High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF) Toolkit for Malaysia: A ...
High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF) Toolkit for Malaysia: A ...
High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF) Toolkit for Malaysia: A ...
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DRAFT<br />
<strong>High</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> (<strong>HCVF</strong>)<br />
<strong>Toolkit</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Malaysia</strong>:<br />
A national guide <strong>for</strong> identifying, managing and<br />
monitoring <strong>High</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong> <strong>Forests</strong><br />
4th Draft<br />
May 2009<br />
WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong>
Contents<br />
Abbreviations ......................................................................................... 3<br />
1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 5<br />
1.1 Objective.................................................................................... 5<br />
1.2 Background................................................................................ 5<br />
1.3 Overview of <strong>HCVF</strong>....................................................................... 6<br />
1.4 What is this toolkit?.................................................................... 8<br />
1.5 How to use this toolkit ............................................................... 9<br />
1.6 Other potential uses of the toolkit............................................ 10<br />
2 <strong>Toolkit</strong> Proper: Interpretation of <strong>HCVF</strong> in <strong>Malaysia</strong>.......................... 12<br />
HCV 1 Biodiversity <strong>Value</strong>s............................................................. 12<br />
HCV1.1 Protected Areas ................................................................. 12<br />
HCV1.2 Threatened and Endangered Species.................................. 13<br />
HCV1.3 Endemism.......................................................................... 15<br />
HCV1.4 Critical Temporal Use......................................................... 17<br />
HCV 2 Landscape-level Forest ...................................................... 18<br />
HCV 3 Ecosystems ........................................................................ 22<br />
HCV 4 Services of Nature.............................................................. 24<br />
HCV 4.1 Watershed Protection...................................................... 24<br />
HCV 4.2 Erosion Control............................................................... 25<br />
HCV 4.3 Barriers to Destructive Fire................................................. 27<br />
HCV 5 Basic Needs of Local Communities ..................................... 29<br />
HCV 6 Cultural Identity of Local Communities .............................. 31<br />
3 References...................................................................................... 33<br />
Appendix 1. Rare, threatened & endangered species of large mammal in<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>................................................................................................ 38<br />
Appendix 2. Selected localities with endemic tree or mammal species .. 39<br />
Appendix 3. Management of HCV1 (Biodiversity <strong>Value</strong>s - Wildlife). ....... 41<br />
Appendix 4. List of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) <strong>for</strong> <strong>Malaysia</strong> ................. 48<br />
Appendix 5. Habitat preferences of <strong>Malaysia</strong>n mammals by related<br />
groups.................................................................................................. 51<br />
Appendix 6. PERHILITAN Ecosystem Assessment <strong>for</strong> Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
............................................................................................................. 53<br />
1
Appendix 7. Forest type classifications and assessments in Sabah........ 55<br />
Sub-alpine Vegetation .......................................................................... 55<br />
Appendix 8. Forest type classifications and assessments in Sarawak. ... 56<br />
Appendix 9. Guide to identifying <strong>for</strong>est areas fundamental to meeting<br />
basic needs of local communities (HCV 5) and/or critical to local<br />
communities’ traditional cultural identity (HCV 6) ................................. 57<br />
Appendix 10. How to implement the LOAM process.............................. 64<br />
Appendix 11. Relevant organisations to contact.................................... 65<br />
Appendix 12. List of participants in expert review 27-28 May 2008. .... 71<br />
Appendix 13. Classes of Forest Reserve and prohibitions under Sabah<br />
Forest Enactment 1968 ......................................................................... 72<br />
Appendix 14. List of Totally Protected (prohibited hunting & collection)<br />
animals & plants under the Sabah Wildlife <strong>Conservation</strong> Enactment 1997<br />
............................................................................................................. 73<br />
Appendix 15. List of Protected (limited hunting & collection under licence)<br />
animals & plants under Sabah Wildlife <strong>Conservation</strong> Enactment 1997 ... 74<br />
Appendix 16. List of Protected (hunting licence required) animals under<br />
the Sabah Wildlife Enactment 1997 ....................................................... 79<br />
Appendix 17. Relevant extracts from Sabah Sustainable Forest<br />
Management Licence Agreement (SFMLA) ............................................. 80<br />
Appendix 18. Mammal Tracks of Thailand ............................................ 84<br />
2
Abbreviations<br />
ASIP Agouti Signaling Peptide (gene)<br />
CFS Central Forest Spine<br />
DTCP Department of Town and Country Planning<br />
DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
(PERHILITAN)<br />
EPU Economic Planning Unit<br />
FDPM Forest Department Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
FDRS Fire Danger Rating System<br />
FFMC Fine Fuel Moisture Code<br />
FMP Forest Management Plan<br />
FMU Forest Management Unit<br />
FRC Forest Research Centre<br />
FRIM Forest Research Institute <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
FSC Forest Stewardship Council, Asociación Civil<br />
HCV <strong>High</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong><br />
<strong>HCVF</strong> <strong>High</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong> Forest<br />
IBA Important Bird Area<br />
KDCA Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah<br />
LAC Limits of Acceptable Change<br />
LOAM Landscape Outcome Assessment Methodology<br />
MC&I(2002) <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Criteria and Indicators <strong>for</strong> Forest Management<br />
Certification<br />
MNS <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Nature Society<br />
MTCC <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Timber Certification Council<br />
MTCS <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Timber Certification Scheme<br />
MMD <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Meteorological Department<br />
MY <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
NCS National <strong>Conservation</strong> Strategy<br />
P&C Principles and Criteria<br />
P3DM Participatory 3D Modelling<br />
PACOS Partners of Community Organisations<br />
PERHILITAN Department of Wildlife & National Parks <strong>Malaysia</strong> (DWNP)<br />
PFE Permanent Forest Estate<br />
3
PM<br />
RESCU<br />
RIL<br />
SFC<br />
STA<br />
STD<br />
TPA<br />
UKM<br />
WCS<br />
WWF<br />
WWF-MY<br />
Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
Resource Stewardship Consultants Sendirian Berhad<br />
Reduced Impact Logging<br />
Sarawak Forestry Corporation<br />
Sarawak Timber Association<br />
Standard<br />
Totally Protected Area<br />
Universiti Kebangsaan <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
Wildlife <strong>Conservation</strong> Society<br />
World Wide Fund <strong>for</strong> Nature<br />
WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
4
1 Introduction<br />
1.1 Objective<br />
The <strong>High</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> (<strong>HCVF</strong>) <strong>Toolkit</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Malaysia</strong> aims to<br />
provide an overview of the practical guidance available to <strong>for</strong>est<br />
managers and other stakeholders to identify, manage, and monitor <strong>HCVF</strong><br />
in <strong>Malaysia</strong> as specified by various national and international standards of<br />
<strong>for</strong>est management. In particular, the <strong>Toolkit</strong> is intended to help <strong>for</strong>est<br />
managers comply with Principle 9 in both the Forest Stewardship Council<br />
(FSC) and the <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Criteria and Indicators <strong>for</strong> Forest Management<br />
Certification [MC&I(2002)], the standard adopted by the National Steering<br />
Committee <strong>for</strong> the certification of natural <strong>for</strong>ests in <strong>Malaysia</strong> 1 .<br />
1.2 Background<br />
The <strong>HCVF</strong> concept is being promoted and applied by schemes involved in<br />
the certification of responsible <strong>for</strong>est management in <strong>Malaysia</strong>. However,<br />
it is generally felt that there is insufficient guidance on the<br />
implementation of the <strong>HCVF</strong> concept. A series of workshops and<br />
meetings were held to initiate and facilitate the development of a <strong>HCVF</strong><br />
toolkit <strong>for</strong> <strong>Malaysia</strong>. These ef<strong>for</strong>ts were spearheaded by WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
who has <strong>for</strong>med a Technical Working Group to develop this toolkit.<br />
This toolkit is the outcome of an expert review (written feedback on the<br />
2 nd Draft was received from 12 individuals/organisations), a two-day<br />
expert group discussion held in May 2008 (see list of participants in<br />
Appendix 12) to produce the 3 rd Draft, and separate stakeholder<br />
consultations <strong>for</strong> Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>, Sabah and Sarawak have provided<br />
input <strong>for</strong> the 4 th draft.<br />
1 Lists of most of the relevant legislation and associated guidelines are included in the<br />
MC&I(2002).<br />
5
1.3 Overview of <strong>HCVF</strong><br />
Besides their economic value, <strong>for</strong>ests also contain environmental and<br />
social values, such as wildlife habitat, watershed protection and cultural<br />
significance. Areas within <strong>for</strong>ests where these values are considered to be<br />
of outstanding significance or of critical importance based on an agreed<br />
set of criteria can be defined as <strong>High</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong> Forest (<strong>HCVF</strong>)<br />
areas. Identifying these values, knowing to whom these values are<br />
considered important, and locating the <strong>for</strong>est areas which harbour these<br />
values is the essential first step <strong>for</strong> the effective assessment and<br />
management of these values.<br />
The <strong>HCVF</strong> concept was initially developed by the Forest Stewardship<br />
Council (FSC) <strong>for</strong> use in <strong>for</strong>est management certification. Within FSC<br />
certification <strong>for</strong>est managers are required to identify any <strong>HCVF</strong> attribute<br />
that occur within their individual <strong>for</strong>est management units and manage<br />
them in order to maintain or enhance the attributes identified. The FSC’s<br />
definition encompasses exceptional or critical ecological attributes,<br />
ecosystem services and social functions.<br />
The types of <strong>HCVF</strong> areas defined by FSC are listed below.<br />
HCV<br />
Element<br />
1 Forest areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant<br />
concentrations of biodiversity values<br />
1.1<br />
Protected Areas<br />
1.2<br />
Threatened and endangered species<br />
1.3<br />
Endemic species<br />
1.4<br />
Critical temporal use<br />
2 Globally, regionally or nationally significant large landscape-level <strong>for</strong>ests<br />
3 Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems<br />
4 Forest areas that provide basic services of nature in critical situations<br />
4.1<br />
<strong>Forests</strong> critical to water catchments<br />
4.2<br />
<strong>Forests</strong> critical to erosion control<br />
4.3<br />
<strong>Forests</strong> providing barriers to destructive fire<br />
5 Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities (e.g.<br />
subsistence, health)<br />
6
6 Forest areas critical to local communities’ traditional cultural identity<br />
The ‘HCV’ 1-6 numbering system used by the Global <strong>HCVF</strong> <strong>Toolkit</strong><br />
(Jennings et al., 2003) is generally accepted and is adopted <strong>for</strong> this<br />
toolkit.<br />
The identification and management of <strong>HCVF</strong> at the FMU level requires the<br />
following steps:<br />
1. Interpret the global definition (this toolkit)<br />
2. Identify potential <strong>HCVF</strong> (desktop “preliminary assessment”)<br />
3. Identify specific <strong>HCVF</strong> components in the field & through<br />
consultation<br />
4. Zone <strong>HCVF</strong> areas, buffer zones and note compartments<br />
5. Identify limits of acceptable change (LAC) <strong>for</strong> maintaining <strong>HCVF</strong><br />
6. Plan precautionary management prescriptions <strong>for</strong> <strong>HCVF</strong><br />
compartments<br />
7. Implement management activities<br />
8. Monitor impact of management activities<br />
9. Evaluate impact of management activities<br />
10. Adapt management where appropriate<br />
These steps fit into an adaptive management framework (Figure 1). Steps<br />
1-6 involve planning, Step 7 action, 8 monitoring, 9 evaluation and 10<br />
planning again.<br />
7
PLAN<br />
EVALUATE<br />
ACT<br />
MONITOR<br />
Figure 1. The Adaptive Management Cycle.<br />
A detailed approach to managing and monitoring <strong>HCVF</strong> is given by the<br />
Global <strong>Toolkit</strong>.<br />
1.4 What is this toolkit?<br />
The <strong>HCVF</strong> <strong>Toolkit</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Malaysia</strong> is a National Interpretation of the FSC<br />
definition and is being developed in the context of the Global <strong>Toolkit</strong> and<br />
HCV Resource Network (see www.hcvnetwork.org). This national<br />
interpretation was derived through a consultative process involving<br />
expert input and feedback from stakeholders. The toolkit will be used to<br />
identify, manage and monitor <strong>HCVF</strong> in the field following the general<br />
framework below:<br />
8
Global <strong>Toolkit</strong><br />
Identify<br />
Data<br />
Classification<br />
Expert Opinion<br />
Interpretation<br />
National<br />
Manage<br />
Monitor<br />
HCV Resource Network<br />
Figure 2. The context of a National Interpretation of <strong>HCVF</strong>.<br />
In addition, the development of the <strong>HCVF</strong> <strong>Toolkit</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Malaysia</strong> takes into<br />
consideration existing initiatives in <strong>for</strong>est certification, in particular the<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Timber Certification Scheme (MTCS), operated by the <strong>Malaysia</strong>n<br />
Timber Certification Council (MTCC), and the FSC National Initiative.<br />
1.5 How to use this toolkit<br />
Section 2 (Interpretation of <strong>HCVF</strong> in <strong>Malaysia</strong>) provides step-by-step<br />
explanations and guidelines on how to identify potential HCVs in an area.<br />
The guidelines are presented in tabular <strong>for</strong>mat, with one table <strong>for</strong><br />
identification and one table <strong>for</strong> management recommendations.<br />
Suggested tasks are outlined in the left column while in<strong>for</strong>mation sources<br />
and guidance documents are listed in the right column. Where applicable,<br />
different in<strong>for</strong>mation sources are indicated <strong>for</strong> Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong> (PM),<br />
Sabah and Sarawak. Additional useful in<strong>for</strong>mation is provided in the <strong>for</strong>m<br />
of appendices at the end of this toolkit.<br />
9
Although this toolkit includes useful practical in<strong>for</strong>mation, much of the<br />
guidance on HCVs is necessarily general. It should be kept in mind that<br />
all surveys and monitoring protocols are necessarily site-specific, and<br />
one uni<strong>for</strong>m approach cannot be recommended <strong>for</strong> all situations. As such<br />
this toolkit only functions as a guide, and is not intended to serve as a<br />
how-to manual <strong>for</strong> conducting fieldwork; <strong>for</strong>est managers are advised to<br />
seek appropriate input and further details from relevant experts.<br />
Please note that an area may contain several overlapping HCVs, which<br />
<strong>for</strong>est managers may want to use as an indication of higher conservation<br />
value when devising management prescriptions. Conversely, not all 6<br />
HCVs will necessarily be relevant or present within a FMU, and <strong>for</strong>est<br />
managers are only required to manage whatever HCVs actually do exist<br />
there.<br />
1.6 Other potential uses of the toolkit<br />
This document is primarily intended <strong>for</strong> application with the FSC<br />
Principles & Criteria, and also the MC&I(2002), which is relevant to the<br />
management of natural <strong>for</strong>est within the Permanent Reserved Forest (i.e.<br />
inside gazetted <strong>for</strong>est reserves). However, it is acknowledged that this<br />
document may be of interest and potential relevance to other sectors<br />
involved in defining/assessing <strong>HCVF</strong>s.<br />
The HCV network notes that while <strong>for</strong>est management is the primary<br />
application, the concept also has a number of other uses (Figure 3).<br />
10
Figure 3. Potential applications of the HCV concept<br />
Source: www.hcvnetwork.org<br />
