GMPHIS SCRIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

GMPHIS SCRIPTA 

Volym S,hafte L,1997 

Nordisk Lichenologtsk Forening

Nordisk Lichenologisk Fiirening NLF) 

Nordic Lichen Society 

Ordf6rande President: H6rdur Kristinsson, The 

Akureyri Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 

580, 602 Alureyri, Island. 

Vice ordforande Vice President: Steen N. 

Christensen, Botanisk Museum, Gothersgade 

130, DK-l123 Y\sbenhavn K, Danmark. 

Sekreterare Secretary: Starri Heidmarsson, 

Institutionen for Systematisk Botanik, Uppsala 

Universitet, Villavlgen 6, 3-752 36 Uppsala, 

Sverige. 

Graphis Scripta utges av Nordisk Lichenologisk 

Forening (NLF) med 2 nummer per ir. Graphis 

Scripta publicerar vetenskapliga artiklar av 

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Framsidans teckning Frontpage: Ulf Arup. Stocktrolm, januari 1997, ISSN 0901-7593.

Lichens on Vaccinium myrtillus in Poland 

JOLANTA MIADLIKOWSKA 

Miadlikowska, J. L997: Lichens on Vaccinium myrtillus in Poland. Graphis 

Scripta 8: 1-3. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

Seven species of lichens are reported for the first time from twigs of Vaccinium 

nryrtillu.r in Poland. New to Poland are Fellhanera myrtillicola and F. subtilis . 

Jolanta Midlikowska, University of Gdafisk, Department of Plant Ecology ard 

Nature Protection, AI. Legion6w 9, 80-441 Gdartsk, Poland. 

Until now Vaccinium myrtillus has not been 

particularly examined as a lichen habitat in 

Poland although it is a very common and widespread 

dwarf shrub in this area. It mainly occurs 

in pine, spruce and mixed forests and also in 

acidophilic mixed woods. In Polish lichenological 

literature there are almost no lichen records 

from this phorophyte. Only a few common taxa 

have been reported from dwarf shrubs in general 

(Vaccinium spp., Empetrum nigrum and CaIIuna 

vulgaris etc.). 

During several lichen excursions in northern 

(Western Pomerania) and southern Poland 

(Gorce Mts) in the spring and the summer of 

L995, I paid special attention to lower, old and 

lignified parts of bilberry twigs in moderarely 

shaded places. The ground under the shrublets 

was covered by bryophytes, and the air humidity 

was high. I have collected specimens of seven 

taxa included in the following list. The collections 

were made at nine localities; each of them 

are marked on the map, based on the ATPOL 

10 km grid (CieSliriski & Faltynowicz 1993) 

(Figure 1). The specimens are deposited in 

lichen herbarium of University of Gdansk 

(UGDA). The nomenclature follows Santesson 

( 1ee3). 

List of localities 

Western Pomerania 

1. Slupsk district, Slowinski National Park, 

forest sector 28, 54o42'N, I7"L1'E, alt. c. 

20 m, old pine forest (ATPOL grid: Ac 41). 

2. Stupsk district, Stowinski National Park, 

'Kluki' nature reserve, forest sector 73, 

54"42'N, L7"2L'E, alt. c. 20 m, pine forest 

on dried peat bog (Ac 42). 

3. Stupsk district, Slowinski National Park, 

forest sector 7, 54o45'N, I7"28'E, alt. c. 20 

m, by road in pine forest (Ac a1). 

4. Stupsk district, 300 m to SE of Dymnica 

village, 54o46'N, 17"44'E, alt. c. 25 m, by 

road in pine forest (Ac 44). 

5. Gdansk district, between Dymnica and 

Sasino village, 54o46'N, I7"45'E, alt. c. 25 

m, by road in pine forest (Ac ag. 

6. Gdaf,sk district, Tuchola Forest, 200 m to S 

of Kly Lake, forest district Przymuszewo, 

53o57'N, 17"48'8, alt. c. I40 m, on the 

edge of birch bog forest (Bc a5). 

7 . Gdafsk district, W bank of Kly Lake, foresr 

district Przymuszewo, 53"57'N, L'1"47'8, 

alt. c. 140 m, pine forest (Bc 35).

2 Jolanta Midlikowska 

Figure 1.. The investigated localities. o: ATPOL square with one or more localities. 

Beskidy kchodnie, Gorce Mts. 

8. Nowy S4cz district, Lopuszna valley, 

49"32'N, 20"7'E, alt. c. 800 m, spruce forest 

(Ge 2I). 

9. Nowy Sacz district, Hala Turbacza, S slope 

of Turbacz Mt., 49o32'N, 20"7'8, alt. c. 

1280 m, mountain meadow (Ge 2I). 

The species 

Dimerella pineti: l, 2, 4, 6. 

Fellhanera myrtillicola: 4, 5 . 

F. subtilis: 1 (also on leaves and twigs of V. 

vitis-idaea), 2, 4, 5, 6 (also on dry old 

leaves of Betula verrucosa), 8, 9. 

Lecanora conizaeoides: 5 . 

Lepraria incana: 5. 

Micarea nitschkeana: 7 . 

M. prasina: 5, 6. 

Discussion 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 8 (1997) 

None of the species have previously been 

reported from twigs of V. myrtillus in Poland. 

Fellhanera myrtillicola and F. subtilis are 

reported from Poland for the first time. The 

genus Fellhanera include facultative foliicolous 

taxa (Farkas & Sipman 1993). Only F. bouteillei 

has been previously recorded from Poland: 

Dolny Start (southwest) and Ziemia Lubuska


(west) (stein 1,879 , 1889). Polish marerial of 

Fellhanera rs well developed with both apothecia 

and pycnidia. Specimens of F. myrtillicola 

do not produce macroconidia, only stitch shaped 

microconidia (4-5 x 0.5 pm) have been 

observed (see Jacobsen & Coppins 1989). These 

two species occur in temperate to boreal areas 

of Europe (V6zda 1989, Tonsberg t992, Nimis 

1993, Pi5rit et al. 1993, Arup & Ekman 1994, 

Wirth 1995). According to Coppins (1992), F. 

subtilis is a pollution tolerant species and may 

be widespread in Europe. In Poland both species 

of Fellhanera are probably common but overlooked, 

partly because the lichen flora on V. 

myrtillus and other small shrubs have been 

totally neglected. 

The other species on the list are widespread 

in Poland in many different habitats, except 

Micarea nitschkeana which is very rare in 

Poland. Until now it has been reported from 

three localities in southern Poland at the end of 

the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century 

(Stein 1879, Eitner 1895, 1910). The only 

known present locality is in the Polish lowland, 

Western Pomerania, Sarbska Bar (Miadlikowska 

1 99 1). 

Acknowledgement 

I wish to thank professor A. Ydzda for 

confirming my identification of some of the 

specimens, and Dr J. Motiejlnaite for showing 

me Vaccinium myrtillus as a good lichen habitat 

and for the company on the field trip to the 

Slowiriski National Park. 

References 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. 1994: Tre lavar i sl[ktet 

Fellhanera pn blibiir. [Three species of 

Fellhanera (lichenized Ascomycotina) on 

Vaccinium myrtillus in Swedenl. Svensk 

Bot. Tidskr. 88: 33-41. 

CieSlifski, S. & Faltynowicz, W. (eds) 1993: 

Atlas of the geographical distribution of 

lichens in Poland. Part 1. W. Szafer Inst. of 

Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 

Krak6w. 

Lichens on Vaccinium myrtillus in Poland 3 

Coppins, B. J. 1992: Fellhanera V6zda (1986). 

In: Purvis, O. W., Coppins, B. J., Hawksworth, 

D. L., James, P. W. & Moore, D. 

M. (eds) , The lichen flora of Great Britain 

and lreland. Narural History Museum Publications 

lThe British Lichen Society, London, 

pp. 248-249. 

Eitner, E. 1895: Nachtriige zur Flechtenflora 

Schlesiens. Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. 

Cult. 73:2-26. 

Eitner, E. 1910: Dritten Nachtrag zur schlesischen 

Flechtenflora. Jahresber. Schles . 

Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 88:20-60. 

Farkas, E. E. & Sipman, J. M. 1993: Bibliography 

and checklist of foliicolous 

lichenized fungi up to 1992. Tropical Bryology 

7: 93-148. 

Jakobsen, P. & Coppins, B. J. 1989: On the 

identity of some 'endemic' North German 

lichens. Nova Hedwigia 49: 255-273. 

Miadlikowska, J. L99I: Porosty rezerwatu 

'Mierzeja Sarbska' (p5lnocna Polska). [The 

lichens of the 'Sarbska Bar' nature reserve 

(north Poland)l . Zesz. Nauk. Wydz. BG|O 

UG, Biol 9:97-116. 

Nimis, P. L. L993: The lichens of ltaly. An 

annotated catalogue. Museo Regionale di 

Scienze Naturali, Torino. 

PiSrit, I., Lackovidofa, A. & Lisickil, E. 1993: 

Sripis li5ajnikov Slovenska. [Checklist of 

Slovakian lichensl . Biolfgia 48, suppl. 1: 

53-98. 

Santesson, R. 1993: The lichens and lichenicolous 

fungi of Sweden and Norway. SBTforlaget, 

Lund. 

Stein, B. 1879: Flechten. In: Cohn's Kryptogamen-Flora 

von Schlesien. Jahresber. 

Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 2.2: 1-400. 

Stein, B. 1889: Nachtr?ige zur Flechtenflora 

Schlesiens. Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. 

Cult. 66: 142-149. 

Tsnsberg, T. L992: Fellhanera new to Norway. 

Graphis Scripta 3: 118-119. 

Vdzda, A. 1989: Lichenes selecti exsiccati, fasc. 

XCV (no. 2351-237 5), dSAV, Pruhonice. 

Wirth, V. 1995: Die Flechten Baden-Wiirttembergs. 

Ed. 2. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.

I\LF excursion to Iceland 1997 

The NlF-excursion n 1997 will be arranged in 

Iceland. It will be held in the period 8th to L2th 

August in Eidar, eastern lceland. Eidar is 

situated about 20 km north of Egilsstadir. 

The place is selected for easy access to the 

main birch woods of Iceland at Hallormssta0ur 

and Egilsstadir, and because of short distances 

to both oceanic and relatively continental areas. 

Besides the birch woods, the eastern coast and 

coastal mountains will be visited as well as 

inland heaths towards the central highland. 

A circular with information and registration 

form has recently been sent out to all personal 

members of NLF. For information please 

contact Hordur Kristinsson, P. O. box 180, 

15-602 Akureyri, Iceland (fax: 354-4611296, 

e-mail : hkris@nattfs. is). 

Updated information is available through 

Internet: http://www.systbot.uu.se/additions/ 

NLF/NLF-Iceland. html .

The chemotypes of Cetrelia olivetorum in Norway 

TORBJORG BJELLAND, GRETE HALLERAKER, VALERIE REEB and TOR TONSBERG 

Bjelland, T., Halleraker, G., Reeb, V. & Tsnsberg, T. L997: The chemotypes 

of Cetrelia olivetorum in Norway. Graphis Scripta 8.' 5-7. Stockholm. ISSN 

0901-7s93. 

Cetrelia olivetorum is represented by two chemotypes in Norway, one with perlatolic 

acid and one with olivetoric acid as major substances. The perlatolic acid 

chemotype is widely distributed in inland and in coastal areas of southern Norway. 

Of the specimens of the olivetoric acid chemotype 95 % occur in intand 

and 5 % (one specimen) in costal areas. The chemotypes can not with certainty 

be recogntzed on morphology alone. A distribution map is provided. 

Torbiorg Bielland, Grete Halleraker and Tor Tonsberg, Department of Botany, 

university of Bergen, All4gaten 4I , N-500T Bergen, Norway. 

val4rie Reeb, 8 rue Beethoven, 67450 Mundolsheim, France. 

According to Culberson & Culberson (197 6) , 

see also Randlane and Saag (1991), Cetrelia 

olivetorum s. lat. is represented by four chemotypes 

in Europe: (1) Perlatolic (major) and 

imbricaric acids, (2) imbricaric (major) and 

perlatolic acids, (3) olivetoric acid, and (4) 

cr-collatolic and alectoronic acids; these are 

given specific rank as C. cetrarioides (Duby) 

W. Culb. & C. Culb., C. monochorum 

(Zahlbr.) W. Culb. & C. Culb., C. olivetorum 

(Nyl.) W. Culb. & C. Culb., and C. chicitae 

(W. Culb.) W. Culb. & C. Culb., respectively. 

Purvis (1992) recognizes C. olivetorum as 

one species with three chemotypes in Great 

Britain: One with imbricaric acid with perlatolic 

acid as an accessory, one with olivetoric acid, 

and one with alectoronic and cr-collatolic acids; 

no information is given on the relative concentration 

of the substances in the imbricaric 

acid/perlatolic acid chemotype. 

