High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF) Toolkit for Malaysia: A ...

DRAFT 

High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF) 

Toolkit for Malaysia: 

A national guide for identifying, managing and 

monitoring High Conservation Value Forests 

4th Draft 

May 2009 

WWF-Malaysia

Contents 

Abbreviations ......................................................................................... 3 

1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 5 

1.1 Objective.................................................................................... 5 

1.2 Background................................................................................ 5 

1.3 Overview of HCVF....................................................................... 6 

1.4 What is this toolkit?.................................................................... 8 

1.5 How to use this toolkit ............................................................... 9 

1.6 Other potential uses of the toolkit............................................ 10 

2 Toolkit Proper: Interpretation of HCVF in Malaysia.......................... 12 

HCV 1 Biodiversity Values............................................................. 12 

HCV1.1 Protected Areas ................................................................. 12 

HCV1.2 Threatened and Endangered Species.................................. 13 

HCV1.3 Endemism.......................................................................... 15 

HCV1.4 Critical Temporal Use......................................................... 17 

HCV 2 Landscape-level Forest ...................................................... 18 

HCV 3 Ecosystems ........................................................................ 22 

HCV 4 Services of Nature.............................................................. 24 

HCV 4.1 Watershed Protection...................................................... 24 

HCV 4.2 Erosion Control............................................................... 25 

HCV 4.3 Barriers to Destructive Fire................................................. 27 

HCV 5 Basic Needs of Local Communities ..................................... 29 

HCV 6 Cultural Identity of Local Communities .............................. 31 

3 References...................................................................................... 33 

Appendix 1. Rare, threatened & endangered species of large mammal in 

Malaysia................................................................................................ 38 

Appendix 2. Selected localities with endemic tree or mammal species .. 39 

Appendix 3. Management of HCV1 (Biodiversity Values - Wildlife). ....... 41 

Appendix 4. List of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) for Malaysia ................. 48 

Appendix 5. Habitat preferences of Malaysian mammals by related 

groups.................................................................................................. 51 

Appendix 6. PERHILITAN Ecosystem Assessment for Peninsular Malaysia. 

............................................................................................................. 53 

1

Appendix 7. Forest type classifications and assessments in Sabah........ 55 

Sub-alpine Vegetation .......................................................................... 55 

Appendix 8. Forest type classifications and assessments in Sarawak. ... 56 

Appendix 9. Guide to identifying forest areas fundamental to meeting 

basic needs of local communities (HCV 5) and/or critical to local 

communities’ traditional cultural identity (HCV 6) ................................. 57 

Appendix 10. How to implement the LOAM process.............................. 64 

Appendix 11. Relevant organisations to contact.................................... 65 

Appendix 12. List of participants in expert review 27-28 May 2008. .... 71 

Appendix 13. Classes of Forest Reserve and prohibitions under Sabah 

Forest Enactment 1968 ......................................................................... 72 

Appendix 14. List of Totally Protected (prohibited hunting & collection) 

animals & plants under the Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 

............................................................................................................. 73 

Appendix 15. List of Protected (limited hunting & collection under licence) 

animals & plants under Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 ... 74 

Appendix 16. List of Protected (hunting licence required) animals under 

the Sabah Wildlife Enactment 1997 ....................................................... 79 

Appendix 17. Relevant extracts from Sabah Sustainable Forest 

Management Licence Agreement (SFMLA) ............................................. 80 

Appendix 18. Mammal Tracks of Thailand ............................................ 84 

2

Abbreviations 

ASIP Agouti Signaling Peptide (gene) 

CFS Central Forest Spine 

DTCP Department of Town and Country Planning 

DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks Malaysia 

(PERHILITAN) 

EPU Economic Planning Unit 

FDPM Forest Department Peninsular Malaysia 

FDRS Fire Danger Rating System 

FFMC Fine Fuel Moisture Code 

FMP Forest Management Plan 

FMU Forest Management Unit 

FRC Forest Research Centre 

FRIM Forest Research Institute Malaysia 

FSC Forest Stewardship Council, Asociación Civil 

HCV High Conservation Value 

HCVF High Conservation Value Forest 

IBA Important Bird Area 

KDCA Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah 

LAC Limits of Acceptable Change 

LOAM Landscape Outcome Assessment Methodology 

MC&I(2002) Malaysian Criteria and Indicators for Forest Management 

Certification 

MNS Malaysian Nature Society 

MTCC Malaysian Timber Certification Council 

MTCS Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme 

MMD Malaysian Meteorological Department 

MY Malaysia 

NCS National Conservation Strategy 

P&C Principles and Criteria 

P3DM Participatory 3D Modelling 

PACOS Partners of Community Organisations 

PERHILITAN Department of Wildlife & National Parks Malaysia (DWNP) 

PFE Permanent Forest Estate 

3

PM 

RESCU 

RIL 

SFC 

STA 

STD 

TPA 

UKM 

WCS 

WWF 

WWF-MY 

Peninsular Malaysia 

Resource Stewardship Consultants Sendirian Berhad 

Reduced Impact Logging 

Sarawak Forestry Corporation 

Sarawak Timber Association 

Standard 

Totally Protected Area 

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 

Wildlife Conservation Society 

World Wide Fund for Nature 

WWF-Malaysia 

4

1 Introduction 

1.1 Objective 

The High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF) Toolkit for Malaysia aims to 

provide an overview of the practical guidance available to forest 

managers and other stakeholders to identify, manage, and monitor HCVF 

in Malaysia as specified by various national and international standards of 

forest management. In particular, the Toolkit is intended to help forest 

managers comply with Principle 9 in both the Forest Stewardship Council 

(FSC) and the Malaysian Criteria and Indicators for Forest Management 

Certification [MC&I(2002)], the standard adopted by the National Steering 

Committee for the certification of natural forests in Malaysia 1 . 

1.2 Background 

The HCVF concept is being promoted and applied by schemes involved in 

the certification of responsible forest management in Malaysia. However, 

it is generally felt that there is insufficient guidance on the 

implementation of the HCVF concept. A series of workshops and 

meetings were held to initiate and facilitate the development of a HCVF 

toolkit for Malaysia. These efforts were spearheaded by WWF-Malaysia 

who has formed a Technical Working Group to develop this toolkit. 

This toolkit is the outcome of an expert review (written feedback on the 

2 nd Draft was received from 12 individuals/organisations), a two-day 

expert group discussion held in May 2008 (see list of participants in 

Appendix 12) to produce the 3 rd Draft, and separate stakeholder 

consultations for Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak have provided 

input for the 4 th draft. 

1 Lists of most of the relevant legislation and associated guidelines are included in the 

MC&I(2002). 

5

1.3 Overview of HCVF 

Besides their economic value, forests also contain environmental and 

social values, such as wildlife habitat, watershed protection and cultural 

significance. Areas within forests where these values are considered to be 

of outstanding significance or of critical importance based on an agreed 

set of criteria can be defined as High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) 

areas. Identifying these values, knowing to whom these values are 

considered important, and locating the forest areas which harbour these 

values is the essential first step for the effective assessment and 

management of these values. 

The HCVF concept was initially developed by the Forest Stewardship 

Council (FSC) for use in forest management certification. Within FSC 

certification forest managers are required to identify any HCVF attribute 

that occur within their individual forest management units and manage 

them in order to maintain or enhance the attributes identified. The FSC’s 

definition encompasses exceptional or critical ecological attributes, 

ecosystem services and social functions. 

The types of HCVF areas defined by FSC are listed below. 

HCV 

Element 

1 Forest areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant 

concentrations of biodiversity values 

1.1 

Protected Areas 

1.2 

Threatened and endangered species 

1.3 

Endemic species 

1.4 

Critical temporal use 

2 Globally, regionally or nationally significant large landscape-level forests 

3 Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems 

4 Forest areas that provide basic services of nature in critical situations 

4.1 

Forests critical to water catchments 

4.2 

Forests critical to erosion control 

4.3 

Forests providing barriers to destructive fire 

5 Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities (e.g. 

subsistence, health) 

6

6 Forest areas critical to local communities’ traditional cultural identity 

The ‘HCV’ 1-6 numbering system used by the Global HCVF Toolkit 

(Jennings et al., 2003) is generally accepted and is adopted for this 

toolkit. 

The identification and management of HCVF at the FMU level requires the 

following steps: 

1. Interpret the global definition (this toolkit) 

2. Identify potential HCVF (desktop “preliminary assessment”) 

3. Identify specific HCVF components in the field & through 

consultation 

4. Zone HCVF areas, buffer zones and note compartments 

5. Identify limits of acceptable change (LAC) for maintaining HCVF 

6. Plan precautionary management prescriptions for HCVF 

compartments 

7. Implement management activities 

8. Monitor impact of management activities 

9. Evaluate impact of management activities 

10. Adapt management where appropriate 

These steps fit into an adaptive management framework (Figure 1). Steps 

1-6 involve planning, Step 7 action, 8 monitoring, 9 evaluation and 10 

planning again. 

7

PLAN 

EVALUATE 

ACT 

MONITOR 

Figure 1. The Adaptive Management Cycle. 

A detailed approach to managing and monitoring HCVF is given by the 

Global Toolkit. 

1.4 What is this toolkit? 

The HCVF Toolkit for Malaysia is a National Interpretation of the FSC 

definition and is being developed in the context of the Global Toolkit and 

HCV Resource Network (see www.hcvnetwork.org). This national 

interpretation was derived through a consultative process involving 

expert input and feedback from stakeholders. The toolkit will be used to 

identify, manage and monitor HCVF in the field following the general 

framework below: 

8

Global Toolkit 

Identify 

Data 

Classification 

Expert Opinion 

Interpretation 

National 

Manage 

Monitor 

HCV Resource Network 

Figure 2. The context of a National Interpretation of HCVF. 

In addition, the development of the HCVF Toolkit for Malaysia takes into 

consideration existing initiatives in forest certification, in particular the 

Malaysian Timber Certification Scheme (MTCS), operated by the Malaysian 

Timber Certification Council (MTCC), and the FSC National Initiative. 

1.5 How to use this toolkit 

Section 2 (Interpretation of HCVF in Malaysia) provides step-by-step 

explanations and guidelines on how to identify potential HCVs in an area. 

The guidelines are presented in tabular format, with one table for 

identification and one table for management recommendations. 

Suggested tasks are outlined in the left column while information sources 

and guidance documents are listed in the right column. Where applicable, 

different information sources are indicated for Peninsular Malaysia (PM), 

Sabah and Sarawak. Additional useful information is provided in the form 

of appendices at the end of this toolkit. 

9

Although this toolkit includes useful practical information, much of the 

guidance on HCVs is necessarily general. It should be kept in mind that 

all surveys and monitoring protocols are necessarily site-specific, and 

one uniform approach cannot be recommended for all situations. As such 

this toolkit only functions as a guide, and is not intended to serve as a 

how-to manual for conducting fieldwork; forest managers are advised to 

seek appropriate input and further details from relevant experts. 

Please note that an area may contain several overlapping HCVs, which 

forest managers may want to use as an indication of higher conservation 

value when devising management prescriptions. Conversely, not all 6 

HCVs will necessarily be relevant or present within a FMU, and forest 

managers are only required to manage whatever HCVs actually do exist 

there. 

1.6 Other potential uses of the toolkit 

This document is primarily intended for application with the FSC 

Principles & Criteria, and also the MC&I(2002), which is relevant to the 

management of natural forest within the Permanent Reserved Forest (i.e. 

inside gazetted forest reserves). However, it is acknowledged that this 

document may be of interest and potential relevance to other sectors 

involved in defining/assessing HCVFs. 

The HCV network notes that while forest management is the primary 

application, the concept also has a number of other uses (Figure 3). 

10

Figure 3. Potential applications of the HCV concept 

Source: www.hcvnetwork.org 

This document covers the identification of HCVF and discusses potential 

management prescriptions associated with natural forest management. 

However the methodology employed for the identification of HCVF might 

potentially be used by sectors who are interested to conduct HCV 

assessments prior to forest conversion for development. It is 

acknowledged that this document makes management prescriptions on 

HCVF areas from the point of view of the natural forest sector. Other 

sectors should consider developing additional management prescriptions 

for their respective purposes via a consultative stakeholder approach 

similar to that followed for the development of this toolkit. 

11

2 Toolkit Proper: Interpretation of HCVF in Malaysia 

HCV 1 

Biodiversity Values 

Forest area contains globally, regionally or nationally significant 

biodiversity values (e.g. endemism, endangered species, sites of 

critical temporal use). 

HCV1.1 Protected Areas 

All forest areas that have been legally gazetted as Protected Areas under 

Malaysian legislation (either federal or state), are HCV 1.1. The Protected 

Areas Master List commissioned by the Ministry of Natural Resources & 

Environment has listed all areas that fall under this category, and should 

therefore be the first point of reference. However, this HCV is not relevant 

to Sarawak, since there is no overlap between FMUs and Totally Protected 

Areas (TPAs) or Permanent Forest Estates (PFEs). 

Identification of HCV1.1 

Tasks 

Determine if forest area is or 

adjacent to a legally gazetted 

Protected Area listed in the 

Protected Areas Master List. 

Data sources & requirements 

Protected Areas Master List 

(Ministry of Natural Resources & 

Environment, in prep), 

Government Gazette, forest/ 

wildlife authorities. 

Sabah: Heart of Borneo map (WWF, 

Figure 5), Sabah Parks, Forestry 

Department. 

Management and Monitoring for HCV1.1 

Management Recommendations 

Determine the boundaries of the Protected 

Area, identify, comply with and enforce 

Guidance 

State government 

gazettes, Forestry 

12

ules and regulations (if any) governing 

activities inside (or adjacent to) the 

Protected Area. 

Determine buffer strip activities. Buffer 

zones should be defined according to state 

regulations. 

authorities. 

PM: National Forestry Act 

1984, National Forestry 

Policy 1978, State Legal 

Advisor, Forestry Manual. 

Sabah: Forest Enactment 

1968, Land Ordinance, 

Wildlife Act 1957, 

Environmental Quality 

Act 1974. 

Forestry authorities. 

Government Gazette. 

Develop a road construction/engineering 

plan. 

HCV1.2 Threatened and Endangered Species 

Any species categorised as either Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered 

(EN) or Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List, or listed as protected under 

Malaysian legislation (federal or state), is HCV 1.2. However, for practical 

reasons forest managers may want to limit field surveys to mammals 

(particularly large ones, over 20 kg in weight), birds and herpetofauna, 

unless the literature indicates otherwise. It is also recommended to 

cross-check the Global Red List with the Malaysian Red Data Book. 