This document covers the identification of <strong>HCVF</strong> and discusses potential<br />
management prescriptions associated with natural <strong>for</strong>est management.<br />
However the methodology employed <strong>for</strong> the identification of <strong>HCVF</strong> might<br />
potentially be used by sectors who are interested to conduct HCV<br />
assessments prior to <strong>for</strong>est conversion <strong>for</strong> development. It is<br />
acknowledged that this document makes management prescriptions on<br />
<strong>HCVF</strong> areas from the point of view of the natural <strong>for</strong>est sector. Other<br />
sectors should consider developing additional management prescriptions<br />
<strong>for</strong> their respective purposes via a consultative stakeholder approach<br />
similar to that followed <strong>for</strong> the development of this toolkit.<br />
11
2 <strong>Toolkit</strong> Proper: Interpretation of <strong>HCVF</strong> in <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
HCV 1<br />
Biodiversity <strong>Value</strong>s<br />
Forest area contains globally, regionally or nationally significant<br />
biodiversity values (e.g. endemism, endangered species, sites of<br />
critical temporal use).<br />
HCV1.1 Protected Areas<br />
All <strong>for</strong>est areas that have been legally gazetted as Protected Areas under<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n legislation (either federal or state), are HCV 1.1. The Protected<br />
Areas Master List commissioned by the Ministry of Natural Resources &<br />
Environment has listed all areas that fall under this category, and should<br />
there<strong>for</strong>e be the first point of reference. However, this HCV is not relevant<br />
to Sarawak, since there is no overlap between FMUs and Totally Protected<br />
Areas (TPAs) or Permanent Forest Estates (PFEs).<br />
Identification of HCV1.1<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area is or<br />
adjacent to a legally gazetted<br />
Protected Area listed in the<br />
Protected Areas Master List.<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
Protected Areas Master List<br />
(Ministry of Natural Resources &<br />
Environment, in prep),<br />
Government Gazette, <strong>for</strong>est/<br />
wildlife authorities.<br />
Sabah: Heart of Borneo map (WWF,<br />
Figure 5), Sabah Parks, Forestry<br />
Department.<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV1.1<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Determine the boundaries of the Protected<br />
Area, identify, comply with and en<strong>for</strong>ce<br />
Guidance<br />
State government<br />
gazettes, Forestry<br />
12
ules and regulations (if any) governing<br />
activities inside (or adjacent to) the<br />
Protected Area.<br />
Determine buffer strip activities. Buffer<br />
zones should be defined according to state<br />
regulations.<br />
authorities.<br />
PM: National Forestry Act<br />
1984, National Forestry<br />
Policy 1978, State Legal<br />
Advisor, Forestry Manual.<br />
Sabah: Forest Enactment<br />
1968, Land Ordinance,<br />
Wildlife Act 1957,<br />
Environmental Quality<br />
Act 1974.<br />
Forestry authorities.<br />
Government Gazette.<br />
Develop a road construction/engineering<br />
plan.<br />
HCV1.2 Threatened and Endangered Species<br />
Any species categorised as either Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered<br />
(EN) or Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List, or listed as protected under<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n legislation (federal or state), is HCV 1.2. However, <strong>for</strong> practical<br />
reasons <strong>for</strong>est managers may want to limit field surveys to mammals<br />
(particularly large ones, over 20 kg in weight), birds and herpetofauna,<br />
unless the literature indicates otherwise. It is also recommended to<br />
cross-check the Global Red List with the <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Red Data Book.<br />
Identification of HCV1.2<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area contains a<br />
population of any species of flora<br />
and/or fauna categorized by IUCN<br />
as CR, EN or VU (focusing on large<br />
mammals but not excluding small<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
List of experts, IUCN Red List of<br />
Threatened Species (Appendix 1,<br />
attached), <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Red Data<br />
Book (in prep; flora – FRIM, fauna<br />
– PERHILITAN), distribution maps<br />
13
mammals or other species where<br />
possible), or any species<br />
protected under <strong>Malaysia</strong>n<br />
legislation.<br />
Carry out a baseline survey to<br />
confirm the presence/absence of<br />
identified CR, EN or VU flora and<br />
fauna in <strong>for</strong>est area.<br />
from South East Asian Mammal<br />
Databank<br />
(www.ieaitaly.org/samd/),<br />
herbaria and museum collections,<br />
databases.<br />
PM: PERHILITAN Tiger Habitat map<br />
(www.wildlife.gov.my/webpagev4_<br />
en/printed_material/kmaklumat/<br />
harimau.pdf), Protection of Wild<br />
Life Act 1972.<br />
Sabah: Wildlife <strong>Conservation</strong><br />
Enactment 1997, Sabah Wildlife<br />
Department listing.<br />
Sarawak: Wild Life Protection<br />
Ordinance 1998, Sarawak Totally<br />
Protected, Protected Species and<br />
Schedules.<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Red Data Book. Also see<br />
Appendix 3 <strong>for</strong> further guidance.<br />
Sabah: Consult Agricultural Park<br />
in Tenom.<br />
14
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV1.2<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Develop a management plan that makes<br />
specific reference to the threatened<br />
species, if found to exist in the area.<br />
Obtain input from specialists in<br />
determining appropriate management<br />
prescriptions.<br />
Guidance<br />
FRIM, PERHILITAN &<br />
NGOs. Also see Appendix<br />
3 and refer to current<br />
expert opinion/available<br />
scientific data.<br />
Sabah: Sabah Wildlife<br />
Enactment.<br />
Sarawak: Wildlife<br />
Masterplan.<br />
List of Biodiversity<br />
Experts 2 , FRIM,<br />
PERHILITAN & NGOs.<br />
Sabah: Sabah Wildlife<br />
Enactment.<br />
HCV1.3 Endemism<br />
Any <strong>for</strong>ests containing endemic species as identified by FRIM, MNS, SFC,<br />
Forestry Departments and published literature, particularly in high<br />
concentrations or highly restricted distribution, can be considered HCV<br />
1.3.<br />
Identification of HCV1.3<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area contains<br />
endemic species of flora or fauna.<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
List of endemic species (Appendix<br />
2, attached).<br />
2 A list of mammal experts in <strong>Malaysia</strong> is maintained by the Mammals Sub-Committee of<br />
the Faunal Biodiversity Technical Committee of the National Biodiversity and<br />
Biotechnology Council; they can be contacted c/o the Department of Wildlife and<br />
National Parks, Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong> (PERHILITAN).<br />
15
PM: Ng et al. (1990), Flora of<br />
Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong> Online<br />
(www.tfbc.frim.gov.my/<br />
gettingstarted.asp), Checklist of<br />
Birds of <strong>Malaysia</strong> (MNS), published<br />
reports, peer-reviewed journals,<br />
current expert opinion.<br />
Sabah: Soepadmo et al. (2006).<br />
Sarawak: Soepadmo et al. (2006),<br />
SFC, Forest Department.<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV1.3<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Determine and implement appropriate<br />
management prescriptions on the ground.<br />
Guidance<br />
List of Experts 3 ,<br />
published literature.<br />
Sarawak: SFC, Forest<br />
Department.<br />
3 In addition to the list of mammal experts (above), a list of botanists in <strong>Malaysia</strong> is<br />
maintained by the Floral Biodiversity Technical Committee of the National Biodiversity<br />
and Biotechnology Council; they can be contacted c/o the Forest Research Institute<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong> (FRIM). For Sabah, also consult FRC and the Agricultural Park.<br />
16
HCV1.4 Critical Temporal Use<br />
Any <strong>for</strong>est area which is important to wildlife <strong>for</strong> feeding, nesting,<br />
roosting, migration or contains saltlicks is HCV 1.4. This may also include<br />
limestone hills.<br />
Identification of HCV1.4<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area is used by<br />
endangered wildlife as critical<br />
feeding, nesting/roosting sites,<br />
pathways or contains saltlicks.<br />
Sabah only – Determine if <strong>for</strong>est<br />
area contains either or both<br />
species of large trees, Kogopon<br />
(Castanopsis spp.) and Tikalod<br />
(Lithocarpus spp.) important to<br />
wild pigs (Sus scrofa or S.<br />
barbatus), who feed on the thorny<br />
fruits which drop from the trees.<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
MNS Important Bird Areas (IBAs –<br />
see Appendix 4.), literature<br />
review/maps/field surveys/local<br />
or traditional knowledge (through<br />
interviews), wildlife survey results<br />
from NGOs e.g. WCS, WWF.<br />
Literature should always be<br />
ground-truthed and<br />
supplemented by referring to local<br />
communities/guides <strong>for</strong><br />
Traditional Ecological Knowledge.<br />
FRC, Sabah Forestry Department.<br />
Also refer to local<br />
communities/guides <strong>for</strong><br />
Traditional Ecological Knowledge.<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV1.4<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Identify critical sites <strong>for</strong> protection (e.g.<br />
saltlicks, fruit trees, limestone hills, hollow<br />
logs, nesting/roosting sites etc.) and<br />
prohibit tree-felling in these areas.<br />
Guidance<br />
Stevens (1968) gives an<br />
overview of the habitat<br />
requirements of the main<br />
mammal species. See<br />
17
Determine and implement appropriate<br />
management prescriptions on the ground.<br />
Appendix 5.<br />
The Geological Survey of<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong> has identified<br />
the location of geotopes<br />
of potential importance<br />
as saltlicks.<br />
Chong et al. (2005).<br />
PM: Protection of Wild<br />
Life Act 1972, Forestry<br />
Manual, FDPM List of<br />
Protected Trees <strong>for</strong><br />
Wildlife.<br />
Sabah: Council of Elders<br />
(Refer to KDCA).<br />
List of Experts 4 ,<br />
literature review/maps/<br />
field surveys/local or<br />
traditional knowledge<br />
(through interviews).<br />
Sabah: Council of Elders.<br />
HCV 2<br />
Landscape-level Forest<br />
Forest area contains or is part of a globally, regionally or<br />
nationally significant large landscape level <strong>for</strong>est where viable<br />
populations of most if not all naturally occurring species exist in<br />
natural patterns of distribution and abundance.<br />
Any <strong>for</strong>est area that <strong>for</strong>ms or is part of a linkage between larger <strong>for</strong>est<br />
complexes, and can thus provide or act as a wildlife corridor <strong>for</strong> the<br />
movement of animals from one complex to another, is considered HCV 2.<br />
This <strong>HCVF</strong> can serve as a buffer zone to Protected Areas.<br />
4 See Note 3 (above).<br />
18
Identification of HCV 2<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area <strong>for</strong>ms a<br />
critical linkage between large<br />
<strong>for</strong>est complexes.<br />
Obtain input from government<br />
agencies and NGOs that are<br />
identifying linkages.<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
Proceedings of Regional Workshop<br />
on Biodiversity <strong>Conservation</strong> in<br />
Planted Forest 2007.<br />
PM: National Physical Plan (Figure<br />
4, below), DTCP.<br />
Sabah: Heart of Borneo (WWF,<br />
Figure 5 below), EPU,<br />
Kinabatangan Corridor of Life<br />
(Sabah Development Corridor,<br />
WWF).<br />
Sarawak: Map of TPAs & PFEs/<br />
Heart of Borneo (WWF, Figure 5).<br />
DTCP, NRE, WWF, WCS.<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV 2<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Effective wildlife corridors should remain<br />
under <strong>for</strong>est cover of at least 1 km in width<br />
(protected as <strong>for</strong>est reserves or as<br />
protected areas to prevent a change in land<br />
use). Any linear developments (such as<br />
roads, railways or pipelines) should<br />
incorporate appropriate wildlife crossings<br />
and associated mitigation measures.<br />
Disturbed areas no longer under <strong>for</strong>est<br />
cover should be re<strong>for</strong>ested or allowed to<br />
regenerate.<br />
Guidance<br />
Bond (2003), WWF-MY<br />
(2007a).<br />
PM: Progress reports of<br />
CFS Master Plan <strong>for</strong><br />
Ecological Linkages<br />
(DTCP).<br />
Sabah: Wildlife<br />
Department.<br />
19
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
Linkages<br />
Forest Cover<br />
Forest Complexes<br />
Figure 4. Forest Complexes and Linkages identified by the National<br />
Physical Plan (DTCP, 2005: 5-38)<br />
20
Figure 5. The Heart of Borneo Initiative, including Protected Areas in<br />
both Sabah and Sarawak.<br />
21
HCV 3<br />
Ecosystems<br />
Forest area contains or is part of a threatened or endangered<br />
ecosystem.<br />
Any <strong>for</strong>est area that contains an ecosystem identified as a priority <strong>for</strong><br />
protection by the National <strong>Conservation</strong> Strategy (NCS), PERHILITAN<br />
Ecosystem Assessment report, Forestry Departments, FRIM, or SFC,<br />
and/or is confirmed as such by current expert opinion, is HCV 3.<br />
Identification of HCV 3<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area contains<br />
or is part of a threatened or<br />
endangered ecosystem.<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
Priority Habitats Table of the<br />
National <strong>Conservation</strong> Strategy<br />
(Table 1, below). However, data in<br />
this table may be outdated and it<br />
is advisable to cross-reference<br />
with current expert opinion e.g.<br />
FRIM, PERHILITAN, FRC.<br />
PM: PERHILITAN Ecosystem<br />
Assessment report (Appendix 6).<br />
Sabah: Forestry Department. Also<br />
see Appendix 7.<br />
Sarawak: SFC, Forest Department.<br />
Also see Appendix 8.<br />
22
Table 1: NCS Priority Habitats.<br />
Johor<br />
Kedah<br />
Kelantan<br />
Melaka<br />
Negeri Sembilan<br />
Pahang<br />
Perak<br />
Perlis<br />
Pulau Pinang<br />
Selangor<br />
Terengganu<br />
Kuala Lumpur<br />
Sabah<br />
Sarawak<br />
Forest type<br />
Extreme lowland 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2<br />
Lowland dipterocarp 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2<br />
Hill dipterocarp 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3<br />
Upper dipterocarp 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<br />
Montane oak 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<br />
Montane ericaceous 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2<br />
Heath 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1<br />
Limestone 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2<br />
Ultrabasic 3 3<br />
Quartz ridge 3 1<br />
River (montane) 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3<br />
River (saraca) 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3<br />
River (neram) 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2<br />
River (rasau) 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 3<br />
Freshwater swamp 1 2 1 2 1 1<br />
Peat swamp 2 1 1 1 2 2 1<br />
Mangrove 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3<br />
Nipah 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3<br />
Scrub 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3<br />
Lake 2 1 2 2 2<br />
1=<strong>High</strong>est priority; 2=Medium priority; 3=Least priority<br />
Source: EPU (1993: III 156 Table 7.1).<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV 3<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Identify the boundaries of the <strong>for</strong>est habitat<br />
type on maps.<br />
Guidance<br />
PM: Forest Resources<br />
Reconnaissance Survey<br />
(Available from FDPM<br />
Headquarters and FRIM),<br />
report on National Forest<br />
Inventories. See also<br />
Appendix 6, attached.<br />
Sabah: Detailed maps<br />
23
Zone compartments containing<br />
undisturbed HCV3 ecosystems <strong>for</strong><br />
protection and disturbed HCV3 ecosystems<br />
<strong>for</strong> restoration.<br />
from FRC, Forestry<br />
Department &<br />
Biodiversity Units (an<br />
overview is given in<br />
Appendix 7).<br />
Sarawak: Detailed maps<br />
from SFC, Forest<br />
Department (an overview<br />
is given in Appendix 8)<br />
Field assessment/remote<br />
sensing/consultation<br />
with the relevant <strong>for</strong>est<br />
authorities.<br />
HCV 4<br />
Services of Nature<br />
Forest area provides basic services of nature in critical<br />
situations.<br />
HCV 4.1 Watershed Protection<br />
HCV 4.1 includes any <strong>for</strong>est area legally gazetted as a water catchment<br />
area under the National Forestry Act 1984, water protection area under<br />
the Sabah Water Resources Enactment 1998 or Sabah Forest Enactment<br />
1968, or a ‘Protected Forest’ <strong>for</strong> the protection of water under the<br />
Sarawak <strong>Forests</strong> Ordinance 1958.<br />
Identification of HCV 4.1<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area has been<br />
officially classified as water<br />
catchment <strong>for</strong>est, water protection<br />
area or ‘Protected Forest’ under<br />
the respective state legislations.<br />
(unofficial water catchment<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
Government Gazette Notifications,<br />
FMPs, <strong>for</strong>est authorities.<br />
Sabah: Forestry Department, DID.<br />
Sarawak: Forest Department,<br />
NREB, DID, Rivers Board,<br />
Department of Health, Water<br />
24
<strong>for</strong>ests may be covered by HCV 5,<br />
below)<br />
Resources Council.<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV 4.1<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Timber harvesting activities<br />
should be prohibited unless<br />
permitted by law.<br />
Road construction should be<br />
carried out according to specific<br />
guidelines.<br />
Guidance<br />
PM: Forestry Department guidelines<br />
