A synoptic account of the Fagaceae of Thailand

THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 34: 53–175. 2006. 

A synoptic account of the Fagaceae of Thailand 

CHAMLONG PHENGKLAI* 

ABSTRACT. As part of the taxonomic revision towards a treatment of the family Fagaceae for the Flora 

of Thailand, a preliminary account is provided with keys to the genera, species, subspecies and varieties, 

full synonymy, notes on geographical and ecological distributions, vernacular names and uses. The 

account comprises 4 genera, 119 species, 2 subspecies and 2 varieties indigenous to Thailand. 

FAGACEAE 

Monoecious evergreen or deciduous trees. Stipules caducous. Leaves simple, 

spirally arranged, rarely in whorls, pinnately nerved, margin entire or serrate. Inflorescences 

solitary or branched, male and female separate or androgynous (female flowers towards 

base, male towards apex) or mixed. Male inflorescences erect or pendulous, with flowers 

solitary or in clusters. Perianth 6–lobed. Stamens 10–12, anthers basifixed or dorsifixed; 

rudimentary ovary hairy where present. Female, androgynous and mixed inflorescences 

erect. Female flowers solitary or in clusters, each flower surrounded by a cupule. Ovary 

inferior, 3–(6) locular, each locule with 2 anatropous ovules, styles as many as locules; 

stigmas capitate or punctiform; staminodes 6(–12) or absent. Cupules saucer- or cupshaped, 

solitary or in clusters, often woody to enclosing the nut; it variously muricate, 

scaly, spiny, tuberculate or with concentric or spiral lamellae, rarely almost smooth; 

indehiscent or dehiscent. Nuts ovoid, tubular, triangular or subdepressed, completely 

enclosed or enclosed at base only by the sessile or stalked cupule, bearing a flattened, 

concave or convex circular scar below. 

A family of 8 genera and about 700 species widely distributed mainly in the northern 

hemisphere. Four genera with 119 species, 2 subspecies, and 2 varieties indigenous to 

Thailand. 

KEY TO THE GENERA 

(based on flowering specimens) 

1. Male flowers with rudimentary ovary present. Stamens 10–12, anthers dorsifixed. Female flowers 

with 10–12 staminodes, stigmata punctiform. Male and female inflorescence always erect 

2. Cupule-primordia already developed before anthesis, always solitary, with distinct vertical sutures, 

with 2–4(–8) separate growing points, enclosing 1–3(–7) flowers 1. Castanopsis 

* Fellow of the Acadamy of Science, the Royal Institute, Thailand, c/o Forest Herbarium, National Park, 

Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. 

This work was supported by The Biodiversity Research and Training Program (BRT).

54 

THAI FOREST BULLETIN (BOTANY) 34 

2. Cupule-primodia not developed before anthesis, solitary or in dichasial clusters, ring-shaped 

withouts vertical suture and separate growing points, enclosing 1 flower only 2. Lithocarpus 

1. Male flowers without rudimentary ovary. Stamens 5–6(–9), anthers basifixed. Female flowers without 

staminodes (or rarely 5–6 staminodes), stigmata capitate. Male inflorescence pendulous (rarely 

suberect) 

3. Inflorescence always unisexual, simple. Male inflorescence pendulous. Female flowers always 

solitary, staminodes sometimes present, Ovary round in outline. Terminal buds densely crowded, 

the scales with a tendency towards orthostichy. Stipules not interpetiolar 3. Quercus 

3. Inflorescence unisexual or bisexual, simple or much branched. Male inflorescence sub-erect. 

Female flowers in dichasial clusters 3–15, staminodes absent. Ovary trigonous in outline. 

Terminal buds not densely crowded, scales imbricate. Stipules interpetiolar 4. Trigonobalanus 


(based on acorns) 

1. Margin of mature cupules entire, indehiscent (except 4 spp. of Lithocarpus*) 

2. Stigmas punctiform (early acorn development), terminal buds solitary 2. Lithocarpus 

2. Stigmas capitate (early acorn development), terminal buds crowded 3. Quercus 

1. Margin of mature cupules lobed or irregularly lobed at dehiscence 

3. Nut round in outline, cupules dehiscent, with up to 4 irregular lobes, wall of cupule mostly 

with spines 1. Castanopsis 

3. Nut triangular in outline, Cupules broadly saucer-shaped, margin with not less than 7 irregularundulate 

lobes, wall of cupule without spines 4. Trigonobalanus 

* L. enclisacarpus, L. pattaniensis, L. falconeri & L. platycarpus. 


(based on vegetative and field characteristic) 

1. Stipules extrapetiolar. Leaves not changing colour before falling off 

2. Petioles not geniculate. Inner bark with ridges strongly penetrating surface of sapwood 

3. Terminal buds crowded. Leaves mostly with serrate margin 3. Quercus 

3. Terminal buds solitary. Leaves with entire margin 2. Lithocarpus 

2. Petiole geniculate. Inner bark without ridges penetrating surface of sapwood 1. Castanopsis 

1. Stipules interpetiolar. Leaves turning yellowish before falling off 4. Trigonobalanus 

1. CASTANOPSIS* 

(D.Don) Spach, Hist. Nat. Vâg. 2: 185. 1842; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 103. 

1863; Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3: 409. 1880; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 93. 

1889; Schneider, Illust. Handb. Laubh. 1: 159. 1906; Rehder & E.H.Wilson in C.S.Sargent, Pl. 

Wilson 3: 97. 1916; A.Camus, Châtaigniers,Texte.: 243. 1929; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, 

Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1007. 1930; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 7: 384. 1968; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 

7(2): 294. 1972.— Callaeocarpus Miq., Pl. Jungh.: 13. 1851.— Chrysolepis Hjelmq., Bot. 

Not. Suppl. 2, 1: 117. 1948; Forman, Kew Bull. 18, 1966: 425. 

* with T. Jonganurak, Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, 

Bangkok 10900, Thailand.

A SYNOPTIC ACCOUNT OF THE FAGACEAE OF THAILAND (C. PHENGKLAI) 55 

Evergreen trees, rarely shrubs. Branchlets initially densely yellowish brownpubescent. 

Terminal buds ovoid to ellipsoid, scales ovate to linear. Stipules extrapetiolar, 

caducous. Leaves spiral, entire or serrate, rarely lobed, glabrous or sparsely hairy unless 

along nerves on lower surface and then petioles much swollen near base and always 

geniculate. Inflorescences male and female separate or female below and male on the upper 

part in some erect spikes, occasionally mixed, densely stellate pubescent including bracts 

and bracteoles. Male inflorescences simple and axillary or much-branched and subterminal. 

Flowers solitary or in clusters of 3 or more, with one or more small bracts; perianth 

campanulate or cup-shaped, usually 6-lobed, free or minutely connate near base. Stamens 

12, occasionally fewer, glabrous, anthers dorsifixed. Rudimentary ovary subglobose, villous 

or with several villous scales. Female, androgynous or mixed inflorescences solitary in the 

axil or in the upper part of a paniculate cluster with males. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 

three or more, perianth bracts and bracteoles as in male but smaller. Staminodes 10-12. 

Styles 3, occasionally 4, cylindrical, hairy at the base; stigmas terminal and punctiform. 

Ripe cupule completely enclosing the one to four nuts, often dehiscent, covered by whorls 

of simple or branched spines or tubercles, or with entire rings when it is distinctly oblique. 

Fruits ovoid or rounded with the adjoining sides flattened; scar present. 

A genus of about 120 species, widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical 

parts of South Asia, almost to Australia, and with a divergent distribution in the South- 

Western United States of America; 33 species are indigenous to Thailand. 

KEY TO THE SPECIES 

(based on vegetative characters and acorns) 

1. Cupules covered with thin imbricate scales on outer part or smooth. Nuts simple, ovoid or occasionally 

depressed 

2. Cupules smooth, without scales, only 3–4 undulate lines on outer part, cupule enclosing nut 

completely except for the apical umbo. Acorns pyriform. Nuts ovoid 24. C. piriformis 

2. Cupules with thin imbricate scales, lamellate 

3. Leaves serrate 

4. Scales acute and erect at apex. Cupules enclosing up to half of the nut 

5. Fruit rachis up to 10 cm long. Petioles usually with one gland on the upper side 

13. C. fissa 

5. Fruit rachis not less than 15 cm long. Petioles without gland 6. C. calathiformis 

4. Scales truncate at apex. Cupules enclosing three-quarters of the nut 

6. Scar at base of nut flat. Leaves glabrous 7. C. cerebrina 

6. Scar at base of nut curved. Leaves tomentose on lower surface, glabrescent 

30. C. siamensis 

3. Leaves entire. Cupules enclosing nut completely except the apical umbo, skin of mature acorn 

with only 4–5 undulate lines 19. C. lanceifolia 

1. Cupules covered with spines or tubercles. Nuts solitary or up to 4, ovoid or flattened to one 

longitudinal side, occasionally depressed 

7. Cupules with branched or branched and simple spines 

8. Cupules with both branched and simple spines, spines hairy, glabrescent 

9. Nut solitary in each cupule 

10. Nuts curved to one side, apex and base close together, but globose in outline 

11. C. echidnocarpa 

10. Nuts ovoid, regular 3. C. argyrophylla 

9. Nuts (1–)2–4 in each cupule 

11. Cupule densely covered with brittle, straight and hairy spines. Cupule more or less 

indehiscent when dry 16. C. hystrix

56 


11. Cupule sparsely covered with woody, curved and glabrous spines. Cupule dehiscent into 

(3–)4 parts when dry 29. C. schefferiana 

8. Cupules with branched spines only 

12. Spines partially covering the skin of the cupule 

13.Cupules to 2.5 cm in diam. (including spines), spines sparsely hairy 

14. Nut urceolate. Cupule with 1–3 nuts, dehiscing into 3–5 parts. Leaf lower surface 

covered with dense, short, simple hairs 31. C. thaiensis 

14. Nut ovoid. Cupule with 1 nut, indehiscent. Leaves sparsely hairy and glabrescent 

or lower surface possessing dense, short, simple hairs. 

15.Leaf lower surface possessing dense, short hairs, not glabrescent 14. C. fordii 

15.Leaf lower surface possessing sparse, short hairs, glabrescent 

16. Spines erect, squarrose, with 3–5 branches. Cupules equal in dimensions. 

Leaves serrate on upper-half 25. C. pseudo-hystrix 

16. Spines always 2–3 branched, reclinate from the base. Cupules always 

with an unequal side when young. Leaves entire 22. C. nephelioides 

13. Cupules not less than 4 cm in diam. (including spines), spines densely hairy 

17. Cupules entire, inner part with soft, silky white hairs. Fruit stalk 2–5 mm long 

26. C. purpurea 

17. Cupules usually 2-lobed, inner part sparsely hairy. Fruit stalk sessile 23. C. pierrei 

12. Spines entirely covered the skin of cupules 

18. Spines strongly squarrose, with 3–7 branches 33. C. wallichii 

18. Spines erect, pointed 

19. Nuts up to 2.5 by 1.5 cm. Petiole up to 1.5 cm long 2. C. argentea 

19. Nuts not less than 4 by 2.5 cm. Petiole not less than 1.5 cm. long 

21. C. megacarpa 

7. Cupules with simple spines only 

20. Spines curved, not dense, the cupule skin easily visible 

21. Spines irregularly arranged on the skin of the cupule 

22. Spines straight at base, towards apex recurved away from the cupule. Cupules always 

dehiscent. Nuts ovoid, glabrous. Leaves serrate on the upper half 

1. C. acuminatissima 

22. Spines straight at base, towards apex curved inward towards the cupule. Cupules 

rarely dehiscent. Nuts depressed at base, silvery hairy. Leaves entire 

8. C. costata 

21. Spines regularly arranged in crossed or twisted lines on the skin of the cupule 

23. Cupules globular, spines arranged in crossed lines. Leaves obovate or oblong 

18. C. inermis 

23. Cupules ellipsoid, rarely ovoid, spines arranged in twisted lines. Leaves lanceolate or 

oblong 32. C. tribuloides 

20. Spines straight, dense and completely covering the skin of the cupule 

24. Cupules (including spines) not less than 4 cm in diam. (usually 4.5–6.5 cm) 

25. Cupules in clusters of 2–3 on the rachis 

26. Nuts solitary in each cupule, scar more than half the length of the nut and fused 

with the cupule skin 4. C. armata 

26. Nuts (1–)2-4 in each cupule, scar only on the base of nut and only partially fused 

with cupule ski 28. C. rockii 

25. Cupules solitary 

27. Nuts ovoid or globose, with orbicular indumentum around the umbo 

10. C. diversifolia 

27. Nuts flattened on one longitudinal side, with stellate indumentum around the 

umbo 20. C. malaccensis 

24. Cupules (including spines) not exceeding 4 cm. in diam. (usually 2.5–4 cm) 

28. Nuts broader than long, depressed at both apex and base 

29. Nuts solitary, cupule completely enclosing the nut. Leaves shortly cuspidate at apex, slightly 

cuneate at base 15. C. javanica


29. Nuts (2–)3 per cupule, the latter enclosing two-thirds to three-quarters of the nut. Leaves 

obtuse at base and apex 5. C. brevispinula 

28. Nuts longer than broad 

30. Leaves oblong, elliptic, ovate or obovate. 

31. Leaves serrate. Nuts conical or ovoid, usually curved to one longitudinal side. Cupules 

usually in cluster 2-3 17. C. indica 

31. Leaves entire. Nuts globular or conical, slightly flattened on adaxial side. Cupules always 

solitary 27. C. rhamnifolia 

30. Leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, rarely elliptic or ovate 

32. Adaxial side of young cupules with one glabrous, narrow stripe from apex to the base 

9. C. crassifolia 

32. Adaxial and the opposite sides of young cupules with irregularly diffuse hairs throughout 

12. C. ferox 

1. Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC, J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863; Hickel & A.Camus in 

H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1012. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 162. 1940; Barnett, 

Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 307. 1972; 

Soepadmo, Julia & Go, Fl. Sabah, 3: 7. 2000.— Castanea acuminatissima Blume, Mus. Bot. 

1: 283. 1850.— C. sessilifolia Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 284. 1850.— Quercus lineata Miq. (non 

Blume), Pl. Jungh. 1: 10. 1851.— Q. junghuhnii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 853. 1856; Craib, 

Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 471; Craib, Con. Fl. Siam, Aberd. Univ.: 199. 1912.— Q. 

fargiformis Jungh., Bonplandia (Hannover) 6: 83.1858.—Q. acuminatissima (Blume) A.DC. 

in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 102. 1864; Backer & Bakh.f.; Fl. Java 2: 6. 1965.— Pasania 

acuminatissima (A.DC) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 

1866: 83. 1866; Ridley. Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 386. 1924.— Synaedrys fargiformis (Jungh.) 

Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 187. 1916.— Castanopsis bejaudii A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. 

Hist. Nat., II, 13: 479. 1942. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Tak, Phitsanulok; NORTHEASTERN: 

Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi; CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok; SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi. PENINSULAR: 

Yala. 

Distribution.— India, Myanma, Indo-China, Malaysia, Indonesia (type), Taiwan, 

Japan, New Guinea. 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, lower montane forest, and mixed deciduous 

forest, on granite and limestone bedrock. 

Vernacular.— Ko dueai (°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬), ko nam (°àÕÀπ“¡), ko laem (°àÕ·À≈¡) (Northern); ko it 

( °àÕÕ‘¥), ko mad (°àÕÀ¡—¥), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), (North-eastern); ko kin nuai (°àÕ°‘πÀπà«¬) (Eastern). 

U s e s.— Nuts edible, a pioneer species suitable for forest rehabilitation. 

2. Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC., J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 2: 4. 

1965; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 179. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 

34: 336. 1944; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 311. 1972.— Fagus argentea Blume, Flora 7:

58 


1 2 3 

4 5 6 

7 8 9 

10 11 12 

Figure 1. Various fruits of the genus Castanopsis: 1) °àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬ Castanopsis acuminatissima; 2) °àÕ¢“« C. 

argentea; 3) °àÕÀ¬ÿ¡ C. argyrophylla; 4) °àÕÀ√— Ëß C. armata; 5) °àÕ°—π C. brevispinula; 6) °àÕÀ¡Ÿ¥Õ¬ 

C. calathiformis; 7) °àÕµ“À¡Ÿ C. cerebrina; 8) °àÕ√‘ È« C. costata; 9) °àÕ·Àâß C. crassifolia; 10) °àÕ·ªÑπ 

C. diversifolia; 11) °àÕ·ªÑπ C. echidnocarpa; 12) °àÕ·À≈¡ C. ferox.


13 14 15 

16 17 18 

19 20 21 

22 23 24 

Figure 2. Various fruits and flowers of the genus Castanopsis: 13) °àÕµ“À¡Ÿ Castanopsis fissa; 14) °àÕπà“π 

female flower of C. fordii; 15) °àÕÀ¡Ÿ C. javanica; 16) °àÕ·¥ß C. hystrix; 17) °àÕ≈‘ Ë¡ C. indica; 18) 

°àÕ¢â“« C. inermis; 19) °àÕ‡¥’ Ë¬« C. lanceifolia; 20) °àÕ¥“π C. malaccensis; 21) °àÕ‡¡àπ C. megacarpa; 

22) °àÕÀ¡Ÿ C. nephelioides; 23) °àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ C. pierrei; 24) °àÕÀ‘π C. piriformis.

60 


25 26 27 

28 29 30 

31 32 33 

Figure 3. Various fruits of the genus Castanopsis: 25) °àÕ·¥ß Castanopsis pseudo-hystrix; 26) °àÕ¥“π C. 

purpurea; 27) °àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ C. rhamnifolia; 28) °àÕ√Õ§ C. rockii; 29) °àÕ‡¢’ È¬«À¡Ÿ C. schefferiana; 31) 

°àÕ‰∑¬ C. thaiensis; 32) °àÕ„∫‡≈◊ËÕ¡ 

C. tribuloides; 33) °àÕ∫â“π C. wallichii. 

291. 1824.— Castanea argentea (Blume) Blume, Bijdr.: 525. 1826; Blume, Fl. Javae Cupul.: 

40, t. 21. 1829; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 479. 1877.— C. martabanica Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 

2: 5., t. 107. 1830; Wall. ex Hook.f. in Fl. Brit. India 5: 621. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. 

(Calcutta) 2: 98, t. 89. 1889. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Tak; NORTHEASTERN: 

Phetchabun; PENINSULAR: Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat. 

Distribution.— Myanma, Malaysia, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Hill evergreen forest, pine-dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous forest, 

savannah, alt. 50–1680 m. (usually 900–1100 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually March– 

April), fruiting Feb.–Nov. (usually May–July). 

Vernacular.—Ko paen (°àÕ·ªÑπ) (Northern); ko rang (°àÕ√— Èß) (North-eastern); ko khao


(°àÕ¢“«); ko krang (°àÕ°√—ß), ko paen (°àÕ·ªÑπ), ko khao (°àÕ‡¢“) (Peninsular). 

Uses.— Nuts edible. 

3. Castanopsis argyrophylla King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 622. 1888; Craib, Bull. Misc. 

Inform. Kew 1911: 473. 1911; Craib, Con. Fl. Siam., Aberd. Univ.: 202. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus 

in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1014. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 170. 1940; Barnett, 

Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 236. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 497. 1968; 

C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China, 4: 324. 1999.— 

Castanea tribuloides (non Lindl.) Smith var. ferox Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 481. 1877. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lamphun, Lampang, Tak, 

Sukhothai; NORTHEASTERN: Loei, Mukdahan; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi; PENINSULAR: Trang. 

Distribution.— China, India, Myanma (type), Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower montane evergreen forest, dry evergreen forest, oak-pine forest, 

alt. 350–1300 m. (usually 500–900 m). Flowering Feb.–Nov. (usually June–July), fruiting 

March–Dec. (usually Aug.–Nov.). 

Vernacular.— Ko yum (°àÕÀ¬ÿ¡), ko hua lok (°àÕÀ—«≈Õ°), ko ti (°àÕµ’), ko nam bai lek 

(°àÕÀπ“¡„∫‡≈Á°), ko kang dang (°àÕ°â“ß¥â“ß), ko ta mu luang (°àÕµ“À¡ŸÀ≈«ß) (Northern). 

4. Castanopsis armata (Roxb.) Spach., Hist. Nat. Vég. 11: 185. 1842; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. 

Lugduno-Batavi 1: 119. 1863; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 622. 1888; Paulsen, Fl. Koh 

Chang, 24.3: 255. 1902; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1031. 1930; 

Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 175. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 366. 

1944.— Quercus armata Roxb. (non D.Don), Pl. Coromandel 3: 92, t. 296. 1819; Roxb., Fl. 

Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 640. 1832; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 640. 1888.— Castanopsis 

tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. var. armata (Roxb.) Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 481. 1877. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Phrae, Tak; 

NORTHEASTERN: Loei; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; PENINSULAR: Trang. 

Distribution.— India, Nepal, Myanma (type) 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, lowland evergreen forest, pine-mixed deciduous 

forest, oak-pine forest, alt. 100–1850 m. (usually 800–1100 m. Flowering Jan.–Sept. (usually 

Feb.–April), fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually March–July). 

Vernacular.— Ko rang (°àÕÀ√— Ëß), ko ti bai lueam (°àÕµ’ Ë„∫‡≈◊ËÕ¡), 

ko nam (°àÕπÈ”), ko soi 

(°àÕ √âÕ¬), ko paen (°àÕ·ªÑπ), mamun (¡–¡Ÿπ) (Northern); ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π) (Northeastern); ko khao 

(°àÕ¢â“«), ko lang khao (°àÕÀ≈—ß¢“«) (Peninsular). 


5. Castanopsis brevispinula Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 395. 1922; Hickel 

& A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1015. 1930. Fig. 4.

62 


Figure 4. Castanopsis brevispinula Hickel & A. Camus: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences (Suvanasudhi 

112), A-1 parts of female inflorescence, A-2 bud, A-3 ovary; B. male flower, B-1 part of male 

flower; C. parts of infructescence, C-1 acorn, C-2 nut.


Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Tak; NORTHEASTERN: Loei; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi. 

Distribution.— Laos (type). 

Ecology.— Lower montane evergreen forest, oak-pine forest, alt. 650–1600 m. 

(usually 1000–1400 m). Flowering March–June, fruiting March–Nov. 

Vernacular.— Ko kan (°àÕ°—π) (Northern). 

6. Castanopsis calathiformis (Skan) Rehder & Wilson in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wilson 3: 204. 

1916; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 191a. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 

34: 336. 1944; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 320. 

1999.— Quercus calathiformis Skan, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 508. 1899.— Synaedrys 

calathiformis (Skan) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 188. 1916.— Pasania calathiformis 

(Skan) Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 408. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in 

H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1004. 1930.— Lithocarpus calathiformis (Skan) A.Camus, 

Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Lampang. 

Distribution.— China (Yunnan, type), Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— In moist upper mixed deciduous forest, hill evergreen forest, to lower 

and upper montane forests, on granite bedrock, alt. 700–2000 m. (usually 1800–2000 m). 

Flowering Jan.–May (usually April–May), fruiting April–Dec. (usually July–Oct.). 

Vernacular.— Ko mu doi (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ¥Õ¬), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), ko nam (°àÕπÈ”), ko ta mu 

(°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ) (Northern). 

Uses.— Nuts edible 

7. Castanopsis cerebrina (Hickel & A.Camus) Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 405. 1940; 

Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 183. 1944.— Pasania cerebrina Hickel & 

A.Camus, Ann. Nat. Bot. 3: 408. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 

1004. 1930.— Lithocarpus cerebinus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. 

Trop. 15: 25. 1935. Fig. 5. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang. 

Distribution.— Vietnam (type). 

Ecology.— On ridge of hill evergreen forest and mixed deciduous forest, alt. 900– 

1800 m. (usually 900–1500 m) Flowering March–June (usually March–April), fruiting 

March–Dec. (usually March–April). 

Vernacular.— Ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ) (Northern). 

8. Castanopsis costata (Blume) A.DC., J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 

16(2): 110. 1864; Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 456. 1915; Ridley, Fl. 

Malay Penins. 3: 390. 1924; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 168. 1940; Barnett, Trans. &

64 


Figure 5. Castanopsis cerebrina (Hickel & A. Camus) Barnett: A. twig, leaves and female inflorescences 

(Smitinand 1781), A-1 bud; B. male inflorescences (Maxwell 96-582), B-1 male flower; C. 

infructescence (Maxwell 97-1455), C-1 acorn, C-2 nut (germinating).


Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944. Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 312. 1972; Soepadmo, Julia 

& Go, Fl. Sabah, 3: 12. 2000.— Castanea costata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 284. 1851.— C. 

brevicuspis Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 866. 1856.— C. costa Blume var. bancana Scheff., 

Natuurw. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië31: 362. 1870; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 168. 1940. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Phatthalung, Trang. 

Distribution.— Malaysia, Indonesia (type), 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, lower montane forest, by stream, on granite 

and limestone bedrock, alt. 75–1700 m. (usually 200–300 m). Flowering Feb.–June, fruiting 

April–Oct. 

Vernacular.— Ko (°àÕ), ko rio (°àÕ√‘ È«), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ) (Peninsular). 


9. Castanopsis crassifolia Hickel & A.Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 4: 122. 1928; Hickel & 

A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1027. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 437. 

1940; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 332. 1999. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan; NORTHEASTERN: Loei. 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: 

Ranong, Krabi, Pattani. 

Distribution.— China, Vietnam (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, oak-pine forest, lower montane evergreen 

forest, often by streams alt. 200–1600 m (usually 1050–1300 m). Flowering Jan.–Nov. (usually 

July–Dec.), fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually March–Aug.). 

Vernacular.— Ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko laem (°àÕ·À≈¡), ko nam laem (°àÕÀπ“¡·À≈¡), ko nam 

(°àÕÀπ“¡) (Northern); ko (°àÕ), ko khao (°àÕ¢â“«), ko haeng (°àÕ·Àâß) (North-eastern); ko dueai 

(°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬) (South-eastern); ko rio (°àÕ√‘ È«), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ) (Peninsular). 


10. Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 620. 1888; King, Ann. 

Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 96, t. 85a. 1889; Craib, Bull Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 473. 1911; 

Craib, Con. Fl. Siam. Aber. Univ.: 202. 1912; Brandis, Indian Trees: 634. 1921; Hickel & 


1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 366. 1944.— Castanea diversifolia 

Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, 44(2): 198. 1875; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 479. 1877. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hongson, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang, 

Tak; CENTRAL: Lop Buri. 

Distribution.— Myanma (type), Laos 

Ecology.— Lower and upper montane evergreen forests, scrub vegetation, mixed 

deciduous forest, on granite bedrock, alt. 700–2200 m (usually 1000–1500 m.) Flowering 

Feb.–Nov. (usually Feb.–Aug.).

66 


Vernacular.— Ko paen (°àÕ·ªÑπ), ko rang (°àÕÀ√— Ëß), ko (°àÕ), kao kwang (°«â“«°«“ß), ko ti 

(°àÕµ’), ma ko (¡–°àÕ), ko nam (°àÕÀπ“¡) (Northeastern). 


11. Castanopsis echidnocarpa Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 119. 1863; A.DC., J. 

Bot. 1: 182. 1864; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 112. 1864; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & 

B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China, 4: 330. 1999.— Castanea echidnocarpa 

Hook.f. & Thomson ex A.DC., in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 112. 1864.— Castanopsis 

tribuloides (Smith.) A.DC. var. echidnocarpa (A.DC.) King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 623. 

1888; Brandis, Indian Trees, ed 3: 635. 1906. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan, Lampang, Lamphun; NORTHEASTERN: 

Loei; EASTERN: Si Sa Ket; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Surat 

Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Satun, Songkhla. 

Distribution.— Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (Khasi, type), Nepal, Myanma, China. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, oak-pine forest, dry evergreen forest, mixed 

deciduous and deciduous dipterocarp forest, often by streams, alt. 50–1600 m (ususally 

700–1200 m). Flowering April–Jan. (usually April–Sept.), fruiting March–Dec. (usually Aug.– 

Oct.). 

Vernacular.— Ko paen (°àÕ·ªÑπ), ko dueai (°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬), ko kaeo (°àÕ·°â«) (Northern); ko 

khao (°àÕ¢â“«) (Northeastern); ko khao (°àÕ¢“«), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko nam (°àÕÀπ“¡) (Peninsular). 

Uses.— Nuts edible (often mixed with C. tribuloides nuts). 

12. Castanopsis ferox (Roxb.) Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 11: 185. 1842; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & 

B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 327. 1999.—Quercus ferox Roxb., Fl. Ind. 

ed. 1832, 3: 638. 1832. Fig. 6. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Phrae; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi. 

Distribution.— India, Bangladesh, Myanma (type), Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, alt. 820–1650 m (usually 1200–1400 m). Flowering 

March–Dec. (usually Dec.), fruiting Feb.–Dec. (frequently Dec.). 

Vernacular.— Ko laem (°àÕ·À≈¡), ko dueai (°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬), ma ko mu (¡–°àÕÀ¡Ÿ). 

13. Castanopsis fissa (Champ. ex Benth) Rehder & E.H.Wilson in C.S. Sargent, Pl. Wilson 

3: 203. 1916; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 191d. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. 

Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. 

China, 4: 320. 1999.— Quercus fissa Champ. ex Benth., Hook., J. Bot. 6: 114. 1854; A.DC., in 

A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 104. 1864.— Pasania fissa (Champ. ex Benth.) Oerst., Vidensk. 

Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 76. 1866; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, 

Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1005. 1930.— Castanea regia Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., IV, 18: 231. 

1862.— Synaedrys fissa (Champ. ex Benth.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo), 30: 187. 1916.—


Figure 6. Castanopsis ferox (Roxb.) Spach: A. twig, leaves and male inflorescences; A-1 male flower 

cluster, A-2 male flower, A-3 sepal and stamens; B. infructescence (van Beusekom & Phengklai 

2343), B-1 young acorn, B-2 spines, B-3 insertion of spines, B-4 nut.

68 


Proc. Lithocarpus fissus (Champ. ex Benth.) A.Camus, Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 15: 24. 

1935. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang. 

Distribution.— China (Hong Kong, type), Myanma. 

Ecology.— Lower montane evergreen forest, alt. 1200–1300 m. Flowering Feb.– 

April, fruiting Nov. –Jan. 

Vernacular.— Ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ) (Northern). 

14. Castanopsis fordii Hance, J. Bot. 22: 230. 1884; Skan, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.. 26: 523. 1884; 

Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 440. 1940; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & 

P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 323. 1999. Fig. 7. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Nan. 

Distribution.— China (Kwangtung, type). 

Ecology.— Evergreen forest, alt. 900 m. Flowering July. 

Vernacular.— Ko nan (°àÕπà“π) (Northern). 

15. Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC., J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, 

Prodr. 16(2): 111. 1864; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 602. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. 

(Calcutta) 2: 97, t. 88. 1889; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 424. 1940; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 

2: 4. 1965; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 306. 1972.— Fagus javanica Blume, Flora 7: 295. 

1824.— Castanea javanica Blume, Bijdr.: 525. 1826.— C. montana Blume, Bijdr.: 526. 

1826.— Quercus discocarpa Hance, J. Bot. 12: 242. 1874; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 

616. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 302. 1940.— Pasania discocarpa (Hance) Gamble, J. 

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 447. 1915.— Synaedrys discocarpa (Hance) Koidz, 

Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 186. 1916. Fig. 8. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Nakhon Si 

Thammarat. 

Distribution.— Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. ca. 100 m. Flowering Jan., fruiting 

Nov.–Jan. 

Vernacular.— Ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ) (Peninsular). 


16. Castanopsis hystrix A.DC., J. Bot. 1: 128. 1863; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 

111. 1864; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 620. 1888; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. 

Indo-Chine 5: 1025. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 416. 1940.— Castanea hystrix 

Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 119. 1863.— Quercus 

rufescens Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Brit. India 5: 620. 1888. Fig. 9.


Figure 7. Castanopsis fordii Hance: A. twig, leaves and female inflorescences (Larsen et al. 43548), 

A-1 female flower.

70 


Figure 8. Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A. DC.: A. twig, leaves and female inflorescence (Abbe 9743), 

A-1 base of leaf, A-2 bud, A-3 female flower, A-4 ovary, A-5 cross section of ovary; B. male 

flower cluster, B-1 male flower; C. acorn with cupule partially removed (Santisuk s.n.), C-1. 

spines.


Figure 9. Castanopsis hystrix (Hook.f. & Thoms. ex Miq.) A. DC.: A. twig and leaves; B. male inflorescences 

(Mazzetti 309), B-1 male flower; C. part of infructescence (Thomson s.n.), C-1 spines, C-2 nut.

72 


Distribution.— India (type), Myanma, Laos, Vietnam, China, Taiwan. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest. 

Vernacular.— Ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß) (Northern). 

17. Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A.DC., J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, 

Prodr. 16(2): 109. 1864; King ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 5: 620. 1888; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. 

Kew 1911: 473. 1911; Craib, Cont. Fl. Siam, Aber. Univ.: 202. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus in 

H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1027. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 159. 1940; Barnett, 


C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 323. 1999.— 

Castanea indica Roxb. ex Lindl. In N.Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 5. 1830; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: 643. 

1832; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 478. 1877.— Quercus indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Drake, J. Bot. 

(Morot): 153. 1890. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang, Phitsanulok; 

NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum. 

Distribution.— India, Nepal (type), Myanma, China, Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, deciduous dipterocarp forest, moist upper mixed 

deciduous forest, opened grassland; alt. 500–2000 m. (usually 500–900 m). Flowering Feb.– 

Dec. (usually Feb.–May), fruiting Feb.–Dec. (usually May–July), usually producing flowers 

and fruits at the same time. 

Vernacular.— Ko lim (°àÕ≈‘ Ë¡), ko rang (°àÕÀ√— Ëß), ko yum (°àÕÀ¬ÿ¡), ko nam (°àÕÀπ“¡), ko 

paen (°àÕ·ªÑπ) (Northeastern); ko khao (°àÕ¢â“«), ko ti (°àÕµ’), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß) (Northeastern). 


18. Castanopsis inermis (Lindl.) Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3: 409. 1880; A.Camus, 

Châtaigniers, Texte: 447; Atlas: t. 63. 1929; Corner, Wayside Trees: 292, f. 93, pl. 219. 1940; 


1944; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 315. 1972.— Castanea inermis Lindl. in N.Wallich, Pl. 

Asiat. Rar. 2: 6. 1831; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 116. 1864.— C. glomerata 

Blume (non Roxb.), Mus. Bot. 1: 283. 1850.— Callaeocarpus sumatrana Miq., Pl. Jungh.: 

14. 1851; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 868. 1856.— Castanopsis sumatrana (Miq.) Oerst., Skr. 

Vidensk-Selsk. Christiana, Math.-Naturvidensk. Kl. 5(9): 378. 1873; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 623. 1888; Brandis, Indian Trees.: 635. 1921; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 390. 1924. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan; NORTHEASTERN: Nakhon Phanom; 

EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima; PENINSULAR: Surat Thani, Krabi, Phatthalung, Trang, 

Songkhla, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Myanma, Malaysia, Singapore (type), Indonesia, Philippines. 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, often by streams, on limestone and 

granite bedrock, alt. 80–200 m (ususally 80–100 m). Flowering Jan.–Nov. (usually Jan.– 

March), fruiting June–Dec. (ususally June–Aug.).


Vernacular.— Ko duei (°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬) (Northeastern); ko herm (°àÕ‡À‘¡) (Northeastern); ko 

mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko khao (°àÕ¢â“«), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ), ko nam (°àÕÀπ“¡) (Peninsular). 


19. Castanopsis lanceifolia (Oerst.) Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 394. 1922; 

Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1012. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 

190. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944.— Quercus lanceifolia 

Roxb. (non Schltdl. & Cham.), Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 634. 1832; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India. 

5: 616. 1888; Paulsen, Fl. Koh Chang: 255. 1902; Brandis, Indian Trees: 632. 1921.— Pasania 

lanceifolia Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 84. 1866;— 

Castanea lanceaefolia (Oerst.) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, App. A: cxxvii. 1875; Forest 

Fl. Burma 2: 482. 1877.— Synaedrys lanceaefolia Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 186. 1916.— 

Castanopsis roxburghiana S.N.Biswas, Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 11: 189. 1971. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan; SOUTHEASTERN: 

Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: Surat Thani. 

Distribution.— India (Himalaya, type), Bhutan, Myanma. 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen and lower montane forests, alt. 10–800 m. Flowering 

Jan.–Sept., fruiting March–Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ko diao (°àÕ‡¥’ Ë¬«), ko bai laem (°àÕ„∫·À≈¡), ko paen (°àÕ·ªÑπ), ko hin 

(°àÕÀ‘π) (Northern), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ) (Peninsular). 

20. Castanopsis malaccensis Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1913: 178. 1913; Gamble, J. 

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 455. 1915; Ridley, Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 388. 1924; 

A.Camus, Châtaigniers, Texte: 319. 1929; Corner, Wayside. Trees: 293. 1940; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 426. 1940; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 303. 1972. Fig. 10. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Satun. 

Distribution.— Malaysia (type), Singapore, Indonesia. 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest. 

Vernacular.— Ko dan (°àÕ¥“π) (Peninsular). 

21. Castanopsis megacarpa Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 180. 1914; Gamble, J. 

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 462. 1915; Ridley, Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 390. 1924; 

A.Camus, Châtaigniers, Texte: 440; Atlas: t. 61. 1929; Corner, Wayside trees: 293. 1940; 

Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 460. 1940; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 305. 1972.— Castanopsis 

javanica (non A.DC.) Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 620. 1890. Fig. 10. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Satun. 


Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. 300–400 m. Flowering April, 

fruiting Sept.

74 


Figure 10. Castanopsis megacarpa Gamble: A. leaf and inflorescences (Abbe 9734), A-1 bud, A-2 male 

flower cluster, A-3 male flower; B. detached leaf (showing shape variation when compared with 

A), B-1 leaf base; C. acorn (Niyomdham 4825), C-1 spines, C-2 nut.


Vernacular.— Ko men (°àÕ‡¡àπ) (Peninsular). 


22. Castanopsis nephelioides King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 624. 1888; Gamble, J. Asiat. 

Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 464. 1915; A.Camus, Chât: 467, t. 69. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 192. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944; Soepadmo 

in Fl. Males. 7(2): 298. 1972. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lampang; SOUTHEASTERN: 

Trat; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, 

Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Malaysia (type), Singapore. 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, lower montane forest and oak-pine forest, alt. 

50–1600 m (usually 200–800 m). Flowering Jan.–May, fruiting Feb.–Dec. (usually July– 

Sept.). 

Vernacular.— Ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ) (Northern & Peninsular), ko khao (°àÕ¢“«), ma ko khao 

(¡–°àÕ¢â“«) (Peninsular). 


23. Castanopsis pierrei Hance, J. Bot. 13: 369. 1875; Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. 

France 68: 490. 1922; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1031. 1930; Barnett, 

Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 182. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944; 

Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 498. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHEASTERN: Nakhon Phanom; SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi, Trat; 

PENINSULAR: Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Phuket, Trang. 

Distribution.— Cambodia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, pine-oak-dipterocarp forest, moist 

upper mixed deciduous forest, along stream banks; alt. 10–350 m. Flowering Jan.–Dec., 

fruiting April–Dec. (ususally April–June). 

Vernacular.— Ko khao niao (°àÕ¢â“«‡Àπ’¬«) (Northeastern), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), ko mu 

(°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko khao niao (°àÕ¢â“«‡Àπ’¬«), ma ko (¡–°àÕ)(Southeastern). 


24. Castanopsis piriformis Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 395. 1922; 

H.Lecomte, Les Bois de l’ Indochine: t. 2.4. 1926; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo- 

Chine. 5: 1032. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 188. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. 

Soc. Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 500. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHEASTERN: Nakhon Phanom; EASTERN: Ubon Ratchathani; 

SOUTHEASTERN: Prachinburi, Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Songkhla. 

Distribution.— Indochina, Laos (type).

76 


Ecology.— Deciduous dipterocarp-pine forest, dry evergreen forest, on sandstone 

bedrock; alt. 250–950 m. Flowering Sept.–Dec., fruiting May–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko bai lueam (°àÕ„∫‡≈◊ËÕ¡) 

(Northeastern), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ), ko mak 

(°àÕÀ¡“°), ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π) (Eastern); ko kin luk (°àÕ°‘π≈Ÿ°) (Peninsular). 


25. Castanopsis pseudo-hystrix Phengklai, Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 32: 115. 2004. Fig. 11. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Smitinand 90–198, holotype BKF!), Lampang; 

NORTHEASTERN: Loei; SOUTHEASTERN: Rayong. 

Distribution.— Endemic to Thailand. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, pine-oak forest and dry evergreen forest, alt. 

800–1370 m. (usually 1000–1200 m). Flowering March–Dec. (usually March–April), fruiting 

Dec.–Jan. 

Vernacular.— Ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko bai lueam (°àÕ„∫‡≈◊ËÕ¡), 

ko dueai (°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬) 

(Southeastern). 

Uses.— Inner bark locally used to prevent dental caries. 

26. Castanopsis purpurea Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 105. 1938; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 177. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Tak; NORTHEASTERN: 

Nakhon Phanom; EASTERN: Ubon Ratchathani; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Phangnga, Trang 

(Kerr 19011, type), Songkhla. 


Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, lower montane forest, dry evergreen forest, 

mixed deciduous forest, often by stream, alt. 50–1300 m (usually 100–800 m). Flowering 

Feb.–Nov. (usually March–Aug.), fruiting July–Oct. 

Vernacular.— Ko ti (°àÕµ’), ko sai (°àÕ∑√“¬), ko ap (°àÕ·Õ∫) , ko yum (°àÕÀ¬ÿ¡), ko nam 

(°àÕÀπ“¡), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ); ko lim (°àÕ≈‘ Ë¡) (Northern); ko khao (°àÕ‡¢“) (Eastern); ko dan 

(°àÕ¥“π), ko nam (°àÕÀπ“¡), be-ra-ngae-ba-be (‡∫√“·ßâ∫“∫’) (Peninsular). 


27. Castanopsis rhamnifolia (Miq.) A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 113. 1864; King 

ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 624. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 105. 100 B. 

1889; A.Camus, Châtaigniers, Texte: 469; Atlas: t. 69. 1929; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 456. 

1940; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 299. 1972.— Quercus rhamnifolia Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 

1(1): 853. 1856.— Callaeocarpus rhamnifolia (Miq.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 353. 

1861.— Castanea rhamnifolia (Miq.) Oerst., Skr. Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiana, Math.- 

Naturvidensk. Kl. 5(9): 378. 1873.— C. rhamnifolia (Miq.) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. Forest Pegu, 

App. A: cxxvii. 1875; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 481. 1877.— Castanopsis pachycarpa A.Camus, 

Bull. Mus. Hist. Natl. Hist. Nat., II, 6: 92. 1934. Fig. 12.


Figure 11. Castanopsis pseudo-hystrix Phengklai: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences (Smitinand 90-198), 

A-1 leaf; B. terminal bud, B-1 inner and outer part of bract; C. male flower cluster, C-1 male 

flower; D. ovary (Eiadthong BKF 97215); E. young acorn, E-1 mature acorn, E-2 spines; 

F. nut.

78 


Thailand.— NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Si Sa Ket; 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; PENINSULAR: Phangnga, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Myanma, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, pine-oak-dipterocarp forest, alt. 100–800 

m. Flowering March–Oct., fruiting Jan.–July. 

Vernacular.— Ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ) (Southwestern). 

28. Castanopsis rockii A.Camus, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon 8: 88. 1929; Barnett, Trans. 

& Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 188. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 499. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Nan, Uttaradit. 

Distribution.— China, Vietnam (type). 

Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest, lower montane forest, oak-pine forest, alt. 

650–2000 m (usually 1600–2000 m). Flowering Nov.–Dec., fruiting Feb.–March. 

Vernacular.— Ko rok (°àÕ√Õ§) (Northern). 

29. Castanopsis schefferiana Hance, J. Bot. 16: 200. 1878; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. 

(Calcutta) 2: 105, t. 99. 1899; A.Camus, Châtaigniers, Texte: 456. 1929; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 461. 1940; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 310. 1972.— Castanopsis andersonii 

Gamble, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 179. 1914; Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. 

Hist. 75: 458. 1915; A.Camus, Châtaigniers, Texte: 342; Atlas: t. 49. 1929. Fig. 13. 

Thailand.— EASTERN: Ubon Ratchathani; PENINSULAR: Krabi, Songkhla, Yala, 

Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Malaysia, Singapore (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, scrub vegetation, mixed deciduous forest, 

alt. 100–400 m. Flowering Feb.–Dec. (usually Nov.–Dec.), fruiting July–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko khiao mu (°àÕ‡¢’ È¬«À¡Ÿ), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ) (Peninsular), mak ko nam 

(¡—°°àÕÀπ“¡) (Eastern). 

30. Castanopsis siamensis Duanmu, Sci. Silvae Sin. 8: 189. 1963 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Rai. (Rock 1580, type). 


Ecology.— Mixed deciduous and oak-pine forest, alt. 400–1000 m. 

Vernacular.— Ko mae lao (°àÕ·¡à≈“«), ko sa yam (°àÕ ¬“¡) (Northern). 

31. Castanopsis thaiensis Phengklai, Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 32: 117. 2004. Fig. 14.


Figure 12. Castanopsis rhamnifolia (Miq.) A. DC.: A. twig, leaves and male inflorescence (Murata et al. 

T-49632), A-1 male flower; B. infructescence (Phengklai et al. 13476), B-1 longitudinal 

section of female flower, B-2 acorn, B-3 spines, B-4 nut.

80 


Figure 13. Castanopsis schefferiana Hance: A. twig, leaves and inflorescence (Maxwell 85-989), A-1 male 

flower clusters, A-2 bract, A-3 male flower; B. part of infructescence (Maxwell 84-172), B-1 

longitudinal section of young acorn, B-2 spines, B-3 nut.


Figure 14. Castanopsis thaiensis Phengklai: A. twig, leaves and infructescences, B. female inflorescences, 

(Larsen et al. 44319), B-1 female flower, B-2 bud; C-1 & C-2 acorns.

82 


Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan (Larsen 44319, holotype AAU!, isotype 

BKF!). 


Ecology.— Evergreen forest, alt. 800–1000 m. Flowering Nov., fruiting Oct.–Nov. 

Vernacular.— Ko khao kang (°àÕ‡¢“°«“ß), ko thai (°àÕ‰∑¬) (Northern). 

32. Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC., J. Bot. 1: 182. 1863; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, 

Prodr. 16(2): 111. 1864; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 622. 1888; Brandis, Indian Trees: 634. 

1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 1017. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. 

Asia: 172. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 336. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk 

Bot. Ark. 23: 498. 1968; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. 

China 4: 329. 1999.— Quercus tribuloides Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 29: 13. 1819.— Castanea 

tribuloides (Sm.) Lindl. in N.Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2.6: 102. 1831; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 

480. 1877. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun, Lampang, Tak; 

NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Nakhon Rachasima; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi; SOUTHEASTERN: Prachin Buri, Trat. 

Distribution.— India, Nepal (type), Myanma, China, Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, oak-pine forest, deciduous forest on sandstone 

to granite bedrocks, alt. 600–1700 m (usually 1000–1300 m). Flowering Jan.–Nov. (usually 

May–June), fruiting March–Nov. (usually June–Sept.). 

Vernacular.— Ko khao (°àÕ¢â“«), ko dueai (°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬), ko laem (°àÕ·À≈¡), ko bai lueam 

(°àÕ„∫‡≈◊ËÕ¡), 

ko nam (°àÕÀπ“¡), ko duk (°àÕ¥Ÿ°) (Northern), ko nuat maew (°àÕÀπ«¥·¡«), ko laem 

(°àÕ·À≈¡), ko haeng (°àÕ·Àâß) (Northeastern). 

Uses.— Nuts edible, a pioneer species suitable for forest rehabilitation. 

33. Castanopsis wallichii King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 624. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. 

Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 106, t. 101A. 1889; Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 464. 

1915; Ridley, Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 391. 1924; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 463. 1940; Corner, 

Wayside Trees: 293. 1940; Soepadmo in Fl. Males. 7(2): 300. 1972. Fig. 15. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Nakhon Si 

Thamarat, Trang, Songkhla. 


Ecology.— Tropical evergreen forest, often by streams, alt. 10–100 m. Flowering 

Jan.–Nov. (usually July–Sept.), fruiting Jan.–Aug. (usually Jan.). 

Vernacular.— Ko ban (°àÕ∫â“π), ko kin luk (°àÕ°‘π≈Ÿ°), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko lung khao 

(°àÕÀ≈—ß¢“«), ko yi (°àÕ¬’) (Peninsular).


Figure 15. Castanopsis wallichii King ex Hook.f.: A. twig; B. male inflorescence (Phusomsaeng 454), 

B-1 male flower; C. part of female inflorescence (Thavon s.n.); D. part of infructescence 

(Soejarto et al. 5978), D-1 spines, D-2 nut.

84 


2. LITHOCARPUS* 

Blume, Bijdr.: 526. 1826; Blume, Fl. Javae 13–14: 34. 1829; Oudem, Nat. Verh. Kon. Akad. 2: 

19. 1856; Rehder & E.H.Wilson in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wilson 3: 205. 1917; Barnett, Trans. & 

Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 33: 332. 1942; A. Camus, Chänes, Texte 3: 511. 1954; Soepadmo, 

Reinwardtia 8: 197. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 318. 1972.— Synaedrys Lindl., Intr. 

Nat. Syst. Bot., ed. 2: 441. 1836; Hance in Hook., J. Bot. 1: 175. 1849; Koidz., Bot. Mag. 

(Tokyo) 30: 186. 1916.— Arcaula Raf., Alsogr. Amer.: 30. 1838.— Balanaulax Raf., Alsogr. 

Amer.: 28. 1838.— Cyclobalanus (Endl.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. 

Kjøbenhavn 1866: 80. 1866.— Pasania (Miq.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. 

Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 81. 1866; Prantl in H.G.A.Engl. & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflazenfam. 

3(1): 55. 1888; Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 411. 1915; Hickel & 

A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 386. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus, in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo- 

Chine 5: 962. 1930; Schwarz, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem (Append.) 13: 6. 1936. 

Evergreen trees, rarely shrubs. Branchlets initially densely yellowish brownpubesscent 

to tomentose. Terminal buds ovoid to ellipsoid, bracts spirally imbricate. Stipules 

extrapetiolar, mostly caducous. Leaves spiral, rarely serrate, glabrous. Petiole evenly thick, 

not geniculate. Inflorescences male and female separate or the female flowers below and the 

male flowers on the upper part of some erect spikes, occasionally mixed, including bracts 

and bracteoles variously densely hairy. Male simple or much-branched in the axil and 

subterminal. Flowers solitary or in clusters of three or more, with one or more small bracts; 

perianth campanulate or cup-shaped, usually 6-lobed, united for at least half of their length. 

Stamens 12, occasionally fewer or more, glabrous, anthers dorsifixed. Rudimentary ovary 

subglobose, villous. Female, androgynous or mixed solitary in the axil or on the lower part 

of the paniculate cluster. Flowers solitary or in cluster of three, bracts and bracteoles as in 

male; perianth as in male but smaller. Staminodes 10–12; styles 3(–4), cylindrical erect or 

spreading, free or connate at base, densely tomentose at base, stigma punctiform terminal. 

Ovary cells as many as styles. Cupules free or in dichasial clusters of 3–7 along the rachis, 

cup or saucer-shaped to almost globular, variously lamellate squamose, tuberculate or 

muricate, indehiscent (except L. blumeanus, L. encleisacarpus, L. macphailii, L. maingayi, 

and L. pattaniensis which are occasionally dehiscent). Fruits ovoid, globose or turbinate, 

partly or completely enclosed by a cupule from which it is free; scar present. 

A genus of about 300 species widely distributed throughout the subtropics and 

tropics of South-East Asia almost to Australia. A single species is found in the South- 

Western United States of America. Of the 300 species, 56 species, 1 subspecies and 1 

variety are indigenous to Thailand. 

* with Th. Wongprasert, Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, 

Bangkok 10900, Thailand.




(based on vegetative characters and acorns) 

1. Outer surface of cupules with annular or lamellate markings or markings lacking 

2. Cupules without lamellae, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, enclosing nearly all of the nut, more or 

less dehiscent when mature 

3. Cupules urn- or top-shaped (turbinate), weakly dehiscent from the apex, cupule surface distinctly 

undulate with vertical and horizontal filiform lines 

4. Cupule urn-shaped, enclosing nut completely and extending beyond it at the apex 

5. Cupule base broadly conical, much broader than apex, skin distinct with many vertical 

filiform lines or without. Nut conical 5. L. blumeanus 

5. Cupule base obconic, much narrow than apex, surface distinct with 3-4 horizontal 

filiform lines. Nut obconical 33. L. maingayi 

4. Cupule top-shaped, enclosing 4/5 of nut, surface with 2–6 distinct horizontal, filiform 

lines 30. L. macphailii 

3. Cupules top-shaped, readily dehiscent into irregular parts from the top, surface with 2–5 

filiform, undulate, horizontal lines 

6. Cupules with 2 or 3 such lines 18. L. encleisacarpus 

6. Cupules with 4 or 5 such lines 36. L. pattaniensis 

2. Cupules with distinct lamellae, coriaceous, enclosing a variable amount of the nut, indehiscent 

7. Cupule enclosing not less than 1/2 of the nut 

8. Cupule enclosing about 1/2 of the nut 

9. Nuts ovoid to conical at apex, scar shallowly concave or flattened 24. L. gracilis 

9. Nuts subhemispheric or depressed at apex, scar deeply concave 8. L. clementianus 

8. Cupule enclosing not less than 3/4 of the nut 

10. Cupules obconic, enclosing nut almost completely except around the umbonate apex 

11. Nut longer than broad, ca. 1 by 0.7 cm 26. L. hendersonianus 

11. Nut shorter than broad, 1–2.7 by 2–3 cm 32. L. magnificus 

10. Cupules saucer-shaped, enclosing ca. 3/4 of the nut 1. L. aggregatus 

7. Cupule enclosing not more than 1/4 of the nut 

12. Nuts hemispheric or depressed on both sides 

13. Cupule enclosing 1/5 to 1/4 of the nut 38. L. platycarpus 

13. Cupule enclosed only the base of the nut 

14. Acorns sessile. Scar deeply concave 15. L. eichleri 

14. Acorns with stalk up to 0.5 cm long. Scar slightly concave 6. L. cantleyanus 

12. Nuts conical to broadly ovoid, or with a dome-shaped apex 

15. Cupule enclosing only the base of the nut 

16. Acorns sessile. Leaves oblanceolate 29. L. lucidus 

16. Acorns with fruit-stalk up to 0.5 cm long. Leaves oblong 42. L. reinwardtii 

15. Cupule enclosing ca. 1/4 of the nut 

17. Nut with one horizontal ring around equator. Leaves ensiform to linearlanceolate 

28. L. loratefolius 

17. Nut without horizontal ring. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or narrowly elliptical 

18. Nut ovoid or conical. Cupules cup or saucer-shaped. Leaves ovate or 

ovate-oblong, apex caudate 3. L. bancanus 

18. Nut broadly ovoid. Cupules slightly obconical to saucer-shaped. Leaves 

narrowly elliptical 40. L. rassa 

1. Outer surface of cupules with alternate lamellae (resembling fish scales) or pseudospines 

19. Mature cupules of one infructescence more or less fused together 

20. Acorns broader than long, depressed both on top and at base. Cupules saucer- or cupshaped 

or obconic, some hardly distinct from each other through fusion 

21. Infructescences with densely arranged cupules 

22. Cupules barely distinct, resembling a large gall 13. L. echinophorus

86 


22. Cupules distinct, saucer-shaped 

23. Nut flattened or apiculate at apex, to 2.2 cm diam. Leaves cuneate at base 

16. L. elegans 

23. Nut retuse at apex, not less than 3 cm diam. Leaves auriculate at base 

2. L. auriculatus 

21. Infructescences with spaces between cupules 

24. Rachis of infructescence always with sub-branches. Acorns stalked 

34. L. mekongensis 

24. Rachis of infructescence without sub-branches 

25. Acorns sessile 24. L. finetii 

25. Acorns stalked 57. L. tenuinervis* 

20. Acorns longer than broad, conical, ovoid or turbinate. Cupules cup-shaped or cylindric 

26. Rachis of infructescence always with sub-branches. Acorns stalked, nuts shining 

27. Acorn up to 1 cm high. Rachis up to 4 mm in diam. 7. L. ceriferus 

27. Acorn not less than 1 cm high (to 2.5 cm). Rachis not less than 4 mm in diam. 

39. L. polystachyus 

26. Rachis of infructescence without sub-branches. Acorns sessile, nuts more or less shining 

28. Twigs glabrous or sparsely pubescent then glabrous 

29. Cupules cup-shaped, enclosing up to 1/2 of the nut 12. L. dealbatus 

29. Cupules turbinate, enclosing the whole nut, open only around umbo 

51. L. truncatus 

28. Twigs ferruginous or tomentose 

30. Leaves glabrous except along midrib. Cupules enclosing up to 1/3 of the nut 

25. L. harmandianus 

30. Leaves densely tomentose especially on lower surface. Cupules enclosing 1/2 of the 

nut 27. L. lindleyanus 

19. Mature cupules of one infructescence, free, not fused 

31. Acorn longer than broad, conical, ovoid or obconical. Cupules cup- or saucer-shaped or obconic 

32. Cupules enclosing nut completely or 2/3 of the nut 

33. Cupules enclosing ca. 2/3 of the nut 

34. Cupules slightly obconical-shaped, nuts hairy at style apex (if persistent) 

44. L. rufescens 

34. Cupules cup or saucer-shaped 16. L. elegans 

33. Cupules enclosing nut completely, or up to the apex of the nut 

35. Cupules dehiscent, obconic or ovoid 

36. Cupules obovoid, sessile, surface with dense, long and narrow recurved 

pseudospines 41. L. recurvatus 

36. Cupules ovoid, fruit stalk 2–3 mm long, surface finely ornamented with 

thin, triangular lamellae throughout 35. L. neo-robinsonii 

35. Cupules indehiscent, ovoid, surface clothed with dense, triangular lamellae 

37. Infructescences up to 18 cm long. Leaves up to 16 cm long 

9. L. craibianus 

37. Infructescences not less than 20 cm long. Leaves not less than 20 cm 

long 19. L. erythrocarpus 

32. Cupules enclosing up to 1/2 of the nut 

38. Acorns stalked 

39. Cupules slightly obconic. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or obovate 

47. L. sootepensis 

39. Cupules cup-shaped or saucer-shaped 

40. Cupules cup-shaped. Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate oblong 

46. L. siamensis 

40. Cupules saucer-shaped to flattened. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate 

10. L. curtissii 

38. Acorns sessile 

41. Acorns (mature) not less than 3.5 by 2.2 cm 

*currently known from Laos but expected to occur in Thailand


42. Cupule lamellae bearing pseudo-spined reflexed towards the base. Leaves 

acute to obtuse at apex 45. L. scortechinii 

42. Lamellae curved towards the cupule apex. Leaves acuminate at apex 

20. L. eucalyptifolius 

41. Acorns (mature) up to 3 by 2.2 cm 

43. Infructescence with acorns in clusters, but not fused 

44. Nuts ovoid. Leaves usually curved to one side 54. L. wallichianus 

44. Nuts strongly apically depressed, occasionally conic. Leaves not curved 

49. L. thomsonii 

43. Infructescence with acorns solitary, with spaces between them 

45. Cupules saucer or cup-shaped, limb recurved. Leaves not less than 12 cm long 

21. L. falconeri 

45. Cupules obconical, limb not recurved. Leaves up to 11 cm long 

4. L. bennettii 

31. Acorns broader than long, hemisphaeric-depressed 

46. Cupules enclosing the nut completely or up to the apex of the nut 

47. Cupules more or less up to the apex of the nut, lamellae with erect or reflexed pseudospines 

which are not fused 

48. Pseudo-spines erect or spreading. Leaves oblanceolate. Scar nearly 1/2 of the nut 

14. L. echinops 

48. Pseudo-spines reflexed. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate 

49. Infructescence with acorns packed close together, but not fused. Leaves slightly 

cuneate at base 23. L. garrettianus 

49. Infructescence with acorns solitary, with spaces between them. Leaves obtuse 

at base 52. L. tubulosus 

47. Cupules enclosing the nut completely, except the umbo 

50. Lamellae pointed, with narrowly pseudospines. Infructescence with acorns packed 

close together, but not fused 55. L. wrayi 

50. Lamellae flattened and imbricate. Infructescence with acorns solitary, with spaces 

between them 

51. Lamellae fused on lower half, the upper half free and adaxially curved 

22. L. fenestratus 

51. Lamentas fused almost to apex, only a short free lobe adaxially curved 

50. L. trachycarpus 

46. Cupules enclosing up to 1/2 of the nut 

52. Acorns stalked, cupules enclosing only base of the nut 

53. Stalk up to 1 cm long. Leaves glaucous on lower surface, petiole up to 1 cm long 

48. L. sundaicus 

53. Stalk not less than 1 cm long. Leaves pale on lower surface, not glaucous, petiole 

not less than 1 cm long 31. L. magneinii 

52. Acorns sessile, cupules enclosing up to 1/2 of the nut 

54. Acorns not less than 2 by 2.5 cm 

55. Cupules slightly obconical. Leaves oblong, acute to caudate at apex, margin 

not revolute, petiole not less than 1 cm 11. L. cyclophorus 

55. Cupules saucer-shaped. Leaves obovate, obtuse at apex, margin revolute, petiole 

up to 0.6 cm long 43. L. revolutus 

54. Acorns up to 1.5 by 2 cm 

56. Nuts convex at the apex 

57. Cupules saucer-shaped to flattened and discoid. Leaves not whorled 

58. Lamellae usually fused throughout. Leaves up to 15 cm long 

37. L. pierrei 

58. Lamellae fused at base only, apices free. Leaves not less than 18 cm 

long 17. L. elephantum 

57. Cupules cup-shaped. Leaves usually whorled at the twig tips 

56. L. xylocarpus 

56. Nuts flattened at the apex. Cupule cup-shaped, enclosing 1/5 to 1/2 of the nut. 

Leaves with unequal sides, usually curved to one side 

59. Leaves oblong, elliptic oblong, not less than 10 by 3.5 cm, with 14–20 

pairs of lateral nerves 53. L. vestitus

88 


1 2 3 

4 5 6 

7 8 9 

10 11 12 

Figure 16. Various acorns in the genus Lithocarpus : 1) °àÕæ«ß Lithocarpus aggregatus; 2) °àÕπÈ” L. auriculatus; 

3) °àÕ«ß‡Õ’¬¥ L. bancanus; 4) °àÕæ√ÿ L. bennettii; 5) °àÕ„∫¬“ß L. blumeanus; 6) °àÕÀ≈—∫‡π◊ÈÕ√‘ 

È« L. 

cantleyanus; 7) ¡–°àÕ L. ceriferus; 8) °àÕÀ≈—∫‡π◊ÈÕ√‘ 

È« L. clementianus; 9) °àÕ ÿ‡∑æ L. craibianus; 10) 

°àÕÀ≈—∫ L. curtisii; 11) °àÕÀ≈—∫„À≠à L. cyclophorus; 12) °àÕº— Í«– L. dealbatus.


13 14 15 

16 17 18 

19 20 

21 

22 23 24 

Figure 17. Various acorns in the genus Lithocarpus : 13) °àÕªíôπ 

Lithocarpus echinophorus; 14) °àÕµ“° L. 

echinops; 15) °àÕÀ≈—∫ L. eichleri; 16) °àÕ‡Àπàß L. elegans; 17) °àÕæ≈Õ¬µ√“¥ L. elephantum; 18) °àÕΩÑ“¬ 

L. encleisacarpus; 19) °àÕ°“∫ L. erythrocarpus; 20) °àÕÀ¡ÿπ L. eucalyptifolius; 21) °àÕ‡π◊ÈÕ√‘ 

È« L. 

falconeri; 22) °àÕæ«ß L. fenestratus; 23) °àÕ°â“ß¥â“ß L. garrettianus; 24) °àÕ„∫‡≈Á° L. gracilis.

90 


25 26 27 

28 29 30 

31 32 33 

34 35 36 

Figure 18. Various acorns in the genus Lithocarpus : 25) °àÕ¢’ È°«“ß Lithocarpus harmandianus; 26) °àÕ≈”‡≈’¬ß 

L. hendersonianus; 27) °àÕ¥à“ß L. lindleyanus; 28) °àÕ«ß L. loratefolius; 29) ¡–°àÕ¥” L. lucidus; 

30) °àÕÀ‘π L. macphailii; 31) °àÕ„∫·À≈¡ L. magneinii; 32) °àÕ —° L. magnificus; 33) °àÕ·µ√ L. 

maingayi; 34) °àÕπâÕ¬ L. mekongensis; 35) °àÕ§√— Ëß L. neo-robinsonii; 36) °àÕªíµµ“π’ L. pattaniensis.


37 38 39 

40 41 42 

43 44 45 

46 47 48 

Figure 19. Various acorns in the genus Lithocarpus : 37) °àÕæ≈Õ¬®—π∑πå Lithocarpus pierrei; 38) °àÕ·´– L. 

platycarpus; 39) °àÕÀ¡“° L. polystachyus; 40) °àÕ„∫‡Õ’¬¥ L. rassa; 41) °àÕº— Í«–Àπ“¡ L. recurvatus; 

42) ¡–°àÕ·®ß L. reinwardtii; 43) °àÕ„∫‰∑√ L. revolutus 44) °àÕ “¡“¬ L. rufescens; 45) °àÕ‰¢à·≈π L. 

scortechinii; 46) °àÕ√ÿ° L. siamensis; 47) °àÕ‡≈◊Õ¥ L. sootepensis; 48) °àÕÀ≈—∫‡µâ“ªŸπ L. sundaicus.

92 


59. Leaves obovate-oblong, up to 9 by 4 cm, with 7–8 pairs of lateral nerves 

41. L. recurvatus 

49 50 51 

52 53 54 

55 56 

Figure 20. Various acorns in the genus Lithocarpus: 49) °àÕ¢â“« Lithocarpus thomsonii; 50) °àÕ·¥ß L. 

trachycarpus; 51) °àÕ¥” L. truncatus; 52) °àÕ®ÿ° L. tubulosus; 53) °àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ L. vestitus; 54) °àÕÀ¡Ÿ L. 

wallichianus; 55) °àÕ‡°√’¬∫ L. wrayi; 56) °àÕ ∑‘µ L. xylocarpus. 

1. Lithocarpus aggregatus Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 104. 1938; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 149. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh. 33: 335. 1942; Barnett, 

Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 335. 1944; A.Camus, Enc. Syl. 8: 729. 1953; Hjelmq., 

Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23: 489. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Kerr 3364, type), Lampang, Tak; EASTERN: 

Ubon Ratchathani; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Malaysia. 

Ecology.— Lower and upper montane forests, pine-deciduous dipterocarp forest, 

often by streams, alt. 50–2500 m (usually 1200–1900 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec., fruiting 

Jan.–Dec. (usually June–July).


2. Lithocarpus auriculatus (Hickel & A.Camus) Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 331. 1940; 

Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34. 183. 1944; A.Camus, Chänes, Atlas 3: 

104. 1949.— Pasania auriculata Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 397. 

1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 984. 1930. Fig. 21. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang, Phrae, 

Phitsanulok. 

Distribution.— Laos (type), Vietnam, Myanma. 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, lower montane forest, moist upper mixed 

deciduous forest, savannah, by streams on granite bedrock, alt. 350–1600 m (usually 1200– 

1300 m). Flowering Dec.–May, fruiting May–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko mi (°àÕÀ¡’), ko nam (°àÕπÈ”), ko nun (°àÕÀπÿπ), (Northern), ko kwak 

(°àÕ°«“°)(Laos). 

3. Lithocarpus bancanus (Scheff.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 10: 132. 1929; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 319. 1940; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 360. 1972; Soepadmo, Julia & Go in 

E.Soepadmo & L.G. Saw, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 3: 38. 2000.— Quercus bancana Scheff., 

Natuurw. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indiã 31: 361. 1870; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 67. 

1889.— Q. rajah Hance, J. Bot. 16: 198. 1878.— Q. scyphigera Hance var. riedelii King, 

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 39. 1889.— Synaedrys bancana (Scheff.) Koidz., Bot. 

Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 190. 1916.— S. rajah (Hance) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 192. 1916.— 

Pasania bancana (Scheff.) Markgr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 79. 1924. Fig 22. 

Thailand.— EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima; PENINSULAR: Songkhla, Yala. 

Distribution.— Malaysia, Indonesia (type), Brunei. 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, by streams, alt. 100–500 m. Flowering 

June–July, fruiting Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ko wong iat (°àÕ«ß‡Õ’¬¥) (Peninsular). 

4. Lithocarpus bennettii (Miq.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 123. 1919; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 352. 1940; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 356. 1972.— Quercus bennettii Miq., Fl. 

Ned. Ind. 1(1): 857. 1856; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 94. 1864; King ex Hook.f., 

Fl. Brit. India 5: 613. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 64, t. 58A. 1889; Corner, 

Wayside Trees: 301. 1940.— Q. miqueliana Scheff., Natuurw. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indiã 31: 360. 

1870.— Cyclobalanus bennettii (Miq.) Oerst, Skr. Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiana, Math.- 

Naturvidensk. Kl. 5(9): 375. 1873.— Pasania bennettii (Miq.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 

Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 433. 1915.— Synaedrys bennettii (Miq.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 

190. 1916. Fig. 23. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Peat swamp forest, lowland tropical rain forest. 

Vernacular.— Ko phu (°àÕæ√ÿ) (Peninsular).

94 


Figure 21. Lithocarpus auriculatus (Hickel & A.Camus) Barnett: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences 

(Smitinand 90-86), A-1 flower buds, A-2 female flower clusters, A-3 male flower clusters; B. 

stipules; C. infructescence (Pooma 346).


Figure 22. Lithocarpus bancanus (Scheff.) Rehder: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences (Maxwell 85-914), 

A-1 female flower, A-2 male flower; B. twig, leaf and infructescence (Niyomdham et al. 

6345), B-1 another form of acorn (Maxwell 85-914).

96 


Figure 23. Lithocarpus bennettii (Miq.) Rehder: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences (Niyomdham 930), A- 

1 male flower cluster, A-2 whole and partial male flower; B. female flowers; C. part of 

infructescence (Niyomdham 930), C-1 acorn.


5. Lithocarpus blumeanus (Korth.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 10: 132. 1929; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 152. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 335. 1944; A.Camus, 

Châ nes, Texte 3: 774. 1954; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 339. 1972; Soepadmo, Julia & Go in 

E.Soepadmo & L.G. Saw, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 3: 40. 2000.— Quercus blumeana Korth. 

(non Koord. & Valeton), Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 208, t. 44. 1844; A.DC. in A.P. de 

Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 103. 1864.— Cyclobalanus blumeana (Korth.) Oerst., Vidensk. 

Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 81. 1866.— Pasania blumeana Gamble, 

J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 445. 1915; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 385. 1924.— 

Synaedrys blumeana (Korth.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 186. 1916.— Castanopsis 

blumeana (Korth.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 122. 1919. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Ranong, Nakhon Si Thammarat. 

Distribution.— Malaysia, Indonesia (Borneo, type), Brunei. 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest alt. 50–400 m. Flowering and fruiting 

not recorded. 

Vernacular.— Ko bai yang (°àÕ„∫¬“ß) (Peninsular). 

6. Lithocarpus cantleyanus (King ex Hook.f.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 122. 1919; Barnett, 


Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 488. 1968; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 352. 1972; Soepadmo, 

Julia & Go in E.Soepadmo & L.G. Saw, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 3:: 44.2000.— Quercus 

cantheyana King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 613. 1888.— Pasania cantleyana (King ex 

Hook.f.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 434. 1915; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 

3: 381. 1924.— Synaedrys cantleyana (King ex Hook.f.) Koidz, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 190. 

1916. 

Thailand.— NORTHEASTERN: Nakhon Phanom; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima; 

PENINSULAR: Ranong, Nakhon Si Thamarat, Trang, Songkhla, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Myanma, Malaysia, Singapore (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, by streams, on granite bedrock. 

Vernacular.— Ko lap nua rew (°àÕÀ≈—∫‡π◊ÈÕ√‘ 

È«) (Peninsular). 

7. Lithocarpus ceriferus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci., 18: 40. 1931; Barnett, 

Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 322. 1940.— Pasania cerifera Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., 

X, 3: 390. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 974. 1930. Fig. 24. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Uttaradit; 

NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom; EASTERN: 

Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; 

SOUTHEASTERN: Trat; PENINSULAR: Ranong 

Distribution.— Cambodia (type), Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Deciduous dipterocarp forest, pine-deciduous dipterocarp forest, 

evergreen forest, on sandstone bedrock.

98 


Figure 24. Lithocarpus ceriferus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus: A. male inflorescence (Smitinand s.n.), 

A-1 male flower cluster; B. twig, leaves and female inflorescences (Koyama T-39685), B-1 

female flower clusters; C. infructescence (Larsen 31506), C-1 acorn cluster, C-2 nut.


Vernacular.— Ko mon (°àÕÀ¡àπ), ma ko (¡–°àÕ), ko ki mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), (Eastern); ko 

hum (°àÕÀÿâ¡) 

(Northeastern). 

8. Lithocarpus clementianus (King ex Hook.f.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; Barnett, 


A.Camus, Chänes,Texte 3: 707, t. 391. 1954; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 365. 1972; Soepadmo, 

Julia & Go in E.Soepadmo & L.G. Saw, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 3: 45. 2000.— Quercus 

clementiana King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 614. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 301, f. 96. 

1940.— Pasania clementiana (King ex Hook.f.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. 

Hist. 75: 439. 1915; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 383. 1924.— Quercus teysmanii (non Blume) 

Heine in Fedde, Rep. 54: 225. 1951.— Synaedrys clementiana (King ex Hook.f.) Koidz., Bot. 

Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 191. 1916. 

Thailand.— SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Nakhon Si 

Thammarat, Phatthalung, Trang. 

Distribution.— Malaysia (Penang, type), Indonesia. 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest, alt. 100–200 m. Flowering Jan.–Oct., fruiting 

Feb.–Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko lap nuea rio (°àÕÀ≈—∫‡π◊ÈÕ√‘ 

È«), ko muak (°àÕÀ¡«°) (Peninsular). 


9. Lithocarpus craibianus Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 103. 1938. Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 133. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944; Hjelmq., 

Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 480. 1968; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, 

Fl. China 4: 343. 1999. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Kerr 140, type), Chiang Rai, Lamphun; 

NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; SOUTHEASTERN: 

Trat; PENINSULAR: Ranong. 

Distribution.— China, Laos. 

Ecology.— Lower montane to dry evergreen forest, savannah forest, alt. 150–1650 

m (usually 1000–1600 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually Jan.–May), fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually 

Jan.–May). 

