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Acremonium phylogenetic overview and revision of ... - CBS - KNAW
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available online at www.studiesinmycology.org StudieS in Mycology 68: 139–162. 2011.<br />
doi:10.3114/sim.2011.68.06<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> <strong>phylogenetic</strong> <strong>overview</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>revision</strong> <strong>of</strong> Gliomastix, Sarocladium, <strong>and</strong><br />
Trichothecium<br />
R.C. Summerbell1, 2* , C. Gueidan3, 4 , H-J. Schroers3, 5 , G.S. de Hoog3 , M. Starink3 , Y. Arocha Rosete1 , J. Guarro6 1, 2<br />
<strong>and</strong> J.A. Scott<br />
1 Sporometrics, Inc. 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ont., Canada M6K 1Y9; 2 Dalla Lana School <strong>of</strong> Public Health, University <strong>of</strong> Toronto, 223 College St., Toronto ON<br />
Canada M5T 1R4; 3 <strong>CBS</strong>-<strong>KNAW</strong>, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s; 4 Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell<br />
Road, SW7 5BD London, United Kingdom; 5 Agricultural Institute <strong>of</strong> Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Mycology Unit, Medical School; 6 IISPV, Universitat<br />
Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain<br />
*Correspondence: Richard Summerbell, rsummerbell@sporometrics.com<br />
Abstract: Over 200 new sequences are generated for members <strong>of</strong> the genus <strong>Acremonium</strong> <strong>and</strong> related taxa including ribosomal small subunit sequences (SSU) for <strong>phylogenetic</strong><br />
analysis <strong>and</strong> large subunit (LSU) sequences for phylogeny <strong>and</strong> DNA-based identification. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that within the Hypocreales, there are two major<br />
clusters containing multiple <strong>Acremonium</strong> species. One clade contains <strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum, the genus Emericellopsis, <strong>and</strong> the genus Geosmithia as prominent elements.<br />
The second clade contains the genera Gliomastix sensu stricto <strong>and</strong> Bionectria. In addition, there are numerous smaller clades plus two multi-species clades, one containing<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum <strong>and</strong> the type species <strong>of</strong> the genus Sarocladium, <strong>and</strong>, as seen in the combined SSU/LSU analysis, one associated subclade containing <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
breve <strong>and</strong> related species plus <strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>and</strong> related species. This sequence information allows the <strong>revision</strong> <strong>of</strong> three genera. Gliomastix is revived for five species,<br />
G. murorum, G. polychroma, G. tumulicola, G. roseogrisea, <strong>and</strong> G. masseei. Sarocladium is extended to include all members <strong>of</strong> the <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally distinct A. strictum<br />
clade including the medically important A. kiliense <strong>and</strong> the protective maize endophyte A. zeae. Also included in Sarocladium are members <strong>of</strong> the <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally delimited<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> bacillisporum clade, closely linked to the A. strictum clade. The genus Trichothecium is revised following the principles <strong>of</strong> unitary nomenclature based on the<br />
oldest valid anamorph or teleomorph name, <strong>and</strong> new combinations are made in Trichothecium for the tightly interrelated <strong>Acremonium</strong> crotocinigenum, Spicellum roseum,<br />
<strong>and</strong> teleomorph Leucosphaerina indica. Outside the Hypocreales, numerous <strong>Acremonium</strong>-like species fall into the Plectosphaerellaceae, <strong>and</strong> A. atrogriseum falls into the<br />
Cephalothecaceae.<br />
Key words: <strong>Acremonium</strong>, Cephalothecaceae, Gliomastix, holomorph concept, Leucosphaerina, nomenclature, Sarcopodium, Sarocladium, Trichothecium.<br />
Taxonomic novelties: Trichothecium sympodiale Summerbell, Seifert, & Schroers, nom. nov.; Gliomastix roseogrisea (S.B. Saksena) Summerbell, comb. nov., Gliomastix<br />
tumulicola (Kiyuna, An, Kigawa & Sugiy.) Summerbell, comb. nov., Sarocladium bacillisporum (Onions & Barron) Summerbell, comb. nov., Sarocladium bactrocephalum (W.<br />
Gams) Summerbell, comb. nov., Sarocladium glaucum (W. Gams) Summerbell, comb. nov., Sarocladium kiliense (Grütz) Summerbell, comb. nov., Sarocladium ochraceum<br />
(Onions & Barron) Summerbell, comb. nov., Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerbell, comb. nov., Sarocladium zeae (W. Gams & D.R. Sumner) Summerbell, comb. nov.,<br />
Trichothecium crotocinigenum (Schol-Schwarz) Summerbell, Seifert, & Schroers, comb. nov., Trichothecium indicum (Arx, Mukerji & N. Singh) Summerbell, Seifert, & Schroers,<br />
comb. nov., Trichothecium ovalisporum (Seifert & Rehner) Seifert & Rehner, comb. nov.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
The genus <strong>Acremonium</strong> includes some <strong>of</strong> the most simply structured<br />
<strong>of</strong> all filamentous anamorphic fungi. The characteristic morphology<br />
consists <strong>of</strong> septate hyphae giving rise to thin, tapered, mostly lateral<br />
phialides produced singly or in small groups. Conidia tend to be<br />
unicellular, produced in mucoid heads or unconnected chains. They<br />
can be hyaline or melanised, but the hyphae are usually hyaline. A<br />
preliminary study <strong>of</strong> the <strong>phylogenetic</strong> diversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> by<br />
Glenn et al. (1996), based on partial nuclear ribosomal small subunit<br />
(SSU) sequences, showed that recognised members belonged to at<br />
least three groups in distinct orders <strong>of</strong> fungi. Most species including<br />
the type, A. alternatum, belong to the order Hypocreales. A smaller<br />
group <strong>of</strong> species, <strong>Acremonium</strong> section Chaetomioidea, belongs to the<br />
Sordariales. This section, typified by the <strong>Acremonium</strong> alabamense<br />
anamorph <strong>of</strong> Thielavia terrestris, was conceived as including the<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong>-like anamorphs <strong>of</strong> Chaetomium <strong>and</strong> Thielavia species<br />
(Morgan-Jones & Gams 1982). A recent study has placed several<br />
<strong>of</strong> these heret<strong>of</strong>ore unnamed <strong>Acremonium</strong>-like anamorphs into the<br />
new genus Taifanglania (Liang et al. 2009), based on the type, T.<br />
hechuanensis. Another <strong>Acremonium</strong> species included by Glenn et<br />
al. (1996), A. furcatum, belongs to an order <strong>of</strong> uncertain identity.<br />
Copyright 2011 <strong>CBS</strong>-<strong>KNAW</strong> Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s.<br />
Subsequent publications have shown that A. furcatum is related to<br />
the well-known phytopathogen Verticillium dahliae <strong>and</strong> belongs to the<br />
recently established family Plectosphaerellaceae (Zare et al. 2007,<br />
Schoch et al. 2009), which groups together with the Glomerellaceae<br />
in a clade that forms a poorly defined, unnamed, ordinal-level sistertaxon<br />
to the Microascales. Several other <strong>Acremonium</strong> species such<br />
as the phytopathogen A. cucurbitacearum also have been shown<br />
to belong to the Plectosphaerellaceae (Zare et al. 2007). The<br />
simple structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> has either convergently evolved<br />
in diverse fungal orders within the class Sordariomycetes or is<br />
symplesiomorphic at a very deep level.<br />
The diversity <strong>of</strong> fungi throughout the Ascomycota that produce<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong>-like anamorphs is high, including genera such as<br />
Gabarnaudia (Microascales), Lecythophora (Coniochaetales), <strong>and</strong><br />
Pseudogliomastix (Sordariales incertae sedis). The present study<br />
does not review the vast range <strong>of</strong> fungi producing simple phialidic<br />
conidiophores, but instead, focuses specifically on: 1) anamorphs<br />
that have been formally placed into the genus <strong>Acremonium</strong>, <strong>and</strong><br />
2) species <strong>and</strong> genera <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally related to the named<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> species.<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> previously <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally unstudied fungi is large.<br />
Currently, there are approximately 95 named <strong>Acremonium</strong> species with<br />
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139
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
traceable material (cultures or specimens in good condition), excluding<br />
endophyte species that were transferred to Neotyphodium by Glenn et<br />
al. (1996). In addition, there are an undetermined number <strong>of</strong> nectriaceous<br />
teleomorphs with unnamed <strong>Acremonium</strong>-like anamorphs plus about<br />
15 named <strong>and</strong> unnamed Emericellopsis species with <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
anamorphs (Zuccaro et al. 2004). The preliminary phylogeny done by<br />
Glenn et al. (1996) includes only seven species that would currently be<br />
considered <strong>Acremonium</strong>, inclusive <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Acremonium</strong> berkeleyanum,<br />
anamorph <strong>of</strong> Cosmospora berkeleyana, formerly considered the<br />
anamorph <strong>of</strong> Cosmospora vilior, plus two Emericellopsis species. Clearly,<br />
further work is needed on the phylogeny <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong>.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the high biodiversity within <strong>Acremonium</strong>, relatively<br />
evolutionarily labile, rapidly evolving genes like the ribosomal internal<br />
transcribed spacer (ITS) are not alignable across the genus (de Hoog<br />
et al. 2000) or even within some <strong>of</strong> the individual orders that the<br />
genus spans. Because many <strong>Acremonium</strong> species are derived from<br />
relatively closely related families in the Sordariomycetes, relatively<br />
slowly evolving genes that are alignable such as the ribosomal large<br />
subunit (LSU) may yield considerable ambiguity about relationships.<br />
To address this problem, we performed an analysis <strong>of</strong> LSU <strong>and</strong> whole<br />
SSU sequences for a larger number <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> isolates than has<br />
been examined previously. Based on these results, we chose six <strong>of</strong><br />
the most <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally distinctive species <strong>and</strong> included them in the<br />
Ascomycetous Tree <strong>of</strong> Life project (Schoch et al. 2009). The elegant<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong> analysis in that project was based on two nuclear<br />
ribosomal genes, one mitochondrial ribosomal gene, <strong>and</strong> portions<br />
<strong>of</strong> three protein-coding genes. These results permitted us to gain a<br />
clearer picture <strong>of</strong> relationships among the <strong>Acremonium</strong> groups that<br />
were imperfectly resolved in LSU <strong>and</strong> SSU analysis.<br />
In the present study we present the results <strong>of</strong> the LSU <strong>and</strong><br />
small subunit (SSU) <strong>phylogenetic</strong> analyses for the majority <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> species available in pure culture including described<br />
<strong>and</strong> undescribed species. This gives not only a <strong>phylogenetic</strong><br />
<strong>overview</strong> <strong>of</strong> the genus, but also provides identification-enabling<br />
sequences for <strong>Acremonium</strong> species that have not been sequenced<br />
previously. Taken with the Tree <strong>of</strong> Life studies, these results shed<br />
new light on the biodiversity <strong>of</strong> these morphologically simple fungi<br />
that have long been pr<strong>of</strong>oundly problematical in terms <strong>of</strong> accurate<br />
classification <strong>and</strong> reliable species identification.<br />
MATeRIAls AND MeThODs<br />
Two separate sets <strong>of</strong> data matrices were assembled (Table 1).<br />
The first is a two-gene analysis that aims at investigating the<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong> position <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> within the Sordariomycetes.<br />
The second is a one-gene analysis focusing on the <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
strains belonging to the order Hypocreales. The first set includes<br />
the large <strong>and</strong> small subunits <strong>of</strong> the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene<br />
(nucLSU <strong>and</strong> nucSSU, respectively) <strong>and</strong> 166 taxa, including 56<br />
strains <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong>, 105 reference taxa <strong>of</strong> Sordariomycetes,<br />
<strong>and</strong> five species <strong>of</strong> Leotiomycetes as an outgroup (Botryotinia<br />
fuckeliana, Chalara aurea, Leotia lubrica, Microglossum rufum, <strong>and</strong><br />
Pseudeurotium zonatum). The second set includes only the nucLSU<br />
for 331 taxa including 170 strains <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong>, 158 sequences<br />
<strong>of</strong> Hypocreales, <strong>and</strong> three outgroup species (Ceratocystis fimbriata,<br />
Glomerella cingulata, <strong>and</strong> Ophiostoma piluliferum).<br />
DNA isolation <strong>and</strong> sequencing<br />
DNA was extracted with a FastDNA kit (Qbiogene, Heidelberg,<br />
Germany) from mycelium grown for 5–14 d in liquid Complete<br />
140<br />
Medium (Raper & Raper 1972). The LSU region <strong>of</strong> ribosomal<br />
DNA (rDNA) was amplified with primers V9G (de Hoog & Gerrits<br />
van den Ende 1998) <strong>and</strong> LR5 (Vilgalys & Hester 1990). The SSU<br />
region was amplified with primers NS1 <strong>and</strong> NS24 <strong>and</strong> sequenced<br />
using primers NS1–NS4, NS6, NS24 (White et al. 1990; Gargas et<br />
al. 1992). The components for the PCR were used as described<br />
by Schroers (2000). The PCR program was 60 s at 94 °C (initial<br />
denaturation); 35 cycles <strong>of</strong> 35 s at 94 °C (denaturation), 50 s at<br />
55 °C (annealing), <strong>and</strong> 120 s at 72 °C (elongation); <strong>and</strong> 6 min at<br />
72 °C (final elongation) followed by chilling to 4 °C. The PCR<br />
products were purified with a GFX purification kit (Amersham<br />
Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Roosendaal, The Netherl<strong>and</strong>s) <strong>and</strong><br />
visualised on an electrophoresis gel after ethidium bromide<br />
staining. The rDNA was sequenced with a BigDye terminator<br />
cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) <strong>and</strong><br />
analysed on an ABI Prism 3700 instrument (Applied Biosystems)<br />
by using the st<strong>and</strong>ard conditions recommended by the vendor.<br />
The primers used in the sequence reaction were NL1 <strong>and</strong> NL4<br />
(O’Donnell 1993), <strong>and</strong> LR5.<br />
Alignments <strong>and</strong> <strong>phylogenetic</strong> analyses<br />
Sequences were assembled <strong>and</strong> edited using SeqMan II s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />
(DNAStar, Inc., Madison, Wis.). Manual alignments were performed<br />
using MacClade v. 4.08 (Maddison & Maddison 2003). Ambiguous<br />
regions (sensu Lutzoni et al. 2000) <strong>and</strong> introns were delimited<br />
manually <strong>and</strong> excluded from the alignments. Congruence was<br />
tested using a 70 % reciprocal bootstrap criterion (Mason-Gamer<br />
& Kellogg 1996, Reeb et al. 2004). Final <strong>phylogenetic</strong> analyses<br />
<strong>of</strong> the two-gene <strong>and</strong> one-gene datasets were performed using<br />
Stamatakis’s “r<strong>and</strong>omised axelerated (sic) maximum likelihood<br />
for high performance computing” (RAxML VI-HPC, Stamatakis et<br />
al. 2005, 2008) on the Cipres Web Portal (http://www.phylo.org/<br />
sub_sections/portal/). For the two-gene analysis, the maximum<br />
likelihood search followed a "GTRMIX" model <strong>of</strong> molecular<br />
evolution applied to two partitions, nucLSU <strong>and</strong> nucSSU. The<br />
same model was applied to the one-gene analysis without partition.<br />
Support values were obtained in RAxML with bootstrap analyses<br />
<strong>of</strong> 500 pseudoreplicates. The trees are labeled with the updated<br />
scientific names.<br />
ResUlTs<br />
DNA sequence alignments<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 228 new sequences were generated for <strong>Acremonium</strong>, 192<br />
nucLSU <strong>and</strong> 36 nucSSU (Table 1). For the two-gene dataset, one<br />
nucLSU <strong>and</strong> 41 nucSSU sequences were missing. After exclusion<br />
<strong>of</strong> ambiguous regions <strong>and</strong> introns, the two-gene dataset included 2<br />
955 characters (1 250 nucLSU <strong>and</strong> 1 705 nucSSU). Among these,<br />
1 739 were constant while 900 were parsimony-informative. After<br />
exclusion <strong>of</strong> ambiguous regions <strong>and</strong> introns, the one-gene dataset<br />
included 848 characters. Among these, 481 were constant while<br />
260 were parsimony-informative.<br />
Phylogenetic inference<br />
As shown in Fig. 1, the species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> mostly fall into<br />
three groups, namely the Hypocreales, the Plectosphaerellaceae,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Sordariales. The bulk <strong>of</strong> species fall into the Hypocreales.
