Bibliography on

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute 

<strong>Bibliography</strong> on 

UNDERUTILIZED ROOTS AND 

TUBERS CROPS 

Dimary Libreros, compiler

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute 

Americas Group 

<strong>Bibliography</strong> on 

UNDERUTILIZED ROOTS AND 

TUBERS CROPS 

compiled by 

Dimary Libreros 

Cali, Colombia, Abril 2001

<strong>Bibliography</strong> on Underutilized Roots and Tubers Crops iii 

Contents 

Introduction ........................................................................................................... iv 

Plant Pathology ..................................................................................................... 1 

Plant Breeding ....................................................................................................... 3 

Plant Propagation.................................................................................................. 9 

Taxonomy and Evolution .................................................................................... 11 

Crop Management and Production .................................................................... 17 

Plant Physiology .................................................................................................. 21 

Entomology ......................................................................................................... 24 

Roots and Tubers Chemical Composition .......................................................... 24

iv 

<strong>Bibliography</strong> on Underutilized Roots and Tubers Crops 

INTRODUCTION 

Roots and tubers crops are present in the diet of people almost all over the world, the best 

known being the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), 

both of which are of South American origin but are now widely distributed. The potato was 

domesticated in the Andean region, but there are several species of roots and tubers which 

originated there and which are still of importance to Andean people, such as yacon 

(Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig & Endlicher), white carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhyza Brancrof.), 

mauka (Mirabilis expansa Ruiz & Pavón), maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.), achira (Canna 

edulis Ker Grawler), oca (Oxalis tuberosus Molina), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum R. & P.) 

and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Lozano). These species are little known to farmers and investigators 

outside the Andean region, and even to some within the region. They are species 

that have perhaps not been fully exploited or whose potential has not been fully taken advantage 

of, possibly because their cultivation is restricted and their use localized. Some of these 

species have a nutritive value and other characteristics that make them very promising 

candidates for more extensive use. For example, oca and mashua have a high energy value, 

maca and white carrot contain high levels of iron and calcium, and the sugar content of 

yacón is so high that it has potential for agroindustrial alcohol production. 

The results of the relatively limited research that has been carried out on these underutilized 

species by national and international agricultural research institutions, non-governmental 

organizations and universities is the starting point for future research. This bibliography is a 

compilation of such results, reflecting the state of knowledge on diverse research subjects 

and also what still needs to be done, for example in areas such as entomology and pathology. 

The bibliography contains 451 references, with citation and Agrovoc descriptors. Records 

are organized in 8 subjects, that is taxonomy and evolution (102), chemical composition 

(50), crop management and production (66), plant propagation (50), plant pathology (32), 

plant physiology (41), entomology (7) and plant breeding (103). 

We hope this bibliography will be a valuable tool for researchers and other professionals 

working with Andean root and tube crops. For further contributions and updates, please 

contact Ms. Dimary Libreros, Information Assistant, IPGRI-Americas Group, 

d.libreros@cgiar.org.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON UNDEUTILIZED ROOTS AND TUBERS CROPS 

PLANT PATHOLOGY 

Agbor Egbe, T. and J.E. Rickard. 1991. Study on the factors affecting storage of edible aroids. Annals of Applied 

Biology 119(1):121-130. Keywords: Postharvest decay, environmental factors, storage, temperature, humidity, 

biodeterioration, plant pathology. 

Agueguia, A. and O.U. Onokpise. 1990. Evaluation of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) clones for root rot blight 

complex resistance. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50(3):216-220. Keywords: Disease 

resistance, plant breeding, plant pathology, plant pathogenic fungi. 

Agueguia, A., C.A. Fatokun., S.K. Hahn and F. Ofori. 1994. The genetics of resistance to cocoyam root rot blight 

complex disease in Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. Tropical root crops in a developing economy held at 

Accra, Ghana, 20-26 October 1991. Acta Horticulturae No. 380:438-442. Keywords: Root vegetables, hybrids, 

disease resistance, plant diseases, plant pathogenic fungi, genetic variance, varietal reactions. 

Atkey, P.T. and A.A. Brunt. 1982. The occurrence of mycoplasma like bodies in severely diseased oca plants from 

Bolivia. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 103:294-300. Keywords: Diseases, Oxalis tuberosa, Bolivia. 

Bolle, M.F.C.d., R.W. Osborn., I.J. Goderis., L. Noe., D. Acland., C.A. Hart., S. Torrekens., F.v. Leuven., W.F. 

Brockaert., M.F.C. De Bolle and F. Van Leuven. 1996. Antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa and Amaranthus 

caudatus: expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco. Plant Molecular Biology 

31(5):993-1008. Keywords: Genetic engineering, disease resistance, transgenic plants, pathogenesis, proteins, 

biotechnology, stimulant plants. 

Broschat, T.K., J.A. Reinert and H.M. Donselman. 1983. Resistance of Canna cultivars to canna rust and 

Hippeastrum mosaic. HortScience 18(4):451-452. Keywords: Cultivars, diseases, plant pathogenic fungi. 

Fuglie, K.O., L. Zhang., L. Salazar and T. Walker. 1997. Economic impact of virus-free sweet potato planting 

material in Shandong Province, China. Impact on a changing world. International Potato Center, Program Report. 

Keywords: Sweet potatoes, seed potatoes, economic impact, economic evaluation. 

Gollifer, D.E., G.V.H. Jackson., A.J. Dabek., R.T. Plumb and Y.Y. May. 1977. The occurrence and transmission of 

viruses of edible aroids in the Solomon Islands and the Southwest Pacific. Pans 23(2):171-177. Keywords: 

Hosts, transmission, polyploidy, plant introduction, sugar crops, plant pathology. 

Gomez, L., M. Monge., R. Valverde., O. Arias and T. Thorpe. 1989. Micropropagation of 3 virus-free edible aroids. 

Turrialba 39(2): 155-161. Keywords: Micropropagation, tissue culture, corms, Benzyladenine, biotechnology, in 

vitro culture, plant growth regulators, plant pathology. 

Habuka, N., M. Miyano., J. Kataoka., H. Tsuge., H. Ago and M. Noma. 1991. Substantial increase of the inhibitory 

activity of Mirabilis antiviral protein by an elimination of the disulfide bond with genetic engineering. Journal of 

Biological Chemistry 266(35):23558-23560. Keywords: Medicinal plants, ornamental herbaceous plants, molecular 

genetics, plant extracts, plant pathology. 

Hahn, S.K., J.C.G. Isoba and T. Ikotun. 1989. Resistance breeding in root and tuber crops at the International Institute 

of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. Crop Protection 8(3):147-168. Keywords: Varietal susceptibility, insect 

pests, pest resistance, cassava, sweet potatoes, yams, plant nematology, pest control, plant pathogenic bacteria, 

plant pathology. 

Hashidoko, Y., M. Urashima., T. Yoshida and J. Mizutani. 1993. Decarboxylative conversion of hydroxycinnamic 

acids by Klebsiella oxytoca and Erwinia uredovora, epiphytic bacteria of Polymnia sonchifolia leaf, possibly 

associated with formation of microflora on the damaged leaves. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 

57(2):215-219. Keywords: Diseases, host parasite relationships, fodder plants, plant pathology. 

Hibberd, A.M., G. Piperidis and I.D. Godwin. 1996. The hypersensitive reaction to bacterial canker in Mirabilis 

jalapa is simply inherited. Australasian Plant Pathology 25(1):64-67. Keywords: Plant diseases, plant pathogens, 

plant pathogenic bacteria, medicinal plants, disease resistance, genetics, weeds, biology. 

Ikeda, T., Y. Takanami., S. Imaizumi., T. Matsumoto., Y. Mikami and S. Kubo. 1987. Formation of anti-plant viral 

protein by Mirabilis jalapa L. cells in suspension culture. Plant Cell Reports 6(3):216-218. Keywords: Tissue 

culture, antiviral properties, plant extracts, ornamental plants, ornamental bulbs, pesticidal plants, plant pathology. 

Jackson, G.V.H. 1990. Pathogen-free Pacific taro. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 38(3):145-150. Keywords: Diseases, 

tissue culture, disease resistance, pathogens, plant pathology.

2 <strong>Bibliography</strong> on Underutilized Roots and Tubers Crops 

Jones, R.A.C. and R.H. Kenten. 1981. A strain of arracacha virus B infecting oca (Oxalis tuberosa: Oxalidaceae) in 

the Peruvian Andes. (Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 100: 88-95. Keywords: Arracacia xanthorrhiza, viruses, 

diseases, white carrot, oca. 

Jones, R.A.C. and R.H. Kenten. 1978. Arracacha virus A: A newly recognize virus infecting arracacha (Arracacia 

xanthorrhiza; Umbelliferae) in the Peruvian Andes. Annals of Applied Biology 93:31-36. Keywords: Viruses, white 

carrot, diseases, Peru, plant pathology. 

Kubo, S., T. Ikeda., S. Imaizumi., Y. Takanami and Y. Mikami. 1990. A potent plant virus inhibitor found in Mirabilis 

jalapa L. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 56(4):481-487. Keywords: Plant extracts, antiviral 

agents, inhibition, elisa, detection, biotechnology, plant pathology. 

Liu, L.J., M. Licha., D. Baella and E. Rosa. 1982. Variations in morphology and mosaic virus resistance in plantlets 

of taniers (Xanthosoma sp.) via tissue culture. Phytopathology 72(7):990. Keywords: Tissue culture, root crops. 

Lizarraga, C., M. Santa Cruz., L.F. Salazar and M.S. Cruz. 1996. First report of potato leafroll luteovirus in ulluco 

(Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Plant Disease 80(3):344. Keywords: Plant diseases, plant pathogens, new host 

records, records, hosts, disease resistance, root crops, plant genetic resources, plant pathology. 

Lockhart, B.E.L. 1990. Evidence for a double-stranded circular DNA genome in a second group of plant viruses. 

Phytopathology 80(2):127-131. Keywords: Biotechnology, DNA, molecular genetics, plant pathology. 

Nakanishi, T. and T. Sato. 1997. Differences in resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi among 

yacon clones (Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp. & Endl). Bulletin of the Shikoku National Agricultural Experiment 

Station No. 61:149-157. Keywords: Plant diseases, plant pathogens, plant pathogenic bacteria, plant disease 

control, disease resistance. 

Ohazurike, N.C. and A.E. Arinze. 1996. Changes in phenol oxidase and peroxidase levels in cocoyam tubers of 

different postharvest ages infected by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Nahrung 40(1): 25-27. Keywords: Plant diseases, 

plant pathogens, plant composition, disease resistance, physiology, postharvest decay, resistance, enzymes, root 

crops. 

Onuegbu, B.A. 1999. Composition of four cocoyam cultivars and their tolerance of corm rot. Tropical Science 

39(3):136-139. Keywords: Corms, cultivars, plant diseases, plant pathogens, disease resistance, biochemistry, 

varietal reactions, root crops, control, plant pathology. 

Pacumbaba, R.P., J.G. Wutoh and M.M.B. Meboka. 1992. Protocol to screen cocoyam accessions for resistance 

or tolerance to cocoyam root rot disease in Cameroon. Plant Disease 76(8): 768-770. Keywords: Screening, 

techniques, root crops, disease resistance, plant pathology, plant pathogenic fungi. 

Smit, N. 1989. Root crop production in Tonga. Technical Bulletin Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests, 

Tongan German Plant Protection Project No. 1079 pp. Keywords: Control, pathogenicity, plant parasitic 

nematodes, root crops, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, yams, nematology, plant pathology. 

Thankappan, M. 1993. Tuber crops are vulnerable to viruses. Indian Horticulture 38(3):25-26. Keywords: Plant 

diseases, plant pathogens, plant disease control, root crops, cassava, sweet potatoes, yams, plant pathology. 

Vivanco, J.M., B.J. Savary and H.E. Flores. 1999. Characterization of two novel type I ribosome-inactivating 

proteins from the storage roots of the andean crop Mirabilis expansa. Plant Physiology 119(4):1447-1456. 

Keywords: Root crops, plant pathogens, plant pathogenic fungi, plant composition, plant pathogenic bacteria. 

Volin, R. 1980. Selecting for resistance to dasheen mosaic virus (DMV) among seedling cocoyam plants. IITA 

Research Briefs 1(1): 3-4. Keywords: Techniques, plant pathology. 

Wutoh, J.G., J.T. Tambong., M.M. Meboka., S. Nzietchueng., F. Ofori and S.K. Hahn. 1994. Field evaluation of 

cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L) Schott) for tolerance to the root rot disease caused by Pythium 

myriotylum. Tropical root crops in a developing economy held at Accra, Ghana, 20-26 October 1991. Acta 

Horticulturae. 1994, No. 380:462-466. Keywords: Plant pathogens, plant diseases, plant pathogenic fungi, 

disease resistance, varietal reactions. 

Xie, Y. and Y.P. Xie. 1999. Study on inoculation methods for testing resistance of sweet potato varieties to root rot in 

the laboratory. Plant Protection 25(6):7-9. Keywords: Sweet potatoes, vermiculite, culture media, plant diseases, 

disease resistance, plant pathogens. 

