Rare Animals - Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation ...

COMMONWEALTH of VIRGINIA 

Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: 

Rare Animals 

Compiled by: 

Steven M. Roble, Zoologist 

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation 

Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, Virginia 

Natural Heritage Technical Report 13-05. March 2013

NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF VIRGINIA: 

RARE ANIMAL SPECIES 

MARCH 2013 

VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND RECREATION 

DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE 

600 East Main Street; 24th Floor 

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 23219 

(804) 786-7951 

This report should be cited as: 

Roble, S.M. 2013. Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: 

Rare Animal Species. Natural Heritage Technical Report 13-05. 

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division 

of Natural Heritage, Richmond, Virginia. 46 pp. 

List Compiled by 

Steven M. Roble 

Staff Zoologist 

Cover illustrations (left to right) by Megan Rollins 

Indiana Myotis 

Red-cockaded Woodpecker 

Regal Fritillary

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 

LIST FORMAT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 

PRIMARY SOURCES OF COMMON NAMES ................................................................................................................ 6 

VERTEBRATES .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 

FISH ................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 

AMPHIBIANS ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 

REPTILES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9 

BIRDS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10 

MAMMALS .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 

INVERTEBRATES .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 

TURBELLARIA (FLATWORMS) ................................................................................................................................ 12 

GASTROPODA (SNAILS) ........................................................................................................................................... 12 

BIVALVIA (MUSSELS & CLAMS) ............................................................................................................................ 14 

ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS) ....................................................................................................................... 15 

ARACHNIDA (SPIDERS, PSEUDOSCORPIONS & RELATIVES) .......................................................................... 15 

CRUSTACEA (AMPHIPODS, ISOPODS & DECAPODS)........................................................................................ 16 

DIPLOPODA (MILLIPEDES) ...................................................................................................................................... 17 

CHILOPODA (CENTIPEDES) ..................................................................................................................................... 19 

COLLEMBOLA (SPRINGTAILS) ............................................................................................................................... 19 

DIPLURA (DIPLURANS) ............................................................................................................................................ 19 

EPHEMEROPTERA (MAYFLIES) .............................................................................................................................. 20 

ODONATA (DAMSELFLIES & DRAGONFLIES) ..................................................................................................... 20 

PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES) ................................................................................................................................... 22 

ORTHOPTERA (GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS & RELATIVES) ..................................................... 22 

HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS) ................................................................................................................................. 23 

HOMOPTERA (CICADAS, LEAFHOPPERS & RELATIVES) .................................................................................. 23 

COLEOPTERA (BEETLES) ......................................................................................................................................... 23 

MECOPTERA (SCORPIONFLIES) ............................................................................................................................. 25 

TRICHOPTERA (CADDISFLIES) ............................................................................................................................... 25 

LEPIDOPTERA (BUTTERFLIES, SKIPPERS & MOTHS)........................................................................................ 26 

DIPTERA (TRUE FLIES) ............................................................................................................................................. 29 

HYMENOPTERA (BEES, WASPS, ANTS & RELATIVES)...................................................................................... 29 

APPENDIX 1. FEDERALLY ENDANGERED AND THREATENED VERTEBRATES OF VIRGINIA ...................... 30 

APPENDIX 2. FEDERALLY ENDANGERED AND THREATENED INVERTEBRATES OF VIRGINIA .................. 31 

APPENDIX 3. EXTINCT AND EXTIRPATED ANIMALS OF VIRGINIA ..................................................................... 32 

APPENDIX 4. NATURAL HERITAGE VERTEBRATE WATCH LIST .......................................................................... 33 

APPENDIX 5. NATURAL HERITAGE INVERTEBRATE WATCH LIST ...................................................................... 35 

APPENDIX 6. LIST OF SYNONYMS ............................................................................................................................... 43 

APPENDIX 7. RARE SPECIES SIGHTING FORM .......................................................................................................... 46

NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF VIRGINIA: 

RARE ANIMAL SPECIES 

MARCH 2013 

INTRODUCTION 

The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s Division of Natural Heritage (DCR-DNH) was established 

to protect Virginia’s biological diversity. DCR-DNH is the state’s first comprehensive program for conservation of our 

natural heritage, and includes an intensive statewide biological inventory, field surveys, electronic and manual database 

management, environmental review capabilities, and natural area protection and stewardship. Through its actions the 

Division identifies Natural Heritage Resources that are in need of conservation attention while creating an efficient means 

of evaluating the impacts of balanced economic growth. Natural Heritage Resources are defined in the Virginia Natural 

Area Preserves Act of 1989 (Section 10.1-209 through 217, Code of Virginia), as the habitat of rare, threatened, and 

endangered plant and animal species; exemplary natural communities, habitats, and ecosystems; and other natural 

features of the Commonwealth. 

To achieve this protection, DCR-DNH maintains lists of the most significant elements of our natural diversity. These 

lists focus the Division’s inventory on the Natural Heritage Resources most likely to be lost without conservation action 

in the near future. Most importantly, these lists are useful not only for DCR-DNH, but can be used by other agencies, 

organizations, and individuals to assist in the determination of actions in protection and development decision-making. 

In formulating these lists, the Division uses information from previous studies, museum records, observations and 

opinions of experts, DCR-DNH staff scientists, and field inventories. 

The Virginia Rare Animal List contains information on the legal and biological status of Virginia’s rarest known native 

animals, including vertebrates, insects, and selected other invertebrate groups. This list includes those species that are 

believed to be sufficiently rare or threatened to merit an inventory of their status and locations. Certain marine species 

that are listed as federally endangered or threatened are only included in the appendices. Only those species that use 

discrete habitat patches or can directly benefit from habitat protection are included on the main taxonomic lists. 

Natural Heritage Resource lists are necessarily dynamic, with updates occurring as new data become available. Such 

revisions assure the most current knowledge of the status of Virginia’s animals. Animals are added to the list when it is 

determined that they have become rare or threatened to such an extent that their continued existence in the 

Commonwealth is in jeopardy. Animals are deleted from the list when additional field surveys or other new data indicate 

they are more common than previously believed and do not warrant priority conservation efforts. 

The watch lists that are included in this report contain information on the biological status of animal species that are 

uncommon or of uncertain status in Virginia. More information is needed on most of these species, which may or may 

not be of high conservation concern at this time. Some species included on the watch lists were formerly on the Rare 

Animal List but have been determined to be more common than previously believed. Other species on the watch lists are 

declining and may warrant placement on the Rare Animal List in the future if their populations continue to decline. 

All animals that are officially protected by federal or state endangered species acts are included in this list (except as 

noted above). Federally listed species are protected by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. The U.S. 

Department of the Interior’s Fish and Wildlife Service administers the Act, listing and protecting federally endangered 

and threatened species. The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries has the regulatory responsibility for the 

listing and protection of the state’s endangered and threatened animals (excluding the Class Insecta) under the Virginia 

Endangered Species Act (Section 29.1-564 through 570, Code of Virginia). The Office of Plant Protection within the 

Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services has regulatory responsibility for the listing and protection of 

the state’s insects (and plants) under the Virginia Endangered Plant and Insect Act (Section 3.1-1020 through 1030, Code 

of Virginia). DCR-DNH is a primary source of recommendations to each of the regulatory agencies for species that are 

in need of listing as endangered or threatened. 

The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Virginia Department of 

Game and Inland Fisheries, and the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services work cooperatively to 

insure the continued survival of Virginia’s diverse fauna and other elements of natural diversity. The Division of Natural 

Heritage also works closely with many other state and federal agencies, local governments, conservation organizations, 

and many other organizations and individuals to seek adequate protection of Virginia’s natural heritage. 

1

LIST FORMAT 

The Rare Animal List is sorted by broad taxonomic groups and then ordered alphabetically by scientific name within 

each group. The list format consists of six fields: scientific name, common name, global rank, state rank, federal status, 

and state status. These fields are also used in the lists appearing in Appendices 1-5. To aid in the interpretation of the 

lists, a brief explanation of each field and a summary of abbreviations follow. 

Column 1. Scientific name: 

Nomenclature of animals is not contained in any single source. The most recent taxonomic sources are examined by the 

staff zoologist and, when necessary, direct consultations with experts are used to maintain the most scientifically accepted 

names for all animal groups. Divergences from these opinions are rare and generally occur only while an ongoing 

taxonomic study is being conducted. Contact the staff zoologist if you have questions or comments regarding the 

scientific names used herein. 

Column 2. Common name: 

A common name is provided for the convenience of the user. Standard common names have been developed and 

universally adopted for only a few animal groups; therefore, the user is cautioned to use scientific names whenever 

possible. The common names for most vertebrates and a few selected aquatic invertebrate groups (e.g., mussels) are 

recognized as stable. Most invertebrate species lack common names and it may not be practical to provide such names. 

They are usually indicated in the list as “a caddisfly”, “a millipede”, etc. The primary sources of common names applied 

to species in selected groups included in this list can be found on page 6. Many other common names that appear in the 

list, especially those of invertebrates, are not widely used or universally accepted. 

Column 3. Global rank: 

Global ranks are assigned by a consensus of the network of natural heritage programs, scientific experts, and NatureServe 

(a non-profit conservation organization) to designate the rangewide rarity of a species or subspecies. This system was 

originally developed by The Nature Conservancy and is widely used by other agencies (e.g., U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, U.S. Forest Service) and organizations as the best available scientific and objective assessment of an animal’s 

rarity and the level of threat to its existence. The ranks are assigned after considering a suite of factors including the 

number of occurrences (populations), number of individuals, and severity of threats to the species and its habitats. Global 

ranks found in the Rare Animal List are explained below: 

G1 Extremely rare and critically imperiled with 5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals; 

or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extinction. 

G2 Very rare and imperiled with 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals; or because of some factor(s) 

making it vulnerable to extinction. 

G3 Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in 

a restricted range; or vulnerable to extinction because of other factors. Usually fewer than 100 occurrences 

are documented. 

G4 Common and apparently secure globally, although it may be rare in parts of its range, especially at the 

periphery. 

G5 Very common and demonstrably secure globally, although it may be rare in parts of its range, especially at 

the periphery. 

GH Formerly part of the world’s fauna with some expectation that it may be rediscovered; generally applies to 

species that have not been verified for an extended period (usually >15 years) and for which some inventory 

has been attempted recently. 

GX Believed to be extinct throughout its range with virtually no likelihood of rediscovery. 

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GU Possibly rare, but status uncertain and more data needed. 

G? Unranked, or, if following a numerical ranking, rank uncertain (e.g., G3?). 

G_G_ The rank is uncertain, but considered to be within the indicated range (e.g., G2G4) of ranks (also, T_T_). 

G_Q Taxon has a questionable taxonomic assignment (e.g., G3Q) and may prove to be invalid upon further 

study. 

G_T_ Signifies the rank of a subspecies (e.g., G5T1 would apply to a subspecies if the species is demonstrably 

secure globally (G5) but the subspecies warrants a rank of T1, critically imperiled.) 

Column 4. State rank: 

State ranks are assigned in a manner similar to that described for global ranks, with values that generally range from 

S1-S5, but consider only factors within the political boundaries of Virginia. For example, an animal that is endemic to 

Virginia (found nowhere else in the world) will have the same global and state ranks, whereas a species that may be 

common in the northeastern United States but only known from a few occurrences in Virginia will have global and state 

ranks that differ. State ranks found in the Rare Animal List are explained below: 

S1 Extremely rare and critically imperiled with 5 or fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals 

in Virginia; or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extirpation in Virginia. 

S2 Very rare and imperiled with 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals in Virginia; or because of 

some factor(s) making it vulnerable to extirpation in Virginia. 

S3 Rare to uncommon in Virginia with between 20 and 100 occurrences; may have fewer occurrences if found to 

be common or abundant at some of these locations; may be somewhat vulnerable to extirpation in Virginia. 

S4 Common and apparently secure in Virginia, although it may be rare in parts of its range. 

SH Formerly part of Virginia’s fauna with some expectation that it may be rediscovered; generally applies to 

species that have not been verified in the state for an extended period (usually >15 years) and for which some 

inventory has been attempted recently. 

SX Believed to be extirpated from Virginia with virtually no likelihood of rediscovery. 

SU Possibly rare, but status uncertain and more data needed. 

S_? Rank uncertain. For example the rank S2? denotes a species that may range from S1 to S3. 

S_S_ Rank is uncertain, but considered to be within the indicated range of ranks (e.g., S2S4). 

S_B Breeding status of an animal (primarily used for birds) in Virginia; these species typically inhabit Virginia 

only during the breeding season. 

S_B/S_N Breeding and nonbreeding status of an animal (primarily used for birds) in Virginia, when they differ. 

SNA A conservation status rank is not applicable because the element is not a suitable target for conservation 

activities in Virginia (includes accidental species, transients, exotics, etc.). 

3

Column 5. Federal status: 

Federal status is determined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. This status 

is used for all animals listed as endangered or threatened by the U.S. government and receiving protection under the 

federal Endangered Species Act. The list also notes those species that have been formally proposed for listing or are 

currently candidates under consideration for listing. The federal status formerly known as “Category 2, candidate 

species” was abolished on February 28, 1996; species formerly designated as “Category 1, candidate species” are now 

referred to simply as “candidate species.” 

LE Listed Endangered. A taxon threatened with extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. 

LT Listed Threatened. A taxon likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future. 

LT/SA Listed as Threatened due to Similarity of Appearance. The species so closely resembles an endangered or 

threatened species or population that enforcement personnel of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service cannot 

readily distinguish between the taxa (e.g., the northern population of the bog turtle is federally listed as 

endangered, but turtles from the southern population, which includes Virginia, are not readily distinguishable 

from them). 

LT/PDL Listed as Threatened but proposed for delisting. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed that this 

species be removed from the list of Endangered and Threatened wildlife. However, at the present time, the 

species is still listed as Threatened pending further action and is thus protected under the Endangered Species 

Act. 

PE Proposed Endangered. A taxon proposed for listing as endangered. 

PT Proposed Threatened. A taxon proposed for listing as threatened. 

C Candidate. There is enough available information to propose the species for listing, but listing is 

“precluded by other pending proposals of higher priority”. (Formerly Candidate, Category 1) 

Column 6. State status: 

State status is determined by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (all animals except insects) and the 

Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (insects only). The informal category of “Special Concern” 

species that was previously maintained by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries was abolished by that 

agency on January 1, 2011. 

LE Listed Endangered; defined as a species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion 

of its range. 

LT Listed Threatened; defined as a species that is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future. 

4

The following table summarizes the ranks and legal status of the rarest animals tracked by the Virginia Department 

of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage (pages 7-29 of this list). 

Rank a Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds b Mammals Invertebrates 

GH 0 0 0 0 1 5 

G1 8 1 1 0 1 180 

G2 10 3 0 1 4 125 

G3 15 4 4 4 6 138 

SX 3 0 0 0 1 4 

SH 2 0 0 5 0 58 

S1 31 5 9 38 11 368 

S2 36 14 5 24 4 350 

Totals 72 19 14 67 16 782 

Legal 

Status 

FE 4 1 1 2 7 29 

FT 4 0 2 1 0 2 

PE 0 0 0 0 0 2 

SE 8 2 4 5 11 47 

ST 14 2 3 7 1 15 

a Rounded ranks (e.g., G1G2 is combined with G1, S2S3 with S2, G2G4 is treated as G3, S1S3 is treated as S2, 

etc.); also T ranks are treated as equivalent to G ranks for the purposes of this table. 

b Breeding ranks used for S ranks of birds in this table. 

Changes in legal status since the June 2010 DCR rare animal list 

Delistings: 

Bald Eagle – this species is no longer listed as endangered or threatened at either the state or federal level 

New Listings: 

Black Rail – State Endangered (Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries; effective January 1, 2013) 

Rayed Bean (mussel) – Federally Endangered (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; effective February 14, 2012) 

Snuffbox (mussel) – Federally Endangered (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; effective February 14, 2012) 

Sheepnose (mussel) – Federally Endangered (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; effective March 13, 2012) 

Spectaclecase (mussel) – Federally Endangered (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; effective March 13, 2012) 

Atlantic Sturgeon – Chesapeake Bay population listed as Endangered (National Marine Fisheries Service; 

effective February 6, 2012) 

Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel – Federally Endangered status was reinstated in June 2011 per court order 

(previously delisted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in August 2008) 

Taxonomic changes affecting listed species: 

Blackside Dace – scientific name changed from Phoxinus cumberlandensis to Chrosomus cumberlandensis 

Tennessee Dace – scientific name changed from Phoxinus tennesseensis to Chrosomus tennesseensis 

Longhead Darter (Percina macrocephala) - currently listed as state threatened but Virginia populations are now 

referable to the newly described Sickle Darter (Percina williamsi) 

Tan Riffleshell (Epioblasma florentina walkeri) - currently listed as federally and state endangered but Virginia 

populations are now referable to the newly described Golden Riffleshell (Epioblasma florentina aureola) 

5

PRIMARY SOURCES OF COMMON NAMES 

Fish 

Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea, and J.D. Williams. 2004. Common 

and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Sixth Edition. American Fisheries Society, 

Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland. 386 pp. 

Amphibians and Reptiles 

Crother, B.I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North 

of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in our Understanding. 6 th Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians 

and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular Number 37. 84 pp. 

Birds 

American Ornithologists’ Union. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds. Seventh Edition. American Ornithologists’ 

Union, Washington, D.C. 829 pp. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. 