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
Acremoniella lutzi T<br />
Petriella setifera<br />
Doratomyces stemonitis Microascales (1)<br />
93 Microascus longirostris<br />
Microascus trigonosporus<br />
Aniptodera chesapeakensis<br />
99<br />
Halosphaeria appendiculata<br />
80<br />
96<br />
99<br />
Lignincola laevis<br />
Nimbospora effusa<br />
Nohea umiumi Halosphaeriales<br />
95<br />
Corollospora maritima<br />
Varicosporina ramulosa<br />
Ceriosporopsis halima<br />
Graphium penicillioides Microascales (2)<br />
Ambrosiella xylebori<br />
Ceratocystis fimbriata<br />
Microascales (3)<br />
92<br />
89<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> alcalophilum <strong>CBS</strong> 114.92 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> restrictum <strong>CBS</strong> 178.40 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> antarcticum <strong>CBS</strong> 987.87<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> stromaticum <strong>CBS</strong> 863.73 T<br />
75<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> furcatum <strong>CBS</strong> 122.42 T<br />
Verticillium alboatrum (<strong>Acremonium</strong> apii T) <strong>CBS</strong> 130.51<br />
Verticillium dahliae<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> nepalense <strong>CBS</strong> 971.72 T<br />
Plectosphaerella cucumerina<br />
96<br />
70<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> cucurbitacearum <strong>CBS</strong> 683.88<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> brunnescens <strong>CBS</strong> 559.73 T<br />
Glomerella cingulata<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 406.66<br />
92 Sarocladium bacillisporum <strong>CBS</strong> 425.67 T<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> implicatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 243.59<br />
bacillisporum<br />
-clade<br />
96 99 Sarocladium bactrocephalum <strong>CBS</strong> 749.69 T<br />
Sarocladium strictum <strong>CBS</strong> 346.70 T<br />
Sarocladium kiliense <strong>CBS</strong> 146.62<br />
95<br />
Sarocladium kiliense <strong>CBS</strong> 122.29 T<br />
strictum<br />
-clade<br />
99 Sarocladium zeae <strong>CBS</strong> 801.69 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> breve <strong>CBS</strong> 150.62 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> radiatum <strong>CBS</strong> 142.62 T breve/curvulum<br />
96<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> gamsii <strong>CBS</strong> 726.71 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 430.66 T<br />
-clade<br />
98<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> blochii” <strong>CBS</strong> 424.93<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 310.59 T<br />
persicinum<br />
-clade<br />
99<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> hyalinulum” <strong>CBS</strong> 271.36<br />
Roumegueriella rufula<br />
75<br />
Hydropisphaera erubescens 1<br />
99<br />
85 <strong>Acremonium</strong> spinosum <strong>CBS</strong> 136.33 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> rutilum <strong>CBS</strong> 396.66 T<br />
Bionectria ochroleuca 2<br />
99 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> blochii” <strong>CBS</strong> 427.93<br />
97 <strong>Acremonium</strong> pinkertoniae <strong>CBS</strong> 157.70 T<br />
74 <strong>Acremonium</strong> chrysogenum <strong>CBS</strong> 144.62 T chrysogenum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> flavum <strong>CBS</strong> 596.70 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 124.42 T<br />
Geosmithia lavendula<br />
99 Geosmithia putterillii<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> egyptiacum” <strong>CBS</strong> 303.64<br />
-clade<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
Fig. 1.A–C. The <strong>phylogenetic</strong> position <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> <strong>and</strong> related fungi within the Sordariomycetes, as seen in combined analysis <strong>of</strong> the large <strong>and</strong> small subunits <strong>of</strong> the nuclear<br />
ribosomal RNA gene (LSU + SSU) analysed by maximum likelihood via RAxML VI-HPC following a GTRMIX model applied to two partitions. 100 % bootstrap values are<br />
indicated by a black dot on the relevant internode.<br />
Gliomastix/Bionectria clade<br />
Sarocladium clade<br />
sclerotigenum/Geosmithia clade<br />
Hypocreales<br />
Plectosphaerellaceae<br />
Glomerellales<br />
A<br />
141
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
Fig. 1. (Continued).<br />
142<br />
71<br />
96<br />
Simplicillium lanosoniveum <strong>CBS</strong> 321.72<br />
Cordyceps cardinalis<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> camptosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 756.69 T<br />
Paecilomyces lilacinus 2<br />
Elaphocordyceps capitata<br />
Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoides<br />
Balansia henningsiana<br />
Epichloe typhina<br />
Claviceps purpurea<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> guillematii <strong>CBS</strong> 766.69 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> minutisporum <strong>CBS</strong> 147.62 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> vitellinum <strong>CBS</strong> 792.69 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> exiguum <strong>CBS</strong> 587.73 T<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> potronii” <strong>CBS</strong> 416.68<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> psammosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 590.63<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 137.35 T<br />
Nectria cinnabarina<br />
Clavicipitaceae<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> roseolum <strong>CBS</strong> 289.62<br />
Stachybotrys chartarum<br />
Stachybotrys subsimplex<br />
Myrothecium roridum 1<br />
Peethambara spirostriata<br />
Pseudonectria rousseliana<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> nigrosclerotium <strong>CBS</strong> 154.72 T<br />
96 Hypocrea americana<br />
Hypocrea lutea<br />
Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana<br />
Hypocreaceae<br />
Niesslia exilis<br />
Nectria haematococca<br />
Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma<br />
96<br />
Melanospora tiffanii<br />
Melanospora zamiae<br />
Lindra thalassiae<br />
Lulworthia gr<strong>and</strong>ispora<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> alabamense” <strong>CBS</strong> 456.75<br />
Cercophora terricola<br />
Apiosordaria verruculosa<br />
97 Cercophora striata<br />
Podospora decipiens<br />
Bombardia bombarda<br />
Lasiosphaeria ovina<br />
71<br />
Cercophora newfieldiana<br />
Gelasinospora tetrasperma<br />
99<br />
Neurospora crassa<br />
Immersiella immersa<br />
Lasiosphaeria hispida<br />
Podospora fibrinocaudata<br />
Strattonia carbonaria<br />
84<br />
98<br />
Camarops amorpha<br />
Camarops microspora<br />
Camarops tubulina<br />
Boliniales<br />
94 Camarops ustulinoides<br />
89 97<br />
Chaetosphaeria ovoidea<br />
Menispora tortuosa<br />
Melanochaeta hemipsila<br />
74 Lasiosphaeriella nitida<br />
Linocarpon appendiculatum<br />
T<br />
Cordycipitaceae<br />
Ophiocordycipitaceae<br />
T<br />
Stachybotrys/<br />
Peethambara<br />
-clade<br />
Lulworthiales<br />
Sordariales<br />
Chaetosphaeriales<br />
Hypocreales<br />
B
Fig. 1. (Continued).<br />
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
99 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> cf. alternatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 109043<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>CBS</strong> 544.79<br />
75<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>CBS</strong> 981.70<br />
80 <strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>CBS</strong> 774.97<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>CBS</strong> 507.82<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>CBS</strong> 733.70<br />
86 <strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>CBS</strong> 252.68<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>CBS</strong> 604.67 T<br />
88<br />
92 <strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>CBS</strong> 306.85<br />
Cephalotheca sulfurea<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> thermophilum <strong>CBS</strong> 734.71 T<br />
Albertiniella polyporicola<br />
Coniochaeta ostrea<br />
99<br />
98 Coniochaeta savoryi Coniochaetales<br />
70 Coniochaeta discoidea<br />
Annulatascus triseptatus<br />
89<br />
91 Fragosphaeria purpurea<br />
97<br />
Ophiostoma piliferum 1<br />
Ophiostoma stenoceras<br />
Papulosa amerospora<br />
Apiognomonia errabunda<br />
92 Plagiostoma euphorbiae<br />
Cryptodiaporthe aesculi<br />
99 Gnomonia gnomon<br />
Cryptosporella hypodermia<br />
95 Melanconis alni<br />
Melanconis stilbostoma<br />
81<br />
89 99<br />
Melanconis marginalis<br />
97<br />
Chromendothia citrina<br />
Endothia gyrosa<br />
89 Chrysoporthe cubensis<br />
Diaporthe eres<br />
Diaporthe phaseolorum<br />
84<br />
Mazzantia napelli<br />
88 Leucostoma niveum<br />
Valsella salicis<br />
Valsa ambiens<br />
Cryphonectria parasitica<br />
Anthostomella torosa<br />
Apiospora montagnei<br />
Diatrype disciformis<br />
82<br />
Eutypa lata<br />
Graphostroma platystoma<br />
Xylariales<br />
77<br />
Xylaria acuta<br />
90 Xylaria hypoxylon<br />
Seynesia erumpens<br />
Leotia lubrica<br />
Microglossum rufum<br />
Pseudeurotium zonatum<br />
Chalara aurea<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> butyri (?) <strong>CBS</strong> 301.38 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> lichenicola <strong>CBS</strong> 425.66 T<br />
Botryotinia fuckeliana<br />
0.01 substitutions/site<br />
Cephalothecaceae<br />
Ophiostomatales<br />
Diaporthales<br />
Leotiomycetes (outgroup)<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
C<br />
143
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
Table 1. List <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> species included in this study as well as other novel or independently redone sequences <strong>of</strong> related fungi<br />
used for comparison. Sequences from GenBank <strong>of</strong> other comparison taxa are listed in Supplemental Table 1a - see online Supplementary<br />
Information. Collection <strong>and</strong> GenBank numbers are indicated <strong>and</strong> type strains (T) are mentioned. Sequences generated in this study are<br />
shown in bold. Dashes indicate missing data in the two-gene analysis. Isolates that cannot be assigned a <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally confirmed name<br />
are listed under the name under which they are currently held in the <strong>CBS</strong> collection.<br />
Currently assigned species name Collection numbers nuclsU nucssU Notes<br />
Acremoniella lutzi T <strong>CBS</strong> 103.48 hQ231971 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Acremoniella lutzi<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> acutatum T <strong>CBS</strong> 682.71 hQ231965<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> alabamense <strong>CBS</strong> 456.75 hQ231972 –<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> alcalophilum T <strong>CBS</strong> 114.92 hQ231973 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> alcalophilum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum T <strong>CBS</strong> 407.66 hQ231988<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 381.70A hQ231986<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 406.66 hQ231987 hQ232178<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 831.97 hQ231989<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 114602 hQ231990<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> cf. alternatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 109043 hQ231974 –<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> antarcticum <strong>CBS</strong> 987.87 hQ231975 –<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum T <strong>CBS</strong> 604.67 hQ231981 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Phaeoscopulariopsis atrogrisea<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 252.68 hQ231977 –<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 306.85 hQ231978 –<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 507.82 hQ231979 –<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 544.79 hQ231980 –<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 733.70 hQ231982 –<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 774.97 hQ231983 –<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 981.70 hQ231984 –<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> biseptum T <strong>CBS</strong> 750.69 hQ231998 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> biseptum<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> blochii” <strong>CBS</strong> 324.33 hQ231999<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 424.93 hQ232000 hQ232181<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 427.93 hQ232001 hQ232182<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 993.69 hQ232002<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> borodinense T <strong>CBS</strong> 101148 hQ232003 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> borodinense<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> brachypeniumT <strong>CBS</strong> 866.73 hQ232004<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> breve T <strong>CBS</strong> 150.62 hQ232005 hQ232183 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium roseum var. breve<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> brunnescens T <strong>CBS</strong> 559.73 hQ231966 hQ232184 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> brunnescens<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> butyri T <strong>CBS</strong> 301.38 hQ231967 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Tilachlidium butyri; synonym <strong>of</strong> Cadophora malorum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> camptosporum T <strong>CBS</strong> 756.69 hQ232008 hQ232186 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> camptosporum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 677.74 hQ232007<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 757.69 hQ232009<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 835.91 hQ232010<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 890.85 hQ232011<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> cavaraeanum <strong>CBS</strong> 758.69 hQ232012<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> cerealis <strong>CBS</strong> 207.65 hQ232013 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Gliomastix guttuliformis<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 215.69 hQ232014<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> chrysogenum T <strong>CBS</strong> 144.62 hQ232017 hQ232187 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium chrysogenum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> cucurbitacearum <strong>CBS</strong> 683.88 hQ231968 – Previously identified as <strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum T <strong>CBS</strong> 430.66 hQ232026 hQ232188 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 104.78 hQ232019<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 214.70 hQ232020<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 229.75 hQ232021<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 333.92 hQ232022<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 384.70A hQ232023<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 384.70C hQ232024<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 523.72 hQ232028<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 761.69 hQ232029<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 898.85 hQ232030<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 110514 hQ232032<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> aff. curvulum” <strong>CBS</strong> 100551 hQ232031<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 113275 hQ232033<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> egyptiacum <strong>CBS</strong> 303.64 hQ232034 hQ232189<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> exiguum T <strong>CBS</strong> 587.73 hQ232035 hQ232190 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> exiguum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> exuviarum T UAMH 9995 hQ232036<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> flavum T <strong>CBS</strong> 596.70 hQ232037 hQ232191 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> flavum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> fuci UAMH 6508 hQ232038<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> furcatum T <strong>CBS</strong> 122.42 AY378154 hQ232192 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> furcatum<br />
144
Table 1. (Continued).<br />
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
Currently assigned species name Collection numbers nuclsU nucssU Notes<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> fusidioides T <strong>CBS</strong> 840.68 hQ232039 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Paecilomyces fusidioides<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> gamsii T <strong>CBS</strong> 726.71 hQ232040 hQ232193 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> gamsii<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> guillematii T <strong>CBS</strong> 766.69 hQ232042 hQ232194 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> guillematii<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> hansfordii <strong>CBS</strong> 390.73 hQ232043<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> hennebertii T <strong>CBS</strong> 768.69 hQ232044 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> hennebertii<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> hyalinulum <strong>CBS</strong> 271.36 hQ232045 hQ232195<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> implicatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 243.59 hQ232046 hQ232196 Authentic strain <strong>of</strong> Fusarium terricola<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 397.70B hQ232047<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> incrustatumT <strong>CBS</strong> 159.70 hQ232049<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> inflatum T <strong>CBS</strong> 212.69 hQ232050 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Gliomastix inflata<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 439.70 hQ232051<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 403.70 hQ231991 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> lichenicola T <strong>CBS</strong> 425.66 hQ231969 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> lichenicola<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> longisporum <strong>CBS</strong> 113.69 hQ232057<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> luzulae” <strong>CBS</strong> 495.67 hQ232058<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 579.73 hQ232059<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> minutisporum T <strong>CBS</strong> 147.62 hQ232061 hQ232199 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium minutisporum<br />
