterimitic substances from 23 tropical hard- 

woods. Wood Science. 8(1):406-410. 

Carter, F.L.; Camargo, C.R.R. de. 1983. Testing an- 

titermitic properties of Brazilian woods and their extracts. 

Wood and Fiber Science. 15(4):350-357. 

Comparisons were made of the survival and feeding re- 

sponses of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptoter- 

mes formosanus Shiraki exposed to heartwood blocks and 

paper pads treated with extracts from 11 Brazilian woods. 

In no-choice block tests, no survival and little feeding oc- 

curred on Calophyllum brasiliense, Carapa guianensis, 

Cedrela odorata, Diplotropis, Mezilaurus itauba, Ocotea 

cymbarum, Platymiscium ulei, and Sweetia nitens. Mi- 

crandra siphonioides was the most favorable wood for 

both termite species. In choice block tests of 11 woods, 

termites ignored most woods, eating primarily M. sipho- 

nioides and then small amounts of a few others. Success 

in extracting antitermitic substances from milled heart- 

wood of the 11 species varied with woods and solvents (suc- 

cessive cold extraction with hexane, acetone, a mixture of 

acetone/hexane/water, and 80 percent methanol). Termiti- 

cidal extracts were obtained from 9 woods. In no-choice 

tests R. Aavipes did not survive the 8-week test period 

on seventeen extracts: C. formosanus did not survive on 

fourteen extracts. These extracts will be used for further 

study in research on potential termiticides from termite- 

resistant woods. Methods used in this study will be applied 

to tests in Brazil on various wood species against Brazilian 

termites. 

Carter, F.L.; Jones, S.C.; Mauldin, J.K.; Camargo, 

C.R.R. 1983. Responses of Coptotermes formosanus Shi- 

raki to extracts from five Brazilian hardwoods. Zeitschrift 

f ü r Angewandte Entomologie. 95(1):5-14. 

Describes a study of 5 Brazilian hardwoods that were ex- 

tracted to obtain extracts to test for toxic and repellent 

characteristics to Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. The 

toxicity and repellency were found to differ with the wood 

and solvent used and in some cases with the concentration 

of the extract. Toxicity was greatest with the extracts of 

Cedrela odorata and Ocotea cymbarum. The greatest, re- 

pellency was from the hexane, acetone, and acetone-hexane- 

water extracts of these 2 species. The termites generally 

preferred untreated to treated paper in a choice test for an- 

tifeedant properties. Some of the paper was not consumed 

but was used by the termites in nest-building activities. 

Cavalcante, M.S. 1971. Methods for the evaluation of 

the natural durability of wood (Metodos de avaliacao da 

55

esistencia de madeiras ao ataque de fungos xilofagos.) 

Preservacao de madeiras. 2(1):27-47. 

Cavalcante, M.S. 1976. Problems caused by termites 

in buildings in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Interna- 

tional Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document. 

IRG/WP/150. 3 p. 

Cavalcante, M.S. 1978. Natural durability of timbers 

in contact with soil (Durabilidae natural de madeiras em 

contato com o solo). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Boletin Tecnico IF. 

29:15. 

A preliminary report on resistance of 20 timber species to 

attack by termites and fungi. 

Cavalcante, M.S. 1979. Wood preservation in Brazil 

(Preservacao de madeiras no Brasil.) Instituto de Pesquisas 

Tecnologicas do Estado de Sao Paulo, Pesquisa e Desen- 

volvimento. 3:26. 

Provides parallel Portugese and English texts that describe 

wood preservation plants and research, laws, education, and 

proposals for future direction. 

Cavalcante, M.S. 1982. Wood-attacking organisms in 

Brazil. In: Proceedings, 13th annual meeting of the In- 

ternational Research Group on Wood Preservation, Work- 

ing Group I, Biological problems; 1982 May 24-28; Cesme, 

Turkey. Document IRG/WP/1168. 10 p. 

Describes the principal wood attacking organisms in Brazil, 

including: 7 beetles, 16 termites, 28 fungi, and 10 marine 

borers, and the woods from which they were collected. 

Cavalcante, M.S. 1983. Introduction and development 

of wood preservation in Brazil (Implantacao e desenvolvi- 

mento da preservacao de madeiras no Brazil. Pesquisa & 

Desenvolvimento. 14:57. 

Cavalcante, M.S.; Cockroft, R. 1984. Wood preser- 

vation in Brazil. IRG/ WP/3321. Styrelsen for teknisk 

utveckling Information No. 445-1984. Stockholm, Sweden. 

70 p. 

Reviews wood preservation in Brazil, concentrating on both 

the preservation facilities and the types of wood treated. 

Legal aspects of wood preservation and training of person- 

nel are also covered. 

Cavalcante, M.S.; Lelis, A.T. de. 1974. Wood- 

attacking organisms from fence posts of Convenio IPT-IF 

field tests in the State of Sao Paulo (Organismos xilofagos 

coletados nos campos de apodrecimento instalados pelo 

Convenio IPT-IF em diversas regioes do Estado de Sao 

Paulo). Preservacao de Madeiras. 5(1):29-50. 

Cavalcante, M.S. [and others]. 1982. Brazilian bib- 

liography on wood preservation (Bibliografia Brasileira 

em preservacao de madeiras.) In: Anais do I Encontro 

Brasileiro em Preservacao de Madeiras: 39-158. 

Cavalcante, M. S.; Geraldo, F. C.; Freitas, A. R. de. 

1982. Some statistics on the Brazilian wood preservation 

industry: 1980-1981. In: Proceedings, 13th annual meeting 

of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 

Working Group I, Biological problems; 1982 May 24-28; 

Cesme, Turkey. Document IkG/WP/3214. 4 p. 

Cavalcante, M.S.; Montagna, R.G.; Lopez, G.A.C.; 

Fosco Mucci, E.S. 1982. Natural durability of timbers 

in contact with the soil (Durabilidade natural de madeiras 

56 

em contato com o solo). 2. In: Malvesi, I.T.O. [and oth- 

ers], eds. Proceedings of the national conference on native 

species. Campos do Jordao; 1982 September 12-18; Sao 

Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas 

Tecnologicas. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo 16A(2):1383-1389. 

Describes results of field and laboratory tests in Sao Paulo 

on the natural durability of 20 Brazilian hardwoods: 

Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Apuleia leiocarpa, Aspi- 

dosperma polyneuron; Astronium gracile, Centrolobium 

tomentosum; Copaifera spp., Diplotropis spp., Dipteryx 

data; Diptychandra aurantiaca; Hymenaea stilbocarpa, 

Myrocarpus frondosus, Peltophorum dubium, Piptade- 

nia spp., Plathymenia foliolosa, Plathymenia reticulata, 

Pterodon pubescens, Pterogyne nitens, Tabebuia impetigi- 

nosa, Vatairea heteroptera, and Vatairea spp. 

CCIF (Centro de Capacitacion e Investigacion Forestal). 

1981. Preliminary technological study of 20 forest 

species of Ecuador (Estudio preliminar tecnologico de 20 

especies forestales del Ecuador). Conocoto, Ecuador: Centro 

de Capacitacion e Investigacion Forestal, Ministerio de 

Agricultura y Ganaderia. 27 p. 

The physical and mechanical properties, botanical features, 

drying and preservation features, working properties, and 

general uses of 20 woods from Ecuador are noted. 

Cheynery, S.L.H. 1987. Production of treated timber in 

Brazil in 1986 (Producao de madeira preservada no Brasil 

em 1986). Bull. 61. November. Brazilian Wood Preservers 

Association. 

Chianai, R.O. 1961. Impregnation of poplar wood (Im- 

pregnacion de tablas de alamo). Folletos Tecnicos Fore- 

stales). 14:21. 

Reports on impregnation tests performed on Populus eu- 

rameicana and Salix alba. 

Chiani, R.G. 1967. Trials on the durability of poles for 

electrical lines with and without treatment carried out in 

the area of Buenos Aires (Ensayo de durabilidad de postes 

para alambrado con y sin tratamiento realizado en terrenos 

de la ciudad de Buenos Aires). Folletos Tecnicos Forestales. 

31:30. 

Chiani, R.G. 1973. Methods for impregnating posts in 

rural areas (Methods rurales para impregnacion de postes 

redon dos para alambrado). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto 

Forestal, Miscelaneas. 12/13:1-5. 

Discusses the ascension, cold hot dripping, and Boucherie 

methods of treating posts. 

Chiani, R.G. 1978. Impregnation of poles by the 

Boucherie method in Argentina (La impregnacion de postes 

por el metodo Boucherie en la Republica Argentina). In: 

Proceedings of the 7th, World Forestry Congress, Centro 

Cultural General San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; Buenos 

Aires, Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Fore- 

stal Nacional. 5:6353-6355. 

Chudnoff, Martin. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. 





grouped by regional origin. Standardized descriptions emphasize 

physical and mechanical properties, processing characteristics, 

and uses. Data have been compiled, evaluated, 

and synthesized from the world literature.

Chudnoff, M.; Goytia, E. 1967. The effect of incising 

on drying, treatability, and bending strength of posts. Res. 

Pap. ITF-5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Institute of Tropical Forestry. 

A commercially feasible post incising machine is described 

and was used to prepare test material to determine the effect 

of incisions on: (1) air drying time, (2) preservative 

absorption and penetration, and (3) bending strength of 

small diameter posts. Incising had no significant effect on 

air drying time but resulted in significant improvement in 

the treatability of the 20 species evaluated. Incising does 

result in a 15 to 25 percent reduction in bending strength 

but this loss is tolerable compared to benefits gained by 

preservative enrichment of the vulnerable groundlines. 

Chudnoff, M.; Goytia, E. 1971. Treatability of Puerto 

Rican woods. Res. Pap. ITF-11. U.S. Department of 


A simple but highly sensitive wafer assay was used to classify 

the treatability of the more common woods of Puerto 

Rico and the Virgin Islands. Sapwood only was treated. 

Oil absorption of coated and uncoated wafers can be related 

to the absorption of nonincised and incised posts 

treated in a hot- and cold-bath system. For nonincised 

posts only 6 out of the 53 species evaluated were predicted 

to obtain an adequate treatment (6-12 lb/ft3 ). If incised, 

32 species would have an acceptable retention. Similar results 

may be anticipated for water-borne preserving salts. 

Chudnoff, M.; Goytia, E. 1972. Preservative treat- 

ments and service life of fence posts in Puerto Rico (1972) 

Progress Report). Res. Pap. ITF-12. U.S. Department of 


Posts treated by four nonpressure techniques using five 

wood preservation chemicals have been set out at four 

test locations. About 6,700 treated and nontreated con- 

trol posts representing some 70 species are under study. 

This report describes materials and methods used, chemi- 

cal retentions and penetrations obtained, and reviews the 

condition of the posts up through the April 1972 inspec- 

tion. Some installations date back to 1944, but most of the 

test posts have been in service for 13 years or less. Ver- 

tical cold-soaking and the hot- and cold-bath technique 

are most effective and should be preferred over conven- 

tional cold soaking or salt combinations applied by double 

diffusion. 

Chudnoff, M.; Maldonado, E.D. 1964. Preservative 

treatments and service life of fence posts in Puerto Rico. 

Res. Pap. ITF-1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry. 



test locations. About 6,000 treated and nontreated control 

posts representing 68 species are under study. This report 

describes materials and methods used, chemical retentions 

and penetrations obtained, and reviews the condition of 

the posts up through the September 1963 inspection. Some 

installations date back to 1944, but most of the test posts 

have been in service for only 3.5 to 4.5 years. Vertical cold- 

soaking, the hot- and cold-bath technique, and double diffu- 

sion salts applied by complete immersion are most effective 

and should be preferred over conventional cold-soaking or 

salt combinations applied by end diffusion. 

Chudnoff, M.; Boone, R.S.; Goytia, E. 1967. Preser- 

vative treatments and service life of fence posts in Puerto 

Rico. Res. Pap. ITF-4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry. 



test locations. About 6,000 treated and nontreated con- 

trol posts representing 70 species are under study. This 

report describes materials and methods used, chemical re- 

tentions and penetrations obtained, and reviews the con- 

dition of the posts up through the April 1967 inspection. 

Some installations date back to 1944, but most of the test 

posts have been in service for 8 years or less. Vertical cold- 

soaking, the hot- and cold-bath technique, and double diffu- 

sion salts applied by complete immersion are most effective 

and should be preferred over conventional cold-soaking or 

salt combinations applied by end diffusion. 

Chudnoff, M.; Gjovik, L. R.; Wawriw, R. 1973. Effectiveness 

of groundline treatments of creosoted pine 

poles under tropical exposure. Forest Products Journal. 

23 (9): 80-84. 

Reports on a trial after 5 years of exposure in Puerto Rico. 

Results showed that preservation with creosote alone is in- 

adequate under these conditions. The three proprietary 

paste treatments tested were all highly effective in prevent- 

ing decay (despite low retention of preservative in some 

cases). 

Chudnoff, M.; Eslyn, W.E.; Wawriw, R. 1978. Effectiveness 

of groundline treatments of creosoted pine 

poles under tropical exposure. Forest Products Journal. 

28 (4):28-32. 

The final report on a study in which poles of southern pine 

were treated with creosote and stored outdoors for 8 years 

before being treated with penta-gel, F-creosote paste, or 

F-As injection and tested in contact with the ground in 

Puerto Rico for 10 years. Freedom from decay and preser- 

vative retention as measured by toxicity to Lentinus lep- 

ideus in soil block tests increased in the order creosote, 

penta-gel, F-creosote, F-As injection. Results indicate that 

creosote-treated poles require supplementary ground level 

protection for tropical use; where decay is most likely, F-As 

injections are recommended. 

Clark, J.W. 1969. Natural decay resistance of 15 exotic 

woods imported for exterior use. Res. Pap. 103. Madison, 


Products Laboratory. 

Conejos, J. 1969. Preservation characteristics of 127 

woods of the Venezuelan Guayana (Caracteristicas de 

preservacion de 127 maderas de la Guayana, Venezolana). 


Forest ales. 

CTFT (Centre Technique Forestier Tropical). 1984. 

Technical sheets on French Guyanan woods (Fiches techniques 

sur des bois guyanais). Nogent-sur-Marne, France: 


Descriptions of five species of tropical woods from French 

Guyana, including information on the durability and treatability 

of Ocotea rubra, Erisma unicinatum, Adnira coriacea, 

Vouacapoua americana, Eperua falcata, E. grandiflora, and 

E. rubiginosa. 

De Groot, R.C. 1986. Durability of utility poles in 

Panama. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-478. Madison, WI: U.S. De- 

partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products 


57

Creosote-treated southern pine and Douglas-fir utility poles, 

produced in the United States and installed in Panama, 

were inspected for termites and for decay at the groundline. 

Findings indicate that current U.S. industrial and Federal 

specifications for creosote treatment of southern pine poles 

provide adequate protection in most tropical environments, 

but some variation in performance was observed between 

poles set in different ecological biomes. In tropical regions, 

such as Panama, where termites pose a serious hazard, 

specifications for creosote treatment of Douglas-fir poles 

should be supplemented with requirements for treatment of 

soil around the pole with an approved termiticide. 

De Groot, R. C.; Stoukoff, M. 1986. Efficacy of alter- 

native preservatives used in dip treatments for wood boxes. 

Res. Pap. FPL-RP-481. Madison, WI: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 

21 p. 

Nailed pine boxes, wire-bound gum boxes, and wire-bound 

plywood boxes were dip treated with alternative wood 

preservatives and exposed above ground in a jungle in 

an open field in Panama, and in a partially shaded field 

in southern Mississippi. Results from the open field in 

Panama were intermediate between those from the jungle 

site and those from the site in Mississippi. 

Deon, G. 1978. Manual of wood preservation in tropical 

climates (Manuel de preservation des bois en climat tropi- 

cal). Nogent-sur-marne, Cendex, France: Centre Technique 

Forestier Tropical. 111 p. 

Describes tropical wood protection in a manual covering 

subjects such as: protection of saw-logs; temporary protec- 

tion of fresh sawn timber and rotary-cut veneers; protection 

of wood installation; agents of deterioration; natural dura- 

bility of timber; preservation of wood before installation 

(materials and processes); impregnability of wood; protec- 

tion of building timber; protection of squared timber used 

in contact with the soil; protection of roundwood (mine 

timbers, posts, and poles); protection of plywood; protec- 

tion of wood in marine uses. 

Deon, G. 1984. The correlation between the natural dura- 

bility of some tropical species and their contents of extrac- 

tives (Vers une recherche de correlation entre la durabilite 

naturelle de certaines essences tropicales et leurs teneurs 

en extraits). In: Groupe de travail 2. Les transformations 

physico-mecaniques. Sous-groupe 2.5-Preservation. Col- 

loque sciences et industries du bois. Grenoble du; Septem- 

ber 20-22, 1982; Paris, France. Cendex, France: Centre 

Technique Forestier Tropical: 351-366. 

Describes the extraction of naturally durable woods and 

testing of the woods for resistance to fungal attack without 

the extractives present. Wood species evaluated (Afzelia 

bipindensis, Cylicodiscus gabunensis, Erythrophleum 

ivorense, Morus mesozygia, and Pterocarpus soyauxii) lost 

their natural resistance to fungal attack after extraction. 

Natural durability was found to be closely correlated with 

contents of extractives, although some woods with low ex- 

tractives are durable. The authors suggest that durability 

can be predicted from extractive analyses. 

Deon, G. 1986. Manual of preservation for woods from 

tropical climates (Manual de preservation des bois en cli- 

mat tropical). Cedex, France: Centre Technique Forstier 

Tropical. 116 p. 

Reissued in 1990 

58 

Dickinson, D.J.; Levy, J.F. 1979. The action of wood 

preservatives in relation to wood anatomy. In: Interna- 

tional Association of Wood Anatomists: Abstracts of pa- 

pers for the Wood Anatomy Congress of the Afro-European 

regional group, IAWA, Wood Quality Subject Group of 

IUFRO division 5, and the Plant Morphology and Anatomy 

Section of the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands; 

1979 August 27-30; Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam. 

IAWA Bulletin. 2/3:36. 

Describes the effects of wood inhabiting fungi on the struc- 

ture of wood cell walls. Discusses the effectiveness of wood 

preservatives based on penetration into the wood, and espe- 

cially into the cell walls. 

Dolores, M.; Santos, G.S. 1982. The susceptibility of 

35 Amazon wood species to Cryptotermes brevis (Walker). 

In: Proceedings, 13th annual meeting of the International 

Research Group on Wood Preservation, Working Group I, 

Biological problems; 1982 May 24-28; Cesme, Turkey. Doc- 

ument IRG/WP/llGO. 11 p. 

Describes the testing of 35 wood species for attack by 

Cryptotermes brevis, over 45 days. Five species were 

nonresistant, 21 fairly resistant, and 9 highly resistant: 

Bowdichia nitida, Clarisia racemosa, Dinizia excelsa, 

Dipteryx odorata, Enterolobium maximum, Garapa guia- 

nensis, Goupia glabra, Laetia procera, and Symphonia glob- 

ulifera. 

Echenique-M., R. 1970. Description, characteristics, and 

uses of 25 tropical Mexican woods (Descripcion, caracter- 

isticas y usos de 25 maderas tropicales Mexicanas). Mex- 

ico, D.F., Mexico: Camara Nacional de la Industria de la 

Construccion. Serie Maderas de Mexico. 237 p. 

Includes information on the natural durability of 25 species. 

Erdoiza-S., J.J. 1982. Bibliography on various aspects 

of wood preservation (Lista bibliografica sobre diferentes 

aspectos de la preservacion de la madera). Nota Tecnica. 

Veracruz, Mexico: Laboratorio de Ciencia y Tecnologia 

de la Madera. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre 

Recursos Bioticos, Mexico. 5:4. 

Erdoiza-S., J.J. 1982. Preservation of pine timber by 

brush, immersion and diffusion treatments (Tratamientos 

para madera de pino por los metodos de brocha, inmersion 

y aspersion). Nota Tecnica. Veracruz, Mexico: Laboratorio 

de Ciencia y Tecnologia de la Madera. Instituto Nacional 

de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos. 4:4. 

Erdoiza-S., J.J. 1982. Immersion treatment with 

pentachlorophenol to preserve pine and oak timber 

(Tratamiento por inmersion para preservar madera de pino 

y encino a base de pentaclorofenol). Nota Tecnica. Ver- 

acruz, Mexico: Laboratorio de Ciencia y Tecnologia de la 

Madera. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recur- 

sos Bioticos. 3:4. 

Erdoiza-S., J.J. 1983. Treatment of pine fence posts 

with creosote using hot- and cold-open-tank treatments 

(Tratamiento para postes de cerca de madera de pino por 

el metodo de bano caliente-bano frio con creosota). Madera 

y su Uso en la Construccion. Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos. 8:8. 

Erdoiza-S., J.J. 1984. Preservation of 2X4 inch cross- 

section pine timber with water-soluble salts by hot- and 

cold-open-tank treatments (Tratamiento de madera de pino 

de 2X4 pulgadas de seccion, con sales hidrosolubles por el

metodo de bano caliente y frio). Nota Tecnica. Veracruz, 

Mexico: Laboratorio de Ciencia y Tecnologia de la Madera, 

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos 

Bioticos. 9:7. 

Erdoiza-S., J.J.; Castillo, I. 1988. Techniques for the 

determination of retention and penetration of preservative 

substances in wood (Tecnicas para la determinacion de la 

retencion y penetracion de las substancias preservadoras 

dentro de la madera). Veracruz, Mexico: Universidad Au- 

tonoma Metropolitana. Boletin Tecnico, La Madera y su 

Uso. 20:31. 

Describes simple and reliable tests to determine the re- 

tention and penetration of preservatives, specifically ar- 

senic, boron, chrome, copper, creosote, fluoride, and 

pentachlorophenol. 

Erdoiza-S., J.J.; Castillo-M., I. 1989. Treatability with 

wood preservatives of 50 Mexican species (Susceptibilidad 

de impregnacion con perservadores de cencuenta especies 

maderables Mexicanas). Veracruz, Mexico: Universidad 

Autonoma Metropolitana. Boletin Tecnico, La Madera y 

Su Uso 22:17. 

Lists 50 species arranged according to their penetration and 

retention of preservatives. 

Erdoiza-S., J.J.; Echenique-M., R. 1980. Preserva- 

tion of pine wood with boron salts (Preservacion de madera 

de pino con sales de boro). Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos. La 


Eslyn, W.E.; Bultman, J.D.; Jurd, L. 1981. Wood de- 

cay inhibition by tropical hardwood extractives and related 

compounds. Physiology and Biochemistry. 71(5):521-524. 

Describes the impregnation of sterilized pine blocks 

with extractives obtained from tropical hardwoods (ob- 

tusaquinone, obtusastyrene, or lapachol) and one synthetic 

compound (2-benzyl-4,6-di-t-butylphenol). The treated 

blocks were exposed to the wood decay fungi, Coriolus 

versicolor, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Poria placenta. Ob- 

tusastyrene and obtusaquinone were most effective against 

the brown-rot fungi. Lapachol was effective at its highest 

concentration only against P. placenta. The synthetic com- 

pound reduced all decay-associated weight losses. Chemical 

sterilization resulted in increased decay by G. trabeum and 

P. placenta on treated wood, but no statistical difference 

was noted on the control blocks. 

FAO. 1973. Forestry and forest industries development 

program in Paraguay. Wood preservation. FAO Rep. 

FO:SF/PAR 15. Documento de Trabajo. 7:124. 

Presents the results of trials with 32 Paraguayan wood 

species to determine their suitability for treatment by the 

vacuum/pressure and hot- and cold-bath methods. The 

majority of the species tested proved suitable for the vac- 

uum/pressure process, while 16 species could be suitably 

treated by the hot- and cold-bath method. The main ob- 

ject of the trial was to find timbers suitable to replace Ce- 

drela spp. and Tabebuia spp., which make up nearly 70 

percent of the wood used in local markets in Paraguay. 

Fougerousse, M. 1979. The problem of the protection of 

logs in the tropics (La probleme de la protection des billes 

sous les tropiques). In: Proceedings. Part I. Tropical crops. 

Part 11. Human and animal health. Congress on the con- 

trol of insects in the tropical environment. Chamber of 

Commerce and Industry of Marseilles; 1979 March 13-16. 

pp. 663-678. 

Francis, G.W.E. 1926. Native woods used for railway 

crossties in British Honduras. Tropical Woods. 7:30-32 

Several native woods were tested as crossties: these lasted 

3.5 to 6 years. All woods tested were untreated or were 

only surfaced brushed with preservative. 

Freitas, A.R. de. 1970. Laboratory evaluation methods 

for wood preservatives (Metodos de avaliacao de preservativo 

em laboratorio). Preservacao de Madeiras. 1(3): 

151-173. 

Freitas, A.R. de. 1980. Wood preservation research 

in Brazil. In: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the 

American Wood-Preservers’ Association. Bethesda, MD. 

76:205-211. 

Presents information on the use of wood preservatives on 

crossties, poles, fence posts, and building timbers in Brazil. 

Also notes quality control, standards, and perspectives for 

future development. 

French, D.W.; Tainter, F.H. 1973. Comparative de- 

cay resistance of Chilean woods. Forest Products Journal. 

23(8):49-51. 

Gives the results of soil/block and agar/block tests of the 

resistance of 19 commercial wood species to Lenzites tra- 

bea and Polyporus versicolor. Fitzroya cupressoides and 

Nothofagus obliqua were classed as highly resistant and 

N. pumilio as resistant. It is noted that house builders are 

tending to use nonresistant timbers (e.g. N. dombeyi) on 

an increasing scale, without treatment, as the more resis- 

tant species become more scarce. 

Galvan-V., R.; Guzman, G. 1977. A floristic study of 

wood decaying Polyporaceae in the State of Morelos (Es- 

tudio floristico sobre los hongos destructores de la madera 

del grupo de los Poliporaceos, en el Estado de Morelos). 

Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia. 11:35-98. 

Describes a study of 67 species, based on herbarium mate- 

rial. Most subtropical forests had the most species, followed 

by Abies forests, tropical, and Pinus/Quercus forests. A 

key is provided for identification of the main genera and 

species. 

Galvao, A.P.M. 1969. A practical process to increase the 

life of wood (Processos praticos para aumentar a duracao 

da madeira). Boletin de Divulgacao No. 14. Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola Superior de 

Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. 24 p. 

Galvao, A.P.M.; Jankowsky, I.P. 1986. Durability of 

Eucalyptus urophylla wood preserved by processes at atmospheric 

pressure: evaluation of field trials (Durabilidade 

da madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake preservada 

por processos sem pressao: Avaliacao de ensaios de 

campo). IPEF-Instituto-de-Pesquisas-e- Estudos-Florestais. 

33:59-64. 

Posts treated with a double diffusion method of 50 per- 

cent CuSO4: 50 percent K2CR2O7 proved to be the most 

durable, and had an average durability of 17 years, as com- 

pared to 2 years for untreated posts. 

Garcia-C., G. 1948. Relative resistance of some Mexican 

tropical woods to wood destroying fungi (Resistencia relativa 

de algunas maderas tropicales mexicanas a los hongos 

59

xilofagos). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Facultad de Quimica, 

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. M.S. thesis. 

Geraldo, F.C. 1982. Considerations about utilizing pre- 

served eucalypt posts (Consideracoes sobre a utilizacao de 

postes de Eucalipto preservado). In: Anais do I Encountro 

Brasileiro em Preservacao de Madeiras: 257-264. 

Gomes, J.I. 1982. The wood of Cordia goeldiana (A 

madeira de Cordia goeldiana Huber). Boletin de Pesquisa. 

Embrapa, Brazil: Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do 

Tropico Umido. 45:16. 

A description of this wood, including information on its 

durability and preservation. 

Gomez-N., M.S.; Echenique-M., R.; Salinas-Q., R. 

1969. Laboratory indices on the resistance of wood to de- 

cay in eleven Mexican forest species (Indices de laboratorio 

sobre resistencia de la madera a la pudricion en once es- 

pecies forestales mexicanas). Boletin Technico. Veracruz, 

Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Forestal. 31:40. 

Mexican woods from both warm-humid and cold-temperate 

zones were exposed to three native fungi. Six of the tropi- 

cal woods were observed to be moderately to highly resis- 

tant to decay, while the temperate pines and the tropical 

Pseudobombax ellipticum were nonresistant to moderately 

resistant to fungal attack. 

Gomez-N., M.S.; Echenique-M., R.; Salinas-Q., R. 

1978. Laboratory indices on resistance, of the wood, to 

rot for eleven Mexican forest species (Indices de laborato- 

rio sobre resistencia de la madera a la pudricion en once 

especies-forestales Mexicanas). Mexico: Boletin Tecnico, 


Gonzalez-F., R.; Abad-C.,J. 1975. Armillaria mellea 

Quel. Departamento de Industrias Forestales, Lima, Peru. 

Revista Forestal del Peru. 6(1/2):89-93. 

Armillaria mellea is reported to occur in four areas of Peru 

(Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, and Lima). The macroscopic and 

microscopic characteristics of the fungus are described, as 

are the symptoms of attack, the types of degradation, and 

some methods of control. 

Gonzalez-F., V.R. 1970. Natural durability of 53 forest 

species from Yurimaguas (Durabailidad natnral lde 53 especies 

forestales de Yurimaguas). Revista Forestal de Peru. 

4(1-2):50-74. 

Wood samples were subjected to five varieties of xilofagus 

fungi for 90 days. Samples were then classified into five 

catagories of resistance to decay. 

Gonzalez, V.R.; Bueno, J. 1967. Behaviour of timbers 

of Tingo Maria (from the forests of the Unidad Tecnica 

de Capacitacion Forestal) in preservative treatment under 

pressure. Revista Forestal de Peru. 1(2):48-64. 

Gonzalez-F., V.R. 1970. Penetrability of 53 forest 

species of Yurimaguas (Caracteristicas de penetrabilidad 

en 53 especies forestales de Yurimaguas). Revista Forestal 

de Peru. 4(1-2):75-89. 

Fifty-three species were impregnated by the Lowry process. 

Twenty-four species were readily permeable, while 10 were 

quite impenetrable to preservative. 

Gonzalez-F., V.R.; Ames de Icochea, T. 1980. De- 

composition of the wood of ten forest species due to the ac- 

tion of five wood-destroying fungi (Pudricion de la madera 

60 

de diez especies forestales por accion de cinco hongos xilofa- 

gos). Revista Forestal de Peru. 10(1-2):102-137. 

Sap and heartwood of 10 tropical wood spp. were exposed 

to five wood decay fungi: Armillaria mellea, Coriolus ver- 

sicolor, Ganoderma applanatum, Lenzites trabea [Gloeo- 

phyllum trabeum] and Pycnoporus sanguineus. Wood of 

high density species was not always durable. The woods 

that were most decay resistant were Brosimum uleanum, 

Caryocar coccineum, and Ormosia coccinea. 

Graham, R.D.; Cantara, G.M.; Erdoizo-S., J. 1980. 

Wood preservation research in the United States and Mex- 

ico. In: Proceedings of the annual meeting of the American 

Wood-Preservers’ Association. Bethesda, MD. 76:212-225. 

Reviews the research facilities in the U.S.A. and Mexico 

engaged in wood preservation research. 

Greenwood, B.F. de; Tainter, F.H. 1980. Compar- 

ative decay resistance of Paraguayan woods. Turrialba. 

30(2): 137-139. 

Describes the evaluation, for decay resistance, of 16 

Paraguayan wood species, using agar-block and soil-block 

tests against three wood decaying fungi: Coriolus versi- 

color, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Poria placenta. Thirteen 

of the species were highly decay resistant, two resistant, 

and one (Bastardiopis densiflora) not resistant. 

Han-R., M. 1963. Preservation of fence posts by sim- 

ple methods (Preservacion de postes de cerco por metodos 

sencillos). Informe Tecnico. 4:23. 

Provides information on how to treat posts using a mini- 

mum of equipment. 

Han-R., M.; Micheli-S., H. 1967. Pressure-treatment 

preservatives on Chilean woods (La preservacion a presion 

de maderas en Chile). Santiago, Chile: Instituto forestal. 

Boletin Informativo. 14:32. 

Han-R., M.; Wettling-G., A. 1965. Treatment for the 

removal of stain marks on the Insigne pine with sodium 

pentachlorophenol (Tratamiento Antimancha de Pino Insigne 

con Pentaclorofenato de Sodio). Santiago, Chile: Instituto 

Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 13:11. 

Hector-S., F. 1965. Aspects of damage caused by 

insect-eating woods (Fases lunares e insectos que apolillan 

maderas). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Administracion 

Nacional de Bosques. Folletos Technicos Forestales. 1:11. 

Herrera-R., J.A. 1977. Wood preservation by simple 

and cheap methods (Preservacion de maderas por metodos 

sencillos y de bajo costo). Ciencia Forestal. 2(8):25-50. 

A practical guide to wood preservation methods appropriate 

to Mexican conditions. 

Herrera-R., J.; Barretero-G., J.E.; Herrera-B., A. 

1982. Shoes made of Mexican timbers for the braking system 

of the subway (Zapatas de maderas mexicanas para el 

sistema de frenos del ‘METRO)’. Boletin Tecnico. Mexico: 


Studies of 24 species showed that 12 had notable natural 

preservation qualities. 

Herrera-R., J.; Gomez-Nava, M.S.; Barretero- 

Gomez, E. 1980. Natural durability of the wood of 

14 Mexican forest species (Durabilidad natural de 

la madera de catorce especies forestales mexicanas).

Boletin Tecnico. 61. Mexico: INIF (Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Forestales), SFF (Subsecretario Forestal y 

de la Fauna), SARH (Secretaria de Agricultura Y Recursos 

Hidraulicos). 21 p. 

Describes tests of natural durability to fungi rot from 

Lentinus lepideus, Polyporus sanguineus, and Poria mon- 

ticola, on 14 Mexican wood species. 

Herrera-R., J.A.; Gomez-N., M. del S.; Herrera-B., 

A. 1976. Natural durability of the wood of Mexican tree 

species. 1. Natural durability indices of 15 species (Duribil- 

idad natural de la madera de especies forestales Mexicanas. 

1. Indices de duribilidad natural de quince especies fore- 

stales). Boletin Tecnico. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Forest ales. 5 2 : 24. 

Highley, T.L.; Scheffer, T.C. 1970. Natural decay re- 

sistance of 30 Peruvian woods. Res. Pap. 143. Madison, 


Products Laboratory. 

Using outdoor stake and soil block tests, 30 Peruvian 

woods were evaluated for resistence to fungal decay by 

three fungi. Tables list relative resistance and physical 

properties of the woods. 

Hoheisel, H.; Romero-A., E. 1969. First seminar on 

wood preservation. Technical notes (Primer seminario sobre 

preservacion de maderas. Notas tecnicas). In: Lopez-G., 

O.; Mejia-M., L.C. Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas, Univer- 

sidad Nacional, Medellin, Colombia: 121. 

Describes a series of technical notes used at Universidad 

Nacional, Medellin, Colombia. Lists information on wood 

preservatives and their manufacturers, naturally durable 

species of native woods, and state of the art in wood 

preservation in Colombia and other Latin American coun- 

tries. Also discusses insect attack and protection against 

them. 

Holmquist, O. 1972. On some Venezuelan polypores im- 

portant in wood decay. Thesis. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse 

University. 

Holmquist, O. 1973. On some Venezuelan polypores 

important in wood decay. Dissertation Abstracts Interna- 

tional. 33(9):4149. 

Thirty species of Polyporaceae were commonly found as- 

sociated with decay in living and dead wood of the main 

timber species of a representative dry forest formation in 

the State of Barinas. A detailed study of the anatomical 

and cultural characteristics of 13 of the species is included. 

Hrdy, I.; Krecek, J. 1972. Bionomical-ecological classi- 

fication of termites, pests of wood and materials: contri- 

bution to the ecology of the termites of Cuba. In: Pro- 

ceedings of the 13th International Congress of Entomology; 

1968 August 2-9; Moscow, Russia. Moscow, Russia: Forest 

Entomology. Leningrad, USSR, Academy of Sciences of the 

USSR, All-Union Entomological Society. 3(11):38-40. 

Hunt, I.S. 1964. The protection of wood against at- 

tack by insects and fungus in Venezuela (La proteccion 

de la madera contra el ataque de insectos y hongos en 

Venezuela). Boletin Venezuela. 14:43-81. 

Hunt, I.S.; Sobrino, J.C. 1963. Preservative characteris- 

tics of 47 species from the Venezuelan Guayana (Caracteris- 

ticas de preservacion de 47 especies de Guayanas). Merida, 

Venezuela: Ministerio de Agrucultura y Cria. 50 p. 

Ibanez, R.; Sosa, C.; Castro, J.; Gonzalez, G. 1983. 

Preservation of the wood of Bursera simaruba (mastic- 

tree) and Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) by the 

immersion-diffusion method using Dohnalit-U salts (Preser- 

vacion de madera de Bursera simaruba (L) Sargent (al- 

macigo) y Avicennia germinans (L) L. (mangle prieto) por 

el metodo de inmersion-difusion con la sal Dohnalit-U. Bo- 

letin Tecnico Forestal. 1(83):7-14. 

IBDF-IPT-ABPM. 1971. Program of controlling the 

quality of preservatives and treated wood (Programa de 

controle de qualidade de preservativos e madeira preser- 

vada). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Preservacao de Madeiras. 

2(1):101-107. 

IBDF-IPT-ABPM. 1976. Wood preservation manual 

(Manual de Preservacao de Madeiras). Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

Instituto des Pesquisas Tecnologicas. 

Instituto Forestal. 1973. General information for the 

uses of preserved wood (Informacion general para los usuar- 

ios de madera tratada). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. 

Boletin Informativo. 26:22. 

Presents a compilation of information on the Chilean 

preservation standards. 

Jankowsky, I.P.; Lepage, E.S. 1986. Eucalyptus cre- 

osote as a wood preservative (O creosoto de Eucalyptus 

spp. como preservativo para madeiras). IPEF-Instituto-de- 

Pesquisas-e-Estudos-Florestais. 33:47-57. 

Wood tar creosotes protected Pinus caribaea var. hon- 

durensis against termites and white and brown rot fungi, 

but not against soft rot fungi. Wood tar creosotes are thus 

satisfactory for treating fence posts, but not for treating 

structural timber. 

Johnson, B.R.; Gjovik, L.R.; Roth, H.G. 1973. 

Single- and dual-treated panels in a semi-tropical har- 

bor: preservative and retention variables and performance. 

American Wood-Preservers’ Association proceedings, 

Progress Rep. 1. 69:207-216. 

Tests were made with 130 combinations of preservative 

salts (Cu-Cr-As or ammoniacal Cu arsenite) and cre- 

osotes in Florida, where attack by borers, mainly Limno- 

ria tripunctata, was severe. After exposure for 30 months, 

moderate to high preservative-salt retentions alone or in 

combination with high retentions of marine or land and 

freshwater grades of creosote afforded good protection 

against attack. 

Johnson, B.R.; Gonzales-T., G.E. 1976. Experimen- 

tal preservative treatment of three tropical hardwoods 

by double-diffusion processes. Forest Products Journal. 

26( 1) : 39-46. 

Numerous modifications of double-diffusion treatment were 

evaluated with three tropical American hardwoods: cativo, 

gallinazo, and lechoso. Duration of soak had the most pro- 

nounced effect on retention, but time needed was shown 

to depend on sample condition and preparation, solution 

concentration, and retention level desired. With all three 

species, nearly all the variously modified treatments pro- 

duced chemical retentions considered adequate to protect 

wood against severe decay and insect attack. It seems 

probable that schedules for double-diffusion process could 

be found that would yield effective treatments of numerous 

other tropical species. 

61

Jones, S.C.; Carter, F.L.; Mauldin, J.K. 1983. Reti- 

culitermes flavipes Kollar (Isoterpa: rhinotermitiidae) re- 

sponses to extracts from six Brazilian woods. Environmen- 

tal Entomology. 12(2):458-462. 

Describes tests of extractives from six Brasilian hardwoods 

as anti-termitic agents. The tests were conducted in Mississippi 

on the termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Koll.) during 

a four-week period in no-choice tests. The success of the 

extracts varied with the species from which they were extracted 

and the solvent used for extraction. Termite feeding 

and survival was lowest on Copaifera multijuga, Mezilaurus 

itauba, and Platymiscium ulei, and highest on Couroupita 

subsessilis and on some extracts of Micrandra siphonioides. 

Where termites survived the no-choice test, protozoan numbers 

were reduced most on all extracts of Carapa guianensis 

and the hexane extracts of Mezilaurus itaubi and P. ulei. 

Termites exposed to choice tests generally consumed more 

untreated than treated paper pads. No significant difference 

occured between pad weights of controls and those treated 

with some extracts of Couroupita subsessilis and Micrandra 

siphonioides. One to three extracts of each of the six woods 

were repellent to termites. 

Juacida, R.; Willeitner, H. 1981. On the treatability 

of four Chilean wood species in relation to site and wood 

properties (Uber die Trankbarkeit von vier chilenischen 

Holzarten in Abhangigkeit von Standort und Holzeigenschaften). 

Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 39(8):335-340. 

Describes an impregnation study of four important Chilean 

hardwoods: Aextoxicon punctatum, Eucryphia cordifolia, 

Laurelia philippiana, and Nothofagus dombeyi, from three 

different sites. Treatments used were the vacuum-pressure 

process with aniline blue and with a cold water-borne 

preservative and hot creosote. The distribution of treat- 

ment in all directions in the wood samples was analyzed 

within and between species. Site effects were noted only 

with L. philippiana. Retention in heartwood was affected 

by extractives in the wood. 

Juacida, R.; Peek, R.D. 1982. The natural durabil- 

ity of Chilean woods (Die naturliche Dauerhaftigkeit von 

vier chilenischen Holzarten). Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 

40(8):307-310. 

Describes tests conducted to evaluate the natural durability 

of Aextoxicon punctatum, Eucryphia cordifolia, Laurelia 

philippiana, and Nothofagus dombeyi. All species had low 

durability against the fungi: Coniophora puteana, Coriolus 

versicolor, and Gloeophyllum trabeum. 

Juacida, R.; Peredo, M. 1985. Efficacy of some preserva- 

tives on the prevention of blue stain in Pinus radiata (Efi- 

cacia de algunos preservantes en la prevencion de la man- 

cha azul en Pinus radiata). Valdivia, Chile: Facultad de 

Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile. 

JUNAC. 1988. Manual of the Andeau Pact for the preser- 

vation of woods (Manual del Grupo Andino para la preser- 

vacion de maderas). Junta del Acuerdo de Cartegena y Co- 

munidad Economica Europa. JUNAC, Lima, Peru. 406 p. 

A complete manual for all aspects of wood preservation, 

from wood properties to the most recent methods of preservative 

treatment. A glossary of terms is included. 

Karstedt, P.; Gloger, C. 1978. The preservation of fence 

stakes, poles, sleepers and construction timbers for housing 

in Brazil. Curitiba, Brazil: Universidad Federal do Parana. 

Floresta. 9(2):57-64. 

62 

Describes current preservation practices in Brazil. Notes 

that current methods used for some purposes are inade- 

quate and often improperly applied, or the methods used 

are too sophisticated and expensive. The recommendation 

is made that better methods be developed and introduced 

for local conditions. 

LABONAC. 1974. Technological study of the woods of 

the Llanos Occidentales (Expedited study, first part) (Es- 

tudio tecnologico de las maderas de los llanos occidentales 

(Estudio expeditivo, primera parte)). Merida, Venezuela: 

Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales. 94 p. 

Lamas-R., R.; Vazquez-V., M.O.; Castelo-E., D.E. 

1982. Use of sodium pentachlorophenate as a fungicide for 

tropical woods (Utilizacion de pentachlorofenato sodico 

como agente fungicida en maderas tropicales). Tecnologia- 

y-Sociedad. 3:12-18. 

Bursera arborea, Ficus goldmannii, F. petiolaris, F. lentig- 

inosa, F. glaucescens, and Sapium pedicellatum (used for 

the production of wooden boxes) treated with a 0.3 percent 

solution of PCP-NA were no longer susceptible to attack 

by Aspergillus, Mucor, or Penicillium spp. 

Lelis, A.T. 1976. Termites-prevention and eradica- 

tion (Cupins - prevencao e erradicadao.) Preservacao de 

Madeiras. 6/7(1):51-58. 

Lelis, A.T. 1978. Damage by wood-attacking insects in 

buildings in Sao Paulo State, Brazil: International Group 

on Wood Preservation Doc. IRG/WP/175. 10 p. 

Lepage, E.S. 1970. Methods of analysis employed in 

wood preservation-Part 11: Oil-borne preservatives (Meto- 

dos de analise quimica empregados em preservacao de 

madeiras–II parte: preservativos do tipo oleoso. Preser- 

vacao de Madeiras. 1(3):133-149. 

Lepage, E.S. 1970. Methods of chemical analysis em- 

ployed in wood preservation (Metodos de analise quimica 

empregados em preservacao de madeiras). Preservacao de 

Madeiras. 1(2):49-65. 

Lepage, E.S. 1974. Wood preservation (Preservacao de 

madeiras). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Boletin Tecnico. 2(1):37-83. 

Lepage, E. S.; F’reitas, A. R. de. 1982. Preservative 

treatment of Eucalyptus saligna fence posts by the double- 

diffusion method. In: Working Group I, Biological Prob- 

lems, 13th annual meeting of the IRG, 1982 May 24-28; 

Cesme, Turkey. International Group on Wood Preservation 

Doc. IRG/WP/3196. 20 p. 

Describes preservation of Eucalyptus saligna fence posts 

by the double-diffusion process in Brazil. The posts were 

tested at five different test locations in Sao Paulo, showing 

a service life of 11.2 years for CuSO4-KCr2 at 10.5 kg/m 3 

retention, and 14.3 years for CuSO4-Na mono-H arsenate at 

7.1 kg/m 3 retention. 

Lepage, E.S.; Montagna, R.G. 1973. Study on wood 

preservatives and treatment processes (Estudo de preser- 

vativos de madeira e processos de tratamento.) Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Instituto Florestal Boletin Tecnico. 7. 

Lepage, E.S.; Eatanabe, L.Y.; Cavalcante, M.S. 

1973. Studies on the treatability and resistance to termite 

and decay fungi attack of Pinus elliottii (Estudo das carac- 

teristicas de resistencia ao ataque de cupins, de fungos apo- 

drecedores e de tratabiliidade de madeira de Pinus elliottii. 

Preservacao de Madeiras. 3/4(1):95-98.