Mammals 

Baker, R.J., L.C. Bradley, R.D. Bradley, J.W. Dragoo, M.D. Engstrom, R.S. Hoffmann, C.A. Jones, F. Reid, D.W. Rice, 

and C. Jones. 2003. Revised Checklist of North American Mammals North of Mexico, 2003. Texas Tech University 

Museum, Occasional Paper Number 229. 23 pp. 

Gastropoda and Bivalvia 

Turgeon, D.D., J.F. Quinn, Jr., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, F.G. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons, P.M. Mikkelsen, R.J. Neves, 

C.F.E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, M.J. Sweeney, F.G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J.D. 

Williams. 1998. Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: 

Mollusks. 2nd Edition. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 26, Bethesda, Maryland. 526 pp. 

Crustacea 

McLaughlin, P.A., D.K. Camp, M.V. Angel, E.L. Bousfield, P. Brunel, R.C. Brusca, D. Cadien, A.C. Cohen, K. 

Conlan, L.G. Eldredge, D.L. Felder, J.W. Goy, T. Haney, B. Hann, R.W. Heard, E.A. Hendrycks, H.H. Hobbs III, 

J.R. Holsinger, B. Kensley, D.R. Laubitz, S.E. LeCroy, R. Lemaitre, R.F. Maddocks, J.W. Martin, P. Mikkelsen, E. 

Nelson, W.A. Newman, R.M. Overstreet, W.J. Poly, W.W. Price, J.W. Reid, A. Robertson, D.C. Rogers, A. Ross, 

M. Schotte, F. Schram, C. Shih, L. Watling, G.D.F. Wilson, and D.D. Turgeon. 2005. Common and Scientific 

Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Crustaceans. American Fisheries Society, 

Special Publication 31, Bethesda, Maryland. 545 pp. 

Odonata 

Paulson, D.R. and S.W. Dunkle. 1999 (updated 2012). A Checklist of North American Odonata. Slater Museum 

of Natural History, University of Puget Sound Occasional Paper 56. 86 pp. 

Plecoptera 

Stark, B.P., K.W. Stewart, S.W. Szczytko, and R.W. Baumann. 1998. Common names of stoneflies (Plecoptera) 

from the United States and Canada. Ohio Biological Survey Notes 1: 1-18. 

Coleoptera 

Pearson, D.L. 2004. A list of suggested common English names for species of tiger beetles occurring in Canada and 

the U.S. Cicindela 36(1-2): 31-40. 

Lepidoptera 

Covell, C.V., Jr. 2005. A Field Guide to Moths of Eastern North America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special 

Publication Number 12. Martinsville, VA. 496 pp. 

Glassberg, J. 1999. Butterflies Through Binoculars – The East: A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Eastern North 

America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 242 pp. 

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VA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION & RECREATION 


VIRGINIA RARE ANIMAL LIST 

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME GLOBAL STATE FEDERAL STATE 

RANK RANK STATUS STATUS 

VERTEBRATES 

FISH 

Acipenser brevirostrum Shortnose sturgeon G3 SHB/S1N LE LE 

Acipenser oxyrinchus Atlantic sturgeon G3 S2 LE LE 

= Acipenser oxyrhynchus 

Ameiurus brunneus Snail bullhead G4 S2 

Ammocrypta clara Western sand darter G3 S1 LT 

= Etheostoma clarum 

Aplodinotus grunniens Freshwater drum G5 S2 

Chrosomus cumberlandensis Blackside dace G2 S1 LT LT 

= Phoxinus cumberlandensis 

Chrosomus tennesseensis Tennessee dace G3 S1 LE 

= Phoxinus tennesseensis 

Chrosomus sp. 1 Clinch dace G1 S1 

Cottus baileyi Black sculpin G4Q S2 

Cottus cognatus Slimy sculpin G5 S2 

Cottus sp. 1 Bluestone sculpin G2 S2 

Cottus sp. 4 Clinch sculpin G1G2 S1S2 

Cottus sp. 5 Holston sculpin G2 S2 

Cyprinella labrosa Thicklip chub G4 SH 

= Hybopsis labrosa 

Cyprinella whipplei Steelcolor shiner G5 S1 LT 

= Notropis whipplei 

Enneacanthus chaetodon Blackbanded sunfish G4 S1 LE 

Erimonax monachus Spotfin chub (= turquoise shiner) G2 S1 LT LT 

= Cyprinella monacha, Hybopsis monacha 

Erimystax cahni Slender chub G1 S1 LT LT 

= Hybopsis cahni 

Erimyzon sucetta Lake chubsucker G5 S2 

Etheostoma acuticeps Sharphead darter G3 S1 LE 

Etheostoma brevispinum Carolina fantail darter G4 S1 

Etheostoma caeruleum Rainbow darter G5 S2 

Etheostoma camurum Bluebreast darter G4 S2 

Etheostoma chlorobranchium Greenfin darter G4 S1 LT 

Etheostoma cinereum Ashy darter G2G3 S1 

Etheostoma collis Carolina darter G3 S2 LT 

Etheostoma denoncourti Golden darter G2 S1 LT 

= Etheostoma tippecanoe (in part) 

Etheostoma jessiae Blueside darter G4Q S1 

= Etheostoma stigmaeum jessiae 

Etheostoma meadiae Bluespar darter G4 S2 

= Etheostoma stigmaeum meadiae 

Etheostoma osburni Candy darter G3 S1 

Etheostoma percnurum Duskytail darter G1 S1 LE LE 

Etheostoma swannanoa Swannanoa darter G4 S2 

Etheostoma variatum Variegate darter G5 S1 LE 

Etheostoma vulneratum Wounded darter G3 S2S3 

Fundulus rathbuni Speckled killifish G4 S2 

Hybopsis hypsinotus Highback chub G4 S2 

= Notropis hypsinotus 

Ichthyomyzon bdellium Ohio lamprey G3G4 S2 

Ichthyomyzon greeleyi Mountain brook lamprey G3G4 S2 

7






FISH (continued) 

Labidesthes sicculus Brook silverside G5 S2 

Lythrurus lirus Mountain shiner G4 S2S3 

= Notropis lirus 

Moxostoma carinatum River redhorse G4 S2S3 

Notropis alborus Whitemouth shiner G4 S1 LT 

Notropis ariommus Popeye shiner G3 S2S3 

Notropis atherinoides Emerald shiner G5 S1S2 LT 

Notropis bifrenatus Bridle shiner G3 S2 

Notropis semperasper Roughhead shiner G2G3 S2S3 

Notropis spectrunculus Mirror shiner G4 S2 

Notropis stramineus Sand shiner G5 S2 

Noturus eleutherus Mountain madtom G4 S2S3 

Noturus flavipinnis Yellowfin madtom G1 S1 LT LT 

Noturus flavus Stonecat G5 S2 

Noturus gilberti Orangefin madtom G2 S2 LT 

Noturus insignis ssp. 1 Spotted margined madtom G5T1Q S1 

Percina aurantiaca Tangerine darter G4 S2S3 

Percina bimaculata Chesapeake logperch G1G2 SX 

Percina burtoni Blotchside logperch G2G3 S1 

Percina copelandi Channel darter G4 S2 

Percina crassa Piedmont darter G4 S1 

Percina evides Gilt darter G4 S2 

Percina maculata Blackside darter G5 SX 

Percina rex Roanoke logperch G1G2 S1S2 LE LE 

Percina sciera Dusky darter G5 S1S2 

Percina williamsi Sickle darter G2 S1S2 LT* 

= Percina macrocephala (in part) 

Percopsis omiscomaycus Trout-perch G5 SX 

Phenacobius crassilabrum Fatlips minnow G3G4 S2 

Phenacobius mirabilis Suckermouth minnow G5 S1S2 

Phenacobius teretulus Kanawha minnow G3G4 S2S3 

Pimephales vigilax Bullhead minnow G5 S1 

Polyodon spathula Paddlefish G4 S1 LT 

Sander canadensis Sauger G5 S2S3 

= Stizostedion canadense 

Scartomyzon sp. 1 Brassy jumprock G4 S1S2 

Thoburnia hamiltoni Rustyside sucker G3 S2 

= Moxostoma hamiltoni 

*Listed as state threatened under the name Longhead darter (Percina macrocephala) 

8






AMPHIBIANS 

Ambystoma mabeei Mabee’s salamander G4 S1S2 LT 

Ambystoma talpoideum Mole salamander G5 S2 

Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger salamander G5 S1 LE 

Anaxyrus quercicus Oak toad G5 S2 

= Bufo quercicus 

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Hellbender G3G4 S2S3 

Desmognathus marmoratus Shovel-nosed salamander G4 S2 

= Leurognathus marmoratus 

Desmognathus organi Northern Pygmy salamander G3 S2 

Eurycea wilderae Blue Ridge two-lined salamander G5 S2 

Hyla gratiosa Barking treefrog G5 S1 LT 

Necturus maculosus Mudpuppy G5 S2 

Necturus punctatus Dwarf waterdog G4 S2S3 

Plethodon hubrichti Peaks of Otter salamander G2 S2 

Plethodon punctatus Cow Knob salamander G3 S2 

Plethodon shenandoah Shenandoah salamander G1 S1 LE LE 

Plethodon sherando Big Levels salamander G2 S2 

Plethodon ventralis Southern zigzag salamander G4 S1 

Plethodon virginia Shenandoah Mountain salamander G2G3 S2 

Plethodon welleri Weller’s salamander G3 S2 

Siren intermedia Lesser siren G5 S2S3 

REPTILES 

Apalone spinifera Spiny softshell G5 S2 

= Trionyx spiniferus 

Caretta caretta Loggerhead (sea turtle) G3 S1B/S1N LT LT 

Crotalus horridus [Coastal Plain population] Canebrake rattlesnake G4 S1 LE 

Deirochelys reticularia Chicken turtle G5 S1 LE 

Glyptemys insculpta Wood turtle G3 S2 LT 

= Clemmys insculpta 

Glyptemys muhlenbergii Bog turtle G3 S2 LT/SA LE 

= Clemmys muhlenbergii 

Lampropeltis nigra Eastern black kingsnake G5 S2 

= Lampropeltis getula nigra 

Lepidochelys kempii Kemp’s ridley (sea turtle) G1 S1N LE LE 

Ophisaurus ventralis Eastern glass lizard G5 S1 LT 

Pituophis melanoleucus Pine snake G4 S1? 

Regina rigida Glossy crayfish snake G5 S1 

Sternotherus minor Loggerhead musk turtle G5 S2 

Trachemys scripta troostii Cumberland slider G5T4 S1 

Virginia valeriae pulchra Mountain earthsnake G5T3T4 S1 

9






BIRDS 

Actitis macularius Spotted Sandpiper G5 S2B 

Aegolius acadicus Northern Saw-whet Owl G5 S1B/S2N 

Ammodramus caudacutus Saltmarsh Sparrow G4 S2B/S3N 

Ammodramus henslowii Henslow’s Sparrow G4 S1B LT 

Anas discors Blue-winged Teal G5 S1B/S2N 

Anas strepera Gadwall G5 S2B/S4N 

Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle G5 SHB/S1N 

Ardea alba Great Egret G5 S2S3B/S3N 

= Casmerodius albus 

Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl G5 S1B/S2N 

Asio otus Long-eared Owl G5 S1 

Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper G5 S1B LT 

Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern G4 S1B/S2N 

Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush G5 S1B/S5N 

Catharus ustulatus Swainson’s Thrush G5 S1B 

Charadrius melodus Piping Plover G3 S2B/S1N LT LT 

Charadrius wilsonia Wilson’s Plover G5 S1B LE 

Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow G5 SHB 

Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier G5 S1S2B/S3N 

Cistothorus platensis Sedge Wren G5 S1B/S1S2N 

Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher G4 SHB 

= Nuttallornis borealis 

Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink G5 S1B 

Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron G5 S2B/S3N 

Egretta thula Snowy Egret G5 S2B/S3N 

Egretta tricolor Tricolored Heron G5 S2B/S3N 

Empidonax alnorum Alder Flycatcher G5 S1S2B 

Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher G5 S1B 

Eudocimus albus White Ibis G5 S1B 

Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon G4 S1B/S2N LT 

Fulica americana American Coot G5 S1B/S5N 

Gallinula galeata Common Gallinule G5 S1B/S1N 

= Gallinula chloropus (in part) 

Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern G5 S2B LT 

= Sterna nilotica 

Geothlypis philadelphia Mourning Warbler G5 S1B 

= Oporornis philadelphia 

Haemorhous purpureus Purple Finch G5 S1B/S5N 

= Carpodacus purpureus 

Himantopus mexicanus Black-necked Stilt G5 S1B 

Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern G5 S1B/S2N 

= Sterna caspia 

Ictinia mississippiensis Mississippi Kite G5 S1B 

Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike G4 S2B/S3N LT 

Laterallus jamaicensis Black Rail G4 S1B/S1N LE 

Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson’s Warbler G4 S2B 

Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbill G5 S1 

Melospiza georgiana georgiana Swamp Sparrow G5T5 S1B/S4S5N 

Melospiza georgiana nigrescens Coastal Plain Swamp Sparrow G5T3 S1B 

Mergus merganser Common Merganser G5 S1B/S4N 

Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned Night-heron G5 S2S3B/S3N 

= Nycticorax violaceus 

Oreothlypis ruficapilla Nashville Warbler G5 S1B 

= Vermivora ruficapilla 

10






BIRDS (continued) 

Parkesia noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush G5 S1B 

= Seiurus noveboracensis 

Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican G4 S2B/S3N 

Peucaea aestivalis Bachman’s Sparrow G3 S1B LT 

= Aimophila aestivalis 

Picoides borealis Red-cockaded Woodpecker G3 S1 LE LE 

Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis G5 S2B/S1N 

Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe G5 S1S2B/S4N 

Porzana carolina Sora G5 S1B/S2N 

Rallus elegans King Rail G4 S2B/S3N 

Rallus limicola Virginia Rail G5 S2B/S3N 

Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet G5 S2B/S5N 

Rynchops niger Black Skimmer G5 S2B/S1N 

Setophaga fusca Blackburnian Warbler G5 S2B 

= Dendroica fusca 

Setophaga magnolia Magnolia Warbler G5 S2B 

= Dendroica magnolia 

Setophaga virens waynei Wayne’s Black-throated Green Warbler G5TU S1B? 

= Dendroica virens waynei 

Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch G5 S2B/S4N 

Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker G5 S1B/S4N 

Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern G4 SHB LE LE 

Sternula antillarum Least Tern G4 S2B 

= Sterna antillarum 

Thalasseus maximus Royal Tern G5 S2B 

= Sterna maxima 

Thalasseus sandvicensis Sandwich Tern G5 S1B 

= Sterna sandvicensis 

Thryomanes bewickii altus Appalachian Bewick’s Wren G5T2Q SHB/S1N LE 

Troglodytes hiemalis Winter Wren G5 S2B/S4N 

= Troglodytes troglodytes (in part) 

MAMMALS 

Corynorhinus rafinesquii macrotis Eastern big-eared bat G3G4T? S2 LE 

= Plecotus rafinesquii macrotis 

Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus Virginia big-eared bat G3G4T2 S1 LE LE 

= Plecotus townsendii virginianus 

Erethizon dorsatum North American porcupine G5 S1 

Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Carolina northern flying squirrel G5T2 S1 LE LE 

Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus Virginia northern flying squirrel G5T2 S1 LE* LE 

Lepus americanus Snowshoe hare G5 S1 LE 

Martes pennanti Fisher G5 S1 

Microtus chrotorrhinus carolinensis Southern rock vole G4T3 S1 LE 

Myotis austroriparius Southeastern myotis (bat) G3G4 S2 

Myotis grisescens Gray myotis (bat) G3 S1 LE LE 

Myotis leibii Eastern small-footed myotis (bat) G1G3 S2 

Myotis sodalis Indiana bat (= social myotis) G2 S1 LE LE 

Puma concolor couguar Eastern cougar (= mountain lion, puma) G5THQ SX LE LE 

= Felis concolor couguar 

Sciurus niger cinereus Delmarva fox squirrel G5T3 S1 LE LE 

Sorex longirostris fisheri Dismal Swamp southeastern shrew G5T4 S2 LT 

Sorex palustris punctulatus Southern water shrew G5T3 S1S2 LE 

*Delisted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in August 2008, but Endangered status was reinstated in June 2011 per court order. 