det 267B hQ232062<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> nepalense T <strong>CBS</strong> 971.72 hQ231970 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> nepalense<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> nigrosclerotium T <strong>CBS</strong> 154.72 hQ232069 hQ232200 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> nigrosclerotium<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum T <strong>CBS</strong> 310.59 hQ232077 hQ232201 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Paecilomyces persicinus<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 169.65 hQ232072<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 295.70A hQ232075<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 295.70M hQ232076<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 330.80 hQ232078<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 378.70A hQ232079<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 378.70D hQ232081<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 378.70 E hQ232082<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 439.66 hQ232083<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 469.67 hQ232084<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 101694 hQ232085<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 102349 hQ232086<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum” <strong>CBS</strong> 378.70C hQ232080<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 110646 hQ232088<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> aff. persicinum” <strong>CBS</strong> 203.73 hQ232073<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 263.89 hQ232074<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> cf. persicinum” <strong>CBS</strong> 102877 hQ232087<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> pinkertoniae T <strong>CBS</strong> 157.70 hQ232089 hQ232202 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> pinkertoniae<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> potronii” <strong>CBS</strong> 189.70 hQ232094<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 379.70F hQ232096<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 416.68 hQ232097 hQ232203<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 433.88 hQ232098<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 781.69 hQ232099<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> psammosporum T <strong>CBS</strong> 590.63 hQ232100 hQ232204 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> psammosporum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> pseudozeylanicum T <strong>CBS</strong> 560.73 hQ232101 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> pseudozeylanicum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> pteridii T <strong>CBS</strong> 782.69 hQ232102 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> pteridii<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 784.69 hQ232103<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> radiatum T <strong>CBS</strong> 142.62 hQ232104 hQ232205 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium acremonium var. radiatum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei T <strong>CBS</strong> 137.35 hQ232106 hQ232206 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium recifei<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 135.71 hQ232105<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 220.84 hQ232107<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 362.76 hQ232108<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 402.89 hQ232109<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 411.91 hQ232110<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 442.66 hQ232111<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 541.89 hQ232114<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 555.73 hQ232115<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 596.74 hQ232116<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 976.70 hQ232117<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 400.85 hQ232025 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 505.94 hQ232027 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> cf. curvulum<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei” <strong>CBS</strong> 485.77 hQ232113<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 482.78 hQ232112<br />
145
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
Table 1. (Continued).<br />
Currently assigned species name Collection numbers nuclsU nucssU Notes<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 110348 hQ232118<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> restrictum T <strong>CBS</strong> 178.40 hQ232119 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Verticillium dahliae f. restrictum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> rhabdosporum T <strong>CBS</strong> 438.66 hQ232120 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> rhabdosporum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> roseolum T <strong>CBS</strong> 289.62 hQ232123 hQ232207 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Paecilomyces roseolus<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> rutilum T <strong>CBS</strong> 396.66 hQ232124 hQ232208 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> rutilum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> salmoneum T <strong>CBS</strong> 721.71 hQ232125 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> salmoneum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum T <strong>CBS</strong> 124.42 hQ232126 hQ232209 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium sclerotigenum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 270.86 hQ232127<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 281.80 hQ232128<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 384.65 hQ232129<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 786.69 hQ232130<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 100816 hQ232131<br />
OMH F1648.97 hQ232132<br />
OMH F2365.97 hQ232133<br />
OMH F2969.97 hQ232134<br />
OMH F3691.97 hQ232135<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 287.70O hQ232140 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 379.70D hQ232095 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> potronii<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 223.70 hQ231985 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sordidulum T <strong>CBS</strong> 385.73 hQ232136 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> sordidulum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sp. <strong>CBS</strong> 314.72 hQ232156<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> spinosum T <strong>CBS</strong> 136.33 hQ232137 hQ232210 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium spinosum<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum” <strong>CBS</strong> 106.23 hQ232138<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 147.49 hQ232139<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> stromaticum T <strong>CBS</strong> 863.73 hQ232143 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> stromaticum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> tectonae T <strong>CBS</strong> 725.87 hQ232144 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> tectonae<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> thermophilum T <strong>CBS</strong> 734.71 hQ232145 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> thermophilum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> tsugae T <strong>CBS</strong> 788.69 hQ232146 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> tsugae<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> tubakii T <strong>CBS</strong> 790.69 hQ232148 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> tubakii<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> tubakii” <strong>CBS</strong> 824.69 hQ232149<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> verruculosum T <strong>CBS</strong> 989.69 hQ232150 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> verruculosum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> vitellinum T <strong>CBS</strong> 792.69 hQ232151 hQ232212 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> vitellinum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> zeylanicum <strong>CBS</strong> 746.73 hQ232154<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> zonatum <strong>CBS</strong> 565.67 hQ232155<br />
“Cephalosporium acremonium var. cereum” T <strong>CBS</strong> 140.62 hQ232147 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium acremonium var. cereum. In <strong>CBS</strong> as<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> tubakii<br />
“Cephalosporium acremonium var. <strong>CBS</strong> 141.62 hQ232053 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium acremonium var. funiculosum. In <strong>CBS</strong><br />
funiculosum” T<br />
as <strong>Acremonium</strong> kiliense<br />
“Cephalosporium ballagii” T <strong>CBS</strong> 134.33 hQ232016 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium ballagii. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
charticola<br />
“Cephalosporium malorum” T <strong>CBS</strong> 117.25 hQ232015 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium malorum. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> charticola<br />
“Cephalosporium purpurascens” T <strong>CBS</strong> 149.62 hQ232071 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium purpurascens. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
persicinum<br />
Cosmospora kh<strong>and</strong>alensis T <strong>CBS</strong> 356.65 hQ231996 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium kh<strong>and</strong>alense. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
berkeleyanum<br />
Cosmospora lavitskiaeT <strong>CBS</strong> 530.68 hQ231997 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Gliomastix lavitskiae. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> berkeleyanum<br />
Gliomastix masseei <strong>CBS</strong> 794.69 hQ232060 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> masseei<br />
Gliomastix murorum <strong>CBS</strong> 154.25 hQ232063 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Graphium malorum. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> murorum<br />
var. felina<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 195.70 hQ232064 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> murorum var. felina<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 119.67 hQ232066 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> murorum var. murorum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 157.72 hQ232067 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> murorum var. murorum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 378.36 hQ232068 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Torula cephalosporioides. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
murorum var. murorum<br />
Gliomastix polychroma T <strong>CBS</strong> 181.27 hQ232091 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Oospora polychroma. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> polychromum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 151.26 hQ232090 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Periconia tenuissima var. nigra. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
polychromum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 617.94 hQ232093 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> polychromum<br />
Gliomastix roseogrisea T <strong>CBS</strong> 134.56 hQ232121 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium roseogriseum. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
roseogriseum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 279.79 hQ232122 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> roseogriseum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 213.69 hQ232092 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> polychromum<br />
CCFC 226570 AY283559 Identified as <strong>Acremonium</strong> murorum var. felina<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 211.69 hQ232065 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> murorum var. felina<br />
Lanatonectria flavolanata <strong>CBS</strong> 230.31 hQ232157<br />
146
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acremonium phylogeny<br />
Table 1. (Continued).<br />
Currently assigned species name Collection numbers nuclsU nucssU Notes<br />
Lanatonectria flocculenta <strong>CBS</strong> 113461 hQ232158<br />
Leucosphaerina arxii T <strong>CBS</strong> 737.84 hQ232159 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Leucosphaerina arxii<br />
Nalanthamala diospyri T <strong>CBS</strong> 560.89 hQ232160 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium diospyri = <strong>Acremonium</strong> diospyri<br />
Nectria rishbethii T <strong>CBS</strong> 496.67 hQ232162 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Nectria rishbethii<br />
Neocosmospora endophytica AR 2674 U17411 Anamorph is <strong>Acremonium</strong> fungicola<br />
Paecilomyces lilacinus <strong>CBS</strong> 101068 hQ232163 hQ232214 Atypical monophialidic isolate, <strong>Acremonium</strong>+E402-like<br />
Pochonia bulbillosa <strong>CBS</strong> 102853 hQ232164 Atypical isolate<br />
Sarcopodium circinatum <strong>CBS</strong> 376.81 hQ232167<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 587.92 hQ232168<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 114068 hQ232169<br />
Sarcopodium circinosetiferum <strong>CBS</strong> 100251 hQ232170<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 100252 hQ232171<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 100998 hQ232172<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 101116 hQ232173<br />
Sarcopodium vanillae <strong>CBS</strong> 100582 hQ232174<br />
Sarocladium attenuatum T <strong>CBS</strong> 399.73 hQ232165 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Sarocladium attenuatum<br />
Sarocladium bacillisporum T <strong>CBS</strong> 425.67 hQ231992 hQ232179 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> bacillisporum<br />
Sarocladium bactrocephalum T <strong>CBS</strong> 749.69 hQ231994 hQ232180 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> bactrocephalum<br />
NRRL 20583 hQ231995<br />
Sarocladium glaucum T <strong>CBS</strong> 796.69 hQ232041 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> glaucum<br />
Sarocladium kiliense T <strong>CBS</strong> 122.29 hQ232052 hQ232198 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> kiliense<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 146.62 hQ232048 hQ232197 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium incoloratum. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
incoloratum<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 155.61 hQ232054 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium incarnatum. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
kiliense<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 156.61 hQ232055 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium incarnatum var. macrospora. In <strong>CBS</strong> as<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> kiliense<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 157.61 hQ232056 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium infestans.In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> kiliense<br />
Sarocladium ochraceum T <strong>CBS</strong> 428.67 hQ232070 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Paecilomyces ochraceus. In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> ochraceum<br />
Sarocladium oryzae <strong>CBS</strong> 180.74 hQ232166<br />
Sarocladium strictum T <strong>CBS</strong> 346.70 hQ232141 hQ232211 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum<br />
“Sarocladium cf. strictum” JY03-006 hQ232142<br />
Sarocladium zeae T <strong>CBS</strong> 801.69 hQ232152 hQ232213 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> zeae<br />
KAS 965 hQ232153<br />
Simplicillium lanosoniveum <strong>CBS</strong> 321.72 hQ232006 hQ232185 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> byssoides<br />
Simplicillium obclavatum T <strong>CBS</strong> 311.74 hQ232175 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> obclavatum<br />
Trichothecium crotocinigenum T <strong>CBS</strong> 129.64 hQ232018 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> crotocinigenum<br />
“Trichothecium<br />
indicaT<br />
indicum”/ Leucosphaerina <strong>CBS</strong> 123.78 AF096194 Ex-type <strong>of</strong> ‘Leucosphaera’ indica<br />
Trichothecium roseum DAOM 208997 U69891<br />
Trichothecium sympodiale ATCC 36477 U69889 In <strong>CBS</strong> as Spicellum roseum<br />
Verticillium alboatrum <strong>CBS</strong> 130.51 hQ231976 – Ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium apii, in <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> apii<br />
Verticillium insectorum <strong>CBS</strong> 101239 hQ248107<br />
Verticillium leptobactrum <strong>CBS</strong> 109351 hQ231993 In <strong>CBS</strong> as <strong>Acremonium</strong> cf. bacillisporum<br />
Nine <strong>of</strong> the named <strong>Acremonium</strong> species in this analysis belong to<br />
the Plectosphaerellaceae. The Sordariales are represented in Fig.<br />
1 only by <strong>Acremonium</strong> alabamense, the only named <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
species in <strong>Acremonium</strong> section Chaetomioidea. Outside these<br />
groups <strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum, represented by numerous<br />
conspecific isolates, belongs to the family Cephalothecaceae (Fig.<br />
1C), along with Albertiniella polyporicola <strong>and</strong> Cephalotheca sulfurea;<br />
this family is sister to the Coniochaetales. Another <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
species, A. thermophilum, falls into the Cephalothecaceae clade<br />
grouping with Albertiniella polyporicola. An isolate provisionally<br />
identified as <strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum, <strong>CBS</strong> 109043 is a member<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Cephalothecaceae. The complex status <strong>of</strong> A. alternatum is<br />
discussed below.<br />
The <strong>Acremonium</strong> species in the Hypocreales form an array <strong>of</strong><br />
poorly to well distinguished clades, most <strong>of</strong> which do not correspond<br />
to previously recognised genera or suprageneric taxa. Included within<br />
the Hypocreales in the Sarocladium clade labeled the "strictum-clade"<br />
is the well known soil fungus long known as <strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum (Fig.<br />
1A). The soil fungus <strong>and</strong> human opportunistic pathogen traditionally<br />
called A. kiliense is also included as is the maize corn endophyte<br />
known as A. zeae. The corresponding clade in Fig. 2C based on<br />
LSU reveals that this group <strong>of</strong> fungi includes the rice pathogen<br />
Sarocladium oryzae as a saltatory morphological apomorph. No<br />
teleomorphs are known to be associated with this group. This<br />
clade consists <strong>of</strong> fungi forming conidia in mucoid heads; it is closely<br />
related to a clade <strong>of</strong> species forming catenulate conidia, namely<br />
the <strong>Acremonium</strong> bacillisporum clade including A. bacillisporum, A.<br />
glaucum, A. implicatum pro parte, <strong>and</strong>, in a separate subclade, A.<br />
ochraceum (Figs 1A, 2C). The "bacillisporum-clade" <strong>and</strong> "strictumclade"<br />
grouped together in an overall Sarocladium clade (Figs 1,<br />
2). Two catenulate-conidial isolates labeled A. alternatum are also<br />
loosely associated with the A. bacillisporum clade in Fig. 2C. In Fig.<br />
1A, one isolate <strong>CBS</strong> 406.66 is connected to the Sarocladium <strong>and</strong> A.<br />
breve/curvulum clades with a 96 % bootstrap value.<br />
147
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
148<br />
85<br />
94<br />
75 <strong>Acremonium</strong> acutatum <strong>CBS</strong> 682.71 T<br />
“Cephalosporium acremonium var. cereum” <strong>CBS</strong> 140.62 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 223.70<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 379.70D<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum OMH F2365.97<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum OMH F2969.97<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum OMH F1648.97<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum OMH F3691.97<br />