Tasks 

Determine if forest area contains a 

population of any species of flora 

and/or fauna categorized by IUCN 

as CR, EN or VU (focusing on large 

mammals but not excluding small 


List of experts, IUCN Red List of 

Threatened Species (Appendix 1, 

attached), Malaysian Red Data 

Book (in prep; flora – FRIM, fauna 

– PERHILITAN), distribution maps 

13

mammals or other species where 

possible), or any species 

protected under Malaysian 

legislation. 

Carry out a baseline survey to 

confirm the presence/absence of 

identified CR, EN or VU flora and 

fauna in forest area. 

from South East Asian Mammal 

Databank 

(www.ieaitaly.org/samd/), 

herbaria and museum collections, 

databases. 

PM: PERHILITAN Tiger Habitat map 

(www.wildlife.gov.my/webpagev4_ 

en/printed_material/kmaklumat/ 

harimau.pdf), Protection of Wild 

Life Act 1972. 

Sabah: Wildlife Conservation 

Enactment 1997, Sabah Wildlife 

Department listing. 

Sarawak: Wild Life Protection 

Ordinance 1998, Sarawak Totally 

Protected, Protected Species and 

Schedules. 

Malaysian Red Data Book. Also see 

Appendix 3 for further guidance. 

Sabah: Consult Agricultural Park 

in Tenom. 

14



Develop a management plan that makes 

specific reference to the threatened 

species, if found to exist in the area. 

Obtain input from specialists in 

determining appropriate management 

prescriptions. 

Guidance 

FRIM, PERHILITAN & 

NGOs. Also see Appendix 

3 and refer to current 

expert opinion/available 

scientific data. 

Sabah: Sabah Wildlife 

Enactment. 

Sarawak: Wildlife 

Masterplan. 

List of Biodiversity 

Experts 2 , FRIM, 

PERHILITAN & NGOs. 

Sabah: Sabah Wildlife 

Enactment. 

HCV1.3 Endemism 

Any forests containing endemic species as identified by FRIM, MNS, SFC, 

Forestry Departments and published literature, particularly in high 

concentrations or highly restricted distribution, can be considered HCV 

1.3. 


Tasks 

Determine if forest area contains 

endemic species of flora or fauna. 


List of endemic species (Appendix 

2, attached). 

2 A list of mammal experts in Malaysia is maintained by the Mammals Sub-Committee of 

the Faunal Biodiversity Technical Committee of the National Biodiversity and 

Biotechnology Council; they can be contacted c/o the Department of Wildlife and 

National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia (PERHILITAN). 

15

PM: Ng et al. (1990), Flora of 

Peninsular Malaysia Online 

(www.tfbc.frim.gov.my/ 

gettingstarted.asp), Checklist of 

Birds of Malaysia (MNS), published 

reports, peer-reviewed journals, 

current expert opinion. 

Sabah: Soepadmo et al. (2006). 

Sarawak: Soepadmo et al. (2006), 

SFC, Forest Department. 



Determine and implement appropriate 

management prescriptions on the ground. 

Guidance 

List of Experts 3 , 

published literature. 

Sarawak: SFC, Forest 

Department. 

3 In addition to the list of mammal experts (above), a list of botanists in Malaysia is 

maintained by the Floral Biodiversity Technical Committee of the National Biodiversity 

and Biotechnology Council; they can be contacted c/o the Forest Research Institute 

Malaysia (FRIM). For Sabah, also consult FRC and the Agricultural Park. 

16

HCV1.4 Critical Temporal Use 

Any forest area which is important to wildlife for feeding, nesting, 

roosting, migration or contains saltlicks is HCV 1.4. This may also include 

limestone hills. 


Tasks 

Determine if forest area is used by 

endangered wildlife as critical 

feeding, nesting/roosting sites, 

pathways or contains saltlicks. 

Sabah only – Determine if forest 

area contains either or both 

species of large trees, Kogopon 

(Castanopsis spp.) and Tikalod 

(Lithocarpus spp.) important to 

wild pigs (Sus scrofa or S. 

barbatus), who feed on the thorny 

fruits which drop from the trees. 


MNS Important Bird Areas (IBAs – 

see Appendix 4.), literature 

review/maps/field surveys/local 

or traditional knowledge (through 

interviews), wildlife survey results 

from NGOs e.g. WCS, WWF. 

Literature should always be 

ground-truthed and 

supplemented by referring to local 

communities/guides for 

Traditional Ecological Knowledge. 

FRC, Sabah Forestry Department. 

Also refer to local 

communities/guides for 

Traditional Ecological Knowledge. 



Identify critical sites for protection (e.g. 

saltlicks, fruit trees, limestone hills, hollow 

logs, nesting/roosting sites etc.) and 

prohibit tree-felling in these areas. 

Guidance 

Stevens (1968) gives an 

overview of the habitat 

requirements of the main 

mammal species. See 

17

Determine and implement appropriate 

management prescriptions on the ground. 

Appendix 5. 

The Geological Survey of 

Malaysia has identified 

the location of geotopes 

of potential importance 

as saltlicks. 

Chong et al. (2005). 

PM: Protection of Wild 

Life Act 1972, Forestry 

Manual, FDPM List of 

Protected Trees for 

Wildlife. 

Sabah: Council of Elders 

(Refer to KDCA). 

List of Experts 4 , 

literature review/maps/ 

field surveys/local or 

traditional knowledge 

(through interviews). 

Sabah: Council of Elders. 

HCV 2 

Landscape-level Forest 

Forest area contains or is part of a globally, regionally or 

nationally significant large landscape level forest where viable 

populations of most if not all naturally occurring species exist in 

natural patterns of distribution and abundance. 

Any forest area that forms or is part of a linkage between larger forest 

complexes, and can thus provide or act as a wildlife corridor for the 

movement of animals from one complex to another, is considered HCV 2. 

This HCVF can serve as a buffer zone to Protected Areas. 

4 See Note 3 (above). 

18

Identification of HCV 2 

Tasks 

Determine if forest area forms a 

critical linkage between large 

forest complexes. 

Obtain input from government 

agencies and NGOs that are 

identifying linkages. 


Proceedings of Regional Workshop 

on Biodiversity Conservation in 

Planted Forest 2007. 

PM: National Physical Plan (Figure 

4, below), DTCP. 

Sabah: Heart of Borneo (WWF, 

Figure 5 below), EPU, 

Kinabatangan Corridor of Life 

(Sabah Development Corridor, 

WWF). 

Sarawak: Map of TPAs & PFEs/ 

Heart of Borneo (WWF, Figure 5). 

DTCP, NRE, WWF, WCS. 

Management and Monitoring for HCV 2 


Effective wildlife corridors should remain 

under forest cover of at least 1 km in width 

(protected as forest reserves or as 

protected areas to prevent a change in land 

use). Any linear developments (such as 

roads, railways or pipelines) should 

incorporate appropriate wildlife crossings 

and associated mitigation measures. 

Disturbed areas no longer under forest 

cover should be reforested or allowed to 

regenerate. 

Guidance 

Bond (2003), WWF-MY 

(2007a). 

PM: Progress reports of 

CFS Master Plan for 

Ecological Linkages 

(DTCP). 

Sabah: Wildlife 

Department. 

19

1 

2 

3 

4 

Linkages 

Forest Cover 

Forest Complexes 

Figure 4. Forest Complexes and Linkages identified by the National 

Physical Plan (DTCP, 2005: 5-38) 

20

Figure 5. The Heart of Borneo Initiative, including Protected Areas in 

both Sabah and Sarawak. 

21

HCV 3 

Ecosystems 

Forest area contains or is part of a threatened or endangered 

ecosystem. 

Any forest area that contains an ecosystem identified as a priority for 

protection by the National Conservation Strategy (NCS), PERHILITAN 

Ecosystem Assessment report, Forestry Departments, FRIM, or SFC, 

and/or is confirmed as such by current expert opinion, is HCV 3. 


Tasks 


or is part of a threatened or 

endangered ecosystem. 


Priority Habitats Table of the 

National Conservation Strategy 

(Table 1, below). However, data in 

this table may be outdated and it 

is advisable to cross-reference 

with current expert opinion e.g. 

FRIM, PERHILITAN, FRC. 

PM: PERHILITAN Ecosystem 

Assessment report (Appendix 6). 

Sabah: Forestry Department. Also 

see Appendix 7. 

Sarawak: SFC, Forest Department. 

Also see Appendix 8. 

22

Table 1: NCS Priority Habitats. 

Johor 

Kedah 

Kelantan 

Melaka 

Negeri Sembilan 

Pahang 

Perak 

Perlis 

Pulau Pinang 

Selangor 

Terengganu 

Kuala Lumpur 

Sabah 

Sarawak 

Forest type 

Extreme lowland 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 

Lowland dipterocarp 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 

Hill dipterocarp 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 

Upper dipterocarp 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

Montane oak 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

Montane ericaceous 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

Heath 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 

Limestone 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 

Ultrabasic 3 3 

Quartz ridge 3 1 

River (montane) 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 

River (saraca) 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 

River (neram) 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 

River (rasau) 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 

Freshwater swamp 1 2 1 2 1 1 

Peat swamp 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 

Mangrove 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 

Nipah 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

Scrub 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

Lake 2 1 2 2 2 

1=Highest priority; 2=Medium priority; 3=Least priority 

Source: EPU (1993: III 156 Table 7.1). 



Identify the boundaries of the forest habitat 

type on maps. 

Guidance 

PM: Forest Resources 

Reconnaissance Survey 

(Available from FDPM 

Headquarters and FRIM), 

report on National Forest 

Inventories. See also 

Appendix 6, attached. 

Sabah: Detailed maps 

23

Zone compartments containing 

undisturbed HCV3 ecosystems for 

protection and disturbed HCV3 ecosystems 

for restoration. 

from FRC, Forestry 

Department & 

Biodiversity Units (an 

overview is given in 

Appendix 7). 

Sarawak: Detailed maps 

from SFC, Forest 

Department (an overview 

is given in Appendix 8) 

Field assessment/remote 

sensing/consultation 

with the relevant forest 

authorities. 

HCV 4 

Services of Nature 

Forest area provides basic services of nature in critical 

situations. 

HCV 4.1 Watershed Protection 

HCV 4.1 includes any forest area legally gazetted as a water catchment 

area under the National Forestry Act 1984, water protection area under 

the Sabah Water Resources Enactment 1998 or Sabah Forest Enactment 

1968, or a ‘Protected Forest’ for the protection of water under the 

Sarawak Forests Ordinance 1958. 

Identification of HCV 4.1 

Tasks 

Determine if forest area has been 

officially classified as water 

catchment forest, water protection 

area or ‘Protected Forest’ under 

the respective state legislations. 

(unofficial water catchment 


Government Gazette Notifications, 

FMPs, forest authorities. 

Sabah: Forestry Department, DID. 

Sarawak: Forest Department, 

NREB, DID, Rivers Board, 

Department of Health, Water 

24

forests may be covered by HCV 5, 

below) 

Resources Council. 

Management and Monitoring for HCV 4.1 


Timber harvesting activities 

should be prohibited unless 

permitted by law. 

Road construction should be 

carried out according to specific 

guidelines. 

Guidance 

PM: Forestry Department guidelines 

(e.g. Anon., 1986), National Physical 

Plan. 

Sabah: Sabah Water Resources 

Enactment 1998 

(www.did.sabah.gov.my/eng/ 

enactment.asp), RIL guidelines 

(Forestry Department). 

Sarawak: Guidelines from local 

authorities, including Department of 

Health. 

PM: Forestry Department guidelines 

(e.g. Anon., 1986), National Physical 

Plan. 

Sabah: Sabah Water Resources 

Enactment 1998 

(www.did.sabah.gov.my/eng/ 

enactment.asp), RIL Guidelines 


Sarawak: Guidelines from local 

authorities, including Department of 

Health. 

HCV 4.2 Erosion Control 

HCV 4.2 includes forest areas that have been legally gazetted as soil 

protection forest under the National Forestry Act 1984 (Peninsular 

Malaysia), forest areas which lie on slopes over 25 degrees (Sabah), a 

25

‘Protected Forest’ for the protection of soil under the Sarawak Forests 

Ordinance 1958 or a Class 4 slope (Sarawak). 


Tasks 

PM: Determine if steep forest area 

has been officially classified as 

soil protection forest. 

Sabah: Determine if forest area is 

on a slope over 25 degrees and 

covers more than 2 ha. 

Sarawak: Determine if forest area 

is classified as Class 4 and covers 

more than 2 ha. 


Government Gazette Notifications, 

FMPs. 

Sabah: RIL guidelines (Forestry 

Department). 

Sarawak: RIL guidelines, Forest 

Engineering Plan, Management 

Plan Prescription (Forest 

Department), Sarawak Agricultural 

Capability Map (Agricultural 

Department). 



Ground-based timber harvesting activities 

should be prohibited unless permitted by 

law. An Erosion Sediment Control Plan 

should be drawn up prior to other activities 

in an HCV 4.2 area. 

Sabah: Avoid the construction of skid trails 

inside the steep area. 

Guidance 

FMPs. 

PM: RIL guidelines, 

Forestry Manual (FDPM). 

Sabah: RIL guidelines 


Sarawak: RIL guidelines 

(Forest Department). 

26

HCV 4.3 Barriers to Destructive Fire 

A forest area that has been burnt in the past or lies adjacent to 

settlements/plantations can be considered HCV 4.3. 


Tasks 


burnt in the past. 

Determine if forest area is 

adjacent to settlements (Sarawak: 

‘temudak’) or plantations, or 

meets other HCV criteria (i.e. 

forest area is also HCV1, 2, 3, 5 or 

6). 


State Forestry Department records 

of forest fire occurrences. 

Maps of settlements in and 

adjacent to the FMU. 

Maps of other HCVFs in FMU. 

Sabah: Forestry Department Forest 

Fire Rating, community 

consultation for indigenous 

knowledge e.g. wild bananas. 



Draft a Fire Management Plan that 

identifies and protects any 

specific features that may act as 

barriers to fire. Natural barriers 

could include water courses, 

ridges or gullies. Intact natural 

Guidance 

Malaysian Meteorological Department 

Fire Danger Rating System 

(www.met.gov.my) 5 . 

Sabah: Fire Risk map (plantations, 

http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/ 

conservation/nfire%20prevention.pdf) 

5 The Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) maintains a fire danger rating 

system for the whole of the country. MMD uses a number of indicators of the potential 

for fires to start and spread throughout Malaysia at any time. 

27

forest may also act as a natural 

barrier. 

Particular attention should be 

paid to the maintenance of the 

water table in vulnerable peat 

swamp forests. 

Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS), 

community consultation for 

indigenous knowledge. 

State Forestry Departments should have records of the extent of forest 

fire damage in the state (e.g. Figure 6). Areas which have burned in the 

past are particularly vulnerable to burning again. 

Figure 6. Forest fires in Sabah during 1983 (yellow) and 1997/1998 (red) 

areas that burned in both years are shaded orange; forest cover c 2000 is 

shown in grey (adapted from Stibig et al., 2002). 

28

HCV 5 

Basic Needs of Local Communities 

Forest area is fundamental to meeting basic needs of local 

communities. 

A forest area may be considered HCV 5 if it contains or is adjacent to 

legal settlements which depend on produce from that forest for basic 

subsistence or health needs. Examples include hunting grounds or areas 

from which minor forest products such as bamboo, rattan and medicinal 

plants are collected, and which are regularly visited by community 

members for this purpose. Settlements that are in a forest, especially 

indigenous communities, automatically render that forest HCV 5. 


Tasks 


any legal settlements. 

Determine if forest area is 

adjacent to any legal settlements. 

Determine the level of 

dependence of identified local 

communities on forest produce 

(e.g. minor forest products) and 

services for basic 

subsistence/health needs. 


Map/list of villages from District 

Office/Resident’s Office, FMPs. 

PM: Department of Orang Asli 

Affairs. 

Sarawak: Native Customs Council, 

Leigh (2002). 

Map/list of villages from District 

Office/Resident’s Office, FMPs. 

PM: Department of Orang Asli 

Affairs. 


Leigh (2002). 

Site-specific community survey 

(Appendix 9, attached). 

LOAM (Aldrich & Sayer, 2007, 

Appendix 10). 

Sabah: Council of Elders (refer to 

KDCA for details) 


29

Forest Ordinance (communal 

forest), Land Code. 



Conduct multi-lateral consultations 

between local communities and forest and 

local authorities to identify and protect 

specific forest compartments/zones/ 

components according to the basic needs 

they support. Examples to follow would be 

the Participatory 3D Modelling (P3DM) 

approach and the Landscape Outcome 

Assessment Methodology (LOAM). It is 

recommended that an independent party 

should be present during these 

consultations. 

Guidance 

Rambaldi & Callosa-Tarr 

(2002), LOAM (Aldrich & 

Sayer, 2007, Appendix 

10), Protected Areas 

Benefits Assessment Tool 

(WWF). 

Sabah: PACOS Trust, 

KDCA & other cultural 

associations. For 

mapping of ethnic 

groups refer to the Sabah 

Cultural Board & Sabah 

Museum. 

Sarawak: Native Customs 

Council, Resident’s 

Office, SFC (Refer to 

Anap Muput experience 

on CCD and Forest 

Liaison established by 

SFC), Khoo Kay Ching. 

30

HCV 6 

Cultural Identity of Local Communities 

Forest area is critical to local communities’ traditional 

cultural identity. 

A forest is considered HCVF 6 if it has been important for a local 

(particularly indigenous) community’s cultural, ecological, economic or 

religious activities for more than two generations. Examples of such sites 

within a forest include burial grounds or sacred areas. 


Tasks 


the centre of a local community's 

cultural, ecological, economic or 

religious activity for more than 

two generations. 


Site-specific community survey 

(Appendix 9). 

Sabah: Cultural Board, Pejabat 

Hal-Ehwal Anak Negeri, Sabah 

Museum, Sabah cultural 

associations – listing of registered 

ones can be obtained from ROS. 

Sarawak: Native Customs Council. 



Conduct multi-lateral consultations 

between local communities and forest and 

local authorities to identify and protect 

specific forest compartments/zones/ 

components according to their traditional 

cultural, ecological, economic or religious 

importance. Examples to follow would be 

the Participatory 3D Modelling (P3DM) 

approach and the Landscape Outcome 

Assessment Methodology (LOAM). It is 

Guidance 

Rambaldi & Callosa-Tarr 

(2002), LOAM (Aldrich & 

Sayer, 2007, Appendix 

10), Benefits Assessment 

Tool (WWF). 

PM: District Office, 

Department of Orang 

Asli Affairs. 

Sabah: Native Courts, 

KDCA, PACOS Trust & 

31

ecommended that an independent party 

should be present during these 

consultations 

other cultural 

associations. For 

mapping of ethnic 

groups refer to the Sabah 

Cultural Board & Sabah 

Museum. 

Sarawak: Native Customs 

Council, Resident’s 

Office, SFC (Refer to 

Anap Muput experience 

on CCD and Forest 

Liaison established by 

SFC). 

32

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Conservation Value Forest Tool Kit. ProForest, Oxford, UK. 

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Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand. 

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Leigh, M.B. (2002). Mapping the peoples of Sarawak. Universiti Malaysia 

Sarawak Press, Kuching, Malaysia. 

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G.W.H. Davison). Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 

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elements and natural areas in the managed forest matrix. In The 

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Fimbel, R., Grajal, A. and Robinson, J.). Pp 523 – 558. Columbia 

University Press, New York, USA. 

Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Nasi, R., Augeri, D., Rosenbaum, B., Iskandar, D., 

Setyawati, T., Lammertink, M.J., Rachmatika, I., Wong, A., 

Soehartono, T., Stanley, S., and O’Brien, T. (2005). Life after 

logging: Reconciling wildlife conservation and production forestry 

in Indonesian Borneo. CIFOR, WCS and UNESCO, Bogor, Indonesia. 

Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Nasi, R. and Stanley, S.A. (2006). Wildlife 

conservation in Bornean timber concessions. Ecology and Society 

11(1): 47. 

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Protected Areas in Malaysia – A Tool for National Conservation 

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the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE) with 

the assistance of the Danish International Development Assistance 

(Danida). 

Morrison, J.C., Sechrest, W., Dinerstein, E., Wilcove, D.S. & Lamoreux, J.F. 

(2007). Persistence of large mammal faunas as indicators of global 

human impacts. Journal of Mammology 88(6): 1363-1380. 

Ng, F.S.P., Low, C.M. and Mat Asri Ngah Sanah (1990). Endemic Trees of 

the Malay Peninsula. Research Pamphlet No. 106. Forest Research 

Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 

NSC (2004). Malaysian Criteria and Indicators for Forest Management 

Certification [MC&I(2002)]. National Steering Committee, Malaysian 

Timber Certification Council, Kuala Lumpur, 11 August. ii+53 pp. 

Palmberg, C. (1987). Conservation of genetic resources of woody species. 

Paper prepared for Simposio sobre Silvicultura y Mejoramiento 

35

Genetico, Centro Investigacirn y Estudios Forestales (CIEF), Buenos 

Aires, Argentina April 6-10, 1987. 

Payne, J., Francis, C.M. & Phillips, K. 1985 A Field Guide to Mammals of 

Borneo. WWF Sabah. 

Rainforest Alliance and ProForest (2003). Identifying, Managing and 

Monitoring High Conservation Value Forests in Indonesia: A Toolkit 

for Forest Managers and other Stakeholders. 

Rambaldi, G. and Callosa-Tarr, J. (2002). Participatory Three-Dimensional 

Modeling: Guiding Principles and Applications. ASEAN Regional 

Center for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC), Los Baños. 

Shamsudin Ibrahim, Abd. Razak Othman, Noor Azlin Yahya, Shamsudin 

Musa, Shafiah Muhammad Yussof, Baharuddin Kasran & Siti Aisah 

Shamsudin. (2003). Management Prescriptions for Non-Production 

Functional Classes of Forest. Malayan Forest Records, No. 46. 

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 

Soepadmo, E., Julia, S., Soh, W.K., and Yahud, W. (2006). Tree Flora of 

Sabah and Sarawak -- Species Diversity and Endemism. In: Y.F. Ho 

& K.A. Sarifah (eds). Hightlights of FRIM's Non-IRPA Projects 2006. 

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. pp. 35-52. 

Stevens, W. E. (1968). Habitat Requirements of Malayan Mammals. 

Malayan Nature Journal 22: 3-9. 

Stibig, H.J., Beuchle, R., and Janvier, P. (2002). Forest cover map of 

insular Southeast Asia at 1:5 500 000, derived from SPOT- 

Vegetation satellite images. Tropical Ecosystem Environment 

Observations by Satellites (TREES) Publications Series D: Thematic 

Outputs No. 3. Global Vegetation Monitoring Unit, Institute for 

Environment and Sustainability. European Communities Joint 

Research Council. p. 11. 

Sutherland, W. J. (1996). Ecological census techniques: A handbook. 

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 

Wilson, D. E. (1996). Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity 

Standard Methods for Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, 

Washington, D.C., USA. 

WWF-Malaysia. (2007a). Proceedings of the Introductory Workshop on 

Creating and Re-establishing Ecological Corridors within the 

36

Central Forest Spine. 30-31 July 2007. Awana Genting Highlands 

Golf & Country Resort, Pahang. 

WWF-Malaysia. (2007b). Sections on HCV and HCVF for USM FMP 

(300707). Ulu Segama and Malua Forest Management Plan. WWF- 

Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu. 

WWF-Malaysia. (In prep.). The Master List of Protected Areas in Malaysia – 

A Tool for National Conservation Management and Planning. A 

report prepared for the Ministry of Natural Resources and the 

Environment (NRE) with the assistance of the Danish International 

Development Assistance (Danida). 

37

Appendix 1. Rare, threatened & endangered species of large mammal in 

Malaysia. Mammal species are classified as large if their body weight is 

more than 20 kg (Morrison et al., 2007). 

Global Status 

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) 

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 

Sumatran Rhinoceros, Badak 

Sumatera 

ENDANGERED (EN) 

Bos javanicus 

Banteng/Tembadau 

Cuon alpinus 

Dhole, Wild Dog, Serigala 

Elephas maximus 

Asian Elephant, Gajah 

Panthera tigris 

Tiger, Harimau Belang 

Pongo pygmaeus 

Orang utan/Mawas 

Tapirus indicus 

Tapir/Tenuk/Cipan 

VULNERABLE (VU) 

Bos gaurus 

Gaur, Seladang 

Capricornis sumatraensis 

Serow, Kambing Gurun 

Cervus unicolor 

Sambar Deer, Rusa/Payau 

Helarctos malayanus 

Sun Bear, Beruang Madu 

Neofelis nebulosa/diardi 

Clouded Leopard 

Harimau Dahan 

Regional Status 

P. Malaysia Sabah Sarawak 

CR 

CR 

RE? 

(ssp. 

(ssp. harrissoni) (ssp. 

sumatrensis) 

harrissoni) 

RE? 

EN 

RE? 

(ssp. lowi) (ssp. lowi) 

EN NA NA 

EN EN NE/NA 

EN RE/NA RE/NA 

RE/NA 

EN 

EN 

(ssp. pygmaeus) (ssp. morio) 

EN NA NA 

VU NA NA 

VU 

VU VU VU 

VU VU VU 

VU VU VU 

Source: www.iucnredlist.org (2008); NA=Not Applicable; RE=Regionally Exinct; NE=Not 

Evaluated. 

38

Appendix 2. Selected localities with endemic tree or mammal species 

(adapted from Ng et al., 1990; Soepadmo et al., 2006; Francis, 2008; as 

well as Payne et al., 1985). 

A. Tree Species 

1. Bako, Sarawak: Shorea bakoensis 

2. Bau, Sarawak: Shorea calcicola 

3. Belaga, Sarawak: Gonystylus decipiens, Hopea longirostrata, Microtropis argentea, Payena 

grandistipula 

4. Bintang Range, Perak: Abdulmajidia maxwelliana, Brownlowia kleinhovoidea, Chisocheton perakensis, 

Eugenia gageana, E. quadrata, E. swettenhamiana, E. taipingensis, Glycosmis perakensis, Knema 

retusa, Kokoona coriacea, Pentace perakensis, Pseudovaria taipingensis, Sterculia microphylla 

5. Bota Kiri, Perak: Ptychopyxis triradiata 

6. Bukit Bauk, Dungun, Terengganu: Dacryodes breviracemosa, Pseuduvaria cerina 

7. Bukit Fraser (Gunung Ulu Semangkok: Pahang, Selangor): Ardisia nurii, Diospyros selangorensis, 

Endiandra scrobiculata, Glochidion stylosum, Goniothalmus holttumii, Lithocarpus burkilii, 

Pithecellobium cuneadenum, Styrax fraserensis, Talauma oblanceolata, Saurauia mahmudii, S. 

malayana 

8. Bukit Goh, Pahang: Shorea kuantanensis 

9. Bukit Keledang, Perak: Cleistanthus glaucus, Diospyros gambleana, Diplodiscus scortechinii 

10. Bukit Kulong/Bukit Tampurango, Sabah: Dipterocarpus ochraceus 

11. Bukit Tawai, Sabah: Lithocarpus tawaiensis, Madhuca engkikiana, Payena khoonmengiana 

12. Cameron Highlands (Kelantan, Pahang, Perak): Ardisia glanduligera, Castanopsis scortechinii, 

Chionanthus caudifolius, Cinnamomum pubescens, Mesua purseglovei, Nothaphoebe pahangensis, 

Schefflera wrayi 

13. Danum Valley, Sabah: Engelhardia danumensis 

14. Dindings, Perak (Pulau Pangkor/Lumut): Ardisia calophylla, Eugenia auriculata, Homalium 

spathulatum, Hydnocarpus scortechinii, Shorea lumutensis 

15. Endau‐Rompin (Pahang, Johore): Anisphyllea reticulata, Ptychopyxis watsonii, Schoutenia furfuracea, 

Trigonostemon wetriifolius 

16. Genting Highlands (Gunung Ulu Kali: Pahang, Selangor): Ardisia mystica, A. viminea, Neolitsea 

coccinea, Sauropus elegantissimus 

17. Gunung Batu Puteh (Pahang, Perak): Ardisia longepedunculata, Eugenia plumbea, Neolitsea 

mollissima 

18. Gunung Belumut, Johore: Fordia incredibilis, Garcinia holttumii 

19. Gunung Inas, Selama, Perak: Diplospora velutina, Eugenia inasensis, Mallotus smilaciformis 

20. Gunung Jerai, Kedah: Casearia flexula, Neolitsea kedahense, Talauma gracilior 

21. Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah: Chionanthus kinabaluensis, Ficus paramorpha, Helicia symplocoides, H. 

maxwelliana, Ilex mesilauensis, Illicium kinabaluense, Microtropis ovata, Payena kinabaluensis, 