Vernacular.— Ko suthep (°àÕ ÿ‡∑æ), ko mon (°àÕÀ¡àπ), ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π) (Northern). 

Uses.— Nuts eaten by wild animals. 

10. Lithocarpus curtisii (King ex Hook.f.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 95. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 33: 333. 1942; Barnett, 

Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 233. 1970; 

Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 380. 1972.— Quercus curtisii King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 

612. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 56, t. 52. 1889.— Pasania curtisii (King 

ex Hook.f.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 429.1915; Ridl., Fl. Malay

100 


Penins. 3: 380. 1924.— Synaedrys curtisii (King ex Hook.f.) Koidz, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 

194. 1916. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Songkhla. 

Distribution.— Malaysia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, often by streams, on granite bedrock, 

alt. up to 200 m. Flowering and Fruiting July–Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ko lap (°àÕÀ≈—∫) (Peninsular). 

11. Lithocarpus cyclophorus (Endl.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; A.Camus Chênes, 

Texte 3: 714. 1954; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 137. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. 

Edinburgh 33: 334. 1942; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944; Soepadmo, 

Reinwardtia 8: 233. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 345. 1972.— Quercus cyclophora 

Endl., Gân. Pl., Suppl. 4(2): 28. 1848; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 102. 1864; 

Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 615, t. 64. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 302, f. 97. 1940.— Pasania 

cyclophora (Endl.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 442. 1915; Ridl., Fl. 

Malay Penins. 3: 384. 1924.— Synaedrys cyclophora (Endl.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 

191. 1916. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Pattani. 


Ecology.— Lowland tropical rain forest, alt. up to 100 m. Flowering Aug., fruiting 

Jan.-Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ko lap yai (°àÕÀ≈—∫„À≠à) (Peninsular). 

12. Lithocarpus dealbatus (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 124. 


33: 334. 1941; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang 

& B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 346. 1999.— Quercus dealbata Hook.f. 

& Thomson ex Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 107. 1863; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 609. 1888; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 85. 1864; Brandis, Indian Trees: 

632. 1921.— Q. fenestrata Roxb. var. dealbata (Hook.f. & Thomson) Wenz., Jahrb. Königl. 

Bot. Gart. Berlin 4: 224. 1886.— Pasania dealbata (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq.) Oerst., 

Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 81. 1866; Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. 

Syst. 47: 660. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus, in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 990. 1930.— Synaedrys 

dealbata (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq.) Koidz., Bot Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 1888. 1916.— Quercus 

dealbata Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq. var. manii King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 46. 

1889. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun, 

Lampang; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi. 

Distribution.— India (type), China, Laos, Vietnam.


Ecology.— Deciduous dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous forest, oak-pine forest, 

lower montane forest, alt. 700–1600 m. (usually 700–1200 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually 

Sept.–Dec.), fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually April–Nov.). 

Vernacular.— Ko phua (°àÕº— Í«–) (Northern), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ) (Northeastern). 

13. Lithocarpus echinophorus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; 

Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 282. 1940; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & 

P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 357. 1999.— Pasania echinophora Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Mus. 

Natl. Hist. Nat. 34: 364. 1928; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 995. 1930. 

Fig. 25. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; NORTHEASTERN: Loei. 


Ecology.— Lower montane forest, oak-savannah forest, on sandstone bedrock, alt. 

1200–1950 m. Flowering Jan., fruiting Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko pan (°àÕªíôπ) 

(North & Northeastern). 

14. Lithocarpus echinops Hjelmq., Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23: 491. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Hansen & Smitinand 10891, type); Tak. 


Ecology.— Lower montane forest, alt. 1400–1850 m. Fruiting Jan. 

Vernacular.— Ko tak (°àÕµ“°), ko nam thu (°àÕÀπ“¡∑Ÿà) 

(Northern). 

15. Lithocarpus eichleri (Wenz.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; A.Camus, Chênes, 

Texte 3: 718, t. 395. 1954; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 151. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. 

Soc. Edinburgh 33: 334. 1941; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944; 

Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 341. 1972.— Quercus eichleri Wenz., Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. 

Berlin 4: 236. 1886; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 615. 1888.— Pasania eichleri (Wenz.) 

Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 438. 1915; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 383. 

1924.— Synaedrys eichleri (Wenz.) Koidz, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 191. 1916. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Surat Thani. 

Distribution.— Malaysia (type), Indonesia. 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. 500 m. Flowering Aug., fruiting 

Sept.–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko lap (°àÕÀ≈—∫) (Peninsular). 

16. Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 236. 1970; Soepadmo, 

Fl. Males. 7(2): 366. 1972.— Quercus elegans Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 9: 

208. 1823; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 2: 7. 1965.— Quercus spicata Sm. in A.Rees. Cycl. 29: 

12. 1819 (Quercus n. 12, non Humb. & Bonpl. 1809). D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal: 56. 1825; A.DC.

102 


Figure 25. Lithocarpus echinophorus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus: A. twig, leaves, buds and female 

inflorescence (Abbe et al. 9520); B. detached leaf and infructescence (Yahara T-79872).


in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 85. 1864; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm 2: 486. 1877; King ex Hook.f., 

Fl. Brit. India 5: 609. 1888; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911. 473.— Q. grandifolia D.Don 

in A.B.Lambert, Descr. Pinus, 2: 27, t. 8. 1824; D.Don in Spreng., Syst., 3: 856. 1826.— 

Pasania spicata (Smith) Oerst, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 

1866: 83. 1866; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 376. 1924; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. 

Indo-Chine 5: 983. 1930.— Lithocarpus spicata (Sm.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson in C.S.Sargent, 

Pl. Wilson 3: 207. 1916; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 108. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. 

Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 481. 1968.— Synaedrys spicata 

(Blume) Koidz. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 198. 1916.— Lithocarpus finetii (Hickel & A.Camus) 

A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 335. 1940; Hjelmq., Dansk 

Bot. Ark. 23: 483. 1968.— Pasania finetii Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 396. 

1921.— Lithocarpus grandifolia (D.Don) Biswas, Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 10: 258. 1969; 

C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 364. 1999.— L. 

intermedius Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938. 101; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 114. 

1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944.— L. collettii (King ex 

Hook.f.) A.Camus, Chênes, Atlas 3: 117. 1949; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in 

C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 364. 1999.— Quercus spicatus Smith var. collettii King ex 

Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 610. 1888. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang, Tak, Sukhothai; 

NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Sakon Nakhon; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon 

Rachasima, Si Sa Ket, Ubon Rachathani; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; CENTRAL: Lop 

Buri; SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Trang, Satun, Songkhla, 

Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— India, Bhutan, Myanma, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Malaysia, 

Singapore, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland and lower montane forests, dry evergreen forest, deciduous 

dipterocarp-oak forest, oak-pine forest on granite, limestone and sandstone bedrock, alt. 

20–1550 m (usually 600–900 m) Flowering March–Nov., fruiting March–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π), ko neng (°àÕ‡Àπàß) (Northern); ko soi (°àÕ √âÕ¬), ko khi mu 

(°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ) (Northeastern); ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), mak ko mo (¡—°°àÕÀ¡Õ) (Eastern); ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ta 

lap tao pun (µ≈—∫‡µâ“ªŸπ), ko na ring (°àÕπ–√‘ß), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ) (Peninsular). 

Uses.— Nuts edible, a pioneer species suitable for forest rehabilitation. 

17. Lithocarpus elephantum (Hance) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 293. 1940.— Quercus elephantum Hance, J. Bot. 13: 365. 1875.— Pasania 

elephantum (Hance) Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 292. 1921; Hickel & 

A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 978. 1930. Fig. 26. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Trat. 

Distribution.— Cambodia (type). 

Ecology.— Tropical evergreen forest; alt. sea-level to 50 m. Flowering Sept.; fruiting 

no record.

104 


Figure 26. Lithocarpus elephantum (Hance) A.Camus: A. twig, leaf base, detached leaf and inflorescences 

(Larsen et al. 32357), A-1 male flower; B. infructescence (McDonald et al. 5673), B-1 and B- 

2 acorns.


Vernacular.— Ko ploi trat (°àÕæ≈Õ¬µ√“¥) (Southeastern). 

18. Lithocarpus encleisacarpus (Korth.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 144. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 335. 1944; Soepadmo, 

Fl. Males. 7(2): 338. 1972; Soepadmo, Julia & Go in E.Soepadmo & L.G. Saw, Tree Fl. Sabah 

& Sarawak 3: 56. 2000.— Lithocarpus encleisacarpus var. aperta (King ex Hook.f.) Barnett, 

Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 145. 1940.— Quercus encleisacarpa Korth, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. 

Bezitt., Bot.: 209, t. 45. 1844; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 617. 1888; Corner, Wayside 

Trees: 302, f. 95, 98. 1940.— Cyclobalanus encleisacarpa (Korth.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. 

Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 81. 1866.— Pasania encleisacarpa (Korth.) 

Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 449. 1915; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 386. 

1924.— Synaedrys encleisacarpa (Korth.) Koidz, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 186. 1916.— 

Castanopsis encleisacarpa (Korth.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 122. 1919. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; EASTERN: Ubon Ratchathani; 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si 

Thammarat, Trang, Satun, Songkhla, Pattani. 

Distribution.— Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra, type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen to lower montane forests, pine-deciduous 

dipterocarp forest, often by streams, alt. 50–1200 m (usually 300–800 m). Flowering April– 

Nov., fruiting April–Jan. 

Vernacular.— Ko fai (°àÕΩÑ“¬), ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π)(Eastern); ko chaeng (°àÕ·®ß) (Southeastern); 

ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π), ko pan (°àÕªíπ) (Peninsular). 


19. Lithocarpus erythrocarpus (Ridl.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 330. 1940; A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 3: 962. 1954; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 369. 

1972.— Pasania erythrocarpa Ridl., J. Bot. 62: 301. 1924. Fig. 27. 

Thailand.— NORTHEASTERN: Nakhon Phanom; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Surat Thani, 

Phangnga, Yala. 


Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, by streams, on sandstone bedrock, 

alt. 0–200 m. Flowering April–Dec. (usually Aug.–Dec.), fruiting March–Dec. (usually 

March–April). 

Vernacular.— Ko kap (°àÕ°“∫), ko bai hu (°àÕ„∫ÀŸ) (Peninsular). 

20. Lithocarpus eucalyptifolius (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; 


1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 478. 1968.— Pasania eucalyptifolia Hickel & A.Camus, 

Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 34: 363. 1928; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 

987. 1930.— Lithocarpus rodgerianus A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., II 3: 690. 1931; 

Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 286. 1940; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 477. 1968.

106 


Figure 27. Lithocarpus erythrocarpus (Ridl.) A.Camus: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences (Smitinand 

1168), A-1 bracts from young twig, A-2 part of young inflorescence, A-3 male flower; B. 

infructescence (Santisuk s.n.), B-1 young acorn, B-2 mature acorn longitudinal section, showing 

nut.


Thailand.— EASTERN: Nakhon Rachasima; CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok; 

SOUTHEASTERN: Rayong, Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Ranong. 

Distribution.— Myanma, Vietnam (type),Combodia. 

Ecology.— Lowland and lower montane evergreen forest, often by streams, alt. 

700–1200 m (usually 700–800 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually Oct.–Dec.), fruiting April– 

Oct. 

Vernacular.— Ko mun (°àÕÀ¡ÿπ) (Southeastern). 

21. Lithocarpus falconeri (Kurz) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 10: 133. 1929; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 117. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 33: 333. 1942; Barnett, 


Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 241. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 371. 1972.— Quercus 

falconeri Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 44(2): 197. 1875; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm 

2: 485. 1877; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 608. 1888.— Pasania falconeri (Kurz) Schottky, 

Bot. Jahrb. Syst., 47: 675. 1912; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 378. 1924.— Synaedrys falconeri 

(Kurz) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 195. 1916. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Tak; NORTHEASTERN: Nakhon Phanom; PENINSULAR: 

Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Trang, Satun, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Myanma (type), Malaysia. 

Ecology.— Scrub and secondary forests, lowland evergreen forest, on limestone 

bedrock, often by streams, alt. 10–300 m. Flowering Jan.–Dec., fruiting Jan.–Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko nuea rio (°àÕ‡π◊ÈÕ√‘ 

È«), ko pan (°àÕªíπ), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), 

ko khi riew (°àÕ¢’ È√‘ È«), ko sae (°àÕ·´–), ka pun (°“ªŸπ), ko lap tao pun (°àÕÀ≈—∫‡µâ“ªŸπ), ma ngae ba 

be (¡“·ß∫“∫’), pra mu ning (ª√–¡Ÿπ‘ß) (Peninsular). 

22. Lithocarpus fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 126. 1919; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 126. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 33: 334. 1942; Barnett, 

Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 479. 1968.— 

Quercus fenestrata Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 633. 1832; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm 2: 483. 1877; 

King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 608. 1888; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 471.— 

Pasania fenestrata (Roxb.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 

1866: 84. 1866; Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 661. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. 

Indo-Chine 5: 988. 1930.— Synaedrys fenestrata (Roxb.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 3: 195. 

1916. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lamphun, Lampang, Tak, 

Phitsanulok; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Nakhon Phanom, Mukdahan, Khon Kaen; 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; SOUTHEASTERN: Trat; PENINSULAR: Chumphon, Krabi. 

Distribution.— Nepal, Bhutan, India (type), Myanma, China, Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower and upper montane evergreen forest, pine-deciduous dipterocarp 

forest, dry evergreen to savannah-pine forests, by streams on granite bedrock, alt. 800–

108 


2350 m (usually 900–1300 m). Flowering Jan.–Nov., fruiting July–Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko phuang (°àÕæ«ß), ko ko (°àÕ°ãÕ) (Northern), ko lap tao pun (°àÕ 

À≈—∫‡µâ“ªŸπ) (Peninsular). 

23. Lithocarpus garrettianus (Craib) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931: Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 93. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 33: 333. 1942; Barnett, Trans. 

& Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 476. 1968; 


Quercus garrettiana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 471. 1911;— Pasania garrettiana 

(Craib) Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 403. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, 

Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 994. 1930. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Kerr 1185, 1185A, syntypes), Chiang Rai, 

Phitsanulok; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Khon Kaen; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum. 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi; PENINSULAR: Ranong. 

Distribution.— China, Myanma, Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest, deciduous dipterocarp forest, oak-deciduous 

dipterocarp forest, often by streams, on granite bedrock. 

Vernacular.— Ko kang dang (°àÕ°â“ß¥â“ß), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ)(Northern & Northeastern). 

24. Lithocarpus gracilis (Korth.) Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 243. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 

7(2): 362. 1972; Soepadmo, Julia & Go in E.Soepadmo & L.G. Saw, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 

3: 59. 2000.— Quercus gracilis Korth, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 207. 1844; A.DC. 

in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 93. 1864; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 88. 

1889.— Q. cyrtorhyncha Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 350. 1861; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 613. 1888.— Q. diepenhorstii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 349. 1861.— Lithocarpus 

cyathiformis A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 94: 4. 1947.— Pasania cyrtorhyncha (Miq.) 

Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 432. 1915. Fig. 28. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, Narathiwat. 


Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen to swamp forests, alt. 0–100 m. Flowering 

and fruiting Nov.–March. 

Vernacular.— Ko bai lek (°àÕ„∫‡≈Á°) (Peninsular). 

25. Lithocarpus harmandii (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 40. 1931; Barnett, 


Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944.— Pasania harmandii Hickel & 

A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 390, f. 3. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo- 

Chine 5: 973. 1930.


Figure 28. Lithocarpus gracilis (Korth.) Soepadmo: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences (Esmit S. 8163), A- 

1 male flower, A-2 flower buds; B. infructescence (Kochummen KF 77862), B-1 acorn, B-2 

nut.

110 


Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Phitsanulok; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, 

Loei, Udon Thani, Sakhon Nakhon, Mukdahan, Kalasin, Maha Sarakham, Khon Kaen; 

EASTERN: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Rachasima, Si Sa Ket, Ubon Ratchathani; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi; SOUTHEASTERN: Prachin Buri, Chanthaburi. 

Distribution.— Cambodia (type), Vietnam, Malaysia. 

Ecology.— Tropical evergreen and dry evergreen forests, oak-pine deciduous 

dipterocarp forest, deciduous dipterocarp forest, on sandstone and granite bedrocks, alt. 

50–1300 m (usually 200–900 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually Jan.–May), fruiting Jan.– 

Dec. (usually June–Aug.). 

Vernacular.— Ko khi nu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀπŸ), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), ko mon (°àÕÀ¡àπ) (Northern); ko 

khi kwang (°àÕ¢’ È°«“ß), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), ko muak (°àÕÀ¡«°) (Northeastern); ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), 

ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko ta lap (°àÕµ≈—∫), ko laem (°àÕ·À≈¡), nu tha luang (ÀπŸ∑–≈«ß) (Eastern); ko mon 

(°àÕÀ¡àπ) (South-eastern). 

26. Lithocarpus hendersonianus A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Natl. Hist. Nat., II, 6: 92. 1934; 

A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 3: 589. 1954. Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 246. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. 

Males. 7(2): 328. 1972. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Ranong. 

Distribution.— Vietnam, Malaysia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. up to 50 m. Flowering and fruiting 

Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko lam liang (°àÕ≈”‡≈’¬ß) (Peninsular). 

27. Lithocarpus lindleyanus (Wall. ex A.DC.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 41. 1931; Barnett, 


Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 484. 

1968.— Quercus lindleyana Wall. ex A. DC. In A.P.de Candolle, Prodr., 16(2): 108. 1864; 

Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm 2: 486. 1877; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 607. 1888; Brandis, Indian 

Trees: 629. 1921; Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 427. 1911;— Pasania lindleyana 

(Wall. ex A.DC.) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst., 47: 667. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, 

Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 970. 1930.— Synaedrys lindleyana (Wall. ex A.DC.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. 

(Tokyo) 30: 196. 1916. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai. 

Distribution.— Myanma (type), Vietnam, Cambodia. 

Ecology.— Tropical evergreen forest, lower montane forest, moist upper mixed 

deciduous forest, deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest, on granite and sandstone bedrocks, 

alt. 700–1500 m (usually 700–1000 m). Flowering Feb.–Dec. (usually Feb.–May), fruiting 

May–Dec. (usually May–July). 

Vernacular.— Ko dang (°àÕ¥à“ß), ko mu bai luang (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ„∫À≈«ß), ko bai yai (°àÕ„∫„À≠à),


ko khon (°àÕ¢π), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko dueai kai (°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬‰°à), ko ta mu luang (°àÕµ“À¡ŸÀ≈«ß) 


28. Lithocarpus loratefolius Phengklai, Thai Forest Bull. (Bot.) 32: 119. 2004. Fig. 29. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Ranong (Wongprasert 92-6-68, holotype BKF!). 


Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. 100–200 m. Fruiting May–June. 

Vernacular.— Ko wong (°àÕ«ß), ko ranong (°àÕ√–πÕß) (Peninsular). 

29. Lithocarpus lucidus (Roxb.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 128. 1919; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 363. 1940; A.Camus, Chänes,Texte 3: 390, t. 386. 1954; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 

341. 1972.— Quercus lucida Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 635. 1832; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 614. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 69, t. 64. 1889; Corner, Wayside 

Trees: 304. 1940.— Q. omalokos Korth., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 214. 1844; King 

ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 614. 1888.— Q. cuneata Roxb. ex A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, 

Prodr. 16(2): 108. 1864.— Cyclobalanus omalokos (Korth.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk 

Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 80. 1866.— Pasania lucida (Roxb.) Gamble, J. Asiat. 

Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 440. 1915; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 383. 1924.— Synaedrys 

omakokos (Korth.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 192. 1916.— Lithocarpus omalokos (Korth.) 

Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 129. 1919; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 135. 1940; A.Camus, 

Chênes, Texte 3: 695, t. 387. 1954.— Synaedrys lucida (Roxb.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo). 30: 

192. 1916. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Songkhla. 

Distribution.— India, Malaysia (type), Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei. 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, often by streams, on granite bedrock. 

Vernacular.— Ma ko dam (¡–°àÕ¥”), ko dam (°àÕ¥”) (Southeastern). 

30. Lithocarpus macphailii (M.R.Hend.) Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 368. 1940; Barnett, 

Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 178. 1944; A.Camus, Chänes, Atlas 3: 76. 1949; 

Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 339. 1972.— Pasania macphailii M.R.Hend., Gard. Bull. Straits 

Settlem. 5: 76. 1930. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Malaysia (Kalimantan, type), Indonesia. 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. 100–250 m. Flowering and fruiting 

July–Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π) (Peninsular). 

31. Lithocarpus magneinii (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 41. 1931; Barnett, 

Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 349. 1940; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven,

112 


Figure 29. Lithocarpus loratefolius Phengklai: A. twig and leaves, A-1 young twig; B. acorn, B-1 nut, B- 

2 view of inside of cupule, B-3 outside of cupule (Wongprasert 68).


Fl. China 4: 355. 1999.— Pasania magneinii Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 405. 

1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 999. 1930. Fig. 30. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Lamphun. 

Distribution.— China (type), Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, evergreen forest, deciduous dipterocarp forest, 

alt. 880–2000 m (usually 900–1300 m). Flowering Feb.–Dec. (usually Aug.–Sept.), fruiting 

March. 

Vernacular.— Ko laem (°àÕ·À≈¡), ko bai laem (°àÕ„∫·À≈¡) (Northern). 

32. Lithocarpus magnificus (Brandis) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 41. 1931; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 381. 1940.— Quercus magnifica Brandis (non Hort. Ex Dippel), Indian Trees, ed 

3: 631. 1911. Fig. 31. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Nan, Phrae; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi. 

Distribution.— Myanma (type). 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, oak forest, dry evergreen forest, on limestone 

bedrock, alt. 750–2200 m (usually 1100–1300 m). Flowering Dec.–Feb., fruiting Jan.–June. 

Vernacular.— Ko sak (°àÕ —°) (Northern). 

33. Lithocarpus maingayi (Benth.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 129. 1919; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 392. 1940; A.Camus, Chänes,Texte 3: 577. 1954; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 331. 

1972.— Quercus maingayi Benth., Hooker’s Icon Pl. 14: t. 1314. 1880; King ex Hook.f., Fl. 

Brit. India 5: 617. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 304, f. 98. 1940.— Pasania maingayi (Benth.) 

Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 627. 1912; Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 

451. 1915.— Synaedrys maingayi (Benth.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 189. 1916.— 

Lithocarpus subnucifer A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Natl. Hist. Nat., II, 4: 123. 1932. Fig. 32. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Trat; PENINSULAR: Songkhla. 

Distribution.— Malaysia (Penang, type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, on granite bedrock, alt. 100–500 m. 

Flowering Sept.–Nov., fruiting Nov.–Jan. 

Vernacular.— Ko trae (°àÕ·µ√) (Peninsular). 

34. Lithocarpus mekongensis (A.Camus) C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang, Guihaia 12: 2. 1992; 

C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 365. 1999.— L . 

microspermus A.Camus ssp. mekongensis A.Camus, Chênes, Atlas 3: 116. 1948. Fig. 33. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang. 

Distribution.— China, Laos (type), Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Evergreen forest, pine-deciduous dipterocarp forest, on sandstone, and 

granite bedrock.

114 


Figure 30. Lithocarpus magneinii (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus: A. twig, leaves and male inflorescences 

(Tagawa et al. T-9125), A-1 terminal and lateral buds, A-2 male flower; B. female inflorescence 

(Konta 4282), B-1 female flowers; C. acorn.


Figure 31. Lithocarpus magnificus (Brandis) A.Camus: A. twig, female inflorescence and young 

infructescences and leaves, A-1 female inflorescence; B. infructescence, leaf and detached leaf 

(Konta 4288).

116 


Figure 32. Lithocarpus maingayi (Benth.) Rehder: A. two detached leaves; B. female inflorescences 

(Poore 1375); C. mature acorn (Stone 9594), C-1 nut, C-2 young acorn (Niyomdham 3096).


Figure 33. Lithocarpus mekongensis (A.Camus) C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences 

(van Beusekom et al. 2500), A-1 male flower cluster; B. infructescence (Sangkhachand 116).

118 


Vernacular.— Ko noi (°àÕπâÕ¬) (Northern). 

35. Lithocarpus neo-robinsonii A.Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 265. 1949; A. Camus, 

Chênes, Atlas 3: 77, t. 410. 1949; A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 3: 780. 1954; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 

8: 261. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 336. 1972.— Quercus robinsonii Ridl. (non Merr.), 

J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 5: 46. 1914.— Pasania robinsonii (Ridl.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. 

Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 450. 1915. Fig. 34. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Ranong, Phangnga. 


Ecology.— Tropical evergreen forest, lower montane forest, alt. 900–1500 m. 

Flowering and fruiting Feb.–March. 

Vernacular.— Ko khrang (°àÕ§√— Ëß) (Peninsular). 

36. Lithocarpus pattaniensis Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 104. 1938; Barnett, 

Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 147. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 335. 1944. 

A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 3: 770. 1954; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 336. 1972. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Surat Thani, Pattani (Kerr 7583, type), Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Malaysia. 

Ecology.— On ridges in tropical evergreen forest. Flowering Sept., fruiting Aug.– 

Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko pattani (°àÕªíµµ“π’), ko lap (°àÕÀ≈—∫). 

37. Lithocarpus pierrei (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 41. 1931; Barnett, 

Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 328. 1940; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 484. 1968. — Pasania pierrei 

Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 398, f. 3. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, 

Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 987. 1930. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi. 


Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. up to 500 m. Flowering and fruiting 

July. 

Vernacular.— Ko phloi chan (°àÕæ≈Õ¬®—π∑πå) (Southeastern) 

38. Lithocarpus platycarpus (Blume) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 130. 1919; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 364. 1940; A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 3: 698. 1954; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 

340. 1972.— Quercus platycarpa Blume, Fl. Javae 13–14: 27, t. 15. 1829; A.DC. in A.P. de 

Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 92. 1864; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 70, t. 65. 1889; 

Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 2: 7. 1965.— Cyclobalanus platycarpa (Blume) Oerst., Vidensk. 

Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 80. 1866.— Synaedrys platycarpa 

(Blume) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 192. 1916. Fig. 35.


Figure 34. Lithocarpus neo-robinsonii A.Camus: A. twig and buds; B. & B-1 infructescence & acorn 

(Abbe et al. 9105); C & C-1 male inflorescences & flower (enlarged) (Ogata, KEP. 110274).

120 


Figure 35. Lithocarpus platycarpus (Blume) Rehder: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences (Abbe et al. 

9694); B. bud; C. female flower; D. acorn (Smitinand 2332).


Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Surat Thani, Phangnga, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 

Phatthalung, Trang. 

Distribution.— Malaysia, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen to lower montane forest, on granite bedrock, 

alt. 50–1750 m (usually 200–300 m). Flowering Feb.–Nov., fruiting March–Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ko sae (°àÕ·´–), ko lap (°àÕÀ≈—∫) 

39. Lithocarpus polystachyus (Wall. ex A.DC.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 130. 1919; Barnett, 


Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 487. 

1968.— Quercus polystachya Wall. ex A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 107. 1864; 

Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm 2: 485. 1877; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 610. 1888; Craib, Bull. 

Misc. Inform. Kew 1911. 472; Brandis, Indian Trees: 630. 1921.— Q. bancana Kurz (non 

Scheff.), Forest Fl. Burm 2: 485. 1877.— Pasania polystachya (Wall. ex A.DC.) Schottky, 

Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 667. 1912.— Synaedrys polystachya (Wall. ex A.DC.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. 

(Tokyo) 30: 197. 1916. 


Lampang, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Maha 

Sarakham; EASTERN: Nakhon Rachasima, Ubon Ratchathani; SOUTHWESTERN: Uthai Thani, 

Kanchanaburi; CENTRAL: Suphan Buri; SOUTHEASTERN: Trat; PENINSULAR: Ranong, 

Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— India, Myanma (type), Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Deciduous dipterocarp forest, deciduous dipterocarp-pine forest, mixed 

deciduous-oak forest, old clearings, evergreen to lower montane forests; on sandstone 

bedrock, alt. 60–2200 m (usually 600–1000 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually Nov.–May), 

fruiting June–Nov. 

Vernacular.— Ko mak (°àÕÀ¡“°), ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π), ko ngae (°àÕ·ß–), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko 

ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ) (Northern); ko ket dam (°àÕ‡°Á¥¥”) (Northeastern); ko hua mu (°àÕÀ—«À¡Ÿ) (Eastern); 

ko khua (°àÕ§— Ë«) (Peninsular). 


40. Lithocarpus rassa (Miq.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 130. 1919; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. 

Asia: 356. 1940; A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 3: 739, t. 1954; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 364. 

1972.— Quercus rassa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 350. 1861; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, 

Prodr. 16(2): 95. 1864; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 613. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 

304, f. 96. 1940.— Cyclobalanus rassa (Miq.) Oerst., Skr. Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiana, Math.- 

Naturvidensk. Kl. 5(9): 376. 1871.— Quercus wenzigiana King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 

613. 1888.— Q. rassa Miq. var. lanuginosa Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 37. 

1912.— Pasania rassa (Miq.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 436. 1915.— 

P. wenzigiana (King ex Hook.f.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 435. 

1915.— Synaedrys rassa (Miq.) Koidz., Bot Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 192. 1916.— S. wenzigiana

122 


(King ex Hook.f.) Koidz, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo): 193. 1916.— Lithocarpus rangerianus A.Camus, 

Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., II, 4: 913. 1932.— L. ridleyanus A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. 

Nat., II, 4: 913. 1932. Fig. 36. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang. 

Distribution.— Malaysia, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.—Tropical evergreen forest, along ridges, alt. 700–900 m. Flowering March– 

Sept., fruiting Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ko bai iat (°àÕ„∫‡Õ’¬¥), ko iat (°àÕ‡Õ’¬¥) (Peninsular). 

41. Lithocarpus recurvatus Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938. 101. 1938; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 92. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, 33: 333. 1942; Barnett, 

Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 746. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Kerr 5340, type), Tak; NORTHEASTERN: 

Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; PENINSULAR: 

Ranong. 

Distribution.— Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower and upper montane forests, tropical lowland evergreen forest, alt. 

180–2400 m (usually 1300–2400 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually Jan.–May), fruiting Feb.– 

Nov. (usually Oct.–Nov.). 

Vernacular.— Ko phua nam (°àÕº— Í«–Àπ“¡), ko phua (°àÕº— Í«–), ko tia (°àÕ‡µ’ È¬), ko laeng 

(°àÕ·≈âß) (Northeastern); ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ), ko-mi (°àÕÀ¡’) (Northern). 

42. Lithocarpus reinwardtii (Korth.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 41. 1931; A.Camus, Chênes, 

Texte 3: 726, t. 397. 1954; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 151. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. 

Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 359. 1972.— Quercus reinwardtii 

Korth., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 211. 1844; A.DC. in A.P. de Candolle, Prodr. 

16(2): 92. 1864.— Cyclobalanus reinwardtii (Korth.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk 

Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 81. 1866.— Pasania reinwardtii (Korth.) Prantl in 

H.G.A.Engl. & K.A.E.Prantl, Nat. Pflazenfam. 3(1): 55. 1888.— Synaedrys reinwardtii (Korth.) 

Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 192. 1916. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi, Trat; PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si 

Thammarat. 

Distribution.— Myanma, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, often by streams, alt. 40–400 m. 

Flowering Jan.–June, fruiting March–Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ma ko chaeng (¡–°àÕ·®ß), chaeng (·®ß), mak ko (¡—°°àÕ) (Southeastern). 

43. Lithocarpus revolutus Hatus. ex Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 273, f. 12. 1970; Soepadmo, 

Fl. Males. 7(2): 346, f. 25. 1972. Fig. 37.


Figure 36. Lithocarpus rassa (Miq.) Rehder: A. branch with twigs bearing leaves, inflorescences and an 

infructescence (Smitinand 830), A-1 male flower clusters, A-2 male flower; B. part of 

infructescence, B-1 acorn, B-2 nut, B-3 cupule.

124 


Figure 37. Lithocarpus revolutus Hatus. ex Soepadmo: A. twig, leaves and inflorescences (Smitinand 

s.n.), A-1 male flower, A-2 female flower; B. acorn (RSNB 4171).


Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, by streams, alt. 50–200 m. Flowering 

and fruiting no recorded. 

Vernacular.— Ko bai sai (°àÕ„∫‰∑√) (Peninsular). 

44. Lithocarpus rufescens Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 102. 1938; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 120. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Phuket (Kerr 7218, type). 


Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. 100–150 m. Flowering July, fruiting 

Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko sam chai (°àÕ “¡“¬), ko phuket (°àÕ¿Ÿ‡°Áµ) (Peninsular). 

45. Lithocarpus scortechinii (King ex Hook.f.) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 42. 1931; Barnett, 


Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 278. 

1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 380. 1972.— Quercus scortechinii King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 608. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 304, f. 96. 1940.— Pasania scortechinii (King ex 

Hook.f.) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 676. 1912.— Lithocarpus smitinandianus A.Camus, 

Notul. Syst. (Paris) 14: 257. 1953. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Phangnga, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani. 


Ecology.—Tropical evergreen forest, alt. 650–1000 m. Flowering Nov., fruiting April– 

Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko khai laen (°àÕ‰¢à·≈π), ko do lae (°àÕ¥Õ·≈) (Peninsular). 

46. Lithocarpus siamensis A.Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 14: 257. 1953; A. Camus, Chänes, 

Texte 3: 1271, t. 28. 1954; Hjelm., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 480. 1968. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat (Smitinand 5076, type). 

Distribution.— Cambodia. 

Ecology.— Tropical evergreen forest, alt. 650–750 m. Flowering Nov.–Jan., fruiting 

Jan.–March. 

Vernacular.— Ko ruk (°àÕ√ÿ°) (Peninsular). 

47. Lithocarpus sootepensis (Craib) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 42. 1931; A. Camus, Chänes, 

Texte 3: 807. 1954; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 139. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. 

Edinburgh 33: 334. 1942; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 334. 1944; Hjelmq.,

126 


Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 488. 1968.— Quercus sootepensis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 

472. 1911; Craib, Contr. Fl. Siam, Aber. Univ.: 201. 1912.— Pasania sootepensis (Craib) 

Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 399. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. 

Indo-Chine 5: 989. 1930. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Kerr 780, type), Chiang Rai, Lamphun. 

Distribution.— Malaysia (Kedah). 

Ecology.— Deciduous dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous forest, lower montane 

forest, oak-pine forest, on granite bedrock, alt. 600–1650 m (usually 800–1200 m). Flowering 

Jan.–Dec. (usually Sept.–Dec.), fruiting June–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko lueat (°àÕ‡≈◊Õ¥), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ), ko hua mu (°àÕÀ—«À¡Ÿ), ko sa yak 

(°àÕ –À¬“°), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko hua suea (°àÕÀ—«‡ ◊Õ) (Northern). 

48. Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 131. 1919; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 97. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 33: 333. 1941; Barnett, 

Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, 34: 333. 1944; A.Camus, Chänes, Texte 3: 910, t. 448. 

1954; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 282. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 375. 1972.— Quercus 

sundaica Blume, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 9: 216. 1825; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 611. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 305. 1940; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 2: 8. 1965.— 

Pasania sundaica (Blume) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 

1866: 83. 1866; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 379. 1924.— Quercus lamponga Miq., Fl. Ned. 

Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 348. 1861; Corner, Wayside Trees: 303. 1940.— Cyclobalanus lamponga 

(Miq.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 81. 1867.— 

Pasania lamponga (Miq.) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 423. 1915.— 

Quercus grandifrons King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India, 5: 610. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 

303. 1940. 

Thailand.— PENINSULAR: Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 

Trang, Songkhla, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat. 


Ecology.— Swamp forest, tropical rain forest, alt. 50–900 m. FloweringApril–Nov., 

fruiting July–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko lap tao pun (°àÕÀ≈—∫‡µâ“ªŸπ), ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π), ko kriap (°àÕ‡°√’¬∫), ko 

talap (°àÕµ≈—∫), ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), ko lang khao (°àÕÀ≈—ß¢“«). 

49. Lithocarpus thomsonii (Miq.) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 132. 1919; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 102. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; Hjelmq., 


Fl. China 4: 346. 1999.— Quercus thomsoni Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 109. 

1864; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm 2: 486. 1877; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 615. 1888; Craib, Bull. Misc. 

Inform. Kew 1911: 473; Brandis, Indian Trees: 632. 1911.— Synaedrys thomsonii (Miq.) 

Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 193. 1916.— Pasania thomsonii (Miq.) Hickel & A.Camus, 

Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 390. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 974.


1930.— Quercus tubinata Roxb., (non Blume), Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 636. 1832.— Lithocarpus 

annamensis [non (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus], Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 483. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang, Tak, Phitsanulok; 

NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Nakhon Phanom; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; 

CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok; SOUTHEASTERN: Prachinburi, Rayong, Chanthaburi, Trat; 

PENINSULAR: Ranong, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— India (type), Myanma, China, Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest, dry evergreen forest, scrub forest, lower 

montane forest, alt. 100–1700 m (usually 500–900 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually Nov.– 

Dec.), fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually July–Sept.). 

Vernacular.— Ko khao (°àÕ¢â“«), ko mon (°àÕÀ¡àπ), ko nam (°àÕπÈ”), ko khao (°àÕ¢“«), ko ta 

mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ), (Northern); ko khao (°àÕ¢“«), ko chaeng (°àÕ·®ß) (Southeastern); kliang cha 

mon (‡°≈’ È¬ß–‚¡π), (Peninsular); muk ko mo (À¡—°°àÕÀ¡âÕ) (Eastern). 