Mycopepon smithii<br />
Pseudonectria sp.<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 100816<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 287.70O<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 384.65<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 281.80<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 270.86<br />
89 <strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 124.42 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 786.69<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum <strong>CBS</strong> 407.66 T<br />
“Cephalosporium malorum” <strong>CBS</strong> 117.25 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sordidulum <strong>CBS</strong> 385.73 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> brachypenium <strong>CBS</strong> 866.73 T<br />
“Cephalosporium purpurascens” <strong>CBS</strong> 149.62 T<br />
83<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> potronii” <strong>CBS</strong> 189.70<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> exuviarum UAMH 9995 T<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> tubakii” <strong>CBS</strong> 824.69<br />
79<br />
Emericellopsis terricola<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> fuci UAMH 6508<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> potronii” <strong>CBS</strong> 379.70F<br />
99<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> salmoneum <strong>CBS</strong> 721.71 T<br />
93 Stilbella fimetaria<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> tubakii <strong>CBS</strong> 790.69 T<br />
Stanjemonium grisellum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> chrysogenum <strong>CBS</strong> 144.62 T<br />
90 <strong>Acremonium</strong> flavum <strong>CBS</strong> 596.70 T<br />
71 Hapsidospora irregularis<br />
74<br />
Nigrosabulum globosum<br />
Mycoarachis inversa<br />
Geosmithia lavendula<br />
Geosmithia putterillii<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> blochii” <strong>CBS</strong> 993.69<br />
96<br />
99 <strong>Acremonium</strong> borodinense <strong>CBS</strong> 101148 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> pinkertoniae <strong>CBS</strong> 157.70 T<br />
Bulbithecium hyalosporum<br />
Leucosphaerina arxii T<br />
pinkertoniae<br />
-clade<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> cf. persicinum” <strong>CBS</strong> 102877<br />
85 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 381.70A<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 831.97<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> cavaraeanum” <strong>CBS</strong> 758.69 fusidioides<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> hennebertii <strong>CBS</strong> 768.69 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> fusidioides <strong>CBS</strong> 840.68 T<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> hansfordii” <strong>CBS</strong> 390.73<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> egyptiacum” <strong>CBS</strong> 303.64<br />
-clade<br />
96<br />
99 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> blochii” <strong>CBS</strong> 427.93<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> blochii” <strong>CBS</strong> 324.33<br />
Verticillium insectorum<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> zeylanicum” <strong>CBS</strong> 746.73<br />
Stilbocrea macrostoma<br />
sclerotigenum<br />
-clade<br />
brachypenium<br />
-clade<br />
Emericellopsis<br />
-clade<br />
chrysogenum<br />
-clade<br />
Fig. 2.A–E. The <strong>phylogenetic</strong> position <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> <strong>and</strong> related fungi within the Hypocreales, as seen in nucLSU analysed by maximum likelihood via RAxML VI-HPC<br />
following a GTRMIX model applied to a single partition. 100 % bootstrap values are indicated by a black dot on the relevant internode.<br />
sclerotigenum/Geosmithia-clade<br />
A
Fig. 2. (Continued).<br />
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
86<br />
78<br />
85<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> biseptum <strong>CBS</strong> 750.69<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> cerealis <strong>CBS</strong> 207.65<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> cerealis <strong>CBS</strong> 215.69<br />
93<br />
cerealis<br />
-clade<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> blochii” <strong>CBS</strong> 424.93<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 378.70E<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 378.70D<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 378.70A<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 102349<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 169.65<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 295.70M<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 295.70A<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 439.66<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 101694<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 469.67<br />
91<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 330.80<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> verruculosum <strong>CBS</strong> 989.69 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum <strong>CBS</strong> 310.59 T<br />
Hydropisphaera erubescens 2<br />
Hydropisphaera erubescens 1<br />
Gliomastix masseei <strong>CBS</strong> 794.69 T<br />
Gliomastix murorum <strong>CBS</strong> 157.72<br />
Gliomastix murorum <strong>CBS</strong> 195.70<br />
Gliomastix murorum <strong>CBS</strong> 119.67<br />
80<br />
92<br />
Gliomastix murorum <strong>CBS</strong> 378.36<br />
Gliomastix murorum <strong>CBS</strong> 154.25<br />
98 Gliomastix polychroma <strong>CBS</strong> 151.26<br />
Gliomastix polychroma <strong>CBS</strong> 181.27 T<br />
Gliomastix polychroma <strong>CBS</strong> 617.94<br />
Gliomastix roseogrisea <strong>CBS</strong> 211.69<br />
Gliomastix roseogrisea <strong>CBS</strong> 213.69<br />
Gliomastix roseogrisea <strong>CBS</strong> 134.56 T<br />
99 Gliomastix roseogrisea <strong>CBS</strong> 279.79<br />
Gliomastix roseogrisea CCFC 226570<br />
Heleococcum japonicum<br />
99<br />
Hydropisphaera peziza 1<br />
89 Hydropisphaera peziza 2<br />
72 Roumegueriella rufula<br />
Selinia pulchra<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> hyalinulum” <strong>CBS</strong> 271.36<br />
Nalanthamala squamicola<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> aff. persicinum” <strong>CBS</strong> 203.73<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> luzulae” <strong>CBS</strong> 495.67<br />
Nectria zonata<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> tectonae <strong>CBS</strong> 725.87 T<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> longisporum” <strong>CBS</strong> 113.69<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum” <strong>CBS</strong> 378.70C<br />
100 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> aff. persicinum” <strong>CBS</strong> 263.89<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> rutilum <strong>CBS</strong> 396.66 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> pteridii <strong>CBS</strong> 784.69<br />
100 <strong>Acremonium</strong> spinosum <strong>CBS</strong> 136.33 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> pteridii <strong>CBS</strong> 782.69 T<br />
Ochronectria calami<br />
93 Bionectria grammicospora<br />
Bionectria ochroleuca 2<br />
72 Nectria sesquicillii<br />
Bionectria pityrodes<br />
Stephanonectria keithii<br />
99<br />
Nectriopsis sporangiicola<br />
93 Nectriopsis violacea<br />
Sesquicillium microsporum<br />
Kallichroma glabrum<br />
Tilachlidium brachiatum<br />
T<br />
Gliomastix clade<br />
pteridii<br />
-clade<br />
persicinum<br />
-clade<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
Gliomastix/Bionectria-clade<br />
B<br />
149
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
93<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> incrustatum <strong>CBS</strong> 159.70 T<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> potronii” <strong>CBS</strong> 433.88<br />
Linkosia fusiformis<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> guillematii <strong>CBS</strong> 766.69 T<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum” <strong>CBS</strong> 110646<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sp. <strong>CBS</strong> 314.72<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> vitellinum <strong>CBS</strong> 792.69 T minutisporum<br />
100 <strong>Acremonium</strong> minutisporum <strong>CBS</strong> 147.62 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> minutisporum det 267B<br />
-clade<br />
100 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 406.66<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 114602<br />
99 Sarocladium bacillisporum <strong>CBS</strong> 425.67 T<br />
77 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> implicatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 243.59<br />
Sarocladium glaucum <strong>CBS</strong> 796.69 T<br />
bacillisporum<br />
-clade<br />
94 Sarocladium bactrocephalum <strong>CBS</strong> 749.69 T<br />
Sarocladium bactrocephalum NRRL 20583<br />
84 Sarocladium cf. strictum JY03-006<br />
83 Sarocladium strictum <strong>CBS</strong> 346.70 T<br />
84 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> zonatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 565.67<br />
100 Sarocladium attenuatum T<br />
Sarocladium oryzae<br />
94 Sarocladium kiliense <strong>CBS</strong> 146.62<br />
Sarocladium kiliense <strong>CBS</strong> 122.29 T<br />
Sarocladium kiliense <strong>CBS</strong> 155.61<br />
Sarocladium kiliense <strong>CBS</strong> 157.61<br />
Sarocladium kiliense <strong>CBS</strong> 156.61<br />
Sarocladium zeae <strong>CBS</strong> 801.69 T<br />
98 Sarocladium zeae KAS 965<br />
Sarocladium ochraceum <strong>CBS</strong> 428.67 T<br />
strictum<br />
-clade<br />
Sarocladium<br />
-clade<br />
100<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> breve <strong>CBS</strong> 150.62 T<br />
76 <strong>Acremonium</strong> radiatum <strong>CBS</strong> 142.62 T<br />
91 “<strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum” <strong>CBS</strong> 147.49<br />
“Cephalosporium acremonium var. funiculosum” <strong>CBS</strong> 141.62<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> gamsii <strong>CBS</strong> 726.71 T<br />
T<br />
100<br />
83 Trichothecium crotocinigenum <strong>CBS</strong> 129.64 T<br />
“Trichothecium indicum”/Leucosphaerina indica T<br />
Trichothecium sympodiale<br />
73 Trichothecium roseum<br />
Trichothecium<br />
-clade<br />
74<br />
75<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 430.66 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 229.75<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 384.70A<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 898.85<br />
100 <strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 761.69<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 333.92<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 214.70<br />
curvulum<br />
-clade<br />
95<br />
100<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 110514<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 384.70C<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 104.78<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> curvulum <strong>CBS</strong> 523.72<br />
98<br />
Valetoniellopsis laxa<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> rhabdosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 438.66 T<br />
Lanatonectria flavolanata 1<br />
Lanatonectria flavolanata 2<br />
Sarcopodium vanillae<br />
94 Sarcopodium circinatum 2<br />
Sarcopodium circinosetiferum 3 Lanatonectria<br />
82<br />
84<br />
Sarcopodium circinosetiferum 4<br />
Lanatonectria flocculenta<br />
Sarcopodium circinosetiferum 2<br />
Sarcopodium circinosetiferum 1<br />
Pseudonectria rousseliana<br />
-clade<br />
Fig. 2. (Continued).<br />
150<br />
breve<br />
-clade<br />
C
Fig. 2. (Continued).<br />
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
100 <strong>Acremonium</strong> inflatum <strong>CBS</strong> 403.70<br />
99 <strong>Acremonium</strong> inflatum <strong>CBS</strong> 439.70<br />
76 <strong>Acremonium</strong> inflatum <strong>CBS</strong> 212.69<br />
100<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> luzulae” <strong>CBS</strong> 579.73<br />
Scopinella solani<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> roseolum <strong>CBS</strong> 289.62<br />
Peethambara sundara<br />
Albosynnema elegans<br />
Didymostilbe echin<strong>of</strong>ibrosa<br />
Peethambara spirostriata<br />
Sarcopodium circinatum 3<br />
Sarcopodium circinatum 1<br />
Myrothecium cinctum<br />
Myrothecium inundatum<br />
Myrothecium roridum 1<br />
Myrothecium roridum 2<br />
Myrothecium leucotrichum<br />
Myrothecium verrucaria<br />
Parasarcopodium ceratocaryi<br />
Stachybotrys chartarum<br />
Chaetosphaeria aterrima<br />
96 Didymostilbe matsushimae<br />
Melanopsamma pomiformis<br />
80<br />
Cosmospora lavitskiae <strong>CBS</strong> 530.68<br />
Cosmospora episphaeria<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> aff. curvulum” <strong>CBS</strong> 100551<br />
Cosmospora vilior<br />
Cosmospora kh<strong>and</strong>alensis <strong>CBS</strong> 356.65<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 400.85<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 976.70<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 411.91<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 596.74<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 505.94<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 220.84<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 555.73<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 362.76<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 137.35<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 135.71<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 541.89<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 402.89<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei <strong>CBS</strong> 442.66<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum” <strong>CBS</strong> 106.23<br />
Fusarium dimerum<br />
Fusarium domesticum<br />
Fusarium oxysporum 1<br />
Fusarium oxysporum 2<br />
Fusarium verticillioides<br />
Persiciospora africana<br />
Nectria rigidiuscula<br />
Fusarium falciforme<br />
Fusarium solani<br />
Fusarium lichenicola<br />
Neocosmospora endophytica<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> tsugae <strong>CBS</strong> 788.69<br />
Cylindrocarpon cylindroides<br />
Heliscus lugdunensis<br />
Calonectria morganii<br />
Nectria radicicola<br />
Leuconectria clusiae<br />
Dematiocladium celtidis<br />
Nectria cinnabarina<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei” <strong>CBS</strong> 485.77<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei” <strong>CBS</strong> 482.78<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei” <strong>CBS</strong> 110348<br />
Nalanthamala diospyri<br />
Nalanthamala guajavae<br />
Nalanthamala vermoesenii<br />
Rubrinectria olivacea<br />
‘Nectria’ rishbethii <strong>CBS</strong> 496.67<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> exiguum <strong>CBS</strong> 587.73<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> implicatum” <strong>CBS</strong> 397.70B<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> potronii” <strong>CBS</strong> 416.68<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> potronii” <strong>CBS</strong> 781.69<br />
Nectriopsis squamulosa 1<br />
Nectriopsis squamulosa 2<br />
“Cephalosporium ballagii” <strong>CBS</strong> 134.33<br />
“<strong>Acremonium</strong> aff. curvulum” <strong>CBS</strong> 113275<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> pseudozeylanicum <strong>CBS</strong> 560.73<br />
Niesslia exilis 1<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> nigrosclerotium <strong>CBS</strong> 154.72<br />
Niesslia exilis 2<br />
76<br />
T<br />
T<br />
88<br />
98<br />
86<br />
78<br />
T<br />
86<br />
T<br />
88<br />
T<br />
89<br />
81<br />
100<br />
91<br />
99<br />
87<br />
70<br />
89<br />
T<br />
90<br />
T<br />
85 100<br />
96<br />
T<br />
T<br />
exiguum<br />
92<br />
93<br />
-clade<br />
100<br />
97<br />
T<br />
77<br />
T<br />
T<br />
inflatum<br />
-clade<br />
Stachybotrys/Peethambara<br />
-clade<br />
Cosmospora<br />
Fusarium<br />
-clade<br />
pseudozeylanicum<br />
-clade<br />
Nectriaceae/recifei-clade<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
D<br />
151
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
Fig. 2. (Continued).<br />
152<br />
97<br />
98<br />
80<br />
0.01 substitutions/site<br />
Cordyceps ramosipulvinata<br />
100<br />
Melanospora brevirostris<br />
83<br />
Bertia moriformis<br />
Phaeoacremonium aleophilum<br />
Ophiocordyceps bispora<br />
Elaphocordyceps longisegmentis<br />
Haptocillium sinense<br />
Haptocillium zeosporum<br />
99 Paecilomyces lilacinus 2<br />
Paecilomyces lilacinus 1<br />
82 Isaria takamizusanensis<br />
98<br />
99<br />
Chaunopycnis alba 1<br />
Chaunopycnis alba 2<br />
Chaunopycnis pustulata<br />
Tolypocladium inflatum<br />
Verticillium leptobactrum <strong>CBS</strong> 109351<br />
92 94 Simplicillium lanosoniveum <strong>CBS</strong> 321.72<br />
78 Simplicillium lanosoniveum<br />
98 Simplicillium obclavatum T<br />
91<br />
74<br />
Simplicillium lamellicola<br />
Beauveria bassiana<br />
Cordyceps militaris<br />
Pleurodesmospora coccorum<br />
Isaria javanica<br />
Syspastospora parasitica<br />
Hyperdermium bertonii<br />
Lecanicillium antillanum<br />
Lecanicillium aranearum<br />
Lecanicillium fusisporum<br />
Lecanicillium psalliotae 1<br />
Lecanicillium dimorphum<br />
Lecanicillium aff. psalliotae 2<br />
Lecanicillium lecanii<br />
Paecilomyces farinosus<br />
Lecanicillium attenuatum<br />
Epichloe typhina<br />
Pochonia bulbillosa 2<br />
Pochonia bulbillosa 1<br />
Pochonia gonioides<br />
Pochonia rubescens<br />
Metarhizium anisopliae var. frigidum<br />
Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulatum T<br />
95 Verticillium epiphytum 2<br />
Verticillium epiphytum 1<br />
Torrubiella pruinosa<br />
98 Torrubiella petchii<br />
Echinodothis tuberiformis<br />
Verticillium pseudohemipterigenum<br />
Ophionectria trichospora<br />
Torrubiella luteorostrata<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> camptosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 756.69 T<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> camptosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 835.91<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> camptosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 757.69<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> camptosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 677.74<br />
99 <strong>Acremonium</strong> camptosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 890.85<br />
Clypeosphaeria phillyreae<br />
Blistum tomentosum<br />
Neomunkia sydowii<br />
Hypocrea koningii<br />
Hypomyces chlorinigenus<br />
Sphaerostilbella aureonitens<br />
Sporophagomyces chrysostomus<br />
81 Cladobotryum rubrobrunnescens<br />
Hypomyces subiculosus<br />
Mycogone rosea<br />
Verticillium incurvum<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> psammosporum <strong>CBS</strong> 590.63 T<br />
Ceratocystis fimbriata<br />
Ophiostoma piluliferum 2<br />
Glomerella cingulata<br />
T<br />
T<br />
T<br />
T<br />
camptosporum<br />
-clade<br />
Ophiocordycipitaceae<br />
Cordycipitaceae<br />
Clavicipitaceae<br />
Hypocreaceae<br />
e