Zettler, F.W., G.V.H. Jackson and E.A. Frison. 1989. FAO/IBPGR technical guidelines for the safe movement of 

edible aroid germplasm. IBPGR, Rome, Italy. 24 p. Keywords: Germplasm, movement, genetic resources, insect 

pests, quarantine, pests, root crops, plant nematology, agricultural entomology, plant pathology, plant genetic 

resources.

<strong>Bibliography</strong> on Underutilized Roots and Tubers Crops 3 

PLANT BREEDING 

Acheampong, E., G.G. Henshaw., E.R. Terry., E.V. Doku., O.B. Arene and N.M. Mahungu. 1984. In vitro methods 

for cocoyam improvement. Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa. 165-168. Keywords: Tissue 

culture, plan breeding. 

Acheampong, E., F. Ofori and S.K. Hahn. 1994. In vitro preservation of cocoyam germplasm under reduced 

temperature and light conditions. In Tropical root crops in a developing economy. Ghana, 20-26 October 1991. Acta 

Horticulturae No. 380:443-447. Keywords: Root vegetables, germplasm, plant genetic resources, temperature, in 

vitro culture. 

Agueguia, A., S. Nzietchueng., E.R. Terry., E.V. Doku., O.B. Arene and N.M. Mahungu. 1984. Production of hybrid 

Xanthosoma sagittifolium and test for resistance to Pythium myriotylum. Tropical Root Crops: Production and 

Uses in Africa. 169-171. Keywords: Growth regulators, gibberellic acid, flowering, induction, flowers, pollination, 

plant growth regulators, plant breeding. 

Agueguia, A. 1993. Association of metric traits and path analysis in cocoyam, Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) 

Schott. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 53(3):287-291. Keywords: Yield components, leaf area, dry 

matter, corms, crop yield, yields, path analysis, yield correlations, root crops. 

Ahmed, G. and M.M. Rashid. 1975. A comparative study of the gross morphological characters and the yield 

potentialities of the major types of edible aroids of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Horticulture 3(1):15-21. Keywords: 

Cultivars, sugar crops, crop management. 

Arevalo, T.A., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. Performance of cultivars of 

the genus Pachyrhizus DC in Ecuador. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes 

Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 115-125. Keywords: Experimental plots, genetic erosion, marketing, 

pests, variety trials, evaluation, root crops, plant genetic resources. 

Benavides, A.S. 1976. Variabilidad clonal en ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.). Fitotécnia Latinoamericana 4(2):91-98. 

Keywords: Genetic variability, Ullucus. 

Boom, B.M. 1989. Use of plant resources by the Chácobo. Adv. Econ. Bot. 7:78-96. Keywords: Bolivia, Amazon, 

rain forest, Manihot esculenta, maize, Dioscorea trifida, yam, sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, Xanthosoma, fruit, 

medicinal. 

Briceno Vergara, A. 1975. Preliminary results on the introduction of clonal material of Arracacia xanthorrhiza Banc 

into the Venezuelan Andes. Agronomia Tropical 25(1):31-37. Keywords: Variety trials, sugar crops, Arracacia 

xanthorrhiza. 

Castillo, R., C. Tapia., J. Estrella., N. Mazon., L. Munoz., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios 

Ruiz. 1998. The Pachyrhizus project in Ecuador: technical report. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium 

on Tuberous Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 19-29. Keywords: Collecting missions, tissue 

culture, conservation, gene banks, wild relatives, genetic resources, germplasm, root crops. 

Castillo T., R. 1991. Análisis preliminar sobre los recursos fitogenéticos en el Ecuador. Pp. 3-12 In Las plantas y el 

hombre. (M. Ríos and H. Borgtoft, Pedersen (eds.)). Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador. Keywords: Ecuador, 

germplasm, accession numbers, ex situ conservation, collection, Phaseolus, Pachyrhizus, Ullucus, Arracacia, in 

vitro conservation. 

Chadha, K.L. and G.G. Nayar. 1994. Advances in horticulture: tuber crops. Using Smart Source Parsing. Volume 8. 

714 p. Keywords: Cassava, sweet potatoes, yams, plant genetic resources, plant breeding, crop husbandry, 

fungal diseases, viral diseases, pests, chemical composition, storage, drying, handling, processing, root crops. 

Chemarin, N.G., A.N. Glazurina and I.A. Zabelin. 1973. The uses of ionizing radiation in Canna breeding. 

Byulleten’ Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada No.1(20):52-57. Keywords: Mutants, induction, 

gamma radiation, irradiation, ornamental plants, ornamental herbaceous plants. 

Chen, F., X. Chen., Z. Yuan., B. Zhuang., F.X. Chen., X.Y. Chen., Z.N. Yuan and B.H. Zhuang. 2000. Advances in 

sweet potato breeding in Fujian and its prospects. Journal of Fujian Agricultural University 29(1):7-11. Keywords: 

Sweet potatoes, reviews, plant breeding, breeding methods, quality, root crops. 

Crombie, H.J., S. Chengappa., A. Hellyer and J.S.G. Reid. 1998. A xyloglucan oligosaccharide-active, 

transglycosylating beta-D-glucosidase from the cotyledons of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L) seedlings - 

purification, properties and characterization of a cDNA clone. Plant Journal 15(1): 7-38. Keywords: Complementary 

DNA, cotyledons, seedlings, beta glucosidase, xyloglucans, nucleotide sequences, enzymes, ligosaccharides, 

biochemistry, hydrolysis, amino acid sequences, Barley, gene expression, ornamental plants, biotechnology.


Damania, A.B. and J.T. Williams. 1980. Directory of germplasm collections. II Root crops. IBPGR. Rome, Italy. 

Keywords: Potatoes, gene banks, cereals, yams. 

De Azkue, D. 1984. Variación del cariotipo, volumen nuclear y contenido de AND en siete especies de Oxalis. 

Darwiniana 25(1-4):267-277. Keywords: Oxalis, DNA, caryotipo. 

De Azkue, D. and A. Martínez. 1990. Chromosome number of the Oxalis tuberosa alliance (Oxalidaceae). Plant 

Systematic Evolution 169:25-29. Keywords: Angiospermae, Oxalidaceae, Oxalis tuberosa, genetics. 

Debouck, D.G. 1994. Introduction to the conservation of genetic resources of American tuber legumes 

(Pachyrhizus). Pp. 5-17 In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes. Guadeloupe, 

F.W.I., 21-24 April 1992. (M. Sorensen (eds.)). DSR Tryk, Copenhagen, Denmark. Keywords: Pachyrhizus ahipa, 

yam bean, wild species, cultivated species, germplasm conservation, Pachyrhizus tuberosus, jicama. 

Delool, R.A.H. and R.A.E. Tilney Bassett. 1984. The inheritance of the mutable variegated leaf in Mirabilis jalapa L. 

Euphytica 33(1):169-176. Keywords: Leaves, variegation, genetics, ornamental plants, ornamental bulbs. 

Doygaard, S., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. Principal component analysis 

of morphological characters in the genus Pachyrhizus DC. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on 

Tuberous Legumes. Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 33-42. Keywords: Morphology, principal 

component analysis, multivariate analysis, quantitative traits, root crops, plant genetic resources. 

Engels, J.M., W.N.M.v. Kester., C.J.T. Spitters., L. Vosselman and A.C. Zeven. 1975. Investigations of the 

inheritance of flower variegation in Mirabilis jalapa L. 1. General introduction and 2. Inheritance of colour in 

uniformly coloured flowers. Euphytica 24(1):1-5. Keywords: Breeding, flowers, colour, ornamental plants, 

ornamental bulbs, selection. 

Esnard, J., F. Ferwerda., E. Rivera Amador and P.R. Hepperly. 1993. Induction of tetraploidy in the tanier cultivar 

‘Inglesa’ (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott). Plant Breeding 111(4):335-338. Keywords: Root vegetables, in 

vitro culture, shoot tip culture, plant growth regulators, aneuploidy, culture media, polyploidy. 

Estrella, J., S. Phillips., R. Abbott., A. Gillies., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. 

Genetic variation and relationships in agronomically important species of yam bean (Pachyrhizus DC.) based on 

RAPD markers. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes. Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 

August 1996. 1998, 43-59. Keywords: Cultivar identification, variety classification, genetic erosion, polymerase 

chain reaction, multivariate analysis, random amplified polymorphic DNA, plant genetic resources, biotechnology. 

Feofilova, G.F., A.A. Gostev., T.A. Sholokhova and I.A. Mudrik. 1990. Cytogenetic basis of Canna breeding. 

Byulleten’ Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada No. 71:113-115. Keywords: Interspecific 

hybridization, chromosome number, chromosome morphology, triploidy, karyotypes. 

Fernandez, C.E. and L. Kucera. 1997. Determination of number of chromosomes in select ecotypes of yacon 

(Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig and Endlicher) cultivated in vitro. Agricultura Tropical et Subtropical No. 30: 89-93. 

Keywords: In vitro culture, chromosome number, vegetables. 

Foster, R.C. 1958. A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia. Contr. Gray Herb. Harvard Univ. 1841-223. 

Keywords: Flora, floristic survey, plant inventory, Phaseolus, Pachyrhizus, Macroptilium, Vigna. 

Galwey, N.W. and J.R. Risi Carbone. 1983. Grain and tuber crop collecting in the Andes. Plant Genetic Resources 

Newsletter No. 55:17-20. Keywords: Maps, genetic resources. 

Gandarillas Santa Cruz, H. and J. Luizaga. 1967. Número de cromosomas de la papalisa (Ullucus tuberosus 

Caldas. Sayana 5(2):8-9. Keywords: Genetics, ADN, plant breeding. 

Gibbs, P.E. 1976. Studies on the breeding system of Oxalis tuberosa Mol. Flora. 165: 129-138. Keywords: Plant 

breeding, oca. 

Gibbs, P.E., Marshall, D/. Brunton, D. 1978. Studies on the cytology of Oxalis tuberosa and Tropaeolum tuberosum. 

Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden od Edinburgh. 37: 215-220. Keywords: Cytology, Chromosomes, ADN, 

oca, mashua. 

Giordano, L.d.B., F.F. Santos., G.P. Henz and A.W. Moita. 1995. Evaluation of Arracacia xanthorrhiza clones 

originating from botanical seeds in the Distrito Federal. Horticultura Brasileira 13(2):188-191. Keywords: Plant 

breeding, performance testing, true seeds. 

Goenaga, R. and P. Hepperly. 1990. Flowering induction, pollen and seed viability and artificial hybridization of 

taniers (Xanthosoma spp.). Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 74(3):253-260. Keywords: Root 

crops, flowering, pollination, hybrid seed production, breeding, germination, storage, viability, plant growth 

regulators.


Grubben, G.J.H. 1977. Other warm weather vegetables (okra, sweet corn, palm cabbage, bamboo, arracacha, 

mushrooms). Grubben, G. J. H. Tropical vegetables and their genetic resources. Keywords: Vegetables, variation, 

plant collections, maize, breeding. 

Grum, M., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. Pachyrhizus DC (yam bean) 

symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria: genetic variation and performance. Proceedings of 2nd International 

Symposium on Tuberous Legumes. Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 419-429. Keywords: Genetic 

variation, symbiosis, nitrogen fixing bacteria, nodulation, crop yield. 

Hahn, S.K., F.S. Shideler and H. Rincon. 1983. Progress on root and tuber improvement at IITA. Proceedings: 

sixth symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Lima, Peru. 55-58. Keywords: Root crops, 

breeding. 

Heredia, Z.A., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1996. Selection of advanced 

generations of interspecific crosses of the genus Pachyrhizus DC. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium 

on Tuberous Legumes, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. 343-350. Keywords: Characteristics, interspecific 

hybridization, sexual reproduction, breeding, root crops, plant genetic resources. 

Ibrahim, M.N.M., S. Raveendranath and S. Balasubramaniam. 1983. Studies on root and tuber crops grown in 

association with coconut. 1. Survey on root and tuber crops found under coconut and the morphological 

characterization of edible aroids. Cocos No.1:17-30. Keywords: Intercropping, coconuts, root crops, tropics, 

identification, oilseed plants, yams. 

International Board for Plant Genetic, R. and U. Netherlands Agricultural. 1988. In vitro storage of Colocasia, 

Xanthosoma and Cryptocoryne germplasm. IBPGR Report 88-96. Keywords: Genetic resources, root vegetables, 

gene banks, in vitro culture, techniques. 

Jackson, G.V.H. and I.D. Firman. 1987. Characterization and preliminary evaluation of root crop germplasm in the 

South Pacific with special reference to pests and diseases. Newsletter, IBPGR Regional Committee for Southeast 

Asia Special Issue. 19-23. Keywords: Root crops, genetic resources, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava. 

Jimenez, F. 1977. Performance of vegetables at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico during the rainy season-1976. Vegetables 

for the Hot, Humid Tropics No. 2: 18-29. Keywords: Cabbages, Chinese cabbages, kohlrabi, okras, cucumbers, 

varieties, vegetables. 

Jokela, P. and L. Pietila. 1987. Collecting minor tuber crops in the Andes. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No. 

7: 2-37. Keywords: Maps, genetic resources, root crops. 