(e.g. Anon., 1986), National Physical<br />
Plan.<br />
Sabah: Sabah Water Resources<br />
Enactment 1998<br />
(www.did.sabah.gov.my/eng/<br />
enactment.asp), RIL guidelines<br />
(Forestry Department).<br />
Sarawak: Guidelines from local<br />
authorities, including Department of<br />
Health.<br />
PM: Forestry Department guidelines<br />
(e.g. Anon., 1986), National Physical<br />
Plan.<br />
Sabah: Sabah Water Resources<br />
Enactment 1998<br />
(www.did.sabah.gov.my/eng/<br />
enactment.asp), RIL Guidelines<br />
(Forestry Department).<br />
Sarawak: Guidelines from local<br />
authorities, including Department of<br />
Health.<br />
HCV 4.2 Erosion Control<br />
HCV 4.2 includes <strong>for</strong>est areas that have been legally gazetted as soil<br />
protection <strong>for</strong>est under the National Forestry Act 1984 (Peninsular<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>), <strong>for</strong>est areas which lie on slopes over 25 degrees (Sabah), a<br />
25
‘Protected Forest’ <strong>for</strong> the protection of soil under the Sarawak <strong>Forests</strong><br />
Ordinance 1958 or a Class 4 slope (Sarawak).<br />
Identification of HCV 4.2<br />
Tasks<br />
PM: Determine if steep <strong>for</strong>est area<br />
has been officially classified as<br />
soil protection <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
Sabah: Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area is<br />
on a slope over 25 degrees and<br />
covers more than 2 ha.<br />
Sarawak: Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area<br />
is classified as Class 4 and covers<br />
more than 2 ha.<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
Government Gazette Notifications,<br />
FMPs.<br />
Sabah: RIL guidelines (Forestry<br />
Department).<br />
Sarawak: RIL guidelines, Forest<br />
Engineering Plan, Management<br />
Plan Prescription (Forest<br />
Department), Sarawak Agricultural<br />
Capability Map (Agricultural<br />
Department).<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV 4.2<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Ground-based timber harvesting activities<br />
should be prohibited unless permitted by<br />
law. An Erosion Sediment Control Plan<br />
should be drawn up prior to other activities<br />
in an HCV 4.2 area.<br />
Sabah: Avoid the construction of skid trails<br />
inside the steep area.<br />
Guidance<br />
FMPs.<br />
PM: RIL guidelines,<br />
Forestry Manual (FDPM).<br />
Sabah: RIL guidelines<br />
(Forestry Department).<br />
Sarawak: RIL guidelines<br />
(Forest Department).<br />
26
HCV 4.3 Barriers to Destructive Fire<br />
A <strong>for</strong>est area that has been burnt in the past or lies adjacent to<br />
settlements/plantations can be considered HCV 4.3.<br />
Identification of HCV 4.3<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area has been<br />
burnt in the past.<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area is<br />
adjacent to settlements (Sarawak:<br />
‘temudak’) or plantations, or<br />
meets other HCV criteria (i.e.<br />
<strong>for</strong>est area is also HCV1, 2, 3, 5 or<br />
6).<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
State Forestry Department records<br />
of <strong>for</strong>est fire occurrences.<br />
Maps of settlements in and<br />
adjacent to the FMU.<br />
Maps of other <strong>HCVF</strong>s in FMU.<br />
Sabah: Forestry Department Forest<br />
Fire Rating, community<br />
consultation <strong>for</strong> indigenous<br />
knowledge e.g. wild bananas.<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV 4.3<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Draft a Fire Management Plan that<br />
identifies and protects any<br />
specific features that may act as<br />
barriers to fire. Natural barriers<br />
could include water courses,<br />
ridges or gullies. Intact natural<br />
Guidance<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Meteorological Department<br />
Fire Danger Rating System<br />
(www.met.gov.my) 5 .<br />
Sabah: Fire Risk map (plantations,<br />
http://www.<strong>for</strong>est.sabah.gov.my/<br />
conservation/nfire%20prevention.pdf)<br />
5 The <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Meteorological Department (MMD) maintains a fire danger rating<br />
system <strong>for</strong> the whole of the country. MMD uses a number of indicators of the potential<br />
<strong>for</strong> fires to start and spread throughout <strong>Malaysia</strong> at any time.<br />
27
<strong>for</strong>est may also act as a natural<br />
barrier.<br />
Particular attention should be<br />
paid to the maintenance of the<br />
water table in vulnerable peat<br />
swamp <strong>for</strong>ests.<br />
Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS),<br />
community consultation <strong>for</strong><br />
indigenous knowledge.<br />
State Forestry Departments should have records of the extent of <strong>for</strong>est<br />
fire damage in the state (e.g. Figure 6). Areas which have burned in the<br />
past are particularly vulnerable to burning again.<br />
Figure 6. Forest fires in Sabah during 1983 (yellow) and 1997/1998 (red)<br />
areas that burned in both years are shaded orange; <strong>for</strong>est cover c 2000 is<br />
shown in grey (adapted from Stibig et al., 2002).<br />
28
HCV 5<br />
Basic Needs of Local Communities<br />
Forest area is fundamental to meeting basic needs of local<br />
communities.<br />
A <strong>for</strong>est area may be considered HCV 5 if it contains or is adjacent to<br />
legal settlements which depend on produce from that <strong>for</strong>est <strong>for</strong> basic<br />
subsistence or health needs. Examples include hunting grounds or areas<br />
from which minor <strong>for</strong>est products such as bamboo, rattan and medicinal<br />
plants are collected, and which are regularly visited by community<br />
members <strong>for</strong> this purpose. Settlements that are in a <strong>for</strong>est, especially<br />
indigenous communities, automatically render that <strong>for</strong>est HCV 5.<br />
Identification of HCV 5<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area contains<br />
any legal settlements.<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area is<br />
adjacent to any legal settlements.<br />
Determine the level of<br />
dependence of identified local<br />
communities on <strong>for</strong>est produce<br />
(e.g. minor <strong>for</strong>est products) and<br />
services <strong>for</strong> basic<br />
subsistence/health needs.<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
Map/list of villages from District<br />
Office/Resident’s Office, FMPs.<br />
PM: Department of Orang Asli<br />
Affairs.<br />
Sarawak: Native Customs Council,<br />
Leigh (2002).<br />
Map/list of villages from District<br />
Office/Resident’s Office, FMPs.<br />
PM: Department of Orang Asli<br />
Affairs.<br />
Sarawak: Native Customs Council,<br />
Leigh (2002).<br />
Site-specific community survey<br />
(Appendix 9, attached).<br />
LOAM (Aldrich & Sayer, 2007,<br />
Appendix 10).<br />
Sabah: Council of Elders (refer to<br />
KDCA <strong>for</strong> details)<br />
Sarawak: Native Customs Council,<br />
29
Forest Ordinance (communal<br />
<strong>for</strong>est), Land Code.<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV 5<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Conduct multi-lateral consultations<br />
between local communities and <strong>for</strong>est and<br />
local authorities to identify and protect<br />
specific <strong>for</strong>est compartments/zones/<br />
components according to the basic needs<br />
they support. Examples to follow would be<br />
the Participatory 3D Modelling (P3DM)<br />
approach and the Landscape Outcome<br />
Assessment Methodology (LOAM). It is<br />
recommended that an independent party<br />
should be present during these<br />
consultations.<br />
Guidance<br />
Rambaldi & Callosa-Tarr<br />
(2002), LOAM (Aldrich &<br />
Sayer, 2007, Appendix<br />
10), Protected Areas<br />
Benefits Assessment Tool<br />
(WWF).<br />
Sabah: PACOS Trust,<br />
KDCA & other cultural<br />
associations. For<br />
mapping of ethnic<br />
groups refer to the Sabah<br />
Cultural Board & Sabah<br />
Museum.<br />
Sarawak: Native Customs<br />
Council, Resident’s<br />
Office, SFC (Refer to<br />
Anap Muput experience<br />
on CCD and Forest<br />
Liaison established by<br />
SFC), Khoo Kay Ching.<br />
30
HCV 6<br />
Cultural Identity of Local Communities<br />
Forest area is critical to local communities’ traditional<br />
cultural identity.<br />
A <strong>for</strong>est is considered <strong>HCVF</strong> 6 if it has been important <strong>for</strong> a local<br />
(particularly indigenous) community’s cultural, ecological, economic or<br />
religious activities <strong>for</strong> more than two generations. Examples of such sites<br />
within a <strong>for</strong>est include burial grounds or sacred areas.<br />
Identification of HCV 6<br />
Tasks<br />
Determine if <strong>for</strong>est area has been<br />
the centre of a local community's<br />
cultural, ecological, economic or<br />
religious activity <strong>for</strong> more than<br />
two generations.<br />
Data sources & requirements<br />
Site-specific community survey<br />
(Appendix 9).<br />
Sabah: Cultural Board, Pejabat<br />
Hal-Ehwal Anak Negeri, Sabah<br />
Museum, Sabah cultural<br />
associations – listing of registered<br />
ones can be obtained from ROS.<br />
Sarawak: Native Customs Council.<br />
Management and Monitoring <strong>for</strong> HCV 6<br />
Management Recommendations<br />
Conduct multi-lateral consultations<br />
between local communities and <strong>for</strong>est and<br />
local authorities to identify and protect<br />
specific <strong>for</strong>est compartments/zones/<br />
components according to their traditional<br />
cultural, ecological, economic or religious<br />
importance. Examples to follow would be<br />
the Participatory 3D Modelling (P3DM)<br />
approach and the Landscape Outcome<br />
Assessment Methodology (LOAM). It is<br />
Guidance<br />
Rambaldi & Callosa-Tarr<br />
(2002), LOAM (Aldrich &<br />
Sayer, 2007, Appendix<br />
10), Benefits Assessment<br />
Tool (WWF).<br />
PM: District Office,<br />
Department of Orang<br />
Asli Affairs.<br />
Sabah: Native Courts,<br />
KDCA, PACOS Trust &<br />
31
ecommended that an independent party<br />
should be present during these<br />
consultations<br />
other cultural<br />
associations. For<br />
mapping of ethnic<br />
groups refer to the Sabah<br />
Cultural Board & Sabah<br />
Museum.<br />
Sarawak: Native Customs<br />
Council, Resident’s<br />
Office, SFC (Refer to<br />
Anap Muput experience<br />
on CCD and Forest<br />
Liaison established by<br />
SFC).<br />
32
3 References<br />
Aldrich, M. and Sayer, J. (2007). Landscape Outcomes Assessment<br />
Methodology “LOAM” – In Practice. WWF <strong>Forests</strong> For Life<br />
Programme.<br />
Anon. (1986). Pengelasan Kawasan Hutan Simpan Kekal Bagi Negeri<br />
Selangor (Mengikut Akta Pehutanan Negara 1984). Selangor State<br />
Forestry Department, Shah Alam. [cf. ‘Guidelines <strong>for</strong> the<br />
Interpretation of Classification of Permanent Reserved <strong>Forests</strong>’.<br />
Meeting of State Directors of Forestry, Forestry Department<br />
Headquarters, Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>, Kuala Lumpur, <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
February, 1986].<br />
Anon. (1999). Capacity Building & Strengthening the Protected Areas<br />
System in Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>: A Master Plan. Department of<br />
Wildlife and National Parks; Economic Planning Unit; DANCED. (2nd<br />
ed.).<br />
Anon. (2004). Fertilizer use by crop in <strong>Malaysia</strong>. Food and Agriculture<br />
Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 71 pp.<br />
Anon. (2005). Forestry in Sabah: Commemorative Edition. Sabah Forestry<br />
Department, Sandakan, <strong>Malaysia</strong>. 176 pp.<br />
Ashton, P.S. (1976). Mixed dipterocarp <strong>for</strong>est and its variation with<br />
habitat in Malayan lowlands: a reevaluation at Pasoh. Malayan<br />
Forester, 39:56-72.<br />
Bennett, E.L. and Gumal, M.T. (2001). The interrelationships of<br />
commercial logging, hunting and wildlife in Sarawak.<br />
Recommendations <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>est management. In The Cutting Edge -<br />
Conserving Wildlife in Logged Tropical <strong>Forests</strong>. (Eds. Fimbel, R. A.<br />
Grajal, A. and Robinson, J.G.) Pp. 359 – 374.<br />
Blockhus, J.M., Dillenbeck, M., Sayer, J.A. and Wegge, P. (1992).<br />
Conserving Biological Diversity in Managed Tropical <strong>Forests</strong>.<br />
IUCN/ITTO , Gland, Switzerland and UK.<br />
Bond, M. (2003). Principles of Wildlife Corridor Design. Center <strong>for</strong><br />
Biological Diversity, Tucson, USA.
Chong, M.H.N., Tang, S.H. and Suksuwan, S. (2005). Management<br />
Recommendations <strong>for</strong> Wildlife Saltlicks with Particular Reference to<br />
Sira Air Hangat at Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah. WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
Project MY 0163c. November 2005.<br />
Davison, G.W.H and Zubaid Akbar. (2007). The Status of Mammalian<br />
Biodiversity in <strong>Malaysia</strong>. In: L.S.L. Chua, L.G. Kirton and L.G. Saw<br />
(eds.) Status of Biological Diversity in <strong>Malaysia</strong> and Threat<br />
Assessment of Plant Species in <strong>Malaysia</strong>, Proceedings of the<br />
Seminar and Workshop, 28-30 June 2005. Forest Research Institute<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong> (FRIM), Kepong, <strong>Malaysia</strong>. pp. 3-27.<br />
DTCP. (2005). National Physical Plan. Federal Department of Town and<br />
Country Planning, Kuala Lumpur, <strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
DWNP. (2004). Using an ecological model to assess the per<strong>for</strong>mance of a<br />
protected areas system at conserving biodiversity at the<br />
ecosystems level. Review of biodiversity in protected areas in<br />
Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>. Department of Wildlife and National Parks,<br />
Kuala Lumpur, <strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
EPU. (1993). <strong>Malaysia</strong>n National <strong>Conservation</strong> Strategy -Towards<br />
Sustainable Development (4 vols.). Economic Planning Unit, Prime<br />
Minister’s Department, Kuala Lumpur, <strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
Feinsinger, P. (2001). Designing Field Studies <strong>for</strong> Biodiversity<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong>. Island Press Publications.<br />
Francis, C. M. (2008). A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-east Asia.<br />
New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd.<br />
GEF (1998). Guidelines <strong>for</strong> Monitoring and Evaluation <strong>for</strong> Biodiversity<br />
Projects. World Bank, Washington, USA.<br />
Higman, S., Mayers, J., Bass, S., Judd, N. and Nussbaum, R. (2005).<br />
Sustainable Forestry Handbook - (2nd Edition). Earthscan, London.<br />
Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler), (2006). 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened<br />
Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.<br />
Jennings, S., Nussbaum, R., Judd, N. and Evans, T. (2003). The <strong>High</strong><br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong> Forest Tool Kit. ProForest, Ox<strong>for</strong>d, UK.<br />
Kanjanavanit, O. (1997). The mammal tracks of Thailand. Green World<br />
Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand.<br />
34
Leigh, M.B. (2002). Mapping the peoples of Sarawak. Universiti <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
Sarawak Press, Kuching, <strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Nature Society (2005). A Handbook of Important Bird Areas in<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong> (Compiled by Yeap Chin Aik, Anthony C. Sebastian and<br />
G.W.H. Davison). <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, <strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
Marcot, B., Gullison, R. and Barborak, J. (2001). Protecting habitat<br />
elements and natural areas in the managed <strong>for</strong>est matrix. In The<br />
Cutting Edge; Conserving Wildlife in Logged Tropical <strong>Forests</strong>. (Eds.<br />
Fimbel, R., Grajal, A. and Robinson, J.). Pp 523 – 558. Columbia<br />
University Press, New York, USA.<br />
Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Nasi, R., Augeri, D., Rosenbaum, B., Iskandar, D.,<br />
Setyawati, T., Lammertink, M.J., Rachmatika, I., Wong, A.,<br />
Soehartono, T., Stanley, S., and O’Brien, T. (2005). Life after<br />
logging: Reconciling wildlife conservation and production <strong>for</strong>estry<br />
in Indonesian Borneo. CIFOR, WCS and UNESCO, Bogor, Indonesia.<br />
Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Nasi, R. and Stanley, S.A. (2006). Wildlife<br />
conservation in Bornean timber concessions. Ecology and Society<br />
11(1): 47.<br />
Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment (In prep.). The Master List of<br />
Protected Areas in <strong>Malaysia</strong> – A Tool <strong>for</strong> National <strong>Conservation</strong><br />
Management and Planning. A report prepared by WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong> <strong>for</strong><br />
the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE) with<br />
the assistance of the Danish International Development Assistance<br />
(Danida).<br />
Morrison, J.C., Sechrest, W., Dinerstein, E., Wilcove, D.S. & Lamoreux, J.F.<br />
(2007). Persistence of large mammal faunas as indicators of global<br />
human impacts. Journal of Mammology 88(6): 1363-1380.<br />
Ng, F.S.P., Low, C.M. and Mat Asri Ngah Sanah (1990). Endemic Trees of<br />
the Malay Peninsula. Research Pamphlet No. 106. Forest Research<br />
Institute <strong>Malaysia</strong>, Kepong.<br />
NSC (2004). <strong>Malaysia</strong>n Criteria and Indicators <strong>for</strong> Forest Management<br />
Certification [MC&I(2002)]. National Steering Committee, <strong>Malaysia</strong>n<br />
Timber Certification Council, Kuala Lumpur, 11 August. ii+53 pp.<br />
Palmberg, C. (1987). <strong>Conservation</strong> of genetic resources of woody species.<br />
Paper prepared <strong>for</strong> Simposio sobre Silvicultura y Mejoramiento<br />
35
Genetico, Centro Investigacirn y Estudios Forestales (CIEF), Buenos<br />
Aires, Argentina April 6-10, 1987.<br />