11






INVERTEBRATES 

TURBELLARIA (FLATWORMS) 

Geocentrophora cavernicola A cave planarian G1G2 S1 

Procotyla typhlops A groundwater planarian G1G2 S1S2 

Sphalloplana chandleri Chandler’s planarian G1G2 S1 

Sphalloplana consimilis Powell Valley planarian G2G3 S1 

Sphalloplana holsingeri Holsinger’s groundwater planarian G1G2 SH 

Sphalloplana hypogea A groundwater planarian G1G2 S1S2 

Sphalloplana subtilis Bigger’s groundwater planarian G1G2 SH 

Sphalloplana virginiana Rockbridge County cave planarian G1 S1 

GASTROPODA (SNAILS) 

Anguispira jessica Mountain disc G3G4 S1 

= Anguispira alternata jessica 

Discus nigrimontanus Black Mountain disc G4 S1S3 

Elimia arachnoidea Spider Elimia G2 S2 LE 

= Goniobasis arachnoidea 

Euchemotrema leai Lowland pillsnail G5 S1S3 

= Stenotrema leai aliciae 

Fontigens bottimeri Appalachian springsnail G2G3 S2S3 LE 

Fontigens morrisoni Virginia springsnail G2 S2 LE 

Fontigens tarterea Organ cavesnail G2 S1S2 

Fumonelix christyi Glossy covert G3 S1S3 

= Mesodon christyi 

Fumonelix wheatleyi clingmanicus Clingman covert G4T2T3 S1S2 

= Mesodon clingmanicus 

Gastrocopta clappi Bluegrass snaggletooth G4G5 S1S2 

= Gastrocopta armifera clappi 

Gastrocopta pellucida Slim snaggletooth G5 S1S3 

Gastrodonta fonticula Appalachia bellytooth G3G4 S1S3 

= Gastrocopta interna fonticula 

Glyphyalinia picea Rust glyph G3 S1S3 

Glyphyalinia praecox Brilliant glyph G4 S1S3 

Glyphyalinia raderi Maryland glyph G2 S1S2 

Glyphyalinia sculptilis Suborb glyph G4 S1 

Glyphyalinia virginica Depressed glyph G3 S2S3 

Helicodiscus diadema Shaggy coil G1 S1 LE 

Helicodiscus lirellus Rubble coil G1 S1 LE 

Helicodiscus multidens Twilight coil G3 S2 

Helicodiscus shimeki Temperate coil G4G5 S1 

Helicodiscus triodus Talus coil G2 S1S2 

Holsingeria unthanksensis Thankless ghostsnail (= Unthanks Cave snail) G2 S2 LE 

Holsingeria sp. 1 Skyline Caverns snail G1Q S1 

Inflectarius kalmianus Brown globelet G3 S1S3 

= Mesodon kalmianus 

Io fluvialis Spiny riversnail G2 S2 LT 

Leptoxis praerosa Onyx rocksnail G5 S2 

= Anculosa subglobosa 

Megapallifera wetherbyi Blotchy mantleslug G2G3 S1? 

Mesodon andrewsae Balsam globe G3 S1 

Mesodon elevatus Proud globe G5 S2 

Mesomphix subplanus Flat button G3G4 S2 

12






Snails (continued) 

Millerelix plicata Cumberland liptooth G4 S1S3 

= Polygyra plicata 

Oxyloma subeffusum Chesapeake ambersnail G3 S1 

Pallifera hemphilli Black mantleslug G4 S1 

Pallifera varia Variable mantleslug G2G4 S2? 

Paravitrea blarina Shrew supercoil G3 S1 

Paravitrea dentilla Comb supercoil G1 S1 

Paravitrea hera Spirit supercoil G1 S1 LE 

Paravitrea mira Funnel supercoil G2 S2 

Paravitrea placentula Glossy supercoil G3 S1S3 

Paravitrea pontis Natural Bridge supercoil G3 S2 

Paravitrea reesei Round supercoil G3 S2 

Paravitrea septadens Brown supercoil G1 S1 LT 

Paravitrea seradens Barred supercoil G3 S1S3 

Paravitrea subtilis Slender supercoil G2 S1S2 

Patera panselenus Virginia bladetooth G3 S2 

= Mesodon panselenus 

Polygyriscus virginianus Virginia coil (=Virginia fringed mountain snail) G1 S1 LE LE 

Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Brown walker G4 S2 

Pupilla muscorum Widespread column G5 S1 

Somatogyrus virginicus Panhandle pebblesnail G2G3 S1S2 

Stagnicola neopalustris Piedmont pondsnail GH SH 

Stenotrema altispira Highland slitmouth G3 S1 

Stenotrema pilula Pygmy slitmouth G3G4 S1 

Stenotrema spinosum Carinate slitmouth G4 S2 

Striatura exigua Ribbed striate G5 S2 

Striatura milium Fine-ribbed striate G5 S1S3 

Triodopsis anteridon Carter threetooth G3 S2S3 

Triodopsis messana Pinhole threetooth G4 S1S3 

Triodopsis pendula Hanging Rock threetooth G3 S1S3 

Triodopsis picea Spruce Knob threetooth G3 S1 

Vallonia parvula Trumpet vallonia G4 S1 

Ventridens coelaxis Bidentate dome G3 S2 

Ventridens decussatus Crossed dome G3 S1 

Ventridens lawae Rounded dome G4 S1S3 

Ventridens pilsbryi Yellow dome G4 S2? 

Vertigo bollesiana Delicate vertigo G4 S1S3 

Vertigo clappi Cupped vertigo G1G2 S1S2 

Vertigo oralis Palmetto vertigo G5 S1S3 

Vertigo teskeyae Swamp vertigo G5 S1S3 

Vertigo ventricosa Five-tooth vertigo G5 S1S3 

Vitrinizonites latissimus Glassy grapeskin G4 S2? 

13






BIVALVIA (MUSSELS & CLAMS) 

Mussels 

Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf wedgemussel G1G2 S1 LE LE 

Alasmidonta marginata Elktoe G4 S1S2 

Alasmidonta varicosa Brook floater G3 S1 LE 

Alasmidonta viridis Slippershell mussel G4G5 S1 LE 

= Alasmidonta minor 

Cumberlandia monodonta Spectaclecase G3 S1 LE LE 

Cyprogenia stegaria Fanshell G1Q S1 LE LE 

= Cyprogenia irrorata 

Dromus dromas Dromedary pearlymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Elliptio crassidens Elephantear G5 S1 LE 

Elliptio lanceolata Yellow lance G2G3 S2S3 

Elliptio roanokensis Roanoke slabshell G3 S1 

Epioblasma brevidens Cumberland combshell G1 S1 LE LE 

Epioblasma capsaeformis Oyster mussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Epioblasma florentina aureola Golden riffleshell G1T1 S1 LE* LE* 

= Epioblasma florentina walkeri (in part) 

Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum Green-blossom pearlymussel G2TX SX LE LE 

Epioblasma triquetra Snuffbox G3 S1 LE LE 

Fusconaia cor Shiny pigtoe G1 S1 LE LE 

= Fusconaia edgariana 

Fusconaia cuneolus Fine-rayed pigtoe G1 S1 LE LE 

Fusconaia masoni Atlantic pigtoe G2 S2 LT 

Hemistena lata Cracking pearlymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

= Lastena lata 

Lampsilis abrupta Pink mucket G2 SX LE LE 

= Lampsilis orbiculata 

Lampsilis cariosa Yellow lampmussel G3G4 S2 

Lampsilis radiata Eastern lampmussel G5 S2S3 

Lasmigona holstonia Tennessee heelsplitter G3 S1 LE 

Lasmigona subviridis Green floater G3 S2 LT 

Lemiox rimosus Birdwing pearlymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

= Conradilla caelata 

Leptodea fragilis Fragile papershell G5 S1 LT 

Lexingtonia subplana Virginia pigtoe G1Q SH 

Ligumia recta Black sandshell G5 S2 LT 

= Ligumia recta latissima 

Pegias fabula Little-winged pearlymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Plethobasus cyphyus Sheepnose G3 S1 LE LE 

Pleurobema collina James spinymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Pleurobema cordatum Ohio pigtoe G4 S1 LE 

Pleurobema oviforme Tennessee clubshell G2G3 S2S3 

= Pleurobema maculatum 

Pleurobema plenum Rough pigtoe G1 SH LE LE 

Pleurobema rubrum Pyramid pigtoe G2G3 SH LE 

= Pleurobema pyramidatum 

Pleuronaia dolabelloides Slabside pearlymussel G2 S2 PE LT 

= Lexingtonia dolabelloides 

Pleuronaia gibberum Tennessee pigtoe G2G3 S2 

= Fusconaia barnesiana 

Ptychobranchus subtentum Fluted Kidneyshell G2 S2 PE 

*Virginia populations listed as federally and state endangered under the name Tan Riffleshell (Epioblasma florentina walkeri) 

14






Mussels (continued) 

Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Rough rabbits foot G3G4T2 S2 LE LE 

Quadrula intermedia Cumberland monkeyface G1 S1 LE LE 

Quadrula pustulosa Pimple back G5 S2 LT 

Quadrula sparsa Appalachian monkeyface G1 S1 LE LE 

Toxolasma lividum Purple liliput G3Q SH LE 

= Carunculina lividus, Carunculina glans 

Tritogonia verrucosa Pistolgrip G4G5 S2 LT 

Truncilla truncata Deertoe G5 S1 LE 

Villosa fabalis Rayed bean G2 SX LE LE 

Villosa perpurpurea Purple bean G1 S1 LE LE 

Villosa trabalis Cumberland bean G1 SX LE LE 

Clams 

Pisidium equilaterale Round peaclam G3G5 S2 

ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS) 

Spelaedrilus multiporus A cave lumbriculid worm G1 S1 

Stylodrilus beattiei A cave lumbriculid worm G2G3 S1 

ARACHNIDA (SPIDERS, PSEUDOSCORPIONS & RELATIVES) 

Spiders 

Amaurobius borealis An amaurobiid spider G5 S1S3 

Anahita punctulata Southeastern wandering spider G4 S2 

Anthrobia coylei Coyle’s cave spider G2? S1 

Anthrobia monmouthia Mammoth Cave spider G5 S1 

= Anthrobia mammouthia 

Antrodiaetus robustus Robust trapdoor spider G3? S2 

Barronopsis jeffersi A funnel-web spider G3 S1S3 

Bathyphantes weyeri A cave spider G4 S1 

Castianeira trilineata A two-clawed hunting spider G4? S1S3 

Clubiona spiralis A two-clawed hunting spider G4 S1S3 

Drassyllus sp. 1 A gnaphosid spider G1G3 S1S3 

Hypochilus pococki Pocock’s lampshade-web spider G4G5 S2S3 

Hypochilus thorelli Thorell's lampshade-web spider G4 S1 

Islandiana muma A cave spider G1G2 S1 

Microhexura montivaga Spruce-fir moss spider G1 S1 LE LE 

Nesticus mimus A cave spider G2 S1 

Nesticus paynei A cave spider G3G4 S1 

Pisaurina dubia A nursery-web spider G4 S1S3 

Xysticus emertoni Emerton’s crab spider G5 S1S3 

Mites 

Traegaardia paralleloseta A cave mite G1 S1 

= Foveacheles paralleloseta 

15






Pseudoscorpions 

Apochthonius coecus A cave pseudoscorpion G1G2 S1 

Apochthonius holsingeri A cave pseudoscorpion G1G2 S1 

Chitrella superba A cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

Chitrella sp. 1 A cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

Kleptochthonius anophthalmus A cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

Kleptochthonius binoculatus A cave pseudoscorpion G1G2 S1S2 

Kleptochthonius gertschi Gertsch’s cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

Kleptochthonius lutzi Lutz’s cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

Kleptochthonius polychaetus Shenandoah pseudoscorpion G1G3 S1S3 

Kleptochthonius proximosetus A cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

Kleptochthonius regulus A cave pseudoscorpion G1G2 S1 

Kleptochthonius similis A cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

Kleptochthonius sp. 1 A cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

= Kleptochthonius sp. B 

Lissocreagris valentinei Valentine’s cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

= Microcreagris valentinei 

Mundochthonius holsingeri A cave pseudoscorpion G1 S1 

Scorpions 

Vaejovis carolinianus Carolina scorpion G5 S1 

CRUSTACEA (AMPHIPODS, ISOPODS & DECAPODS) 

Amphipods 

Bactrurus angulus Cumberland Gap cave amphipod G1 S1 

Crangonyx acicularis A freshwater amphipod G1G3 S1S3 

Crangonyx baculispina Lancaster County amphipod G1? S1? 

Crangonyx fontinalis Bland County amphipod G1? S1? 

Crangonyx gracilis A freshwater amphipod G4 S1S3 

Crangonyx montanus A freshwater amphipod G2 S2 

Stygobromus abditus James Cave amphipod G2G3 S2S3 

Stygobromus baroodyi Rockbridge County cave amphipod G2G3 S1S2 

Stygobromus biggersi Bigger’s cave amphipod G2G4 S1S2 

Stygobromus conradi Burnsville Cove cave amphipod G2G3 S1S2 

Stygobromus cumberlandus Cumberland cave amphipod G3G4 S1S2 

Stygobromus ephemerus Ephemeral cave amphipod G1G2 S1 

Stygobromus fergusoni Montgomery County cave amphipod G2G3 S1 

Stygobromus finleyi Finley’s cave amphipod G3G4 S1 

Stygobromus foliatus A groundwater amphipod G2 S2 

Stygobromus gracilipes Shenandoah Valley cave amphipod G3G4 S2S3 

Stygobromus hoffmani Alleghany County cave amphipod G2 S2 

Stygobromus hubbardi Hupp’s Hill cave amphipod G1 S1 

Stygobromus interitus New Castle Murder Hole amphipod G1G2 SH 

Stygobromus leensis Lee County cave amphipod G1G2 S1S2 

Stygobromus mausi Round Hill cave amphipod G1 S1 

Stygobromus morrisoni Morrison's cave amphipod G2G3 S1S2 

Stygobromus mundus Bath County cave amphipod G2G3 S1S2 

Stygobromus obrutus Pittsylvania well amphipod G1G2 SH 

Stygobromus phreaticus Northern Virginia well amphipod G1 S1 

Stygobromus pizzinii Pizzini's amphipod G3G4 S1S2 

Stygobromus pseudospinosus Luray Caverns amphipod G1 S1 

Stygobromus sextarius Capital area groundwater amphipod G1 S1 

Stygobromus stegerorum Madison Cave amphipod G1 S1 LT 

16






Amphipods (continued) 

Stygobromus sp. 7 Sherando spinosoid amphipod G2 S2 

Stygobromus sp. 8 A groundwater amphipod G2G3 S2S3 

Stygobromus sp. 10 A cave amphipod (Botetourt Co.) G1 S1 

Stygobromus sp. 11 A cave amphipod (Nelson Co.) G1 S1 

Stygobromus sp. 12 A cave amphipod (Rockbridge Co.) G1 S1 

Stygobromus sp. 16 Helsley’s Cave amphipod G1 S1 

Stygobromus sp. 17 Massanutten spring amphipod G2 S2 

Stygobromus sp. 18 Big Levels spring amphipod G1? S1? 

Stygobromus sp. 19 A cave amphipod (Scott Co.) G1 S1 

Stygobromus sp. 20 A cave amphipod (Bath, Highland Co.) G1 S1 

Stygobromus sp. 23 Shenandoah Mountain spring amphipod G1? S1? 

Isopods 

Amerigoniscus henroti Powell Valley terrestrial cave isopod G1G2 S1S2 

Antrolana lira Madison Cave isopod G2G4 S2 LT LT 

Caecidotea attenuata Dismal Swamp isopod G1G3 S1S3 

Caecidotea bowmani Natural Bridge cave isopod G1G2 S1S2 

Caecidotea cumberlandensis Cumberland Gap cave isopod G1G2 S1 

Caecidotea henroti Henrot’s cave isopod G2 S2 

Caecidotea incurva Incurved cave isopod G2G4 S2 

Caecidotea mausi Maus’ cave isopod G2 S2 

Caecidotea phreatica Phreatic isopod G2G3 S1S3 

Caecidotea vandeli Vandel’s cave isopod G3G4 S2S3 

Ligidium elrodii leensis Lee County terrestrial cave isopod G4G5T1T2 S1S2 

Ligidium elrodii scottensis Scott County terrestrial cave isopod G4G5T1T2 S1S2 

Lirceus culveri Rye Cove isopod G1 S1 

Lirceus usdagalun Lee County cave isopod G2G3 S1 LE LE 

Miktoniscus racovitzai Racovitza’s terrestrial cave isopod G3G4 S2 

Decapods 

Cambarus buntingi Longclaw crayfish G4Q S2 

Cambarus jezerinaci Spiny scale crayfish G3 S2 

Cambarus monongalensis Blue crawfish G5 S1? 

Cambarus sciotensis Teays River crayfish G5 S2S3 

Cambarus veteranus Big Sandy Crayfish G2 S1S2 LE 

Macrobrachium ohione Ohio river shrimp G4 S1 

Orconectes erichsonianus Reticulate crayfish G5 S2 

Orconectes virginiensis Chowanoke crayfish G3 S2S3 

DIPLOPODA (MILLIPEDES) 

Auturus erythropygos A millipede G3 S1 

Boraria infesta A millipede G4 S2 

Brachoria cedra Cedar millipede G2G3 S2S3 

Brachoria dentata A millipede G1 S1 

Brachoria falcifera Big Cedar Creek millipede G1 S1 

Brachoria hoffmani Hoffman’s xystodesmid millipede G2G3 S2S3 

Brachoria insolita A millipede G1 S1 

Brachoria laminata Keeton’s millipede G1 S1 

Brachoria mendota Collinwood millipede G1 S1 

Brachoria separanda hamata A millipede G3T2 S2 

Brachoria separanda versicolor A millipede G3T2 S2 

Brachoria turneri Turner’s millipede G1 S1 

17






Millipedes (continued) 

Brachoria sp. 1 Powell Mountain millipede sp 1 G1? S1? 

Brachoria sp. 2 Powell Mountain millipede sp 2 G1? S1? 