Jordan Molero, F.L. 1979. Preliminary work with tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) hybridization in Puerto Rico. Journal of 

Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 63(4):469-473. Keywords: Flowering, germination, hybridization. 

Kalin Arroyo, M.T. 1981. Breeding systems and pollination biology in Leguminosae. Pp. 723-769 In Advances in 

legume systematics. (R.M. Polhill and P.H. Raven (eds.)). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Keywords: Plant 

breeding, Phaseolus coccineus, self-compatibility, Pachyrhizus. 

Karikari, S.K., E.H. Belen and M. Villanueva. 1982. Preliminary evaluation of 14 Puerto Rican and six Ghanaian 

varieties of cocoyam (Colocasia and Xanthosoma spp.) under Ghanaian conditions. 5th International symposium 

on tropical root and tuber crops. Keywords: Cultivars, Colocasia, Xanthosoma. 

Kataoka, J., N. Habuka., M. Furuno., M. Miyano., Y. Takanami and A. Koiwai. 1991. DNA sequence of Mirabilis 

antiviral protein (MAP), a ribosome-inactivating protein with an antiviral property, from Mirabilis jalapa L. and its 

expression in Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266(13):8426-8430. Keywords: Biotechnology, 

medicinal plants, antiviral properties, ornamental herbaceous plants, molecular genetics, nucleotide sequences, 

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plant ribosomes by an antiviral protein of Mirabilis jalapa (MAP). Plant Molecular Biology 20(6):1111-1119. 

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protein from Mirabilis jalapa, contains an intron. Nucleic Acids Research 21(4): 1035. Keywords: 

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traits in hybrid Canna. Genetiko selektsionnye issledovaniya 158-167. Keywords: Gamma radiation, breeding, 

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Martinez, A.B., J.J. Castillo Mont., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. 

Preliminary evaluation of 18 cultivars of jicama (Pachyrhizus DC.) in the valley of the Ciudad de Guatemala. 

Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes, Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 175-180. 

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Mathew, P.M. 1958. Cytology of Oxalidaceae. Cytologia 23: 200-210. Keywords: Oxalis, caryology, wild species, 

Averrhoa carambola, Oxalis tuberosa. 

Nagl, W., B. Knapp and O. Bill. 1991. The complex satellite DNA of Tropaeolum majus L. partial characterization of 

isolated and of cloned restriction fragments. Annals of Botany 67(4):347-355. Keywords: Biotechnology, 

ornamental herbaceous plants, ribosomal DNA, restriction mapping, restriction fragment length polymorphism. 

Nair, S.G. and S. Abraham. 1989. Improvement of tuber yield in yam bean by mutation induction. Mutation Breeding 

Newsletter No. 34:20. Keywords: Root vegetables, tubers, genetic resources, gamma radiation, induced 

mutations, yields, root crops. 

Nair, S.G. and S. Abraham. 1989. Spectrum of mutations induced by gamma rays and ethylmethane sulphonate in 

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Nair, S.G. and S. Abraham. 1990. EMS induced dwarf and high yielding mutant in yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus 

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mutations, ethyl methanesulfonate. 

Nair, S.G. and S. Abraham. 1992. Quality improvement in yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus L.) by mutation induction. 

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Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 253-259. Keywords: Evaluation, dry matter, root crops, 

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Noda, H., C.R. Bueno and F.D. Silva. 1991. Genetic erosion threatens native Amazonian vegetable crops. Diversity 

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Status of ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi) in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. Proceedings of 2nd 

International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes. Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 73-93. Keywords: 

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Paiva, W.O.d. and W.O. De Paiva. 1993. Characterization and evaluation of edible aroids in the state of Amazonas. 

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Staritsky, G. 1980. In vitro storage of aroid germplasm. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No. 42:25-27. 

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Taylor, M. 1993. Plant germplasm conservation in the South Pacific. IBPGR Newsletter for Asia, the Pacific and Oceania 

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Vasudevan, K. and J.S. Jos. 1991. Gamma ray induced mutants in Xanthosoma. Mutation Breeding Newsletter No. 

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Veselovskii, I.A. and L.E. Gorbatenko. 1981. High-altitude potato species and their use in breeding for frost 

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Florida State Horticultural Society. 1981. 94:235-238. Keywords: Tubers, shape, colour, plant height, root crops. 

Zandvoort, E.A. 1987. In vitro germplasm conservation of tropical aroids. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 36(2): 150. 

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Zimmerer, K.S. 1996. Changing fortunes - Biodiversity and peasant livelihood in the Peruvian Andes. University of 

California Press. Berkeley, California, USA. 308 p. Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, potato, ex situ conservation, 

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quinoa, Lupinus mutabilis, tarwi, Arracacia xanthorrhiza, arracacha, Tropaeolum tuberosum, mashua, Solanum 

phureja, Peru.


PLANT PROPAGATION 

Afreen Zobayed, F., S.M.A. Zobayed., C. Kubota., T. Kozai and O. Hasegawa. 2000. A combination of vermiculite and 

paper pulp supporting material for the photoautotrophic micropropagation of sweet potato. Plant Science 157(2):225-231. 

Keywords: Micropropagation, sweet potatoes, vermiculite, in vitro, vegetative propagation, culture media. 

Alamu, S. and C.R. McDavid. 1978. Effect of time and method of application of gibberellic acid on the growth and 

promotion of flowering in tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium). Tropical Agriculture 55(3):235-241. Keywords: Growth 

regulators, gibberellic acid, flowers, date, leaves, leaf area, plant growth regulators, propagation. 

Alamu, S., C.R. McDavid and E.J. Duncan. 1982. Production of viable seed in gibberellic acid-treated tannia (Xanthosoma 

sagittifolium (L.) Schott) plants. Tropical Agriculture 59(4):333-334. Keywords: Flowering, growth regulators, gibberellic 

acid, cultivars, root crops, plant growth regulators. 

Alandia B., S. 1967. Producción de semilla sexual de oca. Sayana 2:12-15. Keywords: Oxalis tuberosa, plant 

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on germination, growth and cell division of some plants. Allelopathy Journal 4(1):57-68. Keywords: Plant growth 

regulators, plant extracts, mitosis, polyploidy, growth rate, barley, peas, maize, radishes, allelopathy, seed 

germination, ecology, weed biology, cereals. 

Asokan, M.P., O.H. SK and R.E. Litz. 1984. Rapid multiplication of Xanthosoma caracu by in vitro shoot tip culture. 

HortScience 19(6): section 1, 885-886. Keywords: Tissue culture, root crops. 

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susceptibility. 

Beale, A.J. 1980. Effects of fertilization, herbicides, growth regulators, planting material, and breeding on malanga 

(Xanthosoma spp.) production in southern Florida. Dissertation Abstracts International, B 40(8):3523-3524. 

Keywords: Breeding, fertilization, growth regulators, root crops, mixtures. 

Beale, A.J., V.E. Green, Jr. and J.L. Parrado. 1982. Inducement of flowering in taniers (Xanthosoma spp.). Journal 

of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 66(2):115-122. Keywords: Flowering, induction, growth regulators, 

gibberellic acid, benzyladenine, plant growth regulators. 

Bon, H.d., R. Boula and H. De Bon. 1992. Improved cultivation of tania, Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott, in 

Martinique. Agronomie Tropicale 46(1):3-11. Keywords: Genetic resources, diseases, crop husbandry, vegetative 

propagation, farming systems, ecotypes, evaluation. 

Bressan, W., C.H. Siqueira de Carvalho and D.M. Sylvia. 2000. Inoculation of somatic embryos of sweet potato 

with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves embryo survival and plantlet formation. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology 46(8):741-743. Keywords: Somatic embryos, sweet potatoes, growth stages, in vitro culture, tissue 

culture, mycorrhizas, vermiculite, in vitro regeneration, culture media. 

Castro, Y., C.A. Fierro and A. Cedeno. 1976. Effect of naphthaleneacetic acid and kinetin on the development “in 

vitro” of tania meristems (Xanthosoma caracu Koch et Bouche). American Society for Horticultural Sciences 

Puerto Rico, December 5-10, 1976. undated, 356-361. Keywords: Tissue culture, meristems, growth regulators, 

NAA, kinetin, plant growth regulators. 

Cedeno Maldonado, A., C. Fierro and A. Bosques. 1988. Salt and sugar levels for effective plant regeneration 

from in vitro cultured tissues of cocoyam. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 72(4): 515-520. 

Keywords: Tissue culture, meristems, kinetin, techniques, plant growth regulators. 

Cedeno Maldonado, A. and A. Bosque Vega. 1992. Yield of cocoyam cultivars propagated by the single bud 

method. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 76(1):1-7. Keywords: Cultivars, root crops, 

vegetative propagation, yields, variety trials. 

Conner, A.J., X.R. Zhang and A.R. Wooding. 1993. Micropropagation of oca on a high sucrose medium promotes starch 

accumulation and plant establishment in soil. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 21(1):91-93. 

Keywords: Tissue culture, in vitro culture, culture media, metabolism, starch, carbohydrates. 

Dorle, U.P. and A.R. Kulkarni. 1984. Anther culture for production of pollen haploids in Tropaeolum majus L. Current 

Science, India 53(16):867-868. Keywords: Tissue culture, propagation, anthers, ornamental plants, ornamental 

herbaceous plants. 

Estrella, J.E. and J.E. Lazarte. 1994. In vitro propagation of jicama (Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig & Endlicher): a 

neglected Andean crop. HortScience 29(4):331. Keywords: Plant growth regulators, tissue culture, in vitro culture, 

micropropagation, conservation, regeneration, biotechnology.


Fernandez, E. and Z. Opatrny. 1996. Organ specificity of regeneration in explant cultures of Yacon, Polymnia 

sonchifolia Poeppig & Endlicher. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica No. 29:99-108. Keywords: Regeneration, in vitro 

culture, explants. 

Fierro, C.A. 1976. In vitro induction of storage organs in tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) by combinations of growth 

regulators. American Society for Horticultural Sciences Puerto RicoDecember 5-10, 1976. undated, 368-375. 

Keywords: Tissue culture, growht regulators, absicic acid, kinetin, plant growth regulators. 

Garcia, M., V. Peralta and S. Rodriguez. 1989. In vitro culture of apical meristems of tannier (Xanthosoma spp.) for 

seed production. Ciencia y Tecnica en la Agricultura, Viandas Tropicales 12(2):17-26. Keywords: Tissue culture, 

propagation. 

Gomez, L., R. Valverde., O. Arias and T. Thorpe. 1992. Regeneration of Xanthosoma sagittifolium by somatic 

embryogenesis. Agronomia Costarricense 16(2): 219-223. Keywords: Tissue culture, somatic embryogenesis, 

regeneration, plant growth regulators, kinetin. 

Gupta, P.P. 1985. Plant regeneration and variabilities from tissue cultures of cocoyams (Xanthosoma sagittifolium 

and X. violaceum). Plant Cell Reports 4(2):88-91. Keywords: Tissue culture, somaclonal variation, plant growth 

regulators, cytokinins. 

Khan, M.R.I., J.K. Heyes and D. Cohen. 1988. Plant regeneration from oca (Oxalis tuberosa M.): the effect of 

explant type and culture media. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 14(1):41-50. Keywords: Tissue culture, plant 

growth regulators, cytokinins. 

Kovacs, G. and M. Garcia. 1990. Microcorm production in Xanthosoma spp. Agrotecnia de Cuba 22(1): 85-86. 

Keywords: Corms, micropropagation, techniques, benzyladenine, plant growth regulators, cytokinins. 

Kuroda, S. and J. Ishihara. 1993. Field growth characteristics of plantlets propagated in vitro and line selection for 

increased percentage of sugar in tuberous roots of yacon, Polymnia sonchifolia. Bulletin of the Shikoku National 

Agricultural Experiment Station No. 57:111-121. Keywords: Pasture plants, biotechnology, sugars, fructose, osmotic 

pressure, yield correlations, artificial selection, tissue culture, vegetative propagation, somaclonal variation. 

Kuroda, S., M. Yamashita., J. Ishihara and M. Iwasaki. 1993. In vitro mass-propagation and variant selection of 

yacon, Polymnia sonchifolia, by tissue culture. Bulletin of the Shikoku National Agricultural Experiment Station No. 

57:99-110. Keywords: Biotechnology, somaclonal variation, plant growth regulators, tissue culture, in vitro culture, 

regeneration, kinetin, vegetables, cytokinins. 

Lempiaienen, T. 1989. Germination of seeds of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus, Baellaceae). Economic Botany. 43(4): 

456-463. Keywords: Plant propagation, seed. 

Liu, L.J., E.R. Marquez., M. Licha and M.L. Biascoechea. 1983. Isolation and culture of callus and protoplasts of taniers 

(Xanthosoma spp.) in Puerto Rico. Phytopathology 73(5):791. Keywords: Tissue culture, protoplasts, root crops. 

Liu, L.J.Y., E. Rosa Marquez., M. Licha and M.L. Biascoechea. 1988. Tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) propagation in 

vitro. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 72(3):413-426. Keywords: Tissue culture, IAA, 

Kinetin, micropropagation, plant growth regulators, cytokinins. 

