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Guy Colling 

Edmée Engel 

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Page de couverture: 

Ophrys holoserica Foto: Sylvie Hermant 2002 

Jasione montana Foto: Guy Colling Juli 2004 

Arnica montana Weicherdange Foto: Jim Meisch 

Titre: 

Guy Colling 

Red List of the Vascular Plants of Luxembourg 

Date de publication: 

15 janvier 2005 

(réception du manuscrit: 18 avril 2002) 

Impression: 

Imprimerie Graphic Press Sàrl, Luxembourg 

© Musée national d’histoire naturelle Luxembourg, 2005 ISSN 1682-5519

Ferrantia 

42 

Red List of the 

Vascular Plants of Luxembourg 

Guy Colling 

Luxembourg, 2005 

Travaux scientifiques du Musée national d’histoire naturelle Luxembourg

To Lepopold Reichling

Table of Contents 

Abstract 5 

Résumé 5 

Zusammenfassung 5 

1. Introduction 6 

2. The checklist of vascular plants 6 

3. Evaluation methods 6 

3.1 Time scale 6 

3.2. The IUCN threat categories and selection criteria 6 

3.3. The application of the IUCN-categories at the national level 9 

3.4. Taxonomic difficulties 10 

4. Examples of classification 11 

4.1 Category RE (Regionally Extinct) 11 

4.2 Category CR (Critically Endangered) 11 

4.3 Category EN (Endangered) 12 

4.4 Category VU (Vulnerable) 13 

4.5 Category R (Extremely Rare) 14 

5. Red List and checklist of the vascular plants of Luxembourg 15 

5.1. Legend 15 

6. Discussion 55 

6.1. The Luxembourg Red List in the European context 55 

6.2. Habitats and threats 57 

6.3. Responsibilities of Luxembourg for the conservation of 

endangered plant species 59 

References 62 

Appendix 1: The IUCN criteria for Critically Endangered, Endangered 

and Vulnerable species (IUCN 2001) 65 

Appendix 2: Vascular plant taxa protected under Luxembourg and 

international legislation 69

G. Colling Red List of the Vascular Plants of Luxembourg 

Red List of the Vascular Plants of Luxembourg 

Keywords: 

Red List, checklist, threatened plants, biodiversity. 

Abstract: 

The Red List of the vascular plants of Luxembourg 

applies for the first time the revised IUCN Red List categories 

(IUCN 2001) at a national level. The checklist 

on which the Red List is based contains 1323 vascular 

plant taxa. Out of these, 7.6% are considered to be Re- 

Résumé: 

La Liste Rouge des plantes vasculaires du Luxembourg 

est une première application des nouvelles catégories 

de Liste Rouge IUCN (IUCN 2001) à un niveau national. 

Le catalogue, sur base duquel la liste rouge a été élaborée, 

contient 1323 taxons de plantes vasculaires. 

Parmi ceux-ci, 7,6% sont considérés comme disparus au 

Zusammenfassung: 

Die Rote Liste der Gefäßpflanzen von Luxemburg ist eine 

erste Anwendung der neuen IUCN Rote Liste-Kategorien 

(IUCN 2001) auf nationaler Ebene. Die Florenliste der 

Farn-und Blütenpflanzen von Luxemburg, anhand derer 

die Rote Liste erstellt wurde, enthält 1323 Sippen. 

Ferrantia • 42 / 2004 

Guy Colling 

Musée national d’histoire naturelle, Service biologie des populations 

25, rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg 

guy.colling@mnhn.lu 

gionally Extinct (RE), 9.2% Critically Endangered (CR), 

9.4% Endangered (EN), 8.2% Vulnerable (VU) and 6.3% 

Extremely Rare (R). Overall 34.4% of the vascular plant 

taxa of Luxembourg are threatened or extinct. 

niveau régional (RE), 9,2% comme menacés de disparition 

(CR), 9,4% comme fortement menacés (EN), 8,2% 

comme menacés (VU) et 6,3% comme étant extrêmenent 

rares (R). En total 34,4% des taxons de plantes supérieures 

du Luxembourg sont considérés comme étant 

menacés ou disparus. 

Von diesen sind 7,6% regional ausgestorben (RE), 9,2% 

vom Aussterben bedroht (CR), 9,4% stark gefährdet 

(EN), 8,2% gefährdet (VU) und 6,3% extrem selten (R). 

Insgesamt sind 34,4% der Farn-und Blütenpflanzen von 

Luxemburg gefährdet oder ausgestorben. 

5


6 

1. Introduction 

Red Lists have become an important tool for 

monitoring biodiversity at continental and 

regional scales and they have been used for 

defining species conservation strategies. The 

lists are internationally widely recognised and 

numerous governmental and non-governmental 

organisations draw on them to define areas of 

high conservation priority. Many environmental 

assessment studies are also based on Red Lists. 

Unfortunately, the publication of Red Lists has 

been a slow process in Luxembourg. One reason for 

this is the small number of professional scientists 

studying the biological diversity of the country. A 

large part of the existing field data were collected 

by amateur botanists and zoologists, and without 

their contribution our knowledge about the status 

of rare and endangered plant species would be far 

less extensive. A first version of a Red List for the 

vascular plants of Luxembourg was compiled in 

1986 by Reichling (unpublished). The categories 

used by Reichling made no clear distinction 

between the concepts of rarity and vulnerability 

and were not comparable to the applied IUCN 

categories. The present Red List now applies the 

revised IUCN (The World Conservation International 

Union) threat categories (IUCN 2001) for 

the first time at a national level in Luxembourg. 

2. The checklist of vascular 

plants 

Any Red List should be based on a recent checklist 

of taxa for the geographical area under study. It is 

important not to focus solely on threatened plant 

taxa. One should also have a close look at those 

taxa considered not to be endangered. 

The checklist presented in this work contains all 

native and established alien vascular plant species 

of Luxembourg documented by a herbarium 

specimen. The existence of an unambiguously 

determined herbarium specimen with indication 

of the collection site, collection date, and the 

collector’s name was considered as a ‘conditio sine 

qua non’ for inclusion of a taxon in the checklist. 

Most specimens are part of the herbarium of the 

National Museum of Natural History in Luxembourg 

(LUX). Taxa with only literature records 

(Tinant 1836; Koltz 1873, 1879) were generally 

not considered. However, some exceptions were 

made to this rule. E.g., Osmunda regalis, already 

mentioned by Koltz (1879), was only recently 

confirmed for Luxembourg (Reichling 1990). 

No herbarium specimen was collected in this 

case for conservation reasons. The checklist was 

elaborated in close collaboration with Reichling, 

who published many floristical observations since 

1949 (Beck et al. 1950, 1952; Reichling 1953, 1954, 

1955, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1981, 1990; 

Colling et al. 1994, 1996, 1998). I also considered 

the records of rare plant species published by 

Kariger (1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1990, 

1992, 1995, 1997) and recently published floristical 

observations (Colling et al. 2001, 2003; Krippel 

& Colling 2004). The status of aquatic plants in 

the checklist is mainly based on the publications 

of Diederich (1983a, 1983b, 1984a, 1984b, 1985). 

Nomenclature of the checklist follows Lambinon 

et al. (2004). 

3. Evaluation methods 

3.1 Time scale 

The Red List is based on the changes in Luxembourg’s 

flora during the past 175 years, as the 

necessary information for the estimation of threat 

levels exists only for this period. The starting 

point of my evaluation is not a ‘natural’ landscape 

in the sense of wilderness existing before human 

beings settled in our region, but the landscape 

of the mid 19 th century shaped by our ancestors 

during centuries of activities (‘Kulturlandschaft’). 

At that moment, agriculture mainly depended on 

soil characteristics and the use of chemicals and 

artificial fertilisers was unknown. Also the melioration 

of marginal areas like bogs and marshes 

was still in its beginnings and land consolidation 

did not occur. The human activities had created 

a very diverse landscape with a huge number 

of different ecosystems like ploughed fields, 

grasslands, heaths, mires, swamps, tall-herb fens, 

woodlands and coppices. These were the habitats 

of a large number of plant species. It is probable 

that like elsewhere in Europe, the diversity of 

plant species reached a maximum in Luxembourg 

midway of the last century as a result of landuse 

practices. 

3.2. The IUCN threat categories 

and selection criteria 

The internationally recognised IUCN Criteria 

for assigning threat status have been used for 

over 30 years in various Red Lists and Red Data 

Books. As some deficiencies of the old system 

became apparent, the IUCN’s Species Survival 

Commission Steering Committee asked for a new 

set of criteria to be developed, and the final version 

of the revised criteria was endorsed as the global 

standard by the IUCN Council in December 1994. 

Ferrantia • 42 / 2004


Table 1: Definitions of the IUCN threat categories (IUCN 2001, Gärdenfors et al. 2001) and the national 

category Extremely Rare. 

Threat category Definition 

Extinct (EX) 

Extinct in the Wild (EW) 

Regionally Extinct (RE) 

Critically Endangered (CR) 

Endangered (EN) 

Vulnerable (VU) 

Near Threatened (NT) 

Extremely Rare (R) 

Least Concern (LC) 

Data Deficient (DD) 

Not Evaluated (NE) 


A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has 

died. A taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or 

expected habitats, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout 

its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a 

time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. 

A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known to survive only in cultivation, 

in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the 

past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys 

in known/and or expected habitats, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, 

annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. 

Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and 

life form. 

A taxon is Regionally Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last 

individual potentially capable of reproduction within the region has died or 

disappeared from the region or when, if it is a former visiting taxon, the last 

individual has died or disappeared from the region. 

A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that 

it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see appendix 1), and 

it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in 

the wild. 

A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets 

any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see appendix 1), and it is therefore 

considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. 

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets 

any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see appendix 1), and it is therefore 

considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. 

A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but 

does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is 

close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the 

near future. 

A taxon is Extremely Rare when it exists only in a few and small populations 

that are not at present Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near 

Threatened or Least Concern. The taxon is usually localised within restricted 

geographical areas or habitats or is thinly scattered over a more extensive 

range. A loss of populations would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the 

threat categories above. 

A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and 

does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near 

Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. 

A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a 

direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution 

and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its 

biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution 

are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa 

in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges 

the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification 

is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are 

available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between 

DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively 

circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last 

record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. 

A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the 

criteria. 

7


8 

Table 2: Summary of the main thresholds of the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2001) 

Criterion Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable 

A 

B 

C 

D1 

D2 

E 

Population 

reduction 

Small 

distribution 

– fragmented, 

declining or 

fluctuating 

Small 

population 

size and 

decline 

Very small 

population 

Very 

restricted area 

of occupancy 

Probability of 

extinction 

≥90% over 10 yrs or 3 

generations in past or 

future when causes of 

reduction are reversible 

and understood and 

ceased 

≥80% over 10 yrs or 3 

generations in past or 

future when causes of 

reduction may not have 

ceased or may not be 

understood or may not 

be reversible 

Extent of occurrence


Following comments received, the criteria were 

recently changed and the revisions were accepted 

by the IUCN Council in February 2000. I applied 

version 3.1 of the criteria for the IUCN threat 

catgeories in the present Red List (IUCN 2001). 

A brief description of the IUCN criteria is given in 

Table 1, and Fig.1 shows the hierarchical relationships 

between the categories. The published 

document (IUCN 2001) gives a full explanation 

and contains many qualifying remarks. Taxa listed 

as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) or 

Vulnerable (VU) qualify as threatened species. A set 

of five main criteria A-E (plus an additional subcriterium 

for the Vulnerable category) qualifies a 

taxon for listing at a given threat level. Within the 

criteria A-E, the qualifying thresholds differ. Table 

2 gives a summary of the thresholds and their full 

description is given in Appendix 1. Taxa extinct 

within Luxembourg but extant in other parts of 

the world were classified as Regionally Extinct (RE) 

(see Gärdenfors et al. 2001). 

Countries are permitted at the national level 

to define additional categories. I established 

the category Extremely Rare (R) that existed in 

the pre-1994 IUCN categories. This category is 

important to characterise plant taxa with few and 

small populations that are not at present Critically 

endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near threatened 

or Least Concern (Table 3; Fig. 1). Korneck et al. 

(1996) defined a similar category for Germany. 


(Evaluated) 

(Adequate data) 

Not Evaluated (NE) 

3.3. The application of the IUCNcategories 

at the national level 

The IUCN categories and criteria can be applied 

within any specified geographical area and to 

any taxon at or below species level. However 

their application at regional or national levels (as 

opposed to global) should follow a common set 

of guidelines in order to achieve a greater consistency 

in the application of the criteria. I followed 

the recomandations of Gärdenfors et al. (2001) 

for the application of IUCN Red List criteria at 

a national level. The procedure for assigning an 

IUCN category at a national level follows a twostep 

procedure (Fig. 2). First a taxon-by-taxon 

assessment based on the global IUCN criteria 

is made and then it is considered whether the 

population is isolated (i.e. behaves as an endemic 

taxon) or is part of a larger population. In a 

small country like Luxembourg, it is likely that 

its populations are shared with neighbouring 

countries. However, red-listed sessile organisms 

like vascular plant species, as a result of habitat 

destruction often have a fragmented distribution, 

thus reducing the probability of any significant 

immigration of propagules capable of surviving 

in the region. For that reason, plant taxa have been 

assigned to a threat category mainly on the basis 

of their situation in Luxembourg. 

Many criteria for assigning the IUCN-categories 

are based on the decline of historical population 

Data Deficient (DD) 

Extinct (EX) 

Extinct in the Wild (EW) 


Critically Endangered (CR) 

Endangered (EN) 

Vulnerable (VU) 

Near Threatened (NT) 

Extremely Rare (R) 

Least Concern (LC) 

Fig. 1: Hierarchical relationships of the IUCN threat categories applied for Luxembourg. Source: adapted 

from IUCN (2001). 

9


10 

1. Acces regional 

population according 

to the global Red List 

Criteria 

2. Is the taxon a nonbreeding 

visitor? 

Yes 

sizes and try to evaluate the period of time during 

which a certain species will become extinct with 

a certain probability. Unfortunately, data on the 

historical population size of rare plant species 

seldom exist for Luxembourg. In the process of 

assigning an IUCN category, I had to rely on information 

from historical floras (Tinant 1836; Koltz 

1873, 1879), distribution maps (van Rompaey et al. 

1979; Reichling unpublished data) and on a wide 

range of published and unpublished floristical 

observations. The frequencies indicated in the 

historical floras for the taxa were compared with 

the present situation. However, many evaluations 

relied on personal field observations and some 

subjectivity was unavoidable. The assigning of 

threat status of the taxa was done in close collaboration 

with Reichling, who has made floristical 

observations in Luxembourg since 1949. I decided 

to use the decline in the number of locations 

known as an estimate of population reduction. 

The main measure of decline was a decrease of the 

area of occupancy (IUCN 2001) as indicated by the 

reduction in the number of occupied grid squares 

in the distribution maps of Reichling (unpublished 

data), the size of the grid squares being 1 km2 . For 

many species the occurrence in one grid square 

corresponds to several populations in the field. 

However in the case of rare species, an occupied 

grid cell often corresponds to a single population. 

Because there is no earlier Red List for Luxembourg, 

the application of the criterion ‘A’ based on 

the decline of the population over the last ten years 

or three generations (see Appendix 1), was only 

applied to the few taxa where this information 

existed (Huperzia selago, Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, 

Parnassia palustris). Criterion ‘E’, which 

requires a population viability analysis, has not 

been applied to any species in this work because 

the necessary data to estimate the probability of 

extinction were not available. 

No 

2c. Is the immigration 

expected to decrease? 

Yes 

2b. Is the regional 

population the target of 

any significant 

immigration of 

propagules capable of 

surviving in the region? 

No 

Yes/Do not know 

2d. Is the 

regional 

population a 

sink? 

No/Do not 

Know 

No/Do not know 

Yes 

Downgrade 

category 

Upgrade 

category 

No 

change 

Fig. 2: Conceptual scheme of the procedure for assigning an IUCN Red List catgeory at a regional level. Source: 

adapted from Gärdenfors et al. (2001). 

3.4. Taxonomic difficulties 

Species and subspecies that are difficult to 

distinguish are often summarized into aggregates. 

Apomixis often plays an important role 

in these cases, as in Ranunculus auricomus agg., 

Rubus spp., Hieracium spp. and Taraxacum spp. 

For Ranunculus auricomus agg. taxa were not 

distinguished at the species level in the present 

checklist. Our knowledge of distribution, ecology 

and status of this group was insufficient to allow 

a more detailed contribution to the Red List. For 

Taraxacum spp., 28 taxa determined by van Soest 

(Reichling 1981) are included in the checklist. 

The list of Hieracium taxa was completed by the 

revision of LUX-specimens of Hieracium by de 

Retz and van Soest (Reichling 1981). The genus 

Rubus was recently studied by Helminger (1992). 

He completed the checklist with the material from 

the LUX-herbarium (Helminger, unpublished 

data). 