Levy, C.R. 1982. Methods of treatment of wood preser- 

vatives. The selection of appropriate preservation process 

with particular reference to mixed tropical forest resources. 

In: Proceedings, 13th annual meeting of the International 

Research Group on Wood Preservation, Working Group 

I, Biological problems; 1982 May 24-28; Cesme, Turkey. 

Document IRG/WP/3177. 10 p. 

Describes the development of wood preservation, factors 

affecting the choice of treatment method, permeability of 

timbers to preservative, and research needs with special 

emphasis on the tropics. 

Lima, A.M.C. 1941. On termites boring of goiabeira 

Isoptera: Kalotermitidae. (Sobre cupims brocas da 

goiabeira, Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Rio de Janeiro, 

Brazil: Boletin da Sociedade Brasileira de Agronomia. 

4(4): 377-387. 

Lisboa, P.L.B. 1983. Notes on the wood crossties of the 

Tocantins Railroad (Notas sobre os dormentes da Estrada 

de Ferro do Tocantins). Acta Amazonica. 13(2):467-471. 

Reports on the suitability of selected woods to serve as 

crossties. Mezilaurus itauba was noted as having the great- 

est durability, while Vouacapoua americana, Manilkara 

huberi, Browdickia nitida, and Eschweilera sp. were also 

highly durable. 

MacLean, J.D. 1959. Report on the study of preservative 

treatment of Chilean woods. Washington, DC: Interna- 

tional Cooperation Administration. 12 p. 

Procedures are given for treating several Chilean wood 

species, and suggestions are listed for testing effectivenenss 

of treating other species. 

Mayorca, L.de. 1969. Natural durability of 125 woods 

from Venezuelan Guayana (Duribilidad natural de 125 

maderas de la Guayana Venezolana). Merida, Venezuela: 

Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales. 

Mayorca, L.de. 1972. Natural durability of 115 woods 

from Venezuelan Guayana (Durabilidad natural de 125 

maderas de la Guayana Venezolana). Revista Forestal 

Venezolana. 15 (22):27-36. 

Describes results after 8 years in a graveyard test of stakes 

of the heartwood of 115 negative species in Venezuela. Re- 

sults, shown in a table, indicate that 69 species could be 

classed as highly susceptible (failing in 0 to 2 years), 6 as 

durable (mean life 6 to 8 years), and 7 as very durable 

(mean life >8 years). The durable and very durable 

species included Eschweilera spp., Peltogyne spp., Piran- 

hea longepedunculata, Platymiscium pinnatum, Tabebuia 

serratifolia, Tetragastris mucronata, Centrolobium paraense, 

Cordia alliodora, Lecythis davisii, and Manilkara bidentata. 

Mayorca, L.de. 1978. Durability trial of 17 woods from 

west central Venezuela (Estudio de durabilidad de 17 

maderas de la region centro occidental de Venezuela). Re- 

vista Forestal Venezolana. 26:61-72. 

Describes cemetary trial to determine the suitability of the 

woods for use as fruit and vegetable crates and boxes. The 

weight loss of samples in controlled conditions, after inoc- 

ulation with the wood-rotting fungi Lenzites trabea and 

Polyporus versicolor, was also measured. Quaraiba guianen- 

sis and Hura crepitans showed the greatest durability and 

the least weight loss, during the 3 to 4 year test. 

McNamara, W.S.; Greaves, H.; Triana, J.F. 1981. 

Tropical field exposure of CCA-treated eucalypt stakes. 

Material und Organismen. 16 (2) : 8 1-94. 

Describes results of field tests, in Colombia, on eucalyptus 

stakes treated with CCA preservatives. 

Mena, L. 1972. Comparative test of four methods for preserving 

wood (Ensayo comparativo de cuatro medios preservadores 

para madera). Bogota, Colombia: Universidad Distrital. 

M.S. thesis. 

Mendez, A. de S. 1977. Some tree species from Amazonia 

recommended for the production of railroad ties 

(Algumas especies florestais da Amazonia indicadas 

para producao de dormentes.) Brasilia, Brazil: Laboratorio 

de Produtos Florestais, PRODEPEF. FAO Rep. 

PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45. Comunicacao Tecnica 14:5. 

A list is given of 8 naturally durable species that can be 

used for railroad ties untreated, and 14 species that are 

suitable if treated with preservative. The density of each 

wood is given. 

Meyenfeldt, C.F.W.M. von. 1985. The use of and alter- 

natives for tropical hardwood in the Netherlands. Nether- 

lands Journal of Agricultural Science. 33(2):115-123. 

Describes tropical hardwood imports and their uses in the 

Netherlands. Since 1972 most of the imports have been 

used for the building industry (75 percent), primarily for 

windows and window frames. Another use for tropical 

woods has been for retainers on canal banks. Substitutes 

suggested included treated softwoods and recycled waste 

materials. Methods for conservation of the tropical forests 

are discussed and a policy proposed. 

Micheli, H.; Rio-G., E. del. 1966. Termite attacks 

on woods in the north of Chile and their prevention (El 

Ataque de Termitos a la Madera en el Norte de Chile y su 

Prevencion.) Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe 


Discusses the natural history of termites, the species col- 

lected from various locations in Chile, and measures to re- 

duce termite damage, including painting, chemical preserva- 

tion, insecticides, etc. 

Micheli, H.; Rio-G., E. del. 1972. Resistance of some 

woods to attack by Cryptotermes brevis (Resistencia de al- 

gunas maderas a1 ataque de Cryptotermes brevis) Santiago, 

Chile: Instituto Forestal. Serie Investigacion. 6:33. 

Field tests of Laurelia philippiana, Nothofagus dombeyi, 

and Pinus radiata all showed little natural resistance to 

attack by this insect. 

Milano, S. 1981. Effectiveness of some microbiocides 

against the development of molds and sapstain in Pinus 

elliottii. International Research Group on Wood Preservation. 

Doc. IRG/WP/3169, 12 p. 

Milano, S.; Neto, J.A.A.V. 1982. Evaluation of the 

effectiveness of three microbiocides in the control of sap- 

stains. In: Proceedings, 13th annual meeting of the In- 

ternational Research Group on Wood Preservation, Work- 

ing Group I, Biological problems; 1982 May 24-28; Cesme, 

Turkey. Document IRG/WP/3212. 13 p. 

Describes field tests on the effectiveness of Busan 30, cap- 

tan, and folpet against mold and sapstain in Pinus el- 

liottii. Folpet is recommended as an alternative to pen- 

tachlorophenate for treating pine because of its effective- 

ness, low cost, and low risk to humans. 

63

Milano, S.; Lepage, E.S.; Cavalcante, M.S. 1978. 

Comparative study on the behavior of wood preservatives 

and impregnation processes. Results of inspection of field 

stakes (Estudo comparativo do comportamento de preserva- 

tivos de madeira e processos de impregnacao). Resultados 

da inspecao aos campos de implantacao. Preservacao de 

Madeiras. 8/9(1):9-22. 

Musalem, S.M.; Steiner, W.J.; Contreras, O.I. 1984. 

Cellulase production by fungi isolated from wood and soils 

in Southern Chile (Produccion de celulasas por hongos ais- 

lados de madera y suelos del Sur de Chile). Boletin Mico- 

logico. 2(1):17-25. 

Describes studies of cellulase production by 15 species of 

fungi from 5 genera. The fungi were isolated and grown 

on a solid medium which was pre-treated with phosphoric 

acid and mycelial growth inhibitors. Results showed that 

Trichoderma aureoviride, T. harzianum, Penicillium sp., 

and P. citreoviride formed the largest transparent halos of 

hydrolysis. Endo- and exoglucanase, beta- glucosidase, and 

filter paper activities were maximum in T. aureoviride, T. 

harzianum I, III, and V, and P. citreoviride. 

Navarrete-A., J.; Sandoval Z., G.; Zurita-E., R. 

1986. Preliminary study on the impregnation, with CCA 

salts, of resin tapped wood and untapped wood of Pinus 

radiata D.Don (Estudio preliminar sobre impregnacion de 

madera resinada y sin resinar de Pinus radiata D.Don. con 

sales impregnantes CCA). Concepcion, Chile: Universidad 

del Biobio. 12 p. 

Netto, S.P.; Hosokawa, R.T.; Brito Neto, O. 1972. A 

study on the toxicity of creosote to Lenzites trabea (Estudo 

da concentracao e grau de toxidez do creosoto em relacao 

ao fungo Lenzites trabea). Revista Floresta. 3(3):63-68. 

Niederauer, F.R. 1967. Wood preservation and preser- 

vatives (Preservacao de madeiras e preservativos). Belo 

Horizonte, RFFSA, Depto. de Via Permanente. 84 p. 

Obregon-A., M.C.; Echenique-M., R. 1974. Identifi- 

cation of wood-inhabiting fungi in wooden poles (Identifi- 

cation de hongos habitantes en postes de madera.) Anales 

del Instituto de Biologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma 

de Mexico. Botanica. 45(1):11-20. 

Results of study show that Lentinus lepideus, Polyporus 

mollis, and Poria monticola were the principal fungi iso- 

lated from posts of various Pinus sp. used by the Electric- 

ity Commission in Mexico. The type of rot caused by each 

fungus is described. Also isolated were Aspergillus, Pae- 

cilomyces, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Mucor, Penicillium, 

and Torula spp. 

Ortiz-C., M.R.; Cuevas, E. 1965. Natural resistance 

of wood and wood-based products to attack by biological 

agents. Instituto Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 21:112-126. 

Reports on experiments in which Pinus radiata, Nothofagus 

dombeyi, particleboards, and fiberboards were tested for 

resistance to fungi. 

Peredo, M. 1978. Impregnation of fence posts (Impreg- 

nation de postes para cercos). Valdivia, Chile: Facultad de 

Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile. 

Pereira, J.A. 1936. Wood deterioration in yards and 

warehouses by fungi and insects (A deterioracaodas 

madeiras, em patios e depositos, por fungos e insetos). 

Pub. IPT 51. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas 

64 

Tecnologicas. Separada Boletin Institute Engenharia. 

23(124):75-84. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1981. Assessment of the permeability of 

Chilean species, with the aim of determining the possibility 

of impregnating them with preservatives (Determinacion 

de la permeabilidad de las especies chilenas, orientada a 

establecer las posibilidades de impregnacion). Santiago, 

Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 82:21. 

Reports on the permeability of creosote, pentachlorophenol, 

and a CCA-type hydrosoluble salt on 19 major Chilean 

commercial wood species. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1982. Determination of the permeabil- 

ity of Chilian species, oriented toward the establishment 

of impregnation possibilities (Determinacion de la perme- 

abilidad de las especies Chilenas, orientada a establecer las 

posibilidades de impregnacion). Informe Tecnico. 82:21. 

Nineteen major Chilean commercial wood species were investigated 

to determine their permeability to creosote, pentachlorophenol, 

and a CCA-type hydrosoluble salt. From 

this, a classification of the woods based on penetration of 

these preservatives is presented. 

Perez-M., V.; Heras, G.; Echenique-M., R. 1977. 

Danger of decay of wood in different Mexican climates 

(Riesgo a la pudricion de la madera en diferentes climas 

de Mexico). Veracruz, Mexico: Inst. de Investig. sobre 

Recursos Bioticos, A.C., Xalapa. Madera y su Uso en la 

Construccion. 1: 11. 

Describes a formula for determining the decay index of different 

localities in Mexico, (a) low-, (b) medium-, and (c) 

high-risk areas are classified. Techniques for preventing decay 

in pine lumber used for construction are given with 

regard to the level of decay risk. 

Perez-M., V.; Heras, G.' Echenique-M., R. 

1981. Prevention and control of termite damage in wooden 

structures (Prevencion y control de dano por termitas 

en estructuras con madera). Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bioticos. La 


Information oriented toward the general public on the natural 

history of the termite and methods of controlling its 

damage. 

Paz-Perez-O., C. De la; Salinas-Q., R. 1977. Rapid 

proof of laboratory indicators of rot resistance in two 

species of oak (Prueba rapida de laboratorio indicadora 

de resistencia a pudricion en dos especies de encinos). Mex- 

ico: INIF (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales). 

Ciencia Forestal 6. 2:64. 

Pesspa, A.L. 1978. Characteristics and natural durability 

of wood of the Aripuana-MT municipality (Madeiras do 

Municipio de Aripuana-MT, caracterizacao e durabilitdade 

natural). Governo do Estado de Mato Grosse, Secretaria da 

Agricultura, D.P.V.-D.R.N. 20 p. 

Pinzon-P., L.M.; Echenique-M., R. 1974. Tests of the 

toxicity of four wood preservatives on some wood destroy- 

ing fungi (Ensayo de toxicidad de cuatro preservadores para 

madera sobre algunos hongos xilofagos). Annles of the Inst. 

of Biology, National University of Mexico. 45(1):57-73. 

Describes tests of CCA-type A (greensalt) and CCA-type 

B (Boliden salt) creosote, pentachlorophenol, with Lenti- 

nus lepideus, Lenzites trabea [Gloeophyllum trabeum], Pe- 

niophora sp. and Poria monticola isolated from timber in

Mexico. Pinus douglasiana and P. pseudostrobus timbers 

were used in the soil block test. Untreated Pinus pseu- 

dostrobus was attacked most by L. lepideus and least by 

Peniphora and Poria sp. Leaching tests and tests for mini- 

mal retention for protection were made. 

Pinzon-P., L.M.; Lopez-G., M.T.; Veliz-A., F.A.; 

Martinez Marcial, J.D. 1982. Methods for the study of 

some characteristics of wood fungi as degrading organisms 

of wood (Metodos para el estudio de algunas caracteristicas 

de los hongos xilofagos como organismos degradadores de 

la madera). Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia. 

17: 147-157. 

Describes methods for determining the aggressiveness of 

fungi, the tolerance of the fungi to wood preservatives, and 

ways to separate the types of rot. The methods are dis- 

cussed in relation to the following fungi: Cymatoderma 

caperatum, Lenzites trabea, and Polyporus sulphureus. 

Pinzon-P., L.M.; Veliz-A., F.A. 1984. Type of rot and 

aggressiveness towards wood of four Mexican wood de- 

composing fungi (Tipo de pudricion y agresividad hacia 

la madera en cuatro cepas de hongos xilofagos mexicanos). 

Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia. 19:65-72. 

Describes a study of degradation by four fungi of pine and 

sweetgum wood. Sawdust was used to test the type of rot 

and the aggressiveness of the fungi was evaluated using 

malt agar and soil. Daedalea confragosa was slightly ag- 

gressive towards pine in malt agar and soil, moderately ag- 

gressive towards sweetgum in malt agar, and highly aggres- 

sive toward sweetgum in soil. Favolus brasiliensis, Fomes 

[Rigidoporus] ulmarius, and Polyporus occidentalis were 

slightly aggressive to pine and sweetgum wood in both malt 

agar and soil. All the fungi produced a white rot reaction. 

Pinzon-P., L.M.; Echenique-M., R. 1976. Copper- 

chrome-arsenic preservatives, their fixation in wood and 

their effects on wood-destroying fungi (Preservadores a base 

de cobre, cromo y arsenico, su fijacion en la madera y su 

efecto sobre hongos xilofagos). Mexico: Instituto Nacional 

de Investigaciones Forestales, Boletin Divulgativo. 39:16. 

Price, E.A.S. 1978. Economic approaches to wood preser- 

vation. In: Proceedings, 7th World Forestry Congress, 

Centro Cultural General San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; 



Raimbault, G.; Carlos, V.J. 1983. The preservation of 

woods applied to structures (A preservacao de Madeiras 

aplicada as estrutura). In: Topicos Especiais proceeding of 

1st EBRAMEM Po USP-EESC-SET-LAMEM. 

Ram, C. 1971. Timber-attacking fungi from the State 

of Maranhao, Brazil. New species of Pyrenomycetes. 11. 

Nova Hedwigia. In: Berichte Biochemie und Biologie. 

(1973) 21(2):225-230. 

Describes Microascus decorticatus, Cephalotheca zeyheriae, 

and Dichlaena pterodontis. 

Ram, C.; Ram, A. 1972. Timber-attacking fungi from 

the state of Maranhao, Brazil. 9. Some new or interesting 

wood-staining fungi. Broteria. 41(1/2):89-112. 

Describes research done at the Institute of Mycology, Re- 

cife. Many of the species had been recorded by previous 

workers, but five are described as new species: Cylindro- 

cladium couratariae, Humicola zollerniae, Leptographium 

hymenaeae, Tilachlidiopsis brasiliensis, and Aspergillus 

tapirirae. 

Ramirez, G.I.; Barieri-B., C.M. 1981. Fire retardant 

chemical treatment of wood (Tratamientos ignifugos en 

maderas). Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina: Centro 

de Investigacion Tecnologica de la Madera y Afines. 20 p. 

Describes wood fires and treatments that retard the spread 

of fire. General classes of retardants are discussed, and spe- 

cific products are listed. 

Ramirez, G.I.; Felix, R.A. 1982. Study on the behavior 

of fire on poplar wood treated with fire retardant (Estudio 

sobre el comportamiento al fuego de la madera de alamo 

tratada con retardante). Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Ar- 

gentina: Centro de Investigacion Tecnologica de la Madera 

y Afines. 23 p. 

Realino, B.D. 1979. Processes for preserving wood (Pro- 

cessos para preservar madeira). Cuiaba, Secretaria da Agri- 

Cultura, Departmento de Producao Vegetal, Secao de Tec- 

nologia da Madeira: 22 p. 

Realino, B.D.; Bueno, C.R. 1979. Evaluating natural 

durability of woods in field tests (Duribilidade da madeira 

natural avaliada atraves de ensaios de campo). Brazil: Ci- 

entifica. 7(1):9-13. 

Describes field tests of 14 Brazilian woods at two sites, 

Aripuana and Santo Antonio do leveger. Results after 6 

months indicate that three woods remained free of decay at 

Aripuana, including Aspidosperma polyneuron, Diplotropis 

purpurea, and Mezilaurus itauba. At Santo Antonio only 

Manilkara huberi was free from decay. 

Realino, B.D. [and others]. 1978. Evaluation of the 

durability using outside field tests (Avaliacao da durabili- 

dade de madeiras atraves de ensaios de campo). D.P.V.- 

D.R.N. Brazil: Governo do Estado de Mato Grosso, Secre- 

taria da Agricultura. 11 p. 



Contains descriptions of trees and where they grow. Sup- 

plies basis for identification of trees and their woods. Cor- 

relates the vernacular, trade, and scientific names, and 

gives technical data such as durability and specific gravity. 

Also lists present and perspective uses of the woods. 

Reis, M.S. 1972. Decay resistance of six wood species 

from the Amazon Basin of Brazil. Holzforschung. 

26(5):185-191. 

Describes tests using representative white-rot and brown- 

rot test fungi (Polyporus versicolor and Poria monticola) in 

soil/block tests with six different wood species. Sapwood of 

all species was nonresistant to decay. Outer heartwood of 

Cordia goeldiana, Manilkara huberi, and Peltogyne maran- 

hensis was minimally resistant to decay; Carapa guianensis 

moderately resistant; and Virola surinamensis and Virola 

sp. (common name Ucuuba) was not resistant. Polyporus 

versicolor was responsible for more decay than P. monticola 

in all species except Peltogyne maranhensis. Extraction 

with acetone, methanol, and hot water of the heartwood 

of C. goeldiana and P. maranhensis yielded chemicals that 

strongly inhibited decay by both fungi. All woods showed 

increased decay with increased nitrogen content in the sap- 

wood. 

65

Reis, M.S. 1973. Variation in decay resistance of four 

wood species from Southeastern Brazil. Holzforschung. 

27(3):103-111. 

Describes the soil-block tests and results for four wood 

species, Anadenanthera peregrina, Eucalyptus citriodora, 

Piptadenia gonoacantha, and Platypodium elegans exposed 

to two fungi, Polyporus versicolor and Poria monticola. 

Anadenanthera peregrina and Eucalyptus citriodora were 

highly resistant to sapwood, Platypodium elegans moder- 

ately resistant, and Piptadenia gonoacantha moderately to 

nonresistant to both fungi. 

Rendon, O.E. 1975. Natural resistance of three tropical 

woods to rot by Polyporus sp. and Lenzites sp. (Resistencia 

natural de tres maderas tropicales a pudricion par Polyporus 

sp. and Lenzites sp.). Bogata, Colombia: Bosques de 

Colombia. January-June 1975:95-104. 

Reports preliminary results on Tectona grandis, Didymopanx 

morototonia, and Couma sp. The wood of T. 

grandis proved to be the most resistant to several types 

of fungi. 

Reyna-R., N. 1983. Control of blue stain on Pinus caribaea 

var. hondurensis Barr. & Golf. wood in Turrialba, 

Costa Rica (Control de mancha azul en madera de Pinus 

caribaea var. hondurensis Barr. et Golf. en Turrialba, 

Costa Rica. Turrialba. 33(4):387-392. 

Describes the use of sodium pentachlorophenate to prevent 

and control blue stain in Pinus caribaea var. honduren- 

sis. Various species of fungi may cause blue stain but Cer- 

atostomella spp. are the most common. 

Rodrigues, S. 1976. Creosote and coal tar as wood 

preservatives (O creosoto e o alcatrao da hulma como 

preservativos de madeira. Revista da Rede Ferrivuarua 

Federal: 24-28. 

Romero, A.E. 1971. Contribution to the study of Aliso 

(Alnus jorullens) –preservation of the wood (Contribucion 

al estudio del Aliso (Alnus jorullensis) –preservacion de la 

madera). Manizales, Colombia: Seminario sobre Aliso. 

Salinas-Q., R.; Echenique-M., R.; Galvez-C., L. 

1971. Observations of the induction of resistance to the 

attack of fungi producing rot in wood treated with variable 

levels of gamma radiation (Observaciones de la induccion 

de resistencia al ataque de hongos productores de pudricion 

en maderas tratadas con niveles variables de radiaciones 

gamma). Parasitologia, Mexico: Revista Latino Americana 

de Microbiologia y. 13:45-58. 

Santos, M.D.G.C. 1982. The susceptibility of 35 Ama- 

zon wood species to Cryptotermes brevis (Walker). Inter- 

national Research Group on Wood Preservation. Document 

IRG/WP/1160. 12 p. 

Scheffer, T.C. 1979. Decay resistance of Angelique (Dico- 

rynia guianensis). Forest Products Journal. 29(6)33-34. 

Dicorynia guianensis has been imported to the U.S.A. and 

used where exposure to wood destroying organisms is prob- 

able. Tests were performed in which blocks of this wood 

were exposed to decay fungi. Results indicate that this 

wood is highly resistant to decay. 

Schmutzenhofer, H. 1978. The pines of El Salvador and 

their injurious insects (Los pinos de El Salvador y sus in- 

sectos nocivos). In: International Union of Forestry Re- 

search Organisations (IUFRO): Meeting of IUFRO Working 

66 

Parties S 2.06.12 and S 2.07.07, Pests and Diseases of Pines 

in the Tropics. Piedras Blancas. 1978 September 3-14; 

Medellin, Colombia. Bogota, Colombia: Instituto Nacional 

de los Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Ambiente. 9 + 

5 p. 

Provides information on the insects causing damage of economic 

importance to standing and felled pine trees and 

logs in El Salvador. The insect species are identified with 

the pine species on which they were observed, with indications 

of their abundance and the tree part attacked. The 

principal defoliators include Atta spp., Neodiprion excitans 

Rohw., and Tropidacris dux (Dru.); the main barkborers 

include Dendroctonus spp., Ips bonanseai (Hopk.), 

and Melanophila notata (Lap. & Gory); and the principal 

species attacking felled trees and logs include termites, 

scolytids, buprestids, cerambycids, bostrichids, curculionids, 

and platypodids. 

Schulz, G. 1979. The use of wooden railroad ties in tropical 

regions (Verwendung von Holzschwellen in tropischen 

Gebieten). Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 37(12):469-472. 

Describes the conditions of moisture, temperature, insects, 

and decay fungi that effect problems with railroad ties and 

their protection. Discusses the need for suitable mechanical 

properties as well as durability. 

Seesman, P.A.; Colwell, R.R.; Zachary, A. 1978. 

Biodegradation of creosote/naphthalene-treated wood in the 

marine environment. College Park, MD: Department of Mi- 

crobiology, University of Maryland. Proceedings, American 

Wood-Preservers’ Association. 73:54-63. 

Describes the biodegradation of wood pilings, in a Puerto 

Rican harbor, by bacteria associated with Limnoria 

tripunctata. Naphthalene-treated creosote has a selective 

effect on the attachment microflora. 

Serpa, F.G. 1978. Efficiency of wood treated with sodium 

silicate against attack from marine borers (Eficiencia de 

madeira tratada com silicato de sodio contra o ataque de 

zilofagos marinhos). Preservacao de Madeiras. 8/9(1): 

61-64. 

Samples of Araucaria angustifolia were preserved with 

sodium silicate and exposed to attack by marine borers. 

Samples were damaged primarily by Bankia fimbriatula, 

though preserved samples showed greater resistance than 

control specimens. 

Serpa, F.G.; Karstedt, P. 1978. Natural resistance to 

marine borers of nine north and north-eastern Brazilian 

wood species. Floresta. 9(2):97-102. 

Serpa, F.G. 1978. Eradication and control of subter- 

ranean termites (Erradicacao e controle de termitas sub- 

terraneos). Boletin Tecnico. ITEP 1(1):5-12. 

Setliff, E. C.; Ryvarden, L. 1983. Fungi of Colombia 

VII. Some aphyllophoraceous wood-inhabiting fungi (Los 

hongos de Colombia VII.) Mycotaxon. 18(2):509-525. 

Siemon, G.R. 1981. Effect of C.C.A.-preservative treat- 

ment on bending strength of small clear specimens of high- 

temperature-dried and air-dried Caribbean pine. Queens- 

land, Australia: Department of Forestry. Tech. Pap. 27:4. 

Describes static bending tests performed on samples of Pi- 

nus caribaea varieties caribaea, hondurensis, and bahamen- 

sis treated with CCA. The treatment resulted in a small 

but significant loss of strength and stiffness. High tempera- 

ture drying of the specimens reduced MOR in CCA-treated

specimens. Appropriate grade classifications were assigned 

to the varieties based on strength according to the Stan- 

dards Association of Australia. 

Silva, D. de. 1979. Causes of wood durability under ma- 

rine conditions. In: Tamolang, F.N., ed. Wood quality and 

utilization of tropical species. Proceedings, International 

Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) con- 

ference, 1978 October 30-November 3; FORPRIDECOM, 

College, Laguna, Philippines: 91-95. 

Discusses results from studies that suggest inorganic de- 

posits, e.g. silica, do not contribute to natural durability. 

The toxic elements are believed to be secondary organic 

components which are thought toxic to juvenile marine bor- 

ers, a susceptible stage, and thus are successful in protect- 

ing the wood. 

Silva, L.E.; Gaeta, M.R. 1973. Study on wood preser- 

vatives and treatment processes (Estudo de preservativos 

de madeira e processos de tratamento). Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

Instituto Florestal. Boletin Tecnico. 7:8. 

Eucalyptus saligna posts were impregnated with differ- 

ent preservatives and field tested for two years. Untreated 

posts lasted less than two years, and preservatives contain- 

ing zinc were also quite ineffective. 

Silva, S.M.K.; Assumpcao, R.M.V. 1970. Contribution 

to the study of anti-fungal substances obtained from 

Brazilian woods. Pub. 799. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de 

Pesquisas Tecnologicas. 120 p. 

Silverborg, S.B.; Mayorca, L. de; Conejos, J. 1970. 

The relative durability of some Venezuelan timbers. Revista 

Forestal Venezolana. 13(19/20):61-72. 

Describes 40 Venezuelan wood specimens which were inoculated 

with fungi. The most durable species found were 

among the following: Bombacopsis quinata, Centrolobium 

paraense, Clarisia racemosa, Enterolobium schomburgkii, 

Hymenaea courbari, Platymiscium pinnatum, Swietenia 

macrophylla, and Tabebuia serratifolia. 

Slooten, H.J. van der; Lisboa, C.D.J.; Sobral Filho, 

M.; Pastore, F. 1976. Forest species of Amazonia: characteristics, 

properties, and wood engineering data (Especies 

florestais da Amazonia: charactericas, propiedades e dados 

de engenharia da madeira). PRODEPEF. Serie Tecnica. 

6:90. 

Explores the properties, as well as the drying and preservation 

properties of 10 species. Also lists recommended uses 

for each species. 

Socorro-G., N.M. del; Echenique-M., R.; Salinas- 

&, R. 1978. Laboratory indexes on wood-decay resistance 

properties in eleven Mexican forest tree species (Indices de 

laboratorio sobre resistencia de la madera a la pudricion en 

once especies forestales mexicanas). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: 

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Direccion 

General de Investigacion y Capacitacion Forestales, Boletin 

Tecnico. 31. 

Southwell, C.R.; Bultman, J.D. 1971. Marine borer re- 

sistance of untreated woods over long periods of immersion 

in tropical waters. Biotropica. 3(1):81-107. 

Splawa-N., S. 1970. Attempts of preservation of coni- 

ferrous wood meant for utilization in a tropical climate 

(Proby zabezpieczania drewna iglastego przeznaczonego 

do uzytkowania w klimacie tropikalnym). (Warsaw Szkola 

Glowna Gosp Wiejsk Lesnictwo):134-145. 

Stevenson, D.; Stevenson, N.S. 1925. Some secondary 

timbers of British Honduras. Tropical Woods. 4:12-16. 

Myristica panamensis, Calophyllum calaba, Vochysia hondurensis, 

and the Tamerins are discussed. A description 

of the trees and woods is provided. General characteristics 

related to preservation, such as damage of the wood by 

insects, are presented. 

Stillner, F.J. 1965. Railroad ties from white wood (Dormentes 

de Madeira Blanca). Relatorios do Servico de 

Madeiras do Ex-ITERS-Porto Alegre, Brazil, 1962, 964, 

e 1965. 

Stillner, F.J. 1969. Wood durability (Durabilidade de 

madeiras). Boletin 48. Porto Alegre, Brazil: Instituto Tecnologico 

do Rio Grande do Sul. 11 p. 

Stuardo, J.; Saelzer, H. 1972. Attack by Bankia 

martensi on some untreated Chilean timbers. Santiago, 

Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe Tecnico. 36:79-88. 

Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da Amazonia. 

1972. Report on the durability of 56 Amazonian timbers 

(Relatorio sobre durabilidade de 56 madeiras da Amazo- 

nia). SUDAM Documenta. 3(1/4):173-175. 

Taylor, J.A. 1966. Treating plant feasibility in Peru. 

U.S. Rural Electrification Administration. REA Bull. 44-4 

and 345-9, 1960. 10 p. 

Taylor, J.A. 1978. Wood preservation in Latin America. 

In: Proceedings, American Wood-Preservers’ Association. 

73:26-29. 

Describes the political structure in Latin America and the 

preference for small regional industries as opposed to large 

structured industries. 

Teixeira, M.L.; Lima, J.T.; Couto, L.C. 1987. Preservation 

of wooden posts: sap substitution method (Preservacao 

de moiroes de madeira. Processo substituicao seiva). 

Boletin-Tecnico-da-Escola- Superior-de-Agricultura-de- 

Lavras. 9:14. 

Presents a method of treating posts with a solution of boric 

acid, potassium dichromate, and CuSO4. 

Tinto, J. 1961. Primary results of the durability of im- 

pregnated posts and vine trellises (Primeros resultados so- 

bre durabilidad de postes y rodrigones impregnados). Fol- 

letos Tecnicos Forestales. 15:12. 

Gives data from dozens of different preservative treatments 

of wood and makes some recommendations as to preferred 

treatment. 

Tinto, J.C. 1960. Study of the preservation of wood in 

Argentina (Estado actual de la preservacion de maderas 

en la republica Argentina). Notas Tecnologicas Forestales. 

13:6. 

The industrial plants in Argentina capable of wood preseva- 

tion, and methods employed to preserve wood in 1960, are 

noted. 

Tinto, J.C. 1967. Present situation with regard to wood 

preservation in Argentina (Panorama actual de la preservacion 

de maderas en la Republica Argentina). Folletos 

Tecnicos Forestales. 29. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Forestal, 

Administracion Nacional de Bosques. 10 p. 

Reviews the state of preservation plants and research insti- 

tutions in Argentina. 

67

Tinto, J.C. 1967. Permeability of wood of exotic species 

cultivated in Argentina. Nota Tecnologica. 25. Buenos 

Aires, Argentina: Forestal, Administracion Nacional de 

Bosques. 4 p. 

Classifies 30 species on the basis of degree and type of per- 

meability to liquids. 

Tinto, J.C. 1978. Contribution of the forestry sector to 

the construction of housing (Aporte del sector forestal a la 

construccion de viviendas). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Insti- 

tuto Forestal Nacional. Folleto Tecnico Forestal. 44:167. 

Includes a section on wood preservation treatments and 

woods useable for housing. 

Tinto, J.C. 1978. Timber preservation for the rural sec- 

tor in Argentina (Preservacion de la madera para el sector 

rural en Argentina). In: Proceedings, 8th World Forestry 

Congress; 1978 October 16-28; Jakarta, Indonesia. FID- 

II/22-8. 4 p. 

Tinto, J.C. 1960. Impregnation of posts for rural use (Im- 

pregnacion de postes para uso rural). Folletos Tecnicos 


Presents data from many tests performed on a wide variety 

of species to determine the best methods of impregnating 

posts with preservatives. 

Torres, L.; Silverborg, S. B. 1972. Study on the natu- 

ral durability of teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) (Estudio so- 

bre la durabilidad natural de la teca (Tectona grandis L. 

f.). Merida, Venezuela: National Forest Products Labora- 

tory. Boletin, Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano. (41/42): 

63-70. 

The natural durability of teak heartwood and sapwood was 

tested in soil/block tests with Ustulina deusta, Polyporus 

versicolor, and Lenzites trabea. 

Tuk-D., J.B. 1987. Evaluation and uses of two tree 

species for round posts treated with Xilocrom (CCB) by 

immersion (Evaluacion y usos de dos especies forestales ap- 

tas para postes rollizos tratados con Xilocrom (CCB) por 

inmersion). Tecnologia en Marcha. 8(2-3):59-70. 

Poles of Gmelina arborea and Casearia sylvestris were 

treated with xilocrom, and information on the cost of treat- 

ment, penetration, appearance, and practical applications of 

treatment are noted. 

Uribe-C., E. 1985. Preservative treatments of wood for 

use in home construction (Los tratamientos de preservacion 

de madera usada en la construccion de vivendas). In: Sem- 

inario interno sobre definicion de lineas de accion en el uso 

de la madera en vivendas. Concepcion, Chile: Intendencia 

region del Biobio. 8 p. 

Uribe-C., E. 1986. Laboratory for the preservative treat- 

ment of wood. Concepcion, Chile: Universidad del Biobio. 

69 p. 

Vidal-P, R.; Diaz-V., J.E.; Poblete-W, H.; Poblete- 

W, H.F. 1981. Properties of Pinus radiata particleboards 

treated against termites (Propiedades de tableros de partic- 

ulas de Pinus radiata (D. Don) preservados contra termi- 

tos). Bosque. 4(1):49-54. 

Laboratory-made boards treated with Basileum SI, 

Basileum SPI, Xyligen CE 5046 TF, or Xyligen CE 5021 

TF had reduced tensile strength and increased bending 

68 

strength. All treated boards were highly resistant to at- 

tacks from Kalotermes chilensis. 

Vilchis-A., M.B.; Pinzon-P., L.M. 1984. Micro- 

morphological aspects of white rot caused by some wood- 

decomposing fungi on tropical woods under natural condi- 

tions (Aspectos micromorfologicos de la pudricion blanca 

causada por algunos hongos xilofagos en maderas tropi- 

cales bajo condiciones naturales.) Inst. Biol., Univ. Mex- 

ico, Mexico City, Mexico. Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana 

de Micologia. 19:179-191. 

Describes studies of the damage to wood by four wood rotting 

fungi, Pleurotus roseopilatus, Polyporus occidentalis, 

Poria sp., and Trametes corrugata. To study the action 

of the fungi, safranine-picroaniline blue and safranine fast 

green were used to follow the growth of hyphae and the extent 

of damage to the wood. Fibres had less hyphal growth 

and more deterioration, and vessel elements more hyphal 

growth and less deterioration, and parenchyma cells had 

hyphal growth in direct proportion to the deterioration. 

Vital, B.R. 1982. Preservatives and wood preserving 

methods without pressure (Preservativos e metodos de 

preservacao de madeiras sem pressao.) Boletin Tecnico. 

SIF 2: 42 p. 

Watanabe, L.Y. and others. 1973. Inspection on field 

plots from Sao Paulo State to evaluate the performance of 

wood preservatives and treatment processes (Inspecao aos 

campos de apodrecimento existentes em diversas regioes de 

Estado de Sao Paulo, para estudo comparativo de preservativos 

de madeira e processos de tratamento). Preservacao 

de Madeiras. 3/4(1):7-39. 

Wiessel, C. 1983. Preservation of fence posts by the 

modified Boucherie method (Preservacion de postes para 

cerca por el metodo Boucherie modificado). Tecnologia-en- 

Marcha. 6(2):29-32. 

Fence posts of Alnus acuminata were treated with a 2 per- 

cent concentration of copper acid chromate using the modi- 

fied Boucherie method. 

Wolcott, G.N. 1924. The comparative resistance of woods 

to the attack of the termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker). 

San Juan, Puerto Rico: Insular Experiment Station Bull. 

33:15. 

Wolcott, G.N. 1946. A list of woods arranged according 

to their resistance to the attack of the West Indian dry- 

wood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker). Rio Piedras, 

Puerto Rico: Caribbean Forester. 7(4):329-336. 

Wolcott, G.N. 1948. The resistance to dry-wood ter- 

mite attack of some Central American woods. Rio Piedras, 

Puerto Rico: Caribbean Forester. 9(1):53-56. 

Wolcott, G.N. 1950. An index to the termite-resistance 

of woods. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: University of Puerto 

Rico, Agricultural Experiment Station. Bull. 85:26. 

A rating system is given for the resistance of about 200 

species of wood to attack by the West Indian dry-wood 

termite Cryptotermes brevis (Walker). 

Wright, J.E.; Blumenfeld, S.N. 1984. New South 

American species of Phellinus (Hymenochaetaceae). Buenos 

Aires, Argentina: University of Buenos Aires, Facultad 

Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Mycotaxon. 21:413-425. 

Describes six new species of Phellinus including P. daedali- 

formis found in decayed Tabebuia wood.

Wright, J.E.; Deschamps, J.R. 1976. Fungal deterio- 

ration of Salicaceae in the delta (Deterioro fungico de sal- 

icaceas en el Delta). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fac. Nat. 

Sci., University, IDIA, 337/342:52-55. 

Describes fungi causing decay in the wood of Salix and 

Populus spp. Coriolellus malicola caused the greatest wood 

decay. Other species causing decay were Coriolus versicolor, 

Fomitopsis submurina, Ganoderma applanatum, Phelli- 

nus igniarius, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Trametes extenuata, 

and T. trogii. On stored logs Stereum [Chondrostereum] 

purpureum had the highest incidence. 

Wright, J.E.; Deschamps, J.R.; Rovetta, G.S. 

1973. Wood-decomposing basidiomycetes of the Argen- 

tine Mesopotamia. I. Polyporus trametoides (Basid- 

iomicetos xilofilos de la region mesopotamica. I. Poli- 

poros trametoides). Buenos Aires, Argentina: University 

of Buenos Aires, Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. 

5,10( 3): 11 7-1 79. 

Describes with illustrations of fruiting bodies, 14 spp. 

found in the Mesopotamian region of Argentina. The fungi 

belong to Coriolellus, Coriolopsis, Hexagona, Spongipellis, 

Trametes, and Tyromyces. The descriptions include a new 

species, T. delbustoi, and H. caperata, a new combination. 

Zachary, A.; Colwell, R.R. 1979. Gut-associated mi- 

croflora of Limnoria tripunctata in marine creosote-treated 

wood pilings. Nature. 282(5740):716-717. 

Although the marine isopod Limnoria tripunctata Menzies 

is unique among wood-borers in its ability to inhabit and 

severely damage creosote-treated wooden structures, little is 

known of the nature of its apparent resistance to creosote. 

When the animal is reared on untreated wood, its digestive 

tract appears to be free of microorganisms. In this paper, 

the authors report, in contrast, that microorganisms were 

readily observed in the digestive tract of examples of L. 

tripunctata found inhabiting creosote-preserved wooden pil- 

ings at Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, in December 1976. 

Furthermore, isopods from such preserved wood apparently 

possessed a resident gut microflora, which was in close asso- 

ciation with the lining of the intestinal tract and separated 

by a peritrophic membrane from other microorganisms in- 

gested during wood boring. 

Zubieta, G.J.; Gomez, C.E.; Bonanni, E.O. 1960. 

Durability of telephone posts (Durabilidad de posted de 

madera en lineas aereas telegraficas). Folletos Tecnicos 

Forest ales. 8: 33. 

Provides field observations on the durability of 1,600+ 

posts of 23 species. 

Zubieta, G.J.; Masoni, S.L. 1980. Durability and biolog- 

ical decay of wooden posts for overhead lines (Durabilidad 

y anomalias biologicas de los postes de madera para lin- 

eas aereas). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Forestal 

Nacional. Folleto Tecnico Forestal. 61:90. 

69

Veneer and Plywood Manufacture 

Veneering properties of wood, veneering techniques, 

plywood manufacture, industry (characterized by coun- 

try), bending, and laminating. 

AIMA. 1985. Catalogo. Quito, Ecuador: AIMA (Asocia- 

cion de Industriales Madereros Ecuador). 62 p. 

Primarily a catalog of information on the AIMA orga- 

nization, information on plywood from Ecuador is also 

included. 

Anon. 1970. Central and South America need develop- 

ment. World Wood. 11(8):59-61, 64-67. 

Anon. 1971. Maderas y Chapas de Narino, S/A. World 

Wood. 12(4) : 5-9. 

Anon. 1971. New [Brazilian] specifications for the stan- 

dardization and grading of composite wood products. 


Gives the text of a decree passed in May 1971, with a 

view to the export market, relating to plywood, door fac- 

ings, blockboard, and packing containers of Araucaria 

angustifolia. 

Anon. 1971. Some useful information on woods from 

Amazonia (Algumas informacoes uteis sobre madeiras Ama- 

zonicas). Belem, Para, Brazil: SUDAM (Superintendencia 

do Desenvolvimento da Amazonia) Documenta. 3(1/4): 

133-177. 

Presents summarized data on the use of a large number 

of species from the Amazon for rotary or sliced veneer 

production 

Anon. 1971. Veneers for local markets sliced and peeled in 

Panama operation. World Wood. 12(12):2-3. 

Anon. 1972. Corestock plant far up Amazon ships lupuna 

to U.S. East Coast. World Wood. 13(1):2-4. 

Anon. 1975. Thinboard sells well in Mexico. World Wood. 

16( 4) : 17. 

Anon. 1977. Brazilians slice precious veneers for export to 

world markets. World Wood. 18(5):11. 

Anon. 1978. In Argentina: pulp group invests in solid 

wood products. World Wood. 19(10):46-47. 

Anon. 1978. In Ecuador: wood products companies 

unite to install high quality plywood mill. World Wood. 

19( 12) :22-23. 

Anon. 1978. In Mexico’s highlands: integrated mill cen- 

ters on panels. World Wood. 19(8):12-13. 

Anon. 1978. Jungle plymill has limitless log supply. 

World Wood. 19(7):12-13. 

A highly automated plywood mill, costing $3 million, is 

nearing completion at Iquitos, Peru. Some 14 commercial 

hardwoods are available: lapuna and virola are the most 

heavily used. The mill is able to produce a variety of ply- 

wood dimensions, with an estimated production of 1,500 

m 3 /month. 

70 

Anon. 1982. Abundant peeler species supplies Colombian 

mill. World Wood. 23(2):24-25. 

Anon. 1985. Ecuador-exports, wood products. UNC- 

TAD/GATT. Quito, Ecuador: International Trade Center. 

18 p. 

Anon. 1985. Latin America: planting slows deforestation 

rates. World Wood. 26(6):23-29. 

Anon. 1986. Economic problems stifle Latin America’s 

industry. World Wood. 27 (5) : 29-3 2. 

Arroyo-P., J. 1985. Technical guide for the use of 

Venezuelan woods (Guia tecnologica para la utilizacion 

de maderas venezolanas). Merida, Venezuela: Facultad de 

Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de los Andes. 

Azevedo-C., A. de. 1984. Papermaking study of a mix- 

ture of ‘leftover log rolls’ from plywood plants in the Ama- 

zonas State, Brazil. Papel. 45:48-58. 

Describes the use of waste plywood cores from Calophyllum 

brasiliense, Copaifera multijuga, Hevea guianensis, and Vi- 

rola surinamensis for the manufacture of corrugated board. 

The neutral sulphite high-yield process was used. 

Beekman, W.B. 1958. A new veneer wood: Imbuia 

(Phoebe pirosa). La Revue du Bois et ses Applications. 

13(2) :19-21. 

Notes the characteristics of this veneer wood, as well as 

providing information on the history of its export to Eu- 

rope. The prospects for future use of this species are con- 

sidered to be favorable. 

Blackman, Ted. 1979. Ecuador’s first plymill produces 

15,000 m 3 /yr. World Wood. 20(3):21-22. 

Blackman, Ted. 1979. Mexico’s largest plymill expands. 

World Wood. 20(3):22. 

Blackman, Ted. 1980. Costa Rica board mill processes 

neighboring plymill’s lathe cores. World Wood. 21(6): 

18-19. 

Blackman, Ted. 1980. Remote Amazon plymill to ex- 

pand production, diversity. World Wood. 21(5):22-23. 

Bruce, R.W. 1976. Production and distribution of Ama- 

zon timber (Producao e distribucicao de madeira amazon- 

ica). FO:DP/BRA/71/545. Field Doc. No. 21, Brasilia, 

Brazil. Rome, Italy: United Nations Development Pro- 

gram, Food and Agriculture Organization. 60 p. 

Camara Argentina de la Industria de Maderas. 1972. 

Young plantations and the supply of raw material to the 

plywood industry (Las reforestaciones jovenes y la provi- 

sion de materias primas para la industria de maderas com- 

pensadas). In: Proceedings, 7th World Forestry Congress, 

Centrol Cultural General san Martin 1972 October 4-18; 

Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: FAO- 

Instituto Forestal Nacional: 5:6346-6347. 

Emphasized need for greater reforestation in Argentina to 

meet the needs of the plywood industry. 