Symplocos buxifolia, S. buxifolioides, S. colombonensis 

22. Gunung Ledang, Johore: Cleistanthus lanuginosus, Fordia ophirensis, Garcinia montana, Glycosmis 

monticola 

23. Gunung Mulu, Sarawak: Ilex megaphylla, Lithocarpus muluensis 

24. Gunung Nuang (Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan): Glycosmis tomentella 

25. Gunung Pulai, Johore: Ardisia ferox, Croton lucidus, Eugenia johorensis, Tristania pontianensis 

26. Gunung Tapis, Pahang: Microtropis tenuis 

27. Jerangau, Terengganu: Dipterocarpus sarawakensis (Peninsular Malaysia population) 

28. Kaki Bukit, Perlis: Canarium perlisanum 

29. Kapit, Sarawak: Ficus chaii, Gonystylus eximus, Payena kapitensis, Shorea dispar, S. rotundifolia, S. 

woodii 

30. Kedah‐Perlis Ridge: Atuna latifolia, Kostermanthus malayana 

39

31. Kemaman, Terengganu: Ardisia tumida, Cleistanthus major, Eugenia rostadonis 

32. Kinabatangan, Sabah: Crudia venenosa 

33. Kinta Valley, Perak: Alphonsea kingii, Castanopsis catappaefolia, Cleistanthus parvifolius, Crudia 

glauca, Diplodiscus hookerianus, Dipterocarpus semivestitus (Malaysian population), Drypetes nervosa, 

Eugenia camptophylla, Homalium kunstleri, Kopsia scortechinii 

34. Klang Gates Ridge, Selangor (Bukit Batu Tabur): Ilex praetermissa 

35. Kuala Teriang, Pahang: Drypetes detersibilis 

36. Labis, Johore: Xanthophyllum pubescens 

37. Lawas, Sarawak: Diospyros parabuxifolia 

38. Lebir Valley, Kelantan: Aporusa isabellina 

39. Lesong, Pahang: Trigonostemon wetriifolius 

40. Lundu, Sarawak: Gonystylus augescens 

41. Malacca: Glycosmis crassifolia, Koilodepas ferrugineum, Lasiococca malaccensis, Mezzetia herveyana, 

Popowia pauciflora 

42. Marudi/Niah, Sarawak: Madhuca ochracea 

43. Matang, Sarawak: Palaquium ferrugineum, P. multiflorum, Ilex beccariana 

44. Mendalom, Keningau, Sabah: Engelhardia mendalomensis 

45. Mukah, Sarawak: Horsfieldia sessilifolia 

46. Panti/Kota Tinggi, Johore: Diospyros johorensis, Dryobalanops beccarii 

47. Penang Island: Horsfieldia penangiana, Ilex pauciflora, Koilodepas wallichianum, Polyalthia hirtifolia 

48. Pulau Langkawi, Kedah: Ardisia langkawiensis, Lagerstroemia langkawiensis, Madhuca calcicola, 

Nothaphoebe condensa 

49. Pulau Tioman: Diospyros insidiosa, Eugenia tiumanensis, Trigonostemon arboreus 

50. Rajang, Sarawak: Kopsia rajangensis 

51. Rawang, Selangor: Chionanthus spiciferus, Hopea subalata 

52. Rengam/Keluang, Johore: Melanochyla fasciculiflora 

53. Sandakan, Sabah: Parartocarpus spinulosus, Lithocarpus sandakanensis 

54. Seri Iskandar, Perak: Dipterocarpus semivestitus 

55. Sri Aman, Sarawak: Aulandra beccarii 

56. Sungai Bantang, Johore: Dipterocarpus tempehes 

57. Sungai Nal, Kelantan: Hopea coriaceae 

58. Taman Negara (Gunung Tahan: Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu): Adinandra angulata, Agathis 

flavescens, Aquilaria rostrata, Ardisia biniflora, Ar. cardiophylla, Ar. retinervia, Bridelia whitmorei, 

Dacryodes multijuga, Eugenia clypeolata, E. cyrtophylloides, E. pseudoclaviflora, E. tahanensis, E. 

tekuensis, Garcinia clusiaefolia, Lindera montana, Polyosma robusta, Talauma peninsularis, 

Terminthodia viridiflora, Tristania fruticosa 

59. Tasek Glugor, Seberang Perai, Penang: Crudia brevipes 

60. Klang, Selangor: Croton macrocarpus 

61. Ulu Brang‐Tersat, Terengganu: Pseuduvaria nervosa 

62. Ulu Segan, Sarawak: Dipterocarpus cuspidatus, Gonystylus nobilis 

B. Mammal Species 

1. Baram, Sarawak: Petaurillus emiliae 

2. Danum Valley, Sabah: Pithecheirops otion 

3. Gunung Benom (Pahang; Selangor): Pipistrellus societatis 

4. Gunung Inas, Perak: Maxomys inas 

5. Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah: Crocidura baluensis (C. fuliginosa baluensis), Melogale everetti (M. personata 

everetti), Suncus ater 

6. Klang, Selangor: Hipposideros nequam, Petaurillus kinlochii 

7. Krau, Pahang: Hipposideros 'bicolor' (142 kHz), Kerivoula krauensis 

8. Sandakan/Tabin, Sabah: Hesperoptenus tomesi 

9. Sepilok, Sabah: Pipistrellus cuprosus 

40

Appendix 3. Management of HCV1 (Biodiversity Values - Wildlife). 

There are a number of general guidance documents related to wildlife 

management in production forest (e.g. Meijaard et al. (2005); Higman et 

al. (2005); Shamsudin et al. (2003) 6 ). Some preliminary questions can be 

asked in the development of a specific wildlife management plan for 

HCV1: 

1) What expertise is needed? 

In Malaysia, a trained and government-approved biologist is 

recommended for managing and monitoring wildlife (especially if this 

involves handling protected species 7 ). If in-house expertise is not 

available, survey work can be outsourced to other organisations (e.g., 

government wildlife agencies, university researchers, commercial 

consultants or non-government organisations); 

2) How do I identify endangered species? 

There are formal checklists as well as field guidebooks for identifying 

mammals in all parts of Malaysia. The latest checklist is given by Davison 

and Zubaid (2007) with field guides available for both Peninsular Malaysia 

(Francis, 2008) as well as Borneo (Payne et al., 1985) 8 . Natural history 

sections of museums could also be visited to examine skins to confirm 

the identification of the specimens if in doubt. 

6 Shamsudin et al. (2003) provide recommendations on formulation and implementation 

of wildlife action plans for Peninsular Malaysia; this should be supplemented to include 

reference to the threatened species identified; additional modifications may be required 

for adapting the approach to Sabah and Sarawak. 

7 Refer to the Protection of Wildlife Act 1972 (Peninsular Malaysia); the Wildlife 

Conservation Enactment 1997 (Sabah); and the Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998 

(Sarawak). 

8 Some species are difficult to distinguish in the field so care must be taken when 

identifying them (e.g. Kinabalu squirrel Callosciurus baluensis (which is endemic to 

Sabah and Sarawak) vs Prevost’s squirrel Callosciurus prevostii (common species in most 

part of SEA); Asian small-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus vs smooth-coated otter Lutrogale 

perspicillata (a vulnerable species)). 

41

3) How can I monitor the populations of these species? 

There are numerous manuals available on conducting such wildlife 

surveys. Among the most relevant are the following: Designing Field 

Studies for Biodiversity Conservation (Feinsinger, 2001); Ecological 

Census Techniques (Sutherland, 1996), Guidelines for Monitoring and 

Evaluation for Biodiversity Projects (GEF, 1998) and Measuring and 

Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Mammals (Eds. 

Wilson et al., 1996). These textbooks highlight a number of methods for 

surveying large mammals including line transects, camera traps and sign 

surveys (observations of tracks, wallows, scent locations, scratches, 

burrows, etc.). Other methods are used for surveying birds, bats and 

other small mammals. 

Wildlife surveys can be included within pre-felling inventories however it 

should be noted that compared with timber inventories they require 

different skills, different lengths of time, different travel patterns through 

the concession, and attention to different components of the ecosystem. 

A helicopter nest-count and ground survey was used to identify key 

orangutan habitat in Ulu Segama (see Figure 1, below). 

Figure 1. Orang-utan Key Habitats (> 5 nests per km) in Ulu Segama. 

42

R. 

DERAMAKOT FR . 

MAL UBUK FR. 

MAL UA F R. 

DANUM VALL EY FR. 

LAMAG F R. 

KAW ANG GIBO NG FR . 

ULU SEGAMA FR . 

KU ALA TINGKAYU FR. 

MADAI -BATURONG FR. 

MERI SULI FR . 

SE PA G A YA F R. 

SAKAR ISLAND 

TABAW 

SI LUM P 

g ( g ) y ( ) 

630000 

LAMAG FR. 

3 0 3 Kilometers 

Forestr Reserve Boundary 

Orang-utan Key Habitats 

(More than 5 Nests per km) 

MALUA FR. 

MALUBUK FR. 

MERISULI FR. 

KAWANG GIBONG FR. 

DANUM VALLEY FR. 

ULU SEGAMA FR. 

SEPAGAYA FR. 

SAKAR ISLA 

540000 

540000 

KUALA TINGKAYU FR. 

TA 

SIL 

Source: WWF-Malaysia (2007). 

MADAI-BATURONG FR 

630000 

Specific HCV areas for orang-utans within USM were originally defined by 

marking zones wherever more than four orang-utan nests per kilometre 

were recorded by aerial or ground transects. However, the 21 June 2007 

workshop concluded that the entire USM FMU was significant for orangutans 

because areas supporting high numbers may vary with time and 

cannot be mapped objectively. Therefore a generic prescription of 

“reduced impact logging” and/or “rehabilitation where appropriate” was 

put forward (WWF-Malaysia, 2007). 

4) What is the global and national status of these species? 

If you are able to identify the animal via the field guidebooks, refer to 

their international conservation status on websites such as the IUCN Red 

List of Threatened Species. Malaysia is also preparing its Red List of 

Threatened Species and this should be available shortly. 

43

5) What is the long-term viability of the local populations of these 

species? 

When you have carried out surveys of the key endangered species in your 

FMU you will have quantitative data that can be used to estimate their 

abundance in your FMU. As a rule, to prevent genetic inbreeding, at least 

50 breeding animals are needed to make up a viable population. The 

space needed by 50 breeding mice is very different from that of 50 

breeding tigers. As a guide, larger animals generally require much larger 

areas of forest over which to roam (see Figure 2 below). However, it is 

recognised that population boundaries will seldom co-incide with FMU 

boundaries (with the FMU containing more than one population of many 

species and only part of a population of some species). 

1000000 

100000 

10000 

Home range (ha) 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

0.1 

0.01 

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 

Body weight (kg) 

Figure 2. Home range size of selected tropical forest animals plotted as a 

function of body weight (adapted from Marcot et al., 2001). 

44

6) What area of the FMU influences the maintenance/restoration of this 

animal? 

A knowledge of the ecology of endangered species is needed to ascertain 

particular locations within an FMU which are critical for the survival of 

species. You can then overlay a logging plan on the wildlife base and see 

if there are areas of impending conflict, such as logging operations or 

roads that will be built too near to or may destroy important sites for 

wildlife (such as the planned creation of a log-landing area at a breeding 

site). Generally, the conservation of endangered species of mammals 

(such as orangutans) can be aided by conserving certain “keystone” 

species of tree (such as figs 9 ). 

Depending on the scale of the FMU, at least 10% of the total area is 

recommended for strict protection (Blockhus et al, 1992; Bennett & 

Gumal, 2001). The following patch sizes refer to the minimum area of 

undisturbed primary forest to be retained as refugia, assuming it is within 

a larger area (at least one logging compartment) of managed/logged 

forest. 

• Conserve herbs within plots of not less than 1 ha undisturbed forest, 

within the larger forest area. 

• Conserve animals within plots of not less than 5 ha undisturbed 

forest, within the larger forest area. 

• Conserve wallows within plots of not less than 2.5 ha undisturbed 

forest, within the larger forest area. The larger forest area may be 

defined by drawing a circle of radius about 1 km from the wallow, and 

then finding natural or man-made features close to that radius to 

define the boundaries of a wildlife protection zone (similar 

prescriptions can be made for salt-licks, see below). 

• Conserve understorey trees within plots of not less than 2.5 ha 

undisturbed forest, within the larger forest area. 

9 As a generic conservation strategy, emphasis should be put on retaining figs and/or 

including Ficus within the species mix for enrichment planting. 

45

• Conserve canopy trees within plots of not less than 5 ha undisturbed 

forest, within the larger forest area 10 . 

It would be pragmatic to consolidate tiny forest pockets into fewer but 

larger protected zones. Corridors of unlogged forest should be left 

between unlogged patches (e.g. Shamsudin et al. (2003) recommend that 

selected areas of riverine buffer should be extended to a width of 500m 

or 1000m, like beads along a chain). Where there is conservation forest 

at the edge of one forest concession/compartment, it should ideally abut 

conservation forest in the neighbouring concession/compartment. Where 

a stream or river flows from one forest compartment into another, the 

upstream and downstream zoning should be compatible; logging 

upstream reduces the effectiveness of a conservation zone downstream. 

7) What population changes are acceptable, if logging is to proceed? 

A precautionary approach should be taken towards determining the limit 

of acceptable change of endangered species. In the long term there 

should be no decline – however short term declines in local populations 

might be tolerable for some species. A decline in local density of more 

than 20% immediately following logging is generally considered to be a 

significant decline for mammal and bird species in tropical Asia (Meijaard 

et al., 2006). An adaptive precautionary approach should be taken whilst 

logging so as to ensure that local extinctions do not occur. 

Box 1 identifies the key questions to be considered when developing a 

programme for the management of HCV1. 

10 There have been a number of studies looking at the minimum area necessary for 

genetic resource conservation of typical tree species. Ashton (1976), from species 

number-area curves for Sarawak, set a standard of 2000 ha containing 200 trees as the 

area necessary. For species with wide latitudinal and altitudinal ranges, one location is 

inadequate, and several sites should be obtained, which take into account ecological 

variation (Yamada 1997: 308). Minimum population size is not definite; however the 

figures of 50 trees in the short term and 500 in the long term have emerged (Palmberg 

1987). Because of edge effects, a buffer zone should be established around a tree 

conservation area (Yamada 1997: 309). Examples of tree species conservation 

recommendations for Peninsular Malaysia are also available from FRIM. 

46

Box 1. Key Questions for Wildlife Monitoring in FMUs 

In general, the WHY, WHAT, WHERE and HOW questions need to be 

answered before one proceeds on wildlife monitoring. A strategic 

approach will determine what aspects of wildlife are important in the 

broader context of managing an FMU. 