Infraspecific taxa were generally not considered 

for the present version of the checklist. In some 

cases, for which sufficient data for the status of 

the infraspecific taxa were available, a distinction 

of threat categories at subspecies level was 

made. Examples of this kind are Festuca longifolia 

Thuill. subsp. pseudocostei Auquier et Kerguelen, 

Thalictrum minus L. subsp. pratense (F.W. Schultz) 

Hand and Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. orientalis 

(L.) Čelak. A complete investigation of infraspecific 

taxa would have unduly delayed the publication 

of the Red List. Y. Krippel contributed to 

the evaluation of the threat status of infraspecific 

pteridophyte taxa. 

I did not consider hybrids for the checklist with 

the exception of Circaea ×intermedia Ehrh. (C. alpina 

× lutetiana) which occurs without the presence of 

C. alpina and reproduces by clonal growth and 



Symphytum ×uplandicum Nyman, a fertile hybrid 

of S. asperum Lepechin and S. officinale L., which 

has outcompeted S. asperum in many places 

(Lambinon et al. 2004). 

4. Examples of classification 

In the following, the use of the different threat 

categories is illustrated by one example for each 

category. In a future version of the Red List, I plan 

to give a similar detailed description of each taxon 

listed. 

4.1 Category RE (Regionally Extinct) 

Drosera rotundifolia L., Droseraceae 

Distribution outside of Luxembourg: Circumpolar 

distribution, nearly the whole of Europe, 

in Southern Europe only in mountainous regions; 

also in the Caucasus and Lebanon, Siberia, Japan, 

North America, Greenland. 

Former distribution in Luxembourg: Gutland: 

Beaufort Eltersmuer, Bascharage Boufferdanger 

Muer, Brouch Finstertal; Oesling: Wilwerdange 

Conzefenn, Derenbach Wald, Clervaux. 

Present distribution in Luxembourg: Regionally 

Extinct (RE). 

Habitat: Sphagnum bogs. 

Phytosociology: Carex echinata-Sphagnum bog, 

associated with Carex canescens, Carex echinata, 

Juncus squarrosus, Viola palustris, but also 


Eriophorum angustifolium and Vaccinium oxyococcos, 

vanishing if the bogs are drained. 

Biology: Flowers June-August, mostly self-pollinated; 

sexual reproduction and clonal growth; 

perennial. 

Status and threats: Used to be locally quite 

common in Sphagnum mires and marshes (Koltz 

1873). Formerly known from 6 localities. The 

species became extinct at the last known locality 

in Bascharage Boufferdanger Muer in 1983. 


Recovery goal: Since no stock is cultivated and 

seed is held by no institution, a reintroduction 

from Luxembourg material is not possible but the 

species could be reintroduced from material of 

extant Belgian localities. 

4.2 Category CR (Critically Endangered) 

Arnica montana L., Asteraceae 

Distribution outside of Luxembourg: European 

sub-oceanic distribution, in mountainous regions 

of Central Europe and in Western Europe from 

northern Spain through the French central plateau 

to Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. 


Beaufort; Oesling: Rambrouch, Brachtenbach, 

Eselborn, Troine Sporbech, Derenbach Wald, 

Moulin de Bigonville, Wilwerdange Conzefenn, 

Doennange Nesselbirchen, Berlé Bamels, Grosbous 

Neiwis, Basbellain Fenn, Weicherdange Breichen, 

Binsfeld Hounert. 

Fig. 3: Drosera rotundifolia, 30.9.2001, Belgium, Marais de Vance. Photo: C. Reckinger. 

11


12 

Present distribution in Luxembourg: Oesling: 

Troine Sporbech, Wilwerdange Conzefenn, Weicherdange 

Breichen, Binsfeld Hounert. 

Main population: Oesling: Wilwerdange 

Conzefenn. 

Habitat: Siliceous grasslands on nutrient poor soils, 

vanishing if the grasslands are fertilized and grazing 

is stopped. 

Phytosociology: Nardo-Galion grasslands, associated 

with species like Nardus stricta, Festuca filiformis, 

Succisa pratensis, Danthonia decumbens, Potentilla 

erecta, but also Dactylorhiza maculata and Pedicularis 

sylvatica. 

Biology: Flowers June-July, mainly pollinated by 

syrphid flies (Luijten et al. 1996); sexual reproduction 

and clonal growth; perennial, long-lived 

species. 

Status and threats: Used to be locally quite 

common in grazed grasslands and heaths (Koltz 

1873). Formerly known from 14 localities. Now 

only 4 populations remain with population 

sizes ranging from one to 440 rosettes belonging 

probably only to a few old individuals. Threatened 

by lack of management, fragmentation and very 

Fig. 4: Arnica montana, 3.7.1996, Luxembourg, 

Weicherdange, Bréicher. Photo: C. Reckinger. 

small population size. The populations show no 

establishment of seedlings. Critically endangered 

(CR). 

Recovery goal: Recovery will have been achieved 

when the extant Luxembourg populations have 

increased through management to at least 500 

flowering genets each and have persisted for 

at least 10 years. In addition, former sites must 

continue to be surveyed and action taken to reestablish 

or reintroduce plants where appropriate. 

This will depend on the results of experimental 

research. The conservation of viable populations 

of Arnica montana in the Ardennes should be a 

common concern of Luxembourg, Belgium and 

Germany. 

Management requirements: Management of 

sites should aim to favour seedling establishment 

and high seed set of flowering individuals. The 

reintroduction of sheep grazing will be an appropriate 

management technique in the abandoned 

grasslands. The creation of small gaps for establishment 

is probably necessary. 

Contingency requirements: No stock is cultivated 

but seed is held by the Luxembourg National 

Museum of Natural History. 

Research requirements: Results from research on 

the following topics would assist management 

planning: population biology, especially causes 

of mortality of young plants and seedlings, the 

effects of fragmentation, the effects of parasites 

and herbivores on reproduction, reintroduction 

of new populations in suitable sites; pollination 

biology, especially effects of very small population 

size on seed set. 

Translocation requirements: None. 

Enforcement requirements: Since all extant 

populations in Luxembourg are very small (< 50 

individuals) and as the minimal viable population 

size is estimated to be 500-1000 individuals, 

increasing the number of plants is required. 

Monitoring requirements: Surveys should 

be undertaken every year (number of genets, 

juveniles, seedlings). 

4.3 Category EN (Endangered) 

Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill., Ranunculaceae 

Distribution outside of Luxembourg: European 

taxon; to the north up to England; to the east as far 

as the Czech Republic; to the west until northern 

France; to the south until the Jura, northern 

Switzerland and northern Yugoslavia (former 

sense). 


Luxembourg Fort Olizy, Luxembourg Pulvermühl, 

Luxembourg Gantebein, Luxembourg Hemmer- 



Fig. 5: Pulsatilla vulgaris, 6.4.1999, Luxembourg, 

Lellingen, Am Lohr. Photo: C. Reckinger. 

stellchen, Luxembourg Schleifmühle, Luxembourg 

Kalebierg, Niederdonven, Ahn Palmberg, 

Moersdorf Deiwelskopp, Graulinster Groeknapp, 

Mompach Giwischerwis, between Rosport and 

Dickweiler, Rosport Hild, Rosport Girsterklaus, 

Steinheim, Aspelt Heinrichsmühle, Altwies 

Stengege Berreg, Bettendorf Niederberg, Mamer 

Thillsmillen, Kayl Brucherbierg, Esch-sur- 

Alzette, Differdange Termekreinchen, Dudelange 

Galgebierg; Oesling: Kautenbach Ueweschlaed, 

Kautenbach Falkenberg, Siebenaler Remelecht, 

Lellingen Op Baerel, Lellingen confluence Lellgerbaach-Helbichbaach. 

Present distribution in Luxembourg: Gutland: 

Moersdorf Deiwelskopp; Oesling: Lellingen 

Vannar, Lellingen Op Baerel, Lellingen Héisbrich, 

Kautenbach Ueweschlaed. 

Main population: Oesling: Lellingen Op Baerel. 

Habitat: Dry calcareous or siliceous grasslands. 

Phytosociology: Mesobromion, associated with 

Brometalia-species like Bromus erectus, Cirsium 

acaule and Helianthemum nummularium, but also 

with Festuca heteropachys and Calluna vulgaris on 


siliceous soils. 

Biology: Flowers April-May; sexual reproduction, 

some clonal growth; perennial, long-lived species. 

Status and threats: Used to be locally common. 

According to Koltz (1873) the species used to occur 

on the plateau of the Luxembourg sandstone area 

and in calcareous grasslands. Once known from 

twenty eight localities. Now only five populations 

remain with population sizes ranging from two to 

more than 7000 genets (Colling & Krippel 2001). 

Endangered (EN). 


when monitoring indicates stable or increasing 

populations in Lellingen and Moersdorf. In 

addition, former sites must continue to be 

surveyed and action taken to re-establish or 

reintroduce plants where appropriate. This will 

depend on the results of experimental research. 

Site management requirements: Pending the 

results of research, management of sites should 

aim to favour seedling establishment and enhance 

the survival of juveniles. 

Contingency requirements: No stock is cultivated, 

and seed is held by no institution, a situation that 

should be rectified. 

Research requirements: Results from research 

on the following topics would assist the design 

of management actions: population biology, 

especially causes of mortality of seedlings and 

juveniles, effects of fragmentation, establishment 

of new populations in suitable sites. 


Enforcement requirements: Increasing the 

number of indiviuals in existing populations may 

be required pending the results of research. 

Monitoring requirements: Surveys should be 

undertaken every five years (number of genets, 

juveniles). 

4.4 Category VU (Vulnerable) 

Dactylorhiza majalis (Reichenb.) 

P. F. Hunt et Summerh., Orchidaceae 

Distribution outside of Luxembourg: Central 

Europe. 

Former distribution in Luxembourg: Gutland, 

Oesling. 

Present distribution in Luxembourg: Gutland, 

Oesling. 

Main populations: Gutland: Dippach Bitchenheck, 

Koedange Poenn; Oesling: Grosbous 

Neiwis. 

13


14 

Fig. 6: Dactylorhiza majalis, 15.5.2001, Luxembourg, 

Koedange, Poenn. Photo: C. Reckinger. 

Habitat: Wet meadows mown in June-July, on 

heavy soils with water excess during winter, 

vanishing if the meadows are fertilized and tall 

grasses like Alopecurus pratensis and Poa trivialis 

are favoured. Rarely found in abandoned 

meadows. 

Phytosociology: Selino-Molinietum, Junco-Molinietum, 

Senecio-Brometum racemosi, associated 

with Molinion-species like Succisa pratenis, Juncus 

conglomeratus and Scorzonera humilis but also 

Calthion-species like Caltha palustris, Senecio 

aquaticus and Bromus racemosus. 

Biology: Flowers June; sexual reproduction; 

perennial, long-lived species. 

Status and threats: Used to be quite common in 

wet meadows and marsh forests (Koltz 1873). 

Once known from 88 grid squares of 1 km2 (Reichling, unpublished data). Threatened by 

intensification of agriculture and fragmentation. 

Vulnerable (VU). 


when all existing sites have hydrological and 

successional conditions conducive to maintaining 

their populations at present or increased levels. 

Site management requirements: Pending the 

results of research, management of sites should 

favour the establishment of seedlings. The low 

nutrient sites (Molinion) should be preserved as 

a priority by appropriate management. Extensification 

schemes should be applied to wet meadows 

still exploited by farmers. 

Contingency requirements: Seed is held by no 

institution, a situation that should be rectified. 


on the following topics would assist the design 

of management actions: population biology, 

especially mortality of young plants by competition 

from tall grasses, effects of extensification 

schemes, effects of habitat fragmentation, reestablishment 

of new populations in suitable sites. 


Enforcement requirements: None. 



juveniles). 

4.5 Category R (Extremely Rare) 

Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill., 

Caryophyllaceae 

Distribution outside of Luxembourg: Central 

Europe, from southern France to southern 

England, from the Jura to the Czech Republic and 

western Poland. 

Former distribution in Luxembourg: Oesling: 

Stolzembourg, Michelau. 

Present distribution in Luxembourg: Oesling: 

Michelau. 

Main population: Oesling: Michelau. 

Habitat: Crevices in Devonian rocks. 

Phytosociology: Diantho-Festucetum, associated 

with species like Silene nutans, Lychnis viscaria and 

Cotoneaster integerrimus. 

Biology: Flowers May-June, pollinated by diurnal 

butterflies; sexual reproduction, clonal growth 

form (mat-forming); perennial, long-lived species. 

Status and threats: Only two localities known, of 

which one, mentioned by Koltz (1873), has disappeared. 

Extremely Rare (R). 

Recovery goal: Recovery for this naturally 

rare species will be achieved when monitoring 

indicates a stable or increasing population in 

Michelau. 



Fig. 7: Dianthus gratianopolitanus, 18.6.1995, 

Luxembourg, Michelau. Photo: C. Reckinger. 

Site management requirements: None. 

Contingency requirements: No stock is cultivated 

and seed is held by no institution, a situation that 

should be rectified. 


on the following topics would assist the design of 

protection actions: population biology, pollination 

biology. 


Enforcement requirements: None. 



juveniles). 


5. Red List and checklist 

of the vascular plants of 

Luxembourg 

5.1. Legend 

Taxon name 

Threat category (adapted from IUCN 2001) 

RE Regionally Extinct 

CR Critically Endangered 

EN Endangered 

VU Vulnerable 

NT Near Threatened 

R Extremely Rare 

LC Least Concern 

DD Data Deficient 

NE 

Status 

Not Evaluated 

N Native 

EA Established alien 

Criteria sub-heads 

A Population reduction 

B Small distribution – fragmented, 

declining or fluctuating 

C Small population size and declining 

D1 Very small population 

D2 Very restricted area of occupancy 

For complete description of the criteria see 

Appendix 1. 

Habitat types 

FOR Woodlands, forest edges and 

cuttings 

ROC Rocks and screes 

AQU Aquatic habitats and springs 

FRE Freshwater margins and damp 

mud 

MAR Marshes, 

grasslands 

swamps and wet 

DRY Dry and mesophile grasslands 

and heathlands 

RUD Fallow land, ruderal communities 

and arable fields 

GRA Intensively managed grasslands 

15


16 

5.2 Account of individual plant taxa 

Taxon Threat 

category 

Status Criteria sub-heads Habitat 

type 

Acer campestre L. LC N FOR 

Acer platanoides L. LC N FOR 

Acer pseudoplatanus L. LC N FOR 

Achillea millefolium L. LC N DRY 

Achillea nobilis L. CR EA B2b(iv) DRY 

Achillea ptarmica L. LC N MAR 

Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. vulparia (Reichenb.) Nyman VU N B1a+2b(v) FOR 

Acorus calamus L. LC EA FRE 

Actaea spicata L. LC N FOR 

Adonis aestivalis L. RE N RUD 

Adonis annua L. RE N RUD 

Adonis flammea Jacq. RE N RUD 

Adoxa moschatellina L. LC N FOR 

Aegopodium podagraria L. LC N FOR 

Aethusa cynapium L. LC N RUD 

Agrimonia eupatoria L. LC N DRY 

Agrimonia procera Wallr. LC N FOR 

Agrostemma githago L. RE N RUD 

Agrostis canina L. NT N MAR 

Agrostis capillaris L. LC N DRY 

Agrostis gigantea Roth LC N RUD 

Agrostis stolonifera L. LC N MAR 

Agrostis vinealis Schreb. NT N DRY 

Aira caryophyllea L. VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Aira praecox L. VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. RE N RUD 

Ajuga genevensis L. EN N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Ajuga pyramidalis L. EN N B2b(iii,iv); C2a(i) DRY 

Ajuga reptans L. LC N MAR 

Alchemilla filicaulis Buser VU N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Alchemilla glabra Neygenf. LC N MAR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Alchemilla monticola Opiz R N DRY 

Alchemilla vulgaris L. R N DRY 

Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm. LC N DRY 

Alisma lanceolatum With. CR N C2a(i) AQU 

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. LC N FRE 

Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara et Grande LC N FOR 

Allium oleraceum L. LC N DRY 

Allium rotundum L. EN N B2b(iv); D1 RUD 

Allium scorodoprasum L. EN N C2a(ii) DRY 

Allium ursinum L. LC N FOR 

Allium vineale L. LC N DRY 

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. LC N MAR 

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) MAR 

Alopecurus geniculatus L. LC N MAR 

Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. LC N RUD 

Alopecurus pratensis L. LC N GRA 

Alopecurus rendlei Eig NT N MAR 

Althaea hirsuta L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) RUD 

Althaea officinalis L. R N MAR 

Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. NT N ROC 

Amaranthus retroflexus L. LC EA RUD 

Amelanchier ovalis Med. R N ROC 

Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) L.C.M. Rich VU N B2b(iv) DRY 

Anagallis arvensis L. LC N RUD 

Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis f. arvensis LC N RUD 

Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis f. carnea (Schrank) Hyl. LC N RUD 

Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz et Thell. VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) RUD 

Anchusa arvensis (L.) Bieb. LC N RUD 

Anemone nemorosa L. LC N FOR 

Anemone ranunculoides L. LC N FOR 

Anemone sylvestris L. RE N FOR 

Angelica sylvestris L. LC N MAR 

Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. RE N DRY 

Anthemis arvensis L. LC N RUD 

17


18 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Anthemis cotula L. CR N B1a+2b(iv,v) RUD 

Anthemis tinctoria L. LC N RUD 

Anthericum liliago L. VU N B2b(iv,v) ROC 

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. LC N GRA 

Anthriscus caucalis Bieb. RE EA RUD 

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. LC N GRA 

Anthyllis vulneraria L. LC N DRY 

Apera interrupta (L.) Beauv. LC EA RUD 

Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. LC N RUD 

Aphanes arvensis L. LC N RUD 

Aphanes australis Rydb. EN N B2b(iii,v) RUD 

Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. EN N B2b(iv) FRE 

Aquilegia vulgaris L. NT N FOR 

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. LC N RUD 

Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. VU N B2b(iv,v) FOR 

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. LC N DRY 

Arabis pauciflora (Grimm) Garcke R N FOR 

Arctium lappa L. LC N RUD 

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. LC N RUD 

Arctium nemorosum Lej. LC N FOR 

Arctium tomentosum Mill. VU N B2b(iv) RUD 

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. LC N ROC 

Aristolochia clematitis L. EN N B2b(iii,iv) FOR 

Arnica montana L. CR N B1a+2b(v); D1 DRY 

Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg. et Körte RE N RUD 

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J. et C. Presl LC N GRA 

Artemisia absinthium L. NT N RUD 

Artemisia vulgaris L. LC N RUD 

Arum maculatum L. LC N FOR 

Asarum europaeum L. EN N C2a(ii); D1 FOR 

Asparagus officinalis L. LC EA RUD 

Asperula cynanchica L. NT N DRY 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. LC N ROC 

Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. RE N ROC 

Asplenium obovatum Viv. subsp. billotii (F.W. Schultz) O. 