Davis, W.E. 1972. Efficient Mexican plywood mill peels 

7 species of pine. World Wood. 13(13):6-7.

Davis, W.E. 1973. Smooth running plywood plant turns 

out 26,000 m 2 daily. World Wood. 14(5):4-5. 

FAO. 1963. Plywood and other wood-based panels. In: In- 

ternational consultation on plywood and other wood based 

panel products. Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food and 

Agriculture Organization. Vol. 1-5. ca. 1400 p. 

FAO. 1970. Development of the wood-based panel industry 

in Latin America. In: Proceedings, regional consultation 

on the development of the forest and pulp and paper in- 

dustries in Latin America; 1970 May 19-26; Mexico, D.F., 

Mexico. ECLA/FAO/UNIDO. FORIND 70. Pap. 3. 98 p. 

Covers the production, capacity, and end use of the veneer, 

plywood, fiberboard, and particleboard industry in Latin 

America. 

Fernandez, C.C. 1974. Structures composed of solid 

wood and plywood (Estructuras compuestas de madera 

soida y madera contrachapada). Civil Engineering thesis. 

San Pedro, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica. Series 

T, No. 13. 

Franklin, W.E. 1979. Steps to develop a lumber 

or plywood mill from an existing timber resource 

base. In: Economic commission for Europe, 

Timber Committee: Seminar on the utilization 

of tropical hardwoods; 1979 May 15-18; Amsterdam 

(Netherlands). ECE Rep. TIM/SEM.8/R.13. 

9 p. 

Fraser, H.R., Jr. 1980. Quality milled products 

from “unwanted” Amazon sinker logs. World Wood. 

2 1 (7): 16-1 8. 

FUDECO. 1971. Preliminary information on the possible 

use of 17 woods, from the west central region of Venezuela 

for fabrication of packing crates (Informe preliminar de ap- 

titud para la fabrication de embalajes de 17 maderas de la 

region centro-occidental de Venezuela). Plan FUDECO. 

Merida, Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes. 23 p. 

Provides physical and mechanical data on woods, as well as 

information on veneering these species. 













Harzmann, L.J. 1965. Development of the wood-based 

materials industry in tropical countries. (Entwicklungstrend 

der Holzwerkstoffindustrie in den tropischen Landern). In: 

Entwidtlung der Zellstoff-, Papier- und Plattenproduktion 

tropischer lander. German Democratic Republic, Technis- 

che Universitat Dresden, Sektion Forstwirtschaft: Study 

texts for further education: tropical forestry. (Studienma- 

terial fur die weiterbildung. Tropische). Forstwirtschaft. 

Dresden, German Democratic Republic, Technische Univer- 

sitat. 55 p. 

Describes tropical plywood, particleboard, and fibreboard 

production for the period 1950-1963, with projections to 

1975 and further discussions of the future beyond 1975. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1987. Technological vision of the 

Chilean forest industry (Vision tecnologica de la industria 

forestal chilena). Informe Tecnico. 105. Santiago, Chile: 

INFOR-CORFO (Instituto Nacional Forestal-Corporacion 

de Fomento de la Production). 

IUFRO. 1976. Veneer species of the world. Printed on 

behalf of International Union of Forestry Research Organi- 

zations (IUFRO). Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agri- 

culture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 227 p. 

A compilation of data on veneer species from ten forest 

products laboratories. One hundred and forty-one species 

are covered, including names, locality, estimated timber 

volume, physical characteristics, and suitability for ve- 

neer. Drying, cutting, and gluing are also covered for some 

species. 

Jankowsky, I.P. 1979. Quality of veneer from (Pinus 

strobus (Martinez) var. chiapensis) obtained for peeling 

(Qualidades das laminas de (Pinus strobus (Martinez) var. 

chiapensis) obtidas pr desenrolamento). Brazil, Piraci- 

caba. Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF). 

(16):50-59, June 1978. 

Knife angles and nosebar pressure recommendations are 

made for peeling veneer and plywood manufacture. 

Jankowsky, I.P. 1979. Rapidly developing (timber) 

species as raw material for the plywood industry (Especies 

de rapido desenvolvimento como materia-prima para a in- 

dustria de paineis compensados). Revista da madeira, Sao 

Paulo: Editora Industrial Teco. 

Jones, A. 1980. Duty-free tropical plywood imports get 

into another tangle. Woodworking Industry. London: Benn 

Publications. 

Karstedt, P.; Simioni, A. 1979. Some aspects of the 

Brazilian timber industry (Einige Aspekte der brasilianis- 

chen Holzwirtschaft). Parana, Brazil: Forest Faculty, State 

University, Parana, Curitiba, Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift, 

(29) :794-798. 

Describes products from plantation species grown in Brazil. 

Product groups discussed include charcoal (for steel indus- 

try), poles (for electrification programs), sleepers, and fiber- 

board (for export) (principally of Eucalyptus spp.); lumber 

products (principally of Araucaria angustifolia, Pinus elliot- 

tii, and P. taeda); plywood and particleboard (Eucalyptus 

and Pine spp.); and finished furniture for export. 

Koehler, A. 1928. Tests on six Argentine woods. Tropical 

Woods. 14:15-20. Tests determining the specific gravity, 

shrinkage, seasoning qualities, and suitability for veneer 

were performed. Six species from Argentina were tested, 

including Torresia cearensis, Cedrela fissilis, Piptadenia 

macrocarpa, P. communis, Calycophyllum multiflorum, and 

Phyllostylon brasiliensis. Piptadenia macrocarpa was noted 

as especially promising for veneer production. 

Lella, E.F. di. 1947. The plywood making industry of 

Argentina (La industria de maderas conpensadas en la Re- 

publica Argentina). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ministerio de 

Agricultura de la Nacion. Publicacion Tecnica. 10. 95 p. 

71

Reports on the veneer and plywood situation in Argentina, 

including the history of manufacture, description of species, 

methods of manufacture, and production costs. 

Lella, E.F. di. 1960. Characteristics of forest species suit- 

able for plywood (Caracteristicas de las especies forestales 

aptas para compensados). Buenos Aires, Argentina: No- 

tas Tecnologicas Forestales Administracion Nacional de 

Bosques. 9:7. 

Provides physical and mechanical properties of 22 species 

used in Argentina for plywood and recommends another 13 

for future trial. 

Lella, E.F. di. 1966. Forest species suitable for the wood 

industries. Forest species suitable for the plywood industry. 

Mexico Forestal. 41(5; 6):22-24; 20. 

Recommends five species for plywood after reviewing the 

properties of a number of species. 

Lelles, J.G. de. 1977. Adaptability of the woods of 

four little-known species from southeastern Parana in 

the production of industrial plywood (Adapatabilidade 

das madeiras de quatro especies ocorrentes no sudeste do 

Parana, pouco conhecidas na prducao de compensados in- 

dustrias). In: Postgraduate course in forestry. Curitiba, 

Parana, Brazil: Parana Federal University. M.Sc. thesis. 

Floresta. 8(1):33-60. 

The results of laboratory trials that evaluated several 

species for their plywood-making potential are provided. 

Piptocarpha angustifolia produced sheets of quality suitable 

for face veneers. 

Martinez-P., E. 1989. Bending-lamination of wood 

(Laminado-doblado de la madera). In: Boletin Tecnico, La 

Madera y Su Uso 24. Mexico, DF, Mexico: Instituto Na- 

cional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, INIREB. 

19 p. 

The bending-lamination wood technique, which facilitates 

the production of curved elements, constitutes an interest- 

ing option for the industry of wood-based products. Basic 

principles and procedures for the utilization of this tech- 

nology are described, including a review of the appropriate 

raw material, the type of jigs, the spreading of adhesive, 

the fitting and pressing of layers into the molds. Some rec- 

ommendations on how to obtain an adequate setting of the 

adhesive are offered. 

Mason, D.C. 1974. Peruvian mill plans expansion. World 

Wood. 15(13):10-11. 

Mason, D.C. 1975. Quality veneers aim of Masul S/A. 

World Wood. 16(1):23. 

Mason, D.C. 1976. Brazil plymill makes houses. World 

Wood. 17(3):20. 

Mason, D.C. 1977. Tough skin sells Brazil mill’s plywood. 

World Wood. 18(7):13-14. 

A brief account of the production of plywood with a 1-mm 

facing of impregnated kraft paper. It is used mainly for 

concrete formwork, and up to 60 reuses are claimed. 

Mattos Filho, A. de.; Rizzini, C.T. 1960. Contribu- 

tions on a study of Vochysia thyrsoidea Pohl (Vochysi- 

aceae) (Contribuicao ao estudo de Vochysia thyrsoidea Pohl 

(Vochysiaceae). Rodriguesia. 23/24(35/36):83-97. 

72 

Describes anatomy of Vochysia thyrsoidea wood and the 

taxonomy of the species. 

Maydell, H.J. von. 1974. Grading of tropical timbers. 

(Die Sortierung von Tropenholz). Holz als Roh- und Werk- 

stoff. 32(1):30-34. 

Discusses the complex existing regional and national grad- 

ing rules, the differing requirements for internal and exter- 

nal markets, and the requirements for roundwood, sawn 

timber, and wood-based materials (veneers, plywood, pulp- 

ing chips, fiberboard, particleboard). Some suggestions are 

made on the grading of tropical timbers, and it is pointed 

out that grading is only worth while if the value of the 

products is increased sufficiently to cover the costs involved. 

Morales-V., A.; Johnston, P. 1974. Development of 

the wood panel producing industry (Sintesis de la industria 

productora de paneles de madera). Bogota, Colombia: In- 

stituto de Desarrollo de los Recursos Naturales Renovables 

(INDERENA). 35 p. 

The physical and mechanical properties of twelve species 

used for wood panels in Colombia are provided. Addition- 

ally, all aspects of the wood panel industry in Colombia, 

from wood resources and manufacture procedure to sales, 

are listed. 

Ogle, P.L. 1980. Amazon plymill’s marketing needs close 

quality control. World Wood. 21(9):9-10. 

Ogle, P.L. 1980. Innovative Brazilian firm to slice tropical 

softwood. World Wood. 21(13):22-23. 

Oktem, E. 1978. Comparison of the bond-degrade- 

accelerating systems of national plywood standards. In: 

Proceedings of the 7th world forestry congress, Centro 


Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Fore- 


Perez-G., V. Antonio. 1982. Mechanical and associated 

properties of plywood manufactured in Chile (Propiedades 

mecanicas y asociadas del contrachapado fabricado en 

Chile). Santiago de Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe Tec- 

nico 81:41. 

Tests including static bending, compression, tension, tough- 

ness, shear, and impact were performed on plywood pro- 

duced in Chile by five national manufacturers. 

Rivera, Adolfo. 1969. Production and drying veneer 

of Guayanan woods (Maderas de Guayana produccion y 

secado de chapas). Merida, Venezuela. Universidad de los 

Andes, Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales. 4:33. 

Provides information on the conditioning and drying of 42 

species of Guayanan woods used for veneer. Tables sum- 

marize working properties and drying times, and woods 

that will produce veneers for specific products, e.g., exterior 

plywood, are noted. 

SARH (Secretaria de Agricultura Y Recursos 

Hidraulicos). 1982. The wood panel industry in Mex- 

ico (La industria de los tableros de madera en Mexico). 

Mexico, D.F., Mexico: SARH. 99 p. 

Slooten, H.J. van der. 1970. Forest industries develop- 

ment survey, Guyana. Evaluation study of eighteen wood 

species from Guyana for veneer and plywood manufacture.

FAO, SF/GUY 9, Tech. Rep. No. 13. Rome, Italy: United 

Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 75 p. 

Provides standard data for eight species that could be used 

for utility veneer and plywood, and on the suitablility of 10 

species for decorative veneer (though three were rejected as 

unsuitable). 

Tamm-J., G. 1972. Test of Chilean adhesives used in 

wood lamination. Santiago, Chile: Informe Tecnico, In- 

stituto Forestal. 36:266-274. 

Describes tests with neoprene, polyvinyl acetate, epoxy, 

urea formaldehyde, and casein adhesives. Data are given on 

adhesion to wood at different moisture contents, different 

wood species (Fitzroya cupressoides, Nothofagus dombeyi, 

and Pinus radiata), and to preservative-treated wood. 

Valdes-S., H. 1983. Industries derived from wood (Indus- 

trias derivadas de la madera). Proceedings: Primer Con- 

greso Nacional de Industria derivadas de la madera; 1983; 


Vidal-P., R.; Diaz-V. J.E.; Poblete-W., H. 1981. 

Properties of Pinus radiata particleboards treated against 

termites (Propiedades de tableros de particulas de Pinus 

radiata (D. Don) preservados contra termitos). Bosque. 

4(1):49-54. 

Particleboards prepared in the Valdivia laboratory were 

treated with the insecticides ‘Basileum SI,’ ‘Basileum SPI,’ 

‘Xyligen CE 5046 TF,’ or ‘Xyligen CE 5021 TF’ (3 treat- 

ments each). The boards were then evaluated for tensile 

strength perpendicular to surface, bending strength, and 

swelling. Tensile strength was reduced, bending strength in- 

creased, and swelling was generally unchanged. The treat- 

ments were effective against the dry wood termite Kaloter- 

mes chilensis. 

Welsh, G.S. 1963. A review of the existing manufacture 

and prospects for the further development of wood based 

panel products in Chile. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal, 

Information Pap. 5:122. 

73

Reconstituted Board Products 

Particleboard, hardboard, and fiberboard; wood prop- 

erties relative to board manufacture, manufacturing 

techniques, and board property evaluations. 

Anon. 1971. Maderas y Chapas de Narino, S/A. World 

Wood. 12(4):5-9. 

Anon. 1975. Thinboard sells well in Mexico. World Wood. 

16(4) : 17. 

Anon. 1977. Brazilian board mill has three lines. World 

Wood. 18(8):18-19. 

Anon. 1977. Brazilian mill uses eucalyptus. World Wood. 

18(4) :30-31. 

Anon. 1977. Mexican board complex restarts. World 

Wood. 18( 10): 12-13. 

Anon. 1977. Wood complex has four lines. World Wood. 

18( 13) 120-21. 



Anon. 1978. In Mexico’s highlands: integrated mill cen- 

ters on panels. World Wood. 19(8):12-13. 

Anon. 1978. Jungle plymill has limitless log supply. 

World Wood. 19(7):12-13. 

Anon. 1978. Mexican plant features low resin usage. 

World Wood. 19(1):12-13. 

Anon. 1980. Particleboard a rising star of Mexico. World 

Wood. 21(11):29. 

Anon. 1981. Industry News: Chilean particleboard plant 

comes on stream. Wood Based Panels International. 1(6):4. 

Anon. 1983. Focus on South America: Chilean hard- 

board for world markets. Wood Based Panels International. 

3( 2) :41. 

Anon. 1983. Industry News: Argentine MDF plant on 

variable raw material. Wood Based Panels International. 

1(6):8. 

Anon. 1984. News: fiberboard in Chile. Wood Based 

Panels International. 5(4):5. 

Anon. 1984. News: Duratex buys two Brazilian particle- 

board producers. Wood Based Panels International. 5(3):3. 

Anon. 1985. Ecuador-exports, wood products. UNC- 

TAD/GATT. Quito, Ecuador: International Trade Center. 

18 p. 

Anon. 1985. New Panels 1985: MDF. Mexican MDF mill 

to install continuous press. Wood Based Panels Interna- 

tional. 5 (4) : 20. 

Anon. 1986. Lamination & Surfacing: Laminates are big 

business for Brazil’s CQIL (Companhia Quimica Industrial 

de Laminados). Wood Based Panels International. 6(1):40. 

Asplund, A. 1978. Trends and developments in the manu- 

facture of fiberboard. In: Proceedings, 7th World Forestry 

74 

Congress, 1972 October 4-18; Centro Cultural General San 

Martin; Buenos Aires, Argentina: 5:6675-6685. 

Auchter, R.J. 1978. Proceedings of conference on im- 

proved utilization of tropical forests; 1978 May 21-26; 

Madison, WI. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agricul- 

ture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 569 p. 

Contains 23 papers on: harvesting, transport and storage, 

wood fibre, and reconstituted products research, industrial 

plans and practices, and investment considerations. 

Blackman, Ted. 1979. Extensive modernization boosts 

production at hardboard plant. World Wood. 20(13):14. 

Blackman, Ted. 1979. US $20 million particleboard plant 

will be Mexico’s largest. World Wood. 20(5):39. 

Blackman, Ted. 1980. Thinboard goes big in Mexico. 

World Wood. 21(3):10-11. 

Cruz, A. 1980. Properties of experimental particleboard 

from three Costa Rican hardwoods (Procesamiento de 

maderas tropicales de alta densidad. Acta de la reunion de 

International Union of Forestry Research Organizations) In: 

Proceedings of an International Union of Forestry Research 

Organization (IUFRO) meeting; 1977 October 2-9; Merida, 

Venezuela. Merida, Venezuela: Laboratroio Nacional de 

Productos Forestales. 23 p. 

Describes a study of three Costa Rican woods for use as 

particleboard furnish. Tests conducted on the boards in- 

cluded internal bond, static bending, screw withdrawal, and 

linear expansion. The species used in the experiment were 

ceiba (Ceiba pentandra), pilon (Hieronyma alchorneoides), 

and copal (Protium costaricense). Average board proper- 

ties except longitudinal expansion exceeded U.S. Commer- 

cial Standard 236-66 for 1B2 grade particleboard. Board 

properties tested increased with higher density and resin 

content, and decreased with increasing wood density or a 

change from flake particles to a flake-shavings mixture. 

Davis, W.E. 1973. Mexican particleboard plant uses mill 

residues plus tree tops/limbs. World Wood. 14(1):2-4. 

FAO. 1970. Development of the wood-based panel indus- 

try in Latin America. In: Regional consultation on the 

development of the forest and pulp and paper industries 

in Latin America: 1970 May 19-26; Mexico D.F., Mexico. 

ECLA/FAO/UNIDO, FORIND 70, PAPER 3: 3-7. 

Garcia, R.R. 1961. Particleboard: possibilities for its 

manufacture in Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Misc. 

For. Adm. Nac. Bosques. 4: 8 p. 

Lists species that may be suitable for particleboard manu- 

facture from a wide variety of Argentinian forests. 










isons were made with Liriodendron tulipifera. In general,



INFOR-CORFO. 1987. Technology and perspectives on 

particle boards of the waferboard, flakeboard, and OSB 

type (Tecnologia y perspectivas de tableros de particulas 

tipo waferboards, flakeboards y OSB). Santiago, Chile: 

INFOR-CORFO (Instituto Forestal-Corporacion de Fo- 

mento de la Produccion. Informe Tecnico. 109:89. 

A review of worldwide information on the manufacture and 

properties of specific types of particleboards not tradition- 

ally manufactured in Chile. Includes a bibliography of 114 

citations and an annex of international standards. 

Koljonen, K. 1977. Projection of demand for wood-based 

panels in Brazil, 1975-2000 (Projecoes de demanda de 

paineis a base de madeira no Brasil, 1975-2000). Brasilia, 

Brazil: Ministerio da Agricultura, Instituto Brasileiro de 

Desenvolvimento Florestal. Serie Tecnica. 1:72. 

Labante. 1974. Technological study of the woods of the 

Llanos Occidentales (Expedited study, first part) (Estu- 

dio tecnologico de las maderas de los llanos occidentales 

(Estudio expeditivo, primera parte)). Merida, Venezuela: 

Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales. 94 p. 

Mason, D.C. 1975. Duratex achieves high production 

with single product board plant. World Wood. 16(9):7-8. 

Mason, D.C. 1976. Eucatex makes largest hardboard 

panel. World Wood. 17(10):17-19. 

Hardboard 8 by 20 ft is produced from Eucalyptus saligna 

by the Eucatex Co. of Salto, Brazil. 

Myers, G.C. 1979. Hardboards from mixed tropical hard- 

woods. Forest Products Journal. 29(5):44-48. 

Chip mixtures prepared from secondary hardwood species 

were collected in Colombia, Ghana, and the Philippine Is- 

lands. All chip mixtures readily fiberized in a presurized 

refiner, producing excellent fiber. All classes of hardboards 

had excellent dimensional stability with small linear and 

thickness movement. The surfaces of all hardboards were 

excellent and would be suitable for finishing operations. 

Morales-V., A.; Johnston, P. 1974. Development of 

the wood panel producing industry (Sintesis de la industria 

productora de paneles de madera). Bogota, Colombia: In- 

stituto de Desarrollo de los Recursos Naturales Renovables 

(INDERENA). 35 p. 

Nakamura, R.M.; Sobral Filho, M. 1982. Particleboard 

of a mixture of tropical species from Amazonia (Aglom- 

erado de mistura de especies tropicais da Amazonia). 

Brasilia, Brazil: Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento 

Florestal. De Serie Tecnica. 4:10. 

Using a mixture of the wood of 36 species from Amazonia, 

particleboard was manufactured that met the strength and 

thickness stability requirements for structural panels. 

Nico, R. 1957. Wood particles bonded with synthetic 

resins (Paneles de particulas de maderas ligadas con resinas 

sinteticas). La Plata, Argentina: Publicacion del Laborato- 

rio de Ensayo de Materiales e Investigaciones Tecnologicas. 

76(2):34. 

Covers raw materials, types of particleboards, and their 

manufacturing process. 

Peredo, M.; Poblete, H. 1979. Inclusion of forest 

biomass in the fabrication of particleboard (Inclusion de 

biomasa forestal en la fabricacion de tebleros de particulas). 

Bosque 7(1):9-16. 

Pleydell, G.J. 1978. Increasing the utilization of sec- 

ondary species through the manufacture of wood-based 

panels. In: Proceedings of the 7th world forestry congress; 

1972 October 4-18; Ceritro Cultural General San Martin, 



Poblete, H. 1979. Inclusion of sawdust in particleboard 

(Inclusion de aserrin en tableros de particulas). Bosque. 

3(1):39-46. 

Poblete, H. 1985. Movement of formaldehyde during 

pressing of particleboard (Movimiento del formaldehido du- 

rante el prensado de tableros de particulas). Holzforschung. 

39(3):187-188. 

Poblete, H. 1986. Mechanical strength of particleboards 

produced with mixtures of Chilean species (Resistencias 

mecanicas de tableros de particlas producidos con mezclas 

de especies chilenas). Bosque. 7(1):38-45. 

Poblete, H. 1988. Incorporation of board wastes in par- 

ticleboards (Incorporacion de astillas de despuntes en 

tableros de particulas). Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 

4:45-61. 

The characteristics of particles produced with board wastes 

from Pinus radiata (D. Don) were analyzed. The effect 

of these particles, on physical and mechanical proper- 

ties of the produced panels, was also studied. Specific 

weight, water absorption, particle geometry and specific 

area, pH-value, and buffer capacity of particles were deter- 

mined. Particleboards containing 14 percent and 40 percent 

of board waste-particles in the middle layer were manu- 

factured. Other process parameters were density at 608 

Kg/m 3 , board thickness of 19 mm, adhesive content of 7.0, 

6.4, and 5.3 percent of ureaformaldehyde. Internal bond 

strength, bending strength (MOR), thickness swelling, and 

water absortion of the panels were also tested 

Poblete, H. 1988. Joining of panels by their edges: Ex- 

periences at industrial scale (Uniones de tableros por sus 

cantos: Experiencias a escala industrial). Ciencia e Investi- 

gacion Forestal. 5:71-76. 

Describes the testing of edge joints used to join panels of 

Particleboard. The combinations used included 4 different 

joints and 4 adhesives. Data are presented on the strength 

of joints. 

Poblete, H.; Roffael, E. 1985. Chemical changes in par- 

ticles during the production of panels with ureaformalde- 

hyde (Cambios quimicos en particulas durante la produc- 

cion de tableros con ureaformaldehido). Holz als Roh-und 

Werkstoff. 43:57-62. 

Poblete, H.; Roffael, E. 1985. Chemical changes in par- 

ticles during the production of panels with phenolformalde- 

hyde (Cambios quimicos en particulas durante la produc- 

cion de tableros con fenolformaldehido). Adhesion. 3:21-28. 

Roffael, E.; May-A., H.; Poblete, H. 1985. Changes 

in particles during pressing and drying (Cambios en las 

particulas durante el prensado y secado). Valdivia, Chile: 

75

Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de 

Chile. 

SARH (Secretaria de Agricultura Y Recursos 

Hidraulicos). 1982. The wood panel industry in Mex- 

ico (La industria de los tableros de madera en Mexico). 

Mexico, D.F., Mexico: SARH. 99 p. 

Schmidt-Hellerau, C. 1977. The suitability of some 

Latin American timbers for exterior quality particleboard 

(Die Eignung einiger lateinamerikanischer Holzer zur Her- 

stellung von Aussenspanplatten). Holz- Zentralblatt. 

103(71/72):1076-1077. 

Describes laboratory tests of 13 hardwoods and 1 softwood 

(Pinus caribaea) from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, with den- 

sities ranging from 300 to 760 kg/m 3 and pH values from 

3.8 to 8.9, to make particleboard glued with Kauramin 

542 powder (a modified melamine urea resin). Properties 

of boards are given. The best strength properties were 

obtained with cedro maria (Cedrela sp.) and P. caribaea. 

Five other species, cativo (Brosimum), jobo (Calophyllum 

sp.) manga larga (Vochysia sp.) palo de agua (Anacardium 

sp.) and zapote mico (Carapa sp.) had good strength 

and dimensional stability. Virola spp. from the uplands 

were acceptable, but not material of swamp origin. Two 

others were marginally approved and the remainder were 

not considered suitable for exterior use. 

Soto-U., G. 1975. Some basic aspects of the particleboard 

industry. Charlas y Conferencias. 3:21-32. 

Describes important characteristics of the particleboard 

industry, with a general discussion of the process of manu- 

facture and the relation to raw material, wood, and other 

materials. Specifics of the Chilean industry are given in an 

appendix. 

Valdes-S., H. 1983. Industries derived from wood (Indus- 

trias derivadas de la madera). Proceedings: Primer Con- 

greso Nacional de Industrias derivadas de la madera; 1983; 


Vidaurre-E., S. 1988. Characterization and needs of the 

Chilean wood panel industry (Caracterizacion y necesidades 

de la industria Chilena de paneles de madera). Ciencia e 

Investigacion Forestal. 3:90-102. 

Describes the current wood-based panel industry, their lo- 

cation and installed capacity, as well as the installed capac- 

ity by company. The raw material and processing require- 

ments for the full variety of wood-based panel products 

are discussed with comments on changes needed to meet 

internal and export demands. Suggestions are given for 

improving the industry. 

Vidal, R.; Diaz-Vaz, J.E.; Poblete, H. 1981. Prop- 

erties of Pinus radiata D. Don particleboards preserved 

against termites (Propiedades de tableros de particulas de 

Pinus radiata D.Don preservados contra termitos). Bosque. 

4(1):49-54. 

Vilela, E.; Pasquier, B.du. 1968. Determination of the 

coefficient of suitablilty in a collection of woods for their 

possible use in the manufacture of wood-wood/cement 

slabs. Revista Forestal Venezolana. 11(16):75-84. 

Twenty-seven species were tested for suitability in 

wood/cement panels. The tabulated results show that 

Couratari pulchra was the highest ranking species. 

76 

Vital, B.R.; Lehmann, W.F; Boon, R.S. 1974. 

How species and board densities affect properties of ex- 

otic hardwood particleboards. Forest Products Journal. 

24( 12) 137-45. 

Hardwood species Paulownia tomentosa, Virola spp., Ter- 

minalia superba, and Pericopis elata were used to make 

three-layer particleboards with one species and in com- 

binations of equal parts of two, three, and four species. 

Mechanical properties of these boards were determined by 

static bending and IB tests. 

Youngs, R.L.; Laundrie, J.F. 1979. Reconstituted prod- 

ucts: A use for mixed tropical hardwoods. Journal of 

Forestry. 77(3):178-179, 198. 

Research was conducted of the manufacture of reconsti- 

tuted products from mixed tropical hardwoods, including 

kraft pulps, newsprint, papers, tissue, toweling, hardboards, 

particleboards, linerboard, and corrugating medium. Suit- 

able products were produced showing the potential for use 

of mixed species.

Chemicals and Energy 

Chemical: naval stores, destructive distillation, and 

other compounds. Energy: charcoal manufacture and 

gasification. 

Alarcon A., C. 1988. Model for the evaluation of oleo- 

resin production (Modelo para evaluar procuccion de oleor- 

resina). Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 4:35-44. 

Describes a computer model, Resin, for evaluating the tech- 

nical and economical feasibility of obtaining resin from Pi- 

nus radiata plantations by an exudation process. 

Alves, H.M.; Arndt, V.H., Ollis, W.D. [and others]. 

1966. Triterpenoids isolated from Machaerium incorrupt- 

ible. Phytochemistry. 5(6):1327-1330. 

Amoros-Marin, L.; Torres, W.I.; Asenjo, C.F. 1959. 

Isolation of cycloeucalenol from West Indian mahogany 

wood (Swietenia mahagoni). Journal of Organic Chemistry. 

24(3):411-413. 

Anderegg, R.J.; Rowe, J.W. 1974. Lignans, the ma- 

jor component of resin from Araucaria angustifolia knots. 

Holzforschung. 28:171-175. 

Anon. 1960. Pine oleoresin from British Honduras. Lon- 

don, U.K.: Report Tropical Products Institute. 1959:3-4. 

Anon. 1963. Hercules dedicates new naval stores plant in 

British Honduras, C.A. Naval Stores Review. 72(11):4-5. 

Anon. 1976. Roundup of naval stores activities in Mexico, 

Central and S. America. Naval Stores Review. 86(2):4-5. 

Anon. 1978. The chemical composition of Amazonian 

plants. Acta Amazonica. 8(3):469-470. 

Describes the structures of mirandin-A and 4 struc- 

turally related compounds from stem wood of Endlicheria 

verticillata, and of 5 compounds from leaves of Virola 

surinamensis. 

Anon. 1979. The chemical composition of Amazonian 

plants. INDA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Acta Amazon- 

ica. 11 (9): 161-162. 

Describes the chemical constituents of the wood of Vi- 

rola divergens and V. guggenheimii and of the bark of 

V. pavonis. 

Anon. 1989. Heliotropine favors ocotea; Brazil may gain 

market share. Chemical Marketing Reporter. 235(8):28-29. 

Anon. 1989. Naval stores review-1988 international yearbook. 

New Orleans, LA: Naval Stores Review. 

Asenjo, C.F. [and others.] 1958. Termite-repellent ac- 

tivity and chemical composition of West Indian mahogany 

wood Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. with special reference to 

P 2 fraction. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Journal of Agricul- 

ture of the University of Puerto Rico. 42(3):185-195. 

Assumpcao, R.M.V.; Jordao, M.C.S. 1978. Situation 

and perspectives of the industry of naval stores in Brazil. 

Naval Stores Review. 88(2):4-7. 

Babicki, R. [and others]. 1973. Thermal decomposi- 

tion of seven Chilean wood species in laboratory conditions. 

Prace Instytutu Technlogii Drewna. 20(2):3-16. 

Describes the use of Drimys winteri, Nothofagus dombeyi, 

Laurelia serrata, Eucalypt us globulus, Acacia me1anoxy- 

lon, Weinmannia trichosperma, and Podocarpus chilinus 

[P. salignus] in destructive distillation studies. Data are 

provided on the yield of charcoal (ca. 30 percent in all 

cases), pyroligneous acid, tar, and other products. All 

of the seven species are deemed suitable destructive- 

distillation use. 

Bangham, W.N. 1947. Plantation rubber in the New 

World. Economic Botany. 1:210-229. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Brito, J.O.; Bazanelli, A.V. 1983. 

Basic density and characteristics of Eucalyptus grandis 

wood fibers. In: Proceedings of ABCP 16th annual meet- 

ing, 3rd Latin-American cellulose and paper congress; 1983, 

November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Technical Association 

of the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry (ABCP):113-125. 

Barrineau, R.G. 1921. In: Naval stores-history, produc- 

tion, distribution, and consumption. Savannah, GA: Re- 

view Publishing & Printing Co. 

Bastos, J.G. Filho; Valente, O.F.; Vital, B.R.; Della 

Lucia, R.M. 1986. Development and testing of a metallic 

kiln for wood carbonization (Desenvolvimento e teste de 

um forno metalico para carbonizacao de madeira). Revista 

Arvore. 10(1):44-59. 

Beattie, W.D. 1979. Energy production from the Brazil- 

ian forestry sector. A report prepared for the World Bank. 

United Nations Development Program, FAO Project 

BRA/78/003. 178 p. 

Beijer, J., de. 1982. Reforestation plan aims to make 

steel from trees. World Wood. 23(1):11-12. 

Bonavia de Guth, E. 1985. Salix nigra: wood prop- 

erties in relation to zone of establishment in the Parana 

delta (Salix nigra: caracteristicas del leno segun zona 

de implantacion en el Delta del Parana). Buenos Aires, 

Argentina: LAQUIGE-CONICET: 15. 

Describes wood evaluations of 5 to 13 year old Salix ni- 

gra trees from plantations in the Parana delta region of 

Argentina. Data include tree diameter, alcohol/benzene 

extractives, density, and cell dimensions. The trees were 

selected from five sites based on suitability for pulpwood 

production. Principal differences in the sites were soil 

properties. 

Booth, H.E. 1974. Long-term provision of charcoal for 

the Zapla blast furnaces. FAO Rep. FO:DP/ARG/70/536. 

Documento de Trabajo. 41 p. 

A detailed report, recommending that ca. 3 million ha of 

chaco forest should be reserved to supply raw material 

and that the feasibility of establishing new plantations of 

Eucalypts for charcoal should be investigated. The ra- 

tionalization of methods of charcoal manufacture and the 

economics of the industry are discussed in detail. New re- 

torts should be installed in stages in Zapla, Tartagal, J.V. 

Gonzalez (Salta), and in Los Tigres (Santiago del Estero); 

each group should be capable of an annual production of 

80,000 t. 

77

Bracho, R.; Crowley, K.J. 1966. The essential oils 

of some Venezuelan Croton species. Phytochemistry. 

5(5):921-926. 

Braz Filho, R.; Magalhaes, A.F.; Gottlieb, O.R. 

1972. Coumarins from [the heartwood of] Brosimum 

rubescens: Chemistry of Brazilian Moraceae, Part 3. Phy- 

tochemistry. 11 ( 11) : 3307-3310. 

Braz Filho, R.; Lette, M.F.F.; Gottlieb, O.R. 1973. 

Constitutions of diarylpropanoids from Virola multinervia. 

Phytochemistry. 12(2):417-419. 

Braz Filho, R.; Lemos, M. de J.C.; Gottlieb, O.R. 

1973. A new xanthone from Lorostemon species. Phyto- 

chemistry. 12 (4): 947-948. 

Brito, J.O.; Barrichelo, L.E.G. 1982. Behavior of woods 

native to the State of Maranhao when processsed by de- 

structive distillation (Comportamento de madeiras nativas 

do Maranhao frente as processo de destilacao seca). Brazil: 

Florestal. 11(45):47-56. 

Provides results of analyses of the pyrolysis products of 67 

woods grouped by wood density into 5 classes. 

Bulow, M.V.von; Franca, N.C.; Gottlieb, O.R.; 

Suarez, A.M.P. 1973. Guianin: a neolignan from Aniba 

guianensis. Phytochemistry. 12(7):1805-1808. 

Calvin, M. 1987. Fuel oils from euphorbs and other 

plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 

94:97-110. 

Camara Argentino-Parsguayade Productores de Ex- 

tracto de Quebracho. 1960. Some uses of quebracho 

extract not related to its principal use in tanning (Algunas 

utilizaciones del extracto de quebracho ajenas a su destino 

principal en la curtidura). In: Multiple use of forest lands: 

5th World Forestry Congress; 1960 August 29-September 

10; Seattle, WA. 3:1403-1405. 

Campello, J.de P.; Fonesca, S.F.; Change, C.J.; 

Wenkert, E. 1975. Terpenes of Podocarpus lambertii. 

Phytochemistry. 14(1):243-248. 

Carneiro, M.G.; Ferraz, E.S. de B.; Tomazello Filho, 

M. 1982. Polymerization of methyl metacrylate in the 

wood of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, by the ther- 

mal process (Polimerizacao de metacrilato de metila em 

madeira de Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (guapu- 

ruvu) atraves de processo termico. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Insti- 

tuto Florestal. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 

Carreno, J.A. 1980. Naval stores industry in Central and 

South America. Naval Stores Review. 90(6):6-7. 

Carter, F.L.; Beal, R.H.; Bultman, J.D. 1975. Extrac- 

tion of antitermitic substances from 23 tropical hardwoods. 

Wood Science. 8(1):406-410. 

Carter, F.L.; Jones, S.C.; Mauldin, J.K.; Camargo, 

C.R.R. 1983. Responses of Coptotermes formosanus Shi- 

raki to extracts from five Brazilian hardwoods. Zeitschrift 

fur Angewandte Entomologie. 95(1):5-14. 

Cascon, S.C.; Moura, L.L.; Lago, R.C.A. 1979. Chem- 

ical compounds of the wood of Torresia [Torresea] acreana 

78 

(Componentes quimicos da madeira de Torresia acreana 

Ducke). Acta Amazonica. 9(4):787-789. 

Coppen, J.J.W.; Greenhalgh, P.; Smith, A.E. 1984. 

Gum naval stores; an industrial profile of turpentine and 

rosin production from pine resin. Pub. (2187. London, 

U.K.: Tropical Development and Research Institute. 40 p. 

Coppens, H. 1979. Tannin/resorcinol-based adhesives in 

laminated parana pine beams for exterior use (Adesivo a 

base de tanino resorcinol para laminados de pinheiro do 

parana uso exterior). Brasilia, Brazil: Laboratorio de Pro- 

dutos Florestais, IBDF. Serie Tecnica. 3:13. 

Couto, E.; Repetti, R.; Rique, T. 1980. Quebracho 

colorado sapwood-a forestry residue with possibilities of 

industrial exploitation (Albura de quebracho colorado, un 

desecho orestal con posibilidades de aprovechamiento industrial). 

Buenos Aires, Argentina: Folleto Tecnico Forestal, 

Instituto Forestal Nacional. 57:13. 

Craveiro, A.; Corsano, S.; Proietti, G.; Strap- 

paghetti, G. 1983. Constituents of essential oil of Com- 

miphora guidotti. Fortaleza- Ceara, Brazil: Departamento 

de Quimica Organica e Inorganica, Universidade Federal de 

Ceara. Planta Medica. 48(2):97-98. 

Cruz, A.; Silva, M.; Sammes, P.G. 1973. Further ter- 

penoids and phenolics of Drimys winteri. Phytochemistry. 

12(10):2549-2550. 

CTFT. 1982. Woods of Guyana-Key promotions of 

l’amarante, Angelique, Coeur dehors, Courbaril, Gon- 

folo, Grignon franc, Jatoby, Saint-martin Rouge, Wa- 

capou, Wapa (Bois de Guyane-Fiches promotionnelles 

de l’Amarante, Angelique, Coeur dehors, Courbaril, Gon- 

folo, Grignon franc, Jatoby, Saint-martin Rouge, Wacapou, 

Wapa). Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France: Centre Tech- 

nique Forestier Tropical. 

Cunningham, A.; Martin, S.S.; Langenheim, J.H. 

1973. Resin acids from two Amazonian species of Hy- 

menaea. Phytochemistry. 12(3):633-635. 

DeLucia, R.J.; Poole, A.D. 1984. Industrial fuel sub- 

stitution via woody biomass: the case for Costa Rica. 

Biomass. 5(2):79-207. 

Describes an evaluation of the possibilities for increased 

wood use in Costa Rica for industrial fuel. Benefits of the 

program would be especially in the rural sector through 

increased employment. 

Diaz, A.M.P. de; Dias-D., P.; Ferreira, Z.S. [and 

others]. 1977. The chemistry of Brazilian Lauraceae. 

XLVII. Ferulic esters from Endlicheria and Ocotea species. 

Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazo- 

nia, Brazil. Acta Amazonica. 7(2):292-293. 

Doat, J. 1977. The calorific value of tropical woods 

(Le pouvoir calorifique des bois tropicaux). Nogent-sur- 

Marne, France: Centre Tech. For. Trop. Bois et Forets des 

Tropiques. 172:33-55. 

Describes the calorific values of 111 tropical species, nearly 

all broadleaves (67 from Surinam and 22 from Indonesia, 

and 4 temperate species for comparison). No correlation 

between calorific value in cal/g and density was found.

Chemical composition accounts for most of the calorific 

value, being high for species high in lignin or resins or 

other extractives, and low for species with high cellulose 

and pentosan content. 

Doat, J; Petroff, G. 1975. The destructive distillation of 

tropical woods. Laboratory trials and industrial prospects. 


Describes the pyrolysis of wood, the products and byprod- 

ucts of the process, and gives results of tests on more than 

100 tropical woods from Africa, Madagascar, and S. Amer- 

ica. The relationship of the specific gravity of wood and 

the density of the charcoal produced was shown to be very 

strong. Difficulties in the production of charcoal for the 

metallurgy industry, and for gas to generate electricity, are 

discussed. 

Duchene, G.F. 1987. What happened to Brazil’s naval 

stores industry in 1985-7. Naval Stores Review. 97(5): 

12-13. 

Duke, J.A.; Maeglin, R.R.; Youngs, R.L. 1989. An 

initiative on underutilized tropical forest products. Wash- 

ington, DC, USA. Report to USAID/FENR. 78 p. 

Earl, D.E. 1974. Charcoal: An Andre’ Mayer fellowship 

report. Rome, Italy: FAO, United Nations. 97 p. 

Egler, F.E. 1947. The role of botanical research in the 

chicle industry. Economic Botany. 1:188-209. 

Eslyn, W.E.; Bultman, J.D.; Jurd, L. 1981. Wood de- 

cay inhibition by tropical hardwood extractives and related 

compounds. Phytopathology. 71(5):521-524. 

Describes the impregnation of sterilized pine blocks 

with extractives obtained from tropical hardwoods (ob- 

tusaquinone, obtusastyrene, or lapachol) and one synthetic 

compound (2-benzyl- 4,6-di-t-butylphenol). The treated 

blocks were exposed to the wood decay fungi, Coriolus 

versicolor, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Poria placenta. Ob- 

tusastyrene and obtusaquinone were most effective against 

the brown rot fungi. Lapachol was effective at its highest 

concentration only against P. placenta. The synthetic com- 

pound reduced all decay-associated weight losses. Chemical 

sterilization resulted in increased decay by G. trabeum and 

P. placenta on treated wood, but no statistical difference 

was noted on the control blocks. 

Farmer, R.H.; Campbell, W.G. 1952. Chemical utiliza- 

tion of tropical hardwoods. Tappi. 35:181. 

Fengel, D.; Bocher, G. 1984. Study of polysaccharides 

from three tropical woods (Untersuchung der Polysaccha- 

ride von drei Tropenholzern). Holzforschung. 8(4):177-180. 

Cold-water extract, 1 percent NaOH extract, polyoses, and 

alpha-cellulose were isolated from 3 tropical wood species: 

azobe (Lophira alata); balsa (Ochroma lagopus); and 

Parana pine (Araucaria angustifolia), and their percent- 

ages and their sugar and polysaccharide composition were 

determined. The percentages of xylan, mannan, and cel- 

lulose corresponded approximately to those of woods from 

temperate zones. Balsa contained about one third more 

polyoses than azobe and about two thirds more mannan. 

The polyoses of balsa are very accessible, thus the alpha- 

cellulose obtained during analysis consisted of a nearly pure 

cellulose. 

Fengel, D.; Greune, A.; Wegener, G. 1983. Charac- 

terization of lignins from three tropical woods (Charak- 

terisierung von drei Tropenholzligninen). Holzforschung. 

37(3):121-124. 

The lignins from three tropical wood species, azobe 

(Lophira alata), balsa (Ochroma pyramidale), and Parana 

pine (Araucaria angustifolia), were carefully isolated and 

characterized by elementary analysis, determination of 

methoxyl, sugar analysis, IR, and UV spectroscopy. A 

lower syringyl content of the lignins of tropical hardwoods 

compared with indigenous hardwoods (as found previously) 

was confirmed. All three lignins showed a higher degree 

of oxidation than lignins from woods of temperate zones. 

The high acid-lignin content of azobe is partly caused by 

polyphenols. Additionally, benzoic acid was found in the 

extract of azobe. 

Fernandes, P. de S.; Coutinho, C.J.; Baena, E. de 

S. 1982. Use of residues from timber exploitation as an 

energy source (Aproveitamento dos residuos lenhosos do 

desmatamento para fins energeticos). In: Malvesi, I.T.O. 

[and others], eds. Proceedings of the national conference on 

native species; 1982 September 12-18; Campos do Jordao, 

Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Silvicultura em Sao 

Paulo. 16A(2):1390-1394. 

Describes the fuelwood yields from 4 forest types in Minas 

Gerais, Brazil. 

Ferreira, J.M. [and others]. 1963. The alkaloids of As- 

pidosperma discolor A.D.C. Experientia Basle. 19(11):585. 

Franca, N.C.; Gottlieb, O.R.; Suarez, A.M.P. 1973. 

6-phenylethyl- 5,6-dihydro- 2-pyrones from [stemwood of] 

Aniba gigan tiff ora. Phytochemistry. 12(5): 1182-1 184. 

Gabriel, S. J.; Gottlieb, O. R. 1972. Tovoxanthone from 

Tovomita choisyana. Chemistry of Brazilian Guttiferae. 

Part 30. Phytochemistry. 11(10):3035-3036. 

Describes the isolation of betulinic acid, sitosterol, stigmas- 

terol, and 1,6-dihydroxy-6’,6’ -dimethylpyrano- (2’,3’:7,8)- 

xanthone (tovoxanthone) from stemwood of T. choisyana, 

from the Amazon Basin. 

Gabriel, S.J.; Gottlieb, O.R.; Lima, R.A. de; 

Mesquita, A.A.L. 1977. The chemistry of Brazilian 

Guttiferae. Part 36. Constituents of Amazonian species. 

Itaguai, Brazil: Inst. Ciencias Exatas, Univ. Federal Rural 

do Rio de Janeiro. Acta Amazonica. 7(2):289-291. 

Presents data from chemical analyses of the wood of 

Caraipa costata, C. grandifolia, C. psidifolia, C. valioi, Hap- 

loclathra verticillata, Mahurea tomentosa, and Platonia 

insignis. 

Garrido, L.M. do A.G.; Garrido, M.A. de O.; Silva, 

H.M. da; Carball, M.R. 1984. Mathematical study of 

some components of daily resin production (Estudo matem- 

atico de alguns componentes da produeao diaria de resina). 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: Boletin Tecnic o do Instituto Florestal. 