Another major hypocrealean <strong>Acremonium</strong> clade in Fig. 1A<br />
contains A. breve, A. radiatum, A. gamsii <strong>and</strong>, more distantly, with<br />
96 % bootstrap support, A. curvulum. In Fig. 2C where <strong>phylogenetic</strong><br />
signal is lower, A. curvulum loses its tight association with A. breve<br />
<strong>and</strong> its relatives <strong>and</strong> appears in unsupported juxtaposition with the<br />
genus Trichothecium <strong>and</strong> the corresponding teleomorph genus,<br />
Leucosphaerina. The clade containing Trichothecium roseum<br />
<strong>and</strong> Leucosphaerina indica (see taxonomic comments below)<br />
also contains two anamorph species that were long placed in<br />
different genera based on conidiogenesis, namely, <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
crotocinigenum <strong>and</strong> Spicellum roseum, here recombined into<br />
Trichothecium.<br />
The next clade in Fig. 1A is a loosely structured assemblage<br />
consisting <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> subgenus Gliomastix, some<br />
<strong>of</strong> which are delineated below as members <strong>of</strong> a <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally<br />
delineated genus Gliomastix, plus the teleomorphic genera<br />
Bionectria, linked to the well known penicillate hyphomycete<br />
anamorph genus Clonostachys (Schroers 2001), Hydropisphaera,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Roumegueriella. As Fig. 2B shows in more detail, the type<br />
species <strong>of</strong> the genus Gliomastix, originally named Gliomastix<br />
chartarum but currently called G. murorum, is in a relatively<br />
well supported clade (92 % bootstrap support) along with G.<br />
masseei, G. polychroma, <strong>and</strong> G. roseogrisa, three other species<br />
with melanised conidia that were placed in <strong>Acremonium</strong> subg.<br />
Gliomastix by Gams (1971). Related to Gliomastix are two clades <strong>of</strong><br />
non-melanised <strong>Acremonium</strong> species placed in A. subg. Gliomastix,<br />
the A. persicinum clade, <strong>and</strong> A. pteridii clade. Smaller clades<br />
containing species in A. subg. Gliomastix such as A. biseptum, A.<br />
cerealis, A. luzulae, <strong>and</strong> A. rutilum (= A. roseum) are included in<br />
the large Gliomastix/Bionectria clade, which has 78 % bootstrap<br />
support. This clade includes additional teleomorphic fungi such as<br />
Heleococcum, Hydropisphaera, Nectriopsis, Ochronectria, Selinia,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Stephanonectria, along with the anamorph Sesquicillium<br />
microsporum.<br />
The Gliomastix/Bionectria clade, the sclerotigenum/Geosmithia<br />
clade, <strong>and</strong> other members <strong>of</strong> the Bionectriaceae form a weakly<br />
supported clade with 74 % bootstrap value as shown in Fig. 1A.<br />
Included in the sclerotigenum/Geosmithia clade is the penicillate<br />
anamorph genus Geosmithia sensu stricto <strong>and</strong> the ex-type isolates<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> pinkertoniae <strong>and</strong> A. sclerotigenum as well as the<br />
cephalosporin-producer <strong>Acremonium</strong> chrysogenum <strong>and</strong> its close<br />
relative, the thermophilic A. flavum. It also includes non-type<br />
isolates identified as A. blochii <strong>and</strong> A. egyptiacum. In the LSU-tree<br />
(Fig. 2A) the sclerotigenum/Geosmithia clade includes an extensive<br />
group <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> species <strong>and</strong> cleistothecial Bionectriaceae<br />
with <strong>Acremonium</strong>-like anamorphs, namely, Emericellopsis,<br />
Hapsidospora, Mycoarachis, <strong>and</strong> Nigrosabulum. Among the<br />
anamorphic species in this group are most <strong>of</strong> the <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally<br />
disparate isolates identified as the type species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong>,<br />
A. alternatum. One <strong>of</strong> these, <strong>CBS</strong> 407.66, is designated below<br />
as epitype <strong>of</strong> A. alternatum. Prominent subclades include the<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum clade containing the ex-type isolates <strong>of</strong><br />
A. sclerotigenum <strong>and</strong> A. sordidulum.<br />
Another major, well supported bionectriaceous subclade<br />
associated with the sclerotigenum clade is the Emericellopsis<br />
clade (Fig. 2A). It includes the type species <strong>of</strong> the synnematal<br />
hyphomycete genus Stilbella, S. fimetaria (Seifert 1985) as<br />
well as the type <strong>of</strong> Stanjemonium (Gams et al. 1998) <strong>and</strong> the<br />
marine <strong>Acremonium</strong> tubakii sensu stricto <strong>and</strong> A. fuci (Zuccaro<br />
et al. 2004). Stilbella fimetaria is closely related to the ex-type<br />
isolate <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> salmoneum isolated from dung, also a<br />
typical habitat for S. fimetaria (Seifert 1985). An adjacent weakly<br />
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
supported clade includes Hapsidospora, Mycoarachis, <strong>and</strong><br />
Nigrosabulum, <strong>and</strong> the two <strong>Acremonium</strong> species named for yellow<br />
pigmentation, A. chrysogenum <strong>and</strong> A. flavum. Although associated<br />
with A. chrysogenum <strong>and</strong> A. flavum in Fig. 1B, A. pinkertoniae<br />
<strong>and</strong> A. borodinense form a distinct clade in Fig. 2A along with an<br />
isolate included in the polyphyletic A. blochii (<strong>CBS</strong> 993.69), plus<br />
the cleistothecial teleomorphs Bulbithecium hyalosporum <strong>and</strong><br />
Leucosphaerina arxii, both <strong>of</strong> which have unnamed <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
anamorphs. In Fig. 2A, the A. chrysogenum subclade appears<br />
to be distinct from the other clades containing A. sclerotigenum,<br />
Emericellopsis, <strong>and</strong> Geosmithia. The other clades within the overall<br />
sclerotigenum/Geosmithia clade include the A. fusidioides clade<br />
containing several acremonia forming similar conidial chains (A.<br />
cavaraeanum, A. fusidioides, A. hansfordii, A. hennebertii, one <strong>of</strong><br />
the isolates labeled A. alternatum). A small A. brachypenium clade<br />
associated with the A. sclerotigenum clade includes A. brachypenium<br />
plus the ex-type strain <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium purpurascens placed<br />
by Gams (1971) in A. persicinum. There is also an isolate <strong>of</strong> the<br />
polyphyletic, untypified species A. potronii. Basal to these clades<br />
is another small clade that links an entomogenous isolate identified<br />
as Verticillium insectorum with two isolates from human sources<br />
identified as A. blochii; these conidial chain-forming isolates are<br />
sister to an isolate <strong>of</strong> the chain-forming entomogenous species<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> zeylanicum. The “A. blochii” isolate <strong>CBS</strong> 427.93,<br />
linked with a 99 % bootstrap value to A. pinkertoniae in Fig. 1B,<br />
is one <strong>of</strong> the two isolates associated with <strong>Acremonium</strong> zeylanicum<br />
in Fig. 2A.<br />
Adjacent <strong>and</strong> loosely linked to the bionectriaceous clades in<br />
Fig. 2B is a small clade in Fig. 2C containing the ex-type isolate <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> incrustatum plus an isolate labeled A. potronii, <strong>and</strong> a<br />
sequence attributed to Linkosia fusiformis, although this sequence<br />
most likely represents a contaminant.<br />
Below the sclerotigenum/Geosmithia clade in Fig. 1A <strong>and</strong><br />
above the Hypocreaceae in Fig. 2E fall clades representing<br />
the Clavicipitaceae sensu lato. These clades include the<br />
families Clavicipitaceae sensu stricto, Ophiocordycipitaceae,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Cordycipitaceae. Although many species in this group <strong>of</strong><br />
three families have <strong>Acremonium</strong>-like anamorphic states, only<br />
two described <strong>Acremonium</strong> species are associated here. In<br />
Fig. 2E A. camptosporum sits basally in a clade adjacent to the<br />
Clavicipitaceae <strong>and</strong> is close to the poorly understood teleomorphic<br />
species Clypeosphaeria phillyreae, assuming the latter is correctly<br />
associated with the sequence attributed to it. Simplicillium<br />
obclavatum, originally described as <strong>Acremonium</strong> obclavatum,<br />
provides the only other clavicipitaceous species in Fig. 2<br />
representing a named species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong>.<br />
Below the Clavicipitaceaceae in Fig. 1B is a clade <strong>of</strong> ambiguous<br />
affinities containing <strong>Acremonium</strong> guillematii, A. minutisporum <strong>and</strong><br />
A. vitellinum. This group also appears as two to three unaffiliated<br />
clades in Fig. 2C. An insignificant branch in Fig. 1B subtends<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> exiguum, A. psammosporum, <strong>and</strong> an isolate identified<br />
as A. potronii. In Fig. 2D, just A. exiguum <strong>and</strong> the A. potronii entity<br />
remain associated while <strong>Acremonium</strong> psammosporum segregates<br />
into a basal hypocrealean clade <strong>of</strong> its own in Fig. 2E.<br />
The Nectriaceae is represented by Nectria cinnabarina in<br />
Fig. 1B along with the ex-type isolate <strong>of</strong> the tropical opportunistic<br />
pathogen <strong>of</strong> humans, <strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei. Fig. 2D shows A. recifei<br />
subtending multiple taxa with three non-type isolates splitting <strong>of</strong>f<br />
as a separate clade. These clades have approximately the same<br />
status in the Nectriaceae as the genus Nalanthamala, including N.<br />
diospyri, the former <strong>Acremonium</strong> diospyri. Another nectriaceous<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> in Fig. 2D is A. tsugae, which is closely related<br />
153
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
to Cylindrocarpon cylindroides. The broad morphotaxonomic<br />
concept <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> berkeleyanum is polyphyletic consisting <strong>of</strong><br />
isolates placed in the nectriaceous genus Cosmospora (Fig. 2D).<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> berkeleyanum sensu lato is represented in Fig. 2D by<br />
the newly recombined Cosmospora species, C. lavitskiae <strong>and</strong> C.<br />
kh<strong>and</strong>alensis based on the ex-type isolates <strong>of</strong> Gliomastix lavitskiae<br />
<strong>and</strong> Cephalosporium kh<strong>and</strong>alense (Gräfenhan et al. 2011). Another<br />
purported synonym <strong>of</strong> A. berkeleyanum, a Cadophora isolate<br />
received as A. butyri <strong>CBS</strong> 301.38, falls outside the Hypocreales<br />
(Fig. 1C).<br />
Basally in the Hypocreales in Fig. 1B, <strong>Acremonium</strong> roseolum<br />
appears in loose association with Stachybotrys species. In Fig.<br />
2D, it appears in a clade along with the teleomorph Scopinella<br />
solani <strong>and</strong> three <strong>Acremonium</strong> inflatum isolates, including <strong>CBS</strong><br />
403.70, an atypical, catenate-conidial isolate identified at <strong>CBS</strong> as<br />
A. atrogriseum. Nearby but statistically unlinked clades include<br />
Stachybotrys <strong>and</strong> allied fungi such as Peethambara spirostriata<br />
<strong>and</strong> Didymostilbe echin<strong>of</strong>ibrosa (Castlebury et al. 2004).<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> nigrosclerotium represents an isolated<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> near the families Hypocreaceae <strong>and</strong> Niessliaceae<br />
(Fig. 1B). In Fig. 2D, A. nigrosclerotium is intercalated among<br />
two genotypes ascribed to N. exilis, <strong>and</strong> loosely associated (77<br />
% bootstrap) with <strong>Acremonium</strong> pseudozeylanicum <strong>and</strong> the type<br />
culture <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium ballagii, currently in synonymy with<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> charticola (Gams 1971).<br />
A distant outlier is <strong>Acremonium</strong> lichenicola at the bottom <strong>of</strong> Fig.<br />
1C. This isolate, <strong>CBS</strong> 425.66, chosen to represent this species in<br />
lieu <strong>of</strong> ex-type material, blasts as a pezizalean fungus with affinities<br />
to another hyaline, phialidic fungus, Phialophora alba.<br />
A number <strong>of</strong> genera in addition to <strong>Acremonium</strong> were<br />
investigated for possible affinity with <strong>Acremonium</strong> clades as shown<br />
in Fig. 2. The sporodochial genus Sarcopodium was investigated<br />
<strong>and</strong> found to split into two groups (Fig. 2C, D). One isolate identified<br />
as S. circinatum grouped with Sarcopodium circinosetiferum <strong>and</strong><br />
S. vanillae in a widely separated clade along with Lanatonectria<br />
teleomorphs <strong>and</strong> a sequence identified as Pseudonectria<br />
rousseliana (Fig. 2C). This clade appeared in LSU sequencing to<br />
be independently situated within the Hypocreales. <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
rhabdosporum appeared as a statistically unsupported, possible<br />
distant relative. The other two isolates <strong>of</strong> S. circinatum formed a<br />
clade near Myrothecium in the Stachybotrys/Peethambara clade<br />
(Fig. 2D). Also appearing in this clade was Parasarcopodium<br />
ceratocaryi, a monotypic genus recently described by Mel’nik et<br />
al. (2004).<br />
DIsCUssION<br />
The main morphotaxonomic groundwork for <strong>Acremonium</strong> as<br />
conceived in the late 20 th century was laid by Gams (1971)<br />
in his monograph Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze<br />
(Hyphomycetes). This monograph was radically more<br />
comprehensive than previous treatments <strong>of</strong> the species <strong>and</strong> was<br />
followed by several key adjunct studies, including but not limited to<br />
Gams & Lacey (1972), Gams (1975), <strong>and</strong> Ito et al. (2000). Gams’<br />
studies were based on a meticulous morphological observation<br />
scheme that involved growing species on appropriate media, e.g.,<br />
oatmeal agar, <strong>and</strong> then making camera lucida drawings that could<br />
be directly compared with subsequent isolates. The comparison<br />
was done by superimposing the virtual image <strong>of</strong> the new isolate<br />
directly over the camera lucida drawings <strong>of</strong> previous isolates drawn<br />
154<br />
at the same scale. This highly rigorous approach was necessary<br />
for a group <strong>of</strong> hyphomycetous fungi so morphologically simplified<br />
as <strong>Acremonium</strong>.<br />
Gams (1971, 1975) also discovered a subtle character that<br />
allowed him to associate dark-conidial species, monographed<br />
by Dickinson (1968) as the genus Gliomastix, with numerous<br />
biologically related hyaline-conidial species. This character was<br />
"chondroid hyphae," which could be seen under the microscope as<br />
hyphae with wall thickenings, <strong>and</strong> which makes colonies somewhat<br />
resistant to being cut with a scalpel. The species Gams (1971)<br />
united using this character are, for the most part, grouped in the<br />
Gliomastix/Bionectria clade referred to earlier in this study.<br />
Despite the rigorous approach <strong>and</strong> the discovery <strong>of</strong> new, useful<br />
characters, a number <strong>of</strong> the morphotaxonomic species names<br />
ultimately were applied in the <strong>CBS</strong> collection to <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally<br />
divergent organisms. Six distinct taxa from <strong>CBS</strong> investigated in<br />
this study were identified as A. persicinum; three are now seen<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally to fall within the Gliomastix clade <strong>and</strong> three sort<br />
elsewhere. These taxa are mostly directly visible as A. persicinum<br />
isolates in Fig. 2. Names without quotation marks are consistent<br />
with the type, while names in quotation marks sort into other<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong> groups. An exception is represented by <strong>CBS</strong> 149.62.<br />
This isolate, the ex-type <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium purpurascens, was<br />
listed by Gams (1971) as a synonym <strong>of</strong> A. persicinum. Five taxa<br />
in Fig. 2 were labeled A. potronii in <strong>CBS</strong>, <strong>and</strong> four were called<br />
A. strictum. Within both A. potronii <strong>and</strong> A. strictum, as conceived<br />
morphologically, some isolates fall within A. sclerotigenum. The<br />
name A. alternatum was applied to four species, three <strong>of</strong> them<br />
visible in Fig. 2, plus isolates <strong>of</strong> A. sclerotigenum with catenulate<br />
conidia. “<strong>Acremonium</strong> blochii” was applied to three different<br />
species.<br />
Phylogenetic analysis compared to the<br />
morphological treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
Gams (1971, 1975) divided <strong>Acremonium</strong> into three major sections,<br />
Simplex, a name later updated as the type section <strong>Acremonium</strong>,<br />
Gliomastix, <strong>and</strong> Nectrioidea. Of these sections, only Gliomastix<br />
withst<strong>and</strong>s <strong>phylogenetic</strong> scrutiny as a unit, albeit a loosely<br />
associated one.<br />
The type section <strong>Acremonium</strong> contained four widely<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally scattered major clades (Fig. 2), specifically the A.<br />
sclerotigenum clade, Sarocladium clade, A. curvulum clade, <strong>and</strong> A.<br />
breve clade. As seen best in Fig. 1, the Sarocladium clade <strong>and</strong> the<br />
A. breve <strong>and</strong> A. curvulum clades comprise a distinct group that falls<br />
within the Hypocreales but outside any currently recognised family.<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sclerotigenum falls into a distinct clade within the<br />
Bionectriaceae that also contains Emericellopsis <strong>and</strong> Geosmithia.<br />
This clade also includes about half the investigated <strong>CBS</strong> isolates<br />
identified as the type species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong>, A. alternatum,<br />
including <strong>CBS</strong> 407.66 as well as some isolates such as <strong>CBS</strong> 223.70<br />
revealed as morphological variants <strong>of</strong> A. sclerotigenum. Despite<br />
the substantial <strong>phylogenetic</strong> distance between A. sclerotigenum<br />
<strong>and</strong> A. strictum, relatively glabrous, cylindrical-conidial isolates<br />
<strong>of</strong> A. sclerotigenum not producing sclerotia on special media<br />
(lupine stem agar according to Gams, 1971, later replaced at<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> by nettle stem agar) are essentially micromorphologically<br />
indistinguishable from A. strictum. Table 1 shows <strong>CBS</strong> 287.70 O<br />
as an A. sclerotigenum isolate identified in <strong>CBS</strong> as A. strictum; ITS<br />
sequencing studies <strong>of</strong> additional strains (data not shown) have<br />
found two more such isolates, <strong>CBS</strong> 319.70 D <strong>and</strong> <strong>CBS</strong> 474.67.