In Norway, two chemotypes of C. olivetorum 

have been recognized, one with perlatolic 

acid and one with olivetoric acid (see Krog et al. 

L994, which, with respect to Cetrelia, ts largely 

based on Jorgensen & Ryvarden 1969). Up to 

1969, about 90 Norwegian specimens of C. 

olivetorumhad been collected; i.e. less than one 

half of the specimens available today. Since the 

number of collections has increased considerably, 

and the chromatographic technique used by 

Jorgensen & Ryvarden (1969) does not equal 

those currently used (Jorgensen pers. comm. 

1996), we find it appropriate to present the 

results of a recent chemical study of C. olivetorum 

in Norway. 

Materials and methods 

The study includes all material from Norway in 

BG, C, NLH, O, S, TRH and UpS, altogether 

196 collections. In packets which apparently 

contained samples of more than one thallus, 

several samples were studied and when different 

chemotypes were found, they were counted as 

representing distinct specimens. The material 

was analysed by high performance thin-layer 

chromatography (HPTLC) according to Arup er 

al. (1993) except that the extracts were applied 

by hand (not by a nanomat) using capillary tubes 

(1.3-1.5 mm in diameter).

6 Torbjorg Bjelland et aI. 

t 

oa 

o o 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 8 (1997) 

Figure 1. The distribution of the chemotypes of Cetrelia olivetorum in Norway. o The perlatolic acid 

chemotype, O The olivetoric acid chemotype.


Results and discussion 

Two chemotypes of Cetrelia olivetorum were 

found. t78 specimens contained perlatolic acid 

as the major diagnostic component in addition to 

small amounts of imbricaric acid, while 20 

specimens contained olivetoric acid. This gives 

roughly a 9:1 number ratio between the perlatolic 

- and the olivetoric acid chemotype in 

Norway. Atranorin was present in all specimens. 

Culberson & Culberson (1968) noticed that 

the frequency with which the two chemotypes 

(species according to Culberson & Culberson 

1968) has been found mixed in packets in 

herbaria indicates that these chemotypes often 

grow together in the field, and therefore apparently 

have a very similar physiological ecology. 

In our material one packet contained both 

chemotypes. 

C. olivetorum is widely distributed in southern 

Norway (Figure 1). Of the chemotype with 

perlatolic acid (Figure 1), 89 specimens (50 %) 

have been collected in the inland (Oppland, 

Buskerud, Telemark, Oslo) , 52 specimens 

(40 %) in the inner fjord districts of Hardangerfjorden 

and Sognefjorden, and 36 specimens 

(10 %) on the coast from Aust-Agder to Hordaland. 

Of the specimens of the olivetoric acid 

chemotype (Figure 1), 14 specimens (70 %) 

were mainly from the inland of eastern Norway 

(upper part of Gudbrandsdalen), 5 specimens 

(25 %) were from inner Sogn og Fjordane, and 

one specimen (5 %) from Rogaland. The olivetoric 

acid chemotype is only known from localities 

where the other chemotype is also present. 

The two chemotypes of C. olivetorurn found 

in Norw ay are morphologically quite similar and 

must be tested chemically for conclusive identification. 

As there is no clear cut, obvious 

ecological difference between them, wg find it 

difficult to treat them as distinct taxa. 

With respect to chemotypes found and their 

distribution our results largely confirm those of 

Jorgensen & Ryvarden (1969). 

Selected specimens examined. Olivetoric acid 

chemorype: Norway. Oppland: Sel, 1992, 

Tonsberg 17741 (BG). Rogaland: Sandnes, 

Cetrelia olivetorum in Norwoy 7 

1967 , Jorgensen (BG) . Sogn og Fjordane: 

Lardal, 1978, Krog (O). 

Perlatolic acid chemotype: Norway. Oslo: 

'Kr.a.', 1840, Blytt (O). Oppland.. Nord-Fron, 

1937, Ahlner (S). Buskerud: Sigdal, 1993, Rui 

& Timdal 7529 (O). Telemark. Seljord, 1936, 

Hasselrot (O). Aust-Agder: Lillesand, 1993, 

Gauslaa 93022 (NLH) . Vest-Agder: Farsund, 

L979, JalLe (O). Rogaland.'Sandnes, 1969, 

Jorgensen 3031 (BG). Hordaland: Eidfjord, 

1985, Tsnsberg 9340 & Botnen (BG). Sogn og 

Fjordane.' Aurland , L975, Asthagen 3232 (O). 

Acknowledgements 

We thank Per Magnus Jorgensen (Bergen) for 

discussions and the curators of C, NLH, O, S, 

TRH, and UPS for loan of material. 

References 

Arup, U., Ekman, S., Lindblom, L. & 

Mattsson, J. E. 1993: High performance 

thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), an 

improved technique for screening lichen 

substances. Lichenologist 25 : 6l-7 l. 

Culberson, C. F. & Culberson, W. L. L976: 

Chemosyndromic variation in lichenes. Sysr. 

Bot. l: 325-339. 

Culberson, W. L. & Culberson, C. F. 1968: 

The lichen genera Cetrelia and Platismatia 

(Parmeliaceae) . Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 

34: 449-558. 

Jorgensen, P. M. & Ryvarden, L. L970: Contribution 

to the lichen flora of Norway. 

Arbok Univ. Bergen, Mat.-Naturvitensk. 

Ser. 1969 (10): L-24. 

Krog, H., Osthagen, H. & Tsnsberg, T. 1994: 

Lauflora. Norske busk- og bladlav. 2. edition. 

Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. 

Purvis, O. W. 1992: Cetrelia Culb. & C. Culb. 

(1968). ^In.' Purvis, O. W., Coppins, B. J., 

Hawksworth, D. L., James, p. W. & 

Moore, D. M. (eds), The lichen flora of 

Great Britain ard lreland. Natural History 

Museum Publications/The British Lichen 

Society, London, pp. L76-I77 . 

Randlane, T. & Saag, A. L99I: Chemical and 

morphological variation in the genus Cetrelia 

in the Sovier Union. Lichenologist 23: 

I 13- 126.

NLF on Internet 

NLF has opened a home page on the World So far, the page contains general information 

Wide web: about the association, links to lichenological 

sites and herbaria, and updated information 

http://www.systbot.uu.se/additions/NlF/NlF. about the excursion in Iceland. 

html

Collema callopismum new to Norway 

ASTRI BOTNEN 

The peninsula Bjornen, southwestern Norway, 

has a rich lichen flora, probably due to the oceanic 

climate, the variable geology with a bedrock 

ranging from quartsitic through calciferous 

and schistose to calcareous, the variable topography, 

and the rich and variable forest vegetation. 

The area is fairly well investigated lichenologically 

and several rare lichen species have 

been found here, e.g. Acrocordia salweyi, 

Claurouxia chalybeioides, Gyalecta derivata, 

Lecidea ahlesii, Micarea lithinella, Opegrapha 

mougeotii, Parmeliella testacea, Polyblastia 

inumbrata, Porina ahlesiana, Pseudoqphellaria 

intricata, and Sphaerophorus melanocafpus 

(Botnen 1988, Tonsberg et al. L996, see also 

Santesson 1993). The aim of this article is to 

report on a find of CoIIema callopismum, the 

first record from Norway. 

Collema callopismum Massal. 

Botnen, A. t997: Collema callopismum new to Norway. Graphis Scripto: g-lG. 

Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593 . 

Collema callopismum is reported as new to Norway from Hordaland, southwestern 

Norway. 

Astri Botnen, Department of Botany, (Jniversity of Bergen, Attdgaten 41, N-5007 

Bergen, Norway. 

On a world-wide base the species is the only 

member of the " Collema callopismum-group" 

(Degelius L974) characterized by the small, 

separate, subcrustose, subumbilicate areoles, the 

small apothecia, and the submuriform spores 

(Degelius 1954). According to Degelius ( I9S4), 

two varieties occur, one with smaller spores 

(17 -26 x 8.5-10.5 (-13) pm) and usually 3 

transversal septa (var. callopismum), and one 

with larger spores ((20-)26-38(-45) x (9-)12- 

15 pm) and usually 4-5 transversal septa {var. 

rhyparodes). Collema callopismum is usualiy 

easily recognized by the characteristic arealrs. 

Poorly developed specirnens of this speeies anci 

of C. fragranr are sometimes similar, and may 

have to be separated anatornically by deraiis in 

the excipulum proprium (see Degelius lg14) " 

However, as C. callopismwm is saxicolous anet 

C. fragrans corticolous, confusion between tirern 

is unlikely. Collema callopismunt is a species on 

calcareous rock, known from Europe, 

Greenland, North America and Japan (Degeliurs 

1954, 1974). In Europe it occurs frcm rhe 

Mediterranean region as far north as north*rn 

Sweden (Nimis L993, Santesson tgg3, \ii/irth 

1 e95). 

The Norwegian material, comprising orrf; 

specimen, is well-developed, richiy ferrile and 

belongs to var. callopismurn (spores I7-ZS x g- 

10 pm, with 3 transversal septa)" The habitas 

was a seepage track on an overhanging, ealeareous 

outcrop in a conglomeratic rock r,vall. 'fhe 

specimen grew over a dark crust of cyanobacteria, 

close to sea-level. Associated lichens 

included e.g. Acrocordia macrospora, Torcini.a 

aromatica, and Verrucaria spp. 

Collema callopismum is apparently rarfi firi 

Bjornen, being found only once. However, due 

to its inconspicuous thallus it is easily {}ver 

looked.

10 Astri Botnen 

Specimen seen: Norway . Hordalard: Os, 

Bjornen, W of Bjornatrynet, UTMED: LM 02 

71, 1981, Botnen 81125 (BG). 


I thank Per Magnus Jorgensen and Tor Tsnsberg, 

both Bergen, for discussions. 

References 

Botnen, A. 1988: Lichens new to Norway. 


Degelius, G. 1954: The lichen genus Collema in 

Europe. Symb. Bot. Upsal 13, 2: L-499. 


Degelius, G. 1974: The lichen genus Collema 

with special reference to the extra-European 

species. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 20, 2: l-215. 

Nimis, P. L. 1993: The lichens of ltaly. An 


Scienze Naturali, Torino. 



Lund. 

Tonsberg, T., Gauslaa, Y., Haugan, R., 

Holien, H. & Timdal, E. L996. The threatened 

macrolichens of Norway - 1995. Sommerfeltia 

23: I-258. 

Wirth, V. 1995: Die Flechten Baden-Wilrttembergs. 


Lecanora cinereofusca in Norwry, a rare and endangered lichen 

HAKON HOLIEN 

Holien, H. 1997: Lecanora cinereofusca in Norway, a rare and endangered 

lichen. Graphis Scripta 8; 11-15. Stockholm. ISSN 0901 -7593. 

The distribution of Lecanora cinereofusca in Europe is mapped. Notes on its 

substratum and habitat demands are given and associate lichen species are listed. 

The species shows an oceanic distribution in Europe being restricted to western 

Norway, western Scotland and the Alps. The main threats to the species are 

forestry activity and various forms of development. The species is endangered in 

Norway, possibly also in Europe as a whole, ild some proposals for a conservation 

strategy are given. 

Hdkon Holien, Department of Resource Sciences, Nord-Trondelag College, 

Kongensgate 42, N-77M Steinkjer, Norway. 

The Lecanora subfusca group is generally charactertzed 

by having apothecia with reddish 

brown discs, calcium oxalate crystals in the 

usually distinct and corticate thalline margin, 

and the presence of atranorin causing a K + 

yellow reaction. The group has been treated in 

North America by Brodo (1984), in Japan by 

Miyawaki (1988), ffid recently in Australasia by 

Lumbsch (1994). In Europe, a recent study on 

the sorediate, saxicolous species of the group 

was published by Brodo et al. (1994). A revision 

of the corticolous European species of the 

L. subfu,rca group is strongly needed. 

Within the group , L. cinereofusca H. Magn. 

(syn. L. degelii Schauer & Brodo) is usually 

easy to recognize, even in the field, by its rather 

large, half immersed apothecia with a usually 

distinctly rugulose thalline margin (Figure 1). It 

is corticolous on smooth barked deciduous trees 

and is the only species in the Z. subfusca group 

containing pannarin and placodiolic acid. 

The aim of this paper is to present the status 

of the species in Norway with emphasis on 

central Norway. Its distribution, habitat, substratum 

demands and main threats are discussed. 

