34 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Lichen diversity Epiphytic lichens ...
34 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Lichen diversity Epiphytic lichens ...
34 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Lichen diversity Epiphytic lichens ...
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<strong>34</strong><br />
<strong>CHAPTER</strong> 4<br />
<strong>RESULTS</strong><br />
<strong>4.1</strong> <strong>Lichen</strong> <strong>diversity</strong><br />
<strong>Epiphytic</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> were collected from field survey at Doi Suthep-Pui National<br />
Park during May, 2009 to April, 2010. Five sampling sites with different altitudes<br />
were selected. Total of 689 epiphytic lichen specimens were gathered from 100 trees.<br />
Twenty-seven families and 58 genera which comprised of 149 specise were found.<br />
However, due to lacking of appropriate identification keys, some <strong>lichens</strong> were not<br />
able to be identified (Table <strong>4.1</strong>).<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong> <strong>Lichen</strong> families and genera found in the study<br />
Families<br />
Arthoniaceae<br />
Arthoniaceae<br />
Arthoniaceae<br />
Bacidiaceae<br />
Chrysotrichaece<br />
Cladoniaceae<br />
Collemataceae<br />
Collemataceae<br />
Crocyniaceae<br />
Haematommataceae<br />
Laureraceae<br />
Lecanoraceae<br />
Lecanoraceae<br />
Lecideaceae<br />
Letrouitiaceae<br />
Lobariceae<br />
Lobariceae<br />
Genera<br />
Arthonia<br />
Arthothelium<br />
Cryptothecia<br />
Bacidia<br />
Chrysothrix<br />
Cladonia<br />
Collema<br />
Leptogium<br />
Crocynia<br />
Haematomma<br />
Laurera<br />
Catinaria<br />
Lecanora<br />
Malcolmiella<br />
Letrouitia<br />
Lobaria<br />
Sticta
35<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong> <strong>Lichen</strong> families and genera found in the study (continued)<br />
Families<br />
Megalosporaceae<br />
Nephromataceae<br />
Pannariaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Pertusariaceae<br />
Phyllopsoraceae<br />
Physiaceae<br />
Physiaceae<br />
Physiaceae<br />
Physiaceae<br />
Physiaceae<br />
Physiaceae<br />
Physiaceae<br />
Pilocarpaceae<br />
Pilocarpacea<br />
Porinaceae<br />
Pyrenulaceae<br />
Ramalinaceae<br />
Ramalinaceae<br />
Roccellaceae<br />
Roccellaceae<br />
Roccellaceae<br />
Genera<br />
Megalospora<br />
Nephroma helveticum Ach.<br />
Erioderma<br />
Bulbothrix<br />
Canomaculina<br />
Canoparmelia<br />
Everniastrum<br />
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale.<br />
Hypotrachyna<br />
Parmelinella<br />
Parmelinopsis<br />
Parmotrema<br />
Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex<br />
Nyl.) Hale.<br />
Relicina<br />
Relicinopsis<br />
Rimelia<br />
Rimelia reticulata Hale & A. Fletcher<br />
Pertusaria<br />
Phyllopsora<br />
Buellia<br />
Dirinarie<br />
Heterodermia<br />
Physcia<br />
Pyxine<br />
Pyxine coccifera (Fee) Nyl.<br />
Pyxine coralliger Malme.<br />
Byssoloma<br />
Fellhanera<br />
Clathoporina<br />
Pyrenula<br />
Biatora<br />
Lecania<br />
Cresponea<br />
Enterographa<br />
Mazosia
36<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong> <strong>Lichen</strong> families and genera found in the study (continued)<br />
Families<br />
Roccellaceae<br />
Stereocaulaceae<br />
Trelothemataceae<br />
Trelothemataceae<br />
Trelothemataceae<br />
Trelothemataceae<br />
Trichothelisceae<br />
Usneaceae<br />
Genera<br />
Syncesia<br />
Lepraria<br />
Chapsa<br />
Myriotrema<br />
Ocellularia<br />
Thelotrema<br />
Porina<br />
Usnea<br />
Short descriptions and illustrations of each family, genera and species were<br />
given <strong>Lichen</strong> Determination Keys-common Malesian lichen genera: Key to the lichen<br />
genera of Borgor, Cibodas and Singapore (Sipman, 2003), FLORA OF AUSTRALIA:<br />
Volume 55 <strong>Lichen</strong>s-Lecanorales 2, Parmeliaceae (Orchard, 1994), <strong>Lichen</strong>s of<br />
Tropical Forest in Thailand: A Field Key to Characteristic <strong>Epiphytic</strong> <strong>Lichen</strong>s in<br />
Northern Thailand (Wolseley and Aguirre-Hudson, 1997c) and BIBLIOTHECA<br />
LICHENOLOGICA: A Key to the Micro<strong>lichens</strong> of India, Napal and Sri Lanka<br />
(Awasthi, 1991).
37<br />
Family ARTHONIACEAE<br />
ARTHONIA Ach.<br />
Thallus crustose, immersed or superficial, effuse or delimited. Photobiont<br />
Trentepohlia, chlorococcoid or absent. Ascocarps flat or convex to elongate. Disc<br />
red-brown to black. Hymenium I+ blue or red and K/I+ blue. Paraphyses branched<br />
and anastomosing loos or compact. Asci 8-spored, globular or oblong, thick walled.<br />
Ascospores colourless or brown, transversely 1-9-septate, shape much variable.<br />
Arthonia sp.1 Arthonia sp.2 Arthonia sp.3<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong> Arthonia spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
ARTHOTHELIUM Massal.<br />
Thallus crustose, immersed or superficial, effuse or delimited. Photobiont<br />
Trentepohlia, chlorococcoid or absent. Ascocarps flat or convex to elongate. Disc<br />
red-brown to black sometimes pruinose. Hymenium usually I+ blue. Asci arthoniatype.<br />
Ascospores ovoid to ellipsoid, colourless, muriform.<br />
Arthothelium sp.1<br />
Arthothelium sp.2<br />
Figure 4.2 Arthothelium spp., scale bar = 5 mm
38<br />
CRYPTOTHECIA Massal.<br />
Thallus crustose, superficial. Photobiont Trentepohlia. Hymenium I+ pale<br />
blue (mainly ascus walls). Ascocarps poorly differentiated or no organised. Asci not<br />
embedded in proper hymenium with differentiated paraphyses and hymenial gelatine,<br />
1-8-spored, Ascospores ovoid, colourless, transversely 3-4-septate.<br />
Cryptothecia sp.1 Cryptothecia sp.2 Cryptothecia sp.3<br />
Cryptothecia sp.4 Cryptothecia sp.5 Cryptothecia sp.6<br />
Cryptothecia sp.7 Cryptothecia sp.8 Cryptothecia sp.9<br />
Figure 4.3 Cryptothecia spp., scale bar = 5 mm
39<br />
Family BACIDIACEAE<br />
BACIDIA de Not.<br />
Thallus crustose, smooth, warted, granular or sorediate. Photobiont green<br />
algae (Chlorococcoid). Ascocarp sessile, rounded, biatorine or lecideine, apothecia’s<br />
margin clearly present. Hymenium I+ blue. Paraphyses sparingly branched with<br />
hyaline or pigmented apices, or branched and anastomosing. Asci 8-spored, Tholus<br />
largely I+ blue with narrow I- negative axial mass. Ascospores colourless, mostly<br />
3- or more-septate at maturity.<br />
Bacidia sp.1 Bacidia sp.2 Bacidia sp.3<br />
Bacidia sp.4 Bacidia sp.5 Bacidia sp.6<br />
Figure 4.4 Bacidia spp., scale bar = 1 mm
40<br />
Family CHRYSOTRICHAECE<br />
CHRYSOTHRIX Mont.<br />
Thallus leprose, conspicuous and stain-like, bright yellow to yellowishgreen,<br />
comprising a mass powdery, globose granuls and anastomosing hyphae.<br />
Photobiont green algae; chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia rare or absent. Asci 8-<br />
spored. Ascospores colourless, 1-3 septate.<br />
Chrysothrix sp.<br />
Figure 4.5 Chrysothrix sp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Family CLADONIACEAE<br />
CLADONIA Hill ex Browne.<br />
Thallus flattened squamulose, which are green-grey above and white below.<br />
Photobiont Trebouxia. Ascocarps apothecia, at apices of podetia, on cup rims or<br />
rarely sessile on basal squamules. Hymenium red, pale or dark brown. Asci elongateclavate,<br />
thicked at the apex, 8-spored, with a I+ blue tholus and outer gelatinous<br />
sheath. Ascospores colourless, simple, oblong or ovoid.
41<br />
Cladonia sp.<br />
Figure 4.6 Cladonia sp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Family COLLLEMATACEAE<br />
COLLEMA Weber ex Wigg.<br />
Thallus foliose, swelling when wet, upper surface brown-black, rarely greyblue.<br />
Photobiont blue-green algae; Nostoc. Upper and Lower cortex absent,<br />
Rhizines present. Isidia frequent, soredia absent. Hymenium colourless, I+ blue.<br />
Ascocarps apothecia, with a pale-brown, red-brown and brown-black disc.<br />
Ascospores transversely septate to muriform.<br />
Collema sp.1<br />
Figure 4.7 Collema sp., scale bar = 5 mm
42<br />
LEPTOGIUM (Ach.) Gray<br />
Thallus foliose, gelatinous, blue-grey to brown or blackish, not layer in<br />
section. Photobiont blue-green algae: Nostoc. Upper cortex smooth to wrinkled or<br />
gidged, rarely arachnoid. Lower cortex smooth, arachnoid or hairy, or group of white<br />
rhizines. Isidia present. Ascocarp apothecia, sessile, mainly laminal, disc concave to<br />
flat. Hymenium colourless, I+ blue. Aci 4-8-spored, clavate. Ascospores ellipsoid,<br />
ovoid or fusiform, septate, colourless, submuriform to muriform.<br />
Leptogium sp.1<br />
Leptogium sp.2<br />
Figure 4.8 Leptogium spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Family CROCYNIACEAE<br />
CROCYNIA Nyl.<br />
Thallus squamulose, densely matted hyphae, often a felt-like, hypothallus,<br />
with raised tips 0.5-2 mm long, without cortex. Photobiont green algae. Ascocarps<br />
apothecia, without thalline margin, disc-like, sessile, usually grey to black.<br />
Hymenium exposed. Asci 3-8 spored. Ascospores colourless, without septa.