The convergence among isolates <strong>of</strong> <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally remote<br />
species is remarkable. An unknown proportion <strong>of</strong> the literature on<br />
A. strictum is based on studies <strong>of</strong> A. sclerotigenum. For example,<br />
in a study influential in medical mycology, Novicki et al. (2003)<br />
labeled ITS-sequenced isolates <strong>of</strong> A. sclerotigenum in GenBank<br />
as "<strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum genogroup II." The complexity <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
sclerotigenum, not its earliest valid name, goes beyond the scope<br />
<strong>of</strong> this paper. Perdomo et al. (2010) have recently investigated the<br />
diversity <strong>of</strong> medically important isolates within this species.<br />
Besides the four clades mentioned above, <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
sect. <strong>Acremonium</strong> species also make up the non-synnematal<br />
anamorphs <strong>of</strong> the Emericellopsis clade, most <strong>of</strong> the A. fusidioides<br />
clade, <strong>and</strong> most <strong>of</strong> the small A. camptosporum, A. exiguum, A.<br />
minutisporum, A. pinkertoniae, <strong>and</strong> A. pseudozeylanicum clades.<br />
Gams (1975) accommodated A. byssoides, now known to belong<br />
in Simplicillium lanosoniveum (Zare & Gams 2001), in <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
sect. <strong>Acremonium</strong>, while commenting that it was suggestive <strong>of</strong><br />
Verticillium sect. Prostrata, later recognised as Simplicillium (Zare<br />
& Gams 2001). He withheld A. byssoides from Verticillium because<br />
the colony margin was relatively flat <strong>and</strong> slightly fasciculate, rather<br />
than cottony. To some extent <strong>Acremonium</strong> sect. <strong>Acremonium</strong> was<br />
based on keying out all the relatively flat or fasciculate <strong>Acremonium</strong>like<br />
species together provided that they lacked the dark conidia or<br />
chondroid hyphae <strong>of</strong> Gliomastix.<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> sect. Nectrioidea as delineated by Gams (1971)<br />
included many Nectria sensu lato anamorphs. Some <strong>of</strong> these<br />
species are now placed in the genus Cosmospora by Gräfenhan et<br />
al. (2011). These include members <strong>of</strong> the A. berkeleyanum complex<br />
as well as A. arxii <strong>and</strong> A. cymosum. <strong>Acremonium</strong> falciforme in A.<br />
sect. Nectrioidea had already been recognised as a member <strong>of</strong><br />
the Fusarium solani complex (Summerbell & Schroers 2002) <strong>and</strong><br />
A. diospyri had been transferred into Nalanthamala along with<br />
other nectriaceous species (Schroers et al. 2005). <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
tsugae appears to be a microconidial Cylindrocarpon species. The<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> recifei complex still remains as an undisposed major<br />
group <strong>of</strong> nectriaceous <strong>Acremonium</strong> species originally included in<br />
A. sect. Nectrioidea. The placement <strong>of</strong> A. sect. Nectrioidea species<br />
A. alcalophilum, A. brunnescens, A. furcatum, A. nepalense, A.<br />
restrictum, <strong>and</strong> A. stromaticum in the Plectosphaerellaceae has<br />
already been shown by Zare et al. (2007). <strong>Acremonium</strong> apii also<br />
has been shown to belong to this family as a synonym <strong>of</strong> Verticillium<br />
alboatrum, <strong>and</strong> its ex-type strain, <strong>CBS</strong> 130.51, was used as the<br />
representative isolate <strong>of</strong> that species by Zare et al. (2007).<br />
Other anomalous elements <strong>of</strong> A. sect. Nectrioidea include<br />
A. crotocinigenum in the Trichothecium clade, A. radiatum in the<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally isolated A. breve clade, A. biseptum in the A.<br />
cerealis clade near Gliomastix, A. salmoneum in the Emericellopsis<br />
clade near Stilbella fimetaria, A. chrysogenum in a bionectriaceous<br />
clade containing cleistothecial teleomorphs such as Nigrosabulum,<br />
A. rutilum in a clade otherwise containing isolates identified as A.<br />
persicinum, <strong>and</strong> a non-type A. hyalinulum isolate in another clade<br />
peripheral to Gliomastix. When Sarocladium zeae as A. zeae in<br />
A. sect. Nectrioidea was compared to the <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally related<br />
S. kiliense as A. kiliense in A. sect. <strong>Acremonium</strong> by Gams (1971,<br />
p. 16), he noted that the latter species may sometimes also be<br />
strongly branched <strong>and</strong> thus resemble the former. The exigencies<br />
<strong>of</strong> dichotomous morphological keying tended to sort closely related<br />
species into widely separated Sections <strong>of</strong> the genus.<br />
The main heterogeneous element included in Gams’ (1971)<br />
original concept <strong>of</strong> sect. Gliomastix was the “Striatisporum series.”<br />
These were later distinguished as the separate genus Sagenomella<br />
(Gams 1978). Both Sagenomella <strong>and</strong> the recently described genus<br />
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
Phialosimplex are members <strong>of</strong> the Eurotiales (Sigler et al. 2010).<br />
Another anomalous element in sect. Gliomastix, <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
atrogriseum, is here removed to the Cephalothecaceae.<br />
Other species included by Gams (1971, 1975) in A.<br />
sect. Gliomastix that can now be seen to be separated from<br />
the Gliomastix/Bionectria clade include “Cephalosporium<br />
purpurascens,” synonymised by Gams (1971) with A. persicinum<br />
as well as A. brachypenium, A. hennebertii, A. incrustatum, <strong>and</strong><br />
A. inflatum. Species outside the Gliomastix/Bionectria clade that<br />
have well developed chondroid hyphae include A. hennebertii <strong>and</strong><br />
A. incrustatum.<br />
TAxONOMy<br />
The main purpose <strong>of</strong> this study is to provide a <strong>phylogenetic</strong> <strong>overview</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> plus distinctive LSU sequences to render the<br />
described species recognisable in molecular studies. In addition,<br />
some taxonomic changes are undertaken.<br />
What is <strong>Acremonium</strong>?<br />
The first task at h<strong>and</strong> is to establish what <strong>Acremonium</strong> is. The<br />
lectotype species <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> is A. alternatum as designated<br />
by Gams (1968). Gams (1968) studied <strong>and</strong> illustrated the type<br />
material used by Link (1809) in describing A. alternatum. This<br />
material consists <strong>of</strong> a thin fungal mycelium colonising a birch leaf.<br />
In choosing living cultures that best approximated this specimen,<br />
Gams (1968) listed four isolates. From among these, one is chosen<br />
with a dried culture to be designated here as the epitype with an<br />
ex-epitype culture. This is <strong>CBS</strong> 407.66, which groups with the extype<br />
isolate <strong>of</strong> Cephalosporium malorum, synonymised by Gams<br />
(1971) with A. charticola, as well as with A. sordidulum <strong>and</strong> A.<br />
charticola in the poorly defined A. sclerotigenum/Geosmithia clade.<br />
Use <strong>of</strong> the corresponding dried culture <strong>CBS</strong> H-20525 as an epitype<br />
specimen serves nomenclatural stability because the genus name<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> is then used to designate a large group <strong>of</strong> species<br />
currently accepted in <strong>Acremonium</strong>.<br />
Other c<strong>and</strong>idate isolates included <strong>CBS</strong> 308.70 (called "Kultur<br />
1127"), which died out <strong>and</strong> was replenished from its degenerated,<br />
nonsporulating subculture MUCL 8432, now also called <strong>CBS</strong><br />
114602. As a degenerated isolate, it makes poor potential epitype<br />
material. Another isolate mentioned by Gams (1968), <strong>CBS</strong> 406.66,<br />
is conspecific with <strong>CBS</strong> 114602 <strong>and</strong> in good condition. Both<br />
isolates are included in a clade relatively distant from any other<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> group but deeply basal to the Sarocladium <strong>and</strong> A.<br />
breve clades, as seen in Fig. 1A. If <strong>Acremonium</strong> were epitypified<br />
with one <strong>of</strong> these isolates, the generic name might be restricted<br />
to this single species. The final isolate is <strong>CBS</strong> 223.70, an isolate<br />
that, despite its catenate conidia, is conspecific with the type <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
sclerotigenum (100 % ITS sequence identity; GenBank AJ621772<br />
for <strong>CBS</strong> 124.42 is essentially identical to A. sclerotigenum,<br />
U57674, <strong>CBS</strong> 223.70). Isolate <strong>CBS</strong> 223.70 strongly resembles pale<br />
greenish grey coloured, sclerotium-forming isolates identified as A.<br />
egyptiacum (e.g., <strong>CBS</strong> 734.69), which are also conspecific with A.<br />
sclerotigenum. It differs by not forming sclerotia. Catenate conidia<br />
may or may not be produced in this group <strong>and</strong> the greenish grey<br />
colonies produced by chain-forming isolates have explicitly been<br />
connected with A. egyptiacum, not A. alternatum. One other taxon<br />
that Gams (1971, 1975) consistently identified as A. alternatum, a<br />
species in the A. fusidioides clade, is represented by <strong>CBS</strong> 831.97<br />
155
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
<strong>and</strong> 381.70A. These isolates have the disadvantage <strong>of</strong> not having<br />
been explicitly compared with the type material. In addition, this<br />
clade is related to several clades with known teleomorphs, e.g.,<br />
Emericellopsis <strong>and</strong> Nigrosabulum, <strong>and</strong> anamorphs, e.g., Stilbella<br />
<strong>and</strong> Geosmithia. In a revised nomenclatural system, it would root<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> as a broad unitary genus name encompassing the<br />
teleomorphs <strong>and</strong> complex anamorphs. Ultimately, it might epitypify<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> strictly as a genus name for the A. fusidioides clade.<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> alternatum Link : Fr., Mag. Ges. naturf. Fr.<br />
Berlin 3: 15. 1809 : Fries, Syst. Mycol. 3: 425. 1832.<br />
Holotype: Germany, Rostock, on leaf litter <strong>of</strong> Betula, collected by<br />
Ditmar, B-type specimen labeled in Link’s h<strong>and</strong>writing.<br />
Epitype designated here: Austria, Stangensteig near Innsbruck, ex<br />
Ustulina deusta, W. Gams, Dec. 1965, <strong>CBS</strong>-H 20525 dried culture<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>CBS</strong> 407.66, ex-epitype living culture <strong>CBS</strong> 407.66.<br />
Additional genera recognised here<br />
Based on these analyses, three genera are represented in sufficient<br />
detail <strong>and</strong> with high bootstrap support to be formally recognised here.<br />
In most cases, the genera <strong>and</strong> clades are not sufficiently populated<br />
with their constituent members without analysis <strong>of</strong> additional<br />
sequences. For example, the Emericellopsis clade is missing 12 <strong>of</strong><br />
its 13 species including two identified as E. minima (Zuccaro et al.<br />
2004) as well as one <strong>of</strong> its two Stanjemonium species.<br />
Gliomastix<br />
The core clade <strong>of</strong> Gliomastix including the type species is well<br />
delimited with a 92 % bootstrap value even in the very conservative<br />
LSU analysis. Although Gams (1971) placed this genus into<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong>, several authors have recognised Gliomastix. Most<br />
notably, Matsushima (1975) placed <strong>Acremonium</strong> masseei <strong>and</strong> A.<br />
polychromum into Gliomastix <strong>and</strong> Lechat et al. (2010) linked G.<br />
fusigera with Hydropisphaera bambusicola. As circumscribed in<br />
this paper, the <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally supported Gliomastix differs from<br />
previous morphological concepts by excluding several distantly<br />
related species such as <strong>Acremonium</strong> cerealis <strong>and</strong> A. inflatum.<br />
The closely related A. persicinum clade may also be included as<br />
suggested by Supplemental fig. 6E in Schoch et al. (2009) <strong>and</strong><br />
discussed above. At the moment, we recognise only four species<br />
from the present study in Gliomastix. An additional species,<br />
published while the present manuscript was in preparation,<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> tumulicola (Kiyuna et al. 2010), should also be<br />
included in this concept <strong>of</strong> Gliomastix.<br />
The generic characters do not differ significantly from those<br />
summarised in the generic diagnosis <strong>of</strong> Dickinson (1968).<br />
1. Type species. Gliomastix murorum (Corda) S. Hughes,<br />
Canad. J. Bot. 36: 769. 1958.<br />
Basionym: Torula murorum Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 9. 1838.<br />
≡ Sagrahamala murorum (Corda) Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 49. 1972.<br />
≡ <strong>Acremonium</strong> murorum (Corda) W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige<br />
Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 84. 1971.<br />
= Torula chartarum Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 9. 1839.<br />
≡ Gliomastix chartarum (Corda) Guég, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 21: 240.<br />
1905.<br />
For additional synonyms, see Gams (1971). The type species <strong>of</strong><br />
Gliomastix, G. chartarum, is a synonym <strong>of</strong> G. murorum (Hughes<br />
156<br />
1958). The distinction between G. murorum var. murorum having<br />
conidia in chains <strong>and</strong> G. murorum var. felina having conidia in<br />
mucoid heads does not appear to be supported by <strong>phylogenetic</strong><br />
analysis. Gliomastix murorum var. felina isolates originally<br />
described as Graphium malorum (ex-type <strong>CBS</strong> 154.25) <strong>and</strong> Torula<br />
cephalosporioides (ex-type <strong>CBS</strong> 378.36) are molecularly confirmed<br />
as synonyms <strong>of</strong> G. murorum (Fig. 2B). Recently, Kiyuna et al.<br />
(2010) neotypified Gliomastix felina (Marchal) Hammill, recombined<br />
as <strong>Acremonium</strong> felinum (Marchal) Kiyuna, An, Kigawa & Sugiy.,<br />
with <strong>CBS</strong> 147.81. The sequences deposited in GenBank, e.g.,<br />
AB540562, suggest that this isolate represents G. roseogrisea. The<br />
new combination is reduced to synonymy with that species below.<br />
2. Gliomastix masseei (Sacc. ) Matsush., Icon. micr<strong>of</strong>ung.<br />
Matsush. lect. (Kobe): 76. 1975.<br />
Basionym: Trichosporium masseei Sacc., Syll. Fung. 22: 1356.<br />
1913 [= Trichosporium aterrimum Massee, Bull. Misc. Inform. 1899: 167 non<br />
(Corda) Sacc. 1886]<br />
≡ <strong>Acremonium</strong> masseei (Sacc.) W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige<br />
Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 83. 1971.<br />
The name lacks an ex-type isolate. Although the isolate (<strong>CBS</strong><br />
794.69) sequenced is basal to the Gliomastix clade (Fig. 2B), it<br />
appears to be a suitable to serve as the basis for epitypification.<br />
Holotype <strong>of</strong> Trichosporium masseei: India, Punjab, Changa Manga,<br />
on Morus indica, Jan. 1898, J. Gleadow, ex Herb. Massee, K;<br />
isotypes IMI 49,214 = IMI 87,346.<br />
Epitype designated here: Italy, Turin, isolated from rabbit dung, A.<br />
Fontana, <strong>CBS</strong> H-8244, ex-epitype culture <strong>CBS</strong> 794.69.<br />
3. Gliomastix polychroma (J.F.H. Beyma) Matsush., Icon.<br />
micr<strong>of</strong>ung. Matsush. lect. (Kobe): 77. 1975.<br />
Basionym: Oospora polychroma J.F.H. Beyma, Verh. K. Ned. Akad.<br />
Wetensch., Sect. 2, 26 (2): 5. 1928.<br />
≡ Sagrahamala polychroma (J.F.H. Beyma) Subram., Curr. Sci. 41: 49.<br />
1972.<br />
≡ <strong>Acremonium</strong> polychromum (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams, Cephalosporiumartige<br />
Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 81. 1971.<br />
Additional synonyms are given by Gams (1971). This clade<br />
includes the ex-type isolate <strong>of</strong> Oospora polychroma, basionym <strong>of</strong><br />
G. polychroma, <strong>CBS</strong> 181.27 (Fig. 2B). Periconia tenuissima var.<br />