Luz, J.M.Q., M. Pasqual., R.V.d. Souza and R.V. De Souza. 1993. Meristem culture of Peruvian carrot (Arracacia 

xanthorrhiza Bancroft). Horticultura Brasileira 11(2):129-130. Keywords: Tissue culture, root vegetables, 

meristems, micropropagation, culture media, benzyladenine, plant growth regulators. 

Luz, J.M.Q., M. Pasqual., R.J.d. Souza., A.M.M. Nogueira and R.J. De Souza. 1994. In vitro propagation of Peruvian 

carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft). Ciencia e Pratica 18(1): 399-402. Keywords: In vitro culture, tissue culture. 

Matos, M.C., A.A. Matos., J.B.V.d. Silva., J.B.V. da Silva., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. 

Rios Ruiz. 1998. Effect of manual and chemical flower pruning on tuber production of Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) 

Parodi. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 

1996. 1998, 181-189. Keywords: Flowers, pruning, 2,4 D, chlorophyll, plant growth regulators, crop yield. 

McDavid, C.R. and S. Alamu. 1979. Effect of daylength and gibberellic acid on the growth and promotion of flowering 

in tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium). Tropical Agriculture 56(1): 17-23. Keywords: Flowering, photoperiod, growth 

regulators, gibberellic acid, leaves, photoperiodism, plant growth regulators, sugar crops, plant development. 

Munoz, L., P. Krogstrup., J. Estrella., R. Castillo., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 

1998. In vitro propagation of yam beans (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) in Ecuador. Proceedings of the 2nd 

International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 453-467. Keywords: 

Germplasm, IBA, in vitro culture, NAA, tissue culture, culture media, rooting, growth regulators, plant growth 

regulators, benzyladenine.


Nakatani, M. and Y. Koda. 1992. Potato tuber-inducing activity of the extracts of some root and tuber crops. 

Japanese Journal of Crop Science 61(3):394-400. Keywords: Tissue culture, plant growth regulators, potatoes, 

tubers, growth regulators, abscisic acid, sweet potatoes, cassava, growth stimulators, in vitro culture, 

biochemistry, allelopathy, allelopathins, Compositae, growth inhibitors. 

Nguyen Thi, Q. and U. Nguyen Van. 1987. Aroids propagation by tissue culture: 1. Shoot tip culture and propagation 

of Xanthosoma violaceum. HortScience 22(4):671-672. Keywords: Tissue culture, meristems, IBA, 

Benzyladenine, shoot meristems, plant growth regulators, cytokinins. 

Noda, H. and W.E. Kerr. 1983. The effects of staking and of inflorescence pruning on the Root production of yam 

bean (Pachyrhizus erosus Urban). Trop. Grain Leg. Bull.(27):35-37. Keywords: Physiology plant, production, 

yields, flowering. 

Nyochembeng, L.M. and S. Garton. 1998. Plant regeneration from cocoyam callus derived from shoot tips and 

petioles. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 53(2):127-134. Keywords: Callus, tissue culture, auxins, plant 

growth regulators, kinetin, biotechnology, cytokinins, growth inhibitors. 

Ochatt, S.J., A.A. Ciai and O.H. Caso. 1986. Tissue culture techniques applied to native American crops: 

micropropagation of oca (Oxalis tuberosa Moll.) an Andean tuber-bearing species. Turrialba 36(2):187-189. 

Keywords: Tissue culture, gibberellic acid, stems, plant growth regulators. 

Onokpise, O.U., J.T. Tambong., L. Nyochembeng and J.G. Wutoh. 1992. Acclimatization and flower induction of 

tissue culture derived cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott) plants. Agronomie 12(2):193-199. Keywords: 

Growth regulators, flowering, induction, tissue culture, transplanting, growth, gibberellic acid, regeneration. 

Pennycooke, J.C. and L.E. Towill. 2000. Cryopreservation of shoot tips from in vitro plants of sweet potato (Ipomoea 

batatas (L.) Lam.) by vitrification. Plant Cell Reports 19(7):733-737. Keywords: vitrification, cryopreservation, kinetin, 

sweet potatoes, plant growth regulators, tissue culture, benzyladenine, biotechnology, auxins, cytokinins. 

Pessoa, A.C.S., R.C. Vieira and M.A. Esquibel. 1994. Induction and histogenesis of calli from petiole explants of 

Peruvian carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Banc.). Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 37(2):231-246. Keywords: 

Tissue culture, plant growth regulators, sucrose, in vitro culture, growth regulators, organogenesis, culture media, 

explants, 2,4 D, benzyladenine. 

Saba., D. Pande., M. Iqbal and P.S. Srivastava. 2000. Effect of ZnSO4 and CuSO4 on regeneration and lepidine 

content in Lepidium sativum L. Biologia Plantarum 43(2):253-256. Keywords: Tissue culture, in vitro culture, plant 

growth regulators, explants, shoot apices, yields, nitrogen compounds. 

Salazar, S.S. 1985. Meristem cultivation of tropical corms, roots and tubers (first part). Actividades en Turrialba 13(1):6-7. 

Keywords: Sweet potatoes, tissue culture, apical meristems, cassava. 

Shanthi, A. and N. Ramaswamy. 1997. Studies on the evaluation of half sib population of sweet potato. Progressive 

Horticulture 29:3-4. Keywords: Evaluation, sweet potatoes, yield components. 

Strauss, M.S. and J. Arditti. 1980. Plantlet regeneration from shoot tip cultures of Xanthosoma caracu. Annals of 

Botany 45(2): 209-212. Keywords: Tissue culture, vegetables. 

Volin, R.B. and F.W. Zettler. 1974. Seed propagation of Xanthosoma caracu as a potential means of pathogen 

elimination and genetic improvement. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society 1123. Keywords: 

Hybridization, sugar crops. 

Volin, R.B. and F.W. Zettler. 1976. Seed propagation of cocoyam, Xanthosoma caracu Koch & Bouche. 

HortScience 11(5):459-460. Keywords: Pollination, diseases. 

Westcott, R.J. 1981. Tissue culture storage of potato germplasm. 1. Minimal growth storage. Potato Research 

24(3):331-342. Keywords: Tissue culture, temperature, techniques, shoot tip culture, root crops, tuberous species, 

potatoes. 

Zok, S., X. Ndzana and L. Nyochembeng. 1998. Field performance of tissue culture derived cocoyam 

(Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott). Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 81(3-4):133-139. 

Keywords: In vitro culture, tissue culture, planting stock. 

TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION 

Arbizu, C. and M. Tapia. 1992. Tubérculos andinos. Pp. 147-161 In Cultivos Marginados: Otra Perspectiva de 1492. 

(E. Hernández Bermejo and J. León (eds.)). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 

Keywords: Andes, crop origin, crop evolution, genetic diversity, Oxalis, Tropaeolum, Solanum, Ullucus, botany, 

agronomy, use, South America.


Balée, W. and A. Gély. 1989. Managed forest succession in Amazonia: the Ka’apor case. Adv. Econ. Bot. 71:29-158. 

Keywords: Manihot esculenta, cassava, use, in situ conservation, Canna, Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato, yam, 

Amazon, Brazil. 

Berg, R.G., M.J. Zevenbergen., J.P. Kardolus., N. Groendijk Wilders., R.G. van den Berg., S. Andrews., A.C. 

Leslie and C. Alexander. 1998. The origin of Solanum juzepczukii. Proceedings of the Third International 

Symposium on the Taxonomy of Cultivated Plants, Edinburgh, UK. Keywords: Tuberous species, potatoes, wild 

relatives, DNA hybridization, interspecific hybridization, biotechnology. 

Brako, L. and J.L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Missouri Botanical 

Garden. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. 1286 p. Keywords: Flora, phytogeography, taxonomy, Oxalis, Solanum, 

Cyphomandra, Physalis, Nicotiana, Lycopersicon. 

Breedlove, D.E. and R.M. Laughlin. 1993. The flowering of man - A Tzotzil botany of Zinacantán. Smithsonian 

Contributions to Anthropology 351-706. Keywords: Ethnobotany, use, Mexico, Chiapas, Ipomoea batatas, sweet 

potato, Manihot esculenta, cassava, Sechium edule, chayote. 

Brown, A.D. 1995. Fitogeografía y conservación de las selvas de montaña del noroeste de Argentina. Pp. 663-672 

In Biodiversity and conservation of Neotropical montane forests. (S.P. Churchill., H. Balslev., E. Forero and J.L. 

Luteyn (eds.). The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA. Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman. Keywords: Life zone, 

phytogeography, vegetation types, montane forests, Cyclanthera, Polymnia, llacon, Podocarpus, Alnus, Schinus. 

Brucher, H. 1967. Ullucus aborigineus spec.nov., die Wildform einer andine Kulturpflanze. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 

80:376-381. Keywords: Wild species, botany, crop origin, Andes. 

Brücher, H. 1989. Useful plants of neotropical origin and their wild relatives. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg, 

Germany. 296 p. Keywords: Morphology, agronomy, origin, Pachyrhizus, Ipomoea, Oxalis, Dioscorea, Solanum, 

Arracacia, Canna, Maranta, Tropaeolum, Ullucus, Xanthosoma, Sechium. 

Bruneau, A., J.J. Doyle and J.L. Doyle. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships in Phaseoleae: evidence from chloroplast 

DNA restriction sites characters. Pp. 309-330 In Advances in legume systematics 7: phylogeny. (M.D. Crisp and 

J.J. Doyle (eds.)). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Keywords: Taxonomy, DNA, chloroplast genome, 

inverted repeat, deletion, molecular markers, Pachyrhizus, restriction enzymes, molecular systematics. 

Bunting, G.S. 1979. Synopsis of the Araceae of Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia 10(1-4):139-285. 

Keywords: Taxonomy. 

Cárdenas, M. 1989. Manual de plantas económicas de Bolivia - 2da edición. Editorial Los Amigos del Libro. La Paz, 

Bolivia. 333 p. Keywords: Arracacia xanthorrhiza, use, ethnobotany, agronomy, Solanum tuberosum, potato, 

cassava, Manihot esculenta, geographic distribution, ecology, crop history, Andes, Peru. 

Clement, C.R. 1992. Los cultivos de la Amazonía y Orinoquía: origen, decadencia y futuro. Pp. 193-201 In Cultivos 

marginados: otra perspectiva de 1492. (E. Hernández Bermejo and J. León (eds.)). Food and Agriculture 

Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Keywords: Crop origin, plant domestication, Manihot, Ipomoea, 

Xanthosoma, Erythroxylon, Ananas, Bactris, Bixa, agroforestry, Amazon. 

Coe, F.G. and G.J. Anderson. 1997. Ethnobotany of the Miskitu of eastern Nicaragua. J. Ethnobiol. 17(2):171-214. 

Keywords: Use, ethnobotany, medicinal, nutrition, food, Manihot esculenta, cassava, yam, Dioscorea, trifida, 

yautia, Xanthosoma, sagittifolium, agronomy, Central America. 

Cohen, M.N. 1978a. Archaeological plant remains from the central coast of Peru. Nawpa Pacha 1623-50. 

Keywords: Archaeology, crop history, Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato, Canna, achira, potato, Solanum, Manihot 

esculenta, cassava, Pachyrhizus, yam bean, crop introduction, Andes. 

Cohen, M.N. 1978b. Population pressure and the origins of agriculture: an archaeological example from the Coast of 

Peru. Pp. 135-177 In Origins of agriculture. (C.A. Reed (eds.)). Mouton Publishers, The Hague, Paris. Keywords: 

Pachyrhizus tuberosus, jicama, Polymnia, yacon, lima bean, archaeology, Capsicum, Cucurbita, Peru. 

Croat, T.B., S.P. Churchill., H. Balslev., E. Forero and J.L. Luteyn. 1995. Floristic comparisons of Araceae in six 

Ecuadorian florulas. Biodiversity and conservation of Neotropical montane forests New York Botanical Garden21- 

26 June 1993. 1995, 489-499. Keywords: Mountain forests, rain forests, mountains, species diversity, altitude, 

plant ecology, tropical forests. 

Dawson, G. 1960. Los alimentos vegetales que America dio al mundo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad 

de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Serie Tecnica y Didactica No. 8. La Plata, República Argentina. 68 p. Keywords: 

Use, food, ethnobotany, Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato, Manihot esculenta, cassava, Maranta arundinaceae, 

arrow root, Arracacia xanthorhiza, arracacha, Tropaeolum tuberosum, mashua, Pachyrhizus tuberosus, roots, 

tubers, Ullucus, tuberosus, olluco, Polymnia sonchifolia, yacon, Canna edulis, achira, crop origin, crop history.


Debouck, D.G. and D. Libreros Ferla. 1995. Neotropical montane forests: a fragile home of genetic resources of 

wild relatives of New World crops. Pp. 561-577 In Biodiversity and conservation of Neotropical montane forests. 

(S.P. Churchill., H. Balslev., E. Forero and J.L. Luteyn (eds.)). The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA. 

Keywords: Life zones, montane forests, Polymnia sonchifolia, Pachyrhizus, wild species, geographic distribution, 

yacon, potato, Solanum andigena, ex situ conservation, in situ conservation, Andes. 