Chaetaspis albus A millipede G4 S2 

Cherokia georgiana latassa A millipede G4T? S1 

Cleidogona hoffmani Hoffman's cleidogonid millipede G3 S2S3 

Cleidogona lachesis A millipede G2 S1 

Cleidogona medialis Blowing Rock millipede G3G4 S2 

Conotyla aeto Aeto millipede G1 S1 

Conotyla celeno Celeno millipede G1 S1 

Conotyla venetia Venetia millipede G2 S2 

Desmonus earlei Earle’s millipede G5 S1 

Dixioria brooksi Brooks millipede G1 S1 

Dixioria fowleri Fowler’s millipede G2 S2 

Dixioria pela coronata A millipede G2T2 S2 

= Dixioria coronata 

Euryurus leachii fraternus A millipede G4T? S2S3 

Gyalostethus monticolens A millipede G4 S2 

Nannaria shenandoa Shenandoah Mountain xystodesmid millipede G1 S1 

Nannaria simplex A millipede G1 S1 

Nannaria sp. 1 Roaring Branch Nannaria millipede G1? S1? 

Okeanobates americanus A millipede G4 S1 

Onomeris underwoodi A millipede G5 S2 

Orinisobates nigrior A millipede G4 S1 

Petaserpes rosalbus A millipede G5 S2 

= Polyzonium rosalbum 

Pseudopolydesmus paludicolus A millipede G2G4 S2? 

Pseudotremia armesi A millipede G2 S2 

Pseudotremia cavernarum Ellett Valley Pseudotremia millipede G2G3 S1 LT 

Pseudotremia cerberus A cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia contorta A millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia culveri A cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia deprehendor A cave millipede G2G3 S1S3 

Pseudotremia fergusoni A cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia hubbardi Powell Valley cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia inexpectata A cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia jaculohamatum A cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia johnholsingeri A cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia loomisi A millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia momus A millipede G2 S2 

Pseudotremia orndorffi A cave millipede G2 S2 

Pseudotremia peponocranium A cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia piscator A cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia princeps South Branch Valley cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia ryensis Rye Cove cave millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia salifodina A millipede G1 S1 

Pseudotremia sublevis A millipede G2G3 S2S3 

Pseudotremia tuberculata A millipede G2G3 S2 

Pseudotremia valga A millipede G1G2 S1S2 

Pseudotremia sp. 2 Roaring Branch Pseudotremia millipede G1? S1? 

Rhysodesmus restans Relictual Appalachian millipede G1G2 S1 

Rudiloria trimaculata tortua A millipede G5T2 S2 

Semionellus placidus A millipede G3 S2 

Sigmoria whiteheadi Laurel Creek xystodesmid millipede G1 S1 LT 

Striaria columbiana A millipede G2 S2 

Striaria sp. 1 A millipede G1 S1 

18






Millipedes (continued) 

Trichopetalum lunatum A millipede G5 S2 

Zygonopus weyeriensis Grand Caverns blind cave millipede G3G4 S2 

= Trichopetalum weyeriensis 

Zygonopus whitei Luray Caverns blind cave millipede G3G4 S2 

= Trichopetalum whitei 

CHILOPODA (CENTIPEDES) 

Escaryus cryptorobius Montane centipede G2 S2 

Escaryus ethopus A centipede G? S1S2 

Escaryus orestes Whitetop Mountain centipede G1G2 S1S2 

Nampabius turbator A cave centipede G1G2 S1 

INSECTS 

COLLEMBOLA (SPRINGTAILS) 

Oncopodura hubbardi A cave springtail G1G2 S1S2 

Paleonura petebellingeri A cave springtail G1 S1 

Pseudosinella bona A cave springtail G2 S2 

Pseudosinella erehwon A cave springtail G2 S2 

Pseudosinella extra A cave springtail G1G2 S1 

Pseudosinella flatua A cave springtail G1G2 S1S2 

Pseudosinella gisini virginia A cave springtail G3G4T2 S2 

Pseudosinella hirsuta A cave springtail G5 S1 

Pseudosinella testa Shelled Cave springtail G2G3 S1 

Pseudosinella vespera A cave springtail G2 S1S2 

Pygmarrhopalites caedus A cave springtail G1G2 S1S2 

Pygmarrhopalites commorus A cave springtail G2G3 S2S3 

Pygmarrhopalites lacuna A cave springtail G1G2 S1S2 

Pygmarrhopalites obtusus A cave springtail G1 S1 

Pygmarrhopalites sacer A cave springtail G2 S2 

Pygmarrhopalites sextus A cave springtail G1 S1 

Pygmarrhopalites silvus A cave springtail G1G2 S1S2 

Schaefferia hubbardi A cave springtail G2G3 S2S3 

Speleonura kenchristianseni A cave springtail G1 S1 

Typhlogastrura valentini A cave springtail G1 S1 

DIPLURA (DIPLURANS) 

Litocampa cookei Cooke’s cave dipluran G5 S2S3 

Litocampa fieldingi Fielding’s cave dipluran G2G3 S1S3 

Litocampa pucketti Puckett’s cave dipluran G1G2 S1S2 

Litocampa sp. 1 A cave dipluran (Salamander Cave) G1 S1 

Litocampa sp. 2 A cave dipluran (Ward Cove) G1 S1 

Litocampa sp. 3 A cave dipluran (Pulaski/Wythe) G2 S2 

Litocampa sp. 4 A cave dipluran (Rye Cove) G2 S1S2 

Litocampa sp. 10 A cave dipluran (Smyth) G1 S1 

Litocampa sp. 11 (near cookei) A cave dipluran (Lee/Scott/Wise) G2 S2 

19






EPHEMEROPTERA (MAYFLIES) 

Ameletus cryptostimulus Allegheny mayfly G4 S1S3 

Ameletus tarteri Tarter's Ameletus mayfly G2G4 S1 

Baetisca rubescens A mayfly G3G4 S1 

Barbaetis benfieldi Benfield’s bearded small minnow mayfly G2G4 S1 

Ephemerella berneri Berner's Ephemerella mayfly G4 S1S3 

Habrophlebiodes celeteria A mayfly G2G4 S2 

Isonychia arida A mayfly G5 S2 

Isonychia georgiae Georgia Isonychia mayfly G4 S1S3 

Isonychia hoffmani Hoffman's Isonychia mayfly G1G3 S1 

Isonychia serrata A mayfly G4 S1S3 

Isonychia tusculanensis A mayfly G4 S2 

Iswaeon rubrolaterale A mayfly G2 S1? 

= Heterocloeon rubrolaterale, 

Plauditus rubrolateralis 

Leptophlebia johnsoni Johnson’s pronggill mayfly G4 S1 

Neoephemera compressa A mayfly G1S3 S1? 

Paraleptophlebia assimilis A mayfly G4 S1S3 

Paraleptophlebia jeanae A mayfly G3G4 S1S3 

Pseudiron centralis White sand-river mayfly G5 S1 

Rhithrogena anomala A mayfly G3G4 S1? 

Siphloplecton costalense Spieth’s great speckled olive mayfly G2G4 SH 

ODONATA (DAMSELFLIES & DRAGONFLIES) 

Damselflies 

Calopteryx aequabilis River jewelwing G5 S2? 

Calopteryx amata Superb jewelwing G4 S1 

Enallagma annexum Northern bluet G5 S1 

= Enallagma cyathigerum (in part) 

Enallagma carunculatum Tule bluet G5 S1 

Enallagma ebrium Marsh bluet G5 S1 

Enallagma pallidum Pale bluet G4 S1S2 

Lestes disjunctus Northern spreadwing G5 S2 

Lestes dryas Emerald spreadwing G5 SH 

Lestes vidua Carolina spreadwing G5 SH 

Nehalennia gracilis Sphagnum sprite G5 S2 

Nehalennia irene Sedge sprite G5 S1S2 

Dragonflies 

Aeshna canadensis Canada darner G5 S1 

Aeshna constricta Lance-tipped darner G5 S1 

Aeshna tuberculifera Black-tipped darner G4 S2S3 

Aeshna verticalis Green-striped darner G5 S1 

Aphylla williamsoni Two-striped forceptail G5 S2 

Arigomphus furcifer Lilypad clubtail G5 SH 

Celithemis martha Martha’s pennant G4 S2 

Celithemis ornata Faded pennant G5 SH 

Cordulegaster diastatops Delta-spotted spiketail G5 S1 

Coryphaeschna ingens Regal darner G5 S1 

Epitheca canis Beaverpond baskettail G5 S1 

= Tetragoneuria canis 

Epitheca semiaquea Mantled baskettail G5 S1 

= Tetragoneuria semiaquea 

20






Dragonflies (continued) 

Epitheca spinosa Robust baskettail G4 S2S3 

= Tetragoneuria spinosa 

Gomphus adelphus Moustached clubtail G4 S1 

= Gomphus brevis 

Gomphus apomyius Banner clubtail G3G4 SH 

Gomphus borealis Beaverpond clubtail G4 SH 

Gomphus consanguis Cherokee clubtail G3 S2 

Gomphus descriptus Harpoon clubtail G4 S1 

Gomphus fraternus Midland clubtail G5 S2 

Gomphus parvidens Piedmont clubtail G4 S1 

Gomphus quadricolor Rapids clubtail G3G4 S2S3 

Gomphus septima Septima’s clubtail G2 S1 

Gomphus ventricosus Skillet clubtail G3 S1 

Gomphus viridifrons Green-faced clubtail G3G4 S2 

Ladona exusta White corporal skimmer G4 SH 

= Libellula exusta 

Ladona julia Chalk-fronted corporal skimmer G5 S2 

= Libellula julia 

Lanthus parvulus Northern pygmy clubtail G4 S2 

Leucorrhinia frigida Frosted whiteface G5 SH 

Leucorrhinia hudsonica Hudsonian whiteface G5 S1 

Leucorrhinia proxima Red-waisted whiteface G5 SH 

Macrodiplax balteata Marl pennant G5 S1 

Macromia alleghaniensis Allegheny river cruiser G4 S2 

Macromia margarita Mountain river cruiser G3 S1 

Nannothemis bella Elfin skimmer G4 S1 

Neurocordulia virginiensis Cinnamon shadowdragon G4 S2 

Neurocordulia yamaskanensis Stygian shadowdragon G5 S2 

Ophiogomphus aspersus Brook snaketail G4 S2 

Ophiogomphus carolus Riffle snaketail G5 S1 

Ophiogomphus howei Pygmy snaketail G3 S1S2 

Ophiogomphus incurvatus alleghaniensis Allegheny snaketail G3T2T3 S1 

= Ophiogomphus alleghaniensis 

Ophiogomphus incurvatus incurvatus Appalachian snaketail G3T2T3 S2 

Ophiogomphus mainensis Maine snaketail G4 S1 

Ophiogomphus susbehcha St. Croix snaketail G2 S1S2 

Rhionaeschna mutata Spatterdock darner G4 S2 

= Aeshna mutata 

Somatochlora elongata Ski-tipped emerald G5 S1S2 

Somatochlora filosa Fine-lined emerald G5 S2 

Somatochlora georgiana Coppery emerald G3G4 SH 

Somatochlora provocans Treetop emerald G4 S2 

Somatochlora williamsoni Williamson’s emerald G5 SH 

Stylogomphus sigmastylus Interior least clubtail G5 S1 

Stylurus amnicola Riverine clubtail G4 S1 

Stylurus laurae Laura’s clubtail G4 S2 

Stylurus notatus Elusive clubtail G3 S1 

Stylurus scudderi Zebra clubtail G4 S1S2 

Sympetrum internum Cherry-faced meadowhawk G5 S1 

= Sympetrum janeae 

Sympetrum obtrusum White-faced meadowhawk G5 S2 

21






PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES) 

Acroneuria flinti Manassas stonefly GH SH 

Acroneuria kirchneri A stonefly G3G4 S1S3 

Acroneuria kosztarabi Virginia stonefly G1G2 S1S2 

Acroneuria yuchi Yuchi stonefly G1G3 S1S3 

Allocapnia fumosa Smokies snowfly G2 S1S2 

Allocapnia illinoensis Illinois snowfly G3 S1S3 

Allocapnia simmonsi Spatulate snowfly G3 S1S2 

Allocapnia stannardi Blue Ridge snowfly G3 S1S3 

Alloperla banksi Tufted sallfly G4 S1S3 

Alloperla biserrata Dusky sallfly G3 S2S3 

Alloperla idei Vernal sallfly G3 S1S3 

Alloperla nanina Swannanoa sallfly G4 S1S3 

Alloperla neglecta Tennessee sallfly G3 S1S2 

Alloperla stipitata Blue Ridge sallfly G2G3 S1S3 

Bolotoperla rossi Smoky willowfly G4 S1S3 

Cultus decisus isolatus Southern springfly G4T2 S1S2 

Diploperla kanawholensis Kanawhole springfly G3 S1S3 

Diploperla morgani Virginia springfly G3 S2 

Hansonoperla appalachia Appalachian stonefly G3 S1S3 

Isogenoides varians Rock Island springfly G3G4 S1S3 

Isoperla major Big stripetail stonefly G1 S1 

Leuctra mitchellensis Mitchell needlefly G3 S1S2 

Leuctra monticola Montane needlefly G1Q S1 

Megaleuctra flinti Shenandoah needlefly G2 S2 

Megaleuctra williamsae Smokies needlefly G2 S1S2 

Ostrocerca complexa Notched forestfly G4 S1S3 

Ostrocerca prolongata Bent forestfly G3 S1S3 

Paragnetina ichusa Widecollar stonefly G3 S1S3 

Perlesta cranshawi A stonefly G1 S1? 

Perlesta durfeei A stonefly G1G3 S1S3 

Perlesta frisoni Blue Ridge stonefly G3 S1S2 

Perlesta roblei Dragon Run stonefly G3 S1S3 

Perlesta shawnee Shawnee stonefly G3 S1S3 

Perlesta teaysia Teays stonefly G4 S1S3 

Prostoia hallasi Swamp forestfly G3 S1S3 

Pteronarcys comstocki Spiny salmonfly G3 S1S3 

Pteronarcys scotti Carolina salmonfly G4 S1S3 

Remenus kirchneri Blue Ridge springfly G2 S2 

Strophopteryx limata Newfound willowfly G3 S1S2 

Sweltsa holstonensis Holston sallfly G1 S1 

Sweltsa palearata Shenandoah sallfly G2G3 S1S3 

Sweltsa voshelli Virginia sallfly G3 S2 

Taeniopteryx nelsoni Cryptic willowfly G1 S1 

Tallaperla cornelia Southeastern roachfly G4 S1S3 

Tallaperla lobata Lobed roachfly G2 S1S2 

Yugus arinus Highlands springfly G3 S1S3 

Yugus kondratieffi A stonefly G2G3 S1S3 

ORTHOPTERA (GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS & RELATIVES) 

Appalachia hebardi Appalachian grasshopper GH SH 

Melanoplus pachycercus A spur-throat grasshopper G2G3 S1S3 

22






HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS) 

Acantholomidea denticulata A shield bug G? SH 

Allopodops mississippiensis Mississippi turtle bug G2G3 SH 

Bothynotus johnstoni A mirid bug G3 S1S3 

Botocudo modestus A seed bug G5 S1S3 

Chelinidea vittiger Opuntia squash bug G3G5 S1 

Chlorochroa dismalia Dismal Swamp green stink bug GU S1S3 

Ctenotrachelus shermani Combneck assassin bug G3 S1S3 

Elasmostethus atricornis Hercules club stink bug G3? S1S3 

Eurygaster alternata A shield bug G5 SH 

Galgupha denudata A shield bug G3 S1S3 

Gnathobleda litigiosa An assassin bug G5 S1 

Isthmocorius piceus Black stalk-eyed bug G5 S1S2 

Limnoporus dissortis A water strider G5 S1 

Melanaethus cavicollis A burrower bug G4 S1S3 

Oncozygia clavicornis A turtle bug G3 SH 

Ploiaria carolina Carolina thread-legged bug G4? S1S3 

Ploiaria hirticornis An assassin bug G3? S1S3 

Pnirontis brimleyi Brimley’s assassin bug G2 S1S3 

Pycnoderiella virginiana Seashore plant bug GU SU 

Ramphocorixa acuminata Acuminate water boatman G4 S1 

Ranatra drakei Drake’s water scorpion G4 S1S3 

Sigara depressa Virginia Piedmont water boatman G1G2 S1S2 LE 

Stenocoris tipuloides Neotropical rice bug G5 S1S3 

HOMOPTERA (CICADAS, LEAFHOPPERS & RELATIVES) 

Puto kosztarabi Buffalo Mountain mealybug G1 S1 LE 

COLEOPTERA (BEETLES) 

Arianops jeanneli A cave pselaphid beetle G1 S1 

Atheta annexa A rove beetle G4 S2 

Atheta troglophila A rove beetle G1 S1 

Cicindela abdominalis Eastern pine barrens tiger beetle G3G4 S1 

Cicindela ancocisconensis Appalachian tiger beetle G3 S2 

Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Northeastern beach tiger beetle G4T2 S2 LT LT 

= Habroscelimorpha dorsalis dorsalis 

Cicindela formosa generosa Big sand tiger beetle G5T5 SH 

Cicindela gratiosa Whitish tiger beetle G3G4 S1 

= Ellipsoptera gratiosa 

Cicindela lepida Ghost tiger beetle G3G4 S1 

= Ellipsoptera lepida 

Cicindela limbalis Common claybank tiger beetle G5 S1 

Cicindela patruela Northern barrens tiger beetle G3 S2 

Cicindela trifasciata S-banded tiger beetle G5 S1 

Copris howdeni Howden’s Copris scarab beetle G3? S1 

Cyclotrachelus incisus A ground beetle G4 S1 

Dicranopselaphus variegatus Variegated false water penny beetle G1G3 S1S3 

Dryobius sexnotatus Six-banded longhorn beetle G? S2? 