nigra is confirmed as a synonym via inclusion <strong>of</strong> its ex-type isolate<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 151.26 (Fig. 2B). The status <strong>of</strong> the different isolate, <strong>CBS</strong><br />
617.94, from banana, requires further clarification. This isolate may<br />
be related to <strong>Acremonium</strong> musicola, a species not represented in<br />
<strong>CBS</strong>.<br />
4. Gliomastix roseogrisea (S.B. Saksena) Summerbell,<br />
comb. nov. MycoBank MB519588.<br />
Basionym: Cephalosporium roseogriseum S.B. Saksena,<br />
Mycologia 47: 895. 1956 [1955].<br />
≡ <strong>Acremonium</strong> roseogriseum (S.B. Saksena) W. Gams [as ‘roseogriseum’],<br />
Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 87. 1971.<br />
= <strong>Acremonium</strong> felinum (Marchal) Kiyuna, An, Kigawa & Sugiy., Mycoscience<br />
52: 13. 2010.<br />
Gliomastix roseogrisea, like G. murorum, has a variety <strong>of</strong> conidial<br />
forms including conidia in chains <strong>and</strong> conidia <strong>of</strong> various shapes in<br />
mucoid heads. This plasticity <strong>of</strong> form recalls the situation mentioned
above for A. sclerotigenum <strong>and</strong> may represent a relatively common<br />
situation in acremonioid species. As another example Gams (1971)<br />
lists “Gliomastix murorum var. felina pro parte in Dickinson in Mycol<br />
Pap. 115: 16, 1968” as an additional synonym <strong>of</strong> this taxon.<br />
As mentioned above in the discussion <strong>of</strong> the genus, Kiyuna<br />
et al. (2010) recently neotypified Gliomastix felina (basionym<br />
Periconia felina Marchal, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 34:141. 1895) with<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 147.81, an isolate collected by Hammill (1981). This isolate<br />
is a typical G. roseogrisea, a taxon not studied by Kiyuna et al.<br />
(2010).<br />
5. Gliomastix tumulicola (Kiyuna, An, Kigawa & Sugiy.)<br />
Summerbell, comb. nov. MycoBank MB519599.<br />
Basionym: <strong>Acremonium</strong> tumulicola Kiyuna, An, Kigawa & Sugiy.,<br />
Mycoscience 52: 13. 2010.<br />
This newly described species is <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally placed by its<br />
original authors (Kiyuna et al. 2010) in the Gliomastix clade <strong>and</strong><br />
comparison <strong>of</strong> sequences confirms that placement. Although this<br />
information was received too late to include this species in our<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong> analyses, the species is placed in Gliomastix.<br />
Sarocladium<br />
The genus Sarocladium was described for two pinkish coloured<br />
fungal pathogens causing sheath blast <strong>of</strong> rice (Gams & Hawksworth<br />
1976). The drawings in that paper <strong>and</strong> the photographs in Bills et<br />
al. (2004) show structures that overlap with those produced by the<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally related A. kiliense, A. strictum, <strong>and</strong> A. zeae. As in<br />
Fusarium, plant pathogenic fungi that sporulate on above-ground<br />
plant parts are likely to produce upright, branching sporulating<br />
structures with mucoid conidia suggesting dispersal by insects<br />
that fly from plant to plant. Species with habitats where water<br />
flux or microarthropod movement may be important in dispersal,<br />
e.g., various Acremonia occurring in soil or Fusarium domesticum<br />
growing on cheese, may have simplified conidiogenous structures.<br />
Bills et al. (2004) suggested that the generic placement <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> kiliense <strong>and</strong> A. strictum should be re-examined in light<br />
<strong>of</strong> their close relationship with Sarocladium oryzae.<br />
The genus Sarocladium is delineated here to include several<br />
species previously recognised in <strong>Acremonium</strong>, as seen in Figs 1 <strong>and</strong><br />
2. In Fig. 2, where <strong>phylogenetic</strong> signal is relatively low, Sarocladium<br />
tepidly (84 % bootstrap) links to the A. bacillisporum clade. In Fig. 1, it<br />
links with a 99 % bootstrap value. Phylogenetic clustering algorithms<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten insert the A. bacillisporum clade between A. strictum <strong>and</strong> A.<br />
kiliense due to certain apo- or plesiomorphies shared with one or the<br />
other <strong>of</strong> these two members <strong>of</strong> the A. strictum clade (data not shown).<br />
On the other h<strong>and</strong>, the next most closely related clade in Fig. 1, the<br />
A. breve/A. curvulum clade, has ITS sequences with substantial<br />
sections that are difficult to align with those <strong>of</strong> the A. bacillisporum<br />
<strong>and</strong> A. strictum clades, indicating considerable evolutionary distance.<br />
The genus Sarocladium is emended here to include those<br />
species that belong to the A. strictum <strong>and</strong> A. bacillisporum clades.<br />
The generic name Sagrahamala is not a contender for this group<br />
because the type species is the unrelated <strong>Acremonium</strong> luzulae. In<br />
addition <strong>Acremonium</strong> luzulae is a species in need <strong>of</strong> epitypification,<br />
because, as shown in the present study, more than one <strong>phylogenetic</strong><br />
species is encompassed under the name.<br />
Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw., Kavaka 3: 57. 1976<br />
[1975].<br />
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
Colonies on 2 % malt extract agar slimy-glabrous to moderately<br />
floccose to deeply dusty, sometimes ropy; with, in Gams’<br />
terminology (Gams 1971), phalacrogenous, nematogenous, to<br />
plectonematogenous conidiation; growing 13–25 mm in 10 d at<br />
20 °C, whitish to pinkish to salmonaceous or, when conidia are<br />
formed in chains, sometimes acquiring vivid conidial mass colouration<br />
such as ochraceous or greenish glaucous; reverse pale to pinkish<br />
orange to pale grey-brown, rarely greenish-blue. Conidiogenous<br />
apparatus ranging from adelophialides, solitary orthotropic phialides<br />
to conidiophore structures with one or a few branches, or with<br />
cymose branching or occasionally with one or two ranks <strong>of</strong> loosely<br />
structured verticils, sometimes with repeated branching extending to<br />
90 μm long. Phialides subulate, aculeate to acerose, straight, slightly<br />
curved, or undulate, thin- <strong>and</strong> smooth-walled, 15–60(–75) μm long,<br />
tapering from a basal width <strong>of</strong> 1.2–2.5 μm, with minimal collarette;<br />
conidia borne in mucoid heads or dry chains, notably longer than<br />
broad, l/w mostly 2.2–7.0, cylindrical to fusiform to bacilliform,<br />
aseptate, smooth-walled, with rounded or tapered-truncate ends,<br />
3.5–8(–14) × 0.5–2 μm. Chlamydospores present or absent, when<br />
present relatively thick-walled, smooth or slightly roughened, globose<br />
to ellipsoidal, intercalary or terminal, mostly solitary, occasionally in<br />
short chains, 4–8 μm. Internal transcribed spacer sequence mostly<br />
with distinctive CGGTCGCGCC motif in mid-ITS2 region.<br />
Several species <strong>of</strong> Sarocladium are noted for melanogenesis<br />
yielding ochre-brown to dark grey-brown colony reverse colours on<br />
Sabouraud agar: S. glaucum, S. kiliense, <strong>and</strong> S. zeae (Gams 1971).<br />
In the case <strong>of</strong> S. kiliense, this melanogenesis has the result that<br />
most mycetoma cases feature black "grains" or sclerotium-like balls<br />
<strong>of</strong> compacted fungal hyphae (Summerbell 2003); melanogenesis<br />
is a well known pathogenicity factor in fungal diseases <strong>of</strong> humans<br />
<strong>and</strong> animals (Gómez & Nosanchuk 2003). As recognised here<br />
Sarocladium yields a remarkable unity <strong>of</strong> species with elongated<br />
conidia <strong>and</strong> phialides. Several species including S. kiliense, S.<br />
oryzae, <strong>and</strong> S. strictum form adelophialides prominently, at least in<br />
some isolates; acremonioid species outside Sarocladium usually<br />
lack this character.<br />
The recognised species are given below. <strong>Acremonium</strong><br />
implicatum may belong here, but the species lacks living ex-type or<br />
representative material. The “A. implicatum” isolate that grouped in<br />
Sarocladium, <strong>CBS</strong> 243.59, is noted by Gams (1971) as an authentic<br />
isolate <strong>of</strong> Fusidium terricola J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster <strong>and</strong><br />
this name could be used if A. implicatum sensu Gams is revealed<br />
as polyphyletic. The other “A. implicatum” isolate, <strong>CBS</strong> 397.70B,<br />
included in this study is not a Sarocladium; rather it is a member <strong>of</strong><br />
the A. exiguum clade.<br />
1. Type species. Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams &<br />
D. Hawksw., Kavaka 3: 58. 1976 [1975].<br />
A description <strong>and</strong> synonymy are given by Gams & Hawksworth<br />
(1975). Bills et al. (2004) synonymised Sarocladium attenuatum with<br />
S. oryzae based on the reported identity <strong>of</strong> the ITS sequence <strong>of</strong> its<br />
ex-type isolate, <strong>CBS</strong> 399.73, with that <strong>of</strong> representative isolates <strong>of</strong> S.<br />
oryzae. We resequenced the ITS region <strong>of</strong> <strong>CBS</strong> 399.73 <strong>and</strong> obtained<br />
a sequence differing from Bills et al. (AY566995) by 6 base-pairs<br />
<strong>and</strong> 2 gaps. Some <strong>of</strong> the base pairs in our sequence appeared to<br />
be symplesiomorphies shared with A. kiliense or A. strictum but not<br />
S. oryzae, rather than r<strong>and</strong>om mutations or possible miscalls. Our<br />
resequencing <strong>of</strong> unequivocal S. oryzae isolates <strong>CBS</strong> 180.74 <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 361.75 yielded results consistent with those <strong>of</strong> Bills et al. (2004).<br />
The status <strong>of</strong> S. attenuatum thus requires further study.<br />
157
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
2. Sarocladium bacillisporum (Onions & Barron)<br />
Summerbell, comb. nov. MycoBank MB519589.<br />
Basionym: Paecilomyces bacillisporus Onions & G.L. Barron,<br />
Mycol. Pap. 107: 11. 1967.<br />
≡ <strong>Acremonium</strong> bacillisporum (Onions & G.L. Barron) W. Gams,<br />
Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 72. 1971.<br />
≡ Sagrahamala bacillispora (Onions & G.L. Barron) Subram., Curr. Sci.<br />
41: 49. 1972.<br />
This species was described by Gams (1971). It is easily confused<br />
with Verticillium leptobactrum, which can be relatively floccose <strong>and</strong><br />
loosely structured although some isolates are very dense <strong>and</strong> slowgrowing<br />
(Gams, 1971). In addition colonies <strong>of</strong> S. bacillisporum at<br />
maturity have a pinkish colouration.<br />
3. Sarocladium bactrocephalum (W. Gams) Summerbell,<br />
comb. nov. MycoBank MB519590.<br />
Basionym: <strong>Acremonium</strong> bactrocephalum W. Gams,<br />
Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 44. 1971.<br />
As indicated by Gams (1971) this uncommon species is closely<br />
related to S. strictum, but is distinguished morphologically by its<br />
long, narrow conidia. It is molecularly distinguishable by LSU<br />
sequences.<br />
4. Sarocladium glaucum (W. Gams) Summerbell, comb.<br />
nov. MycoBank MB519591.<br />
Basionym: <strong>Acremonium</strong> glaucum W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige<br />
Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 68. 1971.<br />
This species was described by Gams (1971). The ex-type culture<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 796.69 indicates that this species belongs in Sarocladium.<br />
5. Sarocladium kiliense (Grütz) Summerbell comb. nov.<br />
MycoBank MB519592.<br />
Basionym: <strong>Acremonium</strong> kiliense Grütz, Dermatol. Wochenschr. 80:<br />
774. 1925.<br />
= Cephalosporium incoloratum Sukapure & Thirum., Sydowia 19: 171. 1966<br />
[1965].<br />
= <strong>Acremonium</strong> incoloratum (Sukapure & Thirum.) W. Gams, Cephalosporiumartige<br />
Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 50. 1971.<br />
Additional synonyms <strong>and</strong> a description <strong>of</strong> S. kiliense are given<br />
by Gams (1971) <strong>and</strong> Domsch et al. (2007); the species is also<br />
extensively illustrated by de Hoog et al. (2000). The ITS sequence<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ex-type strain <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> incoloratum, <strong>CBS</strong> 146.62, is<br />
identical to that <strong>of</strong> the ex-type <strong>of</strong> S. kiliense, <strong>CBS</strong> 122.29 (data not<br />
shown). Though isolate <strong>CBS</strong> 146.62 is unusual in colour <strong>and</strong> lacks<br />
well differentiated chlamydospores that generally occur in S. kiliense,<br />
there is no phenetic difference pr<strong>of</strong>ound enough to suggest that<br />
additional genes must be examined to be certain <strong>of</strong> their synonymy.<br />
The sequences deposited in GenBank by Novicki et al. (2003)<br />
for their “<strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum genogroup III” (ITS: AY138846;<br />
LSU: AY138484) are actually <strong>of</strong> S. kiliense.<br />
6. Sarocladium ochraceum (Onions & Barron) Summerbell,<br />
comb. nov. MycoBank MB519593.<br />
Basionym: Paecilomyces ochraceus Onions & G.L. Barron, Mycol.<br />
Pap. 107: 15. 1967.<br />
≡ <strong>Acremonium</strong> ochraceum (Onions & G.L. Barron) W. Gams,<br />
Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 67. 1971.<br />
≡ Sagrahamala ochracea (Onions & G.L. Barron) Subram. & Pushkaran,<br />
Kavaka 3: 89. 1975 [1976].<br />
158<br />
This species was described by Gams (1971). We analysed the extype<br />
culture, <strong>CBS</strong> 428.67.<br />
7. Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerbell, comb.<br />
nov. MycoBank MB519594.<br />
Basionym: <strong>Acremonium</strong> strictum W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige<br />
Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 42. 1971.<br />
Descriptions <strong>of</strong> S. strictum are given by Gams (1971) <strong>and</strong> Domsch<br />
et al. (2007). The type isolate <strong>of</strong> S. strictum was confirmed in this<br />
genus (Fig. 2C). Of the three isolates illustrated by Gams (1971)<br />
under A. strictum, <strong>CBS</strong> 287.70 D, is confirmed by sequencing<br />
as S. strictum. The only isolate <strong>of</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> zonatum in this<br />
study, <strong>CBS</strong> 565.67, turned out to have an ITS sequence identical<br />
to that <strong>of</strong> S. strictum. This is one <strong>of</strong> three isolates examined by<br />
Gams (1971) as A. zonatum. He stated that another isolate,<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 145.62, appeared to be A. kiliense, but that examination <strong>of</strong><br />
herbarium material suggested that this species had been growing<br />
on the natural substrate mixed with the real A. zonatum <strong>and</strong> had<br />
been isolated accidentally. One herbarium specimen examined by<br />
Gams (1971) showed septate conidia, something not otherwise<br />
seen in Sarocladium, so there may indeed be a real A. zonatum.<br />
It is not clear if A. zonatum sensu Gams is a unified concept or<br />
a designation <strong>of</strong> various acremonioid fungi forming leaf spots on<br />
tropical plants. In any case, the known connection <strong>of</strong> the genus<br />
Sarocladium with phytopathogenesis <strong>and</strong> endophytism as in S.<br />
zeae makes it plausible that species such as S. strictum <strong>and</strong> S.<br />
kiliense may play a role in plant disease.<br />
8. Sarocladium zeae (W. Gams & D.R. Sumner) Summerbell,<br />
comb. nov. MycoBank MB519595.<br />
Basionym: <strong>Acremonium</strong> zeae W. Gams & D.R. Sumner, in Gams,<br />
Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 121. 1971.<br />
This economically important maize endophyte species fits the<br />
description given by Gams (1971) as a fungus with felty to shaggy<br />
colonies. Two S. zeae isolates with more flattened colonies were<br />
accessed in <strong>CBS</strong> as A. strictum. Both <strong>CBS</strong> 646.75 <strong>and</strong> 226.84 were<br />
from maize <strong>and</strong> found to be producers <strong>of</strong> pyrrocidine metabolites<br />
as well as dihydroresorcylide, characteristic <strong>of</strong> S. zeae (Wicklow<br />