Downie, S.R., S. Ramanath., D.S. Katz-Downie and E. Llanas. 1998. Molecular systematics of Apiaceae 

subfamily Apioideae: phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and plastid 

RPOC1 intron sequences. American Journal Botany 85(4):563-591. Keywords: Arracacia, molecular markers, 

arracacha, taxonomy. 

Emshwiller, E. and J.J. Doyle. 1998. Origins of domestication and polyploidy in oca (Oxalis tuberosa: Oxalidaceae): 

nrDNA ITS data. American Journal of Botany 85(7):975-985. Keywords: Domestication, polyploidy, genomes, 

phylogeny, ribosomal DNA, taxonomy, evolution, biotechnology. 

Engel, F. 1970. Exploration of the Chilca canyon, Peru. Current Anthropol. 11(1):55-58. Keywords: Archaeology, 

Peru, Ipomoea, Pachyrhizus, Solanum, Ullucus, Opuntia, Lagenaria, crop origin. 

Engel, F. 1973. New facts about pre-Columbian life in the Andean lomas. Curr. Anthropol. 14(3):271-280. Keywords: 

Peru, archaeology, crop origin, Pachyrhizus, potato, Ullucus, Manihot, Ipomoea. 

Esquinas Alcazar, J.T. 1982. Phytogenetic resources of the Andean region. (5). The phytogenetic resources of Peru. 

Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No. 52:31-36. Keywords: Gene banks, taxonomy. 

Esquivel, M. and K. Hammer. 1992. Native food plants and the American influence in Cuban agriculture. Pp. 46-74 

In “... y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros ...” Origin, evolution and diversity of Cuban plant 

genetic resources. (K. Hammer., M. Esquivel and H. Knupffer (eds.)). Institut für Pflanzengenetik und 

Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, Germany. Keywords: Pachyrhizus erosus, Pachyrhizu tuberosus, use, 

arracacha, Arracacia xanthorrhiza, cassava, Manihot esculenta, sweet types, bitter types, Cuba. 

Esquivel, M., H. Knupffer and K. Hammer. 1992. Inventory of the cultivated plants. Pp. 213-454 In “... y tienen 

faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros ...” Origin, evolution and diversity of Cuban plant genetic resources. 

(K. Hammer., M. Esquivel and H. Knupffer (eds.)). Institut fur Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, 

Gatersleben, Germany. Keywords: Pachyrhizus erosus, Pachyrhizus tuberosus, use, Cuba, Annona, Sapotaceae, 

Anacardium, Spondias, Manilkara. 

Feofilova, F.G. 1972. On the question of the origin and modern classification of Canna cultivars. Trudy 

Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 59:45-56. Keywords: Classification, ornamental plants, 

ornamental bulbs. 

Furness, C.A. and P.J. Rudall. 1998. The tapetum and systematics in monocotyledons. Botanical Review 64(3):201-239. 

Keywords: Taxonomy, anthers, developmental stages, protoplasts, ultrastructure, evolution. 

García Barriga, H. 1992a. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Tomo I. Tercer Mundo Editores. Bogotá, Colombia. 559 p. 

Keywords: Food analysis, use, geographic distribution, morphology, ethnobotany, Dioscorea, Ullucus, Xanthosoma . 

García Barriga, H. 1992b. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Tomo II. Tercer Mundo Editores. Bogotá, Colombia. 537 p. 

Keywords: Geographic distribution, use, morphology, ethnobotany, Manihot, Oxalis tuberosa, Tropaeolum 

tuberosum, Ipomoea. 

Gentry, A.H. 1993. A field guide to the families and genera of woody plants of northwest South America (Colombia, 

Ecuador, Peru). Conservation International. Washington, D.C., USA. 895 p. Keywords: Botany, morphology, 

Solanum, taxonomy, tubers. 

Girón V., C. 1992. Consideraciones sobre las raices y tuberculos tropicales en la Orinoquia Amazonia venezolana. 

Pp. 48-56 In Tecnologías alternativas para el uso y conservación de bosques tropicales. (K. Jaffé and P. Sánchez 

(eds.)). Hoturvensa S.A., Caracas, Venezuela. Keywords: Use, ethnobotany, cassava, Manihot, sweet potato, 

Ipomoea, Dioscorea, Xanthosoma, Colocasia, Arracacia, agronomy, Venezuela. 

Goncalves, E.G. 2000. Xanthosoma riparium (Araceae), a new species from Goias, Brazil. Novon 10(1):26-28. 

Keywords: New species, taxonomy, plant genetic resources, root crops. 

Granda, I.A. 1994. Xanthosoma cubense (Schott) Schott (Araceae): taxonomy and nomenclature. Studia Botanica 

12: 237-240. Keywords: Vegetables, geographical distribution, taxonomy, nomenclature, root crops, wild relatives. 

Grootjen, C.J. and F. Bouman. 1988. Seed structure in Cannaceae: taxonomic and ecological implications. Annals of 

Botany 61(3):363-371. Keywords: Seeds, morphology, germination, plant physiology, taxonomy, seed anatomy, longevity. 

Gunn, C.R. 1981. Seeds of Leguminosae. Pp. 913-925 In Advances in legume systematics. Part 1. (R.M. Polhill and 

P.H. Raven (eds.)). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. Keywords: Taxonomy, Phaseolus, 

Phaseolinae, testa, anatomy, morphology, Pachyrhizus, Canavalia, Glycine.


Hawkes, J.G., D.R. Harris and G.C. Hillman. 1989. The domestication of roots and tubers in the American tropics. 

Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation. One World Archaeology No. 13 : 481-503. Keywords: 

Ipomoea, Calathea, Xanthosoma, jicama, ajipa, yam bean, Pachyrhizus erosus, Pachyrhizus tuberosus, 

Pachyrhizus ahipa, geographic distribution, archaeology, yacon, mauka, oca, maca, Ullucus, malanga, arracacha, 

achira, sweet potato. 

Hernandez Bermejo, J.E. and J. Leon. 1994. Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective. FAO Plant 

Production and Protection Series No. 26. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); Rome; Italy. 341 pp. 

Keywords: Tubers, cereals, fruit crops, plant introduction, maps, genetic erosion, cocoa. 

Hernández Xolocotzi, E. 1993. Aspects of plant domestication in Mexico: a personal view. Pp. 733-753 In 

Biological diversity of Mexico: origins and distribution. (T.P. Ramamoorthy., R. Bye., A. Lot and J. Fa (eds.)). 

Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, USA. Keywords: Archaeology, crop evolution, crop history, 

Pachyrhizus, Manihot, Ipomoea, use, genetic erosion. 

Huang, J.C. and M. Sun. 2000. Genetic diversity and relationships of sweetpotato and its wild relatives in Ipomoea 

series Batatas (Convolvulaceae) as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and restriction analysis of 

chloroplast DNA. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100(7):1050-1060. Keywords: chloroplast DNA, sweet 

potatoes, interspecific hybridization, wild relatives, genetic markers, genetic diversity, restriction fragment length 

polymorphism, biotechnology. 

IBPGR. 1989. Descriptors for Xanthosoma. IBPGR, Rome, Italy. 30 p. Keywords: Classification, characterization. 

Isely, D. 1990. Vascular flora of the Southeastern United States. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, 

North Carolina, USA. 258 p. Keywords: Morphology, geographic distribution, Pachyrhizus, Lablab, pulses, yam bean. 

Johns, T., D.R. Harris and G.C. Hillman. 1989. A chemical-ecological model of root and tuber domestication in the 

Andes. Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation. One World Archaeology No. 13:504-519. 

Keywords: Genetic resources, starch crops, evolution, toxic substances, plant composition, tuberous species, 

artificial selection, glycoalkaloids, breeding. 

King, S.R., H.H.C. Bastien., G.T. Prance and M.J. Balick. 1990. Oxalis tuberosa Mol. (Oxalidaceae) in Mexico: an 

Andean tuber crop in Meso-America. New directions in the study of plants and people. Advances in Economic 

Botany 8:77-91. Keywords: Root vegetables, Oxalis, Mexico. 

Kumagai, T., O. Yamakawa and K. Ishiguro. 1998. ‘Sunny Red’: new sweet potato cultivar for powder. Sweetpotato 

Research Front(7):2. Keywords: Sweet potatoes, cultivars, characteristics. 

Lackey, J.A. 1977. A revised classification of the tribe Phaseoleae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), and its relation to 

canavanine distribution. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 74:163-178. Keywords: Taxonomy, Phaseolus, Phaseolinae, 

Pachyrhizus, free amino acid, genera classification. 

Lackey, J.A. 1981. Tribe 10. Phaseoleae. Pp. 301-327 In Advances in legume systematics. Part 1. (R.M. Polhill and 

P.H. Raven (eds.)). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. Keywords: Taxonomy, Phaseolus, 

Phaseolinae, subtribes, anatomy, morphology, blastogeny, Cajaninae, Pachyrhizus, Canavalia, Glycine, Vigna, 

Centrosema, Lablab. 

León, J. 1964a. The ‘Maca’ (Lepidium meyenii), a little known food plant of Peru. Econ. Bot. 18(2):122-127. 

Keywords: Origin, Lepidium, tuber. 

León, J. 1964b. Plantas alimenticias andinas. Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas, Zona Andina, Boletin 

Técnico No. 6. Lima, Perú. 112 p. Keywords: Use, crop origin, botany, agronomy, Ullucus, Oxalis, Tropaeolum, 

Canna, Lepidium, Pachyrhizus, Arracacia, Polymnia, Andean region. 

León, J. 1987. Botánica de los cultivos tropicales. Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura, 

Servicio Editorial. San José, Costa Rica. 445 p. Keywords: Pachyrhizus erosus, jicama, ahipa, botany, 

morphology. 

Lundell, C.L. 1939. Plants probably utilized by the old empire Maya of Petén and adjacent lowlands. Pap. Mich. 

Acad. Sci. Arts & Lett. 24(1):37-56. Keywords: Crop history, archaeology, Maya, Guatemala, Yucatan, Peten, Zea 

mays, maize, Phaseolus vulgaris, common bean, Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato, Manihot, cassava, 

Xanthosoma, Yucca, Pachyrhizus, Sapotaceae, Persea, avocado, Carica, Annona, Spondias, Psidium, 

Byrsonima, Acrocomia, Theobroma, Capsicum, Cedrela, Agave, Gossypium, Bixa, Crescentia, Lagenaria, 

Nicotiana, Castilla, use, Guatemala. 

Macbride, J.F. 1943. Flora of Peru - Family Leguminosae. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser. 13(1):1-507. Keywords: 

Pachyrhizus, botany, use, wild species, cultivated species, pachyrrhizoides, geographic distribution, type 

specimen, taxonomy, Peru.


Mahecha Vega, G.E. 1997. Fundamentos y metodología para la identificación de plantas. Proyecto BIOPACIFICO, 

Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, PNUD-GEF. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. 282 p. Keywords: Taxonomy, morphology, 

systematics, Dioscorea, Xanthosoma, Solanum. 

Martínez, M. 1979. Catálogo de nombres vulgares y científicos de plantas mexicanas. Fondo de Cultura 

Económica. México, D.F., México. 1247 p. Keywords: Pachyrhizus erosus, jicama, morphology, use, Ipomoea 

batatas, Mexico. 

McVaugh, R. 1987. Flora Novo-Galiciana - A descriptive account of the vascular plants of western Mexico - Volume 

5 Leguminosae. The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 786 p. Keywords: Taxonomy, 

Pachyrhizus erosus, geographic distribution, use, ethnobotany, wild species, Mexico. 

Montaldo B., P. 1988. Agricultura precolombina en Chile. AgroSur 16(2):132-139. Keywords: Archaeology, crop 

history, crop origin, Canna edulis, achira, Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato, Manihot esculenta, cassava, Oxalis 

tuberosa, oca, potato, Peru, Bolivia. 

Montes de Oca, I. 1989. Geografía y recursos naturales de Bolivia. Editorial Educational, Ministerio de Educación y 

Cultura. La Paz, Bolivia. 574 p. Keywords: Use, yield, Ullucus tuberosus, geography, vegetation types, climate, 

rainfall, Andes. 

Murkherjee, I. and T.N. Khoshoo. 1971. Genetic-evolutionary studies on cultivated Canna. V: Intraspecific 

polyploidy in starch yielding Canna edulis. Genet. Iber. 23:35-42. Keyword: Achira, origin, evolution. 

Nagl, W. 1976. Early embryogenesis in Tropaeolum majus L.: evolution of DNA content and polyteny in the suspensor. 

Plant Science Letters 7(1):1-6. Keywords: Seeds, development, cytology, ornamental plants, ornamental 

herbaceous plants. 

Ochoa, C.M. and D. Ugent. 1990. The potatoes of South America: Bolivia. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge; 

UK. 512 p. Keywords: Maps, tuberous species, taxonomy, genetic resources, plant genetic resources. 

Parodi, L.R. and A.L. Pastore. 1939. Géneros de plantas cultivadas representados en la flora indígena de la 

República Argentina. Physis 18:255-268. Keywords: Ananas, Canna, Dioscorea, Maranta, Manihot, Solanum, 

Polymnia, wild relatives, crop origin, Argentina. 