Eucaerus varicornis A ground beetle G4? S1S3 

Hemipeplus microphthalmus A flat bark beetle G4? S1 

Hydraena maureenae Maureen’s shale stream beetle G2? S2? 

Laccophilus schwarzi Schwarz’ diving beetle G? S1S3 

Lordithon niger Black Lordithon rove beetle GU SH 

23






Beetles (continued) 

Nicrophorus americanus American burying beetle G2G3 SH LE 

Nicrophorus carolinus Carolina burying beetle G4? S1S3 

Phanaeus igneus A scarab beetle G5 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus avernus Avernus cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus cordicollis Little Kennedy Cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus deceptivus Deceptive cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus delicatus Delicate cave beetle G3G4 S2 

Pseudanophthalmus egberti New River Valley cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus gracilis Clover Hollow cave beetle G1G2 S1S2 

Pseudanophthalmus hirsutus Cumberland Gap cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus hoffmani Hoffman’s cave beetle G2G3 S1S2 

Pseudanophthalmus holsingeri Holsinger’s cave beetle G1 S1 LE 

Pseudanophthalmus hortulanus Burkes Garden cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus hubbardi Hubbard’s cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus hubrichti Hubricht’s cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus intersectus Crossroads Cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus limicola Maddens Cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus longiceps Long-headed cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus nelsoni Nelson’s cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus parvicollis Hupp’s Hill cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus petrunkevitchi Petrunkevitch’s cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus pontis Natural Bridge cave beetle G1 SH 

Pseudanophthalmus potomaca South Branch Valley cave beetle G3G4 S2 

Pseudanophthalmus praetermissus Overlooked cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus punctatus Spotted cave beetle G2G3 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus pusio Ellett Valley cave beetle G2G3 S1S2 

Pseudanophthalmus quadratus Straley’s Cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus rotundatus Rotund cave beetle G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sanctipauli Saint Paul cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus seclusus Rye Cove cave beetle G2G3 S2 

Pseudanophthalmus sericus Silken cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus thomasi Thomas’ cave beetle G1G2 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus vicarius Vicariant cave beetle G2G3 S1S2 

Pseudanophthalmus virginicus Maiden Spring cave beetle G1 SH 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 4 Greears cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 5 Rhea Valley cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 6 Wytheville cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 7 Dublin cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 8 Burnsville Cove cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 9 Banner Cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 10 Indian Cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 11 Showalters Cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 12 Catawba Cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 13 McMullin Cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 14 Karl’s Pit cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 42 Elk Garden cave beetle G1 S1 

Pseudanophthalmus sp. 43 Rose Hill cave beetle G1 S1 

Sosylus costatus A beetle G? S1S3 

Sphaeroderus schaumii Schaum’s false snail-eating beetle G4 S2 

= Sphaeroderus nitidicollis schaumii 

Stenelmis gammoni Gammon’s riffle beetle G1G3 S1 

Thalpius pygmaeus A ground beetle G? S1 

= Pseudaptinus pygmaeus 

24






MECOPTERA (SCORPIONFLIES) 

Boreus nivoriundus A snow scorpionfly G4 S1S2 

Brachypanorpa jeffersoni Jefferson’s short-nosed scorpionfly G2 S1S2 

TRICHOPTERA (CADDISFLIES) 

Adicrophleps hitchcocki A brachycentrid caddisfly G4G5 S1S3 

Agapetus minutus A glossosomatid caddisfly G4G5 S1S3 

Agapetus tomus A glossosomatid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Agarodes libalis Spring-loving psiloneuran caddisfly G3 S1S3 

Agraylea costello A microcaddisfly G3 S1S2 

Agraylea multipunctata A microcaddisfly G5 SH 

Anabolia apora A limnephilid caddisfly G1G3 S1S3 

Arctopsyche irrorata A hydropsychid caddisfly G4 S1 

Brachycentrus incanus A brachycentrid caddisfly G5 SH 

Ceraclea neffi A leptocerid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Ceraclea punctata A leptocerid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Ceraclea ruthae A leptocerid caddisfly G4 S1 

Ceraclea spongillovorax A leptocerid caddisfly G3G4 S1S3 

Ceraclea uvalo A leptocerid caddisfly G2G4 S1S3 

Ceratopsyche etnieri Buffalo Springs caddisfly G2 S1S2 

Ceratopsyche macleodi A hydropsychid caddisfly G3G4 S1S2 

Cernotina calcea A polycentropodid caddisfly G5 S1 

Cernotina pallida A polycentropodid caddisfly G3G4 SH 

Cernotina truncona A polycentropodid caddisfly G4 S1 

Cheumatopsyche etrona A hydropsychid caddisfly G4G5 S1 

Cheumatopsyche speciosa A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 SH 

Cheumatopsyche virginica A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 S1 

Goerita semata A caddisfly G3 S1 

Glossosoma lividum A glossosomatid caddisfly G5 S1S2 

Heteroplectron americanum A caddisfly G5 S2 

Homoplectra monticola A hydropsychid caddisfly G2G3 S2S3 

Hydropsyche bassi A hydropsychid caddisfly G2 S2 

Hydropsyche brunneipennis A hydropsychid caddisfly G3G4 S1S3 

Hydropsyche frisoni A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Hydropsyche potomacensis A hydropsychid caddisfly G2G3 S2S3 

Hydropsyche rotosa A hydropsychid caddisfly G2G3 S2S3 

Hydroptila acadia A microcaddisfly GU S1? 

Hydroptila anisoforficata A microcaddisfly G1G2 S1S2 

Hydroptila artesa A microcaddisfly G2G3 S1? 

Hydroptila coweetensis A microcaddisfly G1G2 S1S2 

Hydroptila dentata A microcaddisfly G3G4 S1S3 

Hydroptila eramosa A microcaddisfly G1G3 S1S3 

Hydroptila lennoxi A microcaddisfly G2G4 S1S3 

Hydroptila lonchera A microcaddisfly G2G3 S1S3 

Hydroptila maculata A microcaddisfly G3G4 SH 

Hydroptila spinata A microcaddisfly G4 S1S2 

Hydroptila tortosa A microcaddisfly G4G5 SH 

Ironoquia lyrata A limnephilid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Lepidostoma bryanti A lepidostomatid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Lepidostoma carrolli A lepidostomatid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Lepidostoma mitchelli A lepidostomatid caddisfly G3 S1S3 

Lepidostoma modestum A lepidostomatid caddisfly G3G4 S2 

Lepidostoma ontario A lepidostomatid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Lepidostoma serratum A lepidostomatid caddisfly G4 S1S3 

Micrasema sprulesi A brachycentrid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

25






Caddisflies (continued) 

Molanna tryphena A molannid caddisfly G5 S1S2 

Molanna uniophila A molannid caddisfly G5 S1S2 

Nemotaulius hostilis A limnephilid caddisfly G5 S1 

Neophylax acutus A uenoid caddisfly G2G3 S1S3 

Neophylax atlanta A uenoid caddisfly G2G4 SH 

Neophylax etnieri A uenoid caddisfly G3 S1S3 

Neophylax toshioi A uenoid caddisfly G1G2 S1S2 

Ochrotrichia denningi A microcaddisfly G2G4 S1S3 

Ochrotrichia graysoni A microcaddisfly G3G4 S1S3 

Oligostomis pardalis A phryganeid caddisfly G5 S1S2 

Oxyethira dualis A microcaddisfly G5 SH 

Oxyethira pescadori Pescador’s bottle-cased caddisfly G3G4 S1S2 

Parapsyche cardis A hydropsychid caddisfly G4 S2 

Phylocentropus auriceps A caddisfly G3G4 S2 

Phylocentropus carolinus A caddisfly G5 S2 

Polycentropus centralis A polycentropodid caddisfly G5 S1S2 

Polycentropus pixi A polycentropodid caddisfly G4 S1S2 

Polycentropus rickeri A polycentropodid caddisfly G3G4 SH 

Potamyia flava A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 SH 

Psilotreta rossi An odontocerid caddisfly G3 S2 

Rhyacophila appalachia Appalachian rhyacophilid caddisfly G3 S2 

Rhyacophila atrata A rhyacophilid caddisfly G5 S2 

Rhyacophila kondratieffi A rhyacophilid caddisfly G2G3 S2S3 

Rhyacophila mainensis A rhyacophilid caddisfly G5 S1S2 

Rhyacophila mycta A rhyacophilid caddisfly G3 S1S2 

Rhyacophila teddyi A rhyacophilid caddisfly G2G3 S2 

Rhyacophila simmonsi A rhyacophilid caddisfly G1G3 S1S3 

Rhyacophila tricornuta A rhyacophilid caddisfly G1G3 S1S3 

Setodes guttatus A leptocerid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Theliopsyche grisea A lepidostomatid caddisfly G4 S1S3 

Theliopsyche melas A lepidostomatid caddisfly G4G5 S1S3 

Triaenodes dipsius A leptocerid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Triaenodes taenia A leptocerid caddisfly G3G4 S1S3 

Wormaldia mohri A philopotamid caddisfly G2G3 S1 

Wormaldia thyria A philopotamid caddisfly G3 S2 

LEPIDOPTERA (BUTTERFLIES, SKIPPERS & MOTHS) 

Butterflies 

Anaea andria Goatweed leafwing G4G5 S1 

Boloria selene Silver-bordered fritillary G5 S2 

Calephelis borealis Northern metalmark G3G4 S2S3 

Calephelis virginiensis Little metalmark G4 S1 

Callophrys hesseli Hessel’s hairstreak G3G4 S1 

= Mitoura hesseli 

Callophrys irus Frosted elfin G3 S2? 

= Incisalia irus, Deciduphagus irus 

Callophyrs polios Hoary elfin G5 S1S3 

= Incisalia polios, Deciduphagus polios 

Chlosyne harrisii Harris’s checkerspot G4 S1 

Colias interior Pink-edged sulphur G5 S1S2 

Erora laeta Early hairstreak GU S2 

Euchloe olympia Olympia marble G4G5 S2 

Lycaena hyllus Bronze copper G4G5 S1 

26






Butterflies (continued) 

Neonympha helicta Helicta satyr G3G4 S2 

= Neonympha areolatus septentrionalis 

Neonympha mitchellii Mitchell’s satyr G2 S1 LE LE 

Phyciodes batesii batesii Tawny crescent G4T1 SH 

Phyciodes cocyta Northern crescent G5 S1S3 

= Phyciodes pascoensis, Phyciodes selenis 

Polygonia faunus smythi Smyth’s green comma G5T3 S1S3 

Satyrium kingi King’s hairstreak G3G4 S2 

Speyeria atlantis Atlantis fritillary G5 S2 

Speyeria idalia Regal fritillary G3 S1 

Skippers 

Amblyscirtes alternata Dusky roadside skipper G2G3 S1 

Atrytone arogos arogos Arogos skipper G3T1T2 SH 

Erynnis lucilius Columbine duskywing G4 S1S3 

Erynnis martialis Mottled duskywing G3 S1S3 

Erynnis persius persius Persius duskywing G5T1T3 S1 

Euphyes bimacula Two-spotted skipper G4 S2 

Euphyes conspicua Black dash G4 S1S3 

Euphyes dukesi Dukes’ skipper G3 S2 

Euphyes pilatka Palatka skipper (= sawgrass skipper) G3G4 S1 

Hesperia attalus slossonae Seminole skipper (= dotted skipper) G3G4T3 SH 

Megathymus yuccae Yucca giant skipper G5 SH 

Polites mystic Long dash G5 S2S3 

Problema bulenta Rare skipper G2G3 S1S2 

Pyrgus centaureae wyandot Appalachian grizzled skipper G5T1T2 S1 LT 

= Pyrgus wyandot 

Moths 

Acherdoa ferraria Chocolate moth G5 S2 

Acrapex relicta Cane-boring moth G4 S2S3 

Acronicta albarufa Barrens dagger moth G3G4 S1S3 

Acronicta brumosa A dagger moth G4? S1 

Acronicta dolli Doll’s dagger moth G3G4 S1S3 

= Merolonche dolli 

Amolita roseola Roseate grass moth G5 S1S3 

Anaplectoides brunneomedia Brown-lined dart moth G4 S2 

Apamea smythi Smyth’s Apamea moth GH SH 

Aplectoides condita A noctuid moth G4 S1S3 

Apodrepanulatrix liberaria New Jersey tea inchworm moth G3 S2 

Argillophora furcilla A cane moth G3G4 S1S3 

Argyrostrotis deleta A noctuid moth G4G5 S1S3 

Argyrostrotis sylvarum A noctuid moth G4 S1S3 

Arugisa latiorella A noctuid moth G4 S1S3 

= Arugisa watsoni 

Brachionycha borealis Boreal fan moth G4 S1S3 

Callosamia securifera Sweetbay silkmoth G4 S1S2 

Catocala consors Consort underwing G4 SH 

Catocala dulciola Sweet underwing G3 S1S3 

Catocala herodias gerhardi Pine barrens underwing G3T3 S2S3 

Catocala marmorata Marbled underwing G3G4 S2 

Catocala messalina Messalina underwing G4 SH 

Catocala pretiosa pretiosa Precious underwing G4T2 SH 

Catocala relicta White underwing G5 S2 

Catocala ulalume Ulalume underwing G4 S1S3 

27






Moths (continued) 

Cerma cora Owl-eyed Bird Dropping Moth G3G4 S1S3 

Crambidia cephalica Yellow-headed lichen moth G5 S1S2 

Ctenucha virginica Virginia Ctenucha moth G5 S2 

Cycnia inopinatus Unexpected Cycnia moth G4 S1S3 

Cymatophora approximaria A geometrid moth G4G5 S1S3 

Dichagyris grotei A noctuid moth G4 S1S3 

= Loxagrotis apicalis, Richia grotei 

Drasteria graphica Graphic moth G4 S2S3 

Eilema bicolor Bicolored moth G5 S1 

Erastria coloraria Broad-lined Erastria moth G3G4 S2? 

Euchlaena milnei Milne’s Euchlaena moth G2G4 S2 

Eulithis propulsata A geometrid moth G? S1S3 

Euxoa fumalis A dart moth G? S1S3 

Euxoa immixta Mixed dart moth G4 S1S3 

Exyra ridingsii Green pitcher plant moth G2G4 SH 

Faronta rubripennis Pink-streak moth G3G4 S1S3 

Franclemontia interrogans A cane moth G3G4 S1S3 

Givira francesca A carpenterworm moth G4? S1 

Gondysia telma Telma darkwing moth G? S1S2 

= Neadysgonia telma 

Hadena ectypa Catchfly moth G3G4 S2 

Heterocampa astarte A prominent moth G4G5 S1S2 

Hyppa contrasta Summer Hyppa moth G3G4 S1S3 

Idaea tacturata A geometrid moth G4 S1S2 

Leucania calidior A cane moth G2G4 S2 

Lithophane adipel A pinion moth G4 S1S3 

= Lithophane lepida adipel 

Lithophane lemmeri Lemmer’s pinion moth G3G4 S1S3 

Loscopia roblei A cane moth G3G4 S1S2 

Lytrosis permagnaria A geometrid moth G3G4 S2 

Macaria distribuaria A geometrid moth G4 S1S2 

= Semiothisa distribuaria 

Meropleon cosmion A noctuid moth G4 S2S3 

Meropleon titan A noctuid moth G2G4 S1S3 

Metarranthis sp. 1 A geometrid moth G3G4 S1S3 

Metria amella A noctuid moth G5 S1S2 

Nemoria tuscarora Tuscarora emerald GU S1S3 

Odontosia elegans Elegant prominent G5 S1S3 

Oligia bridghamii Bridgham’s brocade moth G4 S1 

Oxycilla mitographa A noctuid moth G4 SH 

Paectes abrostolella A noctuid moth G4 S1S2 

Papaipema araliae Aralia shoot borer moth G3G4 S2S3 

Papaipema astuta Yellow stoneroot borer moth G2G3 S1S3 

Papaipema duovata Seaside goldenrod borer moth G4 S2S3 

Papaipema duplicata Dark stoneroot borer moth G2G4 S2 

Papaipema necopina Sunflower borer moth G4? S1S3 

Papaipema stenocelis Chain fern borer moth G4 S1S3 

Papaipema sp. 3 Southeastern cane borer moth G4 S2S3 

Platypolia anceps A noctuid moth G? S1S2 

Polia purpurissata Purple arches moth G? SH 

Properigea costa A noctuid moth G4 S2 

Protodeltote sp. 1 A noctuid moth G1G3 S1S2 

Psectrotarsia hebardi Hebard's noctuid moth GU SH 

= Erythroecia hebardi 

Ptichodis bistrigata Southern Ptichodis moth G3 S1S3 

Pygarctia abdominalis Yellow-edged Pygarctia moth G3 S1S2 

28







Pyrrhia aurantiago Aureolaria seed borer moth G3G4 S1S3 

= Rhodoecia aurantiago 

Rheumaptera hastata Spear-marked black moth G5 S2 

Schinia siren A flower moth G? S1S2 

= Schinia inclara 

Schizura apicalis Plain Schizura moth G3G4 S1S3 

Speranza exonerata Barrens Speranza moth G3G4 S1S3 

Speranza ribearia Currant spanworm moth G4 S2S3 

= Itame ribearia 

Sphinx franckii Franck’s sphinx G4 S2S3 

Sympistis perscripta Scribbled sallow moth G4 S1S3 

= Lepipolys perscripta 

Synanthedon castaneae Chestnut clearwing moth G3G5 SH 

Syngrapha alias Hooked silver Y moth G5 S1S2 

Syngrapha rectangula Salt-and-pepper looper moth G5 S2 

Tischeria perplexa Chestnut leaf-mining moth GHQ SH 

Tricholita notata Marked Tricholita moth G5 SH 

Virbia nigricans A tiger moth G? SU 

= Holomelina nigricans 

Xanthorhoe iduata A geometrid moth G4 S1S3 

Zale curema A noctuid moth G3G4 S1S3 

Zale lunifera Pine barrens Zale moth G3G4 S2 

Zale sp. 2 near squamularis A Zale moth G4Q S1S3 

Zale sp. 3 near buchholzi Maritime Zale moth G3G4 S2 

Zanclognatha theralis A noctuid moth G4 S1S3 

= Zanclognatha gypsalis 

DIPTERA (TRUE FLIES) 