Bolòs, Vigo, Masalles et Ninot 

RE N ROC 

Asplenium ruta-muraria L. LC N ROC 

Asplenium scolopendrium L. NT N FOR 

Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffmann LC N ROC 

Asplenium trichomanes L. LC N ROC 

Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. pachyrachis (Christ) Lovis 

et Reichst. 

DD N ROC 

Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer LC N ROC 

Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes LC N ROC 

Asplenium trichomanes L. nsubsp. staufferi Lovis et Reichst. R N ROC 

Asplenium viride Huds. RE N ROC 

Asplenium ×alternifolium Wulfen R N ROC 

Asplenium ×murbeckii Dörfler R N ROC 

Aster amellus L. CR N B1a; C2a DRY 

Aster novi-belgii L. LC EA FRE 

Astragalus glycyphyllos L. LC N FOR 

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth LC N FOR 

Atriplex patula L. LC N RUD 

Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. LC N RUD 

Atropa bella-donna L. LC N FOR 

Avena fatua L. LC N RUD 

Avenula pratensis (L.) Dum. EN N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dum. NT N DRY 

Ballota nigra L. LC N RUD 

Barbarea intermedia Boreau LC N RUD 

Barbarea vulgaris R. Brown LC N RUD 

Bellis perennis L. LC N GRA 

Berberis vulgaris L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Berteroa incana (L.) DC. LC N RUD 

Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville VU N B2b(iv,v) FRE 

Betula pendula Roth LC N FOR 

19


20 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Betula pubescens Ehrh. NT N FOR 

Bidens cernua L. VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) FRE 

Bidens frondosa L. LC EA FRE 

Bidens tripartita L. LC N FRE 

Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. RE N DRY 

Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth VU N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Blysmus compressus (L.) Panzer ex Link CR N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla CR N C2a(ii) FRE 

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz EN N B2b(iii,iv); C2a(i) DRY 

Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. LC N DRY 

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv. LC N FOR 

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch LC N RUD 

Briza media L. LC N DRY 

Bromus arvensis L. LC N RUD 

Bromus commutatus Schrad. LC N RUD 

Bromus erectus Huds. LC N DRY 

Bromus hordeaceus L. LC N GRA 

Bromus inermis Leyss. LC N RUD 

Bromus lepidus Holmberg RE EA RUD 

Bromus racemosus L. LC N MAR 

Bromus ramosus Huds. LC N FOR 

Bromus secalinus L. CR N B1a+2b(iv); C2a(i) RUD 

Bromus sterilis L. LC N RUD 

Bromus tectorum L. LC N RUD 

Bryonia dioica Jacq. LC N FOR 

Bunias orientalis L. LC EA RUD 

Bunium bulbocastanum L. VU N B2b(iv) RUD 

Bupleurum falcatum L. LC N DRY 

Bupleurum rotundifolium L. RE EA RUD 

Butomus umbellatus L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) AQU 

Buxus sempervirens L. VU N B1a; D1 FOR 

Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth R N FOR 

Calamagrostis canescens (Web.) Roth EN N B2b(iv) FOR 

Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth LC N FOR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Calamintha menthifolia Host EN N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Calendula arvensis L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell. LC EA RUD 

Calla palustris L. RE N MAR 

Callitriche hamulata Kütz. ex Koch LC N AQU 

Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall R N AQU 

Callitriche palustris L. EN N B2b(iii,iv) AQU 

Callitriche platycarpa Kütz. LC N AQU 

Callitriche stagnalis Scop. LC N AQU 

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull LC N DRY 

Caltha palustris L. NT N MAR 

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Brown LC N FRE 

Campanula cervicaria L. RE N FOR 

Campanula glomerata L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Campanula patula L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Campanula persicifolia L. LC N FOR 

Campanula rapunculoides L. LC N RUD 

Campanula rapunculus L. LC N DRY 

Campanula rotundifolia L. LC N DRY 

Campanula trachelium L. LC N FOR 

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. LC N RUD 

Cardamine amara L. LC N MAR 

Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz R N FOR 

Cardamine flexuosa With. LC N FOR 

Cardamine hirsuta L. LC N RUD 

Cardamine impatiens L. LC N FOR 

Cardamine pratensis L. LC N GRA 

Cardaminopsis arenosa (L.) Hayek LC N ROC 

Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. LC EA RUD 

Carduus crispus L. LC N RUD 

Carduus nutans L. LC N RUD 

Carex acuta L. LC N MAR 

Carex acutiformis Ehrh. LC N MAR 

Carex brizoides L. R N FOR 

21


22 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Carex canescens L. VU N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Carex caryophyllea Latourr. LC N DRY 

Carex cuprina (Sandór ex Heuffel) Nendtvich ex A. Kerner VU N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Carex davalliana Smith RE N MAR 

Carex demissa Vahl ex Hartman LC N MAR 

Carex depauperata Curt. ex With. RE N FOR 

Carex diandra Schrank CR N C2a(ii); D1 MAR 

Carex digitata L. LC N FOR 

Carex distans L. EN N B1a+2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Carex disticha Huds. LC N MAR 

Carex divulsa Stokes LC N FOR 

Carex echinata Murray VU N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Carex elata All. CR N C2a(ii) MAR 

Carex elongata L. LC N FOR 

Carex flacca Schreb. LC N DRY 

Carex flava L. EN N B1a+2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Carex hirta L. LC N GRA 

Carex hostiana DC. CR N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Carex humilis Leyss. R N ROC 

Carex lepidocarpa Tausch VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) MAR 

Carex montana L. VU N B2b(iv,v) FOR 

Carex muricata L. subsp. lamprocarpa Čelak LC N FOR 

Carex nigra (L.) Reichard LC N MAR 

Carex ornithopoda Willd. CR N C2a(ii) AQU 

Carex ovalis Good. LC N MAR 

Carex pallescens L. LC N FOR 

Carex panicea L. LC N MAR 

Carex paniculata L. LC N MAR 

Carex pendula Huds. LC N FOR 

Carex pilosa Scop. EN N C2a(ii); D1 FOR 

Carex pilulifera L. LC N FOR 

Carex pseudocyperus L. EN N B2b(iii,iv) FRE 

Carex pulicaris L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Carex remota Jusl. ex L. LC N FOR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Carex riparia Curt. EN N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Carex rostrata Stokes LC N MAR 

Carex spicata Huds. LC N DRY 

Carex strigosa Huds. VU N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Carex sylvatica Huds. LC N FOR 

Carex tomentosa L. LC N DRY 

Carex umbrosa Hoppe R N FOR 

Carex vesicaria L. LC N MAR 

Carex vulpina L. VU N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Carlina vulgaris L. LC N DRY 

Carpinus betulus L. LC N FOR 

Carum carvi L. LC N DRY 

Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. CR N B1a+2b(iv) FRE 

Caucalis platycarpos L. RE N RUD 

Centaurea calcitrapa L. RE EA RUD 

Centaurea cyanus L. VU N B2b(iv,v)+2c(iii,iv) RUD 

Centaurea jacea L. LC N DRY 

Centaurea jacea subsp. grandiflora (Gaudin) Schübl. et 

Martens 

LC N DRY 

Centaurea jacea subsp. nigra (L.) Bonnier et Layens LC N DRY 

Centaurea montana L. NT N FOR 

Centaurea repens L. CR EA C2a(ii) RUD 

Centaurea scabiosa L. LC N DRY 

Centaurea stoebe L. RE EA DRY 

Centaurium erythraea Rafn VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Centaurium pulchellum (SW.) Druce VU N B2b(iv,v)+2c(iii,iv) FRE 

Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. LC EA ROC 

Centunculus minimus L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce NT N FOR 

Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch VU N B2b(iv) FOR 

Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L. C. M. Rich. VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) FOR 

Cephalaria gigantea (L.) Roem. et Schultes R EA DRY 

Cerastium arvense L. LC N DRY 

23


24 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Cerastium brachypetalum Pers. LC N ROC 

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. LC N GRA 

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. LC N RUD 

Cerastium pumilum Curt. LC N DRY 

Cerastium semidecandrum L. LC N DRY 

Ceratophyllum demersum L. VU N B1a AQU 

Ceterach officinarum Willd. VU N B1a+2b(v) ROC 

Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange LC N RUD 

Chaerophyllum aureum L. RE N FOR 

Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. R N FRE 

Chaerophyllum temulum L. LC N FOR 

Cheiranthus cheiri L. LC EA ROC 

Chelidonium majus L. LC N RUD 

Chenopodium album L. LC N RUD 

Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. CR N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Chenopodium botrys L. CR EA C2a(ii) RUD 

Chenopodium glaucum L. EN N B1a+2c(iv) RUD 

Chenopodium hybridum L. CR N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Chenopodium murale L. RE N RUD 

Chenopodium polyspermum L. LC N RUD 

Chenopodium rubrum L. R N RUD 

Chenopodium urbicum L. RE N RUD 

Chenopodium vulvaria L. RE N RUD 

Chondrilla juncea L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Chondrilla latifolia Bieb. EN EA B1a RUD 

Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. LC N AQU 

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. LC N AQU 

Cichorium intybus L. LC N RUD 

Circaea alpina L. CR N D1 FOR 

Circaea lutetiana L. LC N FOR 

Circaea xintermedia Ehrh. VU N B2b(iv,v) FOR 

Cirsium acaule Scop. VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. LC N RUD 

Cirsium eriophorum (L.) Scop. LC N RUD 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop. LC N MAR 

Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. LC N MAR 

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. LC N RUD 

Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. LC EA RUD 

Clematis vitalba L. LC N FOR 

Clinopodium vulgare L. LC N DRY 

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman CR N B1a+2b(iv); D1 DRY 

Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter et Burdet subsp. cheiranthos 

(Vill.) Aedo, Leadlay et Muñoz Garmendia 

VU N B2b(iv) ROC 

Colchicum autumnale L. VU N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Colutea arborescens L. LC EA FOR 

Comarum palustre L. VU N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Conium maculatum L. NT N RUD 

Conopodium majus (Gouan) Loret CR N C2a(ii); D1 FOR 

Conringia orientalis (L.) Dum. RE N RUD 

Consolida regalis S.F. Gray CR N B1a+2b(iv,v) RUD 

Convallaria majalis L. NT N FOR 

Convolvulus arvensis L. LC N RUD 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. LC EA RUD 

Cornus mas L. LC N FOR 

Cornus sanguinea L. LC N FOR 

Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Aschers. EN N B1a RUD 

Corrigiola litoralis L. R N FRE 

Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. et Koerte VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) FOR 

Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. LC N FOR 

Corylus avellana L. LC N FOR 

Corynephorus canescens (L.) Beauv. EN N B1a+2b(v); C2a(i) DRY 

Cotoneaster integerrimus Med. NT N ROC 

Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC. LC N FOR 

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. LC N FOR 

Crataegus rhipidophylla Gandoge. LC N FOR 

Crepis biennis L. LC N GRA 

Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. LC N GRA 

Crepis foetida L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Crepis paludosa (L.) Moench LC N MAR 

25


26 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Crepis polymorpha Pourr. LC N RUD 

Crepis praemorsa (L.) F. W. Walther RE N DRY 

Crepis pulchra L. CR N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm. subsp. nemausensis (Gouan) Babc. LC EA RUD 

Cruciata laevipes Opiz LC N GRA 

Cuscuta epilinum Weihe RE N RUD 

Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Cuscuta europaea L. LC N FRE 

Cuscuta lupuliformis Krocker LC EA FRE 

Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb. LC EA ROC 

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. LC EA RUD 

Cynoglossum officinale L. VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) RUD 

Cynosurus cristatus L. LC N GRA 

Cyperus flavescens L. RE N FRE 

Cyperus fuscus L. R N FRE 

Cypripedium calceolus L. RE N FOR 

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. LC N ROC 

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link LC N DRY 

Dactylis glomerata L. LC N GRA 

Dactylis polygama Horvátovszky R N FOR 

Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) MAR 

Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó CR N B1a; D1 MAR 

Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó EN N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Dactylorhiza majalis (Reichenb.) P. F. Hunt et Summerh. VU N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soó CR N D1 MAR 

Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Daphne mezereum L. NT N FOR 

Daucus carota L. LC N GRA 

Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. LC N MAR 

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. LC N FOR 

Dianthus armeria L. VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Dianthus carthusianorum L. VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Dianthus deltoides L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. R N ROC 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Digitalis grandiflora Mill. VU N B2b(iv,v)+2c(iii,iv) FOR 

Digitalis lutea L. NT N FOR 

Digitalis purpurea L. LC N FOR 

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweigg.) Muhlenb. LC N RUD 

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. EN N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub RE N DRY 

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. R N ROC 

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. LC N ROC 

Dipsacus fullonum L. LC N RUD 

Dipsacus pilosus L. NT N FOR 

Draba muralis L. EN N B1a+2b(iv); C2a(i) ROC 

Drosera rotundifolia L. RE N MAR 

Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenkins LC N FOR 

Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenkins subsp. affinis R N FOR 

Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenkins subsp. borreri 

(Newmann) Fraser-Jenkins 

VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) FOR 

Dryopteris affinis subsp. cambrensis Fraser-Jenkins var. 

distans (Fiori) Fraser-Jenkins 

R N FOR 

Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs LC N FOR 

Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray LC N FOR 

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott LC N FOR 

Dryopteris ×complexa Fraser-Jenkins R N FOR 

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. LC N RUD 

Echinops sphaerocephalus L. LC EA RUD 

Echium vulgare L. LC N RUD 

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. et Schult. R N FRE 

Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roem. et Schult. R N MAR 

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. et Schult. LC N MAR 

Eleocharis quinqueflora (F.X. Hartm.) O. Schwartz CR N B1a; C2a(ii) MAR 

Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schultes CR N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Elodea canadensis Michaux LC EA AQU 

Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St John LC EA AQU 

Elymus caninus (L.) L. LC N FOR 

Elymus repens (L.) Gould LC N RUD 

27


28 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Epilobium angustifolium L. LC N FOR 

Epilobium ciliatum Rafin. LC EA RUD 

Epilobium collinum C.C. Gmel. LC N ROC 

Epilobium dodonaei Vill. LC EA RUD 

Epilobium hirsutum L. LC N MAR 

Epilobium lanceolatum Seb. et Mauri LC N ROC 

Epilobium montanum L. LC N FOR 

Epilobium obscurum Schreb. LC N MAR 

Epilobium palustre L. VU N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. LC N MAR 

Epilobium roseum Schreb. LC N RUD 

Epilobium tetragonum L. LC N RUD 

Epimedium alpinum L. R EA FOR 

Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz LC N FOR 

Epipactis leptochila (Godf.) Godf. R N FOR 

Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz R N FOR 

Epipactis muelleri Godf. VU N B2b(iv,v) FOR 

Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) MAR 

Epipactis purpurata Smith VU N B2b(iv,v) FOR 

Epipogium aphyllum Swartz R N FOR 

Equisetum arvense L. LC N RUD 

Equisetum fluviatile L. LC N MAR 

Equisetum hyemale L. LC N FOR 

Equisetum palustre L. LC N MAR 

Equisetum sylvaticum L. LC N FOR 

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. LC N FOR 

Eragrostis minor Host LC EA RUD 

Erica tetralix L. RE N DRY 

Erigeron acer L. LC N ROC 

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. LC EA RUD 

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. EN N B1a+2b(iv,iv) MAR 

Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe CR N B1a; D1 MAR 

Eriophorum vaginatum L. RE N MAR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’ Hérit. LC N RUD 

Erophila verna (L.) Chevall. LC N ROC 

Eryngium campestre L. LC N DRY 

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. LC EA RUD 

Eupatorium cannabinum L. LC N FRE 

Euphorbia amygdaloides L. LC N FOR 

Euphorbia cyparissias L. LC N DRY 

Euphorbia dulcis L. NT N FOR 

Euphorbia esula L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Euphorbia exigua L. LC N RUD 

Euphorbia helioscopia L. LC N RUD 

Euphorbia peplus L. LC N RUD 

Euphorbia platyphyllos L. LC EA RUD 

Euphorbia stricta L. LC N RUD 

Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr. EN N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Euphrasia officinalis (L.) subsp. rostkoviana (Hayne) F. 