Patiño, V.M. 1964. Plantas cultivadas y animales domesticos en América equinoccial. Tomo 2. Plantas alimenticias. 

Imprenta Departamental. Cali, Colombia. 364 p. Keywords: Polymnia sonchifolia, yacon, Pachyrhizus ahipa, use, 

ethnobotany, ajipa, jicama, Xanthosoma, Canna, Maranta, Dioscorea, Ullucus, Oxalis, Tropaeolum, Manihot, 

Arracacia, Solanum, Ipomoea, geographic distribution, crop history, Colombia, Ecuador. 

Pearsall, D.M. 1992. The origins of plant cultivation in South America. Pp. 173-205 In The origins of agriculture - An 

international perspective. (C.W. Cowan and P.J. Watson (eds.)). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 

USA. Keywords: Archaeology, plant domestication, crop origin, Pachyrhizus, Ipomoea, Ullucus, Manihot, Canna, 

potato, cassava, Arracacia xanthorrhiza, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador. 

Pérez Arbeláez, E. 1978. Plantas utiles de Colombia. Litografía Arco. Bogotá, Colombia. 831 p. Keywords: 

Ethnobotany, geographic distribution, Lepidium, use. 

Pickersgill, B. and C.B. Heiser. 1978. Origins and distribution of plants domesticated in the New World tropics. Pp. 

133-165 In Advances in Andean archaeology. (D.L. Browman (eds.)). Mouton Publishers, The Hague, Paris. 

Keywords: Provenance, geographical distribution, roots, tubers. 

Pido, N.L., J.R. Pardales, Jr., F.G. Villamayor, Jr. and A.M. Mariscal. 1986. Minor root crops: their classification 

and description. Root Crops Digest 1(5):1-6. Keywords: Taxonomy, yams. 

Pittier, H. 1926. Manual de las plantas usuales de Venezuela. Litografia del Comercio. Caracas, Venezuela. 458 p. 

Keywords: Polymnia sonchifolia, Pachyrhizus erosus, Venezuela, Ananas, Phaseolus vulgaris, Lunatus 

coccineus, Psidium, use, ethnobotany, Eugenia, Manihot, Annona, Passiflora, Sapotaceae, Achras, cassava, 

Arracacia xanthorrhiza. 

Pollock, N.J. 1992. These root remain - Food habits in islands of the central and eastern Pacific since Western 

contact. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 298 p. Keywords: Breadfruit, taro, use, nutrition, 

Colocasia esculenta, crop origin, agronomy, geographic distribution, Xanthosoma, Dioscorea, Ipomoea, Manihot, 

sweet potato, cassava, crop origin. 

Purseglove, J.W. 1968. Tropical crops - Dicotyledons 1. Longman Group Limited. London, United Kingdom. 719 p. 

Keywords: Pachyrhizus tuberosus, Pachyrhizus erosus, Pachyrhizus ahipa, crop origin, use, crop husbandry, 

nutritional value. 

Qi, Z.S. 1993. A correction for the Chinese name of Tropaeolum majus L. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 20(2):203-204. 

Keywords: Taxonomy, nomenclature.


Rea, J. 1992. Raíces andinas. Pp. 163-177 In Cultivos Marginados: Otra Perspectiva de 1492. (E. Hernández 

Bermejo and J. León (eds.)). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Keywords: 

Lepidium meyenii, yacon, Arracacia xanthorrhiza, arracacha, taxonomy, ecology, genetic resources, Mirabilis 

expansa, mauka, nutritional value, Polymnia sonchifolia, geographic distribution, use. 

Sanoja, M. 1989. From foraging to food production in northeastern Venezuela and the Caribbean. Pp. 523-537 In 

Foraging and farming - The evolution of plant exploitation. (D.R. Harris and G.C. Hillman (eds.)). Unwin Hyman Ltd, 

London, United Kingdom. Keywords: Provenance, cassava, Manihot, Xanthosoma, Calathea, Zamia, plant 

domestication, Colombia, Venezuela. 

Sattler, R. and L. Perlin. 1982. Floral development of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Boerhaavia diffusa L. and 

Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 84(3):161-182. Keywords: Flowers, 

development, ornamental plants, ornamental woody plants, medicinal plants. 

Sauer, C.O. 1965. Cultural factors in plant domestication in the New World. Euphytica 14:301-306. Keywords: 

Provenance, Solanum, Ipomoea, Canna, Maranta, Manihot carthaginensis, wild relatives, ethnobotany, 

Xanthosoma, Arracacia, Ullucus, Oxalis, Tropaeolum, Amaranthus, Colombia, Brazil. 

Schafer, J.L. 1999. Improvement of systems of cultivation of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott in the Bamileke 

region, west Cameroon. Cahiers Agricultures 8(1):9-20. Keywords: NPK fertilizers, cultivars. 

Schmiediche, P.E., J.G. Hawkes and C.M. Ochoa. 1982. The breeding of the cultivated potato species Solanum X 

juzepczukii and S. X curtilobum. II. The resynthesis of S. X juzepczukii and S. X curtilobum. Euphytica 31(3):695- 

708. Keywords: Evolution, interspecific hybridization, cold resistance. 

Seminario, J. 1986. Inventario de los cultivos andinos en Cajamarca. Pp. 235-247 In V Congreso internacional de 

sistemas agropecuarios andinos. (E. Chávez and M. Tapia (eds.)). Proyecto de Investigación de Sistemas 

Agropecuarios Andinos (PISA), Serie Informes Técnicos No. 9, Lima, Peru. Keywords: Polymnia sonchifolia, Peru, 

geographic distribution, use, Arracacia xanthorrhiza, Ullucus tuberosus, Oxalis tuberosa. 

Smartt, J. 1990. Grain legumes: evolution and genetic resources. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United 

Kingdom. 379 p. Keywords: Pachyrhizus erosus, yam bean, jicama, use, Phaseolus, taxonomy, crop evolution, 

cytogenetics, Arachis, domestication, morphology. 

Smith, C.E. 1977. Recent evidence in support of the tropical origin of New World crops. Pp. 79-95 In Crop 

resources. (D.S. Seigler (eds.)). Academic Press, New York, USA. Keywords: Crop origin, Americas, archaeology, 

Phaseolus, Zea, Persea, Manihot, Oxalis, Gossypium. 

Sorensen, M. 1988. A taxonomic revision of the genus Pachyrhizus (Fabaceae-Phaseoleae). Nordic Journal of 

Botany 8(2):167-192. Keywords: Yam bean, taxonomy, classification. 

Sorensen, M. 1990. Observations on distribution, ecology and cultivation of the tuber-bearing legume genus 

Pachyrhizus Rich. ex DC. Agricultural University Wageningen Papers No. 338 pp. Keyword: Starch crops, 

evolution, interspecific hybridization, vegetables. 

Sorensen, M., S. Doygaard., J.E. Estrella., L.P. Kvist and P.E. Nielsen. 1997. Status of the South American 

tuberous legume Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Spreng. Biodiversity and Conservation 6(12):1581-1625. 

Keywords: In situ conservation, maps, principal component analysis, germplasm, morphology, domestication, 

genetic variation, taxonomy, multivariate analysis. 

Soukup, J. 1986. Vocabulario de los nombres vulgares de la flora peruana y catálogo de los géneros. Editorial 

Salesiana. Lima, Peru. 436 p. Keywords: Pachyrhizus, jicama, ajipa, use, vernacular names, Peru, Phaseolus, 

Capsicum, ethnobotany. 

Sousa S., M. and A. Delgado Salinas. 1993. Mexican Leguminosae: phytogeography, endemism, and origins. Pp. 

459-511 In Biological diversity of Mexico: origins and distribution. (T.P. Ramamoorthy., R. Bye., A. Lot and J. Fa 

(eds.)). Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, USA. Keywords: Endemism, legumes, phytogeography, 

Pachyrhizus, taxonomy, geographic distribution, Mexico. 

Sousa Sanchez, M. and A. Delgado Salinas. 1979. Herramientas y consideraciones para la revisión del genero 

Phaseolus. Pp. 59-82 In Contribuciones al conocimiento del frijol (Phaseolus) en México. (E.H. Engleman (eds.)). 

Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, México, México. Keywords: Phaseolus, 

taxonomy, morphology, Vigna, Strophostyles, Pachyrhizus. 

Standley, P.C. and J.A. Steyermark. 1946. Flora of Guatemala - Part V. Fieldiana, Botany 241-502. Keywords: 

Phaseolus, Pachyrhizus erosus, use, cultivated species, wild species, geographic distribution, Guatemala 

Staples, G.W. and K.R. Woolliams. 1997. An overlooked naturalized aroid for the Hawaiian flora. Bishop Museum 

Occasional Papers No. 49:13-16. Keywords: Geographical distribution, biology, keys, identification.


Tanaka, N. 1998. On the genus Canna in Yaeyama Islands, the Ryukyus, Japan. Journal of Japanese Botany 

73(3):165-169. Keywords: Descriptions, flowers, colour, nomenclature, plant genetic resources. 

Towle, M.A. 1961. The ethnobotany of pre-Columbian Peru. Aldine Publishing Co. Chicago, USA. 180 p. Keywords: 

Archaeology, crop origin, Andes, crop history, vulgaris, Pachyrhizus, Ullucus, Amaranthus, Inga, ethnobotany, Peru. 

Turner II, B.L. and C.H. Miksicek. 1984. Economic plant species associated with prehistoric agriculture in the Maya 

lowlands. Econ. Bot. 38(2):179-193. Keywords: Archaeology, maize, squash, avocado, cocoa, cotton, 

Xanthosoma, Manihot, Cucurbita moschata, pepo, Lycopersicon, tomato. 

Ugent, D., S. Pozorski and T. Pozorski. 1981. Prehistoric remains of sweet potato from the Casma Valley, Peru. 

Phytologia 49(5):401-415. Keywords: Ipomoea, archaeology, crop history, Andes, Canna edulis, achira, Solanum, 

potato, yam bean, jicama, Pachyrhizus, use. 

Ugent, D., S. Pozorski and T. Pozorski. 1984. New evidence for ancient cultivation of Canna edulis in Peru. Econ. 

Bot 38(4):417-432. Keywords: Cultivation, achira, Canna. 

Vavilov, N.I. 1931. Mexico and Central America as the principal centre of origin of cultivated plants of the New 

World. Bull. Appl. Bot. Gen. Pl. Breed. 26(3):135-199. Keywords: Capsicum, crop origin, centers of diversity, 

Phaseolus, Zea, Agave, Gossypium, wild forms, Pachyrhizus, squash, Amaranthus. 

Vavilov, N.I. 1939. The important agricultural crops of pre-Columbian America and their mutual relationships. Izd. 

Gos. Geogr. O-va (Public. Nat. Dept. Geogr. USSR) 71(10):1-25. Keywords: Crop evolution, centers of origin, 

Solanum, Oxalis, oca, Ullucus, Lepidium, maca, Polymnia, Xanthosoma, Canna, Arracacia, pepino, Manihot, 

cassava, Theobroma, Arachis, peanut, Brazil, Mexico. 

Verdcourt, B. 1980. The classification of Dolichos L. emend. Verdc., Lablab Adans., Phaseolus L., Vigna Savi and 

their allies. Pp. 45-48 In Advances in legume science. (R.J. Summerfield and A.H. Bunting (eds.)). Royal Botanic 

Gardens, Kew, England. Keywords: Taxonomy, Phaseoleae, Pachyrhizus, Macroptilium, nomenclature. 

Voss, E.G., H.M. Burdet., W.G. Chaloner., V. Demoulin., P. Hiepko., J. McNeill., R.D. Meikle., D.H. Nicholson., 

R.C. Rollins., P.C. Silva and W. Greuter. 1983. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Dr. W. Junk, 

Publishers. The Hague, The Netherlands. 472 p. Keywords: Systematics, type specimens, type description, type, 

Centrosema, Vigna, Leguminosae, Pachyrhizus. 

Weberbauer, A. 1945. El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos. Ministerio de Agricultura, Estación Experimental 

Agricola de La Molina. Lima, Peru. 776 p. Keywords: Polymnia sonchifolia, Pachyrhizus erosus, geographic 

distribution, Peru, use, Phaseolus augusti, Phaseolus pachyrrhizoides, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus lunatus, 

phytogeography, taxonomy, Arracacia xanthorrhiza. 

Weddell, H.A. 1857. Notice sur l’ahipa et l’aricoma, plantes alimentaires du Haut-Pérou. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 4:111- 

115. Keywords: Pachyrhizus ahipa, ahipa, Polymnia sonchifolia, yacon, aricoma, Bolivia, Peru, ethnobotany, 

Polymnia edulis, taxonomy. 

Wells, J.R. 1965. A taxonomic study of Polymnia (Compositae). Brittonia 17:144-159. Keywords: Taxonomy, yacon, 

Polymnia sonchifolia, wild species, geographic distribution, ethnobotany, Andean región. 

Wilhelm de Mosbach, E. 1992. Botánica indígena de Chile. Editorial Andres Bello. Santiago, Chile. 140 p. 

Keywords: Rubus, Fragaria, Ribes, ethnobotany, Oxalis, Tropaeolum, Phaseolus, mapuche, root crops, use. 