Distribution 

In Norway , Lecanora cinereofusca has been 

recorded from the coastal areas of Hordaland 

(Jorgensen 1984) to Nordland. Most specimens 

are from central Norway. Its altitudinal distribution 

ranges from sea-level to about 200 m 

(Sogn og Fjordane); most central Norwegian 

localities are situated lower than 100 m. The 

northernmost locality in Norway is Liatreia in 

Brarnoy, Nordland which is the northern limit 

for several other interesting lichens, e.g. Sticta 

fuIiginosa (Haugan et al. 1995). According to 

Santesson (1993) , L. cinereofusca has previously 

been recorded in Norway only from Hordaland 

and Ssr-Trcndelag. At present the species is 

known from 16 localities. One locality is within 

a forest reserve (Nord-Trondelag, Namsos, 

Almdalen). 

Elsewhere in Europe L. cinereofusca is 

known from Scotland where it is very rare 

(Hawksworth & Dalby 1992) and from the Alps 

(Schauer 1965, Schauer & Brodo 1966, Ttirk & 

Wittmann 1986, Dietrich I99L, Bolognrm L992, 

Nimis L993) where it is regarded as threatened. 

In the Alps it occurs at altitudes between 700 

and 1300 m (Schauer & Brodo 1966). The

12 Hdkon Holien 

Figure 1. Lecanora cinereofusca. Holien 6262 (TRH). Scale 1 mm. 

known distribution in Europe is shown in Figure 

2. 

Outside Europe L. cinereofusca occurs on 

both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North 

America as well as in the Appalachian mountains 

(Magnusson L932, Brodo 1984). Brodo 

(I97 6) also lists records from eastern Asia 

(mountains of the Philippines and northern 

Japan), but it is not said to be present in Japan 

by Miyawaki (1988). 

Ecology 

Lecanora cinereofusca is a species of smooth 

barked trees. Its most common phorophyte in 

Norway is Alnus incana, but it has also been 

recorded on Prunus pa.dus, Quercus sP-, Salix 

caprea, and Sorbus aucuparia. It has not been 

found on Picea abies. 

In the Alps it seems to prefet Fagus sylva' 

tica; other phorophytes include Acer, Alnus and 

Salix, more rarely also on Abies (Schauer 1965, 

Schauer & Brodo 1966, Wirth 1995). In the 


British Isles it has been found on Salix 

(Hawksworth & Dalby 1992). 

In Norway, L. cinereofusca is exclusively 

confined to strongly oceanic localities (annual 

precipitation 

wet days 

continuity. Typical habitats in central Norway 

are slopes on marine sediments by rivers at low 

altirudes. Such slopes are often dominated by 

Alnus incana and are usually too unstable for 

Picea abies to establish and compete successfutly. 

All Norwegian finds are from the southern 

boreal subzone or the lowland belt of the coastal 

section (cf. Datrl et al. 1986, Moen 1987) and it 

is treated as a southern rainforest species in the 

boreal rainforests of central Norway by Holien 

& Tonsberg ( 1996) . Lecanora cinereofusca 

occurs with several other threatened lichens in 

species rich epiphytic communities . Pseudoqphellaria 

crocata has been recorded from all 

except one of the Norwegian localities. More or 

less faithful accompanying crustose lichens 

include Arthothelium norvegicum, Bacidia absis

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 8 (1997) Lecanora cinereofusca in Norway 13 

e C'\ 

Figure 2. The distribution of Lecanora cinereofusca in Europe. Distribution outside Norway is based 

on Schauer & Brodo (1966), Bolognini (1992), and Hawksworth &Dalby (1992). 

tens, Lecanora argentata, Megalaria pulverea, 

Ochrolechia szatalaensis, Rinodina disjuncta, 

and Schaereria corticola. Common associates 

are also the recently described Bacidia caesiovirens 

S. Ekman & Holien (Ekman & Holien 

1995) and Biatora toensbergii Holien & Printzen 

(Printzen 1995) . Lecanora cinereofusca seems to 

occur in middle stages of the succession, being 

overgrown by large foliose lichens in later 

stages. 

A luxuriant "Lobarion" flora is characteristic 

of the habitats for Z. cinereofusca, with species 

like Collema fasciculare, Degelia plumbea, 

Lobaria amplissimn, L. pulmonaria, L. scrobiculata, 

Pannaria conoplea, p. ignobilis, p. 

rubiginosa, Pseudoqtphellaria crocata, and 

Sticta fuliginosa.

14 Hdkon Holien 

Main threats 

As most Norwegian localities for Lecanora 

cinereofusca are siruated at low altitudes in 

highly productive forests, the main threats to the 

species are forestry and various kinds of development 

including road construction and cultivation. 

Because the species is exclusively found on 

trunks of deciduous trees and probably require 

rather high light conditions, shading from Picea 

abies is probably a threat, at least locally- In 

localities where Salix and Sorbus ate the most 

important phorophytes the species is also threatened 

by browsing from the large and increasing 

population of elk and deer. 

Discussion 

As Lecanora cinereofusca is dependent on 

mature deciduous trees, the species has probably 

been more frequent in central Norway before 

the invasion of Picea abies. The localities in 

central Norway, where the species occurs most 

abundantly, probably represent remnants of the 

original forest on marine sediments. 

Management of this species should, in addition 

to establishing forest reserves, also involve 

certain precautions in non-preserved areas. One 

necessary step is to improve the portion of 

deciduous trees in the new forest generation. 

More important is probably to save certain key 

habitats (cf. Nitare & Nor6n 1992) where 

conditions ate appropriate such as stream 

ravines, swamps, and edge forests along rivers 

at lower altitudes. An adequate portion of the 

deciduous trees should be given the opportunity 

to live through their natural life span in order to 

secure the populations of the epiphytic lichens. 

Specimens examined (coordinates in WMBp5d: 

Norway. Hordaland: Os, Nordstrsno, NW 

brook ravine N of Hjortisen, 32Y KM 9776, 

alt. 60-100 m, 1983 , 1984, Jorgensen (BG); 

Lindis, NE of Neset, 32V LN 0628, alt. 100- 

160 m, 1987, Holien 2972b (TRH) . Sogn og 

Fjordane: Flora, Lykkjebovatnet, Bogane, 32V 

LP 2038, alt. 200 m, 1991, Gaarder 356 (BG). 

Sor-Trsndelag: Rissa, ravine W of 

Hemingdalskammen, 32V NR 5773, alt. 60-100 

m, L992, 1995, Holien 4922, 6486 (TRH); 

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 8 (1997) 

Rissa, Storlidalen, 32Y NR 4760, alt. c. 140 m, 

1995, Holien 6635 (TRH); Roan, S of 

Straumsvatnet, 32W NS 6515, alt. 10-20 m, 

1994, Holien 6288 (TRH); Roan, S of 

Straumsvatnet by river Vesterelva, 32W NS 

6514, alt. 20-40 m, 1994, Holien 6262 (TRH). 

Nord-Trsndelag: Flatanger, E-facing slope by 

river Lislstselva, 32W NS 9039, alt. c. 100 m, 

1993, Holien 6029, 6034 (TRH); Flatanger, 

NW-facing slope by river Asterelwa, 32W NS 

9040, alt. c. 100 m, 1994, Holien 6109 (TRH); 

Flatanger, Stordalen, 32W NS 9447, alt. 60-80 

m, L995, Holien 6498 (TRH); Namsos, 

Almdalen, along southern bank of river Duna, 

32W PS 3465, alt. 20-40 m, 1987, Holien 3058 

(TRH); Grong, E of river Namsen bY the 

railway bridge, 33W UM 7254, alt. c. 30 m, 

1977, Tonsberg 2426, 2427, 2433 (BG); 

Fosnes, by lake Salsvatnet, Gravvika, 32W PS 

2279, alt. 20-60 m, 1992, Holien 5322 (TRH). 

Nordlard.' Bindal, by river Fiskaroselva, 33W 

UN 7031, alt. c. 20 m, 1995, Gaarder (TRH); 

Bindal, Kattindalen, 33W UN 834 376, alt. 30 

m, 1996, Gaarder 1968 (TRH); Brarnoy, NEfacing 

slope of Liatreia, 33W UN 8743, alt. 50- 

100 m, 1992, Holien 5105 (TRH). 


The field work has been supported by the Directorate 

for Nature Management, Trondheim, 

which is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are 

also due to herb. BG for loan of specimens, and 

to Per Fredriksen, Trondheim, for taking the 

habirus picture. 

References 

Bolognini, G. 1992: Records of Lecanora species 

(lichens) from Italy. BoIl. Soc. Adriat. 

Sci. Nat. Trieste 73: L5-28. 

Brodo, I. M . 1976: Lichenes Canadenses Exsiccati: 

Fascicle II. Bryologist 79: 385-405. 

Brodo, I. M. 1984: The North American species 

of the Lecanora subfusca group. Nova 

Hedwigia Beih. 79: 63-185. 

Brodo, I. M., Owe-Larsson, B. & Lumbsch, H. 

T. 1994: The sorediate, saxicolous species 

of the Lecanora subfusca group in Europe. 

Nord. J. Bot. 14: 45t-461.


Dahl, E., Elven, R., Moen, A. & Skogen, A. 

1986. Vegetasjonsregionkart over Norge 

I:1500o00. Nasjonalatlas for Norge, kartblad 

4.1 .1. Statens Kartverk. 

Dietrich, M. L99L: Die Flechtenflora des 

Merliwaldes, Giswil/OW (Zentralschweiz). 

Bot. Helv. I0l: 167-182. 

Ekman, S. & Holien, H. 1995: Bacidia caesiovirens, 

a new lichen species from western 

Europe. Lichenologist 27: 9L-98. 

Haugan, R., Holien, H. & Rydgren, K. 1995: 

Liaheia, Bronnay kommune, Nordland, en 

oseanisk granskog med verdens nordligste 

forekomst av rund porelav, Sticta fuliginosa 

(Dicks.) Ach. Blyttia 53: L5-24. 

Hawksworth, D. L. & Dalby, D. H. 1992: 

Lecanora Ach. (1810). In: Purvis, O. W., 

Coppins, B. J., Hawksworth, D. L., James, 

P. W. & Moore, D. M. (eds.) The lichen 

flora of Great Britain and lreland. Natural 

History Museum Publications, London. 

Holien, H. & Tsnsberg, T. 1996. Boreal regnskog 

i Norge - habitatet for trsndelagselementets 

lavarter. Blyttia 54: L55-I75. 

Jorgensen, P. M. 1984: Kryptogamekskursjon 

til Strsno. Blyttia 42:118. 

Lumbsch, H. T. L994: Die Lecanora subfuscagruppe 

in Australasien. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 

No. 77: L-175. 

Magnusson, A. H . 1932: Beitriige zur Systematik 

der Flechtengruppe Lecanora subfusca. 

Meddel. Gdteborgs Bot. Trcidg. 7: 65-87. 

Lecanora cinereofusca in Norway 15 

Miyawaki, H. 1988: Studies on the Lecanora 

subfusca group in Japan. J. Hattori Bot. 

Lab. No. 64: 271-326. 

Moen, A. L987: The regional vegetation of 

Norway; that of central Norway in particular. 

Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr. 4I: L79-226. 

Nimis, P. L. 1993: The lichens of ltaly. An 


Scienze Narurali, Torino. 

Nitare, J. & Nor6n, M. 1992: Nyckelbiotoper 

kartliiggs i nytt projekt vid Skogssryrelsen. 

Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 86: 219-226. 

Printzen, C. L995: Die Flechtengattung Biatora 

in Europa. Biblioth. Lichenol. 60: L-275. 



Lund. 

Schauer, T. L965: Ozearrische Flechten im 

Nordalpeffaum. Portugaliae Acta Biol., 

SEr. B, ,Sisr. 8: L7-226. 

Schauer, T. & Brodo, I. M. 1966: Lecanora 

insignis und L. degelii. Zwei verwandte 

Flechten der Alpen und der Appalachen aus 

der Lecanora subfusca-Gruppe . Nova Hedwigia 

I1 : 527 -533. 

Trirk, R. & Wittmann, H. 1986: Rote Liste 

gefiihrdeter Flechten (Lichenes) Osterreichs. 

/n; Niklfeld, H. (ed.) Rote listen gefrihrdeter 

Pflanzen Osteneichs. Griine reihe des 

Bundesministeriums fiir Gesundheit und 

Umweltschutz. Bard 5: 164-176. 


2. Aufl. Teil 1. Eugen Ulmer, Snrttgart.

Rqrclk review 

it{erv edition of Die Flechten BadeniV,i.xrttembergs 

Wirth, V. i995 Die Flechten Baden-Wtirttemfsergs,2. 

Auflage, Teil I-2. Verlag Eugen 

Ulrner, Stuttgart. 1006 pp. In German. 

Thc first edition of Volkmar Wirth's beautiful 

bock Die Flechten Baden-Wiirttembergs came in 

t987. It was a great help for many people with a 

starting interest in lichens. I remember often 

using the book and its excellent photographs in 

some brave attempts to at least get the correct 

gelieric names for my collections. And I don't 

tiiink tr was the only person who tried this 'easy 

n,f,y' after big frustrations over a difficult 

geiieral key. 