Townsend 

CR N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Euphrasia stricta Wolff ex Lehm. EN N B1a+2b(iv)+2c(iv) DRY 

Evonymus europaeus L. LC N FOR 

Fagus sylvatica L. LC N FOR 

Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. EN EA B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve LC N RUD 

Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub LC N FOR 

Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene LC EA FRE 

Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt Petrop.) Ronse Decraene LC EA FRE 

Festuca altissima All. LC N FOR 

Festuca arundinacea Schreb. LC N MAR 

Festuca filiformis Pourret LC N DRY 

Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. LC N FOR 

Festuca heteropachys (St-Yves) Patzke ex Auquier LC N ROC 

Festuca heterophylla Lam. CR N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Festuca lemanii Bast. VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Festuca longifolia Thuill. subsp. pseudocostei Auquier et 

Kerguélen 

EN N B1a+2b(v) ROC 

29


30 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Festuca pratensis Huds. LC N GRA 

Festuca rubra L. LC N GRA 

Filago arvensis L. CR N B1a+2b(v) RUD 

Filago lutescens Jord. RE N RUD 

Filago minima (Smith) Pers. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) RUD 

Filago pyramidata L. RE N RUD 

Filago vulgaris Lam. CR N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. LC N MAR 

Filipendula vulgaris Moench CR N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Fragaria moschata Weston LC N FOR 

Fragaria vesca L. LC N FOR 

Fragaria viridis Weston LC N DRY 

Frangula alnus Mill. LC N FOR 

Fraxinus excelsior L. LC N FOR 

Fumaria densiflora DC. RE N RUD 

Fumaria officinalis L. LC N RUD 

Fumaria parviflora Lam. CR N B1a+2b(iv,v) RUD 

Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) RUD 

Gagea lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. VU N B2b(iv,v) FOR 

Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dum. CR N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Gagea villosa (Bieb.) Duby CR N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Galeopsis angustifolia Ehrh. ex Hoffmann LC N ROC 

Galeopsis bifida Boenningh. LC N RUD 

Galeopsis ladanum L. LC N ROC 

Galeopsis segetum Neck. LC N ROC 

Galeopsis tetrahit L. LC N RUD 

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. LC EA RUD 

Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz et Pav. LC EA RUD 

Galium aparine L. LC N RUD 

Galium boreale L. R N ROC 

Galium glaucum L. RE N DRY 

Galium mollugo L. LC N GRA 

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. LC N FOR 

Galium palustre L. LC N MAR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Galium pumilum Murray VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Galium saxatile L. LC N DRY 

Galium spurium L. CR N B2b(iv) RUD 

Galium sylvaticum L. LC N FOR 

Galium tricornutum Dandy RE N RUD 

Galium uliginosum L. LC N MAR 

Galium verum L. LC N DRY 

Genista anglica L. CR N C2a(ii); D1 DRY 

Genista germanica L. RE N DRY 

Genista pilosa L. LC N ROC 

Genista tinctoria L. LC N DRY 

Genistella sagittalis (L.) Gams LC N DRY 

Gentiana cruciata L. RE N DRY 

Gentianella ciliata (L.) Borkh. VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Gentianella germanica (Willd.) Börner CR N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Geranium columbinum L. LC N RUD 

Geranium dissectum L. LC N RUD 

Geranium molle L. LC N RUD 

Geranium pratense L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Geranium pusillum L. LC N RUD 

Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. LC N RUD 

Geranium robertianum L. LC N FOR 

Geranium rotundifolium L. R N ROC 

Geranium sanguineum L. R N FOR 

Geranium sylvaticum L. VU N B2b(iv,v) FOR 

Geum rivale L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Geum urbanum L. LC N MAR 

Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. LC N RUD 

Glechoma hederacea L. LC N GRA 

Glyceria declinata Bréb. LC N FRE 

Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Brown LC N FRE 

Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmberg VU N B2b(iii,iv) FRE 

Glyceria notata Chevall. LC N FRE 

Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. LC N FOR 

31


32 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. LC N FRE 

Goodyera repens (L.) R. Brown LC EA FOR 

Gratiola officinalis L. RE N FRE 

Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. R N AQU 

Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Brown VU N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Gymnadenia odoratissima (L.) L. C. M. Rich. RE N DRY 

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. LC N FOR 

Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffmann) Newm. LC N ROC 

Gypsophila muralis L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) FRE 

Hedera helix L. LC N FOR 

Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. NT N DRY 

Helianthus tuberosus L. LC EA RUD 

Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench RE N DRY 

Helleborus foetidus L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Helleborus viridis L. subsp. occidentalis (Reut.) Schiffn. LC N FOR 

Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. et Lev. LC EA RUD 

Heracleum sphondylium L. LC N GRA 

Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Brown RE N DRY 

Herniaria glabra L. NT N RUD 

Herniaria hirsuta L. RE N RUD 

Hesperis matronalis L. LC EA FOR 

Hieracium bauhinii Schultes ex Besser LC N ROC 

Hieracium caespitosum Dum. NE EA RUD 

Hieracium diaphanoides Lindeb. NE N ROC 

Hieracium glaucinum Jord. LC N ROC 

Hieracium lachenalii C. C. Gmel. LC N FOR 

Hieracium lactucella Wallr. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Hieracium laevigatum Willd. LC N FOR 

Hieracium maculatum Schrank NE N ROC 

Hieracium murorum L. LC N FOR 

Hieracium pilosella L. LC N DRY 

Hieracium piloselloides Vill. R EA ROC 

Hieracium sabaudum L. LC N FOR 

Hieracium schmidtii Tausch NE N ROC 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Hieracium umbellatum L. LC N FOR 

Hieracium wiesbaurianum Uechtr. ex Baenitz NE N ROC 

Hieracium zizianum Tausch NE N ROC 

Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. RE N MAR 

Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Spreng. EN N B1a+2b(iv)+2c(iv) DRY 

Hippocrepis comosa L. LC N DRY 

Hippocrepis emerus (L.) Lassen R EA FOR 

Hippuris vulgaris L. R EA AQU 

Holcus lanatus L. LC N GRA 

Holcus mollis L. LC N FOR 

Holosteum umbellatum L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) RUD 

Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz LC N FOR 

Hordeum jubatum L. R EA RUD 

Hordeum murinum L. LC N RUD 

Hordeum secalinum Schreb. VU N B2b(iii,iv) GRA 

Humulus lupulus L. LC N FOR 

Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Mart. CR N 

A1a B1a+2b(v); C2a(ii); 

D1 

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. LC EA AQU 

Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. RE N FRE 

Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Smith EN N A1a C2a(ii); D1 ROC 

Hyoscyamus niger L. LC N RUD 

Hypericum dubium Leers LC N MAR 

Hypericum elodes L. RE N MAR 

Hypericum hirsutum L. LC N FOR 

Hypericum humifusum L. LC N FOR 

Hypericum maculatum Crantz LC N MAR 

Hypericum montanum L. LC N FOR 

Hypericum perforatum L. LC N DRY 

Hypericum pulchrum L. LC N FOR 

Hypericum tetrapterum Fries LC N MAR 

Hypochoeris glabra L. RE N DRY 

Hypochoeris maculata L. RE N DRY 

Hypochoeris radicata L. LC N DRY 

Iberis amara L. NT N ROC 

ROC 

33


34 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Ilex aquifolium L. LC N FOR 

Illecebrum verticillatum L. CR N C2a(ii); D1 FRE 

Impatiens glandulifera Royle LC EA FRE 

Impatiens noli-tangere L. LC N FOR 

Impatiens parviflora DC. LC EA FOR 

Inula britannica L. RE N FRE 

Inula conyzae (Griesselich) Meikle LC N DRY 

Inula salicina L. NT N DRY 

Iris pseudacorus L. VU N B2b(iv) MAR 

Isatis tinctoria L. EN EA B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Brown VU N B2b(iv) FRE 

Jasione montana L. VU N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Juglans regia L. LC EA FOR 

Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffmann LC N MAR 

Juncus articulatus L. LC N MAR 

Juncus bufonius L. LC N FRE 

Juncus bulbosus L. LC N MAR 

Juncus capitatus Weig. RE N FRE 

Juncus compressus Jacq. VU N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Juncus conglomeratus L. LC N MAR 

Juncus effusus L. LC N MAR 

Juncus filiformis L. CR N B1a C2a(ii); D1 MAR 

Juncus inflexus L. LC N MAR 

Juncus squarrosus L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Juncus subnodulosus Schrank EN N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Juncus tenuis Willd. LC EA FRE 

Juniperus communis L. EN N B1a+2b(iv)+2b(v) DRY 

Kickxia elatine (L.) Dum. EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Kickxia spuria (L.) Dum. EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Knautia arvensis (L.) Coulter LC N DRY 

Koeleria albescens DC. LC N DRY 

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes R N DRY 

Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) Beauv. LC N DRY 

Laburnum anagyroides Med. R EA FOR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Lactuca perennis L. R N DRY 

Lactuca saligna L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Lactuca serriola L. LC N RUD 

Lactuca virosa L. NT N RUD 

Lamium album L. LC N RUD 

Lamium amplexicaule L. LC N RUD 

Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. LC N FOR 

Lamium maculatum L. LC N FOR 

Lamium purpureum L. LC N RUD 

Lapsana communis L. LC N FOR 

Lapsana communis L. subsp. intermedia (Bieb.) Hayek R EA ROC 

Larix decidua Mill. LC EA FOR 

Laserpitium latifolium L. R N FOR 

Lathraea squamaria L. R N FOR 

Lathyrus aphaca L. LC N RUD 

Lathyrus hirsutus L. CR N B1a; C2a(ii) RUD 

Lathyrus linifolius (Reichard) Bässler LC N FOR 

Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh. R N FOR 

Lathyrus nissolia L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Lathyrus pratensis L. LC N GRA 

Lathyrus sylvestris L. NT N FOR 

Lathyrus tuberosus L. LC N RUD 

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz CR N B1a+2b(v) FRE 

Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix EN N B1a+2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) RUD 

Lemna gibba L. LC N AQU 

Lemna minor L. LC N AQU 

Lemna trisulca L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) AQU 

Leontodon autumnalis L. LC N GRA 

Leontodon hispidus L. LC N GRA 

Leontodon saxatilis Lam. NT N ROC 

Leonurus cardiaca L. CR N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Brown LC N RUD 

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. LC EA RUD 

Lepidium latifolium L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) FRE 

35


36 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Lepidium ruderale L. LC N RUD 

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. LC N DRY 

Ligustrum vulgare L. LC N FOR 

Limodorum abortivum (L.) Swartz RE N FOR 

Limosella aquatica L. R N FRE 

Linaria arvensis (L.) Desf. RE N RUD 

Linaria repens (L.) Mill. EN N B2b(iv,v) ROC 

Linaria supina (L.) Chazelles DD N RUD 

Linaria vulgaris Mill. LC N RUD 

Linum austriacum L. subsp. austriacum CR EA B1a DRY 

Linum catharticum L. LC N DRY 

Linum tenuifolium L. EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Listera ovata (L.) R. Brown LC N FOR 

Lithospermum arvense L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) RUD 

Lithospermum officinale L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Lolium multiflorum Lam. LC EA GRA 

Lolium perenne L. LC N GRA 

Lolium remotum Schrank RE EA RUD 

Lolium temulentum L. RE EA RUD 

Lonicera periclymenum L. LC N FOR 

Lonicera xylosteum L. LC N FOR 

Lotus corniculatus L. LC N DRY 

Lotus pedunculatus Cav. LC N MAR 

Lunaria rediviva L. R N FOR 

Luzula campestris (L.) DC. LC N DRY 

Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy et Wilmott LC N FOR 

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. LC N DRY 

Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd. LC N FOR 

Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin LC N FOR 

Lychnis flos-cuculi L. LC N MAR 

Lychnis viscaria L. VU N B2b(iv,v) ROC 

Lycium barbarum L. R EA ROC 

Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub RE N FRE 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Lycopodium annotinum L. R N FOR 

Lycopodium clavatum L. CR N B1a+2b(iv); D1 DRY 

Lycopus europaeus L. LC N MAR 

Lysimachia nemorum L. LC N FOR 

Lysimachia nummularia L. LC N GRA 

Lysimachia vulgaris L. LC N MAR 

Lythrum hyssopifolia L. CR N B1a+2b(iv,v) FRE 

Lythrum portula (L.) D.A. Webb VU N B1a+2b(iii,iv)+2b(v) FRE 

Lythrum salicaria L. LC N MAR 

Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. LC EA FOR 

Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt LC N FOR 

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. LC N FOR 

Malva alcea L. VU N B2b(iv) RUD 

Malva moschata L. LC N DRY 

Malva neglecta Wallr. LC N RUD 

Malva sylvestris L. VU N B2b(iii,iv) RUD 

Marrubium vulgare L. RE EA RUD 

Matricaria discoidea DC. LC N RUD 

Matricaria maritima L. subsp. inodora (C. Koch) Soó LC N RUD 

Matricaria recutita L. LC N RUD 

Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. R N RUD 

Medicago falcata L. LC N DRY 

Medicago lupulina L. LC N DRY 

Medicago minima (L.) L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Medicago polymorpha L. LC N RUD 

Melampyrum arvense L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) DRY 

Melampyrum cristatum L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) FOR 

Melampyrum pratense L. LC N FOR 

Melica ciliata L. R N ROC 

Melica nutans L. LC N FOR 

Melica uniflora Retz. LC N FOR 

Melilotus albus Med. LC EA RUD 

Melilotus altissimus Thuill. LC N RUD 

Melilotus officinalis Lam. LC EA RUD 

37


38 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Mentha aquatica L. LC N MAR 

Mentha arvensis L. LC N MAR 

Mentha longifolia L. R N FRE 

Mentha pulegium L. CR N B1a FRE 

Mentha spicata L. R EA RUD 

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. R N FRE 

Menyanthes trifoliata L. VU N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Mercurialis annua L. LC N RUD 

Mercurialis perennis L. LC N FOR 

Mespilus germanica L. R EA FOR 

Meum athamanticum Jacq. CR N B1a+2b(iv); D1 DRY 

Milium effusum L. LC N FOR 

Mimulus moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl. LC EA MAR 

Minuartia hybrida (Vill.) Schischkin VU N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Misopates orontium (L.) Rafin. EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. LC N FOR 

Moenchia erecta (L.) Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb. RE N DRY 

Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench LC N MAR 

Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray RE EA FOR 

Monotropa hypopitys L. LC N FOR 

Montia fontana L. VU N B2b(iv,v) AQU 

Montia minor C. C. Gmel. RE N FRE 

Mycelis muralis (L.) Dum. LC N FOR 

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill LC N RUD 

Myosotis cespitosa C. F. Schultz R N MAR 

Myosotis discolor Pers. EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Myosotis nemorosa Besser LC N MAR 

Myosotis ramosissima Rochel ex Schultes NT N DRY 

Myosotis scorpioides L. LC N MAR 

Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. et Schult. CR N B1a DRY 

Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffmann LC N FOR 

Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench LC N MAR 

Myosurus minimus L. CR N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. R N AQU 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Myriophyllum spicatum L. LC N AQU 

Myriophyllum verticillatum L. VU N B1a AQU 

Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. LC EA RUD 

Najas marina L. VU N B2b(iii) AQU 

Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Nardurus maritimus (L.) Murb. R N DRY 

Nardus stricta L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v); C2a DRY 

Nasturtium officinale R. Brown EN N B2b(iv) MAR 

Neotinea ustulata (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon et M. W. 