WHY are you creating a monitoring program? What are your objectives? 

Are they scientific or management objectives? To identify rare, 

endangered, and protected wildlife in your FMU? How about endemics, 

keystone species, indicator species? Responsible management will 

consider all these aspects, while HCV1 focuses on endangered and 

endemic species. 

WHAT are you going to measure? Mere presence or some quantitative 

or qualitative value? Or relative abundance, or putting more emphasis 

on rare species? 

WHERE are you going to put your sampling points? Randomly located 

or in areas where these animals are found? What about temporal 

sampling? Different sampling points in space and time yield different 

answers. This depends on the variables we want to monitor. 

HOW are you going to measure it? Different animals may be detected 

Contributed by: Melvin Gumal and Jason Hon, Wildlife Conservation 

Society (WCS), Malaysia. For further information please contact WCS 

Malaysia. 

47

Appendix 4. List of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) for Malaysia. 

Site State Habitat Type(s) 

1. Nakawan Range Perlis Lowland forest, hill forest, secondary 

forest 

2. Ulu Muda Kedah Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 

forest, secondary forest 

3. Teluk Air Tawar-Kuala 

Muda coast 

Pulau Pinang Mangrove forest, intertidal habitats, 

farmland 

4. Bintang Range Perak Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 

forest, montane forest 

5. Matang coast Perak Mangrove forest, intertidal habitat 

6. Pondok Tanjung Forest 

Reserve 

Perak 

Peat swamp forest, freshwater swamp 

forest, lowland forest, hill forest 

7. Belum-Temenggor Perak Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 


8. Kledang Range Perak Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 


9. Central Titiwangsa Range Perak/ Pahang Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 


10. Selangor Heritage Park Selangor Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 


11. North-central Selangor 

coast 

Selangor Mangrove forest, intertidal habitat, 

secondary forest 

12. Tanjung Tuan Melaka Mangrove forest, intertidal habitat, hill 

forest, beach forest, secondary forest 

13. Endau-Rompin Johor, Pahang Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 

forest, tropical heath forest 

14. Panti forest Johor Lowland forest, hill forest 

15. South-west Johor coast Johor Mangrove forest, intertidal habitat 

16. Krau Wildlife Reserve Pahang Freshwater swamp forest, lowland forest, 

hill forest, sub-montane forest, montane 


17. Taman Negara National 

Park 

Pahang, 

Terengganu, 

Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane, 

montane forest 

Kelantan 

18. South-east Pahang peat 

swamp forest 

Pahang Peat swamp forest, freshwater swamp 

forest, lowland forest 

19. Pulau Layang-Layang Putrajaya 

Federal 

Territory 

Offshore island, coral reefs, open sea, 

grassland 

48

20. Crocker Range Sabah Hill forest, sub-montane forest, montane 


21. Mount Kinabalu Sabah Hill forest, sub-montane forest, montane 


22. Trus Madi Range Sabah Hill forest, sub-montane forest, montane 


23. Kinabatangan 

floodplain 

Sabah 

Mangrove forest, intertidal habitat, peat 

swamp forest, freshwater swamp forest, 

floodplain lakes, lowland forest, 

karst/caves 

24. Danum Valley 

Conservation Area 

Sabah 

Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 


25. Maliau Basin 

Conservation Area 

Sabah 

Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 

forest, montane forest, tropical heath 


26. Tawau Hills Park Sabah Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 


27. Tabin Wildlife Reserve Sabah Lowland forest, hill forest 

28. Klias peninsula Sabah Mangrove forest, intertidal habitat, peat 

swamp forest, freshwater swamp forest, 

lowland forest, tropical heath forest 

29. Kabili-Sepilok Sabah Mangrove forest, lowland forest, hill 


30. Kulamba Wildlife Sabah 

Freshwater swamp forest, lowland forest 

Reserve 

31. Sipadan islands Sabah Offshore islands, coral reefs, beach 


32. Mantanani islands Sabah Offshore islands, open sea, beach forest, 

karst/caves 

33. Tempasuk plain Sabah Mangrove forest, freshwater swamp 

forest, lowland forest, open sea, 

secondary forest, farmland 

34. Tanjung Datu- 

Samunsam Protected Area 

Sarawak Coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove 

forest, peat swamp forest, lowland 

forest, hill forest, sub-montane forest, 

open sea, beach forest, tropical heath 


35. Gunung Pueh Sarawak Hill forest, sub-montane forest, montane 


36. Talang-Satang National 

Park 

Sarawak Offshore islands, coral reefs, seagrass 

beds, hill forest, open sea, beach forest 

37. Bako-Buntal Bay Sarawak Offshore islands, mangrove forest, 

49

intertidal habitats, peat swamp forest, 

lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 

forest, beach forest, tropical heath forest 

38. Bau Limestone Sarawak Karst/caves 

39. Bungo Range Sarawak Hill forest, sub-montane forest, 

karst/caves 

40. Gunung Penrissen Sarawak Hill forest, sub-montane forest 

41. Sadong-Saribas coast Sarawak Mangrove forest, intertidal habitats, peat 

swamp forest, beach forest 

42. Pulau Bruit Sarawak Mangrove forest, intertidal habitats, peat 

swamp forest, open sea, farmland 

43. Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife 

Sanctuary 

Sarawak Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 


44. Hose-Laga mountains Sarawak Lowland forest, hill forest, sub-montane 

forest, montane forest, tropical heath 


45. Baleh headwaters Sarawak Hill forest, sub-montane forest 

46. Danum-Linau Sarawak Hill forest, sub-montane forest, tropical 

heath forest, grassland 

47. Usun Apau plateau Sarawak Hill forest, sub-montane forest, montane 


48. Dulit Range Sarawak Hill forest sub-montane forest, montane 


49. Similajau National Park Sarawak Coral reefs, mangrove forest, freshwater 

swamp forest, lowland forest, open sea, 

beach forest, tropical heath forest 

50. Niah National Park Sarawak Freshwater swamp forest, lowland forest, 

karst/caves 

51. Lambir Hills National Sarawak Hill forest, tropical heath forest 

Park 

52. Loagan Bunut National 

Park 

Sarawak Peat swamp forest, floodplain lakes, hill 


53. Mulu-Buda Protected 

Area 

Sarawak Freshwater swamp forest, lowland forest, 

hill forest, sub-montane forest, montane 

forest, karst/caves, tropical heath forest 

54. Kelabit Highlands Sarawak Hill forest, sub-montane forest, montane 


55. Brunei Bay Sarawak Mangrove forest, intertidal habitats 

Source: ‘A Handbook of Important Bird Areas in Malaysia’ (2005). For further detail, 

information and maps please refer to this Handbook, available from the Malaysian 

Nature Society (MNS). 

50

Appendix 5. Habitat preferences of Malaysian mammals by related groups (adapted from Stevens, 1968). 

INSECTIVORA 

DERMOPTERA 

PHOLIDOTA 

PRIMATES 

LIVING HABITS USUAL HABITAT ELEVATION ABUNDANCE 

T G T/G W P P/B C P/B/C L L/I H L/I/H A C R 

No. 1 6 1 1 4 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 4 3 

% 11 67 11 11 45 22 22 11 33 22 33 12 22 45 33 

No. 9 0 4 0 5 4 0 4 2 7 2 2 7 3 3 

% 69 0 31 0 38 31 0 31 15 55 15 15 54 23 23 

RODENTIA 

(Squirrels) 

RODENTIA 

(Rats & mice) 

RODENTIA 

(Porcupines) 

CARNIVORA 

No. 22 3 0 0 18 3 0 4 12 10 3 0 7 11 7 

% 88 12 0 0 72 12 0 16 48 40 12 0 28 44 28 

No. 5 21 0 0 11 6 9 0 14 4 4 4 10 7 9 

% 19 81 0 0 42 23 25 0 55 15 15 15 38 27 35 

No. 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 

% 0 100 0 0 67 0 0 33 67 33 0 0 34 33 33 

No. 5 15 4 4 10 1 2 21 6 0 1 3 3 8 17 

% 18 54 14 14 54 36 3 7 75 21 0 4 10 29 61 

UNGULATES 

(incl. elephant) 

No. 0 11 0 0 6 3 0 2 6 3 0 2 2 5 4 

% 0 100 0 0 54 27 0 19 54 27 0 19 19 45 36

Legend: 

T = Trees 

G = Ground 

T/G = Trees and Ground 

W = Water 

P/B = Primary and Belukar Forest 

C = Cultivated Land 

P/B/C = Primary and Secondary Forest and Cultivated Land 

L = Lowland 

I = Intermediate 

H = Highland 

L = Lowland 

I = Intermediate 

H = Highland 

L/I/H = all altitudes 

A = Abundant 

C = Common 

R = Rare 

52

Appendix 6. PERHILITAN Ecosystem Assessment for Peninsular Malaysia. 

An ecosystem assessment of 27 model ecological types in Peninsular 

Malaysia has been made by PERHILITAN (DWNP, 2004) 11 . This assessment 

examined the extent of the original area of the types that remained in 

1992 (Figure 1) and also assessed the risk to the types based on the 

number of protected areas containing each type (Table 1). 

Figure 1. Extent of Original and Current (c1992) Thematic Ecology Types 

in Peninsular Malaysia (DWNP, 2004). 

The Peninsular Malaysia Protected Areas Master Plan (Anon., 1999) sets a 

threshold of 10% of each ecosystem to be protected. It is therefore 

possible to use this threshold in combination with the PERHILITAN 

assessment in order to formulate an enhanced interpretation for HCV 3 in 

Peninsular Malaysia: 

“Threatened ecosystems” should be considered to be all forest types 

having less than 10% of its original area in a designated protected area 

AND not rated as being at “low risk of external threat” (i.e. not rated or 

11 Similar assessments for ecosystems in Sabah and Sarawak could be made in future. 

Starting points include an unpublished ecological map produced by the Sarawak 

Biodiversity Centre; as well as the “Map of Sabah: Natural Forest Formation” 

(1:1,300,000) developed by the Forest Research Centre of the Sabah Forestry 

Department.

ated at “high risk of external threat” due to having less than four 

replicants in totally protected areas): 

Table 1. Extent of Protection for each Ecological Type in Peninsular 

Malaysia. 

Ecological Type % PA Risk Status 

Marine alluvial 0% n/a HCV3 

Lowland dry ultrabasic 0% n/a HCV3 

Hill dipterocarp ultrabasic 0% n/a HCV3 

Montane quartz 0% High HCV3 

Montane sandstone 0% High HCV3 

BRIS forest 0% High HCV3 

Peat swamp 0% Low 

Mangrove 1% High HCV3 

Riverine 1% Low 

Lowland dry limestone 2% Low 

Burmese lowland forest 2% High HCV3 

Coastal forest 2% Low 

Hill dipterocarp quartz 3% High HCV3 

Lowland dry sandstone 5% Low 

Lowland dry neutral 5% Low 

Lowland dry quartz 7% High HCV3 

Oak-laurel neutral 9% Low 

Montane neutral 10% Low 

Oak-laurel sandstone 11% Low 

Hill dipterocarp sandstone 13% Low 

Upper dipterocarp neutral 15% Low 

Hill dipterocarp neutral 19% Low 

Upper dipterocarp sandstone 28% Low 

Upper dipterocarp quartz 38% High HCV3 

Hill dipterocarp limestone 49% High HCV3 

Oak-laurel quartz 95% High HCV3 

Upper dipterocarp limestone 99.8% High HCV3 

Note: ‘%PA’ – the percentage of the original area of each ecological type 

that was in a protected area in 2004 (type is endangered if %PA < 10%); 

‘Risk’ – the risk of external threat to each ecological type covered by a 

protected area in terms of the number of protected areas existing that 

contain each ecological type (‘Low’ if n > 4); the column on ‘Status’ has 

been added. 

Source: DWNP (2004). 

54

Appendix 7. Forest type classifications and assessments in Sabah. 

Figure 1. “Map of Sabah: Natural Forest Formation” (original scale was 1:1,300,000) 

(Anon., 2005: 27) 

Beach Forest 

Mangrove Forest 

Lowland Peat Swamp Forest 

Upland Peat Swamp Forest 

Lower Montane Peat Swamp Forest 

Lowland Seasonal Freshwater Swamp Forest 

Lowland Freshwater Swamp Forest 

Upland Freshwater Swamp Forest 

Lowland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest 

Upland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest 

Lowland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest & Limestone Vegetation 

Upland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest & Limestone Vegetation 

Lowland Mixed Dipterocarp & Kerangas Forest 

Upland Mixed Dipterocarp & Kerangas Forest 

Lowland Kerangas Forest 

Upland Kerangas Forest 

Lower Montane Kerangas Forest 

Upland Kerapah Forest 

Lowland Ultramafic Forest 

Upland Ultramafic Forest 

Lower Montane Ultramafic Forest 

Upper Montane Ultramafic Forest 

Lower Montane Forest 

Upper Montane Forest 

Sub-alpine Vegetation 

55

Appendix 8. Forest type classifications and assessments in Sarawak. 

Figure 1. Ecological zones in Sarawak 

Source: FAO (Anon., 2004) 

Note: Ecological zones correspond to natural vegetation: organic plains (coastal organic 

plains, inland organic plains) – peat swamp forest, marsh; saline clay plains – mangroves 

and mud-flats; riverine zones (lower riverine zone, upper riverine zone) – riverine forest; 

steep very high mountainous – alpine forest; other zones (undulating hilly sedimentary, 

igneous hilly mountainous, mountainous, dissected karst, steep mountainous 

sedimentary) – various classes of dry inland forest. 

Figure 2. Distribution of major forest types in Sarawak: Mangrove forest – purple; peat 

swamp forest – pink; mixed dipterocarp forest – green; secondary forest – yellow; land 

outside Sarawak – grey. 

56

Appendix 9. Guide to identifying forest areas fundamental to meeting 

basic needs of local communities (HCV 5) and/or critical to local 

communities’ traditional cultural identity (HCV 6). 12 

The following four steps can be used as part of a facilitated participatory 

approach to identifying HCV 5 and HCV 6 for a particular community. 

Facilitators should preferably have experience in Participatory Rural 

Appraisal (PRA), speak the local language and be accepted by the local 

communities. 

STEP 1: Identify sub-groups in each village based on their livelihood 

pattern 

Villages may comprise several sub-groups with different ethnic origins, 

livelihood patterns, age and gender. Before starting identifying the 

importance of forest values, facillitators need to divide each village into 

sub-groups according to these groups along the lines of Table 1. This 

information can be obtained by conducting a rapid appraisal to identify 

these key informants in order to avoid relying on a group whose views 

may be biased. 