In 1995, this second edition appeared. 

Vihiie the first edition was one book, this edition 

ccnsists of two big volumes stuffed with inforrnation 

about the lichens of this German province. 

It now contains 555 colour photographs 

and about 1000 distribution maps, ffid, in 

ccntrast to the first edition, it has now become a 

r*al flora. 

The photographs makes up a very important 

part of this flora. They show the beauty and the 

obscurity of the lichens in a way that immediately 

gets one fascinated. I believe an important 

airn of the flora is to arouse interest in lichens, a 

group of organisms that have suffered much 

because of increased air pollution, modern 

forestry and an extensive agricultural developrnent. 

The photographs are in general of high 

quality. They are sharp, and in a high degree 

showing the correct colours of the species. Most 

of the pictures are close-up photographs showing 

important morphological characters, but there 

are also some good habitat photographs, as those 

of tho roof with Rhizocafpon spp. and the forest 

with Lobaria pulmonaria. There are only some 

very few photographs which could be improved, 

e"g" that of Clstocoleus ebenus (p. 368), which 

does not tell us much more than what is said in 

rhe text, and the left-hand picture of Lobaria 

amplissima (p. 560), which is not good, 

although it shows a large specimen with cephalodia. 

I suspect that the photograph of Tephromela 

aglaea in the reality shows T. perlata, a 

species not known from Germany yet. This 

collections of excellent colour photographs of 

lichens is overwhelming, ild must be the largest 

ever published. I get inspired to try some lichen 

photography myself, and I miss a chapter with 

technical advice ! 

Nearly all the illustrations have a short and 

informative figure text. I noticed that the texts 

for C)phelium tigillare and C. karelicum are 

mixed up. 

The text is filled with general information 

about lichens and more specific distribution 

maps, keys, and notes on the species. The introductory 

chapters give general information about 

lichen ecology, distribution, collecting, significant 

characters and anatomy, chemistry, and 

decline of lichens. In these chapters, the terminology 

and abbreviations used later in the books 

are explained. A heavy use of abbreviations 

makes the text somewhat difficult to use in the 

start; one has to turn to at least 10 pages in the 

introductory chapters to fully understand the 

keys and the species accounts. 

The book is full of precise ecological and 

distributional data which, as far as I know, has 

not been presented or discussed in scientific 

papers. I miss an explanation of how the data 

were collected, and also more statistic presentation 

of some of the data. Especially, in the 

chapters on threatened species (pp. I3-L7 , 43- 

44) a statistical treatment would have given a 

better explanation of the chosen redlist category 

for the various species. I also observe that the 

German redlist categories ate rather different 

from the international IUCN categories (p. 43), 

and miss an explanation of why it is so, and how 

these corresponds to the international standard 

codes. 

Continues on page 30

Inventering av lavar i en all6 - en jiimfiirelse mellan triidslag 

PATRIK PNOPBN 

Fr6d6n, P. 1997: Inventering av lavar i en all6 - en jiimforelse mellan trfldslag. 

Graphis Scripta 8: 17-24. Stockholm. ISSN 090L-7593. 

The corticolous lichen flora in an avenue zkm south of Eslov in Skine, Sweden, 

was investigated. The number of lichen species on Ulmus glabra, Fraxinus 

excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus, and Aesculus hippocastanum was compared. 

The trees were divided in three groups, based on their trunk diameter. Six trees 

(two in each trunk diameter group) of each tree species were randomly chosen 

and investigated for all their lichens. A total of 85 species were found. There 

were 76 species on Ulmus glabra, 62 on Fraxinus excelsior,56 on Acer pseudoplatanrzs 

and 50 on Aesculus hippocastanum. Ulmus glabra differed significantly 

from the other species, both in the total number of species and in the 

number of species on the individual trees. Four nationally red-listed species 

were found: Bacidia incompta, Candelariella reflexa, Melanelia laciniatula, and 

Parmelina tiliacea. 

Patrik Frr)d4n, Institutionen fdr Systematisk Botanik, Lunds Universitetet, 

O. Vallgatan l8-20, 5-223 6I Lund, Sverige. 

Kulturmiljder utgor en typ av ersdttningsmiljder 

for manga arter, di deras naturliga biotoper har 

blivit fdrstdrda eller har forsvunnit. Exempel pn 

dessa miljoer i knlturlandskapet iir [ngs- och 

hagmarker, all1er, kyrkogArdar, trddesikrar, 

parker med flera. Ett av de mest v[rdefulla 

elementen i kulturlandskapet iir grova lovtriid, 

som till exempel ett flertal mossor, lavar, fladdermoss 

och olika insekler dr direkt beroende 

av. Ur lavhiinseende kan till exempel all6er och 

ldvhagar vara en ers[ttning fdr urskogarnas 

skogsbryn och glf,ntor (Nilsson m. fl. 1994). 

All6er utmfirks ofta av en kontinuitet av 

grova l0vtrfld och ett exponerad liige med 

mycket solinstrilning och stoftpiverkan frin 

grusviigar och ikrar. Grova tr[d av till exempel 

alm (Ulmus glabra), ask (Fraxinus excelsior) 

och 16nn (Acer platanoides) kan i all6er hilla en 

mycket rik lavflora och minga rodlistade arter 

(Ingelog m. fl. 1993). Detta beror mycket pi 

deras barkstruktur, som dr grov och pords och 

som hiller fuktighet och stoft bra. Stoftet 

godslar lavarna och buffrar mot surt nedfall. 

Den grova barkstrukturen, har dessutom fler 

nischer iin vad en sllt tunn bark har 

(Hallingbflck 1995). 

All6erna har under de senaste irtiondena 

utsatts fdr stora foriindringar. Det exponerade 

lfiget innebiir att luftfororeningar drabbar dessa 

livsmiljder extra hirt. De omkringliggande landskapen 

har under de senaste hundrafemtio iren 

dikats ut i stor omfattning (Glimskar & Svensson 

1993), vilket troligen har gett ett torrare 

lokalklimat pi minga stlllen. Brukningsenheterna 

i jordbruket har ocksi blivit allt stdrre och 

odlingshinder sisom triiddungar, stenmurar och 

hfickar har tagits bort, vilket har okat vindexpositionen 

och dfirmed ytterligare spiitt pi effekten 

av det torrare lokalklimatet. Nedhuggningarna 

har accelererat bland annat pi grund av 

almsjukan, for att viigar har breddats och for att 

alleer har foryngrats. Minga trlid skadas ocksi

18 Patrik Frddtn 

svirt vid snorojning och saltning av viigbanorna. 

Asfaltering gor att viigarnas stoftpiverkan 

forsvinner. Akerdammet dr numera hirt 

konstgodslat, vilket ger en annan godslingspeverkan 

dn tidigare. Dessutom si anvdnds 

beklmpningsmedel som dven skadar lavar 

(Brown 1992). Vid fullsttindiga nedhuggningar 

av allder si bryts ofta trldkontinuiteten, de 

all6erna ofta iir de sista grova lovtriiden i jordbrukslandskapet 

(Ingel6g m. fl. 1993). Om 

triiden ersitts si blir det ofta med friimmande 

triidslag eller andra triidslag som passar lavar 

diligt. Exempel pn dessa dr oxel (Sorbus intermedia), 

hiistkastanj (Aesculus hippocastanum), 

tysklonn (Acer pseudoplatanus) och parklind 

(Tilia x vulgaris). Friimmande triidslag har flera 

nackdelar. Forutom de rent kulturhistoriska, si 

firurs det flera biologiska: barkstrukturen dr ofta 

si klen eller kompakt att den buffrar diligt mot 

surt nedfall och hiller fuktighet sdmre. Det forefaller 

dessutom som lavarna regionalt [r anpassade 

till de substrat som forekommer naturligt. 

Vissa lavar kan inte vdxa pi fr[mmande triidslag 

i Sverige, men vdxer utmiirkt pi samma trlidslag 

i triidets hemregion. Exempelvis si anses tysklonn 

vara ett bra lavtriid pn den europeiska 

kontinenten (Barkman 1958), medan den iir riitt 

fattig hiir (trots att artstocken till stor del ir 

likadan pi kontinenten och h[r). 

De ovan niimnda pAstiendena iir empiriskt 

viil kiinda bland lavforskare, men fi iir egentligen 

strikt bevisade. Pa Institutionen for 

Systematisk Botanik i Lund kommer, offi erfoderliga 

medel beviljas , att genomforas en omfattande 

studie om vilka faktorer som har betydelse 

for lavarnas utbredning i kulturlandskapet. Som 

en pilotstudie har jag diirfdr undersokt en all6 

och forsokt att utreda om tredslaget har betydelse 

for hur minga lavarter ett visst triid hAller, 

om olika triidslag skiljer sig i artantal totalt sett 

och d[refter forsdkt att rangordna dessa triidslag 

ur lavsynpunkt. 

Material och metoder 

All6n som undersoktes iir beliigen ca 2 krfi soder 

om Eslov och stir llngs viigen mellan Ellinge 

och Kristineberg (55'48'N 13"20' E). Det iir den 

ostra delen av all6n som har undersokts (figur 


1). Det finns flera anledningar till att just denna 

all6 valts: (1) det firurs ett flertal trlidslag i all6n, 

(2) den verkade tillriickligt rik for att de eventuella 

trldslagsskillnaderna inte skulle overskuggas 

av luftfororeningsskador, (3) expositionen 

verkar vara likvnrdig lflngs den undersokta 

striickan (detta iir anledningen till att den 6stra 

delen inventerats), (4) triden var tillriickligt 

grova fdr att kunna hilla en rik lavflora samt (5) 

att v[gen har inte varit asfalterad si liinge (sedan 

1980-talet enligt A. Thell muntligen). 

Jag bdrjade med att registrera alla triid liings 

den undersokta sffeckan samt miitte deras diameter 

ungefiirligt med tumstock, i brosthojd (se 

figur 1). Det fanns tillriickligt minga och grova 

triid av alm, ask, ryskldnn och hiistkastanj, si 

dessa valdes for undersokningen. Eftersom jag 

trodde att triidgrovleken hade betydelse f6r 

artrikedomen, si delade jag in varje triidslag i 3 

grovleksblock och slump ade 2 triid per tredslag 

inom varje block. Totalt inventerades alltsh 24 

tred (4 triidslag x 3 block x 2 trdd per block). 

Blockindelningen (50-69 cm, 70-89 cm och 

90 cm- uppa| gjordes godtyckligt efter hf,stkastanjernas 

grovlek, eftersom det fanns l[gst antal 

av dem. Triiden inventerades frin trddbasen och 

upp till tvi meters hojd. Trtid som var under 50 

cm i diameter togs inte med, eftersom jag 

bedomde dem som alltfor artfattiga. 

Eftersom minga av de utvalda almarna 

skulle awerkas pa grund av de hade fitt almsjukan 

(markerade med f i figur 1), si valde jag att 

inventera dem forst. Jag tog kollekter av alla 

arter hos den forsta almen (alm 1 i figur 1) och 

artbest[mde dem, varpA jag giorde en krysslista 

for de liittigenkiinnbara arterna. Resterande 

arter, som inte kunde bestiimmas i feilt, samlades 

in frAn ovriga triid. Kollekterna finns deponerade 

i LD. 

Bestiimningarna lir mestadels giorda med 

Foucard (1990) och Moberg & Holmisen (1990) 

samt diverse speciallitteratur sisom Coppins 

(1983) och Lindblom (1995). En ovilrderlig tillging 

har ocksi herbariet och inte minst den 

kompetens som finns i Botaniska museet utgiort. 

En kollekt (Lecidella scabra) bestiimdes av 

Reidar Haugan vid Universitetet i Oslo. Som 

hjllpmedel vid bestlmningarna har anvdnts ljusoch 

preparermikroskop, UV-lampa samt kemi-

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 8 (1997) Inventering av lavar i en all6 19 

o Ask (Fraxinus ercelsiofl't . 

o Alm (Jlmus glabral 

,,,. ,, , , ,, , 

r Hdstkaslani (nescutus hippocastanum) 

Tyskf onn (Acer pseudoplatan us) 

Lcinn (ecer p latanoldes) 

t. ]l Grdsmark 

L-J 

f:i:{i:':.:':.:1 Bokskog 

[Tl er"' 

t..l 

kalier fdr spot-test (K, C och PD). For att kunna 

se kristaller i apothecierna anvilndes polarisationsfilter 

till ljusmikroskopet. 

Nomenklaturen fdljer Santesson (1993) med 

undantag f6r Cetraria chlorophylla, som numera 

heter Tuckermanopsis chlorophylla. Namnet 

Lecanora subcarpinea anvf,nds i enlighet med 

Wirth (1995). Hotkategorierna dr tagna frin den 

senaste rddlistan i Aronssgn m. fl. (1995). 