Payne, J., Francis, C.M. & Phillips, K. 1985 A Field Guide to Mammals of<br />
Borneo. WWF Sabah.<br />
Rain<strong>for</strong>est Alliance and ProForest (2003). Identifying, Managing and<br />
Monitoring <strong>High</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> in Indonesia: A <strong>Toolkit</strong><br />
<strong>for</strong> Forest Managers and other Stakeholders.<br />
Rambaldi, G. and Callosa-Tarr, J. (2002). Participatory Three-Dimensional<br />
Modeling: Guiding Principles and Applications. ASEAN Regional<br />
Center <strong>for</strong> Biodiversity <strong>Conservation</strong> (ARCBC), Los Baños.<br />
Shamsudin Ibrahim, Abd. Razak Othman, Noor Azlin Yahya, Shamsudin<br />
Musa, Shafiah Muhammad Yussof, Baharuddin Kasran & Siti Aisah<br />
Shamsudin. (2003). Management Prescriptions <strong>for</strong> Non-Production<br />
Functional Classes of Forest. Malayan Forest Records, No. 46.<br />
Forest Research Institute <strong>Malaysia</strong>, Kepong.<br />
Soepadmo, E., Julia, S., Soh, W.K., and Yahud, W. (2006). Tree Flora of<br />
Sabah and Sarawak -- Species Diversity and Endemism. In: Y.F. Ho<br />
& K.A. Sarifah (eds). <strong>High</strong>tlights of FRIM's Non-IRPA Projects 2006.<br />
Forest Research Institute <strong>Malaysia</strong>, Kepong. pp. 35-52.<br />
Stevens, W. E. (1968). Habitat Requirements of Malayan Mammals.<br />
Malayan Nature Journal 22: 3-9.<br />
Stibig, H.J., Beuchle, R., and Janvier, P. (2002). Forest cover map of<br />
insular Southeast Asia at 1:5 500 000, derived from SPOT-<br />
Vegetation satellite images. Tropical Ecosystem Environment<br />
Observations by Satellites (TREES) Publications Series D: Thematic<br />
Outputs No. 3. Global Vegetation Monitoring Unit, Institute <strong>for</strong><br />
Environment and Sustainability. European Communities Joint<br />
Research Council. p. 11.<br />
Sutherland, W. J. (1996). Ecological census techniques: A handbook.<br />
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.<br />
Wilson, D. E. (1996). Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity<br />
Standard Methods <strong>for</strong> Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press,<br />
Washington, D.C., USA.<br />
WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong>. (2007a). Proceedings of the Introductory Workshop on<br />
Creating and Re-establishing Ecological Corridors within the<br />
36
Central Forest Spine. 30-31 July 2007. Awana Genting <strong>High</strong>lands<br />
Golf & Country Resort, Pahang.<br />
WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong>. (2007b). Sections on HCV and <strong>HCVF</strong> <strong>for</strong> USM FMP<br />
(300707). Ulu Segama and Malua Forest Management Plan. WWF-<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>, Kota Kinabalu.<br />
WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong>. (In prep.). The Master List of Protected Areas in <strong>Malaysia</strong> –<br />
A Tool <strong>for</strong> National <strong>Conservation</strong> Management and Planning. A<br />
report prepared <strong>for</strong> the Ministry of Natural Resources and the<br />
Environment (NRE) with the assistance of the Danish International<br />
Development Assistance (Danida).<br />
37
Appendix 1. Rare, threatened & endangered species of large mammal in<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>. Mammal species are classified as large if their body weight is<br />
more than 20 kg (Morrison et al., 2007).<br />
Global Status<br />
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)<br />
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis<br />
Sumatran Rhinoceros, Badak<br />
Sumatera<br />
ENDANGERED (EN)<br />
Bos javanicus<br />
Banteng/Tembadau<br />
Cuon alpinus<br />
Dhole, Wild Dog, Serigala<br />
Elephas maximus<br />
Asian Elephant, Gajah<br />
Panthera tigris<br />
Tiger, Harimau Belang<br />
Pongo pygmaeus<br />
Orang utan/Mawas<br />
Tapirus indicus<br />
Tapir/Tenuk/Cipan<br />
VULNERABLE (VU)<br />
Bos gaurus<br />
Gaur, Seladang<br />
Capricornis sumatraensis<br />
Serow, Kambing Gurun<br />
Cervus unicolor<br />
Sambar Deer, Rusa/Payau<br />
Helarctos malayanus<br />
Sun Bear, Beruang Madu<br />
Neofelis nebulosa/diardi<br />
Clouded Leopard<br />
Harimau Dahan<br />
Regional Status<br />
P. <strong>Malaysia</strong> Sabah Sarawak<br />
CR<br />
CR<br />
RE?<br />
(ssp.<br />
(ssp. harrissoni) (ssp.<br />
sumatrensis)<br />
harrissoni)<br />
RE?<br />
EN<br />
RE?<br />
(ssp. lowi) (ssp. lowi)<br />
EN NA NA<br />
EN EN NE/NA<br />
EN RE/NA RE/NA<br />
RE/NA<br />
EN<br />
EN<br />
(ssp. pygmaeus) (ssp. morio)<br />
EN NA NA<br />
VU NA NA<br />
VU<br />
VU VU VU<br />
VU VU VU<br />
VU VU VU<br />
Source: www.iucnredlist.org (2008); NA=Not Applicable; RE=Regionally Exinct; NE=Not<br />
Evaluated.<br />
38
Appendix 2. Selected localities with endemic tree or mammal species<br />
(adapted from Ng et al., 1990; Soepadmo et al., 2006; Francis, 2008; as<br />
well as Payne et al., 1985).<br />
A. Tree Species<br />
1. Bako, Sarawak: Shorea bakoensis<br />
2. Bau, Sarawak: Shorea calcicola<br />
3. Belaga, Sarawak: Gonystylus decipiens, Hopea longirostrata, Microtropis argentea, Payena<br />
grandistipula<br />
4. Bintang Range, Perak: Abdulmajidia maxwelliana, Brownlowia kleinhovoidea, Chisocheton perakensis,<br />
Eugenia gageana, E. quadrata, E. swettenhamiana, E. taipingensis, Glycosmis perakensis, Knema<br />
retusa, Kokoona coriacea, Pentace perakensis, Pseudovaria taipingensis, Sterculia microphylla<br />
5. Bota Kiri, Perak: Ptychopyxis triradiata<br />
6. Bukit Bauk, Dungun, Terengganu: Dacryodes breviracemosa, Pseuduvaria cerina<br />
7. Bukit Fraser (Gunung Ulu Semangkok: Pahang, Selangor): Ardisia nurii, Diospyros selangorensis,<br />
Endiandra scrobiculata, Glochidion stylosum, Goniothalmus holttumii, Lithocarpus burkilii,<br />
Pithecellobium cuneadenum, Styrax fraserensis, Talauma oblanceolata, Saurauia mahmudii, S.<br />
malayana<br />
8. Bukit Goh, Pahang: Shorea kuantanensis<br />
9. Bukit Keledang, Perak: Cleistanthus glaucus, Diospyros gambleana, Diplodiscus scortechinii<br />
10. Bukit Kulong/Bukit Tampurango, Sabah: Dipterocarpus ochraceus<br />
11. Bukit Tawai, Sabah: Lithocarpus tawaiensis, Madhuca engkikiana, Payena khoonmengiana<br />
12. Cameron <strong>High</strong>lands (Kelantan, Pahang, Perak): Ardisia glanduligera, Castanopsis scortechinii,<br />
Chionanthus caudifolius, Cinnamomum pubescens, Mesua purseglovei, Nothaphoebe pahangensis,<br />
Schefflera wrayi<br />
13. Danum Valley, Sabah: Engelhardia danumensis<br />
14. Dindings, Perak (Pulau Pangkor/Lumut): Ardisia calophylla, Eugenia auriculata, Homalium<br />
spathulatum, Hydnocarpus scortechinii, Shorea lumutensis<br />
15. Endau‐Rompin (Pahang, Johore): Anisphyllea reticulata, Ptychopyxis watsonii, Schoutenia furfuracea,<br />
Trigonostemon wetriifolius<br />
16. Genting <strong>High</strong>lands (Gunung Ulu Kali: Pahang, Selangor): Ardisia mystica, A. viminea, Neolitsea<br />
coccinea, Sauropus elegantissimus<br />
17. Gunung Batu Puteh (Pahang, Perak): Ardisia longepedunculata, Eugenia plumbea, Neolitsea<br />
mollissima<br />
18. Gunung Belumut, Johore: Fordia incredibilis, Garcinia holttumii<br />
19. Gunung Inas, Selama, Perak: Diplospora velutina, Eugenia inasensis, Mallotus smilaci<strong>for</strong>mis<br />
20. Gunung Jerai, Kedah: Casearia flexula, Neolitsea kedahense, Talauma gracilior<br />
21. Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah: Chionanthus kinabaluensis, Ficus paramorpha, Helicia symplocoides, H.<br />
maxwelliana, Ilex mesilauensis, Illicium kinabaluense, Microtropis ovata, Payena kinabaluensis,<br />
Symplocos buxifolia, S. buxifolioides, S. colombonensis<br />
22. Gunung Ledang, Johore: Cleistanthus lanuginosus, Fordia ophirensis, Garcinia montana, Glycosmis<br />
monticola<br />
23. Gunung Mulu, Sarawak: Ilex megaphylla, Lithocarpus muluensis<br />
24. Gunung Nuang (Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sembilan): Glycosmis tomentella<br />
25. Gunung Pulai, Johore: Ardisia ferox, Croton lucidus, Eugenia johorensis, Tristania pontianensis<br />
26. Gunung Tapis, Pahang: Microtropis tenuis<br />
27. Jerangau, Terengganu: Dipterocarpus sarawakensis (Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong> population)<br />
28. Kaki Bukit, Perlis: Canarium perlisanum<br />
29. Kapit, Sarawak: Ficus chaii, Gonystylus eximus, Payena kapitensis, Shorea dispar, S. rotundifolia, S.<br />
woodii<br />
30. Kedah‐Perlis Ridge: Atuna latifolia, Kostermanthus malayana<br />
39
31. Kemaman, Terengganu: Ardisia tumida, Cleistanthus major, Eugenia rostadonis<br />
32. Kinabatangan, Sabah: Crudia venenosa<br />
33. Kinta Valley, Perak: Alphonsea kingii, Castanopsis catappaefolia, Cleistanthus parvifolius, Crudia<br />
glauca, Diplodiscus hookerianus, Dipterocarpus semivestitus (<strong>Malaysia</strong>n population), Drypetes nervosa,<br />
Eugenia camptophylla, Homalium kunstleri, Kopsia scortechinii<br />
34. Klang Gates Ridge, Selangor (Bukit Batu Tabur): Ilex praetermissa<br />
35. Kuala Teriang, Pahang: Drypetes detersibilis<br />
36. Labis, Johore: Xanthophyllum pubescens<br />
37. Lawas, Sarawak: Diospyros parabuxifolia<br />
38. Lebir Valley, Kelantan: Aporusa isabellina<br />
39. Lesong, Pahang: Trigonostemon wetriifolius<br />
40. Lundu, Sarawak: Gonystylus augescens<br />
41. Malacca: Glycosmis crassifolia, Koilodepas ferrugineum, Lasiococca malaccensis, Mezzetia herveyana,<br />
Popowia pauciflora<br />
42. Marudi/Niah, Sarawak: Madhuca ochracea<br />
43. Matang, Sarawak: Palaquium ferrugineum, P. multiflorum, Ilex beccariana<br />
44. Mendalom, Keningau, Sabah: Engelhardia mendalomensis<br />
45. Mukah, Sarawak: Horsfieldia sessilifolia<br />
46. Panti/Kota Tinggi, Johore: Diospyros johorensis, Dryobalanops beccarii<br />
47. Penang Island: Horsfieldia penangiana, Ilex pauciflora, Koilodepas wallichianum, Polyalthia hirtifolia<br />
48. Pulau Langkawi, Kedah: Ardisia langkawiensis, Lagerstroemia langkawiensis, Madhuca calcicola,<br />
Nothaphoebe condensa<br />
49. Pulau Tioman: Diospyros insidiosa, Eugenia tiumanensis, Trigonostemon arboreus<br />
50. Rajang, Sarawak: Kopsia rajangensis<br />
51. Rawang, Selangor: Chionanthus spiciferus, Hopea subalata<br />
52. Rengam/Keluang, Johore: Melanochyla fasciculiflora<br />
53. Sandakan, Sabah: Parartocarpus spinulosus, Lithocarpus sandakanensis<br />
54. Seri Iskandar, Perak: Dipterocarpus semivestitus<br />
55. Sri Aman, Sarawak: Aulandra beccarii<br />
56. Sungai Bantang, Johore: Dipterocarpus tempehes<br />
57. Sungai Nal, Kelantan: Hopea coriaceae<br />
58. Taman Negara (Gunung Tahan: Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu): Adinandra angulata, Agathis<br />
flavescens, Aquilaria rostrata, Ardisia biniflora, Ar. cardiophylla, Ar. retinervia, Bridelia whitmorei,<br />
Dacryodes multijuga, Eugenia clypeolata, E. cyrtophylloides, E. pseudoclaviflora, E. tahanensis, E.<br />
tekuensis, Garcinia clusiaefolia, Lindera montana, Polyosma robusta, Talauma peninsularis,<br />
Terminthodia viridiflora, Tristania fruticosa<br />
59. Tasek Glugor, Seberang Perai, Penang: Crudia brevipes<br />
60. Klang, Selangor: Croton macrocarpus<br />
61. Ulu Brang‐Tersat, Terengganu: Pseuduvaria nervosa<br />
62. Ulu Segan, Sarawak: Dipterocarpus cuspidatus, Gonystylus nobilis<br />
B. Mammal Species<br />
1. Baram, Sarawak: Petaurillus emiliae<br />
2. Danum Valley, Sabah: Pithecheirops otion<br />
3. Gunung Benom (Pahang; Selangor): Pipistrellus societatis<br />
4. Gunung Inas, Perak: Maxomys inas<br />
5. Gunung Kinabalu, Sabah: Crocidura baluensis (C. fuliginosa baluensis), Melogale everetti (M. personata<br />
everetti), Suncus ater<br />
6. Klang, Selangor: Hipposideros nequam, Petaurillus kinlochii<br />
7. Krau, Pahang: Hipposideros 'bicolor' (142 kHz), Kerivoula krauensis<br />
8. Sandakan/Tabin, Sabah: Hesperoptenus tomesi<br />
9. Sepilok, Sabah: Pipistrellus cuprosus<br />
40
Appendix 3. Management of HCV1 (Biodiversity <strong>Value</strong>s - Wildlife).<br />
There are a number of general guidance documents related to wildlife<br />
management in production <strong>for</strong>est (e.g. Meijaard et al. (2005); Higman et<br />
al. (2005); Shamsudin et al. (2003) 6 ). Some preliminary questions can be<br />
asked in the development of a specific wildlife management plan <strong>for</strong><br />
HCV1:<br />
1) What expertise is needed?<br />
In <strong>Malaysia</strong>, a trained and government-approved biologist is<br />
recommended <strong>for</strong> managing and monitoring wildlife (especially if this<br />
involves handling protected species 7 ). If in-house expertise is not<br />
available, survey work can be outsourced to other organisations (e.g.,<br />
government wildlife agencies, university researchers, commercial<br />
consultants or non-government organisations);<br />
2) How do I identify endangered species?<br />
There are <strong>for</strong>mal checklists as well as field guidebooks <strong>for</strong> identifying<br />
mammals in all parts of <strong>Malaysia</strong>. The latest checklist is given by Davison<br />
and Zubaid (2007) with field guides available <strong>for</strong> both Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
(Francis, 2008) as well as Borneo (Payne et al., 1985) 8 . Natural history<br />
sections of museums could also be visited to examine skins to confirm<br />
the identification of the specimens if in doubt.<br />
6 Shamsudin et al. (2003) provide recommendations on <strong>for</strong>mulation and implementation<br />
of wildlife action plans <strong>for</strong> Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>; this should be supplemented to include<br />
reference to the threatened species identified; additional modifications may be required<br />
<strong>for</strong> adapting the approach to Sabah and Sarawak.<br />
7 Refer to the Protection of Wildlife Act 1972 (Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>); the Wildlife<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Enactment 1997 (Sabah); and the Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998<br />
(Sarawak).<br />
8 Some species are difficult to distinguish in the field so care must be taken when<br />
identifying them (e.g. Kinabalu squirrel Callosciurus baluensis (which is endemic to<br />
Sabah and Sarawak) vs Prevost’s squirrel Callosciurus prevostii (common species in most<br />
part of SEA); Asian small-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus vs smooth-coated otter Lutrogale<br />
perspicillata (a vulnerable species)).<br />
41
3) How can I monitor the populations of these species?<br />
There are numerous manuals available on conducting such wildlife<br />
surveys. Among the most relevant are the following: Designing Field<br />
Studies <strong>for</strong> Biodiversity <strong>Conservation</strong> (Feinsinger, 2001); Ecological<br />
Census Techniques (Sutherland, 1996), Guidelines <strong>for</strong> Monitoring and<br />
Evaluation <strong>for</strong> Biodiversity Projects (GEF, 1998) and Measuring and<br />
Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods <strong>for</strong> Mammals (Eds.<br />
Wilson et al., 1996). These textbooks highlight a number of methods <strong>for</strong><br />
surveying large mammals including line transects, camera traps and sign<br />
surveys (observations of tracks, wallows, scent locations, scratches,<br />
burrows, etc.). Other methods are used <strong>for</strong> surveying birds, bats and<br />
other small mammals.<br />
Wildlife surveys can be included within pre-felling inventories however it<br />
should be noted that compared with timber inventories they require<br />
different skills, different lengths of time, different travel patterns through<br />
the concession, and attention to different components of the ecosystem.<br />
A helicopter nest-count and ground survey was used to identify key<br />
orangutan habitat in Ulu Segama (see Figure 1, below).<br />
Figure 1. Orang-utan Key Habitats (> 5 nests per km) in Ulu Segama.<br />
42
R.<br />
DERAMAKOT FR .<br />
MAL UBUK FR.<br />
MAL UA F R.<br />
DANUM VALL EY FR.<br />
LAMAG F R.<br />
KAW ANG GIBO NG FR .<br />
ULU SEGAMA FR .<br />
KU ALA TINGKAYU FR.<br />
MADAI -BATURONG FR.<br />
MERI SULI FR .<br />
SE PA G A YA F R.<br />
SAKAR ISLAND<br />
TABAW<br />
SI LUM P<br />
g ( g ) y ( )<br />
630000<br />
LAMAG FR.<br />
3 0 3 Kilometers<br />
Forestr Reserve Boundary<br />
Orang-utan Key Habitats<br />
(More than 5 Nests per km)<br />
MALUA FR.<br />
MALUBUK FR.<br />
MERISULI FR.<br />
KAWANG GIBONG FR.<br />
DANUM VALLEY FR.<br />
ULU SEGAMA FR.<br />
SEPAGAYA FR.<br />
SAKAR ISLA<br />
540000<br />
540000<br />
KUALA TINGKAYU FR.<br />
TA<br />
SIL<br />
Source: WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong> (2007).<br />
MADAI-BATURONG FR<br />
630000<br />
Specific HCV areas <strong>for</strong> orang-utans within USM were originally defined by<br />
marking zones wherever more than four orang-utan nests per kilometre<br />
were recorded by aerial or ground transects. However, the 21 June 2007<br />
workshop concluded that the entire USM FMU was significant <strong>for</strong> orangutans<br />
because areas supporting high numbers may vary with time and<br />
cannot be mapped objectively. There<strong>for</strong>e a generic prescription of<br />
“reduced impact logging” and/or “rehabilitation where appropriate” was<br />
put <strong>for</strong>ward (WWF-<strong>Malaysia</strong>, 2007).<br />
4) What is the global and national status of these species?<br />
If you are able to identify the animal via the field guidebooks, refer to<br />
their international conservation status on websites such as the IUCN Red<br />
List of Threatened Species. <strong>Malaysia</strong> is also preparing its Red List of<br />
Threatened Species and this should be available shortly.<br />
43
5) What is the long-term viability of the local populations of these<br />
species?<br />
When you have carried out surveys of the key endangered species in your<br />
FMU you will have quantitative data that can be used to estimate their<br />
abundance in your FMU. As a rule, to prevent genetic inbreeding, at least<br />
50 breeding animals are needed to make up a viable population. The<br />
space needed by 50 breeding mice is very different from that of 50<br />
breeding tigers. As a guide, larger animals generally require much larger<br />
areas of <strong>for</strong>est over which to roam (see Figure 2 below). However, it is<br />
recognised that population boundaries will seldom co-incide with FMU<br />
boundaries (with the FMU containing more than one population of many<br />
species and only part of a population of some species).<br />
1000000<br />
100000<br />
10000<br />