38(1):47-71. 

Gomide, J.L.; Vital, B.R.; Ribeiro, A.C. 1975. Forest 

tree species of the Zona da Mata as a source of pulp: their 

chemical properties. Revista Ceres. 22(119):74-79. 

79

Gottlieb, O.R.; Loureiro, A.A.; Carlneiro, M.dos S.; 

Rocha, A.I.da. 1973. Distribution of diarylpropanoids in 

[the stemwood of] Amazonian Virola species. Phytochem- 

istry. 12(7):1830. 

Gottlieb, O.R.; Magalhaes, M.T. 1958. Isolation of 

piperonylic acid from Ocotea pretiosa. London, United 

Kingdom: Nature. 182 (4637) : 742-743. 

Gottlieb, O.R.; Magalhaes, M.T. 1959. Occurrence 

of 1-nitro-2-phenylethane in Ocotea pretiosa and Aniba 

calelilla. Journal Organic Chemistry. 24(12):2070-2071, 

Gottlieb, O.R.; Magalhaes, M.T. 1959. Essential oil of 

the wood of Aniba firmula Mez. London, United Kingdom: 

Perfumery and Essential Oil Record. 50(2):121-123. 

Gottlieb, O.R.; Magalhaes, M.T. 1961. Chemistry of 

Brazilian Leguminosae. 2. Isolation and structure of cavi- 

unin from Dalbergia nigra. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 

26(7):2449-2453. 

Gottlieb, O.R.; Magalhaes, M.T.; Oliveira, G.G.de; 

Trainotti, A. 1977. The chemistry of Brazilian Qui- 

inaceae. I. Constituents of Touroulia guianensis and La- 

cunaria jenmani. Acta Amazonica. 7(2):291-292. 

Describes analyses of the wood of T. guianensis and L. jen- 

mani, no special constituents were isolated that are not of 

common occurrence in many other plants; there was noth- 

ing to specially identify the family. 

Gottlieb, O.R.; Mors, W.B. 1958. The chemistry of 

rosewood. 2. Isolation and identification of cotoin and 

pinocembrin. Journal of American Chemistry Society. 

80(9):2263-2265. 

Gottlieb, O.R.; Mors, W.B. 1980. Potential utilization 

of Brazilian wood extractives. In: Symposium on extrac- 

tives: Utilization problem or fine chemical resource; 1979; 

Honolulu, HI. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry: 

212-215. 

Greenhalgh, P. 1982. The production, marketing and 

utilisation of naval stores. Pub. G170. London, U.K.: 

Tropical Products Institute. 117 p. 

Guenther, E. 1948. 1948-1952. The essential oils. New 

York: D.VanNostrand Co. 6 Vols. 

Guerra, F. 1973. Forestry projects. V. Wood charcoal 

(Projetos florestais. V. Carvao vegetal). Belem, Para, 

Brazil: Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da Amazo- 

nia, SUDAM Documenta. 5(1/4)3-12. Data are presented 

on the industrial output of charcoal in Brazil and espe- 

cially the Amazon region from both man-made and natural 

forests. 

Guevara, M.R. 1981. Geographical and within-tree vari- 

ation in heartwood pH of Pinus oocarpa from Honduras. 

Wood Science. 13(4):220-224. 

Guillard, J. 1978. What is ‘Panama wood’ (Qu’est-ce que 

le bois de Panama)? Revue Forestiere Francaise. 30(1): 

78-79. 

Describes Quillaja saponaria, a rosaceous tree species found 

on poor soils in semi-arid northern Chile. Collection of the 

80 

bark for soap products leads to the destruction of the trees. 

The small seeds of the species germinate erratically, but 

can easily be regenerated and the tree grows rapidly. The 

inner bark containing sodium oxalate and about 150 g/kg 

of saponins, is used for degreasing wool, shampoos, in pho- 

tographic developers, and as an emulsifier of resins, gums, 

and coal-tar for the pharmaceutical industry. A large part 

of the present production is used in rocket fuels. Exports 

from Chile declined from 2270 t in 1965 to 1069 t in 1971. 

Gutierrez-J., T. 1983. General aspects of turpentine pro- 

duction in Mexico (Aspectos generales de la resinacion en 

Mexico). From: First Spanish-Mexican forestry session; 

1982 July 13-17; Mexico City/Toluca, Mexico. Mexico, DF, 

Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, 

Publicacion Especial. 

Guzman M., J.A.; Jordan F., R. 1984. Study of the 

impact of efficiency increase in wood stoves. In: Egneus, 

H.; Ellegard, A., eds. In: Proceedings of Bioenergy 84 

conference; 1984 June 15-21; Goteborg, Sweden. Vol. 4. 

Bioenergy utilization. Barking, UK: Elsevier Applied Sci- 

ence Publishers: 9-15. 

Describes a Chilean Department of Energy survey showing 

that 48 percent of households use some wood for energy. A 

study using an adiabatic chamber evaluated the efficiency 

of typical wood stoves used in Chile. Under different op- 

erating conditions the average efficiency was 9.0 to 37.2 

percent under standard test conditions, with an estimated 

13.1 to 54.2 percent efficiency under real conditions. En- 

ergy savings are estimated if modern high efficiency stoves 

and catalytic stoves with 60 to 80 percent efficiency would 

be used. 

Harris, A.C.; ,Arnold, J.E.M. 1973. Supply of wood 

charcoal to Altos Hornos Zapla. FAO Rep. Salta, Ar- 

gentina: No. FO: DP/ARG/70/536, Documento de Tra- 

bajo. 11:91. 

A report forming part of the UNDP forest inventory and 

development project for north-east Argentina. A techni- 

cal and economical analysis is made of alternative ways 

of meeting the increasing demand for charcoal at the Alto 

Hornos Zapla steel plant in Jujuy Province. Detailed rec- 

ommendations are made on the method of charcoal produc- 

tion (stressing the advantage of continuous vertical retorts) 

and on the supply of wood for charcoal production. 

Harris, J.F.; Baker, A.J.; Conner, A.H.; Jeffries, 

T.W.; Minor, J.L.; Pettersen, R.C.; Scott, R.W.; 

Springer, E.L.; Wegner, T.H; and Zerbe, J.I. 1985. 

Two-stage, dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis of wood: An in- 

vestigation of fundamentals. Gen Tech. Rep. GTR-FPL- 

45. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 73 p. 

Hausen, B.M.; Simatupang, M.H. 1979. Naturally oc- 

curring quinones in tropical woods as allergenic agents. 

In: Tamolang, F.N., ed. Wood quality and utilization 

of tropical species. Proceedings, International Union of 

Forestry Research Organization conference; 1978 October 

30-November 3; FORPRIDECOM, College, Laguna, Philip- 

pines. Laguna, Philippines: International Union of Forestry 

Research Organization: 74-82. 

Describes ten allergenic quinones, their effects, and the 

species in which they occur. A table listing tropical woods

known to contain quinones causing contact allergies is 

presented. 

Hemingway, R.W. 1989. Recent developments in the 

use of tannins as specialty chemicals. TAPPI international 

symposium on wood and pulping chemistry: 377-386. 

Hodge, W.H. 1948. Wartime cinchona procurement in 

Latin America. Economic Botany. 2:229-257. 

Jones, S.C.; Carter, F.L.; Mauldin, J.K. 1983. Reti- 

culitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) 

responses to extracts from six Brazilian woods. Environ- 

mental Entomology. 12(2):458-462. 

Describes tests of extractives from 6 Brasilian hardwoods 

as anti-termitic agents. The tests were conducted in Mis- 

sissippi on the termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Koll.) over 

a 4-week period in no-choice tests. The success of the ex- 

tracts varied with the species from which they were ex- 

tracted and the solvent used for extraction. Termite feeding 

and survival was lowest on Copaifera multijuga, Mezilaurus 

itauba, and Platymiscium ulei, and highest on Couroupita 

subsessilis and on some extracts of Micrandra siphonioides. 

Where termites survived the no-choice test, protozoan num- 

bers were reduced most on all extracts of Carapa guianensis 

and the hexane extracts of Mezilaurus itaubi and P. ulei. 

Termites exposed to choice tests generally consumed more 

untreated than treated paper pads. No significant difference 

occurred between pad weights of controls and those treated 

with some extracts of Couroupita subsessilis and Micrandra 

siphonioides. One to three extracts of each of the six woods 

were repellent to termites. 

Lawrence, B.M. 1984. Progress in essential oils. Per- 

fumer and Flavorist. 9(5):87-88. 

Lawrence, B.M. 1985. A review of the world production 

of essential oils (1984). Perfumer and Flavorist. 10(5):1-15. 





Lima, O.A.; Polonsky, J. 1973. Flavonoid constituents of 

Cephalanthus spthelliferus. Phytochemistry. 12(4):913-916. 

Lindauer, G.D.; Krispin, T. 1981. A 4 to 6-MW wood 

gasification unit: scaling-up the gasification technology into 

an unknown size category (case study Guyana). In: Palz, 

W.; Chartier, P.; Hall, D.O., eds. Energy from biomass. 1st 

E.C. conference. London, UK: Applied Science Publishers 

Ltd: 782-788. 

Describes a 4-6 Megawatt (MW) power plant based on 

wood gasification technology under construction in cou- 

junction with a sawmill project in Guyana. Slated to start 

operation in 1981 at a capacity level of about 4MW, it is 

the first of its size. Technical performance will have to be 

monitored closely. Where steam is not needed gasification 

is the more economic solution. As long as the raw mate- 

rial (in this case wood wastes) is available free of cost, this 

technology is a financially viable proposition. 

Lombardi, C.R.; Churin, D.Q. 1972. Test of a machine 

for debarking red quebracho logs (Ensayo de una maquina 

peladaora de rollizos dequebracho Colorado). In: Proceed- 

ings of the 7th World Forestry Congress; 1972 October 4- 

18; Buenos Aires, Argentina. 5:6377-6381. 

Maldonado, E.D. 1983. Charcoal production: an oppor- 

tunity for the Caribbean (Produccion de carbon vegetal: 

una aportunidad para el Caribe). Bull. R8-FB/U1. U.S. 


McReynolds, R.D.; Kossuth, S.V.; Clements, R.W. 

1989. Gum naval stores methodology. In: Zinkel, D.F.; 

Russell, J., eds. Naval Stores: Production, Chemistry, Uti- 

lization. New York: Pulp Chemicals Association. 83-122. 

Mirov, N.T. 1961. Composition of gum turpentines of 

pines. Tech. Bull. 1239. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- 

ment of Agriculture: 126-127. 

Mirov, N.T.; Iloff, P.M., Jr. 1956. Composition of gum 

turpentines of pines. 28. A report on Pinus edulis from 

eastern Arizona, P. tropicalis from Cuba, and P. elliottii 

var. densa from Florida. Journal of American Pharmaceu- 

tical Association. 45( 9) :629-634. 

Moreira, J.R.; Goldemberg, J. 1981. Alcohols–its 

use, energy, and economics–a Brazilian outlook. Resource 

Management and Optimization. 1(3):231-279. 

Describes the economics and energy balance comparisons 

between sugar cane, cassava, sorghum, and wood for alcohol 

production. The use of ethanol for engine fuel in Brazil 

is discussed, concluding that it has reached the breakeven 

point with oil. 

Mors, W.B.; Magalhaes, M.T.; Gottlieb, O.R. 1959. 

Physiological varieties of Ocotea pretiosa. London, U.K.: 

Perfumery and Essential Oil Record. 50(1):26-27. 

Oliveira, W. G. de; Gottlieb, O. R.; Mesquita, A. A. 

L. 1972. Xanthones from Tovomita macrophylla. Chem- 

istry of Brazilian Guttiferae. Part 31. Phytochemistry. 

11(1 1)13323-3325. 

Reports the isolation from stemwood of BETA-amyrin, 

sitosterol, betulinic acid, and two novel compounds, 

tovophyllin-A and -B, for which structures are proposed. 

Parameswaran, N.; Stamm, A. 1983. Structural and 

chemo-physical changes occurring during carbonisation 

of four tropical hardwoods (Strukturelle und chemo- 

physikalische veranderungen bei der verkohlung von vier 

tropischen laubholzern). Holzforschung. 37(6):309-320. 

Describes the processing and final charcoal properties of 

four species: Dicorynia guianensis, Erisma uncinatum, Nau- 

clea trillesii, and Vochysia surinamensis. Details of char- 

coal anatomy and physical properties are given, including 

changes in the wood structure due to carbonization. Yields 

of charcoal averaged 30 percent, and density was related to 

original wood density. 

Pardo, L.L.; Ricci, E. 1956. Study of the tannin content 

of diverse native species (Estudio sistematico de la riqueza 

en taninos de diversas especies indigenas). Buenos Aires, 

Argentina: Anales Admistration Nacional de Bosques: 

7-17. 

Pardo, L.L.; Ricci, E. 1957. Identification of Schinopsis 

spp. by means of their tanstuffs (Identificacion de las es- 

pecies de Schinopsis por sus materias tanantes). Buenos 

81

Aires, Argentina: Revista Investigaciones Forestales. 

1( 1/2) 159-69. 

Park, W.; Newman, L.C.; Ford, K. 1983. Fuelwood 

supply for Managua, Nicaragua: sustainable alterna- 

tives for the Las Maderas fuelwood supply region. Mitre 

Corp., CATIE, AID Research and Development Abstracts. 

11(1/2):1-64. 

Describes a study of the fuelwood supplies for Managua, 

Nicaragua, focusing on the region of Las Maderas to the 

northeast of Managua. Assessments of harvesting and ac- 

tive trade in fuelwood between Las Maderas and Managua 

are made, as well as estimates of supply and demand. Al- 

ternatives to fuelwood, such as charcoal are discussed as 

well as various forest management options. Conclusions are 

presented with some recommendations. 

Paula, J.E. de. 1981. Internal structure of 16 species of 

the flora of Brazil in relation to their possible use for al- 

cohol, charcoal, coke, and paper production (Estudo das 

estruturas internas das madeiras de dezesseis especies da 

flora brasileira, visando seu approveitamento para prod- 

ucao de alcool, carvao, coque e papel). Brasil Florestal. 

11(47):23-50. 

Describes the wood of 16 Brazilian species including: 

Apuleia leiocarpa, Apuleia molaris, Caesalpinia ferrea, Cal- 

listhene major, Calophyllum brasiliense, Copaifera langs- 

dorfii, Cordia goeldiana, Maprounea guyanensis, Mimosa 

artemisiana, Piptadenia macrocarpa, Qualea paraensis, 

Spondias lutea, Tapirira guianensis, Virola multinervia, 

Vochysia pyramidalis, Xylopia emarginata. The use of these 

woods for alcohol, charcoal, coke, and paper is discussed. 

Paula, J. E. de. 1982. Native species from the energy 

viewpoint (Especies nativas com perspectivas energeti- 

cas). In: Malvesi, I.T.O. [and others], eds. Proceedings of 

the national conference on native species; 1982 September 

12-18; Campos do Jordao, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 16A(2):1259-1315. 

Describes wood anatomy studies on 53 Brazilian species, 

in relation to their potential utilization for wood products, 

alcohol, charcoal, or coke production. Fruit and seed of 10 

woody species, and nonwoody subterranean organs of five 

species were also examined. 

Paz, J.; Ceballos, M.E. 1965. Study of the organic 

chemical composition of Pinus radiata wood. Informativo 

Tecnico. 21. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal: 94-98. 

Peterson, C. 1981. Biomass energy in the Caribbean 

Basin: a case study of the Dominican Republic. In: Klass, 

D.L; Emert, G.H., eds. Fuels from biomass and wastes. 

Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers: 533-555. 

The potential for the use of biomass (wood and bagasse– 

sugarcane residue) in the Caribbean Basin is reviewed. 

The commercial energy use of these countries, biomass 

resources, and actions to develop biomass energy in the 

Dominican Republic are covered. 

Petroff, G.; Doat, J. 1978. Destructive distillation of 

tropical timbers. Influence of the chemical composition 

of wood on the products of distillation (Pyrolyse des 

bois tropicaux. Influence de la composition chimique des 

bois sur les produits de distillation). Bois et Forets des 

Tropiques. 177: 5 1-64. 

82 

Describes the destructive distillation of several mixtures 

of wood for comparison. Mixtures included six samples of 

Gmelina arborea and Eucalyptus saligna X E. ‘12 ABL’, 

3 mixtures of other tropical woods high in lignin, alcohol- 

benzene extractives, celluloses and hemicelluloses, and a 

mixture of French hardwoods. Distillation was at 500°C for 

4 h. Data on the physico-chemical properties of the wood, 

charcoal and distillation products are shown, as are the 

chemical analyses of the distillates. The mixture of tropical 

woods yielded more charcoal and less distillate than the 

French hardwoods. High lignin woods gave more charcoal, 

high cellulose woods more methanol, and high pentosan 

woods more acetate. Woods with high levels of alcohol- 

benzene extractives may cause tarry deposits in the stills. 

Picot, F.; Boiteau, P.; Das, B.C.; Potier, P. 1973. Al- 

kaloids of Pandaca [Tabernaemontana] retusa. Phytochem- 

istry. 12 (9): 25 17-2519. 

Potma, H.L.; Kengen, S.; Alves Alpande, M.R. 1976. 

A statistical analysis of the present forestry situation in 

Brazil (Uma analise estatistica da atual situacao florestal 

Brasileira). PRODEPEF, Brasilia, Brazil. FAO Rep. No. 

PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45. Serie Tecnica. 9:72. 

Pozzi, H.; Sanchez, E.; Comin, J. 1967. Studies on 

Argentine plants-22. Helietin, a new fuocoumarin from 

Helietta longifoliata Britt. Tetrahedron. 23( 3) : 1129-1137. 

Reicher, F.; Odebrecht, S.; Correa, J.B.C. 1978. Car- 

bohydrate composition of some Amazonian forest species 

(Composicao em carboidratos de algumas especies florestais 

da Amazonia). Acta Amazonica. 8(3):471-475. 

Describes the lignin and carbohydrate content of 24 species 

of native Brazilian hardwoods as a measure to estimate the 

capacity for ethanol production from the woods by fermen- 

tation of sugars. Estimated production per ton of wood 

varied between 189 and 325 liters, the highest for Protium 

spp. 

Ribas, C.; Garrido, L.M. do A.G.; Garrido, M.A. 

de O.; Assini, J.L.; Rocha, A.D. da. 1984. Resin pro- 

duction in Pinus –comparison between operational tech- 

niques and chemical stimulants (Resin agem de Pinus– 

comparacao entre tecnicas operacionais e estimulantes 

quimicos. San .Paulo, Brazi. Boletin Tecnico do Instituto 

Florestal. 38(1):35-46. 

Ribeiro Filho, F.A. 1979. The ethanol-based chemical 

industry in Brazil. United Nations Industrial Development 

Organization. ID/WG.293/4. Presented at workshop on 

fermentation alcohol for use as fuel and chemical seedstock 

in developing countries. 68 p. 

Rique, T. 1978. The industrialists and the search for new 

extractive forest products with a view to obtaining a pos- 

itive contribution to man’s social and economic develop- 

ment. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry Congress, 

Centro Cultural General San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; 



Rodriguez-V., F. 1975. A short study of the parameters 

of processing and formulation for carrying out the impreg- 

nation of woods with vinyl monomers at the pilot plant of 

the Chemical Engineering Laboratory (Breve estudio de los 

parametros de procesamiento y de formulacion para llevar a

cabo la impregnacion de maderas con monomeros vinilicos 

en la planta piloto del Laboratorio de Ingenieria Quimica). 

Mexico City, Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de 

Mexico. Thesis. 226 p. 

Reviews the physical and mechanical properties of wood 

and of methyl methacrylate, analyses the market for wood 

products in Mexico in the context of potential demand for 

improved wood, and describes in detail pilot-plant experi- 

ments on the production of improved wood from a Mexican 

softwood (Pinus ayacahuite) and a hardwood (Swietenia 

macrophylla). The results of the experiments are given, and 

it is concluded that the properties of the improved wood 

produced from both species are very satisfactory and that 

there should be excellent opportunities for developing a 

demand for them for various uses. 

Rubbo, R.; Milans, J. 1980. Making of charcoal from 

wood in an open kiln (Fabricacion de carbon de lena en 

horno abierto). Montevideo, Uruguay: Ministerio de Agri- 

cultura y Pesca, Direccion Forestal, Parques, y Fauna. Re- 

production del publicacion 44, 1939, por la Direccion de 

Agronomia. 15 p. 

Sanz, J.A. 1989. Naval stores status in South America 

with a focus on Brazil. Naval Stores Review. 99(5):6-9. 

Senyszyn, P. 1980. Charcoal and the wood of Eucalyp- 

tus, which material is premium for its manufacture (El car- 

bon vegetal y la madera de eucalipto como materia prima 

para su fabricacion). Montevideo, Uruguay: Ministerio de 

Agricultura y Pesca, Direccion Forestal, Parques y Fauna. 

15 p. 

Serrano, B. 1960. The Argentine extract producing 

industry-a reliable source of tanning products (Sequridad 

en el abastecimiento de productos curientes por la indus- 

tria extractiva Argentina). In: Multiple use of forest lands: 

5th world forestry congress; 1960 August 29-September 10; 

Seattle, WA: 3:1406-1409. 

Shimizu, J.Y. 1978. Juvenile growth of Pinus elliottii En- 

gelm of high and low output of resin from the south of Sao 

Paulo (Crescimento juvenil do Pinus elliottii Engelm. de 

alto e baixo rendimento em resina no sul de Sao Paulo). 

Brazil Florestal. 9(33):24-27. 

Silva, M.; Bittner, M.; Sammes, P.G. 1973. Diter- 

penoids of Podocarpus nubigena. Phytochemistry. 

12(4) :883-886. 

Silva, M.L.da; Maia, J.G.S.; Rezende, C.M.A.da; 

Gottlieb, O.R. 1973. Arylpropanoids from Licaria 

puchury-major. Phytochemistry. 12(2):471-472. 

Silva, O.M. da; Pereira, A.R. 1981. Seasonal variation 

in the price of charcoal in the State of Minas Gerais (Vari- 

acao estacional dos precos de carvao vegetal no estado de 

Minas Gerais). Revista Arvore. 5(2):125-134. 

Prices from 1975 to 1980 are analysed. The seasonal vari- 

ation ranged approximately 8 percent below and above the 

annual mean. 

Silva S., M.K.; Assumpcao R., M.V. 1970. Contribu- 

tion to the study of anti-fungal substances obtained from 

Brazilian woods. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Publicacao, Instituto 

de Pesquisas Tecnologicas: 799:120. 

Describes the chemical extraction of five naturally durable 

woods of Brazil (Aspidosperma polyneuron, Astronium 

urundeuva, Dalbergia nigra, Myroxylon balsamum, Poe- 

cilanthe parvifolia) to test the inhibiting properties of 

the extracts on fungal attack of Coniophora cerebella, 

Fomes connatus, Lenzites trabea, and Polyporus fumosus. 

The most promising extract was from P. parvifolia, and 

was identified as sakuranetin (5,4’-dihydroxy-7- methoxy 

flavone). 

Simmons, F.C. 1963. Charcoal from portable kilns and 

fixed installations. Unasylva. 17(4): 199-21 1. 

Smith, G.C. 1982. Development of naval stores in South 

America. Naval Stores Review. 92(6):13-15. 

Stephan, G. 1978. The utilization of living tropical trees 

for the production of industrial raw materials (Die Nutzung 

lebender Baume in den Tropen zur Gewinnung von In- 

dustrierohstoffen). Sekt. Forstwirtschaft Tharandt, TU 

Dresden, German Democratic Republic. Beitrage fur die 

Forstwirtschaft. 12(1):45-48. 

The products discussed are resin, rubber, and shellac. 

Szczerbakow, K. 1978. New methods of stimulating resin 

flow. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry Congress, 

Centro Cultural General San Martin.; 1972 October 4-18; 



Tapia, C. 1986. The naval stores in Mexico. Naval Stores 

Review. 96( 6) : 11-14. 

Taylor, M.B. 1985. Naval stores in Brazil. Naval Stores 

Review. 95(5): 11-13. 

Torres-Z., M. 1981. Test for producing charcoal using a 

portable steel kiln (Ensayo para producir carbon vegetal 

usando um homo portatil de hierro). Conocoto, Ecuador: 

Centro de Capacitacion e Investigacion Forestal de Cono- 

coto. 30 p. 

Uhart, E. 1976. The Amazonian forest: a source of energy 

(A floresta Amazonica: fonte de energia). Superintenden- 

cia do desenvolvimento da Amazonia; Departamento de 

Recursos Naturais, Ministerio do Interior Belem, Brazil, 

and For. Econ. Div., Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, 

Nogent-sur-Marne, France. 144 p. 

Describes a joint study by SUDAM (Superintendencia do 

desenvolvimento da Amazonia) and the CTFT (Centre 

Technique Forestier Tropical) to evaluate possibilities for 

establishment of wood distilling industries in cattle raising 

areas. Analyses were made by CTFT, of the average and 

the densest wood samples as a source of products of distil- 

lation or as fuel for burning. The total volume of wood for 

processing in the areas was estimated at 200 t/ha, with a 

calorific value of about 3,000 cal per kg of dried wood. The 

possibility of using wood to produce electricity for the SU- 

DAM livestock projects is also discussed. Production costs 

for electricity using different methods are compared, and 

investment costs for plant are given. 

Valente, H.M.; Montes, A.L.; Venesch, E.E. 1968. 

Chemical composition of oil of turpentine from Pinus elliottii 

grown in Argentina. Revista Forestal Argentina. 

12( 4) : 11 1-1 14. 

83

Valente, H.M.; Rique, T. 1960. Chemical analysis of 

the wood of “pino de cerro” Podocarpus parlatorei Pilg. 

and “aliso del cerro” Alnus jorullensis var spachii (Regal) 

(Winkler) and their possibilities for making pulp (Estudio 

quimico de la madera del “pino de cerro” Podocarpus par- 

latorei Pilg. y ‘‘aliso del cerro” Alnus jorullensis var spachii 

(Regal) (Winkler) y sus posibilidades para la fabricacion 

de pulpas). Notas Tecnologicas Forestales. Buenos Aires, 

Argentina: Administracion Nacional de Bosques. 12:5. 

Valente, O.F.; Almeida, J.M. de; Vital, B.R.; Della 

Lucia, R.M. 1985. The effect of carbonization tempera- 

ture on the yield and properties of wood charcoal (Efeito 

da temperatura de carbonizacao nos rendimentos e pro- 

priedades do carvao vegetal produzido). Revista Arvore. 

9(1):28-39. 

Vital, B.R.; Bastos Filho, J.C.; Valente, O.F. 1985. 

The effect of tree age on charcoal production quantity, 

charcoal carbon content, and carbon yield from Eucalyptus 

(Efeito da idade da arvore sobre o rendimento gravimetrico 

e teor de carbono fixo de carvao de Eucalyptus). Revista 

Arvore. 9(2):180-185. 

Vital, B.R.; Della Lucia, R.M.; Valente, O.F. 1985. 

Estimation of humidity in wood destined for charcoal, in 

function of drying time: (Estimativa do teor de umidade de 

lenha para cavao em funcao do tempo de secagem). Revista 

Arvore. 9( 1): 10-27. 

Wartluft, J.L.; White, S. 1984. Comparing simple char- 

coal production technologies for the Caribbean. Arlington, 

VA.: Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA). 22 p. 

Weissmann, G.; Ayla, C. 1982. Thermosetting wood 

glues from bark extracts of Chilean Pinus radiata D. Don. 

Adhesion. 26(6/7):18-23. 

Describes bark extraction, preparation of extractive adhe- 

sives, and the testing of the adhesives from Pinus radiata 

in Chile. Both water and alkaline methods were used for 

extraction, viscosity of the extracts was reduced by reaction 

with sulphite or bisulphite or by the addition of phenol. 

Weissmann, G.; Vorker, W. 1975. The oleoresins of 

Cuban Pines. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 33(1):21-25. 

Oleoresins from one or more trees of each of the four 

Cuban Pines Pinus tropicalis, P. occidentalis, P. cuben- 

sis, and P. caribaea var. caribaea were separated into tur- 

pentine and resin acids, which were analyzed by gas chro- 

matography. Differences between the four species were 

noted. The principal component of all the turpentines was 

alpha-pinene, while a relatively high content of limonene 

was found in P. cubensis and of beta-phellandrene in P. 

caribaea. In the resin acids, differences were found in the 

components of the pimaric and isopimaric acid type. Rosin 

obtained from the oleoresins corresponds in properties to 

commercial grades. 

Wrann H., J. 1988. Tannin content in bark of pine (Pi- 

nus radiata D.Don) according to location and distinct ages 

(Contenido de taninos en corteza de pino (Pinus radiata 

D.Don) segun procedencias y edades distintas). Ciencia e 

Investigacion Forestal. 4:69-73. 

Describes a study of radiata pine to evaluate the tannin 

content in bark of trees. Trees of different ages from var- 

ious locations were evaluated, as was position in the tree. 

Data are given on the variation found. 

84 

Zabkiewicz, J.A.; Allan, P.A. 1975. Monoterpenes of 

young cortical tissue of Pinus radiata. Phytochemistry. 

14(1):211-212. 

Zinkel, D.F. 1985. Lightwood from the fire. Naval Stores 

Review. 94( 8): 15. 

Zinkel, D.F.; Russell, J., eds. 1989. Naval stores- 

production, chemistry, utilization. New York, NY: Pulp 

Chemicals Association. 1,060 p.

Pulping 

Pulping characteristics and manufacture (papermaking 

included only incidentally). 

ABCP. 1982. ABCP annual meeting during Paper Week; 

1982 November 22- 26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Technical Association of the Brazilian Pulp and 

Paper Industry: 679 p. 

Forty-one papers describe all aspects of the pulp and paper 

industry and, in particular, the use of home-grown Brazil- 

ian resources. 

ABCP. 1983. Proceedings of the Technical Association of 

the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry 16th annual meet- 

ing/3rd Latin-American Cellulose and Paper Congress; 1983 

Nov. 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Techni- 

cal Association of the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry: 

1,276 p. 

The proceedings consist of four volumes containing 93 pa- 

pers about pulping Latin American woods, especially euca- 

lyptus and pines. 

Albin, R.; Jaramillo, R. 1960. Observations on the vari- 

ation of moisture content in industrial wood chips of Pinus 

radiata D. Don (Observaciones sobre la variacion de con- 

tenido de humedad en madera industrial astillable de Pi- 

nus radiata D.Don). Valdivia, Chile: Facultad de Ciencias 

Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile. 

Alcalde-Melendez, H. 1979. Experiences on the use of 

hardwoods in paper manufacture (Experiencias sobre el uso 

de maderas duras en la fabricacion de papel). Durango, 

Mexico: Publicacion especial. Instituto Nacional de Investi- 

gationes Forestales. 

Anon. 1958. Summary of pulping and papermaking exper- 

iments on eucalyptus. FPL Rep. 2126. Madison, WI: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products 


Anon. 1971. Some useful information on woods from 

Amazonia (Algunas informacoes uteis sobre Amazonia). 

Belem, Brazil: SUDAM (Superintendencia do Desenvolvi- 

mento da Amazonia) Documenta. 3(4):133-177. 

Anon. 1973. Amazonian timbers. Industrial experience in 

the production of pulp and paper (Madeiras da Amazonia. 

Experiencia em escala industrial para producao de celulose 

e papel). Belem, Brazil: SUDAM (Superintendencia do 

Desenvolvimento da Amazonia). 14 p. 

Anon. 1977. Changes in the prices of forest products dur- 

ing the last twelve years (Variaciones de precios de pro- 

ductos forestales en los doce ultimos anos). Chile Forestal. 

2( 22): 12. 

Provides information on domestic and export prices of 

roundwood, chips, sawn wood of Pinus radiata and rauli 

(Nothofagus procera), particle and fibre boards, plywood, 

veneer, and paper in Chile for the years 1966 to 1977. Data 

are presented in tables and graphs, and the changes during 

the period are discussed. 

Anon. 1977. Prices per cubic meter for the pulp and pa- 

per industry: at roadside or at the mill? (Precios del metro 

ruma para la industria de la celulosa y papel: a orilla de 

camino o puesto en planta?). Chile Forestal. 2(22):9-11. 

A pulpwood supplier, two paper manufacturers, and an 

economist present their arguments for or against calculating 

the price of pulpwood in Chile at roadside vs. at the mill. 

Anon. 1978. Basralocus (Angelique). Bois et Forets des 

Tropiques. 178: 17-28. 

Describes Dicorynia guianensis which is found in Brazil, 

French Guiana, and Surinam. Logs, lumber, wood anatomy, 

and physical, mechanical, and chemical properties are de- 

tailed. The wood has a high shrinkage, is medium heavy, 

and hard to medium hard, with a high content of silica 

which makes it very abrasive. The logs are durable in ma- 

rine use but are not durable in soil contact, and are not 

treatable with preservatives for prevention of decay. Pulp- 

ing trials indicate that though the silica content is a disad- 

vantage, it is suitable for pulp. 



Describes the investment of $50 million by an Argentinian 

pulp firm for the development of a sawmill, plywood mill, 

and particleboard line. 

Anon. 1978. The forest industries of Latin America. 

Sawmilling, wood-based panels, and pulp and paper. In: 

Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry Congress, 1972 Oc- 

tober 4-18; Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires: Centro 

Cultural General San Martin. 1:1021-1103. 

Anon. 1979. Eucalyptus market pulps from Brazil 

pose threat to U.S. hardwood pulp. Pulp and Paper 

53(9):71-74. 

Reports on new pulp sources from Portugal, Spain, the U.S. 

South, and Brazil. Emphasis is placed on the properties of 

Brazilian Eucalyptus and Brazil’s mills. 

Anon. 1985. Chilean forest-product exports in the first 

three months of the year. Chilean Forestry News. 88:4-5 

Describes the exports of timber and pulp and paper prod- 

ucts from Chile in the period January to March 1985. The 

value in US dollars for all products was $77,076,790. The 

most important commodity was bleached pulp followed 

by radiata pine sawn wood. The largest importers were 

S. Korea and Japan. A total of about 50 countries bought 

Chilean wood products. 

Anon. 1985. Favourable forest-products foreign trade bal- 

ance. Chilean Forestry News. 85:2-4. 

Describes the import and export of forest products by Chile 

in 1983. Data are given in US dollars. Pulp and paper 

products were the principal imports. A positive balance 

of trade in forest products was shown for the year, to- 

talling $263,900,000. Exports of forest products amounted 

to 8.5 percent of total trade while imports were 2 percent. 

Exports went, in order of importance, to West Germany, 

Japan, Brazil, USA, and Indonesia. The imports were 

mostly from Brazil and the USA. 

Anon. 1985. Port expansion inaugurated at Lirquen. 

Chilean Forestry News. 87:2-3. 

85

Describes activities of the 2nd most important port in 

Chile. The port, in Region 8, had incoming and outgoing 

cargo including 68,166 m 3 of sawn wood and 70,268 m 3 of 

roundwood in 1984. Logs and sawnwood comprised 40 per- 

cent of all shipments while pulp and paper accounted for 

another 30 percent. The handling capacity of the port was 

recently doubled to 2,250,000 tons per yr. 

Anon. 1985. Rising forest-products output in 1984. 

Chilean Forestry News. 86:6-7. 

Describes changes in production levels for logs, sawnwood, 

panels, veneer, and pulp and paper in Chile. Statistical 

data show the official forestry production index for 1984 

was 8 percent higher than in 1980. 

Area, M.C.; Fretes, R.M. 1988. Study of the cell ele- 

ments of Guaica (Ocotea puberula). ATIPCA. 27(2):46-53. 

Describes the fiber and pulping characteristics of Ocotea 

puberula, detailing fiber length and fiber content of early 

and latewood. 

Asenjo-G., P. 1975. Pulp from native Chilean woods. 

Some general considerations. Charlas y Conferencias. 

3:1-11. 

Presents a brief history of the use of wood for production 

of pulp and paper, and discusses the present situation and 

future prospects of the pulp and paper industry in Chile. 

Up to this time the industry has been based on Pinus radi- 

ata wood from plantations which were planted in the late 

19th century. Demand for P. radiata wood for sawtimber 

and pulp is expected to exceed output within the next 4 

to 5 years. Tests of Drimys winteri, Eucryphia cordifolia, 

and Nothofagus dombeyi for pulp have proven feasible. Pi- 

lot studies of these species and other Chilean hardwoods 

should be made for industrial application. 

Baker, D.L.; Sepall, O.; Cornforth, E.; Siedlak, E.R. 

1977. TMP–key to development of mechanical book pa- 

pers from a tropical hardwood– Gmelina arborea. In: Pro- 

ceedings EUCEPA International Mechanical Pulping Con- 

ference. (Helsinki) Paper No. 6B. 1:21. 

Describes paper making study where bleached Gmelina 

thermomechanical pulp was mixed with 35 percent soft- 

wood kraft pulp to give the best furnish for book papers. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Foelkel, C.E.B. 1975. Utilization of 

native forest trees for pulp: Mimosa bracatinga, Cecropia 

sp., Tabebuia cassinoides, and Joannesia princeps. Sao 

Paulo, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais. 

10:43-56. 

Describes tests on the pulping characteristics of four native 

Brazilian hardwoods. Data show that the species produce 

sulphate pulps of quality inferior to Eucalyptus saligna 

pulp, but suitable for manufacture of printing and writing 

paper. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Brito, J.O. 1976. Eucalyptus as 

raw material for pulp in Brazil. Investigacion y Tecnica del 

Pap el. 13 (50): 927-949. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Brito, J.O. 1976. Potential of tropi- 

cal eucalypt species for production of bleached sulfate pulp 

(Potencialade de especies tropicais de Eucalipto para a pro- 

ducao de celulose sulfato branqueada). Piricicaba, Brazil: 

86 

IPEF (Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Forestais) Publicao 

Semestral. 13:9-37. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Brito, J.O. 1976. The wood of 

Eucalyptus spp. as raw material for the pulp and pa- 

per industry (A madeira das especies de eucalipto como 

materia-prima para a industria de celulose e papel). Piraci- 

caba, S.P., Brazil: University de Sao Paulo. FAO Rep. 

PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45. Serie Divulgacao 13. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Kageyama, P.Y.; Speltz, R.M.; 

Bonish, H.J.; Brito, J.O.; Ferreira, M. 1977. Tri- 

als of provenances of Pinus taeda from the point of view 

of their industrial use (Estudos de procedencias de Pinus 

taeda visando seu aproveitamento industrial). Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais, Piraci- 

caba. 15:1-14. 

Describes a trial of 20 provenances of Pinus taeda estab- 

lished in Telemaco Borba district, Parana, Brazil. After 9 

years the genetic variations between provenances in height, 

diameter at breast height, volume, survival percent, and 

wood density showed that the best growth was by prove- 

nances from the SE part of the natural range in the United 

States. The best provenances for optimum production of 

sulphate pulp per ha were: Jackson, Florida; Berkeley, 

S. Carolina; South Coastal, S. Carolina; Forest Service, 

S. Carolina; and the local introduced strain at Telemaco 

Borba (control). 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Brito, J.O. 1979. Utilization of na- 

tive wood species in the state of Santa Catarina for the 

production of pulp. Papel. 40:49-54. 

Describes fibre dimensions, chemical and physical proper- 

ties, and suitability for kraft pulping of hardwood species 

native to Santa Catarina and compares them with proper- 

ties of Eucalyptus grandis. The native woods mixture had 

high density, high lignin content, and bleached pulps with 

relatively low yield, viscosity, brightness, and strength prop- 

erties. Tearing strength, opacity, and porosity were high. 

The pulps would appear to be suitable in mixtures with 

long-fibre kraft pulps for writing and printing papers. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Foelkel, C.E.B. 1975. Utilization 

of native forest trees for pulp: bracatinga (Mimosa bra- 

catinga), embauba (Cecropia sp), caixeta (Tabebuia cassi- 

noides) and boleira (Joannesia princeps) (Utilizacao de 

madeiras de essencias florestais nativas na obtencao de celu- 

lose: bracatinga (Mimosa bracatinga), embauba (Cecropia 

sp), caixeta (Tabebuia cassinoides) e boleira (Joannesia 

princeps)). Piricicaba, Brazil: IPEF (Instituto de Pesquisas 

e Estudos Forestais) Publicao Semestral. 10:43-56. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G; Brito, J.O.; Couto, H.T.Z. do. 

1979. Kraft pulping characteristics of Pinus caribaea var. 

hondurensis growing in Brazil. In: Proceedings of 1st 

IUFRO conference on wood quality and utilization of trop- 

ical species; 1978 October 30-November 3; Laguna, Phillip- 

pines. Laguna, Philippines: FORPRIDECOM College: 

236-255. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; and others. 1982. Utilization of na- 

tive Brazilian timbers. In: Malvesi, I.T.O. and others, eds. 

Proceedings of the national conference on native species, 

1982 September 12-18; Campos do Jordao, Sao Paulo, 

Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Silvicultura. 16A(2):1235-1382.

Lists five papers by title: Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Brito, J.O. 

Wood of native species and the production of pulp (As 

madeiras de essencias nativas e a producao de celulose). 

p. 1235-1244; Freitas, A.R. de; Chimelo, J.P. Utilization 

of Amazonian woods for production of railroad ties for the 

Carajas Iron Project (Utilizacao de madeiras amazonicas 

para a producao de dormentes para o projeto Ferro Cara- 

jas). p. 1316-1327; Pontinha, A. de A.S.; Freire Neto, A.O. 

da L.; Giannotti, E. Study of the quality of charcoal pro- 

duced at laboratory scale using ten cerrado species (Es- 

tudo da qualidade do carvao vegetal produzido em es- 

cala de laboratorio de dez especies de cerrado). p. 1345- 

1349. Carneiro, M.G.; Ferraz, E.S. de B.; Tomazello Filho, 

M. Polymerization of methyl methacrylate in Schizolo- 

bium parahyba wood using thermal processing (Polimer- 

izacao de metacrilato de metila em madeira de Schizolo- 

bium parahyba (Vell.) Black atraves de processo ter- 

mico). p. 1367-1372. Carneiro, M.G.; Ferraz, E.S. de B.; 

Tomazello Filho, M. Polymerization of methyl methacry- 

late in Schizolobium parahyba wood using gamma radia- 

tion (Polimerizacao de metacrilato de metila em madeira 

de Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake atraves de radiacao 

gama). p. 1373-1382. 

Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Foelkel, C.E.B.; Gonzaga, J.V.; 

Busnardo, C.A. 1983. Basic density and characteristics of 

Eucalyptus grandis wood fibers. In: Proceedings of ABCP 

16th annual meeting, 3d Latin American cellulose and pa- 

per congress: 1983 November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao 

Paulo, Brazil: Technical Association of the Brazilian Pulp 

and Paper Industry: 113-125. 

Describes the variation of basic density at eight locations 

from pith to bark on samples of Eucalyptus grandis grown 

in Brazil. Density was strongly correlated with fiber wall 

thickness, lumen diameter, and fiber length. 

Becerra-M., J. 1977. Quality of forest products for use 

in the cellulose and paper industry (Calidad de troceria 

para uso en la industria de la celulosa y del papel). Mex- 



Becker, S.E.; Caldwell, H.G. 1974. An evaluation of 

NSSC and kraft pulping of Ecuadorian hardwoods for cor- 

rugating medium. Tappi. 57( 12): 117-1 19. 

Describes results of laboratory experiments to evaluate 

eight samples of tropical hardwoods from Ecuador, in- 

cluding sande, Virola, sajo, mangrove, mixed hardwoods, 

sawmill waste, veneer waste, and sawdust. All of the fur- 

nishes, except that of mangrove, were suitable for making 

corrugating medium, but quality and yield varied consider- 

ably. In furnishes of mixed hardwoods, it is suggested that 

species with a high wood density could be separated by a 

flotation technique. 

Boone, R.S.; Chudnoff, M. 1972. Compression wood 

formation and other characteristics of plantation-grown Pi- 

nus caribaea. Res. Pap. ITF-13. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Institute of 

Tropical Forestry. 16 p. 

Seventy-one trees from four plantations located in two life 

zones were sampled to determine amount, orientation, and 

effect of compression wood on some physical and mechan- 

ical properties of 8 to 10 year old Pinus caribaea grown in 

Puerto Rico. 

Bowers, R. 1974. Report to the Government of Surinam 

on the technical and economical appraisal of an export 

market pulp industry or export chip industry. Rep. SIS 

14. Forest Industries and Trade Division of FAO, Rome- 

Development Program. 

Boyhan, G. 1975. Tropical hardwoods-a fiber bonanza. 

Pulp and Paper International. 17(1):4346. 

Describes the potential use of tropical hardwoods from 

Latin America and the Pacific Basin for pulpwood. Forest 

conversion to plantations of fast-growing species is consid- 

ered best economically. Data on costs of clear cutting and 

planting are presented with a list of suitable species and 

pulping characteristics of the mixed hardwoods. 

Breithaupt, G. 1975. The wood industry of Cuba 

(Die Holzwirtschaft der Republik Kuba). Holzindustrie. 

28(12):373-376. 

Describes current statistics from Cuba on the wood indus- 

try including sawmilling, plywood, pulping, and minor for- 

est product industries. Plans to develop forestry and forest 

products industries and bagasse utilization are discussed. 

The supply of industrial roundwood is very low in Cuba, 

due to a high amount of coppice and poorly tended stands, 

also a high demand for poles and firewood. 

Bueno-Z., J. 1979. Correlation between chlorine factor, 

kappa index, and lignin residue in sulfate pulp (Correla- 

ciones entre indice de cloro, indice kappa y lignina resid- 

ual en pulpa quimica al sulfato). Peru: Revista Forestal. 

9(2) :59-67. 

The linear relations of these three factors are noted for 

pulp from the wood of 53 Peruvian forest species. 

Bueno-Z., J.; Trujillo-G., C. 1980. Sulfate pulp from 

Eucalyptus globulus labill from Cuzco, Cajamarca, and 

Junin [Peru] (Pulpa qhimica a1 sulfato de Eucalyptus glob- 

ulus Labill en Cuzco, Cajamarca y Junin). Peru: Revista 


Compares pulp produced from three regions in Peru, taking 

into account factors such as break length, burst index, and 

ease of desalignification. 

Busnardo, C.A.; Gonzaga, J.V.; Foelkel, C.E.B.; 

Vesz, B.V. 1983. In search of ideal quality of eucalypt 

wood for producing pulp. Proceedings, ABCP 16th annual 

meeting, 3d Latin American cellulose and paper congress; 

1983 November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, 


Paper Industry: 55-72. 