Basilia boardmani Southeastern myotis bat fly G3 S1S2 

Fletcherimyia fletcheri Pitcher plant fly G5 S1S2 

Metriocnemus knabi Pitcher plant midge G5 S2 

Spelobia tenebrarum A cave fly G5 S1 

Wyeomyia smithii Pitcher plant mosquito G5 S2 

=Wyeomyia haynei 

HYMENOPTERA (BEES, WASPS, ANTS, & RELATIVES) 

Bombus affinis Rusty-patched bumble bee G1 SH 

29

APPENDIX 1. FEDERALLY ENDANGERED AND THREATENED VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VIRGINIA 

(exclusive of extirpated species, see Appendix 3) 



VERTEBRATES 

FISH 

Acipenser brevirostrum Shortnose sturgeon G3 SHB/S1N LE LE 

Acipenser oxyrinchus Atlantic sturgeon G3 S2 LE LE 

Chrosomus cumberlandensis Blackside dace G2 S1 LT 

= Phoxinus cumberlandensis 

Erimonax monachus Spotfin chub (= turquoise shiner) G2 S1 LT LT 

= Cyprinella monacha, Hybopsis monacha 

Erimystax cahni Slender chub G1 S1 LT LT 

= Hybopsis cahni 

Etheostoma percnurum Duskytail darter G1 S1 LE LE 

Noturus flavipinnis Yellowfin madtom G1 S1 LT LT 

Percina rex Roanoke logperch G1G2 S1S2 LE LE 

AMPHIBIANS 

Plethodon shenandoah Shenandoah salamander G1 S1 LE LE 

REPTILES 

Caretta caretta Loggerhead (sea turtle) G3 S1B/S1N LT LT 

Chelonia mydas Green turtle G3 SNA LT LT 

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback (sea turtle) G2 SNA LE LE 

Eretmochelys imbricata Atlantic hawksbill (sea turtle) G3 SNA LE LE 

Glyptemys muhlenbergii Bog turtle G3 S2 LT/SA LE 

= Clemmys muhlenbergii 

Lepidochelys kempii Kemp’s ridley (sea turtle) G1 S1N LE LE 

BIRDS 

Charadrius melodus Piping Plover G3 S2B/S1N LT LT 

Picoides borealis Red-cockaded Woodpecker G3 S1 LE LE 

Setophaga kirtlandii Kirtland’s Warbler G1 SNA LE LE 

= Dendroica kirtlandii 

Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern G4 SHB LE LE 

MAMMALS 

Balaenoptera borealis Sei whale G3 SNA LE LE 

Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale G3G4 SNA LE LE 

Balaenoptera physalus Fin whale G3G4 SNA LE LE 

Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus Virginia big-eared bat G3G4T2 S1 LE LE 

= Plecotus townsendii virginianus 

Eubalaena glacialis Northern right whale G1 SNA LE LE 

= Balaena glacialis 

Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Carolina northern flying squirrel G5T2 S1 LE LE 

Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus Virginia northern flying squirrel G5T2 S1 LE LE 

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale G4 S1N LE LE 

Myotis grisescens Gray myotis (bat) G3 S1 LE LE 

Myotis sodalis Indiana bat (= social myotis) G2 S1 LE LE 

Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale G3G4 SNA LE LE 

= Physeter catodon 

Sciurus niger cinereus Delmarva Peninsula fox squirrel G5T3 S1 LE LE 

Trichechus manatus West Indian manatee G2 SNA LE LE 

30

APPENDIX 2. FEDERALLY ENDANGERED AND THREATENED INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VIRGINIA 

(exclusive of extirpated species, see Appendix 3) 



INVERTEBRATES 


Polygyriscus virginianus Virginia coil (= Virginia fringed mountain snail) G1 S1 LE LE 

BIVALVIA (MUSSELS) 

Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf wedgemussel G1G2 S1 LE LE 

Cumberlandia monodonta Spectaclecase G3 S1 LE LE 

Cyprogenia stegaria Fanshell G1Q S1 LE LE 

Dromus dromas Dromedary pearlymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Epioblasma brevidens Cumberland combshell G1 S1 LE LE 

Epioblasma capsaeformis Oyster mussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Epioblasma florentina walkeri* Tan riffleshell G1T1 S1 LE LE 

Epioblasma triquetra Snuffbox G3 S1 LE LE 

Fusconaia cor Shiny pigtoe G1 S1 LE LE 

Fusconaia cuneolus Fine-rayed pigtoe G1 S1 LE LE 

Hemistena lata Cracking pearlymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Lemiox rimosus Birdwing pearlymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Pegias fabula Little-winged pearlymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Plethobasus cyphyus Sheepnose G3 S1 LE LE 

Pleurobema collina James spinymussel G1 S1 LE LE 

Pleurobema plenum Rough pigtoe G1 SH LE LE 

Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Rough rabbits foot G3G4T2 S2 LE LE 

Quadrula intermedia Cumberland monkeyface G1 S1 LE LE 

Quadrula sparsa Appalachian monkeyface G1 S1 LE LE 

Villosa perpurpurea Purple bean G1 S1 LE LE 

CRUSTRACEA (AMPHIPODS, ISOPODS & DECAPODS) 

Antrolana lira Madison Cave isopod G2G4 S2 LT LT 

Lirceus usdagalun Lee County cave isopod G2G3 S1 LE LE 


Microhexura montivaga Spruce-fir moss spider G1 S1 LE LE 

INSECTA (INSECTS) 

Beetles 

Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Northeastern beach tiger beetle G4T2 S2 LT LT 

Nicrophorus americanus American burying beetle G2G3 SH LE 

Butterflies 

Neonympha mitchellii Mitchell’s satyr G2 S1 LE LE 

*Virginia populations were recently described as a new subspecies, Epioblasma florentina aureola (golden riffleshell). 

31

APPENDIX 3. EXTINCT AND EXTIRPATED ANIMALS OF VIRGINIA 



VERTEBRATES 

FISH 

Moxostoma lacerum Harelip sucker GX SX 

= Lagochila lacera 

Percina bimaculata Chesapeake darter G1G2 SX 

Percina maculata Blackside darter G5 SX 

Percopsis omiscomaycus Trout-perch G5 SX 

BIRDS 

Conuropsis carolinensis Carolina parakeet GX SX 

Cygnus buccinator Trumpeter swan G4 SXN 

Ectopistes migratorius Passenger pigeon GX SX 

Vermivora bachmanii Bachman’s warbler GH SX LE LE 

MAMMALS 

Bos bison American bison G4 SX 

= Bison bison 

Canis lupus Gray (= eastern timber) wolf G4G5 SX LE LE 

= Canis lycaon 

Canis rufus Red wolf G1Q SX LE 

Cervus elaphus Wapiti or elk G5 SX* 

= Cervus canadensis 

Puma concolor couguar Eastern cougar (= mountain lion, puma) G5THQ SX LE LE 

= Felis concolor couguar 

INVERTEBRATES 

BIVALVIA (MUSSELS) 

Epioblasma haysiana Acornshell GX SX 

Epioblasma lenior Narrow catspaw GX SX 

Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum Green-blossom pearlymussel G2TX SX LE LE 

Lampsilis abrupta Pink mucket G2 SX LE LE 

Villosa fabalis Rayed bean G2 SX LE LE 

Villosa trabalis Cumberland bean G1 SX LE LE 

*The last record of a native elk in Virginia was from 1855. Small numbers of reintroduced elk from eastern Kentucky have moved into far southwestern Virginia in 

recent years and are currently considered a game species by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, which has initiated plans to translocate additional 

elk to that portion of the state in the near future. 

32

APPENDIX 4. NATURAL HERITAGE VERTEBRATE WATCH LIST 



FISH 

Ambloplites cavifrons Roanoke bass G3 S3 

Chologaster cornuta Swampfish G5 S3 

Enneacanthus obesus Banded sunfish G5 S3 

Erimystax dissimilis Streamline chub G4 S3 

= Hybopsis dissimilis 

Erimystax insignis Blotched chub G4 S3 

= Hybopsis insignis 

Etheostoma kanawhae Kanawha darter G4 S3 

Etheostoma simoterum Snubnose darter G3G4 S3 

Etheostoma tennesseense Tennessee darter G5 S3 

Etheostoma zonale Banded darter G5 S3 

Fundulus catenatus Northern studfish G5 S3 

Fundulus lineolatus Lined topminnow G5 S3 

Lampetra aepyptera Least brook lamprey G5 S3 

Lampetra appendix American brook lamprey G4 S3 

Margariscus margarita Pearl dace G5 S3 

= Semotilus margarita 

Moxostoma duquesnei Black redhorse G5 S3 

Notropis chalybaeus Ironcolor shiner G4 S3 

Notropis chiliticus Redlip shiner G4 S3 

Notropis sp. 4 Sawfin shiner G4 S3 

Percina caprodes Logperch G5 S3 

Percina gymnocephala Appalachia darter G4 S3 

Percina oxyrhynchus Sharpnose darter G4 S3 

Phenacobius uranops Stargazing minnow G4 S3 

Scartomyzon ariommus Bigeye jumprock G4 S3 

= Moxostoma ariommum 

AMPHIBIANS 

Aneides aeneus Green salamander G3G4 S3 

Desmognathus orestes Blue Ridge dusky salamander G4 S3 

Lithobates virgatipes Carpenter frog G5 S3 

= Rana virgatipes 

Plethodon kentucki Cumberland Plateau salamander G4 S3 

Plethodon montanus Northern Gray-cheeked salamander G3 S3 

Plethodon yonahlossee Yonahlossee salamander G4 S3 

Pseudacris nigrita Southern chorus frog G5 S3 

Pseudacris ocularis Little grass frog G5 S3 

= Limnaoedus ocularis 

Siren lacertina Greater siren G5 S3 

Stereochilus marginatus Many-lined salamander G5 S3 

REPTILES 

Farancia erytrogramma Rainbow snake G4 S3 

Graptemys geographica Northern map turtle G5 S3 

Lampropeltis elapsoides Scarlet kingsnake G5 S2S4 

= Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides 

Malaclemys terrapin Diamond-backed terrapin G4 S3 

Opheodrys vernalis Smooth greensnake G5 S3 

= Liochlorophis vernalis 

Plestiodon anthracinus Coal skink G5 S3 

= Eumeces anthracinus 

Tantilla coronata Southeastern crowned snake G5 S3 

33

NATURAL HERITAGE VERTEBRATE WATCH LIST (continued) 



BIRDS 

Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s Hawk G5 S3B/S3N 

Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron G5 S3B/S5N 

Calidris canutus rufa Red Knot G4T2 S2N C 

Cardellina canadensis Canada Warbler G5 S3S4B 

= Wilsonia canadensis 

Certhia americana Brown Creeper G5 S3B/S5N 

Dendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler G4 S3S4B 

Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher G5 S3S4B 

Haematopus palliatus American Oystercatcher G5 S3B/S3N 

Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle G5 S3S4B/S3S4N 

Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern G5 S3B/S3N 

Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-heron G5 S3B/S4N 

Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow G5 S3S4B/S4N 

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow G5 S3S4B 

Riparia riparia Bank Swallow G5 S3B 

Setophaga cerulea Cerulean Warbler G4 S3S4B 

= Dendroica cerulea 

Spiza americana Dickcissel G5 S2S3B 

Sterna forsteri Forster’s Tern G5 S3B/S3N 

Sterna hirundo Common Tern G5 S3B 

Tyto alba Barn Owl G5 S3B/S3N 

Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler G4 S3B 

Vermivora cyanoptera Blue-winged Warbler G5 S3B 

= Vermivora pinus 

MAMMALS 

Blarina brevicauda telmalestes Dismal Swamp short-tailed shrew G5T3 S3 

Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat G5 SUB/S4N 

Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat G5 SUB/S3N 

Lontra canadensis Northern river otter G5 S4 

= Lutra canadensis 

Mustela nivalis Least weasel G5 S3 

Myotis lucifugus Little Brown Bat G3 S3 

Myotis septentrionalis Northern Myotis G1G3 S3 

Neotoma magister Allegheny (or Appalachian) woodrat G3G4 S3 

Perimyotis subflavus Tricolored Bat G3 S3 

= Pipistrellus subflavus (Eastern Pipistrelle) 

Peromyscus gossypinus Cotton mouse G5 S3 

Peromyscus leucopus easti Pungo mouse G5T1 S1? 

Sciurus niger niger Southeastern fox squirrel G5T5 S3 

Sorex dispar Long-tailed or rock shrew G4 S3 

Spilogale putorius Eastern spotted skunk G5 S3S4 

Sylvilagus floridanus hitchensi Smith Island cottontail G5THQ SH 

Sylvilagus palustris Marsh rabbit G5 S3 

Sylvilagus transitionalis New England cottontail G4 S4? 

= Sylvilagus obscurus (Appalachian cottontail) 

Synaptomys cooperi helaletes Dismal Swamp bog lemming G5T3 S3 

34

APPENDIX 5. NATURAL HERITAGE INVERTEBRATE WATCH LIST 




Catinella hubrichti Snowhill ambersnail G3 S1S3 

Elimia catenaria Gravel Elimia G4 S3 

Fontigens orolibas Blue Ridge springsnail G3 S3 

Hendersonia occulta Cherrystone Drop G4 S3 

Lobosculum pustuloides Tiny Liptooth G4 S2S4 

Mesomphix rugeli Wrinkled button G4 S3 

Paravitrea grimmi Buff Supercoil G1G3Q SU 

Patera laevior Smooth Bladetooth G4 S2S4 

Philomycus virginicus Virginia mantleslug G3 S3 

Pleurocera gradata Bottle hornsnail G3 S3? 

Promenetus exacuous Sharp Sprite G5 S3 

Somatogyrus pennsylvanicus Shale pebblesnail G3 SU 

Triodopsis burchi Pittsylvania three-tooth G3 S3 

Triodopsis fraudulenta Baffled three-tooth G4 S3 

Triodopsis tennesseensis Budded three-tooth G4 S3 

Ventridens arcellus Golden dome G4 S3 

Ventridens lasmodon Hollow dome G4 S3 

Vertigo parvula Smallmouth Vertigo G3 SU 

BIVALVIA (MUSSELS & CLAMS) 

Mussels 

Alasmidonta undulata Triangle floater G4 S3S4 

Anodonta implicata Alewife floater G5 S3? 