43<br />
Crocynia spp.<br />
Figure 4.9 Crocynia spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Family HAEMATOMMATACEAE<br />
HAEMATOMMA Massal.<br />
Thallus crustose. Photobiont green algae: Trebouxia. Ascocarps apothecia,<br />
sessile, lecanorine, rounded, disc red or brown. Hymenium I+ blue. Paraphyses<br />
branched and anastomosing, not thicked at apices. Aci Lecanora-type, 8-spored,<br />
clavate. Ascospores colourless, fusiform or acicular, transversely 3-15-septate.<br />
Haematomma sp.1<br />
Haematomma sp.2<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>0 Haematomma spp., scale bar = 2 mm
44<br />
Family LAURERACEAE<br />
LAURERA Reichenb.<br />
Thallus crustose. Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps perithecia<br />
isolated ostioles, verrucae concolorous with thallus or orange, yellow ore brownishblack.<br />
Paraphyses branched and anastomosing, distinct. Aci bitunicate, with<br />
thickened apical wall 2-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, muriform, thickened septa,<br />
lumina rounded.<br />
Laurera sp.1<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>1 Laurera sp., scale bar = 2 mm<br />
Family LECANORACEAE<br />
CATINARIA Vainio.<br />
Thallus crustose, thin. Photobiont green algae; Trentepohlia. Ascocarps<br />
apothecia, sessile, rounded, biatorine or lecideine. Paraphyses simpled, persistent.<br />
Hymenium I+ blue to brownish. Aci 1-8-spored, I+ blue concentrated inside and/ or<br />
on outside of ascus tips. Ascospores colourless, less than 20 mu wide, single septum,<br />
septa about as thin as outer wall.
45<br />
Cartinaria sp.1<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>2 Cartinaria sp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
LECANORA Ach.<br />
Thallus crustose, granular, areolate Photobiont Trebouxia and perhaps<br />
chlorococcoid algae. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, rounded, lecanorine. Hymenium<br />
I+ blue. Aci 6-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, simple, not over 30 mu long.<br />
Lecanora sp.1<br />
Lecanora sp.2<br />
Lecanora sp.3<br />
Lecanora sp.4 Lecanora sp.5 Lecanora sp.6<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>3 Lecanora spp., scale bar = 1 mm
46<br />
Family LECIDEACEAE<br />
MALCOLMIELLA Vězda<br />
Thallus crustose. Photobiont Trebouxia. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile,<br />
rounded, biatorine or lecideine. Hymenium I+ blue. Aci I- negative tholus, or with<br />
weakly I+ blue, tubular structure in tholus. Aci 6-8-spored. Ascospores colourless,<br />
simple, not over 30 mu long.<br />
Malcolmiella sp.1 Malcolmiella sp.2 Malcolmiella sp.3<br />
Malcolmiella sp.4 Malcolmiella sp.5 Malcolmiella sp.6<br />
Malcolmiella sp.7 Malcolmiella sp.8 Malcolmiella sp.9<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>4 Malcolmiella spp., scale bar = 2 mm
47<br />
Family LETROUIACEAE<br />
LETROUITAI Haf. & Bellem.<br />
Thallus crustose, pale yellow to greenish-yellow or orange-yellow.<br />
Photobiont green algae. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, disc yellow-orange to orange<br />
or brownish, margin prominent, pale orange, generally lighter than disc, biatorine.<br />
Hymenium K+ purple or blue-violet. Paraphyses slightly branched and<br />
anastomosing. Aci 2-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, transversely septate, lensshaped<br />
locules.<br />
Letrouitia sp.1<br />
Letrouitia sp.2<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>5 Letrouitia spp., scale bar = 1 mm<br />
Family LOBARICEAE<br />
LOBARIA (Schreber) Hoffm.<br />
Thallus foliose, lobes branched. Upper surface smooth, flat or wrinkled,<br />
scrobiculate. Soredia and isidia present. Photobiont green algae: Myrmecia or<br />
Trebouxia or blue-green algae: Nostoc or Scytonema. Lower surface tomentose,<br />
rhizines present. Ascocarps apothecia laminal on upper surface of thallus. Aci 8-<br />
spored, Peltigera-type. Ascospores colourless or pale brown, 1-7-septate, fusiform to<br />
elongated.
48<br />
Lobaria sp.1<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>6 Lobaria sp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
STICTA (Schreber) Ach.<br />
Thallus foliose, dorsiventral, loosely attached, single- to multi-lobed. Upper<br />
surface smooth or wrinkled. Soredia and isidia present or absent. Photobiont<br />
chlorococcoid or blue-green algae: Nostoc. Lower surface tomentose. Ascocarps<br />
apothecia, sessile, mostly very rare or absent. Cyphellae present. Aci Peltigera-type,<br />
8-spored. Ascospores colourless to pale brownish, 1-3-septate.<br />
Sticta sp.1<br />
Sticta sp.2<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>7 Sticta spp., scale bar = 5 mm
49<br />
Family MAGALOSPORACEAE<br />
MEGALOSPORA Meyen.<br />
Thallus crustose, superficial. Photobiont green algae; Dictyochloropsis,<br />
chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, rounded, biatorine, disc brown to blackbrown.<br />
Hymenium I- or I+ blue, with oil droplets. Paraphyses indistinctly septate,<br />
usually branched and anastomosing in the epithecial region. Aci Lecanora-type, with<br />
apical dome, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, elongate, 1-many<br />
septate with thin septa.<br />
Megalospora sp.1<br />
Megalospora sp.2<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>8 Megalospora spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Family NEPHROMATACEAE<br />
NEPHROMA HELVETICUM Ach.<br />
Thallus foliose, dorsiventral, loosely attached, lobes rounded to slightly<br />
elongate. Photobiont green algae: Coccomyxa or blue-green algae; Nostoc.<br />
Upper surface smooth, matt or shining. Soredia sometimes present. Cortex<br />
pseudoparenchymatous. Medulla white or yellow. Lower surface tomentose,<br />
corticated. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, rounded to reniform, disc pale brown to redbrown-black.<br />
Aci 8-spored. Ascospores pale brown, 3-septate.
50<br />
Nephoma helveticum<br />
Figure <strong>4.1</strong>9 Nephoma helveticum, scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Family PANNARIACEAE<br />
ERIODERMA Fée.<br />
Thallus foliose, usually under 5 cm diam, not gelatinous, small, pale brown to<br />
olive-brown. Photobiont blue-green algae; Scytonema. Ascocarps apothecia, with<br />
constricted base. Lower surface attached to substrate by patches of thick tomentum,<br />
vein-like structures.<br />
Erioderma sp.1<br />
Figure 4.20 Erioderma sp., scale bar = 3 mm
51<br />
BULBOTHRIX Hale.<br />
Thallus foliose, rounded lobes, not dichotomously branched, grey to greengrey,<br />
appressed attached substrate, margins with bulbate cilia. Upper surface grey<br />
(aratorin), K+ yellow, smooth, with or without isidia, lacking soredia and<br />
pseudocyphellae. Medulla loosely packed, white or partly pigmented. Lower surface<br />
rhizines simple to densely dichotomously branched. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile,<br />
disc concave, pale to dark brown. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoidal or bicornute.<br />
Bulbothrix sp.1<br />
Bulbothrix sp.2<br />
Bulbothrix sp.3<br />
Bulbothrix sp.4<br />
Figure 4.21 Bulbothrix spp., scale bar of Bulbothrix sp.1 and sp. 2 = 2 mm, scale bar<br />
of Bulbothrix sp.3 and sp. 4 = 5 mm
52<br />
CANOMACULINA Elix & Hale<br />
Thallus foliose, loosely, flat, 1-5 mm wide, rotund at apices, cilia dense.<br />
Upper surface pale to mid-grey (aratorin and chloroaratorin), K+ yellow, without<br />
pseudocyphellae, pruinose towards lobe apices, with or without isidia and soredia.<br />
Medulla white. Lower surface black or brown. Rhizines simple and dense. Asci 8-<br />
spored. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal. Ascospores ellipsoidal.<br />
Canomaculina sp.1<br />
Canomaculina sp.2<br />
Figure 4.22 Canomaculina spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
CANOPARMELIA Elix & Hale<br />
Thallus foliose, farinose, soralia or isidia present. Upper surface K+ yellow<br />
(aratorin), without pseudocyphellae, cilia absent. Lower surface brown at the<br />
margin, black towards the centre. Rhizines simple or irregularly branched, white,<br />
present till the margin. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores colourless, without septa.<br />
Canoparmelia sp.1<br />
Figure 4.23 Canoparmelia sp., scale bar = 5 mm
53<br />
EVERNIASTRUM Hale ex Sipman<br />
Thallus foliose, loosely adnate, to 4-30 cm wide, dichotomously branched,<br />
narrow, 0.5-4 mm wide. Photobiont green algae: Trebouxia. Upper surface pale<br />
grey to green-grey, K+ yellow (aratorin), without pseudocyphellae, with or without<br />
isidia and soredia, cilia present. Medulla white. Lower surface black to brown<br />
Rhizines absent. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, hollow. Asci 8-spored Ascospores<br />
relatively large, ellipsoid.<br />
Everniastrum sp.1<br />
Figure 4.24 Everniastrum spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Everniastrum sp.2<br />
FLAVOPARMELIA CAPERATA Hale.<br />
Thallus foliose, loosely adnate, orbicular, lobes irregular. Photobiont green<br />
algae: Trebouxia. Upper surface yellow-green to green, K-, KC+ yellow (usnic acid),<br />
without pseudocyphellae, cilia absent. Medulla white. Lower surface brown at<br />
the margins, black towards the centre, Rhizines present till the margin, simple or<br />
irregularly branched, black or white. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, sessile, redbrown.<br />
Asci 8-spored. Ascospores without septa, colourless.<br />
Flavoparmelia caperata<br />
Figure 4.25 Flavoparmelia caperata, scale bar = 5 mm
54<br />
HYPOTRACHYNA (Vinio) Hale.<br />
Thallus foliose, dorsiventral, loosely to tightly adnate, lobes sublinear. Upper<br />
surface whitish to grey or yellow-green, K+ yellow (usnic acid), soredia, pustules and<br />
isidia, without pseudocyphellae, cilia absent. Medulla white. Lower surface black,<br />
sometimes paler towards lobe apices. Rhizines dichotomously branched, black.<br />
Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, sessile, disc imperforate. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores<br />
ellipsoid.<br />
Hypotrachyna sp.1<br />
Hypotrachyna sp.2<br />
Figure 4.26 Hypotrachyna spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
PARMELINELLA (Taylor) Elix & Hale<br />
Thallus foliose, leathery, loosely adnate to adnate, lobes irregular, over 3-10<br />
mm wide, often shallowly divided, cilia present. Upper surface pale grey, K+ yellow<br />
(usnic acid), KC- (atranorin present), without pseudocyphellae, with or without<br />
soredia and isidia. Medulla white. Lower surface black. Rhizines uniform, side near<br />
the margin. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, sessile, disc imperforate. Asci 8-spored.<br />
Ascospores ellipsoid.