Yacovleff, E. 1933. La jiquima, raíz comestible extinguida en el Perú. Rev. Mus. Nac. Lima 2(1):51-66. Keywords: 

Pachyrhizus, yam bean, jicama, archaeology, taxonomy, Pachyrhizus tuberosus, Pachyrhizus ahipa, ethnobotany. 

Zardini, E. 1991. Ethnobotanical notes on “Yacon”, Polymnia sonchifolia (Asteraceae). Economic Botany 45(1):72- 

85. Keywords: Ethnobotany, conservation, vegetables, Compositae, plant genetic resources. 

Zukovskij, P.M. 1962. Cultivated plants and their wild relatives. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Bucks, 

England. 107 p. Keywords: Crop origin, Manihot esculenta, cassava, crop history, plant migration, archaeology, 

Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Arracacia xanthorhiza, wild ancestor, Andean region. 

CROP MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION 

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the growth and development of in vitro sweet potato plantlets cultured photoautotrophically. In Vitro Cellular and 

Developmental Biology Plant 35(6):470-474. Keywords: In vitro culture, sweet potatoes, acclimatization, 

cellulose, cuttings, porosity, seaweeds, culture media, vermiculite. 

Annerose, D., O. Diouf., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. Research on the 

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the yield of root tubers of Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on 

Tuberous Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 125-130p. Keywords: Biomass production, crop 

production, ecotypes, flowers, genotypes, marketing, plant development, pruning, deblossoming, root crops. 

Ayuk Takem, J.A. and H.R. Chhedda. 1985. Grain yield potential of some diverse maize (Zea mays L.) 

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Canahua Zaga, A. 1977. Cultivo de la arracacha en Puno (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr.) Pp 268-271 in Primer 

Congreso Internacional sobre Cultivos Andinos, Ayacucho, 25-28 octubre, 1977. La Paz, Bolivia. Ministerio de 

Asuntos Campesinos y Agropecuarios; IICA. Keywords: White carrot, production, Andean crops. 

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Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and yield of Pachyrhizus erosus (L) urban cultivars and Pachyrhizus ahipa (wedd) 

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Castillo, T. R. 1984. La zanahoria blanca. Desde el Surco No: 42:38-45. Keywords: Arracacia xanthorrhiza, 

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carbohydrates. 239 p. Keywords: Sweet potatoes, potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, yams, cassava, starch 

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Goenaga, R. and U. Chardon. 1993. Nutrient uptake, growth and yield performance of three tanier (Xanthosoma 

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Nicotiana, Chenopodium quinoa, Erythroxylon coca, Oxalis, ethnobotany. 

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Studies on overcoming low seed-setting in cross between sweetpotato and 2n pollen clones of its closely related 

triploid hybrid with plant growth regulator. Acta Agronomica Sinica 25(3):328-334. Keywords: Growth regulators, 

sweet potatoes, fertilization, pollen germination, interspecific hybridization, ovaries, seeds, pollination, seed 

production, hybrid seed production. 

Hulugalle, N.R., R. Lal and O.A. Opara Nadi. 1986. Effect of spatial orientation of mulch on soil properties and 

growth of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) on an Ultisol. Journal of Root Crops 

12(1):37-49. Keywords: Mulches, ultisols, plant residues, soil types genetic. 

Irizarry, H. and M.A. Acosta. 1974. Effect of plant density on marketable yield, tuber number, and mean weight of 

three tanier cultivars. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 58(1):37-43. Keywords: Spacing, 

stand density, sugar crops, tuber crops. 

Irizarry, H., J. Badillo and J.R. Rivera. 1976. Effect of time of planting and age at harvest on marketable yield and 

quality of four tanier cultivars. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 60(2):235-261. Keywords: 

Planting date, cooking quality, harvesting, growth period, sugar crops, sowing date. 

Irizarry, H., M. Capiel and A. Acosta Matienzo. 1977. Yield of twelve tanier cultivars grown with and without 

irrigation in east-central Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 61(1):100-105.


Keywords: Irrigation, responses, variety trials, sugar crops. 

Johns, T. 1981. The anu and the maca. Journal of Etnobiology 1(2):208-212. Keywords: Tropaeolum tuberosum, 

Lepidium meyenii, uses, cultivation. 

Karikari, S.K. 1974. Cocoyam cultivation in Ghana. Ghana Farmer 18(1-2):30-35. Keywords: Cultivars, cooking 

quality, sugar crops. 

León, J. 1964. The maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.): A litte known food plant of Peru. Economic Botany 18(2):122-127. 

Keywords: Uses, cultivation. 

Lu, A.N., T.C. Kao., P.N. Dah and T.S. Hong. 1985. Studies on the agronomic characteristics of edible Canna 

tubers. Bulletin of Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station No. 10:101-104. Keywords: Leaves, colour, 

tubers, root crops. 

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Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela 

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Lugo, M.d.L., E. Acevedo., L.C. Liu., N.M. Acin and L.L.M. de. 1998. Oxyfluorfen in ‘Estela’ and ‘Alela’ tanier. 

Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 82(3-4):221-223. Keywords: Phytotoxicity, herbicides, 

weed control, chemical control, crop yield, crop plants as weeds, root crops. 

Melo, Z.L.d.O. and C.R. Bueno. 2000. Development of yam beans in a floodplain area. Horticultura Brasileira 18(1):9-15. 

Keywords: Inflorescences, pruning, staking, metabolism, chlorophyll. 

Mercado Silva, E., R. Garcia., A. Heredia Zepeda and M. Cantwell. 1998. Development of chilling injury in five 

jicama cultivars. Postharvest Biology and Technology 13(1):37-43. Keywords: Storage disorders, chilling injury, 

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Mochida, H., T. Kobayashi and H. Niimi. 1999. Growth and yield of sugar producing yacon in southern Kyushu. 

Report of the Kyushu Branch of the Crop Science Society of Japan No. 65:63-65. Keywords: Yields, fertilizers, 

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cultivars. 

Mora, Q.A., M.J. Morera., F. Cadima., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. 

Evaluation of yield of two cultivars of yam beans (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) in association with a cultivar of 

cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes 

Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 191-203. Keywords: Cassava, yields, cropping systems, 

intercropping, crop yield. 

Morera, M.J., Q.A. Mora., F. Cadima., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. A 

study of growth and development of plants of yam beans (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) in association with a 

cultivar of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous 

Legumes GuanajuatoMexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 205-219. Keywords: Cassava, cropping systems, 

intercropping, growth, cultivars. 

Nakanishi, Y., H. Toyohara., M. Miyata and M. Amano. 1994. Traditional cultivation and cropping patterns in Papua 

New Guinea. 1. Rational diversity of shifting cultivation systems in sparsely populated areas. Japanese Journal of 

Tropical Agriculture 38(4):328-334. Keywords: Erosion, diversity, sago, cropping systems, cultural methods, 

traditional farming, genetic diversity, yams. 

Nielsen, P.E., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. Reproductive pruning in 

Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes 

Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 245-251. Keywords: Pruning, variety trials, yields, root crops. 

Nielsen, P.E., M. Halafihi., M. Sorensen., O. Stolen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. Pruning 

practices in Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Spreng. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous 

Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 231-244. Keywords: Dry matter, pruning, crop yield, flowers. 

Olasantan, F.O. 1990. The response of cocoyam, Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott, to row arrangement, maize 

intercrop, and frequency of young leaf harvest. Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin 

28(1):49-58. Keywords: Leaves, removal, intercropping, cocoyam, maize. 

Onokpise, O.U., M. Boya Meboka and J.G. Wutoh. 1992. Hybridisation and fruit formation in macabo cocoyam 

(Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott). Annals of Applied Biology 120(3):527-535. Keywords: Plant morphology, 

plant growth regulators, seed morphology, seed production, yield components, hybridization, pollination. 

Pearsall, D.M. 1988. La producción de alimentos en Real Alto: la aplicación de las técnicas etnobotánicas al 

problema de la subsistencia en el período formativo ecuatoriano. Biblioteca Ecuatoriana de Arqueología,


Corporación Editora Nacional. Quito, Ecuador. 234 p. Keywords: Zea mays, Canavalia, Canna edulis, archaeology, 

achira, maize, crop history, Ecuador. 

Pietila, L. and P. Jokela. 1990. Seed set of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Loz.). Variation between clones and 

enhancement of seed production through the application of plant growth regulators. Euphytica 47(2): 139-145. 

Keywords: Root vegetables, genetic differences, seed production, growth regulators, yield components, root crops, 

growth retardants. 

Pietila, L., P. Jokela and J. Salo. 1990. Seed of Ullucus tuberosus - an apomict or not. Euphytica 47(2):117-120. 

Keywords: Root vegetables, biotechnology, polymorphism, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, 

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Pietila, L. and P. Jokela. 1994. Developmental abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac of ulluco (Ullucus 

tuberosus) and their effect on seed set. Euphytica 75(1-2):31-39. Keywords: Root vegetables, reproduction, plant 

embryos, sexual reproduction, ovules, embryo sac, abnormal development, fertility, embryology, root crops. 

Pietila, L. 1995. Pollination requirements for seed set in ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus). Euphytica 84(2):127-131. 

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Plchova, R. 1997. Polymnia sonchifolia (Poepp. et Endl.) and its growing in Czech Republic. Agricultura Tropica et 

Subtropica No. 30:61-69. Keywords: Cultural methods, ecotypes, plant morphology, vegetables. 

Plucknett, D.L. 1978. Tolerance of some tropical root crops and starch-producing tree crops to suboptimal land 

conditions. In Crop Tolerance to Suboptimal Land Conditions No.32:125-144. Keywords: Soil fertility, responses, 

root crops, starch crops, soil water regimes, tropics. 

Popenoe, H.L. 1992. New crops for South America’s farmers. Acta Horticulturae No. 318:209-210. Keywords: 

Flavour, cherimoyas, tamarillos, production possibilities, Arracacia xanthorrhiza, Ullucus tuberosus, fruit 

vegetables, subtropical crops. 

Ratanadilok, N., K. Suriyawan., S. Thanaisawanrayangkura., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. 

Rios Ruiz. 1998. Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) and its economic potential. Proceedings of 2nd 

International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 261-273. Keywords: 

Nutritive value, characteristics, cultivars, quality, yields, landraces, protein content, variety trials, evaluation, 

characterization. 

Ray, P.K., S. Mishra and S.S. Mishra. 1982. Yes, yam bean can yield more. Intensive Agriculture 20(2):8-9. 

Keywords: Cultivars, Pachyrhizus. 

Rea, J. and J. León. 1965. La mauka (Mirabilis expansa Ruiz & Pavon), un aporte de la agricultura andina 

prehispánica de Bolivia. Anales Científicos Universidad Nacional Agraria, Lima, Perú 3(1):38-41. Keywords: Mauka, 

cultivation, Bolivia. 

Rea, J. 1982. El miso (Mirabilis expansa): Una contribución de la agricultura pre-inca de Ecuador y Bolivia. Desde el 

Surco (Ecuador) 23: 26. Keywords: Cultivation, uses, genetic resources. 

Rehm, S. and G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics. Cultivation, economic value, 

utilization. Verlag Josef Margraf. Weikersheim, Germany. 552 p. Keywords: Pachyrhizus erosus, Pachyrhizus 

ahipa, Pachyrhizus tuberosus, use, geographic distribution. 

Resende, G.M.d. and G.M. de Resende. 2000. Yield components of sweet potato cultivars harvested on two dates in 

Porteirinha, Minas Gerais. Horticultura Brasileira 18(1):68-71. Keywords: Cultivars, sweet potatoes, harvesting date. 

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tuberosus - Basellaceae), a supposedly asexual Andean tuber crop. Acta Horticulturae No. 182:145-152. 

Keywords: Photoperiodism, flowering, sexual reproduction, genetic resources, root crops. 

Rousi, A., M. Yli Rekola., P. Jokela., R. Kalliola., L. Pietila and J. Salo. 1988. The fruit of Ullucus (Basellaceae), 

an old enigma. Taxon 37(1):71-75. Keywords: Sexual reproduction, seed production, root crops. 

Rousi, A., P. Jokela., R. Kalliola., L. Pietila., J. Salo and M. Yli Rekola. 1989. Morphological variation among clones 

of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus, Basellaceae) collected in southern Peru. Economic Botany 43(1):58-72. Keywords: 

Genetic resources, root vegetables, chromosome number, sexual reproduction, morphology, root crops. 

Salick, J. 1989. Ecological basis of Amuesha agriculture, Peruvian upper Amazon. Adv. Econ. Bot. 7:189-212. 

Keywords: Peru, Manihot esculenta, cassava, Xanthosoma, Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato, Pachyrhizus, yam 

bean, Dioscorea, yam, use, agroforestry, agronomy. 

Saray Meza, C.R. and A. Palacios Alvarez. 1980. The effect of soil moisture on the yield and form of roots of the 

yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.). Chapingo No. 21-22:17-23. Keywords: Irrigation, tubers, Pachyrhizus.


Sen, H. and S.K. Mukhopadhyay. 1989. Effect of nitrogen and potassium on tuber yield and quality of yam bean 

(Pachyrrhizus erosus). Journal of Root Crops 15(1):33-37. Keywords: Fertilizers, nitrogen, potassium, nitrogen 

fertilizers, potassium fertilizers. 