Chase 

RE N DRY 

Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. M. Rich. LC N FOR 

Nepeta cataria L. RE N RUD 

Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. RE N RUD 

Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith R N AQU 

Nymphaea alba L. R EA AQU 

Nymphoides peltata (S. G. Gmel.) O. Kuntze RE N AQU 

Odontites vernus (Bellardi) Dum. EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poiret VU N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Oenanthe fistulosa L. CR N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Oenanthe peucedanifolia Pollich CR N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Oenothera biennis L. LC EA RUD 

Oenothera glazioviana Michelli LC EA RUD 

Oenothera parviflora L. LC EA RUD 

Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. LC N DRY 

Ononis repens L. LC N DRY 

Ononis spinosa L. CR N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Onopordum acanthium L. EN EA B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Ophrys apifera Huds. EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Ophrys fuciflora (F.W. Schmidt) Moench EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Ophrys insectifera L. EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Ophrys sphegodes Mill. CR N B2b(v,iv); D1 DRY 

Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. EN N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

39


40 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Orchis coriophora L. RE N MAR 

Orchis mascula (L.) L. VU N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Orchis militaris L. VU N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Orchis morio L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Orchis purpurea Huds. VU N B2b(iv) FOR 

Orchis simia Lam. RE N DRY 

Oreopteris limbosperma (Bellardi ex All.) Holub VU N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Origanum vulgare L. LC N FOR 

Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L. R N FOR 

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. LC EA RUD 

Ornithopus perpusillus L. VU N B2b(iv,v) ROC 

Orobanche alba Steph. ex Willd. EN N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Orobanche caryophyllacea Smith CR N B1a+2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Orobanche elatior Sutton RE N DRY 

Orobanche hederae Duby R N FOR 

Orobanche lutea Baumg. R N DRY 

Orobanche minor Smith RE N RUD 

Orobanche picridis F. W. Schultz RE N RUD 

Orobanche purpurea Jacq. EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Orobanche ramosa L. RE N RUD 

Orobanche rapum-genistae Thuill. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Orobanche teucrii Holandre CR N B1a+2b(iii) DRY 

Orthilia secunda (L.) House CR EA B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Osmunda regalis L. CR N C2a(ii); D1 FOR 

Oxalis acetosella L. LC N FOR 

Oxalis corniculata L. R EA RUD 

Oxalis fontana Bunge LC EA RUD 

Papaver argemone L. EN N B2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) RUD 

Papaver dubium L. VU N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Papaver rhoeas L. NT N RUD 

Parietaria judaica L. R N ROC 

Parietaria officinalis L. RE EA ROC 

Paris quadrifolia L. LC N FOR 

Parnassia palustris L. CR N A1a C2a(ii); D1 MAR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Pastinaca sativa L. LC N RUD 

Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. urens (Req. ex Godr.) Čelak R EA RUD 

Pedicularis palustris L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) MAR 

Pedicularis sylvatica L. CR N B2b(iii)+2b(v); C2a(ii) DRY 

Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray LC N AQU 

Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. LC N MAR 

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach. LC N MAR 

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre LC N RUD 

Persicaria maculosa S. F. Gray, nom. conserv. propos. LC N RUD 

Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz EN N B2b(iv,v) FRE 

Persicaria mitis (Schrank) EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) FRE 

Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb. LC N FRE 

Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P. W. Ball et Heywood LC N DRY 

Peucedanum carvifolia Vill. CR N B2b(iii)+2b(iv) MAR 

Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lapeyr. VU N B2b(iii)+2b(iv) FOR 

Phalaris arundinacea L. LC N MAR 

Phegopteris connectilis (Michaux) Watt LC N FOR 

Phleum nodosum L. LC N DRY 

Phleum phleoides (L.) Karst. CR N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Phleum pratense L. LC N GRA 

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. LC N MAR 

Phyteuma nigrum F. W. Schmidt LC N FOR 

Phyteuma spicatum L. LC N FOR 

Picea abies (L.) Karst. LC EA FOR 

Picris hieracioides L. LC N RUD 

Pimpinella major (L.) Huds. LC N GRA 

Pimpinella saxifraga L. LC N DRY 

Pinus nigra Arnold LC EA FOR 

Pinus sylvestris L. CR N B1a; C2a(ii) FOR 

Plantago lanceolata L. LC N GRA 

Plantago major L. LC N RUD 

Plantago media L. LC N DRY 

Platanthera bifolia (L.) L. C. M. Rich. VU N B2b(iv) FOR 

Platanthera chlorantha (Cust.) Reichenb. VU N B2b(iv) FOR 

41



Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Poa annua L. LC N RUD 

Poa bulbosa L. R N DRY 

Poa chaixii Vill. LC N FOR 

Poa compressa L. LC N ROC 

Poa nemoralis L. LC N FOR 

Poa palustris L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

Poa pratensis L. LC N GRA 

Poa trivialis L. LC N GRA 

Podospermum laciniatum (L.) DC. RE N RUD 

Polemonium caeruleum L. R EA MAR 

Polygala amarella Crantz CR N B1a+2b(iv)+2b(iii) DRY 

Polygala calcarea F. W. Schultz VU N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Polygala comosa Schkuhr LC N DRY 

Polygala serpyllifolia Hose VU N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Polygala vulgaris L. LC N DRY 

Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. LC N FOR 

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce NT N FOR 

Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. LC N FOR 

Polygonum aviculare L. LC N RUD 

Polypodium interjectum Shivas LC N FOR 

Polypodium vulgare L. LC N FOR 

Polypodium ×mantoniae Rothm. R N FOR 

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth NT N FOR 

Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth EN N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Woynar R N FOR 

Polystichum ×bicknellii (Christ) Hahne R N FOR 

Populus tremula L. LC N FOR 

Potamogeton alpinus Balb. RE N AQU 

Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieb. LC N AQU 

Potamogeton crispus L. LC N AQU 

Potamogeton lucens L. R N AQU 

Potamogeton natans L. LC N AQU 

Potamogeton nodosus Poiret LC EA AQU 

Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. et Koch R N AQU 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Potamogeton pectinatus L. LC N AQU 

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) AQU 

Potamogeton polygonifolius Pourr. EN N B1a+2b(iv) AQU 

Potamogeton pusillus L. LC N AQU 

Potamogeton trichoides Cham. et Schlecht. RE N AQU 

Potentilla anserina L. LC N RUD 

Potentilla argentea L. LC N DRY 

Potentilla erecta (L.) Räuschel NT N DRY 

Potentilla incana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb CR N C2a(ii); D1 ROC 

Potentilla leucopolitana P. J. Muell. RE N ROC 

Potentilla neumanniana Reichenb. LC N DRY 

Potentilla recta L. LC EA RUD 

Potentilla reptans L. LC N RUD 

Potentilla rupestris L. EN N B2b(iv,v) ROC 

Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke LC N FOR 

Potentilla supina L. R N FRE 

Prenanthes purpurea L. RE N FOR 

Primula elatior (L.) Hill LC N FOR 

Primula veris L. VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler CR N B2b(iv) DRY 

Prunella laciniata (L.) L. EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Prunella vulgaris L. LC N GRA 

Prunus avium (L.) L. LC N FOR 

Prunus mahaleb L. CR N B2b(iv) FOR 

Prunus padus L. LC N FOR 

Prunus spinosa L. LC N FOR 

Pseudofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh. LC EA ROC 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn LC N FOR 

Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. LC EA RUD 

Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. VU N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. RE N FRE 

Pulmonaria montana Lej. VU N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Pulmonaria obscura Dum. LC N FOR 

Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. EN N B1a+B2b(iv,v) DRY 

43


44 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Pyrola media Swartz R N FOR 

Pyrola minor L. LC N FOR 

Pyrola rotundifolia L. NT N FOR 

Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster (L.) Ehrh. LC N FOR 

Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Lieblein LC N FOR 

Quercus pubescens Willd. EN N B1a FOR 

Quercus robur L. LC N FOR 

Radiola linoides Roth RE N FRE 

Ranunculus acris L. LC N GRA 

Ranunculus aquatilis L. CR N C2a(ii) AQU 

Ranunculus arvensis L. EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Ranunculus auricomus L. LC N FOR 

Ranunculus bulbosus L. LC N DRY 

Ranunculus circinatus Sibth. R N AQU 

Ranunculus ficaria L. LC N FOR 

Ranunculus flammula L. LC N MAR 

Ranunculus fluitans Lam. VU N B2b(iv) AQU 

Ranunculus hederaceus L. CR N B2b(iv) MAR 

Ranunculus lingua L. RE N FRE 

Ranunculus peltatus Schrank VU N B1a+2b(iv) AQU 

Ranunculus penicillatus (Dum.) Bab. LC N AQU 

Ranunculus platanifolius L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v); C2a(i); D1 FOR 

Ranunculus repens L. LC N MAR 

Ranunculus sardous Crantz EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Ranunculus sceleratus L. EN N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Ranunculus serpens Schrank LC N FOR 

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix VU N B1a+2b(iv) AQU 

Raphanus raphanistrum L. LC N RUD 

Reseda lutea L. LC N RUD 

Reseda luteola L. LC N RUD 

Rhamnus cathartica L. LC N FOR 

Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.) Pollich EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) DRY 

Rhinanthus angustifolius C. C. Gmel. CR N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Rhinanthus minor L. NT N MAR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. RE N MAR 

Ribes alpinum L. LC N FOR 

Ribes nigrum L. LC N FOR 

Ribes rubrum L. LC N FOR 

Ribes uva-crispa L. LC N FOR 

Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser LC N FRE 

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser LC N FRE 

Rorippa stylosa (Pers.) Mansf. et Rothm. CR N B2b(v); C2a(ii); D1 DRY 

Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser LC N FRE 

Rosa arvensis Huds. LC N FOR 

Rosa canina L. LC N FOR 

Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Smith CR N C2a(ii) FOR 

Rosa rubiginosa L. VU N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Rosa spinosissima L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Rosa stylosa Desv. CR N C2a(ii) FOR 

Rosa tomentosa Smith LC N FOR 

Rosa villosa L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) FOR 

Rubus adornatus P. J. Mueller ex Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus arduennensis Libert ex Lejeune NE N FOR 

Rubus armeniacus Focke NE N FOR 

Rubus baruthicus Weber NE N FOR 

Rubus bertramii G. Braun NE N FOR 

Rubus bifrons Vest NE N FOR 

Rubus bonus-henricus Matzke-Hajek NE N FOR 

Rubus britannicus W. M. Rogers NE N FOR 

Rubus caesius L. NE N FOR 

Rubus camptostachys G. Braun NE N FOR 

Rubus canescens DC. NE N FOR 

Rubus condensatus P. J. Mueller NE N FOR 

Rubus cuspidatus P. J. Mueller NE N FOR 

Rubus dechenii Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus eifeliensis Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus erubescens Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus fimbriifolius P. J. Mueller et Wirtgen NE N FOR 

45


46 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Rubus flexuosus P. J. Mueller et Lefèvre NE N FOR 

Rubus fruticosus L. NE N FOR 

Rubus fuscus Weihe NE N FOR 

Rubus grabowskii Weihe in Guenther et al. NE N FOR 

Rubus gracilis J. et C. Presl NE N FOR 

Rubus hadracanthos G. Braun NE N FOR 

Rubus hostilis P. J. Mueller et Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus idaeus L. NE N FOR 

Rubus langei Jensen ex Frid. et Gelert NE N FOR 

Rubus loehrii Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus macrophyllus Weihe et Nees NE N FOR 

Rubus melanoxylon P. J. Mueller et Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus micans Godron et Grenier NE N FOR 

Rubus montanus Libert ex Lej. NE N FOR 

Rubus nemorosus Hayne et Wildenow NE N FOR 

Rubus nessensis W. Hall subsp. scissoides H. E. Weber NE N FOR 

Rubus neumannianus H. E. Weber et H. Vannerom NE N FOR 

Rubus oblongifolius P. J. Mueller et Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus omalodontos P. J. Mueller et Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus oreades P. J. Mueller et Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus orthostachys G. Braun NE N FOR 

Rubus pannosus P. J. Mueller et Wirtgen NE N FOR 

Rubus pedemontanus Pinkwart NE N FOR 

Rubus perperus H. E. Weber NE N FOR 

Rubus praecox Bertol. NE N FOR 

Rubus pyramidalis Kaltenbach NE N FOR 

Rubus radula Weihe NE N FOR 

Rubus raduliformis Sudre NE N FOR 

Rubus rosaceus Weihe NE N FOR 

Rubus rudis Weihe NE N FOR 

Rubus saxatilis L. NE N FOR 

Rubus saxicola P. J. Mueller NE N FOR 

Rubus sprengelii Weihe NE N FOR 

Rubus steracanthos P. J. Mueller ex Boulay NE N FOR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Rubus sulcatus Vest NE N FOR 

Rubus vestitus Weihe NE N FOR 

Rubus viscosus Weihe ex Lejeune et Courtois NE N FOR 

Rumex acetosa L. LC N GRA 

Rumex acetosella L. LC N DRY 

Rumex conglomeratus Murray LC N RUD 

Rumex crispus L. LC N RUD 

Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. EN N B1a+2b(iv) FRE 

Rumex maritimus L. EN N B2b(iv,v) FRE 

Rumex obtusifolius L. LC N GRA 

Rumex sanguineus L. LC N FOR 

Rumex scutatus L. EN EA B1a+2b(iv) ROC 

Sagina apetala Ard. EN N B2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) ROC 

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl RE N MAR 

Sagina procumbens L. LC N ROC 

Sagittaria sagittifolia L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) FRE 

Salix alba L. LC N FRE 

Salix aurita L. LC N MAR 

Salix caprea L. LC N FOR 

Salix cinerea L. LC N MAR 

Salix fragilis L. LC N FRE 

Salix pentandra L. LC EA FRE 

Salix purpurea L. var. lambertiana (Smith) Koch LC N FOR 

Salix repens L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Salix triandra L. LC N FRE 

Salix viminalis L. LC N FRE 

Salvia pratensis L. EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Salvia verticillata L. EN EA B2b(iv) RUD 

Sambucus ebulus L. LC N FOR 

Sambucus nigra L. LC N FOR 

Sambucus racemosa L. LC N FOR 

Sanguisorba minor Scop. LC N DRY 

Sanguisorba officinalis L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) MAR 

Sanicula europaea L. LC N FOR 

47


48 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Saponaria officinalis L. LC N RUD 

Saxifraga granulata L. LC N DRY 

Saxifraga rosacea Moench subsp. sponhemica (C. C. Gmel.) 

D. A. Webb 

R N ROC 

Saxifraga tridactylites L. NT N ROC 

Scabiosa columbaria L. LC N DRY 

Scabiosa columbaria L. subsp. pratensis (Jord.) J. 

Duvigneaud et Lambinon 

CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Scandix pecten-veneris L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) RUD 

Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla EN N B1a+2b(iv) FRE 

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla CR N B1a+2b(iii) MAR 

Scilla bifolia L. VU N B1a+2b(iv,v) FOR 

Scirpus sylvaticus L. LC N MAR 

Scleranthus annuus L. LC N RUD 

Scleranthus perennis L. LC N ROC 

Sclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv. RE EA RUD 

Scorzonera humilis L. EN N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Scrophularia auriculata L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) FRE 

Scrophularia nodosa L. LC N FOR 

Scrophularia umbrosa Dum. VU N B2b(iv) FRE 

Scutellaria galericulata L. LC N MAR 

Scutellaria minor Huds. CR N B1a+2b(iii); C2a(i) MAR 

Securigera varia (L.) Lassen LC EA RUD 

Sedum acre L. LC N ROC 

Sedum album L. LC N ROC 

Sedum forsterianum Smith LC N DRY 

Sedum rubens L. RE N ROC 

Sedum rupestre L. LC N ROC 

Sedum sexangulare L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) ROC 

Sedum telephium L. LC N ROC 

Selinum carvifolia (L.) L. VU N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Sempervivum tectorum L. RE EA ROC 

Senecio aquaticus Hill EN N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Senecio erucifolius L. LC N DRY 

Senecio inaequidens DC. LC EA RUD 

Senecio jacobaea L. LC N GRA 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Senecio ovatus (Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb.) Willd. LC N FOR 

Senecio sarracenicus L. CR N C2a(ii) FRE 

Senecio sylvaticus L. LC N FOR 

Senecio vernalis Waldst. et Kit. LC EA RUD 

Senecio viscosus L. LC N RUD 

Senecio vulgaris L. LC N RUD 

Serratula tinctoria L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Seseli annuum L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch VU N B2b(iv) ROC 

Sesleria caerulea (L.) Ard. R N DRY 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. et Schult. EN N B2b(iv) RUD 

Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. LC N RUD 

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. LC N RUD 

Sherardia arvensis L. EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz et Thell. LC N MAR 

Silene armeria L. R N DRY 

Silene conica L. RE N DRY 

Silene dichotoma Ehrh. CR EA B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. LC N FOR 

Silene latifolia Poiret subsp. alba (Mill.) Greuter et Burdet LC N RUD 

Silene noctiflora L. CR N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Silene nutans L. LC N ROC 

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke LC N FOR 

Sinapis arvensis L. LC N RUD 

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. LC N RUD 

Solanum dulcamara L. LC N FRE 

Solanum nigrum L. LC N RUD 

Solidago canadensis L. LC EA RUD 

Solidago gigantea Ait. LC EA RUD 

Solidago virgaurea L. LC N FOR 

Sonchus arvensis L. LC N RUD 

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill LC N RUD 

Sonchus oleraceus L. LC N MAR 

Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz LC N FOR 

49


50 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Sorbus aucuparia L. LC N FOR 

Sorbus latifolia (Lam.) Pers. R N FOR 

Sorbus semiincisa Borbás LC N FOR 

Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz LC N FOR 

Sparganium emersum Rehm. EN N B1a+2b(iv) AQU 

Sparganium erectum L. LC N AQU 

Sparganium natans L. RE N AQU 

Spergula arvensis L. LC N RUD 

Spergula pentandra L. RE N RUD 

Spergularia rubra (L.) J. et C. Presl LC N ROC 

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. R N AQU 

Stachys alpina L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) FOR 

Stachys annua (L.) L. CR N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Stachys arvensis (L.) L. EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev. LC N DRY 

Stachys palustris L. LC N MAR 

Stachys recta L. VU N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Stachys sylvatica L. LC N FOR 

Stellaria alsine Grimm LC N MAR 

Stellaria graminea L. LC N DRY 

Stellaria holostea L. LC N FOR 

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. LC N RUD 

Stellaria nemorum L. LC N FOR 

Stellaria palustris Retz. CR N C2a(ii) MAR 

Succisa pratensis Moench VU N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Symphytum officinale L. LC N FRE 