FOr att kunna jiimfdra de enskilda triiden av 

de olika trldslagen har jag anvdnt variansanalys 

med blockeffekt (tviviigs-ANovA) (Gagnon m. 

fl. 1989), efter ha testat normalfdrdelningskravet 

(p > 0,10; vid viirden under 0,05 forkastas 

normalfordelning). Fdr att se om det kumulativa 

artantalet skiljer sig mellan trfldslagen har 

12-test anvdnts (homogenitetstest). 

Resultat 

Sammanlagt hittades 85 arter (se artlistan). 76 

arter hittades pi alm, 62 ph ask, 56 pi tysklonn 

och 50 pn hlstkastanj. 12-testet av alla fyra 

N 

t 

I 

I 

:::::.:.\: 

t.\.s0. 

r\1. 

Qil:. 

Kristineberg 

55' " 

._ .110 . 

|...- roo 

a. 

Hestastani.5. 

50. .. . 

I : i'i"TT'i"l'. 

{'.,'# 

Figur 1. Ostra delen av all6n mellan Ellinge och Kristineberg. 1[amngivna tred (tredshg * nummer) 

lir inventerade. Siffror anger ungef?irlig diameter i centimeter. Karhn er ej skalenlig och triidens 

positioner iir inte exakta. f anger att traidet nu iir awerkat. 

-t 

triidslagen visade att artantalen pe de olika triidslagen 

var skilda ht (X2(3):2!,2, p

20 Patrik Frddin GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 8 (1997) 

Tabell 1. Funnet antal arter pa de enskilda triiden. Tr?idnumret avser beteckning i figur l. Blockindelningen 

grundas pi triidens diameter. 

Trildslag Block 50-69 cm Block 70-89 cm Block 90 cm - uppit 

Alm 

Ask 

Tyskl6nn 

Hiistkastanj 

53 (Alm 1) 

43 (ALm 2) 

17 (Ask 5) 

24 (Ask 6) 

30 (Tyskldnn 1) 

26 (Tysklonn 5) 

31 (Hflstkastanj 2) 

35 (Hiistkastanj 5) 

jag kunde ge vidare fdr att testa vilka triidslag 

som skiljer sig genom att testa dem tvi och tvi, 

vilket gjordes med Fishers PLSD-test (Gagnon 

m. fl. 1989). Resultatet blev att alm skiljer sig 

signifikant frin hf,stkastanj, tyskldnn och ask 

(p-0,0039 respektive p-0,005 och p-0,0184). 

De ovriga trddslagen iir inte signifikant skilda it. 

Fyra rodlistade arter hittades. Dessa var 

Bacidia incompta (pe alm, hotkategori 2), 

Candelariella reflexa (pe ask, hotkategori 2), 

Melanelia laciniatula (pi samtliga tr?idslag, hotkategori 

2) och Parmelinn tiliacea (ph alm, hotkategori 

4). Pe en alm som inte var med i 

undersokningen (nu nedhuggen) hittades ytterligare 

en rodlistad art, nlimligen Caloplaca 

ulcerosa (hotkategori 3). En Lecanora-art 

(tillsvidare kallad Lecanora cf . Iepryrodes), som 

liknar L. carpineahittades ocksi. 

Diskussion 

Som framgir av figur 1 iir inte omgivningen 

kring all6n helt homogen och diirmed heller inte 

expositionen av ikerdamm, bek[mpningsmedel, 

etc. Om man jiimf6r artantal och llge dr det 

emellertid svirt att se vilken effekt detta skulle 

kunna ha. Vad som df,remot dr anmiirkningsvdrt 

[r att tre av de allra artrikaste trdden (alm 1, 

alm 2 och ask 2) stir brevid varandra. Diir iir 

ocksi tre av de fyra hotade arterna hittade. 

Orsaken till detta iir okflnd; kanske beror det pi 

historiska orsaker eller pi annorlunda lokalklimat 

och skydd frin luftfororeningar, eftersom 

omridet ligger i en liten svacka. Den temligen 

fattiga tysklonn 1 (30 arter) stir emellertid ocksi 

33 (Alm 4) 

a3 (Alm 5) 

45 (Ask 2) 

23 (Ask 3) 



24 (H[stkastanj 4) 


32 (Alm 3) 

41 (Alm 6) 

37 (Ask 1) 

37 (Ask a) 

26 (Tysklonn 3) 


20 (Hflstkastanj 1) 


i svackan. Det tir ocksA svirt afi sega om asfalteringen 

har haft nigon effekt. I de flesta 

kollekter av framfor allt alm (lflngs hela all6n) 

fanns fortfarande mycket sand och stoft i barken 

(i siviil naturliga som insektsgiorda sprickor). 

Almen stir klart ut som det fdrnflmligaste 

triidslaget, bide i friga om att hilla flest lavarter 

som triidslag, som i artrikedom hos de enskilda 

triiden. Den verkar ocksi bra redan vid mittlig 

grovlek. Ask verkar vara niist bist, flven om 

signifikanta skillnader inte finns i homogenitetstestet 

eller i Fishers PLSD-test. Att det inte gor 

det beror troligen pa de unga askarnas outvecklade 

barkstruktur, som gdr att de inte kan hilla 

si minga arter (se tabell 1). Man bdr ocksi 

notera att homogenitetstestet i denna unders6kning 

dr konservativt (gor att det iir svArt att Ie 

signifikans) och att det niistan var signifikant 

skillnad mellan ask och hlstkastanj (X'Q):3,8, 

grinsen gir vid 3,84 fdr p-0,05). Att testet f,r 

konservativt beror pn att det finns minga 

gemensamma arter, vilket gor att skillnaderna 

undertrycks (Jan-Erik Englund muntligen). 

Tysklonn och hiistkastanj verkar vara likviirdiga 

ur lav-synpunkt. Tysklonn verkar vara rikare 

hos de grdvsta trdden, vilket troligen beror pi 

att hdstkastanjernas bark flagnar mer ndr triiden 

blir lldre. Hdstkastanj har emellertid ett hogre 

faunistiskt vlrde, eftersom den f,r ett bra hiltrfid 

(Mikael Sdrensson muntligen). 

Det finns skiil att anta att det verkligen finns 

samspelseffekter och det vore intressant att 

utreda dem, till exempel genom att gdra minga 

observationer inom grovleksklasserna och sedan


jiimfora triidslagen inom klasserna. Ur 

naturvirdssynpunkt iir det dock angelignast att 

prioritera jiimforelsen mellan de olika triidslagens 

grova ffed. Det tir dem som det rider mest 

brist pA i kulrurlandskapet och som de flesta 

hotade arterna vdxer pi (Ingel6g m. fl. 1993). 

Eftersom fler kollekter togs frin de almar 

som skulle huggas dn frin dvriga trf,d, finns det 

fog att misstlnka att fler arter kunde ha hittats 

hos dem. Detta skulle bero pi av att vissa arter 

knappt ghr att se i fiilt, utan upptflcks fdrst under 

mikroskopet efter att slumpmiissigt ha kommit 

med i kollekterna. Detta gfiller friimst foljande 

arter: Anisomeridium bifurme, A. nyssaegenum, 

Scoliciosporum chlorococcum och S. sarothamfti, 

men dessa har inte hittats i hdgre utsffeckning 

pi de nu avverkade triiden (se artlistan och 

figur 1). 

Av de rodlistade arterna ir det bara 

Melanelia laciniatula som fdrekommer i nigon 

storre utstriickning. Det iir osiikert om Bacidia 

incompta finns kvar i all6n och de tvi andra 

rodlistade arterna hittades bara pi ett trfld 

vardera (men det finns i och for sig minga 

oundersokta triid kvar i all6n). 

Den hiir all6n, med sina minst 85 arter, 

miste sflgas vara viildigt artrik. Hallingbiick 

(1995) anger att ungefitr 70 arter iir k?inda for att 

finnas i all6er, vilket alltsi verkar vara ligt 

riiknat. Tyvlirr har minga almar huggts ned hiir 

och pi andra st[llen och fler awerkningar [r vll 

att vdnta, om almsjukan fortsiitter att spridas. 

Ett av det allra bdsta lavsubstratet kan dirmed 

komma att mer eller mindre forsvinna. Med en 

noggrann overvakning och behandling av vflrdefulla 

almar i kulnrrlandskapet, si skulle man 

emellertid kunna stoppa angreppen innan triiden 

dddas eller sprider sjukdomen vidare. Eftersom 

det ror sig om vlrdefulla triid kan ocksi forebyggande 

behandling med fungicider eller 

biologiska bekiimpningsmedel komma i friga 

(Jansson & Lindquist 1987). Som erstittning for 

fiillda ffed bdr ask eller lonn planteras, men jag 

tycker inte att man ska tveka att plantera almar 

om 6n inte direkt i all6er. Om sjukdomen fortfarande 

finns kvar i framtiden och dessa triid 

miste awerkas, si blir inte skadan si stor ifall 

de har planterats utanfor all6erna. 

Artlistan 

Inventering av lavar i en all6 2I 

Nedan foljer en artlista med en forteckning river 

vilka tred arterna hittats pn (se dven figur 1), 

samt kommentarer angiende artbestdmningarna 

och eventuell hotkategori enligt Aronsson m. fl. 

( I ee5). 

Anaprychia ciliaris: Pi alm 1,2, 4,6, ask L,2, 

tysklonn L,4,5. 

Anisomeridium bifurme; Pi alm 2, 6, ask 1, 2, 

4, 5, tysklonn 2. Steril, men med pyknid. 

A. nyssaegenum: Pe alm 5. Steril, men med 

pyknid. 

Bacidia incompta; Pi alm 1. Arten f,r en rodlistad 

art (hotkategori 2). Trfidet som den 

vdxte pi iir nu nedhugget och det dr oslkert 

om den finns kvar i al16n. 

B. rubella: Pe alm L, 2, ask 2, tysklonn 4. 

Steril. 

Buellia griseovirens: Pi alm I,2,4,5, 6, ask 1, 

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, tyskldnn 5, 6, hflstkastanj 2, 

4,5,6' 

B. punctata: Ph alla triid. 

Caloplaca chlorina; Pi alm 5, 6, tyskldnn 4. 

Bestiimningen nigot osiiker pi grund av att 

exemplaren var svagt utvecklade. Viilutvecklade 

individ fanns pi triid som inte var 

med i undersokningen. 

C. citrina: Pi alm L, 5, ask L, tyskldnn 2, 4, 

h[stkastanj 1 ,2, 6. 

C. flavorubescens: Pe ask 2. Bara ett litet 

exemplar funnet si den samlades inte in, 

utan bestlimdes i tiilt av Stefan Ekman. 

C. herbidella: Ph alm I, 2, ask 2. Flera exemplar 

saknade helt gult pigment (och diirmed 

K-reaktion), vilket beredde svirigheter vid 

best?imningen tills pigmenterade individ 

hittades. 

C. luteoalba: Pi alm 1, tysklOnn2. 

C. obscurella: Pi alm 1, 5, tysklonn 4. 

C. saxicola: Pi alm 5, 6. 

Candelaria concolor: Pi alm 3, 4, ask 1,3, 4, 

6, tyskloffi 6, hiistkastanj 3, 6. 

Candelariella aurella: Pi alm 1. 

C. reflexa: Pi ask 2. Arten dr en rodlistad art 

(hotkategori 2). 

C. vitellina; Pi alm 1, 2, 6, ask 2, 5, 6, hiistkastanj 

5.

22 Patrik Frdddn 

C. xanthostigma; Pi alm 1,2,3, 4, 6, ask 1, 2, 

4, tysklonn 1 ,2, 3, 4, hf,stkastanj 5. Morfologiskt 

mycket mfurgformig; det fanns allt 

ifrin de arttypiska enskilda grynen till platta 

eller uppsteende forgrenade korn, som i 

utseende ndrmar sig C. vitellina eller C. 

coralliza. En del kollekter iir fertila. 

Cladonia coniocraea: Pi alm 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 

ask 1 ,2, 3, 4, histkastanj 3, 4, 6. 

C. pyxidata: Ph ask 6, hiistkastanj 2, 4. 

Dimerella pineti; Pi alm 5, h[stkastanj 5. 

Evernia prunastri: Ph alm I,2,3,5, 6, ask 1, 

3 , 4, 5 , 6, rysklonn 5, 6, hflstkastanj 1 , 2, 

3, 4,5, 6. 

Hypocenomyce scalaris; Pi ask 3 , 4, 6, hiistkastanj 

2,3, 4. 