et al. 2008). Pyrrocidines are antagonistic to Aspergillus flavus<br />
<strong>and</strong> Fusarium verticillioides in maize inflorescences <strong>and</strong> are thus<br />
important in the ecology <strong>and</strong> economic significance <strong>of</strong> S. zeae.<br />
An additional A. strictum isolate, <strong>CBS</strong> 310.85, is also S. zeae<br />
as evidenced by pyrrocidine production, but has not yet been<br />
sequenced (Wicklow et al. 2008).<br />
Trichothecium<br />
A significant theme <strong>of</strong> the current volume is the pioneering <strong>of</strong> a new<br />
approach to dikaryomycete nomenclature: the unitary naming <strong>of</strong><br />
genus-level clades based on the oldest valid generic name, whether<br />
originally anamorphic or teleomorphic in nature (see discussion in<br />
Gräfenhan et al. 2011). Because the first named fungi were <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
species prominently in contact with humans <strong>and</strong> their environs<br />
<strong>and</strong> because the first names usually were attached to the most<br />
frequently seen reproductive state, there is considerable wisdom to<br />
using the oldest name applied to either aspect <strong>of</strong> the holomorph in<br />
constructing a unitary nomenclature.<br />
The genus Trichothecium makes an excellent example,<br />
since the system used here preserves the best known species<br />
name in the group. A unitary system giving teleomorphs primacy
www.studiesinmycology.org<br />
acremonium phylogeny<br />
Fig. 3. A. Trichothecium roseum <strong>CBS</strong> 113334 showing retrogressive conidiation. B-D. conidiogenesis in “Trichothecium indicum”/ Leucosphaerina indica <strong>CBS</strong> 123.78 showing<br />
retrogressive development (B), phialidic development (B) <strong>and</strong> sympodial development (D).<br />
would replace the familiar "T. roseum" with a Leucosphaerina<br />
name. A system that retains primacy for morphology, which is<br />
the only reasonable basis for dual nomenclature in the molecular<br />
era, would divide the Trichothecium clade into four genera, as<br />
is the case today. One <strong>of</strong> those genera, <strong>Acremonium</strong>, would be<br />
quintessentially artificial <strong>and</strong> almost completely divorced from<br />
evolutionary biological relationships. With increased emphasis on<br />
genomes, proteomes, <strong>and</strong> metabolomes, a focus on polyphyletic<br />
elements <strong>of</strong> microscopic shape seems counterproductive. Every<br />
new system <strong>of</strong> nomenclatural change will entail both fortunate <strong>and</strong><br />
infelicitous changes <strong>and</strong> will receive some resistance in scientific<br />
communities. A nomenclatural system based on phylogeny will be<br />
considerably more stable than any previous system. The interests<br />
<strong>of</strong> all would be best served if it bridged gracefully out <strong>of</strong> pre<strong>phylogenetic</strong><br />
taxonomy, preserving as many familiar elements as<br />
possible. Trichothecium roseum, a constant from 1809 to today, is<br />
one <strong>of</strong> those elements that is worthy <strong>of</strong> being preserved.<br />
The small, tightly unified clade <strong>of</strong> Trichothecium includes<br />
isolates with three different anamorphic forms, currently classified as<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> (phialoconidia), Spicellum (sympodial blastoconidia),<br />
<strong>and</strong> Trichothecium (retrogressive blastoconidia). The associated<br />
teleomorph, Leucosphaerina indica, produces anamorphic forms<br />
described as “<strong>Acremonium</strong> or Sporothrix” (Suh & Blackwell 1999).<br />
These morphs are illustrated by von Arx et al. (1978). The range <strong>of</strong><br />
anamorphic forms produced by L. indica overlaps those produced<br />
by all the anamorphic species in the clade (Fig. 3).<br />
The four species studied here, Trichothecium roseum,<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> crotocinigenum, Leucosphaerina indica, <strong>and</strong> Spicellum<br />
roseum, have recently been associated with a fifth, newly described<br />
species, Spicellum ovalisporum. The dendrogram produced by<br />
Seifert et al. (2008) makes it clear that S. ovalisporum is related to<br />
S. roseum <strong>and</strong> is certainly a member <strong>of</strong> the Trichothecium clade. In<br />
parallel with the <strong>revision</strong> <strong>of</strong> the genus Microcera by Gräfenhan et al.<br />
(2011), this clade is redefined here as a genus with the oldest valid<br />
generic name, Trichothecium.<br />
As Fig. 2 shows, the second described Leucosphaerina<br />
species, L. arxii, is in the distant <strong>Acremonium</strong> pinkertoniae clade<br />
<strong>and</strong> is closely related to Bulbithecium hyalosporum. Malloch (1989)<br />
commented that it differed from L. indica by lacking sheathing gel<br />
around the ascospores <strong>and</strong> by having an <strong>Acremonium</strong> anamorph.<br />
Trichothecium Link : Fr., Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde,<br />
Berlin 3: 18. 1809.<br />
= Spicellum Nicot & Roquebert, Revue Mycol., Paris 39: 272. 1976 [1975].<br />
= Leucosphaerina Arx, Persoonia 13: 294. 1987.<br />
Older synonymy for the genus is given by Rifai & Cooke (1966).<br />
Colonies on malt extract agar 20–40 μm after 7 d at 24 °C, white<br />
to salmon orange or salmon pink (Methuen 6-7A2, 4-5A2-3), felty,<br />
floccose or lanose, sometimes appearing powdery with heavy<br />
conidiation. Ascomatal initials, if present, produced on aerial<br />
mycelium, irregularly coiled. Ascomata spherical or nearly so, nonostiolate,<br />
colourless or slightly pink, 150–300 μm; ascomatal wall<br />
persistent, nearly colourless, 10–13 μm thick, <strong>of</strong> indistinct hyphal<br />
cells; asci uniformly distributed in centrum, clavate to spherical,<br />
with thin, evanescent walls, 8-spored, 10–13 μm wide; ascospores<br />
ellipsoidal or reniform, with refractile walls <strong>and</strong> a 1–1.5 μm broad<br />
gelatinous sheath, smooth or finely striate, hyaline, yellow to pink en<br />
masse, without germ pore, 6–7 × 3–4 μm. Conidiogenous apparatus<br />
varying by species, featuring one or more <strong>of</strong>: conidiophores up to<br />
125 μm long × 2–3.5 μm wide, septate, unbranched, with terminal<br />
phialides 10–65 μm long, producing unicellular, hyaline, smoothwalled<br />
phialoconidia, obovate, oblong or cylindrical 4.4–7.4 μm; or<br />
conidiophores up to 175 μm long, unbranched or uncommonly with<br />
one or more branches, retrogressive, shortening with production<br />
<strong>of</strong> each conidium, with each conidial base subsuming a portion <strong>of</strong><br />
conidiophore apex; conidia 0–1-septate, ellipsoidal or ovate, with a<br />
decurved, abruptly narrowed basal hilum terminating in a distinct<br />
truncate end, 5–12 × 3–6.5 μm; or conidiophores ranging from<br />
unicellular conidiogenous cells to multicellular, multiply rebranched<br />
apparati extending indefinitely to beyond 200 μm long; terminal<br />
cells 9–37 μm long with a cylindrical basal part <strong>and</strong> a narrowing,<br />
apically extending conidiogenous rachis sympodially proliferating<br />
<strong>and</strong> producing oval to ellipsoidal to cylindrical or allantoid conidia<br />
3.5–11 × 1.5–3.5 μm, with truncate bases. Chlamydospores absent<br />
159
SuMMerbell et al.<br />
or present, when present mostly in intercalary chains, hyaline,<br />
smooth or finely warted, 5–8(–12) μm wide. Internal transcribed<br />
spacer sequence generally with distinct CACAAACCTCGCG<br />
motif in ITS2 region. The numerical position varies by species <strong>and</strong><br />
isolate, cf. position 476 in GenBank record EU445372, ITS for<br />
Spicellum ovalisporum ex-type isolate DAOM 186447.<br />
Various taxa described as Trichothecium need to be investigated<br />
to determine their relationship to this <strong>phylogenetic</strong> genus. For<br />
example, Trichothecium luteum <strong>and</strong> T. parvum, not represented by<br />
living cultures, should be investigated, as should T. campaniforme <strong>and</strong><br />
T. plasmoparae, which are represented by one isolate each in <strong>CBS</strong>.<br />
Trichothecium domesticum was recently redisposed as Fusarium<br />
domesticum (Bachmann et al. 2005). Of teleomorphs reported to have<br />
Trichothecium anamorphs, Heleococcum japonense is unrelated to<br />
the Trichothecium clade (Fig. 2; the sequence is erroneously listed<br />
as H. japonicum in GenBank); rather it is related to Gliomastix <strong>and</strong><br />
Hydropisphaera. A Trichothecium state <strong>of</strong> Hypomyces subiculosus<br />
(syn. H. trichothecoides) was described, but Hypomyces, a member<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Hypocreaceae, is a remote relative <strong>of</strong> the Trichothecium clade<br />
within the Hypocreales (Fig. 2).<br />
1. Type species. Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link, Mag.<br />
Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3: 18. 1809.<br />
Synonymy is given in MycoBank record MB164181.<br />
2. Trichothecium crotocinigenum (Schol-Schwarz)<br />
Summerbell, Seifert, & Schroers, comb. nov. MycoBank<br />
MB519596.<br />
Basionym: Cephalosporium crotocinigenum Schol-Schwarz, Trans.<br />
Brit. Mycol. Soc. 48: 53. 1965.<br />
≡ <strong>Acremonium</strong> crotocinigenum (Schol-Schwarz) W. Gams,<br />
Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Stuttgart): 112. 1971.<br />
As pointed out by Seifert et al. (2008, supplement), T. crotocinigenum<br />
has long been known to produce crotocin mycotoxins that are similar<br />
to the trichothecenes produced by T. roseum <strong>and</strong> T. sympodiale.<br />
The production <strong>of</strong> similar mycotoxins reinforces the argument for<br />
<strong>phylogenetic</strong> nomenclature such that scientific names reflect true<br />
relationships.<br />
3. Trichothecium indicum (Arx, Mukerji & N. Singh)<br />
Summerbell, Seifert, & Schroers, comb. nov. MycoBank<br />
MB519597.<br />
Basionym: Leucosphaerina indica (Arx, Mukerji & N. Singh) Arx,<br />
Persoonia 13: 294. 1987.<br />
With <strong>phylogenetic</strong> hindsight, the photographs <strong>of</strong> this species’<br />
anamorph in the original description by von Arx et al. (1978) can<br />
be seen to suggest <strong>Acremonium</strong>, Spicellum, <strong>and</strong> Trichothecium.<br />
4. Trichothecium ovalisporum (Seifert & Rehner) Seifert &<br />
Rehner, comb. nov. MycoBank MB519598.<br />
Basionym: Spicellum ovalisporum Seifert & S.A. Rehner, Fungal<br />
Planet: no. 28. 2008.<br />
The relationship <strong>of</strong> the recently described Spicellum ovalisporum<br />
to T. sympodiale is not clear. The ex-type <strong>of</strong> T. sympodiale<br />
(<strong>CBS</strong> 227.76) was resequenced for the ITS region; the resulting<br />
sequence differed from the GenBank record AB019365 by 7 gaps<br />
<strong>and</strong> one C ↔ T transition. The sequence had 100 % identity<br />
160<br />
with ITS sequence record EU445372 for the ex-type isolate <strong>of</strong> S.<br />
ovalisporum, DAOM 186447. Two more <strong>CBS</strong> isolates accessed<br />
as S. roseum, <strong>CBS</strong> 119.77 <strong>and</strong> <strong>CBS</strong> 146.78, also gave ITS<br />
sequences identical to EU445372. A recent partial ITS sequence<br />
made by K.A. Seifert for <strong>CBS</strong> 227.76 agreed with our sequence<br />
(data not shown). No one has thus been able to replicate the<br />
sequence given for S. roseum in AB019365 <strong>and</strong> we are uncertain<br />
<strong>of</strong> its significance, even though a similar sequence (GenBank<br />
AB019364) has been attributed to two other S. roseum isolates<br />
in the JCM collection by the same depositor, G. Okada. If the<br />
fallibilities <strong>of</strong> earlier sequencing chemistries are involved in these<br />
discrepancies, S. ovalisporum may be more closely related to T.<br />
sympodiale than is evident in the literature. Preliminary results<br />
have shown at least one substitution distinguishing the translation<br />
elongation factor α sequence <strong>of</strong> S. ovalisporum from that <strong>of</strong> T.<br />
sympodiale (Rehner, data not shown). Based on comparative<br />
morphology <strong>and</strong> habitat, the authors <strong>of</strong> S. ovalisporum are<br />
confident that their species is distinct, <strong>and</strong> thus the new<br />
combination is included here with their sanction.<br />
5. Trichothecium sympodiale Summerbell, Seifert, &<br />
Schroers, nom. nov. MycoBank MB 519600.<br />
Basionym: Spicellum roseum Nicot & Roquebert, Revue Mycol.,<br />
Paris 39: 272. 1976 [1975].<br />
If recombined into Trichothecium, Spicellum roseum would result in<br />
a homonym <strong>of</strong> the type species, thus a new name is needed.<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>and</strong> <strong>Acremonium</strong> cf.<br />
alternatum CBs 109043 in the Cephalothecaceae: a<br />
study in comparative morphology vs. phylogeny<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> atrogriseum <strong>and</strong> an isolate identified as <strong>Acremonium</strong> cf.<br />
alternatum <strong>CBS</strong> 109043 belong in the Cephalothecaceae (Fig. 1C).<br />
This isolate is a white coloured acremonioid fungus forming fusoid<br />
conidia in long chains. It also forms small, dark structures that may<br />
be aborted ascomatal initials. Sequencing <strong>of</strong> the ITS region (data not<br />
shown) reveals it to be a representative <strong>of</strong> Phialemonium obovatum.<br />
It is identical in all bases but one to the ITS sequence <strong>of</strong> ex-type strain<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> 279.76 (AB278187) <strong>and</strong> in all but two bases to another isolate<br />
<strong>of</strong> this species, <strong>CBS</strong> 116.74. Phialemonium obovatum was described<br />
as having conidia in slimy heads (Gams & McGinnis 1983). <strong>CBS</strong><br />
109043 shows that either mucoid heads or chains may be formed<br />
in this species, as in <strong>Acremonium</strong> persicinum, A. sclerotigenum,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Gliomastix murorum. Gams (1971) mentions an isolate <strong>of</strong><br />
Sarocladium bacillisporum that tends to produce mucoid heads.<br />
Colonies producing conidia in chains <strong>of</strong>ten have a different look from<br />
their head-forming conspecifics; the mass colour <strong>of</strong> the chains may<br />
give the colony colours not found in the species descriptions, such<br />
as the chalk white colour <strong>of</strong> <strong>CBS</strong> 109043 in contrast to the normally<br />
pale greenish brown <strong>of</strong> P. obovatum or the greenish grey <strong>of</strong> A.<br />
sclerotigenum isolate 223.70, in contrast to the normal pale salmon<br />
pink <strong>of</strong> non-catenate A. sclerotigenum.<br />
Existing morphological keys <strong>and</strong> descriptions not just in<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> but in all the acremonioid fungi need to be cautiously <strong>and</strong><br />
skeptically interpreted. At the very least, identifications for publication<br />
should be tested by sequencing. We hope that the LSU sequences<br />
in this paper will provide the foundation for a <strong>phylogenetic</strong>ally sound<br />
approach to the systematics <strong>and</strong> ecology <strong>of</strong> acremonioid fungi.
ACKNOWleDGeMeNTs<br />
We greatly thank Arien van Iperen, Bert Gerrits-van den Ende, <strong>and</strong> Kasper<br />
Luijsterburg for essential technical support in this study, as well as Keith Seifert<br />
<strong>and</strong> Steve Rehner for scientific contributions. Key work was done by co-op students<br />
Salvatore Lopes, Saghal Ahmed-Suleyman, Arwin van der Rhee, <strong>and</strong> Nienke<br />
Lancee as well as visiting Canadian student Jonathan Shapero. For sending type<br />
cultures, we thank Akira Nakagiri <strong>of</strong> the NITE Biological Resource Centre Fungi<br />
collection <strong>and</strong> Françoise Symoens <strong>of</strong> the BCCM-IHEM collection. The staff <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>CBS</strong> Collection deserve special thanks for strain cultivation <strong>and</strong> additional work.<br />
The encouragement <strong>and</strong> mentorship <strong>of</strong> Walter Gams is highly appreciated, <strong>and</strong> we<br />
hope our partial resolution <strong>of</strong> the dilemmas posed by <strong>phylogenetic</strong> systematics in<br />
<strong>Acremonium</strong> will be recognised as complementary to his invaluable work.<br />
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