Describes a study of the basic density of a commercial 

stand of Eucalyptus saligna, sampling was done at the 

tree base, breast height, and at 3.5, 14, 25, 50, 75, and 100 

percent of the tree height. Best estimates of basic density 

came from the 25 percent sampling location. The sugges- 

tion was made to use trees felled for collection of vegetative 

material to do the 25 percent of height sampling. 

Busnardo, C.A.; Gonzaga, J.V.; Benites, E.P.; Dias, 

C.; Menochelli, S.; Schmidt, C. 1983. Comparative 

study of the quality of Eucalyptus saligna wood from Coff’s 

harbour and wood of hybrid origin from Canela, introduced 

in the Guaiba-RS region. In: Proceedings of the Technical 

87

Association of the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry 16th 

annual meeting/3rd Latin-American Cellulose and Paper 

Congress; 1983 November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao 



Busnardo, C.A.; Gonzaga, J .V.; Foelkel, C.E.B.; 

Vesz, B.V. 1983. In search of ideal quality of eucalypt 

wood for producing pulp. (2). Interrelationships between 

the properties of trees and their woods. In: Proceedings of 

the Technical Association of the Brazilian Pulp and Pa- 

per Industry 16th annual meeting/3rd Latin-American 

Cellulose and Paper Congress; 1983 November 21-26; Sao 

Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Technical Association of 

the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry: 31-53. 

Describes the use of linear models to predict wood quality 

(basic density) of Eucalyptus saligna wood based on the 

following parameters: diameter at breast height (inside and 

outside bark), and tree height. 

Caceres-Rojas, H.; Gonzalez, S.G.; Rangel Murcia, 

N. 1977. Evaluation of sulfate pulps obtained from new 

species of the forest area of Caqueta, Colombia. Revista. 

Ion. 4(14):35-73. 

Describes sulphate pulp studies on nine tropical species. 

Carderias, P.R. 1978. Practical experiences in the man- 

ufacture of pulp with tropical hardwoods (Experiencias 

practicas en la fabricacion de la pulpa a partir de maderas 

duras de bosque tropical). In: Proceedings of the 7th 

World Forestry Congress, Centro Cultural General San 

Martin; 1972 October 4-18; Buenos Aires, Argentina. 

Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Forestal Nacional. 

5:6114-6127. 

Carpim, M.A.; Barrichelo, L.E.G. 1983. Wood den- 

sity variability in Eucalyptus species. In: Proceedings of 

the Technical Association of the Brazilian Pulp and Pa- 

per Industry 16th annual meeting, 3rd Latin-American 

cellulose and paper congress; 1983 November 21-26; Sao 


the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry: 127-137. 

Describes a study of the basic density of Eucalyptus deanei, 

E. dunnii, E. grandis, and E. saligna of different growth 

rates and age, and from different provenances. Radial den- 

sity variation was determined for E. grandis and E. saligna. 

Variation between provenances in density was sufficient to 

suggest tree improvement studies. 

Carpim, M.A.; Barrichelo, L.E.G. 1984. Effect of seed 

source and diameter class on the characteristics of wood 

from Eucalyptus grandis. In: Proceedings of the ABCP 

16th annual meeting, 3rd Latin American cellulose and pa- 

per congress; 1983 November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao 



Samples of wood grown from sesed of three distinct sources 

exhibited different relationships between wood density and 

diameter. 

Carvalho, O.F. 1979. Microbiological deterioration in Eu- 

calyptus logs, chip piles and pulp. In: Proceedings of the 

Technical Association of the Brazilian Pulp and Paper In- 

dustry; 12th annual meeting (congresso anual) during paper 

88 

week; 1979 November 26-30; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, 


Paper Industry: 167-170. 

Casals, J.M.; Melo, R. 1969. Pulping the wood of in- 

signe pine by bisulfite of magnesium. Magnefite process 

(Pulpaje al bisulfito de magnesio de madera de pino in- 

signe. Proceso magnefite). Informe Tecnico. 36. Santiago, 

Chile: Instituto Forestal: 277-282. 

Casessa-A, E. 1980. Anatomical aspects of wood 

in relation to paper production (Aspectos anatomicos 

de la madera en relacion con la fabricacion de papel). 

Tecnologia-en-Marcha. 3(2):33-37. 

Groups 13 Costa Rican species into five catagories of paper 

quality, based upon their Runkel factor values. 

Chidester, G.H.; Brown, K.J. 1954. Use of bleached 

cold soda pulps from certain mixtures of Latin Ameri- 

can hardwoods in newsprint. FPL Rep. 2013. Madison, 



Chidester, G.H.; Schafer, E.R. 1954. Pulping of Latin 

American woods. FPL Rep. 2012. Madison, WI: U.S. De- 



Chidester, G.H.; Schafer, E.R. 1961. Pulping and pa- 

permaking experiments on certain pines of Mexico and 

Central America;. FPL Rep. 2217. Madison, WI: U.S. De- 



Chilean Forestry News. 1988. CMPC goes into part- 

nership to erect a new wood-pulp factory. Santiago, Chile: 

Chilean Forestry News. 11(121):6. 

Chilean Forestry News. 1988. Shell: an important 

newcomer to Chilean forestry. Santiago, Chile: Chilean 

Forestry News. 11(121):5. 

Chirinos, D.N. 1970. Economic aspects of programs for 

wood production. Venezuela: Revista Forestal Venezolana. 

13(19/20):11-26. 

Describes forestry and forest products in Venezuela from 

a national point of view. Includes information on resource 

management for sawlogs, and the potential for pulp and 

paper using plantations. 

Contreras, A.H. 1980. Evolution of requirements for for- 

est products in Latin America. Development and invest- 

ment outlook. Forest Products Journal. 30(10):70-74 

Following a summary of relevant FAO statistics it is con- 

cluded that there are opportunities for investment in forest 

industry in Latin America, particularly in the pulp and pa- 

per industry. It is suggested that an increase in the involve- 

ment of governments in forestry development is necessary. 

Correira, A. de A.; Ribeiro, E.B.P.; Luz, C.N.R. 

1974. Pulp and paper study of Amazonian forests. 1. For- 

est along the Manaus-Itacoatiara route. Acta Amazonica. 

4(2):23-46. 

Reviews the production and consumption of pulp and paper 

in Brazil, and various trials in using mixed tropical species

as a source of pulpwood. Details are given of an inventory 

of an area of Amazonian forest near Manaus, showing the 

amounts of 43 named species present (388 other species 

present were not considered). Data are given on fibre di- 

mensions and chemical analyses of each of these 43 species, 

and results are presented from sulphate pulping of these 

species in individual cooks and in representative mixtures, 

easy mixtures, and difficult mixtures. The results indicate 

that the average dry wood density is high (0.94) but that 

any mixture can be pulped satisfactorily (22 percent NaOH 

and 2.2 percent S). Estimates are made of the amount of 

bleached pulp that could be manufactured from this forest 

resource. 

Correa, A. de A.; Luz, C.N.R.; Frazao, F.J.L. 1977. 

Papermaking characteristics of the bamboos of the State of 

Acre (Caracteristicas papeleiras dos bambus do estado do 

Acre). Act a Amazonica. 7( 4) :529-550. 

Describes the bamboos: Guadua angustifolia, G. glomerata, 

G. morim, G. superba, and Nastus [Cenchrus] amazonicus 

with physical characteristics of the woods and properties of 

chemical, semichemical, chemimechanical, and mechanical 

pulps derived from them. These species may be used to 

make pulp and paper, especially paperboard. 

Correa, A. 1983. Pulpwood tree for reforestation. III. 

Pinus oocarpa Shiede introduced into the Amazon region, 

Brazil (Essencia papeleira de reflorestamento. III. O Pinus 

oocarpa Shiede, introduzido na Amazonia). Acta Amazon- 

ica. 13(3/4):547-582. 

The pulping characteristics of Pinus oocarpa were exam- 

ined to determine its suitability for future reforestation 

programs. The chemical analysis of wood samples, den- 

sity, classification of pulp fibers, pulping assays, testing of 

bleaching processes, and analysis of physiomechanical prop- 

erties of pulps are reported. Author concludes that this 

species produces suitable pulps and should be considered 

for future Amazon reforestation projects. 

Correa, A. 1984. Papermaking study of a mixture of left- 

over log rolls from plywood plants in the Amazonas State, 

Brazil. Papel. 45:48-58. 

Couto, E.; Repetti, R.; Rique, T. 1980. Red quebracho 

sapwood–a forestry residue with possibilities of industrial 

exploitation (Albura de quebracho Colorado, un desecho 

forestal con posibilidades de aprovechamiento industrial). 

Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Forestal Nacional. Fol- 

leto Tecnico Forestal. 57:13. 

Reports data for the period up to 1976/78, on difficulties in 

Argentina’s quebracho tannin extraction industry. The in- 

dustry, since 1937 has been in a decline in production, due 

to competitive tanning materials. The suggestion is made 

to use the sapwood of quebracho (Schinopsis) for pulp fur- 

nish based on pulping studies with Kraft pulp. Where high 

physico-mechanical resistance is not required papers may be 

suitable, and could supply about 15 percent of Argentina’s 

pulpwood requirements. 

Cruz, G.C. da; Soares, M.I.; Fulgencio, C.M. 1978. 

Bibliographical survey on Eucalyptus species, suitable prin- 

cipally for the production of pulp and charcoal (1947-1977) 

(Levantamento bibliografica sobre especies de eucaliptos, 

aptas principalamente para producao de celuluse e carvao 

vegetal (Periodo 1947-1977)). Santa Barbara, Brazil: Com- 

panhia Agricola e Florestal. 2 vols. 

Cubillos, J. 1978. Practical experiences in pulping trop- 

ical hardwoods [from Colombia’s Pacific Coast forest]. In: 

Auchter, R. J. (coordinator): Proceedings of conference on 

improved utilization of tropical forests; 1978 May 21-26; 


ture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: 493-500. 

D’Adamo, O. 1972. The evolution of the forest products 

industry in Latin America. World Wood. 13(11):32-34. 

A review of the state of the forest products industry (sawn 

timber, panel products–i.e., plywood and veneer, particle- 

board and fibreboard–and pulp products) and its develop- 

ment potential. 

David-B., E., ed. 1971. A study of the trade and mar- 

keting of the forest products of Peru (Estudio de mercado 

y comercializacion de productos forestales del Peru). La 

Molina, Peru: Departamento de Industrias Forestales, Uni- 

versidad Nacional Agraria. 326 p. 

Describes data from a comprehensive survey by nine con- 

tributors. Part 1: forest resources of Peru; roundwood pro- 

duction, marketing, imports and exports; time and costs 

in timber extraction operations; the lumber industry, pro- 

duction, prices, transport costs, marketing, imports and ex- 

ports; the flooring industry; the plywood industry, exports; 

the particleboard industry; the pulp, paper, and fiberboard 

industry, production, imports, exports; mining timbers and 

properties of the woods used; and the matchwood indus- 

try. Part 2: a listing of commercial species from Peru by 

common and scientific names, with data on the physical 

and mechanical properties, air-drying schedules, natural 

durability, preservation, nailing properties, suitability for 

decorative veneers, possibilities for pulping, and extrac- 

tive contents. Conclusions and recommendations are also 

provided. 

Dias, J.L.F. da S. 1972. Study of the technological char- 

acteristics of pulps produced industrially from wood of 

Eucalypts. Estudos, Ensaios, Documentos, Junta Invest. 

Ultramar. 128:101. 

Fahey, D.J.; Laundrie, J.F. 1978. Market pulp and 

white papers from mixed tropical hardwoods. In: Pro- 

ceedings of conference on improved utilization of tropi- 

cal forests; 1978 May 21-26; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest 

Products Laboratory: 355-370. 

Fairest, R. W. 1964. Pulp for making paper, from three 

woods typical of the forest of the state of Bolivar (Pulpa 

para papel a partir de tres maderas tipicas de la selva 

del estado Bolivar). Venezuela: Revista Forestal. 10/11: 

121-141. 

FAO. 1955. Pulp and paper prospects in Latin America. 

Report of the Latin American meeting of experts on the 

pulp and paper industry; 1954 October 18-November 2; 

Buenos Aires, Argentina. p. 169-177. 

FAO. 1975. Pulping and papermaking properties of fast- 

growing plantation wood species. FO:MISC/75/31. Rome, 

Italy: FAO. 

FAO. 1977. Projections of demand for paper in Brazil 

1975-2000 (Projecoes de demanda de papel no Brasil 

89

1975-2000). FAO Rep. Brasilia, Brazil: Colecao Desen- 

volvimento e Planej amento Florest al. PNUD/FAO/BRA- 

76/027, Serie Tecnica. 2:83. 

Part 1 contains a description of the procedure adopted in 

determining the demand projections. Part 2 presents in 

tables and graphs the statistical data on population growth, 

etc. on which the demand projections are based, together 

with the actual estimates of future demand. 

Fiano, E.N. 1976. Summary of studies conducted in Ar- 

gentina on willows and poplars. Investigacion y Tecnica del 

Pap el. 13( 50) : 1073-1 085. 

Fleming, P.; Melo, R. 1969. Pulping the heartwood of 

insigne pine with bisulphite of soda (Pulpaje de duramen 

de pino insigne con bisulfito de sodio). Informe Tecnico No. 

36. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal: 295-298. 

Foelkel, C.E.B.; Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Molanzez, A.F. 

1975. Comparative study of the woods of Eucalyptus 

saligna, E. citriodora, E. maculata, E. tereticornis and 

E. paniculata for production of sulfate pulp. Piricicaba, 

Brazil. IPEF (Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Forestais). 

Publicao Semestral. 10:17-34. 

Describes tests of E. citriodora (7 and 13 year old), E. mac- 

ulata (7 year), E. paniculata (6 and 10 year), E. saligna 

(8 and 13 year) and E. tereticornis (7 year) from Brazilian 

plantations. Wood characteristics and properties of un- 

bleached sulphate pulps were studied. For E. citriodora, 

E. paniculata, and E. maculata. E. paniculata (10 year) 

specific gravity was higher, and fibres had thicker walls 

and were stiffer. E. saligna (8 year) gave the highest pulp 

yields, E. citriodora pulps had the highest tearing strength, 

while pulps of E. saligna (8 year), E. tereticornis (7 year) 

and E. maculata (7 year) had better burst and tensile 

strengths. Denser sheets were obtained from E. maculata, 

E. saligna, and E. tereticornis. Pulp blending studies are 

advocated. 

Foelkel, C.E.B.; Barrichelo, L.E. 1976. Evaluation of 

the wood of Joannesia princeps for production of paper 

pulp (Avaliacao de madeira Joannesia princeps para produ- 

cao de celulose para papel). Brasil Florestal. 7(25):24-34. 

Foelkel, C.E.B.; Busnardo, C.A.; Zvinakevicius, C.; 

Borssatto, M. de F.B. 1981. In search of ideal quality of 

eucalypt wood for producing pulp. (1). Tropical eucalypts. 

Papel. 42:52-56. 

Describes the Kraft pulping of 13 Eucalyptus species and 

their physical, chemical, and anatomical properties. Best 

pulp production results from woods with high basic density, 

thick cell walls, long fibers, high proportions of long and 

thick-walled fibers, and low lignin content. 

Foelkel, C.E.B.; Zvinakevicius, C. 1980. Hardwood 

pulping in Brazil. Tappi. 63(3):39-42. 

Describes wood and fiber properties, pulping and bleaching 

techniques, and qualities of pulps made. The species used 

are Eucalyptus spp. and Gmelina arborea. 

Fuller, W.S.; Fussell, O.; King, R.E.; Nordquist, 

H. 1974. Alkaline pulping conference; 1974 Sept. 16-18; 

Seattle, WA.. Atlanta, GA: TAPPI: 207 p. 

90 

A collection of 27 individual papers, including: Extracting 

bark and dirt from forest residual chips (W.S. Fuller); Fac- 

tors to consider in handling and pulping whole-tree chips 

(O. Fussell); New drumbarker design for small diameter 

pulpwood and sawlogs (R.E. King); Efficient extraction of 

large diameter bolts from drumbarker and chipping line (H. 

Nordquist); Whole-tree chips as a source of papermaking 

fiber (L.N. Powell; J.D. Shoemaker; R. Lazar; R.G. Barker); 

Pulping characteristics of Douglas Fir sawdusts (W. J. 

Bublitz; T.Y. Yang); and Evaluation of NSSC and kraft 

pulping of Ecuadorian hardwoods for corrugating medium 

(E.S. Becker; H.G. Caldwell) [all eight samples of Ecuador 

hardwoods evaluated proved suitable for the production of 

corrugating medium, except for mangrove]. 

Gallo Neto, C. 1979. The use of Eucalyptus pulp for 

packaging papers and boards in Brazil. In: Haas, L.E., ed. 

Proceedings of the symposium on new pulps for the paper 

industry; 1979 May; Brussels, Belgium. San Francisco, CA: 

Miller Freeman Publications. 

Gomez, G. 1978. Case history of a South American pa- 

permill (Carton de Colombia). Unasylva. 30(122):7-13. 

Gomez, C.H.; Mondragon, I. 1974. The pulping of 

tropical hardwoods for linerboard. Tappi. 57(5):140-142. 

Describes laboratory studies and mill trials in Colombia in 

which the contribution of tropical hardwoods to the fur- 

nish for corrugated board was increased from 40 percent to 

80 percent. Manufacturing characteristics and tear proper- 

ties were maintained although there was some loss of burst 

strength and related properties. Further trials to improve 

these factors are planned. 

Gomide, J.L.; Kutsha, N.P.; Shottafer, J.E.; Zabel, 

L.W. 1972. Kraft pulping and fiber characteristics of five 

Brazilian woods. Wood and Fiber. 4(3):158-169. 

Describes the pulping properties of Annona sericea, Luehea 

divaricata, Piptadenia rigida, and P. communis, using the 

kraft process. Eucalyptus saligna pulp was used for com- 

parison. Good pulp quality was achieved from all species, 

but correlations between fiber characteristics and pulp qual- 

ity were poor. A. sericea wood is anatomically described 

for the first time. 

Gomide, J.L.; Vital, B.R.; Ribeiro, A.C. 1975. For- 

est tree species of the Zona da Mata as a source of pulp. 

Revist a Ceres. 22 (1 19) : 74-79. 

Describes the chemical properties and specific gravity for 

20 of the most common woods from the Zona da Mata, 

Minas Gerais. Data were determined from wood samples 

of two trees per species. Tabulated results are discussed, 

with recommendations for further studies on the pulping of 

selected species having good technical characteristics and 

sufficient volumes, e.g. Annona sericea, Apuleia leiocarpa, 

Cassia verrucosa, Mabea fistulifera, Piptadenia colubrina, 

P. communis, and Tapirira peckoltiana. 

Goncalez, J.C.; Gomide, J.L.; Vital, B.R. 1986. Tech- 

nical evaluation of kraft pulps produced from Eucalyptus 

grandis wood grown from sprouts (Estudos technologicos da 

madeira de brotacoes de Eucalyptus grandis para producao 

de celulose kraft). Revista Arvore. 10(1):1-15. 

Gonzaga, J.V.; Busnardo, C.A.; Dias, C.; 

Menochelli, S.; Foelkel, C.E.B. 1983. Characterization

of the quality of wood from Eucalyptus viminalis intro- 

duced in the Guaiba-RS region. In: Proceedings of the 

Technical Association of the Brazilian Pulp and Paper In- 

dustry 16th annual meeting, 3rd Latin-American Cellulose 

and Paper Congress; 1983 Nov. 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

1053-1071. 

A study of an experimental stand of E. viminalis, planted 

in the Guaiba-Rio Grande do Sul region of Brazil with seed 

from Canela, sampled four representative trees at the base, 

breast height, and at 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent of the 

tree height. Amounts of bark, heartwood, and sapwood 

were determined, as were their basic densities and axial 

and radial variations. Data are presented on the chemical 

and anatomical characteristics of fibers and vessel elements. 

E. viminalis was shown to be inferior to other species of 

Eucalyptus normally used in the pulp industry. A case for 

improvement of the species is made. 

Gonzaga, J.V.; Foelkel, C.E.B.; Busnardo, C.A.; 

Gomide, J.L; Schmid, T.C. 1983. Quality of wood 

and bleached kraft pulp from thirteen eucalyptus species. 

In: Proceedings of the ABCP 16th annual meeting, 

3d Latin American cellulose and paper congress; 1983 

November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Technical Association 

of the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry: 7-29. 

Describes a study of the wood and pulp properties of young 

(4 1/2 year-old) samples of Eucalyptus andrewsii, E. 

camaldulensis, E. cloeziana, E. deanei, E. grandis, E. mi- 

crocorys, E. pellita, E. pilularis, E. propinqua, E. quadran- 

gulata, E. saligna, E. tereticornis, and E. urophylla. All 

the species were grown in Minas Gervais, Brazil. The study 

showed that E. grandis and E. saligna were best for pulp- 

ing because of their higher average biomass production and 

lower bark content. E. andrewsii, E. microcorys, E. pellita, 

E. pilularis, and E. quadrangulata also were indicated to be 

good for pulp. 

Goto, T.; Furuno, T. 1974. Bibliography of publication[s] 

on tropical woods I. Wood qualities and utilization. Res. 

Rep. of Foreign Wood, Japan: Shimane University. 3:1-37. 

A bibliography arranged in sections including information 

on pulping. Within each section the references are cited 

chronologically in two groups: references to world literature 

and Japanese literature. 

Grant, J. 1971. Practical experiences in the use of mixed 

tropical hardwoods for the production of pulp and paper. 

Vienna, Austria: United Nations Industrial Development 

Organization, ID/WG.102/17: 39 p. 

Describes the use of mixed tropical woods for pulp and pa- 

per, presenting information on the forests and their diver- 

sity, wood properties of some tropical hardwoods, pulping 

methods used, uses of the pulps, and other data. 

Guth, E. 1968. Variation of the length of fibers in tim- 

ber of Pinus elliottii (Variacion del largo de fibra en el leno 

de Pinus elliottii). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Informativo 

de Investigaciones Agricolas, Centro de Investigaciones y 

Experiencias Forest ales. Suplemento Forest ales. 5 : 3 1. 

Guth, E. B. de. 1983. Variation in wood density of Pinus 

elliottii in relation to locality in Misiones and Corrientes 

provinces (Variacion de densidad en P. elliottii segun lo- 

calidad de implantacion en las provincias de Misiones y 

Corrientes). In: Technical workshop of the 19th techni- 

cal congress on pulp and paper Trabajos Tecnicos, 19deg 

Congreso Tecnico sobre Celulosa y Papel. Buenos Aires, 

Argentina: ATIPCA. 1:79-91 

Describes a study of Pinus elliottii grown at 13 locations 

in Argentina. Evaluations of basic density were made on 7 

to 12 year-old trees. Significant differences in density were 

noted between locations. The better sites yielded 6 t/ha in 

10 years. Recommendations for selection to improve yield 

are made. Yields of alcohol-benzene extractives are also 

noted. 

Guth, E.B. de. 1984. Laboratory evaluation of the suit- 

ability of six Eucalyptus species for paper manufacture 

(Evaluacion en laboratorio de la calidid papelera de seis 

especies de eucaliptus). Revista ATIPCA (Associacion de 

Tecnicos de la Industria Papelera y Celulosica Argentina). 

23(1):55-59. 

Describes the study of the wood of six eucalypts for use 

in paper manufacture. Tests included alcohol-benzene ex- 

tractives content, wood density, fibre morphology, and gen- 

eral paper quality. The materials tested were from 11-year- 

old Eucalyptus angophoroides, E. fastigata, E. globulus, 

E. nitens, E. regnans, and E. saligna from Buenos Aires 

province, Argentina. The most promising species were 

E. regnans, E. fastigata, and E. nitens. 

Guth, E.B. de; Ragonese, A.E. 1980. Evaluation of the 

characteristics of the timber in relation to the quality of the 

paper of some willow hybrids obtained in Castelar (Eval- 

uacion de las caracteristicas del leno en relacion a la cali- 

dad del papel de algunos hibridos de sauces obtenidos en 

Castelar). IDIA (Informativo de Investigaciones Agricolas). 

Buenos Aires, Argentina: 393/394:25-30. 

Describes an evaluation of six clones of Salix babylonica X 

S. alba and one clone of S. babylonica X S. humboldtiana 

compared with Salix spp. of known paper-producing quali- 

ties. Relationships were positive between wood density and 

fiber length (r=0.92), wood density and fiber length/diam. 

ratio (r=0.78), and between paper quality and fiber length. 

Paper quality and fiber diameter or wood density showed 

no relationship. 

Haage, S. 1983. Forestry in Brazil: the Jari project. Raw 

Materials Report. 2(1):39-42. 

For centuries the Amazon–the largest area of virgin forest 

in the world-has attracted foreign exploiters. The latest 

example is the so called Jari project, initiated by the Amer- 

ican shipping magnate D.K. Ludwig, reportedly the richest 

man in the world. In 1967 he purchased an area as large 

as Northern Ireland in order to manufacture pulp for the 

world market. However, it proved considerably more diffi- 

cult than he had calculated to construct a profitable forest 

industry in the jungle. The Jari project became a losing 

project and in early 1983 Ludwig had to withdraw. Today 

the plant has Brazilian owners supported by the Brazilian 

government, which had to step in to keep the project going. 

Haas, L.E. 1979. New pulps for the paper industry. In: 

Proceedings of the symposium on new pulps for the paper 

industry; 1979 May; Brussels, Belgium. 

Harzmann, L.J. 1979. The development of wood 

properties in fast-growing tropical broadleaves (Zur 

91

Entwicklung von Holzeigenschaften bei raschwachsenden 

tropischen Laubholzarten). Beitrage fur die Forstwirtschaft. 

13(3):123-125. 

Describes research on the effects of short-rotation forestry, 

with fast-growing tropical timbers, on timber quality. 

Information is given on juvenile wood which is usually 

less dense and has shorter fibers than mature wood; the 

effects of these properties on lumber, veneer, pulp, and 

board properties are discussed. 

Higgins, H G. 1973. Pulping of tropical hardwoods; in- 

dividual and mixed species, wood and paper properties, 

resource assessment. Tech. Pap. 70. Melbourne, Australia: 

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organiza- 

tion, Forest Products Laboratory: 21-22. 

Horiike, K. 1977. Chemical properties of tropical woods. 

In: More effective use of tropical woods. Mokuzai Kogyo. 

32(11):41-46. 

A review article describing chemical composition and pulp- 

ing properties, health hazards to machinists, the effect of 

wood extractives on the hardening of paints and cement, 

and staining, discoloration, and odor characteristics. 

Hunter, D. 1978. Papermaking: The history and tech- 

niques of an ancient craft. New York: Dover Publications. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1987. Availability of the wood of ra- 

diata pine in Chile (Disponibilidad de madera de pino ra- 

diata en Chile). Santiago, Chile: INFOR-CORFO (Insti- 

tuto Forestal) (Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion). 

Informe Tecnico. 103: 54 p. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1988. Chilean forest exports (January- 

December 1987) Exportaciones forestales Chilenas (Enero- 

Diciembre 1987). Santiago, Chile: INFOR-CORFO (Insti- 

tuto Forestal-Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion. 

Boletin Estadistico. 5: 16 1. 

Describes the exports of wood products from Chile in 

1987. Product categories include raw, bleached, and semi- 

bleached pulp, sawn wood, logs, newsprint, peeled poles, 

secondary products, and fiberboard. Data include volumes 

by species, product, month, and region. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1988. Operation and capital costs 

of forestry activities in Chile 1987. Costos operacionales 

y de capital de las actividades forestales en Chile 1987). 

Santiago, Chile: INFOR-CORFO (Instituto Forestal- 

Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion. Informe Tec- 

nico. 113:81. 

Describes the operation and costs associated with planta- 

tions, timber harvest, fabrication of panel products, and 

pulp and paper. 

Inoue, H.; Moriya, M.; Akiyama, T. 1982. Bleached 

kraft pulps from Costa Rican woods. Japan Tappi. 

26(6):256-262. 

Describes studies of the morphology, fibre and vessel dimen- 

sions, chemical characteristics, kraft pulping characteristics, 

and characteristics of bleached pulps of 24 Central Ameri- 

can woods. 

Janssonius, H.H. 1929. On the suitability of certain 

Euphorbiaceous woods for paper pulp. Tropical Woods. 

18:1-3. 

92 

Members of the Euphorbiaceae are widely distributed 

throughout the tropics of Latin America. Though they are 

not of any value for their timber, they show great promise 

for use as pulp. 

Kayama, T. 1972. Practical experiences in the use of 

mixed tropical hardwoods for production of pulp and pa- 

per. Japan Tappi. 26(6):300-307. 

Describes the use of nearly 100 tropical hardwood species 

for pulping and papermaking. 

Kayama, T. 1979. Pulping and papermaking proper- 

ties and wood properties of tropical hardwoods. In: Ta- 

molang, F.N., ed. Wood quality and utilization of tropi- 

cal species. Proceedings, International Union of Forestry 

Research Organizations (IUFRO) conference; 1978 Octo- 

ber 30-November 3; College, Laguna, Philippines. Laguna, 

Philippines: FORPRIDECOM: 197-209. 

Describes pulping trials with 60 species of tropcial woods. 

Relationships between chemical properties of the wood and 

pulping and morphological characters and paper properties 

are discussed. 

Keller, E.L.; Kingsbury, R.M.; Fahey, D.J. 1958. 

NSSC pulping of guaba, yagrumo hembra, and eucalyptus 

from Puerto Rico. FPL Rep. 2127. Madison, WI: U.S. De- 



Koning, J.W. Jr.; Laundrie, J.F.; Fahey, D.J.; 

Bormett, D. 1978. Linerboard, corrugating medium, and 

corrugated containers from mixed tropical hardwoods. In: 

Proceedings of conference on improved utilization of trop- 

ical forests; 1978 May 21-26; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: 



Kubes, G.J.; Garner, BE.; Bolker, H.I. 1978. 

Bleached kraft pulp from mixed hardwoods from Ivory 

Coast forests. In: Auchter, R. J., coordinator. Proceedings 

of conference on improved utilization of tropical forests; 

1978 May 21-26; Madison, WI. Madison, WI : U.S. De- 


Laboratory: 279-294. 

Data are presented on kappa number, viscosity, total yield, 

breaking length, burst index, and tear index of bleached 

kraft pulps from a mixture of 77 hardwood species. Under 

optimum conditions in the laboratory good quality pulp 

was obtained. 

Kyrklund, B. 1978. Use of mixed tropical hardwoods 

for pulp manufacture. In: Proceedings of conference on 




Lacerda, L.D. de 1981. Mangrove wood pulp, an alterna- 

tive food source for the tree-crab Aratus pisonii. Biotrop- 

ica. 13(4):317. 

Describes the feeding of the tree-crab (Aratus pisonii) on 

three mangrove species (Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia ger- 

minans, and Laguncularia racemosa) in Brazil. 

Laundrie, J.F. 1978. Kraft and NSSC pulping of mixed 

tropical hardwoods. In: Proceedings of conference on im- 

proved utilization of tropical forests; 1978 May 21-26;



Laundrie, J.F. 1977. Exploratory kraft and NSSC pulp- 

ing and production of a bleached market-grade kraft pulp 

from Colombian hardwood mixtures. Rep. 8. Agency for 

International Development. 17 p. 

Quality of kraft pulps made from 3 mixtures of 17 Colom- 

bian hardwood species was equal to or better than that 

from N. American hardwoods. Using a high-yield kraft pro- 

cess it was feasible to produce 25 to 30 percent screenings 

for making corrugating medium and screened pulp for liner- 

board. NSSC pulps made from all 3 mixtures were suitable 

for corrugating medium. 

Lehmann, H.R. 1983. Panorama of the forestry situation 

in Misiones. Argentina: ATIPCA, Asociacion de Tecni- 

cos de la Industria Papelera y Celulosica Argentina. 22(4): 

51-54. 

Describes the forest industry in the Province of Misiones, 

Argentina. Economics and problems of production and rele- 

vant factors that effect production are discussed. Crop and 

trees species are listed and forecasts provided as to supply 

and demand for pulp and paper resource materials. 

Lonnberg, B. 1979. Wood quality aspects of tropical 

hardwoods used for pulp and paper. In: Tamolang, F.N., 

ed. Wood quality and utilization of tropical species. Pro- 

ceedings, International Union of Forestry Research Organi- 

zations (IUFRO) conference; 1978 October 30-November 3; 

College, Laguna, Philippines. Laguna, Philippines: FOR- 

PRIDECOM: 189-196. 

Describes pulping trials of about 20 tropical hardwoods, 

as well as, other hardwoods and softwoods. Study results 

indicate that suitability can be assessed from wood density, 

lignin content, and fiber length. 

Losoda, O.; Baisi, A.A.I.; Kuhl, L.G.; Kleiman, 

R.C. 1973. Salicaceae: an Argentine experiment for the 

newsprint industry. ATIPCA (Asociacion de Tecnicos de la 

Industria Papelera y Celulosica Argentina). 12(5):24-47. 

Describes laboratory and pilot-plant experiments with 

stone- groundwood and chemi-mechanical pulps made from 

different species of Salicaceae. The work was done to pre- 

dict the capacity of Argentinian forests to meet pulpwood 

quantity and quality demands for newsprint manufacture. 

Mainieri, C, ed. 1978. Notes on characteristics of 

Brazilian woods (Fichas de caracteristicas das madeiras 

brasileiras). Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas. Publica- 

cao: 966. 

Loose-leaf notes published from 1971 and 1978, giving a 

description of 120 species noting species distribution, gen- 

eral appearance of the wood, anatomy, natural durability, 

preservative treatment, pulping properties, extractives, 

physical and mechanical properties, and uses. Species are 

listed by scientific and common names. 

Mason, D.U. 1977. Tough skin sells Brazil mill’s plywood. 

World Wood. 18(7):13-14. 

A brief account of the production of plywood with a 1-mm 

facing of impregnated kraft paper. It is used mainly for 

concrete formwork, and up to 60 re-uses are claimed. 

Matsuno, H.; Akino, S. 1972. Kraft pulping of some 

species in Guatemala. Japan Tappi. 26(6):308-313. 

Abies guatemalensis, Pinus ayacahuite, and P. rudis were 

used to produce bleached Kraft pulps. Compared to 

Japanese pine pulps, the pulps had somewhat higher burst 

factor and percent elongation but slightly lower tear resis- 

tance and ring crush factor. Pulps from Alnus ovalifolia 

and Quercus candicans had strength properties nearly equal 

or slightly inferior to those of typical Japanese hardwood 

pulps. 

Maydell, H.J. von. 1974. Grading of tropical timbers. 

(Die Sortierung von Tropenholz). Holz als Roh- und Werk- 

stoff. 32(1):30-34. 









McGaughey, S.E.; Gregersen, H.M., eds. 1983. Forest- 

based development in Latin America. In: Proceedings of a 

regional conference sponsored by the Inter-American Devel- 

opment Bank; 1982 June 22-25; Washington, DC. 215 p. 

The purpose of this book is to explore the prospects for ac- 

celerating the economic development of forestry and forest 

industry in Latin America, including the Caribbean subre- 

gion, in member countries of the Inter-American Develop- 

ment Bank (IDB). The book’s central theme is to ascertain 

the many future opportunities as well as factors that will 

limit or stimulate the growth of public and private sec- 

tor investments in the forest-based sector in years ahead. 

The sector is viewed in broad terms to encompass activities 

from forest management and timber extraction through the 

stages of primary processing, including energy, sawnwood, 

wood panels, and pulp and paper production. It also in- 

corporates social and protection forestry such as watershed 

management and resource preservation. 

Melo, C.F.M. de; Alves, S. de. 1974. Papermaking po- 

tential of some species from the Amazon region. Boletim 

Technico do IPEAN (Instituto de Pesquisas do Experimen- 

tacao Agropecuario do Nordeste). 63:35-79. 

Describes seven Amazonian hardwoods from Brazil that 

were evaluated for pulp and papermaking. They included 

Allantoma lineata, Carapa guianensis, Ochroma lagopus, 

and Schizolobium amazonicum, which could be used singly 

or in mixture, and Micropholis guianensis, Symphonia glob- 

ulifera, and Syzygiopsis oppositifolia, which are suitable for 

use only in mixture. 

Melo, C.F.M.de; Huhn, S. 1974. Bleached pulps of 

woods from Amazonia. Boletim Tecnico do IPEAN (In- 

stituto de Pesquisas do Experimentacao Agropecuario do 

Nordeste). 61:l-23. 

Describes a study of the suitability of Croton matouren- 

sis, Eschweilera odora, Jacaranda copaia, Parahancornia 

amapa, Pentaclethra macroloba, and Virola surinamensis 

as raw materials for the production of bleached pulps and 

papers. Using similar bleaching conditions, the woods of 

93

V. surinamensis and J. copaia showed the most promise be- 

cause of their strength properties (bursting strength, break- 

ing length, and resistance to tear and folding). Data are 

presented in both tabular and graphic form. 

Melo-S., R.; Paz, J. 1980. Bleaching capacity of euca- 

lypts grown in Chile. Investigacion y Tecnica del Papel. 

17(63):62-73. 

Describes pulping tests of 7 eucalypts, ranging in age from 

11 to 15 years. The physical and chemical properties were 

compared to pulps made using the Kraft process using a 

CEDED sequence and subsequent bleaching. The species 

tested were: Eucalyptus bicostata [E. globulus bicostata], 

E. delegatensis, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. maidenii, E. 

obliqua, and E. regnans. Wood density differences did not 

significantly affect pulp yield. 

Melo-S., R.; Madsen, P.E. 1966. Pulps from sawmill 

waste and thinnings. Tappi. 49(9):54A-55A. 

Misra, N.D. 1973. A method for grading tropical hard- 

wood. Pulp and Paper International. 15(6):48-49. 

Describes and proposes a method for grading the suitability 

of tropical hardwoods for pulping, and gives tabulated data 

obtained by applying it to 18 hardwoods, bamboo (Dendro- 

calamus strictus), and kenaf (Hisbiscus cannabinus). 

Molina-C., E.; Bueno-Z., J. 1979. Sulfate pulp from 

seven mixtures of 39 woods from Iquitos [Peru] (Pulpa al 

sulfato de mezclas de 39 maderas de la zona de Iquitos). 

Revista Forstal del Peru. 9(2):26-37. 

Moreno, L.; Melo-S., R. 1969. Pulping the wood of in- 

signe pine by means of the acid-neutral process. Concep- 

cion, Chile: Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Concep- 

cion. M.S. thesis. 

Muner, T.S.; Barrichelo, L.E.G. 1983. Effect of thin- 

ning on the quality of wood from Pinus taeda used for pro- 

ducing kraft pulp. In: Proceedings, 16th annual ABCP 

Meeting, 3rd Latin American cellulose and paper congress; 

1983 November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, 


Paper Industry (ABCP): 93-112. 

Describes the effects of three different thinning intensities 

on the wood of 17 year-old Pinus taeda grown in Brazil. 

Stands were thinned to 25, 50, and 75 percent of original. 

Two years after thinning 80 trees were sampled. Data show 

that wood formed after thinning had higher lignin content, 

lumen diameter, and ring width, and lower basic density. 

Alcohol/benzene and warm water extractives tended to 

increase, while holocellulose, pulp yield, kappa number, 

and viscosity tended to decrease. Pulps produced from the 

wood formed after thinning had better tensile strength, 

specific weight, and porosity, but poorer tear strength. 

Mussi, F.; Mussi, F.H.; Castano, A.D. 1977. History 

of paper: homage to the centennial of paper manufacturing 

in Argentina. Trabajos Tec. 13th Congreso Tecnico sobre 

Celulosa y Papel, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Associacion de 

Tecnicos de la Industria Papelera y Celulosica Argentina: 

1-18. 

Nikles, D.G.; Burley, J.; Barnes, R.D., eds. 1978. 

Progress and problems of genetic improvement of tropical 

forest trees. In: Proceedings of a joint workshop; 

94 

IUFRO working parties S2.02-08 and S2.03-01; 1977; Bris- 

bane, Queensland, Australia. Oxford, UK: Commonwealth 

Forestry Institute. 2 vols., 1,066 p. 

Proceedings of a joint workshop held in Brisbane, Queens- 

land, Australia, April 4-7, 1977 by IUFRO working par- 

ties S2.02-08 (Tropical species provenances) and S2.03-01 

(Breeding tropical species). The 110 papers covered five 

topics: 1. Wood quality of tropical species in relation to 

provenance and tree breeding; 2. Pulp, paper, and timber 

properties of plantation-grown tropical pines; 3. Selection 

and genetics; 4. Population-environment interactions; and 

5. Provenance trials and breeding programs. 

Nock, H.P. 1979. Brazil’s paper and cellulose program. 

(Brasiliens Papier- und Zellstoffprogramm). State Tech. 

Sch., Hamburg, German Federal Republic. Allgemeine 

Forstzeitschrift. 29:800-803. 

Describes the National Paper and Cellulose Program that 

is designed to develop self-sufficiency in paper manufacture 

for Brazil and produce a favorable balance of trade in pulp 

and paper. The author predicts an annual pulp production 

increase from 0.4 million t in 1977 to 3.0 million t in 1982. 

Dependence on foreign investment and large-scale afforesta- 

tion schemes (in Eucalyptus and Pinus spp.) is required to 

accomplish the goals. The greatest growth is expected in 

bleached sulphate pulp derived from Eucalyptus plantations 

in southeastern Brazil. 

Pacini, P. 1978. Kraft pulping of Brazilian eucalypt 

Papel. 39:35-40. 

Describes the pulping of eucalyptus species in Brazil, not- 

ing optimum chip dimensions and cooking conditions. 

Problems with bark and extractives are discussed. Data on 

the kraft pulping of Eucalyptus saligna showed that deligni- 

fication was relatively easy due to its low lignin content. 

Palmer, E.R. 1974. Pulping characteristics of Gmelina 

arborea and Bursea simaruba from Belize. Rep. L 36. Lon- 

don, United Kingdom: Tropical Products Institute. 27 p. 

Describes the chemical composition, fiber dimensions, and 

pulping characteristics of 5 trees each of G. arborea and 

B. simaruba (8 to 9 year). Both species were easily pulped 

by the sulphate process, and yields were similar to those for 

US southern hardwoods pulped under the same conditions. 

The strength characteristics of the unbleached pulps showed 

that G. arborea yield stronger pulps than B. simaruba and 

that both yielded denser pulps, with better bonding but 

poorer tearing strength, than US southern hardwoods. 

Pulps of both species could be bleached by a 4-stage 

sequence of chlorination, alkali extraction, hypochlorite, 

and chlorine dioxide to a good brightness. The bleached 

pulps had strength characteristics similar to those of a com- 

mercial birch pulp. Both species yielded bleached pulps 

satisfactory for writing and printing papers and also un- 

bleached pulps suitable for the manufacture of packaging 

materials, except where a high tearing strength is required. 

G. arborea is preferred for its higher growth rate, higher 

density, greater yield of pulp, and better pulp strength 

characteristics. 

Palmer, E.R. 1978. Investigations at Tropical Prod- 

ucts Institute of fibrous materials for use in pulp and pa- 

permaking. In: Auchter, R. J., coordinator. Proceedings 

of conference on improved utilization of tropical forests;

1978 May 21-26; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: U.S. De- 


Lab or at or y : 4 1 3-42 5. 

A review is presented of work carried out at the Tropical 

Products Institute on: the evaluation of plantation-grown 

coniferous species, plantation-grown hardwoods, and poten- 

tial seed trees. A bibliography of recent TPI publications is 

included. 

Palmer, E.R.; Gibbs, J.A. 1973. Pulping characteris- 

tics of three trees of Pinus caribaea with different densi- 

ties grown in Jamaica. Indian Pulp and Paper. 28(4/6): 

25-30/6-14. 


tics of three trees of Pinus caribaea with different densities 

grown in Jamaica. Rep. L 30. London, United Kingdom: 

Tropical Products Institute. 24 p. 

Three 10-year-old trees of P. caribaea var. hondurensis with 

wood densities of 325, 390, and 480 kg/m 3 were pulped un- 

der two alkali conditions (17.5 and 20 percent), resulting 

in increased sulphate pulp yield, and decreased breaking 

length and bursting strength, with increasing wood density. 

Pulp Kappa numbers from the medium-density tree were 

higher than those of the pulps from the trees with higher 

density. No firm conclusions can be drawn from the small 

test as to the potential value of such material for pulpwood, 

but it seems that a pulp approaching the strength charac- 

teristics of Southern Pine pulp could be made. 

Palmer, E.R.; Gibbs, J.A. 1975. The pulping character- 

istics of two samples of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea from 

Cuba. Rep. L-41. London, United Kingdom: Tropical 

Products Institute. 25 p. 

Describes studies on the sulphate pulping of Pinus carib- 

aea var. caribaea. Ten samples each were used from a nat- 

ural forest about 20 years and a plantation of 12 years. 

Extreme variability in density was noted within and be- 

tween trees. Mean density was 607 kg/m 3 for the natural 

stand and 433 kg/m3 for the plantation. The natural stand 

had longer and narrower fibers with thicker cell walls than 

those of the plantation. Cooking by the sulphate process 

was slightly more difficult for the natural material than for 

plantation wood and produced a bulkier pulp with higher 

tearing strength and lower bonding properties. Both sam- 

ples yielded less unbleached and bleached pulp, with lower 

strength values than established coniferous pulpwoods. The 

samples of P. caribaea var. caribaea tested were not very 

promising as pulpwood. 

Palmer, E.R.; Gibbs, J.A. 1976. Pulping characteristics 

of Pinus caribaea from Belize. Rep. L-43. London, United 

Kingdom: Tropical Products Institute. 43 p. 

Palmer, E.R.; Gibbs, J.A. 1976. Pulping characteristics 

of Pinus oocarpa grown on Mountain Pine Ridge, Belize. 

Rep. L-44. London, United Kingdom: Tropical Products 

Institute. 21 p. 


tics of six hardwoods from Guyana. Rep. L 50. London, 

United Kingdom: Tropical Products Institute. 43 p. 

Catostemma spp., Eperua falcata, Eschweilera sagotiana, 

Licania venosa, Mora excelsa, and Pentaclethra macroloba 

were pulped separately by the sulphate process, and mixed 

in different proportions. At kappa number 18, pulp yields 

were about 43 percent. Pulps were bulky, and had poor 

bonding strength. Tearing strength was comparable with 

or better than that from commercially used hardwoods. 