50. Lithocarpus trachycarpus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 42. 1931; 

A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 3: 836. 1954; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 374. 1940; Hjelmq., 


Fl. China 4: 358. 1999.— Pasania trachycarpa Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 

29: 604. 1923; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 977. 1930. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang; NORTHEASTERN: 

Phetchabun, Loei; SOUTHWESTERN: Phetchaburi; PENINSULAR: Songkhla. 

Distribution.— Laos (type), Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, dry evergreen forest, deciduous dipterocarp 

forest, on rocky and granite bedrock, alt. 470–1500 m (usually 1000–1300 m). Flowering 

Jan.–Dec. (usually May–Aug.), fruiting March–Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko lai (°àÕ≈“¬), ko duei (°àÕ‡¥◊Õ¬), ko wai (°àÕÀ«“¬) (Northern); ko daeng 

(°àÕ·¥ß), ko nuat daeng (°àÕÀπ«¥·¥ß), ko phuang (°àÕæ«ß), ko phua (°àÕº— Í«–), ko khao (°àÕ¢â“«) 



51. Lithocarpus truncatus (King ex Hook.f.) Rehder & Wilson, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 132. 


33: 339. 1942; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 335. 1944; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. 

Ark. 23: 490. 1968; A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 3: 645. 1954; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. 

in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 343. 1999.— Quercus truncata King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 618. 1888; Craib, Kew Bull 1911: 473; Brandis, Indian Trees: 632. 1921.— Pasania 

truncata (King ex Hook.f.) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst., 47: 663. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus, 

Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 402. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 992. 

1930.— Synaedrys truncata (King ex Hook.f.) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 190. 1916. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai; NORTHEASTERN: Loei; EASTERN:

128 

Chaiyaphum; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi. 



Ecology.— Lower montane forest, pine-oak savannah forest, dry evergreen forest, 

on sandstone and granite bedrocks, alt. 600–1260 m (usually 900–1000 m). Flowering May– 

Jan., fruiting March–Nov. 

Vernacular.— Ko duk (°àÕ¥Ÿ°) (Northern); ko dam (°àÕ¥”), ko duk (°àÕ¥Ÿ°), ko khao 

(°àÕ¢â“«), ko klet dam (°àÕ‡°≈Á¥¥”) (Northeastern). 

52. Lithocarpus tubulosus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 42. 1931; A.Camus, 

Chänes,Texte 3: 782. 1954; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 395. 1940; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & 

B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 351. 1999.— Pasania tubulosa Hickel & 

A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 405. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo- 

Chine 5: 1000. 1930. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Trat; PENINSULAR: Trang. 

Distribution.— Laos, Vietnam (type). 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, alt. 50–100 m. Flowering Feb.–April, 

fruiting June–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko chuk (°àÕ®ÿ°), ko khon (°àÕ¢π) (Peninsular), chaeng (·®ß) (South 

eastern). 

Uses.— Nuts edible (Laos). 

53. Lithocarpus vestitus (Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 42. 1931; A.Camus, 

Chênes, Texte 3: 940. 1954. Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 338. 1940; Chun., J. Arnold Arbor. 

28: 230. 1947; Hjelmq., Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 486. 1968.— Pasania vestita Hickel & A.Camus, 

Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 393. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 980. 

1930.— Lithocarpus microspermus A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 818. 1935. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phitsanulok; NORTHEASTERN: 

Phetchabun; EASTERN: Nakhon Rachasima; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; PENINSULAR: 

Ranong. 

Distribution.— Laos (type). 

Ecology.— Tropical evergreen and dry everygreen forest, pine-deciduous 

dipterocarp and oak-pine forests, mixed deciduous forest, alt. 50–1400 m (usually 600–1100 

m). Flowering Dec.–May, fruiting Feb.–Oct. 

Vernacular.— Ko nu (°àÕÀπŸ) (Northern); ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ) (Southwestern). 

54. Lithocarpus wallichianus (Lindl. ex Hance) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 132. 1919; 

Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 100. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, 33: 

333. 1942; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; A.Camus, Chênes, 

Texte 3: 1102, t. 503. 1954; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 287. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2):


368. 1972; Soepadmo, Julia & Go in E.Soepadmo & L.G. Saw, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 3: 94. 

2000.— Quercus wallichiana Lindl. ex Hance, J. Bot. 8: 4. 1870; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 610. 1888; Corner, Wayside Trees: 305, f. 96. 1940.— Pasania wallichiana (Lindl. 

|ex Hance) Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 425. 1915; Ridl., Fl. Malay 

Penins. 3: 378. 1924.— Synaedrys wallichiana (Lindl. ex Hance) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo), 

30: 199. 1916. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; 

SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Songkhla, 

Narathiwat. 


Ecology.— Tropical evergreen forest, lower montane oak-pine forest, often by stream, 

on sandstone bedrock. 

Vernacular.— Ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), chaeng (·®ß), ko chaeng (°àÕ·®ß) (Southeastern), pan fa 

pun (ªíπΩ“ªŸπ) (Peninsular). 

55. Lithocarpus wrayi (King) A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 18: 42. 1931; Soepadmo, Reinwardtia 8: 

288. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 334. 1972.— Quercus wrayi King, Ann. Roy. Bot. 

Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 77, t. 104. 1889.— Q. lappaceus King ex Hook.f. (non Rock), Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 607. 1888, quoad Malaya; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 41. 1888; Corner, 

Wayside Trees: 303. 1943.— Brandis, Indian Trees: 633. 1921.— Pasania wrayi (King) 

Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 446. 1915.— P. lappacea Gamble (non 

Oerst.), J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 75: 446. 1915.— Synaedrys wrayi (King) 

Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 187. 1916.— Lithocarpus longispinus Barnett, Bull. Misc. 

Inform. Kew 1938: 100. 1938; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 87. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. 

Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 333. 1944; A.Camus, Chänes,Texte 3: 770, t. 1948. 1954; Soepadmo, 

Reinwardtia 8: 266. 1970; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 334, f. 22. 1972. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; NORTHEASTERN: Loei; SOUTHEASTERN: 

Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 

Phatthalung, Trang, Satun, Songkhla, Yala, Narathiwat. 

Distribution.— Vietnam, Malaysia (type), Indonesia. 

Ecology.— Lowland tropical evergreen forest, savannah forest, often by stream, on 

limestone and granite bedrocks, alt. 50–600 m. Flowering Jan.–July, fruiting April–Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko kriap (°àÕ‡°√’¬∫), ko kuan (°àÕ°«π), ko ruk (°àÕ√ÿ°), ko ta lap (°àÕ 

µ≈—∫), ta lap tao pun (µ≈—∫‡µâ“ªŸπ), ko lang khao (°àÕÀ≈—ß¢“«), ko dan (°àÕ¥“π) (Peninsular). 

56. Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Kurz) Markgr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 66. 1924; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 375. 1940; A.Camus, Chänes,Texte 3: 604. 1954; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & 

B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 339. 1999.— Quercus xylocarpa Kurz, J. 

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 44(2): 196. 1875; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm 2: 489. 1877; 

Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 618. 1888.— Pasania xylocarpa (Kurz) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 

47: 674. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 995. 1930.— Synaedrys

130 


xylocarpa (Kurz) Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo), 30: 190. 1916.— Pasania capusii Hickel & 

A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 404. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo- 

Chine 5: 995.1930. Fig 38. 


Distribution.— China, Myanma (type), India, Laos, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower and upper montane forests, alt. 1400–2400 m. Flowering and 

fruiting Oct.–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko satit (°àÕ ∑‘µ) (Northern). 

3. QUERCUS* 

L., Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 413. 1754; A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 2. 1864; Benth. & Hook., 

Gen. Pl. 3: 407. 1880; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 600. 1888; Prantl in H.G.A.Engl. & K.A.E.Prantl, 

Nat. Pflazenfam. 3(1): 55. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 19. 1889; A.Camus, 

Chänes, Texte 1: 7. 1938; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 33: 329. 1942; 

Hutchinson, Gen. Fl. Pl. 2: 13. 1967; Soepadmo, Gard. Bull. Singapore 22: 355. 1968; Soepadmo, 

Fl. Males. 7(2): 385. 1972.— Cyclobalanopsis Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. 

Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 77. 1866; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & 

P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 380. 1999. 

Deciduous or evergreen trees rarely shrubs. Branchlets initially densely tomentose 

or brownish, stiff, pubescent, glabrescent. Terminal buds usually ovoid, conical or ellipsoid, 

usually densely crowded. Stipules extrapetiolar, caducous. Leaves spirally arranged or 

rarely pseudo-whorled, serrate, dentate or lobed, rarely entire, very variable in form and size 

even within the species, glabrous to densely pubescent or tomentose. Inflorescences with 

male and female flowers separate on same branch. Male inflorescences solitary or in 

paniculate clusters of pendulous catkins, in upper leaf scars or subterminal below new 

shoots. Female inflorescences erect, solitary spikes, axillary. Male flowers solitary or in 

clusters of 3–4; perianth scarious, 4–6 lobed, the lobes connate at base, densely tomentose. 

Stamens (4–)6, anther basifixed, dehiscing with a longitudinal slit, usually hairy. Rudimentary 

ovary always absent. Female flowers always solitary, perianth (4–)6 lobed, staminodes 

absent or 5–7. Styles 3(–6), cylindrical, more or less recurved, free or connate at base; 

stigmas broadly capitate, glabrous. Ovary cells as many as styles. Cupule cup or saucershaped, 

obconic or obovoid-globose, lamellate, hairy on both sides, lamellae imbricate or 

ring-like and in 5–12 lines. Fruit ovoid, globose or turbinate, nut partly or nearly completely 

enclosed by a cupule from which it is free; scar present and noticeable. 

A genus of about 600 species widely distributed through North & South America, 

North Africa and Europe into the Asian tropics and subtropics. Twenty-nine species are 

indigenous to Thailand. 

* with T. Boonthavikoon & P. Phonsena, The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant 

Conservation Department, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.


Figure 38. Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Kurz) Markgr.: A. twig & buds, A-1 a form of leaf; B. infructescence, 

B-1 nut ( Smitinand et al. 8340).

132 


Vernacular.— Ko phuang (°àÕæ«ß) (Northern). 


(based on acorns) 

1. External surface of cupules with alternate lamellae, resembling fish scales, or some lamellae spread 

out 

2. Cupule obconic or crown-shaped 

3. Cupule crown-shaped with spreading lamellae. Leaves strongly serrate and the end of secondary 

nerves projecting as long spines 1. Q. acutissimus 

3. Cupule obconic 

4. Lamellae with thick and incurved as a terete hook at apex. Leaves densely tomentose on 

both sides, especially on lower surface 11. Q. kingianus 

4. Lamellae evenly flattened. Leaves glabrous and shiny on both sides 28. Q. setulosus 

2. Cupule cup- or saucer-shaped or globose 

5. Each infructescence with (1–)2 acorns. Leaves elliptic or ovate, entire or serrate. Stipule not 

caducous 

6. Leaves serrate 8. Q. franchetii 

6. Leaves entire 26. Q. semecarpifolia 

5. Each infructescence not less than 3-acorned. Leaves obovate or ovate, serrate. Stipules 

caducous 

7. Mature nuts ovoid, broader than long, up to 1 by 1.5 cm. Leaves usually cordate or 

auriculate at base 13. Q. lanata 

7. Mature nuts tubular-ovoid, longer than broad, not less than 1.5 by 1 cm. Leaves slightly 

cuneate and more or less auriculate at base 2. Q. aliena 

1. External surface of cupules with lines of lamellae arranged in rings 

8. Cupules cup- or dish-shaped 

9. Cupules with fruit stalks, 0.5–1 cm long 

10. Acorns (cupule & nut) broader than long 

11. Nuts ovoid; cupules covering 1/2 of nut, limb always dilated (when mature). Leaves up 

to 18 cm long 23. Q. ramsbottomii 

11. Nuts flattened both top and base; cupules covering the nut to the apex or beyond, 

but not enclosing the tapex, limb not dilated (when mature). Leaves up to 30 cm 

long 5. Q. austro-cochinchinensis 

10. Acorns (cupule & nut) longer than broad 

12. Style (young acorn) with capitate stigmata. Cupules (mature) covering about 1/2 or 

more of nuts 19. Q. oidocarpus 

12. Style (young acorn) with dilate stigmata. Cupules (mature) covering 1/4 to 1/3 of 

nuts 27. Q. semiserratus 

9. Cupules sessile 

13. Cupules (mature) covering the nuts for up to 1/3 or occasionally nearly 1/2 of their length. 

Leaves always in pseudo-whorls at the end of twigs 

14. Nuts not less than 3 cm long. Cupules with dilated (mature) limb and densely ferruginoustomentose. 

Leaves obovate, ovate-oblong 7. Q. fleuryi 

14. Nuts up to 3 cm long. Cupules lacking dilated limb, densely brown-tomentose. Leaves lanceolate, 

elliptic-lanceolate 22. Q. quangtriensis 

13. Cupules (mature) enclosing nuts for ip to 2/3 or 1/2 of their length. Leaves not in pseudo-whorls 

at the end of twigs 

15. Acorns (cupule and nut) up to 2.1 by 2 cm. Twigs glabrous. Leaves elliptic, elliptic oblong, 

petioles blackish when dry. 

16. Acorns up to 1 by 1 cm, densely brown-hairy 18. Q. sessilifolia 

16. Acorns not less than 2 by 1.7 cm, pale tawny-pubescent 3. Q. augustinii 

15. Acorns (cupule & nut) not less than 3 by 2.5 cm. Twigs densely tomentose. Leaves lanceolate, 

obovate, petioles not black when dry


17. Leaves weakly obovate, minutely serrate on apical 1/3, secondary nerves up to 9 pairs 

4. Q. auricoma 

17. Leaves lanceolate, strongly serrate on apical 2/3, secondary nerves not less than 14 

pairs 15. Q. lineatus 

8. Cupules saucer-shaped or obconic 

18. Nuts conical, dome-shaped or mammilliform 

19. Cupules obconic 

20. Nut conical. Leaves obovate or oblong-lanceolate 

21. Leaves obovate or ovate. Acorns sessile 6. Q. brandisianus 

21. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Acorns stalked 25. Q. saravannensis 

20. Nuts mammilliform. Leaves lanceolate 17. Q. mysinaefolius 

19. Cupules saucer-shaped 

22. Leaves obovate, densely yellow tomentose on lower surface. Stigmata capitate 

21. Q. poilanei 

22. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, pubescent then glabrous on both surfaces. Stigmata 

dilate 20. Q. oxyodon 

18. Nuts hemisphaeric, flattened or subflattened 

23. Nut apices weakly cone-like. Cupules saucer-shaped 

24. Nuts up to 2.1 cm broad. Styles 3, stigmata capitate 14. Q. lenticellatus 

24. Nuts not less than 2.5 cm broad. Styles (3–)4–6, stigmata capitate 

25. Apex of rings or lamellae pointing upward, adnate or fused to the cupule surface. 

Leaves oblong, base obtuse 29. Q. vestitus 

25. Apex of rings or lamellae reflexed, not adnate or fused to cupule surface. Leaves 

obovate, base cuneate 24. Q. rex 

23. Nut apices flattened to retuse 

26. Cupules enclosing the nuts to their apices 

27. Cupules obconical-shaped, laments set in fine ringed or lamellae 10. Q. kerrii 

27. Cupules saucer-shaped, lamentas set in irregular rings or lamellae, especially on 

the lateral part 12. Q. lamellosa 

26. Cupules enclosing the nuts for up to 1/2 their length 

28. Cupules enclosing the nuts for up to one-fifth of their length or at the base only. 

Leaves velutinous on lower surface 9. Q. helferianus 

28. Cupules enclosing the nuts for 1/3 to 1/2 of their length. Leaves glabrescent or 

densely pubescent on lower surface 16. Q. mespilifolius 

1. Quercus acutissima Carruth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 6: 33. 1862; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & 

B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 372. 1999.— Q. serrata Barnett (non Thunb.), 

Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 28. 1940; Barnett, Trans.& Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 366. 1944. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai. NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei. EASTERN: 

Chaiyaphum. 

Distribution.— India, Nepal (type), Myanma, Vietnam, Laos, China, Korea, Japan, 

U.S.A. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, oak-pine forest and oak-savannah forest, on 

sandstone bedrock, alt. 650–1300 m. (usually 1000–1300 m). Flowering Jan.–March, 

fruiting March–Nov. 

Vernacular.— Ko khi kwang (°àÕ¢’ È°«“ß), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko ub khao (°àÕÕÿ∫¢â“«) 


2. Quercus aliena Blume, Mus. Bot. 1.: 298. 1851; A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 14. 

Dec. (usually April–May).

134 


1 2 3 

4 5 6 

7 8 9 

10 11 12 

13 14 15 

Figure 39. Various acorns in the genus Quercus: 1) °àÕ¢’ È°«“ß Quercus acutissimus; 2) °àÕ‡µ’ È¬ Q. aliena sub sp. 

aliena; 3) °àÕ„∫√’ Q. augustinii; 4) °àÕÀ¡«° Q. auricomus; 5) °àÕ·Õ∫ Q. austro-cochinchinensis; 6) 

°àÕµ“§«“¬ Q. brandisianus; 7) °àÕÀ‘π Q. fleuryi; 8) °àÕ·§√– Q. franchetii; 9) °àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ Q. helferianus; 

10) °àÕ·æ– Q. kerrii; 11) °àÕ·¥ß Q. kingianus; 12) °àÕ·Õ∫¢â“« Q. lamellosa; 13) °àÕ‡∑“ Q. lanata; 14) 

°àÕµ“§≈Õ¬ Q. lenticellatus; 15) °àÕÀ¡Õ° Q. lineatus.


16.1 16.2 17 

18 19 20 

21 22 23 

24 25 26 

27 28 29 

Figure 40. Various acorns in the genus Quercus: 16.1) °àÕ·ß– Quercus mespilifolius var. mespilifolius; 16.2) 

°àÕµ≈—∫ Quercus mespilifolius var. pubescens; 17) °àÕ¥à“ß Q. myrsinaefolius; 18) °àÕ®—π∑πå Q 

sessilifolia; 19) °àÕÀ¡«° Q. oidocarpus; 20) °àÕ‡≈◊ËÕ¡ 

Q. oxydon; 21) °àÕ ’‡ ’¬¥ Q. poilanei; 22) 

°àÕÀπ«¥·¡« Q. quangtriensis; 23) °àÕµ≈—∫ Q. ramsbottomii; 24) °àÕµ≈—∫ Q. rex; 25) °àÕ‡°≈’ È¬ß Q. 

saravanensis; 26)°àÕ‡’¬ß¥“« Q. semecarpifolia; 27) °àÕ°√–¥ÿ¡ Q. semiserratus; 28) °àÕµ“®’ Q. setulosus; 

29) °àÕ·Õ∫ Q. vestitus.

136 


KEY TO SUBSPECIES 

1. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces 2.1 subsp. aliena 

1. Leaves densely tomentose on lower surface 2.2 subsp. griffithii 

subsp. aliena 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: 

Chaiyaphum. 

Distribution.— India, Myanma, Laos, China, Japan (type). 

Ecology.— Pine-deciduous forest, mixed deciduous forest, savannah and lower 

montane forest, on granite bedrock, alt. 800–1400 m. (usually 1000–1300 m). Flowering 

Jan.–Nov. (usually Feb.–April), fruiting Jan.–Aug.. 

Vernacular.—Ko tia (°àÕ‡µ’ È¬), ko na ae (°àÕπ–·Õ) (Northern), ko nam (°àÕπÈ”) 


Uses.— Nut edible. 

subsp. griffithii (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq.) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 635. 

1912.— Quercus griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq. in A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 

16(2): 14. 1864; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 602. 1888; Franch., J. Bot.: 147. 1899; 

Brandis, Indian Trees: 625. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 943. 

1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 24. 1940. 

Thailand.— NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum. 

Distribution.— India (Sikkim, type). 

Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest, lower montane forest, deciduous dipterocarppine 

forest and open and wet savannah, usually in pure stands on sandstone bedrock by 

streams; alt. 800–1500 m. (usually 1200–1300 m). Flowering March–June, fruiting March– 

Dec.. 

Vernacular.—Ko nam (°àÕπÈ”), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ) (Northeastern). 

Uses.— Nut edible. 

3. Quercus augustinii Skan, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 507. 1889; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 

230. 1940.— Cyclobalanopsis augustinii (Skan.) Schott., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 656. 1912; 


Quercus glabricupula Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 99. 1938; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 69. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh. 34: 331. 1944. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; NORTHEASTERN: Loei; SOUTHEASTERN: 

Chanthaburi. 

Distribution.— China (type), Myanma. 

Ecology.— Lower and upper montane forests on granite bedrock, alt. 1100–2500 m 

(usually 1500–2000 m). Flowering Jan.–March, fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually Jan.–March).


Vernacular.— Ko mong kut (°àÕ¡ß°ÿÆ) (Northern); ko bai ri (°àÕ„∫√’), ko laem (°àÕ 

·À≈¡) (Northeastern). 

4. Quercus auricoma A.Camus, Chênes, Atlas. 2: 122. 1935. Fig. 41. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Tak; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, 

Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum. 


Ecology.— Lower montane forest, oak-pine forest and pine-deciduous dipterocarp 

forest on limestone hills, often by streams, alt. 800–2500 m (usually 800–1200 m. Flowering 

Jan.–Dec. (usually Jan.–May), fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually June–Sept.). 

Vernacular.— Ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß) (Northern); ko muak (°àÕÀ¡«°) (Northeastern). 

5. Quercus austro-cochinchinensis Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 386. 1921; 

Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 959. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Ral. Fag. Asia: 

266. 1940.— Cyclobalanopsis austrocochinchinensis (Hickel & A.Camus) Hjelmq., Dansk. 

Bot. Ark., 23: 503. 1968; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. 

China 4: 397. 1999. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Phangnga. 

Distribution.— Laos, Vietnam (type). 

Ecology.— On slopes of stream valleys in tropical evergreen forest and lower 

montane forest, alt. 600–1400 m. Flowering Jan., fruiting Feb.–Dec. (usually Feb.–March). 

Vernacular.— Ko aep (°àÕ·Õ∫) (Southeastern). 

6. Quercus brandisiana Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(2): 108. 1873; Kurz, 

Forest Fl. Burm. 2: 488. 1877; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 604. 1888; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 48. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944.— 

Cyclobalanopsis brandisiana (Kurz) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 657. 1912; Hjelm., 

Dansk Bot. Ark., 23: 507. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang; 

NORTHEASTERN: Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum. 


Ecology.— Pine-oak forest, mixed deciduous forest, pine-deciduous dipterocarp 

forest, deciduous dipterocarp forest and lower montane forest, on limestone and granite 

bedrock, alt. 850–1500 m (usually 850–1000 m). Flowering March–Dec., fruiting Feb.–Dec. 

(usually April–May). 

Vernacular.— Ko ta khwai (°àÕµ“§«“¬), ko si siat (°àÕ ’‡ ’¬¥), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko nun 

(°àÕÀπÿπ) (Northern). 

Uses.— Bark chewed locally with betel nut.

138 


Figure 41. Quercus auricoma A.Camus: A. twig, leaves and infructescence (Phengklai 6799), A-1 view of 

cupule from above, A-2 nut; B. female inflorescence (Pooma 76).


7. Quercus fleuryi Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat 29: 600. 1923; Hickel & 


1940.— Cyclobalanopsis fleuryi (Hickel & A.Camus) W.T.Chun. in Fl. Fujianica 1: 403. 


Fig. 42. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; NORTHEASTERN: Loei, Nakhon Phanom; 

EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima. 


Ecology.— Lowland evergreen to lower montane forest, often by streams; alt. 100– 

1500 m (usually 1200 m). Flowering Feb.–Dec. (usually Nov.–Dec.). fruiting Feb.–Dec. (usually 

Feb.–April). 

Vernacular.— Se di (‡´¥’) (Northern); mak ko hin (À¡“°°àÕÀ‘π), ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π) (Eastern). 

8. Quercus franchetii Skan, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 513. 1889; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 

37. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944; Hjelm., Dansk Bot. Ark., 

23: 513. 1968.— Quercus lanuginosa Franch (non D.Don)., J. Bot. (Morot) 13: 149. 1899. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun; EASTERN: 

Chaiyaphum. 

Distribution.— Afghanistan, Myanma, China (type). 

Ecology.— Dry upper mixed deciduous forest, oak-savannah forest, frequent on 

limestone bedrock, alt. 1600–2100 m. Flowering April, fruiting Feb.–Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko pha (°àÕº“), ko khrae (°àÕ·§√–) (Northern). 

9. Quercus helferiana A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 101. 1864; King ex Hook.f., Fl. 

Brit. India 5: 605. 1888; Brandis, Indian Trees: 628. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. 

Indo-Chine 5: 958. 1933; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 50. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. 

Soc. Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944.— Cyclobalanopsis helferiana (A.DC.) Oerst., Vidensk. 

Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 79. 1866; Hielm., Dansk. Bot. Ark, 23: 

504. 1968; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 391. 

1999. 


Lampang; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi. 


Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest, oak-pine forest, oak-savannah forest, lower 

montane forest and deciduous dipterocarp forest on granite bedrock, alt. 500–2650 m. 

(usually 800–1500 m). Flowering Dec.–March, fruiting Feb.–Nov. 

Vernacular.— Ko aep luang (°àÕ·Õ∫À≈«ß), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ), ko lum 

(°àÕÀ≈ÿ¡), ko kup (°àÕ°—∫) (Northern), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ) (Southwestern).

140 


Figure 42. Quercus fleuryi Hickel & A.Camus: A. twig, leaves and female inflorescences (Murata et al. T- 

42597), A-1 female inflorescence, A-2 female flower, A-3 bud; B. male inflorescence 

(Bingtingngon 36), B-1 male flower; C. acorn, C-1 cupule (Garrett 850).


Uses.— Wood suitable for heavy construction. 

10. Quercus kerrii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 471. 1911; Craib, Bull. 

Misc.Inform. Kew 1912: 199. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 

958. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 54. 1940; Barnett, Trans.& Proc. Bot. Soc. 

Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944.— Cyclobalanopsis kerrii (Craib) Hu, Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst. 

Biol. 10: 106. 1940; Hjelm., Dansk Bot. Ark., 23: 505. 1968; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & 

B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 391. 1999. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, (Kerr 550, type), Chiang 

Rai, Lampang, Phrae, Uttaradit, Tak; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: 

Chaiyaphum. SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi; PENINSULAR: Ranong. 

Distribution.— Myanma, Indochina. 

Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest, oak-deciduous dipterocarp forest, lower 

montane forest and deciduous dipterocarp forest, on granite bedrock, alt. 400–1250 m 

(usually 500–900 m). Flowering March–April, fruiting Jan.–Oct. 

Vernacular.— Ko aep (°àÕ·Õ∫), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ), ko phae (°àÕ·æ–) (Northern), ko aep 

(°àÕ·Õ∫), ko phae (°àÕ·æ–), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), ko hin (°àÕÀ‘π) (Northeastern), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ) 

(Southwestern). 

Uses.— Barrels made from the wood of this species are occasionally used for 

fermenting alcoholic beverages. 

11. Quercus kingiana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 472. 1911; Craib, Bull. Misc. 

Inform. Kew 1912: 200. 1912; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 945. 1930; 


1944; Hjelm., Dansk Bot. Ark., 23: 509. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, (Kerr 956, 1284 type), Chiang 

Rai, Nan, Lampang; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei, Nakhon Phanom; PENINSULAR: 

Trang. 

Distribution.— Myanma. 

Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest, savannah forest, oak-pine forest and lower 

montane forest, on limestone and granite bedrock, alt. 500–2100 m (usually 700–1000 m). 

Flowering Jan.–Nov. (usually Jan.–March), fruiting Jan.–Nov. (usually May–Oct.). 

Vernacular.— Ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko ngae (°àÕ·ß–), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ), ko dam (°àÕ 

¥”), ko aep (°àÕ·Õ∫), ko maeng nun (°àÕ·¡ßπŸπ) (Northern), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko khi mu 

(°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), ko yuak (°àÕÀ¬«°) (Northeastern). 

Uses.— Barrels made from the wood of this species are occasionally used for 

fermenting alcoholic beverages. 

12. Quercus lamellosa Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 29: 23. 1819; A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 

16(2): 101. 1864; Brandis, Indian Trees: 629. 1921; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 606. 1888;

142 


Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 255. 1940.— Quercus imbricata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Prodr. 

Fl. Nepal.: 57. 1825.— Q. paucilamellosa A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 101. 

1864.— Cyclobalanopsis lamellosa (Sm.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. 

Kjøbenhavn 1866: 79. 1866. Fig. 43. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai. 

Distribution.— India, Nepal (type), Bhutan, Myanma. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, on limestone bedrock, alt. 1500–1700 m. 

Vernacular.— Ko aep khao (°àÕ·Õ∫¢â“«) (Northern). 

13. Quercus lanata Sm. in A.Rees. Cycl. 29: 27. 1819; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. 

Indo-Chine 5: 943, f. 9. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 33. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. 

Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 330. 1944; Hjelm., Dansk Bot. Ark., 23.4: 512. 1968.— Quercus 

lanuginosa D.Don (non. Franch.), Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 57. 1825; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 

5: 603. 1888; Brandis, Indian Trees: 626. 1921. 


Distribution.— Nepal (type), Bhutan, Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Exposed ridges of lower montane forest, on limestone bedrock, alt. 1400– 

2200 m (usually 1800–2100 m). Flowering Jan.–Dec. (usually Dec.); fruiting July–Nov. 

Vernacular.— Ko pha (°àÕº“), ko thao (°àÕ‡∑“), ko lanna (°àÕ≈â“ππ“) (Northern). 

14. Quercus lenticellata Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 98. 1938; Barnett, Quer. Rel. 

Fag. Asia: 66. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944.— 

Cyclobalanopsis lenticellata (Barnett) Hjelmq., Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23: 508. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai (Put 3775, type), Lampang. 


Ecology.— Mixed deciduous forest and lower montane forest, by streams on granite 

bedrock; alt. 880–1800 m. (usually 1000 m or more) Flowering May–Nov.. 

Vernacular.— Ko ta khloi (°àÕµ“§≈Õ¬), ko lanna (°àÕ≈â“ππ“) (Northern). 

15. Quercus lineata Blume, Bijdr.: 523. 1826; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 57. 1940. Soepadmo, 

Fl. Males. 7(2): 396. 1972.— Q. polyneura Miq., Pl. Jungh.: 11. 1851.— Q. lineata var. 

heterochroa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(1): 855. 1856.— Q. oxyrhyncha Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste 

Bijv.: 347. 1861.— Cyclobalanopsis lineata (Blume) Qerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk 

Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 78. 1866.— Quercus lineata Blume var. hildebrandii 

King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 33, t. 26: 1. 1889; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 57. 

1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944.— Q. hendersoniana 

A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl.. Hist. Nat., II, 4: 123. 1923; A.Camus, Chênes, Texte 1: 210, t. 6. 

1938.— Q. chapensis Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 29 : 598. 1923


Figure 43. Quercus lamellosa Sm.: A. twig, leaves and infructescence (Chaloenphol 17), A-1 mature 

acorn; B. & B-1 different leaf forms (Bunchuai 979).

144 


Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai; NORTHEASTERN: 

Loei; PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat. 

Distribution.— India, Myanma, Malaysia, Indonesia (type), Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest, oak-pine forest and mixed deciduous forest, 

occasionally on limestone bedrock; alt. 500–2200 m (usually 1200–1500 m). Flowering Jan.– 

Nov., fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually May–Sept.). 

Vernacular.— Ko mok (°àÕÀ¡Õ°), ko ta mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ) (Northern). 

16. Quercus mespilifolia Wall. ex A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 101. 1864; Kurz, 

Forest Fl. Burm. 2: 488. 1877; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit India 5: 605. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. 

Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 35, t. 28. 1889; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 960.1930; 

Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 259. 1940.— Cylobalanopsis mespilifolia Qerst., Vidensk. 

Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 79. 1866.; Hjelm., Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23.4: 

506. 1968.— Quercus mespilifolioides A.Camus, Rivista Sci. 22: 66. 1935. 

KEY TO VARIETIES 

1. Leaves pubescent then glabrescent on both surfaces, margin slightly serrate 16.1 var. mespilifolia 

1. Leaves pubescent then glabrescent on the upper surface, and durable soft grey hairy on lower surface, 

margin strongly serrate 16.2 var. pubescens 

var. mespilifolia Fig. 44. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Nan, Phrae, 

Uttaradit, Tak; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Nakhon Ratchasima; 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi, Uthai Thani; SOUTHEASTERN: Chanthaburi. 

Distribution.— India, Myanma (type), Laos,Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Deciduous dipterocarp forest, pine-oak forest and dry evergreen forest, 

on limestone and granite bedrock, alt. 200–1000 m (usually 700–1000 m). Flowering Feb.– 

Sept., fruiting Jan.–Sept.. 

Vernacular.— Ko ngae (°àÕ·ß–), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko aep (°àÕ·Õ∫), ko dam (°àÕ¥”), ko ta 

mu (°àÕµ“À¡Ÿ) (Northern), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ), ko daeng (°àÕ·¥ß), ko khaeng (°àÕ·¢Áß) 

(Northeastern), ko talup (°àÕµ≈—∫) (Southwestern). 

var. pubescens Barnett ex Smitinand & Phengklai, Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 32: 119. 

2004.— Quercus kerrii Craib var. pubescens Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 

34: 331. 1944. Fig. 45. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Kamphaeng Phet (Kerr 6107, type); 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi. 

Distribution.— Endemic to Thailand.


Figure 44. Quercus mespilifolius Wall. ex A.DC. var. mespilifolius: A. male inflorescences (Suvanasudhi 

260), A-1 male flower cluster; B. female flower (Suvanasudhi 260); C. twig, leaves and 

infructescences (Phengklai et al. 6803), C-1 mature acorn.

146 


Figure 45. Quercus mespilifolius Wall. ex A.DC. var. pubescens Barnett ex Smitinand & Phengklai: A. 

twig, leaves and infructescences, A-1 & A-2 detached leaf and leaf margin; B. acorn, side view, 

B-1 top view (enlarged) (Kerr 6107).


Ecology.— Dry evergreen forest, mixed deciduous forest and deciduous dipterocarp 

forest, on granite and limestone bedrock. 

Vernacular.— Ko kamphaeng (°àÕ°”·æß) (Northern), ko talup (°àÕµ≈—∫) (Southwestern). 

17. Quercus myrsinaefolius Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 305. 1851; Miq., Mus. Bot. 1: 117. 1851; 

Rehder & E.H.Wilson in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wilson, 3: 236. 1917; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 

233. 1940.— Q. bambusifolia Fortune, Gard. Chron. 1860: 170. 1860.— Cyclobalanopsis 

myrsinaefolia (Blume) Oerst., Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Naturvidensk. Math. 

Afd., V, 9:879. 1873; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 

4: 398. 1999.— C. mysinaefolia (Blume) Schott., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 656. 1912; Hjelm, 

Dansk Bot. Ark., 23.4: 501. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Phitsanulok; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun; EASTERN: 

Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; CENTRAL: 

Nakhon Nayok; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Phangnga. 

Distribution.— Laos, Vietnam, China, Korea, Japan (type). 

Ecology.— Deciduous dipterocarp forest, dry evergreen forest and lowland 

evergreen forest, on sandy soils and granite bedrock, often by streams, alt. 50–900 m 

(usually 500–900 m). Flowering Feb.–Dec. (usually Oct.–Dec.), fruiting March–Dec. (usually 

Aug.–Oct.). 

Vernacular.— Ko dang (°àÕ¥à“ß), tao pun nok (‡µâ“ªŸππ°), sae (· ), (Peninsular). 

18. Quercus sessilifolia Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 305. 1850.— Cyclobalanopsis sessilifolia 

(Blume) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 652. 1912; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in 

C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 389. 1999.— Quercus nubium Hand.-Mazz, Anz. Akad. 

Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 59: 137. 1922.— Q. paucidentata Franch. ex Nakai, Bot. 

Mag. (Tokyo) 40: 583. 1926. 

Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Trat. 

Distribution.— China (type) (isotype C). 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest on granite bedrock. 

Vernacular.— Ko chan (°àÕ®—π∑πå). 

19. Quercus oidocarpus Korth., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 216, t. 47, fig. 18. 1844; 

King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 603. 1888; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 

5: 952. 1930; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 373. 1967; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 64. 1940; 

Barnett, Trans.& Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944. Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 392. 

1972.— Cyclobalanopsis oidocarpa (Korth.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. 

Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 78. 1866.— Quercus brevistyla A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 

80: 353. 1933; A.Camus, Chênes, Texte. 1: 276, t. 17. 1938. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai; NORTHEASTERN: Loei; 

PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phattalung, Trang, Yala, Narathiwat.

148 


Distribution.— Myanma, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia (type). 

Ecology.— Tropical evergreen forest, lower montane forest, frequent on ridges of 

granite bedrock, alt. 800–1700 m (usually 1200–1400 m). Flowering Dec., fruiting March– 

Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko muak (°àÕÀ¡«°) (Peninsular). 

20. Quercus oxyodon Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 114. 1864; A.DC. in A.P.de 

Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 98. 1864; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia.: 255. 1940.— Cyclobalanopsis 

oxyodon (Miq.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 79. 

1866; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 391. 1999.— 

Quercus lineata Blume var. oxyodon (Miq.) Wenz., Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 4: 232. 

1886; King ex Hook.f., Brit. India 5: 605. 1888; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta): 33, t. 26. 