Ilypogymniafarinacea: Pir alm 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, ask 

3, 4, 5, 6, tyskldnn 5, 6, hlstkastanj 2, 4, 

5, 6. Den hir arten och H. physodes var 

med pn krysslistan. Det var emellertid 

ovdntat svirt att skilja dem it, dA H. physodes 

ofta hade uppsdende korta lober (med 

soral) i mitten. Enstaka observationer kan 

diirfor vara osiikra. 

H. physodes: Pi alm I,2,4,5, 6, ask 2,3,4, 

5, 6, tysklOnn 3, 6, hlstkastari 2, 4, 5, 6. 

Lecania cyrtella: Pe alm 1, 5, 6, ask 1, 4, 

tysklonn 2, hflstkastanj I, 2, 5, 6. 

Lecanora allophana: PA alm 1 ,2, ask2. 

L. carpinea: Pi alm I,4,5, 6, ask I,2, tYSk- 

16nn I, 2, 3. 

L. chlarotera: Pi alm I,2,3, 4, 5, 6, ask 1, 2, 

3, 4, 6, tyskldnn 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, hlistkastanj 

1,4,5,6. 

L. conizaeoides: Pi alm L, 4,5, ask 1,2,3, 4, 

5, 6, tysklonn 1, 6, h[stkastanj 2, 3, 4, 5, 

6. 

L. dispersa-gruppen: Pi alm 1, 3,5, 6, ask 1, 

2, 4, tyskldnn 2, 4, hiistkastanj 2,5, 6. 

Namnet lir hiir anvdnt for arter som ser ut 

som L. dispersa och som inte iir 

nycklingsbara i Foucard ( 1990), antingen 

fdr att de egentligen iir stenlevande eller for 

att de kanske inte ilr kiinda frin Sverige. 

Ofta sitter de tillsammans med Lecanora 

hagenii och Lecania qrtella, men skiljer sig 

distinkt genom att ha vllutvecklad bil och 

stdrre apothecier med gria-morkbruna 

diskar och tjock, vit kant. 


L. expallens ; Pi alm 1,2,3,4,5, 6, ask L,2, 

4, tysklonn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, hiistkastanj L, 

2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 

L. hagenii: Ph alm 1,2,3,4,5, 6, ask t,2, 4, 

tysklonn L, 2,4, hiistkastanj I, 2, 5, 6. 

L. cf . leptyrodes: Pi alm 1,2,3, 4, 6, ask 1, 2, 

tyskldnn 1, 2, 3, 5, hiistkastanj 1, 2. Om 

man bestf,mmer den enligt Wirth (1995) 

hamnar man hos antingen L. leptyrodes eller 

L. subcarpinea, men att doma av dess svaga 

PD-reaktion ligger L. leptyrodes ndrmast till 

hands. L. lepryrodes ir ju ocksi ganska lik 

L. carpinea, men nir den f,r som mest 

typisk iir barkskiktet pi apothecierna otydligt 

avgrlnsat utit, och den har medelgrova 

kristaller i exipulum, vilket blir rydligt vid 

tillsats av K. Hos L. carpinea ar barken 

tydligare avgriinsad utit och den blir helt 

"avfdrgad" vid tillsats av K. Jag har lven 

hittat mellanformer som jag haft svArt att 

tolka. , 

L. muralis: Ph alm 3. 

L. saligna: Pi alm 5, ask 6, tysklonn 2, 3, 5, 

h?istkastani 4. 

L. aff . subintricata: Pi hiistkastanj 2. Ar en art 

som liknar L. subintricata och har en tunn 

gronaktig bel med tilltryckt vidvflxta 

apothecier. Hymeniet iir cirka 45 pm tjockt. 

Epihymeniet iir brunt med kristaller losliga i 

K. Sporerna iir cirka 9 x 5 pm. 

L. subrugosa: Pi alm L , 4, ask 1 , tysklonn 1 , 5, 

6. 

L. varia: Pi alm 5, ask 2, 3, 4,5, 6, tysklonn 

1, 5, 6, hiistkastanj 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 

Lecidella elaeochroma: Ph alm 4, ask 1. 

L. scabra; Pi alm2. 

Lepraria incana; Pi alm 1,2,4,5, 6, ask 1, 2, 

4, 5, 6, tysklonn 1, 2, 5, 6, hiistkastanj 1, 

2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 

L. lobificans; Pi alm L,4, ask 1, 2. Denna art 

och Lepraria incana och Leproloma 

vouauxii har i otypiska fall varit svirskilda 

eftersom jag inte har anvdnt tunnskiktskromatografi. 

Som Z. Iobificans har godkiints 

de exemplar som iir klart K + gula 

(Leproloma vouauxii kan vara K* gulaktig, 

medan Lepraria incana iir K- eller K+ r6d) 

och PD + gulorange eller PD- (Leproloma 

vouauxii ar PD- eller PD + rddorange,


Lepraria incana iir PD-), samt har en klart 

avgrinsad, viildefinierad bilkant (vilket 

Leprolomn vouawcii ocksi har men som 

Lepraria incann saknar) . 

Leproloma vouawcii: Pi alm 3, 5, 6, ask 2, 3, 

h[stkastanj 5. 

Melanelia exasperatula: Pi alm 3, 5, 6, ask 4, 

tysklonn 3. 

M. fuliginosa: Pi alm 4, h[stkastanj 3. 

M. Iaciniatula: Pi alm 1,2,3, 5,6, ask 2, 4, 5, 

6, tysklonn 3, hiistkastanj 6. Ar en rodlistad 

art (hotkategori 2). Den iir riitt vanlig i 

denna all6 och finns ju pn samtliga trlidslag, 

men verkar fdrekomma flitigast pi alm och 

ask. 

Micarea denigrata: Pil alm 1,3,4,5,6, ask 2, 

4, hiistkastanj 2,4,5, 6. Endast sterila 

individ funna, men med pyknid som har 

mesokonidier. 

Ochrolechia androgyna: Ph alm 1 , ask2. 

O. tarneri: Ph tysklonn 4. 

Opegrapha varia var. varia: Ph tysklonn 4. 

Parmelia socatilis: Ph hiistkastanj 2. 

P. sulcata: Pir alla trlid. 

Parmelina tiliacea: Pe alm 3. Ar pi rodlistan 

(hotkategori 4) och verkar inte vara siirskilt 

vanlig i all6n, men iir desto vanligare i 

all6er kring Ellinge nigon kilometer bort. 

Pertusaria albescens: Pi alm l, 2, 3, 4, 6, ask 

1, 2, 3, 4, tysklonn 1, 4, 5, hlistkastanj 3, 

5, 6. 

P. amara; Pi alm 1,2, ask 1, tysklonn 1, histkastanj 

| , 6. 

P. coccodes.' Pi alm 1 , 2, ask 2, 4, 6, tysklonn 

L , 2, 5, hiistkastanj 1 . 

Phaeophyscia nigricans; Pi alm 6. 

P. orbicularis; Pi alm 1, 2,5, 6, ask 1,2, 4, 

tyskldnn 2, 4,6, h[stkastanj L, 2,5, 6. 

Phlyctis argena: Pi alm 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, ask 1, 

3 , 4, 5, 6, tysklonn 1 , 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6, hiistkastanj 

2,3,4,5,6. 

Physcia adscendens: Pa alm 1 , 2, 3 , ask 1 , 

tysklonn 4. 

P. caesia: Pi alm 6, tysklOnn 4. 

P. tenella: Pi alm 1,2,3, 4, 5, 6, ask 1,2,3, 

4, 5, 6, tysklonn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, hiistkastanj 

I ,2, 5, 6. 

Physconia distorta: Pi alm 2, 3, tysklonn 4. 

Inventering av lavar i en all6 23 

P. enteroxantha: Pi alm L,2,3, 4, 5, 6, ask 1, 

2, tysklonn 1 ,2,3, 4, 5, hlistkastanj 5, 6. 

P. grisea.' Pe alm 1 ,2, 3, tysklonn 3. 

P. perisidiosa: Pi alm L, ask2. 

Plaqtnthiella icmalea; Pi alm 5, tyskldnn 6, 

hiistkastanj 3. 

Pleurosticta acetabulum; Pi alm L, 

6, ask 1, 2, 3, 4, tyskldnn 1, 

h[stkastanj 1 , 3, 4,5, 6. 

Pseudevernia furfuracea: Ph alm 1, 

6, ask 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, tysklonn 

hiistkastarLj 2,3, 4, 5, 6. 

2, 3, 4,5, 

2, 3, 4, 5, 

2, 3, 4, 5, 

l, 3, 5, 6, 

Ramalinafarinacea: Pi alm I,2,3, 5, 6, ask 1, 

2, 4, tyskldnn L, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, hlistkastanj 

l, 2, 5, 6. 

R. fastigiata: Pi alm I,2,3, 4,5, 6, ask 1, 2, 

3, 4, tysklonn l, 3, 4, 6, h[stkastanj 1, 5, 

6. 

R. fraxinea: Pi alm 2, ask 4, tyskldnn 1,3,4, 

6. 

Rinodina exigua; Pi alm 6, htistkastanj 6. 

Scoliciosporum chlorococcum: Pi alm 1, 5, ask 

L, 2, 3, tysklonn l, 3, 4, 6, hiistkastanj 2, 

4,5. 

S. sarothamni: Pi tyskldnn 1. 

S. umbrinum: Pi alm L,2, ask2, 4. 

Strangospora pinicola; Pi alm 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 

ask 1, 4, tysklonn 2, 3, 4,5, hlistkastanj 2, 

4,5,6. 

Trapeliopsis flexuosa: Pi alm 5, ask 3. 

Tuckermanopsis chlorophylla: Pi alm L, 5, ask 

2,6, tyskldnn 1, 5, 6, hflstkastanj 2,3,4, 

5,6. 

Xanthoria candelaria: Pi alm L, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 

ask 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, tyskldnn I,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 

hlistkastanj l, 2, 4, 5, 6. Fertila individ 

funna. 

X. parietina: Pi alm 1, 2, 5, 6, ask 1, 2, 4, 

tysklonn 2, 3, 4, 6, hdstkastanj 1 , 2, 5, 6. 

X. polycafpa: Pi alm L,2,3, 4,6, ask I,2,3, 

4, 5, 6, tysklonn L, 2, 3, 4, 5, hiistkastanj 

l, 2, 4, 5, 6. 

X. ulophyllodes: Pi alm L,2,3, 4, 5, 6, ask 1, 

2, 6, tysklonn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, hlstkastanj 

3,4,6.

24 Patrik Frddtn 

Tack 

Jag stir i djup tacksamhetsskuld till de minniskor 

som har hjiilpt mig med detta arbete, framforallt 

Stefan Ekman pA Institutionen for Systematisk 

Botanik i Lund och Jan-Erik Englund pi 

SLU i Alnarp, men iiven Ingvar Kflrnefelt och 

ovriga inom lavgruppen och personal pn Botaniska 

museet, samt Reidar Haugan vid Universitetet 

i Oslo. 

Referenser 

Aronsson, M., Hallingbdck, T. & Mattsson, 

J. -E. (red.) 1995: Rddlistade vtater i 

Sverige 1995 . Artdatabanken, Uppsala. 

Barkman, J. J. 1958: Phytosociology and Ecology 

of cryptogamic epiphytes. Van Gorcum 

& comp., Assen. 

Brown, D. H. 1992: Impact of agriculture on 

bryophytes and lichens. I: Bates, J. W. & 

Farmer A. M. (red.), Bryophytes and 

Iichens in a changing environment. Claredon 

press, Oxford. 

Coppins, B. J. 1983: A taxonomic study of the 

lichen genus Micarea in Europe. Bull. Brit. 

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. l1: 17-214. 

Foucard, T. 1990: Svensk skorplavsflora. Interpublishing, 

Stockholm. 


Gagnon, J., Haycock, K. A., Roth, J. M., 

Feldman, jr, D. S., Finzer, W. F., Hoffman, 

R. & Simpson, J. 1989: Super- 

ANOVA. Abacus concepts, Inc., Berkeley. 

Glimskiir, A., Svensson, R. 1993: Vitmarkernas 

viirde for flora och fauna. 

Naturvdrdsverket, Rapport 41 75 . 

Hallingbdck, T. 1995: Ekologisk katalog dver 

lavar. Artdatabanken, Uppsala. 

Ingelog, T., Thor, G., Hallingbf,ck, T., 

Andersson, R. & Aronsson, M. (red.) 1993: 

Floravdrd i jordbrukslandskapet, slcyddsvtirda 

v(ater. SBT-fdrlaget, Lund. 

Jansson, A. & Lindquist, G. 1987: Almen, ett 

kulturtr[d i fara. En handbok i almsjukebekiimpning. 

Stad & Lard 57: L-1.07. 

Lindblom, L. 1995: Sllktet Lepraria i Skine. 