Bleaching (CEHD) produced pulps with brightness of about 

80 percent. Bleached pulps had strength characteristics 

similar to unbleached pulps. Limited trials with NSSC 

pulping yielded 70 percent with very poor strength prop- 

erties. Data on bark/wood ratios, density, chemical compo- 

sition, and fiber dimensions are shown. 


tics of Dicymbe altsoni from Guyana. Rep. L 51. London, 

United Kingdom: Tropical Products Institute. 8 p. 

Describes pulping results from one tree of D. altsoni. The 

kraft pulp yield was 48.1 percent (kappa number 33.1) to 

44.3 percent (kappa number 22.9). Bleaching (CEHD) pro- 

duced pulp with a brightness of 83 percent. Data on bark 

content, wood density, chemical analyses, and fiber dimen- 

sions are presented. 

Paula, J.E. de. 1977. Anatomy of woods from Amazonia 

with a view to pulp and paper (Anatomia de madeiras da 

Amazonia com vistas a polpa e papel). Acta Amazonica. 

7( 2) :273-288. 

Describes the morphology (fibre length, wall thickness, di- 

ameter, and Runkel ratio) of the wood of 20 species. Seven- 

teen species were found to be suitable for papermaking. 

Paula, J.E. de. 1980. Amazonian timbers in relation to 

their use for pulp and paper (Estudo de madeiras da Ama- 

zonia visando o seu aproveitamento para polpa e papel). 

Brasil Florestal. 10(42):25, 35-52. 

Describes the physical and anatomical properties of 41 

Brazilian woods for their pulp and paper potential. Among 

the species examined are: Cassia grandis, Cassia reticulata, 

Cordia goeldiana, Erism a bicolor, Goupia glabra, Parkia 

ulei, Protium araguense, Schizolobium amazonicum, Simaba 

cedron, Virola duckei, Virola flexuosa, Vochysia mariziana, 

Virola multicostata, Virola multinervia, Virola oleifera, Vi- 

rola surinamensis. 

Paula, J.E. de. 1981. Internal structure of 16 species of 

the flora of Brazil in relation to their possible use for al- 

cohol, charcoal, coke, and paper production (Estudo das 

estruturas internas das madeiras de dezesseis especies da 

flora brasileira, visando seu approveitamento para prod- 

ucao de alcool, carvao, coque e papel). Brasil Florestal. 

11(47):23-50. 

Describes the wood of 16 Brazilian species including: 

Apuleia leiocarpa, Apuleia molaris, Caesalpinia ferrea, Cal- 

listhene major, Calophyllum brasiliense, Copaifera langs- 

dorfii, Cordia goeldiana, Maprounea guyanensis, Mimosa 

artemisiana, Piptadenia macrocarpa, Qualea paraensis, 

Spondias lutea, Tapirira guianensis, Virola multinervia, 

Vochysia pyramidalis, Xylopia emarginata. The use of these 

woods for alcohol, charcoal, coke, and paper is discussed. 

Paz, J.; Rueda, F. 1981. Effect of the addition of anthro- 

quinone in the soda and kraft processes, using insigne pine 

wood (Efecto de la adicion de antraqinona en procesos a la 

soda y kraft, usando madera de pino insigne). Torremolino, 

Spain: 2d Congreso Latinoamericano de Celulosa y Papel: 

2: 83-95. 

95

Pereira, A.P.; Melo, C.F.M. de; Alves, S. de M. 1982. 

Schizolobium amazonicum: general characteristics of the 

species and its suitability for use in pulp and paper man- 

ufacture (O parica (Schizolobium amazonicum), character- 

isticas gerias da especie e suas possibilidades de aproveita- 

mento na industria de celulose e papel). In: Proceedings of 

the national conference on native species, Campos do Jor- 

dao; 1982 September 12-18; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Silvicultura 

em Sao Paulo. 16A(2):1340-1344. 

Pereira, J.C.D.; Barrichelo, L.E.G.; Couto, H.T.Z. 

do; Jankowsky, I.P.; Timoni, J.L. 1983. Effect of 

growth rate on the density of wood from Pinus elliottii var. 

elliottii. In: Proceedings of the Technical Association of the 

Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry (ABCP) 16th annual 

meeting, 3rd Latin-American Cellulose and Paper Congress; 

1983 November 21-26, 1983; Sao Paulo, Brazil: 139-146. 

Describes a wood density evaluation of 15 year-old Pi- 

nus elliottii trees grown in Brazil. Cross sections taken 

at breast height were sampled from 24 trees of differing 

heights and diameters. Through multiple regression, basic 

density was correlated to both tree height and diameter at 

breast height. 

Perez-Olvera, C. de la P. 1974. Wood anatomy of five 

species of oak from Durango. Mexico, D.F.: Instituto Na- 

cional de Investigaciones Forestales, Boletin Tecnico. 43:35. 

Describes the macroscopic characteristics of Quercus cras- 

sifolia, Q. convallata, Q. obtusata, Q. potosina, and Q. 

sideroxyla. The locality of collection is for each wood, 

anatomical characteristics are described, tabulated, and 

illustrated by photomicrographs, and the general appear- 

ance and density of the woods are listed. The suitability 

of the five species for various purposes, including pulp are 

discussed. Recommendations include a forest inventory and 

habitat description of the Oaks of Mexico, as well as basic 

studies of wood anatomy for each species. 

Petroff, G. 1978. Tropical hardwood pulps. In: Pro- 

ceedings of conference on improved utilization of tropi- 

cal forests; 1978 May 21-26; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: 



A review of research conducted at the Centre Technique 

Forestier Tropical on general characteristics of tropical 

woods; pulping of mixtures; kraft pulping of woods from 

9 different forests in the Ivory Coast, Gabon, Cameroon, 

Guyana, Indonesia, Ecuador, Colombia, Surinam, and 

New Guinea; and semi-chemical and mechanical pulping 

for the manufacture of corrugated paper. Some results of 

industrial-scale tests are given. 

Petroff, G.; Doat, J.; Tissot, M. 1977. Experimental 

use of tropical woods for the manufacture of corrugated 

board. Mixed forest– Gmelina arborea– Eucalyptus (Essais 

d’utilisation de bois tropicaux pour la fabrication de car- 

ton ondul). Nogent-sur-Marne, France: Centre Technique 

Forestier Tropical: 90. 

Corrugating board was made from five different species or 

mixtures: G. arborea; E. tereticornis 12 ABL X E. saligna; 

an all-species mixture from the forest of Kango, Gabon, 

mean oven-dry relative density 0.57 (range 0.25-1.1); a similar 

mixture with a higher proportion of hard, dense species, 

mean 0.72; and a similar mixture without the hard dense 

96 

species, mean 0.52. Laboratory and commercial sulphite 

pulping trials are described, and laboratory-scale paper- 

board manufacture and corrugating trials. All the pulps 

gave apparently satisfactory board, but the Eucalypt pulp 

and the light-weight mixture were difficult to corrugate. 

The heavy mixture, which was the least satisfactory for 

pulping, gave a board which was exceptionally good for cor- 

rugating. Theoretical considerations, including fiber length, 

have not been able to explain these results. 

Porres, C.; Valladares, J. 1979. Production of pulp 

and paper with native Central American raw materi- 

als. 1. Production of pulp with 17 tropical woods from 

El Peten, Guatemala, employing the “kraft” and “sulfate” 

processes (Produccion de pulpa y papel con materias pri- 

mas autoctonas centroamericanas. 1. Produccion de pulpa 

con 17 maderas tropicales de el peten, guatemala, emple- 

ando el proceso “kraft” o “a1 sulfato”). Division de Inves- 

tigacion Aplicada, Instituto Centroamericano de Investi- 

gacion y Tecnologia Industrial (ICAITI). Guatemala City, 

Guatemala. 28 p. 

Rance, H.F.T. 1976. Aracruz: the shape of things to 

come. Pulp and Paper Canada. 77(3):20-21, 23-25. 

Describes the planning and development of a 200 square 

mile eucalyptus plantation in Brazil. The selection of the 

site, strains, and facilities to harvest and process the trees 

are noted. 

Record, S.J. 1925. Jacaranda copaia in British Guiana. 


Provides an overview of this tree, its locality, character- 

istics of the wood, and its uses. Recommends that it be 

investigated for possible use in the pulp industry. 

Record, S.J. 1925. Schizolbium: a promising source of 

pulpwood. Tropical Woods. 2:2-5. 

Discusses general observation on the wood of Schizolbium 

and presents a more complete description of S. kellermanii. 

Recommends that more investigation be undertaken to de- 

termine the practicality of using Schizolbium as pulpwood. 

Redko, B.V.P. 1983. Vessels of hardwoods: Eucalyptus 

deglupta, E. urophylla, and Gmelina arborea. In: Proceed- 

ings of the ABCP 16th annual meeting, 3d Latin American 

cellulose and paper congress; 1983 November 21-26; Sao 


the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry (ABCP): 1169-1194. 

Describes the characteristics of vessels in two eucalypts and 

gmelina. The largest number of vessels occurred in Euca- 

lyptus deglupta, E. urophylla and Gmelina arborea having 

a similar but smaller number of vessels. The vessels of 

G. arborea contain tyloses that reduce penetrability during 

pulping. All three species are anatomically suitable for pulp 

use. 

Reitter, F.J. 1974. A new process for the utilization of 

mixed tropical hardwoods for pulp and paper production. 

In: Symposium Internacional EU CE PA, Madrid. Pap. 4: 

33 p. 

Describes a new method of pulping (MM) developed in Ar- 

gentina for mixed tropical nonconiferous species. The wood 

is flaked (0.3-0.5 mm thick) and dried to 3 to 5 percent

moisture content before cooking in a continuous rapid di- 

gester (20 to 40 min) at 60°C to 70°C without pressure. 

Quality of pulp is similar to that of pulp from a conven- 

tional sulphate process, yield is higher and energy con- 

sumption lower. 

Ribeiro, E.B.P.; Luz, C.N.R. 1973. Trema micran- 

tha as a raw material for pulp (A trema micrantha como 

materia-prima para a producao de celulose). Acta Amazon- 

ica. 3(3):45-50. 

Sulfate pulping and bleaching trial results, fiber dimen- 

sions, and the chemical composition of Trema micrantha 

are given. 

Rique, T.; Repetti, R.; Angelinetti, A.R. 1979. Inte- 

gration of the quebracho extraction industry with the man- 

ufacture of cellulose pulp (Integracion de la industria del 

extracto de quebracho con la fabricacion de pastas celulosi- 

cas). Instituto Forestal Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 

Folleto Tecnico Forestal. 54:21. 

Describes a study evaluating the use of Schinopsis bal- 

ansae and S. quebracho-colorado for tannin extraction and 

pulp production, using combined or separate treatments of 

bark and wood. One scenario is to use sulphate or sulphite 

treatment of quebracho logs followed by separate processing 

of tannin-containing liquor and pulp. Results of an initial 

trial were encouraging. The quebracho tannin industry in 

Argentina is discussed. 

Roda, A.W.; Lopes, C.H. 1978. Babassu–the wonderful 

palm. In: USA, TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp 

and Paper Industry), Atlanta, GA. Nonwood Plant Fiber 

Committee: Nonwood plant fiber pulping. Progress Rep. 

9:41-45. 

Describes the manufacture of NSSC pulp from the Babassu 

palm tree, which is satisfactory for use as corrugating 

medium. The palm Orbygnia speciosa was pulped at Indus- 

tria de Sacos de Papel SA in Brazil. Chipping, depithing, 

and recovery of spent pulping liquors are discussed. 

Rodrigues, W. A. 1972. Virola surinamensis and its uses. 

Acta Amazonica. 2(2):29-47. 

Describes Virola surinamensis giving taxonomy; general 

botanical features; phenology; ecology; distribution; silvical 

characters; phytopathology; leaf histology; wood anatomy; 

traditional uses of seeds, bark, etc. for medicine, tallow, 

and cattle fodder; and the physical, mechanical, and chem- 

ical properties; and uses of the wood including suitability 

for pulp and paper. 

Rodriguez, C.B. 1978. The world pulp and paper crisis 

and its solution (La crisis mundial de la celulosa y el papel 

y su solucion). Mexico D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Forestales, Ciencia Forestal. 3(15):36-43. 

Suggests that tropical areas planted to fast-growing tropical 

species may be the best way to meet the needs for pulp 

and paper. Calls for appropriate means to manage such 

forests and encourages development and use of oxidation 

pulping to handle these potential species rather than the 

sulphate or sulphite methods used for temperate softwoods. 

Rodriguez-Romero, F. 1975. The nature of wood as raw 

material for pulp. Mexico y sus Bosques. 14(4):23-26. 

Describes the wood anatomy and fiber morphology (includ- 

ing data on length and diameter of fibers, both early and 

late wood) for seven Mexican conifers, in relation to the 

pulping characteristics of wood. 

Rodriquez–S., J.R. 1965. The production of pulp for pa- 

per from Venezuelan broadleaved species. Revista Forestal 

Venezolana. 8( 12/13) : 19-37. 

The characteristics, including fiber length and chemical 

constituents, of 77 broadleaved woods from Venezuelan 

Guayana are given, 

Sandermann, W. 1979. The wood and paper industry of 

Mexico. (Die Holz- und Papierwirtschaft Mexikos). Holz 

als Roh- und Werkstoff. 37(2):41-51. 

Describes the forest industries in Mexico in relation to pop- 

ulation, forest area, production of timber and other wood- 

based materials, timber usage, imports and exports, and 

pulp and paper production. Based on the data, future po- 

tentials are discussed for industry and the need for refor- 

estation, and for more technically trained personnel. 

Schweers, W.; Wiebecke, C. 1978. The Wood, Pulp, 

and Paper Institute of Guadalajara University. An ex- 

ample of bilateral cooperation in wood technology and 

forestry between Mexico and the German Federal Republic 

(Das Institut fur Holz, Zellstoff und Papier an der Univer- 

sitat Guadalajara. Ein Beispiel bilateraler Zusammenar- 

beit fur Holztechnologie und Forstwirtschaft zwischen den 

Vereinigten Staaten von Mexico und der Bundesrepublik 

Deutschland). Forstarchiv. 49(8): 149-152. 

Describes the function of teaching and research at the Insti- 

tute, established in 1971. The principal research conducted 

is in chemical wood technology; evaluation of new timber 

species for pulping; forest exploitation; reforestation; and 

land-use problems. The active cooperation with the Federal 

Institute for Forestry and Timber at Hamburg-Reinbek, 

Germany is noted. 

Setubal Filho, L. 1978. The role of forestry activity in 

the utilization of wastes in Brazil. In: Proceedings of the 

Eighth World Forestry Congress; 1978 October 16-28; 

Jakarta, Indonesia. FQL/29-9. 6:31. 

Describes the waste or misuse of the forest resource in 

Brazil in relation to the development of agriculture, forestry 

and pasture; metallurgical uses of charcoal; and flooding 

from hydroelectric projects. Also discusses plantations; dif- 

ficulties of marketing new products; forest fires; and wood 

processing technology from sawmills to pulp mills. 

Shand, E.A.; Bezerra, R.N.; Nascimento, P.R. 1978. 

Diagnosis of the market for wood and its derivatives. Vol. 

2. Analysis of the domestic marketing system (Diagnos- 

tico do mercado de madeira e derivados. Vol. 2 Analise do 

sistema de comerciali tacao interna de madeira e deriva- 

dos). In: Forestry development and planning: projections 

for the period 1979-1985. Diagnosis of the forestry sub- 

sector of Brazil (Colecao: Desenvolvimento e planejamento 

florestal. Serie: Estudos perspectivos para o periodo 1979 a 

1985. Diagnostico do subsetor florestal do Brasil. Brasilia, 

Brazil, Secretario Nacional de Planejamento Agricola, Sub- 

sistema de Planejamento Florestal. Barasilia, Brazil: Insti- 

tuto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal: 387 p. 

97

Describes the classification of Brazil into two sections: the 

north/northeast, (mostly natural forests, particularly the 

Amazon basin) and the south/southeast with mostly plan- 

tation forests. The marketing systems of these two units 

are considered separately. From the north, the timber is 

used principally for sawnwood and plywood, as sales of 

sawlogs diminish. In the south, more processing is common 

making panels, laminates, pulp and paper, and charcoal for 

the steel industry. Classification of timber, prices, market 

structure, distribution channels, and transport are discussed 

for both geographical units. Recommendations are made 

for both areas, covering fiscal regulation, products, and so- 

cial factors. 

Shand, E.A.; Nascimento, P.R.; Bezerra, R.N.; Reis, 

F.D.V.; Ribeiro, H.; Souza, A.L.P.M. de. 1978. Di- 

agnosis of the market for wood and wood derivitives. Vol. 

3. Analysis of the international market (Diagnostico do 

mercado do madeira e derivados. Vol. 3. Analise do mer- 

cado internacional). Forestry development and planning: 

projections for the period 1979-1985. Appraisal of the for- 

est sector of Brazil. Colecao: Desenvolvimento e planeja- 

mento florestal. Serie: Estudos perspectivos para o periodo 

1979 a 1985. Diagnostico do subsetor florestal do Brasil. 

Secretario Nacional de Planejamento Agricola, Subsis- 

tema de Planejamento Florestal. Brasilia, Brazil: Instituto 

Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal: 310 p. 

Describes an analysis of the trends in the international tim- 

ber markets during the 1970s, to be used in planning of 

forestry activities during the period from 1979 to 1985. 

Hardwood sawlogs, lumber, panels, and pulp and paper 

were the products studied. Supply and demand for these 

products was considered in the analysis as were market sit- 

uations within the main importers of Brazil’s wood prod- 

ucts (UK, USA, W. Germany). Seventy six tables of sta- 

tistical data are presented. Brazil’s competitive position, 

with respect to forest ownership, production capacity, mar- 

keting organization, product classification, and transport 

is also discussed. Fourteen recommendations are presented 

for the improvement of Brazil’s position as a world sup- 

plier. Several of the recommendations relate to marketing 

of Amazonian lumber. 

Silitonga, T.; McGovern, J.N. 1975. Experimental 

holopulping of several temperate and tropical hardwoods. 

Tappi. 58( 7): 125-128. 

Describes laboratory trials with low- and high-density tem- 

perate and tropical hardwoods (Cryptocarya sp., Populus 

trernuloides, Quercus rubra, and Schirna sp.) and compares 

the properties of pulps made by various procedures yielding 

holocellulose pulps with those of unbleached sulphate pulps 

from the same species. 

Silva, C.F. 1983. Bark from Eucalyptus globulus –pulping 

versus burning. In: Proceedings of the Technical Associ- 

ation of the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry (ABCP) 

16th annual meeting, 3rd Latin-American Cellulose and 

Paper Congress; 1983 November 21-26; Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

855-863. 

Simmonds, F.A.; Kingsbury, R,M. 1951. Viscose- 

rayon pulps from Chilean hardwoods, coigue, tepa, and 

ulmo. FPL Rep. R1906. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: 

15 p. 

98 

Sosanwo, O. 1976. Studies on Gmelina arborea. Pt 5. 

Pulping characteristics of a tropical hardwood, Gmelina 

arborea. Helsinki, Finland: Department of Wood and Poly- 

mer Chemistry, University. Paperi ja Puu. 58(11):791-792, 

794-796. 

Describes evaluations of soda/oxygen pulping on Gmelina 

arborea wood. Soda/oxygen pulps were comparable in yield 

to kraft pulps; pretreatment with H2S did not increase the 

yield of kraft pulps; and high yield pulps were obtained by 

NSSC pulping. Soda/O2 and NSSC pulps were brighter 

than kraft pulps. It is suggested that NSSC pulps could be 

used for corrugating medium. 

Staepelaere, R.L.; Ginsburger, P.L. 1978. Utilisation 

of bleached sulfate tropical hardwood pulp. In: Auchter, 

R. J., coordinator. Proceedings of conference on improved 

utilization of tropical forests; 1978 May 21-26; Madison, 

WI. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Forest Products Laboratory: 451-485. 

Describes a full-scale experiment in forest inventory, log- 

ging, and evaluation of mixed Guyanese woods for pulping 

and general properties. The Guyanese woods were of higher 

density, had longer fibers, and higher lignin content than 

the European and North American wood with which they 

were compared. They were similar to woods from Gabon in 

Africa. It was concluded that mixed Guyanese hardwood 

pulp is commercially acceptable on international markets 

for the manufacture of a large range of white paper and 

boards. 

SUDAM. 1972. Feasibility study of the industrial ex- 

ploitation of the Amazonian forest in the Curua-Una region 

(Estudo de viabilidade da exploracao industrial da mata 

amazonica na regiao do Curua-Una). Brazil: Superinten- 

dencia do Desenvolvimento da Amazonia: 135 p. 

Describes the mostly natural forests of about 900,000 ha. 

The use of the mixed hardwood forests and plantations of 

Pinus caribaea, is discussed. Development of a pulp and 

paper industry, and details of investments, costs, and prof- 

itability, are discussed. Appendices include data on the 

growth of P. caribaea var. hondurensis plantations, areas 

and amounts of pine required to supply a pulpmill having a 

capacity of 500- t/day, timber transport costs, notes on the 

suitability for pulp and paper of 46 different native Ama- 

zonian species, and details of equipment for a woodworking 

industry and pulpmill. 

SUDAM. 1971. Some useful information on woods from 

Amazonia (Algumas informacoes uteis sobre madeiras Ama- 

zonicas). Brazil: Superintendencia do Desenvolvimento da 

Amazonia. SUDAM Documenta: 3(1/4):133-177. 

Summarized data are presented on the suitability of a large 

number of tropical species from the Amazon region for sul- 

phate pulping and production of sliced or peeled veneer, 

and on the natural durability of the woods. Tables are 

also given showing, by forest types and regions, the esti- 

mated volumes (obtained from FAO inventories) of avail- 

able standing timber of the more important species. 

Teixeira, L.L.; Moreschi, J.C.; Lelles, J.G. de; 

Tomaselli, I. 1977. Post-graduate course in Forest En- 

gineering, Parana Federal University, Curitiba, Parana, 

Brazil. M.Sc. degree theses (Curso de Pos-graduacao em 

Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal do Parana.

Dissertacao de grau de Mestre em Ciencias). Floresta. 

8( 1) :33-60. 

Presents three condensed theses with English summaries. 

1.Teixeira, L. L. Botanical, dendrological, and anatomi- 

cal identification of the wood of six woody species from 

southwest Parana. (Identificacao botanico-dendrologica 

e anatomica da madeira de seis especies euxiloforas do 

sudoeste Paranaense). Describes the potential of the fol- 

lowing species for solid wood and paper making: Casearia 

inaequilatera, Ilex brevicuspis, Piptocarpha angustifolia, 

Lamanonia speciosa, Sloanea lasiocoma, and Vernonia 

discolor. 

Teles, A.A.; Paula, J.E. de. 1980. Wood anatomy of Vi- 

rola sebifera Aubl. and Pseudobombax tomentosum (Mart. 

and Zucc.) A. Robyns in relation to their technological uti- 

lization (Estudo anatomico das madeiras de Virola sebifera 

Aubl. e Pseudobombax tomentosum (Mart. et Zucc.) A. 

Robyns visando o seu aprovietamento technologico. Brasil 

Florestal. 10(42):25-34, 35. 

Describes a study of the wood anatomy of Virola sebifera 

and Pseudobombax tomentosum in relation to their use for 

pulp and paper. 

Valente, H.M.; Rique, T. 1960. Chemical analysis of 

the wood of “pino de cerro” Podocarpus parlatorei Pilg. 

and ‘aliso del cerro’ Alnus jorullensis var spachii (Regal) 

(Winkler) and their possibilities for making pulp (Estudio 

quimico de la madera del “pino de cerro” Podocarpus par- 

latorei Pilg. y ‘aliso del cerro’ Alnus jorullensis var spachii 

(Regal) (Winkler) y sus posibilidades para la fabricacion de 

pulpas). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Administracion Nacional 

de Bosques. Notas Tecnologicas Forestales. 12:5. 

Wandel, E. 1984. Firing of rotary kiln with wood powder. 

In: Egneus, H.; Ellegard, A., eds. Bioenergy 84. Proceed- 

ings of a conference; 1984 June 15-21; Goteborg, Sweden. 

Vol. 4. Bioenergy utilization. Goteborg, Sweden: Elsevier 

Applied Science Publishers: 101-108. 

Describes the use of wood powder fuel, in Brazil, for lime 

reburning kilns at pulp mills and for cement kilns in Brazil. 

Wood waste, bark, and low quality wood chips are used 

for the powder. The processes from grinding the powder 

through drying and burning it are discussed, including 

equipment, power consumption, safety measures, and com- 

puter control. A best method of production and burning is 

discussed, as is a rotary burning unit. 

Wisdom, H.W.; Granskog, J.E.; Blatner, K.A. 1983. 

Wood shipments to Puerto Rico. Res. Pap. SO-201. New 

Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser- 

vice, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 11 p. 

Describes timber trade to Puerto Rico from mainland USA 

for the ten-year period 1971 to 1981. 

Worrall, J.; Burley, J.; Palmer, E.R.; Hughes, J.F. 

1977. The properties of some Caribbean pine pulps, and 

their relationship to wood specific gravity variables. Wood 

and Fiber. 8(4):228-234. 

Describes average yields, burst factor, tear factor, and ten- 

tative overall values for Pinus caribaea pulps. P. caribaea 

pulps were generally better than those for P. patula, P. 

sylvestris, P. taeda, and southern pine, and inferior to those 

of Pseudotsuga menziesii. The pulp properties of Pinus 

caribbaea varied considerably between trees, and the varia- 

tion was not significantly related to density variation. Den- 

sity and fiber length together accounted for approximately 

67 percent of the between-tree variation in pulp properties 

in P. caribaea. 

Yoda, M. 1975. Bleached sulfate pulps from Brazilian eu- 

calyptus. Japan Tappi. 2:53-57. 

Youngs, R.L. 1978. Research in tropical wood utilization. 

Unasylva. 29(117):9-11. 

Describes a cooperative research project by the Forest 

Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, aimed at full- 

scale production of forest products in the lesser developed 

areas of the tropics. The program was designed for the de- 

velopment of economic processes for making pulp, paper, 

and related products from naturally occurring mixtures of 

tropical hardwoods. Results were presented at an interna- 

tional conference on improved utilization of tropical woods 

held at Madison, Wisconsin on May 21-26, 1978. 

Zabe, R.N.; Albert, R.J. 1978. Utilization of tropical 

hardwoods for manufacture of pulp, generation of steam, 

and electrical energy-a preliminary industrial survey. In: 

Auchter, R. J., coordinator. Proceedings of conference on 




Describes an economic analysis of the increased use of trop- 

ical woods for pulp and paper, based on results from cur- 

rently operating pulp and paper mills, laboratory trials, 

and pilot studies. 

Zobel, B.; Campinhos, E. Jr.; Ikemori, Y. 1983. Se- 

lecting and breeding for desirable wood. Tappi. 66(1): 

70-74. 

Describes the variability of wood properties and their 

causes, while emphasizing the desirability for uniform wood 

properties in structural and pulping use. Discusses the tree 

improvement work being done in Brazil on eucalypts. 

99

Furniture Manufacture and 

Miscellaneous Products 

Furniture, musical instruments, pencils, boxes and 

crates, and crafts. 

Anon. 1985. Problems in the use of tropical timbers 

for moulding manufacture (Probleme des Einsatzes von 

Tropenholz fur die Leistenfertigung). Holz-Zentralblatt. 

111(52/53):759-760. 

Describes the wood requirements necessary for the manu- 

facture of mouldings, and presents a number of woods from 

Latin America, North America, SE Asia, Africa, Oceana, 

and Europe that are suitable for mouldings. 

Becerra-M., J. 1977. Probable uses of the wood of two 

oaks from the state of Durango (Usos probables de la 

madera de dos encinos de estado de Durango). Mexico, 

D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Fore- 

stales. Ciencial Forestal. 5(2):3-13. 

Bueno-Z., J. 1975. A study of 161 Peruvian woods for 

pencil manufacture (Estudio de 161 maderas Peruanas para 

fabricacion de lapices). Lima, Peru: Univaersidad Nacional 

Agraria, La Molina. Revista Forestal del Peru. 6(1/2):3-11. 

Describes wood from 161 native Peruvian trees by com- 

mon and scientific names for potenial use in pencil making. 

Three species and species groups were shown to be suitable 

for pencil-making: Ceiba sp. (Chahuano), Cedrela odor- 

ata, and Virola sp. (Cumala de Altura). Six more species 

are suitable if waxed for pencil production, including: Cho- 

risia integrifolia, Guazuma ulmifolia, Nectandra sp. (Mo- 

era negra), Spondias mombin, Sterculia sp. (Punga), and 

Trichilia sp. (Cedro mullaca). 

Clark, H.S. 1931. Use of Amaranth for interior trim and 

flooring. Tropical Woods. 25:1-3. 

Describes the utilization of Peltogyne pubescens from 

British Guiana. 

Coetzee, S.E. 1984. Pau marfim–a furniture timber from 

South America. South African Forestry Journal. 131:72-74. 

Presents the distribution, properties, and uses of (Balfouro- 

dendron riedelianum). 

Compean-G., F.J.; Perez-M., F. J.; Avila-S., J.A.; 

Murguia-G., D.A. 1984. Assessment of the wood-and- 

wire box industry of the State of Durango (Diagnostico 

de la industria de caja alambrada de estado de Durango). 

Durango, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones 

Forestales. Boletin Divulgativo. 66:90. 

Describes a major industry in the state of Durango, 

Mexico. 

De Medinacelli, A. and others. 1975. Materials that 

can be used in the manufacturing of crates for perishable 

agricultural products (fruits and vegetables), and specific 

designs for each of them (Materiales susceptibles de ser usa- 

dos en la construccion de embalatas para productos agrico- 

las perecederos (frutas y hortalizas) y diseno especifico para 

cada uno de ellos). Barquisimeto, Venezuela: FUDECO. 

238 p. 

100 

Covers all types of crates for produce, but emphasizes 

wood. Sixty-four species are mentioned as being suitable 

for use, though at that time only six species were widely 

used for crates. 

Enriquez-Q., M. 1980. The wire-bound timber pack- 

ing crate industry in the State of Durango (La industria 

de cajas de madera alambradas del Estado de Durango). 

Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones 

Forestales, Ciencia Forestal. 5(23):37-50. 

Describes production, production costs, merchandise 

turnover, type of equipment used, and number of employees 

for nine box factories in Durango state, Mexico. 

Fritz, E. 1926. “Amapa” for interior trim and flooring. 


Describes the use of Tecoma pentaphylla for interior use. 

This wood is described as having a pleasing appearance and 

being easy to work with. 

Guridi-G., L.I. 1980. Woods used by craftsmen in the 

state of Michoacan [Mexico] (La Madera en las artesanias 

del estuado de Michoacan). Boletin Divulgativo. 50: 129 p. 

Seventy-three craftsmen were interviewed regarding the 

woods they utilize in their trade. From this, 40 species 

were identified as being commonly utilized in the manufac- 

ture of crafts. The aesthetic characteristics of these woods 

are described; photographs of some of the wood samples 

and crafts are included. 

Herrera-B., A. 1981. Progress in the determination of 

the machining characteristics of five oak species growing 

in Mexico (Avance en la determinacion de las caracteristi- 

cas de maquinado de cinco especies de encino que vegetan 

en Mexico). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Forestales, Ciencia Forestal. 34(6):45-63. 

Describes machining properties (planing, sanding, drilling, 

moulding, and turning) of the wood of Quercus candicans, 

Q. Castanea, Q. resinosa, Q. obtusata, and Q. sideroxyla. 

For all five species, machining properties were generally 

good, except for turning quality. Sanding was poor for Q. 

candicans. Best results in planing were with a knife an- 

gle of 20 degrees and a feed velocity producing 19.7 knife 

marks per centimeter. 

Longwood, F.R. 1961. Puerto Rican woods: their ma- 


Handb. 205. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agri- 

culture. 98 p. 


timbers of the Caribbean-with special reference to the 

West Indies, the Guianas, and British Honduras. Agric. 


167 p. 

Moure, D. 1978. Use of hard and semihard woods in con- 

struction of houses and furniture (Uso de maderas duras 

y semiduras en la construccion de vivendas y mobilario). 

Serie Tecnologia. Argentina: Direccion de Bosques. 1:1-15. 

Describes the physical and mechanical properties and uses 

for furniture-making and other wood products from two 

woods characteristic of Cliaqueno Seco National Park,

viz. Schinopsis lorentzii (Quebracho colorado) and Aspi- 

dosperma sp. (Quebracho blanco). 

Record, S.J. 1927. Panama “Orey” wood and related 

species. Tropical Woods. 12:6-12. 

Discusses uses of the Campnosperma, found in Panama, as 

well as in Brazil and the West Indies. Concludes that the 

wood is not well suited for the production of pulp and is 

easily damaged by insects and decay, but is useful in the 

construction of boxes and food containers. 

Saldarriaga, J. 1979. Machining characteristics of ten 

species from the Uraba region (Caracteristicas de trabaja- 

bilidad de diez especies de la region de Uraba). Medellin, 

Colombia: Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin. 

Revista. 

Describes the machining characteristics of 10 tropical woods 

from Colombia. 

Schmieg, K. 1926. Notes on new cabinet woods from 

Brazil. Tropical Woods. 5:1-4. 

Briefly discusses the use of Myroxylon toluiferum, Astron- 

ium fraxinifolium, Nectandra sp., and Cordia in the manu- 

facture of fine furniture. 

Souza, M.R. de. 1983. Classification of wood for musical 

instruments (Classificacao de madeiras para instrumentos 

musicais). Brasilia, Brazil: Departamento de Economia, 

Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal (IBDF). 

Serie Tecnica. 6: 21 p. 

Describes the testing of 100 Amazonian woods for possible 

use in musical instruments. Three different approaches to 

the testing were used; acoustic properties, Principal Com- 

ponent Analysis, and practical knowledge or empirical se- 

lection. Twenty species were selected as having potential 

for stringed and woodwind instrument making. 

Sternadt, G.H. 1983. Small wooden objects (Pequenos 

objetos de madeira–POM–1983. Brasilia, Brazil: Labo- 

ratorio de Produtos Florestais, DPq/IBDF: 83 p. 

Describes a wide variety (40) of small wooden objects, their 

export to other countries, and their value in Brazil and 

the importing countrie. Data are provided in tabular and 

graphic form. 

101

Engineered Uses 

Design properties of wood in housing and other con- 

struction, including stress grading. 

ABNT (Asociacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas). 

1951. Design and construction of wood structures (Calculo 

e execucao de estruturas de madeira). Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

Standard ABNT NB11-1951. 22 p. 

ABNT (Asociacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas). 

1953. Tests of small clear specimens in the green condition. 

Sao Paulo, Brazil: ABNT MB 26-1953. 

Ahn, Won-Young; Moslemi, A.A. 1980. SEM exam- 

ination of wood-portland cement bonds. Wood Science. 

13( 2) : 77-82. 

Anon. 1965. A standard wooden house. Santiago, Chile: 

Maderero. 14: 9-15,18. 

Describes the design and construction of a one-story 

wooden house, suitable for conditions in Chile. 

Anon. 1986. Caribbean wood homes big hit. Market 

News. New Orleans, LA: Southern Forest Products 

Association. April-May: 1-2. 

Anon. 1986. Caribbean wood homes: wood is winner. 

Market News. New Orleans, La: Southern Forest Products 

Association. August. 4 p. 

Anon. 1989. Five SP demo homes built in Jamaica. Mar- 

ket News. New Orleans, La: Southern Pine Marketing 

Council. February. 14 p. 

Arostegui, V.A. 1978. Integrated study of wood for con- 

struction (Estudio integral de la madera para contruccion). 

Lima, Peru: Universidad Nacional de la Amazonica, Minis- 

terio de Agricultura. 184 p. 

Arroyo-P., J. 1971. Classification of uses and work- 

ing strengths for Venezuelan woods (Clasificacion de usos 

y esfuerzos de trabajo de madera venezolana). Merida, 

Venezuela: Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales. 

Arroyo-P., J. 1985. Technical characteristics of 37 

Venezuelan woods (Caracteristicas tecnologicas de 37 

maderas venezolanas). Merida, Venezuela: Laboratorio 

Nacional de Productos Forestales. 

Barajas-M., M. en C.J.; Echenique-M., R.; 

Carmana-V., T. F. 1979. Wood and its use in construc- 

tion. No. 3. Structure and identification (La madera y su 

uso en la construccion. No. 3. Estructura e identificacion). 

Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigacions so- 

bre Recursos Bioticos. 70 p. 

Describes wood characteristics and defects in relation to 

reliability in construction use. Discusses the appearance 

and how to identify 15 woods commonly used in Mexico for 

construction with a key. Some exotic woods are included. 

For each species the characteristics are given along with 

uses. 

Barghoorn, A.W.; Reyes-M., E.; Rojas-L., H.; 

Cabrera-D., H.; Aloarado-P., J. 1967. Oriented study 

of some anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of 

102 

41 timber species from the Carare–Opon region (Estiudio 

orientativo de algunas propiedades anatomicos y fisico- 

mecanicas de 41 especies maderables de la region Carare– 

Opon). Bogota, Colombia: Instituto de Investigaciones y 

Proyectos Forestales y Madereros de la Universidad Distrial 

Francisco Jose de Caldes. 228 p. 

Berhane, Z. 1986. Problems faced by the homeless in de- 

veloping countries. In: Proceedings of the 10th triennial 

congress of the International Council for Building Research 

(CB); 1986 September 22-26; Washington, DC. 1,133 p. 

Vol. 4. 

Brealey, T.B. 1975. Low cost timber housing in 

Venezuela, FAO Rep. VEN/72/019, Consultants 

Rep. 3. Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food and 

Agriculture Organizations. 23 p. 

A review is given of the size of the house-building program 

in Venezuela, the nature of the building industry, the avail- 

ability and cost of timber, and the possibility of introducing 

timber for house construction rather than the traditional 

masonry or concrete. The attitudes of the authorities and 

the public are examined particularly in relation to doubts 

about durability, fire risk, appearance, security, and struc- 

tural safety of timber houses. Recommendations are made 

for the design and erection of experimental and prototype 

timber houses and for the promotion of timber as a con- 

struction material for houses. 

Campos- B., A. 1987. Determination of the strength 

of radiata pine poles (Determinacion de la resistencia de 

postes de pino radiata). Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 

2:93-107. 

Describes the increase in use of wood poles in Chile and 

the interest of the industry in the market for both internal 

and export markets. To provide strength data for the in- 

dustry, American Standard ANSI 05.1-1979 and ASTM D 

103-83 were applied to use with radiata pine. 

Carabias-J., R.; Karsulovic-C., T. 1978. Density and 

mechanical properties of the wood of rauli Nothofagus 

alpina (Poepp et Endl.) Oerst. (Densidad y Propiedades 

Mecanicas de Madera de Renovales de Rauli). Santiago, 

Chile: Universidad de Chile. Boletin Tecnico. 51:36. 

Chudnoff, M. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Agric. 

Handb. 607. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agricul- 

ture. 206 p. 



grouped by regional origin. Standardized descriptions em- 

phasize physical and mechanical properties, processing char- 

acteristics, and uses. Data have been compiled, evaluated, 

and synthesized from the world literature. 

Costa, C.L.C. 1973. Utilization of Pinus elliottii wood 

in construction (Emprego de madeira de Pinus elliottii na 

construcao civil). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Forestal. Bo- 

letin Tecnico. 6:23. 

The use of this wood for prefabricated constructions is sug- 

gested, as it proves to be economical if adequate care is 

taken to insure its proper drying and preservation. 

Crane, J.L. 1949. Huts and houses in the tropics. 

Unasylva. 5( 3): 100-105.

Davalos-S., R. 1984. Design of wooden structures, gen- 

eral information (Diseno de estructuras en madera, infor- 

macion general). Nota Technica 1, 2nd ed. Xalapa, Ver- 

acruz, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre 

Recursos Bioticos, Laboratorio De Ciencia Y Technologia 

De La Madera. 

General discussion of wood design considerations, including 

grading characteristics, lumber standard dimensions, and 

allowable stresses. 

Davalos-S., R.; Wangaard, F.F.; Echenique-M., R. 

1977. Classification of the wood of Mexican pines (Clasi- 

ficacion de la madera de pinos Mexicanos). Inst. Inves- 

tig. sobre Recursos Biologicos. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: 


Drawing from limited data on the mechanical properties 

of Mexican pines, and a study of correlations between the 

density and mechanical strength of Mexican and foreign 

pines, a provisional classification of Mexican pine wood for 

structural purposes is derived. Four quality classes, and the 

limits of the defects (number, size, type, and position of 

knots, extent of splits or cracks, etc.) permissible for each 

class are provided. Suggestions are made for the applica- 

tion of the structural classes. 

Davalos-S., R.; Wangaard, F.F.; Echenique-M., R. 

1980. Classification of the wood of Mexican pines, the 

wood and its uses in construction No. 2 (Clasificacion de 

la Madera de Pinos Mexicanos, La Madera y su Uso en 

la Construccion) No. 2. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Insti- 

tuto Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, 

Laboratorio de Ciencia y Technologia de la Madera. 

This report discusses the grading and mechanical proper- 

ties of seven species of pine found in Mexico. Discussions 

include adjustments for use in redundant assemblies. 

Della Lucia, R.M. 1975. Strength grading of construction 

lumber for Brazil. Lafayette, In: Purdue University. Ph.D. 

dissertation. 152 p. 

Echenique-Manrique, R.; Becerra-M., J. 1972. Some 

physical-mechanical characteristics of the wood of three 

species from the Neovolcanica mountain range (Algunas 

caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de la madera de tres es- 

pecies de la Cordillera Neovolcanica). Mexico, DF, Mex- 

ico: Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Forestales. Notas 

Tecnicas. 6:7. 

Falconer, J.P.R. 1971. Design and production of tropical 

timber housing. Unasylva. 25(1):15-21 

Fox, T.H.; Cortes, T.M. 1984. The use of wood in house 

building in Chile with a case study in the city of Concep- 

cion. Vol. 1. Timber Construction. In: Hutchison, J.D., 

ed. Proceedings of the Pacific Timber Engineering confer- 

ence; 1984 May; Auckland, New Zealand. Wellington, New 

Zealand: Institution of Professional Engineers: 283-298. 

Describes the use of wood in the building of homes, 

churches, and other structures in the area around Concep- 

cion, Chile. Some house designs are shown. Discusses cur- 

rent use of wood in construction and refers to a case study 

on modern wood house construction in Concepcion. 

Freitas, Amantino Ramos de. 1978. Probabilistic ap- 

proach in the design of wood structures in Brazil based on 

the variability of 23 species. Bull. 159. Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

Instituto Pesquisas de Tecnologicas (IPT). 

Fullerton, R.L. 1977. Building construction in warm cli- 

mates. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3:269. 

A reference book of construction techniques and materi- 

als, illustrated by many diagrams, and of particular interest 

to students of architecture, building, surveying, and struc- 

tural engineering. A section is included on the properties 

of wood in relation to its suitability for use in warm, humid 

and hot, dry climates. The properties of 22 species are tab- 

ulated. Mention is made of most aspects of the use of tim- 

ber in houses and multipurpose buildings for administration 

and recreation. 

Hallett, Robert M. 1984. Timber structures in devel- 

oping countries. In: Supplementary proceedings of Pa- 

cific timber engineering conference; 1984; Aukland, New 

Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Institution of Profes- 

sional Engineers: s1-s7. 

Hellmeister, J.C. 1984. Structures of wood (Estruturas 

de madeira). Sao Paulo, Brazil: Universidad e de Sao 

Paulo, Escola De Engenharia De Sao Carlos, Departamento 

Estructuras, Laboratorio de Madeiras e de Estruturas de 

Madeira. 

HHFA (International Housing and Home Finance). 

1959. Manual on design for low-cost and aided self help 

housing. Ideas and methods exchange No. 37. Washington, 

DC: International Housing and Home Finance. 45 p. 

Hoyle, R.J., Jr. 1979. Visual stress grading of structural 

lumber for Costa Rican wood. Unpublished rep. Pullman, 

WA: Washington State University, Instituto Tecnologico de 

Costa Rica. 18 p. 

Hoyle, R.J., Jr. 1979. Theory and practice of machine 

stress grading of structural timber. Unpublished rep. Pull- 

man, WA: Washington State University, Instituto Tecno- 

logico de Costa Rica. 12 p. 

IBDF (Instituto Brasiliero de Desenvolvimento Flo- 

restal). 1983. Brazilian grading rules for sawn hardwood 

timber. Brasilia, Brazil: Ministry of Agriculture, Brazilian 

Institute of Forestry Development. 67 p. 

IPT. 1982. Popular manual for wooden house construction 

(Cartiha para construcao de casas de madeira). Relatoario 

No. 17.464. Sao Paulo, Brazil: UNIDO (United Nations 

Industrial Development Organization) and IPT (Instituto 

Pesquisas de Tecnologicas) Building Technology Division. 

101 p. 

IPT. 1984. Alternative technologies for construction of 

habitations of social interest (Alternativas tecnologicas para 

construcao de habitacoes de interesse social). Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Secretaria de Industria, Comercio, Ciencia e Tec- 

nologia do estado de Sao Paulo. Instituto de Pesquisas 

Tecnologicas (IPT). 

IPT. 1985. Manual of orientation for construction by 

mutual-help [self-help] (Manual de orientacao por constru- 

cao por ajuda-mutua). IPT Division of Buildings (Divisao 

de Edificacoes). Publication No. 1610. Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas (IPT). 69 p. 

103

ITCT. 1980. Structural grading rules for Costa Rican 

wood. Cartago, Costa Rica: Instituto Tecnologico de Costa 

Rica. Draftcopy. January, 1980. 

Johnston, P. 1975. Characteristics of wooden parts for 

houses (Caracteristicas de partes de madera para vivien- 

das). Bogota, Colombia: INDERENA. Bosques de Colom- 

bia: Jan.-June:68-82. 

Joseph, A.; Sharma, A.K. 1984. Physical examination 

and evaluation of residential and light timber buildings. 

Vol. 1. Timber construction. In: Hutchison, J.D., ed. Pro- 

ceedings of the Pacific timber engineering conference; 1984 

May; Auckland, New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: 

Institution of Professional Engineers. 167:299-308. 

Describes a simple method for evaluating building safety 

based on tests of 1,000 buildings in Trinidad. Factors eval- 

uated to establish probabilities for failure included design, 

random hazards, and human errors. Risk factors are de- 

rived for each component of the buildings. An example is 

given as to how the results can be used. 