1889.— Q. lineata Blume var. grandifolia Skan, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 517. 1889. Fig. 46. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun; EASTERN: 

Nakhon Ratchasima; PENINSULAR: Ranong. 

Distribution.— India (type), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanma, China. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest and evergreen forest on ridges, alt. 1800–2000 m. 

Flowering and fruiting March–Dec. 

Vernacular.— Ko luem (°àÕ‡≈◊ËÕ¡) 


21. Quercus poilanei Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 384. 1921; Hickel & 

A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 961. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 273. 1940; 

Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 169. 1944.— Cyclobalanopsis poilanei 

(Hickel & A.Camus) Hjelmq., Dansk. Bot. Ark. 23: 503. 1968. Fig. 47. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai. 


Ecology.— Oak-pine forest and dry upper mixed deciduous forest, frequent on 

ridges of granite bedrock, alt. 600–1400 m (usually 600–900 m). Flowering Feb.–April, fruiting 

Jan.–Dec. (usually Jan.–March). 

Vernacular.— Ko si siat (°àÕ ’‡ ’¬¥) (Northern). 

Uses.— Bark chewed locally with betel nut. 

22. Quercus quangtriensis Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 32: 400. 1926; 


247. 1940.— Q. longistyla Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1938: 100. 1938; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 75. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 332. 1944.— Q. 

wangsaiensis Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 1938: 99. 1938; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 

68. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Tak; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei,


Figure 46. Quercus oxyodon Miq.: A. twig with leaves and infructescence (Smitinand 90-28); B. male 

inflorescences (Frh. H. 11133), B-1 male flower; C. female flower (Frh. H. 11133), C-1 

female flower.

150 


Figure 47. Quercus poilanei Hickel & A.Camus: A.twig with leaves and infructescence (Smitinand et al. 

7579), A-1, A-2, A-3 acorns; B. male inflorescences (Smitinand 4391), B-1 male flower 

cluster, B-2 male flower.


Nakhon Phanom; SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; CENTRAL: Lop Buri; SOUTHEASTERN: 

Rayong, Chanthaburi; PENINSULAR: Nakhon Si Thammarat. 


Ecology.— Lower and upper montane forest and evergreen forest, by streams, alt. 

800–2500 m (usually 900–1300 m). Flowering Feb.–April, fruiting Feb.–Nov. 

Vernacular.— Ko nuat maew (°àÕÀπ«¥·¡«), ko khwai siak (°àÕ§«“¬‡ ’¬°), (Northeastern); 

ko paen (°àÕ·ªÑπ) (Peninsular). 

23. Quercus ramsbottomii A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 83: 343. 1936; Barnett, Quer. 

Rel. Fag. Asia: 74. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 33: 332. 1942.— 

Cyclobalanopsis ramsbottomii (A.Camus) Hjelmq., Dansk. Ark. 23: 502. 1968. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai; NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: 

Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Rachasima; CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok; SOUTHWESTERN: 

Kanchanaburi; SOUTHEASTERN: Prachin Buri. 


Ecology.— Lower montane forest, oak-pine forest, mixed deciduous forest and 

savannah forest, often by streams on granite bedrock. 

Vernacular.— Ko talap (°àÕµ≈—∫) (Northern); ko aep (°àÕ·Õ∫), ko um (°àÕÕÿâ¡), 

ko daeng 

(°àÕ·¥ß), ko khi mu (°àÕ¢’ ÈÀ¡Ÿ) (Northeastern); ko talap (°àÕµ≈—∫) (Central). 

24. Quercus rex Hemsl., Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 27: t. 2663. 1899; Brandis, Indian Trees: 631. 

1921, Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 957. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. 

Asia: 62. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh. 34: 331. 1944.— Cyclobalanopsis 

rex (Hemsl.) Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 651. 1912; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. 

in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 390. 1999.— Quercus fructiseptata A.Camus, Chênes, 

Atlas. 1: 22. 1934.— Cyclobalanopsis fructiseptata (A.Camus) Hjelmq., Dansk. Bot. Ark. 

23: 503. 1968.— Quercus dussaudii Hickel & A.Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., X, 3: 384. 1921; 


267. 1940. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Tak 

Distribution.— China (type), Myanma, Laos. 

Ecology.— Lower montane forest and evergreen forest, alt. 880–1600 m (usually 

1200–1600 m). Flowering March–Dec., fruiting July. 

Vernacular.— Ko plai chak (°àÕª≈“¬®—°), ko talap (°àÕµ≈—∫) (Northern). 

25. Quercus saravanensis A.Camus, Chênes, Atlas. 1: 19. 1934; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & 

B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 389. 1999.— Q. kontumensis A.Camus, 

Chênes, Atlas 1: 24. 1934.— Cyclobalanopsis kontumensis (A.Camus) Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei 

Jen., Acta Phytotax. Sin., 34: 339. 1996. Fig. 48.

152 


Figure 48. Quercus saravanensis A. Camus: A. twig with leaves and inflorescences (Smitinand 90-190), 

A-1 male flower clusters, A-2 different form of leaf (detached); B. infructescence (Smitinand 

90-195), B-1 mature acorn.


Thailand.— SOUTHEASTERN: Prachin Buri. 

Distribution.— China, Laos (type), Vietnam. 

Ecology.— Dry evergreen forest, alt. 500–800 m. Flowering and fruiting July–Sept. 

Vernacular.— Ko kliang (°àÕ‡°≈’ È¬ß) (Southeastern). 

26. Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl.: 29: 20. 1819; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. 

India 5: 601. 1888; Skan. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 520. 1899; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 41. 

1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 331. 1944; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & 

B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 375. 1999. 


Distribution.— Afghanistan, Bhuthan, India, Nepal (type), Pakistan, China. 

Ecology.— Exposed ridges of lower and upper montane forests, on limestone 

bedrock, alt. 1950–2200 m. Flowering May, fruiting April–July. 

Vernacular.— Ko chiangdao (°àÕ‡’¬ß¥“«). 

27. Quercus semiserrata Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 641. 1832; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm. 2: 488. 

1877; King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 604. 1888; Paulsen, J. Bot. Tidssk. 24.3: 255. 1902; 

Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 472. 1911; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo- 

Chine 5: 948. 1930; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 70. 1940; Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. 

Edinburgh 34: 332. 1944.— Cyclobalanopsis semiserata (Roxb.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. 

Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 79. 1866; Hjelm., Dansk Bot. Ark., 23.4: 501. 


Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phrae; NORTHEASTERN: Loei. 

SOUTHWESTERN: Kanchanaburi; SOUTHEASTERN: Trat; PENINSULAR: Ranong, Phangnga, 

Trang. 

Distribution.— India, Myanma (type), China, Malaysia. 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest and lower montane forest, on granite, limestone 

or sandstone bedrock., on slopes of stream valleys, alt. 250–1800 m (usually 1200–1400 m). 

Flowering Feb.–Dec. (usually March), fruiting Jan.–Dec. (usually May–June). 

Vernacular.— Ko mu (°àÕÀ¡Ÿ), (Northern & Northeastern); ko kra dum (°àÕ°√–¥ÿ¡) 

(Southeastern); ko nua rew (°àÕ‡π◊ÈÕ√‘ 

È«), tao pun nok khao (‡µâ“ªŸππ°‡¢“) (Peninsular). 

28. Quercus setulosa Hickel & A.Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 29: 598. 1923; Barnett, 


C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 380. 1999. 

Thailand.— NORTHEASTERN: Phetchabun, Loei; EASTERN: Chaiyaphum. 


Ecology.— Evergreen forest, savannah forest and oak forest, frequent on loamy 

soil by streams, alt. 600–1000 m. Flowering Jan.–May, fruiting Jan.–Nov. (usually May– 

Sept.).

154 


Vernacular.— Ko ta chi (°àÕµ“®’) (Northeastern). 

29. Quercus vestita Rehder & E.H.Wilson in C.S.Sargent, Pl. Wilson, 3: 236. 1916; (except 

cited specimens); Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 60. 1940.— Q. velutina Lindl. ex Wall., Pl. 

Asiat. Rar. 2: 41, t. 150. 1831 (non Wall. Cat. 2768); Kurz, Forest Fl. Burm. 2: 487. 1877; King 

ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 606. 1888; Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 202. 1916; Brandis, 

Indian Trees: 628. 1921; Hickel & A.Camus in H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5: 953. 1930.— 

Cyclobalanopsis velutina (Lindl.) Oerst., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. 

Kjøbenhavn 1866: 79. 1866. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Tak; NORTHEASTERN: Loei. 

Distribution.— India, Myanma (type), Laos. 

Ecology.— Lowland evergreen forest and lower montane forest, in open galleries, 

on sandstone and granite bedrock, alt. 500–1750 m (usually 900–1300 m). Flowering Feb.– 

Dec. (usually Nov.–Dec.), fruiting Feb.–Aug. 

Vernacular.— Ko aep (°àÕ·Õ∫), ko muak (°àÕÀ¡«°) (Northern). 

4. TRIGONOBALANUS 

Forman, Taxon 11: 140. 1962; Forman, Kew Bull. 17: 387. 1964; Forman, Kew Bull. 21: 331. 

1967; Soepadmo, Fl. Males. 7(2): 398. 1972; Soepadmo, Julia & Go in E.Soepadmo & L.G. 

Saw, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 3: 115. 2000.— Formanodendron Nixon & Crepet, Amer. J. 

Bot. 46: 840. 1989. 

Evergreen tree. Branchlets initially densely fulvous adpressed-pubescent. Terminal 

buds ovoid, scales imbricate. Stipules extra- or interpetiolar, caducous. Leaves spirally 

arranged, entire. Inflorescences separate male and female or female below and male on the 

upper part of the same suberect spiklets, occasionally mixed. Male inflorescences simple or 

branched in the axil or upper leaf-scars or subterminal. Female androgynous or mixed 

inflorescences a simple, erect catkin, axillary. Male flowers usually in clusters of three or 

more, with one or more bracts; perianth campanulate, 6-lobed, free or minutely connate near 

base. Stamens 6, anthers glabrous, basifixed, a cluster of minute erect hairs present instead 

of rudimentary ovary. Female flowers in clusters of 3 or more, bracts as male; perianth 

campanulate, with 6 imbricate lobes, the lower parts adnate to the ovary. Staminodes 6. 

Style 3 recurved or connate near base, stigma capitate. Cupule set in an irregularly saucershaped 

support, normally with 1–3 nuts. Fruits strongly longitudinally trigonous; scar 

present, visible. 

A genus of 3 species, scattered in South and Southeast Asia and South America. 

Among these one species indigenous to Thailand. 

Trigonobalanus doichangensis (A.Camus) Forman, Kew Bull. 17: 387. 1964.— Quercus 

doichangensis A.Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 80: 355. 1933; Barnett, Quer. Rel. Fag. Asia: 

77. 1940.— Formanodendron doichangensis (A.Camus) Nixon & Crepet, Crepet, Amer. J.


Bot. 76: 840. 1989; C.C.Huang, Y.T.Chang & B.M.Bartol. in C.Y.Wu & P.H.Raven, Fl. China 4: 

370. 1999. 

Thailand.— NORTHERN: Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son. 

Distribution.— China (Yunnan). 

Ecology.— Rare along ridges in lower montane forest, alt. 900–1600 m. Flowering 

and fruiting Dec.–Feb. 

Vernacular.— Ko doichang (°àÕ¥Õ¬â“ß), ko samliam (°àÕ “¡‡À≈’ Ë¬¡) (Northern). 

Note.— This species is rare and endangered. Both seed dispersal and seedling 

establishment are rare events; the acorns are readily damaged by fungi and insects.

156 

J. FAGACEAE 


GENERA & SPECIES NUMBERS 

1. CASTANOPSIS (D. Don) Spach. 

1.1 C. acuminatissima (Blume) A. DC. 1.17 C. indica (Roxb.) A. DC. 

1.2 C. argentea (Blume) A. DC. 1.18 C. inermis (Lindl. ex Wall.) Benth. & Hook.f. 

1.3 C. argyrophylla King ex Hook.f. 1.19 C. lanceifolia (Roxb.) Hickel & A. Camus 

1.4 C. armata (Roxb.) Spach. 1.20 C. malaccensis Gamble 

1.5 C. brevispinula Hickel. & A. Camus 1.21 C. megacarpa Gamble 

1.6 C. calathiformis (Skan) Rehdr & Wilson 1.22 C. nephelioides King ex Hook.f. 

1.7 C. cerebrina (Hickel & A. Camus) Barnett 1.23 C. pierrei Hance 

1.8 C. costata (Blume) A. DC. 1.24 C. piriformis Hickel & A. Camus 

1.9 C. crassifolia Hickel & A. Camus 1.25 C. pseudohystrix Phengklai 

1.10 C. diversifolia (Kurz) King & Hook.f. 1.26 C. purpurea Barnett 

1.11 C. echidnocarpa (Hook. & Thom. ex A.DC.)1.27 C. rhamnifolia (Miq.) A. DC. 

A.DC. 1.28 C. rockii A. Camus 

1.12 C. ferox (Roxb.) Spach 1.29 C. schefferiana Hance 

1.13 C. fissa (Champ.) Rehder & Wilson 1.30 C. siamensis Duanmu 

1.14 C. fordii Hance 1.31 C. thaiensis Phengklai 

1.15 C. javanica (Blume) A. DC. 1.32 C. tribuloides (Smith) A. DC. 

1.16 C. hystrix (Hook.f. & Thom. ex Miq.) A. DC. 1.33 C. wallichii King & Hook.f. 

2. LITHOCARPUS Blume 

2.1 L. aggregatus Barnett 2.28 L. loratefolius Phengklai 

2.2 L. auriculatus (Hickel & A. Camus) Barnett 2.29 L. lucidus (Roxb.) Rehder 

2.3 L. bancanus (Scheff.) Rehder 2.30 L. macphailii (M.R. Hend.) Barnett 

2.4 L. bennettii (Miq.) Rehder 2.31 L. magneinii (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus 

2.5 L. blumeanus (Korth.) Rehder 2.32 L. magnificus (Brandis) A. Camus 

2.6 L. cantleyanus (King ex Hook.f.) Rehder 2.33 L. maingayi (Benth.) Rehder 

2.7 L. ceriferus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus 2.34 L. mekongensis (A. Camus) Huang & Y.T. 

Zhang 

2.8 L. clementianus (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus 2.35 L. neorobinsonii (Ridl.) A. Camus 

2.9 L. craibianus Barnett 2.36 L. pattaniensis Barnett 

2.10 L. curtisii (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus 2.37 L. pierrei (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus 

2.11 L. cyclophorus (Endl.) A. Camus 2.38 L. platycarpus (Blume) Rehder 

2.12 L. dealbatus (Hook.f. & Thom.) Rehder 2.39 L. polystachyus (Wall. ex A. DC. ) Rehder 

2.13 L. echinophorus (Hickel & A. Camus) 2.40 L. rassa (Miq.) Rehder 

A. Camus 2.41 L. recurvatus Barnett 

2.14 L. echinops Hjelmq. 2.42 L. reinwardtii (Korth.) A. Camus 

2.15 L. eichleri (Wenzing) A. Camus 2.43 L. revolutus Hatus. ex Soepadmo 

2.16 L. elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo 2.44 L. rufescens Barnett 

2.17 L. elephantum (Hance) A. Camus 2.45 L. scortechinii (King ex Hook.f.) A. Camus 

2.18 L. encleisacarpus (Korth.) A. Camus 2.46 L. siamensis A. Camus 

2.19 L. erythrocarpus (Ridl.) A. Camus 2.47 L. sootepensis (Craib) A. Camus 

2.20 L. eucalyptifolius (Hickel & A. Camus) 2.48 L. sundaicus (Blume) Rehder 

A. Camus 2.49 L. thomsonii (Miq.) Rehder 

2.21 L. falconeri (Kurz) Rehder 2.50 L. trachycarpus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. 

Camus 

2.22 L. fenestratus (Roxb.) Rehder 2.51 L. truncatus (King ex Hook.f.) Rehder & 

Wilson 

2.23 L. garrettianus (Craib) A. Camus 2.52 L. tubulosus (Hickel & A. Camus) A.Camus 

2.24 L. gracilis (Korth) Soepadmo 2.53 L. vestitus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus 

2.25 L. harmandianus (Hickel & A. Camus) 2.54 L. wallichianus (Lindl. ex Hance) Rehder 

A. Camus 2.55 L. wrayi (King) A. Camus


2.26 L. hendersonianus A. Camus 2.56 L. xylocarpus (Kurz) Markgr. 

2.27 L. lindleyanus (Wall. ex A. DC.) A. Camus 

3. QUERCUS L. 

3.1 Q. acutissimus Carruth. 3.16.1 Q. mespilifolius Wall. ex A. DC var. 

3.2.1 Q. aliena Blume subsp. aliena mespilifolius 

3.2.2 Q. aliena Blume subsp. griffithii 3.16.2 Q. mespilifolius Wall.ex A. DC.var. pubescens 

3.3 Q. augustinii Skan Barnett ex Smitinand & Phengklai 

3.4 Q. auricoma A. Camus 3.17 Q. myrsinaefolius Blume 

3.5 Q. austro-cochinchinensis Hickel & 3.18 Q. sessilifolia Blume 

A. Camus 3.19 Q. oidocarpus Korth. 

3.6 Q. brandisianus Kurz 3.20 Q. oxyodon Miq. 

3.7 Q. fleuryi Hickel & A. Camus 3.21 Q. poilanei (Hickel & A. Camus) Hjelmq. 

3.8 Q. franchetii Skan 3.22 Q. quangtriensis Hickel & A. Camus 

3.9 Q. helferianus A. DC. 3.23 Q. ramsbottomii A. Camus 

3.10 Q. kerrii Craib 3.24 Q. rex (Hemsl.) Schottky 

3.11 Q. kingianus Craib 3.25 Q. saravanensis A. Camus 

3.12 Q. lamellosa Sm. 3.26 Q. semecarpifolia Sm. 

3.13 Q. lanata Sm. 3.27 Q. semiserratus Roxb. 

3.14 Q. lenticellatus Barnett 3.28 Q. setulosus Hickel & A. Camus 

3.15 Q. lineatus Blume 3.29 Q. vestitus Rehder & Wilson 

4. TRIGONOBALANUS Forman 

4.1 T. doichangensis (A. Camus) Forman

158 


INDEX TO COLLECTOR’S NUMBERS 

Abbe L.B. et al. 9159 : 1.33 (BKF); 9170 : 2.38 (BKF); 9182 : 2.16 (BKF); 9213 : 2.48 (BKF); 9217: 

2.21 (BKF); 9243 : 2.47 (BKF); 9244 : 2.12 (BKF); 9245 : 2.39 (BKF, C); 9250 : 2.39 (BKF); 

9251 : 2.39 (BKF); 9254 : 2.23 (BKF, C); 9258 : 2.27 (BKF); 9259 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 9260 : 2.51 

(BKF); 9280 : 3.9 (BKF); 9284 : 2.53 (BKF, C); 9287 : 1.32 (BKF); 9292 : 2.2 (BKF); 9293 : 2.1 

(BKF); 9300 : 3.6 (BKF); 9309 : 2.12 (BKF, C); 9319 : 3.9 (BKF, C); 9320 : 3.8 (BKF); 9321 : 

2.25 (BKF, C); 9323 : 2.9 (BKF); 9329 : 2.49 (BKF); 9330 : 3.6 (BKF, C); 9331 : 2.51 (BKF); 

9332 : 1.17 (BKF); 9337 : 3.16.1 (BKF, K); 9339 : 1.22 (BKF); 9341 : 2.49 (BKF); 9342 : 1.23 

(BKF); 9344 : 1.23 (BKF); 9353 : 2.25 (BKF); 9354 : 2.25 (BKF); 9355 : 2.25 (BKF); 9357 : 

2.29 (BKF); 9358 : 1.23 (BKF); 9362 : 2.41 (BKF); 9363 : 2.41 (BKF); 9368 : 2.6 (BKF); 9380: 

2.39 (BKF); 9382 : 1.32 (BKF); 9383 : 1.9 (BKF); 9387 : 2.49 (BKF); 9392 : 1.11 (BKF); 9393: 

2.39 (BKF); 9395 : 2.12 (BKF); 9397 : 2.12 (BKF); 9404 : 2.22 (BKF); 9405 : 2.51 (BKF); 

9410: 1.4 (BKF); 9414 : 3.1 (BKF); 9419 : 3.2.1 (BKF); 9423 : 3.23 (BKF); 9449 : 2.12 (BKF); 

9451 : 1.1(BKF); 9668 : 1.26 (BKF); 9669 : 2.16 (BKF); 9672 : 1.1 (BKF); 9673 : 1.22 (BKF); 

9674 : 1.33 (BKF); 9685 : 2.16 (BKF); 9686 : 2.48 (BKF); 9688 : 2.16 (BKF); 9689 : 1.33 


1.18 (BKF); 9696 : 2.55 (BKF); 9701 : 1.26 (BKF) 

Amphorn 5 : 1.32 (BKF); 38 : 3.2.1 (BKF) 

Anderson E.F. 5156 : 1.1 (BKF); 5199 : 2.23 (BKF); 5324 : 2.16 (BKF). 

Aow-u-dom Th. sn. : 2.29 (BKF). 

Baenziger H. 1248 : 3.24 (C). 

Beusekom C.F. et al. 235 : 2.41 (BKF, C. K. L) ; 278 : 2.12 (BKF, K); 318 : 1.1 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 

334 : 1.1 (BKF, L); 351 : 3.23 (C, K, L) ; 378 : 2.12 (AAU, BKF, L); 419 : 2.16 (AAU, BKF, K, 

L); 594 : 2.48 (AAU, C, K, L); 916 : 2.48 (AAU, BKF, C. K. L) ; 992 : 2.40 (AAU, BKF, K, L); 

1085 : 3.16.1 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 1099 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 1166 : 3.34 (AAU, BKF, 

C, K, L); 1167 : 3.2.1 (BKF, L) ; 1198 : 3.16.1 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 1251 : 1.12 (AAU, K, L); 

1253 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 1264 : 2.9 (AAU, C, K, L); 1343 : 3.26 (AAU, BKF, C, K, 

L); 2334 : 2.22 (AAU, C, L); 2346 : 1.12 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 2500 : 2.34 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 

2608: 1.1 (BKF, L); 2967 : 1.32 (AAU, BKF, C,L) ; 2999 : 2.9 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 3026 : 3.9 

(AAU, BKF, C, L); 3076 : 1.1 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 3092 : 3.4 (AAU, C, L); 3093 : 2.9 (AAU, BKF, 

C, L); 3108 : 2.41 (AAU, BKF, L); 3198 : 2.42 (AAU, C, L); 3669 : 1.9 (BKF, C, K, L); 3677 : 

2.12 (BKF, C, K, L); 4298 : 2.9 (BKF, C, K, L); 4300 : 2.23 (BKF, C, K, L); 4348 : 3.4 (BKF, K, 

L); 4349 : 3.4 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 4393 : 3.28 (BKF, C, K, L); 4506 : 3.2.2 (BKF, C, K, L); 4539: 

2.12 (BKF, L); 4593 : 2.39 (C, K, L); 4802 : 1.1 (BKF, C, K, L); 4810 : 3.11 (BKF, C, K, L); 

4822: 4.1 (AAU, K, L); 4824 : 2.39 (BKF, C, L). 

BGO (QBG) 5028 : 2.27 (QBG); 5478 : 2.27 (QBG). 

Bhudhipap A. 746 : 3.22 (MAU). 

Bing-ting-ngon D. 36 : 3.7 (BKF). 

Bjørnland et al. 428 : 2.39 (BKF); 682 : 2.9 (BKF, C). 

Boonkongchart A. 182 : 3.22 (MAU). 

Boonkrong P. 14 : 2.8 (BKF). 

Boonnak 543 : 2.16 (BK). 

Boonyarattabhan A. 104 : 1.26 (BKF); 116 : 1.17 (BKF); 118 : 1.3 (BKF). 

Brockelman W.Y. 68 : 1.1 (MAU); 86 : 1.1 (MAU); 112 : 1.1 (MAU). 

Bunchu 755 : 2.16 (BK). 

Bunchuai K. 21 : 1.17 (BKF); 24 : 1.17 (BKF); 43 : 2.12 (BKF); 45 : 2.39 (BKF); 58 : 1.10 (BKF); 63 

: 2.16 (BKF); 73 : 2.25 (BKF); 77 : 3.11 (BKF); 102 : 1.32 (BKF); 102A : 1.5 (BKF, C); 108 : 

1.26 (BKF); 109 : 1.32 (BKF); 112 : 2.47 (BKF); 112A : 3.11 (BKF); 114 : 1.4 (BKF); 116 : 1.11 

(BKF); 134 : 2.51 (BKF); 142 : 2.51 (BKF); 149 : 1.26 (BKF); 150 : 3.10 (BKF, C, K); 152 : 2.39


(BKF); 153 : 2.47 (BKF); 160 : 1.17 (BKF); 161 : 2.52 (BKF); 168 : 2.23 (BKF); 169 : 2.7 (AAU, 

BKF, C, K); 178 : 2.51 (BKF); 179 : 2.51 (BKF); 180 : 3.11 (BKF); 193 : 2.51 (BKF); 208 : 3.9 

(BKF); 213 : 3.11 (BKF); 214 : 3.11 (BKF); 230 : 2.27 (BKF); 265 : 3.11 (BKF); 266 : 2.39 

(BKF); 276 : 2.50 (BKF); 280 : 1.1 (BKF); 287 : 2.39 (BKF); 291 : 2.49 (BKF); 605 : 1.8 (BKF); 

607 : 1.4 (BKF); 629 : 1.10 (BKF, C); 631 : 2.9 (BKF, K); 633 : 2.39 (BKF, C); 634 : 2.47 (BKF); 

645 : 3.10 (BKF); 646 : 2.1 (BKF); 647 : 2.47 (BKF, K); 648 : 1.32 (BKF, C, K); 656 : 2.27 

(BKF); 657 : 3.11 (BKF); 658 : 3.10 (BKF, K); 622 : 1.12 (BKF); 666 : 1.1 (BKF); 672 : 2.47 

(BKF); 674 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 675 : 2.39 (BKF); 678 : 2.39 (BKF); 680 : 2.39 (BKF); 682 : 2.47 


(BKF); 1244 : 2.7 (BKF, C, K); 1339 : 2.49 (BKF, C, K); 1348 : 2.22 (BKF, C, K); 1349 : 3.9 

(BKF, C, K); 1350 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1378 : 1.2 (BKF, C, K); 1385 : 1.17 (BKF, C, K); 

1387 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1389 : 1.26 (BKF, C); 1405 : 1.32 (BKF, C, K); 1441: 2.12 (BKF, 

K); 1442 : 2.16 (BKF, C, K); 1443 : 3.9 (AAU, BKF, C); 1449 : 1.3 (BKF, C, K); 1453 : 1.3 (BKF, 

C, K); 1462 : 2.47 (BKF, C); 1464 : 3.9 (BKF, C, K); 1466 : 3.9 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1473 : 3.4 

(AAU, BKF, C, K); 1507 : 2.41 (BKF, C, K); 1548 : 2.25 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1550 : 2.7 (BKF, K); 

1551 : 2.7 (BKF, C, K); 1552 : 2.25 (BKF, C, K); 1650 : 2.25 (BKF, C, K); 1667 : 2.25 (AAU, 

BKF, C, K); 1746 : 2.55 (BKF, K); 1749 : 2.39 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1750 : 2.55 (BKF, C, K); 1751 

: 2.55 (BKF, K); 1881 : 2.7 (BKF). 

Bunnab Ch. 82 : 1.18 (BKF); 118 : 2.52 (BKF); 192 : 1.33(BKF); 295 : 1.4 (BKF); 297 : 2.21 (BKF); 

.345 : 1.22 (BKF); 346 : 2.55 (BKF); 373 : 2.52 (BKF); 464 : 1.18 (BKF). 

Bunpheng D. 54 : 1.32; 92 : 251 (BKF); 302 : 2.51 (BKF); 310 : 3.22 (BKF); 312 : 3.22 (BKF); 373 

: 2.16 (BKF, K); 391 : 3.23 (BKF); 400 : 3.1 (BKF); 410 : 3.1 (BKF, K); 442 : 3.1 (BKF); 551 

: 3.2.2 (BKF); 596 : 1.1 (BKF); 630 : 2.23 (BKF); 632 : 1.32 (BKF); 641 : 3.23 (BKF); 667 : 

3.2.2 (BKF); 695 : 2.16 (BKF, BK); 703 : 2.16 (BKF); 802 : 3.23 (BKF); 827 : 1.11 (BKF); 870 

: 2.16 (BKF); 885 : 2.51 (BKF); 887 : 2.23 (BKF); 888 : 1.17 (BKF); 889 : 2.12 (BKF). 

Bunyaratthabhan A. 62 : 2.25 (BKF); 114 : 2.39 (BKF). 

Charoenchai P. 5 : 3.24 (MAU); 339 : 1.1 (MAU). 

Chaemchumroon V. 98-41 : 2.21 (BKF). 

Chaemchusri B. s.n. 1.13 (BKF). 

Chan-sa-nguan P. sn. : 3.16.1 (BKF); sn. : 1.32 (BKF); sn. : 2.16 (BKF). 

Chantaranothai P. et al. 90-166 : 3.4 (K); 90-224 : 3.6 (K); 991 : 2.16 (BKF, K); 1307 : 2.21 (K); 

1402 : 1.15 (K). 

Chanthanamuk A. 699 : 1.26 (BK); 709 : 1.5 (BK); 743 : 3.16.1 (BK); 744 : 2.25 (BK). 

Charoenphol Ch. 34 : 1.3 (BKF); 74 : 3.9 (BKF); 90 : 2.25 (BKF. C, K); 442 : 1.1 (BKF, C); 445 : 3.15 

(BKF, C, K); 485 : 2.34 (BKF); 493 : 3.27 (BKF); 4381 : 2.49 (AAU, BKF, K); 4799 : 3.4 (AAU, 

BKF). 

Chayamarit K. et al. 698 : 1.10 (BKF); 748 : 2.16 (BKF); 927 : 2.51 (BKF); 992 : 3.10 (BKF); 1001 

: 3.10 (BKF); 1366 : 3.23 (BKF); 1472 : 3.3 (BKF); 1583 : 3.10 (BKF); 1640 : 1.3 (BKF); 1641 


: 2.7 (BKF); 2985 : 2.12 (BKF). 

Chermsirivathana C. 499 : 3.16.1 (BK); 519 : 2.47 (BK); 841 : 2.9 (BK); 1104A : 2.9 (BK); 1409 : 

1.23 (BK); 1824 : 2.16 (BK); sn. (18-11-1968) : 2.16 (BK). 

Chingsoognoern P. sn. : 1.1 (BKF). 

Chintana N. 22 : 2.21 (BKF). 

Chitpong P. 218 : 2.25 (BK); 297 : 2.20 (BK); 457 : 2.16 (BK); 655 : 1.11 (BK); 758 : 1.9 (BK); 759 

: 2.23 (BK). 

Chob 24 : 1.10 (BKF). 

Chom 21 : 2.53 (BKF). 

Chongko S. 346 : 2.16 (MAU).

160 


Chu-ha-rue-tai I. 3 : 3.21 (BKF). 

Collin D.J. 805 : 2.25 (BK, K); 1076 : 2.25 (AAU, BKF, K); 1110 : 2.25 (BK); 1202 : 1.1 (K); 1209 

: 1.32 (BK, K); 1238 : 2.39 (K); 1960 : 2.25 (C, K); 2401 : 1.33 (K); 2453 : 1.33 (K). 

Congdon G. 540 : 2.16 (PSU); 751 : 1.20 (AAU, PSU). 

Curtis 1677 : 2.21 (K). 

Decha-gai-saya T. 7 : 2.21 (BKF). 

Duang-jai S. et al. 10 : 2.6 (BKF); 11 : 1.33 (BKF); sn. (-2-2002) : 1.8 (BKF); sn. (-2-2002) : 1.8 

(BKF). 

Eiadthong W. 3 : 1.12 (BKF); 4 : 1.10 (BKF); 5 : 2.38 (BKF); 6 : 2.47 (BKF); 6A : 2.47 (BKF); 6B : 2.47 

(BKF); 6C : 2.47 (BKF); 8 : 2.23 (BKF); 10 : 1.32 (BKF); 12 : 1.4 (BKF); sn. (BKF 97215) : 1.25 

(BKF). 

Floto F. 4766 : 2.22 (BKF); 7372 : 2.51 (BKF); 7466 : 2.22 (BKF); 7468 : 1.32 (BKF). 

Fukuoka N. et al. T-35004 : 2.20 (BKF); T-35047 : 2.53 (BKF); T-35179 : 1.1 (BKF); T-35180 : 3.6 

(BKF); T-35188 : 3.15 (BKF); T-35189 : 3.6 (BKF); T-35190 : 1.22 (BKF); T-35205 : 2.1 

(BKF); T-35412 : 2.16 (BKF); T-35413 : 2.16 (BKF); T-35550 : 1.9 (BKF); T-36221 : 2.51 

(BKF); T-4445 : 2.53 (BKF); T-62009 : 3.10 (BKF); T-62010 : 2.7 (BKF); T-62066 : 1.9 (BKF); 

T-62066A : 2.34 (BKF); T-62068 : 1.1 (BKF); T-62121 : 1.6 (BKF); T-62123 : 3.6 (BKF); T- 

62135 : 1.9 (BKF); T-62279 : 2.1 (BKF); T-62309 : 2.22 (BKF); T-62314 : 1.10 (BKF); T- 

62321 : 1.32 (BKF); T-62391 : 2.32 (BKF); T-62482 : 3.16.1 (BKF); T-62516 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 

T-63798 : 2.51 (BKF); T-63802 : 2.16 (BKF); T-63820 : 1.1 (BKF). 

Garrett H. B.G. 46 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, K); 98 : 2.23 (K); 550 : 3.7 (BKF); 588 : 3.24 (BKF); 685 : 1.10 

(BKF, C, K); 686 : 2.2 (BKF, C, K); 719 : 1.6 (C, K); 767 : 1.1 (BKF, K); 758 : 2.9 (BKF, C, K); 

850 : 3.4 (AAU, BKF, K); 854 : 1.12 (BKF, K); 913 : 1.12 (BKF, C, K); 1116 : 3.27 (K); 1175 

: 3.9 (K). 

Geesink R. et al. 4882 : 2.21 (BKF, C, L); 4924 : 2.21 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 4996 : 1.33 (AAU, L); 

5008 : 2.42 (AAU, BKF, K, L); 5015 : 1.27 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 5298 : 2.21 (AAU, BKF, C, K, 

L); 5497 : 2.48 (AAU, L); 5497A : 1.3 ( BKF, C, K, L); 5623 : 1.22 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 5660 : 

2.16 (K, L); 5795 : 1.25 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 5802 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 5802 : 1.2 (AAU, 

BKF, C, L); 6066 : 3.16.1 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 6172 : 3.16.1 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 6207 : 1.12 

(AAU, C, L); 6302 : 2.48 (BKF, C, L); 6486 : 2.7 (AAU, BKF, K, L); 6553 : 2.48 (AAU, BKF, 

K, L); 6970 : 1.19 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 7022 : 2.12 (AAU, BKF, C, K, L); 7120 : 2.12 (AAU, 

BKF, C, K, L); 7156 : 3.4 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 7159 : 3.28 (AAU, BKF, C, L); 7249 : 1.18 (AAU, 

C, L); 7271 : 2.55 (AAU, BKF, L); 7414 : 2.21 (AAU, BKF, K, L); 7569 : 2.8 (AAU, BKF, C, K, 

L); 7670 : 2.45 (BKF, C, L); 8272 : 3.27 (BKF, L). 

Gongdon G. 525 : 2.21 (PSU). 

Gram K. et al. 49 : 3.9 (C); 82 : 2.39 (C); 122 : 3.6 (C); 135 : 3.10(C). 

Greijmans M. 44 : 2.12 (BKF); 48 : 2.16 (BKF); 49 : 1.24 (BKF); 95 : 2.7 (BKF); 96 : 1.26 (BKF); 97 

: 1.26 (BKF); 98 : 2.25 (BKF); 101 : 2.39 (BKF); 102 : 2.1 (BKF); 108 : 1.24 (BKF); 116 : 2.16 

(BKF). 

Hambhanon C. 152 : 2.16 (BKF); sn. : 2.16 (BKF). 

Hamilton C. et al. 217 : 2.16 (PSU). 

Haniff M. 362 : 1.2 (K); 2053 : 2.23 (K); 2705 : 1.3 (K); 4299 : 2.21 (K); sn. : 1.27 (BM). 