Moberg, R. & Holmisen, I. 1990: Lavar en 

fdlthandb ok. lnte.rpublishing, Stockholm. 

Nilsson, S. G., A*p, U., Baranowski, R. & 

Ekman, S. L994: Trfldbundna lavar och 

skalbaggar i Alderdomliga kulturlandskap. 

Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 88: l-12. 


fungi of Sweden ard Norway. 

SBT-fdrlaget, Lund. 



New lichenicolous fungi found on the NLF meeting in Norway 1993 

VAGN ALSTRUP 

Alstrup, V. L997: New lichenicolous fungi found on the NLF meeting in 

Norway 1993. Graphis Scripta 8:25-29. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

Cephalosporiopsis epiparasitaster sp. nov. , Cercidospora cladoniicola sp. nov., 

Merismatium cladoniicola sp. nov. , Phoma lobariicola sp. nov. and Scutula 

Iobariicola sp. nov. are described, and Erdococcus verrucosporus is reported 

from Norway. 

Vagn Alstrup, Department of Plant Ecology, University of Copenhagen, 

O. Farimngsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. 

During the NlF-excursion in Nord-Trsndelag, 

Norway in July t993, I especially looked for 

lichenicolous fungi. The majority of these 

collections were reported by Holien & Tonsberg 

(1994), but some undescribed species were 

omitted and are now reported. 

Cephalosporiopsis epiparasitaster 

Alstrup sp. nov. 

Hyphomyces in Chaenothecopsi parasitastro 

parasiticus, tomento niveo eam induens. Mycelium 

immersum vel superficiale, e hyphis 

hyalinis circiter 2.5-3 pm crassis constitufum. 

Conidiophora phialidica, alba, ramificata vel 

simplicia, plerumque recta, fragilia, circiter 15- 

55 pm alta, ?d bases circiter 3 Fffi, ad apices 

0.7 -I Frm crassa, collarellis parvis terminata, si 

longa septis parum distinctis, inter se circiter 

10-15 pm distantibus divisa. Conidia singula, ex 

apicibus apertis phialidum formata, subcylindrica, 

ad apices rotundata, basibus non truncatis, 

nullis septis visis, hyalina, 8-9 x 2 pm 

magna. - Figure 1. 

Type: Norway, Nord-Trondelag, Grong, c. 

1 km E of Grong centre, small brook ravine NE 

of hill 185, UTM: 33W UM 7252, map t823 

IV, alt. 100-160 m, old spruce forest, on 

Chaenothecopsis parasitaster, 26 July 1993, V. 

Alstrup (C, holotype). 

Hyphomycete, parasitic on Chaenothecopsis 

parasitaster, giving it a snow-white, woolly 

appearance. Mycelium immersed to superficial, 

of hyaline hyphae c.2.5-3 pm thick. 

Conidiophores phialidic, white, branched or 

unbranched, mostly straight, brittle, c. 15-55 

pm high, c. 3 pm broad at base, 0.7-t pm at 

top, ending in a small collarette, if long 

indistinctly septate with c. 10-15 pm distance 

between septa. Conidia single, formed from the 

open ends of the phialides, almost cylindrical 

with rounded ends, not truncate at base, septa 

not seen, hyaline, 8-9 x 2 pm. 

Cephalosporiopsis epiparasitaster is especially 

frequent on the head of Chaenothecopsis 

parasitaster, giving the infected heads a white, 

woolly look, but it is also found dispersed on the 

stalks. Chaenothecopsis parasitaster itself is 

parasitic on squamules of Cladonia digitata. 

Cephalosporiopsis is being revised by D. 

Bradford and G. J. Samuel, who include three 

fungicolous species placed in C)tlindrocarpon by 

Deighton & Pirozynski (1972) in Cephalosporiopsis. 

Two species of CJtlindrocarpon is

26 Vagn Alstrup 

Figure L. Holotype of Cephalosporiopsis 

epiparasitaster. Conidiophores with adhering 

conidia. Bar 10 pm. 

also included in Clauzade et al. (1989) but none 

of the species fits the present species. 

Additional specimen examined : Nord-Trondelag, 

Flatanger, E-facing slope W of Dalavatnet, 

UTM: 32W NS 9349, map 1623 I, alt. 60-100 

m, on Chaenothecopsis parasitaster on Cladonia 

digitata, 1993, Alstrup (C). 

Cercidospora cladoniicola Alstrup,q,p. 

nov. 

Ascomata immersa, solum regionibus ostiolaribus 

liberis, circiter 100 pm diam., parietibus in 

partibus liberis colore fusco aeque in iis distributo 

tinctis, in partibus immersis pallidis vel 

hyalinis. Hamathecium parcum, ex elementis 

ramificatis et anastomosantibus 1- 1 .5 pm crassis 

formatum. Asci cylindrici, fissitunicati, 60-65 x 

10-11 pm magni, 8-spori. Ascosporae 3-septatae, 

ad septa media paulum constrictae, ad septa 

alia raro constrictae, cellulis superioribus inferiores 

diametro superantibus, non halonatae, 16- 

20 x 5-6 pm magnae. - Figure 2. 


0?fi0fi 

Figure 2. Holotype of Cercidospora cladoniicola. 

Ascospores. Bar 10 prm. 

Type: Norway, Nord-Trondelag, Flatanger, 

Roythaugfjellet, UTM 32W NS 8548-49, map 

1623 I, alt. 40-L20 m, ravine with vertical rock 

and coastal deciduous forest, on Cladonia 

arbuscula, 27 July 1993, V. Alstrup (C, holotype). 

Ascomata immersed, only ostiolar region free, 

c. 100 pm diam., ascomS wall brown in free 

part, the colour evenly distributed in the cell 

walls, immersed parts of ascoma wall pale to 

hyaline. Hamathecium sparse, of branched and 

anastomosing elements 1-1.5 pm thick. Asci 

cylindrical, fissirunicate, 60-65 x 10-11 pm, 8spored. 

Ascospores 3-septate, slightly 

constricted at the median septum, rarely 

constricted at the other septa, the lower cells 

narrower than the upper ones, not halonate, L6- 

20 x 5-6 pm. 

Cercidospora cladoniicola was found in the 

upper part of the podetia, which are somewhat 

deformed by the parasite. 

Hafellner (1987) included species with 3-6septate 

ascospore in Cercidospora, and Grube & 

Hafellner (1990: 292-293) further treated the 

genus in connection with similar genera, of 

which only Arthopyrenia with a different ascus 

type has l-3-septate ascospores. Most of the 

species have blue to green wall-cells, brown 

being rare, and halonate ascospores. Halo was 

not observed even with unripe ascospores of C. 

cladoniicola. Two other species with multiseptate 

spores are known: C. stereocaulorun (Arn.) 

Hafellner known from Stereocaulon and C. 

Iichenicola (ZopD Hafellner, known from

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 8 (1997) New lichenicolous funsi from Norway 27 

ll 

@@$e 

Figure 3. Holotype of Merismatium cladoniicola. Asci with ascospores, goniocyst and ascospores. 

Bar l0 pm. 

Solorina and Peltigera, both have ascospores 

20-27 pm long. 

Endococcus verrucosporus Alstrup 

The species was described from the Faroe 

Islands (Alstrup et al. 1994) . Endococcus 

verrucosus Hafellner described from Aspicilia 

caesiocinerea agg.in Austria (Hafellner 1994) is 

perhaps a later synonym. 

Specimen examined: Nord-Trondelag, Grong, 

Mt Geitfjellet, UTM 33W UM 67-68 44-47, 

map t823 IV, alt. 600-740 m, on Hymenelia 

lacustris, 1993, Alstrup (C). 

Merismatium cladoniicola Alstrup ^sp. 

nov. 

Ascomata circiter 100 pm diam., sessilia, nigra. 

Hamathecium non visum. Asci bitunicati, tholis 

non visis, late ellipsoides, 42-46 x 18-22 pm 

magni, 8-spori. Ascosporae irregulariter in ascis 

sitae, ellipsoides,3-septatae, cellulis mediis 

fuscis, minute rugulosis, terminalibus plerumque 

hyalinis, raro fuscis, non halonatae, 13-16.5 x 

5.5-7 pm magnae. Gelatina hymenialis KOH 

tractata in solutione Lugol caerulea, asci 

nondum maturi eodem modo tractati aurantiaci. 

Goniocystae praesentes, circiter 25 pm diam., 

interdum binae quinaeve gregatim cohaerentes, 

e cellulis algalibus 6-8 pm diam. hyphis fuscis 

membranis crassis involutis compositae. 

Figure 3. 

Type: Norway, Nord-Trandelag, Flatanger, 

by Nordstraumen c. 1 km S of Einvika, UTM 

32W NS 8654, map 1624 II, alt. 10-40 m, 

coastal heath, on Cladonia ciliaris, 27 July 

1993, V. Alstrup (C, holofype; IMI 360734, 

isotype). 

Ascomata c. 100 pm diam., sessile, black. 

Hamathecium not seen. Asci bitunicate, tholusstructures 

not seen, broadly ellipsoid, 42-46 x 

t8-22 Fffi, 8-spored. Ascospores irregular in 

ascus, ellipsoid, 3-septate, the two median cells 

brown, minutely rugulose, end-cells mostly 

hyaline, rarely brown, not halonate, 13-16.5 x 

5.5-7 pm. Hymenial gel blue and immature asci 

orange with Lugol after K. Goniocysts present, 

c. 25 pm in diam., sometimes adhering in 

groups of 2-5, consisting of algal cells 6-8 pm 

in diam., surrounded by dark-brown, thickwalled 

hyphae. 

Merismatium cladoniicola is saprophytic on dead 

bases and dead branches of Cladonia ciliaris. 

Merismatium Zopf and similar genera were 

treated by Triebel (1989). Phaeospora Hepp is 

apparently closely related, but lacks goniocysts, 

the ascospores are 3-septate, mostly halonate, 

hyaline at first, only becoming pale brown late

28 Vagn Alstrup 

in development. Therefore the new species is 

placed in Merismntium and not rn Phneospora. 

Phoma lobariicola Alstrup ,q,p. nov. 

Pycnidia dispersa sed inter se appropinquata, 

sessilia, fusca, ad circiter 50 pm diam. 

Conidiophora nulla; cellulae conidiogenae 

circiter 4 x 3 pm magnae; conidia 6-7 .5 x 2-2.5 

pm magna, hyalina, non septata, gutfulata. 

Type: Norway, Nord-Trondelag, Overhalla, 

c. 1 km. W of Foss, UTM 32W l33W PS 

4453/UM 5553, ffiop 1723 I, alt. 50-100 m, old 

spruce forest, boreal rain forest, on Lobaria 

scrobiculata, 28 July 1993, V. Alstrup (C, 

holotype; IMI 360735b, isofype). 

Scnidia dispersed but close to each other, 

sitting, brown, up to c. 50 pm diam. 

Conidiophores absent, conidiogenous cells c. 4 

x 3 pm, conidia 6-7 .5 x 2-2.5 Ffr, hyaline, not 

septate, gutrulate. 

Phoma lobariicola invades fresh thallus of the 

host, which subsequently turns brownish. About 

1000 pycnidia can occur per cttf . Later 

apothecia of Scutula lobariicola arise scattered 

between the Phoma conidia, which therefore is 

supposed to be the anamorph of S. Iobariicola. 

Phoma Sacc. is a large form-genus with 

several lichenicolous species, however, none of 

the descriptions of species included in Clauzade 

et al. (1989) or Sutton (1990) fits the present 

fungus, and no species of Phoma has been 

reported from a species of Lobaria. 

Scutula lobariicola Alstrup sp. nov. 

Apothecia dispersa, nigra, 0.3-0.4 mm diam., 

sessilia, ad bases constricta, semper plana. 

Excipulum persistens, in sectione fuscum, 35-40 

pm altum. Hymenium 55-65 pm altum, pallide 

fuscidum; subhymenium pallidum, circiter 40 

pm altum; paraphyses 2 pm crassae, cellulis 

apicalibus ad circiter 4 pm incrassatis, fuscocalyptratis 

epithecium fuscum formantibus. Asci 

circiter 55-60 x I5-I7 pm magni, tholis J 

(Lugol) * caeruleis, 8-spori. Ascosporae hyali- 


00 

08 

Figure 4. Holotype of Scutula lobariicola. 

Ascus in Lugol, paraphysis and ascospores in 

water. Bar 10 pm. 

nae, l-septatae, 11.5-13.5 x 4-5 pm magnae. 

Figure 4. 

Type: Norway, Nord-Trondelag, Overhalla, 

c. 1 km W of Foss, UTM 32W l33W PS 

4453lUM 5553, map 1723 I, alt. 50-100 m, old 

spruce forest, boreal rain forest, on Lobaria 

scobiculata, 28 July 1993, V. Alstrup (C, holotype; 

IMI 360735a, isorype). 