Table 1 – Identification of sub-groups within one village community 13 

No. 

Ethnic 

group/origin 

Main sources 

of livelihood 

Other key 

characteristics 

(e.g. history, 

location of 

dwelling, etc.) 

Approximate 

No. of 

Households 

% of village 

population 

12 Adapted from: ‘Identifying, Managing, and Monitoring High Conservation Value 

Forests in Indonesia: A Toolkit for Forest Managers and other Stakeholders’. August 

2003. 

13 These tables are generic guides: local groups or researchers should modify the 

approach where appropriate. 

57

Any group which belongs to indigenous groups and/or represents at 

least 15% of the village population should be considered as a significant 

sub-group and should be interviewed separately – either through 

individual interviews or through group interviews in which care is taken 

to make sure that only one sub-group is represented. 

Regarding gender, it is important to obtain the participation of women, 

since they usually have a different share in the resource use. Women may 

be more involved in the gathering of particular forest products, such as 

medicinal plants, and may then have a different perspective on how 

fundamental they are. In Malaysia, mixed gender group discussions tend 

to be dominated by men. In order to get an appropriate representation of 

women’s point of view, separate group discussions with women only can 

be organized. In such cases, the facilitator should be female. 

STEP 2: Identify how each sub-group meets its basic needs 

For each sub-group, Table 2 is proposed as a guide for individual or 

group interviews. The purpose of this table is to identify how each of the 

basic needs of the sub-group is met by different types of sources, 

including the forest and alternative sources such as agriculture, the sea, 

the market, or aid by the government, forest company development 

program or other third parties, such as NGOs. 

This table can be used in individual interviews. However, conducting such 

interviews can take a long time. It is more efficient in terms of time to use 

the table with small groups of villagers gathered for a group consultation. 

The ideal size would be between 5 to 15 people. About one hour should 

be enough to fill the table with a small group of participants (5 to 15). 

Table 2 - Fulfillment of Basic Needs 

Village:…………. Sub-Group (based on table 1): 

Needs 

Sources 

FOREST 

Agriculture 

(nonforest 

land) Purchased Aid 

Other 

(e.g. 

sea) 

Explanation 

58

Food: 

Carbohydrates (rice, 

sago…) 

animal protein 

(meat, fish) 

fruits, vegetables 

Materials: 

housing 

boats 

furniture, 

household equipt, 

handicraft, tools… 

Fuel: 

Medicines: 

Water: 

for drinking and 

daily needs 

Cash income: 

Cultural/spiritual/re 

ligious needs: 

Others: 

FMU 

Other 

Table 2 can be reproduced on a large piece of paper and put up on 

display where the consultation is taking place. The facilitator then 

explains the purpose of the consultation and proceeds to ask villagers 

where they derive each of the main resources in the table below, and the 

respective importance of each source. For example, the facilitator will 

start asking the community what is their staple food, i.e. their main 

source of carbohydrate such as rice. Then they will ask them where they 

obtain it. Villagers will usually list the most important source first, and 

then other sources. For each source (for example: shifting cultivation), 

the facilitator then asks the villagers whether they derive all their rice 

from this source (ranking: 4); most of their needs from it (ranking : 3), a 

significant part of their needs (2), only a tiny, marginal part of their needs 

(ranking : 1), or none at all (0). In each cell, the facilitator then indicates 

its ranking from 0 to 4 as explained below, and list the corresponding 

resources, e.g. “river fish”, “well”, “rice”, “rattan”, etc. The determination 

of the importance of each source for each need is done using the 

following levels: 

59

• 4 - Essential = 100% of a given need is fulfilled by one source (for 

example, if all the water used by the community comes from the 

forest’s rivers, put “4 (all)” in the “forest” column in the “water” 

row). 

• 3 – Critical = more than 50% of a given need is fulfilled by one 

source 

• 2 - Important = between about 15% and 50% 

• 1 - Not important = less than 15% 

• 0 – Non existent = 0% 

Not all the cells need to be filled, but at least all the ones with a value 

above 2 should be filled. Likewise, all cells in the column “forest” should 

be filled to make sure that the importance of the forest is carefully 

evaluated. Depending on the circumstances, the column “forest” can be 

split in two or not. If the group interviewed lives in the middle of the 

Forest Management Unit under evaluation, then everything they derive 

from the forest is likely to be from the FMU (unless they have migratory 

or hunting/ foraging patterns that go beyond the FMU’s borders). If the 

community is near the border of the FMU or often moves beyond its 

borders, then it may be necessary to clarify which percentage of their 

resources they draw from the FMU and which ones from another forest. 

It is important to realise that it is not necessary to ask the communities 

for percentages. If they are ready to give such percentages, they can be 

used to classify the importance of each resource in the categories 0 to 4 

above. However, it should be remembered that communities are not 

always used to keeping quantified records of their needs and resource 

uses, so percentage given during interviews can be very misleading. 

Rather than trying to obtain figures, which would require much more 

intensive data collecting, it is recommended to base the identification of 

fundamental resources on the qualitative perception of the people, which 

should be an adequate indicator. 

The levels 0 to 4 above can be obtained during individual or group 

discussions. In ordinary speech, the following could be used by farmers 

60

to qualify the importance of a source to fulfill a particular need, for 

example the following questions can be asked: “Do you get all your fruits 

from the forests or are there other sources?” if the answer is “all” then 

the level is 4 for the forest in the line “fruits”. If there are other sources, 

like for example a garden, then the question can be asked as such: “Do 

you get more fruits from the forest or from the garden?” if the answer 

is “more from the forest”, then the level is 3. If the answer is “more from 

the garden” then the following question can be asked: “Do you get a 

significant portion of fruits from the forest or just very little, seldom, and 

not in an important way?” If the answer is “significant, rather important” 

then the answer is 2, if the answer is “marginal, occasional, or not 

important” then the answer is 1. 

Some resources may become critical only at certain times of the year, or 

during crop failures, as replacement. For example, tubers collected in the 

forest may replace rice during shortages between two seasons. If the 

community qualifies a certain forest resource as marginal, always check 

that this applies all year long and all the time, for example by asking “are 

there certain times when this becomes more important?” If the answer is 

yes, then the importance of the resource should be moved to 2 

(significant) and if there is no replacement during that period, then this 

resource meets the requirements for HCV 5. 

STEP 3: Identify fundamental forest functions 

For any need for which the forest has been ranked between 2 and 4 as a 

source (important, critical or essential), the consultation needs to be 

pursued more in detail by filling the Table 3 below, which will establish 

the readiness of alternatives and whether they are within the reach of the 

people. 

Changes are important to consider. Communities’ livelihood patterns 

evolve. If a given resource from the forest is being used less and often 

replaced by alternatives, this may disqualify a resource as fundamental. 

This is especially true when people are investing in alternative sources, 

61

for example if they are developing cash crop plantations that will make 

them less dependant on forest produce for cash needs. This criterion is 

especially important for ‘ambiguous’ cases where it is difficult to decide 

whether a resource is fundamental or not. 

Questions in the table below will help to find out whether the resource is 

fundamental or not. It provides an indicator of whether the community 

has access to replacements to the forest resources or not. Each resource 

for which there is no access to satisfying replacement qualifies as HCV 5. 

Table 3 - Identifying fundamental forest resources 

Village: XXX………………. 

Resource (based on Table 2) 

(1.) If this need cannot be met from the 

corresponding forest resource, are there available 

alternatives? 

(2.) Are these alternatives available 

• all year long every year, 

• in sufficient quantities to replace the 

forest resources 

• and in an accessible location by available 

means of transportation 

(3.) Can the alternatives be obtained for free or 

would there be a cost involved? (e.g. cash needed 

to buy and transport a replacement, labour and 

land needed to start new agricultural activities?) 

(4.) Is the cost of alternatives within the reach of 

all the people? (e.g. do they have enough cash to 

buy it, or do they have enough labour and land to 

start new agricultural production as replacement?) 

(5.) Is there a trend of change in the dependency 

of the people over this resource? For example, are 

they less and less using the rivers for water, or is 

the collection of forest produce declining? 

If there is a trend of change, are the people 

investing in substitutes (e.g. developing cash 

crops, animal husbandry, etc.) 

Are they actively trying to protect the existing 

resources? 

Are all the members of the community concerned 

by these trends or just a minority? 

Sub-Group: (based on Table 1) … 

Ranking of importance of the forest in meeting this 

need (2 to 4), based on Table 2: 

List the alternatives here. If there are none, this 

resource is HCV 5. If there are alternatives, go to 

(2.) 

If the answer is no to one of these questions: there 

may be HCV 5. If the answer is yes to all questions, 

go to (3.) 

If the replacement is available for free (for example, 

free medicine at village dispensary), this is not HCV 

5. If there is a cost, go to (4.). 

If no, then there is HCV 5; if yes, then the need is 

not fundamental. If there is ambiguity, go to (5.) 

In case of hesitation over the importance of a 

resource, obvious declining trends in the use of the 

forest, affecting the community as a whole may 

disqualify the forest from being considered as 

fundamental, especially if people are actively 

investing in new, alternative resources such as 

agriculture. 

If the community is actively protecting the forest 

resources, then it is HCV 5. 

62

If the forest is fundamental in meeting at least one of the basic needs, 

this is sufficient to qualify the forest as HCVF under HCV 5. 

STEP 4: Identify areas of critical traditional cultural, ecological, economic 

or religious significance (HCV 6) 

If a community has been using a forest area for more than two 

generations then the area is of potential traditional cultural value. The 

economic and cultural values identified in Table 2, above, therefore can 

therefore be linked with forest areas that are potentially HCV 6. A 

specific set of interview questions are needed to determine whether these 

economic (i.e. sources of income) and cultural (e.g. religious) values have 

formed a central role for the community over at least two generations. 

This information could be tabulated along the lines laid out in Table 4, 

below. 

Table 4 - Identifying areas of critical traditional cultural significance 

Village: XXX………………. Sub-Group: …(based on Table 1) 

Resource (based on Table 2) 

Number of generations the 

resource has been used 

Ranking of importance of the 

resource to the community over the 

last two generations (Rank 2/3/4) 

Economic resources: 

… 

Cultural/religious resources: 

… 

Resources that have been used for more than two generations and have 

consistently ranked as critical (3) or essential (4) over this time qualify as 

HCV 6. 

63

Appendix 10. How to implement the LOAM process. 

Source: Aldrich & Sayer (2007). 

64

Appendix 11. Relevant organisations to contact. 

Government departments 

Economic Planning Unit 

Prime Minister’s Department 

Block B5 & B6 

Federal Government Administrative Centre 

62502 Putrajaya 

Tel 03-8888-33333 

Fax 03-8888-3755 

www.epu.jpm.my 

Department of Orang Asli Affairs Malaysia 

Level 10, 20 & 20M, West Block 

Wisma Selangor Dredging 

142-C Jalan Ampang 

50450 Kuala Lumpur 

Tel 03-2161-0577 

Fax 03-2162-1470 

www.jheoa.gov.my 

Forest Department Peninsular Malaysia 

Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 


Tel 03-2616-4488 

Fax 03-2692-5657 

www.forestry.gov.my 

Minerals & Geoscience Department 

Malaysia 

19 th -22 nd Floor, Bangunan Tabung Haji 

Jalan Tun Razak 


Tel 03-2161-1033 

Fax 03-2161-1036 

www.jmg.gov.my 

Department of Wildlife & National Parks 

(PERHILITAN) 

KM 10, Jalan Cheras 


Tel 03-9075-2872 

Fax 03-9075-2873 

www.wildlife.gov.my 

Department of Irrigation & Drainage 

Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 


Tel 03-2697-2828 

Fax 03-2698-7973 

Email pro@water.gov.my 

www.water.gov.my 

Department of Town & Country Planning 

Peninsular Malaysia 

Jalan Cenderasari 


Tel 03-2698-9211 

Fax 03-2698-9994 

www.townplan.gov.my 

Malaysian Meteorological Department 

Jalan Sultan 

Petaling Jaya, Selangor 

Tel 03-7967-8000 

Fax 03-7955-0964 

Email email@met.gov.my 

www.met.gov.my 

Ministry of Natural Resources & 

Environment 

Wisma Sumber Asli 

25 Persiaran Perdana 

Precint 4, 62574 Putrajaya 

Tel 03-8886-1111 

Fax 03-8886-1512 

www.nre.gov.my 

65

(Sabah) 

Environment Protection Department 

Wisma Budaya, 1-3 Floor 

Tunku Abdul Rahman Road 

Locked Bag No. 2078 

88999 Kota Kinabalu 

Tel 088-251-290 

Fax 088-238-120 

Email jpas@sabah.gov.my 

www.sabah.gov.my/jpas/ 

Biodiversity Units 

Pejabat Hal-Ehwal Anak Negeri Sabah 

Level 2 Block C 

Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens 



Email PHEAN@sabah.gov.my 

Tel 088-222-251 

Fax 088-246-352 

Sabah Cultural Board 

Wisma Budaya Building 

Tunku Abdul Rahman Road 

Locked Bag 132 


Tel 088-268-890 

Fax 088-264-235 

Email borneosiff@gmail.com 

www.sabah.gov.my/lks/ 

Sabah Museum 



Tel 088-253199 

Fax 088-240-230 

Email Muzium.Sabah@sabah.gov.my 

Forest Research Centre 

Sabah Forestry Department 

P.O. Box 1407 

90715 Sandakan 

Tel 089-531-522/3/4 

Fax 089-531-068 

Email frcsabah@sabah.gov.my 

OR frc@tm.net.my 

www.sabah.gov.my/htan_frc/ 

Department of Irrigation & Drainage 

Level 5, Wisma Pertanian Sabah 

Jalan Tasik Luyang 

Off Jalan Maktab Gaya 



Tel 088-280-500 

Fax 088-242-770 

www.did.sabah.gov.my 

Sabah Agricultural Park 

WDT 28 

89909 Tenom 

Tel 087-737-952 

Fax 087-737-571 

Email agripark@sabah.net.my 

www.sabah.net.my/agripark/home.htm 

Sabah Forestry Department 

KM 10, Labuk Road 

90000 Sandakan 

Tel 089-660-811 

Fax 089-669-170 

Email htan@sabah.gov.my 

www.forest.sabah.gov.my 

Sabah Parks 

Lot 1-3, Block K, G Floor 

Sinsuran Complex 

P.O. Box 10626 


Tel 088-211-881/212-719 

66

www.mzm.sabah.gov.my Fax 088-221-001 

Fax 088-211-585 

Email sparkshq@tm.net.my 

www.sabahparks.org.my 

Sabah Wildlife Department 

5 th Floor, B Block, Wisma MUIS 


Tel 088-215-353 

Fax 088-222-476 

Email jhlsabah@tm.net.my 

OR pengarah.jhl@tm.net.my 

www.sabah.gov.my/jhl/ 

(Sarawak) 