Home range (ha)<br />
1000<br />
100<br />
10<br />
1<br />
0.1<br />
0.01<br />
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000<br />
Body weight (kg)<br />
Figure 2. Home range size of selected tropical <strong>for</strong>est animals plotted as a<br />
function of body weight (adapted from Marcot et al., 2001).<br />
44
6) What area of the FMU influences the maintenance/restoration of this<br />
animal?<br />
A knowledge of the ecology of endangered species is needed to ascertain<br />
particular locations within an FMU which are critical <strong>for</strong> the survival of<br />
species. You can then overlay a logging plan on the wildlife base and see<br />
if there are areas of impending conflict, such as logging operations or<br />
roads that will be built too near to or may destroy important sites <strong>for</strong><br />
wildlife (such as the planned creation of a log-landing area at a breeding<br />
site). Generally, the conservation of endangered species of mammals<br />
(such as orangutans) can be aided by conserving certain “keystone”<br />
species of tree (such as figs 9 ).<br />
Depending on the scale of the FMU, at least 10% of the total area is<br />
recommended <strong>for</strong> strict protection (Blockhus et al, 1992; Bennett &<br />
Gumal, 2001). The following patch sizes refer to the minimum area of<br />
undisturbed primary <strong>for</strong>est to be retained as refugia, assuming it is within<br />
a larger area (at least one logging compartment) of managed/logged<br />
<strong>for</strong>est.<br />
• Conserve herbs within plots of not less than 1 ha undisturbed <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
within the larger <strong>for</strong>est area.<br />
• Conserve animals within plots of not less than 5 ha undisturbed<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, within the larger <strong>for</strong>est area.<br />
• Conserve wallows within plots of not less than 2.5 ha undisturbed<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, within the larger <strong>for</strong>est area. The larger <strong>for</strong>est area may be<br />
defined by drawing a circle of radius about 1 km from the wallow, and<br />
then finding natural or man-made features close to that radius to<br />
define the boundaries of a wildlife protection zone (similar<br />
prescriptions can be made <strong>for</strong> salt-licks, see below).<br />
• Conserve understorey trees within plots of not less than 2.5 ha<br />
undisturbed <strong>for</strong>est, within the larger <strong>for</strong>est area.<br />
9 As a generic conservation strategy, emphasis should be put on retaining figs and/or<br />
including Ficus within the species mix <strong>for</strong> enrichment planting.<br />
45
• Conserve canopy trees within plots of not less than 5 ha undisturbed<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, within the larger <strong>for</strong>est area 10 .<br />
It would be pragmatic to consolidate tiny <strong>for</strong>est pockets into fewer but<br />
larger protected zones. Corridors of unlogged <strong>for</strong>est should be left<br />
between unlogged patches (e.g. Shamsudin et al. (2003) recommend that<br />
selected areas of riverine buffer should be extended to a width of 500m<br />
or 1000m, like beads along a chain). Where there is conservation <strong>for</strong>est<br />
at the edge of one <strong>for</strong>est concession/compartment, it should ideally abut<br />
conservation <strong>for</strong>est in the neighbouring concession/compartment. Where<br />
a stream or river flows from one <strong>for</strong>est compartment into another, the<br />
upstream and downstream zoning should be compatible; logging<br />
upstream reduces the effectiveness of a conservation zone downstream.<br />
7) What population changes are acceptable, if logging is to proceed?<br />
A precautionary approach should be taken towards determining the limit<br />
of acceptable change of endangered species. In the long term there<br />
should be no decline – however short term declines in local populations<br />
might be tolerable <strong>for</strong> some species. A decline in local density of more<br />
than 20% immediately following logging is generally considered to be a<br />
significant decline <strong>for</strong> mammal and bird species in tropical Asia (Meijaard<br />
et al., 2006). An adaptive precautionary approach should be taken whilst<br />
logging so as to ensure that local extinctions do not occur.<br />
Box 1 identifies the key questions to be considered when developing a<br />
programme <strong>for</strong> the management of HCV1.<br />
10 There have been a number of studies looking at the minimum area necessary <strong>for</strong><br />
genetic resource conservation of typical tree species. Ashton (1976), from species<br />
number-area curves <strong>for</strong> Sarawak, set a standard of 2000 ha containing 200 trees as the<br />
area necessary. For species with wide latitudinal and altitudinal ranges, one location is<br />
inadequate, and several sites should be obtained, which take into account ecological<br />
variation (Yamada 1997: 308). Minimum population size is not definite; however the<br />
figures of 50 trees in the short term and 500 in the long term have emerged (Palmberg<br />
1987). Because of edge effects, a buffer zone should be established around a tree<br />
conservation area (Yamada 1997: 309). Examples of tree species conservation<br />
recommendations <strong>for</strong> Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong> are also available from FRIM.<br />
46
Box 1. Key Questions <strong>for</strong> Wildlife Monitoring in FMUs<br />
In general, the WHY, WHAT, WHERE and HOW questions need to be<br />
answered be<strong>for</strong>e one proceeds on wildlife monitoring. A strategic<br />
approach will determine what aspects of wildlife are important in the<br />
broader context of managing an FMU.<br />
WHY are you creating a monitoring program? What are your objectives?<br />
Are they scientific or management objectives? To identify rare,<br />
endangered, and protected wildlife in your FMU? How about endemics,<br />
keystone species, indicator species? Responsible management will<br />
consider all these aspects, while HCV1 focuses on endangered and<br />
endemic species.<br />
WHAT are you going to measure? Mere presence or some quantitative<br />
or qualitative value? Or relative abundance, or putting more emphasis<br />
on rare species?<br />
WHERE are you going to put your sampling points? Randomly located<br />
or in areas where these animals are found? What about temporal<br />
sampling? Different sampling points in space and time yield different<br />
answers. This depends on the variables we want to monitor.<br />
HOW are you going to measure it? Different animals may be detected<br />
Contributed by: Melvin Gumal and Jason Hon, Wildlife <strong>Conservation</strong><br />
Society (WCS), <strong>Malaysia</strong>. For further in<strong>for</strong>mation please contact WCS<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
47
Appendix 4. List of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) <strong>for</strong> <strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
Site State Habitat Type(s)<br />
1. Nakawan Range Perlis Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, secondary<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
2. Ulu Muda Kedah Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, secondary <strong>for</strong>est<br />
3. Teluk Air Tawar-Kuala<br />
Muda coast<br />
Pulau Pinang Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitats,<br />
farmland<br />
4. Bintang Range Perak Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, montane <strong>for</strong>est<br />
5. Matang coast Perak Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitat<br />
6. Pondok Tanjung Forest<br />
Reserve<br />
Perak<br />
Peat swamp <strong>for</strong>est, freshwater swamp<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est<br />
7. Belum-Temenggor Perak Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
8. Kledang Range Perak Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, montane <strong>for</strong>est<br />
9. Central Titiwangsa Range Perak/ Pahang Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, montane <strong>for</strong>est<br />
10. Selangor Heritage Park Selangor Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
11. North-central Selangor<br />
coast<br />
Selangor Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitat,<br />
secondary <strong>for</strong>est<br />
12. Tanjung Tuan Melaka Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitat, hill<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, beach <strong>for</strong>est, secondary <strong>for</strong>est<br />
13. Endau-Rompin Johor, Pahang Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath <strong>for</strong>est<br />
14. Panti <strong>for</strong>est Johor Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est<br />
15. South-west Johor coast Johor Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitat<br />
16. Krau Wildlife Reserve Pahang Freshwater swamp <strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
17. Taman Negara National<br />
Park<br />
Pahang,<br />
Terengganu,<br />
Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane,<br />
montane <strong>for</strong>est<br />
Kelantan<br />
18. South-east Pahang peat<br />
swamp <strong>for</strong>est<br />
Pahang Peat swamp <strong>for</strong>est, freshwater swamp<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est<br />
19. Pulau Layang-Layang Putrajaya<br />
Federal<br />
Territory<br />
Offshore island, coral reefs, open sea,<br />
grassland<br />
48
20. Crocker Range Sabah Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
21. Mount Kinabalu Sabah Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
22. Trus Madi Range Sabah Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
23. Kinabatangan<br />
floodplain<br />
Sabah<br />
Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitat, peat<br />
swamp <strong>for</strong>est, freshwater swamp <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
floodplain lakes, lowland <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
karst/caves<br />
24. Danum Valley<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Area<br />
Sabah<br />
Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
25. Maliau Basin<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Area<br />
Sabah<br />
Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, montane <strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
26. Tawau Hills Park Sabah Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
27. Tabin Wildlife Reserve Sabah Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est<br />
28. Klias peninsula Sabah Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitat, peat<br />
swamp <strong>for</strong>est, freshwater swamp <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
lowland <strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath <strong>for</strong>est<br />
29. Kabili-Sepilok Sabah Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath <strong>for</strong>est<br />
30. Kulamba Wildlife Sabah<br />
Freshwater swamp <strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est<br />
Reserve<br />
31. Sipadan islands Sabah Offshore islands, coral reefs, beach<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
32. Mantanani islands Sabah Offshore islands, open sea, beach <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
karst/caves<br />
33. Tempasuk plain Sabah Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, freshwater swamp<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est, open sea,<br />
secondary <strong>for</strong>est, farmland<br />
34. Tanjung Datu-<br />
Samunsam Protected Area<br />
Sarawak Coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, peat swamp <strong>for</strong>est, lowland<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
open sea, beach <strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
35. Gunung Pueh Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
36. Talang-Satang National<br />
Park<br />
Sarawak Offshore islands, coral reefs, seagrass<br />
beds, hill <strong>for</strong>est, open sea, beach <strong>for</strong>est<br />
37. Bako-Buntal Bay Sarawak Offshore islands, mangrove <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
49
intertidal habitats, peat swamp <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, beach <strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath <strong>for</strong>est<br />
38. Bau Limestone Sarawak Karst/caves<br />
39. Bungo Range Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
karst/caves<br />
40. Gunung Penrissen Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est<br />
41. Sadong-Saribas coast Sarawak Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitats, peat<br />
swamp <strong>for</strong>est, beach <strong>for</strong>est<br />
42. Pulau Bruit Sarawak Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitats, peat<br />
swamp <strong>for</strong>est, open sea, farmland<br />
43. Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife<br />
Sanctuary<br />
Sarawak Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath <strong>for</strong>est<br />
44. Hose-Laga mountains Sarawak Lowland <strong>for</strong>est, hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, montane <strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
45. Baleh headwaters Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est<br />
46. Danum-Linau Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, tropical<br />
heath <strong>for</strong>est, grassland<br />
47. Usun Apau plateau Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
48. Dulit Range Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
49. Similajau National Park Sarawak Coral reefs, mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, freshwater<br />
swamp <strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est, open sea,<br />
beach <strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath <strong>for</strong>est<br />
50. Niah National Park Sarawak Freshwater swamp <strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
karst/caves<br />
51. Lambir Hills National Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est, tropical heath <strong>for</strong>est<br />
Park<br />
52. Loagan Bunut National<br />
Park<br />
Sarawak Peat swamp <strong>for</strong>est, floodplain lakes, hill<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
53. Mulu-Buda Protected<br />
Area<br />
Sarawak Freshwater swamp <strong>for</strong>est, lowland <strong>for</strong>est,<br />
hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, karst/caves, tropical heath <strong>for</strong>est<br />
54. Kelabit <strong>High</strong>lands Sarawak Hill <strong>for</strong>est, sub-montane <strong>for</strong>est, montane<br />
<strong>for</strong>est<br />
55. Brunei Bay Sarawak Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est, intertidal habitats<br />
Source: ‘A Handbook of Important Bird Areas in <strong>Malaysia</strong>’ (2005). For further detail,<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation and maps please refer to this Handbook, available from the <strong>Malaysia</strong>n<br />
Nature Society (MNS).<br />
50
Appendix 5. Habitat preferences of <strong>Malaysia</strong>n mammals by related groups (adapted from Stevens, 1968).<br />
INSECTIVORA<br />
DERMOPTERA<br />
PHOLIDOTA<br />
PRIMATES<br />
LIVING HABITS USUAL HABITAT ELEVATION ABUNDANCE<br />
T G T/G W P P/B C P/B/C L L/I H L/I/H A C R<br />
No. 1 6 1 1 4 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 4 3<br />
% 11 67 11 11 45 22 22 11 33 22 33 12 22 45 33<br />
No. 9 0 4 0 5 4 0 4 2 7 2 2 7 3 3<br />
% 69 0 31 0 38 31 0 31 15 55 15 15 54 23 23<br />
RODENTIA<br />
(Squirrels)<br />
RODENTIA<br />
(Rats & mice)<br />
RODENTIA<br />
(Porcupines)<br />
CARNIVORA<br />
No. 22 3 0 0 18 3 0 4 12 10 3 0 7 11 7<br />
% 88 12 0 0 72 12 0 16 48 40 12 0 28 44 28<br />
No. 5 21 0 0 11 6 9 0 14 4 4 4 10 7 9<br />
% 19 81 0 0 42 23 25 0 55 15 15 15 38 27 35<br />
No. 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 1<br />
% 0 100 0 0 67 0 0 33 67 33 0 0 34 33 33<br />
No. 5 15 4 4 10 1 2 21 6 0 1 3 3 8 17<br />
% 18 54 14 14 54 36 3 7 75 21 0 4 10 29 61<br />
UNGULATES<br />
(incl. elephant)<br />
No. 0 11 0 0 6 3 0 2 6 3 0 2 2 5 4<br />
% 0 100 0 0 54 27 0 19 54 27 0 19 19 45 36
Legend:<br />
T = Trees<br />
G = Ground<br />
T/G = Trees and Ground<br />
W = Water<br />
P/B = Primary and Belukar Forest<br />
C = Cultivated Land<br />
P/B/C = Primary and Secondary Forest and Cultivated Land<br />
L = Lowland<br />
I = Intermediate<br />
H = <strong>High</strong>land<br />
L = Lowland<br />
I = Intermediate<br />
H = <strong>High</strong>land<br />
L/I/H = all altitudes<br />
A = Abundant<br />
C = Common<br />
R = Rare<br />
52
Appendix 6. PERHILITAN Ecosystem Assessment <strong>for</strong> Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
An ecosystem assessment of 27 model ecological types in Peninsular<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong> has been made by PERHILITAN (DWNP, 2004) 11 . This assessment<br />
examined the extent of the original area of the types that remained in<br />
1992 (Figure 1) and also assessed the risk to the types based on the<br />
number of protected areas containing each type (Table 1).<br />
Figure 1. Extent of Original and Current (c1992) Thematic Ecology Types<br />
in Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong> (DWNP, 2004).<br />
The Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong> Protected Areas Master Plan (Anon., 1999) sets a<br />
threshold of 10% of each ecosystem to be protected. It is there<strong>for</strong>e<br />
possible to use this threshold in combination with the PERHILITAN<br />
assessment in order to <strong>for</strong>mulate an enhanced interpretation <strong>for</strong> HCV 3 in<br />
Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong>:<br />
“Threatened ecosystems” should be considered to be all <strong>for</strong>est types<br />
having less than 10% of its original area in a designated protected area<br />
AND not rated as being at “low risk of external threat” (i.e. not rated or<br />
11 Similar assessments <strong>for</strong> ecosystems in Sabah and Sarawak could be made in future.<br />
Starting points include an unpublished ecological map produced by the Sarawak<br />
Biodiversity Centre; as well as the “Map of Sabah: Natural Forest Formation”<br />
(1:1,300,000) developed by the Forest Research Centre of the Sabah Forestry<br />
Department.