Apothecia dispersed, black, 0.3-0.4 mm diam, 

sitting, constricted at base, disc persistently flat. 

Exciple persistent, brown in section, 35-40 pm 

high. Hymenium 55-65 pm high, pale brownish, 

subhymenium pale, c. 40 pm high, paraphyses 2 

pm thick, with enlarged, brown-capped end 

cells c. 4 pm thick forming a brown epithecium. 

Asci c. 55-60 x l5-I7 pm, with tholus 

J(Lugol) + blue, 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline, 

l-septate, 11.5-13.5 x 4-5 pm. 

Scutula lobariicola is found on living but 

slightly discolored thallus of the host. The 

apothecia arise between pycnidia, which may 

cause the discoloration, and which are supposed 

to represent an anamorph of the Scutula, 

described as Phoma lobariicola above. 

Scutula Tul. is in need of a revision. 

Several species are reported on Peltigera and 

Solorina, deviating especially in colour, which 

varies according to light conditions. Other 

species occur on Cladonia, Ramnlina, Leptogium, 

Polychidium, Stereocaulon and crustose


lichens. Scutula krempelhuberi Korber has been 

reported on Lobaria scobiculata in France 

(Clauzade et al. 1989), it is otherwise confined 

to Solorina and deviates in becoming strongly 

convex and in paraphyses without a dark cap but 

occasionally with dark encrustations 

(Hawksworth 1986). The species known from 

Peltigera also arise between the anamorphs, 

which have 1-septate conidia referred to 

Karsteniomyces D. Hawksw. (Alstrup & 

Hawksworth 1990). 


I wish to thank Dr D. Bradford, Prof. D. L. 

Hawksworth and Prof. R. Santesson for 

comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. 

Thanks also to Dr T. Christensen for 

translation of the diagnoses into Latin. 

References 

Alstrup, V., Christensen, S. N., Hansen, E. S., 

& Svane, S. 1994: The lichens of the 

Faroes. Ann. Soc. Sci. Feroensis 40: 6t- 

LzL. 

Alstrup, V. & Hawksworth, D. L. 1990: The 

lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddel. 

Gronland, Biosci. 31: I-90. 

New lichenicolous fungi from Norway 29 

Clauzade, G., Diederich, P. & Roux, C. 1989: 

Nelikeni$intaj tungoj likenlogaj. Bull. Soc. 

Linn. Provence, num. spec. l.: l-142. 

Deighton, F. C. & Pirozynski, K. A. L972: 

Microfungi V. More hyperparasitic Hyphomycetes. 

Mycol. Pap. 128: 1-110. 

Grube, M. & Hafellner, J. 1990: Studien an 

flechtenbewohnenden Pilzen der Sammelgattung 

Didymella (Ascomycetes, Dothideales) 

. Nova Hedwigia 51 : 283-360. 

Hafellner, J. 1987: Studien riber lichenicole 

Pilze und Flechten VI. Ein verdndertes 

Gatfungskonzept frir Cercidospora. Herzogia 

7: 353-365. 

Hafellner, J. L994: Beitriige zu einem Prodromus 

der lichenicolen Prlze Osterreichs und 

angren:zender Gebiete. I. Einige neue oder 

seltene Arten. Herzogia I0: l-28. 

Hawksworth, D. L. 1986: Notes on British 

lichenicolous fungi. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. 

Edinburgh 43: 497 -519 . 

Holien, H. & Tonsberg, T. 1994: The 10th 

meeting of the Nordic Lichen Society in 

Nord-Trsndelag, Norway , 1993. Graphis 

Scripta 6: 67-75. 

Sutton, B. C. 1980: The Coelomycetes. CMI, 

Kew. 

Triebel, D. 1989: Lecideicole Ascomyceten. 

Biblioth. Lichenol. 35: l-278.

30 Book review 

Continued from page 16 

After 62 tntroductory pages, the rest of the 

book is dedicated to the species account. Maps 

are presented for all species, and show that 

Baden-Wtrttemberg is one of the best investigated 

areas in the world with respect to the 

lichen flora. The generic delimitations are to a 

large degree based on the central European 

school of the last 15 years. For beginners, the 

lecideoid genera are problematic, but this is 

solved by keying all the genera in the Lecidea 

key. In the text, the segregate genera are mostly 

accepted, however, and one must look up under 

Cecidonia, Porpidia, Tephromela, Miriquidica 

and so on. The parmelioid lichens are treated 


less consistently, i.e. by fully accepting some 

genera hke Parmotremn and Parmeliopsis, while 

other genera like Melanelia and Hypotrachyna 

are treated as groups under Parmelia. This is 

somewhat confusing. 

The text in the species account is almost 

identical to that in Flechtenflora by the same 

author, and I use the latter book more frequently 

because of its handbook size. It is especially the 

excellent photographs that make Die Flechten 

Baden-Wiirttembergs such an important work, 

and I believe invaluable in its ability to arouse 

interest for lichens among students and amateurs. 

Reidar Haugan

Arthrorhaphis vacillans ny for Svalbard 

PER GERHARD IHLEN 

Ihlen, P. G. 1997: Arthrorhaphis vacillans ny for Svalbard. [Arrhrorhaphis 

vacillans new to Svalbardl. Graphis Scripta 8; 31. Stockholm ISSN 0901 -7593. 

The lichen Arthrorhnphis vacillans is reported as new to Svalbard, where this 

species has its northernmost distributional timit at Kongsfjorden, 78o57'N. 

Per Gerhard lhlen, Botanisk Institun, Universitetet i Bergen, Alltgaten 41, N- 

5N7 Bergen, Norway. 

Da jeg studerte de lavboende soppene pi artene i 

slektene Baeomyces, Dibaeis og lcmadophila i 

Norge (Ihlen under utarbeidelse), fikk jeg ogsi 

tilsendt herbariemateriale innsamlet pi Svalbard. 

Her ble laven Arthrorhaphis vacillans Th. Fr. 

fururet i to kollekter som var feilbestemt til A. 

alpina (Schaer.) R. Sant. Arten er ikke kjent fra 

Svalbard ifolge Alstrup & Elvebakk (i trykk). 

Sterile individer av A. vacillans kan ikke 

skilles fra A. alpina (Obermayer 1994), begge 

har gule, konvekse areoler og inneholder 

lavsubstansene rhizocarpsyre og epanorin. Som 

fertil derimot, er A. vacillans lett kjennlig ved at 

den har 3-4-septerte sporer med storrelsen I3-L7 

x 5-6 Ffl, mens A. alpina har 9- 13 septerte 

sporer med stsrrelsen 30-55 x 4-8 pm. 

Arthrorhaphis alpina og A. vacillans er 

utbredt i de arktisk-alpine omrider pn den 

nordlige halvkule (Obermayer L994), men sistnevnte 

er ikke kjent fra Nord-Amerika 

(Esslinger & Egan 1995). Begge artene kan sitte 

ph Baeomyces rufus eller vokse autonomt over 

moser eller pi jord (Obermayer 1994). Arthrorhaphis 

vacillans er mer sjelden ewr A. alpina 

og krever ogsi et mer kalkrikt substrat 

(Obermayer 1994). 

Individene av A. vacillans innsamlet pn 

Svalbard var autonome, og vokste ssrvendt, pi 

jord. Lokaliteten ved Kongsfjorden, 78o57'N, 

representerer ny nordgrense for lavens utbredelse. 

Den tidligere nordgrensen var pn ca. 

75oN ph oya Kotel'nyy i Ost-Sibir (se utbredelseskartet 

til Obermayer L994). 

Undersskt materiale: Svalbard. Kongsfjorden, 

Gisebu, 1981 , Avstedal (BG); Reindalspasset in 

Reindalen, UTM: WG 4466, alt. 190 m, 1990, 

Elvebakk (TROM). 

Takk 

Jeg vil takke Arve Elvebakk (Tromso) for 

opplysninger om Svalbards lavflora og per 

Magnus Jorgensen (Bergen) for giennomlesning 

av manuskriptet. 

Litteratur 

Alstrup, V. & Elvebakk, A. i trykk: Lichenicolous 

fungi. /; Elvebakk, A. & Presterud, 

P. (red.). A caralogue of Svalbard plants, 

fungi, algae and cyanobacteria. Norsk 

Polarinst. Skr. 

Esslinger, T. L. & Egan, R. S. L995: A sixth 

checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous 

and allied fungi of the Continental 

United States and Canada. Bryologist 9g: 

467 -549. 

Obermayer, W. L994: Die Flechtengattung 

Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Ascomycotina) 

in Europa und Gronland. Nova 

Hedwigia 58: 275-333.

Apology from the editor 

This issue of Graphis Scripta is unfoftunately and I can only apologize and promise a more 

heavily delayed, caused by a series of circum- organized behaviour for the next issues. 

stances. It is all the responsibility of the editor, 

Einar Thndal

Instructions for authors 

Unpublished papers on all aspects of lichenology 

will be considered for publication in Graphis 

Scripta, but priority is given to those dealing 

with Nordic systematics and floristics. Manuscripts 

should be submiaed as one original and 

one copy to ttre editor (Einar Timdal). Papers 

are published in English or in a Scandinavian 

language with a short English summary. All 

papers will be evaluated by referees. 

The manuscript should be type-written 

double-spaced with wide margins. As a guide to 

the layout recent issues should be consulted. 

When accepted for publication, the final version 

of the manuscript should, if possible, be accompanied 

with the text on diskette, preferably 

written in MS Word or WordPerfect (PC or 

Macintosh), or as an ASCII-fiIe. Use a minimum 

of formatting codes; underline or italics, 

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Avoid right-hand and center justifications, 

do not use multiple columns, use only one font 

and one type-size. 

The abstract should be in about 3-10 printed 

lines. It summarizes the results and conclusions 

of the paper, and is not merely a description of 

the work. 

Figure originals should preferably be between 7 

and 10 cm wide (column) or between 14 and 2l 

cm wide (page). Indicate whether the figure is 

intended for column or page (maximum reduction 

rate is 33 %). For line-drawings, please 

make sure that the line thickness is sufficient for 

the indicated reduction rate. Magnifications are 

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statement of the bar length in the figure or in the 

legend. 

Black/white line-drawings and a moderate 

number of half-tone photographs are free of 

charge; colour photographs can be included if 

the additional printing costs are paid for by the 

author. 

The nomenclature follows Santesson (1993) for 

papers on Nordic species, unless otherwise 

stated. Author names are normally given at the 

first mention of a species; abbreviations of 

author names follow Kirk & Ansell (1992). 

Titles of periodicals are abbreviated according 

to Botanico Periodicum Huntianum, and titles of 

boola (in taxonomic treatments in the text) 

according to Stafleu & Cowan, Taxonomic 

literature, Znd edition. Spellings of geographical 

names follow The Timcs Atlas of the World. 

For the layout of referencm, follow these 

examples: 

Hansen, E. S., Poelt, J. & Sochting, U. L987: 

Die Flechtengattung Caloplaca in Gr6nland. 

Meddel. Grsnland, Biosci. 25: l-52. 

Kirk, P. M. & Ansell, A. E. 1992: Authors of 

fungal rutmes: A list of authors of scientific 

nomes of fungi, with recommerded standard 

forms of their nomeg including abbreviations. 

C.A.B. International, Wallingford. 

kog, H. l99I: Lichenological observations in 

low montane rainforests of eastern Tarzania. 

In: Galloway, D. J. (ed.), Tropical 

Lichens : Their systemotics, consernation and. 

eicology. The S)stematics Association 

Special Volume 43: 85-94. 


fungi of Sweden and Norway. SBTfdrlaget, 

Lund. 

Off-prints. Three copies of the journal are 

supplied free of charge to the first author. Additional 

copies may be ordered at extra cost. 

Papers may be copied free of charge.

GT{APHIS SCNIPTA 

Volym 8, hifte "1.,1997 

Innehlll 

1 Lichens on Vaccinium myrtillus in Poland 

J. Miadlikowska 

4 NLF excursion to Iceland 1997 

5 The chemotypes of Cetrelia olivetorum in Norway 

T. Bjelland, G. Halleraker, V. Reeb and T. Tonsberg 

8 NLF on Internet 

9 Collema callopismum new to Norway 

A. Botnen 

1 1 Lecanora cinereofusca in Norw ay , a rare and endangered lichen 

H. Holien 

t6 Book review (New edition of Die Flechten Baden-Wtirttembergs) 

n Inventering av lavar i en all6 - en jiimf6relse mellan tr[dslag 

P. Frdddn 

25 New lichenicolous fungi found on the NLF meeting in Norway 1993 

V. Alstrup 

31 Arthrorhaphis vacillans ny for Svalbard 

P. G. Ihlen 

32 Apology from the editor

GMPHIS SCRIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

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