Hansen B. et al. 10863 : 2.2 (C); 10864 : 2.1 (BKF, C); 10867 : 2.1 (BKF, C); 10868 : 2.41 (BKF, C); 

10890 : 2.53 (BKF, C); 10891 : 2.14 (C); 10907 : 3.14 (BKF, C); 10917 : 2.1 (BKF, C); 10922 

: 2.1 (C); 10923 : 3.24 (BKF, C); 10944 : 2.16 (BKF, C); 10953 : 3.2.1 (BKF, C, K); 10999 : 3.6 

(BKF, K); 11053 : 3.11 (BKF, C); 11177 : 3.17 (C, K); 11188 : 2.49 (BKF, C); 11206 : 3.10 (C); 

11207 : 3.4 (C); 11220 : 1.1 (BKF, C); 11250 : 2.50 (BKF, C); 11273 : 2.23 (BKF, C); 11306 : 

2.25 (BKF, C, K); 11315 : 3.27 (C); 11900 : 3.27 (BKF); 11958 : 2.41 (BKF, C); 12132 : 2.46 

(BKF, C, K); 12410 : 2.21 (BKF, C, K); 12614 : 3.15 (AAU, BKF, C); 12615 : 3.15 (AAU, BKF,


C, K); 12617 : 3.9 (K); 12638 : 2.22 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 12641 : 3.9 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 12667 

: 2.14 (C); 12691 : 2.16 (AAU, C, K); 12764 : 2.14 (BKF, C); 12774 : 1.4 (AAU, BKF, C); 12793 

: 3.3 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 12801 : 2.1 (BKF, C, K); 12828 : 3.15 (BKF, C); 12852 : 1.10 (AAU, 

BKF, C); 12853 : 1.1 (BKF, C, K); 12867 : 1.4 (AAU, BKF, C); 12876 : 2.16 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 

12879 : 1.4 (BKF, C, K); 12888 : 2.14 (BKF, C); 12889 : 1.2 (BKF); 12890 : 3.24 (BKF, C); 

12931 : 1.12 (BKF, C); 12968 : 2.49 (BKF, C); 12997 : 3.24 (BKF, C); 12999 : 3.22 (AAU, BKF, 

C, K). 

Hanuphakdi C. 100 : 2.29 (BKF); 255 : 2.42 (BKF); 344 : 2.18 (BKF); 344A : 2.18 (BKF). 

Hardial 594 : 2.20 (K). 

Hennipman E. 3287 : 3.13 (BKF, K, L). 

Hosseus C.C. 300 : 3.11 (BM, C, K); 307 : 1.1 (BM, K); 391a : 3.23 (C); 420 : 1.17 (K); 438 : 3.14 

(BM, K); 446 : 2.39 (K); 500 : 1.10 (BM, C, K); 625 : 2.27 (C, K). 

Iwatsuki K. et al. T-9357 : 2.27 (BKF, KYO); T-9358 : 1.10 (BKF, KYO); T-9452 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); 

T-9678 : 2.22 (BKF, KYO). 

Jackson J. K. 6049 : 2.27 (BKF); 6068 : 1.32 (BKF); 6094 : 2.27 (BKF); 6129 : 3.11 (BKF); 6187 : 

1.3 (BKF); 6190 : 3.16.1 (BKF). 

Jong-a-nurak T. 732 : 2.48 (BKF); 733 : 2.55 (BKF); 735 : 2.48 (BKF); 735A : 2.30 (BKF); 736 : 2.53 



(BKF); 750 : 2.42 (BKF); 752 : 2.42 (BKF); 752A : 2.42 (BKF); 752B : 2.42 (BKF); 753 : 2.42 



(BKF); 774A : 2.9 (BKF); 776 : 2.55 (BKF); 777 : 2.55 (BKF); 778 : 1.11 (BKF); 779 : 1.22 




(BKF); 796 : 1.33 (BKF); 

Juengwirote P. sn. : 2.39 (BKF). 

Kerr A.F.G. 550 : 3.10 (BM); 550A : 3.10 (BM); 708 : 2.39 (BM, K); 780 : 2.47 (BM, K); 796 : 2.39 

(K); 817 : 1.1 (BM, C, K); 956 : 3.11 (BM, K); 1086 : 2.16 (K); 1086A : 2.16 (K); 1110 : 2.25 

(K); 1113 : 3.27 (K); 1163 : 2.27 (BM, C, K); 1185 : 2.23 (BM, K); 1185A : 2.23 (BM, K); 1191 

: 2.51 (K); 1261 : 2.49 (K); 1283 : 1.10 (K); 1284 : 3.11 (BM, K); 1285A : 2.51 (K); 1303 : 1.3 

(BM, K); 1312 : 2.47 (BM, C, K); 1320 : 2.9 (BM, K); 1520 : 1.17 (BM, K); 1644 : 3.27 (AAU, 

K); 1769 : 1.10 (BM, K); 1936 : 1.10 (K); 1965 : 2.27 (K); 2528 : 1.13 (BM, K); 2656 : 3.9 (BM, 

K); 2656A : 3.9 (K); 2679 : 3.11 (BM, K); 2702 : 1.3 (BM, K); 2880 : 3.8 (BM, K); 3099 : 2.49 

(BM, C, K); 3364 : 2.1 (BM); 3439 : 2.16 (BM, K); 3474 : 4.1 (BK); 4422 : 2.16 (BM); 4496 : 

1.17 (BK); 4508 : 3.6 (BK); 4560 : 3.6 (BK); 4683 : 2.16 (BK, BM, C); 4683A : 1.3 (K); 4713 

: 3.11 (BK, BM, K); 4758 : 1.10 (BK, BM, K); 4890 : 2.2 (C, K); 4896 : 1.17 (BM, C, K); 4927 

: 1.3 (BK, BM, K); 4933 : 2.9 (BK, BM, C, K); 4966 : 2.49 (BK, BM, C, K); 5152 : 1.10 (BK, 

BM, C, K); 5170 : 2.50 (BK, K); 5170A : 2.50 (BK, K); 5172 : 3.6 (BK, BM, C, K); 5172A : 3.6 

(BK); 5204 : 1.1 (BK); 5206 : 1.1 (BM, C, K); 5207 : 1.6 (BK, BM, C, K); 5213 : 1.17 (BK, BM, 

C, K); 5216 : 3.2.1 (BK, BM, K); 5217 : 1.1 (BK, BM, C, K); 5274 : 3.7 (BK); 5276 : 3.4 (C, K); 

5295 : 3.3 (BK, BM, K); 5301 : 2.1 (BM); 5303 : 2.1 (K); 5306 : 3.14 (BM, C, K); 5340 : 2.41 

(BK, BM, K); 5350 : 2.27 (BK, K); 5368 : 3.9 (BK, BM, K); 5382 : 3.15 (BK, C, K); 5383 : 3.15 

(BM); 5384 : 3.9 (BK, BM, K); 5391 : 1.6 (BK, BM, K); 5417 : 1.26 (BM); 5424 : 2.1 (BK, BM, 

K); 5469 : 3.6 (BK, BM, K); 5554 : 3.8 (BK, K); 5594 : 3.13 (BM, K); 5595 : 3.26 (BK, BM, C, 

K); 5758 : 2.2 (BK, C, K); 5807 : 2.16 (BK, BM, C, K); 5829 : 2.25 (BK, C, K); 5834 : 2.55 (BK, 

C, K); 5928 : 2.16 (BK); 5928A : 2.16 (BK, C, K); 6071 : 2.18 (BK, BM, K); 6107 : 3.16.2 (BK, 

BM, K); 6211 : 1.2 (BK, BM, C, K); 6220 : 3.2.1 (BK, BM, K); 6223 : 2.16 (BK, BM, K); 6262 

: 1.4 (BK, BM, C); 6282 : 3.27 (BK, K); 6304 : 1.1 (BM, K); 6306 : 2.9 (BK); 6322 : 1.6 (BK, 

BM, K); 6353 : 2.22 (BK, C, K); 6430 : 1.9 (BK, BM, K); 6431 : 2.49 (BK); 6481 : 1.17 (BK, 

BM, C, K); 6483 : 2.16 (BK, BM, K); 6487 : 2.12 (BK, K); 6508 : 3.6 (BM, C, K); 6622 : 2.16 

(BK, K); 6644 : 3.13 (BK, BM, K); 6648 : 1.4 (BK, BM); 6661 : 1.11 (BK, BM, C); 6932 : 2.42

162 


(BK, BM, C, K); 7218 : 2.44 (BK, K); 7229 : 2.21 (BK, K); 7229A : 2.21 (BK, K); 7311 : 2.16 

(BK, K); 7435 : 2.10 (BK, BM, C, K); 7464 : 2.18 (BK, BM, K); 7583 : 2.36 (BK, BM, K); 7597 

: 2.11 (AAU, BK, BM, K); 7626 : 1.9 (BK, K); 7635 : 2.10 (BK, BM, C, K); 7655 : 2.42 (BK, 

BM, K); 7678 : 2.48 (C, K); 7755 : 2.55 (K); 7774 : 2.48 (BK, C, K); 7777 : 2.45 (BKF, K); 7841 

: 2.16 (BK, BM, K); 7901 : 1.20 (BM); 7922 : 2.48 (K); 8248 : 2.25 (BK, C, K); 8281 : 1.24 (BK, 

BM, C, K); 8306 : 2.49 (BK, BM, C, K); 8441 : 1.18 (BK, BM, C, K); 8599 : 3.10 (BK, BM, C, 

K); 8653 : 3.4 (BK); 8688 : 1.26 (BK, BM); 8691 : 3.4 (BK, C, K); 8693 : 3.2.1 (BK, BM, C, K); 

8708 : 3.22 (BK, BM); 8741 : 3.1 (BK, BM, C, K); 8742 : 3.2.1 (BK, C, K); 8792 : 3.11 (BK, BM, 

K); 8794 : 3.9 (BK, BM, K); 8845 : 3.28 (BK, BM, C, K); 8892 : 2.25 (BK, C, K); 9193 : 1.9 (BK, 

BM, C, K); 9291 : 1.9 (BK, BM, C, K); 9449 : 2.52 (BK, C, K); 9663 : 1.1 (BK, BM, C, K); 9804 

: 2.49 (BK, BM, C, K); 9853 : 3.4 (BK, C, K); 9895 : 1.1 (BM, C, K); 10284 : 3.16.2 (BM, C, K); 

10361 : 2.54 (BK, BM, K); 10391 : 2.12 (BK); 10394 : 3.23 (BK, BM, C, K); 10417 : 2.51 (BK, 

BM); 10584 : 3.10 (BK, BM, K); 11658 : 1.33 (BK, BM, C, K); 11659 : 2.16 (BK, C, K); 11697 

: 2.55 (BK, C, K); 12069 : 2.22 (BK, C, K); 12136 : 1.33 (AAU, BK, BKF, BM, K); 12139 : 2.21 

(C, K); 12231 : 2.47 (BK, BM); 13239 : 2.15 (BK, K); 12242 : 2.55 (BK, C, K); 13239 : 2.38 

(BM); 13306 : 1.2 (BK, BM); 13323 : 2.21 (BK, C, K); 13372 : 2.21 (BK, C, K); 13675 : 1.26 

(BK, BM, K); 13675A : 1.11 (K); 13817 : 2.21 (BK, C, K); 14018 : 1.26 (BM); 14209 : 2.16 

(BK, BM, K); 14415 : 2.21 (BK, K); 14553 : 2.12 (BK, BM, K); 14566 : 2.55 (BK, BM, C, K); 

14642 : 1.26 (BM); 14685 : 1.26 (BK, BM); 14738 : 2.16 (BK, BM, K); 14743 : 1.24 (BK, BM, 

C, K); 14786 : 1.26 (BK, BM, K); 14983 : 2.45 (BKF, K); 15168 : 2.55 (BK, C, K); 15175 : 1.23 

(BK, BM, C, K); 15531 : 2.40 (BK, BM, K); 15555 : 2.55 (BK, C, K); 15634 : 2.55 (BK, K); 

15813 : 2.16 (BK, K); 15815 : 2.21 (BK, C, K); 15861 : 2.55 (BK, C, K); 15862 : 3.22 (BK, BM); 

15875 : 2.54 (BK, BM, K); 15883 : 2.18 (BK, BM, C, K); 15887 : 2.48 (BK, C, K); 16275 : 2.55 

(BK, BM, K); 16392 : 2.23 (BK, BM, C, K); 16401 : 3.27 (BK, BM, C, K); 16402 : 3.17 (BK, K); 

16430 : 2.26 (BK, BM, C, K); 16431 : 2.21 (BK, K); 16823 : 1.33 (BK, BM, C, K); 16830 : 2.55 

(BK, C, K); 16832 : 1.27 (BK, BM, C, K); 16969 : 2.35 (BK, BM, C, K); 16976 : 2.35 (BM, C, 

K); 17054 : 2.55 (BK, C, K); 17059 : 2.38 (BK, BM, C, K); 17084 : 2.16 (BK, BM, C, K); 17109 

: 2.16 (BK, K); 17197 : 2.35 (BK, BM, C, K); 17334 : 1.26 (BK, BM); 17405 : 2.21 (BK, C, K); 

17452 : 2.16 (BK, BM, C, K); 17478 : 1.10 (BK, K); 17596 : 1.23 (BK, BM, C, K); 17733 : 2.1 

(BK, K); 17895 : 1.23 (BK, BM, K); 17897 : 2.42 (BK, BM, C, K); 17972 : 3.23 (BM); 18183 

: 1.11 (BK, BM, C, K); 18317 : 2.38 (BK, BM, C, K); 18321 : 2.21 (C, K); 18337 : 1.33 (BK, BM, 

C, K); 18395 : 1.27 (BK, BM, C, K); 18442 : 1.11 (BK); 18453 : 2.5 (BK, BM, C, K); 18502 : 

3.27 (BK, BM, C, K); 18553 : 2.16 (BK, K); 18560 : 2.16 (BK, BM, K); 18562 : 1.9 (BK, BM, 

C, K); 18829 : 2.3 (BK, C, K); 18953 : 2.16 (BK, BM); 18996 : 1.9 (BK, BM, C, K); 19010 : 1.9 

(BK, BM, C, K); 19011 : 1.26 (BM, C, K); 19013 : 2.16 (BK, BM, C, K); 19015 : 2.21 (BK, K); 

19188 : 2.18 (BK, BM); 19254 : 2.16 (BK, BM, K); 19784 : 1.24 (BK, BM, C, K); 20046 : 3.4 

(BK, BM, C, K); 20064 : 3.4 (BK, C, K); 20072 : 2.39 (BK, BM, C, K); 20136 : 3.22 (BK, BM); 

20225 : 2.23 (BM, K); 20230 : 1.26 (BK, BM); 20235 : 1.17 (BK, BM, C, K); 20240 : 1.17 (BK, 

BM, C, K); 20242 : 3.8 (BM); 20664 : 2.12 (BK); 20666 : 3.10 (BM); 1 [20715 : 1.17 (BK, K); 

20954 : 1.19 (BK, BM); 20956 : 3.2.2 (BK, BM); 20992 : 2.16 (BK); 20993 : 1.6 (BKF); 21216 

: 2.4.1 (BK); 21277 : 3.5 (BK); 21311 : 1.17 (BK, K);] 21377 : 2.4 (BK, BM); 21440 : 2.16 

(BK); 21545 : 2.27 (BK); 2 [21624 : 2.6 (BK, BM); 21627 : 2.42 (BK, K);] 

The follow without numbers so code indate :- 11-3-1912 : 1.13 (C); 22-12-1920 : 1.1 (BK); 22- 

12-1920 : 1.1 (BK); 13-3-1921 : 3.6 (BK); 15-3-1921 : 3.6 (BK); 27-3-1921 : 2.53 (BM); 3-7- 

1922 : 3.16.1 (BK, BM); 4-7-1922 : 1.4 (BK); 4-7-1922 : 2.22 (BK); 5-7-1922 : 2.47 (BK); 17- 

7-1922 : 2.25 (BK), 27-3-1924 : 2.23 (BK); 30-3-1924 : 3.16.1 (BK). 

Kerr F.H.W. 31 : 1.1 (K); 35 : 1.1 (K); 71 : 2.27 (K); 72 : 2.27 (K); 110 : 2.47 (C, K); 117 : 3.10 (K); 

117A : 3.10 (K); 117B : 2.39 (C); 118 : 2.23 (K); 120 : 2.51 (K); 122 : 1.10 (K); 127 : 2.51 

(AAU, C); 127A : 2.51 (K); 140 : 2.9 (K); 149 : 2.39 (K); 149B : 3.11 (K); 159 : 2.51 (K); 160 

: 3.11 (K); 177 : 2.39 (K); 179 : 3.10 (K); 181 : 2.39 (K); 181A : 2.39 (K); 188A : 3.10 (K); 190B 

: 3.11 (C, K); 191A : 2.51 (K); 192A : 3.11 (K); 193A : 2.51 (K); 196A : 2.51 (K); 196B : 1.3 (K); 

196C : 1.3 (K); 196D : 2.51 (K); 225A : 2.16 (K); 226A : 2.39 (K); 226B : 2.51 (K); 226C : 1.1 

(K); 230A : 2.9 (K); 277A : 2.49 (K); 426 : 2.39 (K). 

1 [ ] = from Laos ; 2 [ ] = from Laos


Kiah 24343 : 2.21 (K); 24373 : 3.19 (K). 

Kloss C.B. 6816 : 1.2 (K). 

Kok kamhaeng T. 20 : 3.10 (BKF). 

Konta F. et al. 3934 : 1.22 (BKF, NSMT); 3969 : 3.9 (BKF, NSMT); 3997 : 1.3 (BKF, NSMT); 4004 

: 1.1 (BKF, NSMT); 4023 : 1.2 (BKF, NSMT); 4192 : 1.3 (BKF, NSMT); 4282 : 2.31 (BKF, 

NSMT); 4284 : 1.2 (BKF, NSMT); 4294 : 1.1 (BKF, NSMT); 4448 : 2.11 (BKF, NSMT); 4450 

: 1.32 (BKF, NSMT); 4455 : 2.12 (BKF, NSMT); 4457 : 1.23 (BKF, NSMT); 4656 : 1.10 (BKF, 

NSMT); 4680 : 1.10 (BKF, NSMT); 4686 : 2.12 (BKF, NSMT); 4756 : 1.17 (BKF, NSMT); 4759 

: 1.1 (BKF, NSMT); 4760 : 3.16.1 (BKF, NSMT); 4763 : 1.2 (BKF, NSMT); 4784 : 1.32 (BKF, 

NSMT); 4787 : 3.16.1 (BKF, NSMT); 4793 : 1.23 (BKF, NSMT); 4801 : 2.12 (BKF, NSMT); 

4802 : 1.2 (BKF, NSMT); 4825 : 1.10 (BKF, NSMT); 4834 : 1.23 (BKF, NSMT); 4911 : 3.3 

(BKF, NSMT); 4928 : 3.13 (BKF, NSMT); 4969 : 1.1 (BKF, NSMT); T-49082 : 1.1 (BKF, 

NSMT); T-49090 : 2.20 (BKF, NSMT). 

Kosol 16 : 1.29. (BKF). 

Kosterman A. : 418 : 3.16.2 (BK, K); 865 : 2.16 (K). 

Koyama H. et al. T-15666 : 3.2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-31380 : 2.50 (BKF, KYO); T-31454 : 3.2.2 (BKF, 

KYO); T-31455 : 3.1 (BKF, KYO); T-31621 : 2.41 (BKF, KYO); T-32120 : 3.6 (BKF, KYO); T- 

32799 : 2.54 (BKF, KYO); T-33541 : 3.27 (BKF, KYO); T-33586 : 1.1 (BKF, KYO); T-33588 

: 3.9 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-33865 : 2.9 (BKF, KYO); T-39005 : 2.7 (BKF, KYO); T-39006 : 2.1 

(BKF, KYO); T-39014 : 2.7 (BKF, KYO); T-39020 : 2.7 (BKF, KYO); T-39027 : 2.41 (BKF, 

KYO); T-39042 : 2.12 (BKF, KYO); T-39061 : 1.11 (BKF, KYO); T-39073 : 1.6 (BKF, KYO); 

T-39093 : 1.4 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-39105 : 2.50 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-39367 : 1.3 (BKF, 


T-39374 : 3.3 (BKF, KYO); T-39375 : 1.3 (BKF, KYO); T-39376 : 2.47 (BKF, KYO); T-39377 

: 2.31 (BKF, KYO); T-39380 : 3.27 (BKF, KYO); T-39381 : 3.27 (BKF, KYO); T-39412 : 1.8 



T-39588 : 2.12 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-39591 : 1.13 (BKF, KYO); T-39674 : 1.3 (BKF, KYO); T- 

39675 : 1.3 (BKF, KYO); T-39676 : 2.7 (BKF, KYO); T-39685 : 2.7 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T- 

39686 : 2.7 (BKF, KYO); T-39901 : 2.7 (BKF, KYO); T-39903 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); T-48720 : 

3.1 (BKF, KYO); T-48918 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); T-48922 : 2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-48932 : 2.53 





(BKF, KYO); T-61905 : 2.25 (BKF, KYO); T-61906 : 3.9 (BKF, KYO). 

Koyama T. et al. 15435 : 3.27 (AAU, BKF); 15466 : 2.12 (AAU, BKF); 15494 : 3.2.2 (AAU); 15666 

: 3.2.1 (AAU). 

Kumlen Y. sn. (QBG 11308) : 1.4 (QBG). 

Lakshnakara M.C. 616 : 2.48 (BK, C, K); 940 : 2.16 (BK); sn. (9-1-1922) : 2.51 (BK). 

Larsen K. et al. 92 : 2.49 (AAU, BKF); 97 : 1.1 (BKF, C); 109 : 2.49 (AAU, BKF); 315 : 2.20 (AAU); 

629 : 1.17 (AAU, BKF); 663 : 2.23 (AAU, BKF); 664 : 2.53 (AAU, BKF, C); 947 : 3.15 (AAU); 

974 : 2.53 (AAU, BKF, C); 984 : 3.23 (AAU, BKF); 1008 : 2.25 (AAU, BKF); 1009 : 1.1 (AAU); 

1015 : 2.22 (AAU); 1022 : 2.1 (AAU); 1877 : 1.1 (AAU); 1921 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, K); 1930 : 

1.25 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 2001 : 3.16.1 (AAU, BKF); 2003 : 2.27 (AAU, BKF, K); 2132 : 1.3 

(AAU, BKF, K); 2593 : 1.1 (AAU); 2771 : 3.10 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 2841 : 2.22 (AAU, BKF, K); 

2872 : 2.51 (AAU, BKF, C); 2842 : 2.2 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 3107 : 3.17 (AAU, BKF, K); 3606 : 

3.3 (AAU); 7092 : 3.27 (AAU); 8709 : 2.49 (C); 8801 : 2.39 (C); 9359 : 1.5 (C); 9411 : 2.30 

(BKF, C, K); 9738 : 1.23 (C); 9943 : 1.23 (BKF, C); 9970 : 1.24 (BKF, C); 10264 : 2.20 (AAU, 

BKF, C); 10282 : 3.17 (AAU, BKF); 30612 : 1.33 (AAU, BKF, K); 30697 : 2.29 (AAU); 30698 

: 2.8 (AAU); 30882 : 2.6 (AAU, BKF, K); 31207 : 1.29 (AAU, BKF); 31364 : 2.16 (AAU, BKF); 

31506 : 2.7 (AAU, BKF, K); 31517 : 3.10 (AAU, BKF, K); 31609 : 3.28 (AAU, BKF, K); 31661

164 


: 2.22 (BKF, C, K); 31822 : 2.39 (AAU, BKF, C); 31849 : 3.11 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 31867 : 3.11 

(AAU, BKF, K); 32357 : 2.17 (AAU); 33549 : 2.55 (AAU, BKF); 33792 : 3.4 (AAU); 33946 : 

1.12 (AAU); 33949 : 1.12 (BKF); 34209 : 2.39 (AAU); 34239 : 1.4 (BKF); 40977 : 1.33 (AAU); 

41224 : 2.25 (AAU); 42733 : 1.15 (BKF); 42823 : 2.16 (AAU, BKF); 43502 : 2.37 (AAU, PSU); 

43543 : 1.9 (AAU); 43548 : 1.14 (AAU, BKF); 44319 : 1.31 (AAU, BKF); 44652 : 2.16 (AAU); 

44773 : 2.16 (AAU); 45693 : 2.52 (AAU, BKF); 45750 : 2.48 (QBG); 46249 : 2.7 (AAU); 

46490 : 1.17 (AAU); 46491 : 2.7 (AAU); 46557 : 2.16 (AAU); 46638 : 3.10 (AAU); 46948 : 

3.16.1 (AAU). 

Lekagul T. 92 : 1.17 (BKF). 

Lenkam Y. s.n. (QBG 11296) : 2.2 (BKF, QBG); s.n. (QBG 11302) : 1.4 (QBG); s.n. (QBG 11305) : 2.12 

(QBG); s.n. (QBG 11306) : 1.1 (QBG); s.n. (QBG 11307) : 2.47 (QBG); s.n. (QBG 11309) : 1.3 



(QBG). 

Manyrak M. 2 : 2.7 (BKF). 

Marcan A. 1229 : 1.23 (BM. K); 1253 : 2.42 (BK, K); 2424 : 2.8 (K); 2531 : 1.24 (BM, K). 

Martin v.d. Bult 515 : 2.22 (BKF). 

Maxwell J.F. 71-264 : 1.23 (AAU, BK); 72-549 : 1.22 (BK); 72-579 : 2.48 (AAU); 73-379 : 2.48 

(AAU, BK); 74-379 : 2.39 (BK); 74-857 : 3.17 (AAU, BK); 74-858 : 2.49 (AAU, BK); 75-820 

: 2.54 (BK); 75-635 : 1.24 (AAU, BK); 75-664 : 3.16.1 (AAU, BK); 75-820 : 1.23 (AAU); 75- 

837 : 2.48 (AAU, BK); 75-976 : 1.24 (BK); 76-212 : 2.25 (AAU, BK); 76-488 : 1.24 (AAU, 

BK); 76-574 : 2.25 (AAU, BK); 84-172 : 1.29 (BKF, PSU); 84-407 : 2.18(BKF); 84-562 : 1.29 

(BKF, PSU); 85-229 : 1.29 (BKF, PSU); 85-624 : 1.29 (AAU, BKF, PSU); 85-671 : 2.30 (AAU, 

BKF, PSU); 85-747 : 1.8 (AAU, BKF, PSU); 85-860 : 2.48 (AAU, BKF, PSU); 85-914 : 2.3 

(PSU); 85-989 : 1.29 (AAU, BKF, PSU); 85-1089 : 2.16 (PSU); 86-22 : 1.23(AAU, BKF, PSU); 

86-74 : 2.55 (PSU); 86-226 : 2.55 (BKF); 86-545 : 1.8 (BKF, PSU); 86-560 : 1.8 (AAU, BKF, 

PSU); 86-649 : 2.8 (PSU); 86-742 : 1.8 (BKF, PSU); 86-1365 : 2.12 (BKF); 86-1385 : 3.11 

(BKF); 87-592 : 2.39 (BKF); 87-622 : 2.1 (BKF); 87-626 : 1.17 (BKF); 87-640 : 2.16 (BKF); 

87-854 : 3.10 (BKF); 87-658 : 2.23 (BKF); 87-947 : 2.27 (BKF); 87-924 : 1.32 (BKF); 87-941 

: 1.1 (BKF); 87-993 : 1.1 (BKF); 87-1010 : 2.16 (AAU, BKF); 87-1028 : 3.10 (BKF); 87-1030 

: 1.3 (BKF); 87-1050 : 1.17 (BKF); 87-1051 : 2.23 (BKF); 87-1052 : 2.47 (BKF); 87-1053 : 

2.47 (BKF); 87-1057 : 2.16 (BKF); 87-1068 : 1.1 (BKF); 87-1110 : 2.16 (AAU, BKF); 87-1651 

: 2.23 (AAU); 88-9 : 3.11 (AAU); 88-59 : 3.9 (BKF); 88-87 : 1.1 (BKF); 88-118 : 1.17 (BKF); 

88-180 : 1.10 (AAU; 88-329 : 3.16.1(AAU, BKF); 88-348 : 3.10 (BKF); 88-359 : 2.39 (BKF); 

88-416 : 2.16 (BKF); 88-543 : 3.10 (AAU); 88-660 : 3.9 (BKF); 88-667 : 1.4 (AAU, BKF); 88- 

684 : 1.12 (AAU, BKF); 88-687 : 2.39 (BKF); 88-687A : 1.2 (AAU); 88-708 : 1.2 (AAU, BKF); 

88-738 : 3.16.1 (AAU, BKF); 88-804 : 1.1 (BKF); 88-830 : 1.17 (AAU, BKF); 88-895 : 3.10 

(BKF); 88-952 : 3.9 (BKF); 88-980 : 3.11 (AAU, BKF); 88-1017 : 2.9 (AAU, BKF); 88-1058 : 

3.19 (AAU, BKF); 88-1064 : 3.10 (BKF); 88-1127 : 1.3 (BKF); 88-1278 : 2.49 (AAU, BKF); 

88-1384 : 3.9 (AAU, BKF); 88-1420 : 1.1 (BKF); 89-173 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 89-338 : 2.9 (BKF); 

89-596 : 2.27 (AAU, BKF); 89-611 : 3.27 (BKF); 90-1015 : 2.39 (AAU); 90-1058 : 2.51 

(AAU); 90-1062 : 1.12 (AAU); 90-1263 : 2.53 (AAU); 90-1293 : 3.11 (AAU); 91-24 : 1.1 

(AAU); 91-114 : 1.7 (AAU); 91-162 : 1.4 (AAU); 91-261 : 2.23 (AAU); 91-632 : 2.16 (AAU); 

91-641 : 3.11 (AAU); 91-724 : 2.22 (AAU); 92-44 : 2.16 (AAU); 92-591 : 1.7 (AAU); 92-845 

: 2.27 (AAU); 93-357 : 1.4 (BKF); 93-687 : 2.16 (BKF); 93-709 : 1.32 (BKF); 93-715 : 1.3 


93-1000 : 2.9 (BKF); 93-1007 : 1.32 (BKF); 93-1116 : 2.22 (BKF); 93-1560 : 3.29 (BKF); 94- 

752 : 1.32 (BKF); 94-792 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 95-166 : 2.16 (BKF); 95-198 : 1.10 (BKF); 95-207 : 

2.2 (BKF); 95-211 : 1.10 (BKF); 95-226 : 3.21 (BKF); 95-227 : 3.27 (BKF); 95-340 : 1.25 


95-896 : 1.3 (BKF); 95-918 : 2.16 (BKF); 95-1061 : 2.16 (BKF); 95-1233 : 3.6 (BKF); 96-1 : 

1.3 (BKF); 96-121 : 3.29 (BKF); 96-171 : 3.29 (BKF); 96-257 : 1.17 (BKF); 96-414 : 2.2 (BKF); 

96-448 : 2.16 (BKF); 96-582 : 1.7 (BKF); 96-695 : 2.39 (BKF); 96-731 : 1.32 (BKF); 96-809 

: 3.11 (BKF); 96-810 : 1.3 (BKF); 96-812 : 3.29 (BKF); 96-868 : 1.3 (BKF); 96-1033 : 3.10


(BKF); 96-1048 : 3.11 (BKF); 96-1173 : 2.16 (BKF); 96-1177 : 3.10 (BKF); 96-1206 : 3.16.1 

(BKF); 96-1252 : 2.51 (BKF); 96-1457 : 1.32 (BKF); 96-1459 : 3.14 (BKF); 96-1631 : 2.2 

(BKF); 97-93 : 2.34 (BKF); 97-153 : 3.29 (BKF); 97-174 : 1.1 (BKF); 97-259 : 3.10 (BKF); 97- 

329 : 1.4 (BKF); 97-352 : 1.17 (BKF); 97-525 : 2.16 (BKF); 97-548 : 1.32 (BKF); 97-564 : 1.32 

(BKF); 97-637 : 1.3 (BKF); 97-666 : 1.7 (BKF); 97-723 : 1.3 (BKF); 97-1006 : 2.22 (BKF); 97- 

1270 : 1.11 (BKF); 97-1292 : 1.3 (BKF); 97-1352 : 2.39 (BKF); 97-1384 : 3.14 (BKF); 97-1455 

: 1.7 (BKF); 97-1498 : 3.29 (BKF); 97-1520 : 3.29 (BKF); 97-1555 : 2.16 (BKF); 98-14 : 1.4 


98-666 : 1.32 (BKF); 98-716 : 2.22 (BKF); 01-126 : 2.16 (BKF); 01-371 : 1.1 (MAU); 02-15 : 

3.22 (MAU); 02-209 : 3.17 (MAU). 

Middleton D.J. et al. 1397 : 2.21 (AAU, BKF); 1569 : 2.23 (BKF); 1666 : 2.53 (AAU, BKF); 1790 

: 1.9 (BKF); 2005 : 2.40 (BKF); s.n. (30-3-2003) : 1.4 (BKF); s.n. (30-3-2003) : 2.47 (BKF). 

Mitsuta S. et al. T-40364 : 2.12 (BKF, KYO); T-42295 : 2.12 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-42335 : 2.12 


KYO); T-43152 : 2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-43162 : 3.4 (BKF, KYO); T-43166 : 3.22 (BKF, KYO); T- 

44244 : 3.3 (BKF, KYO); T-44257 : 3.9 (BKF, KYO); T-45376 : 1.17 (BKF, KYO); T-46446 : 

1.17 (BKF, KYO); T-46447 : 3.24 (BKF, KYO); T-46449 : 3.11 (BKF, KYO); T-46467 : 1.4 

(AAU, BKF, KYO); T-46481 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-46482 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); T-46498 

: 2.47 (BKF, KYO); T-47531 : 2.39 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-47537 : 2.7 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T- 

47539 : 2.39 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-47541 : 3.14 (BKF, KYO). 

Monakot 18 : 2.16 (QRG); 54 : 1.3 (QBG); 59 : 1.11 (QBG). 

Murata G. et al. T-38456 : 1.17 (BKF, KYO); T-40175 : 3.11 (BKF, KYO); T-40189 : 3.19 (BKF, 

KYO); T-40197 : 3.2.2 (BKF, KYO); T-40241 : 2.51 (BKF, KYO); T-40494 : 3.27 (BKF, KYO); 

T-40498 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); T-40499 : 1.32 (BKF, KYO); T-41504 : 3.2.1 (BKF, KYO); T- 



(BKF, KYO); T-42873 : 2.12 (BKF, KYO); T-42915 : 2.50 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-42925 : 2.16 

(BKF, KYO); T-42926 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); T-43006 : 3.2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-43007 : 1.4 (BKF, 


T-43014 : 3.9 (BKF, KYO); T-43125 : 3.2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-43126 : 3.2.1 (BKF, KYO); T- 

49632 : 1.27 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-50127 : 2.23 (BKF, KYO); T-50133 : 1.4 (BKF, KYO); T- 

50640 : 2.7 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-50694 : 1.3 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-50702 : 1.3 (BKF, KYO); 

T-50743 : 1.3 (BKF, KYO); T-50784 : 2.39 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-51145 : 1.9 (BKF, KYO); T- 



(BKF, KYO); T-51716 : 2.51 (BKF, KYO); T-51733 : 3.16.1 (BKF, KYO); T-52125 : 2.16 (BKF, 

KYO); T-52535 : 3.17 (BKF, KYO); T-79053 : 3.11 (BKF, KYO). 

Nagamasu H. et al. T-49942 : 2.23 (BKF, KYO); T-49946 : 1.12 (BKF, KYO); T-49948 : 3.23 (BKF, 



: 2.47 (BKF, KYO); T-50103 : 2.12 (BKF, KYO). 

Nakkan D. 6 : 2.50 (BKF); 13 : 1.32 (BKF); 29 : 2.7 (BKF); 59 : 1.9 (BKF); 73 : 2.50 (BKF); 74 : 1.32 


218 : 2.25 (BKF); 294 : 2.21 (BKF); 334 : 1.18 (BKF). 

Nalampoon A. 12 : 2.25 (BKF); 12A : 2.16 (BKF). 

Nanakorn W. et al. 4 : 2.49 (QBG); 16 : 1.11 (QBG); 45 : 2.16 (BKF, QBG); 61 : 2.7 (BKF, QBG); 62 

: 2.47 (BKF, QBG); 80 : 1.3 (BKF, QBG); 87 : 1.17 (BKF, QBG); 386 : 2.22 (AAU); 505 : 2.22 

(BKF, QBG); 508 : 3.10 (BKF, QBG); 736 : 1.17 (BKF, QBG); 811 : 2.16 (BKF, QBG); 838 : 3.27 

(BKF, QBG); 846 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 1025 : 3.5 (AAU); 1026 : 3.10 (BKF, QBG); 1239 : 1.1 

(BKF, QBG); 1265 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 1375 : 3.9 (BKF, QBG); 1376 : 2.7 (BKF, QBG); 1380 : 

2.7 (BKF, QBG); 1507 : 2.7 (BKF, QBG); 1819 : 1.32 (BKF, QBG); 1841 : 2.47 (BKF, QBG); 

1876 : 3.6 (BKF, QBG); 1988 : 3.12 (BKF, QBG); 2001 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 2463 : 3.23 (BKF, 

QBG); 2583 : 2.23 (BKF, QBG); 2847 : 1.1 (BKF, QBG); 2860 : 3.23 (BKF, QBG); 2862 : 1.1

166 


(BKF, QBG); 2929 : 3.9 (BKF, QBG); 4203 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 4204 : 1.11 (QBG); 4287 : 1.3 


2.16 (BKF, QBG); 4762 : 3.16.1 (BKF, QBG); 4785 : 3.6 (BKF, QBG); 5011 : 2.53 (BKF, QBG); 


QBG); 5487 : 1.1 (BKF, QBG); 5549 : 1.1 (BKF, QBG); 5567 : 1.1 (BKF, QBG); 5694 : 3.6 (BKF, 

QBG); 5745 : 3.6 (BKF, QBG); 5793 : 1.3 (BKF, QBG); 5824 : 1.1 (BKF, QBG); 5827 : 1.1 

(QBG); 5832 : 2.34 (BKF, QBG); 5847 : 1.1 (QBG); 5984 : 1.10 (QBG); 5969 : 3.21 (BKF, QBG); 

6022 : 2.25 (BKF, QBG); 6084 : 2.23 (BKF, QBG); 6172 : 1.4 (BKF, QBG); 6195 : 2.56 (QBG); 



(QBG); 6581 : 2.7 (BKF, QBG); 6583 : 1.10 (BKF, QBG); 6664 : 3.11 (BKF, QBG); 6667 : 3.9 

(BKF, QBG); 6699 : 2.16 (BKF, QBG); 6740 : 1.17 (BKF, QBG); 6765 : 1.17 (BKF, QBG); 6768 

: 2.27 (QBG); 6923 : 3.11 (BKF, QBG); 6985 : 3.9 (BKF, QBG); 7005 : 2.47 (BKF, QBG); 7011 

: 2.23 (BKF, QBG); 7038 : 3.11 (BKF, QBG); 7046 : 2.47 (BKF, QBG); 7063 : 3.10 (BKF, QBG); 




1.17 (BKF, QBG); 9430 : 3.11 (BKF, QBG); 9431 : 3.11 (BKF, QBG); 9432 : 3.26 (BKF, QBG); 


QBG); 9953 : 2.7 (BKF, QBG); 9954 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 10097 : 2.49 (QBG); 10193 : 3.9 (BKF, 

QBG); 10283 : 1.1 (BKF, QBG); 10879 : 3.11 (QBG); 14854 : 3.10 (BKF, QBG); 15701 : 1.32 

(BKF, QBG); s.n. (21-9-1931) : 2.8 (BKF, QBG). 