Fusconaia subrotunda Longsolid G3 S3 

Leptodea ochracea Tidewater mucket G3G4 S3 

= Ligumia ochracea 

Ligumia nasuta Eastern pondmussel G4 S3 

Medionidus conradicus Cumberland moccasinshell G3G4 S3S4 

Strophitus undulatus Creeper G5 S3S4 

Villosa constricta Notched rainbow G3 S3 

Villosa vanuxemensis Mountain creekshell G4 S3S4 


Spiders 

Drassyllus louisianus A gnaphosid spider G4? S2S4 

Hypochilus gertschi Gertsch’s lampshade-web spider G3 S3 

Nesticus holsingeri Holsinger’s cave spider G3G4 S3 

Nesticus tennesseensis A cave spider G3G4 S3 

Sphodros atlanticus Atlantic purse-web spider G4 S3 

Sphodros coylei Coyle’s purse-web spider G4? S3 

Sphodros niger Black purse-web spider G4G5 S3 

Sphodros rufipes Red-legged purse-web spider G4 SU 

Pseudoscorpions 

Chitrella cavicola A cave pseudoscorpion G3 S3 

35

NATURAL HERITAGE INVERTEBRATE WATCH LIST (continued) 



CRUSTACEA (AMPHIPODS, ISOPODS & DECAPODS) 

Amphipods 

Crangonyx antennatus Appalachian Valley cave amphipod G5 S3 

Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Northern spring amphipod G5 S3 

Stygobromus araeus Tidewater interstitial amphipod G3 S3 

Stygobromus estesi Craig County cave amphipod G4 S3 

Stygobromus indentatus Tidewater amphipod G3 S3 

Stygobromus spinosus Blue Ridge spring amphipod G3 S3 

Isopods 

Caecidotea holsingeri Greenbrier Valley cave isopod G5 S3 

Caecidotea pricei Price’s cave isopod G5 S3 

Caecidotea recurvata Southwestern Virginia cave isopod G5 S3 

Caecidotea richardsonae Tennessee Valley cave isopod G5 S3 

Decapods 

Cambarus angularis Angled crayfish G3 S3 

Cambarus chasmodactylus New River crayfish G4 S3 

Cambarus diogenes Devil crawfish G5 S3 

Cambarus longirostris Longnose crayfish G5Q S3 

Fallicambarus fodiens Digger crayfish G5 S3 

= Fallicambarus uhleri 

Orconectes cristavarius Spiny stream crayfish G5 S3 

Orconectes forceps Surgeon crayfish G5 S3 

Orconectes obscurus Allegheny crayfish G5 S3 

Branchiopods 

Eulimnadia sp. 1 A clam shrimp G? SU 

DIPLOPODA (MILLIPEDES) 

Abacion tesselatum A millipede G5 S3 

Andrognathus corticarius A millipede G5 S3 

Apheloria montana A millipede G5 S3 

Apheloria tigana A millipede G5 S3 

Brachycybe lecontii A millipede G5 S3 

Buotus carolinus A millipede G3 S3 

Cambala hubrichti A millipede G5 S3 

Cambala minor A millipede G5 S3 

Conotyla melinda Melinda millipede G3 S3 

Nannaria ericacea McGraw Gap xystodesmid millipede G3 S3 

Nannaria morrisoni A millipede G3 S3 

Nannaria wilsoni A millipede G3 S3 

Rudiloria kleinpeteri A millipede G3 S3 

Zygonopus packardi Packard’s blind cave millipede G4 S3 

= Trichopetalum packardi 

COLLEMBOLA (SPRINGTAILS) 

Pseudosinella granda A cave springtail G3 S3 

Pygmarrhopalites carolynae A cave springtail G4 S3 

Pygmarrhopalites clarus A cave springtail G4 S3 

Pygmarrhopalites marshalli A cave springtail G3 S3 

Pygmarrhopalites pavo A cave springtail G3? S3 

Sinella barri Barr’s cave springtail G5 S3 

36




ODONATA (DAMSELFLIES & DRAGONFLIES) 

Damselflies 

Argia bipunctulata Seepage dancer G4 S3 

Calopteryx angustipennis Appalachian jewelwing G4 S3 

Enallagma daeckii Attenuated bluet G4 S3 

Enallagma doubledayi Atlantic bluet G5 S3 

Enallagma dubium Burgundy bluet G5 S3 

Enallagma hageni Hagen’s bluet G5 S3 

Enallagma weewa Blackwater bluet G5 S3 

Ischnura prognata Furtive forktail G4 S3 

Lestes forcipatus Sweetflag spreadwing G5 S3 

Nehalennia integricollis Southern sprite G5 S3 

Telebasis byersi Duckweed firetail G5 S3 

Dragonflies 

Anax longipes Comet darner G5 S3 

Cordulegaster erronea Tiger spiketail G4 S3 

Cordulia shurtleffii American emerald G5 S3 

Epitheca costalis Stripe-winged baskettail G5 S2S4 

= Tetragoneuria costalis 

Gomphaeschna antilope Taper-tailed darner G4 S3 

Gomphus abbreviatus Spine-crowned clubtail G3G4 S3 

Gomphus dilatatus Blackwater clubtail G5 S3 

Gomphus rogersi Sable clubtail G4 S3 

Helocordulia selysii Selys’ sundragon G4 S3 

Leucorrhinia intacta Dot-tailed whiteface G5 S3 

Libellula flavida Yellow-sided skimmer G5 S3 

ORTHOPTERA (GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS & RELATIVES) 

Melanoplus celatus A spur-throat grasshopper GU SU 

Melanoplus devius A spur-throat grasshopper GU SU 

Melanoplus impudicus Immodest spur-throat grasshopper G4G5 SU 

Scudderia septentrionalis Northern bush katydid G3? S3 

HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS) 

Corixidea major A true bug GU SU 

Glyptocombus saltator A true bug G? SU 

Isocytus chapmani Chapman’s shore bug G? SU 

Ligyrocoris depictus A seed bug G4? SU 

Nannocoris arenarius A true bug GU SU 

Neolygus crataegi Hawthorn plant bug G? S1S3 

Nepa apiculata A water scorpion G? S2S4 

Phytocoris hoffmani Spruce plant bug G? S1S3 

Plagiognathus repetitus Pine barrens plant bug G? SU 

Pnirontis languida An assassin bug G4 S2S4 

Ranatra australis Southern water scorpion G5 S3 

Stachyocnemus apicalis Sandpit alydid bug G4 SU 

Tominotus communis A burrower bug G5 S2S4 

HOMOPTERA (CICADAS, LEAFHOPPERS & RELATIVES) 

Trialeurodes phlogis Phlox whitefly GU SU 

37




COLEOPTERA (BEETLES) 

Anthophylax hoffmani A longhorned beetle G? S1S3 

Calligrapha pnirsa A leaf beetle G3 S1S3 

Cicindela dorsalis media White tiger beetle G4T3T4 S3 

= Habroscelimorpha dorsalis media 

Cicindela purpurea Purple tiger beetle G5 S3 

Cicindela splendida Splendid tiger beetle G5 S3 

Diabrotica cristata A leaf beetle G? SU 

Helops sulcipennis A flightless darkling beetle G3? S1S3 

Hoperius planatus A predaceous diving beetle G? SU 

Hydrobiomorpha casta A water scavenger beetle G? SU 

Megacephala carolina Carolina big-headed tiger beetle G5 S3 

= Tetracha carolina 

Nicrophorus defodiens A burying beetle G4 S3 

Paralichas trivittis A beetle G? SU 

= Odontonyx trivittis 

Pentagonica picticornis A ground beetle G? S1S3 

Phloeoxena signata A ground beetle G3? S3 

Pseudaptinus lecontei A ground beetle G? S1S3 

Stenocorus schaumi Schaum’s longhorn beetle G? S1S3 

Urographis triangulifer A longhorned beetle G4? SU 

= Graphisurus triangulifer 

TRICHOPTERA (CADDISFLIES) 

Agapetus hessi A glossosomatid caddisfly G4G5 S2S4 

Agapetus iridis A glossosomatid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Agapetus pinatus A glossosomatid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Brachycentrus solomoni A brachycentrid caddisfly G4 S2S4 

Brachycentrus spinae A brachycentrid caddisfly G4 S2S4 

Ceraclea ophioderus A leptocerid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Ceratopsyche alhedra A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Cheumatopsyche gracilis A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Cheumatopsyche gyra A hydropsychid caddisfly G4G5 S2S4 

Cheumatopsyche halima A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Cheumatopsyche parentum A hydropsychid caddisfly G3 S3 

Chimarra augusta A philopotamid caddisfly G3G4 S3 

Culoptila cantha A glossosomatid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Frenesia difficilis A limnephilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Frenesia missa A limnephilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Goerita betteni A caddisfly G4 S2S4 

Glossosoma intermedium A glossosomatid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Homoplectra doringa A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Hydropsyche catawba A hydropsychid caddisfly G3 S3 

Hydropsyche franclemonti A hydropsychid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Hydropsyche hoffmani A hydropsychid caddisfly G3G4 S3 

Hydropsyche opthalmica A hydropsychid caddisfly G3 S3 

Hydroptila ajax A microcaddisfly G5 S1S3 

Hydroptila amoena A microcaddisfly G5 S2S4 

Hydroptila fiskei A microcaddisfly G3G4 S2S4 

Hydroptila talladega A microcaddisfly G4 S1S3 

Hydroptila vala A microcaddisfly G4 S2S4 

Hydroptila virgata A microcaddisfly G5 S1S3 

Ironoquia parvula A limnephilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Ithytrichia clavata A microcaddisfly G5 S2S4 

Lepidostoma pictile A lepidostomatid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Leptocerus americanus A leptocerid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

38




Caddisflies (continued) 

Limnephilus indivisus A limnephilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Limnephilus moestus A limnephilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Macrostemum transversum A hydropsychid caddisfly G3G5 S2S4 

Mayatrichia ayama A microcaddisfly G5 S2S4 

Micrasema burksi A brachycentrid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Micrasema scotti A brachycentrid caddisfly G3G4 S3 

Neophylax ornatus A uenoid caddisfly G4G5 S2S4 

Neophylax stolus A uenoid caddisfly G3 S3 

Neophylax wigginsi A uenoid caddisfly G3G4 S2S4 

Neotrichia vibrans A microcaddisfly G5 S2S4 

Ochrotrichia arva A microcaddisfly G4G5 S1S3 

Ochrotrichia tarsalis A microcaddisfly G5 S2S4 

Ochrotrichia wojcickyi A microcaddisfly G4G5 S1S3 

Orthotrichia cristata A microcaddisfly G5 S2S4 

Oxyethira janella Little-entrance Oxyethiran microcaddisfly G5 S2S4 

Oxyethira michiganensis A microcaddisfly G5 S2S4 

Oxyethira rivicola A microcaddisfly G5 S1S3 

Paranyctiophylax denningi A polycentropodid caddisfly G4G5 S1S3 

Paranyctiophylax serratus A polycentropodid caddisfly G4 S1S3 

Polycentropus interruptus A polycentropodid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Polycentropus nascotius A polycentropodid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Polycentropus pentus A polycentropodid caddisfly G5 S1S3 

Pseudostenophylax sparsus A limnephilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Ptilostomis semifasciata A phryganeid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Pycnopsyche conspersa A limnephilid caddisfly G3G4 S2S4 

Pycnopsyche flavata A limnephilid caddisfly G4 S2S4 

Pycnopsyche virginica A limnephilid caddisfly G3G4 S3 

Rhyacophila acutiloba A rhyacophilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Rhyacophila formosa A rhyacophilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Rhyacophila invaria A rhyacophilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Rhyacophila manistee A rhyacophilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Rhyacophila otica A rhyacophilid caddisfly G3G4Q S1S3 

Rhyacophila shenandoahensis Shenandoah rhyacophilid caddisfly G3 S3 

Rhyacophila vibox A rhyacophilid caddisfly G5 S2S4 

Stactobiella martynovi A microcaddisfly G4 S1S3 

Wormaldia shawnee A philopotamid caddisfly G4G5 S2S4 

LEPIDOPTERA (BUTTERFLIES, SKIPPERS & MOTHS) 

Butterflies 

Atlides halesus Great purple hairstreak G4G5 S3 

Celastrina lucia Northern spring azure G5 S2S4 

= Celastrina ladon lucia 

Celastrina nigra Dusky azure G4 S3S4 

= Celastrina ebenina 

Celastrina serotina Cherry gall azure G5 S2S4 

Enodia creola Creole pearly eye G3G4 S3S4 

Euphydryas phaeton Baltimore checkerspot G4 SU 

Papilio appalachiensis Appalachian tiger swallowtail G4 S3S4 

= Pterourus appalachiensis 

Pieris virginiensis West Virginia white G3? S3 

Satyrium caryaevorus Hickory hairstreak G4 S2S4 

Satyrium edwardsii Edwards’ hairstreak G4 S3S4 

Satyrium favonius ontario Northern oak hairstreak G4T4 S3 

= Fixsenia favonius ontario 

Speyeria diana Diana fritillary G3G4 S3 

39




Skippers 

Amblyscirtes aesculapias Lace-winged roadside skipper G3G4 S3 

Amblyscirtes carolina Carolina roadside skipper G3G4 S3S4 

Amblyscirtes reversa Reversed roadside skipper G3G4 S3 

Autochton cellus Golden-banded skipper G4 SU 

Hesperia leonardus Leonard’s skipper G4 S3? 