55<br />
Parmelinella sp.1<br />
Parmelinella sp.2<br />
Parmelinella sp.3<br />
Parmelinella sp.4<br />
Figure 4.27 Parmelinella spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
PARMELINOPSIS (Taylor) Elix & Hale<br />
Thallus foliose, loosely to tightly adnate, lobes axils rounded, narrow,<br />
dichotomously to irregularly branched. cilia present. Upper surface pale grey, K+<br />
yellow (usnic acid), KC- (atranorin present), with or without soredia, pustules<br />
and isidia. Medulla white, C+ red or rose. Lower surface ivory to pale brown<br />
or black. Rhizines simple, till the margin. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, sessile<br />
to subpedicellate, disc imperforate, pale brown to bark brown. Asci 8-spored.<br />
Ascospores ellipsoid, with thickened wall.<br />
Parmelinopsis sp.1 Parmelinopsis sp.2<br />
Figure 4.28 Parmelinopsis spp., scale bar = 5 mm
56<br />
PARMOTREMA A. Massal.<br />
Thallus foliose, loosely adnate to adnate, large, lobes broad, 2-30 mm wide,<br />
cilia simple or branched. Upper surface grey to grey-green, flat or rarely convex,<br />
shiny or dull, smooth, with or without soredia and isidia, without pseudocyphellae.<br />
Medulla white. Lower surface brown or black. Rhizines simple, present, absent<br />
from marginal zone. Ascocarps apothecia, laminal, commonly pedicellate, disc<br />
perforate. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores globose-ellipsoid, large, thickened wall.<br />
Parmotrema sp.1<br />
Figure 4.29 Parmotrema sp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM (Nyl.) Hale<br />
Thallus foliose, loosely adnate to adnate, 10-30 mm wide, lobes irregular,<br />
margins entire or crenate. Upper surface pale grey to grey-green, shiny, dull towards<br />
thallus centre, without soredia, isidia spare to sbundant, thin, irregularly inflated.<br />
Medulla white, K-, C+ red, KC+ red. Lower surface smooth, shiny, brown-black.<br />
Rhizines simple, absent from marginal zone, coarse, short. Ascocarps apothecia very<br />
rare, laminal, subpedicellate, disc imperforate, concave, dark brown. Asci 8-spored.<br />
Ascospores 13-15 x 7-8 µm, globose-ellipsoid, large, thickened wall.
57<br />
Parmotrema tinctorum<br />
Figure 4.30 Parmotrema tinctorum, scale bar = 5 mm<br />
RELICINA Elix & H. Sipman<br />
Thallus foliose, adnate to tightly adnate, rounded lobes, narrow, yellow green,<br />
margins with bulbate cilia. Upper surface pale green to yellow-green (usnic acid),<br />
with or without isidia, without soredia and pseudocyphellae. Medulla loosely packed,<br />
white Lower surface pale tan to black, Rhizines simple, usually colourless, not<br />
continuous to the margin. Ascocarps apothecia, common, laminal, sessile, pale brown<br />
to dark brown. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores 3-12 x 2-6 µm, ellipsoid.<br />
Relicina sp.1<br />
Relicina sp.2<br />
Figure 4.31 Relicina spp., scale bar = 3 mm
58<br />
RELICINOPSIS Elix & Verdon<br />
Thallus foliose, closely appressed to the substrate. upper side greenish to<br />
yellowish grey, K-, KC+ yellow (usnic acid), with narrow radiating lobes, cilia<br />
present. Upper surface transversely cracked pseudocyphellae. Rhizines till the<br />
margin. Medulla white. Ascocarp apothecia with margin the same colour as thallus.<br />
Relicinopsis sp.1<br />
Figure 4.32 Relicinopsis sp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
RIMELIA Hale & A.Fletcher<br />
Thallus foliose, lobes wide, 3-10 mm wide, often shallowly divided, cilia<br />
present Upper surface pale grey, K+ yellow, KC- (atranorin present) finely whitereticulate,<br />
soredia present. Rhizines very variable length, till the margin. Medulla<br />
white, relatively thick, Lower surface brown to black, plane to papillate marginally.<br />
Ascocarps apothecial, margin prominent with thalloid rim, gray or hyaline. Asci 8-<br />
spored. Ascospores simple, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, thinned wall.<br />
Rimelia sp.1<br />
Figure 4.33 Rimelia sp., scale bar = 5 mm
59<br />
RIMELIA RETICULATA (Taylor) Hale & A.Fletcher<br />
Thallus foliose, lobes wide, branching irregular, loosely attached to substrate.<br />
Photobiont Trebouxia. Upper surface reticulately cracked and maculate, cilia present<br />
along thalline margins. Soredia present along margins or lobe ends of thallus.<br />
Medulla white, relatively thick, Lower surface black centrally, brown peripherally,<br />
plane to papillate marginally. Rhizines simple, short and long. Ascocarps apothecial,<br />
laminal, orbicular, margin prominent with thalloid rim, gray or hyaline. Asci<br />
lecanoral, apex thickened and amyloid, with wide, 8-spored. Ascospores simple,<br />
ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 10-18 x 6-11 µm, thinned wall.<br />
Rimelia reticulata<br />
Figure 4.<strong>34</strong> Rimelia reticulata, scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Family PERTUSARIACEAE<br />
PERTUSARIA DC.<br />
Thallus crustose, continuous or areolate to granular. Photobiont green algae:<br />
Trebouxia, chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, immersed, disc wide, punctiform<br />
and opening by ostiole and thus perithecioid. Paraphyses branched and variously<br />
reticulately anastomosing, not capitates. Asci 1-8-spored. Ascospores colourless, over<br />
50 µm long, without septa, oval ellipsoid.
60<br />
Pertusaria sp.1 Pertusaria sp.2 Pertusaria sp.3<br />
Pertusaria sp.4 Pertusaria sp.5 Pertusaria sp.6<br />
Figure 4.35 Pertusaria spp., scale bar = 2 mm<br />
Family PHYLLOPSORACEAE<br />
PHYLLOPSORA John A. Elix<br />
Thallus squamulose, simple or lobed, hypothallus, with saised tips 0.5-2 mm<br />
long. Upper cortex present. Lower cortex absent. Ascocarps disc-like, more or less<br />
rounded, sessile, Hymenium exposed. Asci 3-8 spored. Ascospores colourless,<br />
without septa.<br />
Phyllopsora spp.<br />
Figure 4.36 Phyllopsora spp., scale bar = 5 mm
61<br />
Family PHYSIACEAE<br />
BUELLIA De Not.<br />
Thallus crustose, smooth, rimose, granular, whitish to grey, brown or green,<br />
hypothallus rarely present. Photobiont green algae: chlorococcoid. Ascocarps<br />
apothecia, sessile, lecideine, dark brown to black, rounded. Hymenium colourless, or<br />
greenish in upper part, with or without oil droplets. Paraphyses simple to apically<br />
branched, brownish-black at apices, conglutinated. Asci 8-spored, clavate, Lecanoratype.<br />
Ascospores brown to dark-brown, 1-septate, ellipsoid, oblong or fusiform.<br />
Buellia sp.1<br />
Figure 4.37 Buellia sp., scale bar = 2 mm<br />
DIRINARIA (Tuck.) Clem.<br />
Thallus foliose, placodioid, radiating lobes, closely appressed to the substrate,<br />
white to cream, thallus attached by hapters. Photobiont green algae. Upper surface<br />
K+ yellow, atranorin present. Medulla UV+ or absent. Lower surface lower cortex<br />
present. Rhizines absent. Ascocarps apothecia, disk-like, very rarely present.<br />
Ascospores brown, 1-septate, narrowly ellipsoid.
62<br />
Dirinaria sp.1<br />
Figure 4.38 Dirinaria sp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
HETERODERMIA Trevis.<br />
Thallus foliose, radiating mats, closely adpressed or ribbon-like, ascending<br />
and loosely attached, white to grayish. Soredia lobules and sidia usually present.<br />
Upper cortex periclinal hyphae. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Lower surface with or<br />
without a cortex. Ascocarps apothecia, immersed to sessile, red-brown, disc convex.<br />
Asci elongate-clavate, thickened, I+ blue tholus, almost Bacidia-like, 8-spored.<br />
Ascospores simple, colourless, smooth.<br />
Heterodermia sp.1 Heterodermia sp.2 Heterodermia sp.3<br />
Heterodermia sp.4 Heterodermia sp.5 Heterodermia sp.6<br />
Figure 4.39 Heterodermia spp., scale bar = 5 mm
63<br />
PHYSCIA (Schreber) Michaux<br />
Thallus foliose, deeply dissected, elongate and sometimes forming a reticulate<br />
pattern. without pseudocyphellae, cilia absent. Upper surface K-, without atranorin.<br />
Lower surface white or yellowish or grey to black at the margin, of the same colour<br />
or darker towards the centre. Rhizine simple or irregularly branched, till the margin.<br />
Medulla white. Ascocarp apothecia, lecideine Ascospore transversely septate, grey<br />
to brown.<br />
Physcia sp.1<br />
Physcia sp.2<br />
Figure 4.40 Physcia spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
PYXINE Fr.<br />
Thallus foliose, pale grey to dark grey, deeply dissected, closely appressed to<br />
the substrate, elongate and reticulate pattern. pseudocyphellae present along the<br />
margin and sometimes on the surface, cilia absent. Upper surface K-, without<br />
atranorin. Lower surface white or yellowish or grey to black at the margin, of the<br />
same colour or darker towards the centre. Rhizine simple or irregularly branched, till<br />
the margin. Medulla white to buff or yellowish.. Ascocarp apothecia, lecideine<br />
Ascospore transversely septate, grey to brown.
64<br />
Pyxine sp.1<br />
Pyxine sp.2<br />
Figure 4.41 Pyxine spp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
PYXINE COCCIFERA (Fée) Nyl.<br />
Thallus foliose, dark grey, deeply dissected, closely appressed to the<br />
substrate, elongate and reticulate pattern. pseudocyphellae present along the margin<br />
and sometimes on the surface, cilia absent. Upper surface K-, without atranorin, red<br />
soredia. Lower surface white or yellowish or grey to black at the margin, of the same<br />
colour or darker towards the centre. Rhizine simple or irregularly branched, till the<br />
margin. Medulla white to buff or yellowish.. Ascocarp apothecia, lecideine<br />
Ascospore transversely septate, grey to brown.<br />
Pyxine coccifera<br />
Figure 4.42 Pyxine coccifera, scale bar = 5 mm
65<br />
PYXINE CORALLIGERA Malme.<br />
Thallus foliose, dark grey, deeply dissected, closely appressed to the substrate,<br />
elongate and reticulate pattern, pseudocyphellae present along the margin and<br />
sometimes on the surface, cilia absent. Upper surface K-, without atranorin, red<br />
soredia. Lower surface white or yellowish or grey to black at the margin, of the same<br />
colour or darker toward the center. Rhizine simple or irregularly branched, till the<br />
margin. Medulla white to buff or yellowish. Ascocarp apothecia, lecideine<br />
Ascospore transversely septate, grey to brown.<br />
Pyxine coralliger<br />
Figure 4.43 Pyxine coralliger, scale bar = 5 mm<br />
Family PILOCARPACEAE<br />
BYSSOLOMA Trevisan<br />
Thallus crustose, effuse, cortex absent. Photobiont green algae:<br />
chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, round, byssoid outer margin.<br />
Hymenium I+ blue to brownish. Paraphyses simple or branched. Asci 8-spored,<br />
I+blue concentrated inside and/ or on outside of the ascus tips. Ascospores 3-septate,<br />
colourless.