JUNAC. 1984. Manual of design for woods of the An- 

dean Group. (Manual de diseno para maderes del Grupo 

Andino). Lima, Peru: Junta del Acuerdo de Cartegena. 

567 p. 

A complete manual for designing engineered structures us- 

ing woods from the countries of the Andean Pact. A glos- 

sary of terms is included. 

Karsulovic-C., T.; Navarrette-M., Randolfo. 1977. I. 

Mechanical properties of commercial Chilean woods. 11. 

Basic strengths of some Chilean woods (I. Propiedades 

mechanias de maderas comericiales chileanas. II. Ten- 

siones basicas de algunas maderas chilenas). Buletin Tec- 

nico 46. Santiago, Chile: Department of Wood Science and 

Technology-University of Chile. 60 p. 

Keenan, F.J.; Tejada, M. 1984. Tropical timber for 

building materials in the Andean group countries of South 

America. IDRC-TS49. Ottawa, Canada: International 

Develoment Research Centre. 151 p. 

Includes information on the selection and cutting of trees 

in the forest, wood anatomy, species identification, drying, 

preservation, workability, mechanical properties, grading, 

derivation of allowable stresses, establishing standard sizes 

of lumber, the strength of joints and fastenings, the de- 

sign and testing of structural components, building design, 

long duration load tests, dynamic testing, the construction 

of prototype housing, technology transfer, education, and 

training. 

Knowles, O.H. 1971. Research on the utilization of woods 

from Amazonia (Pesquisas sobre utilizacao de madeiras 

da Amazonia). Belem, Brazil: SUDAM Superintendencia 

do Desenvolvimeanto da Amazonia) Documenta. 3(1/4): 

83-116. 

Describes the machining and bending properties of 20 

Brazilian woods. Tests included drilling, mortising, mould- 

ing, planing, sanding, steam bending, and turning. Eight 

other hardwoods and a palm were tested partially. 


timbers of the Caribbean. Agric. Handb. 207. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 167 p. 

104 

Martinez, Jorge Becerra. 1977. Probable uses of the 

wood of two oak species from the state of Durango (Usos 

probables de la madera de dos encinos del estado de Du- 

rango). Mexico, DF, Mexico: Ciencia Forestal. 5(2):3-12. 

Maydell, H.J. von. 1974. Grading of tropical timbers 

(Die sortierung von tropenholz). Holz als Roh- und Werk- 

stoff. 32( 1) :30-34. 









Mendes, A. de S. 1977. Some tree species from Amazo- 

nia recommended for production of railway sleepers (Algu- 

mas especies florestais da Amazonia indicadas para prod- 

ucao de dormentes). Brasilia, Brazil: Laboratorio de Pro- 

ductos Florestais. FAO\0 Rep. DNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45. 

Comunicacao Tecnica. 14:5. 

Mora, J.J. 1974. Technical characteristics of 37 Venezue- 

lan woods (Caracteristicas tecnologicas de 37 maderas vene- 

zolanas). Merida, Venezuela: Facultad de Ciencias Fore- 

stales, Universidad de los Andes. 224 p. 

Morales, A.; Jaramillo, A.; Covarrubias, S. 1965. As- 

semblies of Pinus radiata timber made with nails or connec- 

tors as structural units. Santiago, Chile: Informe Technico. 

Instituto Forestal: 21:69-72. 

NBS (National Bureau of Standards). 1974. Design, 

siting and construction of low-income housing and com- 

munity building to better withstand earthquakes and wind 

storms. Building Science Series 48. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of Commerce, Center for Building Technology, 

Institute of Applied Technology. 132 p. 

Nnabuife, E.L.C. 1984. A research programme on the 

development of building materials composed of Amazon 

timbers and cement. Field document No. 32. Brasilian 

Institute for Forestry Development United Nations Devel- 

opment Programme. IBDF/UNDP/FAO/BRA-32. Rome, 


Ordonez-Candelaria, V.R.; Davalos-Sotelo, R. 1985. 

Manual of visual classification for pine structural lumber 

(Manual de classificacion Visual Para Madera Estructural 

De Pino). Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos. 

This manual is a guideline for the visual inspection 

and grading of pine lumber to be used in structural 

applications. 

Ordonez, V.G.; Barcenas, A. 1986. Physical-mechanical 

characteristics of the wood of ten species of San Pablo 

Macuiltianguis Oaxaca (Characteristicas Fisico-Mecanicas 

de la Madera de Diez Especies de San Pablo Macuiltian- 

guis Oaxaca). La Madera Y su Uso 21, Technical Bull. 

Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investi- 

gaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Laboratorio de Ciencia y 

Technologia de la Madera.

Ortega-E., F.; Ricalde-C., M. 1987-90. Design manual 

for wood structures. Biological structure of wood (Manual 

para diseno de estructuras de madera. Estructura biolog- 

ica de la madera). Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Labo- 

ratorio de Ciencia y Technologia de la Madera. 

Perez, Ary R. 1985. System for construction with wood: 

Sistema construtivo em madeira. Tecnologia de Edificacoes. 

IPT/DEd 39. August. p. 69-74. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1971. Design stresses for Chilean struc- 

tural timber (Fatigas de diseno para maderas estructurales 

chilenas). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe 

Tecnico. 37:61-62. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1982. Determination of strength and 

toughness of some species of wood grown in Chile (De- 

termination de la resistencia a la tenacidad de algunas 

especies maderas que crecen en Chile). Santiago, Chile: 

Instituto Forestal. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1983. Mechanical and associated prop- 

erties of tepa (Laurelia philippiana Looser (Propiedades 

mecanicas y asociada de la tepa (Laurelia philippi- 

ana Looser). Informe Tecnico. 96. Santiago, Chile: 

Instituto Forestal. 22 p. 

Perez-G., Vicente A. 1983. Physical-mechanical charac- 

teristics of Eucalyptus fastigata, Eucalyptus nitens, and 

Pinus muricata grown in Chile (Characteristicas fisico- 

mecanicas de Eucalyptus fastigata, Eucalyptus nitens and 

Pinus muricata crecidos en Chile). Informe Tecnico. 97. 

Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. 71 p. 

Perez-G., V.A. 1987. Allowable stresses for structural 

wood (Tensiones admisibles para madera estructural). 

Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 2:75-91. 

The system adopted in the Chilean standard NCh 1990 

“Timber Allowable Stresses for Structural Timber” was 

conceived in Australia and defines 12 structural grades for 

which flexural allowable stresses, parallel compression, par- 

allel tension, shearing, and flexural elasticity module are 

provided. The present work analyzes in detail the process 

just as is done in Australia. It explains the modifications 

needed to adopt it to the physical and mechanical proper- 

ties of Chilean woods, and gives the procedure to be fol- 

lowed for its practical application. 

Perez-G., V.A.; Martinez B., L.; Rio E., E del. 1973. 

Stress grading of Pinus radiata. Santiago, Chile: Informe 

Tecnico, Instituto Forestal. 45:19. 

Describes the stress grading of Chilean P. radiata, and gives 

the results of the application of the proposed national stan- 

dard grading rules to commercial samples of lumber in 

Chile. According to these rules, 70.7 percent of the sawn 

timber would be rejected. It is concluded that P. radiata 

sawn timber should not be used for important structural 

elements. If, however, it is desired to use P. radiata for 

structural purposes at the moment, it is recommended that 

a single grade be used, with a stress ratio of 50 percent, 

which would include ca. 30 percent of the total produc- 

tion; details are given of the specifications and permissible 

stresses of this grade. 

Perez-G., V.A.; Zuniga-A,, R.: Hidalgo-S., H. 1971. 

Mechanical and associated properties of lenga (Nothofagus 

pumilio (Poepp et Endl.) Krasser) grown in Aisen province 

(Propiedades mecanicas y asociades de la lenga (Nothofa- 

gus purnilio (Poepp et Endl.) Krasser) proveniente de la 

provincia de Aisen). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. 


Perez-G., V.A.; Zuniga-A., R.; Hidalgo-S., H. 1971. 

Mechanical and associated properties of lenga (Northofagus 

pumilio (poepp et Endl.) Krasser) grown in Aisen province 

(Propiedades mecanicas y asociades de la lenga (Nothofa- 

gus pumilio (Poepp et Endl.) Krasser) proveniente de la 

provincia de Aisen). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. 


Perez-G., V.A.: Zuniga-A., R.; Hidalgo-S., H. 1975. 

Mechanical and associated properties of lenga from Mag- 

allanes (Propiedades mecanicas y asociades de la lenga de 

Magallanes). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. Informe 


Perez, J.A. 1973. Venezuelan woods that can be used as 

substitutes for American elm (Maderas Venezolanas que 

podrian Utilizarse como Substitutos del Haya Americana 

(American elm)). Merida, Venezuela: Laboratorio Nacional 

de Productos Forestales. 18 p. 

Pfeil, Walter. 1980. Wood structures (Estruturas de 

madeira). Livros tecnicos e cientificos. 2d ed. Editora, Rio 

De Janeiro, S.A. 

Pleydell, G. 1979. Using mixed tropical timbers for struc- 

tural purposes. In: Tamolang, F.N., ed. Proceedings of 

1st International Union of Forestry Research Organiza- 

tions (IUFRO) conference on wood quality and utilization 

of tropical species; 1978 October 30-November 3; Laguna, 

Philippines. Laguna, Philippines: FORPRIDECOM, Col- 

lege: 108-14. 

Quintana, M.E.; Enriquez, B.E.; Martinez-B., A.E. 

1978. Supply of wooden sleepers for Mexican railways 

(Abastecimiento en durmientes de madera para ferrocarriles 

de Mexico). Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Fore- 

stales. Mexico 17, D.F., Mexico: Ciencia Forestal. 3:3-19. 

Quiroz, A.; Davalos, R. 1988. Resistence to compres- 

sion of pine timbers (Resistencia a compresion de polines 

de pino). Mexico City, Mexcico: Instituto Nacional de In- 

vestigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Boletin Tecnico. La 

Madera y Su Uso. 18:14. 

A series of 87 by 87 mm members was tested in specially 

designed equipment with the purpose of determining appro- 

priate compression design stresses for such members. The 

results obtained agreed reasonably well with the values pro- 

posed in the limit states design rules recently issued by the 

Department of the Federal District (Mexico). 

Ricalde-C., M. 1990. Design manual for wood structures. 

Wood in Mexico (Manual para diseno de estructuras de 

madera. La madera en Mexico). Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: 

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioti- 

cos, Laboratorio de Ciencia y Technologia de la Madera. 

Ricalde-C., M.; Barcenas-P., G.) 1990. Design manual 

for wood structures. Physical properties of wood (Manual 

para diseno de estructuras de madera. Propiedades fisicas 

de la madera). Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto Na- 

cional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Labora- 

torio de Ciencia y Technologia de la Madera. 

105

Ricalde-C.; Barcenas-P., G.) 1990. Design manual for 

wood structures. Mechanical properties of wood (Manual 

para diseno de estructuras de madera. Propiedades mecani- 

cas de la madera). Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Labo- 

ratorio de Ciencia y Technologia de la Madera. 

Rivoli, G.; Koljonen, K.; Nascimento, P.R.; 

Samanez-M., R. 1978. The application of wood and 

its derivatives in housing (A aplicacao da madeira e seus 

derivados na construcao habitacional). Brasilia, Brazil: In- 

stituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal: 129. 

Robledo, E.; Robledo, F. 1934. Tests of construction 

materials (Ensayo de materiales de construction). Medellin, 

Colombia: Anales de la Escuela de Minas. 33:217. 

Robles-F., F. 1984. Structural uses of wood in Mexico, 

wood and its use in construction (Diseno de Estructuras 

en Madera, Informacion General). Nota Tecnica 1, 2nd ed. 

Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto Nacional De Investiga- 

ciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Laboratorio De Ciencia Y 

Tecnologia De La Madera. 

This report discusses structural applications of wood. It 

includes structural wood products such as I-beams, stress 

skin panels, arches, etc., as well as mechanical properties 

for a number of structural species native to Mexico. 

Robles-F., F. 1990. Design manual for wood Structures. 

Method of design (Manual para diseno de estructuras de 

madera. Metodo de diseno). Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: In- 

stituto Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, 


Robles, F.; Davalos, R.; Ricalde, M.O. 1988. Com- 

ments on technical standards related to the design and con- 

struction of wooden structures, version 1987.(Comentarios 

a las normas tecnicas compementarias para diseno y con- 

truccion de estructuras de madera, version 1987). Mexico, 

DF, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre 

Recursos Bioticos, Boletin Tecnico. La Madera y Su Uso. 

15:125. 

Commentary on the technical standards related to the de- 

sign and construction of wood structures. 

Robles, F.; Romo, F. 1988. Nailed joints for wooden 

structures (Uniones clavadas para estructuras de madera). 

Mexico, DF, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones 

Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Boletin Tecnico, La Madera y Su 

Uso. 16:131. 

An overview of the structural applications of nails is pro- 

vided. The characteristics of nails and nailed joints are de- 

scribed. The principal theories that have been suggested 

for the prediction of the behavior of nailed joints are re- 

viewed. Rules for the design of nailed joints contained in 

some of the most important codes are discussed. Various 

testing procedures are described. Suggestions are offered 

for the development of limit states rules for the design of 

nailed joints appropriate for Mexican conditions. Research 

projects aimed at improving the efficiency of nails as con- 

necting elements are recommended. 

Rosende-B., R. 1978. Deterioration of wooden houses 

(Deterioro de la vivienda de madera). Santiago, Chile: Fac- 

ultad de Ciencias Forestales, University de Chile, Ciencias 

Forestales. 1 (1) :3-12. 

106 

Describes the main problems with the deterioration of wood 

houses, including moisture and construction factors. Advice 

is given on the proper use of wood in house construction 

such as wood selection, use of treated wood, sound build- 

ing practices, fire avoidance, exterior finishes, and basic 

maintenance. 

Salinas, J.J. 1982. Box beams (Vigas en cajon). Nota 

Technica 2. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto Nacional 

de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Laboratorio de 

Ciencia y Tchnologia de La Madera. 

Salinas, J.J. 1982. Structural elements of wood in bend- 

ing: component, analysis, and design (Elementos estruc- 

turales de madera en flexion: comportamiento, analisis y 

diseno). Nota Tecnica 6. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Insti- 

tuto Nacional de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, 


Salinas, J.J. 1983. Connections with nails, bolts, and lag 

screws (Conexiones con clavos, pernos y pijas). Nota Tec- 

nica 8. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de 

Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticos, Laboratorio de 

Ciencia y Technologia de la Madera. 

Serrano-M., J.R. 1981. The effect of time on the 

strength of laurel beams (El efecto del tiempo sobre la re- 

sistencia en vigas de laurel). Cartago, Costa Rica: Insti- 

tuto Technologico de Costa Rica Centro de Investigacion de 

Ingenieria en Maderas. 

Sherwood, G.; Wilkinson, T. 1977. Fasteners for tim- 

ber construction in high wind areas. NBS Building Science 

Series 100. National Bureau of Standards. 3:27-46. 

Describes construction techniques for tropical areas includ- 

ing Jamaica, Bangladesh, and the Philippines. 

Slooten, H. J. van der. 1972. Report to the govern- 

ment of Costa Rica on timber technology. FAO Rep. AT 

3066:12. 

Describes 8 upland species and 18 lowland species, from 

Costa Rica, suitable for the construction of prefabricated 

houses, with details on density, working properties, drying, 

nailing, etc. 

Stillinger, J.R.; Wentworth, I.W. 1977. Products, pro- 

cess and economics of producing wood-cement panels by 

the Bison-Werke System. In: Proceedings, 11th Washing- 

ton State University symposium on particleboard; Pullman, 

WA: 383-410. 

Tejada-V., M. 1980. Primer of construction with wood 

(Cartilla de construccion con madera). Lima, Peru: Junta 

del Acuerdo de Cartagena. PADT- REFORT, JUNAC. 

A wood construction manual with many drawings. Many 

topics covered including forest resource in 5 Andean Pact 

countries, wood properties, drying, and preservation prior 

to construction, wood engineering of structures, and equip- 

ment needed for constructing with wood. 

Teng, I. 1970. Forestry and forest industries development 

program. Paraguay. Report on the use of timber for house 

construction. FAO Rep. FAO:SF/PAR 15. Tech. Rep. 9:8. 

Briefly reviews (on the basis of two short study tours) 

problems of initiating plans for building cheap, wooden

houses for rural areas in Paraguay, and presents and dis- 

cusses plans for a prefabricated wooden house. 

Tinto, J.C. 1978. Contribution of the forestry sector to 

the construction of housing (Aporte del sector forestal a la 

construccion de viviendas). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Insti- 

tuto Forestal Nacional. Folleto Tecnico Forestal. 44:(2):167. 

Describes, for Argentina, the timber resources by region 

and species, general properties of available species, wood 

properties needed for wood housing, technical wood prop- 

erties of native trees (listed by common names) including 

species mixes available, workability, and preservative treata- 

bility. Species are grouped by possible uses. A discussion 

of supporting infrastructure, precautionary measures dur- 

ing construction, and Argentinian standards for housing 

construction is presented. 

Universidad del Biobio. 1985. Internal seminar on the 

definition of a line of action in the use of wood in houses 

(Seminario interno sobre definicion de lineas de accion en el 

use de la madera en vivendas). Concepcion, Chile: Inten- 

dencia Region del Biobio: 155. 

A seminar of 21 presentations on using wood in housing. 

Both legal and technical considerations are considered. 

University of Sao Paulo. 1983. Brazilian experience 

in wood and wood structures. (O encontro brasileiro em 

madeiras e em estructuras de madeira. Characteristics 

(Caracteristicas). Vol. 1. 391 p.; Connections (Ligacoes). 

Vol. 2. 284 p.; Housing (Habitacao). Vol. 3. 141 p.; Trusses 

(Telhados). Vol. 4. 290 p.; Bridges (Pontes). Vol. 5. 463 

p.; Special Topics (Topicos especiais). Vol. 6. 340 p. Sao 

Carlos School of Engineering, Department of Structures, 

coordinated by Joa Cesar Hellmeister. 

Vilela, J.E. 1969. Physical and mechanical properties of 

137 woods from Venezuelan Guayana (Propiedades fisicas 

y mechanicas de 137 maderas de Guayana Venezolana). 


Forestales. 88 p. 

Waggaman, W.C. 1967. Manual on design for low-cost 

and aided self-help housing. PB 177 385. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 

45 p. 

Weatherwax, R.C.; Tarkow, H. 1964. Effect of wood 

on setting of portland cement. Forest Products Journal. 

14(12):567-570. 

107

Miscellaneous Topics 

Economics, forest resources, education, training, and 

technology transfer. 

Acosta-S., M. 1968. Forest management, transport, 

trade, and wood industries in Ecuador (Explotacion fore- 

stal, transporte, comercio e industria maderera en el 

Ecuador). World Forest Congress Proceedings. 1:788-799. 

Discusses the primitive state of the forest industries in 

Ecuador, noting the problems caused by poor transporta- 

tion systems and lack of qualified technicians. Notes that 

if properly managed, Ecuador would have enough wood 

for its domestic use and would be able to export several 

species. Twelve species listed as having potential for inter- 

national exploitation include Ochroma lagopus, Myroxylon 

balsamun, Dialyanthera gordoniaefolia, Carapa guianen- 

sis, Tabebuia chrysantha, Centrolobium ochroxylon, Cordia 

alliodora, Rhizophora mangle, Chlorophora tinctoria, Geof- 

froea spinosa, Cedrela fissilis, C. rosei, Juglans neotropica, 

Podocarpus oleifolius, and P. glomeratus. 

Ahern, G.P.; Newton, H.K. 1928. A bibliography on 

woods of the world: exclusive of the temperate region of 

North America and with emphasis on tropical woods. New 

York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 

127 p. 

Lists 1,530 citations covering properties and utilization of 

wood. The bibliography is divided into geographic regions; 

617 citations are given for Latin America. 

Albin, R.H. 1978. Report on survey of education and 

training needs and staff requirements for the primary me- 

chanical wood industries in selected countries in Latin 

America (Informe sobre el estudio de los requisitos de la 

ensenanza y capacitacion y de las necesidades de personal 

para las industrias mecanicas primarias de la madera en al- 

gunos paises de America Latina). Rome, Italy: Food and 

Agriculture Organization. FAO Rep. TF-INT 286 (SWE). 

93 p. 

Describes educational needs in Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, 

Chile, and Peru. 

Alves, A.A.M. 1978. Marginal approach to financial ma- 

turity of timber. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry 

Congress, Centro Cultural General San Martin; 1972 Oc- 

tober 4-18; Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, Ar- 

gentina: Instituto Forestal Nacional. 4/5:5407-5409. 

Anon. 1974. Mexican imports and exports of wood and its 

derivatives. Mexico y sus Bosques. 13(6):25-39. 

An analysis of statistics of imports and exports of wood 

and wood-based products for Mexico in recent years and 

with estimates of 1976. Recommendations are made with a 

view to reducing imports and increasing exports. 

Anon. 1974. List of publications of the National Forest 

Products Laboratory (of Venezuela) (Lista de publicaciones 

del Laboratorio Nacional de Productos Forestales). Revista 

Forestal Venezolana. 17(24):92-93. 

Lists alphabetically by authors 37 papers published by the 

Laboratory at Merida between 1963 and 1974. 

108 

Anon. 1975. Economic supplement on forest exports. 

Chile Forestal. 1(4):8. 

Gives statistical data on various aspects of the marketing 

of forest products in Chile, and discusses the importance of 

exports of forest products in the national economy. 

Anon. 1976. Catalog of forest products. (Catalogo de 

Productos Forestales). Publicacion, Direccion General del 

Inventario Nacional Forestal, Mexico. 38:30. 

A catalog of all types of forest products (woody, nonwoody, 

or animal) in Mexico. A classification system using a code 

number consisting of two letters and five figures lists each 

product and places it in an appropriate category relative 

to its physical characteristics, and the conversion stage to 

which it belongs (roundwood, primary conversion, or sec- 

ondary conversion product). 

Anon. 1977. Forestal Arauco: first exporter of logs (Fore- 

stal Arauco: primera exportadora de rollizos). Chile Fore- 

stal. 2(19):10-11. 

Describes with illustrations a 19,000 m 3 shipment of logs 

from Chile to Japan, by Forestal Arauco. Discusses the 

financial advantages of exporting logs, and some problems 

involved. 

Anon. 1977. The Alerce declared a national monument 

(El Alerce declarado monumento natural). Chile Forestal. 

3 (2 5) : 4-5. 

Fitzroya cupressoides (Alerce or Lahuen) is one of the most 

valuable large forest trees of Chile, yielding a high-quality 

durable softwood timber. This conifer is one of the few 

trees capable of growing on poor, swampy sites in southern 

Chile where its range includes both the coastal and inland 

ranges. In recent years it has been seriously over-exploited, 

and under government decree No. 490 of September 5, 

1977, felling will in future be prohibited except where au- 

thorized by the National Forest Service for strictly limited 

and defined purposes. 

Anon. 1978. The radiata pine market. Chilean Forestry 

News. 1(10):2-5. 

Describes the volume and value of Chilean Pinus radi- 

ata timber marketed at home and abroad during 1970 to 

1977, especially the increased trade with S. Korea, Japan, 

and the Arab countries. Trends for future markets are 

discussed. 

Anon. 1978. Training for the use of timber in construction 

(Capacitacion para el uso de la madera en la construccion). 

In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry Congress, Centro 




Anon. 1978. Outlook for Argentinian industrial timber 

(Panorama maderero industrial argentino). In: Proceed- 

ings of the 7th World Forestry Congress, Centro Cultural 

General San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; Buenos Aires, 

Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Forestal 

Nacional. 4/5:5792-5806. 

Anon. 1978. National consumption of forest products 

(Consumo nacional de productos forestales). Mexico, D.F.,

Mexico: Departamento de Economia Forestal, Direccion 

General de Investigacion y Capacitacion Forestales. Ciencia 


Describes consumption, production, import, and export of 

forest products by Mexico in 1971 to 1976 with statistics. 

The main trends during the period are discussed. 

Anon. 1978. Future availability of raw material from the 

forests, 1978-1987. Region VIII including Malleco (Disponi- 

bilidad futura de materia prima forestal, periodo 1978- 

1987. VIII Region incluyendo Malleco). Chile Forestal. 

4( 37): 16. 

Predicts the types and quantities of forest products that 

should become available in this region of Chile and the ad- 

joining Malleco province in the ensuing ten year period. 

Anon. 1978. Pinus radiata on the world market (El pino 

insigne en el mercado mundial). Chile Forestal. 4(39):8. 

Describes recent exports of Pinus radiata round timber to 

Korea and southern Japan, and sawn timber to the Arab 

countries, from Chile, which have increased. Data are 

shown for the prices of pulpwood and roundwood and lum- 

ber from various parts of the world from 1970 to 1977. The 

data are used to predict the profit margins that should be 

obtainable by the producer in Chile. 

Anon. 1980. Processing high density tropical wood 

(Procesamiento de maderas tropicales de alta densidad). 

In: Proceedings of an International Union of Forestry Re- 

search organizations (IUFRO) meeting, Laboratorio Na- 

cional de Productos Forestales; 1977 October 2-9; Merida, 

Venezuela. 441 p. 

Proceedings containing 29 papers on the processing of high 

density tropical woods. 

Anon. 1981. Aspects of the production and processing 

of tropical hardwoods in countries of origin. In: Annual 

report, The Netherlands Investmentbank for Developing 

Countries: 22-30. 

Discusses supply and demand for tropical woods in the 

world market, the present situation and possible future de- 

velopments, and obstacles to development of increased local 

processing in developing countries. 

Anon. 1982. Brazilian forestry in the year 2000: strategic 

directions for the forestry sector in Brazil (Brasil Flore- 

stal, ano 2000: diretrizes estrategicas para o setor florestal 

brasiliero) . Brasil Florestal. 12(50):7-33. 

Describes the outlook of the Group for Strategic Plan- 

ning in Forestry in Brazil. The group, formed in 1981, is 

composed of both industrial and academic organizations. 

Planning for the year 2000, discussions include government 

forestry structure, regional development for the northeast 

Amazon area, increased production and profitability, refor- 

estation, nature protection, public relations, ensuring the 

supply of timber, marketing, forestry professionalism, and 

other subjects. Some data are presented on timber volume, 

types of timber available, reforestation requirements, and 

new employment expected. 

Anon. 1983. Availability and costs of logs from selected 

forest regions of Europe and North and South America 

(Verfugbarkeit und Kosten von Rundholz in ausgewahlten 

Waldregionen Europas, Nord- und Sudamerikas). Allge- 

meine Forstzeitschrift. 43: 1169-1 170. 

Summarizes parts of a report by the Jaakko-Poyry Group. 

Standing timber volumes, log prices, and other factors from 

three countries are shown, and estimates of these up to the 

year 1990 are given. The estimate for the southern USA 

indicates an adequate log supply, but higher costs for pine 

logs, felling, and transport. For Brazil the estimate is for 

an adequate log supply, increasing labor costs, and stable 

prices for standing timber. For Finland, the estimate in- 

dicates some restriction on timber supply, but no major 

changes in costs. 

Anon. 1984. Radiata pine supplies and options for indus- 

trial expansion. Chilean Forestry News. 83:2-4. 

Describes a study of Chilean forestry expansion from 1985 

to 2004. Two models are presented: one showing a four 

fold increase in processing capacity and doubling of forest 

area, and a second showing minimal expansion and com- 

plete use of existing forest area only. 

Auchter, R.J. 1978. Proceedings of conference on im- 

proved utilization of tropical forests; U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; 

1978 May 21-26; Madison, WI. 569 p. 

Contains twenty three papers on: harvesting, transport and 

storage, wood fibre and reconstituted products research, in- 

dustrial plans and practices, and investment considerations. 

Barghoorn, A.W. 1972. Development and actual state 

of professional education and research in forestry and the 

wood-based economy in Latin America and ideas and pro- 

posals concerning their further development (Entwicklung 

und Stand der forst- und holzwirtschaftlichen akademischen 

Ausbildung und Forschung in Lateinamerika und Vorschlage 

zu deren kunftiger Weiterentwicklung). Reinbek, Germany: 

Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Forst- und Holzwirtschaft. 

Mitteilungen. 90:339-350. 

Barghoorn, A.W. 1978. Professional training and re- 

search in forestry and wood industries in Latin America: 

a review of their beginnings, the present situation and 

proposals for their continued development (La formacion 

profesional y la investigacion en los campos forestales y 

madereros en America Latina: analisis del desarrollo y 

de la situacion actual y propuestas para la continuacion 

del desarrollo. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry 



gentina: Instituto Forestal Nacional. 3:3129-3140. 

Bassili, A.V. 1979. Cooperation of importers and users 

of tropical timber products with manufacturing indus- 

tries in exporting countries. In: Economic commission for 

Europe, timber committee: seminar on the utilization of 

tropical hardwoods; 1979 May 15-18; Amsterdam, Nether- 

lands. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization, 

FO: TIM/SEM.8/R.18. 4 p. 

Beltranena-M., E. 1966. Evaluation test for timber 

quality (Pruebas de evaluacion de calidad de madera). 

Guatemala, Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos. Informe 

Parcial. 1:12. 

109



Guatemala, Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos. In- 

forme Parcial. 2:19. 



Guatemala, Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos. In- 

forme Parcial. 3:21. 

Berb,erich, K. 1970. Prerequisites and possibilities of 

development of lumber industry in Guyana, Surinam, 

and French Guiana (Voraussetzungen und Entwick- 

lungsmoglichkeiten der Holzwirtschaft in Guayana, Surinam 

und Franzosisch-Guayana). Bundesforschungsanstalt fur 

Forst- und Holzwirtschaft. Mitteilungen. 78:108-114. 

Bezerra, R.N.; Nascimento, P.R. 1978. Contributions 

of the forest sector to the projections for the period 1979- 

85. Analysis of the internal system of marketing wood and 

wood products. Part 1: Northern and north-eastern re- 

gions. Part 2: Southern and south-eastern regions (Sub- 

sidios do sub-setor florestal aos estudos perspectivos para 

o periodo 1979/85. Analise do sistema de commercializa- 

cao interna de madeiras e derivados. Parte I - Regioes 

norte/nordeste. Parte II - Regioes sul/sudeste). Brasilia, 

Brazil: Ministerio da Agricultura: COPLAN/IBDF. 228 p. 

Blanco, O.E. 1982. Forestry bibliography of Venezuela. 

Vol. 1 (Bibliografia forestal de Venezuela. Vol. 1). Merida, 

Venezuela: Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano, Laboratorio 

Nacional de Productos Forestales. IFLA. 119 p. 

An annotated bibliography of the publications of the Insti- 

tuto Forestal Latinoamericano, the Laboratorio Nacional de 

Productos Forestales, and degree theses of the Centro de 

Estudios Forestales de Postgrado of the Universidad de Los 

Andes, all in Merida, Venezuela. 

Booth, H.E. 1978. Secondary species development. In: 

Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry Congress, Centro 




Boutelje, J.B. 1979. Information on a wood dictionary 

with technical literature references. In: Tamolang, F.N., 

ed. Wood quality and utilization of tropical species. Pro- 

ceedings, International Union of Forestry Research Orga- 

nizations (IUFRO) Conference, FORPRIDECOM, Col- 

lege; 1978 October 30-November 3; Laguna, Philippines: 

347-350. 

Brown, G. A. (Moderator). 1981. Part II. Economic and 

sociopolitical aspects of tropical forest resource manage- 

ment. In: Mergen, F., ed. International symposium on 

tropical forests. Utilization and conservation. Ecologi- 

cal, sociopolitical, and economic problems and potentials; 

1980 April 15-16; New Haven, CT. New Haven, CT: Yale 

University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies: 

93-153. 

Five papers listed by title include: Popkin, A.B. State 

responsibility for protection and preservation of forestry 

resources; Brewer, G.D. The state’s responsibilities for 

the protection and preservation of forestry resources; 

Gregerson, H.M. Environmental constraints versus eco- 

nomic gains in tropical forestry; Evenson, R.E. Tropical 

110 

forests in economic development; Smith, M.G. Forest and 

forestry programs in tropical countries: some observations 

and comments. Discussions in the papers include deforesta- 

tion, international legal implications, international policies 

and alternatives, production and trade of forest products 

from tropical countries, guide to efficient exploitation of 

tropical woods, and comments on the symposium. 

Burger, L.M.; Richter, H.G. 1979. Utilization of sec- 

ondary tree species in south Brazil (Zur Verwendung 

von Sekundarholzarten in Sudbrasilien). Allgemeine 


Describes wood identification, standardization of nomencla- 

ture, anatomical investigation, and timber properties test- 

ing done in cooperative research between the University of 

Freiburg (Institute of Wood Anatomy and Technology) in 

Germany and the University of Curitiba (Forestry Faculty) 

in Brazil. Schizolobium parahybum and Mimosa scabrella 

are species described as having particular promise. 

Caldevilla, G.M. 1978. Other forest products (conserva- 

tion, recreation, wildlife, etc.): a source of foreign exchange. 





Describes the forests and other areas of natural beauty 

which have potential for world enjoyment and use, and the 

problems that countries have to resolve before they can 

take advantage of these values. Economic assistance agen- 

cies could make a significant contribution by using their 

own resources to protect these areas, to promote develop- 

ment, and generate foreign exchange with managed forest 

production as well as offering recreational opportunities and 

enjoyment of magnificent landscapes. 

Cardoso, L. 1953. Causes of discoloration in wood 

(Causas da coloracao anormal da madeira). Sao Paulo, 

Brazil: Edio. Prop. Serv. Flor. Est. S. Paulo. 33:15. 

Castro, R. de F.; Nascimento, J.R. 1978. Appraisal of 

the market for wood and wood products. Vol. 1. Anal- 

ysis of supply and demand (Diagnostico do mercado de 

madeira e derivados. Vol. I. Analise de oferta e demanda). 

In: Brazil, Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Flore- 

stal: Forestry development and planning: projections for 

the period 1979-1985. Appraisal of the forest sector of 

Brazil (Desenvolvimento e planejamento florestal. Serie: 

Estudos perspectivos para o periodo 1979 a 1985). Secre- 

tario Nacional de Planejamento Agricola, Subsistema de 

Planejamento Florestal. Brasilia, Brazil. 

A three part report on: (1) Internal demand for timber 

and wood products with analysis, and forecasts of demand 

made on the basis of projected increases in population and 

GNP (based on the assumption that Brazil will follow the 

trends of developed countries). (2) Output predictions to 

1985 are made for output from natural forests, plantations, 

and National Parks, by region and timber type. Output of 

plantation pine and eucalypts is predicted for a period of 

15 to 20 years. (3) Required further reforestation is calcu- 

lated by considering total production and demand forecasts 

by region, including balances of supply and demand be- 

tween regions. Projected costs required for the period to 

1985 are given. 

Ceccatto, J.N. 1978. Analysis of the internal system of 

marketing wood and wood products. Part 3: Information

document (Analise do sistema de comercializacao interna de 

madeira e derivados. Parte III - Documento informativo). 

Brasilia, Brazil: Ministerio da Agricultura, IBDF: 54 p. 

Describes activities of the Department of Industrialization 

and Commercialization (Ministry of Agriculture), with par- 

ticular reference to legislation. 

Cerda-V., I.; Contreras-D., V. 1979. Exports of 

Chilean forest products, 1978 (Exportaciones forestales 

Chilenas 1978). Santiago, Chile: Instituto Forestal. In- 

forme Tecnico. 71:119. 

The value of forest products exported by Chile in 1978 was 

US $236.9 million, $56 million more than in the previous 

year. The growing importance of exports of forest prod- 

ucts in the national economy is noted, and detailed statis- 

tical data for 1978 are presented on the types of products 

exported, markets, prices, and ports used. The volumes 

of round timber, pulpwood, and sawn timber exported by 

Chile are compared with the total world exports of these 

products. 

Chardin, A.; Bege, P. 1984. Measurement of the longitu- 

dinal component of growth stresses in native (French) and 

French Guianese species (Determination de la composante 

longitudinale du champ des contraintes de croissance dans 

essences metropolitaines et guyanaises). In: Groupe de tra- 

vail no. 1. La matiere premiere. Sous-groupe 1.4 - Con- 

traintes de croissance. Colloque sciences et industries du 

bois. Grenoble du 20 au 22 septembre 1982. Paris, France: 

Centre Technique Forestier Tropical: 159-173. 

Chen, C.M. 1975. Relationship of wettability to water 

of hydration of selected tropical woods. Wood Science. 

7( 3) : 198-200. 

The contact angles (theta) for distilled water were mea- 

sured on 13 tropical hardwoods. Cos theta decreased with 

an increase in the average molecular weight of wood sub- 

stance (M) required to absorb one molecular weight of 

water of hydration. Regression analysis showed that the 

dependence of cos theta on M was significant at the 5 per- 

cent level. No significant relation existed between theta and 

fibre saturation point or the water of solution. 

Chudnoff, M.; Youngs, R.L. 1980. Evaluating concepts 

for the improved utilization of tropical timber resources. 

Unasylva. 32(128):27-28. 

Unlike temperate regions, tropical forests have a tremen- 

dous number of tree species, which complicates their uti- 

lization. The need for better use of these resources, and 

several general methods of accomplishing this, is discussed. 

Cliff, E.P. 1973. Utilization of tropical forests. Washing- 

ton, DC: Agency for International Development Reference 

Center. TA/OST 73-20. 26 p. 

Summarizes the results of a review of forestry literature 

published since 1946 (mostly by employees of the Agency 

for International Development) and available at the Cen- 

tre. Forestry and land use problems in tropical forests are 

listed and discussed, and measures recommended to im- 

prove forestry programmes and the utilization of unused 

and little-used species are examined. 

Collardet, J. 1979. Grading and standardization of trop- 

ical timbers (Le classement et la normalisation des bois 

tropicaux). In: Economic Commission for Europe, Timber 

Committee: Seminar on the utilization of tropical hard- 

woods; 1979 May 15-18; Amsterdam, Netherlands. ECE 

Rep. TIM/SEM.8/R.16. 

Commonwealth Science Council. 1978. Report of a 

Caribbean meeting on utilization of natural products; 1978 

June 6-8; Georgetown, Guyana. London, UK: Common- 

wealth Science Council. Commonwealth Secretariat. Rep. 

CSC(78)NP 1. 23 p. 

Describes research on: medicinal and toxic plant products; 

forest products; waste products from agriculture-based in- 

dustries; marine natural products; and plant-derived indus- 

trial products. 

Commonwealth Science Council. 1979. Report of the 

second Caribbean meeting on utilization of natural prod- 

ucts; 1979 April 23-27; Port of Spain, Trinidad. London, 

UK: Commonwealth Science Council. Commonwealth Sec- 

retariat. Rep. CSC(79)NP 2. 59 p. 

CORMA. 1960. Wood, properties, classification, averages, 

and applications. 2d ed. (Maderas, propiedades, clasifi- 

cacion, medicion y aplicaciones 2d ed.). Santiago, Chile: 

Corporacion Chilena de la Madera, Departamento Tecnico. 

79 p. 

Cortes-S., H.; Contreras-S., M. 1977. Determination 

of the value of standing timber (Determinacion del valor de 

la madera en pie). Santiago, Chile: Facultad de Ciencias 

Forestales, Universidad de Chile. Boletin Tecnico. 40:36. 

A study of different approaches to the valuation of standing 

timber in the context of forestry in the indigenous forests 

of the Panguipulli region of Chile, and of the present and 

probable future development of forest industry in the area. 

Direct and indirect methods of valuation are discussed, and 

it is concluded that the indirect method based on deter- 

mining the residual value of standing timber (defined as the 

sale value of the final product less the total cost of conver- 

sion) is the only practicable approach to the problem under 

the conditions described. 

CTFT. 1973. Investigations and tests carried out on trop- 

ical timber by several research laboratories (Recherches 

et essais effectues sur les bois tropicaux par divers organ- 

ismes de recherches). Nogent-sur- Marne, France. Centre 

Technique Forestier Tropical. 291 p. 

Describes in tabular form, information on the tests used 

and species tested at the following laboratories: Australia - 

Forest Products Laboratory, CSIRO, Melbourne; Belgium - 

Station de Technologie Forestiere, Ministere d’Agriculture, 

Gembloux, and Laboratoire Forestier de l’Universite de 

Louvain, Louvain; France - Centre Technique Forestier 

Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne; Madagascar - Centre Tech- 

nique Forestier Tropical, Tananarive; Germany Bundes- 

forschungsanstalt fur Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Reinbek; 

Netherlands - Houtinstituut TNO, Delft; Portugal - Labo- 

ratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, and Laboratorio de 

Histologia e Tecnologia de Madeiras, Lisbon; Spain - In- 

stituto Forestal de Investigaciones y Experiencias, Madrid; 

and UK - Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes 

Risborough. Within these laboratories are 1068 research 

files on tropical woods, covering 732 species. 

Cueva-G., L. de la. 1978. Analysis of forest production 

in Mexico 1971-1976 (Analisis de la produccion forestal 

111

en Mexico 1971-1976). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Direccion 

General de Investigacion y Capacitacion Forestales. Ciencia 


Describes recent trends in timber production, and other for- 

est products in Mexico, and probable future trends. Data 

show a continuing rise in both volume and value of forest 

products. 

Cunha, S.R.P. 1982. Importance of the utilization of na- 

tive species in the State of Rondonia (A importancia do 

aproveitamento das essencias nativas em Rondonia). In: 

Malvesi, I.T.O. [and others], eds. Proceedings of the Na- 

tional conference on native species; 1982 September 12-18; 

Campos do Jordao, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: 

Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 16A(3):1506-1511 

Dahms, K.G. 1982. Imports of tropical timbers to W. 

Germany in relation to botany and dendrology (Der 

Tropenholzimport der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und 

seine Verbindung zur Botanik und Dendrologie). Holz- 

Zentralblatt. 108(54):781, 784-785. 

Describes the origin, principal timber types, uses for the 

wood, and demand for tropical woods. West and central 

Africa supply over 90 percent in the form of logs, while SE 

Asia supplies over 70 percent of sawn timber, and Latin 

America has little impact. Reasons for this are discussed. 

The availability of woods for the export trade of primary 

forests and woods in m 3 /ha is: SE Asia, 20-25; Africa, 3-7; 

central and S. America, 2-3. Problems of reforestation are 

discussed. 

Dahms, K.G. 1985. Nomenclatural problems as a re- 

straint on international trade in South American timber 

exports (Probleme der Nomenklatur als internationales 

Handelshemmnis in sudamerikanischen Holzexport). Holz- 

Zentralblatt. 111(47):681-682. 

Describes problems in the market with trade names for 

woods of South America. Multiple names cause most of 

the problems, especially where one name is used for several 

different woods. In other cases exporters use local trade 

names not known in the world markets. Other items dis- 

cussed are the use of prefixes and designations that are too 

common. The increasing use of tropical woods as substi- 

tutes for other woods requires the detailed information on 

properties and suggests further studies be conducted on 

wood characteristics. South American wood imports to Eu- 

rope in 1983 accounted for only 0.4 percent of logs, and 

only 5.3 percent of sawnwood. These figures are expected 

to change in the future. 

David-B., E., ed. 1971. A study of the trade and mar- 

keting of the forest products of Peru (Estudio de mercado 

y comercializacion de produtos forestales del Peru). La 

Molina, Peru: Departmento de Industries Forestales, Uni- 

versidad Nacional Agraria. 326 p. 

Delgado-F., A.; Vallejo-R., D. 1977. Forest use in 

Colombia (El aprovechamiento forestal en Colombia). Bo- 

gota, Colombia: CONIF, Corporacion Nacional de Investi- 

gacion y Fomento Forestal. Serie Tecnica. 4:41. 

Describes forest use as all operations in the removal and 

transport of forest products to locations of processessing 

or consumption. Included in processing were some in situ 

processes, e.g. extraction of gum elastic, balata, and wood 

112 

blocks. The removal of timber for domestic and export 

markets, up to this point, has been the main use of the for- 

est. The authors analyze past history, current conditions, 

and future prospects of forest use in Colombia, emphasizing 

technical, social, institutional, and commercial aspects of 

use. 

Delmarco, O.; Pollini, C. 1982. Chile. Instituto per la 

Tecnologia del Legno, Quaderni: 3:110. 

Describes the forest situation in Chile in two articles: 

Forestry and forest products industries in the Chilean 

province of Valdivia. (Situazione forestale e delle industrie 

del legno in provincia di Valdivia). p.5-57; and Charac- 

teristics, growing stock and a utilization hypothesis for a 

natural forest in southern Chile (Caratteristiche, disponi- 

bilita e ipotesi di utilizzazione di una foresta naturale del 

Cile meridionale). p. 59-110. 

Detienne, P. 1979. Errors in the trade names of tropical 

woods (Les erreurs dans les denominations commerciales 

des bois tropicaux). Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 186: 

61-64. 

Describes the causes of errors in trade names. A list is 

shown, with correct and incorrect trade names, providing 

the correct name and its genus and family name as well. 

Durgnat, P.A. 1973. Trinidad’s lumber. Trinidad and 

Tobago Forester. 8(1):15-20. 

Describes the supply and consumption of lumber, equip- 

ment used by the local industry, and the labor force in 

1971, and suggests lumber production improvements that 

could be made. 

ECE. 1979. Characteristic features of individual markets 

for tropical hardwoods in Europe. In: Economic commis- 

sion for Europe. Proceedings, timber committee: seminar 

on the utilization of tropical hardwoods; 1979 May 15-18; 

Amsterdam, Netherlands. Union pour le Commerce des 

Bois Tropicaux dans la CEE. TIM/SEM.8/R.15. 23 p. 

Reports and discusses trends in imports of hardwood logs 

and sawn timber into Belgium, France, German Federal 

Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK, from tropical 

Asia, Africa, and America. 

ECE. 1979. Economic Commission for Europe, Timber 

Committee. In: Proceedings, seminar on the utilization of 


lands. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization, 

FO: TIM/SEM. 8 p. 

Proceedings of meeting with 19 papers printed. 

ECE. 1978. Study on the trade and utilization of tropi- 

cal hardwoods. Economic Commission for Europe, Timber 

Committee. Timber Bulletin for Europe. 30(10):94. 

Describes trends in imports, processing, consumption, end- 

uses, and factors influencing the utilization of tropical hard- 

woods in Europe. 

ECE. 1979. Tropical hardwood resources. In: Economic 

Commission for Europe. Proceedings, timber committee: 

seminar on the utilization of tropical hardwoods; 1979 May 

15-18; Amsterdam, Netherlands. Rome, Italy: Food and 

Agriculture Organization, FO: TIM/SEM.8/R.G. 5 p.