Natural Resources & Environment Board 

18 th -20 th Floor Menara Pelita 

Jalan Tun Abdul Rahman Ya’akub 

Petra Jaya, 93050 Kuching 

Tel 082-440-504 

Fax 082-312-800 

Email penguangm@sarawaknet.gov.my 

www.nreb.gov.my 

Sarawak Biodiversity Centre 

KM 20, Jalan Borneo Heights 

Semenggoh 


93990 Kuching 

Tel 082-610-610 

Fax 082-611-535 

Email biosar@sbc.org.my 

www.sbc.org.my 

Sarawak Health Department 

Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg 

93590 Kuching 

Tel 082-256-566 

Fax 082-424-959 

Email shd@sarawak.health.gov.my 

www.sarawak.health.gov.my/index2.htm 

Sarawak Rivers Board 

Level 3, Electra House 

Forest Department Sarawak 

Wisma Sumber Alam 

Jalan Stadium 

Petra Jaya, 93660 Kuching 

Tel 082-442-180 

Fax 082-441-210 

Email lth@sarawaknet.gov.my 

www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/forweb/ 

homepage.htm 

Sarawak Forestry Corporation 

Level 12, Office Tower 

Hock Lee Centre 

Jalan Datuk Abang Abdul Rahim 

93450 Kuching 

Tel 082-348-001 

Fax 082-488-654 

Email info@sarawakforestry.com 

www.sarawakforestry.com 

Sarawak Native Customs Council 

Level 3, Bangunan BINAMAS 

Lot 138, Section 54, Jalan Padungan 

93400 Kuching 

Tel 082-234-719 

Fax 082-234-730 

Email ambrosld@sarawaknet.gov.my 

www.nativecustoms.sarawak.gov.my 

Sarawak Water Resources Council 

Public Works Department Headquarters 

67

Power Street 

93000 Kuching 

Tel 082-207-107/110 

Fax 082-242-197 

Email muhamayk@sarawaknet.gov.my 

www.srb.sarawak.gov.my 

Wisma Saberkas 

93582 Kuching 

Tel 082-203-100/8 

Fax 082-429-679 / 429-789 

Academic/Research institutions 

Forest Research Insitute Malaysia (FRIM) 

52109 Kepong 

Selangor 

Tel 03-6279-7000 

Fax 03-6273-1314 

www.frim.gov.my 

Universiti Malaya (UM) 


Tel 03-7967-7022/3273 

Fax 03-7956-0027 

Email icr@um.edu.my 

www.um.edu.my 

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 

Jalan Datuk Mohd Musa 

94300 Kota Samarahan 

Sarawak 

Tel 082-581-000/388 

Fax 082-665-088 

www.unimas.my 

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 

11800 Pulau Pinang 

Tel 04-653-3140 

Fax 04-658-9666 

Email pro@notes.usm.my 

www.usm.my 

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 

43600 Bangi 

Selangor 

Tel 03-8921-5555 

www.ukm.my 

Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) 



Sabah 

Tel 088-320-000/474 

Fax 088-320-223 

Email crd@ums.edu.my 

www.ums.edu.my 

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 

43400 Serdang 

Selangor 

Tel 03-8946-6000 

Fax 03-8948-7273 

www.upm.edu.my 

NGOs/Private 

Borneo Resources Institute (BRIMAS) 

Lot 1046, 2 nd Floor 

Shang Garden Shoplots 

Jalan Bulan Sabit 

Center for Orang Asli Concerns (COAC) 

P.O. Box 3052 

47590 Subang Jaya 

Selangor 

68

98000 Miri, Sarawak 

Email snanet@tm.net.my 

brimas.www1.50megs.com 

HUTAN-Kinabatangan Orang-utan 

Conservation Project 

P.O. Box 3109 

90734 Sandakan, Sabah 

Tel 089-230-220 

Fax 088-250-450 

OR 088-244-502 

Email hutan1@tm.net.my 

Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) 

JKR 641 Jalan Kelantan 

Bukit Persekutuan 


Tel 03-2287-9422 

Fax 03-2287-8773 

Email mns@mns.org.my 

www.mns.org.my 

Sabah Environmental Protection 

Association (SEPA) 

Email sepa94@tm.net.my 

www.sabah.org.my/sepa/ 

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) 


7 Jalan Ridgeway 

93200 Kuching, Sarawak 

Tel 082-279-050 

Fax 082-252-799 

OR 

42-C, 3 rd Floor 

Jalan SS6/8, Kelana Jaya 

47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor 

Tel 03-7880-2029 

Tel 03-5632-8050 

Email colin.coac@gmail.com 

www.coac.org.my 

Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah 

(KDCA) 

Hongkod Koisaan 

KM 7, Penampang Road 

WDT 39 

89509 Penampang, Sabah 

Tel 088-713-696 

Fax 088-713-350 

Email koisaan@kdca.org.my 

www.kdca.org.my 

Partners of Community Organisations 

(PACOS) 

First Floor, Lot 5 

Block M, Donggongon Town 

P.O. Box 511 

89507 Penampang, Sabah 

Tel 088-712-518 

Fax 088-718-669 

Email pacos@tm.net.my 

www.sabah.net.my/PACOS/ 

Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) 

Lot 218, KCLD 

Jalan Tapang, Kota Sentosa 

93250 Kuching, Sarawak 

Tel 082-610-088 

Fax 082-610-099 

Email info@sarawakforestry.com 

www.sarawakforestry.com 

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 


49 Jalan SS23/11 

Taman SEA 

47400 Petaling Jaya 

Selangor 

Tel 03-7803-3772 

Fax 03-7803-5157 

Email contactus@wwf.org.my 

www.wwf.org.my 

69

Fax 03-7880-2058 

Email admin@wcsmalaysia.org 

OR wcsmy@streamyx.com 

www.wcsmalaysia.org 

70

Appendix 12. List of participants in expert review 27-28 May 2008. 

Name 

Dr Lilian Chua Swee Lian 

Mr Sanath Kumaran 

Mr Yong Teng Koon 

Mr Mohd Zin Yusop 

Tn Hj Sapuan Ahmad 

Ms Lucy Chong 

Dr Lee Hua Seng 

Prof Zubaid Akbar Mukhtar Ahmad 

Dr Melvin Gumal 

Mr Ahmad Zafir Abdul Wahab 

Ms Ivy Wong 

Mr Reuben Clements 

Mr Surin Suksuwan 

Ms Patricia Regis 

Organisation 

FRIM 

KENVIRO 

MTCC 

Pahang Forestry Dept 

Sarawak Forest Dept 

SFC 

STA 

UKM 

WCS Malaysia 

WWF-MY 

WWF-MY 

WWF-MY 

WWF-MY 

Independent Consultant 

Mr Lim Teck Wyn (Facilitator) 

Ms Sheema Abdul Aziz (Rapporteur) 

RESCU 

WWF-MY 

71

Appendix 13. Classes of Forest Reserve and prohibitions under Sabah 

Forest Enactment 1968. 

Class Reserve Type Purpose 

I Protection Forest Maintenance of forest essential on climatic or physical 

grounds 

II Commercial Forest For supply of timber and other produce to meet the 

general demands of trade 

III Domestic Forest For supply of timber and other produce for local 

consumption 

IV Amenity Forest For local amenity and arboretum work 

V Mangrove Forest For supply of mangrove timber or other produce to 

meet the general demands of trade 

VI Virgin Jungle Reserve For forest research purpose 

VII Wildlife Reserve For protection of wildlife 

Notwithstanding the provisions of this or any other State law, during the period between 

the publication of a notice of intention and the terminal date in respect of the proposal 

notified thereby - 

(a) no new title shall be issued without the specific approval of the Minister over any 

of the land specified in such notice; 

(b) no new right or privilege shall be acquired or exercised in or over any such land; 

(c) no new building shall be erected or plantation formed on any such land; 

(d) no fresh clearing for cultivation or for any other purpose shall be made on any 

such land; 

(e) no tree shall be cut on, or forest produce taken from, such land for any purpose 

whether under the authority of any licence or permit or otherwise: 

Provided that the Director may, in his absolute discretion, authorise in writing the doing 

of any act which would otherwise be prohibited by paragraphs (b) to (e) of this 

subsection. 

72

Appendix 14. List of Totally Protected (prohibited hunting & collection) 

animals & plants under the Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. 

A. Animals 

English name Scientific name Sabah name 

Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Badak Sumatra 

Orang Utan Pongo pygmaeus Orang Utan 

Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus Beruang Madu 

Dugong Dugong dugon Duyung 

Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus Monyet Bangkatan 

Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa Harimau Dahan 

False Gharial Tomistoma schlegelii Buaya Julung-julung 

Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Penyu Hijau 

Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Penyu Sisik 

B. Plants 


Pitcher plants Nepenthes spp. Periuk kera 

Slipper orchids Paphiopedilum spp. Orkid selipar 

Rafflesia Rafflesia spp. Rafflesia 

Tetrastigma Tetrastigma spp. Pokok Perumah 

Rafflesia 

73

Appendix 15. List of Protected (limited hunting & collection under 

licence) animals & plants under Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment 

1997. NB: Marine/seaside species have been omitted. 

A. Mammals 


Kinabalu Shrew Crocidura baluensis Cencurut Kinabalu 

Dayak Roundleaf Bat Hipposideros dyacorum Kelawar Ladam-bulat Dayak 

Coppery Pipistrelle Pipistrellus cuprosus Kelawar Hidung Pendek 

Tembaga 

Gilded Tube-nosed Bat Murina rozendaali Kelawar Hidung Laras Emas 

Flying Lemur Cynocephalus variegatus Kubung 

Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang Kongkang 

Tarsier Tarsius bancanus Kera Hantu 

Maroon Leaf Monkey Presbytis rubicunda Monyet Merah 

Grey Leaf Monkey Presbytis hosei Monyet Kikok 

Silvered Leaf Monkey Presbytis cristata Monyet Kelabu 

Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis Kera 

Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina Beruk 

Bornean/Mueller’s Gibbon Hylobates muelleri Kelawat 

Pangolin Manis javanica Tenggiling 

Giant Squirrel Ratufa affinis Tupai Kerawak Putih-kuning 

Kinabalu Squirrel Callosciurus baluensis Tupai Kinabalu 

Giant Tufted Ground Squirrel Reithrosciurus macrotis Babut 

Hose’s Pygmy Flying Squrirel Petaurillus hosei Tupai Terbang Kecil 

Temminck’s Flying Squirrel Petinomys setosus Tupai Terbang Dada Putih 

Horsfield’s Flying Squirrel Iomys horsfieldi Tupai Terbang Ekor Merah 

Grey-cheeked Flying Squirrel Hylopetes lepidus Tupai Terbang Pipi Kelabu 

Black Flying Squirrel Aeromys tephromelas Tupai Terbang Hitam 

Smoky Flying Squirrel Pteromyscus pulverulentus Tupai Terbang Kotor 

Whiskered Flying Squirrel Petinomys genobarbis Tupai Terbang Berjambang 

Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista elegans Tupai Terbang Bintang 

Red Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista petaurista Tupai Terbang Merah 

Thomas’s Flying Squirrel Aeromys thomasi Tupai Terbang Merah 

Long-tailed Porcupine Trichys fasciculata Landak Padi 

Thick-spined Porcupine Thecurus crassispinis Landak Borneo 

Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula Mengkira 

Malay Weasel Mustela nudipes Pulasan Tanah 

Ferret-Badger Melogale personata Pulasan Lamri 

Malay Badger Mydaus javanensis Teledu 

Hairy-nosed Otter Lutra sumatrana Memerang Kumis 

Smooth Otter Lutra perspicillata Memerang Licin 

Oriental Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinerea Memerang Kecil 

Malay Civet Viverra tangalunga Musang Tanggalong 

74

Otter-Civet Cynogale bennettii Musang Memerang 

Binturong Arctictis binturong Musang Binturong 

Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata Musang Akar 

Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata Musang Lamri 

Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Musang Pulut 

Hose’s Civet Hemigalus hosei Musang Hitam Pudar 

Banded Palm Civet Hemigalus derbyanus Musang Belang 

Banded Linsang Prionodon linsang Musang Linsang 

Collared Mongoose Herpestes semitorquatus Bambun Ekor Panjang 

Short-tailed Mongoose Herpestes brachyurus Bambum Ekor Pendek 

Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis Kucing Batu 

Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata Kucing Dahan 

Flat-headed Cat Prionailurus planiceps Kucing Hutan 

Bornean Bay Cat Catopuma badia Kucing Merah 

Asian Elephant Elephas maximus Gajah 

Banteng Bos javanicus Tembadau 

B. Reptiles 


Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus Buaya 

Monitor lizards Varanus spp. Biawak 

Reticulated Python Python reticulatus Ular Sawa Panjang 

Blood Python Python curtus Ular Sawa Darah 

King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah Ular Tedung Selar 

Forest Tortoise Testudo emys Kura-kura Bukit 

Asian Giant Turtle Orlitia borneensis Juku-juku Besar 

C. Birds 


Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Dendang Air 

Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster Kosa 

Great-billed Heron Ardea sumatrana Bangau Bakau 

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Bangau Paya 

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Seriap 

Reef Egret Egretta sacra Bangau Laut 

Little Egret Egretta garzetta Bangau Kecil 

Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes Bangau Cina 

Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia Bangau Kerbau 

Little Heron Butorides striatus Pucong Keladi 

Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Pucong Kuak 

Rufous Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus Pucong Malam 

Malayan Night Heron Gorsachius melanolophus Pucong Rimau 

Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis Pucong Merah 

Schrenk’s Bittern Ixobrychus eurythmus Pucong Gelam 

Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis Pucong Hitam 

75

Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Pucong Bendang 

Storm’s Stork Cicona stormi Botak Storm 

Lesser Adjutant Stork Leptoptilos javanicus Botak Kecil 

Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Sekendi Kepala Hitam 

Bat Hawk Macaeramphus alcinus Helang Malam 

Jerdon Baza Avicedo jerzoni Helang Baza 

Crested Honey-Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus Helang Lebah 

Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Helang Merah 

Black Kite Milvus migrans Helang Kembara Hitam 

Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis Helang Hitam 

Lesser Fish-Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis Helang Kangkok 