Symphytum xuplandicum Nyman NE EA RUD 

Syringa vulgaris L. LC EA ROC 

Tamus communis L. EN N B1a; C2a(i) FOR 

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. LC EA RUD 

Tanacetum vulgare L. LC N RUD 

Taraxacum acutangulum Markl. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum adamii Claire NE N GRA 

Taraxacum alatum Lindb. f. NE N GRA 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Taraxacum anglicum Dahlst. ex Druce NE N MAR 

Taraxacum copidophyllum Dahlst. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum crispulum Hagl. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum dahlstedtii Lindb. f. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum dilatatum Lindb. f. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum duplidentifrons Dahlst. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum ekmanii Dahlst. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum haematicum Hagl. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum hollandicum v. Soest NE N MAR 

Taraxacum lacistophylloides Dahlst. NE N ROC 

Taraxacum lacistophyllum (Dahlst.) Raunk. NE N ROC 

Taraxacum ochrochlorum Hagl. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum pectinatiforme Lindb. f. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum reichlingii v. Soest RE N MAR 

Taraxacum rivulare v. Soest RE N GRA 

Taraxacum rubicundum (Dahlst.) Dahlst. NE N ROC 

Taraxacum scanicum Dahlst. NE N ROC 

Taraxacum sellandii Dahlst. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum silesiacum Dahlst. ex Hagl. NE N ROC 

Taraxacum subpallidissimum v. Soest NE N GRA 

Taraxacum subundulatum Dahlst. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum tortilobum Florstr. NE N ROC 

Taraxacum trilobatum Palmgren NE N GRA 

Taraxacum undulatiforme Dahlst. NE N GRA 

Taraxacum undulatum Lindb. f. et Markl. NE N GRA 

Taxus baccata L. LC EA FOR 

Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R. Brown LC N ROC 

Tephroseris helenitis (L.) Nordenstam EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) ROC 

Tetragonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth EN N B2b(iv) DRY 

Teucrium botrys L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) ROC 

Teucrium chamaedrys L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Teucrium montanum L. RE N DRY 

Teucrium scorodonia L. LC N FOR 

Thalictrum flavum L. VU N B1a+2b(iv) MAR 

51


52 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Thalictrum minus L. subsp. pratense (F.W. Schultz) Hand CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Thelypteris palustris Schott CR N C2a(ii) MAR 

Thesium pyrenaicum Pourr. CR N C2a(ii) DRY 

Thlaspi arvense L. LC N RUD 

Thlaspi caerulescens J. et C. Presl LC N DRY 

Thlaspi montanum L. RE N DRY 

Thlaspi perfoliatum L. LC N RUD 

Thymelea passerina (L.) Coss. et Germ. RE N RUD 

Thymus praecox Opiz R N ROC 

Thymus pulegioides L. LC N DRY 

Tilia cordata Mill. LC N FOR 

Tilia platyphyllos Scop. LC N FOR 

Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) RUD 

Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. LC N FOR 

Tragopogon pratensis L. LC N DRY 

Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. orientalis (L.) Čelak. CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Trichomanes speciosum Willd. LC N ROC 

Trifolium alpestre L. CR N B2b(iii) DRY 

Trifolium arvense L. LC N DRY 

Trifolium aureum Pollich EN N B2b(iv) DRY 

Trifolium campestre Schreb. LC N DRY 

Trifolium dubium Sibth. LC N GRA 

Trifolium fragiferum L. LC N DRY 

Trifolium hybridum L. LC EA GRA 

Trifolium medium L. LC N DRY 

Trifolium micranthum Viv. RE N DRY 

Trifolium montanum L. VU N B2b(iv) DRY 

Trifolium ochroleucon Huds. VU N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Trifolium pratense L. LC N GRA 

Trifolium repens L. LC N GRA 

Trifolium rubens L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Trifolium striatum L. EN N B2b(iv,v) DRY 

Triglochin palustre L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv. LC N GRA 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. RE N RUD 

Tussilago farfara L. LC N RUD 

Typha angustifolia L. EN N B1a+2b(iv,v) FRE 

Typha latifolia L. LC N FRE 

Ulex europaeus L. CR EA B2b(iv) FOR 

Ulmus glabra Huds. LC N FOR 

Ulmus laevis Pallas CR N D1 FOR 

Ulmus minor Mill. LC N FOR 

Urtica dioica L. LC N RUD 

Urtica urens L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) RUD 

Utricularia australis R. Brown EN N B2b(iv) AQU 

Utricularia vulgaris L. EN N B2b(iv) AQU 

Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert RE N RUD 

Vaccinium myrtillus L. LC N FOR 

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) MAR 

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. CR N B2b(iii) DRY 

Valeriana dioica L. EN N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Valeriana repens Host LC N MAR 

Valeriana wallrothii Kreyer LC N FOR 

Valerianella carinata Loisel. LC N RUD 

Valerianella dentata (L.) Pollich EN N B2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) RUD 

Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. LC N RUD 

Valerianella rimosa Bast. EN N B2b(iv,v)+2c(iv) RUD 

Vallisneria spiralis L. CR EA B2b(iv) AQU 

Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. VU N B1a+2b(iv) RUD 

Verbascum lychnitis L. LC N ROC 

Verbascum nigrum L. LC N RUD 

Verbascum phlomoides L. RE N RUD 

Verbascum pulverulentum Vill. CR N C2a(ii) ROC 

Verbascum thapsus L. NT N RUD 

Verbena officinalis L. LC N RUD 

Veronica agrestis L. LC N RUD 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. subsp. anagallis-aquatica EN N B2b(iv) FRE 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. subsp. aquatica Nyman CR N B2b(iv) FRE 

53


54 

Taxon Threat 

category 


type 

Veronica arvensis L. LC N RUD 

Veronica beccabunga L. LC N FRE 

Veronica chamaedrys L. LC N DRY 

Veronica filiformis Smith R EA GRA 

Veronica hederifolia L. LC N RUD 

Veronica montana L. LC N FOR 

Veronica officinalis L. LC N FOR 

Veronica persica Poir. LC EA RUD 

Veronica polita Fries EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Veronica praecox All. RE N RUD 

Veronica scutellata L. EN N B2b(iv) MAR 

Veronica serpyllifolia L. LC N GRA 

Veronica teucrium L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Veronica triphyllos L. CR N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Veronica verna L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) RUD 

Viburnum lantana L. LC N FOR 

Viburnum opulus L. LC N FOR 

Vicia cracca L. LC N GRA 

Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray LC N RUD 

Vicia lathyroides L. CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Vicia lutea L. LC EA RUD 

Vicia pisiformis L. CR N B1a FOR 

Vicia sativa L. LC EA RUD 

Vicia sepium L. LC N FOR 

Vicia tenuifolia Roth LC N DRY 

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. LC N RUD 

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. subsp. gracilis (DC.) Hook. f. CR N B2b(iii) RUD 

Vicia villosa Roth LC EA RUD 

Vinca minor L. LC N FOR 

Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Med. VU N B2b(iv) FOR 

Viola arvensis Murray LC N RUD 

Viola canina L. EN N B1a+2b(iv) DRY 

Viola hirta L. LC N FOR 

Viola mirabilis L. R N FOR 



Taxon Threat 

category 



type 

Viola odorata L. LC N FOR 

Viola palustris L. EN N B2b(iv,v) MAR 

Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau LC N FOR 

Viola riviniana Reichenb. LC N FOR 

Viola tricolor L. LC N RUD 

Viscum album L. LC N FOR 

Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray CR N B2b(iii,iv) DRY 

Vulpia myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel. EN N B2b(iv,v) RUD 

Wahlenbergia hederacea (L.) Reichenb. CR N C2a(ii) MAR 

Xanthium strumarium L. RE EA RUD 

Zannichellia palustris L. LC N AQU 

6. Discussion 

6.1. The Luxembourg Red List in 

the European context 

As the present Red List is the first to be established 

for Luxembourg’s vascular plants, it is 

not possible to compare the number of species 

in the different threat catgegories with an earlier 

version. Luxembourg is with more than 34% 

of extinct and threatened plant taxa (categories 

RE, CR, EN, VU) among the leading European 

countries (Tables 4, 5). In a recent overview of the 

Red Lists of 22 European countries (Korneck et al. 

1996), the proportion of extinct and threatened 

plant species varied from 7% (Italy) to more than 

47% (Romania). However, comparisons between 

Table 4: Frequency and proportion of the different threat categories in Luxembourg. 

Plant taxa 

known 

1323 101 

7.6% 

RE CR EN VU R Total 

threatened 

(RE, CR, EN 

and VU) 

121 

9.2% 

124 

9.4% 

109 

8.2% 

Table 5: Threatened plant taxa in central European countries. 

85 

6.4% 

455 

34.4% 

Country Plant taxa known Threatened plant taxa Extinct plant taxa 

Luxembourg 1323 34.4% 7.6% 

Germany 3001 2) 28.4% 2) 1.6% 2) 

Belgium 1415 1) 24.0% 1) 4.6% 3) 

Netherlands 1436 1) 34.6% 1) 3.6% 4) 

Switzerland 3144 5) 31.5% 5) 1.6% 5) 

1) Office for Official Publications of the European Communities (1995) 

2) Korneck et al. (1996) 

3) Delvosalle et al. (1969) 

4) Weeda et al. (1990) 

5) Moser et al. (2002) 

55


56 

Regionally extinct plant taxa (%) 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

r 2 = 0.76, P < 0.001, n = 18 

10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 

Fig. 8: The relationship between the proportion of regionally extinct plant taxa 

and the area for Central European countries and regions. Data were 

compiled for the following countries and German federal states: Luxembourg; 

Belgium (Delvosalle et al. 1969), Netherlands (Weeda et al. 1990); 

Switzerland (Moser et al. 2002); Germany and German federal states 

(Nordrhein-Westfalen, Saarland, Schleswig-Holstein, Thüringen, Sachsen- 

Anhalt, Rheinland-Pfalz, Sachsen, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 

Brandenburg, Baden-Würtemberg, Niedersachsen, Bayern) (Korneck et 

al. 1996). A sigmoidal function, f(x) = 7.85/(1 + exp(-(x-4.59)/-0.24)), 

was best fit. 

countries are not straightforward because the 

threat criteria often differ and the areas considered 

vary largely. 

The proportion of extinct plant species significantly 

decreases with the increase of the area 

of the country or the region for which the Red 

List was established (Fig. 8). Small countries like 

Luxembourg, or comparable German federal 

states like the Saarland, experience extinction 

rates as high as 8%, while Germany has an 

extinction rate below 2%. In a 400 ha woodland 

park in Metropolitan Boston, the extinction rate 

over one century was as high as 37% (Drayton 

& Primack 1996). On the other extreme, ‘only’ 

0.28% of the vascular plant taxa are considered 

to be extinct at the global level (pre-1994 IUCN 

categories Extinct + Extinct/Endangered) (Walter 

& Gillet 1998). This is because smaller regions or 

countries have fewer locations on average, and 

the probability of regional extinction is generally 

higher (Gärdenfors et al. 2001). If the study region 

for the establishment of a Red List is enlarged, 

the percentage of endangered taxa will drop. 

Korneck et al. (1996) mentioned that the number of 

extinct plant taxa was reduced by 25% in unified 

Germany compared to the former Red List of 

Region area (km 2 ) 

Western Germany because of the enlargement of 

the country area. Comparisons of Red Lists from 

different countries should therefore consider the 

influence of the country size on threat levels. 

In Luxembourg, the number of extinct native 

plant species (112) is similar to the number of 

established alien species (115). The total number 

of vascular plant species in Luxembourg has 

probably been about the same over the past 175 

years. However, many of the established alien 

species are ubiquists with a large distribution and 

some of them are even considered as invasive like 

Heracleum mantegazzianum, Fallopia cuspidatum 

and F. sachalinensis. In contrast, many endangered 

native plant taxa are highly specialised and live in 

threatened habitats like bogs, marshes or seminatural 

grasslands. 

Small countries like Luxembourg should not get 

rid of their conservation responsibilities with the 

argument that the locally threatened plant species 

still exist in neighbouring countries. Many of the 

plant species listed in a national Red List are also 

threatened in neighbouring regions and the local 

extinction of populations often means the loss of 

genetic diversity and locally adapted genotypes. 



Especially small regions should be aware that local 

extinction is the first step to global extinction. 

6.2. Habitats and threats 

The human influence on vegetation is very 

diverse, and in Luxembourg there is hardly an 

area without any influence. According to Korneck 

& Sukopp (1988), the main threat factors for the 

plant taxa of the German Red List are change or 

abandonment of land-use practices, destruction of 

specific habitats, landfilling, drainage, fertilisation 

and mining. One can assume that in Luxembourg 

Table 6: Threat categories in relation to main habitat types. 

Woodlands, 

forest edges 

and cuttings 


Rocks 

and 

screes 

Aquatic 

habitats 

and 

springs 

Freshwater 

margins 

and damp 

mud 

the same factors are responsible for the decline of 

many plant species. 

I made an analysis of the threat categories in 

relation to the main habitat types in which a 

certain plant taxon occurs (cf. Landolt 1991). As 

many plant species have a wide ecological range, 

they often do occur in more than one type of 

habitat. In order to avoid overlapping, the number 

of categories was deliberately kept low. Each plant 

species was designated to the type of habitat 

where it is most commonly found in Luxembourg. 

Eight main habitats or ecological groups were 

distinguished (Tables 6, 7). 

Marshes, 

swamps 

and wet 

grasslands 

Dry and 

mesophile 

grasslands 

and 

heathlands 

Fallow land, 

ruderal 

communities 

and arable 

fields 

RE (%) 7.9 5.9 4.0 10.9 9.9 21.8 38.6 1.0 

CR (%) 10.7 3.3 3.3 7.4 20.7 29.8 24.8 - 

EN (%) 9.7 7.3 4.8 8.1 14.5 28.2 27.4 - 

VU (%) 25.7 5.5 8.3 6.4 18.3 24.8 10.1 0.9 

NT (%) 38.9 13.9 - - 11.1 19.4 16.7 - 

R (%) 35.3 20.0 11.8 10.6 4.7 10.6 7.1 - 

LC (%) 30.2 6.1 3.2 4.7 10.5 12.3 26.3 6.7 

Table 7: Proportion of plant taxa in relation to main habitat types. 

Proportion of all 

Luxembourg plant taxa 

in habitat type (%) 

Proportion of plant taxa 

occurring in habitat type 

that are threatened (%) 

(RE, CR, EN and VU) 

Woodlands, forest edges 

and cuttings 

27.1 17.0 13.4 

Rocks and screes 7.5 25.3 5.5 

Aquatic habitats and 

springs 

4.1 42.6 5.1 

Freshwater margins and 

damp mud 

Marshes, swamps and 

wet grasslands 

Dry and mesophile 

grasslands and 

heathlands 

Fallow land, ruderal 

communities and arable 

fields 

Intensively managed 

grasslands 

5.8 48.1 8.1 

11.5 48.0 16.0 

16.3 55.6 26.4 

22.8 37.7 25.1 

4.8 3.1 0.4 

Intensively 

managed 

grasslands 

Proportion of all 

threatened Luxembourg 

plant taxa (%) (RE, CR, EN 

and VU) 

57


58 

Woodlands, forest edges and cuttings 

Plant species occurring mainly in woodlands, forest 

edges and cuttings represent with 358 species nearly 

one third of the total flora of Luxembourg, and 17% 

of the plant species of this group are considered to 

be threatened, but only 13% of the threatened plant 

species of Luxembourg occur in forests or similar 

habitats (Table 7). 

Some species like Circaea alpina, Osmunda regalis, 

Lycopodium annotinum and Viola mirabilis are known 

only from one locality. 

The following species that occurred in forests and 

similar habitats are considered to be extinct: 

Anemone sylvestris, Campanula cervicaria, Carex depauperata, 

Cypripedium calceolus, Limodorum abortivum, 

Moneses uniflora and Parietaria officinalis. 

While Cypripedium calceolus probably became extinct 

due to over-collecting, other light demanding species 

like Anemone sylvestris, Campanula cervicaria and 

Limodorum abortivum probably became extinct because 

of a lack of suitable management. These species need 

open canopies and well developed forest edges 

especially bordering dry grasslands. More than 50% 

of the threatened forest species are protected by law. 

Rocks and screes 

More than 25% of the plant species occurring on cliffs, 

exposed rocks, quarries and rock walls are considered 

to be threatened. But only 6% of the threatened plant 

species of Luxembourg occur in this kind of habitat 

(Table 7). Many threatened rock plants have an 

extremely restricted area and occur only at a few sites 

(e.g. Galium boreale, Huperzia selago, Hymenophyllum 

tunbrigense, Thymus praecox, Saxifraga rosacea subsp. 

sponhemica, Dianthus gratianopolitanus and Potentilla 

incana). More than one third (36%) of the threatened 

species of this group are protected by law. 