66<br />
Byssoloma sp.1 Byssoloma sp.2 Byssoloma sp.3<br />
Figure 4.44 Byssoloma spp., scale bar = 1 mm<br />
FELLHANERA Vĕzda<br />
Thallus crustose, rimose, ecorticate, whitish to grey-green or dull ochraceous.<br />
Photobiont green algae: chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, sessile, biatorine,<br />
thinly white-pruinose, whitish, beige or yellowish. Hymenium I+ blue. Paraphyses<br />
tubuliform, simple to branched and anastomosing. Asci 8-spored, tholus I+ blue.<br />
Ascospores colourless, 1-6-septate, ovoid.<br />
Fellhanera sp.1<br />
Figure 4.45 Fellhanera sp., scale bar = 2 mm
67<br />
Family PORINACEAE<br />
CLATHROPORINA Müll. Arg.<br />
Thallus crustose, immersed to superficial, thallus medulla whitish.<br />
Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps perithecia, superficial or immersed.<br />
Hymenium gelatin I- or + greenish blue in parts. Paraphyses simple, distinct. Asci<br />
thin apical wall, 8-spored. Ascospores colourless, muriform.<br />
Clathoporina sp.1<br />
Clathoporina sp.2<br />
Figure 4.46 Clathoporina spp., scale bar = 1 mm<br />
Family PYRENULACEAE<br />
PYRENULA Ach.<br />
Thallus crustose, immersed or rarely superficial, often with thin black<br />
prothallus. Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps perithecia, carbonized,<br />
black, flash-shaped, rounded or in irregular groups, ostiole apical. Hymenium gelatin<br />
I- or + greenish blue in parts. Paraphyses simple, distinct. Asci cylindrical,<br />
bitunicate, 8-spored. Ascospores grey to brown, transversely septate, thickened septa,<br />
rounded lumina.
68<br />
Pyrenula sp.1<br />
Pyrenula sp.2<br />
Pyrenula sp.3<br />
Figure 4.47 Pyrenula spp., scale bar = 1 mm<br />
Pyrenula sp.4<br />
Family RAMALINACEAE<br />
BIATORA Fr.<br />
Thallus crustose, effuse, granular, creamy white, dull green, glaucous green or<br />
green-grey. Photobiont chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia, biatorine, sessile,<br />
whitish to dark brown, not pruinose, sometimes with a reddish brown pigment, but<br />
never with purplish, greenish or very dark brown (carbonaceous) pigmentation.<br />
Hymenium granules or oil-droplets, I+ blue. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical-clavate,<br />
lateral walls 0.7-1µm wide, Biatora-type. Ascospores colourless, ellipsoid or oblong,<br />
to oblong-fusiform, simple to 3-5-septate.<br />
Biatora sp.1<br />
Figure 4.48 Biatora sp., scale bar = 1 mm
69<br />
LECANIA Massal.<br />
Thallus crustose, thin or thick, continuous or granules, grey-white, whiteyellow,<br />
to brown-black. Photobiont Trebouxia, chlorococcoid. Ascocarps apothecia,<br />
sessile, round, lecanorine, pale- to black-brown, to orange. Hymenium colourless,<br />
K/I+ blue. Paraphyses unbranched. Asci 8-16-spored, Bacidia-type. Ascopores<br />
colourles, 1-3-septate, thin walled, ellipsoid.<br />
Lecania sp.1<br />
Figure 4.49 Lecania sp. (http://www.bgbm.fu.berlin.de/sipman/.../Lecania.htm.)<br />
scale bar = 2 mm<br />
Family ROCCELLACEAE<br />
CRESPONEA Egea & Torrente<br />
Thallus crustose, continuous, cracked, thin, white, pale gray or pale green,<br />
smooth, effuse, lacking isidia or soredia. Photobiont Trentepohlia. Ascocarps<br />
apothecia, sessile, with constricted base, disc black, at first usually concave but soon<br />
plane to slightly convex, margin: lecideine, glossy black, prominent, raised above<br />
disc. Hymenium hyaline, I+ blue/red or pale red, K/I+ blue, Paraphyses septate,<br />
simple or sparsely branched, with few or no anastomoses. Asci bitunicate, clavate to<br />
cylindrical-clavate, slightly stiped, 8-spored Ascospores rarely brownish when old, 3-<br />
19-septate transversely, oblong-fusiform.
70<br />
Cresponea sp.1<br />
Cresponea sp.2<br />
Figure 4.50 Cresponea spp., scale bar = 1 mm<br />
ENTEROGRAPHA Fée<br />
Thallus crustose, effuse, not layered, smooth or cracked-areolate, white-grey<br />
to dark olive-green or brown, prothallus grey to black, separating the thalli.<br />
Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps apothecia, elongate, immersed,<br />
punctiform, disc flat, brown to black, not pruinose. Hymenium I+blue to reddish or<br />
absent. Paraphyses branched and anastomosing. Asci thick walled, 8-spored, K/I+<br />
dark blue ring. Ascospores colourless, thin septa, I-negative, transversely septate,<br />
ovoid, fusiform or acicular.<br />
Enterographa sp.1<br />
Figure 4.51 Enterographa sp., scale bar = 2 mm
71<br />
MAZOSIA Massal.<br />
Thallus crustose, effuse, ecorticated. Photobiont green algae: Phycopeltis.<br />
Ascocarps apothecia, rounded, thin, distinct, dark. Paraphyses branched,<br />
anastomosing. Asci thick walled, 8-spored. Ascospores colourless, transversely<br />
septate, fusiform or acicular, microcephalic.<br />
Mazosia sp.1<br />
Figure 4.52 Mazosia sp., scale bar = 1 mm<br />
SYNCESIA Taylor<br />
Thallus crustose. Ascocarps apothecia, disc wider, rounded, pinkish to<br />
whitish pruinose. Hymenium I+ blue to reddish or absent, the colour restricted to the<br />
hymenial jelly or the ascospores, ascus tips unstained. Ascospores colourless, thin<br />
septa, transversely septate, I- negative.<br />
Syncesia sp.1<br />
Figure 4.53 Syncesia sp., scale bar = 5 mm
72<br />
CHAPSA A. Massal.<br />
Thallus crustose, smooth , continuous, greenish to white-grey, numerous<br />
photobiont cells , few small calcium oxalate crystals on thallus. Ascocarp apothecia,<br />
erumpent , angular-rounded, disc more or less covered by a narrow pore, flesh-colored<br />
and slightly translucent, thalline margin fissured to lobulate . Paraphyses simple.<br />
Asci 6-8 per ascus. Ascospores, transversely septate, thick-walled, with rounded<br />
ends, colourless, I+ dark violet-blue.<br />
Chapsa sp.1<br />
Figure 4.54 Chapsa sp., scale bar = 2 mm<br />
Family STEREOCAULACEAE<br />
LEPRARIA Ach.<br />
Thallus foliose, rosettes, K- or + yellow, C-, KC-, soredia present. Photobiont:<br />
green alga, Trebouxia. Ascocarps absent.<br />
Lepraria sp.1<br />
Figure 4.55 Lepraria sp., scale bar = 2 mm
73<br />
Family THELOTREMATACEAE<br />
MYRIOTREMA Fée<br />
Thallus crustose, epiphloedal, corticiform layer usually dense. Photobiont<br />
Trentepohlia. Ascocarps apothecia, immersed, without carbonized parts, lacking<br />
thalline rim, or raised with a distinct thalline rim or minute pore. Hymenium<br />
colourless, I-, not separated from thalline margin or without periphyses. Paraphyses<br />
simple or branched, free or conglutinate. Asci 1- 8-spored. Ascospores colourless,<br />
thickened septa, rounded lumina, transversely septate, I+ deep blue to violet.<br />
Myriotrema sp.1 Myriotrema sp.2 Myriotrema sp.3<br />
Myriotrema sp.4 Myriotrema sp.5 Myriotrema sp.6<br />
Myriotrema sp.7<br />
Myriotrema sp.8<br />
Figure 4.56 Myriotrema spp., scale bar = 1 mm
74<br />
OCELLULARIA Meyer<br />
Thallus crustose. Photobiont green algae: Trentepohlia. Ascocarps<br />
apothecia, emergent or immersed, thalline rim distinct,exiple usually carbonized,<br />
fused, columella present, carbonized. Hymenium I+ blue to reddish or absent. Aci 1-<br />
8-spored. Ascospores colourless or pale brown, transversely septate, thickened septa,<br />
rounded lumina, I+ blue to violet.<br />
Ocellularia sp.1 Ocellularia sp.2 Ocellularia sp.3<br />
Ocellularia sp.4 Ocellularia sp.5 Ocellularia sp.6<br />
Ocellularia sp.7 Ocellularia sp.8 Ocellularia sp.9<br />
Figure 4.57 Ocellularia spp., scale bar = 1 mm
75<br />
THELOTREMA Ach.<br />
Thallus crustose, uniform, sometimes immersed, usually shades of cream or<br />
fawn, prothallus absent. Photobiont Trentepohlia. Ascocarps apothecia, immersed,<br />
disc concave to flat, often gaping, black, sometimes pruinose. Thalline exiple<br />
distinct. Hymenium colourless, I-. Aci I-, 1-8-spored, subcylindrical, with a single<br />
functional wall layer, Ascospores colourless, transversely septate.<br />
Thelotrema sp.1 Thelotrema sp.2 Thelotrema sp.3<br />
Figure 4.58 Thelotrema spp., scale bar = 1 mm<br />
Thelotremataceae (Unknown genus)<br />
Figure 4.59 Unknown genus, scale bar = 2 mm
76<br />
Family TRICHOTHELISCEAE<br />
PORINA Müll. Arg.<br />
Thallus crustose, immersed to superficial. Photobiont green algae:<br />
Trentepohlia. Ascocarps perithecia, superficial or immersed. Hymenium gelatin I- or<br />
+ greenish blue in parts. Paraphyses simple, distinct. Asci thin apical wall, 8-spored.<br />
Ascospores colourless, transversely septate, thin septa, lumina angular, 1-3-septate<br />
Porina sp.1<br />
Porina sp.2<br />
Porina sp.3<br />
Porina sp.4<br />
Figure 4.60 Porina spp., scale bar = 1 mm<br />
Family USNEACEAE<br />
USNEA Hill.<br />
Thallus shrubby, attached by holdfast, branching irregular, shiny or matt,<br />
tubercles, papillae, pseudocyphellae, Isidia and soredia present. Photobiont<br />
Trebouxia. Madulla lax or compact. Ascocarps apothecia, lateral or terminal, disc<br />
rounded, flat. Thalline exciple persistent, ray-like projections. Asci 8-spored,<br />
elongate-clavate, Lecanora-type. Ascospores simple, ellipsoid, colourless.