Sivan, P., C.J. Asher., F.P.C. Blamey., E.T. Craswell and O.S. JN. 1996. Effects of potassium on drought tolerance 

of taro and tannia. Mineral nutrient disorders of root crops in the Pacific: Proceedings of a workshop Kingdom of 

Tonga 17-20 April 1995. 1996, 100-104. Keywords: Mineral deficiencies, drought resistance, mineral nutrition, 

stomatal resistance, leaf area, Dioscorea, Canna. 

SK, O.H., J. Janick and J.E. Simon. 1990. Tropical root and tuber crops. Advances in new crops 

developmenteconomics’, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, 23-26 October 1988. 1990, 424-428. Keywords: Cassava, 

production possibilities, sweet potatoes, yams. 

Smole, W.J. 1989. Yanoama horticulture in the Parima highlands of Venezuela and Brazil. Adv. Econ. Bot. 7:115-128. 

Keywords: Amazon, Orinoco, Manihot esculenta, cassava, bitter, Xanthosoma, sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, 

forest, in situ conservation. 

Tanaka, N. 1998. Economic botanical notes on edible Canna (Cannaceae) in South Vietnam. Journal of Japanese 

Botany 73(6):319-324. Keywords: Crop management, production possibilities, consumption, tannia, economics, 

rhizomes, utilization. 

Terrazas, F. and G. Valdivia. 1998. Spatial dynamics of in situ conservation: handling the genetic diversity of 

Andean tubers in mosaic systems. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No. 114:9-15. Keywords: In situ 

conservation, genetic diversity, cultivars, germplasm, microclimate, phenotypic variation. 

Trognitz, B.R., S. Carrion and M. Hermann. 2000. Expression of stylar incompatibility in the Andean clonal tuber crop 

oca (Oxalis tuberosa Mol., Oxalidaceae). Sexual Plant Reproduction 13(2):105-111. Keywords: Incompatibility, 

anthers, flowers, fertility, pollen germination. 

Trujillo, L.E., J.G. Arrieta., G.A. Enriquez., F. Dafhnis., A.D. Fuentes., R. Garcia., M. Soto., D. Alfonso., A. 

Banguela., L. Hernandez and A.D. Arencibia. 1999. Strategies for fructan production in transgenic sugarcane 

(Saccharum spp. L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) plants expressing the Acetobacter diazotrophicus 

levansucrase. Plant genetic engineering: towards the third millennium: Proceedings of the International Symposium 

on Plant Genetic Engineering, Havana, Cuba. 5-7p. Keywords: Sugarcane, sweet potatoes, transgenic plants, gene 

expression, recombinant proteins, sugar crops; biotechnology. 

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the 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 1998, 285-290. 

Keywords: Mediterranean climate, fertilizers, pruning, nitrogen fixation, flowers, removal, landraces. 

Williams, L.O. 1978. The anu in Mexico. Economic Botany 32(1):104. Keywords: Tropaeolum tuberosum, cultivation. 

Wiseman, F.M. 1978. Agricultural and historical ecology of the Maya lowlands. Pp. 63-115 In Pre-Hispanic Maya 

agriculture. (P.D. Harrison and B.L. Turner II (eds.)). University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 

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Yamaguchi, M. 1983. World vegetables - Principles, production and nutritive values. Ellis Horwood Ltd. Publishers. 

Chichester, United Kingdom. 415 p. Keywords: Pachyrhizus tuberosus, Pachyrhizus ahipa, Pachyrhizus erosus, 

use, plant morphology, Xanthosoma, Dioscorea, Manihot, Ipomoea, Sechium. 

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 

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of mechanisms of drought tolerance in two genotypes of Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban and one genotype of 

Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Sprengel. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous 

Legumes. Guanajuato, Mexico. 5-8 August 1996. 361-375. Keywords: Drought, genotypes, stomata, transpiration, 

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5-8 August 1996. 97-114. Keywords: Harvesting date, pruning, cultivars, yields, crop yield, flowers, removal, 

tubers, plant breeding. 

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Council, N.R. 1989. Lost crops of the Incas: little known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. 

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Legumes Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 399-406p. Keywords: Carbohydrates, fructose, sucrose 

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Tuber-pod competition and drought responses in yam bean (Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi). Proceedings of the 

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imbibition, plant composition, anatomy, physiology, seed anatomy, ultrastructure. 

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Kjaer, S. 1992. Biological nitrogen fixation in Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi. Ann. Bot. 70:11-17. Keywords: Yam 

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cytological changes in senescing corolla of four-o’clock flower (Mirabilis jalapa L.). Acta Botanica Sinica 36(2): 116- 

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Lovett Doust, L., J. Lovett Doust and P. Cavers. 1981. Fertility relationships in closely related taxa of Oxalis, 

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Cytologia 64(2):215-221. Keywords: Nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, electron microscopy, hydration, pollen 

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number in maca, Lepidium meyenii (Brassicaceae). Econ. Bot. 50(2):216-223. Keywords: Chromosome number, 

acid soils, root crops, polyploidy, photoperiodism, soil pH. 

Rose, J.K.C., D.A. Brummell and A.B. Bennett. 1996. Two divergent xyloglucan endotransglycosylases exhibit mutually 

exclusive patterns of expression in nasturtium. Plant Physiology 110(2): 493-499. Keywords: Molecular genetics, plant 

tissues, genes, nucleotide sequences, gene expression, physiology, biotechnology, Tropaeolum majus. 

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seeds of Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium). Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences. Series 3, Sciences de 

la Vie 310(3):89-95. Keywords: Cell walls, seeds, development, biochemistry, cytology, metabolism, plant 

physiology, carbohydrates. 

Shayk, M., P.E. Kolattukudy and R. Davis. 1977. Production of a novel extracellular cutinase by the pollen and the 

chemical composition and ultrastructure of the stigma cuticle of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus). Plant Physiology 

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Souza, J.G., A.T.P. Thi., J.V.d. Silva., A. Tashakorie., J.V. da Silva., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and 

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Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes, Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 523- 

531p. Keywords: Biomass, chloroplasts, photosynthesis, respiration, water content, plasma membranes, drought 

resistance, landraces. 

Tiwari, S.C. and B.E.S. Gunning. 1986. Development and cell surface of a non-syncytial invasive tapetum in 

Canna: ultrastructural, freeze-substitution, cytochemical and immunofluorescence study. Protoplasma 134(1):1-16. 

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Tiwari, S.C. and B.E.S. Gunning. 1986. Development of tapetum and microspores in Canna L.: an example of an 

invasive but non-syncytial tapetum. Annals of Botany 57(4): 557-563. Keywords: Pollen, development, cytology. 

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Venthou Dumaine, A., V. Vaillant., M. Sorensen., E.J. Estrella., O.J. Hamann and S.A. Rios Ruiz. 1998. 

Comparative development of three species of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban, P. tuberosus (Lam.) 

Spreng. and P. ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes, 

Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 291-296p. Keywords: Dry matter accumulation, dry matter distribution, 

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Vierheilig, H., R. Bennett., G. Kiddle., M. Kaldorf and J. Ludwig Muller. 2000. Differences in glucosinolate 

patterns and arbuscular mycorrhizal status of glucosinolate-containing plant species. New Phytologist 146(2):343- 

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Yabuta, Y., K. Yoshimura., T. Takeda and S. Shigeoka. 2000. Molecular characterization of tobacco mitochondrial 

L-galactono-gamma-lactone dehydrogenase and its expression in Escherichia coli. Plant and Cell Physiology 

41(6):666-675. Keywords: Tobacco, complementary DNA, genetic transformation, sweet potatoes, amino acid 

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Yun., G.H. Huh., H.S. Lee., S.Y. Kwon., J.K. Jo., J.S. Kim., K.Y. Cho and S.S. Kwak. 2000. Differential resistance 

to methyl viologen in transgenic tobacco plants that express sweet potato peroxidases. Journal of Plant 

Physiology 156(4): 504-509. Keywords: Peroxidases, sweet potatoes, tobacco, transgenic plants, isoenzymes, 

genetic transformation, genetic engineering, biotechnology. 

ENTOMOLOGY 

Alavez Solano, D., J.R. Reyes Chilpa., M.A. Jimenez Estrada., M.A. Villavicencio., B.E. Perez Escandon., F. 

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insecticidal activity of seeds of Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium 

on Tuberous Legumes, Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 535-548p. Keywords: Medicinal plants, insecticidal 

plants, insecticidal properties, plant composition, plant extracts, cultivars, pesticidal plants, agricultural 

entomology. 

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27(1):7-17. Keywords: Plant parasitic nematodes, interactions, plant extracts, nematicidal plants, chemical 

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the International Symposium on Plant Genetic Engineering, Havana, Cuba. Keywords: In vitro regeneration, 

genetic transformation, plant growth regulators, pest resistance, tissue culture, gene expression, sweet potatoes, 

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Kumar, R. 1989. Biology and management of root and tuber pests in tropical Africa. Discovery and Innovation 

1(4):44-49. Keywords: Quarantine, insecticides, chemical control, biological control, cassava, yams, sweet 

potatoes, arthropod pests, pest control, agricultural entomology. 

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Shideler, F.S. and H. Rincon. 1984. Proceedings: sixth symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root 

Crops, Lima, Peru, 21-26 February, 1983. Keywords: Tropics, root crops, agricultural entomology. 

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Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 53(4):487-495. Keywords: Corms, plant composition, storage, 

proteins, sugars, starch, amino acids, biochemistry. 

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Bolle, M.F.C.d., F.R.G. Terras., B.P.A. Cammue., S.B. Rees., W.F. Broekaert., M.F.C. De Bolle., B. Fritig and M. 

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study of their structure and biological activities. Mechanisms of plant defense responses p 433-436 In 

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the European Foundation for Plant Pathology. Strasbourg, 

France, 24-27 August 1992. Keywords: Peptides, radishes, antifungal properties, antibacterial properties, plant 

composition, proteins. 

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1995. Cloning and characterization of two cDNA clones encoding seed-specific antimicrobial peptides from 

Mirabilis jalapa L. Plant Molecular Biology 28(4):713-721. Keywords: Complementary DNA, characterization,


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Seed oils, fatty acids, erucic acid. 

Chowdhury, B. and M. Hussain. 1979. Chemical composition of the edible parts of aroids grown in Bangladesh. 

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 49(2):110-115. Keywords: Vegetables, plant composition, protein, starch, 

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Comerford, S.C. 1996. Medicinal plants of two Mayan healers from San Andrés, Petén, Guatemala. Econ. Bot. 

50(3):327-336. Keywords: Use, ethnobotany, Annona reticulata, Annonas quamosa, Carica papaya, Byrsonima 

crassifolia, nance, Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava, guayava, Mirabilis jalapa, Pouteria sapota, Nicotiana 

tabacum, tobacco, Sapotaceae. 

Council, N.R. 1979. Tropical legumes: resources for the future. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C., 

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tepary bean, Canavalia ensiformis, use, nutrition, Erythrina edulis . 

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biosynthesis from seedlings of Tropaeolum majus L. Plant Physiology 111(3):831-837. Keywords: Seedlings, 

biosynthesis, enzymes, metabolism, in vitro culture, ascorbic acid, plant composition, biochemistry. 

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Rios Ruiz. 1998. Preliminary studies of the genus Pachyrhizus DC in Venezuela. Proceedings of 2nd 

International Symposium on Tuberous Legumes, Guanajuato, Mexico, 5-8 August 1996. 139-154p. Keywords: 

Protein content, evaluation, plant density, crop husbandry, variety trials, root crops. 

Fanutti, C., M.J. Gidley and J.S.G. Reid. 1996. Substrate subsite recognition of the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 

or xyloglucan-specific endo-(14)-beta-D-glucanase from the cotyledons of 

germinated nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) seeds. Planta 200(2):221-228. Keywords: Seeds, metabolism, 

enzyme activity, hydrolysis, seedlings, biochemistry. 

Fernandez, C.E., H. Lipavska and J. Michl. 1997. Determination of saccharides content in different ecotypes of 

yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig and Endlicher) cultivated under conditions of Czech Republic. Agricultura 

Tropica et Subtropica No. 30:79-87. Keywords: Food products, inulin, fructose, plant composition, tubers, 

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Fernandez, M.V., W.A. Warid., J.M. Loaiza and C.A. Montiel. 1997. Developmental patterns of jicama (Pachyrhizus 

erosus (L.) Urban) and the chemical constituents of roots grown in Sonora, Mexico. Plant Foods for Human 

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Flores, H.E., T. Flores., T. Johns and J.T. Romeo. 1997. Biology and biochemistry of underground plant storage organs. 

Functionality of food phytochemicals. Keywords: Root crops, plant composition, proteins, potatoes, sweet potatoes. 

Fukai, K., S. Miyazaki., F. Nanjo and Y. Hara. 1993. Distribution of carbohydrates and related enzyme activities in 

yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia). Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 39(3):567-571. Keywords: Plant composition, 

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Fukai, K., S. Ohno., K. Goto., F. Nanjo and Y. Hara. 1997. Seasonal fluctuations in fructan content and related 

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