ated at “high risk of external threat” due to having less than four<br />
replicants in totally protected areas):<br />
Table 1. Extent of Protection <strong>for</strong> each Ecological Type in Peninsular<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>.<br />
Ecological Type % PA Risk Status<br />
Marine alluvial 0% n/a HCV3<br />
Lowland dry ultrabasic 0% n/a HCV3<br />
Hill dipterocarp ultrabasic 0% n/a HCV3<br />
Montane quartz 0% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Montane sandstone 0% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
BRIS <strong>for</strong>est 0% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Peat swamp 0% Low<br />
Mangrove 1% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Riverine 1% Low<br />
Lowland dry limestone 2% Low<br />
Burmese lowland <strong>for</strong>est 2% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Coastal <strong>for</strong>est 2% Low<br />
Hill dipterocarp quartz 3% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Lowland dry sandstone 5% Low<br />
Lowland dry neutral 5% Low<br />
Lowland dry quartz 7% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Oak-laurel neutral 9% Low<br />
Montane neutral 10% Low<br />
Oak-laurel sandstone 11% Low<br />
Hill dipterocarp sandstone 13% Low<br />
Upper dipterocarp neutral 15% Low<br />
Hill dipterocarp neutral 19% Low<br />
Upper dipterocarp sandstone 28% Low<br />
Upper dipterocarp quartz 38% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Hill dipterocarp limestone 49% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Oak-laurel quartz 95% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Upper dipterocarp limestone 99.8% <strong>High</strong> HCV3<br />
Note: ‘%PA’ – the percentage of the original area of each ecological type<br />
that was in a protected area in 2004 (type is endangered if %PA < 10%);<br />
‘Risk’ – the risk of external threat to each ecological type covered by a<br />
protected area in terms of the number of protected areas existing that<br />
contain each ecological type (‘Low’ if n > 4); the column on ‘Status’ has<br />
been added.<br />
Source: DWNP (2004).<br />
54
Appendix 7. Forest type classifications and assessments in Sabah.<br />
Figure 1. “Map of Sabah: Natural Forest Formation” (original scale was 1:1,300,000)<br />
(Anon., 2005: 27)<br />
Beach Forest<br />
Mangrove Forest<br />
Lowland Peat Swamp Forest<br />
Upland Peat Swamp Forest<br />
Lower Montane Peat Swamp Forest<br />
Lowland Seasonal Freshwater Swamp Forest<br />
Lowland Freshwater Swamp Forest<br />
Upland Freshwater Swamp Forest<br />
Lowland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest<br />
Upland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest<br />
Lowland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest & Limestone Vegetation<br />
Upland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest & Limestone Vegetation<br />
Lowland Mixed Dipterocarp & Kerangas Forest<br />
Upland Mixed Dipterocarp & Kerangas Forest<br />
Lowland Kerangas Forest<br />
Upland Kerangas Forest<br />
Lower Montane Kerangas Forest<br />
Upland Kerapah Forest<br />
Lowland Ultramafic Forest<br />
Upland Ultramafic Forest<br />
Lower Montane Ultramafic Forest<br />
Upper Montane Ultramafic Forest<br />
Lower Montane Forest<br />
Upper Montane Forest<br />
Sub-alpine Vegetation<br />
55
Appendix 8. Forest type classifications and assessments in Sarawak.<br />
Figure 1. Ecological zones in Sarawak<br />
Source: FAO (Anon., 2004)<br />
Note: Ecological zones correspond to natural vegetation: organic plains (coastal organic<br />
plains, inland organic plains) – peat swamp <strong>for</strong>est, marsh; saline clay plains – mangroves<br />
and mud-flats; riverine zones (lower riverine zone, upper riverine zone) – riverine <strong>for</strong>est;<br />
steep very high mountainous – alpine <strong>for</strong>est; other zones (undulating hilly sedimentary,<br />
igneous hilly mountainous, mountainous, dissected karst, steep mountainous<br />
sedimentary) – various classes of dry inland <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
Figure 2. Distribution of major <strong>for</strong>est types in Sarawak: Mangrove <strong>for</strong>est – purple; peat<br />
swamp <strong>for</strong>est – pink; mixed dipterocarp <strong>for</strong>est – green; secondary <strong>for</strong>est – yellow; land<br />
outside Sarawak – grey.<br />
56
Appendix 9. Guide to identifying <strong>for</strong>est areas fundamental to meeting<br />
basic needs of local communities (HCV 5) and/or critical to local<br />
communities’ traditional cultural identity (HCV 6). 12<br />
The following four steps can be used as part of a facilitated participatory<br />
approach to identifying HCV 5 and HCV 6 <strong>for</strong> a particular community.<br />
Facilitators should preferably have experience in Participatory Rural<br />
Appraisal (PRA), speak the local language and be accepted by the local<br />
communities.<br />
STEP 1: Identify sub-groups in each village based on their livelihood<br />
pattern<br />
Villages may comprise several sub-groups with different ethnic origins,<br />
livelihood patterns, age and gender. Be<strong>for</strong>e starting identifying the<br />
importance of <strong>for</strong>est values, facillitators need to divide each village into<br />
sub-groups according to these groups along the lines of Table 1. This<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation can be obtained by conducting a rapid appraisal to identify<br />
these key in<strong>for</strong>mants in order to avoid relying on a group whose views<br />
may be biased.<br />
Table 1 – Identification of sub-groups within one village community 13<br />
No.<br />
Ethnic<br />
group/origin<br />
Main sources<br />
of livelihood<br />
Other key<br />
characteristics<br />
(e.g. history,<br />
location of<br />
dwelling, etc.)<br />
Approximate<br />
No. of<br />
Households<br />
% of village<br />
population<br />
12 Adapted from: ‘Identifying, Managing, and Monitoring <strong>High</strong> <strong>Conservation</strong> <strong>Value</strong><br />
<strong>Forests</strong> in Indonesia: A <strong>Toolkit</strong> <strong>for</strong> Forest Managers and other Stakeholders’. August<br />
2003.<br />
13 These tables are generic guides: local groups or researchers should modify the<br />
approach where appropriate.<br />
57
Any group which belongs to indigenous groups and/or represents at<br />
least 15% of the village population should be considered as a significant<br />
sub-group and should be interviewed separately – either through<br />
individual interviews or through group interviews in which care is taken<br />
to make sure that only one sub-group is represented.<br />
Regarding gender, it is important to obtain the participation of women,<br />
since they usually have a different share in the resource use. Women may<br />
be more involved in the gathering of particular <strong>for</strong>est products, such as<br />
medicinal plants, and may then have a different perspective on how<br />
fundamental they are. In <strong>Malaysia</strong>, mixed gender group discussions tend<br />
to be dominated by men. In order to get an appropriate representation of<br />
women’s point of view, separate group discussions with women only can<br />
be organized. In such cases, the facilitator should be female.<br />
STEP 2: Identify how each sub-group meets its basic needs<br />
For each sub-group, Table 2 is proposed as a guide <strong>for</strong> individual or<br />
group interviews. The purpose of this table is to identify how each of the<br />
basic needs of the sub-group is met by different types of sources,<br />
including the <strong>for</strong>est and alternative sources such as agriculture, the sea,<br />
the market, or aid by the government, <strong>for</strong>est company development<br />
program or other third parties, such as NGOs.<br />
This table can be used in individual interviews. However, conducting such<br />
interviews can take a long time. It is more efficient in terms of time to use<br />
the table with small groups of villagers gathered <strong>for</strong> a group consultation.<br />
The ideal size would be between 5 to 15 people. About one hour should<br />
be enough to fill the table with a small group of participants (5 to 15).<br />
Table 2 - Fulfillment of Basic Needs<br />
Village:…………. Sub-Group (based on table 1):<br />
Needs<br />
Sources<br />
FOREST<br />
Agriculture<br />
(non<strong>for</strong>est<br />
land) Purchased Aid<br />
Other<br />
(e.g.<br />
sea)<br />
Explanation<br />
58
Food:<br />
Carbohydrates (rice,<br />
sago…)<br />
animal protein<br />
(meat, fish)<br />
fruits, vegetables<br />
Materials:<br />
housing<br />
boats<br />
furniture,<br />
household equipt,<br />
handicraft, tools…<br />
Fuel:<br />
Medicines:<br />
Water:<br />
<strong>for</strong> drinking and<br />
daily needs<br />
Cash income:<br />
Cultural/spiritual/re<br />
ligious needs:<br />
Others:<br />
FMU<br />
Other<br />
Table 2 can be reproduced on a large piece of paper and put up on<br />
display where the consultation is taking place. The facilitator then<br />
explains the purpose of the consultation and proceeds to ask villagers<br />
where they derive each of the main resources in the table below, and the<br />
respective importance of each source. For example, the facilitator will<br />
start asking the community what is their staple food, i.e. their main<br />
source of carbohydrate such as rice. Then they will ask them where they<br />
obtain it. Villagers will usually list the most important source first, and<br />
then other sources. For each source (<strong>for</strong> example: shifting cultivation),<br />
the facilitator then asks the villagers whether they derive all their rice<br />
from this source (ranking: 4); most of their needs from it (ranking : 3), a<br />
significant part of their needs (2), only a tiny, marginal part of their needs<br />
(ranking : 1), or none at all (0). In each cell, the facilitator then indicates<br />
its ranking from 0 to 4 as explained below, and list the corresponding<br />
resources, e.g. “river fish”, “well”, “rice”, “rattan”, etc. The determination<br />
of the importance of each source <strong>for</strong> each need is done using the<br />
following levels:<br />
59
• 4 - Essential = 100% of a given need is fulfilled by one source (<strong>for</strong><br />
example, if all the water used by the community comes from the<br />
<strong>for</strong>est’s rivers, put “4 (all)” in the “<strong>for</strong>est” column in the “water”<br />
row).<br />
• 3 – Critical = more than 50% of a given need is fulfilled by one<br />
source<br />
• 2 - Important = between about 15% and 50%<br />
• 1 - Not important = less than 15%<br />
• 0 – Non existent = 0%<br />
Not all the cells need to be filled, but at least all the ones with a value<br />
above 2 should be filled. Likewise, all cells in the column “<strong>for</strong>est” should<br />
be filled to make sure that the importance of the <strong>for</strong>est is carefully<br />
evaluated. Depending on the circumstances, the column “<strong>for</strong>est” can be<br />
split in two or not. If the group interviewed lives in the middle of the<br />
Forest Management Unit under evaluation, then everything they derive<br />
from the <strong>for</strong>est is likely to be from the FMU (unless they have migratory<br />
or hunting/ <strong>for</strong>aging patterns that go beyond the FMU’s borders). If the<br />
community is near the border of the FMU or often moves beyond its<br />
borders, then it may be necessary to clarify which percentage of their<br />
resources they draw from the FMU and which ones from another <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
It is important to realise that it is not necessary to ask the communities<br />
<strong>for</strong> percentages. If they are ready to give such percentages, they can be<br />
used to classify the importance of each resource in the categories 0 to 4<br />
above. However, it should be remembered that communities are not<br />
always used to keeping quantified records of their needs and resource<br />
uses, so percentage given during interviews can be very misleading.<br />
Rather than trying to obtain figures, which would require much more<br />
intensive data collecting, it is recommended to base the identification of<br />
fundamental resources on the qualitative perception of the people, which<br />
should be an adequate indicator.<br />
The levels 0 to 4 above can be obtained during individual or group<br />
discussions. In ordinary speech, the following could be used by farmers<br />
60
to qualify the importance of a source to fulfill a particular need, <strong>for</strong><br />
example the following questions can be asked: “Do you get all your fruits<br />
from the <strong>for</strong>ests or are there other sources?” if the answer is “all” then<br />
the level is 4 <strong>for</strong> the <strong>for</strong>est in the line “fruits”. If there are other sources,<br />
like <strong>for</strong> example a garden, then the question can be asked as such: “Do<br />
you get more fruits from the <strong>for</strong>est or from the garden?” if the answer<br />
is “more from the <strong>for</strong>est”, then the level is 3. If the answer is “more from<br />
the garden” then the following question can be asked: “Do you get a<br />
significant portion of fruits from the <strong>for</strong>est or just very little, seldom, and<br />
not in an important way?” If the answer is “significant, rather important”<br />
then the answer is 2, if the answer is “marginal, occasional, or not<br />
important” then the answer is 1.<br />
Some resources may become critical only at certain times of the year, or<br />
during crop failures, as replacement. For example, tubers collected in the<br />
<strong>for</strong>est may replace rice during shortages between two seasons. If the<br />
community qualifies a certain <strong>for</strong>est resource as marginal, always check<br />
that this applies all year long and all the time, <strong>for</strong> example by asking “are<br />
there certain times when this becomes more important?” If the answer is<br />
yes, then the importance of the resource should be moved to 2<br />
(significant) and if there is no replacement during that period, then this<br />
resource meets the requirements <strong>for</strong> HCV 5.<br />
STEP 3: Identify fundamental <strong>for</strong>est functions<br />
For any need <strong>for</strong> which the <strong>for</strong>est has been ranked between 2 and 4 as a<br />
source (important, critical or essential), the consultation needs to be<br />
pursued more in detail by filling the Table 3 below, which will establish<br />
the readiness of alternatives and whether they are within the reach of the<br />
people.<br />
Changes are important to consider. Communities’ livelihood patterns<br />
evolve. If a given resource from the <strong>for</strong>est is being used less and often<br />
replaced by alternatives, this may disqualify a resource as fundamental.<br />
This is especially true when people are investing in alternative sources,<br />
61
<strong>for</strong> example if they are developing cash crop plantations that will make<br />
them less dependant on <strong>for</strong>est produce <strong>for</strong> cash needs. This criterion is<br />
especially important <strong>for</strong> ‘ambiguous’ cases where it is difficult to decide<br />
whether a resource is fundamental or not.<br />
Questions in the table below will help to find out whether the resource is<br />
fundamental or not. It provides an indicator of whether the community<br />
has access to replacements to the <strong>for</strong>est resources or not. Each resource<br />
<strong>for</strong> which there is no access to satisfying replacement qualifies as HCV 5.<br />
Table 3 - Identifying fundamental <strong>for</strong>est resources<br />
Village: XXX……………….<br />
Resource (based on Table 2)<br />
(1.) If this need cannot be met from the<br />
corresponding <strong>for</strong>est resource, are there available<br />
alternatives?<br />
(2.) Are these alternatives available<br />
• all year long every year,<br />
• in sufficient quantities to replace the<br />
<strong>for</strong>est resources<br />
• and in an accessible location by available<br />
means of transportation<br />
(3.) Can the alternatives be obtained <strong>for</strong> free or<br />
would there be a cost involved? (e.g. cash needed<br />
to buy and transport a replacement, labour and<br />
land needed to start new agricultural activities?)<br />
(4.) Is the cost of alternatives within the reach of<br />
all the people? (e.g. do they have enough cash to<br />
buy it, or do they have enough labour and land to<br />
start new agricultural production as replacement?)<br />
(5.) Is there a trend of change in the dependency<br />
of the people over this resource? For example, are<br />
they less and less using the rivers <strong>for</strong> water, or is<br />
the collection of <strong>for</strong>est produce declining?<br />
If there is a trend of change, are the people<br />
investing in substitutes (e.g. developing cash<br />
crops, animal husbandry, etc.)<br />
Are they actively trying to protect the existing<br />
resources?<br />
Are all the members of the community concerned<br />
by these trends or just a minority?<br />
Sub-Group: (based on Table 1) …<br />
Ranking of importance of the <strong>for</strong>est in meeting this<br />
need (2 to 4), based on Table 2:<br />
List the alternatives here. If there are none, this<br />
resource is HCV 5. If there are alternatives, go to<br />
(2.)<br />
If the answer is no to one of these questions: there<br />
may be HCV 5. If the answer is yes to all questions,<br />
go to (3.)<br />
If the replacement is available <strong>for</strong> free (<strong>for</strong> example,<br />
free medicine at village dispensary), this is not HCV<br />
5. If there is a cost, go to (4.).<br />
If no, then there is HCV 5; if yes, then the need is<br />
not fundamental. If there is ambiguity, go to (5.)<br />
In case of hesitation over the importance of a<br />
resource, obvious declining trends in the use of the<br />
<strong>for</strong>est, affecting the community as a whole may<br />
disqualify the <strong>for</strong>est from being considered as<br />
fundamental, especially if people are actively<br />
investing in new, alternative resources such as<br />
agriculture.<br />
If the community is actively protecting the <strong>for</strong>est<br />
resources, then it is HCV 5.<br />
62
If the <strong>for</strong>est is fundamental in meeting at least one of the basic needs,<br />
this is sufficient to qualify the <strong>for</strong>est as <strong>HCVF</strong> under HCV 5.<br />