77<br />
Usnea sp.1<br />
Figure 4.61 Usnea sp., scale bar = 5 mm<br />
<strong>Lichen</strong>s unknown<br />
Crustose unknown 1 Crustose unknown 2<br />
Figure 4.62 Crustose unknowns, scale bar = 5 mm
78<br />
<strong>4.1</strong>.1 Types of lichen found in the study areas<br />
Crustose was the most lichen group which was found in all study areas,<br />
followed by foliose, squamulose and fruticose, respectively (Figure <strong>4.1</strong>-4.62).<br />
However, in San Khu foliose was the most dominant group. The highest species<br />
number of lichen was found in San Khu site: 18 families, <strong>34</strong> genera and 59 species. In<br />
contrast, the lowest lichen number was found in Palad nature-trail site with 13<br />
families, 17 genera and 23 species (Figure 4.63).<br />
70<br />
60<br />
Number<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5<br />
Sites<br />
squamulose<br />
fruticose<br />
foliose<br />
crustose<br />
Figure 4.63 Total lichen number on all trees sampled in each site
79<br />
<strong>4.1</strong>.2 Total lichen genera found in the study areas<br />
The highest lichen <strong>diversity</strong> was found in San Khu site, whereas the least<br />
genera of <strong>lichens</strong> found in Palad nature-trail site. <strong>Lichen</strong> genera which belonged to<br />
family Parmeliaceae was found most, whereas only one genus was found in family<br />
Laureraceae, Lepariaceae and Cladoniaceae. Species of Leptogium which is common<br />
in moist forest, were found in Montatarn waterfall and Palad nature-trail. Genera that<br />
commonly found in the study were Phyllopsora, Bacidia and Lecanora. Otherwise,<br />
there are some genera found only in moist areas such as Byssoloma, Cartinaria,<br />
Cryptothecia, Fellhanera, Myriotrema, Malcolmeilla, Ocellularia and Porina.<br />
Species found only in San Khu were Chapsa sp., Cladonia sp., Megalospora sp. and<br />
Usnea sp. Some species such as Dirinaria sp.1, Erioderma sp.1, Pyxine coccifera and<br />
Pyxine coralliger were the species that could not found in other sites but Palad naturetrail.<br />
The list of <strong>lichens</strong> species found in study areas was presented in Table 4.2.
80<br />
Table 4.2 List of total lichen genera found and their frequencies in all study<br />
areas<br />
Families<br />
<strong>Lichen</strong>s<br />
Site<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Arthoniaceae Arthonia sp.1 9 9<br />
Arthonia sp.2 10<br />
Arthonia sp.3 2<br />
Arthothelium sp.1 2<br />
Arthothelium sp.2 3 2<br />
Cryptothecia sp.1 4 10<br />
Cryptothecia sp.2 4 8 10<br />
Cryptothecia sp.3 1 4<br />
Cryptothecia sp.4 11 8<br />
Cryptothecia sp.5 1 3<br />
Cryptothecia sp.6 2 10<br />
Cryptothecia sp.7 1<br />
Cryptothecia sp.8 4<br />
Cryptothecia sp.9 4<br />
Bacidiaceae Bacidia sp.1 1 2<br />
Bacidia sp.2 1 13 4 3<br />
Bacidia sp.3 1<br />
Bacidia sp.4 4 2<br />
Bacidia sp.5 2<br />
Bacidia sp.6 7<br />
Chrysotrichaece Chrysothrix sp. 9 2 4<br />
Cladoniaceae Cladonia sp. 3<br />
Collemataceae Collema sp.1 3<br />
Leptogium sp.1 4<br />
Leptogium sp.2 1<br />
Crocyniaceae Crocynia spp. 1 56<br />
Haematommataceae Haematomma sp.1 3 1<br />
Haematomma sp.2 5 1 1<br />
Laureraceae Laurera sp.1 2<br />
Lecanoraceae Catinaria sp.1 2<br />
Lecanora sp.1 1 1 8<br />
Lecanora sp.2 1<br />
Lecanora sp.3 1<br />
Lecanora sp.4 3 5<br />
Lecanora sp.5 1<br />
Lecanora sp.6 1
81<br />
Table 4.2 List of total lichen genera found and their frequencies in all study<br />
areas (continued)<br />
Families<br />
<strong>Lichen</strong>s<br />
Site<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Lecideaceae Malcolmiella sp.1 l 1 5 9<br />
Malcolmiella sp.2 13<br />
Malcolmiella sp.3 8<br />
Malcolmiella sp.4 17 4<br />
Malcolmiella sp.5 5<br />
Malcolmiella sp.6 15<br />
Malcolmiella sp.7 3<br />
Malcolmiella sp.8 2<br />
Malcolmiella sp.9 1<br />
Letrouitiaceae Letrouitia sp.1 7<br />
Letrouitia sp.2 14<br />
Lobariceae Lobaria sp.1 2<br />
Sticta sp.1 1<br />
Sticta sp.2 1<br />
Megalosporaceae Megalospora sp.1 3<br />
Megalospora sp.2 3<br />
Nephromataceae Nephroma helveticum Ach. 2<br />
(Nyl.) Hale.<br />
Pannariaceae Erioderma sp.1 1<br />
Parmeliaceae Bulbothrix sp.1 7<br />
Bulbothrix sp.2 3<br />
Bulbothrix sp.3 5<br />
Bulbothrix sp.4 4<br />
Canomaculina sp.1 4<br />
Canomaculina sp.2 7<br />
Canoparmelia sp.1 4 3 4<br />
Everniastrum sp.1 4<br />
Everniastrum sp.2 1<br />
Flavoparmelia caperata 1 1<br />
(L.) Hale.<br />
Hypotrachyna sp.1 4<br />
Hypotrachyna sp.2 1<br />
Parmelinella sp.1 1<br />
Parmelinella sp.2 14 1<br />
Parmelinella sp.3 10
82<br />
Table 4.2 List of total lichen genera found and their frequencies in all study<br />
areas (continued)<br />
Families<br />
<strong>Lichen</strong>s<br />
Site<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Parmelinella sp.4 1<br />
Parmelinopsis sp.1 12<br />
Parmelinopsis sp.2 9<br />
Parmotrema sp.1 3<br />
Parmotrema tinctorum 5 5<br />
(Despr. Ex Nyl.) Hale.<br />
Relicina sp.1 2<br />
Relicina sp.2 2 3<br />
Relicinopsis sp.1 2<br />
Rimelia 82eticulate Hale & 20<br />
A. Fletcher.<br />
Rimelia sp.1 1<br />
Pertusariaceae Pertusaria sp.1 1 3<br />
Pertusaria sp.2 3<br />
Pertusaria sp.3 2<br />
Pertusaria sp.4 2<br />
Pertusaria sp.5 2 1<br />
Pertusaria sp.6 4<br />
Phyllopsoraceae Phyllopsora spp. 11 1 19 50 10<br />
Physiaceae Buellia sp.1 1<br />
Dirinarie sp.1 1<br />
Heterodermia sp.1 2<br />
Heterodermia sp.2<br />
l<br />
Heterodermia sp.3 10<br />
Heterodermia sp.4 1<br />
Heterodermia sp.5 7<br />
Heterodermia sp.6 2<br />
Physcia sp.1 4 1<br />
Physcia sp.2 2<br />
Pyxine coccifera (Fee) Nyl. 1<br />
Pyxine coralliger Malme. 2<br />
Pyxine sp.1 1<br />
Pyxine sp.2 1<br />
Pilocarpaceae Byssoloma sp.1 1<br />
Byssoloma sp.2 1
83<br />
Table 4.2 List of total lichen genera found and their frequencies in all study<br />
areas (continued)<br />
Families<br />
<strong>Lichen</strong>s<br />
Site<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Byssoloma sp.3 3<br />
Byssoloma sp.4 1<br />
Fellhanera sp.1 7<br />
Porinaceae Clathoporina sp.1 3 2<br />
Clathoporina sp.2 7 5<br />
Clathoporina sp.3 3<br />
Pyrenulaceae Pyrenula sp.1 1 5 3<br />
Pyrenula sp.2 1 5<br />
Pyrenula sp.3 16<br />
Pyrenula sp.4 2 19 7<br />
Ramalinaceae Biatora sp.1 2<br />
Lecania sp.1 7<br />
Roccellaceae Cresponea sp.1 3 3<br />
Cresponea sp.2 2<br />
Enterographa sp.1 4<br />
Mazosia sp.1 9 10<br />
Syncesia sp.1 5<br />
Stereocaulaceae Lepraria sp.1 6<br />
Trelothemataceae Chapsa sp.1 5<br />
Myriotrema sp.1 10 3<br />
Myriotrema sp.2 5<br />
Myriotrema sp.3 2<br />
Myriotrema sp.4 1<br />
Myriotrema sp.5 14 4<br />
Myriotrema sp.6 2<br />
Myriotrema sp.7 3<br />
Myriotrema sp.8 7<br />
Ocellularia sp.1 4<br />
Ocellularia sp.2 3 1<br />
Ocellularia sp.3 6 7 6<br />
Ocellularia sp.4 6<br />
Ocellularia sp.5 1<br />
Ocellularia sp.6 2<br />
Ocellularia sp.7 2 2<br />
Ocellularia sp.8 1
84<br />
Table 4.2 List of total lichen genera found and their frequencies in all study<br />
areas (continued)<br />
Families<br />
<strong>Lichen</strong>s<br />
Site<br />
1 2 3 4 5<br />
Ocellularia sp.9 8<br />
Thelotrema sp.1 1 1<br />
Thelotrema sp.2 1 6<br />
Thelotrema sp.3 10<br />
Thelotremataceae 5<br />
(unknown genus)<br />
Trichothelisceae Porina sp.1 1 7 10<br />
Porina sp.2 5<br />
Porina sp.3 3<br />
Porina sp.4 1 14<br />
Usneaceae Usnea sp.1 13<br />
Unknow Crustose unknown 1 1<br />
Unknow Crustose unknown 2 18<br />
Total number of genera <strong>34</strong> 17 27 24 18<br />
Total frequency 249 105 252 338 89<br />
Note: site1: San Khu, site2: Huay Kg-Ma, site3: Youth camp, site4: Montatarn waterfall,<br />
site5: Palad nature-trail
85<br />
<strong>4.1</strong>.3 Species, girth and pH of the sampling trees<br />
A list of tree species collected from all study sites and frequency of <strong>lichens</strong><br />
found on each tree along with girth and bark pH was shown in Table 4.3-4.7.<br />
The most frequent tree species found in each site were as followed; San Khu:<br />
Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) King ex Hook. f.; Huay Kog-Ma: Terminalia<br />
mucronata Craib & Hutch., Youth camp: Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth., Montatarn<br />
waterfall: Protium serratum (Wall. Ex Colebr.) Engl. and Palad nature-trail:<br />
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm.<br />
Circumferences of trees in each site were varied. The widest girth was<br />
269 cm from Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. from Youth camp and the smallest<br />
circumference is 50 cm from Glochidion sphaerogynum (M.-A.) Kurz. from Huay<br />
Kog-Ma watershed.<br />
The lowest pH (3.45) was found in a tree from San Khu (Castanopsis<br />
acuminatissima Rehd.) and the highest pH (7.15) was found in a bark sample of<br />
Mangifera caloneura Kurz. from Youth camp.<br />
<strong>Lichen</strong> frequency on Michelia floribunda Finet & Gagnep. from Montatarn<br />
waterfall was the highest (49) and lowest was on Shorea siamensis Miq. (2) at Palad<br />
nature-trail. Total tree species number and their average bark pH, which were selected<br />
for lichen frequency study, was presented in Table 4.7. Average bark pH of sampling<br />
tree was between 3.45 to 7.59. Tree species with the highest average bark pH was<br />
Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon., whereas the lowest was Castanopsis acuminatissima<br />
Rehd. (Table 4.8).