Aquatic habitats and springs 

Aquatic species are either threatened by direct 

destruction of their habitats through draining, filling 

of ponds and canalisation of streams or indirectly by 

eutrophication and pollution. Although only 4.1% of 

the Luxembourg plant species are aquatic, more than 

40% of the taxa of this habitat group are considered 

to be threatened (Table 7). Many aquatic species are 

extremely rare as they occur only in a few localities 

(e.g. Callitriche obtusangula, Hippuris vulgaris, Myriophyllum 

alterniflorum, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba, 

Groenlandia densa, Potamogeton lucens, P. obtusifolius, P. 

pusillus, Ranunculus aquatilis and R. circinatus). 

Nearly one third of the threatened aquatic plant 

species are protected by law. 

Freshwater margins and damp mud 

Nearly one half of the plant species occurring on 

freshwater margins and damp mud are considered 

to be threatened and 8% of the threatened plant 

species of Luxembourg occur in this kind of habitat 

(Table 7). Many species of the alluvial area and the 

Isoëto-Nanojuncetea communities need open, moist 

soil conditions due to regular disturbances. Radiola 

linoides, Gypsophila muralis, Illecebrum verticillatum and 

Lythrum hyssopifolia are typical examples. The filling 

of temporary ponds and the intensification of agricultural 

practices are the main factors responsible for 

their decline. Only 16% of the plant species occurring 

on freshwater margins and damp mud are protected 

by law, a situation that should be rectified. 

Marshes, swamps and wet grasslands 

Half of the 152 species occurring in bogs, marshes and 

in wet grasslands are considered to be threatened and 

species of these habitats account for 16% of the total 

number of threatened Luxembourg plant taxa (Table 

7). Only a few wet areas remain at present after a 

long history of drainage and land reclamation. In 

wet grasslands, the change of traditional agricultural 

practices is one of the main factors responsible for 

the serious decline of many plant species. Nutrient 

poor wet grasslands are one of the most threatened 

habitats in Luxembourg. Species like Carex pulicaris, 

Dactylorhiza incarnata, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Juncus 

filiformis, Stellaria palustris, Vaccinium oxycoccos and 

Wahlenbergia hederacea are strongly threatened because 

they occur only in one or very few localities and their 

population size is often very small. Less than 40% of 

the threatened plant species occurring in marshes, 

swamps and wet grasslands are protected by law, 

a situation that should be rectified because of the 

ongoing destruction of these habitats. 

Dry and mesophile grasslands and heathlands 

Species occurring in dry and mesophile grasslands 

and heathlands depend on the continuation of the 

traditional agricultural practices that created these 

habitats over centuries. While dry grassland species 

are mainly threatened because of encroachment by 

scrubs due to a lack of suitable management, the 

typical flora of mesophile grasslands disappears by 

excessive fertilising and early cutting. More than 

half of the plant taxa occurring in these habitats 

are considered to be threatened (Table 7). Many 

species like Arnica montana, Coeloglossum viride, 

Genista anglica, Lycopodium clavatum, Meum athamanticum, 

Ononis spinosa, Ophrys sphegodes, Pedicularis 

sylvatica and Rorippa stylosa are highly endangered 

and specific conservation measures are urgently 

needed. Tragopogon pratensis subsp. orientalis, which 

formerly occurred in meadows along the Moselle 

River, is threatened with extinction because of the 

disappearance of its habitat. More than 40% of the 

threatened plant species of this habitat group are 

protected by law. 



Fallow land, ruderal communities and arable 

fields 

More than one third of the plant species occurring on 

fallow land, arable fields and in ruderable communities 

are considered to be threatened (Table 7). This 

habitat group is characterised by communities with 

regular disturbances like ploughed fields, but it also 

integrates fallow lands in early succession stages and 

edges of trails. 

Changes in farming practices had a very strong impact 

on the weed flora. Many species of arable lands, as 

Consolida regalis, Filago arvensis, Scandix pecten-veneris, 

Silene noctiflora and Stachys annua, have only a few 

localities left and changes in agricultural practices 

could exterminate these populations in a very short 

time. Ex-situ conservation of seeds collected in the 

wild can be an option to conserve the most threatened 

taxa. Contractual conservation measures as unsprayed 

field margins are also of great importance. Less than 

2% of the threatened species of this habitat group are 

protected by law. 

Intensively managed grasslands 

Only very few plant species of intensively managed 

hay meadows and pastures are considered to be 

threatened (3.1%) (Table 7). Plant species like Hordeum 

secalinum are threatened by changes in farming 

practices like early mowing and intensive fertilising. 


6.3. Responsibilities of Luxembourg 

for the conservation of 

endangered plant species 

Endemics 

Because of its small size, Luxembourg has no 

endemic vascular plant species but has a special 

responsibility for the conservation of plant taxa 

that occur only within a small geographical area, 

including Luxembourg. In Luxembourg, only one 

species belongs to this category: 

Saxifraga rosacea subsp. sponhemica (R), occurs on cliffs 

in neighbouring Germany (Nahegebiet, Eifel, Pfalz), 

neighbouring Belgium and France (Ardennes), 

French Jura, southwest Poland, Czech Rep., Slovakia 

and in Luxembourg (Oesling) (Fig. 9). 

Taxa with a restricted Middle European Area 

These vascular plant taxa have a restricted 

distribution in Central Europe, and Luxembourg 

should contribute to the conservation of the 

following species that may become endangered 

worldwide if they should decline further in 

neighbouring countries. In Luxembourg, only one 

species belongs to this category: Dianthus gratianopolitanus 

(R) (Fig. 10) 

Fig. 9: European distribution of Saxifraga rosacea Moench subsp. sponhemica (C. 

C. Gmel.) D. A. Webb. The mapping unit is the 50-km square of the UTM 

(Universal Transverse Mercator) grid maps of Atlas Florae Europaeae (Jalas 

et al. 1972). : native occurrence, : extinct, record uncertain (as to 

identification or locality). Source: adapted from Jalas et al. 1999. 

59


60 

Fig. 10: European distribution of Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill.. The mapping unit is the 50-km square of the 

UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) grid maps of Atlas Florae Europaeae (Jalas et al. 1972). : native 

occurrence, : extinct, ×: probably extinct, status unknown or uncertain, record uncertain (as to 


Fig. 11: European distribution of Rorippa stylosa (Pers.) Mansf. et Rothm.. The mapping unit is the 50-km square of 

the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) grid maps of Atlas Florae Europaeae (Jalas et al. 1972). : native 

occurrence, : introduction (established alien), : extinct, ×: probably extinct, record uncertain (as to 


Taxa with isolated populations 

The following vascular plant taxa have isolated 

populations in Luxembourg, far from their main 

distribution area, and their conservation is of special 

biogeographical interest: 

Rorippa stylosa (CR) (Fig. 11 

Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (EN) (Fig. 12) 

Worldwide threatened species 

Three vascular plant species of the present Red List 

are considered to be threatened in many parts of 

their world distribution area (cf. Korneck et al. 1996): 

Cuscuta epilinum (RE) 

Epipogium aphyllum (R) 

Potamogeton trichoides (RE) 



Walter & Gillett (1998) mentioned Bromus grossus 

Desf. ex. DC. as a regionally extinct taxon for 

Luxembourg. This indication is based on the only 

known Luxembourg locality for B. grossus Desf. ex. 

DC. subsp. eburensis (Nyman) Tournay, which is a 

synonym of B. bromoideus (Lej.) Crépin, given by E. 

Fischer (Lefort 1950). However, Bromus grossus Desf. 

ex. DC. subsp. eburensis (Nyman) Tournay is not 

included in the present version of the Red List as no 

herbarium specimen from Luxembourg is known. 

Acknowledgements 

I thank L. Reichling for his many useful observations 

during the elaboration of the checklist and 

for his most valuable contribution to the evaluation 

of the threat category of the Luxembourg 


Fig. 12: European distribution of Hymenophyllum tunbrigense 

(L.) Smith. The mapping unit is the 

50-km square of the UTM (Universal Transverse 

Mercator) grid maps of Atlas Florae Europaeae 

(Jalas et al. 1972). : native occurrence, : 

extinct, ×: probably extinct. Source: adapted 

from Jalas et al. 1972. 

plant taxa; P. Diederich and D. Matthies for useful 

comments on earlier versions of the manuscript; 

L. Stomp for correcting the manuscript; E. Künsch 

for gathering historical records; C. Reckinger for 

contributing photographs of threatened plant 

species; T. Helminger for contributing unpublished 

notes on Rubus spp.; Y. Krippel for the 

evaluation of the threat category of infraspecific 

pteridophyte taxa and N. Stomp for continuous 

support of the project. 

61


62 

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le Sud-Ouest du Grand-Duché entre 1942 et 

1954. Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes 


Kariger J.-J. 1957. - Florule d’Esch-sur-Alzette 

(Grand-Duché de Luxembourg). Bulletin de 

la Société des Naturalistes luxembourgeois 60: 

48-57. 

Kariger J.-J. 1958. - La flore des environs de 

Rodange. Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes 


Kariger J.-J. 1959. - Florule de la capitale: 

Le Wurthsberg de Clausen et quelques 

hauteurs analogues. Bulletin de la Société des 




Kariger J.-J. 1961. - Plantes intéressantes, rares 

ou nouvelles pour le Grand-Duché trouvées 

en 1957 et 1958. Bulletin de la Société des 


Kariger J.-J. 1962. - Florule et végétation de 

Pulvermuhl (Luxembourg). Bulletin de la 


53-75. 

Kariger J.-J. 1990. - Auf der Suche nach Seltenheiten 

und Verschwundenem 1970-1989. Bulletin de 

la Société des Naturalistes luxembourgeois 90: 

71-101. 


und Verschwundenem 1990 und 1991. 

Mit Rückblick und Bezugnahme auf die Zeit 

seit 1945. Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes 



und Verschwundenem 1992-1994. Mit 

Rückblick und Bezugnahme auf die Zeit seit 



Kariger J.-J. 1997. - Flora und Biotope der 

Siechenhoffelsen und der Schoettermarjal 

(Stadt Luxemburg). Bulletin de la Société des 


Koltz J.-P.-J. 1873. - Prodrome de la Flore du 

Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, Première 

partie. Plantes Phanérogames. Imprimerie de 

V. Buck, Luxembourg, 278 pp. 

Koltz J.-P.-J. 1879. - Prodrome de la Flore du 

Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, Seconde partie. 

Plantes Cryptogames ou Acotylédonnées. 

Recueil des Mémoires et des Travaux publiés 

par la Société Botanique du Grand-Duché de 

Luxembourg 4-5: 175-426. 

Korneck D., Schnittler M. & Vollmer I. 1996. 

- Rote Liste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen 

(Pteridophyta et Spermatophyta) Deutschlands. 

Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde 28: 21- 

187. 

Korneck D. & Sukopp H. 1988. - Rote Liste der in 

der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ausgestorbenen, 

verschollenen und gefährdeten Farnund 

Blütenpflanzen und ihre Auswertung für 

den Arten- und Biotopschutz. Schriftenreihe 

für Vegetationskunde 19: 1-210. 

Krippel Y. & Colling G. 2004. - Notes floristiques. 

Observations faites au Luxembourg (2002-2003 

et observations antérieures). Bulletin de la 


27-56. 

Lambinon J., Delvosalle L. & Duvigneaud J. 2004. 

- Nouvelle Flore de la Belgique, du Grand- 

Duché de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France 

et des Régions voisines (Ptéridophytes et 


Spermatophytes). Cinquième édition. Editions 

du patrimoine du jardin botanique national de 

Belgique, Meise, 1167 pp. 

Landolt E. 1991. - Gefährdung der Farn- und 

Blütenpflanzen in der Schweiz mit gesamtschweizerischen 

und regionalen roten Listen. 

Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft 

(BUWAL), Bern, 185 pp. 

Lefort F. L. 1950. - Contribution à l’histoire 

botanique du Luxembourg. Bulletin de la 


31-160. 

Luijten S. H., Oostermeijer J. G. B., van Leeuwen 

N. C. & den Nijs H. C. M. 1996. - Reproductive 

success and clonal genetic structure of the rare 

Arnica montana (Compositae) in The Netherlands. 

Plant Systematics and Evolution 201: 

15-30. 

Office for Official Publications of the European 

Communities 1995. - Europe’s environment: 

Statistical compendium of the Dobris 

assessment. Luxembourg. 

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Palese R. 2002. - Rote Liste der gefährdeten Farnund 

Blütenpflanzen der Schweiz. Bundesamt 

für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL), 

Bern; Zentrum des Datenverbundnetzes der 

Schweizer Flora, Chambésy; Conservatoire 

et Jardin botaniques de la ville de Genève, 

Chambésy. BUWAL-Reihe «Vollzug Umwelt», 

118 pp. 

Reichling, L. 1953. - Herborisations faites dans le 



57: 155-182. 

Reichling L. 1954. - Herborisations faites dans le 



58: 76-134. 

Reichling L. 1955. - Notes floristiques. Observations 

faites dans le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg 

en 1954. Bulletin de la Société des 







faites dans le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg en 





en 1957 et 1958. Bulletin de la Société des 


63


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de 1962 à 1964. Bulletin de la Société des 


Reichling L. 1981. - 30 années d’observations 

floristiques au Luxembourg 1949-1979. Bulletin 


83-84: 75-95. 

Reichling L. 1990. - Observations floristiques au 

Luxembourg 1980-1989. Bulletin de la Société 

des Naturalistes luxembourgeois 90: 55-70. 

Tinant F. A. 1836. - Flore luxembourgeoise 

ou description des plantes phanérogames 

recueillies et observées dans le Grand-Duché 

de Luxembourg, classées d’après le système 

sexuel de Linné. J.-P. Kuborn, Luxembourg, 

512 pp. 

Van Rompaey E., Delvosalle L. (& coll.) 1979. 

- Atlas de la flore belge et luxembourgeoise. 

Ptéridophytes et spermatophytes. Jardin 

botanique national de Belgique, Meise, 292 pp. 

Walter K. S. & Gillet H. J. (eds) 1998. - 1997 IUCN 

Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by 

the World Conservation Monitoring Center. 

IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, 

Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, LXIV + 862 

pp. 

Weeda E. J., van der Meijden R. & Bakker P. 

A. 1990. - Rode Lijst van de in Nederland 

verdwenen en bedreigde planten (Pteridophyta 

et Spermatophyta) over de periode 1.1.1980 - 

1.1.1990. Gorteria 16: 1-26. 



Appendix 1 

The IUCN criteria for Critically 

Endangered, Endangered and 

Vulnerable species (IUCN 2001) 

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) 

A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best 

available evidence indicates that it meets any of 

the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore 

considered to be facing an extremely high risk of 

extinction in the wild: 

A. Reduction in population size based on any of 

the following: 

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or 

suspected population size reduction 

of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three 

generations, whichever is the longer, 

where the causes of the reduction are 

clearly reversible AND understood AND 

ceased, based on (and specifying) any of 


(a) direct observation 

(b) an index of abundance appropriate to 

the taxon 

(c) a decline in area of occupancy, 

extent of occurrence and/or quality 

of habitat 

2. 

(d) actual or potential levels of exploi 

tation 

(e) the effects of introduced taxa, 

hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, 

competitors or parasites. 

An observed, estimated, inferred or 




where the reduction or its causes may 

not have ceased OR may not be understood 

OR may not be reversible, based on 

(and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under 

A1. 

3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, 

projected or suspected to be met within 

the next 10 years or three generations, 

whichever is the longer (up to a 

maximum of 100 years), based on (and 

specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, 

projected or suspected population size 

reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or 

three generation period, whichever is 

longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in 


the future), where the time period must 

include both the past and the future, and 

where the reduction or its causes may not 

have ceased OR may not be understood 

OR may not be reversible, based on (and 

specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 

B. Geographic range in the form of either 

B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of 

occupancy) OR both: 

1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less 

than 100 km2 and estimates indicating at 

least two of a–c: 

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at 

only a single location. 

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred 

or projected, in any of the following: 

(i) extent of occurrence 

(ii) area of occupancy 

(iii) area, extent and/or quality of 

habitat 

(iv) number of locations or subpop 

ulations 

(v) number of mature individuals. 

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the 

following: 



(iii) number of locations or subpop 

ulations 

(iv) number of mature individuals. 

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less 

than 10 km2 , and estimates indicating at 



only a single location. 

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred 

or projected, in any of the following: 




habitat 


ulations 



following: 




ulations 


C. Population size estimated to number fewer 

than 250 mature individuals and either: 

65


66 

1. An estimated continuing decline of 

at least 25% within three years or one 

generation, whichever is longer, (up to a 

maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, 

or inferred, in numbers of mature 

individuals AND at least one of the 

following (a–b): 

a. Population structure in the form of one of 


(i) no subpopulation estimated to 

contain more than 50 mature 

individuals, OR 

(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals 

in one subpopulation. 

b. Extreme fluctuations in number of mature 

individuals. 

D. Population size estimated to number fewer 

than 50 mature individuals. 

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability 

of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 

10 years or three generations, whichever is 

the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). 

ENDANGERED (EN) 

A taxon is Endangered when the best available 

evidence indicates that it meets any of the 

following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore 

considered to be facing a very high risk of 

extinction in the wild: 







where the causes of the reduction are 






the taxon 

(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent 

of occurrence and/or quality of 

habitat 

(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation 


hybrization, pathogens, pollutants, 





3. 