STEP 4: Identify areas of critical traditional cultural, ecological, economic<br />
or religious significance (HCV 6)<br />
If a community has been using a <strong>for</strong>est area <strong>for</strong> more than two<br />
generations then the area is of potential traditional cultural value. The<br />
economic and cultural values identified in Table 2, above, there<strong>for</strong>e can<br />
there<strong>for</strong>e be linked with <strong>for</strong>est areas that are potentially HCV 6. A<br />
specific set of interview questions are needed to determine whether these<br />
economic (i.e. sources of income) and cultural (e.g. religious) values have<br />
<strong>for</strong>med a central role <strong>for</strong> the community over at least two generations.<br />
This in<strong>for</strong>mation could be tabulated along the lines laid out in Table 4,<br />
below.<br />
Table 4 - Identifying areas of critical traditional cultural significance<br />
Village: XXX………………. Sub-Group: …(based on Table 1)<br />
Resource (based on Table 2)<br />
Number of generations the<br />
resource has been used<br />
Ranking of importance of the<br />
resource to the community over the<br />
last two generations (Rank 2/3/4)<br />
Economic resources:<br />
…<br />
Cultural/religious resources:<br />
…<br />
Resources that have been used <strong>for</strong> more than two generations and have<br />
consistently ranked as critical (3) or essential (4) over this time qualify as<br />
HCV 6.<br />
63
Appendix 10. How to implement the LOAM process.<br />
Source: Aldrich & Sayer (2007).<br />
64
Appendix 11. Relevant organisations to contact.<br />
Government departments<br />
Economic Planning Unit<br />
Prime Minister’s Department<br />
Block B5 & B6<br />
Federal Government Administrative Centre<br />
62502 Putrajaya<br />
Tel 03-8888-33333<br />
Fax 03-8888-3755<br />
www.epu.jpm.my<br />
Department of Orang Asli Affairs <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
Level 10, 20 & 20M, West Block<br />
Wisma Selangor Dredging<br />
142-C Jalan Ampang<br />
50450 Kuala Lumpur<br />
Tel 03-2161-0577<br />
Fax 03-2162-1470<br />
www.jheoa.gov.my<br />
Forest Department Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin<br />
50660 Kuala Lumpur<br />
Tel 03-2616-4488<br />
Fax 03-2692-5657<br />
www.<strong>for</strong>estry.gov.my<br />
Minerals & Geoscience Department<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
19 th -22 nd Floor, Bangunan Tabung Haji<br />
Jalan Tun Razak<br />
50658 Kuala Lumpur<br />
Tel 03-2161-1033<br />
Fax 03-2161-1036<br />
www.jmg.gov.my<br />
Department of Wildlife & National Parks<br />
(PERHILITAN)<br />
KM 10, Jalan Cheras<br />
56100 Kuala Lumpur<br />
Tel 03-9075-2872<br />
Fax 03-9075-2873<br />
www.wildlife.gov.my<br />
Department of Irrigation & Drainage<br />
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin<br />
50626 Kuala Lumpur<br />
Tel 03-2697-2828<br />
Fax 03-2698-7973<br />
Email pro@water.gov.my<br />
www.water.gov.my<br />
Department of Town & Country Planning<br />
Peninsular <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
Jalan Cenderasari<br />
50646 Kuala Lumpur<br />
Tel 03-2698-9211<br />
Fax 03-2698-9994<br />
www.townplan.gov.my<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Meteorological Department<br />
Jalan Sultan<br />
Petaling Jaya, Selangor<br />
Tel 03-7967-8000<br />
Fax 03-7955-0964<br />
Email email@met.gov.my<br />
www.met.gov.my<br />
Ministry of Natural Resources &<br />
Environment<br />
Wisma Sumber Asli<br />
25 Persiaran Perdana<br />
Precint 4, 62574 Putrajaya<br />
Tel 03-8886-1111<br />
Fax 03-8886-1512<br />
www.nre.gov.my<br />
65
(Sabah)<br />
Environment Protection Department<br />
Wisma Budaya, 1-3 Floor<br />
Tunku Abdul Rahman Road<br />
Locked Bag No. 2078<br />
88999 Kota Kinabalu<br />
Tel 088-251-290<br />
Fax 088-238-120<br />
Email jpas@sabah.gov.my<br />
www.sabah.gov.my/jpas/<br />
Biodiversity Units<br />
Pejabat Hal-Ehwal Anak Negeri Sabah<br />
Level 2 Block C<br />
Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens<br />
Locked Bag No. 209<br />
88999 Kota Kinabalu<br />
Email PHEAN@sabah.gov.my<br />
Tel 088-222-251<br />
Fax 088-246-352<br />
Sabah Cultural Board<br />
Wisma Budaya Building<br />
Tunku Abdul Rahman Road<br />
Locked Bag 132<br />
88740 Kota Kinabalu<br />
Tel 088-268-890<br />
Fax 088-264-235<br />
Email borneosiff@gmail.com<br />
www.sabah.gov.my/lks/<br />
Sabah Museum<br />
Locked Bag 2015<br />
88566 Kota Kinabalu<br />
Tel 088-253199<br />
Fax 088-240-230<br />
Email Muzium.Sabah@sabah.gov.my<br />
Forest Research Centre<br />
Sabah Forestry Department<br />
P.O. Box 1407<br />
90715 Sandakan<br />
Tel 089-531-522/3/4<br />
Fax 089-531-068<br />
Email frcsabah@sabah.gov.my<br />
OR frc@tm.net.my<br />
www.sabah.gov.my/htan_frc/<br />
Department of Irrigation & Drainage<br />
Level 5, Wisma Pertanian Sabah<br />
Jalan Tasik Luyang<br />
Off Jalan Maktab Gaya<br />
Locked Bag 2052<br />
88767 Kota Kinabalu<br />
Tel 088-280-500<br />
Fax 088-242-770<br />
www.did.sabah.gov.my<br />
Sabah Agricultural Park<br />
WDT 28<br />
89909 Tenom<br />
Tel 087-737-952<br />
Fax 087-737-571<br />
Email agripark@sabah.net.my<br />
www.sabah.net.my/agripark/home.htm<br />
Sabah Forestry Department<br />
KM 10, Labuk Road<br />
90000 Sandakan<br />
Tel 089-660-811<br />
Fax 089-669-170<br />
Email htan@sabah.gov.my<br />
www.<strong>for</strong>est.sabah.gov.my<br />
Sabah Parks<br />
Lot 1-3, Block K, G Floor<br />
Sinsuran Complex<br />
P.O. Box 10626<br />
88806 Kota Kinabalu<br />
Tel 088-211-881/212-719<br />
66
www.mzm.sabah.gov.my Fax 088-221-001<br />
Fax 088-211-585<br />
Email sparkshq@tm.net.my<br />
www.sabahparks.org.my<br />
Sabah Wildlife Department<br />
5 th Floor, B Block, Wisma MUIS<br />
88100 Kota Kinabalu<br />
Tel 088-215-353<br />
Fax 088-222-476<br />
Email jhlsabah@tm.net.my<br />
OR pengarah.jhl@tm.net.my<br />
www.sabah.gov.my/jhl/<br />
(Sarawak)<br />
Natural Resources & Environment Board<br />
18 th -20 th Floor Menara Pelita<br />
Jalan Tun Abdul Rahman Ya’akub<br />
Petra Jaya, 93050 Kuching<br />
Tel 082-440-504<br />
Fax 082-312-800<br />
Email penguangm@sarawaknet.gov.my<br />
www.nreb.gov.my<br />
Sarawak Biodiversity Centre<br />
KM 20, Jalan Borneo Heights<br />
Semenggoh<br />
Locked Bag No. 3032<br />
93990 Kuching<br />
Tel 082-610-610<br />
Fax 082-611-535<br />
Email biosar@sbc.org.my<br />
www.sbc.org.my<br />
Sarawak Health Department<br />
Jalan Tun Abang Haji Openg<br />
93590 Kuching<br />
Tel 082-256-566<br />
Fax 082-424-959<br />
Email shd@sarawak.health.gov.my<br />
www.sarawak.health.gov.my/index2.htm<br />
Sarawak Rivers Board<br />
Level 3, Electra House<br />
Forest Department Sarawak<br />
Wisma Sumber Alam<br />
Jalan Stadium<br />
Petra Jaya, 93660 Kuching<br />
Tel 082-442-180<br />
Fax 082-441-210<br />
Email lth@sarawaknet.gov.my<br />
www.<strong>for</strong>estry.sarawak.gov.my/<strong>for</strong>web/<br />
homepage.htm<br />
Sarawak Forestry Corporation<br />
Level 12, Office Tower<br />
Hock Lee Centre<br />
Jalan Datuk Abang Abdul Rahim<br />
93450 Kuching<br />
Tel 082-348-001<br />
Fax 082-488-654<br />
Email info@sarawak<strong>for</strong>estry.com<br />
www.sarawak<strong>for</strong>estry.com<br />
Sarawak Native Customs Council<br />
Level 3, Bangunan BINAMAS<br />
Lot 138, Section 54, Jalan Padungan<br />
93400 Kuching<br />
Tel 082-234-719<br />
Fax 082-234-730<br />
Email ambrosld@sarawaknet.gov.my<br />
www.nativecustoms.sarawak.gov.my<br />
Sarawak Water Resources Council<br />
Public Works Department Headquarters<br />
67
Power Street<br />
93000 Kuching<br />
Tel 082-207-107/110<br />
Fax 082-242-197<br />
Email muhamayk@sarawaknet.gov.my<br />
www.srb.sarawak.gov.my<br />
Wisma Saberkas<br />
93582 Kuching<br />
Tel 082-203-100/8<br />
Fax 082-429-679 / 429-789<br />
Academic/Research institutions<br />
Forest Research Insitute <strong>Malaysia</strong> (FRIM)<br />
52109 Kepong<br />
Selangor<br />
Tel 03-6279-7000<br />
Fax 03-6273-1314<br />
www.frim.gov.my<br />
Universiti Malaya (UM)<br />
50603 Kuala Lumpur<br />
Tel 03-7967-7022/3273<br />
Fax 03-7956-0027<br />
Email icr@um.edu.my<br />
www.um.edu.my<br />
Universiti <strong>Malaysia</strong> Sarawak (UNIMAS)<br />
Jalan Datuk Mohd Musa<br />
94300 Kota Samarahan<br />
Sarawak<br />
Tel 082-581-000/388<br />
Fax 082-665-088<br />
www.unimas.my<br />
Universiti Sains <strong>Malaysia</strong> (USM)<br />
11800 Pulau Pinang<br />
Tel 04-653-3140<br />
Fax 04-658-9666<br />
Email pro@notes.usm.my<br />
www.usm.my<br />
Universiti Kebangsaan <strong>Malaysia</strong> (UKM)<br />
43600 Bangi<br />
Selangor<br />
Tel 03-8921-5555<br />
www.ukm.my<br />
Universiti <strong>Malaysia</strong> Sabah (UMS)<br />
Locked Bag 2073<br />
88999 Kota Kinabalu<br />
Sabah<br />
Tel 088-320-000/474<br />
Fax 088-320-223<br />
Email crd@ums.edu.my<br />
www.ums.edu.my<br />
Universiti Putra <strong>Malaysia</strong> (UPM)<br />
43400 Serdang<br />
Selangor<br />
Tel 03-8946-6000<br />
Fax 03-8948-7273<br />
www.upm.edu.my<br />
NGOs/Private<br />
Borneo Resources Institute (BRIMAS)<br />
Lot 1046, 2 nd Floor<br />
Shang Garden Shoplots<br />
Jalan Bulan Sabit<br />
Center <strong>for</strong> Orang Asli Concerns (COAC)<br />
P.O. Box 3052<br />
47590 Subang Jaya<br />
Selangor<br />
68
98000 Miri, Sarawak<br />
Email snanet@tm.net.my<br />
brimas.www1.50megs.com<br />
HUTAN-Kinabatangan Orang-utan<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Project<br />
P.O. Box 3109<br />
90734 Sandakan, Sabah<br />
Tel 089-230-220<br />
Fax 088-250-450<br />
OR 088-244-502<br />
Email hutan1@tm.net.my<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Nature Society (MNS)<br />
JKR 641 Jalan Kelantan<br />
Bukit Persekutuan<br />
50480 Kuala Lumpur<br />
Tel 03-2287-9422<br />
Fax 03-2287-8773<br />
Email mns@mns.org.my<br />
www.mns.org.my<br />
Sabah Environmental Protection<br />
Association (SEPA)<br />
Email sepa94@tm.net.my<br />
www.sabah.org.my/sepa/<br />
Wildlife <strong>Conservation</strong> Society (WCS)<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
7 Jalan Ridgeway<br />
93200 Kuching, Sarawak<br />
Tel 082-279-050<br />
Fax 082-252-799<br />
OR<br />
42-C, 3 rd Floor<br />
Jalan SS6/8, Kelana Jaya<br />
47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor<br />
Tel 03-7880-2029<br />
Tel 03-5632-8050<br />
Email colin.coac@gmail.com<br />
www.coac.org.my<br />
Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah<br />
(KDCA)<br />
Hongkod Koisaan<br />
KM 7, Penampang Road<br />
WDT 39<br />
89509 Penampang, Sabah<br />
Tel 088-713-696<br />
Fax 088-713-350<br />
Email koisaan@kdca.org.my<br />
www.kdca.org.my<br />
Partners of Community Organisations<br />
(PACOS)<br />
First Floor, Lot 5<br />
Block M, Donggongon Town<br />
P.O. Box 511<br />
89507 Penampang, Sabah<br />
Tel 088-712-518<br />
Fax 088-718-669<br />
Email pacos@tm.net.my<br />
www.sabah.net.my/PACOS/<br />
Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC)<br />
Lot 218, KCLD<br />
Jalan Tapang, Kota Sentosa<br />
93250 Kuching, Sarawak<br />
Tel 082-610-088<br />
Fax 082-610-099<br />
Email info@sarawak<strong>for</strong>estry.com<br />
www.sarawak<strong>for</strong>estry.com<br />
World Wide Fund <strong>for</strong> Nature (WWF)<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
49 Jalan SS23/11<br />
Taman SEA<br />
47400 Petaling Jaya<br />
Selangor<br />
Tel 03-7803-3772<br />
Fax 03-7803-5157<br />
Email contactus@wwf.org.my<br />
www.wwf.org.my<br />
69
Fax 03-7880-2058<br />
Email admin@wcsmalaysia.org<br />
OR wcsmy@streamyx.com<br />
www.wcsmalaysia.org<br />
70
Appendix 12. List of participants in expert review 27-28 May 2008.<br />
Name<br />
Dr Lilian Chua Swee Lian<br />
Mr Sanath Kumaran<br />
Mr Yong Teng Koon<br />
Mr Mohd Zin Yusop<br />
Tn Hj Sapuan Ahmad<br />
Ms Lucy Chong<br />
Dr Lee Hua Seng<br />
Prof Zubaid Akbar Mukhtar Ahmad<br />
Dr Melvin Gumal<br />
Mr Ahmad Zafir Abdul Wahab<br />
Ms Ivy Wong<br />
Mr Reuben Clements<br />
Mr Surin Suksuwan<br />
Ms Patricia Regis<br />
Organisation<br />
FRIM<br />
KENVIRO<br />
MTCC<br />
Pahang Forestry Dept<br />
Sarawak Forest Dept<br />
SFC<br />
STA<br />
UKM<br />
WCS <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
WWF-MY<br />
WWF-MY<br />
WWF-MY<br />
WWF-MY<br />
Independent Consultant<br />
Mr Lim Teck Wyn (Facilitator)<br />
Ms Sheema Abdul Aziz (Rapporteur)<br />
RESCU<br />
WWF-MY<br />
71
Appendix 13. Classes of Forest Reserve and prohibitions under Sabah<br />
Forest Enactment 1968.<br />
Class Reserve Type Purpose<br />
I Protection Forest Maintenance of <strong>for</strong>est essential on climatic or physical<br />
grounds<br />
II Commercial Forest For supply of timber and other produce to meet the<br />
general demands of trade<br />
III Domestic Forest For supply of timber and other produce <strong>for</strong> local<br />
consumption<br />
IV Amenity Forest For local amenity and arboretum work<br />
V Mangrove Forest For supply of mangrove timber or other produce to<br />
meet the general demands of trade<br />
VI Virgin Jungle Reserve For <strong>for</strong>est research purpose<br />
VII Wildlife Reserve For protection of wildlife<br />
Notwithstanding the provisions of this or any other State law, during the period between<br />
the publication of a notice of intention and the terminal date in respect of the proposal<br />
notified thereby -<br />
(a) no new title shall be issued without the specific approval of the Minister over any<br />
of the land specified in such notice;<br />
(b) no new right or privilege shall be acquired or exercised in or over any such land;<br />
(c) no new building shall be erected or plantation <strong>for</strong>med on any such land;<br />
(d) no fresh clearing <strong>for</strong> cultivation or <strong>for</strong> any other purpose shall be made on any<br />
such land;<br />
(e) no tree shall be cut on, or <strong>for</strong>est produce taken from, such land <strong>for</strong> any purpose<br />
whether under the authority of any licence or permit or otherwise:<br />
Provided that the Director may, in his absolute discretion, authorise in writing the doing<br />
of any act which would otherwise be prohibited by paragraphs (b) to (e) of this<br />
subsection.<br />
72
Appendix 14. List of Totally Protected (prohibited hunting & collection)<br />
animals & plants under the Sabah Wildlife <strong>Conservation</strong> Enactment 1997.<br />
A. Animals<br />
English name Scientific name Sabah name<br />
Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Badak Sumatra<br />
Orang Utan Pongo pygmaeus Orang Utan<br />
Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus Beruang Madu<br />
Dugong Dugong dugon Duyung<br />
Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus Monyet Bangkatan<br />
Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa Harimau Dahan<br />
False Gharial Tomistoma schlegelii Buaya Julung-julung<br />
Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Penyu Hijau<br />
Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Penyu Sisik<br />
B. Plants<br />
English name Scientific name Sabah name<br />
Pitcher plants Nepenthes spp. Periuk kera<br />
Slipper orchids Paphiopedilum spp. Orkid selipar<br />
Rafflesia Rafflesia spp. Rafflesia<br />
Tetrastigma Tetrastigma spp. Pokok Perumah<br />
Rafflesia<br />
73
Appendix 15. List of Protected (limited hunting & collection under<br />
licence) animals & plants under Sabah Wildlife <strong>Conservation</strong> Enactment<br />
1997. NB: Marine/seaside species have been omitted.<br />
A. Mammals<br />
English name Scientific name Sabah name<br />
Kinabalu Shrew Crocidura baluensis Cencurut Kinabalu<br />
Dayak Roundleaf Bat Hipposideros dyacorum Kelawar Ladam-bulat Dayak<br />
Coppery Pipistrelle Pipistrellus cuprosus Kelawar Hidung Pendek<br />
Tembaga<br />
Gilded Tube-nosed Bat Murina rozendaali Kelawar Hidung Laras Emas<br />
Flying Lemur Cynocephalus variegatus Kubung<br />
Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang Kongkang<br />
Tarsier Tarsius bancanus Kera Hantu<br />
Maroon Leaf Monkey Presbytis rubicunda Monyet Merah<br />
Grey Leaf Monkey Presbytis hosei Monyet Kikok<br />
Silvered Leaf Monkey Presbytis cristata Monyet Kelabu<br />
Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis Kera<br />
Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina Beruk<br />
Bornean/Mueller’s Gibbon Hylobates muelleri Kelawat<br />
Pangolin Manis javanica Tenggiling<br />
Giant Squirrel Ratufa affinis Tupai Kerawak Putih-kuning<br />
Kinabalu Squirrel Callosciurus baluensis Tupai Kinabalu<br />
Giant Tufted Ground Squirrel Reithrosciurus macrotis Babut<br />
Hose’s Pygmy Flying Squrirel Petaurillus hosei Tupai Terbang Kecil<br />
Temminck’s Flying Squirrel Petinomys setosus Tupai Terbang Dada Putih<br />
Horsfield’s Flying Squirrel Iomys horsfieldi Tupai Terbang Ekor Merah<br />
Grey-cheeked Flying Squirrel Hylopetes lepidus Tupai Terbang Pipi Kelabu<br />
Black Flying Squirrel Aeromys tephromelas Tupai Terbang Hitam<br />
Smoky Flying Squirrel Pteromyscus pulverulentus Tupai Terbang Kotor<br />
Whiskered Flying Squirrel Petinomys genobarbis Tupai Terbang Berjambang<br />
Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista elegans Tupai Terbang Bintang<br />
Red Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista petaurista Tupai Terbang Merah<br />
Thomas’s Flying Squirrel Aeromys thomasi Tupai Terbang Merah<br />
Long-tailed Porcupine Trichys fasciculata Landak Padi<br />
Thick-spined Porcupine Thecurus crassispinis Landak Borneo<br />
Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula Mengkira<br />
Malay Weasel Mustela nudipes Pulasan Tanah<br />
Ferret-Badger Melogale personata Pulasan Lamri<br />
Malay Badger Mydaus javanensis Teledu<br />
Hairy-nosed Otter Lutra sumatrana Memerang Kumis<br />
Smooth Otter Lutra perspicillata Memerang Licin<br />
Oriental Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinerea Memerang Kecil<br />
Malay Civet Viverra tangalunga Musang Tanggalong<br />
74
Otter-Civet Cynogale bennettii Musang Memerang<br />
Binturong Arctictis binturong Musang Binturong<br />
Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata Musang Akar<br />
Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata Musang Lamri<br />
Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Musang Pulut<br />
Hose’s Civet Hemigalus hosei Musang Hitam Pudar<br />
Banded Palm Civet Hemigalus derbyanus Musang Belang<br />
Banded Linsang Prionodon linsang Musang Linsang<br />
Collared Mongoose Herpestes semitorquatus Bambun Ekor Panjang<br />
Short-tailed Mongoose Herpestes brachyurus Bambum Ekor Pendek<br />
Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis Kucing Batu<br />
Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata Kucing Dahan<br />
Flat-headed Cat Prionailurus planiceps Kucing Hutan<br />