86<br />
Table 4.3 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at San Khu<br />
No. Families Species<br />
Thai GBH pH <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
name (cm.) frequency<br />
1 Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 139 4.42 43<br />
2 Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 129 4.65 31<br />
3 Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 142 4.75 24<br />
4 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 158 4.90 14<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
5 Fagaceae Castanopsis acuminatissima กอเดือย 72 3.45 17<br />
Rehd.<br />
6 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 68 4.24 19<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
7 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 57 3.85 12<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
8 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 80 4.57 19<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
9 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 62 3.99 9<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
10 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 89 4.36 18<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
11 Fagaceae Castanopsis tribuloides กอใบเลื่อม 129 4.82 13<br />
(Sm.) A. DC.<br />
12 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 118 4.47 17<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
13 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 156 3.57 12<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
14 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 75 4.57 6<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
15 Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 78 3.90 13<br />
16 Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 104 4.60 21
87<br />
Table 4.3 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at San Khu (continued)<br />
No. Families Species<br />
Thai GBH pH <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
name (cm.) frequency<br />
17 Pinaceae Pinus Kesiya Royle ex สนสามใบ 58 4.08 32<br />
Gordon.<br />
18 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 96 3.82 26<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
19 Fagaceae Castanopsis tribuloides กอใบเลื่อม 85.2 4.87 23<br />
(Sm.) A. DC.<br />
20 Theaceae Anneslea fragrans Wall. สารภีปา 79 5.82 8
88<br />
Table 4.4 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Huay Kog-Ma watershed<br />
No. Families Species<br />
Thai GBH pH <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
name (cm.) frequency<br />
1 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 121 4.28 17<br />
Craib & Hutch.<br />
2 Leguminosae- Pterocarpus macrocarpus ประดู 96.5 4.70 16<br />
Papilionoideae Kurz.<br />
3 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 201 4.32 18<br />
Craib & Hutch.<br />
4 Fagaceae Lithocarpus thomsonii กอขาว 57.5 4.32 18<br />
Rehd.<br />
5 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 68 4.65 15<br />
Craib & Hutch.<br />
6 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 79 5.16 12<br />
Craib & Hutch.<br />
7 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 57 4.22 14<br />
Craib & Hutch.<br />
8 Unidentified Unknown 79 4.63 13<br />
9 Meliaceae Melia toosendan Sieb. & เลี่ยน 103 4.50 17<br />
Zucc.<br />
10 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sphaerogynum มันปลา 49.5 4.33 27<br />
(M.-A.) Kurz .<br />
11 Unidentified Unknown 119 4.00 13<br />
12 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sphaerogynum มันปลา 48 4.42 11<br />
(M.-A.) Kurz.<br />
13 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 61 4.92 35<br />
Craib & Hutch.<br />
14 Unidentified Unknown 123 5.32 13<br />
15 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 98 <strong>4.1</strong>9 13<br />
Craib & Hutch.<br />
16 Leguminosae- Dalbergia cana Graham ex ปพง 188 4.25 17<br />
Papilionoideae Kurz.
89<br />
Table 4.4 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Huay Kog-Ma watershed<br />
(continued)<br />
No. Families Species<br />
Thai GBH pH <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
name (cm.) frequency<br />
17 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sphaerogynum มันปลา 50 4.<strong>34</strong> 10<br />
(M.-A.) Kurz.<br />
18 Leguminosae- Dalbergia cana Graham ex ปพง 117 5.09 10<br />
Papilionoideae Kurz.<br />
19 Leguminosae- Dalbergia cana Graham ex ปพง 144 4.35 19<br />
Papilionoideae Kurz.<br />
20 Combretaceae Terminalia mucronata ตะแบกเลือด 133 4.62 7<br />
Craib & Hutch.
90<br />
Table 4.5 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Youth camp<br />
No. Families Species<br />
Thai GBH pH <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
name (cm.) frequency<br />
1 Burseraceae Garuga pinnata Roxb. ตะคร้ํา 114 3.98 10<br />
2 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 150 4.37 28<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
3 Pinaceae Pinus Kesiya Royle ex สนสามใบ 239 3.51 29<br />
Gordon.<br />
4 Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 173 <strong>4.1</strong>3 17<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
5 Guttiferae Mesua ferrea Linn. บุนนาค 95 5.01 17<br />
6 Rosaceae Prunus cerasoides D.Don นางพญา- 179 4.32 17<br />
เสือโครง<br />
7 Magnoliaceae Talauma hodgsonii Hook. f. ตองแข็ง 108 5.24 10<br />
& Thoms.<br />
8 Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) ทะโล 146 4.29 11<br />
Korth.<br />
9 Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata Kurz. มะกอก 101 5.46 19<br />
10 Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) ทะโล 82 5.31 18<br />
Korth.<br />
11 Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) ทะโล 269 5.10 13<br />
Korth.<br />
12 Styracaceae Styrax benzoides Craib. กํายาน 84 4.21 27<br />
13 Leguminosae- Dalbergia ovata Grah. ประดูดอง 73 4.87 11<br />
Papilionoideae<br />
14 Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba Linn. งิ้วปา 92 5.53 18<br />
15 Unidentified Unknown 147 4.91 26<br />
16 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sphaerogynum มันปลา 106 5.43 44<br />
(M.-A.) Kurz.<br />
17 Leguminosae- Dalbergia ovata Grah. ประดูดอง 78 4.72 20<br />
Papilionoideae<br />
18 Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. หวา 89 4.59 27<br />
19 Juglandaceae Engelhardtia spicata คาหด 197 5.87 39<br />
(Lindl. ex. Wall.) Kuntze.<br />
20 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga denticulata ตองแตบ 170 5.27 12<br />
(Bl.) Muell. Arg.
91<br />
Table 4.6 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Montatarn waterfall<br />
No. Families Species<br />
Thai GBH pH <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
name (cm.) frequency<br />
1 Magnoliaceae Michelia floribunda Finet จําปปา 92 4.92 49<br />
& Gagnep.<br />
2 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus costatus ยางปาย 90 5.36 38<br />
Gaerth.f.<br />
3 Burseraceae Canarium subulatum มะเกิ้ม 146 6.01 33<br />
Guillaumin.<br />
4 Burseraceae Protium serratum (Wall. ex มะแฟน 78 6.59 26<br />
Colebr.) Engl.<br />
5 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus costatus ยางปาย 63 5.26 25<br />
Gaerth.f.<br />
6 Burseraceae Protium serratum (Wall. ex มะแฟน 107 7.03 9<br />
Colebr.) Engl.<br />
7 Myrtaceae<br />
Syzygium cumini (L.)<br />
Skeels.<br />
หวา 83.5 5.13 29<br />
8 Annonaceae Miliusa lineata Alston. ปอขี้แฮด 80 5.27 16<br />
9 Anacardiaceae Mangifera caloneura Kurz. มะมวงปา 100 5.49 29<br />
10 Myrsinaceae Maesa ramentacea A. DC.<br />
ขาวสาร<br />
หลวง<br />
55 4.79 45<br />
11 Burseraceae Protium serratum (Wall. ex มะแฟน 71 6.05 18<br />
Colebr.) Engl.<br />
12 Anacardiaceae Mangifera caloneura Kurz. มะมวงปา 81 7.15 14<br />
13 Annonaceae Miliusa lineata Alston. ปอขี้แฮด 68 4.88 23<br />
14 Euphorbiaceae Croton roxburghii N.P. เปลาหลวง 98 4.25 30<br />
Balakr.<br />
15 Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata Kurz. มะกอก 169 5.21 27<br />
16 Annonaceae Miliusa lineata Alston. ปอขี้แฮด 83 5.03 20<br />
17 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus barbatus Muell. ปอเตา 88 4.48 26<br />
Arg.<br />
18 Lauraceae Cinnamomum sp. อบเชยตัวผู 55 5.59 23<br />
19 Lauraceae Cinnamomum sp. อบเชยตัวผู 66 5.56 24<br />
20 Burseraceae Protium serratum (Wall. ex มะแฟน 64 5.83 17<br />
Colebr.) Engl.
92<br />
Table 4.7 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Palad nature-trail<br />
No. Families Species<br />
Thai GBH pH <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
name (cm.) frequency<br />
1 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 81 5.70 11<br />
Teijsm.<br />
2 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq. รัง 70.5 4.84 5<br />
3 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq. รัง 53 5.49 13<br />
4 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 53 5.27 16<br />
Teijsm.<br />
5 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 55 4.49 12<br />
Teijsm.<br />
6 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 59 3.82 17<br />
Teijsm.<br />
7 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 57 6.55 17<br />
Teijsm.<br />
8 Fagaceae Quercus kerrii Craib. กอแพะ 55 4.63 10<br />
9 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 83 5.11 13<br />
Teijsm.<br />
10 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq. รัง 50 4.85 2<br />
11 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 76 4.64 18<br />
Teijsm.<br />
12 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obtusa Wall. ex เต็ง 80 5.24 8<br />
Blume.<br />
13 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 80 5.22 9<br />
Teijsm.<br />
14 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obtusa Wall. ex เต็ง 50 5.46 16<br />
Blume.<br />
15 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq. รัง 90 4.73 12<br />
16 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq. รัง 84 5.08 10<br />
17 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obtusa Wall. ex เต็ง 55 4.57 18<br />
Blume.<br />
18 Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 52 5.83 9<br />
Teijsm.