Describes tropical forest areas in natural stands and in- 

dustrial plantations in tabular form. Discusses the net re- 

movals of industrial roundwood in Africa, America, and 

Asia- Oceania and projects data from 1975 to 2000. 

Eisenhauer, G. 1982. Chile: on the road to forests with a 

future. Plant Research and Development. 15:111-116. 

Eremeev, A.G. 1979. Classification of the forests of Cuba 

(Klassifikatsiya lesov Kuby). Lesnoe Khozyaistvo. 434-76. 

Presents data on wood properties of several native tree 

species in Cuba. A table of density and hardness is shown 

for eight species. Another table lists the distribution of the 

main tree species, by economic value, by the main forest 

types. 

Escarpita-H., A.; Ramirez-M., J. G.; Zerecero-L., 

G. 1981. Forest resources of Chihuahua (Los recursos fore- 

stales de Chihuahua). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto 

Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales. Ciencia Forestal. 

6( 34) :3-29. 

Describes the resource situation in relation to the forest 

products industry in Chihuahua, Mexico. The forestry ad- 

ministration in the state is discussed. 

FAO. 1982. Assistance for forestry and forest industries 

development, Jamaica: project findings and recommenda- 

tions. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of 

the United Nations. FAO Rep. FO:DP/JAM/77/006. 

FAO. 1974. Committee on forest development in the trop- 

ics. In: Proceedings, Report of the 3rd session; 1974 May 

14-17; Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of 

the United Nations. FAO Rep. FO:FDT/74/Rep. 65 p. 

Includes recommendations and sections on: The contribu- 

tion of forestry to the development and management of dry 

zones in the tropics; FAO studies on forest working tech- 

niques in tropical forestry; Potential use of remote sensing 

techniques for monitoring tropical forests; Properties and 

uses of tropical woods in relation to national and interna- 

tional action for promoting less-known species; and Pioneer 

studies for the utilization of mixed tropical hardwoods. 

FAO. 1982. Country tables of production, trade and con- 

sumption of forest products: North, Central and South 

America 1970-1980. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture 

Organization. FAO Rep. FO/MISC/82/18. 113 p. 

FAO. 1977. General aspects of the benefits of forest re- 

search by a company (Aspectos gerais dos beneficios da 

pesquisa florestal para uma empresa). Brasilia, Brazil: 

PRODEPEF. FAO Rep. PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45. 

Comunicacao Tecnjca. 9:8. 

Describes research efforts by the Forestry Division of 

Champion Papele Celulose S/A at Mogi Guacu, Sao Paulo 

state, Brazil. The company has large pulpwood plantations 

near Mogi Guacu. Information is provided of provenance 

trials for several eucalyptus species recently re-introduced 

from Australia. Special emphasis is given to the prove- 

nance of E. grandis from Coff’s Harbour, New South Wales; 

progeny from this provenance are being used in a genetic 

improvement program. 

FAO. 1970. Pre-investment study for forestry develop- 

ment in northwest Ecuador. Final report. Vol. 1. General. 

Vol. 2. Forest engineering, industries, and surveying. Vol. 

3. Forest management. FAO Rep. FAO/SF: 76/ECU/13: 

Vol.1, 79 p.; Vol.2, 221 p.; Vol.3, 154 p. 

The three volumes cover an intense study of Ecuador’s for- 

est resources and potential for timber production. Volume 

I describes the studies, conducted from 1964 to 1969, show- 

ing where efforts should be put (NW part of country). It 

also discusses concessions let to the industry that could 

result in immediate and long-term benefits. Volume 2 de- 

scribes recommendations for logging and forest operations. 

Volume 3 describes the biological aspects including den- 

drology, wood property analysis, silvicultural studies, etc. 

Discussions of using domestic and exotic species are made. 

Information is provided for developing management plans 

including a suggested plan. 

FAO. 1963. Proceedings of the 5th conference on wood 

technology; 1963 September 16-27; Madison, Wisconsin. 

Rome, Italy: United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organi- 

zation. 77 p. 

FAO. 1977. Projections of demand for sawn timbers 

in Brazil 1975-2000 (Projecoes de demanda de madeira 

serrada no Brasil 1975- 2000). Brasilia, Brazil: Colecao 

Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Florestal. FAO Rep. 

PNUD/FAO/BRA-76/027. Serie Tecnica. 3:67. 

Describes the procedure used and presents data on the es- 

timated future demand for sawn timbers (in roundwood 

equivalents), presented in tables and graphs. 

FAO. 1977. Prospects and trends in the Brazilian forestry 

sector, 1975 to 2000 (Vol. 1) (Perspectivas e tendencias do 

setor florestal Brasileiro, 1975 a 2000 (Vol. 1)). Brasilia, 

Brazil. Colecao Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Florestal. 

FAO Rep. PNUD/FAO/BRA-76/027. Serie Tecnica. 8:183. 

Describes the forestry sector in Brazil and its contribution 

to the gross national product, exports and imports, output, 

investment, effect on conservation of the environment, etc. 

Discusses the estimated future demand for sawn timber, 

national and regional timber resources, the relation between 

supply and demand, and future prospects and difficulties. 

FAO. 1985. Tropical forestry action plan. Committee on 

Forest Development in the Tropics. Rome, Italy: Food and 

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO. 

159 p. 

Describes an action program for the tropical areas of the 

world in five priority areas: Forestry in land use; Forest- 

based industrial development; Fuelwood and energy; Con- 

servation of tropical forest ecosystems; and Institutions (ad- 

ministration, research, extension, education, and training). 

Action proposals for each area include: justifications for 

priorities; identification of principal activities; Principal 

problems and probable solutions; action program goals, 

strategies, program structures, etc.; and development as- 

sistance needs. Sample project profiles are provided in 

appendices. 

Fontes, P.J.P. de.; Quirino, W.F.; Peixoto, R.C.D. 

1982. Survey of the timber supply from agricultural and 

colonization projects in the states of Rondonia, Mato 

Grosso, and northern Goias. (Levantamento da oferta 

madeireira derivada de projetos agropecuarios e de colonizacao 

nos Estados de Rondonia, Mato Grosso e norte de 

Goias). Brasil Florestal. 52:19-26. 

113

Predicts the amount of wood expected to be cut due to 

deforestation in the near future. Notes that the wood pro- 

cessing industry is incapable of dealing with more than 10 

percent of this unless this industry is better developed and 

managed. 

Franco, M.A.B. 1982. Utilization of wood from areas 

cleared for reforestation for intensive silviculture by the 

Companhia Florestal Monte Dourado (A utilizacao da 

madeira de areas desmatadas para o reflorestamento com 

especies de rapido crescimento, pela Companhia Florestal 

Monte Dourado). In: Malvesi, I.T.O. [and others], eds. 

Proceedings of the national conference on native species; 

1982 September 12-18; Campos do Jordao, Sao Paulo, 

Brazil. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 16A(2):1328-1331. 

Franklin, E.C. 1978. Juvenile-mature correlations. In: 

Nikles, D.G.; Burley, J.; Barnes, R.D., eds. Progress and 

problems of genetic improvement of tropical forest trees. 

Proceedings of a joint workshop, IUFRO working parties 

S2.02-08 and S2.03-01; 1977; Brisbane. III. Selection and 

genetics. Oxford, UK: Commonwealth Forestry Institute: 

205-21 2. 

Describes breeding strategies necessary for the success of 

early selection in relation to physical and chemical proper- 

ties, and the influence of genetic and environmental charac- 

teristics; a quantitative model is included. 

Freas, A.D.; Chudnoff, M.; Koeppen, R.C.; Hutchin- 

son, S.B. 1973. Factors influencing the utilization of trop- 

ical wood species. Washington, DC: Agency for Interna- 

tional Development. TA/OST 73-22, 31 p. 

Reports an investigation of reasons for the under-utilization 

of a large number of secondary timber species in tropical 

countries where relatively few species enter the trade, with 

particular reference to Colombia, Ghana, Nigeria, and the 

Philippines. It is concluded that the immediate problem 

is a lack of readily available information on the proper- 

ties of these species, since the existing data are scattered 

and difficult to evaluate. This has given rise to problems 

of inventory, marketing, and processing. Several recom- 

mendations are made for a program of international aid to 

tropical timber producers. 

Garduno, G.R. 1959. Notes on the utilization of forest 

products of arid zones (Nota sobre explotacion de produc- 

tos forestales de zonas aridas). Durango, Mexico: Men- 

sajero Forestal. 17(176):8-9. 

Giordano, G. 1979. Knowledge of tropical hardwoods 

and information needs; market research, marketing, and 

promotion (Connaissances des bois feuillus tropicaux et be- 

soins d’information; etudes de marche, commercialisation 

et promotion). In: Proceedings: Economic Commission for 

Europe, Timber Committee, seminar on the utilization of 


lands. ECE Rep. TIM/SEM.8/R.3. 6 p. 

Goto, T.; Furuno, T. 1974. Bibliography of publication[s] 

on tropical woods I. Wood qualities and utilization. Mat- 

sue, Japan: Shimane University. Res. Rep. of Foreign 

Wood. 3:1-37. 

A bibliography arranged in sections covering wood 

anatomy, physical and mechanical properties, working 

properties, gluing, durability and preservation, plywood 

114 

manufacture, pulping, and trade and marketing. Within 

each section the references are cited chronologically in 

two groups: references to world literature and Japanese 

literature. 

Goto, T.; Onishi, H. 1981. Bibliography of publications 

on tropical woods. [III]. Wood-producing areas (2). Mat- 

sue, Japan: Shimane University. Res. Rep. of Foreign 

Wood. 9:100. 

Graaf, N.R. de. 1982. Sustained timber production in 

the tropical rainforest of Suriname. In: Wienk, J.F.; Wit, 

H.A. de., eds. Proceedings of management of low fertility 

acid soils of the American humid tropics; 1981 November 

23-26; Paramaribo, Suriname. Vaco Press N.V.: 175-189. 

Grainger, A. 1980. The state of the world’s tropical 

forests. Ecologist. 10(1/2):6-54. 

Describes the launching of the World Ecological Areas Pro- 

gramme (WEAP) proposal to save the world’s tropical rain- 

forests. The author notes major threats to the forests by 

shifting cultivation, logging, and the wildlife trade are con- 

sidered and the world trade in tropical timbers is described. 

The effects of continued forest destruction on local popu- 

lations, local and global climate, and genetic resources are 

discussed. 

Grayson, A.J. 1978. The valuation of nonwood benefits. 



Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Fore- 

stal Nacional. 4/5:5634-5657. 

Grayum, G.H. 1971. Forest industries development sur- 

vey, Guyana, logging and forest management. Rome, Italy: 

Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations De- 

velopment Program. Tech. Rep. 12. FO:SF/GUY 9. 

73 p. 

Gregersen, H.M. 1978. Export development programs 

for forestry. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry 

Congress, Centro Cultural General San Martin; 1972 

October 4-18; Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, 

Argentina; Instituto Forestal Nacional. 4: 5883-59 12. 

Gregersen, H.M.; Contreras, A. 1975. U.S. investment 

in the forest-based sector in Latin America: Problems and 

potentials. Baltimore, Maryland: Published for Resources 

for the Future by Johns Hopkins University Press: 101-105. 

Harris, J.M. 1971. FAO project on tropical pines. Report 

of Forest Research Institute for 1970. New Zealand: New 

Zealand Forest Service: 78-79. 

Describes the density variation, determined by beta- 

ray densitometry, in Pinus caribaea, P. merkusii, and P. 

oocarpa from Malaya. Characteristics of the pines were 

different than those of temperate areas in that they had 

multiple bands of very dense wood in the mature zone. Ju- 

venile wood was typically low on denser latewood. 

Hartwig, F.; Wiebecke, C. 1981. Forestry and the for- 

est products industry in Central America-with special 

reference to Honduras (Die Forst- und Holzwirtschaft Mit- 

telamerikas unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Hon- 

duras). Forstarchiv. 52(2;3):64-72; 97-102.

A comprehensive review; the following main subjects 

are discussed on a country-by-country basis: economic- 

geographic foundations; forest distribution; forest utiliza 

tion; forestry policy and law; forestry administration; train- 

ing of forestry personnel; and research. The need is stressed 

for a clear separation between agricultural and forestry re- 

quirements, and a halt to the expansion of agricultural de- 

velopment at the expense of actual/potential forest land. 

Recommendations include: intensified training of forest 

workers and technologists; and increased research in silvi- 

culture and work science. Caribbean countries constitute 

an important potential export market for Central American 

timber. Honduras is cited as the Central American country 

with the most clearly developed forestry policy, and there is 

a discussion of the activities of the Honduran Corporation 

for Forest Development (COHDEFOR), which has exclusive 

rights to harvesting of forests in Honduras. 

Hederstrom, T. 1972. Commercial aspects of the for- 

est products industries (Apuntes sobre comercializacion 

de productos forestales). Medellin, Colombia: Centro de 

Publicaciones, Universidad Nacional. Proyecto UNDP-FAO 

COL/65/516. p. 72. 

Describes a study of the economics of the forest products 

industries in Colombia. 

Herrera-S., V.J. 1980. Marketing of valuable and com- 

mon tropical timbers in Mexico City (Comercializacion de 

maderas tropicales preciosas y corrientes en la Ciudad de 

Mexico). Ciencia Forestal. 5(28):32-56. 

Presents results of a questionnaire survey study 

relating market conditions in the late 1970s, using supply 

and demand, and 1980 prices to make an evaluation of the 

situation. 

Hilmi, H.A. 1986. World compendium of forestry and 

forest products research institutions. Rome, Italy: United 

Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO Forestry 

Pap. 71:611. 

Holdridge, L.R., [and others]. 1947. The forests of 

western and central Ecuador. Washington, DC: U.S. De- 

partment of Agriculture, Forest Service. Special Report for 

Office of Interamerican Affairs: 134. 

Describes about 70 species, giving tree description, range, 

and general wood description and uses. Keys to identifica- 

tion are also provided. 

Hummel, F.C.; Davidson, J.L. 1978. The planning and 

development of markets for man-made forests. In: Proceed- 


General San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; Buenos Aires, 

Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Forestal 

Nacional. 4/5:5493-5515. 

Husch, B. 1982. Forestry in Chile. Journal of Forestry. 

80(11):735-737. 

Describes the forestry situation in Chile using data on 

forestry up to 1981 and on forest industries up to 1980. 

IBDF. 1983. Brazilian grading rules for sawn hardwood 

timber. Ministry of Agriculture, Brazilian Institute for 

Forestry Development. IBDF (Instituto Brasileiro de De- 

senvolvimento Florestal). Brasilia, Brazil: Forest Products 

Laboratory: 67. 

Presents the first official lumber grading rules produced 

by Brazilian government. Items included are: Introduc- 

tion; Generalities, Preparation of the timber, Sizes, Grad- 

ing methods. Specifications for the general market; Rules 

defining the grade types, Grading some commercial species 

commonly having certain defects. Specifications for special 

markets; Grading by the better face, Grading by four faces, 

Shorts. Appendices. 

IBDF. 1978. Study of the international wood and wood 

products market. Vol. 2. Statistical tables (Estudo do 

mercado internacional da madeira e derivados. Volume 2. 

Quadros estatisticos). Ministerio da Agricultura; Brasilia, 

Brazil: Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal: 

109. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1987. International markets and 

Chilean forest products exportation (El mercado internat- 

cional y las exportaciones forestales Chilenas). Santiago, 

Chile: INFOR-CORFO (Instituto Forestal-Corporacion de 

Fomento de la Produccion. Informe Tecnico. 110:216. 

Describes the development of international markets for 

Chilean forest products and the recent status of trade for 

specific classes of products. Data is provided on the vol- 

ume and value of products traded, in mass and by specific 

country. 

INFOR-CORFO. 1987. The internal forest market (El 

mercado forestal interno). Santiago, Chile: INFOR-CORFO 

(Instituto Forestal-Corporacion de Fomento de la Produc- 

cion. Informe Tecnico. 106:138. 

Describes the internal market situation in Chile for 12 dis- 

tinct products, providing information on the supply and 

demand and the expected future demand situation. 

Karstedt, P.; Tomaselli, I. 1979. Training of wood sci- 

ence and technology researchers in Latin America (Forma- 

cao de pesquisadores no ramo da pesquisa da madeira na 

America Latina). Curitiba, Brazil. Floresta. 10(1):63-68. 

Describes wood technology training in several countries 

of Latin America including Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and 

Peru. Details are given for Brazil with special emphasis on 

the Federal University of Parana at Curitiba. 

King, K.F.S. 1978. The utilization of low-quality tropical 

timber. Unasylva. 29(118):18-24. 

Knowles, O.H. 1969. Investment and business opportuni- 

ties in forest industrial development of the Brazilian Ama- 

zon. Curitiba, Brazil: National Forestry School. FAO Rep. 

FO: SF/BRA 4. Tech. Rep. 1:56. 

Describes conditions in the Amazon basin from human, 

industrial, and natural standpoints. Includes governmen- 

tal structures that will assist with development projects. 

Reviews past history of the area concerning the industrial 

situation and the potential for the future (both positive 

and negative) regarding siting of forest products industries. 

Appendices list 150 species by common and scientific name. 

Koch, P. 1978. Changing raw material supplies and their 

effect upon wood processing technology. In: Proceedings of 

the 7th World Forestry Congress, Centro Cultural General 

San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; Buenos Aires, Argentina. 

Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Forestal Nacional. 

5:6240-6254. 

115

Kumar, R. 1982. World tropical wood trade. Economic 

overview. Resources Policy. September: 177-192. 

A general overview of world wide trade in tropical woods. 

Developments over a 30 year period are reviewed and con- 

sidered in light of recent changes. Discusses trade in differ- 

ent parts of the world in relation to other factors, and pre- 

dicts price changes due to them. Notes the need for large 

investments to renew the tropical forest resource. 

Lembke, H.H. 1980. Problems of the world tropical tim- 

ber market. Economics. 21:116-135. 

Data are presented illustrating fluctuations in demand, 

price, and returns for tropical roundwood. It is suggested 

that these fluctuations could be compensated by reducing 

the dependence of individual supplying countries on spe- 

cific foreign markets, by the setting-up of marketing boards 

to supervise trade, supply market information, and open 

up new markets, and by increasing the flexibility of supply, 

through a world-wide information system. 

Lewis, N.B. 1972. Forestry development, Surinam, forest- 

based industry development Surinam. Rome, Italy: Food 

and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 

United Nations Development Program Rome: 27. 

Lima, J.P.C. de; Mercado, R.S. 1985. The Brazilian 

Amazon region; forestry industry opportunities and aspira- 

tions. Commonwealth Forestry Review. 64(2):151-156. 

Describes the region of the Amazon and its potential for 

development of further forest products industries. 

Lopes, J.P.I. 1973. Amazonia tomorrow. In: Lopes, 

J.P.I. Amazonia [area strategy, and physical, economic, and 

psycho-social study for the development plan for Amazo- 

nia]: A Amazonia. Revue du Bois et de ses Applications. 

2 8 (4/5) : 33-39, 47-54. 

Describes a study tour of about 20 French primary and 

secondary manufacturers of wood products and wood mer- 

chants, made in Feb. 1973. Discusses the economy of the 

Amazonian region (Colombia and Brazil), its geography, 

timber, and other natural resources, and the governmental 

methods and forest policies employed in the region. Also 

discussed are possibilities for establishing commercial ties 

between the region and Europe, especially France. 

Loschau, M. 1984. College education in forestry and for- 

est products industry of tropical countries (Hochschulaus- 

bildung fur die Forst- und Holzwirtschaft tropischer Lan- 

der). Beitrage fur die Forstwirtschaft. 18(4):151-157. 

Describes the conditions and need for improved technical 

training in tropical countries. 

Lupatelli, S.C.; Siqueira, J.D.P.; Terezo, E.F.M. 

1982. Trade in Brazilian forest products. In: Malvesi, 

I.T.O. [and others], eds. Proceedings of the national con- 

ference on native species; 1982 September 12-18; Campos 

do Jordao, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Silvicultura em Sao Paulo. 

16A(3):1421-1464, 1491-1505. 

Lists three papers by title: Lupatelli, S.C. Integration of 

research and practice for the development of foreign trade 

in tropical woods (Integracao da pesquisa a pratica para 

desenvolver o comercio exterior de madeiras tropicais): 

116 

1421-1443; Siqueira, J.D.P. Expression of the social and 

economic importance of native species (Expressao eco- 

nomica e social das essencias nativas): 1444-1464; Terezo, 

E.F.M. Trade in forest products (Comercio de produtos e 

sub-produtos florestais): 1491-1505. 

Madas, A. 1978. What will 2000 bring in changed pat- 

terns of production trade and consumption? In: Proceed- 


General San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; Buenos Aires, Ar- 

gentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Forestal Na- 

cional. 4/5:5707-5741. 

Maydell, H.J. von. 1974. The importance of the tim- 

ber trade in developing tropical forest zones. Institute for 

Scientific Cooperation. Economics. 8:42-54. 

McGaughey, S.E.; Gregersen, H.M., eds. 1983. Forest- 

based development in Latin America. An analysis of in- 

vestment opportunities and financing needs. In: Proceed- 

ings, regional conference of the Inter-American development 

Bank at the bank’s headquarters; 1982 June 22-25; Wash- 

ington, DC: 215. 

The purpose of this book is to explore the prospects for ac- 

celerating the economic development of forestry and forest 

industry in Latin America, including the Caribbean subre- 

gion, in member countries of the Inter-American Develop- 

ment Bank (IDB). The book’s central theme is to ascertain 

the many future opportunities as well as factors that will 

limit or stimulate the growth of public and private sec- 

tor investments in the forest-based sector in years ahead. 

The sector is viewed in broad terms to encompass activities 

from forest management and timber extraction through the 

stages of primary processing, including energy, sawnwood, 

wood panels, and pulp and paper production. It also in- 

corporates social and protection forestry such as watershed 

management and resource preservation. 

McNeil, D.L. 1981. Tropical forest industries: a transna- 

tional corporation view. Commonwealth Forestry Review. 

60(2): 105-112. 

Abstracted parts from a paper, presented at the workshop, 

Negotiations with transnational corporations in the trop- 

ical hardwoods section; 1980 August; Pattaya, Thailand. 

Organized by the United Nations Centre on Transnational 

Corporation (TNCs). Subjects covered are: the aims and 

economics constraints of TNCs; negotiation of terms un- 

der which logging concessions are granted by national gov- 

ernments; costs of developing local wood industries; and 

problems of reforestation. 

Melo-H., R. 1988. Analysis of the heating process for 

radiata pine (Analisis del proceso de maceracion para el 

pino radiata). Ciencia e Investigacion Forestal. 5:31-44. 

This article presents the most relevant results of a study 

about heating times of Radiata pine logs, using water as 

an agent of heat transfer. The process, called melting, is 

done previously to the rotary lathe. The results show that 

the heating times at different diameters are short and do 

not exceed 23 hours in any of the cases studied. The only 

variable which is statistically correlated with the wood tem- 

perature is the log diameter. Finally, regression models are 

established for calculating internal temperatures in the log 

at different diameters on the melting time.

Morgan, H.E. 1978. An industrialist looks at multiple 

forest uses. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry 



gentina; Instituto Forestal Nacional. 5:6799-6821. 

Mujica, F.D. 1978. Analysis of the variation in prices of 

willow in the Tigre produce market, Province of Buenos 

Aires, Argentina (Analisis de la variacion del precio de los 

sauces en el mercado de frutos del Tigre (Prov. de Buenos 

Aires, Argentina)). In: Proceedings of the 7th World 

Forestry Congress, Centro Cultural General San Martin; 

1972 October 4-18; Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, 

Argentina; Instituto Forestal Nacional. 4/5:5410-5421. 

Napier, I.A. 1973. A brief history of the development of 

the hardwood industry in Belize. Coedwigwr. 26:36-43. 

Describes the history of the hardwood industry in Belize 

(British Honduras) from the 16th century to the present, 

with special reference to the importance of Logwood 

(Haematoxylon campechianum) and Mahogany (Swietenia 

macrophylla). 

Netherlands Royal Tropical Institute. 1979. An anal- 

ysis of the constituent elements of functions and their costs 

in the international tropical timber trade. In: Economic 

Commission for Europe. Proceedings, Timber committee: 

seminar on the utilization of tropical hardwoods; 1979 May 

15-18; Amsterdam, Netherlands. Royal Tropical Institute. 

TIM/SEM.8/R.2. 3 p. 

Nikles, D.G.; Burley, J.; Barnes, R.D., eds. 1978. 

Progress and problems of genetic improvement of tropical 

forest trees. In: Proceedings of a joint workshop; IUFRO 

working parties S2.02-08 and S2.03-01; 1977 April 4- 

7, Queensland, Australia. Oxford, UK: Commonwealth 

Forestry Institute. 2 vols. 1066 p. 

Proceedings of a joint workshop held in Brisbane, Queens- 

land, Australia, April 4-7, 1977, by IUFRO working par- 

ties S2.02-08 (tropical species provenances) and S2.03-01 

(Breeding tropical species). The 110 papers covered five 

topics: 1. Wood quality of tropical species in relation to 

provenance and tree breeding; 2. Pulp, paper, and timber 

properties of plantation-grown tropical pines; 3. Selection 

and genetics; 4. Population-environment interactions; and 

5. Provenance trials and breeding programs. 

Ninin-S.,L. 1974. Some important aspects of the pro- 

duction of sawn wood in the country (Algunos aspectos 

relevantes de la produccion de madera aserrada en el pais). 

Merida, Venezuela: Lab. Nac. de Productos Forestales. 

Revista Forestal Venezolana. 17(24):21-28. 

Describes the main reasons why little progress has been 

made in developing the production of sawn timber in 

Venezuela in spite of publicized work by the National For- 

est Products Laboratory on the properties and potential 

uses of tree species previously considered as marginal, and 

in spite of government insistence that a greater range of 

timbers should be used. Recommendations are given to aid 

this situation. 

Nock, H.P. 1979. Brazil’s paper and cellulose program. 

(Brasiliens Papier- und Zellstoffprogramm). State Tech. 

Sch., Hamburg, German Federal Republic. Allgemeine 


Describes the National Paper and Cellulose Program that 

is designed to develop self-sufficiency in paper manufacture 

for Brazil and produce a favorable balance of trade in pulp 

and paper. The author predicts an annual pulp production 

increase from 0.4 million t in 1977 to 3.0 million t in 1982. 

Dependence on foreign investment and large-scale afforesta- 

tion schemes (in Eucalyptus and Pinus spp.) is required to 

accomplish the goals. The greatest growth is expected in 

bleached sulphate pulp derived from Eucalyptus plantations 

in southeastern Brazil. 

Oldeman, R.; Boerboom, J. 1979. A life-insurance pol- 

icy on tropical timber resources (Vers une assurance-vie 

des ressources en bois tropicaux). In: Economic Commis- 

sion for Europe. Proceedings, Timber committee: seminar 

on the utilization of tropical hardwoods, 1979 May 15-18; 

Amsterdam, Netherlands. ECE Rep. TIM/SEM.8/R.7. 

6 p. 

Oldeman, R.A.A., ed. 1982. Tropical hardwood uti- 

lization: practice and prospects. The Hague, Netherlands: 

Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers. Forest Sciences 

Series. 584 p. 

A book based on a seminar organized by the Timber Com- 

mittee of the United Nations Economic Commission for 

Europe in 1979. The 40 chapters are arranged under 5 sec- 

tion headings listed by editor, title, and page. Fontaine, 

R.G. Section I. Tropical hardwood resources: 19-142; Guil- 

lard, J. Section II. Tropical hardwood markets and market- 

ing: 143-323; Brazier, J.D. Section III. End-uses of tropical 

hardwoods: 325-433; Menon, K.D. Section IV. Grading and 

standardization: 435-526; Overbeek, A. Section V. Tropical 

hardwood expertise-international cooperation: 527-574. 

Osgood, J.R. 1979. Tropical timber: an importer’s point 

of view. Unasylva. 31(124):26-28. 

Pan American Union. 1967. Study of agricultural edu- 

cation, investigation, and extension, 1965: Inter-American 

Committee for Agricultural Development; United Nations 

Development Program, Ecuador; Junta Nacional de Plani- 

ficacion y Coordinacion Economica. Washington, DC: Pan 

American Union: 47. 

Pandolfo, Clara. 1978. The Brazilian Amazaon forest 

(A floresta Amazonica brasileira) Superintendencia do De- 

senvolvimento da Amazonia). Departamento de Recursos 

Naturais Belem, SUDAM. 69 p. 

Ponce, R.H. 1982. Review of the wood and wood prod- 

ucts industry in selected countries in Latin America. A pa- 

per prepared in advance of the 1st UNIDO consultation on 

the wood and wood products industry; 1982 October 4-8; 

Sao Paulo, Brazil. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations 

Industrial Development Organization. ID/WG.380/1. 

138 p. 

Describes market and trade for: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, 

Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. 

Potma, H.L. 1977. Projections of demand for sawn wood 

in Brazil, 1975-2000 (Projecoes de demanda de madeira 

serrada no Brasil, 1975-2000). Brasilia, Brazil: Instituto 

Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal. Serie Tecnica. 3. 

Preston, S.B. 1978. Information requirements for ex- 

panding markets for tropical woods. In: Proceedings of 

117

the 7th World Forestry Congress, Centro Cultural Gen- 

eral San Martin; 1972 October 4-18; Buenos Aires, Ar- 

gentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Forestal Na- 

cional. 5 : 6420-6425. 

Pringle, S.L. 1979. The outlook for tropical wood im- 

ports. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. 

Unasylva. 31 (125): 10-18. 

Examines tropical wood imports into the USA by type of 

product and source, projecting future prospects in relation 

to source country policies and domestic markets. 

Quinonez-O., J.; Zerecero-L., G. 1981. Forest re- 

sources of Durango (Recursos forestales de Durango). Mex- 



Describes, primarily for 1980, the statistics on the forest 

products industry in the state of Durango in NW Mexico. 

Quintana, M.E.; Enriquez, B.E.; Martinez-B., A.E. 

1978. Supply of wooden sleepers for Mexican railways 

(Abastecimiento en durmientes de madera para ferrocar- 

riles de Mexico). Mexico, D.F., Mexico: Instituto Nacional 

de Investigaciones Forestales. Ciencia Forestal. 3(14):3-19. 

Data up to 1978 are given on the availability of wooden 

sleepers for the Mexican State Railways. Sufficient tim- 

ber is believed to be available in the country to meet the 

annual requirement of about 4.6 million sleepers. It is con- 

cluded that wooden sleepers are more economical than ce- 

ment sleepers. Suggestions are made for improving sleeper 

production. 

Reitz, R.; Klein, R.M.; Reis, A. 1978. Santa Catarina 

woods-survey of native forest species in Santa Catarina 

with the potential for growth and development. (Projeto 

madeiro de Santa Catarina - Levantamento das especies 

florestais nativas em Santa Catarina com a possibilidade 

de incremento e desenvolvimento). Itajai, Santa Catarina, 

Brazil. Herbario Barbosa Rodriques. 320 p. 

The special commemorative issue describes the original for- 

est vegetation of the state of Santa Catarina and lists the 

72 families and 713 species of trees and shrubs held in the 

herbarium. Descriptions and illustrations of the plants are 

given with information on growth habitat, economic uses, 

and potential. 

Rendel, B.J. 1969. World Timbers, Vol. 2, North and 

South America (including Central America and the West 

Indies). London, United Kingdom: Ernest Benn Ltd. and 

Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 150 p. 

Ribeiro, H.; Machado, L.M.G. 1981. Contribution of 

the forestry sector to the Brazilian export market (Con- 

tribuicao do setor florestal ao comercio exterior Brasileiro). 

Brasilia, Brazil: Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento 

Florestal: 55. 

Describes the volume of exports and imports of wood and 

wood products for the period 1975-1980 for Brazil and dis- 

cusses trends. 

Ribeiro, H.; Machado, L.M.G. 1982. Contribution of 

the forestry sector to Brazilian foreign trade (Contribucao 

do setor florestal ao comercio exterior brasileiro). Brasilia, 

Brazil: IBDF. Brad Florestal. 12(49):7-22. 

118 

Describes, with statistics, the contribution of various seg- 

ments of the forest products industry to foreign trade by 

Brazil. Most of the data are from 1975 to 1982. The fig- 

ures show that in 1980 the balance of trade was a positive 

$650,000. 

Ribeiro, J., De R. 1971. Maranhao and its vegetation. 


Describes the vegetation types and the most important 

tree species in seven physiographic regions of the state of 

Maranhao, Brazil. The species most commonly used for 

wood products are listed, and the timber resource situation 

is discussed. 

Riedesel, B.H. 1976. Utilization of forests in Venezuela 

(Utilizacion de bosques en Venezuela). Merida, Venezuela: 

FAO Rep. VEN/72/019, Documento de Trabajo. 1:48. 

Describes the present state of forest exploitation in 

Venezuela, under the main headings: supply of raw ma- 

terials for forest products; basic methods of forest admin- 

istration; the forest law; rules under the forest law for the 

provision of sawmills; permits for short-term exploitation; 

contracts for long-term exploitation; rules regarding mini- 

mum diameters; and taxing of transport of forest products. 

Recommendations are made for improving and simplify- 

ing the system of permits and contracts, rationalizing the 

application of minimum diameter limits and replacing the 

existing multiple checks on exploitation by one effective 

check. 

Rojas-C., V. 1979. Some aspects of wood utilization in 

Costa Rica (Algunos aspectos sobre la utilizacion de la 

madera en Costa Rica). In: Chavarria, M., ed. Proceed- 

ings, International symposium on forest science and its con- 

tribution to the development of tropical America (Simposio 

internacional sobre las Ciencias Forestales y su Contribu- 

cion al Desarrollo de la America Tropical); 1979 October 

11-17; San Jose, Costa Rica. 

Describes different species of Costa Rica and their uses. 

Saelzer, B.F. 1974. International treaties of Chile regard- 

ing forest and timber policy. In: Charlas y Conferencias 2. 

Valdivia, Chile: Instituto de Manejo y Economica Forestal: 

35-48. 

A general account of various international agreements or 

treaties (bilateral and multilateral) entered into by Chile, 

that relate directly or indirectly to forest policy and the 

wood industry, conservation, labor matters, etc. 

Sandermann, H. W. 1970. National Forestry School, Cu- 

ritiba, Brazil: Laboratory for wood technology. FAO Rep. 

FOI: SF/BRA 4. Tech. Rep. 2:33. 

Describes the Brazilian National Forestry School at Cu- 

ritiba in the context of the state of forestry and forest 

products in the country. The facilities for forestry edu- 

cation and research for Brazil are discussed with recom- 

mendations for improved education in forestry and forest 

products. 

Santos-V., J.E. de los. 1982. Training requirements for 

personnel in the forest products industry: Progress, limita- 

tions, and perspectives (Determinacion de necesidades de 

capacitacion de productores forestales: avances, limitaciones

y perspectivas). Mexico D.F., Mexico: Institute Nacional 

de Investigaciones Forestales. Ciencia Forestal. 7(36):30-64. 

Describes a study of industries in the state of Chihuahua, 

Mexico. 

Schrewe, H. 1975. Strengthening the national forestry 

program, Chile: the primary transformation of wood (cur- 

rent situation and future prospects) (Fortalecimiento del 

Programa forestal nacional, Chile: la transformacion pri- 

maria de la madera (situacion actual y futuras perspec- 

tivas). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. 

FAO Rep. Development Program 197. 

Shand, E.A.; Bezerra, R.N.; Nascimento, P.R. 1978. 

Diagnosis of the market for wood and its derivatives. Vol. 

2. Analysis of the domestic marketing system (Diagnos- 

tico do mercado de madeira e derivados. Vol. 2 Analise do 

sistema de comerciali tacao interna de madeira e deriva- 

dos). In: Forestry development and planning: projections 

for the period 1979-1985. Diagnosis of the forestry sub- 

sector of Brazil (Colecao: Desenvolvimento e planejamento 

florestal. Serie: Estudos perspectivos para o periodo 1979 a 

1985. Diagnostico do subsetor florestal do Brasil. Brasilia, 

Brazil, Secretario Nacional de Planejamento Agricola, Sub- 

sistema de Planejamento Florestal. Barasilia, Brazil: Insti- 

tuto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal: 387 p. 

Describes the classification of Brazil into two sections: the 

north/northeast, (mostly natural forests, particularly the 

Amazon basin) and the south/southeast with mostly plan- 

tation forests. The marketing systems of these two units 

are considered separately. From the north, the timber is 

used principally for sawnwood and plywood, as sales of 

sawlogs diminish. In the south, more processing is common 

making panels, laminates, pulp and paper, and charcoal for 

the steel industry. Classification of timber, prices, market 

structure, distribution channels, and transport are discussed 

for both geographical units. Recommendations are made 

for both areas, covering fiscal regulation, products, and 

social factors. 

Shand, E.A.; Nascimento, P.R.; Bezerra, R.N. [and 

others]. 1978. Diagnosis of the market for wood and wood 

derivitives. Vol. 3. Analysis of the international market 

(Diagnostico do mercado do madeira e derivados, Vol. 3. 

Analise do mercado internacional). In: Brazil, Instituto 

Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal: Forestry devel- 

opment and planning: projections for the period 1979 to 

1985. Appraisal of the forest sector of Brazil. (Colecao: 

Desenvolvimento e planejamento florestal. Serie: Estudos 

perspectivos para o periodo 1979 a 1985. Diagnostico do 

subsetor florestal do Brasil.) Brasilia, Brazil: Secretario 

Nacional de Planejamento Agricola, Subsistema de Planeja- 

mento Florestal. 310 p. 

Describes an analysis of the trends in the international tim- 

ber markets during the 1970s, to be used in planning of 

forestry activities during the period from 1979 to 1985. 

Hardwood sawlogs, lumber, panels, and pulp and paper 

were the products studied. Supply and demand for these 

products was considered in the analysis as were market sit- 

uations within the main importers of Brazil’s wood prod- 

ucts (UK, USA, W. Germany). Seventy six tables of sta- 

tistical data are presented. Brazil’s competitive position, 

with respect to forest ownership, production capacity, mar- 

keting organization, product classification, and transport 

is also discussed. Fourteen recommendations are presented 

for the improvement of Brazil’s position as a world sup- 

plier. Several of the recommendations relate to marketing 

of Amazonian lumber. 

Shand, E.A.; Nascimento, P.R.; Bezerra, R.N. [and 

others]. 1978. Study of the international wood and wood 

derivatives market. Vol.1 (Estudo do mercado internacional 

da madeira e derivados. Vol. 1). Brasilia, Brazil: Ministe- 

rio da Agricultura. 207 p. 

First of three volumes examining the status of Brazil in the 

world wood products market senerio. 

Simioni, A.; Keiner, S., Jr. 1975. Development of wood 

exploitation in Brazil (Evolucao da exploracao madereira no 

Brasil). Florest a. 6( 2): 39-45. 

A chronological survey, based on the literature, of the de- 

velopment of exploitation and the wood industries in Brazil 

since 1500. 

Slooten, H. van der. 1977. The importance of wood 

density in forest productivity (A importancia da den- 

sidade da madeira na produtividade florestal). Rome, 

Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO Rep. 

PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45, Communicacao Tecnica. 13:8. 

Describes the wood density variation from plantations of 

Pinus elliottii in different parts of southern Brazil. The cost 

per 1000 kg, of wood delivered at the factory, from a plan- 

tation of low wood density, was compared to the cost of 

wood from a plantation of high wood density. The greater 

volume yield of the low-density stand did not compensate 

for the loss of weight, and thus cost more than that from 

the high-density stand. It is noted that the producer and 

consumer must integrate needs and meet end requirements. 

Slooten, H.J. van der. 1978. Utilization of Ama- 

zon tropical hardwood forests through technological 

research. In: Proceedings of the 8th World Forestry 

Congress; 1978 October 16-28; Jakarta, Indonesia. World 

Forestry Congress: Forestry for industrial development. 

FID-II/20-6. 15 p. 

Soares, F. de A. J. 1972. Aspects of the commercializa- 

tion of Amazonian timbers (Aspectos da comercializacao 

das madeiras amazonicas). Belem, Brazil: Divisao Desen- 

volvimento da Amazonia. 109 p. 

Describes a survey of the timber industry in Amazonia, the 

principal characters of the most important forest types, 

with estimates of the standing volume of commercial 

species, and the domestic and export markets. Recommen- 

dations for improvements in the industry are made, with 

particular reference to the work of SUDAM. 703 Amazo- 

nian species are listed in an appendix, with common and 

scientific names. 

Sobral Filho, M. 1982. Wood technology in Amazonia 

(Tecnologia de madeiras da Amazonia). In: Malvesi, I.T.O. 

[and others], eds. In: Proceedings of the national confer- 

ence on native species; 1982 Septem ber 12-18; Campos do 

Jordao, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Silvicultura 

em Sao Paulo. 16A(2):1245-1252. 

Stadelman, R.C. 1979. The United States market for 

tropical hardwoods. In: Economic Commission for Europe, 

119

Timber Committee: In: Proceedings, seminar on the uti- 

lization of tropical hardwoods; 1979 May 15-18; Amster- 

dam, Netherlands. TIM/SEM.S/R.l. 8 p. 

Stahelin, R.; Everard, W.P. 1964. Forests and forest 

industries of Brazil. Res. Rep. 16. Washington, DC: U.S. 


Tinto, J.C. 1974. Utilization of woods of inferior qual- 

ity. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Forestal Nacional. 

Notas Tecnologicas. 27:5. 

Describes items to be considered in planning the exploita- 

tion of native forests in Argentina including large volumes 

of low-quality trees. Properties that result in a wood being 

classified as low-quality are identified, and suggestions made 

for marketing the various low-quality timbers for profitable 

use of the forests. 

Tinto, J.C. 1979. Utilization of the forest resources of 

Argentina (Utilizacion de los recursos forestales argenti- 

nos). Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Forestal Nacional. 

Folleto Tecnico Forestal. 41:99. 

Describes the forest resources of Argentina, by vegetation 

type and region; native and exotic timber species, by com- 

mon and scientific names; area under forest plantation, by 

region; uses of various woods; and specific wood properties 

for given species. 

Towler, R.W. 1975. The possibilities of increased con- 

sumption of the lesser-known tropical hardwood species. 

Commonwealth Forestry Review. 54(3/4):243-249. 

Describes the importation of tropical hardwoods into the 

UK, noting wood properties of species imported, total 

volume, and the need to include other species to meet 

demands. 

UNDP/FAO. 1968: Survey of pine forests: Honduras. 

Rome, Italy: United Nations Development Program/Food 

and Agriculture Organization: 80 p. 

Velay, L. 1978. The future of forestry administration. In: 

Proceedings of the 7th World Forestry Congress, Centro 


Aires, Argentina. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Fore- 

stal Nacional. 4/5:5859-5877. 

Villegas, C., ed. 1978. Bibliography of plants of economic 

interest from the Amazon area (Bibliografia sobre plantas 

de interes economico de la region amazonica). Turrialba, 

Costa Rica: Biblioteca y Terminal de Servicios, CIDIA. 

Documentacion e Informacion Agricola. 26:167. 

A revised and enlarged edition of the bibliography first 

published in 1974. The plant species, including Carapa 

guianensis, Ocotea spp., Swietenia macrophylla, Virola spp., 

Annona spp., Bertholletia excelsa, Guilielma [Bactris] gasi- 

paes, Passiflora edulis, Psidium guajava, Bixa orellana, and 

Cephaelis ipecacuanha, are divided into 3 groups according 

to their use (wood production, fruit production, medical 

purposes, and dye production), and the references are ar- 

ranged alphabetically by authors within each species. An 

author index is included. 

Volatron, B. 1976. The exploitation of the forestry re- 

sources of Brazilian Amazon and in Colombia, and the 

120 

medium-term outlook for imports of logs and sawn tim- 

ber from these countries on the French tropical wood mar- 

ket (La mise en valeur des richesses foresti res en Ama- 

zonie br silienne et en Colombie. Perspectives, a moyen 

terme, d'importations en provenance de ces pays de bois en 

grumes et scies sur le marche francais des bois tropicaux). 

[Part I]. Bois Forets Tropicaux. 165:59-76. 

Introduces the forest resources of the Amazon. The politi- 

cal efforts to increase the development of the timber indus- 

try and accounts of silviculture experiments are noted. 

Wassink, J.T. 1979. Criteria for the choice of tropical 

timber species with emphasis on nontechnical and noneco- 

nomic aspects (i.e., appearance, texture, etc.). In: Eco- 

nomic Commission for Europe, Timber Committee. Pro- 

ceedings: seminar on the utilization of tropical hardwoods; 

1979 May 15-18; Amsterdam, Netherlands. Rome, Italy: 

Food and Agriculture Organization. FO: TIM/SEM.8/R.4. 

3 p. 

Wassink, J.T.; Wiselius, S.I. 1980. Aspects of mar- 

keting of tropical timber: a practical guide. Amsterdam, 

Netherlands: Royal Tropical Institute, Department of Agri- 

cultural Research. Bull. 30 5: 63-64. 

Wicki, C. 1981. Forests, forest-management and wood 

production in Chile (Wlder, Forstwirtschaft und Holzpro- 

duktion in Chile). Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 

132(1):33-46. 

Sections provide a brief overview of the land, an intro- 

duction to the forests of Chile, problems facing Chilean 

forestry, its wood industry and markets, and forest 

improvement. 

Zechmistrenko, A.F.; Feofilow, W.A. 1984. Forestry 

in Communist countries (Die Fmstwirtschaft in den 

RGW-Mitgliedslandern). Beitrage fur die Forstwirtschaft. 

18(2):95-99. 

Describes the forestry and forest products industries of 

many Communist countries, including Cuba, using statistics 

up to 1979. 

Zeeuw, C. de. 1971. Wood technical studies. Part I - 

The work programme. FAO Rep. FO:ST/ARG 36. Tech. 

Rep. 2. 31 p. 

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in the northwest provinces of Argentina. Information in- 

cludes a list of trees to be sampled, directions for collection 

of herbarium and wood samples, recording of data on trees, 

and the wood testing methods. 

Zobel, B.J. 1980. Imbalance in the world's conifer timber 

supply. Tappi. 63(2):95-98. 

Describes the state of the pine resource in the world, dis- 

cussing the plantations in the tropical and subtropical areas 

of the world. The major problem in South America is large 

acreages of young plantations, but little old timber, Chile 

is an exception, with many young and old plantations, but 

few intermediate ones. 

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRlNTlNG OFFlCE 1993-748-543

Forest Products from Latin America. Annotated Bibliography of ...

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