Bornean Bay Cat Catopuma badia Kucing Merah<br />
Asian Elephant Elephas maximus Gajah<br />
Banteng Bos javanicus Tembadau<br />
B. Reptiles<br />
English name Scientific name Sabah name<br />
Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus Buaya<br />
Monitor lizards Varanus spp. Biawak<br />
Reticulated Python Python reticulatus Ular Sawa Panjang<br />
Blood Python Python curtus Ular Sawa Darah<br />
King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah Ular Tedung Selar<br />
Forest Tortoise Testudo emys Kura-kura Bukit<br />
Asian Giant Turtle Orlitia borneensis Juku-juku Besar<br />
C. Birds<br />
English name Scientific name Sabah name<br />
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Dendang Air<br />
Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster Kosa<br />
Great-billed Heron Ardea sumatrana Bangau Bakau<br />
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Bangau Paya<br />
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Seriap<br />
Reef Egret Egretta sacra Bangau Laut<br />
Little Egret Egretta garzetta Bangau Kecil<br />
Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes Bangau Cina<br />
Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia Bangau Kerbau<br />
Little Heron Butorides striatus Pucong Keladi<br />
Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Pucong Kuak<br />
Rufous Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus Pucong Malam<br />
Malayan Night Heron Gorsachius melanolophus Pucong Rimau<br />
Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis Pucong Merah<br />
Schrenk’s Bittern Ixobrychus eurythmus Pucong Gelam<br />
Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis Pucong Hitam<br />
75
Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Pucong Bendang<br />
Storm’s Stork Cicona stormi Botak Storm<br />
Lesser Adjutant Stork Leptoptilos javanicus Botak Kecil<br />
Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Sekendi Kepala Hitam<br />
Bat Hawk Macaeramphus alcinus Helang Malam<br />
Jerdon Baza Avicedo jerzoni Helang Baza<br />
Crested Honey-Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus Helang Lebah<br />
Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Helang Merah<br />
Black Kite Milvus migrans Helang Kembara Hitam<br />
Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis Helang Hitam<br />
Lesser Fish-Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis Helang Kangkok<br />
Grey-headed Fish-Eagle Ichthyophaga ichtyaetus Helang Kepala Kelabu<br />
Kinabalu Serpent-Eagle Spilornis kinabaluensis Helang Kinabalu<br />
Crested Serpent-Eagle Spilornis cheela Helang Berjambul<br />
Besra Accipiter virgatus Helang Pipit<br />
Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus Helang Putih<br />
Wallace’s Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus nanus Helang Selat<br />
Osprey Pandion haliacetus Helang Tiram<br />
White-fronted Falconet Microhierax latifros Falko Dahi Putih<br />
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Falko Belalang<br />
Common Falconet Microhierax caerulescens Falko Biasa<br />
Oriental Hobby Falco severus Falko Timur<br />
Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Falko Serani<br />
Tabon Scrubfowl Megapodius cumingii Tambun<br />
Blue-breasted Quail Coturnix chinensis Pikau<br />
Long-billed Partridge Rhizothera longirostris Siul Selanting<br />
Ferruginous Partridge Caloperdix oculea Sang Seruk Rimba<br />
Red-breasted Partridge Arborophila hyperythra Siul Dada Merah<br />
Chestnut-necklaced<br />
Arborophila charltonii<br />
Sang Serok<br />
Partridge<br />
Black Wood-Partridge Melanoperdix nigra Siul Bertam<br />
Crested Partridge Rollulus rouloul Siul Berjambul<br />
Crimson-headed Partridge Haematortyx sanguiniceps Siul Kepala Merah<br />
Crested Fireback Lophura ignita Ayam Pegar<br />
Crestless Fireback Lophura erythopthalma Merah Mata<br />
Bulwer’s Pheasant Lophura bulweri Pakiak<br />
Bornean Peacock-Pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri Merak Pongsu<br />
Great Argus Argusianus argus Kuang Raya<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Plover Charadrius peronii Rapang Pasir<br />
Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Kedidi Timor<br />
Nordmann’s Greenshank Tringa guttifer Kedidi Kaki Hijau Berbintik<br />
Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus Kedidi Dada Merah<br />
Large Green Pigeon Treron capellei Lengguak<br />
Cinnamon-headed Green<br />
Pigeon<br />
Treron fulvicollis<br />
Punai Bakau<br />
76
Black-naped Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus melanospila Punai Tengkuk Hitam<br />
Grey Imperial Pigeon Ducula pickeringi Merpati Raja Kelabu<br />
Metallic Wood-Pigeon Columbia vittiensis Merpati Kayu<br />
Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica Punai Tanah<br />
Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica Punai Emas<br />
Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis Bayan Tengkuk Biru<br />
Blue-rumped Parrot Psittinus cyanurus Bayan Puling<br />
Long-tailed Parakeet Psittacula longicauda Bayan Nuri<br />
Blue-crowned Hanging- Loriculus galgulus<br />
Bayan Kecil/Serindit<br />
Parrot<br />
Violet Cuckoo Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus Sewah Rembah<br />
Short-toed Coucal Centropus rectunguis But-But Jari Pendek<br />
Sunda Ground-Cuckoo Carpococcyx radiceus Sewah Tanah<br />
Bay Owl Phodilus badius Jampuk Pantai<br />
Reddish Scops-Owl Otus rufescens Hantu Merah<br />
Mountain Scops-Owl Otus spilocephalus Hantu Gunung<br />
Collared Scops-Owl Otus lempiji Hantu Reban<br />
Mantanani Scops-Owl Otus Mantananensis Hantu Mantanani<br />
Barred Eagle-Owl Bubo sumatrana Hantu Bubu<br />
Buffy Fish-Owl Ketupa ketupu Hantu Kuning<br />
Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei Hantu Kecil<br />
Brown Boobook Ninox scutulata Hantu Betemak<br />
Brown Wood-Owl Strix leptogrammica Hantu Punggor<br />
Large Frogmouth Batrachostomus auritus Segan Besar<br />
Bonaparte’s Nightjar Caprimulgus concretus Tukang Bonaparte<br />
Waterfall Swift Hydrochous gigas Layang-Layang Hantu<br />
Edible-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus Layang-Layang Gua<br />
Black-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus maximus Layang-Layang Padi<br />
Brown-backed Needletail Hirundapus giganteus Layang-Layang Besar<br />
Wrinkled Hornbill Rhyticeros corrugatus Enggang Berkedut<br />
Wreathed Hornbill Rhyticeros undulatus Enggang Gunung<br />
White-crowned Hornbill Berenicornis comatus Enggang Jambul Putih<br />
Bushy-crested Hornbill Anorrhinus galeritus Enggang Belukar<br />
Black Hornbill Anthracoceros malayanus Enggang Gatal Birah<br />
Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus Enggang Tangling<br />
Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros Enggang Badak<br />
Helmeted Hornbill Rhinoplax vigil Enggang Terbang Mentua<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Honeyguide Indicator archipelagicus Gembala Lebah<br />
Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus Belatok Belang<br />
Rufous Woodpecker Celeus brachyurus Belatok Kecil<br />
White-bellied Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis Belatok Gajah<br />
Giant Pitta Pitta caerulea Pacat Besar<br />
Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha Pacat<br />
Blue-headed Pitta Pitta baudi Pacat Kepala Merah<br />
Blue-banded Pitta Pitta arquata Pacat<br />
77
Banded Pitta Pitta guajana Pacat Bukit<br />
Blue-winged Pitta Pitta moluccensis Pacat Sayap Biru<br />
Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida Pacat Gembala Pelandok<br />
Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus Barau-barau<br />
Hook-billed Bulbul Setornis criniger Merbah<br />
Everett’s Thrush Zoothera everetti Murai Everett<br />
White-crowned Forktail Enicurus leschenaulti Murai Cegar Belukar<br />
White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus Murai Rimba<br />
Magpie Robin Copsychus saulari Murai Kampung<br />
White-chested Babbler Trichastoma rostratum Burung Telanjuk<br />
Ferruginous Babbler Trichastoma bicolor Rimba Sampah<br />
Grey-breasted Babbler Malacopteron albogulare Rimba Dahan<br />
Bornean Wren-Babbler Ptilocichla leucogrammica Rimba Borneo<br />
Sunda Blue Flycatcher Cyornis caerulata Sambar Biru Sunda<br />
<strong>Malaysia</strong>n Blue Flycatcher Cyornis turcosa Sambar Biru <strong>Malaysia</strong><br />
Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Sambar Ekor Panjang<br />
Mangrove Whistler Pachycephala cinerea Sambar Siul Belukar<br />
Brown-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum everetti Sepah Puteri Gunung<br />
Hill Myna Gracula religiosa Tiong Mas<br />
Bornean Bristlehead Pityriasis gymnocephala Burung Jambul<br />
Black Magpie Platysmurus leucopterus Murai Hitam<br />
Short-tailed Green Magpie Cissa thalassina Murai Hijau<br />
D. Insects<br />
English name Scientific name Sabah name<br />
Rajah Brooke’s Birdwing Trogonoptera brookiana Kupu-Kupu Rajah<br />
Common birdwings Troides spp. Kupu-Kupu<br />
E. Plants<br />
Scientific name<br />
Caryota spp.<br />
Ceratolobus spp.<br />
Corypha spp.<br />
Cycadaceae<br />
Cytoceae<br />
Zingiberaceae<br />
Nenga spp.<br />
Nepenthaceae<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Podocarpus spp.<br />
Rhododendron spp.<br />
Livistonia spp.<br />
Arenga spp.<br />
Sabah name<br />
Botu<br />
Rotan<br />
Gabang<br />
Paku Laut<br />
Paku<br />
Halia Hutan<br />
Pinang Hutan<br />
Periuk Kera<br />
Anggerek Hutan<br />
Lampias<br />
Mawar Hutan<br />
Silad<br />
Polod<br />
78
Appendix 16. List of Protected (hunting licence required) animals under<br />
the Sabah Wildlife Enactment 1997.<br />
English name Scientific name Sabah name<br />
Large Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus Keluang Bakau<br />
Island Flying Fox Pteropus hypomelanus Keluang Pulau<br />
Common Porcupine Hystrix brachyura Landak Raya<br />
Bearded Pig Sus barbatus Babi Hutan<br />
Lesser Mousedeer Tragulus javanicus Pelandok<br />
Greater Mousedeer Tragulus napu Napoh<br />
Common Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak Kijang<br />
Bornean Yellow<br />
Muntiacus atherodes Kijang<br />
Muntjac<br />
Sambar Deer Cervus unicolor Rusa<br />
79
Appendix 17. Relevant extracts from Sabah Sustainable Forest<br />
Management Licence Agreement (SFMLA).<br />
17. It may be included in the Licensed Area, Protection Forest Reserves,<br />
Wildlife Reserves, Virgin Jungle Reserves etc. to which the Licensee shall<br />
have no right whatsoever and the Licensee shall take all possible<br />
precautions to protect such areas from fire, encroachment and poaching.<br />
18. (i) A strip of thirty (30) meters in width shall be maintained<br />
along either side of all perennial streams and rivers as a protected<br />
riparian reserve. The width shall be measured along the surface of<br />
the ground beginning from the edge of the watercourse bank.<br />
(ii) The Licensee shall not fell any trees within the riparian<br />
reserve.<br />
(iii) The Government undertakes in respect of any riparian<br />
reserve which may intervene between the Licensed Area and any<br />
river within the Licensed Area, if requested to do so by the<br />
Licensee, to grant the right to occupy any portion in such area,<br />
upon such terms as shall be agreed between the Licensee and the<br />
Collector of Land Revenue in consultation with the Director <strong>for</strong> the<br />
purpose of erecting temporary buildings, loading ramps or <strong>for</strong> any<br />
other purpose which the Collector of Land Revenue in consultation<br />
with the Director agrees is necessary <strong>for</strong> the per<strong>for</strong>mance of the<br />
rights and duties of the Licensee under this Agreement. In any such<br />
event, the Licensee will not allow any discharge into the river of any<br />
substance liable to cause pollution of water or do any act liable to<br />
cause silting or interference with the normal flow of water.<br />
19. The Licensee shall take reasonable steps and appropriate actions to<br />
assure –<br />
(i) that there shall be no illegal logging or any boundary<br />
infringement by third party inside the Licensed Area;<br />
80
(ii)<br />
that there shall be no hunting of wildlife in the Licensed<br />
Area, including such wildlife as is protected by the Fauna<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Ordinance, 1963;<br />
(iii)<br />
that there shall be no fishing within the Licensed Area except<br />
to the extent specifically permitted by the Director;<br />
(iv)<br />
that explosives or poisons shall not be used <strong>for</strong> the clearing<br />
of waterways or any other purpose without the expressed<br />
consent of the Director and any other State or Federal<br />
Department/Agencies which may have jurisdiction with<br />
respect thereto;<br />
(v)<br />
that the Licensee shall provide all the required assistance to<br />
the Director in developing the flora and fauna of the Licensed<br />
Area and in protecting the Licensed Area from potential<br />
damage.<br />
23. The rights and privileges of the natives under the existing laws and<br />
regulations, including Customary Law, are not affected or limited in<br />
any respect under this Agreement. The Licensee shall recognize<br />
such rights and privileges including, without limitation, to those<br />
relating to entry into the Licensed Area to collect certain wood<br />
species and exploit Minor Forest Produce (as allowed and defined<br />
in the Forest Enactment 1968 and Forest Rules 1969) <strong>for</strong> its own<br />
personal use and not <strong>for</strong> business purposes.<br />
49. The Licensed Area shall <strong>for</strong> management purposes be zoned as<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Area, Production Area, Community Area, or<br />
Recreation Area, if applicable. The <strong>for</strong>est zones shall be designated<br />
according to the following criteria:<br />
(i)<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Area:<br />
- Areas over 25 degrees slope, or<br />
81
- Areas with less than 25 degrees slope, but special<br />
importance <strong>for</strong> watershed protection or <strong>for</strong> the<br />
conservation of plant and wildlife habitat.<br />
Permitted uses shall be limited to non-timber <strong>for</strong>est produce.<br />
The area is to be protected totally from commercial timber<br />
harvesting.<br />
(ii)<br />
Production Area:<br />
(a) Natural <strong>Forests</strong>:<br />
- Areas less than 25 degrees slope unless<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Area.<br />
Permitted uses shall be limited to the production of<br />
timber by means of natural regeneration and/or line<br />
planting of high value timber species and the<br />
production of non-timber <strong>for</strong>est produce.<br />
(b) Timber Plantations:<br />
- Areas less than 15 degrees slope unless<br />
<strong>Conservation</strong> Area;<br />
- Degraded <strong>for</strong>est land having no exploitable volume<br />
of trees greater than 60 cm dbh, and insufficient<br />
regeneration.<br />
Permitted uses shall be limited to planting and<br />
management of short rotation, single-or mixed species<br />
industrial timber plantations (ITP), and/or long rotation<br />
timber plantations with high-value, indigenous or<br />
<strong>for</strong>eign tree species. Plantations shall be managed in<br />
con<strong>for</strong>mance with the Plantation Development<br />
Programme and standards specified in Chapter 3 of<br />
Part 2 of this Agreement.<br />
(iii)<br />
Community Area:<br />
Areas which may encompass <strong>Conservation</strong> Area and<br />
Production Forest in the direct vicinity of settlements where<br />
the local population exercises customary rights (timber, non-<br />
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timber <strong>for</strong>est produce, hunting etc.). Permitted uses shall be<br />
limited to community use.<br />
(iv)<br />
Recreation Area:<br />
Areas with recreational potential, e.g. waterfalls, caves.<br />
Permitted use shall be limited to development <strong>for</strong> local<br />
recreation and tourism.<br />
SCHEDULE B<br />
(Clause 1 (31))<br />
Prohibited Species<br />
“Prohibited species” means the following trees:<br />
1. Mangrove<br />
2. Any tree marked <strong>for</strong> retention by the Director<br />
3. Any tree of the genera specified in Schedule I of the Forest Rules<br />
1969 if the diameter is less than the minimum diameter prescribed<br />
unless marked <strong>for</strong> felling by the Director<br />
4. All Tengkawang/Kawang species including Shorea macrophylla, S.<br />
gysbertiana, S. pinangah<br />
5. All Mangifera species (Asam family – manga or mancang hutan)<br />
6. All Durio species (Durian)<br />
7. All species of Kedongong (Triomma spp., Dacryodes spp. And<br />
Santiria spp., except Canarium spp.<br />
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Appendix 18. Mammal Tracks of Thailand.<br />
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No.<br />
Nama haiwan (Name of animal)<br />
Bahasa <strong>Malaysia</strong> / saintifik / Inggeris (Malay / scientific / English)<br />
1 (a) & (b) Pulasan / Martes flavigula / Yellow‐throated marten<br />
2 (a) & (b) Landak raya / Hystrix brachyura / Malayan porcupine<br />
3 Memerang / Lutra lutra / Eurasian otter<br />
4 Memerang / Lutra perspicillata / Smooth‐coated otter<br />
5 (a) & (b) Melogale personata / Burmese ferret badger<br />
6 (a) & (b) Arnab / Lepus sp. / Hare<br />
7 (a) & (b) Tenggiling / Manis javanica / Malayan pangolin<br />
8 Memerang / Aonyx cinerea / Small‐clawed otter<br />
9 Kera / Macaca fascicularis / Long‐tailed macaque<br />
10 (a) & (b) Dekan / Rhizomys sumatrensis / Large bamboo rat<br />
11 (a) & (b) Landak batu / Atherurus macrourus / Brush‐tailed porcupine<br />
12 (a) & (b) Dekan / Cannomys badius / Bay bamboo rat<br />
13 Tikus / Rattus sp. / Rat<br />
14 (a) & (b) Musang Jebat / Viverra zibetha / Large Indian civet<br />
15 Musang / Paguma larvata / Masked palm civet<br />
16 Arctonyx collaris / Hog badger<br />
17 Tikus mondok / Herpestes javanicus / Javan mongoose<br />
18 Tikus bulan / Echinosorex gymnurus / Moonrat<br />
19 Musang / Cynogale benetti / Otter civet<br />
20 Musang / Paradoxurus hermaphroditus / Common palm civet<br />
21 Musang / Viverricula indica / Small Indian civet<br />
22 Binturong / Arctictis binturong / Binturong<br />
23 Anjing hutan / Cuon alpinus / Asiatic wild dog<br />
24 Tupai / Lariscus insignis / Three‐striped ground squirrel<br />
25 Jelu / Mustela nudipes / Malayan weasel<br />
26 Kucing hutan / Prionailurus viverrinus / Fishing cat<br />
27 Harimau / Panthera tigris / Tiger<br />
28 Beruang / Ursus thibetanus / Asiatic black bear<br />
Source: Kanjanavanit (1997).<br />
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