93<br />
Table 4.7 Tree names and bark pH for lichen study at Palad nature-trail (continued)<br />
No. Families Species<br />
Thai GBH pH <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
name (cm.) Frequency<br />
19 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obtusa Wall. ex เต็ง 58 4.87 6<br />
Blume.<br />
20 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea siamensis Miq. รัง 77 5.52 8<br />
Table 4.8 Selected trees in all plots, number sampled (no.) and mean bark pH and<br />
standard deviation (pH ± SD) of number (no.) of trees<br />
Tree species No. pH ± SD<br />
Anneslea fragrans Wall. 1 5.82*<br />
Bombax ceiba Linn. 1 5.53*<br />
Canarium subulatum Guillaumin. 1 6.01*<br />
Castanopsis acuminatissima Rehd. 1 3.45*<br />
Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) King ex Hook. f. 12 4.84 ± 0.57<br />
Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC. 2 <strong>4.1</strong>4 ± 0.97<br />
Cinnamomum sp. 2 5.11 ± 0.68<br />
Croton roxburghii N.P. Balakr. 1 4.25*<br />
Dalbergia cana Graham ex Kurz. 3 4.65 ± 0.70<br />
Dalbergia ovata Grah. 2 5.07 ± 0.29<br />
Dipterocarpus costatus Gaerth.f. 2 5.53 ± 0.24<br />
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. 9 4.97 ± 0.77<br />
Engelhardtia spicata (Lindl. ex. Wall.) 1 5.87*<br />
Garuga pinnata Roxb. 1 3.98*<br />
Glochidion sphaerogynum (M.-A.) 4 5.06 ± 0.60<br />
Lithocarpus thomsonii Rehd. 1 4.32*<br />
Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell. Arg. 1 5.27*<br />
Maesa ramentacea A. DC. 1 4.79*<br />
Mallotus barbatus Muell. Arg. 1 4.48*<br />
Mangifera caloneura Kurz. 2 4.91 ± 0.82<br />
Melia toosendan Sieb.& Zucc. 1 4.50*<br />
Mesua ferrea Linn. 1 5.01*<br />
Michelia floribunda Finet & Gagnep. 1 4.92*<br />
Miliusa lineata Alston. 3 4.67 ± 0.54<br />
Pinus Kesiya Royle ex Gordon. 2 7.59 ± 0.40
94<br />
Table 4.8 Selected trees in all plots, number sampled (no.) and mean bark pH and<br />
standard deviation (pH ± SD) of number (no.) of trees (continued)<br />
Tree species No. pH ± SD<br />
Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) 4 5.44 ± 0.92<br />
Prunus sp. 1 4.32*<br />
Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz. 1 4.70*<br />
Quercus helferiana A. DC. 5 4.46 ± 0.<strong>34</strong><br />
Quercus kerrii Craib. 1 4.63*<br />
Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. 3 4.54 ± 0.41<br />
Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume. 4 4.72 ± 0.41<br />
Shorea siamensis Miq. 6 4.76 ± 0.85<br />
Spondias pinnata Kurz. 2 5.74 ± 0.39<br />
Styrax benzoides Craib. 1 4.21*<br />
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. 2 5.36 ± 0.33<br />
Talauma hodgsonii Hook. f. & Thoms. 1 5.24*<br />
Terminalia mucronata Craib & Hutch. 8 4.75 ± 0.42<br />
Unknown tree 1 4.63*<br />
Unknown tree 1 4.00*<br />
Unknown tree 1 5.32*<br />
Unknown tree 1 4.91*<br />
* Note : Only single tree found in study plot.<br />
4.2 <strong>Lichen</strong> <strong>diversity</strong> indices<br />
The highest lichen species <strong>diversity</strong> (Shannon’s <strong>diversity</strong> index) was recorded<br />
in San Khu (S1), followed by Youth camp (S3), Montatarn waterfall (S4), Huay<br />
Kog-Ma watershed (S2) and Palad nature-trail (S5), respectively. The highest<br />
evenness occurred in San Khu, followed by Youth camp, Huay Kog-Ma watershed,<br />
Montatarn waterfall and Palad nature-trail, respectively. The highest species richness<br />
occurred in San Khu, followed by Montatarn waterfall, Youth camp, Huay Kog-Ma<br />
watershed and Palad nature-trail, respectively (Table 4.9).
95<br />
Table 4.9 Shannon’s <strong>diversity</strong> indices, evenness and species richness of <strong>lichens</strong><br />
<strong>diversity</strong> on all selected tree species in each study site<br />
Study site Diversity index Evenness Species richness<br />
S1 3.70 0.92 56<br />
S2 3.17 0.90 <strong>34</strong><br />
S3 3.47 0.91 45<br />
S4 3.27 0.84 49<br />
S5 2.74 0.86 23<br />
Similarity of each site was studied by using cluster analysis. Cluster analysis<br />
was performed using <strong>lichens</strong> species and their frequencies in each site. The result<br />
showed that the study sites were divided into two groups: group 1 which consists of<br />
Huay Kog-Ma, Youth camp, Montatarn waterfall and Palad nature-trail and group 2<br />
consist of San khu. The highest similarity at 0.41 (41%) and the lowest similarity was<br />
0.12 (12%) (Figure 4.64).<br />
1<br />
2<br />
UPGMA<br />
0.04 0.2 0.36 0.52 0.68 0.84 1<br />
Sorensen's Coefficient<br />
S5<br />
S4<br />
S3<br />
S2<br />
S1<br />
Figure 4.64 Cluster analysis of the lichen communities on all selected trees across all<br />
study sites (S1: San Khu, S2: Huay Kog-Ma watershed, S3: Youth camp, S4:<br />
Montatarn waterfall and S5: Palad nature-trail)
96<br />
4.3 Environmental factors in study sites<br />
Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and light<br />
intensity were recorded during the field work period (Table <strong>4.1</strong>0).<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong>0 List of environmental factors in study sites<br />
Site Time Temperature % Relative Light<br />
(°C) Humidity intensity (Lux)<br />
S1 20 May-20July 2009 18.0-21.0 70-89 280-440<br />
S2 14-29 August 2009 20.0-21.5 85-95 669-735<br />
S3 22-29 April 2010 22.0-29.5 51-53 870-950<br />
S4 18-26 May 2010 22.5-31.5 82-91 859-880<br />
S5 6-9 April 2010 22.0-39.0 * 1,130-1,380<br />
Note: * Values were too low to measure by using a wet-dry thermometer.<br />
4.4 Forest profile<br />
The forest profile was done in all sites by using a line transect with 40 m<br />
length. Trees with circumferences more than 10 cm at 1.3 m above ground level<br />
were selected.<br />
San Khu montane-oak forest. Most of trees found belonged to family<br />
Fagaceae. Turpinia cochinchinensis Merr. was the most species found. Canopy is<br />
divided into two layers. The top canopy is in range from 20-30 meters above a<br />
surface. The forest surface is relatively opened. There are scattered shrubs mixing<br />
with ferns and ivy continuously. Because of canopy width and not dense, sunlight can<br />
shine through. Therefore, The small wood canopy can grow into the second floor.<br />
This layer is mostly Vaccinium sprengelii Sleumer. and Turpinia cochinchinensis.<br />
Merr. which high is between 10 and 20 meters. Density of trees is not much. Slope<br />
locates toward the southwest of the study site (Figure 4.65).<br />
Huay Kog-Ma montane-oak forest had 57 trees along the transect. Most trees<br />
were tall with wide canopy. Castanopsis acuminatissima Reha. was a species found<br />
the most. Canopy is divided into 2 distinct layers and continuously. The height of
97<br />
canopy ranged from 25-30 meters. The canopy is wide and dense. These characters<br />
cause understory are small, that is their height was less than 15 meter. Moreover,<br />
these dense canopy also block the sunlight to lower growing plants. Forest ground is<br />
not dense. Slope locates toward the south of the study site (Figure 4.66).<br />
Youth camp evergreen forest had 73 trees along the transect. Forest profile<br />
was divided into 2 layers discontinuously. Canopy is rather clear. The top canopies<br />
found in this site are Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth., Melia toosendan Sieb.& Zucc.,<br />
Engelhardtia spicata (Lindl. ex. Wall.) Kuntze and Sterculia pexa Pierre. Because of<br />
discontinuous canopy, canopy gap found distinctly. Sunlight can through ground<br />
flora, so small trees can grow well. Styrax benzoides Craib. was a species found the<br />
most and Fagaceae was the most family found. Slope locates toward the south of the<br />
study site (Figure 4.67).<br />
Montatarn waterfall mixed evergreen and deciduous forest had 23 trees along<br />
the transect. A single layer of canopy was found. The canopy is discontinuous.<br />
Because canopy is wide and clear, canopy gap is also wide. Sunlight can reach forest<br />
ground, so a shrub layer was mostly found. Density of tree number found in this site is<br />
the least when compared with the other study sites. Family Araliaceae and Trevesia<br />
palmata Roxb. ex Lindl. were found the most. Slope locates toward the northeast of<br />
the study site (Figure 4.68).<br />
Palad nature-trail deciduous-dipterocarp forest trees in Palad nature-trail<br />
were much smaller than the other sites. The height of trees was about 10-15 meters.<br />
Canopy was found as a single layer. Density of trees was distinct, but the canopy<br />
was clear because this is the deciduous-dipterocarp forest. The total number of trees<br />
along the transect was 72 trees. Family Dipterocarpaceae and Shorea obtusa Wall. ex<br />
Blume. were found the most. Slope locates toward the southeast of the study site<br />
(Figure 4.69).