Grey-headed Fish-Eagle Ichthyophaga ichtyaetus Helang Kepala Kelabu 

Kinabalu Serpent-Eagle Spilornis kinabaluensis Helang Kinabalu 

Crested Serpent-Eagle Spilornis cheela Helang Berjambul 

Besra Accipiter virgatus Helang Pipit 

Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus Helang Putih 

Wallace’s Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus nanus Helang Selat 

Osprey Pandion haliacetus Helang Tiram 

White-fronted Falconet Microhierax latifros Falko Dahi Putih 

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Falko Belalang 

Common Falconet Microhierax caerulescens Falko Biasa 

Oriental Hobby Falco severus Falko Timur 

Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Falko Serani 

Tabon Scrubfowl Megapodius cumingii Tambun 

Blue-breasted Quail Coturnix chinensis Pikau 

Long-billed Partridge Rhizothera longirostris Siul Selanting 

Ferruginous Partridge Caloperdix oculea Sang Seruk Rimba 

Red-breasted Partridge Arborophila hyperythra Siul Dada Merah 

Chestnut-necklaced 

Arborophila charltonii 

Sang Serok 

Partridge 

Black Wood-Partridge Melanoperdix nigra Siul Bertam 

Crested Partridge Rollulus rouloul Siul Berjambul 

Crimson-headed Partridge Haematortyx sanguiniceps Siul Kepala Merah 

Crested Fireback Lophura ignita Ayam Pegar 

Crestless Fireback Lophura erythopthalma Merah Mata 

Bulwer’s Pheasant Lophura bulweri Pakiak 

Bornean Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri Merak Pongsu 

Great Argus Argusianus argus Kuang Raya 

Malaysian Plover Charadrius peronii Rapang Pasir 

Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Kedidi Timor 

Nordmann’s Greenshank Tringa guttifer Kedidi Kaki Hijau Berbintik 

Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus Kedidi Dada Merah 

Large Green Pigeon Treron capellei Lengguak 

Cinnamon-headed Green 

Pigeon 

Treron fulvicollis 

Punai Bakau 

76

Black-naped Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus melanospila Punai Tengkuk Hitam 

Grey Imperial Pigeon Ducula pickeringi Merpati Raja Kelabu 

Metallic Wood-Pigeon Columbia vittiensis Merpati Kayu 

Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica Punai Tanah 

Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica Punai Emas 

Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis Bayan Tengkuk Biru 

Blue-rumped Parrot Psittinus cyanurus Bayan Puling 

Long-tailed Parakeet Psittacula longicauda Bayan Nuri 

Blue-crowned Hanging- Loriculus galgulus 

Bayan Kecil/Serindit 

Parrot 

Violet Cuckoo Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus Sewah Rembah 

Short-toed Coucal Centropus rectunguis But-But Jari Pendek 

Sunda Ground-Cuckoo Carpococcyx radiceus Sewah Tanah 

Bay Owl Phodilus badius Jampuk Pantai 

Reddish Scops-Owl Otus rufescens Hantu Merah 

Mountain Scops-Owl Otus spilocephalus Hantu Gunung 

Collared Scops-Owl Otus lempiji Hantu Reban 

Mantanani Scops-Owl Otus Mantananensis Hantu Mantanani 

Barred Eagle-Owl Bubo sumatrana Hantu Bubu 

Buffy Fish-Owl Ketupa ketupu Hantu Kuning 

Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei Hantu Kecil 

Brown Boobook Ninox scutulata Hantu Betemak 

Brown Wood-Owl Strix leptogrammica Hantu Punggor 

Large Frogmouth Batrachostomus auritus Segan Besar 

Bonaparte’s Nightjar Caprimulgus concretus Tukang Bonaparte 

Waterfall Swift Hydrochous gigas Layang-Layang Hantu 

Edible-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus Layang-Layang Gua 

Black-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus maximus Layang-Layang Padi 

Brown-backed Needletail Hirundapus giganteus Layang-Layang Besar 

Wrinkled Hornbill Rhyticeros corrugatus Enggang Berkedut 

Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulatus Enggang Gunung 

White-crowned Hornbill Berenicornis comatus Enggang Jambul Putih 

Bushy-crested Hornbill Anorrhinus galeritus Enggang Belukar 

Black Hornbill Anthracoceros malayanus Enggang Gatal Birah 

Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus Enggang Tangling 

Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros Enggang Badak 

Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil Enggang Terbang Mentua 

Malaysian Honeyguide Indicator archipelagicus Gembala Lebah 

Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus Belatok Belang 

Rufous Woodpecker Celeus brachyurus Belatok Kecil 

White-bellied Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis Belatok Gajah 

Giant Pitta Pitta caerulea Pacat Besar 

Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha Pacat 

Blue-headed Pitta Pitta baudi Pacat Kepala Merah 

Blue-banded Pitta Pitta arquata Pacat 

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Banded Pitta Pitta guajana Pacat Bukit 

Blue-winged Pitta Pitta moluccensis Pacat Sayap Biru 

Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida Pacat Gembala Pelandok 

Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus Barau-barau 

Hook-billed Bulbul Setornis criniger Merbah 

Everett’s Thrush Zoothera everetti Murai Everett 

White-crowned Forktail Enicurus leschenaulti Murai Cegar Belukar 

White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus Murai Rimba 

Magpie Robin Copsychus saulari Murai Kampung 

White-chested Babbler Trichastoma rostratum Burung Telanjuk 

Ferruginous Babbler Trichastoma bicolor Rimba Sampah 

Grey-breasted Babbler Malacopteron albogulare Rimba Dahan 

Bornean Wren-Babbler Ptilocichla leucogrammica Rimba Borneo 

Sunda Blue Flycatcher Cyornis caerulata Sambar Biru Sunda 

Malaysian Blue Flycatcher Cyornis turcosa Sambar Biru Malaysia 

Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Sambar Ekor Panjang 

Mangrove Whistler Pachycephala cinerea Sambar Siul Belukar 

Brown-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum everetti Sepah Puteri Gunung 

Hill Myna Gracula religiosa Tiong Mas 

Bornean Bristlehead Pityriasis gymnocephala Burung Jambul 

Black Magpie Platysmurus leucopterus Murai Hitam 

Short-tailed Green Magpie Cissa thalassina Murai Hijau 

D. Insects 


Rajah Brooke’s Birdwing Trogonoptera brookiana Kupu-Kupu Rajah 

Common birdwings Troides spp. Kupu-Kupu 

E. Plants 

Scientific name 

Caryota spp. 

Ceratolobus spp. 

Corypha spp. 

Cycadaceae 

Cytoceae 

Zingiberaceae 

Nenga spp. 

Nepenthaceae 

Orchidaceae 

Podocarpus spp. 

Rhododendron spp. 

Livistonia spp. 

Arenga spp. 

Sabah name 

Botu 

Rotan 

Gabang 

Paku Laut 

Paku 

Halia Hutan 

Pinang Hutan 

Periuk Kera 

Anggerek Hutan 

Lampias 

Mawar Hutan 

Silad 

Polod 

78

Appendix 16. List of Protected (hunting licence required) animals under 

the Sabah Wildlife Enactment 1997. 


Large Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus Keluang Bakau 

Island Flying Fox Pteropus hypomelanus Keluang Pulau 

Common Porcupine Hystrix brachyura Landak Raya 

Bearded Pig Sus barbatus Babi Hutan 

Lesser Mousedeer Tragulus javanicus Pelandok 

Greater Mousedeer Tragulus napu Napoh 

Common Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak Kijang 

Bornean Yellow 

Muntiacus atherodes Kijang 

Muntjac 

Sambar Deer Cervus unicolor Rusa 

79

Appendix 17. Relevant extracts from Sabah Sustainable Forest 

Management Licence Agreement (SFMLA). 

17. It may be included in the Licensed Area, Protection Forest Reserves, 

Wildlife Reserves, Virgin Jungle Reserves etc. to which the Licensee shall 

have no right whatsoever and the Licensee shall take all possible 

precautions to protect such areas from fire, encroachment and poaching. 

18. (i) A strip of thirty (30) meters in width shall be maintained 

along either side of all perennial streams and rivers as a protected 

riparian reserve. The width shall be measured along the surface of 

the ground beginning from the edge of the watercourse bank. 

(ii) The Licensee shall not fell any trees within the riparian 

reserve. 

(iii) The Government undertakes in respect of any riparian 

reserve which may intervene between the Licensed Area and any 

river within the Licensed Area, if requested to do so by the 

Licensee, to grant the right to occupy any portion in such area, 

upon such terms as shall be agreed between the Licensee and the 

Collector of Land Revenue in consultation with the Director for the 

purpose of erecting temporary buildings, loading ramps or for any 

other purpose which the Collector of Land Revenue in consultation 

with the Director agrees is necessary for the performance of the 

rights and duties of the Licensee under this Agreement. In any such 

event, the Licensee will not allow any discharge into the river of any 

substance liable to cause pollution of water or do any act liable to 

cause silting or interference with the normal flow of water. 

19. The Licensee shall take reasonable steps and appropriate actions to 

assure – 

(i) that there shall be no illegal logging or any boundary 

infringement by third party inside the Licensed Area; 

80

(ii) 

that there shall be no hunting of wildlife in the Licensed 

Area, including such wildlife as is protected by the Fauna 

Conservation Ordinance, 1963; 

(iii) 

that there shall be no fishing within the Licensed Area except 

to the extent specifically permitted by the Director; 

(iv) 

that explosives or poisons shall not be used for the clearing 

of waterways or any other purpose without the expressed 

consent of the Director and any other State or Federal 

Department/Agencies which may have jurisdiction with 

respect thereto; 

(v) 

that the Licensee shall provide all the required assistance to 

the Director in developing the flora and fauna of the Licensed 

Area and in protecting the Licensed Area from potential 

damage. 

23. The rights and privileges of the natives under the existing laws and 

regulations, including Customary Law, are not affected or limited in 

any respect under this Agreement. The Licensee shall recognize 

such rights and privileges including, without limitation, to those 

relating to entry into the Licensed Area to collect certain wood 

species and exploit Minor Forest Produce (as allowed and defined 

in the Forest Enactment 1968 and Forest Rules 1969) for its own 

personal use and not for business purposes. 

49. The Licensed Area shall for management purposes be zoned as 

Conservation Area, Production Area, Community Area, or 

Recreation Area, if applicable. The forest zones shall be designated 

according to the following criteria: 

(i) 

Conservation Area: 

- Areas over 25 degrees slope, or 

81

- Areas with less than 25 degrees slope, but special 

importance for watershed protection or for the 

conservation of plant and wildlife habitat. 

Permitted uses shall be limited to non-timber forest produce. 

The area is to be protected totally from commercial timber 

harvesting. 

(ii) 

Production Area: 

(a) Natural Forests: 

- Areas less than 25 degrees slope unless 

Conservation Area. 

Permitted uses shall be limited to the production of 

timber by means of natural regeneration and/or line 

planting of high value timber species and the 

production of non-timber forest produce. 

(b) Timber Plantations: 

- Areas less than 15 degrees slope unless 

Conservation Area; 

- Degraded forest land having no exploitable volume 

of trees greater than 60 cm dbh, and insufficient 

regeneration. 

Permitted uses shall be limited to planting and 

management of short rotation, single-or mixed species 

industrial timber plantations (ITP), and/or long rotation 

timber plantations with high-value, indigenous or 

foreign tree species. Plantations shall be managed in 

conformance with the Plantation Development 

Programme and standards specified in Chapter 3 of 

Part 2 of this Agreement. 

(iii) 

Community Area: 

Areas which may encompass Conservation Area and 

Production Forest in the direct vicinity of settlements where 

the local population exercises customary rights (timber, non- 

82

timber forest produce, hunting etc.). Permitted uses shall be 

limited to community use. 

(iv) 

Recreation Area: 

Areas with recreational potential, e.g. waterfalls, caves. 

Permitted use shall be limited to development for local 

recreation and tourism. 

SCHEDULE B 

(Clause 1 (31)) 

Prohibited Species 

“Prohibited species” means the following trees: 

1. Mangrove 

2. Any tree marked for retention by the Director 

3. Any tree of the genera specified in Schedule I of the Forest Rules 

1969 if the diameter is less than the minimum diameter prescribed 

unless marked for felling by the Director 

4. All Tengkawang/Kawang species including Shorea macrophylla, S. 

gysbertiana, S. pinangah 

5. All Mangifera species (Asam family – manga or mancang hutan) 

6. All Durio species (Durian) 

7. All species of Kedongong (Triomma spp., Dacryodes spp. And 

Santiria spp., except Canarium spp. 

83

Appendix 18. Mammal Tracks of Thailand. 

84

No. 

Nama haiwan (Name of animal) 

Bahasa Malaysia / saintifik / Inggeris (Malay / scientific / English) 

1 (a) & (b) Pulasan / Martes flavigula / Yellow‐throated marten 

2 (a) & (b) Landak raya / Hystrix brachyura / Malayan porcupine 

3 Memerang / Lutra lutra / Eurasian otter 

4 Memerang / Lutra perspicillata / Smooth‐coated otter 

5 (a) & (b) Melogale personata / Burmese ferret badger 

6 (a) & (b) Arnab / Lepus sp. / Hare 

7 (a) & (b) Tenggiling / Manis javanica / Malayan pangolin 

8 Memerang / Aonyx cinerea / Small‐clawed otter 

9 Kera / Macaca fascicularis / Long‐tailed macaque 

10 (a) & (b) Dekan / Rhizomys sumatrensis / Large bamboo rat 

11 (a) & (b) Landak batu / Atherurus macrourus / Brush‐tailed porcupine 

12 (a) & (b) Dekan / Cannomys badius / Bay bamboo rat 

13 Tikus / Rattus sp. / Rat 

14 (a) & (b) Musang Jebat / Viverra zibetha / Large Indian civet 

15 Musang / Paguma larvata / Masked palm civet 

16 Arctonyx collaris / Hog badger 

17 Tikus mondok / Herpestes javanicus / Javan mongoose 

18 Tikus bulan / Echinosorex gymnurus / Moonrat 

19 Musang / Cynogale benetti / Otter civet 

20 Musang / Paradoxurus hermaphroditus / Common palm civet 

21 Musang / Viverricula indica / Small Indian civet 

22 Binturong / Arctictis binturong / Binturong 

23 Anjing hutan / Cuon alpinus / Asiatic wild dog 

24 Tupai / Lariscus insignis / Three‐striped ground squirrel 

25 Jelu / Mustela nudipes / Malayan weasel 

26 Kucing hutan / Prionailurus viverrinus / Fishing cat 

27 Harimau / Panthera tigris / Tiger 

28 Beruang / Ursus thibetanus / Asiatic black bear 

Source: Kanjanavanit (1997). 

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