Nilphanit S. 6 : 3.17 (BKF); 21 : 1.17 (BKF); 27 : 3.23 (BKF); 28 : 2.41 (BKF); 32 : 2.50 (BKF); 34 

: 2.39 (BKF); 40 : 2.25 (BKF); 42 : 1.3 (BKF); 43 : 3.16.1 (BKF). 

Nilviset Ch. 1 : 3.2.2 (BKF); 1a : 2.25 (BKF); 3 : 3.1 (BKF); 4 : 3.23 (BKF); 5 : 1.4 (BKF); 8 : 1.32 

(BKF); 10 : 2.51 (BKF); 12 : 2.25 (BKF); 24 : 2.25 (BKF); 42 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 46 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 

48 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 50 : 3.10 (BKF); 51 : 3.10 (BKF); s.n. (-1-1-1954) : 3.10 (BKF). 

Nimanong B. et al. 4 : 1.6 (BKF); 44 : 2.16 (BKF, C, K); 165 : 2.39 (BKF, C); 166 : 1.7 (BKF, C); 268 

: 3.19 (BKF, C); 815 : 3.10 (BKF); 1225 : 2.36 (BKF); 1727 : 2.27 (BKF, PSU); 1759 : 1.7 (BKF, 

PSU); 1762 : 1.10 (BKF, PSU); 1861 : 1.10 (BKF). 

Nitrasirilak P. et al. 411 : 1.29 (BKF); 429 : 2.48 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 430 : 2.19 (BKF). 

Niyomdham C. et al. 129 : 2.27 (AAU, BKF, PSU, K); 290 : 2.54 (AAU, BKF); 366 : 1.10 (BKF); 375 

: 1.10 (BKF); 522 : 3.4 (AAU, BKF, C); 523 : 3.23 (BKF); 719 : 2.21 (BKF, C); 905 : 3.16.1 

(BKF); 930 : 2.4 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 987 : 1.22 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1038 : 2.21 (BKF, C, K); 1201 

: 2.4(AAU, BKF, C, K); 1234 : 2.18 (BKF); 2123 : 2.21(BKF); 2141 : 2.21(BKF); 2358 : 

2.54(BKF); 2914 : 1.9(AAU, BKF, QBG, PSU); 3067 : 2.29(BKF); 3073 : 2.50 (BKF); 3074 : 2.6 

(BKF); 3082 : 1.3 (AAU, BKF); 3096 : 2.33 (BKF); 3149 : 2.3 (AAU, BKF); 4067 : 2.54 (BKF); 

4718 : 2.48 (AAU, BKF); 4739 : 1.29 (BKF); 4784 : 2.6 (AAU, BKF); 4825 : 1.21 (AAU, BKF); 

4914 : 1.23 (BKF); 5050 : 2.49 (AAU, BKF); 5069 : 1.23 (AAU, BKF); 5070 : 2.22 (AAU, 

BKF); 6140 : 1.27 (BKF); 6141 : 2.21 (AAU, BKF); 6206 : 2.22 (BKF); 6207 : 2.21 (BKF); 6208 

: 2.16 (BKF); 6345 : 2.3 (AAU, BKF); s.n. (18-6-1992) : 1.1 (BKF); s.n. : 2.6 (BKF). 

Noe 42 : 2.42 (BK, K); s.n. (20-9-1921) : 1.1 (BK); s.n. (13-10-1921) : 1.26 (BK). 

Nooteboom H. P. et al. 881 : 2.47 (BKF, C). 

Norsaeng sri M. 1046 : 2.55 (BKF, QBG); 1047 : 2.49 (BKF, QBG); 1048 : 3.23 (BKF, QBG); 1230 : 

3.6 (BKF, QBG); 1231 : 3.6 (BKF, QBG). 

Nur s.n. : 1.29 (BM) 

Phattarahirankanok K. 121 : 2.49 (BKF). 

Phengklai C. et al. 103 : 2.16 (BKF, C, K); 178 : 2.49 (BKF); 211 : 2.39 (BKF); 423 : 2.20(BKF, K); 

425 : 2.16 (BKF, K); 461 : 2.49 (BKF, C, K); 526 : 2.20 (BKF, C, K); 560 : 3.4 (BKF, C, K); 676 

: 1.1 (BKF, C, K); 697 : 3.4 (BKF, C, K); 909 : 2.25 (BKF); 1122 : 2.21 (BKF); 1955 : 2.25 

(BKF); 2961 : 3.16.2 (AAU, BKF, C); 2967 : 3.16.1 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 3027 : 1.5 (AAU, BKF, 

C); 3291 : 1.1 (BKF, PSU); 4052 : 1.2 (BKF, C); 4062 : 1.17 (BKF); 4075 : 1.4 (BKF, C); 4184


: 3.16.1 (BKF, K); 4185 : 2.27 (BKF); 6031 : 1.4 (BKF); 6100 : 1.10 (BKF); 6155 : 2.12 (BKF); 

6155A : 2.51 (BKF); 6156 : 2.23 (BKF); 6157 : 1.28 (BKF); 6194 : 3.15 (BKF); 6232 : 3.24 

(BKF); 6244 : 2.23 (BKF); 6309 : 1.1 (AAU, BKF, C); 6613 : 1.2 (BKF); 6673 : 3.11 (BKF, K); 

6797 : 3.9 (BKF); 6798 : 2.22 (BKF, C, K); 6799 : 3.4 (BKF, C); 6800 : 3.6 (BKF); 6801 : 2.47 

(BKF); 6802 : 3.11 (BKF, C, K); 6803 : 3.16.1 (BKF, K); 6852 : 1.3 (BKF); 6883 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 

6884 : 1.10 (BKF, K); 6887 : 2.39 (BKF, C, K); 6901 : 2.47 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 6984 : 3.14 

(BKF); 6985 : 3.14 (BKF); 6986 : 1.4 (BKF); 6987 : 1.32 (BKF, C); 7038 : 1.12 (BKF); 7039 : 

1.7 (BKF); 7040 : 3.3 (BKF); 7068 : 2.47 (BKF); 7092 : 3.15 (BKF); 7110 : 2.25 (BKF); 7114 


: 1.12 (BKF); 7201 : 1.12 (BKF); 7202 : 1.12 (BKF); 7224 : 2.39 (BKF); 67234 : 3.16.1 (BKF, 

C, K); 7247 : 2.47 (BKF); 7305 : 2.1 (BKF); 7324 : 2.1 (BKF); 7326 : 1.3 (BKF); 7357 : 2.16 

(BKF); 7423 : 1.10 (BKF); 7473 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 7638 : 2.26 (BKF); 10076 : 2.22 (BKF); 10860 

: 1.3 (BKF); 10869 : 1.2 (BKF); 10946 : 1.3 (BKF); 11043 : 1.1 (BKF); 11293 : 1.2 (BKF); 

11300 : 1.10 (BKF); 11311 : 2.41 (BKF); 11342 : 1.1 (BKF); 11355 : 1.17 (BKF); 11358 : 1.1 

(BKF); 11367 : 1.10 (BKF); 11370 : 1.1 (BKF); 11442 : 1.1 (BKF); 12298 : 3.8 (BKF); 12300 


13162 : 2.49 (BKF); 13342 : 1.23 (BKF); 13480 : 2.42 (BKF); s.n. : 3.11 (BKF). 

Phengnaren S. 12 : 2.16 (BKF); 203 : 1.1 (BKF); 207 : 1.26 (BKF); 284 : 2.25 (BKF); 350 : 2.16 

(BKF); 387 : 2.16 (BKF, K); 420 : 3.16.1 (BKF, K); 427 : 2.16 (BKF); 510 : 2.16 (BKF, C, K); 

533 : 2.25 (BKF); 585 : 1.24 (BKF); 700 : 3.10 (BKF, C); 832 : 3.16.1 (BKF); s.n. (11-8-1968) 

: 2.47 (BKF); s.n. (12-8-1968) : 1.12 (BKF); s.n. (13-8-1968) : 2.38 (BKF). 

Phonsena P. et al. 2659 : 2.49 (BKF); 3391 : 2.20 (BKF); 3393 : 2.20 (BKF); 3396 : 2.20 (BKF); 

3411 : 2.20 (BKF); 3414 : 1.24 (BKF); 3430 : 1.24 (BKF); 3458 : 2.49 (BKF); 3483 : 2.49 





3568 : 2.49 (BKF); 3569 : 2.49 (BKF); 3570 : 2.49 (BKF); 3571 : 2.49 (BKF); 3581 : 1.1 (BKF); 


3600 : 3.22 (BKF); 3613 : 3.22 (BKF); 3616 : 3.22 (BKF); 3617 : 2.49 (BKF); 3618 : 2.16 




3651 : 2.16 (BKF); 3652 : 2.16 (BKF); 3653 : 2.16 (BKF); 3654 : 2.16 (BKF); 3656 : 3.22 





3734 : 2.20 (BKF); 3735 : 2.20 (BKF); 3736 : 2.20 (BKF); 3740 : 3.23 (BKF); 3741 : 3.23 





: 2.25 (BKF); 3894 : 1.23 (BKF); s.n. (23-4-1942) : 3.49 (BKF). 

Phrombubpha A. 21 : 2.7 (BKF). 

Phusomsaeng S. 15 : 2.25 (BKF, K); 15A : 1.3 (BKF); 57 : 1.4 (BKF); 62 : 2.39 (BKF); 74 : 3.9 (AAU, 

BKF, C); 108 : 2.55 (BKF); 128 : 1.33 (BKF); 181 : 2.48 (BKF, C); 192 : 3.15 (BKF); 266 : 1.1 

(BKF); 267 : 3.11 (BKF); 415 : 3.11 (BKF); 461 : 1.18 (BKF); 528 : 3.20 (BKF, C); 529 : 2.55 

(BKF, C); 1574 : 2.55 (BKF, C); 1585 : 2.55 (BKF, C, K); 1614 : 1.23 (BKF); s.n. (15-11-1965) 

: 2.39 (BKF, C). 

Pichet S. 3 : 2.16 (PSU). 

Pinnin S. et al. 54 : 3.1 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 61 : 2.51 (BKF); 65 : 1.32 (BKF, C); 96 : 3.2.2 (BKF, C); 

98 : 2.50 (BKF, C, K); 529 : 1.8 (BKF); 1574 : 1.8 (BKF).

168 


Pongamornkul W. 115 : 1.4 (BKF, QBG); 118 : 1.3 (BKF, QBG); 294 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 395 : 1.4 

(BKF, QBG); 605 : 3.6 (QBG); 607 : 2.1 (QBG); 657 : 3.22 (BKF, QBG). 

Pongthong S. s.n. (25-4-2002) : 1.22 (BKF). 

Pooma R. 41 : 1.3 (BKF); 42 : 2.27 (BKF); 64 : 3.6 (BKF); 65 : 3.10 (BKF); 66 : 3.10 (BKF); 67 : 2.22 

(BKF); 69 : 1.3 (BKF); 69A : 2.47 (BKF); 70 : 1.3 (BKF); 72 : 1.3 (BKF); 73 : 2.2 (BKF); 76 : 

3.4 (BKF); 90 : 3.1 (BKF); 91 : 3.2.2 (BKF); 92 : 2.51 (BKF); 208 : 1.32 (BKF); 209 : 1.9 (BKF); 

210 : 1.3 (BKF); 211 : 2.49 (BKF); 212 : 2.25 (BKF); 213 : 1.17 (BKF); 214 : 1.3 (BKF); 215 

: 2.27 (BKF); 216 : 3.11 (BKF); 217 : 2.39 (BKF); 218 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 219 : 2.16 (BKF); 220 

: 2.49 (BKF); 227 : 2.93 (BKF); 228 : 1.22 (BKF); 229 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 230 : 3.9 (BKF); 232 : 

3.11 (BKF); 235 : 1.3 (BKF); 342 : 3.15 (BKF); 346 : 2.2 (BKF); 368 : 2.25 (BKF); 409 : 2.47 




2373 : 2.7 (BKF); 2513 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 2553 : 2.7 (BKF); 2654 : 1.26 (BKF); 2670 : 1.24 (BKF); 

2770 : 2.21 (BKF); 2778 : 3.11 (BKF); 2779 : 2.20 (BKF); 2779A : 2.19 (BKF); 2850 : 1.26 

(BKF); 2851 : 2.41 (BKF). 

Poore M.E.D. s.n. (-1-1 1962) : 2.27 (AAU). 

Prachasaisoradet V. 450 : 2.53 (BKF). 

Prachit et al. 3 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG). 

Praphat D. 34 : 2.7 (BKF); 160 : 2.55 (BKF); 181 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 604 : 2.7 (BKF); 660 : 1.18 (BKF); 

668 : 2.25 (BKF); 685 : 2.16 (BKF); 757 : 3.17 (BKF). 

Premrasami A. 104 : 3.22 (BKF). 

Prommongkol R. s.n. (1-11-1979) : 1.4 (BKF); s.n. (1-11-1979) : 1.1 (BKF). 

Put P. 137 : 3.9 (BKF); 162 : 1.13 (BKF); 166 : 2.22 (BKF); 208 : 1.18 (BKF); 212 : 2.8 (BKF); 248 

: 2.52 (BKF); 269 : 3.27 (BKF); 279 : 1.4 (BKF); 381 : 2.18 (BKF); 640 : 2.25 (BK, C, K); 926 

: 1.23 (BK, BM, C, K); 1686 : 1.11 (BK, BM, C); 1847 : 2.16 (BK, C, K); 2714 : 2.25 (BK, C, 

K); 3032 : 2.9 (BK, C, K); 3306 : 2.9 (BK, C, K); 3312 : 4.1 (BK); 3338 : 2.9 (BK, K); 3361 : 

1.6 (BK, BM, C, K); 3364 : 1.9 (BK); 3366 : 1.9 (BK); 3385 : 2.16 (BK, BM, K); 3392 : 1.32 

(BK, BM, C); 3402 : 3.27 (BK, BM, C, K); 3472 : 2.16 (BK, BM, K); 3473 : 2.16 (K); 3474 : 2.16 

(BK, BM, C); 3515 : 3.4 (BK, C, K); 3521 : 1.1 (BK, BM); 3567 : 3.4 (BK, C, K); 3679 : 2.21 

(BK, K); 3753 : 1.6 (BK, BM, C, K); 3763 : 1.1 (BM, C, K); 3771 : 1.26 (BK, BM); 3775 : 3.14 

(BK, BM, K); 3778 : 4.1 (K); 3787 : 2.9 (BK, BM, K); 3791 : 1.6 (BK, BM, C, K); 3800 : 2.9 

(BK, BM, K); 3801 : 1.26 (BK, BM); 3808 : 1.13 (BK, K); 3825 : 1.9 (BK); 3882 : 2.53 (BK, 

BM, C, K); 3916 : 1.10 (BK, BM, C, K); 3918 : 1.26 (BK, BM); 3919 : 1.26 (BK, BM); 3934 : 

3.27 (BK, K); 3958 : 1.9 (BK, BM, C, K); 3975 : 3.10 (BK, BM, C, K); 4445 : 3.13 (BK, BM, K); 

4523 : 3.9 (BK, BM, K); 4530 : 3.6 (BK, BM, K); 4533 : 3.9 (BM, K). 

Puudjaa P. 134 : 1.24 (BKF); 1000 : 2.4 (BKF); 1196 : 2.30 (BKF); 1225 : 2.1 (BKF); 1226 : 2.49 



1.24 (BKF).QBG 3 : 3.11 (QBG); 33 : 1.1 (QBG); 87 : 1.17 (QBG); 222 : 1.4 (QBG); 798 : 1.4 

(QBG); 934 : 1.11 (QBG); 1819 : 1.32 (QBG); 2001 : 1.11 (QBG); 2601 : 2.31 (QBG); 4288 : 

1.17 (QBG); 4783 : 2.12 (QBG); 4784 : 2.12 (QBG); 5027 : 3.16.1 (QBG); 5550 : 3.10 (QBG); 

5789 : 1.4 (QBG); 5969 : 3.21 (QBG); 5970 : 3.9 (QBG); 6123 : 3.20 (QBG); 6162 : 3.6 (QBG); 

6546 : 1.4 (QBG); 6552 : 2.27 (QBG); 6583 : 1.4 (BKF, QBG); 6740 : 1.17 (QBG); 6765 : 1.17 

(QBG); 6974 : 3.11 (QBG); 7058 : 1.17 (QBG); 9321 : 1.17 (QBG); 9424 : 3.26 (QBG); 9832 

: 2.27 (QBG); 9956 : 1.11 (QBG); 10888 : 1.11 (QBG); 11058 : 1.11 (QBG); 11297 : 3.11 

(QBG); 11298 : 3.15 (QBG); 11299 : 3.21 (QBG); 11300 : 3.9 (QBG); 11301 : 3.16.1 (QBG); 

11302 : 1.4 (QBG); 11303 : 3.11 (QBG); 11304 : 2.22 (QBG); 11310 : 2.23 (QBG); 11306 : 1.11 

(QBG); 11313 : 3.6 (QBG); 11314 : 1.17 (QBG); 11315 : 1.17 (QBG); 11317 : 1.11 (QBG); 

11318 : 3.2.1 (QBG); 11320 : 3.27 (QBG); 31121 : 3.10 (QBG); 11322 : 1.4 (QBG); 15701 : 1.32 

(BKF, QBG). 

Rabil 82 : 2.21 (BK, C, K); 88 : 1.11 (BK, BM, C, K); 178 : 2.18 (BK, C, K); 271 : 2.16 (BK); 352 :


2.55 (BK, C, K); 354 : 1.18 (BK, BM, C, K). 

Rock J.F. 1755 : 4.1 (K); 1830 : 1.6 (K). 

Rueang-iam T. 4 : 2.21 (AAU, BKF, C) 

Sadakorn J. 510 : 2.50 (BK); 534 : 1.26 (BK); 563 : 2.9 (BK); 624 : 1.26 (BK). 

Sangkhachand B. 3 : 2.16 (BKF); 4 : 2.21 (BKF, C, K); 7 : 2.22 (BKF); 8 : 2.50 (BKF); 15 : 2.50 

(BKF); 19 : 2.16 (BKF); 29 : 2.49 (BKF); 34 : 1.1 (BKF); 39 : 3.24 (BKF); 42 : 2.16 (BKF); 64 

: 1.26 (BKF); 78 : 1.32 (BKF); 94 : 3.16 (BKF); 95 : 2.16 (BKF); 99 : 1.3 (BKF); 107 : 1.22 (BKF, 

C); 108 : 2.21 (BKF, C, K); 125 : 2.16 (BKF); 116 : 2.34 (BKF); 145 : 1.23 (BKF); 146 : 1.23 

(BKF); 214 : 2.29 (BKF, C, K); 273 : 2.36 (BKF, C, K); 356 : 1.19 (BKF); 379 : 2.42 (BKF); 446 

: 1.23 (BKF); 842 : 3.10 (BKF, C, K); 859 : 1.27 (BKF, C); 988 : 2.16 (BKF); 1030 : 2.16 (BKF); 

1053 : 2.48 (BKF, K); 1183 : 2.55 (BKF); 1221 : 2.55 (BKF, C, K); 1236 : 2.48 (BKF, K); 1243 

: 2.39 (BKF); 1253 : 2.6 (BKF); 1352 : 2.55 (BKF); 1442 : 2.48 (AAU, BKF); 1525 : 1.18 (BKF, 

C, K); 1529 : 1.33 (BKF, C, K); 1532 : 2.21 (BKF); 1540 : 1.1 (BKF); 1659 : 3.11 (BKF, C, K); 

3039 : 1.22 (BKF); 3051 : 1.17 (BKF, C); 3091 : 3.10 (BKF, C); 3091 : 3.10 (BKF, C); 3125 : 1.4 

(BKF); 3217 : 1.19 (BKF). 

Sangkhachand P. 94 : 2.16 (BK); 135 : 1.19 (BK); 152 : 1.11 (BK); 215 : 2.25 (BK); 371 : 2.4 (BK); 

413 : 2.48 (BK); 491 : 2.55 (BK); 762 : 2.16 (BK); 847 : 2.39 (BK); 850 : 3.16.1 (BK); 851 : 2.47 

(BK); 861 : 1.10 (BK); 892 : 1.17 (BK); 893 : 1.9 (BK); 897 : 2.47 (BK); 903 : 1.9 (BK); 945 : 

3.16.1 (BK); 946 : 2.47 (BK); 947 : 2.47 (BK); 953 : 1.26 (BK); 954 : 1.26 (BK); 966 : 2.12 

(BK); 967 : 3.16.1 (BK); 968 : 2.16 (BK); 1090 : 2.50 (BK); 1091 : 2.51 (BK); 1092 : 3.2.2 

(BK); 1177 : 3.16.1 (BK); 1354 : 1.22 (BK); 1464 : 3.27 (BK); 1663 : 2.21 (BK); 1843 : 1.33 

(BK); 1860 : 2.48 (BK); 2101 : 2.50 (BK); 2115 : 3.7 (BK); 2116 : 2.50 (BK); 2117 : 3.2.2 (BK). 

Santisuk Th. et al. 17 : 2.54 (BKF); 23 : 2.21 (BKF); 62 : 2.25 (BKF); 333 : 2.53 (BKF); 372 : 1.3 

(BKF); 401 : 3.9 (BKF); 405 : 1.18 (BKF, C, K); 421 : 2.21 (BKF, C, K); 441 : 1.18 (BKF); 482 

: 2.21 (BKF, C, K); 483 : 2.21 (BKF, K); 484 : 2.21 (BKF, K); 736 : 2.7 (BKF); 831 : 2.53 (BKF); 

889 : 1.23 (BKF, PSU); 1011 : 3.15 (BKF); 1018 : 1.4 (BKF); 1079 : 2.54 (BKF); 1080 : 2.2 

(BKF); 1081 : 3.27 (BKF); 1084 : 1.10 (BKF); 1087 : 3.9 (BKF, PSU); 1115 : 3.6 (BKF, PSU); 

1139 : 3.15 (BKF); 1168 : 2.19 (BKF); 1183 : 2.48 (BKF, PSU); 1210 : 2.21 (BKF); 1242 : 2.16 

(BKF, PSU); 1282 : 1.23 (BKF); 1284 : 2.19(BKF, PSU); 1451 : 1.1 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1457 : 

1.11 (BKF, C, K); 1484 : 3.11 (AAU, BKF); 1516 : 3.6 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1517 : 3.9 (AAU, 

BKF, C, K); 1521 : 1.10 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 1603 : 3.6 (BKF); 6665 : 1.1 (BKF); 6678 : 3.10 


(BKF); s.n. (8-4-1982) : 1.23 (BKF); s.n. (20-10-1982) : 1.10 (BKF); s.n. (11-4-1987) : 1.23 

(BKF); s.n. (4-6-1987) : 3.23 (BKF); s.n. (9-6-1987) : 2.1 (BKF); s.n. (23-7-1987) : 2.1 (BKF); 

s.n. (20-10-1987) : 2.27 (BKF); s.n. (20-10-1987) : 2.22 (BKF); s.n. (20-10-1987) : 2.27 



(BKF). 

Sawongto M. s.n. (15-1-1977) : 2.25 (BKF). 

Schmidt J. 395 : 3.27 (C); 426 : 1.19 (C); 534 : 1.23 (C); 586 : 2.42 (C); 688 : 3.27 (C); 718 : 1.19 (C); 

841 : 3.18 (C). 

Seidenfaden G. 2584 : 1.18 (C); 2623 : 2.49 (C, K). 

Shimizu T. et al. T-02940 : 3.13 (BKF, KYO); T-10140 : 3.13 (BKF, KYO); T-11725 : 1.11 (BKF, 

KYO); T-11727 : 3.22 (BKF, KYO); T-18126 : 3.16.1 (BKF, KYO); T-18620 : 1.1 (AAU, BKF, 

C, K, KYO); T-19198 : 1.3 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-20447 : 2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-20587 : 2.1 (BKF, 

KYO); T-20699 : 1….. (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-20940 : 3.13 (AAU, KYO); T-21057 : 3.13 (BKF, 

KYO); T-22644 : 3.22 (BKF, KYO); T-22953 : 3.2.2 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-26892 : 2.16 (BKF, 

KYO); T-26910 : 2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-28562 : 3.2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-28608 : 2.22 (BKF, KYO); 

T-28830 : 2.54 (BKF, KYO). 

Singhasatit S. 76 : 3.11 (BKF); 130 : 2.31 (BKF); 152 : 2.23 (BKF); 230 : 3.11 (BKF); 287 : 2.23 

(BKF); 288 : 2.39 (BKF); 419 : 1.10 (BKF); ); 433 : 2.27 (BKF); ); 445 : 1.32 (BKF); 477 : 1.3 

(BKF).

170 


Siriphum S. et al. QBG-9923 : 1.11 (QBG); QBG-9925 : 1.3 (QBG). 

Sirirugsa P. 231 : 2.16 (PSU); 908 : 2.8 (PSU). 

Smitinand T. et al. 102 : 3.10 (BKF); 102A : 3.11 (BKF); 104 : 2.16 (BKF); 180 : 1.5 (BKF); 195 : 

2.2 (BKF); 346 : 3.10 (BKF); 374 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 405 : 3.9 (BKF); 414 : 3.10 (BKF); 456 : 2.50 




(BKF); 1175 : 3.22 (BKF); 1193 : 3.2.1 (BKF); 1194 : 3.2.2 (BKF); 1206 : 3.10 (BKF); 1249 : 

3.1 (BKF); 1356 : 2.42 (BKF); 1376 : 1.23 (BKF); 1571 : 3.11 (BKF); 1631 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 


1723 : 1.32 (BKF); 1780 : 2.51 (BKF); 1781 : 1.7 (BKF); 1805 : 2.51 (BKF, K); 1806 : 1.9 (BKF, 

C, K); 1806A : 1.9 (BKF); 1809 : 3.1 (BKF); 1809A : 3.1 (BKF); 1831 : 1.19 (BKF); 1832 : 

3.16.1 (BKF); 1853 : 1.32 (BKF); 1854 : 3.2.1 (BKF); 1855 : 3.29 (BKF); 1875 : 3.23 (BKF); 



2490 : 1.32 (BKF); 2491 : 1.1 (BKF); 2493 : 2.12 (BKF); 2496 : 3.2.1 (BKF); 2504 : 3.2.1 




: 3.16.1 (BKF); 2578 : 2.12 (BKF); 2585 : 3.11 (BKF); 2598 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 2615 : 2.53 (BKF); 

2619 : 3.2.1 (BKF); 2623 : 3.11 (BKF); 2630 : 1.17 (BKF); 2632 : 1.17 (BKF); 2662 : 3.8 (BKF); 

2663 : 3.28 (BKF); 2664 : 3.11 (BKF); 2665 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 2669 : 3.23 (BKF); 2671 : 2.53 








: 1.17 (BKF); 3757 : 3.6 (BKF); 4100 : 2.39 (BKF); 4215 : 2.32 (BKF); 4242 : 3.8 (BKF); 4242A 


: 2.2 (BKF); 4568 : 2.20 (BKF); 4739 : 3.8 (BKF, C, K); 4749 : 3.13 (BKF, K); 4821 : 2.20 




: 1.1 (BKF); 6118 : 3.2.2 (BKF, K); 6119 : 3.2.1 (BKF, K); 6126 : 1.18 (BKF); 6289 : 3.17 

(BKF); 6290 : 3.17 (BKF); 6314 : 2.25 (BKF); 6315 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 6316 : 3.11 (BKF); 6319 

: 1.17 (BKF); 6580 : 2.8 (BKF); 6582 : 2.8 (BKF); 6604 : 3.11 (BKF, K); 6605 : 1.2 (BKF); 6625 


: 1.32 (BKF, K); 6742 : 3.6 (BKF, K); 6755 : 2.1 (BKF); 6780 : 3.8 (BKF); 6781 : 3.8 (BKF, K); 

6784 : 3.13 (BKF, K); 6785 : 3.26 (BKF, K); 6799 : 3.4 (BKF, K); 6973 : 1.2 (BKF); 6978 : 1.15 


(BKF); 7114 : 2.21 (BKF); 7176 : 1.1 (BKF); 7187 : 3.2.1 (BKF); 7202 : 1.1 (BKF); 7290 : 2.56 


(BKF); 7517 : 2.20 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 7553 : 2.49 (BKF, K); 7564 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 7565 : 2.39 


(BKF); 7610 : 1.6 (BKF); 7619 : 3.24 (BKF); 7629 : 2.56 (BKF); 7659 : 2.56 (BKF, C); 7694 : 

1.1 (BKF); 7710 : 3.24 (BKF); 7716 : 1.2 (BKF); 7799 : 3.8 (BKF); 7800 : 3.13 (BKF); 7833 : 


: 2.20 (BKF); 8098 : 2.25 (BKF); 8340 : 2.56 (BKF); 8364 : 3.16.1 (BKF, K); 8421 : 2.20 (BKF, 

C, K); 8573 : 1.4 (BKF); 8579 : 2.22 (BKF); 8607 : 1.4 (BKF); 8633 : 3.27 (BKF); 8705 : 3.21 


(BKF); 10073 : 3.22 (BKF); 10074 : 2.6 (BKF); 10077 : 3.23 (BKF); 10106 : 2.20 (BKF); 10109 

: 2.7 (BKF); 10117 : 3.28 (BKF); 10157 : 3.28 (BKF); 10161 : 2.49 (BKF, K); 10162 : 2.51 

(BKF); 10250 : 3.7 (BK, BKF); 10256 : 4.1 (BKF, L); 10292 : 2.1 (BKF); 10321 : 3.3 (BK, BKF, 

K); 10326 : 3.3 (BK, BKF, C, K); 10327 : 3.7 (BKF, C, K); 10341 : 2.12 (BKF, C, K); 10452 :


2.20 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 10470 : 3.2.2 (BKF); 10483 : 2.55 (BKF); 10494 : 2.39 (BKF); 10539 

: 2.21 (BKF); 10610 : 1.13 (BKF); 10611 : 1.32 (BKF); 10664 : 2.11 (BKF); 10825 : 4.1 (AAU, 

BKF, K); 11007 : 2.55 (BKF); 11206 : 3.29 (BKF); 11515 : 2.6 (BKF); 11596 : 3.11 (BKF); 

11597 : 2.12 (BKF); 11611 : 2.21 (BKF); 11678 : 2.55 (BKF); 11683 : 2.39 (BKF, C); 11684 : 

2.12 (BKF, K); 11685 : 3.28 (BKF); 11688 : 3.11 (BKF); 11709 : 2.48 (BKF); 11723 : 3.19 

(BKF); 11730 : 2.18 (BKF); 11744 : 2.6 (BKF); 11823 : 2.39 (BKF); 11823A : 2.16 (BKF); 

11835 : 2.47 (BKF); 11854 : 2.23 (BKF); 11860 : 3.28 (BKF); 11872 : 3.23 (BKF); 11898 : 

3.2.1 (BKF); 11915 : 1.17 (BKF); 11926 : 2.39 (BKF); 11933 : 2.10 (BKF, PSU); 11967 : 2.18 

(BKF); 11968 : 2.55(BKF); 12002 : 3.17 (BKF); 12021 : 3.3 (BKF); 12084 : 2.47 (BKF); 12086 


12212 : 3.8 (BKF); 81-5 : 1.23 (BKF, K); 86-9 : 1.32 (BKF); 88-1 : 2.53 (BKF, PSU, QBG); 88- 

42 : 2.53 (BKF); 88-76 : 3.15 (BKF); 88-194 : 1.2 (BKF); 89-22 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 89-24 : 2.39 

(BKF); 89-28 : 2.16 (BKF); 90-1 : 3.10 (BKF); 90-24 : 2.22 (BKF); 90-27 : 1.28 (BKF); 90-28 

: 3.20 (BKF); 90-41 : 3.10 (BKF); 90-46 : 2.31 (BKF); 90-68 : 3.9 (BKF); 90-69 : 3.6 (BKF); 90- 

70 : 3.27 (BKF); 90-73 : 1.12 (BKF); 90-74 : 1.3 (BKF); 90-75 : 3.11 (BKF); 90-76 : 2.16 


: 3.20 (BKF); 90-84 : 1.4 (BKF); 90-86 : 2.2 (BKF); 90-87 : 2.31 (BKF); 90-90 : 1.28 (BKF); 90- 

91 : 3.27 (BKF); 90-92 : 3.3 (BKF); 90-95 : 1.3 (BKF); 90-138 : 2.16 (BKF); 90-140 : 3.22 


90-190 : 1.3 (BKF); 90-191 : 3.10 (BKF); 90-193 : 2.53 (BKF); 90-194 : 1.2 (BKF); 90-196 : 

3.9 (BKF); 90-197 : 2.2 (BKF); 90-198 : 1.25 (BKF); 90-203 : 2.16 (BKF); 90-215 : 3.9 (BKF); 

90-221 : 1.22 (BKF); 90-226 : 1.27 (BKF); 90-233 : 2.27 (BKF, QBG, PSU); 90-234 : 3.11 

(BKF); 90-235 : 3.11 (BKF); 90-236 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 90-237 : 3.11 (BKF); 90-238 : 3.6 (BKF); 

90-252 : 2.22 (BKF); 90-253 : 3.27 (BKF); 90-257 : 1.17 (BKF); 90-258 : 3.11 (BKF); 90-259 

: 2.16 (BKF); 90-264 : 2.25 (BKF); 90-265 : 1.23 (BKF); 91-22 : 1.32 (BKF); 91-35 : 3.17 


: 2.49 (BKF); s.n. (24-6-1951) : 3.11 (BKF); s.n. (24-12-1952) : 1.32 (BKF); s.n. (5-1-1954) : 

3.6 (BKF); s.n. (24-6-1954) : 3.10 (BKF); s.n. (29-6-1954) : 1.1 (BKF); s.n. (29-6-1954) : 2.39 

(BKF); s.n. (12-8-1954) : 3.29 (BKF); s.n. (2-9-1954) : 3.2.3 (BKF); s.n. (9-7-1975) : 1.22 

(BKF); s.n. (16-8-1955) : 1.2 (BKF); s.n. (23-8-1955) : 2.21 (BKF); s.n. (14-2-1961) : 3.16.1 

(BKF); s.n. (10-11-1962) : 3.13 (BKF); s.n. (6-3-1971) : 3.2.1 (BKF); s.n. (12-12-1973) : 2.22 







(BKF); *s.n. (22-6-1983) : 1.25 (BKF); s.n. (23-6-1983) : 2.47 (BKF); s.n. (23-6-1983) : 3.2.1 


(BKF); s.n. (6-5-1985) : 3.10 (BKF); s.n. (6-5-1985) : 2.39 (BKF); s.n. (9-5-1987) : 3.4 (BKF); 

s.n. (23-7-1987) : 3.29 (BKF); s.n. (7-10-1987) : 2.53 (BKF); s.n. (9-10-1987) : 2.53 (BKF); 




s.n. (7-2-1988) : 2.2 (BKF); s.n. (7-3-1988) : 2.39 (BKF); s.n. (14-5-1988) : 1.25 (BKF); s.n. 

(14-5-1988) : 1.22 (BKF); s.n. (23-11-1988) : 1.7 (BKF); s.n. (23-11-1988) : 2.53 (BKF); s.n. 



(16-7-1989) : 3.4 (BKF); s.n. (17-7-1989) : 1.32 (BKF); s.n. (25-7-1989) : 1.9 (BKF); s.n. (25- 

7-1989) : 1.10 (BKF); s.n. (13-3-1990) : 3.27 (BKF); s.n. (20-5-1990) : 2.18 (BKF); s.n. (20-5- 

1990) : 1.10 (BKF); s.n. (20-5-1990) : 3.27 (BKF); s.n. (20-5-1990) : 3.10 (BKF); s.n. (20-5- 

1990) : 3.6 (BKF); s.n. (28-2-1991) : 3.15 (BKF); s.n. (1-3-1991) : 3.20 (BKF, PSU, QBG); s.n. 