A population size reduction of ≥50%, 



whichever is the longer (up to a maximum 

of 100 years), based on (and specifying) 

any of (b) to (e) under A1. 


B. 











Geographic range in the form of either 







no more than five locations. 

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or 

projected, in any of the following: 




habitat 


ulations 


c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: 



(iii) number of locations or subpopu 

lations 






no more than five locations. 









habitat 

(iv) number of locations or subpopu 

lations 



following: 



(iii) number of locations or subpopu 

lations 



than 2500 mature individuals and either: 

1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 

20% within five years or two generations, 

whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 

100 years in the future) OR 







(i) no subpopulation estimated 

to contain more than 250 mature 

individuals, OR 

(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals 

in one subpopulation. 


individuals. 

D. Population size estimated to number fewer 

than 250 mature individuals. 


of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 

20 years or five generations, whichever is the 

longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). 

VULNERABLE (VU) 

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available 

evidence indicates that it meets any of the 

following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore 

considered to be facing a high risk of extinction 

in the wild: 





of ≥ 50% over the last 10 years or three 


where the causes of the reduction are: 






the taxon 

(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent 

of occurrence and/or quality of 

habitat 

(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation 


hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, 










3. A population size reduction of ≥30%, 



whichever is the longer (up to a maximum 

of 100 years), based on (and specifying) 

any of (b) to (e) under A1. 


B. 











Geographic range in the form of either 




than 20,000 km2 , and estimates indicating 

at least two of a–c: 


no more than 10 locations. 






habitat 


ulations 



following: 

67


68 



(iii) number of locations or 

subpopulations 






no more than 10 locations. 






habitat 


ulations 



following: 




ulations 



than 10,000 mature individuals and either: 

1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 

10% within 10 years or three generations, 

whichever is longer, (up to a maximum of 

100 years in the future) OR 







(i) no subpopulation estimated 

to contain more than 1000 

mature individuals, OR 

(ii) all mature individuals are in 

one subpopulation. 


individuals. 

D. Population very small or restricted in the form 

of either of the following: 

1. Population size estimated to number 

fewer than 1000 mature individuals. 

2. Population with a very restricted area of 

occupancy (typically less than 20 km2 ) 

or number of locations (typically five or 

fewer) such that it is prone to the effects 

of human activities or stochastic events 

within a very short time period in an 

uncertain future, and is thus capable of 

becoming Critically Endangered or even 

Extinct in a very short time period. 


of extinction in the wild is at least 

10% within 100 years. 



Appendix 2 

Vascular plant taxa protected under Luxembourg and international 

legislation 

Key: *Règlement grand-ducal du 19.8.1989 concernant la 

protection intégrale et partielle de certaines espèces de 

la flore sauvage, Luxembourg; A: fully protected plant 

species; B1: partially protected plant species; EC Habitat 

& Species Directive, Annex IIb: designation of protected 

areas for plant species; Annex IVb: special protection 

necessary for plant species; Annex Vb: exploitation of 

Taxon Lux. Regulation 

1989* 


plants to be subjected to management if necessary; Bern 

Convention, Appendix I: special protection for plant 

species; CITES, Appendix I: trade permitted only in 

exceptional circumstances; Appendix II: trade subject to 

licensing; EC regulations treat all species of orchids as if 

they were listed in Appendix I (category C1). 

EC Habitats 

Directive 

annex 

Bern CITES 

Convention Appendix 

Appendix 

Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia A 

Ajuga pyramidalis A 

Allium rotundum A 

Amelanchier ovalis A 

Anacamptis pyramidalis A II (C1) 

Anemone ranunculoides B1 

Aquilegia vulgaris A 

Aristolochia clematitis A 

Arnica montana A 

Asplenium fontanum A 

Asplenium obovatum subsp. billotii A 

Asplenium scolopendrium A 

Asplenium viride A 

Aster amellus A 

Berberis vulgaris B1 

Blackstonia perfoliata A 

Blechnum spicant A 

Botrychium lunaria A 

Butomus umbellatus B1 

Buxus sempervirens A 

Calla palustris A 

Cardamine bulbifera A 

Centaurea montana B1 

Centaurium erythraea A 

Centaurium pulchellum A 

Cephalanthera damasonium A II (C1) 

Cephalanthera longifolia A II (C1) 

Cephalanthera rubra A II (C1) 

Ceratophyllum demersum A 

Ceterach officinarum A 

Circaea alpina A 

Comarum palustre A 

Convallaria majalis B1 

Corydalis cava A 

69


70 


1989* 

EC Habitats 

Directive 

annex 

Bern CITES 


Appendix 

Cotoneaster integerrimus A 

Crepis praemorsa A 

Cuscuta epithymum A 

Cypripedium calceolus A IIb, IVb I II (C1) 

Dactylorhiza majalis A II (C1) 

Dactylorhiza fuchsii A II (C1) 

Dactylorhiza incarnata A II (C1) 

Dactylorhiza maculata A II (C1) 

Dactylorhiza praetermissa A II (C1) 

Daphne mezereum A 

Dianthus armeria A 

Dianthus carthusianorum A 

Dianthus deltoides A 

Dianthus gratianopolitanus A 

Digitalis grandiflora A 

Digitalis lutea A 

Drosera rotundifolia A 

Epipactis atrorubens A II (C1) 

Epipactis helleborine A II (C1) 

Epipactis leptochila A II (C1) 

Epipactis microphylla A II (C1) 

Epipactis muelleri A II (C1) 

Epipactis palustris A II (C1) 

Epipactis purpurata A II (C1) 

Epipogium aphyllum A II (C1) 

Equisetum hyemale A 

Equisetum sylvaticum A 

Equisetum telmateia A 

Eriophorum angustifolium A 

Eriophorum latifolium A 

Eriophorum vaginatum A 

Filipendula vulgaris A 

Genista anglica A 

Genista germanica A 

Geranium sanguineum B1 

Goodyera repens A II (C1) 

Gymnadenia conopsea A II (C1) 

Gymnadenia odoratissima A II (C1) 

Helichrysum arenarium A 

Helleborus foetidus A 

Helleborus viridis subsp. occidentalis A 

Himantoglossum hircinum A II (C1) 

Hydrocotyle vulgaris A 

Hymenophyllum tunbrigense A 

Ilex aquifolium A 

Iris pseudacorus B1 




1989* 


EC Habitats 

Directive 

annex 

Bern CITES 


Appendix 

Jasione montana B1 

Juniperus communis A 

Lactuca perennis A 

Laserpitium latifolium A 

Limodorum abortivum A II (C1) 

Listera ovata A II (C1) 

Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum A 

Lunaria rediviva A 

Lychnis viscaria A 

Lycopodium annotinum A Vb 

Lycopodium clavatum A Vb 

Melampyrum arvense A 

Melampyrum cristatum A 

Mentha pulegium A 

Menyanthes trifoliata A 

Meum athamanticum A 

Najas marina A 

Narcissus pseudonarcissus A 

Neotinea ustulata A II (C1) 

Neottia nidus-avis A II (C1) 

Nuphar lutea A 

Nymphaea alba B1 

Nymphoides peltata A 

Oenanthe aquatica A 

Oenanthe fistulosa A 

Oenanthe peucedanifolia A 

Ophioglossum vulgatum A 

Ophrys apifera A II (C1) 

Ophrys fuciflora A II (C1) 

Ophrys insectifera A II (C1) 

Ophrys sphegodes A II (C1) 

Orchis anthropophora A II (C1) 

Orchis coriophora A II (C1) 

Orchis mascula A II (C1) 

Orchis militaris A II (C1) 

Orchis morio A II (C1) 

Orchis purpurea A II (C1) 

Orchis simia A II (C1) 

Oreopteris limbosperma A 

Ornithogalum pyrenaicum A 

Osmunda regalis A 

Parnassia palustris A 

Pedicularis palustris A 

Pedicularis sylvatica A 

71


72 


1989* 

EC Habitats 

Directive 

annex 

Bern CITES 


Appendix 

Peucedanum carvifolia B1 

Peucedanum cervaria A 

Platanthera bifolia A II (C1) 

Platanthera chlorantha A II (C1) 

Polystichum aculeatum A 

Polystichum lonchitis A 

Potentilla rupestris A 

Pulsatilla vulgaris A 

Quercus pubescens A 

Ranunculus aquatilis A 

Ranunculus hederaceus A 

Ranunculus platanifolius A 

Rosa spinosissima A 

Sagittaria sagittifolia B1 

Salvia pratensis B1 

Sanguisorba officinalis B1 

Saxifraga rosacea subsp. sponhemica A 

Scilla bifolia A 

Scorzonera humilis B1 

Sempervivum tectorum A 

Senecio sarracenicus A 

Serratula tinctoria A 

Seseli annuum A 

Seseli libanotis A 

Silene armeria A 

Stellaria palustris A 

Tamus communis A 

Thelypteris palustris A 

Tragopogon pratensis subsp. orientalis B1 

Trichomanes speciosum IIb, IVb I 

Trifolium alpestre A 

Trifolium montanum A 

Trifolium ochroleucon A 

Trifolium rubens A 

Trifolium striatum A 

Triglochin palustre A 

Typha angustifolia A 

Utricularia australis A 

Utricularia vulgaris A 

Vaccinium oxycoccos A 

Vallisneria spiralis A 

Veronica teucrium A 

Vicia lathyroides A 

Vicia pisiformis A 

Vincetoxicum hirundinaria A 

Viola mirabilis A 

Viola palustris B1 



73

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Høeg J. T. & Lützen J. 1985. - Comparative morphology 

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Marshall C. R. 1987. - Lungfish: phylogeny and parsimony, 

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76 

LISTE DES NUMÉROS PARUS À CETTE DATE: 

Les volumes de la serie»FERRANTIA» paraissent 

à intervalles non réguliers. 

Travaux scientifiques du Musée national 

d’histoire naturelle (1981-1999) 

I Atlas provisoire des Insectes du Grand- 

Duché de Luxembourg. Lepidoptera. 1 ère 

partie (Rhopalocera, Hesperiidae). Marc 

Meyer et Alphonse Pelles, 1981. 

II Nouvelles études paléontologiques et 

biostratigraphiques sur les Ammonites 

du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, de la 

Province du Luxembourg et de la région 

Lorraine attenante. Pierre L. Maubeuge, 

1984. 

III Revision of the recent Western Europe 

species of genus Potamocypris (Crustacea, 

Ostracoda). Part 1: Species with short 

swimming setae on the second antennae. 

Claude Meisch, 1984. 

IV Hétéroptères du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg 

1. Psallus (Hylopsallus) pseudoplatani n. sp. 

(Miridae, Phylinae) et espèces apparentées. 

Léopold Reichling, 1984. 

2. Quelques espèces peu connues, rares ou 

inattendues. Léopold Reichling, 1985. 

V La bryoflore du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg: 

taxons nouveaux, rares ou méconnus. 

Ph. De Zuttere, J. Werner et R. Schumacker, 

1985. 

VI Revision of the recent Western Europe 

species of genus Potamocypris (Crustacea, 

Ostracoda). Part 2: Species with long 

swimming setae on the second antennae. 

Claude Meisch, 1985. 

VII Les Bryozoaires du Grand-Duché de 

Luxembourg et des régions limitrophes. 

Gaby Geimer et Jos. Massard, 1986. 

VIII Répartition et écologie des macrolichens 

épiphytiques dans le Grand-Duché de 

Luxembourg. Elisabeth Wagner-Schaber, 

1987. 

IX La limite nord-orientale de l’aire de 

Conopodium majus (Gouan) Loret en Europe 

occidentale. Régine Fabri, 1987. 

X Epifaune et endofaune de Liogryphaea 

arcuata (Lamarck). Contribution à l’écologie 

des populations de Liogryphaea arcuata 

(Lamarck) dans le Sinémurien au NE du 

Bassin de Paris. Armand Hary, 1987. 

XI Liste rouge des Bryophytes du Grand-Duché 

de Luxembourg. Jean Werner, 1987. 

XII Relic stratified scress occurences in the 

Oesling (Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg), 

approximate age and some fabric properties. 

Peter A. Riezebos, 1987. 

XIII Die Gastropodenfauna der «angulata- 

Zone» des Steinbruchs «Reckingerwald» 

bei Brouch. Hellmut Meier et Kurt Meiers, 

1988. 

XIV Les lichens épiphytiques et leurs champignons 

lichénicoles (macrolichens exceptés) du 

Luxembourg. Paul Diederich, 1989. 

XV Liste annotée des Ostracodes actuels nonmarins 

trouvés en France (Crustacea, 

Ostracoda). Claude Meisch, Karel Wouters 

et Koen Martens, 1989. 

XVI Atlas des lichens épiphytiques et de leurs 

champignons lichénicoles (macrolichens 

exceptés) du Luxembourg. Paul Diederich, 

1990. 

XVII Beitrag zur Faunistik und Ökologie der 

Schmetterlinge im ehemaligen Erzabbaugebiet 

“Haardt” bei Düdelingen. Jos. Cungs, 

1991. 

XVIII Moosflora und -Vegetation der Mesobrometen 

über Steinmergelkeuper im Luxemburger 

und im Bitburger Gutland. Jean Werner, 

1992 

19 Ostracoda. Nico W. Broodbakker, Koen 

Martens, Claude Meisch, Trajan K. Petkovski 

and Karel Wouters, 1993. 

20 Les haies au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. 

Konjev Desender, Didier Drugmand, Marc 

Moes, Claudio Walzberg, 1993. 

21 Ecology and Vegetation of Mt Trikora, New 

Guinea (Irian Jaya / Indonesia). Jean-Marie 

Mangen, 1993. 

22 A checklist of the recent non-marine ostracods 

(Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the inland 

waters of South America and adjacent 

islands. Koen Martens & Francis Behen, 

1993. 

23 Ostracoda. Claude Meisch, Roland 

Fuhrmann, Karel Wouters, Gabriele Beyer 

and Trajan Petrovski, 1996. 

24 Die Moosflora des Luxemburger Oeslings. 

Jean Werner, 1996. 

25 Atlas des ptéridophytes des régions 

lorraines et vosgiennes, avec les territoires 

adjacents, Georges Henri Parent, 1997. 

26 Evaluation de la qualité des cours d’eau 

au Luxembourg en tant qu’habitat pour la 

loutre. Groupe Loutre Luxembourg, 1997. 

27 Notes Paléontologiques et Biostratigraphiques 

sur le Grand Duché de Luxembourg et les 

régions voisines. Pierre Louis Maubeuge & 

Dominique Delsate, 1997. 

28 Die Moosflora der Kleinen Luxemburger 

Schweiz (Müllertal). Florian Hans, 1998. 


29 Etude sur les genres Globorilusopsis Maubeuge, 

1994 et Simoniceras n. gen. du Lias Supérieur 

du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (Calyptoptomati-da). 

Pierre Louis Maubeuge, 1998. 

30 L’Ichthyofaune du Toarcien luxembourgeois. 

Cadre général et catalogue statistique. 

Dominique Delsate, 1999. 

31 Proceedings of the 3rd European Batdetector 

Workshop. 16-20 August 1996 Larochette 

(Lux.). Christine Harbusch & Jacques Pir 

(eds.), 1999. 

32 Les collections paléontologiques du Musée 

national d’histoire naturelle de Luxembourg. 

Fossiles du Trias et du Jurassique. 

Dominique Delsate, Chris Duffin & Robi 

Weis, 1999. 

FERRANTIA (2002- ) 

33 Die Fledermäuse Luxemburgs (Mammalia : 

Chiroptera). Christine Harbusch, Edmée 

Engel, Jacques Pir, 2002. 

34 The Protura of Luxembourg. Andrzej 

Szeptycki, Norbert Stomp, Wanda M. 

Weiner, 2003. 

35 Liste rouge des bryophytes du Luxembourg. 

Jean Werner, 2003. 

36 Paléontologie au Luxembourg. Simone 

Guérin-Franiatte (éd.), 2003. 


37 Verbreitungsatlas der Amphibien des 

Großherzogtums 

Proess (éd.), 2003. 

Luxemburg. Roland 

38 Trois études sur la Zone Rouge de Verdun. 

I. Herpétofaune. II. La diversité floristique. 

III. Les sites d’intérêt botanique et zoologique. 

Georges H. Parent, 2004. 

39 Verbreitungsatlas der Heuschrecken des 

40 

Großherzogtums Luxemburg. Roland Proess, 

2004. 

Les macrolichens de Belgique, du Luxembourg 

et du nord de la France - Clés de 

détermination. E. Sérusiaux, P. Diederich & 

J. Lambinon, 2004. 

41 Die Fauna der Quellen und des hyporheischen 

Interstitials in Luxemburg unter 

besonderer Berücksichtigung der Milben 

(Acari), Muschelkrebse (Ostracoda) und 

Ruderfusskrebse (Copepoda). Reinhard 


Gerecke, Fabio Stoch, Claude Meisch, Isabel 

Schrankel, 2004. 

Red List of the Vascular Plants of Luxembourg. 

Guy Colling, 2004 

Envoyez votre commande aux adresses indiquées 

à la page 2 de la couverture. 

77

Ferrantia 42 - Musée national d'histoire naturelle

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