Poanes aaroni Aaron’s skipper G4 S3 

Poanes yehl Yehl skipper G4 S3 

Thorybes confusis Confused cloudywing G4 S2S4 

Moths 

Abrostola ovalis A noctuid moth G4 S2S4 

Acronicta dactylina Fingered dagger moth G5 SU 

Acronicta haesitata Hesitant dagger moth G5 S2S4 

Acronicta radcliffei Radcliffe’s dagger moth G5 S2S4 

Acronicta subochrea Puzzling dagger moth G4? S1S4 

Acronicta tristis A dagger moth G? S1S3 

Anaplectoides prasina Green arches G5 S1S3 

Apamea cariosa A noctuid moth G4 S1S3 

Apamea lignicolora Wood-colored Apamea moth G5 S2S4 

Apamea plutonia A noctuid moth G4 S2S4 

Apamea sordens Bordered Apamea moth G? S1S3 

= Apamea finitima 

Apameini new genus 2, sp. 1 A cane moth G? S1S3 



Argyrostrotis quadrifilaris Four-lined chocolate moth G4 S1S3 

Autographa ampla Large looper moth G5 S1S3 

Bellura brehmei A wetland borer moth G? S2S4 

Bellura vulnifica A wetland borer moth G? S1S4 

= Bellura melanopyga 

Cabera quadrifasciaria Four-lined Cabera moth G? S1S3 

Callopistria granitosa Granitosa fern moth G4 S1S3 

Capsula subflava A sedge borer moth G4 S1S3 

= Archanara subflava 

Catocala angusi Angus’ underwing G4 S2S4 

Catocala antinympha Sweetfern underwing G5 S1S4 

Catocala concumbens Sleepy underwing G5 S1S3 

Catocala crataegi Hawthorn underwing G5 S2S4 

Catocala insolabilis Inconsolable underwing G5 S1S3 

Catocala miranda Miranda underwing G3G4 S2S4 

Catocala parta Mother underwing G5 S2S4 

Catocala robinsoni Robinson’s underwing G4 S3 

Catocala sappho Sappho underwing G4 S1S3 

Catocala serena Serene underwing G5 S2S4 

Crambidia casta Pearly-winged lichen moth G5 S1S4 

Crambidia pura Pure lichen moth G4 S1S3 

Cucullia alfarata A noctuid moth G4 S1S4 

Cucullia florea A noctuid moth G? S2S4 

Cutina aluticolor A cypress moth G4 S3 

Darapsa versicolor Hydrangea sphinx G4 S2S4 

Dasychira pinicola Pine tussock moth G4 S1S3 

Dasychira plagiata A tussock moth G? S2S4 

Derrima stellata Pink star moth G4 S1S3 

Diachrysia balluca A noctuid moth G? S1S3 

Dysstroma truncata Marbled carpet G? S2S4 

Emarginea percara A noctuid moth G4 S3 

Erastria cruentaria Thin-lined Erastria moth G4 S2S4 

40





Eueretagrotis attenta Attentive dart moth G4 S1S3 

Eueretagrotis perattenta Two-spot dart moth G5 S1S3 

Eueretagrotis sigmoides Sigmoid dart moth G5 S3 

Eulithis molliculata Dimorphic Eulithis moth G4 S3 

Eupithecia peckorum Peck’s Eupithecia moth G4 S1S4 

Euxoa bostoniensis Boston dart moth G? S2S4 

Euxoa declarata A dart moth G4G5 S1S3 

Euxoa messoria A dart moth G? S2S4 

Euxoa obeliscoides A dart moth G? S2S4 

Euxoa redimicula Fillet dart moth G? S2S4 

Euxoa scholastica Scholastic dart moth G? S2S4 

Euxoa violaris Violet dart moth G4 S1S3 

Feralia comstocki Comstock’s sallow G4 S1S3 

Glena cognataria Blueberry Gray G4 S1S4 

Haploa colona Colona moth G4G5 S2S4 

Heliomata infulata Rare spring moth G3G4 S2S4 

Homochlodes disconventa Dark Homochlodes moth G4 S2S4 

Hydraecia stramentosa Figwort borer moth G4 S2S4 

Hydriomena bistriolata A geometrid moth G? S2S4 

Hydriomena divisaria Black-dashed Hydriomena moth G? S1S4 

Hypena sordidula Sordid Hypena moth G4? S2S4 

= Bomolocha sordidula 

Idia majoralis Major Idia moth G? S1S3 

Iridopsis pergracilis A geometrid moth G4G5 S1S3 

= Anacamptodes pergracilis 

Isoparce cupressi Cypress sphinx G4 S3 

Lacinipolia lustralis A noctuid moth G? SU 

Leucania commoides A noctuid moth G5 S1S4 

Lintneria eremitus Hermit sphinx G4 S1S3 

= Sphinx eremitus 

Lithophane innominata Nameless pinion moth G5 S1S4 

Lithophane petulca Wanton noctuid moth G5 S1S3 

Lithophane querquera Shivering pinion moth G? S2S4 

Lophocampa maculata Spotted Tussock Moth G5 S1S3 

Melanchra assimilis Black arches G5 S1S3 

Melipotis jucunda Merry Melipotis moth G5 S1S3 

Mesoleuca ruficillata White-ribboned carpet G4 S2S4 

Metanema inatomaria Pale Metanema moth G? S1S3 

Morrisonia triangula Triangle-barred Morrisonia moth G3G4 S2S4 

Nemoria elfa Elfin emerald G? S1S3 

Neoligia crytora A noctuid moth G? S2S4 

= Oligia crytora 

Neoligia exhausta A noctuid moth G? S1S3 

= Oligia exhausta 

Orthofidonia exornata A geometrid moth G? S1S4 

Orthosia revicta Subdued Quaker moth G? S2S4 

Panopoda repanda Orange Panopoda moth G5 S3 

Panthea acronyctoides Black zipzag G5 S2S4 

Papaipema impecuniosa Aster borer moth G5 S2S4 

Papaipema nelita Coneflower borer moth G4 S1S4 

Papaipema nepheleptena Turtlehead borer moth G4 S2S4 

Papaipema polymniae Leafcup borer moth G4 S2S4 

Papaipema pterisii Bracken fern borer moth G5 S3 

Papaipema speciosissima Osmunda borer moth G4 S3 

Papaipema unimoda Meadow rue borer moth G5 S2S4 

Pero zalissaria A geometrid moth G4 S3 

Petrophora subaequaria Northern Petrophora moth G4G5 S1S3 

Polychrysia morigera A noctuid moth G4 S3 

41





Protapamea danieli A cane moth G? S1S3 

Protodeltote albidula A noctuid moth G5 S1S3 

= Lithacodia albidula 

Psaphida grandis Gray sallow G4 S1S3 

= Eutolype grandis 

Psaphida thaxterianus A noctuid moth G4 S2S4 

Pseudohermonassa tenuicula A dart moth G4 S1S3 

= Xestia tenuicula 

Schinia bina Bina flower moth G4 S1S4 

Schinia florida Primrose moth G5 S2S4 

Schinia nubila A flower moth G5 S2S4 

Schinia saturata Brown flower moth G5 S2S4 

Sideridis congermana German cousin moth G? S1S3 

Speranza abruptata A geometrid moth G4 S2S4 

= Itame abruptata 

Speranza evagaria A geometrid moth G? S1S3 

= Itame evagaria 

Speranza exauspicata A geometrid moth G? S1S3 

= Itame exauspicata 

Speranza subcessaria Barred Itame moth G4 S2S4 

= Itame subcessaria 

Sphinx chersis Great ash sphinx G4G5 S2S4 

Sphinx drupiferarum Wild cherry sphinx G4 S1S3 

Spragueia dama Southern Spragueia moth G5 S2S4 

Sympistis badistriga Brown-lined sallow moth G4 S1S4 

= Homohadena badistriga 

Tarache delecta Delightful Bird-dropping moth GU SU 

= Acontia delecta 

Virbia ferruginosa Rusty tiger moth G5 SU 

= Holomelina ferruginosa 

Virbia immaculata Immaculate tiger moth G5 SU 

= Holomelina immaculata 

Xanthorhoe labradorensis Labrador carpet G4 S2S4 

Zale calycanthata Double-banded Zale moth G4 S2S4 

Zale submediana A noctuid moth G4 S2S4 

Zanclognatha sp. 1 A noctuid moth G3G4 S2S4 

42

APPENDIX 6. LIST OF SYNONYMS 

Synonym Name used in lists above Common name Page 

Acipenser oxyrhynchus Acipenser oxyrinchus Atlantic sturgeon 7 

Acontia delecta Tarache delecta Delightful Bird-dropping moth 42 

Aeshna mutata Rhionaeschna mutata Spatterdock darner 21 

Aimophila aestivalis Peucaea aestivalis Bachman’s Sparrow 11 

Alasmidonta minor Alasmidonta viridis Slippershell mussel 14 

Anacamptodes pergracilis Iridopsis pergracilis A geometrid moth 41 

Anculosa subglobosa Leptoxis praerosa Onyx rocksnail 12 

Anguispira alternata jessica Anguispira jessica Mountain disc 12 

Anthrobia mammouthia Anthrobia monmouthia A cave spider 15 

Apamea finitima Apamea sordens Bordered Apamea moth 40 

Archanara subflava Capsula subflava A sedge borer moth 40 

Arugisa watsoni Arugisa latiorella A noctuid moth 27 

Balaena glacialis Eubalaena glacialis Northern right whale 30 

Bellura melanopyga Bellura vulnifica A wetland borer moth 40 

Bison bison Bos bison Bison 32 

Bomolocha sordidula Hypena sordidula Sordid Hypena moth 41 

Bufo quercicus Anaxyrus quercicus Oak toad 9 

Canis lycaon Canis lupus Gray wolf 32 

Carpodacus purpureus Haemorhous purpureus Purple Finch 10 

Carunculina glans Toxolasma lividus Purple liliput 15 

Carunculina lividus Toxolasma lividus Purple liliput 15 

Casmerodius albus Ardea alba Great Egret 10 

Celastrina ebenina Celastrina nigra Dusky azure 39 

Celastrina ladon lucia Celastrina lucia Northern spring azure 39 

Cervus canadensis Cervus elaphus Wapiti or elk 32 

Clemmys insculpta Glyptemys insculpta Wood turtle 9 

Clemmys muhlenbergii Glyptemys muhlenbergii Bog turtle 9 

Conradilla caelata Lemiox rimosus Birdwing pearlymussel 14 

Cyprinella monacha Erimonax monachus Spotfin chub (= turquoise shiner) 7 

Cyprogenia irrorata Cyprogenia stegaria Fanshell 14 

Deciduphagus irus Callophrys irus Frosted elfin 26 

Deciduphagus polios Callophyrs polios Hoary elfin 26 

Dendroica cerulea Setophaga cerulea Cerulean Warbler 34 

Dendroica fusca Setophaga fusca Blackburnian Warbler 11 

Dendroica kirtlandii Setophaga kirtlandii Kirtland’s Warbler 30 

Dendroica magnolia Setophaga magnolia Magnolia Warbler 11 

Dendroica virens waynei Setophaga virens waynei Wayne’s Black-throated Green Warbler 11 

Dixioria coronata Dixioria pela coronata A millipede 18 

Ellipsoptera gratiosa Cicindela gratiosa Whitish tiger beetle 23 

Ellipsoptera lepida Cicindela lepida Ghost tiger beetle 23 

Enallagma cyathigerum Enallagma annexum Northern bluet 20 

Epioblasma florentina walkeri (in part) Epioblasma florentina aureola Golden riffleshell 14 

Erythroecia hebardi Psectrotarsia hebardi Hebard's noctuid moth 28 

Etheostoma clarum Ammocrypta clara Western sand darter 7 

Etheostoma stigmaeum jessiae Etheostoma jessiae Blueside darter 7 

Etheostoma stigmaeum meadiae Etheostoma meadiae Bluespar darter 7 

Etheostoma tippecanoe (in part) Etheostoma denoncourti Golden darter 7 

Eumeces anthracinus Plestiodon anthracinus Coal skink 33 

Eutolype grandis Psaphida grandis Gray sallow 42 

Fallicambarus uhleri Fallicambarus fodiens A crayfish 36 

Felis concolor couguar Puma concolor couguar Eastern cougar 11 

Fixsenia favonius ontario Satyrium favonius ontario Northern oak hairstreak 39 

Foveacheles paralleloseta Traegaardia paralleloseta A cave mite 15 

Fusconaia barnesiana Pleuronaia gibberum Tennessee pigtoe 14 

Fusconaia edgariana Fusconaia cor Shiny pigtoe 14 

Gallinula chloropus (in part) Gallinula galeata Common Gallinule 10 

Gastrocopta armifera clappi Gastrocopta clappi Bluegrass snaggletooth 12 

Gastrocopta interna fonticula Gastrodonta fonticula Appalachia bellytooth 12 

Gomphus brevis Gomphus adelphus Moustached clubtail 21 

Goniobasis arachnoidea Elimia arachnoidea Spider Elimia 12 

43

APPENDIX 6 (continued) 


Graphisurus triangulifer Urographis triangulifer A longhorned beetle 38 

Habroscelimorpha dorsalis dorsalis Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Northeastern beach tiger beetle 23 

Habroscelimorpha dorsalis media Cicindela dorsalis media White tiger beetle 38 

Heterocloeon rubrolaterale Iswaeon rubrolaterale A mayfly 20 

Holomelina ferruginosa Virbia ferruginosa Rusty tiger moth 42 

Holomelina immaculata Virbia immaculata Immaculate tiger moth 42 

Holomelina nigricans Virbia nigricans A tiger moth 29 

Homohadena badistriga Sympistis badistriga Brown-lined sallow moth 42 

Hybopsis cahni Erimystax cahni Slender chub 7 

Hybopsis dissimilis Erimystax dissimilis Streamline chub 33 

Hybopsis insignis Erimystax insignis Blotched chub 33 

Hybopsis labrosa Cyprinella labrosa Thicklip chub 7 

Hybopsis monacha Erimonax monachus Spotfin chub (= turquoise shiner) 7 

Incisalia irus Callophrys irus Frosted elfin 26 

Incisalia polios Callophyrs polios Hoary elfin 26 

Itame abruptata Speranza abruptata A geometrid moth 42 

Itame evagaria Speranza evagaria A geometrid moth 42 

Itame exauspicata Speranza exauspicata A geometrid moth 42 

Itame ribearia Speranza ribearia Currant spanworm moth 29 

Itame subcessaria Speranza subcessaria Barred Itame moth 42 

Lagochila lacera Moxostoma lacerum Harelip sucker 32 

Lampropeltis getula nigra Lampropeltis nigra Eastern black kingsnake 9 

Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides Lampropeltis elapsoides Scarlet kingsnake 33 

Lampsilis orbiculata Lampsilis abrupta Pink mucket 14 

Lastena lata Hemistena lata Cracking pearlymussel 14 

Lepipolys perscripta Sympistis perscripta Scribbled sallow moth 29 

Leurognathus marmoratus Desmognathus marmoratus Shovel-nosed salamander 9 

Lexingtonia dolabelloides Pleuronaia dolabelloides Slabside pearlymussel 14 

Libellula exusta Ladona exusta White corporal skimmer 21 

Libellula julia Ladona julia Chalk-fronted corporal skimmer 21 

Ligumia ochracea Leptodea ochracea Tidewater mucket 35 

Ligumia recta latissima Ligumia recta Black sandshell 14 

Limnaoedus ocularis Pseudacris ocularis Little grass frog 33 

Liochlorophis vernalis Opheodrys vernalis Smooth greensnake 33 

Lithacodia albidula Protodeltote albidula A noctuid moth 42 

Lithobates virgatipes Rana virgatipes Carpenter frog 33 

Lithophane lepida adipel Lithophane adipel A pinion moth 28 

Loxagrotis apicalis Dichagyris grotei A noctuid moth 28 

Lutra canadensis Lontra canadensis River otter 34 

Merolonche dolli Acronicta dolli Doll’s dagger moth 27 

Mesodon christyi Fumonelix christyi Glossy covert 12 

Mesodon clingmanicus Fumonelix wheatleyi clingmanicus Clingman covert 12 

Mesodon kalmianus Inflectarius kalmianus Brown globelet 12 

Mesodon panselenus Patera panselenus Virginia bladetooth 13 

Microcreagris valentinei Lissocreagris valentinei Valentine’s cave pseudoscorpion 16 

Mitoura hesseli Callophrys hesseli Hessel’s hairstreak 26 

Moxostoma ariommum Scartomyzon ariommus Bigeye jumprock 33 

Moxostoma hamiltoni Thoburnia hamiltoni Rustyside sucker 8 

Neadysgonia telma Gondysia telma Telma darkwing moth 28 

Neonympha areolatus septentrionalis Neonympha helicta Helicta satyr 27 

Notropis hypsinotus Hybopsis hypsinotus Highback chub 7 

Notropis lirus Lythrurus lirus Mountain shiner 8 

Notropis whipplei Cyprinella whipplei Steelcolor shiner 7 

Nuttallornis borealis Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher 10 

Nycticorax violaceus Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned Night-heron 10 

Odontonyx trivittis Paralichas trivittis A beetle 38 

Oligia crytora Neoligia crytora A noctuid moth 41 

Oligia exhausta Neoligia exhausta A noctuid moth 41 

Ophiogomphus alleghaniensis Ophiogomphus incurvatus alleghaniensis Allegheny snaketail 21 

Oporornis philadelphia Geothlypis philadelphia Mourning Warbler 10 

44

APPENDIX 6 (continued) 


Percina macrocephala Percina williamsi Sickle darter 8 

Phoxinus cumberlandensis Chrosomus cumberlandensis Blackside dace 7 

Phoxinus tennesseensis Chrosomus tennesseensis Tennessee dace 7 

Phyciodes pascoensis Phyciodes cocyta Northern crescent 27 

Phyciodes selenis Phyciodes cocyta Northern crescent 27 

Physeter catodon Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale 30 

Pipistrellus subflavus Perimyotis subflavus Tricolored bat 34 

Plauditus rubrolateralis Iswaeon rubrolaterale A mayfly 20 

Plecotus rafinesquii macrotis Corynorhinus rafinesquii macrotis Eastern big-eared bat 11 

Plecotus townsendii virginianus Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus Virginia big-eared bat 11 

Pleurobema maculatum Pleurobema oviforme Tennessee clubshell 14 

Pleurobema pyramidatum Pleurobema rubrum Pyramid pigtoe 14 

Polygyra plicata Millerelix plicata Cumberland liptooth 13 

Polyzonium rosalbum Petaserpes rosalbus A millipede 18 

Pseudaptinus pygmaeus Thalpius pygmaeus A ground beetle 24 

Pterourus appalachiensis Papilio appalachiensis Appalachian tiger swallowtail 39 

Pyrgus wyandot Pyrgus centaureae wyandot Appalachian grizzled skipper 27 

Rhodoecia aurantiago Pyrrhia aurantiago Aureolaria seed borer moth 29 

Richia grotei Dichagyris grotei A noctuid moth 28 

Schinia inclara Schinia siren A flower moth 29 

Seiurus noveboracensis Parkesia noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush 11 

Semiothisa distribuaria Macaria distribuaria A geometrid moth 28 

Semotilus margarita Margariscus margarita Pearl dace 33 

Sphaeroderus nitidicollis schaumii Sphaeroderus schaumii Schaum’s false snail-eating beetle 24 

Sphinx eremitus Lintneria eremitus Hermit sphinx 41 

Stenotrema leai alicia Euchemotrema leai Lowland pillsnail 12 

Sterna antillarum Sternula antillarum Least Tern 11 

Sterna caspia Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern 10 

Sterna maxima Thalasseus maximus Royal Tern 11 

Sterna nilotica Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern 10 

Sterna sandvicensis Thalasseus sandvicensis Sandwich Tern 11 

Stizostedion canadense Sander canadensis Sauger 8 

Sylvilagus obscurus Sylvilagus transitionalis New England cottontail 34 

Sympetrum janeae Sympetrum internum Cherry-faced meadowhawk 21 

Tetracha carolina Megacephala carolina Carolina big-headed tiger beetle 38 

Tetragoneuria canis Epitheca canis Beaverpond baskettail 20 

Tetragoneuria costalis Epitheca costalis Stripe-winged baskettail 37 

Tetragoneuria semiaquea Epitheca semiaquea Mantled baskettail 20 

Tetragoneuria spinosa Epitheca spinosa Robust baskettail 21 

Trichopetalum packardi Zygonopus packardi Packard’s blind cave millipede 36 

Trichopetalum weyeriensis Zygonopus weyeriensis Grand Caverns blind cave millipede 19 

Trichopetalum whitei Zygonopus whitei Luray Caverns blind cave millipede 19 

Trionyx spiniferus Apalone spinifera Spiny softshell 9 

Troglodytes troglodytes (in part) Troglodytes hiemalis Winter Wren 11 

Vermivora pinus Vermivora cyanoptera Blue-winged Warbler 34 

Vermivora ruficapilla Oreothlypis ruficapilla Nashville Warbler 10 

Wilsonia canadensis Cardellina canadensis Canada Warbler 34 

Wyeomyia haynei Wyeomyia smythii Pitcher plant mosquito 29 

Xestia tenuicula Pseudohermonassa tenuicula A dart moth 42 

Zanclognatha gypsalis Zanclognatha theralis A noctuid moth 29 

45

APPENDIX 7. RARE SPECIES SIGHTING FORM 

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage 

217 Governor Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219 

(804) 786-7951 

An important component of the natural heritage inventory and protection process involves gathering information from state experts, professionals, and 

avocational naturalists throughout the state. To facilitate this, the Division of Natural Heritage has developed this rare species sighting form. If you 

would like to participate in our inventory and protection activities, please take a few moments to complete the attached form for any species from our 

rare species list. These data will be evaluated for incorporation into the natural heritage database and used exclusively for the protection of the rare 

species and its habitat. Please send the form to the staff zoologist at the address above. Thank you for your support. The Division of Natural Heritage 

can only realize the protection of the Commonwealth's natural diversity by working through a network of knowledgeable and concerned individuals. 

SPECIES OBSERVED: 

DATE OBSERVED: 

COUNTY: 

USGS QUADRANGLE MAP NAME (if known; mark location on a photocopy of the appropriate map and submit with this form): 

LOCATION (Provide a detailed description, including directions from nearest town, road intersection, etc.): 

HABITAT DESCRIPTION (Include associated species, elevation, natural features, natural community type, etc.): 

POPULATION DATA (Number of individuals observed, age, size, evidence of reproduction,etc.): 

LANDOWNER (If know, provide name, address, and phone number): 

THREATS TO SPECIES OR EVIDENCE OF HABITAT DISTURBANCE: 

REPORTED BY (Include name, address, and phone number): 

DATE OF REPORT: 

46

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