(11-3-1991) : 3.24 (BKF); s.n. (11-3-1991) : 3.3 (BKF); s.n. (18-7-1993) : 2.16 (BKF); s.n. (8- 

1-1994) : 2.22 (BKF); s.n. (8-1-1994) : 1.3 (BKF); s.n. (8-1-1994) : 1.17 (BKF); s.n. (8-1-1994) 

: 1.10 (BKF); s.n. (8-1-1994) : 3.9 (BKF); s.n. (18-12-1994) : 1.28 (BKF); s.n. (13-8-1995) : 

1.32 (BKF); s.n. (13-3-1997) : 3.3 (BKF); s.n. (13-11-1997) : 1.10 (BKF). 

Soejarto D.D. et al. 5978 : 1.33 (BKF).

172 


S¯rensen Th et al. 164 : 2.25 (BKF, C); 550 : 1.23 (C); 885 : 1.1 (BKF, C); 954 : 3.11 (BKF, C); 957 

Sørensen Th 

: 3.10 

et al. 

(C); 985 

164 

: 

1.3 

2.25 

(C, 

(BKF, 

K); 1001 

C); 550 

: 1.10 

: 1.23 

(C); 

(C); 

1006 

885 

: 1.12 

: 1.1 

(C); 

(BKF, 

1009 

C); 

: 2.53 

954 

(BKF, 

: 3.11 

C); 

(BKF, 

1010 

C); 

: 2.47 

957 

(BKF, 

: 3.10 (C); 

C); 1013 

985 : 

: 

1.3 

2.39 

(C, 

(BKF, 

K); 1001 

C, K); 

: 1.10 

1286 

(C); 

: 3.8 

1006 

(BKF, 

: 1.12 

C); 1565 

(C); 1009 

: 1.6 

: 

(BKF, 

2.53 (BKF, 

C); 1599 

C); 

: 

1010 

2.53 (BKF, 

: 2.47 

(BKF, 

C); 1740 

C); 

: 

1013 

2.7 (C); 

: 2.39 

1742 

(BKF, 

: 3.6 

C, 

(BKF); 

K); 1286 

1806 

: 3.8 

: 2.2 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

C); 

C); 

1565 

2212 

: 1.6 

: 3.22 

(BKF, 

(C); 

C); 

2404 

1599 

: 

: 

3.2.1 

2.53 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

C, 

C); 

K); 

1740 

2537 

: 2.7 

: 1.10 

(C); 1742 

(BKF, 

: 3.6 

C); 

(BKF); 

2572 : 3.10 

1806 

(BKF, 

: 2.2 (BKF, 

C); 3590 

C); 2212 

: 2.39 

: 

(C); 

3.22 

2645 

(C); 2404 

: 2.47 

: 3.2.1 

(C); 2653 

(BKF, 

: 

2.47 

C, K); 

(C); 

2537 

2660 

: 1.10 

: 3.11 

(BKF, 

(C); 2661 

C); 2572 

: 3.16.1 

: 3.10 

(C); 

(BKF, 

3684 

C); 

: 2.39 

3590 

(BKF, 

: 2.39 

C); 

(C); 

2696 

2645 

: 1.32 

: 2.47 

(C); 

(C); 

2803 

2653 

: 1.1 

: 

2.47 

(C); 2825 

(C); 2660 

: 1.1 

: 

(C); 

3.11 

2861 

(C); 

: 

2661 

3.10 

: 

(BKF, 

3.16.1 

C); 

(C); 

2862 

3684 

: 2.27 

: 2.39 

(C); 

(BKF, 

2870 

C); 

: 3.21 

2696 

(BKF, 

: 1.32 

C); 

(C); 

2883 

2803 

: 

: 

3.10 

1.1 

(C); 

(C); 2825 

2887 

: 1.1 

3.9 

(C); 

(C); 

2861 

2902 

: 3.10 

1.1 (BKF, 

(BKF, 

C); 

C); 

2917 

2862 

: 

: 

1.10 

2.27 

(BKF, 

(C); 2870 

C); 3070 

: 3.21 

: 2.23 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

C); 2883 

C); 3237 

: 3.10 

: 

2.9 

(C); 

(C); 

2887 

3239 

: 3.9 

: 

(C); 

2.50 

2902 

(BKF, 

: 1.1 

C); 

(BKF, 

3303 : 

C); 

3.10 

2917 

(BKF, 

: 1.10 

C); 

(BKF, 

4338 : 

C); 

2.51 

3070 

(C); 

: 2.23 

3391 

(BKF, 

: 3.11 

C); 

(C); 

3237 

3427 

: 

: 

2.9 

1.1 

(C); 

(C); 

3239 

3530 

: 

: 

2.50 

1.1 (BKF, 

(BKF, 

C); 

C); 

3767 

3303 

: 

: 

1.32 

3.10 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

K); 

C); 

4803 

4338 

: 2.39 

: 2.51 

(C, 

(C); 

K); 

3391 

3894 

: 

: 

3.11 

3.11 

(C); 

(C); 

3427 

4188 

: 1.1 

3.8 

(C); 

(BKF, 

3530 

C); 

: 

4193 

1.1 (BKF, 

: 3.8 

C); 

(C); 

3767 

4393 

: 1.32 

: 2.51 

(BKF, 

(C); 

K); 

4427 

4803 

: 3.10 

: 2.39 

(C); 

(C, 

4738 

K); 

: 

3894 

3.10 

: 

(C); 

3.11 

4815 

(C); 4188 

: 1.3 

(BKF, 

: 3.8 (BKF, 

C); 4972 

C); 4193 

: 2.23 

: 

(BKF); 

3.8 (C); 

5259 

4393 

: 

: 

3.2.1 

2.51 

(C); 

(C); 

5349 

4427 

: 

: 

2.39 

3.10 

(BKF, 

(C); 4738 

C); 5353 

: 3.10 

: 

(C); 

3.10 

4815 

(C); 5376 

: 1.3 

: 

(BKF, 

3.10 (BKF, 

C); 4972 

C); 

: 

5393 

2.23 

: 

(BKF); 

3.10 (C); 

5259 

5394 

: 3.2.1 

: 3.10 

(C); 

(C); 

5349 

5395 

: 2.39 

: 3.11 

(BKF, 

(C); 

C); 

5395A 

5353 

: 

: 

3.10 

3.10 

(C); 

(C); 

5397 

5376 

: 

3.6 

: 3.10 

(C); 

(BKF, 

5400 

C); 

: 3.10 

5393 

(C); 

: 3.10 

5401 

(C); 

: 3.10 

5394 

(BKF, 

: 3.10 

C); 

(C); 

5402 

5395 

: 1.3 

: 

(C); 

3.11 

5404 

(C); 

: 

5395A 

1.3 (C); 

: 3.10 

5429 

(C); 

: 2.27 

5397 

(C); 

: 

3.6 

5449 

(C); 

: 3.10 

5400 

(C); 

: 3.10 

5453 

(C); 

: 3.10 

5401 

(C); 

: 3.10 

5458 

(BKF, 

: 1.26 

C); 

(C); 

5402 

5485 

: 1.3 

: 

(C); 

2.39 

5404 

(BKF, 

: 1.3 

C); 

(C); 

5486 

5429 

: 2.23 

: 2.27 

(BKF); 

(C); 

5487 

5449 

: 

1.1 

3.10 

(C); 

(C); 

5488 

5453 

: 

: 

1.12 

3.10 

(BKF, 

(C); 5458 

C); 5502 

: 1.26 

: 3.9 

(C); 

(C); 

5485 

5503 

: 2.39 

: 3.10 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

C); 

C); 

5486 

5507 

: 2.23 

: 2.27 

(BKF); 

(C); 

5522 

5487 

: 

1.1 

1.1 

(C); 

(C); 

5556 

5488 : 1.12 

2.39 

(BKF, 

(C); 5559 

C); 

: 

5502 

1.1 (BKF, 

: 3.9 (C); 

C); 5560 

5503 

: 

1.10 

3.10 

(C); 

(BKF, 

5561 

C); 

: 

5507 

2.47 

: 

(BKF, 

2.27 (C); 

C); 

5563 

5522 

: 

3.9 

1.1 

(C); 

(C); 

5591 

5556 

: 

: 

2.9 

2.39 

(BKF, 

(C); 

C, 

5559 

K); 

: 

5612 

1.1 (BKF, 

: 3.10 

C); 

(C); 

5560 

5661 

: 

: 

1.10 

2.39 

(C); 

(C); 

5561 

5664 

: 

: 

2.47 

2.47 

(BKF, 

(C); 5667 

C); 

5563 

: 1.32 

: 

(BKF, 

3.9 (C); 

C); 

5591 

5682 

: 2.9 

: 3.10 

(BKF, 

(C); 

C, 

5690 

K); 

: 

5612 

1.32 

: 

(C); 

3.10 

5700 

(C); 

: 

5661 

1.32 

: 

(C); 

2.39 

5733 

(C); 

: 

5664 

1.17 

: 

(BKF, 

2.47 (C); 

C); 5736 

5667 

: 1.32 

3.11 

(BKF, 

(C); 5739 

C); 5682 

: 1.2 

: 

(C); 

3.10 

5744 

(C); 

: 

5690 

1.32 

: 

(C); 

1.32 

5750 

(C); 5700 

: 1.32 

: 

(C); 

1.32 

5754 

(C); 5733 

: 1.3 

: 

(C); 

1.17 

5755 

(BKF, 

: 2.16 

C); 5736 

(C); 

5806 

: 3.11 

: 

(C); 

1.3 (BKF, 

5739 : 

C); 

1.2 

5846 

(C); 5744 

: 1.32 

: 

(C); 

1.32 

5856 

(C); 

: 

5750 

1.5 (C); 

: 1.32 

5953 

(C); 

: 

5754 

2.53 (C); 

: 1.3 

5957A 

(C); 5755 

: 1.1 

: 

(C); 

2.16 

5960 

(C); 

: 

5806 

1.1 (C); 

: 1.3 

5971 

(BKF, 

: 1.10 

C); 5846 

(C); 6021 

: 1.32 

: 

(C); 

1.32 

5856 

(C); 6031 

: 1.5 

: 

(C); 

3.10 

5953 

(C); 

: 

6032 

2.53 

: 

(C); 

3.9 

5957A 

(C); 6217 

: 1.1 

: 3.4 

(C); 

(BKF, 

5960 

C, 

: 1.1 

K); 

(C); 

6223 

5971 

: 2.22 

: 1.10 

(BKF, 

(C); 

C); 

6021 

6225 

: 1.32 

: 2.41 

(C); 

(BKF, 

6031 

C); 

: 3.10 

6267 

(C); 

: 3.2.2 

6032 

(BKF, 

: 3.9 

C, 

(C); 

K); 

6217 

6270 

: 3.4 

3.1 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

C, 

C, K); 

K); 

6281 

6223 

: 

3.4 

2.22 

(C); 

(BKF, 

6519 

C); 

: 1.1 

6225 

(BKF, 

: 2.41 

C); 

(BKF, 

6578 

C); 

: 2.23 

6267 

(BKF, 

: 3.2.2 

C, 

(BKF, 

K); 6586 

C, K); 

: 1.1 

6270 

(BKF, 

: 3.1 

C); 

(BKF, 

6678 

: 

C, 

1.17 

K); 

(BKF, 

6281 : 

C); 

3.4 

6845 

(C); 6519 

: 2.53 

: 

(BKF, 

1.1 (BKF, 

C, K); 

C); 

6861 

6578 

: 

: 

1.10 

2.23 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

C, 

C, 

K); 

K); 

6867 

6586 

: 

: 

3.11 

1.1 

(BKF, 

(BKF, C); 

C); 6875 

6678 

: 1.17 

2.53 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

C); 

C); 

6845 

6877 

: 2.53 

1.17 

(BKF, 

(C); 6878 

C, K); 

: 1.17 

6861 

(C); 

: 1.10 

6885 

(BKF, 

: 2.47 

C, 

(BKF, 

K); 6867 

C); 7002 

: 3.11 

: 

(BKF, 

3.2.1 (BKF, 

C); 6875 

C, 

K); 

: 2.53 

7092 

(BKF, 

: 3.27 

C); 

(BKF, 

6877 

C); 

: 1.17 

7277 

(C); 

: 1.10 

6878 

(C); 

: 1.17 

7278 

(C); 

: 1.1 

6885 

(C); 

: 2.47 

7279 

(BKF, 

: 3.9 (C); 

C); 7002 

7280 

: 3.2.1 

2.47 (C); 

(BKF, 

7281 

C, 

: 

K); 

3.10 

7092 

(C); 

: 3.27 

7282 

(BKF, 

: 3.10 

C); 

(C); 

7277 

7285 

: 1.10 

: 3.11 

(C); 

(C); 

7278 

7972 

: 1.1 

: 3.11 

(C); 7279 

(C); 7974 

: 3.9 

: 

(C); 

1.32 

7280 

(BKF); 

: 2.47 

7975 

(C); 

: 

7281 

1.17 

(C); 

: 3.10 

7978 

(C); 

: 

7282 

1.1 (C); 

: 3.10 

7982 

(C); 

: 2.25 

7285 

(C); 

: 3.11 

7983 

(C); 

: 3.10 

7972 

(C); 

: 3.11 

7984 

(C); 

: 3.10 

7974 

(C); 

: 1.32 

9359 

(BKF); 

: 1.32 

7975 

(BKF); 

: 1.17 

s.n. 

(C); 

(6-10-1958) 

7978 : 1.1 

: 1.1 

(C); 

(BKF). 

7982 : 2.25 (C); 7983 : 3.10 (C); 7984 : 3.10 (C); 9359 : 1.32 (BKF); s.n. 

(6-10-1958) : 1.1 (BKF). 

Sri-sa-nga P. et al. 21 : 3.3 (BKF, QBG); 1008 : 2.55 (QBG); 1010 : 2.55 (BKF, QBG); 1011 : 1.32 

Sri-sa-nga 

(QBG); 

P. et al. 

1818 

21 

: 3.11 

: 3.3 

(BKF, 

(BKF, 

QBG) 

QBG); 1008 : 2.55 (QBG); 1010 : 2.55 (BKF, QBG); 1011 : 1.32 

(QBG); 1818 : 3.11 (BKF, QBG) 

Sucheera s.n. (QBG 10888) : 1.1 (QBG). 

Sucheera s.n. (QBG 10888) : 1.1 (QBG). 

Suddee S. 34 : 3.10 (BKF); 62 : 1.3 (BKF); 217 : 3.6 (BKF); 312 : 3.11 (BKF). 

Suddee S. 34 : 3.10 (BKF); 62 : 1.3 (BKF); 217 : 3.6 (BKF); 312 : 3.11 (BKF). 

Sukkri B. 19 : 3.11 (BKF). 

Sukkri B. 19 : 3.11 (BKF). 

Suksathan P. 1175 : 3.26 (QBG); 1127 : 3.26 (QBG); 1420 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 1435 : 1.25 (QBG); 

Suksathan 

1679 

P. 

: 3.16.1 

1175 : 

(QBG); 

3.26 (QBG); 

2562 : 

1127 

3.5 (QBG); 

: 3.26 

2708 

(QBG); 

: 1.1 

1420 

(BKF, 

: 1.11 

QBG); 

(BKF, 

2737 

QBG); 

: 2.49 

1435 

(BKF, 

: 1.25 

QBG); 

(QBG); 

2874 

: 

1679 

3.8 (QBG); 

: 3.16.1 

2892 

(QBG); 

: 3.4 

2562 

(BKF, 

: 3.5 

QBG). 

(QBG); 2708 : 1.1 (BKF, QBG); 2737 : 2.49 (BKF, QBG); 2874 

: 3.8 (QBG); 2892 : 3.4 (BKF, QBG). 

Suthisorn S. 534 : 3.16.1 (BK); 715 : 2.16 (BK); 1085 : 2.21 (BK); 1153 : 2.16 (BK); 1259 : 1.26 

Suthisorn 

(BK); 

S. 

1507 

534 

: 

: 

2.2 

3.16.1 

(BK); 

(BK); 

1519 

715 

: 2.2 

: 2.16 

(BK); 

(BK); 

1580 

1085 

: 3.4 

: 

(QBG); 

2.21 (BK); 

2241 

1153 

: 2.21 

: 2.16 

(BK); 

(BK); 

2360 

1259 

: 1.8 

: 

(BK); 

1.26 

2501 

(BK); 

: 

1507 

2.16 (BK); 

: 2.2 (BK); 

2514 : 

1519 

1.22 

: 

(BK); 

2.2 (BK); 

2570 

1580 

: 1.1 

: 

(BK); 

3.4 (QBG); 

2623 : 

2241 

3.16.1 

: 

(BK); 

2.21 (BK); 

2638 

2360 

: 1.9 (BK); 

: 1.8 (BK); 

3274 

: 

2501 

1.6 (BK); 

: 2.16 (BK); 

3388 : 

2514 

2.21 

: 

(BKF); 

1.22 (BK); 

3402 

2570 

: 2.55 

: 1.1 

(BK); 

(BK); 

3551 

2623 

: 2.25 

: 3.16.1 

(BK); 

(BK); 

3626 

2638 

: 2.16 

: 1.9 

(BK); 

(BK); 

3748 

3274 

: 

2.21 

: 1.6 

(BK); 

(BK); 

4105 

3388 

: 

2.16 

2.21 

(BK); 

(BKF); 

4116 

3402 

: 2.47 

: 2.55 

(BK); 

(BK); 

4198 

3551 

: 2.47 

: 2.25 

(BK). 

(BK); 3626 : 2.16 (BK); 3748 : 

2.21 (BK); 4105 : 2.16 (BK); 4116 : 2.47 (BK); 4198 : 2.47 (BK). 

Suvanakoses P. 1 : 1.1 (BKF); 100 : 1.1 (BKF); 101 : 1.2 (BKF); 102 : 1.1 (BKF); 103 : 2.23 (BKF); 

Suvanakoses 

104 : 

P. 

1.32 (BKF); 

1 : 1.1 (BKF); 

106 : 3.11 

100 

(BKF); 

: 1.1 (BKF); 

109 : 

101 

1.4 (BKF); 

: 1.2 (BKF); 

110 : 

102 

1.32 

: 

(BKF); 

1.1 (BKF); 

113 

103 

: 1.3 

: 2.23 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

120 

: 

104 

2.48 

: 1.32 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

122 : 

106 

2.55 

: 3.11 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

196 : 

109 

2.9 

: 

(BKF); 

1.4 (BKF); 

695 : 

110 

2.55 

: 

(BKF); 

1.32 (BKF); 

878 : 2.55 

113 : 

(BKF); 

1.3 (BKF); 

899 : 

120 

1.2 

: 

(BKF); 

2.48 (BKF); 

901: 2.12 

122 : 

(BKF); 

2.55 (BKF); 

931: 1.12 

196 : 

(BKF); 

2.9 (BKF); 

936 

695 

: 3.27 

: 2.55 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

974 

878 

: 2.47 

: 2.55 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

975 

899 

: 

: 

2.47 

1.2 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

980 

901: 

: 

2.12 

2.39 (BKF); 

(BKF); 

983 

931: 

: 2.47 

1.12 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

1038 

936 : 3.27 

3.11 (BKF); 

(BKF); 

1083 

974 : 2.47 

2.16 (BKF); 

(BKF); 

1104 

975 : 2.47 

3.11 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 1258 

980 : 

: 

2.39 

2.23 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

983 

1259 

: 2.47 

: 1.10 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

1038 

1260 

: 3.11 

: 2.9 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

1083 

1434 

: 2.16 

2.25 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

1104 

1435 

: 3.11 

3.10 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

1508 

1258 

: 

2.25 

2.23 

(BKF); 

(BKF); 

1620 

1259 

: 

2.21 

1.10 

(BKF, 

(BKF); 

C, 

1260 

K); 1852 

: 2.9 (BKF); 

: 2.55 (BKF, 

1434 

C, 

: 2.25 

K); 

(BKF); 

1865 : 2.55 

1435 

(BKF); 

: 3.10 

2131 

(BKF); 

: 2.55 

1508 

(BKF). 

: 2.25 (BKF); 1620 : 2.21 (BKF, C, K); 1852 : 2.55 (BKF, C, K); 1865 : 2.55 (BKF); 

2131 : 2.55 (BKF). 

Suvanasutdhi K. 10 : 1.10 (BKF); 11 : 2.23 (BKF); 13 : 2.27 (BKF); 19 : 3.27 (BKF); 20 : 3.9 (BKF); 

Suvanasutdhi 

23 : 2.22 

K. 

(BKF); 

10 : 1.10 

112 

(BKF); 

: 1.5 (BKF); 

11 : 2.23 

121 

(BKF); 

: 3.10 

13 

(BKF); 

: 2.27 

165 

(BKF); 

: 1.1 

19 

(BKF); 

: 3.27 

189 

(BKF); 

: 2.16 

20 

(BKF); 

: 3.9 (BKF); 

214 : 

23 : 2.22 (BKF); 112 : 1.5 (BKF); 121 : 3.10 (BKF); 165 : 1.1 (BKF); 189 : 2.16 (BKF); 214 :


1.19 (BKF); 231 : 2.22 (BKF); 254 : 1.11 (BKF); 260 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 263 : 2.22 (BKF); 305 : 

1.10 (BKF); 306 : 2.1 (BKF); 322 : 2.2 (BKF); 332 : 1.10 (BKF); 340 : 3.15 (BKF); 345 : 2.27 

(BKF); 346 : 1.32 (BKF); 458 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 494 : 3.2.2 (BKF); 514 : 2.16 (BKF); 521 : 3.2.2 

(BKF). 

Suvatabandhu K. 21 : 2.16 (BK); 58 : 1.9 (BK); 74 : 3.7 (BK, K); 77 : 2.16 (BK, K); 171 : 2.16 (K); 

189 : 2.25 (BK). 

Tagawa M. et al. T-86 : 3.9 (BKF, KYO); T-927 : 2.50 (BKF, KYO); T-1526 : 2.1 (BKF, KYO); T- 

9071 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); T-9148 : 1.11 (BKF, KYO); T-9152 : 2.31 (BKF, KYO). 

Takahashi H. et al. T-60581 : 1.1 (BKF, KYO); T-60606 : 2.51 (BKF, KYO); T-60608 : 1.1 (BKF, 

KYO); T-60619 : 2.39 (BKF, KYO); T-62966 : 1.17 (BKF, KYO); T-63313 : 2.16 (AAU, BKF, 


T-63526 : 3.2.2 (BKF, KYO); T-63530 : 3.1 (BKF, KYO); T-63532 : 2.16 (AAU, BKF, KYO); 

T-63534 : 1.32 (BKF, KYO); T-63536 : 2.50 (AAU, BKF, KYO); T-63538 : 2.51 (BKF, KYO); 

T-63539 : 1.32 (BKF, KYO). 

Tamura M.N. et al. ; T-60490 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); T-60493 : 2.16 (BKF, KYO); T-60668 : 3.11 (BKF, 

KYO). 

Thaworn S. 9 : 3.27 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 334 : 2.21 (BKF); 447 : 2.1 (BKF); 454 : 1.33 (BKF); 642 

: 2.21 (BKF); 747 : 2.21 (BKF); 798 : 2.18 (BKF); 1033 : 2.21 (BKF). 

Thananon N. 6 : 3.19 (BKF). 

Tressukhon U. s.n. (26-1-1980) : 1.1 (BKF). 

Vanpruk L. 56 : 3.27 (BKF); 86 : 1.4 (BKF); 164 : 2.2 (K); 458 : 2.2 (BKF); 700 : 2.21 (BKF, K); 833 

: 1.23 (BKF). 

Vidal J.E. et al. 5340 : 1.10 (AAU); 6208 : 1.1 (AAU, BKF); 6210 : 3.14 (AAU, BKF, C, K); 6217 

: 2.27 (AAU, BKF); 6224 : 3.16.2 (BKF, C, K); 6224A : 3.9 (K); 6308 : 1.10 (AAU, BKF); 6355 

: 2.53 (AAU); s.n. (7-6-1979) : 2.37 (BKF). 

Wanakit S. 142 : 1.19 (BKF). 

Wanarak L.A. 19 : 1.12 (BK, K); s.n. (19-1-1925) : 1.22 (BK). 

Watthana S. et al. 23 : 3.12 (BKF, QBG); 28 : 1.3 (QBG); 113 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 200 : 3.27 (QBG); 

277 : 2.7 (BKF, QBG); 300 : 1.2 (BKF, QBG); 319 : 2.16 (QBG); 320 : 1.4 (BKF, QBG); 404 : 2.7 

(QBG); 651 : 2.22 (QBG); 908 : 3.23 (BKF, QBG); 1021 : 3.2.1 (BKF, QBG); 1031 : 3.6 (BKF, 

QBG); 1319 : 4.1 (AAU); 1408 : 2.22 (QBG); 1413 : 1.32 (QBG); 96-5 : 1.11 (QBG); 97-2 : 2.27 

(QBG); 98-1 : 4.1 (BKF, QBG); s.n. (27-10-1997) : 1.3 (QBG). 

Winit 269 : 3.27 (BKF); 305 : 3.10 (BM, K); 306 : 2.25 (BK, K); 307 : 3.11 (BM, K); 308 : 2.39 (K); 

408 : 2.2 (K); 702 : 2.2 (BKF, K); 720 : 3.6 (BK, BKF, K); 764 : 2.47 (BKF, K); 786 : 3.29 (BK, 

BKF, K); 1141 : 3.11 (BKF, K); 1283 : 2.49 (BKF, K); 1299 : 3.11 (BKF); 1315 : 3.4 (BKF, K); 

1351 : 1.1 (BK, BKF, K); 1374 : 3.27 (BK, BKF, K); 1790 : 3.11 (BK, BKF, K); 1963 : 2.49 (BK, 

BKF, K). 

Wongnak M. 56 : 1.11 (BKF, QBG); 57 : 3.6 (QBG); 109 : 1.4 (BKF, QBG); 110 : 3.6 (BKF, QBG); 111 

: 1.22 (BKF, QBG); 112 : 3.6 (QBG); 113 : 3.10 (BKF, QBG); 114 : 2.23 (BKF, QBG); 115 : 2.27 

(BKF, QBG); 116 : 2.27 (BKF, QBG); 150 : 2.25 (QBG); 151 : 1.32 (QBG, BKF); 152 : 3.6 

(QBG); 153 : 3.11 (BKF, QBG). 

Wongprasert Th. 82-3-6 : 3.2.2 (BKF, C, K); 83-3-16 : 3.8 (BKF); 88-8-30 : 2.51 (BKF); 88-8-30A 

: 2.9 (BKF); 88-8-31 : 1.32 (BKF); 88-10-24 : 2.16 (BKF); *92-6-68 : 2.28 (BKF); 92-6-s.n. : 

2.49 (BKF); 92-6-s.n. : 2.21 (BKF); 94-12-2 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 94-12-9 : 1.28 (BKF); 94-12-11 : 

1.24 (BKF); 95-8-12 : 2.9 (BKF); 95-8-12A : 1.11 (BKF); 97-5-2 : 2.21 (BKF); 97-11-24 : 1.3 

(BKF); 97-12-11 : 1.12 (BKF); 97-12-13 : 2.55 (BKF); 98-5-13 : 3.23 (BKF); 98-5-14 : 2.55 

(BKF); 98-5-16 : 2.7 (BKF); 98-5-16A : 3.27 (BKF); 98-5-30 : 2.49 (BKF); 99-3-6 : 1.2 (BKF); 

99-7-10 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 99-7-12 : 2.39 (BKF); 99-7-14 : 3.29 (BKF); 99-7-16 : 1.10 (BKF); 99- 

7-16A : 1.32 (BKF); 99-7-20 : 2.50 (BKF); 99-8-22 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 99-10-19 : 1.4 (BKF); 00- 

3-30 : 1.23 (BKF); 01-7-18 : 1.17 (BKF); 01-7-24 : 2.34 (BKF); 02-3-33 : 1.11 (BKF); 02-12-

174 


15 : 2.32 (BKF); 02-12-16 : 1.12 (BKF); 02-12-17 : 2.53 (BKF); 02-12-18 : 1.12 (BKF); 02-12- 

20 : 1.12 (BKF); 02-12-21 : 1.25 (BKF); 02-12-22 : 1.12 (BKF); 02-12-23 : 1.12 (BKF); 02-12- 

24 : 1.2 (BKF); 02-12-34 : 1.9 (BKF); 02-12-35 : 1.7 (BKF); 02-12-38 : 2.22 (BKF); 02-12-39 

: 1.9 (BKF); 02-12-41 : 1.32 (BKF); 02-12-42 : 1.9 (BKF); 02-12-44 : 1.32 (BKF); 02-12-45 : 

1.32 (BKF); 02-12-48 : 1.32 (BKF); 02-12-49 : 1.32 (BKF); 02-12-51 : 1.32 (BKF); 02-12-61 

: 1.4 (BKF); 03-1-04 : 3.1 (BKF); 03-1-05 : 1.9 (BKF); 03-1-06 : 2.7 (BKF); 03-1-07 : 2.7 

(BKF); 03-1-08 : 2.22 (BKF); 03-1-09 : 3.1 (BKF); 03-1-10 : 1.9 (BKF); 03-1-11 : 2.22 (BKF); 

03-1-12 : 1.9 (BKF); 03-1-13 : 2.2 (BKF); 03-1-14 : 1.9 (BKF); 03-1-15 : 2.22 (BKF); 03-1-16 

: 3.11 (BKF); 03-1-28 : 2.9 (BKF); 03-1-29 : 1.9 (BKF); 03-1-30 : 2.9 (BKF); 03-1-31 : 2.9 

(BKF); 03-1-32 : 2.9 (BKF); 03-1-33 : 1.1 (BKF); 03-1-34 : 1.1 (BKF); 03-1-35 : 2.9 (BKF); 03- 

1-36 : 3.23 (BKF); 03-1-37 : 1.32 (BKF); 03-1-38 : 2.9 (BKF); 03-1-39 : 2.9 (BKF); 03-1-40 : 

2.9 (BKF); 03-1-41 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-1-44 : 3.2.2 (BKF); 03-1-45 : 3.4 (BKF); 03-1-46 : 2.9 


03-1-59 : 1.1 (BKF); 03-1-60 : 1.32 (BKF); 03-1-61 : 3.15 (BKF); 03-1-62 : 3.4 (BKF); 03-1- 

63 : 3.4 (BKF); 03-1-64 : 3.3 (BKF); 03-1-65 : 3.4 (BKF); 03-1-66 : 3.3 (BKF); 03-1-67 : 2.13 

(BKF); 03-1-68 : 2.13 (BKF); 03-1-69 : 3.6 (BKF); 03-1-70 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-1-71 : 3.2.1 


03-1-76 : 2.93 (BKF); 03-1-77 : 1.25 (BKF); 03-1-78 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-1-79 : 2.7 (BKF); 03-1- 

80 : 1.9 (BKF); 03-1-81 : 2.25 (BKF); 03-1-82 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-1-88 : 1.32 (BKF); 03-1-89 : 

1.32 (BKF); 03-1-90 : 1.32 (BKF); 03-1-91 : 2.22 (BKF); 03-1-92 : 2.22 (BKF); 03-1-93 : 2.16 


03-3-10 : 1.17 (BKF); 03-3-11 : 1.17 (BKF); 03-3-12 : 1.1 (BKF); 03-3-13 : 1.7 (BKF); 03-3- 

16 : 1.17 (BKF); 03-3-17 : 2.9 (BKF); 03-3-18 : 3.20 (BKF); 03-3-19 : 3.9 (BKF); 03-3-20 : 

3.29 (BKF); 03-3-21 : 1.25 (BKF); 03-3-22 : 1.7 (BKF); 03-3-23 : 2.53 (BKF); 03-3-24 : 1.7 


03-3-32 : 2.54 (BKF); 03-3-33 : 2.12 (BKF); 03-3-34 : 2.39 (BKF); 03-3-35 : 2.53 (BKF); 03- 

3-36 : 1.25 (BKF); 03-3-37 : 2.47 (BKF); 03-3-38 : 3.6 (BKF); 03-3-39 : 3.6 (BKF); 03-3-40 : 

2.39 (BKF); 03-3-41 : 1.25 (BKF); 03-3-42 : 1.11 (BKF); 03-3-43 : 2.39 (BKF); 03-3-44 : 1.9 

(BKF); 03-3-45 : 3.10 (BKF); 03-3-46 : 1.25 (BKF); 03-3-59 : 1.17 (BKF); 03-3-60 : 1.10 


03-8-06 : 3.23 (BKF); 03-8-07 : 2.6 (BKF); 03-8-08 : 2.53 (BKF); 03-8-09 : 3.25 (BKF); 03-8- 

12 : 1.1 (BKF); 03-8-15 : 2.25 (BKF); 03-8-16 : 1.32(BKF); 03-8-17 : 1.1 (BKF); 03-8-18 : 2.25 

(BKF); 03-9-07 : 2.18 (BKF); 03-9-09 : 1.24 (BKF); 03-9-21 : 2.7 (BKF); 03-9-21A : 2.7 (BKF); 

03-10-01 : 1.12 (BKF); 03-10-03 : 3.6 (BKF); 03-10-01 : 1.12 (BKF); 03-10-03 : 3.6 (BKF); 

03-10-01 : 1.12 (BKF); 03-10-03 : 3.6 (BKF); 03-10-05 : 3.10 (BKF); 03-10-06 : 2.47 (BKF); 

03-10-07 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-10-09 : 2.39 (BKF); 03-10-10 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-10-11 : 2.25 (BKF); 

03-10-12 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-10-13 : 1.2 (BKF); 03-10-14 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-10-15 : 1.18 (BKF); 

03-10-16 : 3.6 (BKF); 03-10-18 : 2.25 (BKF); 03-10-19 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-10-20 : 2.16 (BKF); 

03-10-21 : 2.47 (BKF); 03-10-22 : 2.47 (BKF); 03-10-24 : 1.4 (BKF); 03-10-25 : 1.18 (BKF); 

03-10-26 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-10-28 : 1.12 (BKF); 03-10-29 : 1.12 (BKF); 03-10-31 : 1.32 (BKF); 

03-10-32 : 1.32 (BKF); 03-10-33 : 2.16 (BKF); 03-10-34 : 2.47 (BKF); 03-10-35 : 2.12 (BKF); 

03-10-36 : 1.32 (BKF); 03-10-37 : 4.1 (BKF); 04-1-01 : 3.4 (BKF); 04-1-05 : 3.10 (BKF); 04- 

1-06 : 1.12 (BKF); 04-1-07 : 1.12 (BKF); 04-1-08 : 3.11 (BKF); 04-1-11 : 1.1 (BKF); 04-1-13 

: 3.22 (BKF); 04-1-15 : 1.17 (BKF); 04-1-17 : 2.12 (BKF); 04-1-18 : 2.9 (BKF); 04-1-22 : 3.25 


04-1-30 : 1.17 (BKF); 04-1-32 : 1.17 (BKF); 04-1-35 : 3.1 (BKF); 04-1-38 : 3.17 (BKF); 04-1- 

43 : 1.17 (BKF); 04-1-44 : 1.12 (BKF); 04-1-47 : 1.10 (BKF); 04-1-49 : 2.12 (BKF); 04-1-50 

: 1.26 (BKF); 04-1-52 : 3.17 (BKF); 04-5-04 : 2.16 (BKF); 04-5-05 : 1.2 (BKF); 04-5-06 : 2.12 


04-5-54 : 1.3 (BKF); 04-5-55 : 1.4 (BKF); 04-5-56 : 1.10 (BKF); 04-5-57 : 1.10 (BKF); 04-5- 

59 : 3.6 (BKF); 04-5-63 : 1.9 (BKF); 04-5-67 : 1.4 (BKF); 04-5-71 : 1.12 (BKF); 04-5-75 : 2.22 

(BKF); 04-5-76 : 1.4 (BKF); 04-5-79 : 2.2 (BKF); 04-5-81 : 3.9 (BKF); 04-5-84 : 3.6 (BKF); 04- 

5-90 : 3.2.2 (BKF); 04-5-92 : 1.9 (BKF); 04-5-93 : 1.10 (BKF); 04-5-101 : 2.9 (BKF); 04-5-102 

: 1.2 (BKF); 04-6-3 : 1.12 (BKF); 04-6-4 : 1.12 (BKF); 04-6-10 : 1.12 (BKF); 04-7-10 : 2.12 

(BKF); 04-7-11 : 2.12 (BKF); 04-7-13 : 1.24 (BKF); 04-7-14 : 2.25 (BKF); 04-7-15 : 1.24 

(BKF); 04-7-21 : 1.11 (BKF).


Yahara T. et al. T-49870 : 2.1 (BKF, KYO); T-49872 : 2.13 (BKF, KYO); T-49989 : 1.17 (BKF, KYO); 





T-50160 : 1.1 (BKF, KYO); T-50162 : 3.16.1 (BKF, KYO); T-50165 : 3.10 (BKF, KYO); T- 

50166 : 3.9 (BKF, KYO); T-50167 : 1.12 (BKF, KYO). 

Yasothon Ch. 2 : 2.47 (BKF); 3: 3.11 (BKF); 18 : 3.16.1 (BKF); 19 : 3.10 (BKF); 20 : 2.25 (BKF); 22 

: 2.23 (BKF); 23 : 2.47 (BKF); 25 : 1.12 (BKF); 26 : 3.9 (BKF); 27 : 2.12 (BKF); 28 : 2.39 (BKF); 

29 : 3.23 (BKF); 30 : 3.20 (BKF); 31 : 2.12 (BKF); 32 : 2.22 (BKF); 32A : 2.50 (BKF); 33 : 2.49 

(BKF); 34 : 1.17 (BKF); 35 : 2.16 (BKF); 36 : 1.24 (BKF).

A synoptic account of the Fagaceae of Thailand

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