98<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong>1 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of San Khu<br />
Families Species Thai name Tree number<br />
1. Aquifoliaceae Ilex umbellulata Loes. เนาใน 54<br />
2. Betulaceae Carpinus viminea Wall. ex Lindl. กอสรอย 12, 22<br />
3. Ericaceae Vaccinium sprengelii Sleumer. สมป 1, 7, 15, 21, 31, 43, 45, 53<br />
4. Fagaceae Castanopsis acuminatissima กอเดือย 49, 51<br />
Rehd.<br />
5. Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) กอแปน 8, 9, 13, 20, 27, 28, 29,<br />
King ex Hook. f. 33, <strong>34</strong>, 36, 46, 50, 55<br />
6. Fagaceae Quercus helferiana A. DC. กอแอบ 47<br />
7. Lauraceae Litsea glutinosa C.B. Robinson. หมีเหม็น 11<br />
8. Lauraceae Phoebe paniculata Nees. สะทิบดํา 3, 23<br />
9. Leguminosae- Dalbergia cultrata Graham ex เก็ดดํา 14<br />
Papilionoideae Benth.<br />
10. Myrsinaceae Rapanea yunnanensis Mez. รังกระแทดอย 35<br />
11. Proteaceae Helicia nilagirica Bedd. เหมือดคนตัวเมีย 6, 17, 32<br />
12. Sapindaceae Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz. คอแลน 19, 39<br />
13.Staphyleaceae Turpinia cochinchinensis Merr. มวงกอม 5, 10, 16, 18, 24, 25, 26,<br />
30, 38, 41, 44, 52<br />
14. Styracaceae Styrax benzoides Craib. กํายาน 37, 48<br />
15. Theaceae Anneslea fragrans Wall. สารภีปา 2<br />
16. Theaceae Schima wallichii DC. Korth. ทะโล 1, 40
99<br />
Height (m)<br />
30<br />
0 10 20 30 40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
5°<br />
10<br />
0 10 20 30<br />
40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
Figure 4.65 Forest profile in site 1 (San Khu)
100<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong>2 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Huay<br />
Kog-Ma watershed<br />
Families Species Thai name Tree number<br />
1. Aceraceae Acer laurinum Hassk. กวมขาว 27<br />
2. Actinidiaceae Saurauia roxburghii Wall. สานเห็บ 18<br />
3. Ebenaceae Diospyros glandulosa Lace. กลวยฤๅษี 56<br />
4. Fagaceae Castanopsis acuminatissima กอเดือย 2, 12, 17, 26, <strong>34</strong>, 37, 38, 39, 41,<br />
Rehd. 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51,<br />
53, 57<br />
5. Fagaceae Castanopsis armata Spach. กอหรั่ง 4<br />
6. Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia กอแปน 7, 14<br />
(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.<br />
7. Fagaceae Lithocarpus fenestratus Rehd. กอพวง 5<br />
8. Fagaceae Lithocarpus lindleyanus A. กอดาง 13, 23, 25, 32, 36<br />
Camus.<br />
9. Fagaceae Lithocarpus thomsonii Rehd. กอขาว 1<br />
10. Guttiferae Garcinia merguensis Wight นวล 30<br />
11. Juglandaceae Engelhardtia spicata (Lindl. คาหด 11<br />
ex. Wall.) Kuntze<br />
12. Lauraceae Lindera metcalfiana Allen. ตองขาว 33<br />
13. Lauraceae Phoebe paniculata Nees. สะทิบดํา 15, 16<br />
14. Leguminosae- Archidendron clypearia มะขามแป 8<br />
Mimosoideae Nielsen.<br />
15. Leguminosae- Dalbergia ovata Grah. ประดูดอง 6<br />
Papilionoideae<br />
16. Rubiaceae Canthium parvifolium Roxb. ขาวจี่ 21<br />
17. Rutaceae Euodia roxburghiana Benth. สามงาม 55<br />
18. Styracaceae Styrax benzoides Craib. กํายาน 9, 19, 20, 29, 31, 40, 45<br />
19. Symplocaceae Symplocos racemosa Roxb. เหมือดหอม 50<br />
20. Theaceae Eurya nitida Korth. แมงเมานก 35<br />
21. Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. ทะโล 3, 10, 22, 24, 28, 52, 54
101<br />
Height (m)<br />
30<br />
0 10 20<br />
30 40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
5°<br />
10<br />
0 10 20 30 40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
Figure 4.66 Forest profile in site 2 (Huay Kog-Ma)
102<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong>3 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Youth camp<br />
Families Species Thai name Tree number<br />
1. Anacardiaceae Semecarpus albescens Kurz รักขี้หมู 53<br />
2. Aquifoliaceae Ilex umbellulata Loes. เนาใน 29<br />
3. Ebenaceae Diospyros glandulosa Lace. กลวยฤๅษี 32, 39, 43<br />
4. Euphorbiaceae Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. ไครมด 56<br />
5. Euphorbiaceae Glochidion hirsutum (Roxb.) Voigt. ขี้มด 8<br />
6. Euphorbiaceae Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell. ตองแตบ 14, 19, 21<br />
Arg.<br />
7. Fagaceae Castanopsis acuminatissima Rehd. กอเดือย 23, 26, 27, 28<br />
8. Fagaceae Castanopsis armata Spach. กอหรั่ง 40<br />
9. Fagaceae Castanopsis calathiformis Kurz. กอน้ํา <strong>34</strong><br />
10. Fagaceae Castanopsis diversifolia (Kurz) กอแปน 48<br />
King ex Hook. f.<br />
11. Fagaceae Lithocarpus elegans Hatus. ex กอหมน 33<br />
Soepadmo.<br />
12. Fagaceae Lithocarpus thomsonii Rehd. กอขาว 15, 37<br />
13. Guttiferae Garcinia merguensis Wight นวล 57, 59, 62<br />
14. Juglandaceae Engelhardtia spicata (Lindl. ex. คาหด 2, 20<br />
Wall.) Kuntze.<br />
15. Lauraceae Phoebe paniculata Nees. สะทิบดํา 24<br />
16. Leguminosae- Dalbergia oliveri Gamble. ชิงชัน 5<br />
Papilionoideae<br />
17. Meliaceae Aphanamixis polystachya Parker. ตาเสือ 16<br />
18. Meliaceae Melia toosendan Sieb. & Zucc. เลี่ยน 17<br />
19. Myrsinaceae Rapanea yunnanensis Mez. รังกระแทดอย 30<br />
20. Myrtaceae Syzygium albiflorum (Duthie & มะหา 7, 31, 41, 51<br />
Kurz) Bahadur & R. C. Guar<br />
21. Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. หวา 42, 59, 61<br />
22. Leguminosae- Dalbergia ovata Grah. ประดูดอง 9, 25, 46, 47<br />
Papilionoideae<br />
23. Oleaceae Olea rosea Craib. คําไก 36<br />
24. Olecaceae Schoepfia fragrans Wall. ขี้หนอน 44, 45
103<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong>3 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Youth camp<br />
(continued)<br />
Families Species Thai name Tree number<br />
25. Santalaceae Scleropyrum wallichianum (Wight ขี้หนอนหนาม 1<br />
& Arn.) Arn.<br />
26. Sapindaceae Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz. คอแลน 4, 35<br />
27. Sterculiaceae Sterculia pexa Pierre. ปอขาว 3, 12, 38, 63<br />
28. Styracaceae Styrax benzoides Craib. กํายาน 18, 22, 49, 50, 52,<br />
29. Theaceae Adinandra integerrima T. Anders. พิกุลปา 58<br />
ex Dyer.<br />
54, 55<br />
30. Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. ทะโล 6, 10, 11, 13
104<br />
Height (m)<br />
30<br />
3°<br />
0 10<br />
20<br />
30<br />
40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
10<br />
0<br />
10<br />
20<br />
30<br />
40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
Figure 4.67 Forest profile in site 3 (Youth camp)
105<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong>4 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Montatarn<br />
waterfall<br />
Families Species Thai name Tree number<br />
1. Araliaceae Trevesia palmata Roxb. ex Lindl. ตางหลวง 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21<br />
2. Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum vent. เพกา 20<br />
3. Burseraceae Protium serratum Wall. ex มะแฟน 1, 2, 4, 15<br />
Colebr. Engl.<br />
4. Combretaceae Anogeissus acuminata Wall. var. ตะเคียนหนู 7<br />
lanceolata Clarke.<br />
5. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex ยางนา 19<br />
G. Don.<br />
6. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus turbinatus ยางแดง 8, 9<br />
Gaertn. f.<br />
7. Ebenaceae Diospyros ehretioides Wall. ex ตับเตาตน 18, 22<br />
G. Don.<br />
8. Lauraceae Cinnamomum bejolghota Sweet. อบเชย 3, 6<br />
9. Magnoliaceae Michelia floribunda Finet & จําปปา 16, 17<br />
Gagnep.<br />
10. Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa Merr. ตะครอ 23
106<br />
Height (m)<br />
30<br />
0 10 20<br />
30 40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
3°<br />
10<br />
0 10 20 30 40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
Figure 4.68 Forest profile in site 4 (Montatarn waterfall)
107<br />
Table <strong>4.1</strong>5 List of tree species found in the structure of the forest area of Palad<br />
nature-trail<br />
Families Species Thai name Tree number<br />
1. Anacardiaceae Buchanania lanzan Spreng. มะมวงหัวแมงวัน 54<br />
2. Anacardiaceae Gluta usitata (Wall.) Ding Hou. รักใหญ 21<br />
3. Combretaceae Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth. รกฟา 71<br />
4. Combretaceae Terminalia chebula Retz. var. สมอไทย 58<br />
chebula.<br />
5. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus tuberculatus พลวง 1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 17, 18,<br />
Roxb. 19, 35, 36, 44, 52, 55,<br />
57, 64<br />
6. Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus obtusifolius ยางเหียง 56, 70<br />
Teijsm. ex Miq.<br />
7. Dipterocarpaceae Shorea obtusa Wall. ex Blume. เต็ง 2, 7, 8, 11, 13, 29, 30,<br />
32, <strong>34</strong>, 37, 41, 42, 43,<br />
45, 47, 49, 53, 61, 67<br />
8. Euphorbiaceae Aporosa villosa (Wall. ex lindl.) เหมือดหลวง 5, 14, 15, 16, 24, 40,<br />
Baill. 51<br />
9. Fagaceae Quercus kerrii Craib. กอแพะ 46, 68, 72<br />
10. Guttiferae Mammea siamensis Koterm. สารภี 62, 63<br />
11. Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. หวา 9, 20, 25<br />
12. Myrtaceae Tristaniopsis burmanica (Griff.) เคาะ 23, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33,<br />
Peter G. 38, 39, 48<br />
13. Rubiaceae Mitragyna rotundifolia (Roxb.) กระทุมเนิน 65<br />
Kuntze.<br />
14. Rubiaceae Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) แขงกวาง 6, 50, 59, 60<br />
DC.<br />
15. Strychnaceae Strychnos nux-vomica L. Craib. แสลงใจ 22<br />
Wilson & J.T. Waterh.<br />
16. Symplocaceae Symplocos racemosa Roxb. เหมือดหอม 66
108<br />
Height (m)<br />
30<br />
5°<br />
0<br />
10 20<br />
30 40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
10<br />
0 10 20 30<br />
40<br />
Distance (m)<br />
Figure 4.69 Forest profile in site 5 (Palad nature-trail)
109<br />
4.5 Correlation between lichen and some environmental factors<br />
Regression analysis were performed to compare between number of lichen<br />
species and some environmental factors such altitude, relative humidity, temperature,<br />
pH bark and GBH. The data point showed that number of species tend to be varied<br />
with environmental factors (Figure 4.70 – 4.74).<br />
No.of species<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
y = 0.0164x + 24.77<br />
R² = 0.<strong>34</strong>63<br />
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000<br />
Altitude (m)<br />
Figure 4.70 Relationships between species richness of lichen and altitude<br />
70<br />
60<br />
No. of species<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
y = -8.731x + 82.991<br />
R² = 0.2671<br />
0<br />
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0<br />
Average of bark pH<br />
Figure 4.71 Relationships between species richness of lichen and average bark pH
110<br />
No. of species<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
y = 0.2169x + 21.125<br />
R² = 0.1687<br />
0<br />
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0<br />
GBH (cm)<br />
Figure 4.72 Relationships between species richness of lichen and average GBH